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minor fixes: external link icon fix and plot scrolling (#14)
* force external link icon to stay on same line as last word in link * make plots scrollable on small screens
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frontend/mdx/about/about.mdx

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## My Research
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I am a PhD student in the [College of Earth, Ocean, and Atmospheric
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Sciences](https://ceoas.oregonstate.edu/) at Oregon State University. My
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research focuses on <strong> coastal physical oceanography </strong> on
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timescales from days to decades. Coastal regions are home to some of the most
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productive ecosystems in the world and the health of these ecosystems is tightly
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linked to their physical environment. I investigate how and why water properties
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like temperature, salinity, and nutrients vary in space and time as a result of
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oceanic and atmospheric forcing, with my questions motivated by how these
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physical changes impact coastal ocean ecosystems.
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I am a PhD student in the [College of Earth, Ocean, and Atmospheric Sciences](https://ceoas.oregonstate.edu/) at Oregon State University. My research focuses on <strong> coastal physical oceanography </strong> on timescales from days to decades. Coastal regions are home to some of the most productive ecosystems in the world and the health of these ecosystems is tightly linked to their physical environment. I investigate how and why water properties like temperature, salinity, and nutrients vary in space and time as a result of oceanic and atmospheric forcing, with my questions motivated by how these physical changes impact coastal ocean ecosystems.
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To answer my research questions, I build software tools to analyze and visualize
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in-situ, remote sensed, and model datasets from a variety of sources. I strongly
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believe that <strong> good code makes great science </strong>, so I'm
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particularly passionate about contributing to an ecosystem of open-source
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software and open-source science in the oceanographic community and beyond.
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To answer my research questions, I build software tools to analyze and visualize in-situ, remote sensed, and model datasets from a variety of sources. I strongly believe that <strong> good code makes great science </strong>, so I'm particularly passionate about contributing to an ecosystem of open-source software and open-source science in the oceanographic community and beyond.
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## Publications
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frontend/mdx/posts/subtle-propaganda.mdx

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description: "Generative AIs are increasingly used to decide what news we see. Either intentional or accidental biases in training are yielding misinformation and propaganda when clarity is needed most."
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---
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Google returns results for over eight billion searches per day, a truly
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unfathomable number. Millions of people turn to Google to find information on
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current events, the recent Hurricane Beryl being no exception. I was one of
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those people, searching Google for "hurricane" to read about the [strongest
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storm to develop before
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July](https://www.climate.gov/news-features/event-tracker/category-5-hurricane-beryl-makes-explosive-start-2024-atlantic-season)
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in Atlantic hurricane history.
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Google returns results for over eight billion searches per day, a truly unfathomable number. Millions of people turn to Google to find information on current events, the recent Hurricane Beryl being no exception. I was one of those people, searching Google for "hurricane" to read about the [strongest storm to develop before July](https://www.climate.gov/news-features/event-tracker/category-5-hurricane-beryl-makes-explosive-start-2024-atlantic-season) in Atlantic hurricane history.
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As I scrolled through the usual top results, I was greeted with Google's new
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AI-generated _Perspectives_ section, which promises to add "new ways to find and
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explore diverse perspectives on Search". The top result in this section was an
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opinion piece published in the Duluth News Tribune titled "Pro/Con: There are
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big bucks in scary predictions, climate alarmism", written by the Heartland
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Institute-funded writer Chris Talgo.
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As I scrolled through the usual top results, I was greeted with Google's new AI-generated _Perspectives_ section, which promises to add "new ways to find and explore diverse perspectives on Search". The top result in this section was an opinion piece published in the Duluth News Tribune titled "Pro/Con: There are big bucks in scary predictions, climate alarmism", written by the Heartland Institute-funded writer Chris Talgo.
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Just to get it out of the way first: this is a terrible article
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that purposefully misinterprets the proven science of climate change and
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was written by someone who has obvious financial and career incentives to oppose
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climate legislation. The Heartland Institute and its' writers know all about denying good
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science: in 1998(!) Joseph Bast (then-president of the Heartland Institute)
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wrote a memo that claimed the EPA was lying about the dangers of secondhand
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smoking.
