From dbac60d8cac39a88d499422ddf07cffdb81a228b Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: christoofar Date: Wed, 24 Apr 2024 10:36:09 -0400 Subject: [PATCH] repub the canterbury tests as a local --- test/canterbury-corpus/README.md | 10 + test/canterbury-corpus/SHA1SUM | 42 + test/canterbury-corpus/artificial/SHA1SUM | 4 + test/canterbury-corpus/artificial/a.txt | 1 + test/canterbury-corpus/artificial/aaa.txt | 1 + .../canterbury-corpus/artificial/alphabet.txt | 1 + test/canterbury-corpus/artificial/random.txt | 1 + test/canterbury-corpus/calgary/SHA1SUM | 18 + test/canterbury-corpus/calgary/bib | 6280 ++ test/canterbury-corpus/calgary/book1 | 16622 ++++ test/canterbury-corpus/calgary/book2 | 15634 ++++ test/canterbury-corpus/calgary/geo | Bin 0 -> 102400 bytes test/canterbury-corpus/calgary/news | 10059 +++ test/canterbury-corpus/calgary/obj1 | Bin 0 -> 21504 bytes test/canterbury-corpus/calgary/obj2 | Bin 0 -> 246814 bytes test/canterbury-corpus/calgary/paper1 | 1250 + test/canterbury-corpus/calgary/paper2 | 1731 + test/canterbury-corpus/calgary/paper3 | 1100 + test/canterbury-corpus/calgary/paper4 | 294 + test/canterbury-corpus/calgary/paper5 | 320 + test/canterbury-corpus/calgary/paper6 | 1019 + test/canterbury-corpus/calgary/pic | Bin 0 -> 513216 bytes test/canterbury-corpus/calgary/progc | 1487 + test/canterbury-corpus/calgary/progl | 2244 + test/canterbury-corpus/calgary/progp | 1966 + test/canterbury-corpus/calgary/trans | Bin 0 -> 93695 bytes test/canterbury-corpus/canterbury/SHA1SUM | 11 + test/canterbury-corpus/canterbury/alice29.txt | 3609 + .../canterbury-corpus/canterbury/asyoulik.txt | 4122 + test/canterbury-corpus/canterbury/cp.html | 645 + test/canterbury-corpus/canterbury/fields.c | 431 + test/canterbury-corpus/canterbury/grammar.lsp | 94 + test/canterbury-corpus/canterbury/kennedy.xls | Bin 0 -> 1029744 bytes test/canterbury-corpus/canterbury/lcet10.txt | 7519 ++ .../canterbury-corpus/canterbury/plrabn12.txt | 10699 +++ test/canterbury-corpus/canterbury/ptt5 | Bin 0 -> 513216 bytes test/canterbury-corpus/canterbury/sum | Bin 0 -> 38240 bytes test/canterbury-corpus/canterbury/xargs.1 | 112 + test/canterbury-corpus/large/E.coli | 1 + test/canterbury-corpus/large/SHA1SUM | 3 + test/canterbury-corpus/large/bible.txt | 30383 +++++++ test/canterbury-corpus/large/world192.txt | 65119 ++++++++++++++++ test/canterbury-corpus/misc/SHA1SUM | 1 + test/canterbury-corpus/misc/pi.txt | 1 + 44 files changed, 182834 insertions(+) create mode 100644 test/canterbury-corpus/README.md create mode 100644 test/canterbury-corpus/SHA1SUM create mode 100644 test/canterbury-corpus/artificial/SHA1SUM create mode 100644 test/canterbury-corpus/artificial/a.txt create mode 100644 test/canterbury-corpus/artificial/aaa.txt create mode 100644 test/canterbury-corpus/artificial/alphabet.txt create mode 100644 test/canterbury-corpus/artificial/random.txt create mode 100644 test/canterbury-corpus/calgary/SHA1SUM create mode 100644 test/canterbury-corpus/calgary/bib create mode 100644 test/canterbury-corpus/calgary/book1 create mode 100644 test/canterbury-corpus/calgary/book2 create mode 100644 test/canterbury-corpus/calgary/geo create mode 100644 test/canterbury-corpus/calgary/news create mode 100755 test/canterbury-corpus/calgary/obj1 create mode 100644 test/canterbury-corpus/calgary/obj2 create mode 100644 test/canterbury-corpus/calgary/paper1 create mode 100644 test/canterbury-corpus/calgary/paper2 create mode 100644 test/canterbury-corpus/calgary/paper3 create mode 100644 test/canterbury-corpus/calgary/paper4 create mode 100644 test/canterbury-corpus/calgary/paper5 create mode 100644 test/canterbury-corpus/calgary/paper6 create mode 100644 test/canterbury-corpus/calgary/pic create mode 100644 test/canterbury-corpus/calgary/progc create mode 100644 test/canterbury-corpus/calgary/progl create mode 100644 test/canterbury-corpus/calgary/progp create mode 100644 test/canterbury-corpus/calgary/trans create mode 100644 test/canterbury-corpus/canterbury/SHA1SUM create mode 100644 test/canterbury-corpus/canterbury/alice29.txt create mode 100644 test/canterbury-corpus/canterbury/asyoulik.txt create mode 100644 test/canterbury-corpus/canterbury/cp.html create mode 100644 test/canterbury-corpus/canterbury/fields.c create mode 100644 test/canterbury-corpus/canterbury/grammar.lsp create mode 100644 test/canterbury-corpus/canterbury/kennedy.xls create mode 100644 test/canterbury-corpus/canterbury/lcet10.txt create mode 100644 test/canterbury-corpus/canterbury/plrabn12.txt create mode 100644 test/canterbury-corpus/canterbury/ptt5 create mode 100755 test/canterbury-corpus/canterbury/sum create mode 100644 test/canterbury-corpus/canterbury/xargs.1 create mode 100644 test/canterbury-corpus/large/E.coli create mode 100644 test/canterbury-corpus/large/SHA1SUM create mode 100644 test/canterbury-corpus/large/bible.txt create mode 100644 test/canterbury-corpus/large/world192.txt create mode 100644 test/canterbury-corpus/misc/SHA1SUM create mode 100644 test/canterbury-corpus/misc/pi.txt diff --git a/test/canterbury-corpus/README.md b/test/canterbury-corpus/README.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..11ce1c7 --- /dev/null +++ b/test/canterbury-corpus/README.md @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +The Canterbury Corpus as a git repository +========================================= + +The Canterbury Corpus is set of standardized test files ("corpus") to +test lossless archivers/compressors, prepared by University of Canterbury: +http://corpus.canterbury.ac.nz . + +This project imports the contents of the corpus into a git repository, e.g. +to include as a git submodule into other repositories. + diff --git a/test/canterbury-corpus/SHA1SUM b/test/canterbury-corpus/SHA1SUM new file mode 100644 index 0000000..e3a87e1 --- /dev/null +++ b/test/canterbury-corpus/SHA1SUM @@ -0,0 +1,42 @@ +807fab54d72457cf4bf06cbd68d831f2a87fb08c artificial/alphabet.txt +c4d4b30851182fc4eb8675494d42fd7f17e29c93 artificial/aaa.txt +d8248fecdafcfb860ba08bec37c1988bb12de159 artificial/SHA1SUM +86f7e437faa5a7fce15d1ddcb9eaeaea377667b8 artificial/a.txt +231f68a1c6d7cee7f1dbb1a5b66b67aa0be0f225 artificial/random.txt +b855cfafe7374942a0ae54c3bd90f0bce7b73fab calgary/book2 +e2c45b3df4a6e12ff7c8edc7750125f282e87ae0 calgary/paper4 +7f9723167476639998ece850b9fbe1e5587aed1c calgary/progl +5cf652cfcc8e556ffb5e118fc29bcffef0aa71ab calgary/geo +34322336c2c5b210fefc5b85517c65de1d184da5 calgary/trans +7984162c32cc4aa40c2654bb2650e965b0a14b57 calgary/SHA1SUM +93d9bf0d3b4eae5198cf589336b30af3d6607feb calgary/paper2 +aef6dac8838b1e9b35a46a6c1ccf1876a63486b4 calgary/paper1 +3f86203a59b9d823c784f0414dd1920bcb62d067 calgary/bib +d155a7f8c68d24e9914b3274d5b5a6aa720e8d58 calgary/obj1 +e02c588e271f242fd00ecc68a931d9c5485323a0 calgary/obj2 +22c59a4046cc52510a736582eae4bcdca4713411 calgary/progp +66fa53f757f6474ad92b2ae52ef07981839dd14d calgary/progc +673c583d45544003eb0edd57f32a683b3c414a18 calgary/book1 +e079016b7a4f34a1ff7e150b550010f8b61e103f calgary/paper6 +ecb2f1a6edd53677ed4887843c38430ba74e1993 calgary/paper5 +afd9f190c621f45216a321485a543c00786bc76b calgary/news +7ba9a27703c8b0cbad2f8da9c2789fe15d4501c9 calgary/paper3 +96f7ab3d975ea4d823cf30be7dad5827f45858e9 calgary/pic +fb7db2d0c1ba0a1be26fe1892a7f83bf01153770 canterbury/asyoulik.txt +c37a75e0ffd4350981740b0703f291c50d522a90 canterbury/SHA1SUM +777250a5ccf4fd95b48c1c9248ab82c2e0221913 canterbury/xargs.1 +fc4c10407efe47f40eee55eba9bddffbe5948cf4 canterbury/cp.html +77331951a4e24cd6d6315aa41b2cbdda882f685d canterbury/lcet10.txt +4575958b534bbe6e9d461b0b390300f54a5210cd canterbury/plrabn12.txt +31999f829d313a6c10314deba2854b23481ab346 canterbury/fields.c +12bf64bf1d4c1f1119bea24e7bebd3167389220d canterbury/grammar.lsp +96f7ab3d975ea4d823cf30be7dad5827f45858e9 canterbury/ptt5 +37a087d23c8709e97aa45ece662faf3d07006a58 canterbury/alice29.txt +bb3c73adde28228f9a311ddfee8f76aeccf83c4b canterbury/kennedy.xls +076fb264487f2d6868e67919e1949dcb4560e423 canterbury/sum +fe5b97b714b2abe91a5e64f4e9b4589f61a6a45e large/world192.txt +6e8641b7042de61cb0f0975667872dddac0a2d12 large/SHA1SUM +e8302ab252ebf3d391d7072cf8957a6cd77667d9 large/bible.txt +bea54298e17d5ef86ddb75ac71b5b74fadf2cb7d large/E.coli +1082afc1cbebbe59154cfad187257c39fcde40e7 misc/SHA1SUM +e995509affabd68e36d0f8f4436cbc2b7541dee5 misc/pi.txt diff --git a/test/canterbury-corpus/artificial/SHA1SUM b/test/canterbury-corpus/artificial/SHA1SUM new file mode 100644 index 0000000..43ac2a7 --- /dev/null +++ b/test/canterbury-corpus/artificial/SHA1SUM @@ -0,0 +1,4 @@ +c4d4b30851182fc4eb8675494d42fd7f17e29c93 aaa.txt +807fab54d72457cf4bf06cbd68d831f2a87fb08c alphabet.txt +86f7e437faa5a7fce15d1ddcb9eaeaea377667b8 a.txt +231f68a1c6d7cee7f1dbb1a5b66b67aa0be0f225 random.txt diff --git a/test/canterbury-corpus/artificial/a.txt b/test/canterbury-corpus/artificial/a.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..2e65efe --- /dev/null +++ b/test/canterbury-corpus/artificial/a.txt @@ -0,0 +1 @@ +a \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/test/canterbury-corpus/artificial/aaa.txt b/test/canterbury-corpus/artificial/aaa.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..94bc766 --- /dev/null +++ b/test/canterbury-corpus/artificial/aaa.txt @@ -0,0 +1 @@ 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Newsletter (Proc ACM Symposium on Text manipulation, Portland, Oregon) +%V 2 +%N 1/2 +%P 117-121 +%O Spring/Summer + +%A Adams, D.N. +%D 1979 +%T The hitchhiker's guide to the galaxy +%I Pan +%C London, England + +%A Adams, J.B. +%D 1976 +%T A probability model of medical reasoning and the MYCIN model +%J Mathematical Biosciences +%V 32 +%P 177-186 + +%A Aho, A.V. +%A Corasick, M.J. +%D 1975 +%T Efficient string matching: an aid to bibliographic search +%J Comm ACM +%V 18 +%N 6 +%P 333-340 +%O June + +%A Aikins, J.S. +%D 1983 +%T Prototypical knowledge for expert systems +%J Artificial Intelligence +%V 20 +%N 2 +%P 163-210 +%O February +%K * + +%A Akers, G. +%A Lennig, M. +%D 1984 +%T Intonation in text-to-speech synthesis: evaluation of algorithms +%R Report +%I Bell-Northern Research +%C Verdun, QUE +%K * + +%A Allebach, J.P. +%A Liu, B. +%D 1976 +%T Analysis of halftone dot profile and aliasing in the discrete binary representation of images +%J Optical Society of America +%V 67 +%N 9 +%K * + +%A Allen, B.P. +%A Wright, J.M. +%D 1983 +%T Integrating logic programs and schemata +%J Proc 8th International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence +%P 340-342 + +%A Allen, E.M. +%D 1983 +%T YAPS: yet another production system +%R Report TR-1146 +%I Maryland Artificial Intelligence Group, Computer Science Department, University of Maryland +%C Maryland, MD +%O December +%K * + +%A Allen, J.F. +%A Perrault, C.R. +%D 1980 +%T Analyzing intention in utterances +%J Artificial Intelligence +%V 15 +%P 143-178 +%K * + +%A Allen, J.F. +%D 1984 +%T Towards a general theory of action and time +%J Artificial Intelligence +%V 23 +%P 123-154 +%K * + +%A Almes, G.T. +%A Black, A.P. +%A Lazowska, E.L. +%A Noe, J.D. +%D 1985 +%T The Eden system: a technical review +%J IEEE Trans Software Engineering +%V SE-11 +%N 1 +%P 43-59 +%O January +%K * + +%A Alvey, P. +%D 1983 +%T The problems of designing a medical expert system +%J Proc Expert Systems 83 +%I Churchill College +%C Cambridge, England +%P 30-42 +%O December +%K * + +%A Anderberg, M.R. +%D 1973 +%T Cluster analysis for applications +%I Academic Press +%C New York, NY + +%A Anderson, D.P. +%A Hedin, R.C. +%D 1982 +%T Voice input/output module +%J Voice Data Entry Systems Application Conference '82 +%C San Mateo, CA +%O September 21 +%K * + +%A Anderson, J.R. +%T Knowledge compilation: the general learning mechanism +%K * + +%A Anderson, J.R. +%A Reiser, B.J. +%D 1985 +%T The LISP tutor +%J Byte +%V 10 +%N 4 +%P 159-175 +%O April + +%A Andreae, J.H. +%D 1984 +%T Numbers in the head +%R Man-Machine Studies Progress Report UC-DSE/24 +%P 5-28 +%I Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Canterbury +%C New Zealand + +%A Andreae, P.M. +%D 1984 +%T Constraint limited generalization: acquiring procedures from examples +%J Proc American Association on Artificial Intelligence +%C Austin, TX +%O August +%K * + +%A Andreae, P.M. +%D 1984 +%T Justified generalization: acquiring procedures from examples +%R PhD Thesis +%I Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, MIT + +%A Andreae, P.M. +%D 1986 +%T Justified generalization +%J Proc International Conference on Future Advances in Computing +%C Christchurch, New Zealand +%O February 17-21 +%K * + +%A Andreka, H. +%A Nemeti, I. +%A Sain, I. +%D 1982 +%T A complete logic for reasoning about programs via nonstandard model theory I +%J Theoretical Computer Science +%V 17 +%P 193-212 +%K * + +%A Andreka, H. +%A Nemeti, I. +%A Sain, I. +%D 1982 +%T A complete logic for reasoning about programs via nonstandard model theory II +%J Theoretical Computer Science +%V 17 +%P 259-278 +%K * + +%A Andrew, A.M. +%D 1981 +%T Autopoiesis \(em allopoiesis interplay +%E M.Zeleny +%B Autopoiesis: a theory of living organization +%I North Holland +%C New York, NY +%P 157-166 + +%A Anon +%D 1972 +%T Holography and computer generated holograms +%I Mills and Boom +%C London, England +%K * + +%A ANSI +%D 1983 +%T Videotex/Teletext presentation level protocol syntax (Draft) +%I American National Standards Committee X3 -- Information Processing Systems, Technical Committee X3L2 -- Codes and character sets +%C New York, NY +%O June + +%A Anson, E. +%D 1982 +%T The device model of interaction +%J Computer Graphics +%V 16 +%N 2 +%P 107-114 +%O July +%K * + +%A Aoki, M. +%D 1965 +%T Optimal control of partially observable markovian systems +%J J Franklin Institute +%V 280 +%N 5 +%O November +%K * + +%A Ascher, R.N. +%A Nagy, G. +%D 1974 +%T A means for achieving a high degree of compaction on scan-digitized printed text +%J IEEE Trans Computers +%V C-23 +%N 11 +%P 1174-1179 +%O November +%K * + +%A Ash, W.L. +%D 1981 +%T MXEC: parallel processing with an advanced macro facility +%J Comm ACM +%V 24 +%N 8 +%P 502-509 +%K * + +%A Ashby, W.R. +%D 1960 +%T Design for a brain: the origin of adaptive behavior +%I Wiley +%C New York, NY +%O (second edition) + +%A Askwall, S. +%D 1985 +%T Computer supported reading vs reading text on paper: a comparison of two reading situations +%J IJMMS +%V 22 +%N 4 +%P 425-439 +%O April + +%A Atkinson, H.H. +%A Gargantini, I. +%A Ramanath, M.V.S. +%D 1984 +%T Determination of the 3D border by repeated elimination of internal surfaces +%J Computing +%V 32 +%P 279-295 +%K * + +%A Attardi, G. +%A Simi, M. +%D 1982 +%T Semantics of inheritance and attributions in the description system Omega +%R AI Memo 642 +%I MIT Artificial Intelligence Laboratory +%O January +%K * + +%A Axelrod, R. +%D 1984 +%T The evolution of cooperation +%I Basic Books +%C New York, NY + +%A Backer, D. +%A Gano, S. +%D 1982 +%T Dynamically alterable videodisk displays +%J Proc Graphics Interface 82 +%C Toronto, ON +%P 365- +%O May 17-21 + +%A Baecker, R. +%A Marcus, A. +%D 1983 +%T On enhancing the interface to the source code of computer programs +%J Proc ACM CHI 83 Human Factors in Computing Systems +%P 251-255 +%C Boston, MA +%O December 12-15 +%K * + +%A Bailey, D. +%D 1985 +%T University of Salford Lisp/Prolog system +%J Software -- Practice and Experience +%V 15 +%N 6 +%P 595-609 +%O June +%K * + +%A Ball, G.H. +%A Hall, D.J. +%D 1965 +%T ISODATA, a novel method of data analysis and pattern classification +%R Report AD 699616 +%I Stanford Research Institute +%C Stanford, CA + +%A Bandyopadhyay, S. +%A Hughes, J.G. +%A Smith, F.J. +%A Sen, K. +%T A generalized scientific information system +%R Report +%I Computer Science Department, Queen's University of Belfast +%C Belfast, Northern Ireland +%K * + +%A Barber, G.R. +%D 1981 +%T Record of the workshop on research in office semantics +%R AI Memo 620 +%I MIT +%O February +%K * + +%A Barber, G.R. +%D 1982 +%T Office semantics +%R PhD Thesis +%I MIT +%O February + +%A Barber, G.R. +%D 1983 +%T Supporting organizational problem solving with a workstation +%J ACM Trans Office Information Systems +%V 1 +%N 1 +%P 45-67 +%O January +%K * + +%A Barber, G.R. +%A de\|Jong, P.S. +%A Hewitt, C. +%D 1983 +%T Semantic support for work in organizations +%R AI Memo 719 +%I MIT Artificial Intelligence Laboratory +%O April +%K * + +%A Barnett, J.A. +%D 1981 +%T Computational methods for a mathematical theory of evidence +%J Proc 7th International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence +%P 868-875 +%C Vancouver, BC +%O August + +%A Barrow, H.G. +%D 1979 +%T Artificial intelligence: state of the art +%R Technical Note 198 +%I SRI International +%C Menlo Park, CA +%O October + +%A Barsky, B.A. +%A Beatty, J.C. +%D 1982 +%T Varying the betas in beta-splines +%R Report CS-82-49 +%I University of Waterloo +%O December +%K * + +%A Barwise, J. +%A Perry, J. +%D 1983 +%T Situations and attitudes +%I MIT Press +%C Cambridge, MA + +%A Barwise, J. +%D 1985 +%T The situation in logic II: conditionals and conditional information +%R Report CSLI-85-21 +%I Center for the study of language and information, Stanford University +%C Stanford, CA +%O January +%K * + +%A Bates, E. +%D 1979 +%T The emergence of symbols +%I Academic Press + +%A Beer, S. +%D 1980 +%R Preface to \fIAutopoiesis and cognition\fR (Maturana and Varela, 1980) + +%A Bell, T.C. +%D 1985 +%T Better OPM/L text compression +%R Internal Report +%I Computer Science Department, University of Canterbury +%C Christchurch, New Zealand +%K * + +%A Bell, T.C. +%A Moffat, A.M. +%D 1986 +%T A note on the DMC data compression scheme +%R Internal Report +%I Computer Science Department, University of Canterbury +%C Christchurch, New Zealand + +%A Bell, T.C. +%D 1986 +%T An introduction to text compression +%R Internal Report +%I Computer Science Department, University of Canterbury +%C Christchurch, New Zealand + +%A Bellanger, M.G. +%A Daguet, J.L. +%A Lepagnol, G.P. +%D 1974 +%T Interpolation, extrapolation, and reduction of computation speed in digital filters +%J IEEE Trans Acoustics, Speech and Signal Processing +%V ASSP-22 +%N 4 +%P 231-235 +%O August +%K * + +%A Benest, I.D. +%A Jones, G. +%D 1982 +%T Computer emulation of books +%J Proc IEE Conference Man-Machine Systems +%P 267-271 +%C Manchester, England +%O July + +%A Benest, I.D. +%A Potok, M.H.N. +%D 1984 +%T Wayfinding: an approach using signposting techniques +%J Behaviour and Information Technology +%V 3 +%N 2 +%P 99-107 +%K * + +%A Bentley, J.L. +%A Friedman, J.H. +%D 1979 +%T Data structures for range searching +%J Computing Surveys +%V 11 +%N 4 +%P 397-409 +%O December +%K * + +%A Bentley, J.L. +%D 1980 +%T Multidimensional divide-and-conquer +%J Comm ACM +%V 23 +%N 4 +%P 214-229 +%K * + +%A Bentley, J.L. +%A Sleator, D.D. +%A Tarjan, R.E. +%A Wei, V.K. +%D 1986 +%T A locally adaptive data compression scheme +%J Comm ACM +%V 29 +%N 4 +%P 320-330 +%O April + +%A Berglund, E.J. +%A Cheriton, D.R. +%T Amaze -- A distributed multi-player game program using the Distributed V Kernel +%K * + +%A Bewley, W.L. +%A Roberts, T.L. +%A Schroit, D. +%A Verplank, W.L. +%D 1983 +%T Human factors testing in the design of Xerox's 8010 `Star' office workstation +%J Proc ACM CHI 83 Human Factors in Computing Systems +%P 72-77 +%C Boston, MA +%O December 12-15 +%K * + +%A Bezdek, J.C. +%D 1980 +%T A convergence theorem for the fuzzy ISODATA clustering algorithms +%J IEEE Trans Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence +%V PAMI-2 +%N 1 +%P 1-8 +%O January +%K * + +%A Bibel, W. +%D 1983 +%T Matings in matrices +%J Comm ACM +%V 26 +%N 11 +%P 844-852 +%O November +%K * + +%A Biederman, I. +%D 1985 +%T Human image understanding: recent research and a theory +%J Computer Vision, Graphics, and Image Processing +%V 32 +%N 1 +%P 29-73 +%O October. + +%A Bigelow, C. +%A Day, D. +%D 1983 +%T Digital typography +%J Scientific American +%V 249 +%N 2 +%P 106-119 +%O August +%K * + +%A Bigelow, C. +%D 1984 +%T Principles of font design for the personal workstation +%R Research Report +%I Stanford University +%K * + +%A Bigelow, C. +%D 1986 +%T Notes on typeface protection +%K * + +%A Birkhoff, G. +%D 1967 +%T Lattice theory +%I American Mathematical Society +%C Providence, RI + +%A Birrell, A.D. +%A Levin, R. +%A Needham R.M. +%A Schroeder, M.D. +%D 1982 +%T Grapevine: an exercise in distributed computing +%J Comm ACM +%V 25 +%N 4 +%P 260-274 +%O April +%K * + +%A Birtwistle, G.M. +%A Dahl, O.J. +%A Myhrhaug, B. +%A Nygaard, K. +%D 1973 +%T Simula Begin +%I Auerbach +%C Philadelphia, PA + +%A Birtwistle, G. +%A Cleary, J.G. +%A Joyce, J. +%A Liblong, B. +%A Unger, B.W. +%A Witten, I.H. +%A Wyvill, B.L.M. +%D 1984 +%T A simulation environment +%J Proc Canadian Information Processing Society Conference +%C Calgary, AL +%P 290-296 +%O May +%K KConference + +%A Blakeslee, T.R. +%D 1980 +%T The right brain +%I MacMillan +%C London, England + +%A Bobrow, D.G. +%D 1985 +%T If Prolog is the answer, what is the question? or What it takes to support AI programming paradigms +%J IEEE Trans Software Engineering +%V SE-11 +%N 11 +%P 1401-1408 +%O November +%K * + +%A Boehm-Davis, D.A. +%A Fregly, A.M. +%D 1983 +%T Documentation of concurrent programs +%J Proc ACM CHI 83 Human Factors in Computing Systems +%P 256-261 +%C Boston, MA +%O December 12-15 +%K * + +%A Bonham, M. +%A Witten, I.H. +%D 1984 +%T Towards distributed document preparation with interactive and noninteractive viewing +%J Proc Canadian Information Processing Society Conference +%C Calgary, AL +%P 365-372 +%O May +%K KConference + +%A Bonham, M. +%A Witten, I.H. +%D 1985 +%T Towards distributed document preparation with interactive and noninteractive viewing +%J Infor +%V 23 +%N 4 +%P 365-388 +%O November +%K KJournal + +%A Bonham, M. +%A Witten, I.H. +%D 1985 +%T More on `A large font virtual terminal interface: a software prosthesis for the visually impaired' +%J Comm ACM +%V 28 +%N 11 +%P 1236-1237 +%O November +%K KCorrespondence + +%A Bonham, M. +%A Witten, I.H. +%D 1985 +%T Shape \(em a unifying concept in document layout +%J Proc PROTEXT II -- Second International Conference on Text Processing Systems +%I Boole Press +%C Dublin, Ireland +%P 126-132 +%O October +%K KConference + +%A Bonner, S. +%A Shin, K. +%D 1982 +%T A comparative study of robot languages +%J IEEE Computer +%V 15 +%N 12 +%P 82-96 + +%A Boose, J.H. +%D 1986 +%T Rapid acquisition and combination of knowledge from multiple experts in the same domain +%J Proc International Conference on Future Advances in Computing +%C Christchurch, New Zealand +%O February 17-21 +%K * + +%A Booth, T.L. +%D 1984 +%T Computer education +%J IEEE Computer +%V 17 +%N 10 +%P 57-68 +%O October +%K * + +%A Borning, A. +%D 1981 +%T The programming language aspects of ThingLab, a constraint-oriented simulation laboratory +%J ACM Trans Programming Languages and Systems +%V 3 +%N 4 +%P 353-387 +%O October +%K * + +%A Bouachache, B. +%D 1983 +%T Wigner analysis of time-varying signals +%B Signal processing II: Theories and applications +%E H.W.Schussler +%I Elsevier Science Publishers B.V. (North Holland) +%P 703-706 +%K * + +%A Bouachache, B. +%A Rodriguez, F. +%D 1984 +%T Recognition of time-varying signals in the time-frequency domain by means of the Wigner distribution +%J Proc International Circuits and Systems Symposium +%K * + +%A Bouachache, B. +%A Whitehouse, H.J. +%D 1985 +%T Seismic applications of the Wigner-Ville distribution +%J Proc International Circuits and Systems Symposium +%C San Jose, CA +%O May 5 +%K * + +%A Boulton, P.I.P. +%A Lee, E.S. +%D 1983 +%T The performance of Hubnet +%J Proc International Electrical, Electronics Conference +%V 2 +%P 450-453 +%C Toronto, ON +%O September 26-28 +%K * + +%A Bower, G.H. +%A Black, J.B. +%D 1979 +%T Scripts in memory for text +%J Cognitive Psychology +%V 11 +%P 177-220 +%K * + +%A Brachman, R.J. +%D 1983 +%T What IS-A is and isn't: an analysis of taxonomic links in semantic networks +%J IEEE Computer +%V 16 +%N 10 +%P 30-36 +%O October +%K * + +%A Brachman, R.J. +%A Schmolze, J.G. +%D 1985 +%T An overview of the KL-ONE knowledge representation scheme +%J Cognitive Science +%V 9 +%N ii +%P 171-216 +%K * + +%A Bramer, M.A.\0(Editor) +%D 1985 +%T Research and development in expert systems +%I Cambridge University Press +%C Cambridge, England +%O (Proc 4th Conference of BCS Group on Expert Systems, December 1984) + +%A Bramwell, B. +%D 1984 +%T Browsing around a manual +%J Proc Canadian Information Processing Society Conference +%C Calgary, AL +%P 438-442 +%O May +%K * + +%A Britton, B.K. +%A Black, J.B.\0(Editors) +%D 1985 +%T Understanding expository text: a theoretical and practical handbook for analyzing explanatory text +%I Erlbaum +%C Hillsdale, NJ + +%A Brown, K.Q. +%D 1979 +%T Voroni diagrams from convex hulls +%J Information Processing Letters +%V 9 +%N 5 +%P 223-228 +%O December +%K * + +%A Brown, P.J. +%D 1984 +%T Interactive documentation +%R Internal Report +%I Computing Laboratory, University of Kent +%O April +%K * + +%A Brown, J.S. +%A Burton, R.R. +%D 1975 +%T Multiple representations of knowledge for tutorial reasoning +%B Representation of Learning +%E D.G. Bobrow and A. Collins +%I Academic Press +%C New York, NY + +%A Brownston, L. +%A Farrell, R. +%A Kant, E. +%A Martin, N. +%D 1985 +%T Programming expert systems in OPS-5: an introduction to rule-based programming +%I Addison-Wesley +%C Reading, MA + +%A Brunner, J. +%D 1975 +%T The shockwave rider +%I Ballantine +%C New York, NY + +%A Bruynooghs, M. +%D 1982 +%T Adding redundancy to obtain more reliable and more readable Prolog programs +%J Proc 1st International Logic Programming Conference +%C Marseille, France +%P 129-133 +%O September 14-17 +%K * + +%A Bryant, J. +%D 1979 +%T On the clustering of multidimensional pictorial data +%J Pattern Recognition +%V 11 +%P 115-125 +%K * + +%A Buchman, C. +%A Berry, D.M. +%T An adaptation of the Unix DITROFF for formatting bidirectional text +%I Computer Science Department, University of California +%C Los Angeles, CA +%K * + +%A Bundy, A. +%A Silver, B. +%A Plummer, D. +%D 1985 +%T An analytical comparison of some rule-learning programs +%J Artificial Intelligence +%V 27 +%P 137-181 + +%A Bundy, A. +%D 1983 +%T The computer modelling of mathematical reasoning +%A Academic Press +%C London, England + +%A Burton, R.R. +%A Brown, J.S. +%D 1979 +%T An investigation of computer coaching for informal learning activities +%J IJMMS +%V 11 +%N 1 +%P 5-24 +%O January + +%A Bush, V. +%D 1945 +%T As we may think +%J Atlantic Monthly +%P 101 +%O July + +%A Byrd, R.J. +%A Smith, S.E. +%A de\|Jong, S.P. +%D 1982 +%T An actor-based programming system +%J Proc SIGOA Conference on Office Information Systems +%P 67-78 +%C Philadelphia, PA +%O June 21-23 +%K * + +%A Campbell, F.W. +%A Robson, J.G. +%D 1967 +%T Application of fourier analysis to the visibility of gratings +%J Physiol +%N 197 +%P 551-566 +%I University of Cambridge +%K * + +%A Cannon, W.B. +%D 1932 +%T The wisdom of the body +%I London + +%A Carroll, J.B. +%D 1967 +%T On sampling from a lognormal model of word-frequency distribution +%B Computational analysis of present-day American English +%E Kucera, H. and Francis, W.N. +%I Brown University Press +%C Providence, RI +%P 406-424 +%K * + +%A Carroll, J.B. +%D 1966 +%T Word-frequency studies and the lognormal distribution +%E E.M.Zale +%B Proc Conference on Language and Language Behavior +%I Appleton-Century-Crofts +%C New York, NY +%P 213-235 +%K * + +%A Carroll, J.M. +%A Thomas, J.C. +%D 1982 +%T Metaphor and the cognitive representation of computing systems +%J IEEE Trans Systems, Man and Cybernetics +%V SMC-12 +%N 2 +%P 107-116 +%O March/April +%K * + +%A Carter, K.A. +%D 1984 +%T The Rainbow workstation in brief/A window manager for the Rainbow workstation +%R Rainbow Group Note +%I Computer Laboratory, University of Cambridge +%O May +%K * + +%A Casey, R.G. +%A Friedman, T.D. +%A Wong, K.Y. +%D 1982 +%T Automatic scaling of digital fonts +%J IBM J Research and Development +%V 26 +%P 657-666 + +%A Casey, R.G. +%A Nagy, G. +%D 1984 +%T Decision tree design using a probabilistic model +TJ IEEE Trans Information Theory +%V IT-30 +%N 1 +%P 93-99 +%O January +%K * + +%A Cater, J.P. +%D 1983 +%T Electronically speaking: computer speech generation +%I Howard W. Sams +%C Indianapolis, IN + +%A Catmull, E. +%D 1981 +%T New frontiers in computer animation +%J American Cinematographer +%P 157-163 +%O October + +%A Cendrowska, J. +%A Bramer, M.A. +%D 1984 +%T A rational reconstruction of the Mycin consultation system +%J IJMMS +%V 20 +%P 229-317 + +%A Chapanis, A. +%D 1984 +%T Taming and civilizing computers +%B Computer culture: the scientific, intellectual, and social impact of the computer +%E Heinz R. Pagels +%I New York Academy of Sciences +%C New York, NY +%P 202-219 +%K * + +%A Chazelle, B. +%D 1983 +%T A decision procedure for optimal polyhedron partitioning +%J Information Processing Letters +%V 16 +%P 75-78 +%O February 26 +%K * + +%A Cheeseman, P. +%D 1985 +%T In defense of probability +%J Proc 10th International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence +%P 100R2-1009 + +%A Cheriton, D.R. +%A Zwaenepoel, W. +%D 1983 +%T The distributed V kernel and its performance for diskless workstations +%R Report No STAN-CS-83-973 +%I Stanford University, Computer Science Department +%C Stanford, CA +%O July +%K * + +%A Christodoulakis, S +%A Faloutsos, C. +%D 1984 +%T Design considerations for a message file server +%J IEEE Trans Software Engineering +%V SE-10 +%N 2 +%P 201-210 +%O March +%K * + +%A Ciminiere, L. +%A Valenzano, A. +%D 1984 +%T iAPX 432 hardware fault handling mechanisms +%K * + +%A Clancey, W.J. +%D 1979 +%T Tutoring rules for guiding a case method dialogue +%J IJMMS +%V 11 +%P 25-49 +%K * + +%A Clancey, W.J. +%D 1983 +%T The epistemology of a rule-based expert system \(em a framework for explanation +%J Artificial Intelligence +%V 20 +%P 215-251 +%K * + +%A Clancey, W.J. +%A Shortliffe, E.H. \0(Editors) +%D 1984 +%T Readings in medical artificial intelligence +%I Addison-Wesley +%C Reading, MA + +%A Clarkson, T. +%T Eye position sensor +%R Section 7 of a report +%I King's College +%C London, England +%K * + +%A Cleary, J.G. +%D 1979 +%T Analysis of an algorithm for finding nearest neighbors in Euclidean space +%J ACM Trans Mathematical Software +%V 5 +%N 2 +%P 183-192 +%O June +%K * + +%A Cleary, J.G. +%D 1984 +%T Compact hash tables using bidirectional linear probing +%J IEEE Trans Computers +%V C-33 +%N 9 +%P 828-834 +%O September + +%A Cleary, J.G. +%A Darragh, J.J. +%D 1984 +%T A fast compact representation of trees using hash tables +%R Research Report 83/162/20 +%I Computer Science Department, University of Calgary +%O Submitted to \fIIEEE Trans Computers\fP + +%A Cleary, J.G. +%A Witten, I.H. +%D in preparation +%T Universal data compression + +%A Clocksin, W.A. +%D 1984 +%T Introduction to Prolog +%B Artificial Intelligence: tools, techniques, and applications +%E T.O'Shea and M.Eisenstadt +%I Harper and Row +%C New York, NY + +%A Codd, E.F. +%D 1968 +%T Cellular automata +%I Academic Press +%C London, England + +%A Codd, E.F. +%D 1978 +%T How about recently? +%B Databases: Improving usability and responsiveness +%E B. Shneiderman (Ed.) +%I Academic Press +%C New York, NY +%P 3-28 + +%A Cohen, E.S. +%A Smith, E.T. +%A Iverson, L.A. +%D 1985 +%T Constraint-based tiled windows +%R Research Report +%I Computer Science Department, Carnegie-Mellon University + +%A Cohen, J. +%D 1985 +%T Describing Prolog by its interpretation and compilation +%J Comm ACM +%V 28 +%N 12 +%P 1311-1324 +%O December +%K * + +%A Colby, K.M. +%D 1973 +%T Simulations of belief systems +%E R.C.Schank and K.M.Colby +%B Computer models of thought and language +%I Freeman +%C San Francisco, CA +%P 251-286 + +%A Colmaurer, A. +%A Colmaurer, C. +%D 1983 +%T Prolog en 10 figures +%J TSI +%V 2 +%N 4 +%O July-August +%K * + +%A Colmerauer, A. +%D 1985 +%T Prolog in 10 figures +%J Comm ACM +%V 28 +%N 12 +%P 1296-1310 +%O December +%K * + +%A Colmaurer, A. +%T An interesting subset of natural language +%K * + +%A Comer, D.E. +%A Peterson, L.L. +%T Conversation-based mail +%J ACM Transactions on computer systems +%V 4 +%N 4 +%O November +%K * + +%A Computer\|Science\|Department +%D 1983 +%T CPSC Student Handbook +%I University of Calgary + +%A Coombs, M. +%A Alty, J. +%D 1984 +%T Expert systems: an alternative paradigm +%J IJMMS +%V 20 +%N 1 +%P 21-43 +%O January +%K * + +%A Corbett, C. +%D 1983 +%T MC nroff/troff macros reference manual +%R Report EES-MMS-1983-2 +%I Department of Electrical Engineering Science, University of Essex +%C Colchester, Essex, UK +%K * + +%A Corbett, C. +%D 1983 +%T Figure processing within nroff +%J Presented at EUUG Meeting +%C Dublin, Ireland +%O September +%K * + +%A Cormack, G.V. +%A Horspool, R.N. +%D 1984 +%T Algorithms for adaptive Huffman codes +%J Information Processing Letters +%V 18 +%N 3 +%P 159-166 +%O March +%K * + +%A Cormack, G.V. +%A Horspool, R.N. +%D 1985 +%T Data compression using dynamic Markov modelling +%R Research Report +%I Computer Science Department, University of Waterloo +%O April; submitted to Comm ACM +%K * + +%A Costigan, D.M. +%D 1978 +%T Electronic delivery of documents and graphics +%I Van Nostrand Reinhold +%C New York, NY + +%A Coulon, D. +%A Kayser, D. +%D 1979 +%T Construction of natural language sentence acceptors by a supervised-learning technique +%J IEEE Trans Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence +%V PAMI-1 +%N 1 +%P 94-99 +%O January +%K * + +%A Cove, J.F. +%A Walsh, B.C. +%D 1988 +%T A taxonomy of browsing +%R Working Paper 85/2 +%I Computer Science Department, University of Liverpool +%O April +%K * + +%A Cox, B.J. +%D 1986 +%T Object oriented programming +%I Addison-Wesley +%C Reading, MA + +%A Crochiere, R.E. +%A Rabiner, L.R. +%D 1975 +%T Optimum FIR digital filter implementations for decimation, interpolation, and narrow-band filtering +%J IEEE Trans Acoustics, Speech and Signal Processing +%V ASSP-23 +%N 5 +%P 444-456 +%O October +%K * + +%A Crochiere, R.E. +%A Rabiner, L.R. +%D 1976 +%T Further considerations in the design of decimators and interpolators +%J IEEE Trans Acoustics, Speech and Signal Processing +%V ASSP-24 +%N 4 +%P 296-311 +%O August +%K * + +%A Croft, W.B. +%A Lefkowitz, L.S. +%D 1984 +%T Task support in an office system +%J ACM Trans Office Information Systems +%V 2 +%N 3 +%P 197-212 +%O July +%K * + +%A Croft, W.B. +%D 1984 +%T The role of context and adaptation in user interfaces +%J IJMMS +%V 21 +%N 4 +%P 283-292 +%O October + +%A Csuri, C. +%D 1974 +%T Computer graphics and art +%J Proc IEEE +%O April + +%A Cuff, R.N. +%D 1982 +%T Database query using menus and natural language fragments +%R PhD Thesis +%I Man-Machine Systems Laboratory, Department of Electrical Engineering Science, University of Essex +%C Colchester, Essex, UK + +%A Cuff, R.N. +%D 1984 +%T HERCULES: database query using natural language fragments +%J Proc 3rd British National Conference on Database Systems +%C Leeds +%O July +%K * + +%A Cullingford, R.E. +%D 1978 +%T Script application: computer understanding of newspaper stories +%R PhD Thesis, Research Report 116 +%I Yale University + +%A Cullingford, R.E. +%A Krueger, M.W. +%A Selfridge, M. +%A Bienkowski, M.A. +%D 1982 +%T Automated explanations as a component of a computer-aided design system +%J IEEE Trans Systems, Man and Cybernetics +%V SMC-12 +%N 2 +%P 168-181 +%O March/April +%K * + +%A Cullingford, R.E. +%A Pazzani, M.J. +%D 1984 +%T Word-meaning selection in multiprocess language understanding programs +%J IEEE Trans Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence +%V PAMI-6 +%N 4 +%P 493-509 +%O July +%K * + +%A Curry, G. +%A Baer, L. +%A Lipkie, D. +%A Lee, B. +%D 1982 +%T Traits: an approach to multiple-inheritance subclassing +%J ACM Conference on Office Information Systems +%P 1-9 +%O June +%K * + +%A Damper, R.I. +%A MacDonald, S.L. +%D 1984 +%T Template adaptation in speech recognition +%J Proc Institute of Acoustics +%V 6 +%N 4 +%P 293-299 +%K * + +%A Damper, R.I. +%A MacDonald, S.L. +%D 1984 +%T Statistical clustering procedures applied to low-cost speech recognition +%J J Biomed Engineering +%V 6 +%P 265-271 +%O October +%K * + +%A Darragh, J.J. +%A Witten, I.H. +%A Cleary, J.G. +%D 1983 +%T Adaptive text compression to enhance a modem +%R Research Report 83/132/21 +%I Computer Science Department, University of Calgary +%K KReport + +%A Davis, R. +%D 1979 +%T Interactive transfer of expertise: acquisition of new inference rules +%J Artificial Intelligence +%V 12 +%N 2 +%P 121-157 +%K * + +%A Davis, R. +%A Lenat, D.B. +%D 1982 +%T Knowledge-based systems in artificial intelligence +%I McGraw Hill +%C New York, NY + +%A Day, J.D. +%A Zimmermann, H. +%D 1983 +%T The OSI reference model +%J Proc IEEE +%V 71 +%N 12 +%P 1334-1340 +%O December + +%A Defude, B. +%D 1984 +%T Knowledge based systems versus thesaurus: an architecture problem about expert systems design +%J Proc 3rd Joint BCS and ACM Symposium (King's College, Cambridge) +%I Cambridge University Press +%P 267-280 +%O July +%K * + +%A de\|Beaugrande, R. +%D 1980 +%T Text, discourse and process: towards a multidisciplinary science of texts +%I Ablex Publishing Corporation +%C Norwood, NJ + +%A de\|Jong, G. +%D 1979 +%T Prediction and substantiation: two processes that comprise understanding +%J Proc International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence +%C Tokyo, Japan +%P 217-222 +%O August + +%A de\|Jong, G. +%D 1981 +%T Generalizations based on explanations +%J Proc IJCAI 81 +%P 67-69 +%K * + +%A de\|Jong, S.P. +%D 1980 +%T The system for business automation (SBA): a unified application development system +%B Information Processing 80 +%E S.H.Lavington +%P 469-474 +%I North Holland +%K * + +%A de\|Leon, L. +%A Harris, W.G. +%A Evens, M. +%D 1983 +%T Is there really trouble with Unix? +%J Proc ACM CHI 83 Human Factors in Computing Systems +%P 125-129 +%C Boston, MA +%O December 12-15 + +%A Dietterich, T.G. +%A Michalski, R.S. +%D 1983 +%T A comparative review of selected methods for learning from examples +%B Machine learning +%E R.S. Michalski, J.G. Carbonell, and T.M. Mitchell +%I Tioga +%P 41-81 + +%A Denning, P.J. +%D 1982 +%T Computer-based predictive writing +%J Comm ACM +%V 25 +%N 5 +%P 315-316 +%O May +%K * + +%A Denning, P.J. +%D 1984 +%T Educational ruminations +%J Comm ACM +%V 27 +%N 10 +%P 979-983 +%O October + +%A Denning, P.J. +%D 1985 +%T The science of computing: what is Computer Science? +%J American Scientist +%V 73 +%O January/February +%K * + +%A Dewdney, A.K. +%D 1984 +%T Computer recreations +%J Scientific American +%V 250 +%N 5 +%P 14-22 +%O May + +%A Downs, T. +%A Cook, A.S. +%A Rogers, G. +%D 1984 +%T A partitioning approach to yield estimation for large circuits and systems +%J IEEE Trans Circuits and Systems +%V CAS-31 +%N 5 +%P 472-485 +%O May +%K * + +%A Downs, T. +%D 1985 +%T An approach to the modeling of software testing with some applications +%J IEEE Trans Software Engineering +%V SE-11 +%N 4 +%P 375-386 +%O April +%K * + +%A Drummond, M. +%D 1983 +%T A proposal to study the cost-effectiveness of planning, acting, and sensing +%R DAI Working paper +%I Department of Artificial Intelligence, University of Edinburgh +%K * + +%A Dubes, R. +%A Jain, A.K. +%D 1979 +%T Validity studies in clustering methodologies +%J Pattern Recognition +%V 11 +%P 225-254 +%K * + +%A Duda, R. +%A Gaschnig, J. +%A Hart, P. +%D 1979 +%T Model design in the Prospector consultant system for mineral exploration +%E D. Michie +%B Expert systems in the microelectronic age +%I Edinburgh University Press +%K * + +%A Dumais, S. +%A Landauer, T. +%D 1982 +%T Psychological investigations of natural terminology for command and query languages +%B Directions in human/computer interactions +%E Badre and Shneiderman +%I Ablex Publishing Corporation +%C Norwood, NJ +%P 95-110 + +%A Dumais, S. +%A Landauer, T. +%D 1983 +%T Using examples to describe categories +%J Proc ACM CHI 83 Human Factors in Computing Systems +%P 112-115 +%C Boston, MA +%O December 12-15 +%K * + +%A Dunham, M.O. +%A Gray, R.M. +%D 1985 +%T An algorithm for the design of labeled-transition finite-state vector quantization +%J IEEE Trans Communications +%V COM-33 +%N 1 +%P 83-89 +%O January +%K * + +%A Dyer, M.G. +%D 1983 +%T In-depth understanding +%I MIT Press +%C Cambridge, MA + +%A Dynkin, E.B. +%D 1965 +%T Controlled random sequences +%J Theoretical Probability and its Applications +%V X +%N 1 +%K * + +%A Eason, K.D. +%A Damodaran, L +%D 1979 +%T Design procedures for user involvement and user support +%J Infotech - Man Computer Communications +%C London, England + +%A Edelsbrunner, H. +%A Maurer, H.A. +%D 1985 +%T Finding extreme points in three dimensions and solving the post-office problem in the plane +%J Information Processing Letters +%V 21 +%P 39-47 +%O 10 July +%K * + +%A Efron, B. +%A Thisted, R. +%D 1976 +%T Estimating the number of unseen species: how many words did Shakespeare know? +%J Biometrika +%V 63 +%N 3 +%P 435-447 +%K * + +%A Eisenstadt, E. +%A Hasemar, T. +%D 1985 +%T An improved user interface for Prolog +%E B.Shackel +%B Human-Computer Interaction: Proceedings INTERACT 84 +%I North Holland +%P 109-113 +%K * + +%A Ekeberg, O. +%D 1986 +%T Robust dictionary lookup using associative methods +%R Research Report +%I Computer Vision and Associative Pattern Processing Laboratory, Department of Computing Science, Royal Institute of Technology +%C Stockholm, Sweden +%K * + +%A Elias, P. +%D 1955 +%T Predictive coding: Part I and Part II +%J IRE Trans Information Theory +%V IT-1 +%N 1 +%P 16-33 +%K * + +%A Elias, P. +%D 1970 +%T Bounds on performance of optimum quantizers +%J IEEE Trans Information Theory +%V IT-16 +%N 2 +%P 172-184 +%O March +%K * + +%A Elias, P. +%D 1975 +%T Universal codeword sets and representations of the integers +%J IEEE Trans Information Theory +%V IT-21 +%N 2 +%P 194-203 +%O March +%K * + +%A Elliott, S.J. +%A Nelson, P.A. +%D 1985 +%T An algorithm for multichannel LMS adaptive filtering +%R Research Report +%I Institute of Sound and Vibration Research, University of Southampton +%C Southampton, England +%K * + +%A Ellis, C.A. +%A Nutt, G.J. +%D 1979 +%T On the equivalence of office models +%R Research Report SSL-79-8 +%I Xerox PARC +%O December +%K * + +%A Ellis, C.A. +%T Formal and informal models of office activity +%R Research Report +%I Xerox PARC +%K * + +%A Ellis, C.A. +%A Bernal, M. +%D 1982 +%T Officetalk-D: an experimental office information system +%J Proc ACM Conference +%P 131-140 +%K * + +%A Embley, D.W. +%A Nagy, G. +%D 1981 +%T Behavioral aspects of text editors +%J Computing Surveys +%V 13 +%N 1 +%P 33-70 +%O March +%K * + +%A Engel F.L. +%A Andriessen J.J. +%A Schmitz, H.J.R. +%D 1983 +%T What, where and whence: means for improving electronic data access +%J IJMMS +%V 18 +%P 145-160 + +%A Englebart, D.C. +%A English, W.K. +%D 1968 +%T A research center for augmenting human intellect +%J Proc Fall Joint Computer Conference +%V 33 +%P 395-410 +%I AFIPS Press +%C Arlington, VA + +%A Ernvall, J. +%A Nevalainen, O. +%D 1984 +%T Estimating the length of minimal spanning trees in compression of files +%J BIT +%V 24 +%P 19-32 +%K * + +%A Even, S. +%A Rodeh, M. +%D 1978 +%T Economical encodings of commas between strings +%J Comm ACM +%V 21 +%P 315-317 +%O April +%K * + +%A Even, S. +%A Pratt, V. +%A Rodeh, M. +%D 1981 +%T Linear algorithm for data compression via string matching +%J J ACM +%V 28 +%N 1 +%P 16-24 +%O January + +%A Everitt, B. +%D 1974 +%T Cluster analysis +%I Heineman +%C London, England + +%A Fano, R.M. +%D 1949 +%T The transmission of information +%R Technical Report 65 +%I Research Laboratory of Electronics, MIT +%C Cambridge, MA + +%A Feigenbaum, E.A. +%A McCorduck, P. +%D 1983 +%T The fifth generation +%I Addison-Wesley +%C Reading, MA + +%A Ferrans, J.C. +%D 1982 +%T SEDL \(em a language for specifying integrity constraints on office forms +%J SIGOA Newsletter (Proc SIGOA Conference on Office Information Systems) +%V 3 +%N 3/4 +%P 123-130 +%C Philadelphia, PA +%O June 21-23 +%K * + +%A Fikes, R. +%A Kehler, T. +%D 1985 +%T The role of frame-based representation in reasoning +%J Comm ACM +%V 28 +%N 9 +%P 904-920 +%O September +%K * + +%A Filipski, A. +%A Hanko, J. +%D 1986 +%T Making UNIX secure +%J Byte +%P 113-128 +%O April + +%A Fillmore, C.J. +%D 1968 +%T The case for case +%E E.Bach and R.T.Harms +%B Universals in linguistic theory +%P 1-88 +%I Holt, Reinhart and Winston +%C Chicago, IL +%K * + +%A Finkel, R.A. +%A Bentley, J.L. +%D 1974 +%T Quad trees -- a data structure for retrieval on composite keys +%J Acta Informatica +%V 4 +%N 1 +%P 1-9 + +%A Fischer, G. +%A Lemke, A. +%A Schwab, T. +%D 1985 +%T Knowledge-based help systems +%J Proc Human Factors in Computer Systems +%C San Francisco, CA +%P 161-167 +%O April +%K * + +%A Fitter, M. +%D 1979 +%T Toward more natural interactive systems +%J IJMMS +%V 11 +%P 339-350 + +%A Fogel, L.J. +%A Owens, A.J. +%A Walsh, M.J. +%D 1966 +%T Artificial intelligence through simulated evolution +%I Wiley + +%A Foley, J.D. +%A Wallace, V.L. +%A Chan, P. +%D 1984 +%T The human factors of computer graphics interaction techniques +%J IEEE Computer Graphics and Applications +%V 4 +%N 11 +%P 13-48 +%O November +%K * + +%A Foster, J. +%A Gray, R.M. +%A Dunham, M.O. +%D 1985 +%T Finite-state vector quantization for waveform coding +%J IEEE Trans Information Theory +%V IT-31 +%O May + +%A Freij, G.J. +%A Cheetham, B.M.G. +%D 1985 +%T Improved sequential linear prediction by selective time-domain coefficient extraction +%R Report +%K * + +%A Friedman, J.H. +%A Baskett, F. +%A Shustek, L.J. +%D 1975 +%T An algorithm for finding nearest neighbors +%J IEEE Trans Computers +%V C-24 +%P 1000-1006 +%O October +%K * + +%A Friedman, J.H. +%A Bentley, J.L. +%A Finkel, R.A. +%D 1977 +%T An algorithm for finding best matches in logarithmic expected time +%J ACM Trans Mathematical Software +%V 3 +%N 3 +%P 209-226 +%O September +%K * + +%A Fukunaga, K. +%A Narendra, P.M. +%D 1975 +%T A branch and bound algorithm for computing \fIk\fP-nearest neighbors +%J IEEE Trans Computers +%V C-24 +%P 750-753 +%O July +%K * + +%A Fulton, M.A. +%T A social cognition research model for studying human-computer communication +%R Research Report +%I Oklahoma State University Business College +%C Stillwater, OK +%K * + +%A Gaines, B.R. +%D 1976 +%T On a danger in the assumption of causality +%J IEEE Trans Systems, Man and Cybernetics +%V SMC-6 +%P 56-59 + +%A Gaines, B.R. +%D 1981 +%T Autopoiesis: some questions +%E M.Zeleny +%B Autopoiesis: a theory of living organization +%I North Holland +%C New York, NY +%P 145-154 + +%A Gaines, B.R. +%D 1981 +%T The technology of interaction -- dialog programming rules +%J IJMMS +%V 14 +%N 1 +%P 133-150 +%O January + +%A Gaines, B.R. +%D 1983 +%T From word processing to image processing in office systems +%J Proc International Electrical, Electronics Conference +%V 2 +%P 622-625 +%C Toronto, ON +%O September 26-28 +%K * + +%A Gaines, B.R. +%D 1984 +%T Fundamentals of decision: probabilistic, possibilistic and other forms of uncertainty in decision analysis +%J Studies in the Management Sciences +%V 20 +%P 47-65 + +%A Gaines, B.R. +%D 1985 +%T Expert systems and simulation in planning flexible manufacturing systems +%J Proc Workshop on Coupling Symbolic and Numerical Computing in Expert Systems +%I Boeing Computer Services AI Center +%C Bellevue, WA +%O August 27-29 + +%A Gaines, B.R. +%D 1985 +%T The design of expert systems for planning flexible manufacturing +%R Research Report +%I Computer Science Department, University of Calgary + +%A Gaines, B.R. +%A Shaw, M.L.G +%D 1986 +%T Foundations of dialog engineering: the development of human-computer interaction Part II +%J IJMMS +%V 24 +%N 2 +%P 101-123 +%O February + +%A Gaines, B.R. +%D 1986 +%T An overview of knowledge acquisition and transfer +%J Proc AAAI Workshop on Knowledge Acquisition for Knowledge-based Systems +%C Banff, AL +%O November + +%A Galitz, W.O. +%D 1980 +%T Human factors in office automation +%I Life Office Management Association +%C Atlanta, GA + +%A Gardner, M. +%T In which `monster' curves force redefinition of the word `curve' +%J Scientific American +%P 124-133 +%K* + +%A Gargantini, I. +%A Atkinson, H.H. +%D 1984 +%T Linear quadtrees: a blocking technique for contour filling +%J Pattern Recognition +%V 17 +%N 3 +%P 285-293 +%K * + +%A Gargantini, I.A. +%D 1983 +%T Recent results on linear quadtrees and related techniques +%R Report 111 +%I Computer Science Department, University of Western Ontario +%C London, ON +%O December (to appear in \fIPattern recognition\fP) +%K * + +%A Garudadri, H. +%A Beddoes, M.P. +%A Gilbert, J.H.V. +%A Benguerel, A.P. +%T Identification of invariant acoustic cues in stop consonants using the Wigner distribution +%J +%K * + +%A Garvey, T.D. +%A Lowrance, J.D. +%A Fischler, M.A. +%D 1981 +%T An inference technique for integrating knowledge from disparate sources +%J Proc 7th International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence +%P 319-325 +%C Vancouver, BC +%O August +%K * + +%A Gehani, N.H. +%D 1983 +%T An electronic form system -- an experience in prototyping +%J Software -- Practice and Experience +%V 13 +%P 479-486 +%K * + +%A Gehani, N.H. +%D 1983 +%T High level form definition in office information systems +%J Computer J +%V 26 +%N 1 +%P 52-59 +%K * + +%A Geller, V.J. +%A Lesk, M.E. +%D 1981 +%T How users search: a comparison of menu and attribute retrieval systems on a library catalog +%R Internal Report +%I Bell Laboratories +%K * + +%A Genesereth, M.R. +%A Ginsberg, M.L. +%D 1985 +%T Logic programming +%J Comm ACM +%V 28 +%N 9 +%P 933-941 +%O September +%K * + +%A Genesereth, M.R. +%A Ginsberg, M.L. +%A Rosenschein, J.S. +%D 1985 +%T Solving the prisoner's dilemma +%R Research Report STAN-CS-84-1032 +%I Computer Science Department, Stanford University +%C Stanford, CA +%K * + +%A Giles, R. +%D 1976 +%T Lucasiewicz logic and fuzzy set theory +%J IJMMS +%V 8 +%P 313-327 + +%A Ginsberg, M.L. +%D 1985 +%T Does probability have a place in non-monotonic reasoning? +%J Proc IJCAI +%P 107-110 +%K * + +%A Georgeff, M. +%A Lansky, A.L. +%A Bessiere, P. +%D 1985 +%T A procedural logic +%J Proc International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence +%C Los Angeles, CA +%O August +%K * + +%A Gersham, A.V. +%D 1982 +%T A framework for conceptual analyzers +%E W.G. Lenhert and M.H. Ringle +%B Strategies for natural language processing +%I Lawrence Erlbaum Associates +%P 177-202 + +%A Gersho, A. +%D 1979 +%T Asymptotically optimal block quantization +%J IEEE Trans Information Theory +%V IT-25 +%N 4 +%P 373-380 +%O July +%K * + +%A Gevarter, W.B. +%D 1983 +%T An overview of computer-based natural language processing +%R NASA Technical Memorandum 85635 +%C Washington, DC + +%A Gevarter, W.B. +%D 1983 +%T Expert systems: limited but powerful +%J IEEE Spectrum +%P 39-45 +%O August + +%A Gibbon, D. +%A Richter, H.\0(Editors) +%D 1984 +%T Intonation, Accent and Rhythm +%I de Gruyter +%C Berlin + +%A Gibbs, R.W. +%A Tenney, Y.J. +%D 1980 +%T The concept of scripts in understanding stories +%J J Psycholinguistic Research +%V 9 +%N 3 +%P 275-284 +%K * + +%A Gibson, B. +%A Wittig, R. +%D 1983 +%T The Develnet LAN: architecture and experience +%J Proc International Electrical, Electronics Conference +%V 1 +%P 26-29 +%C Toronto, ON +%O September 26-28 +%K * + +%A Girill, T.R. +%A Luk, C.H. +%D 1983 +%T DOCUMENT: an interactive, online solution to four documentation problems +%J Comm ACM +%V 26 +%N 5 +%P 328-337 +%O May + +%A Glinert, E.P. +%A Tanimoto, S.L. +%D 1984 +%T Pict: an interactive graphical programming environment +%J IEEE Computer +%V 17 +%N 11 +%P 7-25 +%O November +%K * + +%A Glinert, E.P. +%A Ladner, R.E. +%D 1984 +%T A large font virtual terminal interface +%J Comm ACM +%V 27 +%N 7 +%P 567-572 +%O June +%K * + +%A Godfrey, D. +%A Chang, E.\0(Editors) +%D 1981 +%T The Telidon book +%I Press Porcepic +%C Toronto, ON + +%A Goldshlager, L.M. +%D 1980 +%T Short algorithms for space-filling curves +%J Software -- Practice and Experience +%V 11 +%P 99-100 +%O September +%K * + +%A Good, D.I. +%D 1982 +%T The proof of a distributed system in Gypsy +%R Technical Report 30 +%I Institute for Computing Science, University of Texas at Austin +%C Austin, TX +%O September +%K * + +%A Gordon, J. +%A Shortliffe, E.H. +%D 1984 +%T The Dempster-Shafer theory of evidence +%B Rule-based expert systems +%E B.G.Buchanan and E.H.Shortliffe +%I Addison-Wesley +%C Reading, MA +%P 272-292 + +%A Gordon, J. +%A Shortliffe, E.H. +%D 1985 +%T A method for managing evidential reasoning in a hierarchical hypothesis space +%J Artificial Intelligence +%V 26 +%P 323-357 + +%A Gosling, J.A. +%D 1981 +%T A redisplay algorithm +%J SIGOA Newsletter (Proc ACM Symposium on Text manipulation) +%C Portland, OR +%V 2 +%N 1/2 +%P 123-129 +%O Spring/Summer + +%A Gosling, J.A. +%A Rosenthal, D.S.H. +%D 1983 +%T A network window-manager +%R Report +%I Information Technology Center, Carnegie-Mellon University +%C Pittsburgh, PA +%K * + +%A Grampp, F.T. +%A Morris, R.H. +%D 1984 +%T UNIX operating system security +%J Bell System Technical J +%V 62 +%N 8, part 2 +%P 1649-1672 +%O October + +%A Grasser, A.C. +%D 1981 +%T Prose comprehension beyond the word +%I Springer-Verlag +%C New York, NY + +%A Gray, R.M. +%A Kieffer, J.C. +%A Linde, Y. +%D 1980 +%T Locally optimal block quantizer design +%J Information and Control +%V 45 +%P 178-198 +%K * + +%A Gray, R.M. +%D 1984 +%T Hardware realization of waveform vector quantizers +%J IEEE Trans +%V SAC-2 +%N 2 + +%A Green, M. +%D 1982 +%T Towards a user interface prototyping system +%J Proc Graphics Interface 82 +%P 37-45 +%K * + +%A Greenberg, S. +%D 1984 +%T User modeling in interactive computer systems +%R MSc Thesis +%I Computer Science Department, University of Calgary + +%A Greenberg, S. +%A Witten, I.H. +%D 1984 +%T Comparison of menu displays for ordered lists +%J Proc Canadian Information Processing Society Conference +%C Calgary, AL +%P 464-469 +%O May +%K KConference + +%A Greenberg, S. +%A Witten, I.H. +%D 1985 +%T Adaptive personalized interfaces -- a question of viability +%J Behaviour and Information Technology +%V 4 +%N 1 +%P 31-45 +%O January-March +%K KJournal + +%A Greenberg, S. +%A Witten, I.H. +%D 1985 +%T Interactive end-user creation of workbench hierarchies within a window system +%J Proc Canadian Information Processing Society Conference +%C Montreal, QUE +%P 408-416 +%O May +%K KConference + +%A Greenberg, S. +%A Peterson, M. +%A Witten, I.H. +%D 1986 +%T Issues and experiences in the design of a window management system +%J Proc Canadian Information Processing Society Conference +%C Edmonton, AL +%P 33-44 +%K KConference + +%A Grice, H.P. +%D 1957 +%T Meaning +%J Philosophical Review +%V LXVI +%N 3 +%P 377-388 +%K * + +%A Grice, H.P. +%D 1969 +%T Utterer's meaning and intentions +%J Philosophical Review +%V LXXVIII +%N 2 +%P 147-177 +%K * + +%A Grossner, C.P. +%A Radhakrishnan, T. +%A Pospiech, A. +%D 1983 +%T An integrated workstation for the visually handicapped +%J IEEE Micro +%P 8-16 +%O June +%K * + +%A Gullichsen, E. +%A Chang, E. +%D 1985 +%T Generative design in architecture using an expert system +%R Research Report +%I Computer Science Department, University of Victoria +%O February +%K * + +%A Hagelbarger, D.W. +%A Thompson, R.A. +%D 1983 +%T Experiments in teleterminal design +%J IEEE Spectrum +%P 40-45 +%O October +%K * + +%A Halbert, D.C. +%D 1984 +%T Programming by example +%R Technical Report +%I Xerox PARC, (Office Products Division) +%C Palo Alto, CA +%O December + +%A Hammond, P. +%A Sergot, M. +%D 1983 +%T A Prolog shell for logic based expert systems +%J Proc Expert Systems 83 +%I Churchill College +%C Cambridge, England +%P 95-104 +%O December +%K * + +%A Hammond, P. +%D 1984 +%T Representation of DHSS regulations as a logic program +%J Proc Expert Systems 83 +%I Churchill College +%C Cambridge, England +%P 225-235 +%O December +%K * + +%A Hanson, S.J. +%A Kraut, R.E. +%A Farber, J.M. +%D 1984 +%T Interface design and multivariate analysis of UNIX command use +%J ACM Trans Office Information Systems +%V 2 +%N 1 +%O March + +%A Harrison, A.F. +%A Bramson, R.M. +%T The art of thinking +%I Berkley Books +%C New York, NY +%K * + +%A Harth, E. +%D 1982 +%T Windows on the mind +%I Harvester Press +%C Brighton, Sussex + +%A Hartigan, J.A. +%D 1975 +%T Clustering algorithms +%I Wiley + +%A Hartley, J. +%D 1978 +%T Designing instructional text +%I Kogan Page +%C London, England + +%A Hartley, J. +%D 1982 +%T Designing instructional text +%E D.H. Jonassen +%B The technology of text +%I Educational Technology Publications +%C Englewood Cliffs, NJ + +%A Hasling, D.W. +%A Clancey, W.J. +%A Rennels, G. +%D 1984 +%T Strategic explanations for a diagnostic consultation system +%J IJMMS +%V 20 +%P 3-19 +%K * + +%A Haugeland, J. +%D 1979 +%T Understanding natural language +%V LXXVI +%N 11 +%P 619-632 +%O November +%K * + +%A Hayes, P. +%T The naive physics manifesto +%K * + +%A Hayes, P.J. +%A Ball, E. +%A Reddy, R. +%D 1983 +%T Breaking the man-machine communication barrier +%J IEEE Computer +%P 19-30 +%O March +%K * + +%A Hayes, P.J. +%D 1984 +%T Executable interface definitions using form-based interface abstractions +%R Report CMS-CS-84-110 +%I Computer Science Department, Carnegie-Mellon University +%K * + +%A Hayes, P.J. +%A Szekely, P.A. +%A Lerner, R.A. +%D 1985 +%T Design alternatives for user interface management systems based on experience with Cousin +%J Proc Human Factors in Computer Systems +%C San Francisco, CA +%P 169-175 +%O April +%K * + +%A Hayes, P.J. +%A Lerner, R.A. +%A Szekely, P.A. +%T The COUSIN user interface project +%K * + +%A Hayes-Roth, F. +%D 1985 +%T Rule-based systems +%J Comm ACM +%V 28 +%N 9 +%P 921-932 +%O September +%K * + +%A Hays, D.G. +%D 1964 +%T Dependency theory -- a formalism and some observations +%J Language +%V 40 +%P 511-25 + +%A Heath, F.G. +%A Foulk, P.W. +%A Li, D.Y. +%D 1984 +%T Analysis and restructuring of concurrent systems using Prolog +%J Proc IEEE Part E +%V 131 +%N 5 +%P 169-176 +%O September +%K * + +%A Heckbert, P. +%D 1982 +%T Color image quantization for frame buffer display +%J Proc SIGGRAPH 82 +%C Boston, MA +%P 297-307 +%O July +%K * + +%A Held, G. +%D 1984 +%T Data compression: techniques and applications +%I Wiley +%C New York, NY + +%A Hendrix, G.G +%A Sacerdoti, E.D. +%A Sagalowicz, D. +%A Slocum, J. +%D 1978 +%T Developing a natural language interface to complex data +%J ACM Trans Database Systems +%V 3 +%N 2 +%O June + +%A Hester, J.H. +%A Hirschberg, D.S. +%D 1985 +%T Self-organizing linear search +%J Computing Surveys +%V 17 +%N 3 +%P 295-311 +%O September + +%A Hewitt, C. +%D 1977 +%T Viewing control structures as patterns of passing messages +%J Artificial Intelligence +%V 8 +%P 323-364 + +%A Hewitt, C. +%A de\|Jong, P.S. +%D 1982 +%T Open systems +%R AI Memo 691 +%I MIT Artificial Intelligence Laboratory +%O December +%K * + +%A Hewitt, C. +%A de\|Jong, P.S. +%D 1983 +%T Analyzing the roles of descriptions and actions in open systems +%R AI Memo 727 +%I MIT Artificial Intelligence Laboratory +%O April +%K * + +%A Hewitt, C. +%A de\|Jong, P.S. +%D 1983 +%T Message passing semantics as a foundation for reasoning in open systems +%R Research Report +%I MIT Artificial Intelligence Laboratory +%O May +%K * + +%A Hibbard, P. +%D 1983 +%T User manual for MINT -- the SPICE document preparation system +%R Technical Report +%I Computer Science Department, Carnegie-Mellon University +%C Pittsburgh, PA + +%A Hilbert, D. +%D 1891 +%T Ueber die stetige Abbildung einer Linie auf ein Flachenstuck +%J Math Annalen +%V 38 +%P 459-460 +%K * + +%A Hill, D.R. +%A Dohrn, C. +%A Darragh, J. +%A Esau, R. +%A Levinson, D. +%A Unger, B. +%A Witten, I.H. +%D 1984 +%T Using speech output as a medium for human-computer dialogue +%J Proc Canadian Information Processing Society Conference +%C Calgary, AL +%P 470-476 +%O May +%K KConference + +%A Hill, D.R. +%A Witten, I.H. +%A Neal, R. +%A Lomow, G. +%D 1984 +%T Jecl and Hide: practical questions for the Jade user interface +%J Proc Canadian Information Processing Society Conference +%C Calgary, AL +%P 373-380 +%O May +%K KConference + +%A Hiltz, S.R. +%A Turoff, M. +%D 1985 +%T Structuring computer-mediated communication systems to avoid information overload +%J CACM +%V 28 +%N 7 +%P 680-689 +%O July + +%A Hintikka, K.J. +%D 1975 +%T The intentions of intentionality +%I D. Reidel +%C Dordrecht, Holland + +%A Ho, C.S. +%A Hong, Y.C. +%A Kuo, T.S. +%D 1986 +%T A society model for office information systems +%J ACM Trans Office Information Systems +%V 4 +%N 2 +%P 104-137 +%O April +%K * + +%A Horspool, R.N. +%A Cormack, G.V. +%D 1984 +%T A general-purpose data compression technique with practical computer applications +%J Proc Canadian Information Processing Society Conference +%C Calgary, AL +%P 138-141 +%O May +%K * + +%A Horspool, R.N. +%A Cormack, G.V. +%D 1985 +%T Comments on `Data compression using static Huffman code-decode tables' +%O submitted to CACM, November 1985 +%K * + +%A Horspool, R.N. +%A Cormack, G.V. +%D 1986 +%T Dynamic Markov modelling -- a prediction technique +%J Proc International Conference on the System Sciences +%C Honolulu, HA +%O January +%K * + +%A Hosticka, B.J. +%D 1985 +%T Performance comparison of analog and digital circuits +%J Proc IEEE +%V 73 +%N 1 +%P 25-29 +%O January + +%A Hou, H.S. +%A Andrews, H.C. +%D 1978 +%T Cubic splines for image interpolation and digital filtering +%J IEEE Trans Acoustics, Speech and Signal Processing +%V ASSP-26 +%N 6 +%P 508-517 +%O December +%K * + +%A Hovy, E.H. +%T Integrating text planning and production in generation +%J Proc IJCAI +%P 848-851 +%K * + +%A Hunter, R. +%A Robinson, A.H. +%D 1980 +%T International digital facsimile coding standards +%J Proc IEEE +%V 68 +%N 7 +%P 854-867 +%O July +%K * + +%A Hutchings, E. +%D 1983 +%T The autonomous Viking +%J Science +%V 219 +%P 803-808 +%O February 18 + +%A Jackendoff, R. +%D 1985 +%T Semantics and cognition +%I MIT Press +%C Cambridge, MA + +%A Jakobsson, M. +%D 1985 +%T Compression of character strings by an adaptive dictionary +%J BIT +%V 25 +%N 4 +%P 593-603 +%K * + +%A Jantsch, E. +%D 1981 +%T Autopoiesis: a central aspect of dissipative self-organization +%E M.Zeleny +%B Autopoiesis: a theory of living organization +%I North Holland +%C New York, NY +%P 65-88 + +%A Jarvis, J.F. +%D 1984 +%T Robotics +%J IEEE Computer +%P 283-292 +%O October +%K * + +%A Jarvis, R.A. +%D 1983 +%T Growing polyhedral obstacles for planning collision-free paths +%J Australian Computer J +%V 15 +%N 3 +%P 103-111 +%O August +%K * + +%A Jaynes, J. +%D 1976 +%T The origin of consciousness in the breakdown of the bicameral mind +%I Houghton Mifflin +%C Boston, MA + +%A Jefferson, D.R. +%D 1985 +%T Virtual time +%J ACM Trans Programming Languages and Systems +%V 7 +%N 3 +%P 404-425 +%O July +%K * + +%A Johnson, W.L. +%A Soloway, E. +%A Cutler, B. +%A Draper, S.W. +%D 1983 +%T Bug catalogue: I +%R Research Report +%I Cognition and Programming Project, Computer Science Department, Yale University +%O October +%K * + +%A Jones, H. +%D 1976 +%T Stanley Morison displayed +%I Frederick Muller +%C London, England + +%A Jones, L.P. +%A Iyengar, S.S. +%D 1984 +%T Space and time efficient virtual quadtrees +%J IEEE Trans Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence +%V PAMI-6 +%N 2 +%P 244-247 +%O March +%K * + +%A Kaczmarek, T. +%A Mark, W. +%A Sondheimer, N. +%D 1983 +%T The Consul/CUE interface: an integrated interactive environment +%J Proc ACM CHI 83 Human Factors in Computing Systems +%P 98-102 +%C Boston, MA +%O December 12-15 +%K * + +%A Kaehler, T. +%A Patterson, D. +%D 1986 +%T A taste of Smalltalk +%I W.W. Norton +%C New York, NY + +%A Kang, A.N.C. +%A Lee, R.C.T. +%A Chang, C-L. +%A Chang, S-K. +%D 1977 +%T Storage reduction through minimal spanning trees and spanning forests +%J IEEE Trans Computers +%V C-26 +%N 5 +%P 425-434 +%O May +%K * + +%A Kawaguchi, E. +%A Endo, T. +%D 1980 +%T On a method of binary-picture representation and its application to data compression +%J IEEE Trans Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence +%V PAMI-2 +%N 1 +%P 27-35 +%O January +%K * + +%A Kawaguchi, E. +%A Endo, T. +%A Matsunaga, J.I. +%D 1983 +%T Depth-first picture expression viewed from digital picture processing +%J IEEE Trans Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence +%V PAMI-5 +%N 4 +%P 373-384 +%O July +%K * + +%A Kelley, J.F. +%A Chapanis, A. +%D 1982 +%T How professional persons keep their calendars: implications for computerization +%J J Occupational Psychology +%V 55 +%P 241-256 +%K * + +%A Kennedy, H.C.\0(Editor) +%D 1980 +%T Selected works of Guiseppe Peano +%I Allen and Unwin +%C Winchester, MA + +%A Keye, M. +%D 1984 +%T Technique for real time pitch period estimation +%R Submitted to \fIElectronics Letters\fP +%K * + +%A Kidd, A.L. +%A Cooper, M.B. +%D 1985 +%T Man-machine interface issues in the construction and use of an expert system +%J IJMMS +%V 22 +%P 91-102 +%K * + +%A Kigger, J. +%D 1984 +%T The depth/breadth trade-off in the design of menu-driven user interfaces +%J IJMMS +%V 20 + +%A Klir, G.J. +%A Parviz, B. +%D 1985 +%T General reconstruction characteristics of probabilistic and possibilistic systems +%R Research Report +%K * + +%A Knuth, D.E. +%A Plass, M.F. +%D 1981 +%T Breaking paragraphs into lines +%J Software -- Practice and Experience +%V 11 +%P 1119-1184 + +%A Knuth, D.E. +%D 1983 +%T The WEB system of structured documentation +%R Report STAN-CS-83-980 +%I Computer Science Department, University of Stanford +%C Stanford, CA + +%A Knuth, D.E. +%D 1984 +%T Literate programming +%J Computer J +%V 27 +%N 2 +%P 97-111 +%K * + +%A Kolata, G. +%D 1986 +%T Shakespeare's new poem: an ode to statistics +%J Science +%V 231 +%P 335-336 +%O 24 January + +%A Kolodner, J. +%D 1983 +%T Towards an understanding of the role of experience from novice to expert +%J IJMMS +%V 19 +%K * + +%A Kolodner, J.L. +%D 1983 +%T Reconstructive memory: a computer model +%J Cognitive Science +%V 7 +%P 281-328 +%K * + +%A Kolodner, J.L. +%D 1983 +%T Maintaining organization in a dynamic long-term memory +%J Cognitive Science +%V 7 +%P 243-280 +%K * + +%A Konopasek, M. +%A Jayaraman, S. +%D 1984 +%T Expert systems for personal computers: the TK!Solver approach +%J Byte +%P 137-156 +%O May +%K * + +%A Koontz, H. +%A O'Donnell, C. +%D 1972 +%T Principles of management: an analysis of managerial functions +%I McGraw Hill + +%A Korein, J. +%A Badler, N. +%D 1983 +%T Temporal anti-aliasing in computer generated animation +%J Computer Graphics +%V 17 +%N 3 +%P 377-388 +%O July +%K * + +%A Kornfeld, W.A. +%A Hewitt, C.E. +%D 1981 +%T The scientific community metaphor +%J IEEE Trans Systems, Man and Cybernetics +%V SMC-11 +%N 1 +%P 24-33 +%O January +%K * + +%A Kowalski, R. +%D 1983 +%T Logic for expert systems +%J Proc Expert Systems 83 +%I Churchill College +%C Cambridge, England +%P 80-93 +%O December +%K * + +%A Kraut, R.E. +%A Hanson, S.J. +%A Farber, J.M. +%D 1983 +%T Command use and interface design +%J Proc ACM CHI 83 Human Factors in Computing Systems +%P 120-123 +%C Boston, MA +%O December 12-15 +%K * + +%A Klir, G.J. +%D 1985 +%T Architecture of systems problem solving +%I Plenum Press +%C New York, NY + +%A Kunin, J.S. +%D 1982 +%T Analysis and specification of office procedures +%R PhD Thesis +%I Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, MIT +%O February + +%A Lamb, M. +%A Buckley, V. +%D 1984 +%T New techniques for gesture-based dialogue +%J Proc 1st IFIP Conference on Human-Computer Interaction +%C London, England +%O 4-7 September +%K * + +%A Langdon, G.G +%D 1981 +%T Tutorial on arithmetic coding +%R Research Report RJ3128 +%I IBM Research Laboratory +%C San Jose, CA +%K * + +%A Langdon, G.G +%D 1984 +%T An introduction to arithmetic coding +%J IBM J Research and Development +%V 28 +%N 2 +%P 135-149 +%O March +%K * + +%A Langdon, G.G +%D 1983 +%T A note on the Ziv-Lempel model for compressing individual sequences +%J IEEE Trans Information Theory +%V IT-30 +%P 284-287 +%O March +%K * + +%A Langdon, G.G. +%A Rissanen, J.J. +%D 1983 +%T A doubly-adaptive file compression algorithm +%J IEEE Trans Communications +%V COM-31 +%N 11 +%P 1253-1255 +%O November +%K * + +%A Langdon, G.G. +%A Rissanen, J.J. +%D 1982 +%T A simple general binary source code +%J IEEE Trans Information Theory +%V IT-28 +%P 800-803 +%O September + +%A Langley, P. +%D 1983 +%T Learning search strategies through discrimination +%J IJMMS +%V 18 +%P 513-541 +%K * + +%A Lansky, A.L. +%D 1985 +%T Behavioral planning for multi-agent domains +%R NSF Proposal +%I SRI International +%K * + +%A Latremouille, S. +%A Lee, E. +%D 1981 +%T The design of videotex tree indexes: the use of descriptors and the enhancement of single index pages +%J Telidon Behavioural Research +%V 2 +%I Department of Communications +%O May + +%A Lauer, H.C. +%A Needham, R.M. +%D 1977 +%T On the duality of operating system structures +%J Operating Systems: Theory and Practice +%K * + +%A Lazowska, E.D. +%A Levy, H.M. +%A Almes, G.T. +%A Fischer, M.J. +%A Fowler, R.J. +%A Vestal, S.C. +%D 1981 +%T The architecture of the Eden system +%J Proc Eighth Symposium on Operating System Principles +%P 148-159 +%C Pacific Grove, CA +%O December +%K * + +%A Lebowitz, M. +%D 1980 +%T Generalization and memory in an integrated understanding system +%R PhD Thesis +%I Yale University +%C New Haven, CT + +%A Lebowitz, M. +%D 1981 +%T The nature of generalization in understanding +%J Proc IJCAI 81 +%P 348-353 +%K * + +%A Lebowitz, M. +%D 1983 +%T Generalization from natural language text +%J Cognitive Science +%V 7 +%P 1-40 +%K * + +%A Lee, A. +%A Lochovsky, F.H. +%D 1983 +%T Enhancing the usability of an office information system through direct manipulation +%J Proc ACM CHI 83 Human Factors in Computing Systems +%P 130-134 +%C Boston, MA +%O December 12-15 +%K * + +%A Lee, D.T. +%D 1982 +%T On \fIk\fP-nearest neighbor Voroni diagrams in the plane +%J IEEE Trans Computers +%V C-31 +%N 6 +%P 478-487 +%O June +%K * + +%A Lee, D.T. +%A Preparata, F.P. +%D 1984 +%T Computational geometry -- a survey +%J IEEE Trans Computers +%V C-33 +%N 12 +%P 1072-1101 +%O December + +%A Lefebvre, V.A. +%D 1977 +%T The structure of awareness +%I Sage Publications +%C Beverly Hills, CA +%O (english translation by A.Rapoport) + +%A Lehar, A.F. +%A Stevens, R.J. +%D 1984 +%T High-speed manipulation of the color chromaticity of digital images +%J IEEE Computer Graphics and Applications +%P 34-39 +%O February +%K * + +%A Lehnert, W.G. +%D 1977 +%T A conceptual theory of question answering +%J Proc International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence +%I MIT +%C Cambridge, MA +%P 158-164 +%O August + +%A Lehnert, W.G. +%D 1978 +%T The process of question answering +%I Lawrence Erlbaum Associates +%C Hillsdale, NJ +%K * + +%A Lehnert, W.G. +%A Dyer, M.G. +%A Johnson, P.N. +%A Yang, C.J. +%A Harley, S. +%D 1983 +%T BORIS: an experiment in in-depth understanding of narratives +%J Artificial Intelligence +%V 20 +%P 15-62 +%K * + +%A Lemer, L. +%D 1974 +%T A.R.T.H.U.R. The life and opinions of a digital computer +%I Harvester Press +%C Sussex, England + +%A Lempel, A. +%A Ziv, J. +%T Compression of two-dimensional data +%K * + +%A Lenat, D. +%D 1983 +%T The role of heuristics in learning by discovery: three case studies +%B Machine learning +%E R.S. Michalski, J.G. Carbonell, and T.M. Mitchell +%I Tioga +%P 243-306 + +%A Lenat, D.B. +%A Sutherland, W.R. +%A Gibbons, J. +%D 1982 +%T Heuristic search for new microcircuit structures: an application of artificial intelligence +%J AI Magazine +%P 17-33 +%O Summer +%K * + +%A Lenat, D.B. +%D 1983 +%T EURISKO: a program that learns new heuristics and domain concepts +%J Artificial Intelligence +%V 21 +%P 61-98 +%K * + +%A Lenat, D.B. +%A Brown, J.S. +%D 1984 +%T Why AM and EURISKO appear to work +%J Artificial Intelligence +%V 23 +%P 269-294 + +%A Lenat, D.B. +%A Prakesh, M. +%A Shepherd, M. +%D 1986 +%T CYC: using common sense knowledge to overcome brittleness and knowledge acquisition bottlenecks +%J The AI Magazine +%P 65-85 +%O Winter +%K * + +%A Lewis, J. +%D 1963 +%T Typography: basic principles. Influences and trends since the 19th century +%I Van Nostrand Reinhold +%C New York, NY + +%A Lewis, J.W. +%D 1983 +%T An effective graphics user interface for rules +%J Proc ACM CHI 83 Human Factors in Computing Systems +%P 139-143 +%C Boston, MA +%O December 12-15 +%K * + +%A Lewis, J.M. +%T Analysing the action of UNIX-users +%D 1986 +%O March +%I University of Edinburgh, Department of Artificial Intelligence +%K * + +%A Li, D.Y. +%A Heath, F.G. +%D 1983 +%T ILEX: an intelligent relational database system +%J Proc ACM Conference on Personal and Small Computers +%C San Diego, CA +%P 245-252 +%O December +%K * + +%A Liang, F.M. +%D 1983 +%T Word hy-phen-a-tion by com-put-er +%R PhD Thesis +%I Computer Science Department, Stanford University +%C Stanford, CA +%K * + +%A Lieberman, H. +%D 1978 +%T How to color in a coloring book +%J Proc SIGGRAPH 78 +%P 111-116 +%K * + +%A Lieberman, H. +%D 1984 +%T Seeing what your programs are doing +%J IJMMS +%V 21 +%N 4 +%P 311-331 +%O October + +%A Linde, Y. +%A Buzo, A. +%A Gray, R.M. +%D 1980 +%T An algorithm for vector quantizer design +%J IEEE Trans Communications +%V COM-28 +%N 1 +%P 84-95 +%O January +%K * + +%A Linington, P.F. +%D 1983 +%T Fundamentals of the layer service definitions and protocol specifications +%J Proc IEEE +%V 71 +%N 12 +%P 1341-1345 +%O December + +%A Ljolje, A. +%A Fallside, F. +%D 1986 +%T Synthesis of natural sounding pitch contours in isolated utterances using hidden Markov models +%J IEEE Trans Acoustics, Speech and Signal Processing +%V ASSP-34 +%N 5 +%P 1074-1079 +%O October +%K * + +%A Lloyd, J.W. +%D 1984 +%T Foundations of logic programming +%I Springer-Verlag +%C Berlin + +%A Lowrance, R. +%A Wagner, R.A. +%D 1975 +%T An extension of the string-to-string correction problem +%J J ACM +%V 22 +%N 2 +%P 177-183 +%O April +%K * + +%A Lozano-Perez, T. +%A Wesley, M.A. +%D 1979 +%T An algorithm for planning collision-free paths among polyhedral obstacles +%J Comm ACM +%V 22 +%N 10 +%P 560-570 +%O October +%K * + +%A Lozano-Perez, T. +%D 1981 +%T Automatic planning of manipulator transfer movements +%J IEEE Trans Systems, Man and Cybernetics +%V SMC-11 +%N 10 +%P 681-698 +%O October + +%A Lozano-Perez, T. +%D 1983 +%T Robot programming +%J Proc IEEE +%V 71 +%N 7 +%P 821-841 +%O July + +%A Lu, M.I. +%A Chen, C.F. +%T Modified Huffman code +%R Research Report +%I Departmental of Electrical Engineering, Tatung Institute of Technology +%C Taipei, Taiwan +%K * + +%A Lynch, T.J. +%D 1985 +%T Data compression -- techniques and applications +%I Lifetime Learning Publications +%C Belmont, CA + +%A MacMillan, S.A. +%D 1984 +%T User models to personalize an intelligent agent +%R PhD Thesis +%I Stanford University + +%A MacQueen, J.B. +%D 1967 +%T Some methods for classification and analysis of multivariate observations +%J Proc 5th Berkeley Symposium on Mathematical Statistics and Probability +%V 1 +%P 281-297 + +%A Maguire, M. +%D 1982 +%T An evaluation of published recommendations on the design of man-computer dialogues +%J IJMMS +%V 16 +%N 3 +%P 237-261 +%O April + +%A Malcolm, M. +%A Dyment, D. +%D 1983 +%T Experience designing the Waterloo Port user interface +%J Proc ACM Conference on Personal and Small Computers +%C San Diego, CA +%P 168-175 +%O December +%K * + +%A Mannos, J.L. +%A Sakrison, D.J. +%D 1974 +%T The effects of a visual fidelity criterion on the encoding of images +%J IEEE Trans Information Theory +%V IT-20 +%N 4 +%O July +%K * + +%A Mantei, M. +%D 1982 +%T Disorientation behavior in person-computer interactions +%R PhD Thesis +%I University of Southern California +%C Los Angeles, CA + +%A Maragos, P.A. +%A Schafer, R.W. +%A Mersereau, R.M. +%D 1984 +%T Two-dimensional linear prediction and its application to adaptive predictive coding of images +%J IEEE Trans Acoustics, Speech and Signal Processing +%V ASSP-32 +%N 6 +%P 1213-1229 +%O December +%K * + +%A Marchetti, C. +%D 1980 +%T Society as a learning system: discovery, invention, and innovation cycles revisited +%J Technological Forecasting and Social Change +%V 18 +%P 267-282 +%K * + +%A Martin, T. +%D 1980 +%T Information retrieval +%B Human interaction with computers +%E Smith and Green +%I Academic Press +%C London, England +%P 161-175 + +%A Maslow, A.H. +%D 1954 +%T Motivation and personality +%I Harper and Row +%C New York, NY + +%A Maslow, A.H. +%D 1968 +%T Toward a psychology of being +%I Van Nostrand Reinhold +%C New York, NY +%O second edition + +%A Masrani, R. +%A Keenan, T.P. +%D 1984 +%T Security and privacy in cellular telephone systems +%J Proc AFIPS Conference on Computer Security +%C Toronto, ON +%O September +%K * + +%A Masrani, R. +%A Witten, I.H. +%D 1984 +%T Natural language processing in object-oriented Prolog +%R Unpublished note +%O September + +%A Mathews, M.V. +%D 1969 +%T The technology of computer music +%I MIT Press + +%A Maturana, H.R. +%D 1975 +%T The organization of the living: a theory of the living organization +%J IJMMS +%V 7 +%P 313-332 + +%A Maturana, H.R. +%A Varela, F.J. +%D 1980 +%T Autopoiesis and cognition +%I D. Reidel +%C Dordrecht, Holland + +%A Mazer, M.S. +%A Lochovsky, F.H. +%D 1984 +%T Logical routing specification in office information systems +%J ACM Trans Office Information Systems +%V 2 +%N 4 +%P 303-330 +%O October + +%A McCarthy, J. +%D 1980 +%T Circumscription -- a form of non-monotonic reasoning +%J Artificial Intelligence +%V 13 +%P 27-39 +%K * + +%A McCracken, D.L. +%A Akscyn, R.M. +%D 1984 +%T Experience with the ZOG human-computer interface system +%J IJMMS +%V 21 +%N 4 +%P 293-310 +%O October + +%A McCulloch, W.S. +%D 1954 +%T Through the den of the metaphysician +%J British J Philosophy of Science +%V 5 +%P 18-31 + +%A McDermott, J. +%A Steele, B. +%D 1981 +%T Extending a knowledge-based system to deal with ad hoc constraints +%J Proc 7th International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence +%P 824-828 + +%A McDermott, J. +%T Artificial intelligence meets natural stupidity +%B Mind Design +%E J. Haugeland +%I MIT Press +%C Cambridge, MA +%P 143-160 +%K * + +%A McDermott, J. +%D 1982 +%T A temporal logic for reasoning about processes and plans +%J Cognitive Science +%V 6 +%P 101-155 +%K * + +%A McDonald, D. +%D 1977 +%T Language generation: the linguistics component +%J Proc International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence +%P 142 +%K * + +%A McDonald, D.D. +%A Pustejovsky, J.D. +%D 1985 +%T Description-directed natural language generation +%J Proc IJCAI +%P 799-805 +%K * + +%A McKeown, K.R. +%A Wish, M. +%A Matthews, K. +%T Tailoring explanations for the user +%J Proc IJCAI +%P 794-798 +%K * + +%A McLean, R.S. +%D 1983 +%T Ontario Ministry of Education specifies its microcomputer +%J Proc 4th Canadian Symposium on Instructional Technology +%C Winnipeg, MN +%O October 19-21 +%K * + +%A Meehan, J.R. +%D 1977 +%T TALESPIN, an interactive program that writes stories +%J Proc 5th International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence +%P 91-98 + +%A Mervis, C.B. +%A Rosch, E. +%D 1981 +%T Categorization of natural objects +%J Annual Review of Psychology +%V 32 +%P 89-115 + +%A Michaelsen, R.H. +%A Michie, D. +%A Boulanger, A. +%D 1985 +%T The technology of expert systems +%J Byte +%P 303-312 +%O April +%K * + +%A Miller, P.L. +%D 1983 +%T ATTENDING: critiquing a physician's management plan +%J IEEE Trans Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence +%V PAMI-5 +%N 5 +%P 449-461 +%O September +%K * + +%A Mitchell, T.M. +%D 1982 +%T Generalization as search +%J Artificial Intelligence +%V 18 +%P 203-226 +%K * + +%A Mitchell, T.M. +%D 1983 +%T Learning and problem solving +%J Proc IJCAI 83 +%P 1139-1151 +%C Karlsruhe, W.Germany +%O August +%K * + +%A Moffat, A. +%D 1986 +%T Predictive text compression based on the future rather than the past +%R Research Report +%I Computer Science Department, University of Canterbury +%C Christchurch, New Zealand +%K * + +%A Moher, T.G. +%D 1985 +%T Estimating the distribution of software complexity \fIwithin\fP a program +%J Proc Human Factors in Computer Systems +%C San Francisco, CA +%P 61-64 +%O April +%K * + +%A Mooney, R. +%A de\|Jong, G. +%T Learning schemata for natural language processing +%J Proc IJCAI +%P 681-687 +%K * + +%A Morison, S. +%D 1951 +%T First principles of typography +%I Cambridge University Press +%C Cambridge, England + +%A Morrin, T.H. +%D 1974 +%T A black-white representation of a gray-scale picture +%J IEEE Trans Computers +%V C-23 +%P 184-186 +%O February +%K * + +%A Morris, R. +%A Cherry, L.L. +%D 1975 +%T Computer detection of typographical errors +%J IEEE Trans Professional Communications +%V PC-18 +%N 1 +%P 54-56 +%O March +%K * + +%A Morris, R. +%A Thompson, K. +%D 1979 +%T Password security: a case history +%J Comm ACM +%V 22 +%N 11 +%P 594-597 +%O November +%K * + +%A Moses, J. +%D 1971 +%T Symbolic integration: the stormy decade +%J Comm ACM +%V 14 +%N 8 +%P 548-560 + +%A Mullen, J. +%D 1984 +%T Unlimited vocabulary speech synthesis with low data rates +%J Electronics and Power +%P 850-852 +%O November/December +%K * + +%A Mycielski, J. +%D 1985 +%T Can mathematics explain natural intelligence? +%R Research Report UC-32 +%I Los Alamos National Laboratory +%C Los Alamos, NM +%O July +%K * + +%A Mycroft, A. +%A O'Keefe, R.A. +%D 1984 +%T A polymorphic type system for Prolog +%J Artificial Intelligence +%V 23 +%P 295-307 +%K * + +%A Myers, B.A +%D 1986 +%T Visual programming, programming by example, and program visualization: a taxonomy +%J Proc ACM CHI 86 Human Factors in Computing Systems +%P 59-66 +%C Boston, MA +%O April 13-17 +%K * + +%A Nagy, G. +%A Wagle, S. +%D 1979 +%T Geographic data processing +%J Computing Surveys +%V 11 +%N 2 +%P 139-181 +%O June +%K * + +%A Nagy, G. +%A Paton, K. +%D 1982 +%T Intelligent facsimile +%P Proc Harvard Computer Graphics Week +%I Graduate School of Design, Harvard University +%K * + +%A Nagy, G. +%D 1983 +%T Candide's practical principles of experimental pattern recognition +%J IEEE Trans Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence +%V PAMI-5 +%N 2 +%P 199-200 +%O March +%K * + +%A Nagy, G. +%D 1983 +%T Optical scanning devices +%J IEEE Computer +%P 13-24 +%O May +%K * + +%A Nagy, G. +%A Seth, S. +%T Hierarchical image representation with application to optically scanned documents +%R Discussion paper +%K * + +%A Nagy, G. +%D 1984 +%T Advances in information extraction techniques +%J Remote Sensing of Environment +%V 15 +%P 167-175 +%K * + +%A Naiman, A. +%D 1984 +%T Some new ingredients for the cookbook approach to anti-aliased text +%J Proc Graphics Interface 84 +%I National Computer Graphics Association of Canada +%P 99-108 +%O May + +%A Nakatani, L.H. +%A Rohrlich, J.A. +%D 1983 +%T Soft machines: A philosophy of user-computer interface design +%J Proceedings Human Factors in Computer Systems +%C Boston, MA +%O December 12-15 +%K * + +%A Nasanen, R. +%D 1984 +%T Visibility of halftone dot textures +%J IEEE Trans Systems, Man and Cybernetics +%V SMC-14 +%N 6 +%P 920-924 +%O November/December +%K * + +%A Nau, D.S. +%D 1983 +%T Expert computer systems +%J IEEE Computer +%V 16 +%N 2 +%P 63-85 +%O February + +%A Neal, R.M. +%A Lomow, G.A. +%A Peterson, M.W. +%A Unger, B.W. +%A Witten, I.H. +%D 1984 +%T Inter-process communication in a distributed programming environment +%J Proc Canadian Information Processing Society Conference +%C Calgary, AL +%P 361-364 +%O May +%K KConference + +%A Nelson, G.A. +%A Pfeifer, L.L. +%A Wood, R.C. +%D 1972 +%T High-speed octave band digital filtering +%J IEEE Trans Audio and Electroacoustics +%V AU-20 +%P 58-65 +%O March +%K * + +%A Niblett, B.\0(Editor) +%D 1980 +%T Computer science and law +%I Cambridge University Press +%C Cambridge, England + +%A Nicol, R.C. +%A Fenn, B.A. +%A Turkington, R.D. +%D 1980 +%T Transmission techniques for picture viewdata +%J Proc International Broadcasting Convention +%K * + +%A Nicholson, R.T. +%D 1985 +%T Usage patterns in an integrated voice and data communications system +%J ACM Trans Office Information Systems +%V 3 +%N 3 +%P 307-314 +%O July + +%A Nierstrasz, O.M. +%D 1985 +%T An object-oriented system +%E D.Tsichritzis +%B Office automation +%I Springer-Verlag +%C Berlin +%P 167-189 + +%A Nilsson, N.J. +%D 1986 +%T Probabilistic logic +%J Artificial Intelligence +%V 28 +%P 71-87 + +%A Nilsson, N.J. +%D 1980 +%T Principles of artificial intelligence +%I Tioga +%C Palo Alto, CA + +%A Nilsson, N.J. +%D 1980 +%T The interplay between experimental and theoretical methods in artificial intelligence +%R Technical Note 229 +%I SRI International +%O September +%K * + +%A Nilsson, N.J. +%D 1981 +%T Artificial intelligence: engineering, science, or slogan? +%R Technical Note 248 +%I SRI International +%O July +%K * + +%A Nix, R. +%D 1983 +%T Editing by example +%R PhD Dissertation +%I Computer Science Department, Yale University +%C New Haven, CT + +%A Nix, R. +%D 1984 +%T Editing by example +%J Proc 11th ACM Symposium on Principles of Programming Languages +%C Salt Lake City, UT +%P 186-195 +%O January + +%A Noakes, P.D. +%A Aish, R. +%D 1984 +%T A new peripheral for three-dimensional computer input +%J IEEE Micro +%V 4 +%N 5 +%P 26-35 +%O October + +%A Nooteboom, S.G. +%D 1983 +%T The temporal organization of speech and the process of spoken-word recognition +%J IPO Annual Progress Report +%V 18 +%P 32-36 +%K * + +%A Norman, D.A. +%D 1981 +%T The trouble about Unix +%J Datamation +%V 27 +%N 12 +%P 139-150 + +%A Norman, D.A. +%D 1984 +%T Stages and levels in human-machine interaction +%J IJMMS +%V 21 +%N 4 +%P 365-375 +%O October + +%A Norman, D.A. +%A Draper, S.W.\0(Editors) +%D 1986 +%T User centered system design \(em new perspectives on human-computer interaction +%I Lawrence Erlbaum Associates +%C Hillsdale, NJ + +%A Norman, K.L. +%A Weldon, L.J. +%A Shneiderman, B. +%D 1985 +%T Cognitive representations of windows and multiple screen layouts of computer interfaces +%R Research Report CAR-TR-123, CS-TR-1498 +%I Computer Science Department, University of Maryland +%O May + +%A Null, A. +%D 1971 +%T Space-filling curves or how to waste time with a plotter +%J Software -- Practice and Experience +%V 1 +%P 403-410 +%K * + +%A Oren, T.I. +%A Brzozowski, J.A. +%A Gilmore, P.C. +%D 1982 +%T Crisis in Canadian academic Computer Science: facts and recommendations +%R Report prepared by the Executive Committee of Canadian Computer Science Departments Chairmen +%O January + +%A O'Shea, T. +%A Self, J. +%D 1983 +%T Learning and teaching with computers: artificial intelligence in education +%I Prentice-Hall +%C Englewood Cliffs, NJ + +%A O'Shea, T. +%A Eisenstadt, M.\0(Editors) +%D 1984 +%T Artificial intelligence: tools, techniques, and applications +%I Harper and Row +%C New York, NY + +%A Ogawa, Y. +%A Shima, K. +%A Sugawara, T. +%A Takagi, S. +%D 1984 +%T Knowledge representation and inference environment: KRINE -- an approach to integration of frame, Prolog and graphics +%J Proc International Conference on Fifth Generation Computer Systems +%I ICOT +%P 643-651 +%K * + +%A Pake, G.E. +%D 1985 +%T Research at Xerox PARC: a founder's assessment +%J IEEE Spectrum +%V 22 +%N 10 +%P 54-61 +%O October + +%A Paliwal, K.K. +%A Espeland, O. +%D 1983 +%T Some considerations about the shape of the window filter in an adaptive gradient lattice algorithm +%R Report +%I Division of Telecommunications, University of Trondheim +%C Trondheim-NTH, Norway +%K * + +%A Papamichalis, P.E. +%D 1985 +%T Markov-Huffman coding of LPC parameters +%J IEEE Trans Acoustics, Speech and Signal Processing +%C ASSP-33 +%N 2 +%P 451-453 +%O April + +%A Park, O.C. +%A Tennyson, R.D. +%D 1983 +%T Computer-based instructional systems for adaptive education: a review +%J Contemporary Education Review +%V 2 +%N 2 +%P 121-135 +%O Fall +%K * + +%A Parker-Rhodes, A.F. +%D 1978 +%T Inferential semantics +%I Harvester Press +%C Brighton, Sussex + +%A Patil, R.S. +%A Szolovits, P. +%A Schwartz, W.B. +%D 1981 +%T Causal understanding of patient illness in medical diagnosis +%J Proc 7th International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence +%P 893-899 +%K * + +%A Patil, R.S. +%A Szolovits, P. +%A Schwartz, W.B. +%T Information acquisition in diagnosis +%J Proc International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence +%P 345-348 +%K * + +%A Patten, T. +%D 1986 +%T Interpreting systemic grammar as a computational representation: a problem solving approach to text generation +%R PhD Thesis +%I University of Edinburgh + +%A Paulus, E. +%D 1980 +%T The concept of the NN-error risk with respect to an arbitrary separating surface and its applications to clustering +%J Proc IEEE Conference +%K * + +%A Pavlidis, T. +%D 1981 +%T Contour filling in raster graphics +%J ACM Computer Graphics +%V 15 +%N 3 +%P 29-36 +%O August +%K * + +%A Pawlak, Z. +%D 1982 +%T Rough sets +%J Int J Computer and Information Systems +%V 11 +%N 5 +%P 341-356 +%K * + +%A Pawlak, Z. +%D 1985 +%T Rough sets and fuzzy sets +%J Fuzzy Sets and Systems +%P 99-103 +%K * + +%A Paxton, A.L +%A Turner, E.J. +%D 1984 +%T The application of human factors to the needs of the novice computer user +%J IJMMS +%V 20 +%N 2 +%P 137-156 +%O February + +%A Peano, G. +%D 1890 +%T Sur une courbe, qui remplit toute une aire plane +%J Math Annalen +%V 36 +%P 157-160 +%K * + +%A Pearl, J. +%D 1985 +%T Fusion, propagation, and structuring in Bayesian networks +%R Technical Report CSD-850022 R-42, Revision I +%I Cognitive Systems Laboratory, Computer Science Department, UCLA +%O June + +%A Pearl, J. +%D 1986 +%T Fusion, propagation, and structuring in belief networks +%J Artificial Intelligence +%V 29 +%N 3 +%P 241-288 +%O September + +%A Peng, X.T. +%A Tu, X.C. +%A Wang, P.Z. +%D 1986 +%T Studies on parametric fuzzy controllers +%R Research Report +%K * + +%A Pereiro, L.M. +%A Nagr, R. +%D 1984 +%T Delta-Prolog: a distributed logic programming language +%R Submitted to Int Conference on 5th Generation Systems +%C Tokyo, Japan +%O November +%K * + +%A Perlman, G. +%D 1981 +%T Two papers in cognitive engineering: The design of an interface to a programming system, and MENUNIX: a menu-based interface to Unix (user manual) +%R Research Report 8105 +%I Center for Human Information Processing, University of California +%C San Diego, CA +%O November +%K * + +%A Perlman, G. +%D 1984 +%T Natural artificial languages: low-level processes +%J IJMMS +%V 20 +%N 4 +%P 373-419 +%O April + +%A Perry, T.S. +%A Wallich, P. +%D 1985 +%T Inside the PARC: the `information architects' +%J IEEE Spectrum +%V 22 +%N 10 +%P 62-75 +%O October + +%A Peters, A.M. +%D 1983 +%T The units of language acquisition +%I Cambridge University Press +%C Cambridge, England + +%A Phillips, J. +%D 1983 +%T Self-describing programming environments +%R PhD Thesis +%I Computer Science Department, Stanford University +%C Stanford, CA + +%A Pierce, J.R. +%D 1962 +%T Symbols, signals and noise +%I Hutchinson +%C London, England + +%A Pike, R. +%D 1983 +%T Graphics in overlapping bitmap layers +%J ACM Trans Graphics +%V 2 +%N 2 +%P 135-160 +%O April +%K * + +%A Poggio, A. +%A Garcia Luna Aceves, J.J. +%A Craighill, E.J. +%A Moran, D. +%A Aguilar, L. +%A Worthington, D. +%A Hight, J. +%D 1985 +%T CCWS: a computer-based, multimedia information system +%J IEEE Computer +%V 18 +%N 10 +%P 92-103 +%O October + +%A Poritz, A.B. +%D 1982 +%T Linear predictive hidden Markov models and the speech signal +%J Proc +%P 1291-1294 +%K * + +%A Post, E. +%D 1983 +%T Real programmers don't use Pascal +%J Datamation +%P 263-265 +%O July +%K * + +%A Postel, J.B. +%D 1980 +%T Internetwork protocol approaches +%J IEEE Trans Communications +%V COM-28 +%N 4 +%P 604-611 +%O April +%K * + +%A Potmesil, M. +%A Chakravarty, I. +%D 1983 +%T Modeling motion blur in computer-generated images +%J ACM Computer Graphics +%V 17 +%N 3 +%P 389-399 +%O July +%K * + +%A Poulton, A.S. +%D 1983 +%T Microcomputer speech synthesis and recognition +%I Sigma Technical Press +%C Wilmslow, Cheshire, UK + +%A Preucil, M. +%A Sebela, Z. +%D 1982 +%T Computer-assisted simulation of a coal-mine winding system +%J Proc 4th Formator Symposium on Mathematical Methods for the Analysis of Large-scale Systems +%C Prague +%P 391-404 +%O May 18-21 +%K * + +%A Prusinkiewicz, P. +%A Christopher, M. +%D 1984 +%T Hologram-like transmission of pictures +%R Technical Report CS-84-17 +%I Computer Science Department, University of Regina +%O November +%K * + +%A Purvy, R. +%A Farrell, J. +%A Klose, P. +%D 1983 +%T The design of Star's records processing: data processing for the noncomputer professional +%J ACM Trans Office Information Systems +%V 1 +%N 1 +%P 3-24 +%O January +%K * + +%A Quinlan, J.R. +%D 1983 +%T Inferno: a cautious approach to uncertain inference +%J Computer J +%V 26 +%N 3 +%P 255-269 + +%A Qureshi, S.U.H. +%D 1985 +%T Adaptive equalization +%J Proc IEEE +%V 73 +%N 9 +%P 1349-1387 +%O September + +%A Rabiner, L.R. +%A Crochiere, R.E. +%D 1975 +%T A novel implementation for narrow-band FIR digital filters +%J IEEE Trans Acoustics, Speech and Signal Processing +%V ASSP-23 +%N 5 +%P 457-464 +%O October +%K * + +%A Radhakrishnan, T. +%A Grossner, C.P. +%D 1985 +%T Cuenet \(em a distributed computing facility +%J IEEE Micro +%P 42-52 +%O February +%K * + +%A Raeder, G. +%D 1985 +%T A survey of current graphical programming techniques +%J IEEE Computer +%V 18 +%N 8 +%P 11-25 + +%A Rashid, R.F. +%D 1980 +%T An interprocess communication facility for Unix +%R Technical Report +%I Computer Science Department, Carnegie-Mellon University +%O February + +%A Rashid, R.F. +%A Robertson, G.G. +%D 1981 +%T Accent: a communication oriented network operating system kernel +%J Proc Eighth Symposium on Operating System Principles +%P 64-75 +%C Pacific Grove, CA +%O December + +%A Rasmussen, J. +%D 1983 +%T Skills, rules, and knowledge; signals, signs, and symbols, and other distinctions in human performance models +%J IEEE Trans Systems, Man and Cybernetics +%V SMC-13 +%N 3 +%P 257-266 +%O May/June +%K * + +%A Rassbach, M.E. +%D 1980 +%T CLASSY: an adaptive clustering algorithm +%J Proc IEEE Conference +%P 442-444 +%K * + +%A Rawlings, C. +%A Fox, J. +%D 1983 +%T The UNIT package -- a critical appraisal of a frame-based knowledge representation system +%J Proc Expert Systems 83 +%I Churchill College +%C Cambridge, England +%P 15-29 +%O December +%K * + +%A Redell, D.D. +%A White, J.E. +%D 1983 +%T Interconnecting electronic mail systems +%J IEEE Computer +%V 16 +%N 9 +%P 55-63 +%O September +%K * + +%A Reeds, J.A. +%A Weinberger, P.J. +%D 1984 +%T File security and the UNIX system \fIcrypt\fP command +%J Bell System Technical J +%V 63 +%N 8, part 2 +%P 1673-1684 +%O October + +%A Reichardt, J. +%D 1971 +%T The computer in art +%I Studio Vista +%C London, England + +%A Reiter, R. +%D 1980 +%T A logic for default reasoning +%J Artificial Intelligence +%V 13 +%P 81-132 +%K * + +%A Reynolds, J.K. +%A Postel, J.B. +%A Katz, A.R. +%A Finn, G.C. +%A DeSchon, A.L. +%D 1985 +%T The DARPA experimental multimedia mail system +%J IEEE Computer +%V 18 +%N 10 +%P 82-89 +%O October + +%A Rich, C. +%D 1982 +%T Knowledge representation languages and predicate calculus: how to have your cake and eat it too +%J Proc National Conference on Artificial Intelligence +%P 193-196 + +%A Rich, E. +%D 1984 +%T The gradual expansion of artificial intelligence +%J IEEE Computer +%V 17 +%N 5 +%P 4-12 +%O May + +%A Riesbeck, C.K. +%D 1975 +%T Conceptual analysis +%B Conceptual information processing +%E R.C.Schank +%I North Holland +%C Amsterdam + +%A Riesbeck, C.K. +%D 1981 +%T Failure-driven reminding for incremental learning +%J Proc IJCAI 81 +%P 115-120 +%K * + +%A Riesbeck, C.K. +%D 1982 +%T Realistic language comprehension +%E W.G. Lenhert and M.H. Ringle +%B Strategies for natural language processing +%I Lawrence Erlbaum Associates +%P 37-54 + +%A Riesbeck, C.K. +%D 1984 +%T Knowledge reorganization and reasoning style +%J IJMMS +%V 20 +%P 45-61 +%K * + +%A Rissanen, J. +%A Langdon, G.G. +%T Arithmetic coding +%J IBM J Research and Development +%D 1979 +%V 23 +%N 2 +%P 149-162 +%O March +%K * + +%A Rissanen, J. +%D 1984 +%T Complexity of strings in the class of Markov sources +%R Research Report +%I IBM Research Laboratory +%C San Jose, CA +%K * + +%A Rissanen, J. +%D 1986 +%T Stochastic complexity and sufficient statistics +%R Research Report + +%A Ritchie, D.M. +%D 1981 +%T On the security of UNIX +%R Programmers Manual for UNIX System III Volume II: Supplementary Documents +%I Western Electric Corporation + +%A Ritchie, G.D. +%A Hanna, F.K. +%D 1984 +%T AM: a case study in AI methodology +%J Artificial Intelligence +%V 23 +%P 249-268 +%K * + +%A Roberts, M.G. +%D 1982 +%T Local order estimating Markovian analysis for noiseless source coding and authorship identification +%R PhD Thesis +%I Stanford University + +%A Rogers, H. +%D 1943 +%T Paragraphs on printing +%I William E. Rudges +%C New York, NY +%O re-published by Dover Publications, New York, 1979 + +%A Rosenthal, D.S.H. +%D 1982 +%T Managing graphical resources +%J Computer Graphics +%V 16 +%N 4 +%P 38-45 +%O December +%K * + +%A Ross, P. +%A Jones, J. +%A Millington, M. +%D 1985 +%T User modelling in command-driven computer systems +%R DAI Research Paper No 264 +%I Department of Artificial Intelligence, University of Edinburgh +%K * + +%A Rouse, S.H. +%A Rouse, W.B. +%D 1980 +%T Computer-based manuals for procedural information +%J IEEE Trans Systems, Man and Cybernetics +%V SMC-10 +%N 8 +%P 506-510 +%O August + +%A Rowe, N.C. +%D 1984 +%T Modelling degrees of item interest for a general database query system +%J IJMMS +%V 20 +%N 5 +%P 421-443 +%O May +%K * + +%A Runciman, C. +%A Thimbleby, H. +%D 1986 +%T Equal opportunity interactive systems +%R Report +%I Computer Science Department, University of York +%C York +%K * + +%A Rychener, M.D. +%D 1979 +%T A semantic network of production rules in a system for describing computer structures +%J Proc 6th Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence +%P 738-743 + +%A Ryman, R. +%A Singh, B. +%D 1982 +%T The Benesh notation computerized editor +%J Proc Dance in Canada Conference +%O June + +%A Sagan, H. +%D 1986 +%T Approximating polygons for Lebesgue's and Schoenberg's space filling curves +%J American Mathematical Monthly +%P 361-368 +%O May +%K * + +%A Sammut, C. +%A Banerji, R. +%D 1983 +%T Hierarchical memories: an aid to concept learning +%J Proc International Machine Learning Workshop +%P 74-80 +%I Allerton House +%C Monticello, IL +%O June 22-24 +%K * + +%A Sammut, C. +%A Banerji, R. +%D 1986 +%T Learning concepts by asking questions +%B Machine learning Volume 2 +%E R.S. 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+%J Proc International Electrical, Electronics Conference +%V 2 +%P 546-549 +%C Toronto, ON +%O September 26-28 +%K * + +%A Shaw, M.L.G +%A Gaines, B.R. +%D 1985 +%T Knowledge engineering tools for expert systems +%B Computer models for decision making +%E G.Mitra +%I North Holland +%C Amsterdam +%K * + +%A Shneiderman, B. +%D 1984 +%T Response time and display rate in human performance with computers +%J Computing Surveys +%V 16 +%N 3 +%P 265-285 +%O September + +%A Shneiderman, B. +%A Norman, K. +%A Rogers, J. +%A Arifin, R. +%A Weldon, L. +%D 1985 +%T A multi-screen programmer work station based on the IBM PC +%R Research Report +%I Computer Science Department, University of Maryland +%O April + +%A Shoch, J.F. +%A Hupp, J.A. +%D 1982 +%T The `worm' programs \(em early experience with a distributed computation +%J Comm ACM +%V 25 +%N 3 +%P 172-180 +%O March +%K * + +%A Shoemake, K. +%T Animating rotation with quaternion curves +%D 1985 +%J ACM +%V 19 +%N 3 +%O July +%K * + +%A Shortliffe, E.H. +%A Buchanan, B.G. +%D 1975 +%T A model of inexact reasoning in medicine +%J Mathematical Biosciences +%V 23 +%P 351-379 + +%A Shortliffe, E.H. +%D 1976 +%T Computer-based medical consultations: MYCIN +%I Elsevier Science +%C New York, NY +%K * + +%A Shortliffe, E.H. +%D 1980 +%T Consultation systems for physicians: the role of artificial intelligence techniques +%J Proc Canadian Society for Computational Studies of Intelligence +%I University of Victoria +%C Victoria, BC +%K * + +%A Shrager, J.C. +%T Invoking a beginner's aid process by recognizing DCL goals +%D 1981 +%R MSc Thesis +%I University of Pennsylvania + +%A Shrager, J.C. +%A Finin, T. +%D 1982 +%T An expert system that volunteers advice +%J Proc National Conference on Artificial Intelligence +%P 339-340 +%K * +%K * + +%A Shu, C.S. +%D 1985 +%T FORMAL: A forms-oriented visual-directed application development system +%J IEEE Computer +%V 18 +%N 8 +%P 38-49 + +%A Sierpinski, W. +%D 1912 +%T Sur une nouvelle courbe qui remplit toute une aire plaine +%J Bull Acad Sci Cracovie +%V Serie A +%P 462-478 +%K * + +%A Simons, G.L. +%D 1980 +%T Robots in industry +%I National Computing Centre +%C Manchester, England + +%A Simpson, R.J. +%A Terrell, T.J. +%D 1984 +%T Digital filtering using the NEC PD7720 signal processor +%J Microprocessing and Microprogramming +%V 14 +%P 67-78 +%K * + +%A Sleeman, D. +%D 1982 +%T Assessing aspects of competence in basic algebra +%B Intelligent Tutoring Systems +%E D. 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distributed computer systems +%J IEEE Trans Computers +%V C-33 +%N 12 +%P 1102-1115 +%O December +%K * + +%A Staunstrup, J. +%D 1982 +%T Message passing communication versus procedure call communication +%J Software -- Practice and Experience +%V 12 +%P 223-234 +%K * + +%A Stefik, M. +%D 1979 +%T An examination of a frame-structured representation system +%J Proc 6th International Conference on Artificial Intelligence +%P 265-270 +%K * + +%A Stefik, M. +%A Conway, L. +%D 1982 +%T Towards the principled engineering of knowledge +%J AI Magazine +%P 4-16 +%O Summer +%K * + +%A Stefik, M. +%A Bobrow, D.G. +%A Mittal, S. +%A Conway, L. +%D 1983 +%T Knowledge programming in LOOPS: report on an experimental course +%J AI Magazine +%P 3-13 +%O Fall +%K * + +%A Stefik, M.J. +%A Bobrow, D.G. +%A Kahn, K.M. +%D 1986 +%T Integrating access-oriented programming into a multiparadigm environment +%J IEEE Software +%P 10-18 +%O January +%K * + +%A Stefik, M.J. +%A Bobrow, D.G. +%D 1986 +%T 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+%O January +%K * + +%A Suchman, L.A. +%D 1982 +%T Toward a sociology of human-machine interaction: pragmatics of instruction-following +%R Working Paper +%I Xerox PARC, (Intelligent Systems Laboratory) +%C Palo Alto, CA + +%A Suchman, L.A. +%D 1982 +%T Human-machine interaction and the idea of a self-explanatory machine +%J Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the American Anthropological Society +%C Washington, DC +%O December +%K * + +%A Suchman, L.A. +%D 1983 +%T The role of common sense in interface design +%B Office Automation: Jekyll or Hyde +%E D.Marschall and J.Gregory +%I Working Women Education Fund +%C Cleveland, OH +%P 96-102 + +%A Suchman, L.A. +%D 1983 +%T Office procedure as practical action: models of work and system design +%J ACM Trans Office Information Systems +%V 1 +%N 4 +%P 320-328 +%O October +%K * + +%A Suchman, L.A. +%D 1985 +%T Plans and situated actions: the problem of human-machine communication +%R PhD Thesis +%I Xerox PARC +%C Palo Alto, CA +%K * + +%A Sugeno, M. +%A Nishida, M. +%D 1984 +%T Fuzzy control of model car +%K * + +%A Summers, P.D. +%A Grossman, D.D. +%D 1984 +%T XPROBE: an experimental system for programming robots by example +%J Int J Robotics Research +%V 3 +%N 1 +%P 25-39 +%O Spring + +%A Sussman, G.J. +%D 1975 +%T A computer model of skill acquisition +%I American Elsevier +%C New York, NY + +%A Tannenbaum, A. +%T Political history of UNIX +%R Report +%I MASSCOMP +%C Westford, MA +%K * + +%A Tanner, W. +%D 1979 +%T Industrial robots -- Volume 1: Fundamentals +%I Society of Manufacturing Engineers +%C Dearborn, MI + +%A Tennant, H.R. +%A Ross, K.M. +%A Thompson, C.W. +%D 1983 +%T Usable natural language interfaces through menu-based natural language understanding +%J Proc ACM CHI 83 Human Factors in Computing Systems +%P 154-160 +%C Boston, MA +%O December 12-15 +%K * + +%A Test, J.A. +%D 1982 +%T The NUnix window system +%R Internal Report +%I Laboratory for Computer Science, MIT +%C Cambridge, MA +%K * + +%A Thimbleby, H. +%D 1980 +%T Dialogue determination +%J IJMMS +%V 13 +%N 3 +%P 295-304 +%O October + +%A Thomsett, R. +%D 1980 +%T People and project management +%I Yourden Press +%C New York, NY + +%A Thompson, B.A. +%A Thompson, W.A. +%D 1985 +%T Inside an expert system +%J Byte +%P 315-330 +%O April +%K * + +%A Thompson, K. +%D 1984 +%T Reflections on trusting trust +%J Comm ACM +%V 27 +%N 8 +%P 761-763 +%O August + +%A Ting, D. +%A Prasada, B. +%D 1980 +%T Digital processing techniques for encoding of graphics +%J Proc IEEE +%V 68 +%N 7 +%P 757-769 +%O July + +%A Tokuda, H. +%A Manning, E.G. +%D 1983 +%T An interprocess communication model for a distributed software testbed +%J Proc ACM SIGCOMM 83 +%I University of Texas +%C Austin, TX +%O March +%K * + +%A Tokuda, H. +%A Radia, S.P. +%A Manning. E.G. +%D 1983 +%T Shoshin OS: a message-based operating system for a distributed software testbed +%J Proc 16th Annual Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences +%P 329-338 +%K * + +%A Tou, I.T. +%A Gonzalez, R.C. +%D 1974 +%T Pattern recognition principles +%I Addison-Wesley +%C Reading, MA + +%A Truin, P.G.M. +%D 1983 +%T The `speaking tablet' as an aid in the acquisition of reading skills by dyslexic children +%J IPO Annual Progress Report +%V 18 +%P 79-84 +%K * + +%A Tsichritzis, D.\0(Editor) +%D 1983 +%T Beta Gamma +%R Technical Report CSRG-150 +%I Computer Systems Research Group, University of Toronto +%C Toronto, ON + +%A Tsichritzis, D. +%D 1985 +%T Objectworld +%E D.Tsichritzis +%B Office automation +%I Springer-Verlag +%C Berlin +%P 379-398 + +%A Turkle, S. +%D 1982 +%T The subjective computer: a study in the psychology of personal computation +%J Social Studies of Science +%V 12 +%N 2 +%P 173-205 +%K * + +%A Tyree, A. +%D 1986 +%T Expert systems and the law +%J Current Affairs Bulletin +%P 13-18 +%P March +%K * + +%A Ulichney, R.A. +%A Troxel, D.E. +%D 1982 +%T Scaling binary images with the telescoping template +%J IEEE Trans Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence +%V PAMI-4 +%N 3 +%P 331-335 + +%A Umphress, D. +%A Williams, G. +%D 1985 +%T Identity verification through keyboard characteristics +%J IJMMS (submitted) +%K * + +%A Unger, B. +%A Birtwistle, G. +%A Cleary, J. +%A Hill, D. +%A Lomow, G. +%A Neal, R. +%A Peterson, M. +%A Witten, I.H. +%A Wyvill, B. +%D 1984 +%T Jade: a simulation and software prototyping environment +%J Proc Conference on Simulation in Strongly Typed Languages +%C San Diego, CA +%O February +%K KConference + +%A Unger, B.W. +%A Lomow, G.A. +%A Birtwistle, G.. +%D 1984 +%T Simulation software and Ada +%I Society for Computer Simulation +%K * + +%A University\|of\|Chicago\|Press +%D 1969 +%T A manual of style +%I University of Chicago + +%A Uribe, R.B. +%D 1981 +%T Modeling autopoiesis +%E M.Zeleny +%B Autopoiesis: a theory of living organization +%I North Holland +%C New York, NY +%P 51-62 + +%A Van\|Dijk, T.A. +%A Kintsch, W. +%D 1983 +%T Strategies of discourse comprehension +%I Academic Press +%C New York, NY + +%A Van\|Lehn, K. +%D 1983 +%T Felicity conditions for human skill acquisition: validating an AI-based theory +%R Research Report CIS-21 +%I Xerox PARC +%C Palo Alto, CA +%O November + +%A Varela, F.J. +%A Maturana, H.R. +%A Uribe, R.B. +%D 1974 +%T Autopoiesis: the organization of living systems, its characterization and a model +%J Biosystems +%V 5 +%P 187-196 + +%A Varela, F.J. +%D 1979 +%T Principles of biological autonomy +%I North Holland +%C New York, NY + +%A Varela, F.J. +%D 1981 +%T Describing the logic of the living +%E M.Zeleny +%B Autopoiesis: a theory of living organization +%I North Holland +%C New York, NY +%P 36-48 + +%A Wade, N. +%D 1985 +%T Literal pictures +%J Word and Image +%V 1 +%N 3 +%P 242-272 +%O July-September +%K * + +%A Wagner, R.A. +%A Fischer, M.J. +%D 1974 +%T The string-to-string correction problem +%J J ACM +%V 21 +%N 1 +%P 168-173 +%O January +%K * + +%A Wall, R.S. +%A Apon, A.W. +%A Beal, J. +%A Gately M.T. +%A Oren, L.G. +%D 1985 +%T An evaluation of commercial expert system building tools +%R Computer Science Laboratory Technical Report 85-30 +%I Texas Instruments +%C Dallas, TX +%O November +%K * + +%A Waltz, D.L. +%D 1975 +%T Natural language access to a large data base +%J Advance papers of the International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence +%I MIT +%C Cambridge, MA + +%A Waterman, D.A. +%D 1978 +%T A rule-based approach to knowledge acquisition for man-machine interface programs +%J IJMMS +%V 10 +%P 693-711 +%K * + +%A Waters, R.C. +%D 1985 +%T The programmer's apprentice: a session with KBEmacs +%J IEEE Trans Software Engineering +%V SE-11 +%N 11 +%P 1296-1320 +%O November +%K * + +%A Webber, B.L. +%A Nilsson, N.J. +%D 1981 +%T Readings in artificial intelligence +%I Tioga +%C Palo Alto, CA + +%A Weinreb, D. +%A Moon, D. +%D 1981 +%T LISP machine manual +%I Third edition +%O March + +%A Weizenbaum, J. +%D 1976 +%T Computer power and human reason +%I Freeman +%C San Francisco, CA + +%A Welch, T.A. +%D 1984 +%T A technique for high-performance data compression +%J IEEE Computer +%V 17 +%N 6 +%P 8-19 +%O June +%K * + +%A Weyer, S.A. +%D 1982 +%T Searching for information in a dynamic book +%R PhD Thesis +%I School of Education, Stanford University +%O (Also Report SCG-82-1, Xerox Parc) + +%A Whalen, T. +%A Mason, C. +%D 1981 +%T The use of tree-structured index which contains three types of design defects +%J Telidon Behavioural Research +%V 2 +%I Department of Communications +%O May + +%A Whalen, T. +%A Latremouille, S. +%D 1981 +%T The effectiveness of a tree-structured index when the existence of information is uncertain +%J Telidon Behavioural Research +%V 2 +%I Department of Communications +%O May + +%A Wijk, C.van +%A Kempen, G. +%D 1985 +%T From sentence structure to intonation contour +%E B.S.Muller +%T Sprachsynthese: zur Synthese von naturlich gesprochener Sprache aus Texten und Konzepten +%I Georg Olms Verlag +%C Hildesheim +%K * + +%A Wilensky, R. +%A Arens, Y. +%A Chin, D. +%D 1984 +%T Talking to Unix in English: an overview of UC +%J Comm ACM +%V 27 +%N 6 +%P 574-593 +%O June +%K * + +%A Wilkes, A.J. +%A Singer, D.W. +%A Gibbons, J.J. +%A King, T.R. +%A Robinson, P. +%A Wiseman, N.E. +%D 1984 +%T The Rainbow workstation +%J Computer J +%V 27 +%N 2 +%O May +%K * + +%A Wilkes, A.J. +%A Wiseman, N.E. +%D 1982 +%T A soft-edged character set and its derivation +%J Computer J +%V 25 +%N 1 +%P 140-147 +%O February +%K * + +%A Wilkinson, W. +%D 1980 +%T Viewdata: The Prestel System +%B Videotext: the coming revolution in home/office information retrieval +%E Sigel, E. +%I Harmony Books +%C New York, NY +%P 57-86 + +%A Wilks, Y. +%D 1977 +%T Good and bad arguments about semantic primitives +%R Research Report +%I Department of Artificial Intelligence, University of Edinburgh +%O May +%K * + +%A Wilks, Y. +%D 1984 +%T Beliefs, points of view and multiple environments +%B Artificial and human intelligence +%E A.Elithorn and R.Banerji +%I Elsevier Science +%P 147-171 +%K * + +%A Willems, NJ +%D 1983 +%T STEP: A model of standard English intonation patterns +%J IPO Annual Progress Report +%V 18 +%P 37-42 +%K * + +%A Williams, G. +%D 1984 +%T The Apple Macintosh computer +%J Byte +%V 9 +%N 2 +%P 30-54 +%O February + +%A Winograd, T. +%D 1972 +%T Understanding natural language +%I Academic Press +%C New York, NY + +%A Winograd, T. +%D 1984 +%T Moving the semantic fulcrum +%R Report CSLI-84-18 +%I Center for the study of language and information, Stanford University +%C Stanford, CA +%O December +%K * + +%A Witten, I.H. +%D 1983 +%T The Department of Computer Science, University of Calgary +%J Computer Science Association Newsletter +%V 11 +%N 1 +%P 15-23 +%O December +%K KArticle + +%A Witten, I.H. +%A Cleary, J.G. +%D 1986 +%T Foretelling the future by adaptive modeling +%J Abacus +%V 3 +%N 3 +%P 16-36 +%O Spring +%K KArticle + +%A Witten, I.H. +%A Fremont, D. +%D 1984 +%T A student information service for a University Computer Science department +%J Proc 15th Ontario Universities Computing Conference +%I Lakehead University +%C Thunder Bay, ON +%O June +%K KInvited + +%A Witten, I.H. +%D 1985 +%T Elements of computer typography +%J IJMMS +%V 23 +%N 6 +%P 623-687 +%O December +%K KJournal + +%A Witten, I.H. +%A Bramwell, B. +%D 1985 +%T A system for interactive viewing of structured documents +%J Comm ACM +%V 28 +%N 3 +%P 280-288 +%O March +%K KJournal + +%A Witten, I.H. +%D 1984 +%T Dynamic documents +%J Proc PROTEXT I -- First International Conference on Text Processing Systems +%I Boole Press +%C Dublin, Ireland +%P 234-239 +%O October +%K KConference + +%A Witten, I.H. +%A Greenberg, S. +%D 1985 +%T User interfaces for office systems +%B Oxford Surveys in Information Technology Volume 2 +%E P.I. Zorkoczy +%I Oxford University Press +%C Oxford, England +%P 69-104 +%K KJournal + +%A Witten, I.H. +%D 1986 +%T Making computers talk \(em an introduction to speech synthesis +%I Prentice-Hall +%C Englewood Cliffs, NJ + +%A Witten, I.H. +%D 1987 +%T Computer speech +%B The Encyclopaedia of Physical Science and Technology, Volume 3 +%E Robert A Meyers +%I Academic Press +%P 482-506 +%K KInvited + +%A Witten, I.H. +%A Bonham, M. +%A Bramwell, B. +%A Greenberg, S. +%D in preparation +%T Interacting with dynamic documents -- the new age of reading +%R proposal submitted to MIT Press + +%A Witten, I.H. +%D 1985 +%T Selected topics in computer science I +%R Report +%I Institute of Information Processing, Graz, Austria +%O November +%K KReport + +%A Witten, I.H. +%D 1986 +%T Modeling behaviour sequences: principles, practice, prospects +%J Proc International Conference on Future Advances in Computing +%C Christchurch, New Zealand +%O February 17-21 +%K KConference + +%A Witten, I.H. +%D 1986 +%T In search of `autonomy' +%J Proc International Conference on Future Advances in Computing +%C Christchurch, New Zealand +%O February 17-21 +%K KConference + +%A Witten, I.H. +%D 1986 +%T Expert systems +%J Man-Machine Studies +%V UC-DSE +%N 28 +%P 5-65 +%I University of Canterbury +%C Christchurch, New Zealand +%O May +%K KArticle + +%A Witten, I.H. +%D 1987 +%T Thoughts on artificial intentionality +%J Man-Machine Studies +%V UC-DSE +%N 9 +%P 5-52 +%I University of Canterbury +%C Christchurch, New Zealand +%O January +%K KArticle + +%A Witten, I.H. +%A Neal, R. +%A Cleary, J.G. +%D 1987 +%T Arithmetic coding for data compression +%J Comm ACM +%V 30 +%N 6 +%P 520-540 +%O June; reprinted in \fIC Gazette\fP, December 1987 +%K KJournal + +%A Witten, I.H. +%D 1987 +%T A course on `expert systems' for electrical engineering students +%J Proc ACM SIGCSE Technical Symposium on Computer Science Education +%C St Louis, MO +%P 257-260 +%O February (published as SIGCSE Bulletin \fI19\fR(1)) +%K KConference + +%A Wong, S.K.M +%A Ziarko, W. +%A Ye, R. Li +%D 1985 +%T Comparison of rough-set and statistical methods in inductive learning +%R Technical Report CS-85-16 +%I Computer Science Department, University of Regina +%K * + +%A Wood, R.J. +%D 1982 +%T A window based display management system +%R Internal Report +%I University of Maryland + +%A Woods, W.A. +%D 1973 +%T Progress in natural language understanding -- an application to lunar geology +%J Proc National Computer Conference +%C Montvale, NJ +%I AFIPS Press + +%A Woolf, B. +%A McDonald, D.D. +%D 1983 +%T Human-computer discourse in the design of a Pascal tutor +%J Proc ACM CHI 83 Human Factors in Computing Systems +%P 230-234 +%C Boston, MA +%O December 12-15 +%K * + +%A Woolf, B. +%A McDonald, D.D. +%D 1984 +%T Building a computer tutor: design issues +%J IEEE Computer +%V 17 +%N 9 +%P 61-73 +%O September + +%A Wright, W.E. +%D 1977 +%T Gravitational clustering +%J Pattern Recognition +%V 9 +%P 151-166 +%K * + +%A Wu, X. +%A Witten, I.H. +%D 1985 +%T A fast \fIk-\fPmeans type clustering algorithm +%R Research Report 85/197/10 +%I Computer Science Department, University of Calgary +%O June + +%A Wupit, A. +%D 1983 +%T Comparison of UNIX networks +%J Proc ACM Conference on Personal and Small Computers +%C San Diego, CA +%P 99-108 +%O December + +%A Wyvill, B.L.M. +%D 1984 +%T Three computer science plays: \fISquanderella\fP, \fIDigital Alice\fP, and \fITwenty eighty-four\fP +%R Research Report +%I Computer Science Department, University of Calgary + +%A Wyvill, B.L.M. +%A Witten, I.H. +%D 1984 +%T Three computer science plays +%R Research Report 84/184/42 +%I Computer Science Department, University of Calgary +%O December +%K KReport + +%A Xerox\|Corp +%D 1984 +%T The role of electronic printing in the office of the future +%R Executive Presentation II +%K * + +%A Yankelovich, N. +%A Meyrowitz, N. +%A van Dam, A. +%D 1985 +%T Reading and writing the electronic book +%J IEEE Computer +%V 18 +%N 10 +%P 15-30 +%O October + +%A Yoeli, M. +%A Brzozowski, J.A. +%D 1984 +%T A mathematical model of digital CMOS networks +%R Research Report CS-84-22 +%I Computer Science Department, University of Waterloo +%O August +%K * + +%A Young, J.Z. +%D 1978 +%T Programs of the brain +%I Oxford University Press +%C Oxford, England + +%A Zaniolo, C. +%D 1984 +%T Object-oriented programming in Prolog +%J Proc International Symposium on Logic Programming +%C Atlantic City, NJ +%P 265-270 +%O February 6-9 +%K * + +%A Zeleny, M. +%D 1977 +%T Self-organization of living systems: a formal model of autopoiesis +%J Int J General Systems +%V 4 +%N 1 +%P 13-28 + +%A Zeleny, M. +%D 1978 +%T Apl-autopoiesis: experiments in self-organization of complexity +%B Progress in cybernetics and systems research III +%E R.Trappl, G.J.Klir and L.Ricciardi +%P 65-84 +%I Hemisphere +%C Washington, DC + +%A Zeleny, M.\0(Editor) +%D 1981 +%T Autopoiesis: a theory of living organization +%I North Holland +%C New York, NY + +%A Zeleny, M. +%D 1981 +%T What is autopoiesis? +%E M.Zeleny +%B Autopoiesis: a theory of living organization +%I North Holland +%C New York, NY +%P 4-17 + +%A Zimmermann, H. +%D 1980 +%T OSI reference model \(em the ISO model of architecture for open systems interconnection +%J IEEE Trans Communications +%P 425-432 +%O April + +%A Zisman, M.M. +%D 1977 +%T Representation, specification, and automation of office procedures +%R PhD Dissertation +%I Wharton School, University of Pennsylvania + +%A Zissos, A.Y. +%A Witten, I.H. +%D 1985 +%T User modelling for a computer coach: a case study +%J IJMMS +%V 23 +%N 6 +%P 729-750 +%O December +%K KJournal + +%A Ziv, J. +%A Lempel, A. +%D 1977 +%T A universal algorithm for sequential data compression +%J IEEE Trans Information Theory +%V IT-23 +%N 3 +%P 337-343 +%O May +%K * + +%A Ziv, J. +%A Lempel, A. +%D 1978 +%T Compression of individual sequences via variable-rate coding +%J IEEE Trans Information Theory +%V IT-24 +%P 530-536 +%O September +%K * diff --git a/test/canterbury-corpus/calgary/book1 b/test/canterbury-corpus/calgary/book1 new file mode 100644 index 0000000..f3b64ba --- /dev/null +++ b/test/canterbury-corpus/calgary/book1 @@ -0,0 +1,16622 @@ + + + + +

