diff --git a/packages/runtime/renderer/magic.test.js b/packages/runtime/renderer/magic.test.js
index 2c8c7f7..3044438 100644
--- a/packages/runtime/renderer/magic.test.js
+++ b/packages/runtime/renderer/magic.test.js
@@ -1,20 +1,15 @@
-import { test } from 'vitest';
+import { describe, test } from 'vitest';
 import { compose } from '../compose/compose.js';
-import { makeRenderer, getBoundElements } from './renderer.js';
+import { makeRenderer, makeTemplate, Controller, Updater, makeStringRenderer } from './renderer.js';
 
 // template generated artifacts
 const source = makeRenderer('id', `<p data-bind><!--0--></p>`);
+const stringSource = makeStringRenderer('id', [`<p data-bind>`, `</p>`]);
 
-let injectableRoot = null;
-function injectRender(dom, callback) {
-    injectableRoot = dom;
-    callback();
-    injectableRoot = null;
-}
-
-function getBindTargets(r, boundEls) {
+function getTargets(r, boundEls) {
     return [r.childNodes[0]];
 }
+
 const makeBind = targets => {
     const t0 = targets[0];
     return p0 => {
@@ -22,77 +17,106 @@ const makeBind = targets => {
     };
 };
 
+function getStringTargets(r, boundEls) {
+    return [boundEls[0]];
+}
+
+const makeStringBind = targets => {
+    const t0 = targets[0];
+    return p0 => {
+        t0[0] = p0;
+    };
+};
 function render123(p0) {
-    const [root, bind] = makeTemplate(source);
+    const [root, bind] = makeTemplate(
+        source,
+        getTargets,
+        makeBind
+    );
     bind(p0);
     return root;
 }
+function renderString(p0) {
+    const [root, bind] = makeTemplate(
+        stringSource,
+        getStringTargets,
+        makeStringBind
+    );
+    bind(p0);
+    return root;
+}
+/*
+const NameTag = Controller.for(({ greeting, name }) => {
+    const Greeting = Controller.for(greeting => <span>{greeting}</span>);
 
-const map = new Map();
-
-const makeTemplate = (source) => {
-    let bind = null;
-    let root = injectableRoot;
-    // TODO: test injectable is right template id
-
-    if(root) bind = map.get(root);
-    if(!bind) {
-        const result = root
-            ? [root, getBoundElements(root)]
-            : source();
-        root = result[0];
-        const nodes = getBindTargets(root, result[1]);
-        bind = makeBind(nodes);
-        map.set(root, bind);
-    }
-
-    return [root, bind];
-};
+    return <p>
+        <Greeting greeting={greeting} /> {name}
+    </p>;
+});
 
-class Controller {
-    static for(renderFn) {
-        return new this(renderFn);
-    }
-    constructor(renderFn) {
-        this.renderFn = renderFn;
-    }
-    render(props) {
-        return this.renderFn(props);
-    }
-    update(dom, props) {
-        injectRender(dom, () => this.renderFn(props));
-    }
-}
+const Hello = Controller.for(name => <p>{name}</p>);
+*/
+describe('string render', () => {
+    const flatRender = node => node.flat().join('');
+    test('Controller.for', ({ expect }) => {
+        const controller = Controller.for(name => renderString(name));
 
-class Updater extends Controller {
-    #dom = null;
-    render(props) {
-        return this.#dom = super.render(props);
-    }
-    update(props) {
-        super.update(this.#dom, props);
-    }
-}
+        let node1 = controller.render('felix');
+        let node2 = controller.render('duchess');
+        expect(flatRender(node1)).toMatchInlineSnapshot(
+            `"<p data-bind>felix</p>"`
+        );
+        expect(flatRender(node2)).toMatchInlineSnapshot(
+            `"<p data-bind>duchess</p>"`
+        );
 
-test('controller creates or injects', ({ expect }) => {
-    const controller = Controller.for(name => render123(name));
+        controller.update(node1, 'garfield');
+        controller.update(node2, 'stimpy');
+        expect(flatRender(node1)).toMatchInlineSnapshot(
+            `"<p data-bind>garfield</p>"`
+        );
+        expect(flatRender(node2)).toMatchInlineSnapshot(
+            `"<p data-bind>stimpy</p>"`
+        );
+    });
 
-    let dom1 = controller.render('felix');
-    let dom2 = controller.render('duchess');
-    expect(dom1.outerHTML).toMatchInlineSnapshot(`"<p data-bind="">felix<!--1--></p>"`);
-    expect(dom2.outerHTML).toMatchInlineSnapshot(`"<p data-bind="">duchess<!--1--></p>"`);
+    test('Updater.for', ({ expect }) => {
+        const updater = Updater.for(name => renderString(name));
+        const node = updater.render('felix');
+        expect(flatRender(node)).toMatchInlineSnapshot(
+            `"<p data-bind>felix</p>"`
+        );
+
+        updater.update('duchess');
+        expect(flatRender(node)).toMatchInlineSnapshot(
+            `"<p data-bind>duchess</p>"`
+        );
+    });
 