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Just to get it out of the way first: this is a terrible article that purposefully misinterprets the proven science of climate change and was written by someone who has obvious financial and career incentives to oppose climate legislation. The Heartland Institute and its' writers know all about denying good science: in 1998(!) Joseph Bast (then-president of the Heartland Institute) wrote a memo that claimed the EPA was lying about the dangers of secondhand smoking.
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It should also be noted that the existence of such an article as the number one
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Google result for _Perspectives_ can absolutely have serious and negative impacts.
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Such an article questions the reliability of some of our most important
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government agencies in times of crisis. It is not such a leap to imagine a
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person ignoring an evacuation recommendation as just some "alarmism" from a
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government agency. This can get people killed.
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It should also be noted that the existence of such an article as the number one Google result for _Perspectives_ can absolutely have serious and negative impacts. Such an article questions the reliability of some of our most important government agencies in times of crisis. It is not such a leap to imagine a person ignoring an evacuation recommendation as just some "alarmism" from a government agency. This can get people killed.
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That said, I don't think the existence of such an article is so interesting on
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its own. After all, it seems there will always be people willing to sell their
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souls to corporations and think tanks and [overextended newspapers will continue
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to print their "opinions"](https://citationsneeded.libsyn.com/ep-203-ideological-shaping-of-the-possible-part-i-how-corporate-think-tanks-function-as-influence-laundromats). Instead, I think it is much more interesting to
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examine the interaction of such an article with the modern media landscape,
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most notably the increasing use of generative artificial intelligence (AI).
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That said, I don't think the existence of such an article is so interesting on its own. After all, it seems there will always be people willing to sell their souls to corporations and think tanks and [overextended newspapers will continue to print their "opinions"](https://citationsneeded.libsyn.com/ep-203-ideological-shaping-of-the-possible-part-i-how-corporate-think-tanks-function-as-influence-laundromats). Instead, I think it is much more interesting to examine the interaction of such an article with the modern media landscape, most notably the increasing use of generative artificial intelligence (AI).
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First, let's set the stage. Google, a company that claims it will [have net-zero
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carbon emissions by
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2030](https://sustainability.google/operating-sustainably/net-zero-carbon/),
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looks to be moving in the opposite direction as it embraces generative AI
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products that [have massive climate
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impacts](https://www.theverge.com/2024/7/2/24190874/google-ai-climate-change-carbon-emissions-rise).
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Despite their claims to be a forward looking company that does good, this is no
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surprise,
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since Google has long profited explicitly from running [climate change denying
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ads](https://www.mediamatters.org/prageru/google-profiting-pragerus-climate-denial-ads-its-search-engine).
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First, let's set the stage. Google, a company that claims it will [have net-zero carbon emissions by 2030](https://sustainability.google/operating-sustainably/net-zero-carbon/), looks to be moving in the opposite direction as it embraces generative AI products that [have massive climate impacts](https://www.theverge.com/2024/7/2/24190874/google-ai-climate-change-carbon-emissions-rise). Despite their claims to be a forward looking company that does good, this is no surprise, since Google has long profited explicitly from running [climate change denying ads](https://www.mediamatters.org/prageru/google-profiting-pragerus-climate-denial-ads-its-search-engine).
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How exactly did such a harmful article find its way to the top of the search
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result? Unfortunately, the answer to this question is tricky in the age of
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generative AI. There was not some big-wig in the C-suite of Google, pushing a
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big red button that forced climate change denying stories to the top of the
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feed. Instead, this was the result of a generative AI model, trained on an
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unknown dataset, tuned by an army of engineers, putting out its version of
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"diverse" perspectives.
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How exactly did such a harmful article find its way to the top of the search result? Unfortunately, the answer to this question is tricky in the age of generative AI. There was not some big-wig in the C-suite of Google, pushing a big red button that forced climate change denying stories to the top of the feed. Instead, this was the result of a generative AI model, trained on an unknown dataset, tuned by an army of engineers, putting out its version of "diverse" perspectives.