+DESCRIPTION OF FARMER OAK -- AN INCIDENT +When Farmer Oak smiled, the corners of his mouth +spread till they were within an unimportant distance of +his ears, his eyes were reduced to chinks, and diverging +wrinkles appeared round them, extending upon his +countenance like the rays in a rudimentary sketch of +the rising sun. +His Christian name was Gabriel, and on working +days he was a young man of sound judgment, easy +motions, proper dress, and general good character. On +Sundays he was a man of misty views, rather given to +postponing, and hampered by his best clothes and +umbrella : upon the whole, one who felt himself to +occupy morally that vast middle space of Laodicean +neutrality which lay between the Communion people +of the parish and the drunken section, -- that is, he went +to church, but yawned privately by the time the con+ +gegation reached the Nicene creed,- and thought of +what there would be for dinner when he meant to be +listening to the sermon. Or, to state his character as +it stood in the scale of public opinion, when his friends +and critics were in tantrums, he was considered rather a +bad man ; when they were pleased, he was rather a good +man ; when they were neither, he was a man whose +moral colour was a kind of pepper-and-salt mixture. +Since he lived six times as many working-days as +Sundays, Oak's appearance in his old clothes was most +peculiarly his own -- the mental picture formed by his +neighbours in imagining him being always dressed in +that way. He wore a low-crowned felt hat, spread out +at the base by tight jamming upon the head for security +in high winds, and a coat like Dr. Johnson's ; his lower +extremities being encased in ordinary leather leggings +and boots emphatically large, affording to each foot a +roomy apartment so constructed that any wearer might +stand in a river all day long and know nothing of +

