TitanicDataAnalysis_Video3.R

#
# Copyright 2016 Dave Langer
#    
# Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
# you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
# You may obtain a copy of the License at
# 
#    http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
#
# Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
# distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
# WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
# See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
# limitations under the License.
# 



#
# This R source code file corresponds to video 3 of the YouTube series
# "Introduction to Data Science with R" located at the following URL:
#     https://youtu.be/aMV_6LmCs4Q
#


# Load raw data
train <- read.csv("train.csv", header = TRUE)
test <- read.csv("test.csv", header = TRUE)

# Add a "Survived" variable to the test set to allow for combining data sets
test.survived <- data.frame(survived = rep("None", nrow(test)), test[,])

# Combine data sets
data.combined <- rbind(train, test.survived)

# A bit about R data types (e.g., factors)
str(data.combined)

data.combined$survived <- as.factor(data.combined$survived)
data.combined$pclass <- as.factor(data.combined$pclass)


# Take a look at gross survival rates
table(data.combined$survived)


# Distribution across classes
table(data.combined$pclass)


# Load up ggplot2 package to use for visualizations
library(ggplot2)


# Hypothesis - Rich folks survived at a higer rate
train$pclass <- as.factor(train$pclass)
ggplot(train, aes(x = pclass, fill = factor(survived))) +
  geom_bar() +
  xlab("Pclass") +
  ylab("Total Count") +
  labs(fill = "Survived") 


# Examine the first few names in the training data set
head(as.character(train$name))

# How many unique names are there across both train & test?
length(unique(as.character(data.combined$name)))


# Two duplicate names, take a closer look
# First, get the duplicate names and store them as a vector
dup.names <- as.character(data.combined[which(duplicated(as.character(data.combined$name))), "name"])

# Next, take a look at the records in the combined data set
data.combined[which(data.combined$name %in% dup.names),]


# What is up with the 'Miss.' and 'Mr.' thing?
library(stringr)

# Any correlation with other variables (e.g., sibsp)?
misses <- data.combined[which(str_detect(data.combined$name, "Miss.")),]
misses[1:5,]


# Hypothesis - Name titles correlate with age
mrses <- data.combined[which(str_detect(data.combined$name, "Mrs.")), ]
mrses[1:5,]

# Check out males to see if pattern continues
males <- data.combined[which(data.combined$sex == "male"), ]
males[1:5,]


# Expand upon the realtionship between `Survived` and `Pclass` by adding the new `Title` variable to the
# data set and then explore a potential 3-dimensional relationship.

# Create a utility function to help with title extraction
extractTitle <- function(name) {
  name <- as.character(name)
  
  if (length(grep("Miss.", name)) > 0) {
    return ("Miss.")
  } else if (length(grep("Master.", name)) > 0) {
    return ("Master.")
  } else if (length(grep("Mrs.", name)) > 0) {
    return ("Mrs.")
  } else if (length(grep("Mr.", name)) > 0) {
    return ("Mr.")
  } else {
    return ("Other")
  }
}

titles <- NULL
for (i in 1:nrow(data.combined)) {
  titles <- c(titles, extractTitle(data.combined[i,"name"]))
}
data.combined$title <- as.factor(titles)

# Since we only have survived lables for the train set, only use the
# first 891 rows
ggplot(data.combined[1:891,], aes(x = title, fill = survived)) +
  geom_bar() +
  facet_wrap(~pclass) + 
  ggtitle("Pclass") +
  xlab("Title") +
  ylab("Total Count") +
  labs(fill = "Survived")

# What's the distribution of females to males across train & test?
table(data.combined$sex)


# Visualize the 3-way relationship of sex, pclass, and survival, compare to analysis of title
ggplot(data.combined[1:891,], aes(x = sex, fill = survived)) +
  geom_bar() +
  facet_wrap(~pclass) + 
  ggtitle("Pclass") +
  xlab("Sex") +
  ylab("Total Count") +
  labs(fill = "Survived")