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Indeed, this is really a story about one small aspect of the larger
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["enshitification" of the
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web](https://pluralistic.net/2023/01/21/potemkin-ai/#hey-guys) in the age of AI.
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We are using algorithms that are increasingly difficult to understand to push
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news stories during times of crisis. These algorithms are [designed with the
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biases](https://www.nist.gov/news-events/news/2022/03/theres-more-ai-bias-biased-data-nist-report-highlights)
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inherent in their human creators, with or without the knowledge of said
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creators. This subtle propaganda can create a sort of positive feedback loop in
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which it reaffirms our biases, which then strengthens the biases inherent to the
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AI, and so forth.
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Indeed, this is really a story about one small aspect of the larger ["enshitification" of the web](https://pluralistic.net/2023/01/21/potemkin-ai/#hey-guys) in the age of AI. We are using algorithms that are increasingly difficult to understand to push news stories during times of crisis. These algorithms are [designed with the biases](https://www.nist.gov/news-events/news/2022/03/theres-more-ai-bias-biased-data-nist-report-highlights) inherent in their human creators, with or without the knowledge of said creators. This subtle propaganda can create a sort of positive feedback loop in which it reaffirms our biases, which then strengthens the biases inherent to the AI, and so forth.
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We should ask ourselves then: is this even necessary? Was search so broken that
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it needed AI to come save the day? Or is this just the latest expansion for the
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sake of expansion that satisifies the shareholders, at least for this quarter?
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While the original PageRank algorithm will be remembered as revolutionizing
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internet search (and was developed from [publicly funded
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research](https://new.nsf.gov/news/origins-google)), I suspect that today's AI
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search tools will not have such a fond remembering. Instead, [they will be
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remembered as the tools that broke the
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web](https://www.technologyreview.com/2024/05/31/1093019/why-are-googles-ai-overviews-results-so-bad/).
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We should ask ourselves then: is this even necessary? Was search so broken that it needed AI to come save the day? Or is this just the latest expansion for the sake of expansion that satisifies the shareholders, at least for this quarter? While the original PageRank algorithm will be remembered as revolutionizing internet search (and was developed from [publicly funded research](https://new.nsf.gov/news/origins-google)), I suspect that today's AI search tools will not have such a fond remembering. Instead, [they will be remembered as the tools that broke the web](https://www.technologyreview.com/2024/05/31/1093019/why-are-googles-ai-overviews-results-so-bad/).
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For a company that serves more daily search results than there are people on the
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planet, such power demands massive responsibility. Unfortunately, such
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responsibility seems to allude even the best intentioned multinational
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corporations. The only solution is to break Google into many pieces, none of
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which are large enough to abuse generative AI. The Department of Justice is
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already taking the lead on this, pursuing several historic [antitrust lawsuits
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against
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Google](https://www.theverge.com/24186099/doj-antitrust-division-litigation-apple-google-ticketmaster)
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(among other big-tech companies). This is a moment to seize as a possible
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turning point in the evolution of the internet.
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For a company that serves more daily search results than there are people on the planet, such power demands massive responsibility. Unfortunately, such responsibility seems to allude even the best intentioned multinational corporations. The only solution is to break Google into many pieces, none of which are large enough to abuse generative AI. The Department of Justice is already taking the lead on this, pursuing several historic [antitrust lawsuits against Google](https://www.theverge.com/24186099/doj-antitrust-division-litigation-apple-google-ticketmaster) (among other big-tech companies). This is a moment to seize as a possible turning point in the evolution of the internet.
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We stand on the brink, with two choices in our future. One option paves the way
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for giant corporations to increasingly control the web, pushing subtle
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propaganda through opaque algorithms. The second option pursues the ideal web
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[as its founders
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envisioned](https://webfoundation.org/2024/03/marking-the-webs-35th-birthday-an-open-letter/):
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a web that allows for collaboration, fosters compassion and generates
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creativity. While we may have strayed slightly off course along the way, the
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next step towards the ideal web is clear: break up big tech.
