Atmospheric dust / particulate matter

[SimonDedman]

atmospheric dust aerosol, and atmospheric particulate matter (PM10); the latter two variables are proxies for desert dust and are used to forecast Calima events in the Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service (CAMS) Aerosol Alert service (https://aerosol-alerts.atmosphere.copernicus.eu/) (Foltz and McPhaden 2008; Querol et al. 2008).

The Calima phenomenon, where Saharan desert dust is transported westwards across the North Atlantic and deposited in the ocean in huge volumes, enhancing productivity in the upwelling zone (Gallisai et al. 2014; Yu et al. 2019; van der Does et al. 2021; Rodríguez et al. 2023). While the frequency and intensity of Calima events is increasing with climate change due to aridity and desertification, the projected impact
on SST is highly uncertain and spatially variable (Goudie and Middleton 2001; Foltz and McPhaden 2008; Gallisai et al. 2014; Francis et al. 2022).

https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/gcb.70331

[SimonDedman]

All selected data had daily temporal resolution and Level 4 processing or equivalent (i.e., gap free, science quality). SST
and SSTA data were sourced from NASA JPL's “GHRSST (Group for High Resolution Sea Surface Temperature) MUR
Global Foundation Sea Surface Temperature Analysis” product (https://podaac.jpl.nasa.gov/dataset/ hMUR-JPL-L4-GLOB-v4.
1), and downloaded and extracted using R packages “rerddap” and “rerddapXtracto” (JPL MUR MEaSUREs Project 2015;
Chin et al. 2010). Chlorophyll-a concentration and wind speed data were sourced from the NOAA CoastWatch “VIIRS Ocean
Color chlorophyll DINEOF gap-filled analysis” (https://coastwatch.noaa.gov/cwn/products/noaa-msl12 -multi-sensor-dineo
f-global-9km-gap-filled-products-chlorophyll-diffuse.html) and “NOAA NCEI Blended Seawinds” (https://coast watch.noaa.
gov/cwn/products/noaa-ncei-blended-seawi nds-nbs-v2. html) products, respectively, and downloaded using ERDDAP Griddap Data Access Forms (Saha and Zhang 2022; Liu and Wang 2023).

Salinity and dissolved oxygen concentration data were sourced from the Copernicus Marine Service (CMS) “Atlantic-Iberian
Biscay Irish Ocean Physics Analysis and Forecast” (https://data.marine. coper nicus. eu/product/ IBI_ ANALY SISFORECAST_
PHY_ 005_ 001/description) and “Atlantic-Iberian Biscay Irish-Ocean Biogeochemical Analysis and Forecast” (https://data.
marine. coper nicus. eu/product/ IBI_ ANALY SISFORECAST_BGC_ 005_ 004/description) products, respectively (Sotillo
et al. 2015; Gutknecht et al. 2019). Data for Calima dust—particulate matter d < 10 μm (PM10) and dust Aerosol Optical Depth
at 550 nm—were sourced and downloaded from the CAMS global atmospheric composition forecast products (https://
ads. atmosphere.coper nicus.eu/cdsapp#!/datas et/cams-global-atmospheric-composition-forecasts?tab=overview) (Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service 2021). Salinity, dissolved oxygen and Calima datasets were downloaded in raster format and the required data were extracted for the study site using the “Extract Raster Values” tool in QGIS S1.