# OK, age and sex seem pretty important as derived from analysis of title, let's take a closer 
# look at the distibutions of age over entire data set
summary(data.combined$age)
summary(data.combined[1:891,"age"])

# Just to be thorough, take a look at survival rates broken out by sex, pclass, and age
ggplot(data.combined[1:891,], aes(x = age, fill = survived)) +
  facet_wrap(~sex + pclass) +
  geom_histogram(binwidth = 10) +
  xlab("Age") +
  ylab("Total Count")


# Validate that "Master." is a good proxy for male children
boys <- data.combined[which(data.combined$title == "Master."),]
summary(boys$age)


# We know that "Miss." is more complicated, let's examine further
misses <- data.combined[which(data.combined$title == "Miss."),]
summary(misses$age)

ggplot(misses[misses$survived != "None" & !is.na(misses$age),], aes(x = age, fill = survived)) +
  facet_wrap(~pclass) +
  geom_histogram(binwidth = 5) +
  ggtitle("Age for 'Miss.' by Pclass") + 
  xlab("Age") +
  ylab("Total Count")


# OK, appears female children may have different survival rate, 
# could be a candidate for feature engineering later
misses.alone <- misses[which(misses$sibsp == 0 & misses$parch == 0),]
summary(misses.alone$age)
length(which(misses.alone$age <= 14.5))


# Move on to the sibsp variable, summarize the variable
summary(data.combined$sibsp)


# Can we treat as a factor?
length(unique(data.combined$sibsp))


data.combined$sibsp <- as.factor(data.combined$sibsp)


# We believe title is predictive. Visualize survival reates by sibsp, pclass, and title
ggplot(data.combined[1:891,], aes(x = sibsp, fill = survived)) +
  geom_bar() +
  facet_wrap(~pclass + title) + 
  ggtitle("Pclass, Title") +
  xlab("SibSp") +
  ylab("Total Count") +
  ylim(0,300) +
  labs(fill = "Survived")


# Treat the parch vaiable as a factor and visualize
data.combined$parch <- as.factor(data.combined$parch)
ggplot(data.combined[1:891,], aes(x = parch, fill = survived)) +
  geom_bar() +
  facet_wrap(~pclass + title) + 
  ggtitle("Pclass, Title") +
  xlab("ParCh") +
  ylab("Total Count") +
  ylim(0,300) +
  labs(fill = "Survived")


# Let's try some feature engineering. What about creating a family size feature?
temp.sibsp <- c(train$sibsp, test$sibsp)
temp.parch <- c(train$parch, test$parch)
data.combined$family.size <- as.factor(temp.sibsp + temp.parch + 1)


# Visualize it to see if it is predictive
ggplot(data.combined[1:891,], aes(x = family.size, fill = survived)) +
  geom_bar() +
  facet_wrap(~pclass + title) + 
  ggtitle("Pclass, Title") +
  xlab("family.size") +
  ylab("Total Count") +
  ylim(0,300) +
  labs(fill = "Survived")









# Take a look at the ticket variable
str(data.combined$ticket)


# Based on the huge number of levels ticket really isn't a factor variable it is a string. 
# Convert it and display first 20
data.combined$ticket <- as.character(data.combined$ticket)
data.combined$ticket[1:20]


# There's no immediately apparent structure in the data, let's see if we can find some.
# We'll start with taking a look at just the first char for each
ticket.first.char <- ifelse(data.combined$ticket == "", " ", substr(data.combined$ticket, 1, 1))
unique(ticket.first.char)


# OK, we can make a factor for analysis purposes and visualize
data.combined$ticket.first.char <- as.factor(ticket.first.char)

# First, a high-level plot of the data
ggplot(data.combined[1:891,], aes(x = ticket.first.char, fill = survived)) +
  geom_bar() +
  ggtitle("Survivability by ticket.first.char") +
  xlab("ticket.first.char") +
  ylab("Total Count") +
  ylim(0,350) +
  labs(fill = "Survived")