+damp -- their maker being a conscientious man who +endeavoured to compensate for any weakness in his cut +by unstinted dimension and solidity. +Mr. Oak 'carried 'about him, by way of watch,+ +what may be called a small silver clock; in other +words, it was a watch as to shape and intention, and +a small clock as to size. This instrument being several +years older than Oak's grandfather, had the peculiarity +of going either too fast or not at all. The smaller +of its hands, too, occasionally slipped round on the +pivot, and thus, though the minutes were told with +precision, nobody could be quite certain of the hour +they belonged to. The stopping peculiarity of his +watch Oak remedied by thumps and shakes, and he +escaped any evil consequences from the other two +defects by constant comparisons with and observations +of the sun and stars, and by pressing his face close +to the glass of his neighbours' windows, till he could +discern the hour marked by the green-faced timekeepers +within. It may be mentioned that Oak's fob being +difficult of access, by reason of its somewhat high +situation in the waistband of his trousers (which also +lay at a remote height under his waistcoat), the watch +was as a necessity pulled out by throwing the body to +one-side, compressing the- mouth and face to a mere +mass of- ruddy flesh- on account -of the exertion, and +drawing up the watch by its chain, like a bucket from a +well. +But some thoughtfull persons, who had seen him +walking across one of his fields on a certain December +morning -- sunny and exceedingly mild -- might have +regarded Gabriel Oak in other aspects than these. In +his face one might notice that many of the hues and +curves of youth had tarried on to manhood: there even +remained in his remoter crannies some relics of the boy. +His height and breadth would have been sufficient to +make his presence imposing, had they been exhibited +with due consideration. But there is a way some men +have, rural and urban alike, for which the mind is more +responsible than flesh and sinew : it is a way of curtail+ +ing their dimensions by their manner of showing them. +And from a quiet modesty that would have become a +vestal which seemed continually to impress upon him +

