skip_list.cpp

/**
 * @file skip_list.cpp
 * @brief Data structure for fast searching and insertion in \f$O(\log n)\f$
 * time
 * @details
 * A skip list is a data structure that is used for storing a sorted list of
 * items with a help of hierarchy of linked lists that connect increasingly
 * sparse subsequences of the items
 *
 * References used: [GeeksForGeek](https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/skip-list/),
 * [OpenGenus](https://iq.opengenus.org/skip-list) for PseudoCode and Code
 * @author [Danang haris setiawan](https://github.com/danangharissetiawan)
 */

#include <array>
#include <cstring>
#include <ctime>
#include <iostream>
#include <memory>
#include <vector>

/** \namespace data_structures
 * \brief Data-structure algorithms
 */
namespace data_structures {
constexpr int MAX_LEVEL = 2;        ///< Maximum level of skip list
constexpr float PROBABILITY = 0.5;  ///< Current probability for "coin toss"

/**
 *  Node structure [Key][Node*, Node*...]
 */
struct Node {
    int key;      ///< key integer
    void* value;  ///< pointer of value
    std::vector<std::shared_ptr<Node>>
        forward;  ///< nodes of the given one in all levels

    /**
     * Creates node with provided key, level and value
     * @param key is number that is used for comparision
     * @param level is the maximum level node's going to added
     */
    Node(int key, int level, void* value = nullptr) : key(key), value(value) {
        // Initialization of forward vector
        for (int i = 0; i < (level + 1); i++) {
            forward.push_back(nullptr);
        }
    }
};

/**
 * SkipList class implementation with basic methods
 */
class SkipList {
    int level;                     ///< Maximum level of the skiplist
    std::shared_ptr<Node> header;  ///< Pointer to the header node

 public:
    /**
     * Skip List constructor. Initializes header, start
     * Node for searching in the list
     */
    SkipList() {
        level = 0;
        // Header initialization
        header = std::make_shared<Node>(-1, MAX_LEVEL);
    }

    /**
     * Returns random level of the skip list.
     * Every higher level is 2 times less likely.
     * @return random level for skip list
     */
    int randomLevel() {
        int lvl = 0;
        while (static_cast<float>(std::rand()) / RAND_MAX < PROBABILITY &&
               lvl < MAX_LEVEL) {
            lvl++;
        }
        return lvl;
    }

    /**
     * Inserts elements with given key and value;
     * It's level is computed by randomLevel() function.
     * @param key is number that is used for comparision
     * @param value pointer to a value, that can be any type
     */
    void insertElement(int key, void* value) {
        std::cout << "Inserting" << key << "...";
        std::shared_ptr<Node> x = header;
        std::array<std::shared_ptr<Node>, MAX_LEVEL + 1> update;
        update.fill(nullptr);

        for (int i = level; i >= 0; i--) {
            while (x->forward[i] != nullptr && x->forward[i]->key < key) {
                x = x->forward[i];
            }
            update[i] = x;
        }

        x = x->forward[0];

        bool doesnt_exist = (x == nullptr || x->key != key);
        if (doesnt_exist) {
            int rlevel = randomLevel();

            if (rlevel > level) {
                for (int i = level + 1; i < rlevel + 1; i++) update[i] = header;

                // Update current level
                level = rlevel;
            }

            std::shared_ptr<Node> n =
                std::make_shared<Node>(key, rlevel, value);
            for (int i = 0; i <= rlevel; i++) {
                n->forward[i] = update[i]->forward[i];
                update[i]->forward[i] = n;
            }
            std::cout << "Inserted" << std::endl;

        } else {
            std::cout << "Exists" << std::endl;
        }
    }

    /**
     * Deletes an element by key and prints if has been removed successfully
     * @param key is number that is used for comparision.
     */
    void deleteElement(int key) {
        std::shared_ptr<Node> x = header;

        std::array<std::shared_ptr<Node>, MAX_LEVEL + 1> update;
        update.fill(nullptr);

        for (int i = level; i >= 0; i--) {
            while (x->forward[i] != nullptr && x->forward[i]->key < key) {
                x = x->forward[i];
            }
            update[i] = x;
        }

        x = x->forward[0];

        bool doesnt_exist = (x == nullptr || x->key != key);

        if (!doesnt_exist) {
            for (int i = 0; i <= level; i++) {
                if (update[i]->forward[i] != x) {
                    break;
                }
                update[i]->forward[i] = x->forward[i];
            }
            /* Remove empty levels*/
            while (level > 0 && header->forward[level] == nullptr) level--;
            std::cout << "Deleted" << std::endl;
        } else {
            std::cout << "Doesn't exist" << std::endl;
        }
    }

    /**
     * Searching element in skip list structure
     * @param key is number that is used for comparision
     * @return pointer to the value of the node
     */
    void* searchElement(int key) {
        std::shared_ptr<Node> x = header;
        std::cout << "Searching for " << key << std::endl;

        for (int i = level; i >= 0; i--) {
            while (x->forward[i] && x->forward[i]->key < key) x = x->forward[i];
        }

        x = x->forward[0];
        if (x && x->key == key) {
            std::cout << "Found" << std::endl;
            return x->value;
        } else {
            std::cout << "Not Found" << std::endl;
            return nullptr;
        }
    }

    /**
     * Display skip list level
     */
    void displayList() {
        std::cout << "Displaying list:\n";
        for (int i = 0; i <= level; i++) {
            std::shared_ptr<Node> node = header->forward[i];
            std::cout << "Level " << (i) << ": ";
            while (node != nullptr) {
                std::cout << node->key << " ";
                node = node->forward[i];
            }
            std::cout << std::endl;
        }
    }
};

}  // namespace data_structures

/**
 * Main function:
 * Creates and inserts random 2^[number of levels]
 * elements into the skip lists and than displays it
 */
int main() {
    std::srand(std::time(nullptr));

    data_structures::SkipList lst;

    for (int j = 0; j < (1 << (data_structures::MAX_LEVEL + 1)); j++) {
        int k = (std::rand() % (1 << (data_structures::MAX_LEVEL + 2)) + 1);
        lst.insertElement(k, &j);
    }

    lst.displayList();

    return 0;
}