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We stand on the brink, with two choices in our future. One option paves the way for giant corporations to increasingly control the web, pushing subtle propaganda through opaque algorithms. The second option pursues the ideal web [as its founders envisioned](https://webfoundation.org/2024/03/marking-the-webs-35th-birthday-an-open-letter/): a web that allows for collaboration, fosters compassion and generates creativity. While we may have strayed slightly off course along the way, the next step towards the ideal web is clear: break up big tech.

frontend/mdx/posts/to-bosley.mdx

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You are the best dog.
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We knew you were coming home with us as soon as we saw you at the APL in
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Cleveland. You joined our family so soon after it began. We welcomed you into
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our very first apartment, which you quickly turned into our very first home.
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We knew you were coming home with us as soon as we saw you at the APL in Cleveland. You joined our family so soon after it began. We welcomed you into our very first apartment, which you quickly turned into our very first home.
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You were with us through so much. It was only six months after you came home
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with us that the pandemic began. I think you loved this time more than anyone
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else, since you had the entire roof of a parking garage to run around and chase
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sticks. I don't know how we would have gotten through it without you.
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You were with us through so much. It was only six months after you came home with us that the pandemic began. I think you loved this time more than anyone else, since you had the entire roof of a parking garage to run around and chase sticks. I don't know how we would have gotten through it without you.
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We got to know you only in your senior years, but you never had trouble keeping
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up. You came with us on all of our adventures, big and small.
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We got to know you only in your senior years, but you never had trouble keeping up. You came with us on all of our adventures, big and small.
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You eventually came with us on our greatest adventure ever, moving across the
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country to Oregon. You have dipped your toes in oceans on both sides of the
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continent. You have seen mountains from Maine to Montana. In our time together,
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you have lived an envious life.
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You eventually came with us on our greatest adventure ever, moving across the country to Oregon. You have dipped your toes in oceans on both sides of the continent. You have seen mountains from Maine to Montana. In our time together, you have lived an envious life.
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You started to live a slower life in Oregon. No longer chasing sticks and balls,
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you preferred to stay at home, cuddled comfortably in your bed, as an old man
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should.
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You started to live a slower life in Oregon. No longer chasing sticks and balls, you preferred to stay at home, cuddled comfortably in your bed, as an old man should.
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Unfortunately, the steady march of entropy comes for us all. You slowed down a
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little more, and then a lot more. Today, you have finally rested, no longer in
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pain. But you are not forgotten. No, you have lived through some of the biggest
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moments of our lives. You have been here as we became adults, grew out of our
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first apartment, left our hometown. While a little bit of us is undoubtedly left
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with you, a much bigger part of you has come with us.
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You have touched our hearts and minds in ways that we will forever carry with
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us. Every interaction we have, every animal we touch, every person we meet, will
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be meeting that part of you. You will be spread with all of these new people,
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meeting so many new smells along the way.
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While entropy marches on, information is never lost. No, information is just
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spread, since so much good could not ever last in one piece for that long. The
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universe desires you to be spread, pieces of you touching every living thing,
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until we all meet in the end, spread helplessly but together across the
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universe. Until that time, so long, my friend.
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Unfortunately, the steady march of entropy comes for us all. You slowed down a little more, and then a lot more. Today, you have finally rested, no longer in pain. But you are not forgotten. No, you have lived through some of the biggest moments of our lives. You have been here as we became adults, grew out of our first apartment, left our hometown. While a little bit of us is undoubtedly left with you, a much bigger part of you has come with us.
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You have touched our hearts and minds in ways that we will forever carry with us. Every interaction we have, every animal we touch, every person we meet, will be meeting that part of you. You will be spread with all of these new people, meeting so many new smells along the way.
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While entropy marches on, information is never lost. No, information is just spread, since so much good could not ever last in one piece for that long. The universe desires you to be spread, pieces of you touching every living thing, until we all meet in the end, spread helplessly but together across the universe. Until that time, so long, my friend.
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You are the best dog.

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