+that he had no great claim on the world's room, Oak +walked unassumingly and with a faintly perceptible +bend, yet distinct from a bowing of the shoulders. +This may be said to be a defect in an individual if he +depends for his valuation more upon his appearance +than upon his capacity to wear well, which Oak did not. +He had just reached the time of life at which " young' +is ceasing to be the prefix of "man ' in speaking of one. +He was at the brightest period of masculine growth, +for his intellect and his emotions were clearly separated : +he had passed the time during which the influence of +youth indiscriminately mingles them in the character +of impulse, and he had not yet arrived at the stage +wherein they become united again, in the character of +prejudice, by the influence of a wife and family. In +short, he was twenty-eight, and a bachelor. +The field he was in this morning sloped to a +ridge called Norcombe Hill. Through a spur of this +hill ran the highway between Emminster and Chalk+ +Newton. Casually glancing over the hedge, Oak saw +coming down the incline before him an ornamental +spring waggon, painted yellow and gaily marked, +drawn by two horses, a waggoner walking alongside +bearing a whip perpendicularly. The waggon was +laden with household goods and window plants, and +on the apex of the whole sat a woman, 'young-'and +attractive. Gabriel had not beheld the sight for more +than half a minute, when the vehicle was brought to a +standstill just beneath his eyes. +" The tailboard of the waggon is gone, Miss,' said the +waggoner. +"Then I heard it fall,' said the girl, in a soft, though +not particularly low voice. "I heard a noise I could +not account for when we were coming up the hill.' +"I'll run back.' + +" Do,' she answered. + +The sensible horses stood -- perfectly still, and the +waggoner's steps sank fainter and fainter in the distance. +The girl on the summit of the load sat motionless, +surrounded by tables and chairs with their legs upwards, +backed by an oak settle, and ornamented in front by +pots of geraniums, myrtles, and cactuses, together with +