-    controller.update(dom1, 'garfield');
-    controller.update(dom2, 'stimpy');
-    expect(dom1.outerHTML).toMatchInlineSnapshot(`"<p data-bind="">garfield<!--1--></p>"`);
-    expect(dom2.outerHTML).toMatchInlineSnapshot(`"<p data-bind="">stimpy<!--1--></p>"`);
 });
+describe('dom render', () => {
+
+    test('Controller.for', ({ expect }) => {
+        const controller = Controller.for(name => render123(name));
+
+        let node1 = controller.render('felix');
+        let node2 = controller.render('duchess');
+        expect(node1.outerHTML).toMatchInlineSnapshot(`"<p data-bind="">felix<!--1--></p>"`);
+        expect(node2.outerHTML).toMatchInlineSnapshot(`"<p data-bind="">duchess<!--1--></p>"`);
+
+        controller.update(node1, 'garfield');
+        controller.update(node2, 'stimpy');
+        expect(node1.outerHTML).toMatchInlineSnapshot(`"<p data-bind="">garfield<!--1--></p>"`);
+        expect(node2.outerHTML).toMatchInlineSnapshot(`"<p data-bind="">stimpy<!--1--></p>"`);
+    });
+
+    test('Updater.for', ({ expect }) => {
+        const updater = Updater.for(name => render123(name));
+        const node = updater.render('felix');
+        expect(node.outerHTML).toMatchInlineSnapshot(`"<p data-bind="">felix<!--1--></p>"`);
 
-test('update remembers dom', ({ expect }) => {
-    const updater = Updater.for(name => render123(name));
-    const dom = updater.render('felix');
-    expect(dom.outerHTML).toMatchInlineSnapshot(`"<p data-bind="">felix<!--1--></p>"`);
+        updater.update('duchess');
+        expect(node.outerHTML).toMatchInlineSnapshot(`"<p data-bind="">duchess<!--1--></p>"`);
+    });
 
-    updater.update('duchess');
-    expect(dom.outerHTML).toMatchInlineSnapshot(`"<p data-bind="">duchess<!--1--></p>"`);
 });
diff --git a/packages/runtime/renderer/renderer.js b/packages/runtime/renderer/renderer.js
index 5aa61bd..717575a 100644
--- a/packages/runtime/renderer/renderer.js
+++ b/packages/runtime/renderer/renderer.js
@@ -4,6 +4,21 @@ export function clearTemplates() {
     templates.clear();
 }
 
+export function makeStringRenderer(id, html, isFragment = false) {
+    return () => {
+        const root = [];
+        const targets = [];
+        for(let i = 0; i < html.length; i++) {
+            root.push(html[i]);
+            if(i === html.length - 1) break;
+            const target = [];
+            targets.push(target);
+            root.push(target);
+        }
+        return [root, targets];
+    };
+}
+
 export function makeRenderer(id, html, isFragment = false) {
     if(templates.has(id)) return templates.get(id);
 
@@ -47,23 +62,62 @@ export function getBoundElements(dom) {
 }
 
 
-/*
+
 const map = new Map();
+
+
+export const injectable = [];
+export function inject(node, callback) {
+    injectable.push(node);
+    callback();
+    const popped = injectable.pop();
+    if(popped !== node) {
+        // TODO: display html like object for compose
+        throw new Error('Injectable stack error');
+    }
+}
+
+
 export function makeTemplate(source, targets, makeBind) {
     let bind = null;
-    let root = injectableRoot;
+    let node = injectable.at(-1); // peek!
     // TODO: test injectable is right template id
 
-    if(root) bind = map.get(root);
+    if(node) bind = map.get(node);
     if(!bind) {
-        const result = root
-            ? [root, getBoundElements(root)]
+        const result = node
+            ? [node, getBoundElements(node)]
             : source();
-        root = result[0];
-        const nodes = targets(root, result[1]);
+        node = result[0];
+        const nodes = targets(node, result[1]);
         bind = makeBind(nodes);
-        map.set(root, bind);
+        map.set(node, bind);
     }
 
-    return [root, bind];
-};*/
\ No newline at end of file
+    return [node, bind];
+}
+
+export class Controller {
+    static for(renderFn) {
+        return new this(renderFn);
+    }
+    constructor(renderFn) {
+        this.renderFn = renderFn;
+    }
+    render(props) {
+        return this.renderFn(props);
+    }
+    update(node, props) {
+        inject(node, () => this.renderFn(props));
+    }
+}
+
+export class Updater extends Controller {
+    #dom = null;
+    render(props) {
+        return this.#dom = super.render(props);
+    }
+    update(props) {
+        super.update(this.#dom, props);
+    }
+}
\ No newline at end of file