Replace `strip-ansi` dependency with `util.stripVTControlCharacters`

[silverwind]

Available since Node v16.11.0 and should do pretty much the same:

https://nodejs.org/api/util.html#utilstripvtcontrolcharactersstr

[sindresorhus]

It didn't support links until recently, so I don't think this makes sense until we can target the Node.js version that supports that. Node.js 22, I think.