+a caged canary -- all probably from the windows of the +house just vacated. There was also a cat in a willow +basket, from the partly-opened lid of which she gazed +with half-closed eyes, and affectionately-surveyed the +small birds around. +The handsome girl waited for some time idly in her +place, and the only sound heard in the stillness-was -the +hopping of the canary up-and down the perches of its +prison. Then she looked attentively downwards. It +was not at the bird, nor at the cat; it was at an oblong +package tied in paper, and lying between them. She +turned her head to learn if the waggoner were coming. +He was not yet in sight; and her-eyes crept back to +the package, her thoughts seeming to run 'upon what +was inside it. At length she drew the article into her +lap, and untied the paper covering; a small swing +looking-glass was disclosed, in which she proceeded to +survey herself attentively. She parted her lips and +smiled. +It was a fine morning, and the sun lighted up to a +scarlet glow the crimson jacket she wore, and painted +a soft lustre upon her bright face and dark hair. The +myrtles, geraniums, and cactuses packed around her +were fresh and green, and at such a leafless season they +invested the whole concern of horses, waggon, furniture, +and girl with a peculiar vernal charm. What possessed +her to indulge in such a performance in the sight of the +sparrows, blackbirds, and unperceived farmer who were +alone its spectators, -- whether the smile began as a +factitious one, to test her capacity in that art, -- nobody +knows ; it ended certainly in a real smile. She blushed +at herself, and seeing her reflection blush, blushed the +more. +The change from the customary spot and necessary +occasion of such an act -- from the dressing hour in a +bedroom to a time of travelling out of doors -- lent to +the idle deed a novelty it did not intrinsically possess. +The picture was a delicate one. Woman's prescriptive +infirmity had stalked into the sunlight, which had +clothed it in the freshness of an originality. A +cynical inference was irresistitle by Gabriel Oak as he +regarded the scene, generous though he fain would have +been. There was no necessity whatever for her looking +in the glass. She did not adjust her hat, or pat her +

+hair, or press a dimple into shape, or do one thing to +signify that any such intention had been her motive in +taking up the glass. She simply observed herself as a +fair product of Nature in the feminine kind, her thoughts +seeming to glide into far-off though likely dramas in +which men would play a part -- vistas of probable +triumphs -- the smiles being of a phase suggesting that +hearts were imagined as lost and won. Still, this was +but conjecture, and the whole series of actions was so +idly put forth as to make it rash to assert that intention +had any part in them at all. +The waggoner's steps were heard returning. She +put the glass in the paper, and the whole again into its +place. +When the waggon had passed on, Gabriel withdrew +from his point of espial, and descending into the road, +followed the vehicle to the turnpike-gate some way +beyond the bottom of the hill, where the object of his +contemplation now halted for the payment of toll. About +twenty steps still remained between him and the gate, +when he heard a dispute. lt was a difference con+ +cerning twopence between the persons with the waggon +and the man at the toll-bar. +" Mis'ess's niece is upon the top of the things, and +she says that's enough that I've offered ye, you great +miser, and she won't pay any more.' These were the +waggoner's words. +"Very well ; then mis'ess's niece can't pass,' said the +turnpike-keeper, closing the gate. +Oak looked from one to the other of the disputants, +and fell into a reverie. There was something in the +tone of twopence remarkably insignificant. Threepence +had a definite value as money -- it was an appreciable +infringement on a day's wages, and, as such, a higgling +matter ; but twopence -- -- " Here,' he said, stepping +forward and handing twopence to the gatekeeper ; "let +the young woman pass.' He looked up at her then; +she heard his words, and looked down. +Gabriel's features adhered throughout their form so +exactly to the middle line between the beauty of St. +John and the ugliness of Judas Iscariot, as represented +in a window of the church he attended, that not a single +lineament could be selected and called worthy either of +distinction or notoriety. The redjacketed and dark+ +

+haired maiden seemed to think so too, for she carelessly +glanced over him, and told her man to drive on. She +might have looked her thanks to Gabriel on a minute +scale, but she did not speak them; more probably she +felt none, for in gaining her a passage he had lost her +her point, and we know how women take a favour of +that kind. +The gatekeeper surveyed the retreating vehicle. +" That's a handsome maid ' he said to Oak +" But she has her faults,' said Gabriel. +" True, farmer. ' +"And the greatest of them is -- well, what it is +always.' +" Beating people down ? ay, 'tis so.' +"O no.' +" What, then ? ' +Gabriel, perhaps a little piqued by the comely +traveller's indifference, glanced back to where he had +witnessed her performance over the hedge, and said, +" Vanity.' + +

+NIGHT -- THE FLOCK -- AN INIERIOR -- ANOTHER INTERIOR +IT was nearly midnight on the eve of St. Thomas"s, the +shortest day in the year. A desolating wind wandered +from the north over the hill whereon Oak had watched +the yellow waggon and its occupant in the sunshine of +a few days earlier. + Norcombe Hill -- not far from lonely Toller-Down + -- was one of the spots which suggest to a passer-by +that he is in the presence of a shape approaching the +indestructible as nearly as any to be found on earth. +It was a featureless convexity of chalk and soil -- an +ordinary specimen of those smoothly-outlined protuber+ +ances of the globe which may remain undisturbed on +some great day of confusion, when far grander heights +and dizzy granite precipices topple down. +The hill was covered on its northern side by an +ancient and decaying plantation of beeches, whose +upper verge formed a line over the crest, fringing its +arched curve against the sky, like a mane. To-night +these trees sheltered the southern slope from the keenest +blasts, which smote the wood and floundered through +it with a sound as of grumbling, or gushed over its +crowning boughs in a weakened moan. The dry leaves +in the ditch simmered and boiled in the same breezes, +a tongue of air occasionally ferreting out a few, and +sending them spinning across the grass. A group or +two of the latest in date amongst the dead multitude +had remained till this very mid-winter time on the twigs +which bore them and in falling rattled against the trunks +with smart taps: +Betwenne this half-wooded, half naked hill, and the +vague still horizon that its summit indistinctly com+ +manded, was a mysterious sheet of fathomless shade + -- the sounds from which suggested that what it con+ +cealed bore some reduced resemblance to features here. +

+The thin grasses, more or less coating the hill, were +touched by the wind in breezes of differing powers, and +almost of differing natures -- one rubbing the blades +heavily, another raking them piercingly, another brushing +them like a soft broom. The instinctive act of human+ +kind was to stand and listen, and learn how the trees +to each other in the regular antiphonies of a cathedral +choir; how hedges and other shapes to leeward them +caught the note, lowering it to the tenderest sob; and +how the hurrying gust then plunged into the south, to +be heard no more. +The sky was clear -- remarkably clear -- and the +twinkling of all the stars seemed to be but throbs of +one body, timed by a common pulse. The North Star +was directly in the wind's eye, and since evening the +Bear had swung round it outwardly to the east, till he +was now at a right angle with the meridian. A +difference of colour in the stars -- oftener read of than +seen in England-was really perceptible here. The +sovereign brilliancy of Sirius pierced the eye with a steely +glitter, the star called Capella was yellow, Aldebaran and +Betelgueux shone with a fiery red. +To persons standing alone on a hill during a clear +midnight such as this, the roll of the world eastward is +almost a palpable movement. The sensation may be +caused by the panoramic glide of the stars past earthly +objects, which is perceptible in a few minutes of still+ +ness, or by the better outlook upon space that a hill +affords, or by the wind, or by the solitude ; but whatever +be its origin, the impression of riding along is vivid and +abiding. The poetry of motion is a phrase much in +use, and to enjoy the epic form of that gratification it +is necessary to stand on a hill at a small hour of the +night, and, having first expanded with a sense of differ+ +ence from the mass of civilised mankind, who are +dreamwrapt and disregardful of all such proceedings at +this time, long and quietly watch your stately progress +through the stars. After such a nocturnal reconnoitre +it is hard to get back to earth, and to believe that the +consciousness of such majestic speeding is derived from +a tiny human frame. +Suddenly an unexpected series of sounds began to +

+be heard +in this place up against the sky. They had a +clearness which was to be found nowhere in the wind, +and a sequence which was to be found nowhere in +nature. They were the notes of Farmer Oak's flute. +The tune was not floating unhindered into the open +air : it seemed muffled in some way, and was altogether +too curtailed in power to spread high or wide. It came +from the direction of a small dark object under the +plantation hedge -- a shepherd's hut -- now presenting +an outline to which an uninitiated person might have +been puzzled to attach either meaning or use. +The image as a whole was that of a small Noah's +Ark on a small Ararat, allowing the traditionary outlines +and general form of the Ark which are followed by toy+ +makers -- and by these means are established in men's +imaginations among their firmest, because earliest im+ +pressions -- to pass as an approximate pattern. The +hut stood on little wheels, which raised its floor about a +foot from the ground. Such shepherds' huts are dragged +into the fields when the lambing season comes on, to +shelter the shepherd in his- enforced nightly attendance. +It was only latterly that people had begun to call +Gabriel !Farmer' Oak. During the twelvemonth pre+ +ceding this time he had been enabled by sustained +efforts of industry and chronic good spirits to lease the +small shepp farm of which Norcombe Hill was a portion, +and stock it with two hundred sheep. Previously he +had been a bailiff for a short time, and earlier still a +shepherd only, having from his childhood assisted his +father in tending the floeks of large proprietors, till old +Gabriel sank to rest. +This venture, unaided and alone, into the paths of +farming as master and not as man, with an advance of +sheep not yet paid for, was a critical juncture with +Gabriel Oak, and he recognised his position clearly. +The first movement in his new progress was the lambing +of his ewes, and sheep having been his speciality from +his "youth, he wisely refrained from deputing -- the task +of tending them at this season to a hireling or a novice. +The wind continued to beat-about the corners of the +hut, but the flute-playing ceased. A rectangular space +of light +

+appeared in the side of the hut, and in the +opening the outline of Farmer Oak's figure. He carried +a lantern in his hand, and closing the door behind him, +came forward and busied himself about this nook of the +field for nearly twenty minutes, the lantern light appear+ +ing and disappearing here and there, and brightening +him or darkening him as he stood before or behind it. +Oak's motions, though they had a quiet-energy, were +slow, and their deliberateness accorded well with his +occupation. Fitness being the basis of beauty, nobody +could-have denied that his steady swings and turns" +in and- about the flock had elements of grace, Yet, +although if occasion demanded he could do or think a +thing with as mercurial a dash as can the men of towns +who are more to the manner born, his special power, +morally, physically, and mentally, was static, owing +little or nothing to momentum as a rule. +A close examination of the ground hereabout, even +by the wan starlight only, revealed how a portion of +what would have been casually called a wild slope had +been appropriated by Farmer Oak for his great purpose +this winter. Detached hurdles thatched with straw +were stuck into the ground at various scattered points, +amid and under which the whitish forms of his meek +ewes moved and rustled. The ring of the sheep-bell, +which had been silent during his absence, recommenced, +in tones that had more mellowness than clearness, owing +to an increasing growth of surrounding wool. This +continued till Oak withdrew again from the flock. He + -- returned to the hut, bringing in his arms a new-born +lamb, consisting of four legs large enough for a full+ +grown sheep, united by a seemingly inconsiderable mem+ +brane about half the substance of the legs collectively, +which constituted the animal's entire body just at present. +The little speck of life he placed on a wisp of hay +before the small stove, where a can of milk was simmer+ +ing. Oak extinguished the lantern by blowing into it +and then pinching the snuff, the cot being lighted +by a candle suspended by a twisted wire. A rather +hard couch, formed of a few corn sacks thrown carelessly +down, covered half the floor of this little +

+habitation, and +here the young man stretched himself along, loosened +his woollen cravat, and closed his eyes. In about the +time a person unaccustomed to bodily labour would have +decided upon which side to lie, Farmer Oak was asleep. +The inside of the hut, as it now presented itself, was +cosy and alluring, and the scarlet handful of fire in +addition to the candle, reflecting its own genial colour +upon whatever it could reach, flung associations of +enjoyment even over utensils and tools. In the corner +stood the sheep-crook, and along a shelf at one side +were ranged bottles and canisters of the simple prepara+ +tions pertaining to ovine surgery and physic; spirits of +wine, turpentine, tar, magnesia, ginger, and castor-oil +being the chief. On a triangular shelf across the corner +stood bread, bacon, cheese, and a cup for ale or cider, +which was supplied from a flagon beneath. Beside the +provisions lay the flute whose notes had lately been +called forth by the lonely watcher to beguile a tedious +hour. The house was ventilated by two round holes, +like the lights of a ship's cabin, with wood slides+ +The lamb, revived by the warmth' began to bleat' +instant meaning, as expected sounds will. Passing +from the profoundest sleep to the most alert wakefulness +with the same ease that had accompanied the reverse +operation, he looked at his watch, found that the hour+ +hand had shifted again, put on his hat, took the lamb +in his arms, and carried it into the darkness. After +placing the little creature with its mother, he stood and +carefully examined the sky, to ascertain the time of +night from the altitudes of the stars. +The Dog-star and Aldebaran, pointing to the restless +Pleiades, were half-way up the Southern sky, and between +them hung Orion, which gorgeous constellation never +burnt more vividly than now, as it soared forth above +the rim of the landscape. Castor and Pollux will +the north-west; far away through the plantation Vega +and Cassiopeia's chair stood daintily poised on the +uppermost boughs. +

+"One o'clock,' said Gabriel. +Being a man not without a frequent consciousness +that there was some charm in this life he led, he stood +still after looking at the sky as a useful instrument, and +regarded it in an appreciative spirit, as a work of art +superlatively beautiful. For a moment he seemed +impressed with the speaking loneliness of the scene, or +rather with the complete abstraction from all its compass +of the sights and sounds of man. Human shapes,interferences, +troubles, and joys were all as if they were not, and there +seemed to be on the shaded hemisphere of the globe no sentient being +save himself; he could fancy them all gone round to the sunny side. + Occupied this, with eyes stretched afar, Oak gradually per+ +ceived that what he had previously taken to be a star low +down behind the outskirts of the plantation was in reality no +such thing. It was an artificial light, almost close at hand. + To find themselves utterly alone at night where company +is desirable and expected makes some people fearful; but a +case more trying by far to the nerves is to discover some +mysterious companionship when intuition, sensation, memory, +analogy, testimony, probability, induction -- every kind of +evidence in the logician's list -- have united to persuade con+ +sciousness that it is quite in isolation. + Farmer Oak went towards the plantation and pushed +through its lower boughs to the windy side. A dim mass under +the slope reminded him that a shed occupied a place here, +the site being a cutting into the slope of the hill, so that at +its back part the roof was almost level with the ground. In +front it was formed of board nailed to posts and covered with +tar as apreservative. Through crevices in the roof and side +spread streaks and spots of light, a combination of which made +the radiance that had attracted him. Oak stepped up behind, +where,leaning down upon the roof and putting his eye close +to a hole, he could see into the interior clearly. + The place contained two women and two cows. By the side +of the latter a steaming bran-mash stood in a bucket. One +of the women was past middle age. Her companion was ap+ +parently young and graceful; he could form no decided opinion +

+upon her looks, her position being almost beneath his eye, so +that he saw her in a bird's-eye view, as Milton's Satan first saw +Paradise. She wore no bonnet or het, but had enveloped her+ +self in a large cloak, which was carelessly flung over her head +as a covering. + "There, now we'll go home," said the elder of the two, resting + her knuckles upon her hips, and looking at their goings-on as +a whole. "I do hope Daisy will fetch round again now. I have +never been more frightened in my life, but I don't mind break+ +ing my rest if she recovers." + The young woman, whose eyelids were apparently inclined +to fall together on the smallest provocation of silence,yawned +in sympathy. + "I wish we were rich enough to pay a man to do these +things," she said. + "As we are not, we must do them ourselves," said the other; +"for you must help me if you stay." +"Well, my hat is gone, however," continued the younger. "It +went over the hedge, I think. The idea of such a slight wind +catching it." + The cow standing erect was of the Devon breed, and was +encased in a tight warm hide of rich Indian red, as absolutely +uniform from eyes to tail as if the animal had been dipped in +a dye of that colour, her long back being mathematically level. +The other was spotted,grey and white. Beside her Oak now +noticed a little calf about a day old, looking idiotically at +the two women, which showed that it had not long been +accustomed to the phenomenon of eyesight, and often turn+ +ing to the lantern, which it apparently mistook for the moon. +inherited instinct having as yet had little time for correction +by experience. Between the sheep and the cows Lucina had +been busy on Norcombe hill lately. + "I think we had better send for some oatmeal," said the +"Yes, aunt; and I'll ride over for it as soon as it is +light. ' +" But there's no side-saddle.' +

+"I can ride on the other : trust me.' +Oak, upon hearing these remarks, became more +curious to observe her features, but this prospect being +denied him by the hooding efect of the cloak, and by his +aerial position, he felt himself drawing upon his fancy +for their details. In making even horizontal and clear +inspections we colour and mould according to the warts +within us whatever our eyes bring in. Had Gabriel +been able from the first to get a distinct view of her + +countenance, his estimate of it as very handsome or +slightly so would have been as his soul required a +divinity at the moment or was ready supplied with one. +Having for some time known the want of a satisfactory +form to fill an increasing void within him, his position +moreover affording the widest scope for his fancy, he +painted her a beauty. +By one of those whimsical coincidences in which +Nature, like a busy mother, seems to spare a moment +from her unremitting labours to turn and make her +children smile, the girl now dropped the cloak, and +forth tumbled ropes of black hair over a red jacket. +Oak knew her instantly as the heroine of the yellow +waggon, myrtles, and looking-glass : prosily, as the +woman who owed him twopence. +They placed the calf beside its mother again, took +up the lantern, and went out, the light sinking down +the hill till it was no more than a nebula. Gabriel +Oak returned to his flock. + +

+A GIRL ON HORSEBACK -- CONVERSATION +THE sluggish day began to break. Even its position +terrestrially is one of the elements of a new interest, +and for no particular reason save that the incident of +the night had occurred there, Oak went again into +the plantation. Lingering and musing here, he heard +the steps of a horse at the foot of the hill, and soon +there appeared in view an auburn pony with a girl on +its back, ascending by the path leading past the cattle+ +shed. She was the young woman of the night before. +Gabriel instantly thought of the hat she had mentioned +as having lost in the wind; possibly she had come to +look for it. He hastily scanned the ditch and after +walking about ten yards along it, found the hat among the +leaves. Gabriel took it in his hand and returned to his +hut. Here he ensconced himself, and peeped through +the loophole in the direction of the riders approach. +She came up and looked around -- then on the other +side of the hedge. Gabriel was about to advance and +restore the missing article when an unexpected per+ +formance induced him to suspend the action for the +present. The path, after passing the cowshed, bisected +the plantation. It was not a bridle-path -- merely a +pedestrian's track, and the boughs spread horizontally +at a height not greater than seven feet above the ground, +which made it impossible to ride erect beneath them. +The girl, who wore no riding-habit, looked around for +a moment, as if to assure herself that all humanity was +out of view, then dexterously dropped backwards flat +upon the pony's back, her head over its tail, her feet +against its shoulders, and her eyes to the sky. The +rapidity of her glide into this position was that of a +kingfisher -- its noiselessness that of a hawk. Gabriel's +eyes had scarcely been able to follow her. The tall lank +pony seemed used to such doings, and ambled +

+along unconcerned. Thus she passed under the level boughs. +The performer seemed quite at home anywhere +between a horse's head and its tail, and the necessity +for this abnormal attitude having ceased with the +passage of the plantation, she began to adopt another, +even more obviously convenient than the first. She had +no side-saddle, and it was very apparent that a firm +seat upon the smooth leather beneath her was un+ +attainable sideways. Springing to her accustomed +perpendicular like a bowed sapling, and satisfying her, +self that nobody was in sight, she seated herself in the +manner demanded by the saddle, though hardly expected +of the woman, and trotted off in the direction of Tewnell +Mill. +Oak was amused, perhaps a little astonished, and +hanging up the hat in his hut, went again among his +ewes. An hour passed, the girl returned, properly +seated now, with a bag of bran in front of her. On +nearing the cattle-shed she was met by a boy bringing +a milking-pail, who held the reins of the pony whilst +she slid off. The boy led away the horse, leaving the +pail with the young woman. +Soon soft spirts alternating with loud spirts came +in regular succession from within the shed, the obvious +sounds of a person milking a cow. Gabriel took the +lost hat in his hand, and waited beside the path she +would follow in leaving the hill. +She came, the pail in one hand, hanging against her +knee. The left arm was extended as a balance, enough +of it being shown bare to make Oak wish that the event +ha happened in the summer, when the whole would +have been revealed. There was a bright air and manner +about her now, by which she seemed to imply that the +desirability of her existence could not be questioned; +and this rather saucy assumption failed in being offensive, +because a beholder felt it to be, upon the whole, true. +Like exceptional emphasis in the tone of a genius, that +which would have made mediocrity ridiculous was an +addition to recognised power. It was with some +surprise that she saw Gabriel's face rising like the +moon behind the hedge. +The adjustment of the farmer's hazy conceptions of +her +

+charms to the portrait of herself she now presented +him with was less a diminuition than a difference. The +starting-point selected by the judgment was. her height +She seemed tall, but the pail was a small one, and the +hedge diminutive; hence, making allowance for error +by comparison with these, she could have been not +above the height to be chosen by women as best. All +features of consequence were severe and regular. It +may have been observed by persons who go about the +shires with eyes for beauty, that in Englishwoman a +classically-formed face is seldom found to be united +with a figure of the same pattern, the highly-finished +features being generally too large for the remainder of +the frame ; that a graceful and proportionate figure of +eight heads usually goes off into random facial curves. +Without throwing a Nymphean tissue over a milkmaid, +let it be said that here criticism checked itself as out +of place, and looked at her proportions with a long +consciousness of pleasure. From the contours of her +figure in its upper part, she must have had a beautiful +neek and shoulders ; but since her infancy nobody had +ever seen them. Had she been put into a low dress +she would have run and thrust her head into a bush. +Yet she was not a shy girl by any means; it was merely +her instinct to draw the line dividing the seen from the +unseen higher than they do it in towns. +That the girl's thoughts hovered about her face +and form as soon as she caught Oak's eyes conning the +same page was natural, and almost certain. The self+ +consciousness shown would have been vanity if a little +more pronounced, dignity if a little less. Rays of male +vision seem to have a tickling effect upon virgin faces +in rural districts ; she brushed hers with her hand, as if +Gabriel had been irritating its pink surface by actual +touch, and the free air of her previous movements was +reduced at the same time to a chastened phase of +itself. Yet it was the man who blushed, the maid not +at all. +" I found a hat,' said Oak. +" It is mine,' said she, and, from a sense of proportion, +kept down to a small smile an inclination to laugh dis+ +tinctly : "it flew away last night.' +" One o'clock this morning ? ' +

+" Well -- it was.' She was surprised. " How did you +know ? ' she said. +" I was here.' +" You are Farmer Oak, are you not ? ' +" That or thereabouts. I'm lately come to this place.' +" A large farm ? ' she inquired, casting her eyes round, +and swinging back her hair, which was black in the +shaded hollows of its mass; but it being now an hour +past sunrise, the rays touched its prominent curves with +a colour of their own. +" No ; not large. About a hundred.' (In speaking +of farms the word "acres ' is omitted by the natives, by +analogy to such old expressions as "a stag of ten.') +' "I wanted my hat this morning,' she went on. +had to ride to Tewnell Mill.' +"Yes you had.' +"How do you know?' +"I saw you! +"Where?' she inquired, a misgiving bringing every +muscle of her lineaments and frame to a standstill. +"Here-going through the plantation, and all down +the hill,' said Farmer Oak, with an aspect excessively +knowing with regard to some matter in his mind, as he +gazed at a remote point in the direction named, and then +turned back to meet his colloquist's eyes. +A perception caused him to withdraw his own eyes +from hers as suddenly as if he had been caught in a +theft. Recollection of the strange antics she had +indulged in when passing through the trees, was suc+ +ceeded in the girl by a nettled palpitation, and that' by +a hot face. It was a time to see a woman redden who +was not given to reddening s a rule; not a point in +the milkmaid but was of the deepest rose-colour. From +the Maiden's Blush, through all varieties of the Provence +down to the Crimson Tuscany, the countenance of Oak's +acquaintance quickly graduated ; whereupon he, in con+ +siderateness, turned away his head. +The sympathetic man still looked the other way, and +wondered when she would recover coolness sufficient to +justify him in facing her again. He heard what seemed +to be the flitting of a +

+dead leaf upon the breeze, and +looked. She had gone away. +With an air between that of Tragedy and Comedy ! +Gabriel returned to his work. +Five mornings and evenings passed. The young +woman came regularly to milk the healthy cow or to +attend to the sick one, but never allowed her vision to +stray in the direction of Oak's person. His want of +tact had deeply offended her -- not by seeing what he +could not help, but by letting her know that he had +seen it. For, as without law there is no sin, without +eyes there is no indecorum; and she appeared to feel +that Gabriel's espial had made her an indecorous woman +without her own connivance. It was food for great regret +with him; it was also a contretemps which touched into +life a latent heat he had experienced in that direction. +The acquaintanceship might, however, have ended in +a slow forgetting, but for an incident which occurred at +the end of the same week. One afternoon it began to +freeze, and the frost increased with evening, which drew +on like a stealthy tightening of bonds. It was a time +when in cottages the breath of the sleepers freezes to +the sheets; when round the drawing-room fire of a +thick-walled mansion the sitters' backs are cold, even +whilst their faces are all aglow. Many a small bird went +to bed supperless that night among the bare boughs. +As the milking-hour drew near, Oak kept his usual +watch upon the cowshed. At last he felt cold, and +shaking an extra quantity of bedding round the yeaning +ewes he entered the hut and heaped more fuel upon +the stove. The wind came in at the bottom of the door, +and to prevent it Oak laid a sack there and wheeled the +cot round a little more to the south. Then the wind +spouted in at a ventilating hole -- of which there was one +on each side of the hut. +Gabriel had always known that when the fire was +lighted and the door closed one of these must be kept +open -- that chosen being always on the side away from +the wind. Closing the slide to windward, he turned to +open the other; on second -- -thoughts the farmer con+ +sidered that he would first sit down leaving both +closed for a minute or two, till the temperature of the +hut was a little raised. He sat down. +

+His head began to ache in an unwonted manner, and, +fancying himself weary by reason of the broken rests of +the preceding nights, Oak decided to get up, open the +slide, and then allow himself to fall asleep. He fell +asleep, however, without having performed the necessary +preliminary. +How long he remained unconseious Gabriel never +knew. During the first stages of his return to percep+ +tion peculiar deeds seemed to be in course of enactment. +His dog was howling, his head was aching fearfully -- +somebody was pulling him about, hands were loosening +his neckerchief. +On opening his eyes he found that evening had sunk +to dusk in a strange manner of unexpectedness. The +young girl with the remarkably pleasant lips and white +teeth was beside him. More than this -- astonishingly +more -- his head was upon her lap, his face and neck +were disagreeably wet, and her fingers were unbuttoning +his collar. +"Whatever is the matter?' said Oak, vacantly. +She seemed to experience mirth, but of too insignifi+ +cant a kind to start enjoyment. +"Nothing now', she answered, "since you are not +dead It is a wonder you were not,suffocated in this +hut of yours.' +"Ah, the hut ! ' murmured Gabriel. "I gave ten +pounds for that hut. But I'll sell it, and sit under +thatched hurdles as they did in old times, curl up +to sleep in a lock of straw! It played me nearly the +same trick the other day .! ' Gabriel, by way of emphasis, +brought down his fist upon the floor. +"It was not exactly the fault of the hut,' she ob+ +served in a tone which showed her to be that novelty +among women -- one who finished a thought before +beginning the sentence which was to convey it. " You +should I think, have considered, and not have been so +foolish as to leave the slides closed.' +"Yes I suppose I should,' said Oak, absently. He +was endeavouring to catch and appreciate the sensation +of being thus with her, his head upon her dress, before +the event passed on into the heap of bygone things. +He wished she knew his impressions ; but he would as +soon have thought of carrying an odour in a net as of +attempting to convey the intangibilities +

+of his feeling +in the coarse meshes of language. So he remained +silent. +She made him sit up, and then Oak began wiping +his face and shaking himself like a Samson. "How +can I thank 'ee ? ' he said at last, gratefully, some of the +natural rusty red having returned to his face. + " Oh, never mind that,' said the girl, smiling, and +allowing her smile to hold good for Gabriel's next +remark, whatever that might prove to be. +"How did you find me?" +"I heard your dog howling and scratching at the +door of the hut when I came to the milking (it was so +lucky, Daisy's milking is almost over for the season, and + I shall not come here after this week or the next). The +dog saw me, and jumped over to me, and laid hold of +my skirt. I came across and looked round the hut the +very first thing to see if the slides were closed. My +uncle has a hut like this one, and I have heard him tell +his shepherd not to go to sleep without leaving a slide +open. I opened the door, and there you were like +dead. I threw the milk over you, as there was no +water, forgetting it was warm, and no use.' +"I wonder if I should have died ? ' Gabriel said, in a +low voice, which was rather meant to travel back to +himself than to her. +"O no," the girl replied. She seemed to prefer a +less tragic probability ; to have saved a man from death +'involved talk that should harmonise with the dignity of +such a deed -- and she shunned it. +"I believe you saved my life, Miss -- -- I don!t know +your name. I know your aunt's, but not yours.' +" I would just as soon not tell it -- rather not. There +is no reason either why I should, as you probably will +never have much to do with me.' + " Still, I should like to know.' +" You can inquire at my aunt's -- she will tell you.' +'My name is Gabriel Oak.' +"And mine isn't. You seem fond of yours in +speaking it so decisively, Gabriel Oak.' +

+" You see, it is the only one I shall ever have, and I +must make the most of it.' +" I always think mine sounds odd and disagreeable.' +"I should think you might soon get a new one.' +"Mercy ! -- how many opinions you keep about you +concerning other people, Gabriel Oak. +"Well Miss-excuse the words-I thought you +would like them But I can't match you I know in +napping out my mind upon my tongue. I never was +very clever in my inside. But I thank you. Come +give me your hand!' +She hesitated, somewhat disconcerted at Oak's old+ +fashioned earnest conclusion. to a dialogue lightly +carried on."Very well,' she said, and gave him her +hand, compressing her lips to a demure impassivity. +He held it but an instant, and in his fear of being too +demonstrative, swerved to the opposite extreme, touching +her fingers with the lightness of a small-hearted person. +" I am sorry,' he said, the instant after. +" What for?' +"You may have it again if you like; there it is.' +She gave him her hand again. +Oak held it longer this time -- indeed, curiously long. +"How soft it is -- being winter time, too -- not chapped +or rough or anything!' he said. +"There -- that's long enough,' said she, though with+ +out pulling it away "But I suppose you are thinking +you would like to kiss it? You may if you want to.' +"I wasn't thinking of any such thing,' said Gabriel, +simply ; "but I will' +"That you won't!' She snatched back her hand. +Gabriel felt himself guilty of another want of tact. +"Now find out my name,' she said, teasingly; and +withdrew. + +