# Ticket seems like it might be predictive, drill down a bit
ggplot(data.combined[1:891,], aes(x = ticket.first.char, fill = survived)) +
  geom_bar() +
  facet_wrap(~pclass) + 
  ggtitle("Pclass") +
  xlab("ticket.first.char") +
  ylab("Total Count") +
  ylim(0,300) +
  labs(fill = "Survived")

# Lastly, see if we get a pattern when using combination of pclass & title
ggplot(data.combined[1:891,], aes(x = ticket.first.char, fill = survived)) +
  geom_bar() +
  facet_wrap(~pclass + title) + 
  ggtitle("Pclass, Title") +
  xlab("ticket.first.char") +
  ylab("Total Count") +
  ylim(0,200) +
  labs(fill = "Survived")




# Next up - the fares Titanic passengers paid
summary(data.combined$fare)
length(unique(data.combined$fare))


# Can't make fare a factor, treat as numeric & visualize with histogram
ggplot(data.combined, aes(x = fare)) +
  geom_histogram(binwidth = 5) +
  ggtitle("Combined Fare Distribution") +
  xlab("Fare") +
  ylab("Total Count") +
  ylim(0,200)


# Let's check to see if fare has predictive power
ggplot(data.combined[1:891,], aes(x = fare, fill = survived)) +
  geom_histogram(binwidth = 5) +
  facet_wrap(~pclass + title) + 
  ggtitle("Pclass, Title") +
  xlab("fare") +
  ylab("Total Count") +
  ylim(0,50) + 
  labs(fill = "Survived")




# Analysis of the cabin variable
str(data.combined$cabin)


# Cabin really isn't a factor, make a string and the display first 100
data.combined$cabin <- as.character(data.combined$cabin)
data.combined$cabin[1:100]


# Replace empty cabins with a "U"
data.combined[which(data.combined$cabin == ""), "cabin"] <- "U"
data.combined$cabin[1:100]


# Take a look at just the first char as a factor
cabin.first.char <- as.factor(substr(data.combined$cabin, 1, 1))
str(cabin.first.char)
levels(cabin.first.char)


# Add to combined data set and plot 
data.combined$cabin.first.char <- cabin.first.char

# High level plot
ggplot(data.combined[1:891,], aes(x = cabin.first.char, fill = survived)) +
  geom_bar() +
  ggtitle("Survivability by cabin.first.char") +
  xlab("cabin.first.char") +
  ylab("Total Count") +
  ylim(0,750) +
  labs(fill = "Survived")

# Could have some predictive power, drill in
ggplot(data.combined[1:891,], aes(x = cabin.first.char, fill = survived)) +
  geom_bar() +
  facet_wrap(~pclass) +
  ggtitle("Survivability by cabin.first.char") +
  xlab("Pclass") +
  ylab("Total Count") +
  ylim(0,500) +
  labs(fill = "Survived")

# Does this feature improve upon pclass + title?
ggplot(data.combined[1:891,], aes(x = cabin.first.char, fill = survived)) +
  geom_bar() +
  facet_wrap(~pclass + title) +
  ggtitle("Pclass, Title") +
  xlab("cabin.first.char") +
  ylab("Total Count") +
  ylim(0,500) +
  labs(fill = "Survived")


# What about folks with multiple cabins?
data.combined$cabin.multiple <- as.factor(ifelse(str_detect(data.combined$cabin, " "), "Y", "N"))

ggplot(data.combined[1:891,], aes(x = cabin.multiple, fill = survived)) +
  geom_bar() +
  facet_wrap(~pclass + title) +
  ggtitle("Pclass, Title") +
  xlab("cabin.multiple") +
  ylab("Total Count") +
  ylim(0,350) +
  labs(fill = "Survived")




# Does survivability depend on where you got onboard the Titanic?
str(data.combined$embarked)
levels(data.combined$embarked)


# Plot data for analysis
ggplot(data.combined[1:891,], aes(x = embarked, fill = survived)) +
  geom_bar() +
  facet_wrap(~pclass + title) +
  ggtitle("Pclass, Title") +
  xlab("embarked") +
  ylab("Total Count") +
  ylim(0,300) +
  labs(fill = "Survived")