+GABRIEL'S RESOLVE -- THE VISIT -- THE MISTAKE +THE only superiority in women that is tolerable to the +rival sex is, as a rule, that of the unconscious kind ; but +a superiority which recognizes itself may sometimes +please by suggesting possibilities of capture to the +subordinated man. +This well-favoured and comely girl soon made appre+ +ciable inroads upon the emotional constitution of young +Farmer Oak. +Love, being an extremely exacting usurer (a sense of +exorbitant profit, spiritually, by an exchange of hearts, +being at the bottom of pure passions, as that of exorbi+ +tant profit, bodily or materially, is at the bottom of +those of lower atmosphere), every morning Oak's feelings +were as sensitive as the money-market in calculations +upon his chances. His dog waited for his meals in a +way so like that in which Oak waited for the girl's +presence, that the farmer was quite struck with the +resemblance, felt it lowering, and would not look at the +dog. However, he continued to watch through the +hedge for her regular coming, and thus his sentiments +towards her were ideepened without any corresponding +effect being produced upon herself. Oak had nothing +finished and ready to say as yet, and not being able +to frame love phrases which end where they begin ; +passionate tales -- + + -- -Full of sound and fury + -- -signifting nothing -- + +he said no word at all. +By making inquiries he found that the girl's name +was Bathsheba Everdene, and that the cow would go +dry in about seven days. He dreaded the eight day. +At last the eighth day came. The cow had ceased +to give milk for that year, and Bathsheba Everdene +came up the hill no more. Gabriel had reached a +pitch of existence he never +

+could have anticipated a +short time before. He liked saying 'Bathsheba' as a +private enjoyment instead of whistling; turned over his +taste to black hair, though he had sworn by brown ever +since he was a boy, isolated himself till the space he +filled in a possible strength in an actual weakness. Marriage +transforms a distraction into a support, the power of +which should be, and happily often is, in direct pro+ +portion to the degree of imbecility it supplants. Oak +began now to see light in this direction, and said to +himself, "I'll make her my wife, or upon my soul I shall +be good for nothing .! ' +All this while he was perplexing himself about an +errand on which he might consistently visit the cottage +of Bathsheba's aunt. +He found his opportunity in the death of a ewe, +mother of a living lamb. On a day which had a +summer face and a winter constitution-a fine January +morning, when there was just enough blue sky visible to +make cheerfully-disposed people wish for more, and an +occasional gleam of silvery sunshine, Oak put the lamb +into a respectable Sunday basket, and stalked across the +fields to the house of Mrs. Hurst, the aunt -- George, +the dog walking behind, with a countenance of great +concern at the serious turn pastoral affairs seemed to be +taking. +Gabriel had watched the blue wood-smoke curling +from the chimney with strange meditation. At evening +he had fancifully traced it down the chimney to the +spot of its origin -- seen the hearth and Bathsheba +beside it -- beside it in her out-door dress; for the +clothes she had worn on the hill were by association +equally with her person included in the compass of his +affection; they seemed at this early time of his love a +necessary ingredient of the sweet mixture called Bath+ +sheba Everdene. +He had made a toilet of a nicely-adjusted kind -- of a +nature between the carefully neat and the carelessly +ornate -- of a degree between fine-market-day and wet+ +Sunday selection. He thoroughly cleaned his silver +watch-chain with whiting, put new lacing straps to his +boots, looked to the brass eyelet-holes, +

+ went to the +inmost heart of the plantation for a new walking-stick, +and trimmed it vigorously on his way back; took a new +handkerchief from the bottom of his clothes-box, put +on the light waistcoat patterned all over with sprigs +of an elegant flower uniting the beauties of both rose +and lily without the defects of either, and used all the +hair-oil he possessed upon his usually dry, sandy, and +inextricably curly hair, till he had deepened it to a +splendidly novel colour, between that of guano and +Roman cement, making it stick to his head like mace +round a nutmeg, or wet seaweed round a boulder after +the ebb. +Nothing disturbed the stillness of the cottage save + the chatter of a knot of sparrows on the eaves; one +might fancy scandal and rumour to be no less the +staple topic of these little coteries on roofs than of +those under them. It seemed that the omen was an +unpropitious one, for, as the rather untoward commence+ +ment of Oak's overtures, just as he arrived by the garden +gate, he saw a cat inside, going into various arched shapes +and fiendish convulsions at the sight of his dog George. +The dog took no notice , for he had arrived at an age +at which all superfluous barking was cynically avoided +as a waste of breath -- -in fact he never barked even +at the sheep except to order, when it was done with +an absolutely neutral countenance, as a sort of Com+ +mination-service, which, though offensive, had to be +gone through once now and then to frighten the flock +for their own good. +A voice came from behind some laurel-bushes into +which the cat had run: +"Poor dear! Did a nasty brute of a dog want to +kill it; -- did he poor dear !' +"I beg your pardon,' said Oak to the voice, 'but +George was walking on behind me with a temper as +mild as milk.' +Almost before he had ceased speaking, Oak was +seized with a misgiving as to whose ear was the recipient +of his answer. Nobody appeared, and he heard the +person retreat among the bushes. +Gabriel meditated, and so deeply that he brought +small furrows into his forehead by sheer force of +reverie. Where the +

+issue of an interview is as likely +to be a vast change for the worse as for the better, +any initial difference from expectation causes nipping +sensations of failure. Oak went up to the door a little +abashed : his mental rehearsal and the reality had had +no common grounds of opening. +Bathsheba's aunt was indoors. " Will you tell Miss +Everdene that somebody would be glad to speak to +her ?'said Mr. Oak. (Calling one's self merely Some+ +body, without giving a name, is not to be taken as +an example of the ill-breeding of the rural world: it +springs from a refined modesty, of which townspeople, +with their cards and announcements, have no notion +whatever.) +Bathsheba was out. The voice had evidently been +hers. +" Will you come in, Mr. Oak ? ' +"Oh, thank 'ee, said Gabriel, following her to the +fireplace. "I've brought a lamb for Miss Everdene. +I thought she might like one to rear; girls do.' +" She might,' said Mrs. Hurst, musingly ; " though +she's only a visitor here. If you will wait a minute, +Bathsheba will be in.' +" Yes, I will wait,' said Gabriel, sitting down. " The +lamb isn't really the business I came about, Mrs. Hurst. +In short, I was going to ask her if she'd like to be +married.' +"And were you indeed ?' +" Yes. Because if she would, I should be very glad +to marry her. D'ye know if she's got any other young +man hanging about her at all ?' +"Let me think," said Mrs. Hurst, poking the fire +superfluously.... " Yes -- bless you, ever so many young +men. You see, Farmer Oak, she's so good-looking, and +an excellent scholar besides -- she was going to be a +governess once, you know, only she was too wild. Not +that her young men ever come here -- but, Lord, in the +nature of women, she must have a dozen ! ' +" That's unfortunate,' said Farmer Oak, contemplating +a crack in the stone floor with sorrow. "I'm only an +every-day sort of man, and my only chance was in being +the first comer... , Well, there's no use in my waiting, +for that was all I came about: so I'll take myself off +home-along, Mrs. Hurst.' +When Gabriel had gone about two hundred yards +along the +

+down, he heard a "hoi-hoi .! " uttered behind +him, in a piping note of more treble quality than that +in which the exclamation usually embodies itself when +shouted across a field. He looked round, and saw a girl +racing after him, waving a white handkerchief. +Oak stood still -- and the runner drew nearer. It was +Bathsheba Everdene. Gabriel's colour deepened: hers +was already deep, not, as it appeared, from emotion, +but from running. +"Farmer Oak -- I -- ' she said, pausing for want of +breath pulling up in front of him with a slanted face +and putting her hand to her side. +"I have just called to see you ' said Gabriel, pending +her further speech. +"Yes-I know that,! she said panting like a robin, +her face red and moist from her exertions, like a peony +petal before the sun dries off the dew. "I didn't know +you had come to ask to have me, or I should have come +in from the garden instantly. I ran after you to say -- +that my aunt made a mistake in sending you away from +courting me -- -- -- ' +Gabriel expanded."I'm sorry to have made you +run so fast, my dear,' he said, with a grateful sense of +favours to come. "Wait a bit till you've found your +breath.' +" -- It was quite a mistake-aunt's telling you I had +a young man "already,'- Bathsheba went on. " I haven't +a sweetheart at all -- and I never had one, and I thought +that, as times go with women, it was such a pity to send +you away thinking that I had several.' +"Really and truly I am glad to hear that.!' said .= +Farmer Oak, smiling one of his long special smiles, and +blushing with gladness. He held out his hand to take +hers, which, when she had eased her side by pressing +it there, was prettily extended upon her bosom to still +her loud-beating heart. Directly he seized it she put +it behind her, so that it slipped through his fingers like +an eel. " +"I have a nice snug little farm,' said Gabriel, with +half a degree less assurance than when he had seized +her hand. +"Yes ; you have.' +"A man has advanced me money to begin with, but +still, it +

+will soon be paid off and though I am only an +every-day sort of man, I have got on a little since I was +a boy.' Gabriel uttered "a little' in a tone to-show +her that it was the complacent form of "a great deal.' +He continued : " When we be married, I am quite sure +I can work twice as hard as I do now.' + He went forward and stretched out his arm again. +Bathsheba had overtaken him at a point beside which +stood a low stunted holly bush, now laden with red +berries. Seeing his advance take the form of an attitude +threatening a possible enclosure, if not compression, of +her person, she edged off round the bush. +" Why, Farmer Oak,' she said, over the top, looking +at him with rounded eyes, "I never said I was going to +marry you.' +" Well -- that is a tale .! ' said Oak, with dismay. " To +run after anybody like this, and then say you don"t +want him ! ' +"What I meant to tell you was only this,' she said +eagerly, and yet half conscious of the absurdity of the +position she had made for herself -- "that nobody has +got me yet as a sweetheart, instead of my having a +dozen, as my aunt said; I hate to be thought men's +property in that way, though possibly I shall be had +some day. Why, if I'd wanted you I shouldn't have +run after you like this ; 'twould have'been the forwardest +thing ! But there was no harm in 'hurrying to correct +a piece of false news that had been told you.' +"Oh, no -- no harm at all." But there is such a thing +as being too generous in expressing a judgment impuls+ +ively, and Oak added with a more appreciative sense +of all the circumstances -- ' Well, I am not quite certain +it was no harm.' +"Indeed, I hadn't time to think before starting +whether I wanted to marry or not, for you'd have been +gone over the hill.' +" Come,' said Gabriel, freshening again ; "think a +minute or two. I'll wait a while, Miss Everdene. Will +you marry me? Do, Bathsheba. I love you far more +than common!' +"I'll try to think,' she observed, rather more timor+ +ously ; "if I can think out of doors; my mind spreads +away so.' +"But you can give a guess.' +

+"Then give me time.' Bathsheba looked thought+ +fully into the distance, away from the direction in which +Gabriel stood. +"I can make you happy,' said he to the back of her +head, across the bush. "You shallo have as piano in a +year or two -- -farmers' wives are getting to have pianos +now -- and I'll practise up the flute right well to play +with you in the evenings.' +" Yes ; I should like that.' +"And have one of those little ten-pound" gigs for +market -- and nice flowers, and birds -- cocks and hens +I mean, because they be useful,' continued Gabriel, +feeling balanced between poetry and practicality. +"I should like it very much.' +"And a frame for cucumbers -- like a gentlman and +lady.' +"Yes.' +"And when the wedding was over, we'd have it put +in the newspaper list of marriages.' +" Dearly I should like that ! ' +"And the babies in the births -- every man jack of +'em! And at home by the fire, whenever you look up, +there I shall be -- and whenever I look up' there will +be you.' +"Wait wait and don't be improper .!' +Her countenance fell, and she was silent awhile. +He regarded the red berries between them over and +over again, to such an extent, that holly seemed in +his after life to be a cypher signifying a proposal of +marriage. Bathsheba decisively turned to him. +"No;' 'tis no use,' she said. 'I don't want to marry +you. ' +' Try.' +"I have tried hard all the time I've been thinking; +for a marriage would be very nice in one sense. +People would talk about me, and think I had won my +battle, and I should feel triumphant, and' all that, +But a husband -- -- ' - + +" Well .! ' +" Why, he'd always be there, as you say; whenever +I looked up, there he'd be.' +" Of course he would -- I, that is.' +

+" Well, what I mean is that I shouldn't mind being +a bride at a wedding, if I could be one without having +a husband. But since a woman can't show off in that +way by herself, I shan't marry -- at least yet.' +' That's a terrible wooden story.' +At this criticism of her statement Bathsheba made +an addition to her dignity by a slight sweep away +from him. +"Upon my heart and soul, I don't know what a +maid can say stupider than that,' said Oak. "But +dearest,' he continued in a palliative voice, "don't be +like it !.' Oak sighed a deep honest sigh -- none the +less so in that, being like the sigh of a pine plantation, +it was rather noticeable as a disturbance of the atmo+ +sphere. " Why won't you have me ? ' he appealed, +creeping round the holly to reach her side. +" I cannot,' she said, retreating. +"But why ?' he persisted, standing still at last in +despair of ever reaching her, and facing over the +bush. +' Because I don't love you.' +" Yes, but -- -- ' +She contracted a yawn to an inoffensive smallness, +so that it was hardly ill-mannered at all. "I don't love +you,' she said.' +"But I love you -- and, as for myself, I am content +to be liked.' +" O Mr. Oak -- that's very fine ! You'd get to +despise me.' +"Never,' said Mr Oak, so earnestly that he seemed +to be coming, by the forceof his words, straight +through the bush and into her arms. "I shall do one +thing in this life -- one thing certain -- that is, love you, +and long for you, and keep wanting you till I die.' His +voice had a genuine pathos now, and his large brown +hands perceptibly trembled. +"It seems dreadfully wrong not to have you when +you feel so much!' she said with a little distress, and +looking hopeleely around for some means of escape +from her moral dilemma. " H(ow I wish I hadn't run +after you!' However she seemed to have a short cut +for getting back to cheerfulness, and set her face to +signify archness. "It wouldn't do, Mr Oak. I want +somebody to tame me; I am too independent ; and +you would never be able to, I know.' +

+Oak cast his eyes down the field in a way implying +that it was useless to attempt argument. +" Mr. Oak,' she said, with luminous distinctness and +common sense, " you are better off than I. I have +hardly a penny in the world -- I am staying with my +aunt for my bare sustenance. I am better educated +than you -- and I don't love you a bit: that's my side +of the case. Now yours: you are a farmer just begin+ +ing; and you ought in common prudence, if you marry +at all (which you should certainly not think of doing +at present) to marry a woman with money, who would +admiration. +"That's the very thing I had been thinking myself !' +he naively said. +Farmer Oak had one-and-a-half Christian character +istics too many to succeed with Bathsheba : his humility, +and a superfluous moiety of honesty. Bathsheba was +decidedly disconcerted, +"Well, then, why did you come and disturb me?' +she said, almost angrily, if not quite, an enlarging red +spot rising in each cheek. +" I can't do what I think would be -- would be -- -- ' +" Right ? ' +" No : wise.' +" You have made an admission now, Mr. Oak,' she +exclaimed, with even more hauteur, and rocking her +head disdainfully. 'After that, do you think I could +marry you? Not if I know it.' +He broke in passionately ! "But don't mistake me +like that! Because I am open enough to own what +every man in my shoes would have thought of, you +make your colours come up your face, and get crabbed +with me. That about your not being good enough for +me is nonsense. You speak like a lady -- all the parish +notice it, and your uncle at Weatherbury is, I have +heerd, a large farmer -- much larger than ever I shall +be. May I call in the evening, or will you walk along +with me o' Sundays? I don't want you to make-up +your mind at once, if you'd rather not.' +

+" No -- no -- I cannot. Don't press me any more -- +don't. I don't love you -- so 'twould be ridiculous,' +she said, with a laugh. +No man likes to see his emotions the sport of a +merry-go-round of skittishness. " Very well,' said Oak, +firmly, with the bearing of one who was going to give ' +his days and nights to Ecclesiastes for ever. "Then +I'll ask you no more.' + +

+DEPARTURE OF BATHSHEBA -- A PASTORAL TRAGEDY +THE news which one day reached Gabriel, that Bath+ +sheba Everdene had left the neighbourhood, had an +influence upon him which might have surprised any +who never suspected that the more emphatic the renun+ +ciation the less absolute its character. +It may have been observed that there is no regula +path for getting out of love as there is for getting in. +Some people look upon marriage as a short cut that way, +but it has been known to fail. Separation, which was +the means that chance offered to Gabriel Oak by +Bathsheba's disappearance though effectual with people +of certain humours is apt to idealise the removcd object +with others -- notably those whose affection, placid and +regular as it may be flows deep and long. Oak belonged +to the even-tempered order of humanity, and felt the +secret fusion of himself in Bathsheba to be burning with +a finer flame now that she was gone -- that was all. +His incipient friendship with her aunt-had been +nipped by the failure of his suit, and all that Oak learnt +of Bathsheba's movements was done indirectly. It ap+ +peared that she had gone to a place called Weatherbury, +more than twenty miles off, but in what capacity -- +whether as a visitor, or permanently, he could not +discover. +Gabriel had two dogs. George, the elder, exhibited +an ebony-tipped nose, surrounded by a narrow margin +of pink flesh, and a coat marked in random splotches +approximating in colour to white and slaty grey ; but the +grey, after years of sun and rain, had been scorched and +washed out of the more prominent locks, leaving them +of a reddish-brown, as if the blue component of the grey +had faded, like the indigo from the same kind of colour in +Turner's pictures. In substance it had originally been +hair, but long contact with sheep seemed +

+to be turning +it by degrees into wool of a poor quality and staple. +This dog had originally belonged to a shepherd of +inferior morals and dreadful temper, and the result was +that George knew the exact degrees of condemnation +signified by cursing and swearing of all descriptions +better than the wickedest old man in the neighbourhood. +Long experience had so precisely taught the animal the +difference between such exclamations as 'Come in .! ' +and 'D -- -- ye, come in !.' that he knew to a hair's +breadth the rate of trotting back from the ewes' tails +that each call involved, if a staggerer with the sheep +crook was to be escaped. Though old, he was clever +and trustworthy still. +The young dog, George's son, might possibly have +been the image of his mother, for there was not much +resemblance between him and George. He was learn+ +ing the sheep-keeping business, so as to follow on at +the flock when the other should die, but had got no +further than the rudiments as yet -- still finding an +insuperable difculty in distinguishing between doing a +thing well enough and doing it too well. So earnest +and yet so wrong-headed was this young dog (he had no, +name in particular, and answered with perfect readiness +to any pleasant interjection), that if sent behind the +flock to help them on, he did it so thoroughly that he +would have chased them across the whole county with +the greatest pleasure if not called off or reminded when +to step by the example of old George. +Thus much for the dogs. On the further side of +Norcombe Hill was a chalk-pit, from which chalk had +been drawn for generations, and spread over adjacent +farms. Two hcdges converged upon it in the form of +a V, but without quite meeting. The narrow opening +left, which was immediately over the brow of the pit, +was protected by a rough railing. +One night, when Farmer Oak had returned to, his +house, believing there would be no further necessity for +his attendance on the down, he called as usual to the +dogs, previously to shutting them up in the outhouse till +next morning. Only one responded -- old George ; the +other-could not be found, either in the house, lane, or +garden. - Gabriel then remembered +

+that he had left the +two dogs on the hill eating a dead lamb (a kind of meat +he usually kept from them, except when other food-ran +finished his meal, he went indoors to the luxury of a bed, +which latterly he had only enjoyed on Sundays. +It was a still, moist night. Just before dawn he was +assisted in waking by the abnormal reverberation of +familiar music. To the shepherd, the note of the sheep' +chronic sound that only makes itself noticed by ceasing +ever distant, that all is well in the fold. In the solemn +This exceptional ringing may be caused in two ways -- + +by the rapid feeding of the sheep bearing the bell, as +when the flock breaks into new pasture, which gives it +an intermittent rapidity, or by the sheep starting off in +a run, when the sound has a regular palpitation. The +experieced ear of Oak knew the sound he now' heard +to be caused by the running of the flock with great +velocity. +He jumped out of bed, dressed, tore down the lane +through a foggy dawn, and ascended the hill. The +forward ewes were kept apart from those among which +the fall of lambs would be later, there being two hundred +of the latter class in Gabriel's flock. These two hundred +seemed to have absolutely vanished from the hill. There +were the fifty with their lambs, enclosed at the other end +as he had left them, but the rest, forming the bulk of +the flock, were nowhere. Gabriel called at the top of +his voice the shepherd's call. +" Ovey, ovey, ovey .! ' +Not a single bleat. He went to the hedge -- a gap +had been broken through it, and in the gap were the +footprints of the sheep. Rather surprised to find +them break fence at this season, yet putting it down +instantly to their great fondness for ivy in winter-time, +of which a great deal grew in the plantation, he followed +through the hedge. They were not in the plantation. +He called again : the valleys and farthest hills +

+resounded +as when the sailors invoked the lost Hylas on the Mysian +shore ; but no sheep. He passed through the trees and +along the ridge of the hill. On the extreme summit, +where the ends of the two converging hedges of which +we have spoken were stopped short by meeting the brow +of the chalk-pit, he saw the younger dog standing against +the sky -- dark and motionless as Napoleon at St. +Helena. +A horrible conviction darted through Oak. With +a sensation of bodily faintness he advanced : at one +point the rails were broken through, and there he saw +the footprints of his ewes. The dog came up, licked +his hand, and made signs implying that he expected +some great reward for signal services rendered. Oak +looked over the precipice. The ewes lay dead and dying +at its foot -- a heap of two hundred mangled careases, +representing in their condition just now at least two +hundred more. +Oak was an intensely humane man: indeed, his +humanity often tore in pieces any politic intentions of +his which bordered on strategy, and carried him on as +by gravitation. A shadow in his life had always been +that his flock ended in mutton -- that a day came and +found every shepherd an arrant traitor to his defenceless +sheep. His first feeling now was one of pity for the +untimely fate of these gentle ewes and their unborn +lambs. +It was a second to remember another phase of the +matter. The sheep were not insured. All the savings +of a frugal life had been dispersed at a blow ; his hopes +of being an independent farmer were laid low -- possibly +for ever. Gabriel's energies, patience, and industry had +been so severely taxed during the years of his life between +eighteen and eight-and-twenty, to reach his present stage +of progress' that no more seemed to be left in him. He +hands. +Stupors, however, do not last for ever, and Farmer +Oak recovered from his. It was as remarkable as it was +characteristic that the one sentence he uttered was in +thankfulness : -- +'Thank God I am not married : what would she have +done in the poverty now coming upon me ! ' +

+Oak raised his head, and wondering what he could +do listlessly surveyed the scene. By the outer margin +of the Pit was an oval pond, and over it hung the +attenuated skeleton of a chrome-yellow moon which +had only a few days to last -- the morning star dogging +her on the left hand. The pool glittered like a dead +man's eye, and as the world awoke a breeze blew, +shaking and elongating the reflection of the moon +without breaking it, and turning the image of the star +to a phosphoric streak upon the water. All this Oak +saw and remembered. +As far as could be learnt it appeared that the poor +young dog, still under the impression that since he was +kept for running after sheep, the more he ran after +them the better, had at the end of his meal off the +dead lamb, which may have given him additional energy +and spirits, collected all the ewes into a corner, driven +the timid creatures through the hedge, across the upper +field, and by main force of worrying had given them +momentum enough to break down a portion of the +rotten railing, and so hurled them over the edge. +George's son had done his work so thoroughly that +he was considered too good a workman to live, and was, +in fact, taken and tragically shot at twelve o'clcck that +same day -- another instance of the untoward fate which +so often attends dogs and other philosophers who +follow out a train of reasoning to its logical conclusion, +and attempt perfectly consistent conduct in a world +made up so largely of compromise. +Gabriel's farm had been stocked by a dealer -- on the +strength of Oak's promising look and character -- who +was receiving a percentage from the farmer till such +time as the advance should be cleared off Oak found+ +that the value of stock, plant, and implements which +were really his own would be about sufficient to pay his +debts, leaving himself a free man with the clothes he +stood up in, and nothing more. + +

+THE FAIR -- THE JOURNEY -- THE FIRE +TWO months passed away. We are brought on to a +day in February, on which was held the yearly statute +or hiring fair in the county-town of Casterbridge. +At one end of the street stood from two to three +hundred blithe and hearty labourers waiting upon Chance + -- all men of the stamp to whom labour suggests nothing +worse than a wrestle with gravitation, and pleasure +nothing better than a renunciation of the same among +these, carters and waggoners were distinguished by +having a piece of whip-cord twisted round their hats; +thatchers wore a fragment of woven straw; shepherds +held their sheep-crooks in their hands; and thus the +situation required was known to the hirers at a +glance. +In the crowd was an athletic young fellow of some+ +what superior appearance to the rest -- in fact, his +superiority was marked enough to lead several ruddy +peasants standing by to speak to him inquiringly, as to +a farmer, and to use 'Sir' as a finishing word. His +answer always was, +'I am looking for a place myself -- a bailiff's. Do +Ye know of anybody who wants one ?' +Gabriel was paler now. His eyes were more medi+ +tative, and his expression was more sad. He had +passed through an ordeal of wretchedness which had +given him more than it had taken away. He had sunk +from his modest elevation as pastoral king into the very +slime-pits of Siddim ; but there was left to him a digni+ +fied calm he had never before known, and that indiffer+ +ence to fate which, though it often makes a villain of +a man, is the basis of his sublimity when it does not. +And thus the abasement had been exaltation, and the +loss gain. +In the morning a regiment of cavalry had left the +town, and a sergeant and his party had been beating up +for recruits through the four streets. As the end of the +day drew on, and +

+he found himself not hired, Gabriel +almost wished that he had joined them, and gone off to +serve his country. Weary of standing in the market+ +place, and not much minding the kind of work he +turned his hand to, he decided to offer himself in some +other capacity than that of bailiff. +All the farmers seemed to be wanting shepherds. +Sheep-tending was Gabriel's speciality. Turning down +an obscure street and entering an obscurer lane, he went +up to a smith's shop. +'How long would it take you to make a shepherd's +crook ? ' +'Twenty minutes.' +'How much ? ' +'Two shillings.' +He sat on a bench and the crook was made, a stem +being given him into the bargain. +He then went to a ready-made clothes' shop, the +owner of which had a large rural connection. As the +crook had absorbed most of Gabriel's money, he +attempted, and carried out, an exchange of his overcoat +for a shepherd's regulation smock-frock. +This transaction having been completed, he again +hurried off to the centre of the town, and stood on the +kerb of the pavement, as a shepherd, crook in hand. +Now that Oak had turned himself into a shepherd, it +seemed that bailifs were most in demand. However, two +or three farmers noticed him and drew near. Dialogues +followed, more or lessin the subjoined for: -- +'Where do you come from?' +'Norcombe.' +'That's a long way. +'Fifteen miles.' +'Who's farm were you upon last?' +'My own.' +This reply invariably operated like a rumour of +cholera. The inquring farmer would edge away and +shake his head dubiously. Gabriel, like his dog, was +too good to be trustworthy,. and he never made advance +beyond this point. +It is safer to accept any chance that offers itself, and + + +

+extemporize a procedure to fit it, than to get a good +shepherd, but had laid himself out for anything in the +whole cycle of labour that was required in the fair. It +grew dusk. Some merry men were whistling and +singing by the corn-exchange. Gabriel's hand, which +had lain for some time idle in his smock-frock pocket, +touched his flute which he carried there. Here was +an opportunity for putting his dearly bought wisdom +into practice. +He drew out his flute and began to play Jockey to +the Fair' in the style of a man who had never known +moment's sorrow. Oak could pipe with Arcadian +sweetness and the sound of the well-known notes +cheered his own heart as well as those of the loungers. +He played on with spirit, and in half an hour had +earned in pence what was a small fortune to a destitute +man. +By making inquiries he learnt that there was another +fair at Shottsford the next day. +'How far is Shottsford?' +'Ten miles t'other side of Weatherbury.' +Weatherbury!. It was where Bathsheba had gone +two months before. This information was like coming +from night into noon. +'How far is it to Weatherbury ?' +'Five or six miles.' +Bathsheba had probably left Weatherbury long before +this time, but the place had enough interest attaching +to it to lead Oak to choose Shottsford fair as his next +field of inquiry, because it lay in the Weatherbury +quarter. Moreover, the Weatherbury folk were by no +means uninteresting intrinsically. If report spoke truly +they were as hardy, merry, thriving, wicked a set as +any in the whole county. Oak resolved to sleep at +Weatherbury -- -that -- night on his way to Shottsford, +and struck out at once -- into the -- high road which had +been recommended as the direct route to the village in +question. +The road stretched through water-meadows traversed +by little brooks, whose quivering surfaces were braided +along their centres, and folded into creases at the sides; +or, where the flow was more rapid, the stream was pied +with spots of white froth, +

+which rode on in undisturbed +serenity. On the higher levels the dead and dry carcases +of leaves tapped the ground as they bowled along helter+ +skelter upon the shoulders of the wind, and little birds +in the hedges were rustling their feathers and tucking +themselves in comfortably for the night, retaining their +places if Oak kept moving, but flying away if he +stopped to look at them. He passed by Yalbury-Wood +where the game-birds were rising to their roosts, and +heard the crack-voiced cock-pheasants' 'cu-uck, cuck,' +and the wheezy whistle of the hens. +By the time he had walked three or four miles every +shape in the-landscape had assumed a uniform hue of +blackness. He descended Yalbury Hill and could just +discern ahead of him a waggon, drawn up under a great +over-hanging tree by the roadside. +On coming close, he found there were no horses +attached to it, the spot being apparently quite deserted. +The waggon, from its position, seemed to have been left +there for the night, for beyond about half a truss of hay +which was heaped in the bottom, it was quite empty. +Gabriel sat down on the shafts of the vehicle and con+ +sidered his position. He calculated that he had walked +a very fair proportion of the journey; and having been +on foot since daybreak, he felt tempted to lie down upon +the hay in the waggon instead of pushing on to the +village of Weatherbury, and having to pay for a lodging. +Eating his las slices of bread and ham, and drinking +from the bottle of cider he had taken the precaution to +bring with him, he got into the lonely waggon. Here +he spread half of the hay as a bed, and, as well as he +could in the darkness, pulled the other half over him +by way of bed-clothes, covering himself entirely, and +feeling, physically, as comfortable as ever he had been +in his life. Inward melancholy it was impossible for +a man like Oak, introspective far beyond his neighbours, +to banish quite, whilst conning the present. untoward +page of his history. So, thinking of his misfortunes, +amorous and pastoral he fell asleep, shepherds enjoying, +in common with sailors, the privilege of being able to +summon the god instead of having to wait for him. +

+On somewhat suddenly awaking after a sleep of +whose length he had no idea, Oak found that the waggon +was in motion. He was being carried along the road +at a rate rather considerable for a vehicle without +springs, and under circumstances of physical uneadiness, +his head being dandled up and down on the bed of +the waggon like a kettledrum-stick. He then dis+ +tinguished voices in conversation, comig from the +forpart of the waggon. His concern at this dilemma +(which would have been alarm, had he been a thriving +man; but -- misfortune is a fine opiate to personal terror) +led him to peer cautiously from the hay, and the first +sight he beheld was the stars above him. Charles's +Wain was getting towards a right angle with the Pole +star, and Gabriel concluded that it must be about nine +o'clock -- in other words, that he had slept two hours. +This small astronomical calculation was made without +any positive effort, and whilst he was stealthily turning +to discover, if possible, into whose hands he had fallen. +Two figures were dimly visible in front, sitting with +their legs outside the waggon, one of whom was driving. +Gabriel soon found that this was the waggoner, and it +appeared they had come from Casterbridge fair, like +himself. +A conversation was in progress, which continued +thus : -- +'Be as 'twill, she's a fine handsome body as far's +looks be concerned. But that's only the skin of the +woman, and these dandy cattle be as-proud as a lucifer +in their insides.' +'Ay -- so 'a do seem, Billy Smallbury -- so 'a do seem.' +This utterance was very shaky by nature, and more so +by circumstance, the jolting of the waggon not being+ +without its effect upon the speaker's larynx. It came +'from the man who held the reins. +'She's a very vain feymell -- so 'tis said here and +there.' +'Ah, now. If so be 'tis like that, I can't look her in +the face. Lord, no : not I -- heh-heh-heh .! Such a shy +man as I be.!' +'Yes -- she's very vain. 'Tis said that every night at +going to bed she looks in the glass to put on her night+ +cap properly.' +'And not a married woman. Oh, the world .! +"And 'a can play the peanner, so 'tis said. Can +play so clever +

+that 'a can make a psalm tune sound as +well as the merriest loose song a man can wish for.' +'D'ye tell o't .! A happy time for us, and I feel quite +a new man! And how do she play?' +'That I dson't know, Master Poorgrass.' +On hearing these and other similar remarks, a wild +thought flashed into Gabriel's mind that they might +be speaking of Bathsheba. There were, however, no +ground for retaining such a supposition, for the waggon, +though going in the direction of Weatherbury, might be +going beyond it, and the woman alluded to seemed to be +the mistress of some estate. They were now apparently +close upon Weatherbury and not to alarm the speakers +unnecessarily, Gabriel slipped out of the waggon unseen. +He turned to an opening in the hedge, which he +found to be a gate, and mounting thereon, he sat +meditating whether to seek a cheap lodging in the +village, or to ensure a cheaper one by lying under +some hay or corn-stack. The crunching jangle of the +waggon died upon his ear. He was about to walk on, +when he noticed on his left hand an unusual light -- + +appearing about half a mile distant. Oak watched it, +and the glow increased. Something was on fire. +Gabriel again mounted the gate, and, leaping down +on the other side upon what he found to be ploughed +soil, made across the field in the exact direction of the +fire. The blaze, enlarging in a double ratio by his +approach and its own increase, showed him as he drew +nearer the outlines of ricks beside it, lighted up to great +distinctness. A rick-yard was the source of the fire. +His weary face now began to be painted over with a +rich orange glow, and the whole front of his smock+ +frock and gaiters was covered with a dancing shadow +pattern of thorn-twigs -- the light reaching him through +a leafless intervening hedge -- and the metallic curve of +his sheep-crook shone silver-bright in the same abound+ +ing rays. He came up to the boundary fence, and +stood to regain breath. It seemed as if the spot was +unocupied by a living soul. +The fire was issuing from a long straw-stack, which +was so +

+far gone as to preclude a possibility of saving it. +A rick burns differently from a house. As the wind +blows the fire inwards, the portion in flames completely +disappears like melting sugar, and the outline is lost +to the eye. However, a hay or a wheat-rick, well put +together, will resist combustion for a length of time, if +it begins on the outside. +This before Gabriel's eyes was a- rick of straw, loosely +put together, and the flames darted into it with lightning +swiftness. It glowed on the windward side, rising and +falling in intensity, like the coal of a cigar. Then a +superincumbent bundle rolled down, with a whisking +noise ; flames elongated, and bent themselves about +with a quiet roar, but no crackle. Banks of smoke +went off horizontally at the back like passing clouds, +and behind these burned hidden pyres, illuminating +the semi-transparent sheet of smoke to a lustrous yellow +uniformity. Individual straws in the foreground were +consumed in a creeping movement of ruddy heat, as +if they were knots of red worms, and above shone +imaginary fiery faces, tongues hanging from lips, glaring +eyes, and other impish forms, from which at intervals +sparks flew in clusters like birds from a nest, +Oak suddenly ceased from being a mere spectator +by discovering the case to be more serious than he had +at first imagined. A scroll of smoke blew aside and +revealed to him a wheat-rick in startling juxtaposition +with the decaying one, and behind this a series of +others, composing the main corn produce of the farm; +so that instead of the straw-stack standing, as he had +imagined comparatively isolated, there was a regular +connection between it and the remaining stacks of the +group. +Gabriel leapt over the hedge, and saw that he was +not alone. The first man he came to was running +about in a great hurry, as if his thoughts were several +yards in advance of his body, which they could never +drag on fast enough. +'O, man -- fire, fire ! A good master and a. bad +servant is fire, fire .! -- I mane a bad servant and a good +master O, Mark Clark -- come !- And you, Billy +Smallbury -- and you, Maryann Money -- and you, Jan +Coggan, and Matthew there!' Other figures now +appeared behind this shouting man and among the +smoke, and +

+Gabriel found that, far from being alone +he was in a great company -- whose shadows danced +merrily up and down, timed by the jigging of the +flames, and not at all by their owners' movements. +The assemblage -- -belonging to that class of society +which casts its thoughts into the form of feeling, and +its feelings into the form of commotion -- set to work +with a remarkable confusion of purpose. +'Stop the draught under the wheat-rick!' cried +Gabriel to those nearest to him. The corn stood on +stone staddles, and between these, tongues of yellow +hue from the burning straw licked and darted playfully. +If the fire once got under this stack, all would be +lost. +'Get a tarpaulin -- quick .! ' said Gabriel. +A rick-cloth was brought, and they hung it like a +curtain across the channel. The flames immediately +ceased to go under the bottom of the corn-stack, and +stood up vertical. +'Stand here with a bucket of water and keep the +cloth wet,' said Gabriel again. +The flames, now driven upwards, began to attack +the angles of the huge roof covering the wheat-stack. +'A ladder,' cried Gabriel. +'The ladder was against the straw-rick and is burnt +to a cinder,' said a spectre-like form in the smoke. +Oak seized the cut ends of the sheaves, as if he +were going to engage in the operation of ' reed-drawing,' +and digging in his feet, and occasionally sticking in the +stem of his sheep-crook, he clambered up the beetling +face. He at once sat astride the very apex, and began +with his crook to beat off the fiery fragments which had +lodged thereon, shouting to the others to get him a +bough and a ladder, and some water. +Billy Smallbury -- one of the men who had been on +the waggon -- by this time had found a ladder, which +Mark Clark ascended, holding on beside Oak upon the +thatch. The smoke at this corner was stifling, and +Clark, a nimble fellow, having been handed a bucket +of water, bathed Oak's face and sprinkled him generally, +whilst Gabriel, now with a long beech-bough in one +hand, in addition to his crook in the other, kept +sweeping the stack and dislodging all fiery particles. +

+On the ground the groups of villagers were still +occupied in doing all they could to keep down the +conflagration, which was not much. They were all +tinged orange, and backed up by shadows of varying +pattern. Round the corner of the largest stack, out +of the direct rays of the fire, stood a pony, bearing a +young woman on its back. By her side was another +woman, on foot. These two seemed to keep at a +distance from the fire, that the horse might not beome +restive. +'He's a shepherd,' said the woman on foot. 'Yes -- +he is. See how his crook shines as he beats the rick +with it. And his smock-frock is burnt in two holes, I +declare.! A fine young shepherd he is too, ma'am.' +' Whose shepherd is he?' said the equestrian in a +clear voice. +'Don't know, ma'am.' + " Don't any of the others know ?' + " Nobody at all -- I've asked 'em. Quite a stranger, + they say.' + The young woman on the pony rode out from the +shade and looked anxiously around. +"Do you think the barn is safe ?" she said. +"D'ye think the barn is safe, Jan Coggan ?' said +the second woman, passing on the question to the +nearest man in that direction. +"Safe -now -- leastwise I think so. If this rick had +gone the barn would have followed. 'Tis- that bold +shepherd up there that have done the most good -- he +sitting on the top o' rick, whizzing his great long-arms +about like a windmill.' +" He does work hard,' said the young woman on +horseback, looking up at Gabriel through her thick +woollen veil. "I wish he was shepherd here. Don't +any of you know his name.' +"Never heard the man's name in my life, or seed +his form afore.' +The fire began to get worsted, and Gabriel's elevated +position being no longer required of him, he made as +if to descend. +"Maryann,' said the girl on horseback, "go to him +as he comes down, and say that the farmer wishes to +thank him for the great service he has done.' +Maryann stalked off towards the rick and met +Oak at the foot of the ladder. She delivered ber +message. +

+" Where is your master the farmer ?' asked Gabriel, +kindling with the idea of getting employment that +seemed to strike him now. +" 'Tisn't a master ; 'tis a mistress, shepherd.' +" A woman farmer ? ' +"Ay, 'a b'lieve, and a rich one too .!' said a by" +stander. " Lately 'a came here from a distance. Took +on her uncle's farm, who died suddenly. Used to +measure his money in half-pint cups. They say now +that she've business in every bank in Casterbridge, and +thinks no more of playing pitch-and-toss sovereign than +you and I, do pitch-halfpenny -- not a bit in the world, +shepherd.' +"That's she, back there upon the pony,' said Mary+ +ann ;"wi'her face a-covered up in that black cloth with +holes in it.' +Oak, his features smudged, grimy, and undiscoverable +from the smoke and heat, his smock-frock burnt-into +holes and dripping with water, the ash stem of his sheep+ +crook charred six inches shorter, advansed with the +humility stern adversity had thrust upon him up to +the slight female form in the saddle. He lifted his +hat with respect, and not without galantry: stepping +close to her hanging feet he said in a hesitating voice, -- +" Do you happen to want a shepherd, ma'am ? ' +She lifted the wool veil tied round her face, and +looked all astonishment. Gabriel and his cold-hearted +darling, Bathsheba Everdene, were face to face. +Bathsheba did not speak, and he mechanically +repeated in an abashed and sad voice, -- +" Do you want a shepherd, ma'am ? ' + +

+RECOGNITION -- A TIMID GIRL +BATHSHEBA withdrew into the shade. She scarcely +knew whether most to be amused at the singularity of +the meeting, or to be concerned at its awkwardness. +There was room for a little pity, also for a very little +exultation : the former at his position, the latter at her +own. Embarrassed she was not, and she" remembered +Gabriel's declaration of love to her at Norcombe only +to think she had nearly forgotten it. +" Yes,' she murmured, putting on an air of dignity, +and turning again to him with a little warmth of cheek ; +" I do want a shepherd. But -- -- ' +" He's the very man, ma'am,' said one of the villagers, +quietly. +Conviction breeds conviction. " Ay, that 'a is,' said +a second, decisively. +"The man, truly .! ' said a third, with heartiness." +" He's all there ! ' said number four, fervidly." +Then will you tell him to speak to the bailiff, said +Bathsheba. +All "was practical again now. A summer eve and +loneliness would have been necessary to give the +meeting its proper fulness of romance. +the palpitation within his breast at discovering that this +Ashtoreth of strange report was only a modification of +Venus the well-known and admired, retired with him to +talk over the necessary preliminaries of hiring. +The fire before them wasted away. "Men,' said +Bathsheba, " you shall take a little refreshment after this +extra work. Will you come to the house ?' +"We could knock in a bit and a drop a good deal +freer, Miss, +

+if so be ye'd send it to Warren's Malthouse,' +replied the spokesman. +Bathsheba then rode off into the darkness, and the +men straggled on to the village in twos and threes -- Oak +and the bailiff being left by the rick alone. +"And now,' said the bailiff, finally, "all is settled, I +think, about your coming, and I am going home-along. +Good-night to ye, shepherd.' +" Can you get me a lodging ? ' inquired Gabriel. +'That I can't, indeed," he said, moving past Oak as +a Christian edges past an offertory-plate when he does +not mean to contribute. "If you follow on the road till +you come to Warren's Malthouse, where they are all +gone to have their snap of victuals, I daresay some of +'em will tell you of a place. Good-night to ye, shepherd.' +The bailiff who showed this nervous dread of loving +his neighbour as himself, went up the hill, and Oak +walked on to the village, still astonished at the ren+ +counter with Bathsheba, glad of his nearness to her, and +perplexed at the rapidity with which the unpractised girl +of Norcombe had developed into the supervising and cool +woman here. But some women only require an emerg+ +ency to make them fit for one. +Obligcd, to some extent, to forgo dreaming in order +to find the way, he reachcd the churchyard, and passed +round it under the wall where several ancient trees grew. +There was a wide margin of grass along here, and +Gabriel's footsteps were deadened by its softness, even +at this indurating period of the year. When abreast of +a trunk which appeared to be the oldest of the old, he +became aware that a figure was standing behind it. +Gabriel did not pause in his walk, and in another +moment he accidentally kicked a loose stone. The noise +was enough to disturb the motionless stranger, who +started and assumed a careless position. +It was a slim girl, rather thinly clad. +" Good-night to you,' said Gabriel, heartily. +" Good-night,' said the girl to Gabriel. +The voice was unexpectedly attractive ; it was "the +low and +

+dulcet note suggestive of romance ; common in +descriptions, rare in experience. +'I'll thank you to tell me if I'm in the way for +Warren's Malthouse ? ' Gabriel resumed, primarily to gain +the information, indirectly to get more of the music. +"Quite right. It's at the bottom of the hill. And +do you know -- -- ' The girl hesitated and then went +on again. "Do you know how late they keep open +the Buck's Head Inn?' She seemed" to be won by +Gabriel's heartiness, as Gabriel had been won by her +modulations. +" I don't know where the Buck's Head is, or anything +about it. Do you think of going there to-night ?' +" Yes -- -- ' The woman again paused. There was +no necessity for any continuance of speech, and the fact +that she did add more seemed to proceed from an +unconscious desire to show unconcern by making a +remark, which is noticeable in the ingenuous when they +are acting by stealth. " You are not a Weatherbury man ? ' +she said, timorously. +' I am not. I am the new shepherd -- just arrived.' +"Only a shepherd -- and you seem almost a farmer by +your ways.' +" Only a shepherd,' Gabriel repeated, in a dull cadence +of finality. " His thoughts were directed to the past, his +eyes to the feet of the girl; and for the first time he +saw lying there a bundle of some sort. She may have +perceived the direction of his face, for she said +coaxingly, -- +" You won't say anything in the parish about having +seen me here, will you -- at least, not for a day or two ?' +"I won't if you wish me not to,' said Oak. +"Thank you, indeed,' the other replied.'I am +rather poor, and I don't want people to know anything +about me.' Then she was silent and shivered. +'You ought to have a cloak on such a cold night,' +Gabriel observed. " I would advise 'ee to get indoors." +"O no! Would you mind going on and leaving +me ? I thank you much for what you have told me.' +" I will go on,' he said ; adding hesitatingly, -- ' Since +you are +

+not very well off, perhaps you would accept this +trifle from me. It is only a shilling, but'it is all I have +to spare.' +' Yes, I will take it,' said the stranger, gratefully. +She extended her hand ; Gabriel his. In feeling for +each other's palm in the gloom before the money could +be passed, a minute incident occurred which told much. +Gabriel's fingers alighted on the young woman's wrist. +It was beating with a throb of tragic intensity. He had +frequently felt the same quick, hard beat in the femoral +artery of -- his lambs when overdriven. It suggested a +consumption too great of a vitality which, to judge from +her figure and stature, was already too little. +"What is the matter ?' +" Nothing.' +'But there is?' +" No, no, no ! Let your having seen me be a.secret .! " +' Very well ; I will. Good-night, again.' +" Good-night.' +The young girl remained motionless by the tree, and +Gabriel descended into the village of Weatherbury, or +Lower Longpuddle as it was sometimes called. He +fancied that he had felt himself in the penumbra of a +very deep sadness when touching that slight and fragile +creature. But wisdom lies in moderating mere impres+ +sions, and Gabriel endeavoured to think little of this. + +

+THE MALTHOUSE -- THE CHAT -- NEWS +WARREN'S Malthouse was enclosed by an old wall +inwrapped with ivy, and though not much of the exterior +was visible at this hour, the character and purposes of +the building were clearly enough shown by its outline +upon the sky. From the walls an overhanging thatched +roof sloped up to a point in the centre, upon which rose +a small wooden lantern, fitted with louvre-boards on all +the four sides, and from these openings a mist was dimly +perceived to be escaping into the night air. There was +no window in front ; but a square hole in the door was +glazed with a single pane, through which red, comfortable +rays now stretched out upon the ivied wall in front. +Voices were to be heard inside. +Oak's hand skimmed the surface of the door with +fingers extended to an Elymas-the-Somerer pattern, till +he found a leathern strap, which he pulled. This lifted +a wooden latch, and the door swung open. +The room inside was lighted only by the, ruddy glow +from the kiln mouth, which shone over ,the floor with +the streaming, horizontality of the setting sun, and threw +upwards the shadows of all facial irregularities in those +assembled around. The stone-flag floor was worn into +a path from the doorway to the kiln, and into undula+ +tions everywhere. A curved settle of unplaned oak +stretched along one side, and in a remote corner was a +small bed and bedstead, the owner and frequent occupier +of which was the maltster. +This aged man was now sitting opposite the fire, his +frosty white hair and beard overgrowing his gnarled +figure like the grey moss and lichen upon a leafless +apple-tree. He wore breeches and the laced-up shoes +called ankle-jacks; he kept his eyes fixed upon the +fire. +

+Gabriel's nose was greeted by an atmosphere laden +with the sweet smell of new malt. The conversation +(which seemed to have been concerning the origin of the +fire) immediately ceased, and every one ocularly criticised +him to the degree expressed by contracting the flesh of +their foreheads and looking at him with narrowed eye+ +lids, as if he had been a light too strong for their sight. +Several exclaimed meditatively, after this operation had +been completed : -- +"Oh, 'tis the new shepherd, 'a b'lieve.' +"We thought we heard a hand pawing about the +door for the bobbin, but weren't sure 'twere not a dead +leaf blowed across,' said another. " Come in, shepherd ; +sure ye be welcome, though we don't know yer name.' +" Gabriel Oak, that's my name, neighbours.' +The ancient maltster sitting in the midst turned up +this -- his turning being as the turning of a rusty +crane. +"That's never Gable Oak's grandson over at Nor+ +combe -- never !. ' he said, as a formula expressive of +surprise, which nobody was supposed to take literally'. +'My father and my grandfather were old men of the +name of Gabriel,' said the shepherd, placidly. +"Thought I knowed the man's face as I seed him +on the rick ! -- thought I did.! And where be ye trading +o't to now, shepherd ? ' +" I'm thinking of biding here,' said Mr. Oak. +"Knowed yer grandfather for years and years !' +continued the maltster, the words coming forth of their +own accord as if the momentum previously imparted +had been sufficient. +'Ah -- and did you! ' +" Knowed yer grandmother.' +'And her too!' +"Likewise knowed yer father when he was a child. +Why, my boy Jacob there and your father were sworn +brothers -- that they were sure -- weren't ye, Jacob ? ' +"Ay, sure,' said his son, a young man about sixty+ +five, with a semi-bald head and one tooth in the left +centre of his upper jaw, which made much of itself by +standing prominent, like a +

+milestone in a bank. 'But +'twas Joe had most to do with him. However, my son +William must have knowed the very man afore us -- +didn't ye, Billy, afore ye left Norcombe ? ' +"No, 'twas Andrew,' said Jacob's son Billy, a child +of forty, or thereabouts, who manifested the peculiarity +of possessing a cheerful soul in a gloomy body, and +whose whiskers were assuming a chinchilla shade here +and there. +"I can mind Andrew,' said Oak, 'as being a man in +the place when I was quite a child.' +"Ay -- the other day I and my youngest daughter, +Liddy, were over at my grandson's christening,' continued +Billy. ' We were talking about this very family, and +'twas only last Purification Day in this very world, when +the use-money is gied away to the second-best poor +folk, you know, shepherd, and I can mind the day +because they all had to traypse up to the vestry -- yes, +this very man's family.' +' Come, shepherd, and drink. 'Tis gape and +swaller with us -- a drap of sommit, but not of much +account,' said the maltster, removing from the fire his +eyes, which were vermilion-red and bleared by gazing +into it for so many years. "Take up the God-forgive" +me, Jacob. See if 'tis warm, Jacoh.' +Jacob stooped to the God-forgive-me, which was a +two-handled tall mug standing in the ashes, cracked +and charred with heat : it was rather furred with ex" +traneous matter about the outside, especially in the +crevices of the handles, the innermost curves of which +may not have seen daylight for several years by reason +of this encrustation thereon -- formed of ashes accident+ +ally wetted with cider and baked hard; but to the mind +of any sensible drinker the cup was no worse for that, +being incontestably clean on the inside and about the +rim. It may be observed that such a class of mug is +called a God-forgive-me in Weatherbury and its vicinity +for uncertain reasons ; probably because its size makes +any given toper feel ashamed of himself when he sees +its bottom in drinking it empty. +Jacob, on receiving the order to see if the liquor was +warm enough, placidly dipped his forefinger into it by +way of thermometer, and having pronounced it nearly +of the proper degree, raised the cup and very civilly +attempted to dust some of the +

+ashes from the bottom +with the skirt of his smock-frock, because Shepherd Oak +was a stranger. +"A clane cup for the shepherd,' said the maltster +commandingly. +"No -- not at all," said Gabriel, in a reproving tone +of considerateness. "I never fuss about dirt in its pure +state, and when I know what sort it is.' Taking the +mug he drank an inch or more from the depth of its +contents, and duly passed it to the next man. +wouldn't think of giving such trouble to neighbours in +washing up when there's so much work to be done in +the world already,' continued Oak in a moister tone, +after recovering from the stoppage of breath which is +occasioned by pulls at large mugs. +' A right sensible man,' said Jacob. +" True, true ; it can't be gainsaid!.' observed a brisk +young man -- Mark Clark by name, a genial and pleasant +gentleman, whom to meet anywhcre in your travels was +to know, to know was to drink with, and to drink with +was, unfortunately, to pay for. +"And here's a mouthful of bread and bacon that +mis'ess have sent, shepherd. The cider will go down +better with a bit of victuals. Don't ye chaw quite close, +shepherd, for I let the bacon fall in the road outside as +I was bringing it along, and may be 'tis rather gritty. +There, 'tis clane dirt; and we all know what that is, +as you say, and you bain't a particular man we see, +shepherd.' +" True, true -- not at all,' said the friendly Oak. +'Don't let your teeth quite meet, and you won't feel +the sandiness at all. Ah !. 'tis wonderful what can be +done by contrivance .! ' +" My own mind exactly, neighbour.' +" Ah, he's his grandfer's own grandson .! -- his grandfer +were just such a nice unparticular man !.' said the maltster. +" Drink, Henry Fray -- drink,' magnanimously said +Jan Coggan, a person who held Saint-Simonian notions +of share and share alike where liquor was concerned, as +the vessel showed signs of approaching him in its gradual +revolution among them. +Having at this moment reached the end of a wistful +gaze +

+into mid-air, Henry did not refuse. He was a man +of more than middle age, with eyebrows high up in his +forehead, who laid it down that the law of the world +was bad, with a long-suffering look through his listeners +at the world alluded to, as it presented itself to his +imagination. He always signed his name 'Henery' -- +strenuously insisting upon that spelling, and if any +passing schoolmaster ventured to remark that the second +'e' was superfluous and old-fashioned, he received the +reply that ' H-e-n-e-r-y' was the name he was christened +and the name he 'would stick to -- in the tone of one +to whom orthographical differences were matters which +had a great deal to do with personal character. +Mr. Jan Coggan, who had passed the cup to Henery, +was a crimson man with a spacious countenance, and +private glimmer in his eye, whose name had appeared +on the marriage register of Weatherbury and neighbour+ +ing parishes as best man and chief witness in countless +unions of the previous twenty years; he also very +frequently filled the post of head godfather in baptisms +of the subtly-jovial kind. +" Come, Mark Clark -- come. Ther's plenty more +in the barrel,' said Jan. +"Ay -- that I will; 'tis my only doctor,' replied Mr. +Clark, who, twenty years younger than Jan Coggan, +revolved in the same orbit. He secreted mirth on all +occasions for special discharge at popular parties. +" Why, Joseph Poorgrass, ye han't had a drop! ' said +Mr. Coggan to a self-conscious man in the background, +thrusting the cup towards him. +" Such a modest man as he is !. ' said Jacob Smallbury. +" Why, ye've hardly had strength of eye enough to look +in our young mis'ess's face, so I hear, Joseph ?' +All looked at Joseph Poorgrass with pitying reproach. +" No -- I've hardly looked at her at all,' simpered +Joseph, reducing his body smaller whilst talking, +apparently from a meek sense of undue prominence. +"And when I seed her, 'twas nothing but blushes with +me!' +' Poor feller,' said Mr. Clark. +"'Tis a curious nature for a man,' said Jan Coggan. +

+" Yes,' continued Jdseph Poorgrass -- his shyness, +which was so painful as a defect, filling him with a +mild complacency now that it was regarded as an +interesting study. " 'Twere blush, blush, blush with +me every minute of the time, when she was speaking +to me.' +"I believe ye, Joseph Poorgrass, for we all know ye +to be a very bashful man.' +"'Tis a' awkward gift for a man, poor soul,' said the +maltster. "And ye have suffered from it a long time, +we know.' +"Ay ever since I was a boy. Yes -- mother was +concerned to her heart about it -- yes. But twas all +nought.' +"Did ye ever go into the world to try and stop it, +Joseph Poorgrass ? ' +"Oh ay, tried all sorts o' company. They took me +to Greenhill Fair, and into a great gay jerry-go-nimble +show, where there were women-folk riding round -- +standing upon horses, with hardly anything on but their +smocks; but it didn't cure me a morsel. And then I +was put errand-man at the Women's Skittle Alley at the +back of the Tailor's Arms in Casterbridge. 'Twas a +horrible sinful situation, and a very curious place for a +good man. I had to stand and look ba'dy people in +the face from morning till night; but 'twas no use -- I +was just as-bad as ever after all. Blushes hev been +in the family for generations. There, 'tis a happy pro+ +vidence that I be no worse.' +" True,' said Jacob Smallbury, deepening his thoughts +to a profounder view of the subject. "'Tis a thought +to look at, that ye might have been worse; but even +as you be, 'tis a very bad affliction for 'ee, Joseph. For +ye see, shepherd, though 'tis very well for a woman, +dang it all, 'tis awkward for a man like him, poor +feller ? ' +" 'Tis -- 'tis,' said Gabriel, recovering from a medita+ +tion. " Yes, very awkward for the man.' +" Ay, and he's very timid, too,' observed Jan Coggan. +"Once he had been working late at Yalbury Bottom, +and had had a drap of drink, and lost his way as he was +coming home-along through Yalbury Wood, didn't ye, +Master Poorgrass ? ' +" No, no, no ; not that story !' expostulated the +modest man, forcing a laugh to bury his concern. +

+" -- -- And so 'a lost himself quite,' continued Mr +Coggan, with an impassive face, implying that a true +narrative, like time and tide, must run its course and +would respect no man. "And as he was coming along +in the middle of the night, much afeared, and not able +to find his way out of the trees nohow, 'a cried out, +" Man-a-lost!. man-a-lost !." A owl in a tree happened +to be crying "Whoo-whoo-whoo !" as owls do, you +know, shepherd ' (Gabriel nodded), " and Joseph, all +in a tremble, said, " Joseph Poorgrass, of Weatherbury, +sir.!" +"No, no, now -- that's too much! ' said the timid +man, becoming a man of brazen courage all of a sudden. +"I didn't say sir. I'll tike my oath I didn't say " Joseph +Poorgrass o' Weatherbury, sir." No, no ; what's right +is right, and I never said sir to the bird, knowing very +well that no man of a gentleman's rank would be +hollering there at that time o' night. " Joseph Poor+ +grass of Weatherbury," -- that's every word I said, and +I shouldn't ha' said that if 't hadn't been for Keeper +Day's metheglin.... There, 'twas a merciful thing it +ended where it did.' +The question of which was right being tacitly waived +by the company, Jan went on meditatively : -- +"And he's the fearfullest man, bain't ye, Joseph? +Ay, another time ye were lost by Lambing-Down Gate, +weren't ye, Joseph ? ' +"I was,' replied Poorgrass, as if there were some +conditions too serious even for modesty to remember +itself under, this being one. +' Yes ; that were the middle of the night, too. The +gate would not open, try how he would, and knowing +there was the Devil's hand in it, he kneeled down.' +'Ay,' said Joseph, acquiring confidence from the +warmth of the fire, the cider, and a perception of the +narrative capabilities of the experience alluded to. +" My heart died within me, that time; but I kneeled +down and said the Lord's Prayer, and then the Belie +THE CHAT +right through, and then the Ten Commandments, in +earnest prayer. But no, the gate wouldn't open; and +then I went on with Dearly Beloved Brethren, and, +thinks I, this makes four, and 'tis all I know out of +book, and if this don't do it nothing will, and I'm a +lost man. Well, when I got to +

+Saying After Me, I +rose from my knees and found the gate would open + -- yes, neighbours, the gate opened the same as ever.' + A meditation on the obvious inference wsas indulged +in by all, and during its continuance each directed his +vision into the ashpit, which glowed like a desert in +the tropics under a vertical sun, shaping their eyes long +and liny, partly because of the light, partly from the +depth of the subject discussed. + Gabriel broke the silence. "What sort of a place +is this to live at, and what sort of a mis'ess is she to +work under?' Gabriel's bosom thrilled gently as he +thus slipped under the notice of the assembly the inner+ +most subject of his heart. + "We d' know little of her -- nothing. She only +showed herself a few days ago. Her uncle was took +bad, and the doctor was called with his world-wide +skill; but he couldn't save the man. As I take it, +she's going to keep on the farm. + "That's abouyt the shape o't, 'a b'lieve,' said Jan +uncle was a very fair sort of man. Did ye know en, +be under 'em as under one here and there. Her +uncle was a very fair sort of man. Did ye know 'en, +shepherd -- a bachelor-man ? ' + "Not at all.' + "I used to go to his house a-courting my first wife, +Charlotte, who was his dairymaid. Well, a very good+ +hearted man were Farmer Everdene, and I being a +respectable young fellow was allowed to call and see +her and drink as much ale as I liked, but not to carry +away any -- outside my skin I mane of course.' + "Ay, ay, Jan Coggan; we know yer maning.' + "And so you see 'twas beautiful ale, and I wished +to value his kindness as much as I could, and not to +be so ill-mannered as to drink only a thimbleful, which +would have been insulting the man's generosity -- -- ' + "True, Master Coggan, 'twould so,' corroborated +Mark Clark. + " -- -- And so I used to eat a lot of salt fish afore +going, and then by the time I got there I were as dry +as a lime-basket -- so thorough dry that that ale would +slip down -- ah, 'twould slip down sweet! Happy +times! heavenly times! Such lovely drunks as I +used to have at that house! You can mind, Jacob? +You used to go wi' me sometimes.' +

+ "I can -- I can,' said Jacob. "That one, too, that +we had at Buck's Head on a White Monday was a +pretty tipple.' + "'Twas. But for a wet of the better class, that +brought you no nearer to the horned man than you were +afore you begun, there was none like those in Farmer +Everdene's kitchen. Not a single damn allowed; no, +not a bare poor one, even at the most cheerful moment +when all were blindest, though the good old word of +sin thrown in here and there at such times is a great +relief to a merry soul.' + "True,' said the maltster. "Nater requires her +swearing at the regular times, or she's not herself; and +unholy exclamations is a necessity of life.' + "But Charlotte,' continued Coggan -- "not a word of +the sort would Charlotte allow, nor the smallest item of +taking in vain.... Ay, poor Charlotte, I wonder if she +had the good fortune to get into Heaven when 'a died!. +But 'a was never much in luck's way, and perhaps 'a +went downwards after all, poor soul.' + "And did any of you know Miss Everdene's-father +and mother?' inquired the shepherd, who found some +difficulty in keeping the conversation in the desired +channel. +THE CHAT + "I knew them a little,' said Jacob Smallbury; "but +they were townsfolk, and didn't live here. They've +been dead for years. Father, what sort of people were +mis'ess' father and mother?' + "Well,' said the maltster, "he wasn't much to look +at; but she was a lovely woman. He was fond enough +of her as his sweetheart.' + "Used to kiss her scores and long-hundreds o times, +so 'twas said,' observed Coggan. + "He was very proud of her, too, when they were +married, as I've been told,' said the maltster. + "Ay,' said Coggan. "He admired her so much that +he used to light the candle three time a night to look +at her.' + "Boundless love; I shouldn't have supposed it in the +universe!' murmered Joseph Poorgrass, who habitually +spoke on a large scale in his moral reflections. + "Well, to be sure,' said Gabriel. + "Oh, 'tis true enough. I knowed the man and +woman both well. Levi Everdene -- that was the man's +name, sure. ""Man,'' +

+saith I in my hurry, but he were +of a higher circle of life than that -- 'a was a gentleman+ +tailor really, worth scores of pounds. And he became +a very celebrated bankrupt two or three times.' + "Oh, I thought he was quite a common man!.' said +Joseph. + "O no, no! That man failed for heaps of money; +hundreds in gold and silver.' + The maltster being rather short of breath, Mr. Coggan, +after absently scrutinising a coal which had fallen among +the ashes, took up the narrative, with a private twirl of +his eye: -- + "Well, now, you'd hardly believe it, but that man -- +husbands alive, after a while. Understand' 'a didn't +want to be fickle, but he couldn't help it. The poor +feller were faithful and true enough to her in his wish, +but his heart would rove, do what he would. He spoke +to me in real tribulation about it once. ""Coggan,'' +he said, ""I could never wish for a handsomer woman +than I've got, but feeling she's ticketed as my lawful +wife, I can't help my wicked heart wandering, do what +I will.'' But at last I believe he cured it by making her +take off her wedding-ring and calling her by her maiden +name as they sat together after the shop was shut, and +so 'a would get to fancy she was only his sweetheart, and +not married to him at all. And as soon as he could +thoroughly fancy he was doing wrong and committing +the seventh, 'a got to like her as well as ever, and they +lived on a perfect picture of mutel love.' + "Well, 'twas a most ungodly remedy,' murmured +Joseph Poorgrass; "but we ought to feel deep cheerful+ +ness that a 'happy Providence kept it from being any +worse. You see, he might have gone the bad road and +given his eyes to unlawfulness entirely -- yes, gross un+ +lawfulness, so to say it.' + "You see,' said Billy Smallbury, "The man's will was +to do right, sure enough, but his heart didn't chime in.' + "He got so much better, that he was quite godly +in his later years, wasn't he, Jan ?' said Joseph Poor+ +grass. "He got himself confirmed over again in a more +serious way, and took to saying ""Amen'' almost as loud +as the clerk, and he liked to copy comforting verses +from the tombstones. He used, too, to hold the money+ +plate at Let Your Light so Shine, and stand +

+godfather +to poor little come-by-chance children; and he kept a +missionary' box upon his table to nab folks unawares +when they called; yes, and he would-box the charity+ +boys' ears, if they laughed in church, till they could +hardly stand upright, and do other deeds of piety +natural to the saintly inclined.' + "Ay, at that time he thought of nothing but high +things,' added Billy Smallbury. "One day Parson Thirdly +met him and said, ""Good-Morning, Mister Everdene; 'tis +THE CHAT +a fine day!'' ""Amen'' said Everdene, quite absent+ +like, thinking only of religion when he seed a parson+ + "Their daughter was not at all a pretty chiel at that +time,' said Henery Fray. "Never should have. thought +she'd have growed up such a handsome body as she is.' + "'Tis to be hoped her temper is as good as her face.' + "Well, yes; but the baily will have most to do with +the business and ourselves. Ah!' Henery gazed into +the ashpit, and smiled volumes of ironical knowledge. + "A queer Christian, like the Devil's head in a cowl, + "He is,' said Henery, implying that irony must cease +at a certain point. "Between we two, man and man, I +believe that man would as soon tell a lie Sundays as +working-days -- that I do so.' + "Good faith, you do talk!' said Gabriel. + "True enough,' said the man of bitter moods, looking +round upon the company with the antithetic laughter +that comes from a keener appreciation of the miseries +of life than ordinary men are capable of. 'Ah, there's +people of one sort, and people of another, but that man + -- bless your souls!' + Gabriel thought fit to change the subject. "You +must be a very aged man, malter, to have sons growed +mild and ancient' he remarked. + "Father's so old that 'a can't mind his age, can ye, +father?' interposed Jacob. "And he growled terrible +crooked too, lately' Jacob continued, surveying his +father's figure, which +

+was rather more bowed than his own. +"Really one may say that father there is three-double.' + "Crooked folk will last a long while,' said the maltster, +grimly, and not in the best humour. + "Shepherd would like to hear the pedigree of yer +life, father -- wouldn't ye, shepherd ? + "Ay that I should,' said Gabriel with the heartiness +of a man who had longed to hear it for several months. +"What may your age be, malter?' + The maltster cleared his throat in an exaggerated +form for emphasis, and elongating his gaze to the +remotest point of the ashpit! said, in the slow speech +justifiable when the importance of a subject is so +generally felt that any mannerism must be tolerated +in getting at it, "Well, I don't mind the year I were +born in, but perhaps I can reckon up the places I've +lived at, and so get it that way. I bode at Upper Long+ +puddle across there' (nodding to the north) "till I were +eleven. I bode seven at Kingsbere' (nodding to the +east) "where I took to malting. I went therefrom to +Norcombe, and malted there two-and-twenty years, and+ +two-and-twenty years I was there turnip-hoeing and +harvesting. Ah, I knowed that old place, Norcombe, +years afore you were thought of, Master Oak' (Oak smiled +sincere belief in the fact). "Then I malted at Dur+ +nover four year, and four year turnip-hoeing; and +I was fourteen times eleven months at Millpond St. +Jude's ' (nodding north-west-by-north). "Old Twills +wouldn't hire me for more than eleven months at a +time, to keep me from being chargeable to the parish +if so be I was disabled. Then I was three year at +Mellstock, and I've been here one-and-thirty year come +Candlemas. How much is that?" + "Hundred and seventeen,' chuckled another old +gentleman, given to mental arithmetic and little con+ +versation, who had hitherto sat unobserved in a corner. + "Well, then, that's my age,' said the maltster, em+ +phatically. + "O no, father!' said Jacob. "Your turnip-hoeing +were in the summer and your malting in the winter of +the same years, and ye don't ought to count-both halves +father.' +

+ "Chok' it all! I lived through the summers, didn't +I? That's my question. I suppose ye'll say next I be +no age at all to speak of?' + "Sure we shan't,' said Gabriel, soothingly. + "Ye be a very old aged person, malter,' attested Jan +must have a wonderful talented constitution to be able +to live so long, mustn't he, neighbours?' + "True, true; ye must, malter, wonderful;' said the +meeting unanimously. + The maltster, being know pacified, was even generous +enough to voluntarily disparage in a slight degree the +virtue of having lived a great many years, by mentioning +that the cup they were drinking out of was three years +older than he. + While the cup was being examined, the end of +Gabriel Oak's flute became visible over his smock-frock +I seed you blowing into a great flute by now at Caster+ +bridge?' + "You did,' said Gabriel, blushingh faintly. "I've been +in great trouble, neighbours, and was driven to it. +take it careless-like, shepherd and your time will come +tired?' + "Neither drum nor trumpet have I heard since +Christmas,' said Jan Coggan. "Come, raise a tune, +Master Oak!' + "That I will,' said Gabriel, pulling out his flute and +putting it together. "A poor tool, neighbours; but +such as I can do ye shall have and welcome.' + Oak then struck up "Jockey to the Fair,' and played +that sparkling melody three times through accenting the +notes in the third round in a most artistic and lively +manner by bending his body in small jerks and tapping +with his foot to beat time. + "He can blow the flute very well -- that 'a can,' said +a young married man, who having no individuality worth +mentioning was known as "Susan Tall's husband.' He +continued, "I'd as lief as not be able to blow into a +flute as well-as that.' +

+ "He's a clever man, and 'tis a true comfort for us to +have such a shepherd,' murmured Joseph Poorgrass, in +a soft cadence. "We ought to feel full o' thanksgiving +that he's not a player of ba'dy songs 'instead of these +merry tunes; for 'twould have been just as easy for God +to have made the shepherd a loose low man -- a man of +iniquity, so to speak it -- as what he is. Yes, for our wives' +and daughters' sakes we should feel real thanks giving.' + "True, true, -- real thanksgiving!' dashed in Mark +Clark conclusively, not feeling it to be of any conse+ +quence to his opinion that he had only heard about a +word and three-quarters of what Joseph had said. + "Yes,' added Joseph, beginning to feel like a man in +the Bible; "for evil do thrive so in these times that ye +may be as much deceived in the clanest shaved and +whitest shirted man as in the raggedest tramp upon the +turnpike, if I may term it so.' + "Ay, I can mind yer face now, shepherd,' said +Henery Fray, criticising Gabriel with misty eyes as he +entered upon his second tune. "Yes -- now I see 'ee +blowing into the flute I know 'ee to be the same man +I see play at Casterbridge, for yer mouth were scrimped +up and yer eyes a-staring out like a strangled man's -- +just as they be now.' + "'Tis a pity that playing the flute should make a man +look such a scarecrow,' observed Mr. Mark Clark, with +additional criticism of Gabriel's countenance, the latter +person jerking out, with the ghastly grimace required by +the instrument, the chorus of "Dame Durden! + "I hope you don't mind that young man's bad +manners in naming your features?' whispered Joseph to +Gabriel. + "Not at all,' said Mr. Oak. + "For by nature ye be a very handsome man, +shepherd,' continued Joseph Poorgrass, with winning +sauvity. + "Ay, that ye be, shepard,' said the company. + "Thank you very much,' said Oak, in the modest +tone good +

+manners demanded, thinking, however, that +he would never let Bathsheba see him playing the +flute; in this severe showing s discretion equal to that +related to its sagacious inventress, the divine Minerva +herself. + "Ah, when I and my wife were married at Norcombe +Church,' said the old maltster, not pleased at finding +himself left out of the subject "we were called the +handsomest couple in the neighbourhood -- everybody +said so.' + "Danged if ye bain't altered now, malter,' said a voice +with the vigour natural to the enunciation of a remark+ +ably evident truism. It came from the old man in the +background, whose offensiveness and spiteful ways were +barely atoned for by the occasional chuckle he con+ +tributed to general laughs. + "O no, no,' said Gabriel. + "Don't ye play no more shepherd ' said Susan Tall's +husband, the young married man who had spoken once +before. "I must be moving and when there's tunes +going on I seem as if hung in wires. If I thought after +I'd left that music was still playing, and I not there, I +should be quite melancholy-like.' + "What's yer hurry then, Laban?' inquired Coggan+ +"You used to bide as late as the latest.' + "Well, ye see, neighbours, I was lately married to a +woman, and she's my vocation now, and so ye see -- -- ' +The young man hated lamely. + "New Lords new laws, as the saying is, I suppose,' +remarked Coggan. + "Ay, 'a b'lieve -- ha, ha!' said Susan Tall's husband, +in a tone intended to imply his habitual reception of +jokes without minding them at all. The young man +then wished them good-night and withdrew. + Henery Fray was the first to follow. Then Gabriel +arose and went off with Jan Coggan, who had offered +him a lodging. A few minutes later, when the remaining +ones were on their legs and about to depart, Fray came +back again in a hurry. Flourishing his finger ominously +he threw a gaze teeming with tidings just -- where his eye +alighted by accident, which happened to be in Joseph +Poorgrass's face. +

+ "O -- what's the matter, what's the matter, Henery?' +said Joseph, starting back. + "What's a-brewing, Henrey?' asked Jacob and Mark +Clark. + "Baily Pennyways -- Baily Pennyways -- I said so; yes, +I said so!' + "What, found out stealing anything?' + "Stealing it is. The news is, that after Miss +Everdene got home she went out again to see all was +safe, as she usually do, and coming in found Baily +Pennyways creeping down the granary steps with half a +a bushel of barley. She fleed at him like a cat -- never +such a tomboy as she is -- of course I speak with closed +doors?' + "You do -- you do, Henery.' + "She fleed at him, and, to cut a long story short, +he owned to having carried off five sack altogether, upon +her promising not to persecute him. Well, he's turned +out neck and crop, and my question is, who's going to +be baily now?' + The question was such a profound one that Henery +was obliged to drink there and then from the large +cup till the bottom was distinctly visible inside. Before +he had replaced it on the table, in came the young man, +Susan Tall's husband, in a still greater hurry. + "Have ye heard the news that's all over parish?' + "About Baily Pennyways?' + "But besides that?' + "No -- not a morsel of it!' they replied, looking into +the very midst of Laban Tall as if to meet his words +half-way down his throat. + "What a night of horrors!' murmured Joseph Poor+ +grass, waving his hands spasmodically. "I've had the +news-bell ringing in my left ear quite bad enough for a +murder, and I've seen a magpie all alone!' + "Fanny Robin -- Miss everdene's youngest servant -- +can't be found. They've been wanting to lock up the +door these two hours, but she isn't come in. And they +don't know what to do about going to hed for fear of +locking her out. They wouldn't be so concerned if she +hadn't been noticed in such low spirits +

+these last few +days, and Maryann d'think the beginning of a crowner's +inquest has happened to the poor girl.' + "O -- 'tis burned -- 'tis burned!' came from Joseph +Poorgrass's dry lips. + "No -- 'tis drowned!' said 'Tall. + "Or 'tis her father's razor!' suggested Billy Smallbury, +with a vivid sense of detail. + "Well -- Miss Everdene wants to speak to one or two +of us before we go to bed. What with this trouble about +the baily, and now about the girl, mis'ess is almost wild.' + They all hastened up the lane to the farmhouse, +excepting the old maltster, whom neither news, fire, +rain, nor thunder could draw from his hole. There, as +the others' footsteps died away he sat down again and +continued gazing as usual into the furnace with his red, +bleared eyes. + From the bedroom window above their heads Bath+ +sheba's head and shoulders, robed in mystic white, were +dimly seen extended into the air. + "Are any of my men among you?' she said anxiously. + "Yes, ma'am, several,' said Susan Tall's husband. + "Tomorrow morning I wish two or three of you to +make inquiries in the villages round if they have seen +such a person as Fanny Robin. Do it quietly; there is +no reason for alarm as yet. She must have left whilst +we were all at the fire.' + "I beg yer pardon, but had she any young man court+ +ing her in the parish, ma'am?" asked Jacob Smallbury. + "I don't know,' said Bathsheba. + "I've never heard of any such thing, ma'am,' said +two or three. + "It is hardly likely, either,' continued Bathsheba. +"For any lover of hers might have come to the house if +he had been a respectable lad. The most mysterious +matter connected with her absence -- indeed, the only +thing which gives me serious alarm -- is that she was +seen to go out of the house by Maryann with only her +indoor working gown on -- not even a bonnet.' + "And you mean, ma'am, excusing my words, that a +young +

+woman would hardly go to see her young man +without dressing up,' said Jacob, turning his mental +vision upon past experiences. "That's true -- she would +not, ma'am.' + "She had, I think, a bundle, though I couldn't see +very well,' said a female voice from another window, +which seemed that of Maryann. "But she had no +young man about here. Hers lives in Casterbridge, and +I believe he's a soldier.' + "Do you know his name?' Bathsheba said. + "No, mistress; she was very close about it.' + "Perhaps I might be able to find out if I went to +Casterbridge barracks,' said William Smallbury. + "Very well; if she doesn't return tomorrow, mind +you go there and try to discover which man it is, and +see him. I feel more responsible than I should if she +had had any friends or relations alive. I do hope she +has come to no harm through a man of that kind.... +And then there's this disgraceful affair of the bailiff -- +but I can't speak of him now.' + Bathsheba had so many reasons for uneasiness that +it seemed she did not think it worth while to dwell +upon any particular one. "Do as I told you, then' +she said in conclusion, closing the casement. + "Ay, ay, mistress; we will,' they replied, and moved +away. + That night at Coggan's, Gabriel Oak, beneath the +screen of closed eyelids, was busy with fancies, and full +of movement, like a river flowing rapidly under its ice. +Night had always been the time at which he saw Bath+ +sheba most vividly, and through the slow hours of +shadow he tenderly regarded her image now. It is +rarely that the pleasures of the imagination will compen+ +sate for the pain of sleeplessness, but they possibly did +with Oak to-night, for the delight of merely seeing her +effaced for the time his perception of the great differ+ +ence between seeing and possessing. + He also thought of Plans for fetching his few utensils +and books from Norcombe. The Young Man's Best +Companion, The Farrier's Sure Guide, The Veterinary +Surgeon, Paradise Lost, The Pilgrim's Progress, Robinson +Crusoe, Ash's Dictionary, the Walkingame's Arithmetic, +constituted his library; +

+and though a limited series, it was +one from which he had acquired more sound informa+ +tion by diligent perusal than many a man of opportunities +has done from a furlong of laden shelves. + +

+THE HOMESTEAD -- A VISITOR -- HALF-CONFIDENCES +By daylight, the Bower of Oak's new-found mistress, +Bathsheba Everdene, presented itself as a hoary build+ +ing, of the early stage of Classic Renaissance as regards +its architecture, and of 'a proportion which told at a +glance that, as is so frequently the case, it had once +been the memorial hall upon a small estate around it, +now altogether effaced as a distinct property, and merged +in the vast tract of a non-resident landlord, which com+ +prised several such modest demesnes. + Fluted pilasters, worked from the solid stone, +decorated its front, and above the roof the chimneys +were panelled or columnar, some coped gables with +finials and like features still retaining traces of their +Gothic extraction. Soft Brown mosses, like faded +velveteen, formed cushions upon the stone tiling, and +tufts of the houseleek or sengreen sprouted from the +eaves of the low surrounding buildings. A gravel walk +leading from the door to the road in front was encrusted +at the sides with more moss -- here it was a silver-green +variety, the nut-brown of the gravel being visible to the +width of only a foot or two in the centre. This circum+ +stance, and the generally sleepy air of the whole prospect +here, together with the animated and contrasting state +of the reverse facade, suggested to the imagination that +on the adaptation of the building for farming purposes +the vital principle' of the house had turned round inside +its body to face the other way. Reversals of this kind, +strange deformities, tremendous paralyses, are often seen +to be inflicted by trade upon edifices -- either individual +or in the aggregate as streets and towns -- which were +originally planned for pleasure alone. + Lively voices were heard this morning in the upper +rooms, the main staircase to which was of hard oak, the +balusters, heavy as bed-posts, being turned and moulded +in the quaint +

+fashion of their century, the handrail as +stout as a parapet-top, and the stairs themselves con+ +tinually twisting round like a person trying to look over +his shoulder. Going up, the floors above were found +to have a very irregular surface, rising to ridges, sinking +into valley; and being just then uncarpeted, the face +of the boards was seen to be eaten into innumerable +the opening and shutting of every door a tremble +followed every bustling movement, and a creak accom+ +panied a walker about the house like a spirit, wherever+ +he went. + In the room from which the conversation proceeded, +Bathsheba and her servant-companion, Liddy Small+ +bury were to be discovered sitting upon the floor, and +sorting a complication of papers, books, bottles, and +rubbish spread out thereon -- remnants from the house+ +hold stores of the late occupier. Liddy, the maltster's +great-granddaughter, was about Bathsheba's equal in +age, and her face was a prominent advertisement of the +features' might have lacked in form was amply made up +for by perfection of hue, which at this winter-time was +the softened ruddiness on a surface of high rotundity +and, like the presentations of those great colourists, it +was a face which kept well back from the boundary +between comeliness and the ideal. Though elastic in +nature she was less daring than Bathsheba, and occa+ +sionally showed some earnestness, which consisted half +of genuine feeling, and half of mannerliness superadded +by way of duty. + Through a partly-opened door the noise of a scrubbing+ +brush led up to the charwoman, Maryann Money, a person +who for a face had a circular disc, furrowed less by age +than by long gazes of perplexity at distant objects. To +think of her was to get good-humoured; to speak of +her was to raise the image of a dried Normandy +pippin. + "Stop your scrubbing a moment,' said Bathsheba +through the door to her. "I hear something.' + Maryann suspended the brush. +

+ The tramp of a horse was apparent, approaching the +front of the building. The paces slackened, turned in +at the wicket, and, what was most unusual, came up +the mossy path close to the door. The door was +tapped with the end of a crop or stick. + "What impertinence!' said Liddy, in a low voice. +"To ride up the footpath like that! Why didn't he +stop at the gate? Lord! "tis a gentleman! I see the +top of his hat.' + "Be quiet!' said Bathsheba. + The further expression of Liddy's concern was con+ +tinued by aspect instead of narrative. + "Why doesn't Mrs. Coggan go to the door?' Bath+ +sheba continued. + Rat-tat-tat-tat, resounded more decisively from Bath+ +sheba's oak. + "Maryann, you go!' said she, fluttering under the +onset ot a crowd of romantic possibilities. + "O ma'am -- see, here's a mess!' + The argument was unanswerable after a glance at +Maryann. + "Liddy -- you must,' said Bathsheba. + Liddy held up her hands and arms, coated with dust +from the rubbish they were sorting, and looked implor+ +ingly at her mistress. + "There -- -Mrs. Coggan is going!' said Bathsheba, +exhaling her relief in the form of a long breath which +had lain in her bosom a minute or more. + The door opened, and a deep voice said -- + "Is Miss Everdene at home?' + "I'll see, sir,' said Mrs. Coggan, and in a minute +appeared in the room. + "Dear, what a thirtover place this world is!' con+ +tinued Mrs. Coggan (a wholesome-looking lady who +had a voice for each class of remark according to the +emotion involved; who could toss a pancake or twirl +a mop with the accuracy of pure mathematics, and +who at this moment showed hands shaggy with frag+ +ments of dough and arms encrusted with flour). "I +am never up to my elbows, Miss, in making a pudding +but one of two things do happen -- either my nose must +needs begin +

+tickling, and I can't live without scratching + A woman's dress being a part of her countenance, +and any disorder in the one being of the same nature +with a malformation or wound in the other, Bathsheba +said at once -- + "I can't see him in this state. Whatever shall I do?' + Not-at-homes were hardly naturalized in Weatherbury +farmhouses, so Liddy suggested -- "Say you're a fright +with dust, and can't come down.' + "Yes -- that sounds very well,' said Mrs. Coggan, +critically. + "Say I can't see him -- that will do.' + Mrs. Coggan went downstairs, and returned the +answer as requested, adding, however, on her own +responsibility, "Miss is dusting bottles, sir, and is quite +a object -- that's why 'tis.' + "Oh, very well,' said the deep voice,' indifferently. +"All I wanted to ask was, if anything had been heard +of Fanny Robin?' + "Nothing, sir -- but we may know to-night. William +Smallbury is gone to Casterbridge, where her young +man lives, as is supposed, and the other men be inquir+ +ing about everywhere.' + The horse's tramp then recommenced and -retreated, +and the door closed. + "Who is Mr. Boldwood?' said Bathsheba. + "A gentleman-farmer at Little Weatherbury.' + "Married?' + "No, miss.' + "How old is he?' + "Forty, I should say -- very handsome -- rather stern+ +looking -- and rich.' + "What a bother this dusting is! I am always in +some unfortunate plight or other;' Bathsheba said, +complainingly. "Why should he inquire aboat Fanny?' + "Oh, because, as she had no friends in her childhood, +he took her and put her to school, and got her her +place here under your uncle. He's a very kind man +that way, but Lord -- there!' + "What?' + "Never was such a hopeless man for a woman! +He's been +

+courted by sixes and sevens -- all the girls, +gentle and simple, for miles round, have tried him. Jane +Perkins worked at him for two months like a slave, +and the two Miss Taylors spent a year upon him, +and he cost Farmer Ives's daughter nights of tears +and twenty pounds' worth of new clothes; but Lord -- +the money might as well have been thrown out of the +window.' + A little boy came up at this moment and looked in +upon them. This child was one of the Coggans who, +with the Smallburys, were as common among the +families of this district as the Avons and Derwents +among our rivers. He always had a loosened tooth or +a cut finger to show to particular friends, which he did +with an air of being thereby elevated above the common +herd of afflictionless humanity -- to which exhibition +of congratulation as well as pity. + "I've got a pen-nee!' said Master Coggan in a +scanning measure. + "Well -- who gave it you, Teddy?' said Liddy. + "Mis-terr Bold-wood! He gave it to me for opening +the gate.' + "What did he say?' + "He said "Where are you going, my little man?'' +and I said, "To Miss Everdene's please;'' and he said, +"She is a staid woman, isn't she, my little man?' and +I said, ""Yes.''' + "You naughty child! What did you say that for?' + "Cause he gave me the penny!' + "What a pucker evrything is in!' said Bathsheba, +discontentedly when the child had gone. 'Get away, +thing! You ought to be married by this time, and not +here troubling me!' + "Ay, mistress -- so I did. But what between the poor +men I won't have, and the rich men who won't have me, +I stand as a pelicon in the wilderness!' + "Did anybody ever want to marry you miss?' Liddy +ventured to ask when they were again alone. "Lots of +'em, i daresay.?' + Bathsheba paused, as if about to refuse a reply, but +the temptation to say yes, since it was really in her +power was irresistible by aspiring virginity, in spite of +her spleen at having been published as old. +

+ "A man wanted to once,' she said, in a highly experi+ +enced tone and the image of Gabriel Oak, as the farmer, +rose before her. + "How nice it must seem!' said Liddy, with the fixed +features of mental realization. "And you wouldn't have +him?' + "He wasn't quite good enough for me.' + "How sweet to be able to disdain, when most of us +are glad to say, ""Thank you!'' I seem I hear it. +""No, sir -- I'm your better,'' or ""Kiss my foot, sir; my +face is for mouths of consequence.'' And did you love +him, miss?' + "Oh, no. But I rather liked him.' + "Do you now?' + "Of course not -- what footsteps are those I hear?' + Liddy looked from a back window into the courtyard +behind, which was now getting low-toned and dim with +the earliest films of night. A crooked file of men was +approaching the back door. The whole string of trailing +individuals advanced in the completest balance of inten+ +tion, like the remarkable creatures known as Chain +Salpae, which, distinctly organized in other respects, have +one will common to a whole family. Some were, as +usual, in snow-white smock-frocks of Russia duck, and +some in whitey-brown ones of drabbet -- marked on the +wrists, breasts, backs, and sleeves with honeycomb-work. +Two or three womcn in pattens brought up the rear. + "The Philistines be upon us,' said Liddy, making her +nose white against the glass. + "Oh, very well. Maryann, go down and keep them +in the kitchen till I am dressed, and then show them in +to me in the hall.' + +

+HALF-AN-HOUR later Bathsheba, in finished dress, +and followed by Liddy, entered the upper end of the old +hall to find that her men had all deposited themselves on +a long form and a settle at the lower extremity. She sat +down at a table and opened th e time-book, pen in her +hand, with a canvas money-bag beside her. From this +she poured a small heap of coin. Liddy chose a +position at her elbow and began to sew, sometimes +pausing and looking round, or with the air of a privileged +person, taking up one of the half-sovereigns lying before +her and surveying it merely as a work of art, while +strictly preventing her countenance from expressing any +wish to possess it as money. + "Now before I begin, men,' said Bathsheba, "I have +two matters to speak of. The first is that the bailiff is +dismissed for thieving, and that I have formed a resolu+ +tion to have no bailiff at all, but to manage everything +with my own head and hands.' + The men breathed an audible breath of amazement. + "The next matter is, have you heard anything of +Fanny?' + "Nothing, ma'am. + "Have you done anything?' + "I met Farmer Boldwood,' said Jacob Smallbury, 'and +I went with him and two of his men, and dragged New+ +mill Pond, but we found nothing.' + "And the new shepherd have been to Buck's Head, +by Yalbury, thinking she had gone there, but nobody +had seed her,' said Laban Tall. + "Hasn't William Smallbury been to Casterbridge?' + "Yes, ma'am, but he's not yet come home. He +promised to be back by six.' + "It wants a quarter to six at present,' said Bathsheba, + +

+looking at her watch. "I daresay he'll be in directly. +Well, now then' -- she looked into the book -- "Joseph +Poorgrass, are you there?' + "Yes, sir -- ma'am I mane,' said the person addressed. +"I be the personal name of Poorgrass.' + "And what are you?' + "Nothing in my own eye. In the eye of other people + -- well, I don't say it; though public thought will out.' + "What do you do on the farm?' + "I do do carting things all the year, and in seed time I +shoots the rooks and sparrows, and helps at pig-killing, sir.' + "How much to you ?' + "Please nine and ninepence and a good halfpenny +where 'twas a bad one, sir -- ma'am I mane.' + "Quite correct. Now here are ten shillings in addi+ +tion as a small present, as I am a new comer.' + Bathsheba blushed slightly at the sense of being +generous in public, and Henery Fray, who had drawn +up towards her chair, lifted his eyebrows and fingers to +express amazement on a small scale. + "How much do I owe you -- that man in the corner -- +what's your name?' continued Bathsheba. + "Matthew Moon, ma'am,' said a singular framework of +clothes with nothing of any consequence inside them, +which advanced with the toes in no definite direction +forwards, but turned in or out as they chanced to swing. + "Matthew Mark, did you say? -- speak out -- I shall +not hurt you,' inquired the young farmer, kindly. + "Matthew Moon mem' said Henery Fray, correct+ +ingly, from behind her chair, to which point he had +edged himself. + "Matthew Moon,' murmured Bathsheba, turning her +bright eyes to the book. "Ten and twopence halfpenny +is the sum put down to you, I see?' + "Yes, mis'ess,' said Matthew, as the rustle of wind +among dead leaves. + "Here it is and ten shillings. Now -the next -- Andrew +Randle, you are a new man, I hear. How come you to +leave your last farm?' +

+ "P-p-p-p-p-pl-pl-pl-pl-l-l-l-l-ease, ma'am, p-p-p-p-pl-pl+ +pl-pl-please, ma'am-please'm-please'm -- -- ' + "'A's a stammering man, mem,' said Henery Fray in +an undertone, "and they turned him away because the +only time he ever did speak plain he said his soul was +his own, and other iniquities, to the squire. "A can cuss, +mem, as well as you or I, but 'a can't speak a common +speech to save his life.' + "Andrew Randle, here's yours -- finish thanking me +in a day or two. Temperance Miller -- oh, here's another, +Soberness -- both women I suppose?' + "Yes'm. Here we be, 'a b'lieve,' was echoed in shrill +unison. + "What have you been doing?' + "Tending thrashing-machine and wimbling haybonds, +and saying ""Hoosh!'' to the cocks and hens when they +go upon your seeds and planting Early Flourballs and +Thompson's Wonderfuls with a dibble.' + "Yes -- I see. Are they satisfactory women?' she +inquired softly of Henery Fray. + "O mem -- don't ask me! Yeilding women?' as +scarlet a pair as ever was!' groaned Henery under his +breath. + "Sit down. + "Who, mem?' + "Sit down,' + Joseph Poorgrass, in the background twitched, and +his lips became dry with fear of some terrible conse+ +quences, as he saw Bathsheba summarily speaking, and +Henery slinking off to a corner. + "Now the next. Laban Tall, you'll stay on working +for me?' + "For you or anybody that pays me well, ma'am,' +replied the young married man. + "True -- the man must live!' said a woman in the +back quarter, who had just entered with clicking pattens. + "What woman is that?" Bathsheba asked. + "I be his lawful wife!' continued the voice with +greater prominence of manner and tone. This lady +called herself five-and-twenty, looked thirty, passed as +thirty-five, and was forty. She was a woman who never, +like some newly married, showed +

+conjugal tenderness in +public, perhaps because she had none to show. + "Oh, you are,' said Bathsheba. "Well, Laban, will +you stay on ?' + "Yes, he'll stay, ma'am!' said again the shrill tongue +of Laban's lawful wife. + "Well, he can speak for himself, I suppose.' + "O Lord, not he, ma'am! A simple tool. Well +enough, but a poor gawkhammer mortal,' the wife replied + "Heh-heh-heh!' laughed the married man with a +hideous effort of appreciation, for he was as irrepressibly +good-humoured under ghastly snubs as a parliamentary +candidate on the hustings. + The names remaining were called in the same +manner. + "Now I think I have done with you,' said Bathsheba, +closing the book and shaking back a stray twine of hair. +"Has William Smallbury returned?' + "No, ma'am.' + "The new shepherd will want a man under him,' +suggested Henery Fray, trying to make himself official +again by a sideway approach towards her chair. + "Oh -- he will. Who can he have?' + "Young Cain Ball is a very good lad,' Henery said, +"and Shepherd Oak don't mind his youth?' he added, +turning with an apologetic smile to the shepherd, who +had just appeared on the scene, and was now leaning +against the doorpost with his arms folded. + "No, I don't mind that,' said Gabriel. + "How did Cain come by such a name?' asked +Bathsheba. + "Oh you see, mem, his pore mother, not being a +Scripture-read woman made a mistake at his christening, +thinking 'twas Abel killed Cain, and called en Cain, +but 'twas too late, for the name could never be got rid +of in the parish. "Tis very unfortunate for the boy.' + "It is rather unfortunate.' + "Yes. However, we soften it down as much as we +can, and call him Cainey. Ah, pore widow-woman! +she cried her heart +

+out about it almost. She was +brought up by a very heathen father and mother, who +never sent her to church or school, and it shows how +the sins of the parents are visited upon the children, +mem.' + Mr. Fray here drew up his features to the mild degree +of melancholy required when the persons involved in +the given misfortune do not belong to your own family. + "Very well then, Cainey Ball to be under-shepherd +And you quite understand your duties? -- you I mean, +Gabriel Oak?' + "Quite well, I thank you Miss Everdene,' said +Shepard Oak from the doorpost. "If I don't, I'll +inquire.' Gabriel was rather staggered by the remark+ +able coolness of her manner. Certainly nobody without +previous information would have dreamt that Oak and +the handsome woman before whom he stood had ever +been other than strangers. But perhaps her air was +the inevitable result of the social rise which had advanced +her from a cottage to a large house and fields. The +case is not unexampled in high places. When, in the +writings of the later poets, Jove and his family are found +to have moved from their cramped quarters on the peak +of Olympus into the wide sky above it, their words show +a proportionate increase of arrogance and reserve. +Footsteps were heard in the passage, combining in +their character the qualities both of weight and measure, +rather at the expense of velocity. +(All.) 'Here's Billy Smallbury come from Caster+ +bridge.' +' And what's the news ? ' said Bathsheba, as William, +after marching to the middle of the hall, took a hand+ +kerchief from his hat and wiped his forehead from its +centre to its remoter boundaries. +'I should have been sooner, miss,' he said, 'if it +hadn't been for the weather.' He then stamped with +each foot severely, and on looking down his boots were +perceived to be clogged with snow. +'Come at last, is it ?' said Henery. +" Well, what about Fanny ? ' said Bathsheba. +"Well, ma'am, in round numbers, she's run away with +the soldiers,' said William. +

+" No; not a steady girl like Fanny ! ' +"I'll tell ye all particulars. When I got to Caster, +bridge Barracks, they said, " The Eleventh Dragoon+ +Guards be gone away, and new troops have come." +The Eleventh left last week for Melchester and onwards. +The Route came from Government like a thief in the +night, as is his nature to, and afore the Eleventh knew +it almost, they wem on the march. They passed near +here.' +Gabriel had listened with interest. 'I saw them go,' +he said. +' Yes,' continued William, ' they pranced down the +street playing "The Girl I Left Behind Me,' so 'tis +said, in glorious notes of triumph. Every looker-on's +inside shook with the blows of the great drum to his +deepest vitals, and there was not a dry eye throughout +the town among the public-house people and the name+ +less women !.' +'But they're not gone to any war?' +'No, ma'am; but they be gone to take the places +of them who may, which is very close connected. And +so I said to myself, Fanny's young man was one of the +regiment, and she's gone after him. There, ma'am, +that's it in black and white.' +Gabriel remained musing and said nothing, for he +was in doubt. +'Well, we are not likely to know more to-night, at +any rate,' said Bathsheba. 'But one of you had better +run across to Farmer Boldwood's and tell him that +much.' +She then rose; but before retiring, addressed a few +words to them with a pretty dignity, to which her +mourning dress added a soberness that was hardly to +be found in the words themselves. +'Now mind, you have a mistress instead of a master +I don't yet know my powers or my talents in farming; +but I shall do my best, and if you serve me well, so +shall I serve you. Don't any unfair ones among you +(if there are any such, but I hope not) suppose that +because I'm a woman I don't understand the difference +between bad goings-on and good.' +

+(All.) 'Nom!. +(Liddy.) 'Excellent well said.' +'I shall be up before you are awake; I shall be +afield before you are up ; and I shall have breakfasted +before you are afield. In short, I shall astonish you all. +(All.) 'Yes'm!' +'And so good-night.' +(All.) 'Good-night, ma'am.' +Then this small-thesmothete stepped from the table, +and surged out of the hall, her black silk dress licking +up a few straws and dragging them along with a scratch+ +ing noise upon the floor. biddy, elevating her feelings +to the occasion from a sense of grandeur, floated off +behind Bathsheba with a milder dignity not entirely +free from travesty, and the door was closed. + +

+OUTSIDE THE BARRACKS -- SNOW -- A MEETING +FOR dreariness nothing could surpass a prospect in the +outskirts of a certain town and military station, many +miles north of Weatherbury, at a later hour on this +same snowy evening -- if that may be called a prospect +of which the chief constituent was darkness. +It was a night when sorrow may come to the +brightest without causing any great sense of incongruity : +when, with impressible persons, love becomes solicitous+ +ness, hope sinks to misgiving, and faith to hope : when +the exercise of memory does not stir feelings of regret +at opportunities for ambition that have been passed by, +and anticipation does not prompt to enterprise. +The scene was a public path, bordered on the left +hand by a river, behind which rose a high wall. On +the right was a tract of land, partly meadow'and partly +moor, reaching, at its remote verge, to a wide undulating +uplan. +The changes of the seasons are less obtrusive on +spots of this kind than amid woodland scenery. Still, +to a close observer, they are just as perceptible ; the +difference is that their media of manifestation are less +trite and familiar than such well-known ones as the +bursting of the buds or the fall of the leaf. Many are +not so stealthy and gradual as we may be apt to +imagine in considering the general torpidity of a moor +or waste. Winter, in coming to the country hereabout, +advanced in well-marked stages, wherein might have +been successively observed the retreat of the snakes, +the transformation of the ferns, the filling of the pools, +a rising of fogs, the embrowning by frost, the collapse +of the fungi, and an obliteration by snow. +This climax of the series had been reached to-night on +the aforesaid moor, and for the first time in the season +its +

+irregularities were forms without features ; suggestive +of anything, proclaiming nothing, and without more +character than that of being the limit of something +else -- the lowest layer of a firmament of snow. From +this chaotic skyful of crowding flakes the mead and +moor momentarily received additional clothing, only +to appear momentarily more naked thereby. The vast +arch of cloud above was strangely low, and formed as +it were the roof of a large dark cavern, gradually sinking +in upon its floor; for the instinctive thought was that +the snow lining the heavens and that encrusting the +earth would soon unite into one mass without any +intervening stratum of air at all. +We turn our attention to the left-hand characteristics ; +which were flatness in respect of the river, verticality +in respect of the wall behind it, and darkness as to +both. These features made up the mass. If anything +could be darker than the sky, it was the wall, and if any +thing could be gloomier than the wall it was the river +beneath. The indistinct summit of the facade was +notched and pronged by chimneys here and there, and +upon its face were faintly signified the oblong shapes +of windows, though only in the upper part. Below, +down to the water's edge, the flat was unbroken by +hole or projection. +An indescribable succession of dull blows, perplexing +in their regularity, sent their sound- with difficulty +through the fluffy atmosphere. It was a neighbouring +clock striking ten The bell was in the open air, and +being overlaid with several inches of muffling snow, had +lost its voiee for the time. +About this hour the snow abated : ten flakes fell +where twenty had fallen, then one had the room of +ten. Not long after a form moved by the brink of +the river. +By its outline upon the colourless background, a close +observer might have seen 'that it was small. This was +all that was positively discoverable, though it seemed +human. +The shape went slowly along, but without much +exertion, for the snow, though sudden, was not as yet +more than two inches deep. At this time some words +were spoken aloud : -- +' One. Two. 'Three. Four. Five.' + Between each utterance the little shape advanced +about half a dozen yards. It was evident now that +the windows high +

+in the wall were being counted. +The word 'Five' represented the fifth window from +the end of the wall. +Here the spot stopped, and dwindled smaller. The +figure was stooping. Then a morsel of snow flew +across the river towards the fifth window. It smacked +against the wall at a point several yards from its mark. +The throw was the idea of a man conjoined with the +execution of a woman. No man who had ever seen bird, +rabbit, or squirrel in his childhood, could possibly have +thrown with such utter imbecility as was shown here. +Another attempt, and another ; till by degrees the +wall must have become pimpled with the adhering +lumps of snow At last one fragment struck the fifth +window. +The river would have been; seen by day to be of +that deep smooth sort which races middle and' sides +with the same gliding precision, any irregularities of +speed being immediately corrected by a small whirl+ +pool. Nothing was heard in reply to the signal but +the gurgle and cluck of one of these invisible wheels -- +together with a few small sounds which a sad man +would have called moans, and a happy man laughter -- +caused by the flapping of the waters against trifling +objects in other parts of the stream. +The window was struck again in the same manner. +Then a noise was heard, apparently produced by +the opening of the window. This was followed by a +voice from the same quarter. +'Who's there ? ' +The tones were masculine, and not those of surprise. +The high wall being that of a barrack, and marriage +being looked upon with disfavour in the army, assigna+ +tions and communications had probably been made +across the river before tonight. +"Is it Sergeant Troy?' said the blurred spot in the +snow, tremulously. +This person was so much like a mere shade upon +the earth, and the other speaker so much a part of +the building, that one would have said the wall was +holding a conversation with the snow. +

+'Yes,' came suspiciously from the shadow. ' What +girl are you ? ' +'O, Frank -- don't you know me ?' said the spot. +'Your wife, Fanny Robin.' +' Fanny !.' said the wall, in utter astonishment. +'Yes,' said the girl, with a half-suppressed gasp of +emotion. +There was something in the woman's tone which is +not that of the wife, and there was a mannerin the man +which is rarely a husband's. The dialogue went on: +'How did you come here ?' +'I asked which was your window. Forgive me !. ' +"I did not expect you to-night. Indeed, I did not +think you would come at all. It was a wonder you +found me here. I am orderly to-morrow.' +'You said I was to come.' +' Well -- I said that you might.' +'Yes, I mean that I might. You are glad to see me, +Frank ? ' +' O yes -- of course.' +' Can you -- come to me !.' +'My dear Fan, no .! The bugle has sounded, the +barrack gates are closed, and I have no leave. We are +all of us as good as in the county gaol till to-morrow +morning.' +' Then I shan't see you till then .! ' The words- were +in a faltering tone of disappointment. +' How did you get here from Weatherbury ? ' +'I walked -- some part of the way -- the rest by the +carriers.' +' I am surprised.' +' Yes -- so am I. And Frank, when will it 'be ? ' +' What ? ' +' That you promised.' +" I don't quite recollect.' +'0 You do! Don't speak like that. It weighs me +to the earth. It makes me say what ought to be said +first by you.' +' Never mind -- say it.' +'0, must I? -- it is, when shall we be married, +Frank ? ' +" Oh, I " see. Well -- you have to get proper +clothes.' +"I have money. Will it be by banns or license ?' +

+" Banns, I should think.' +" And we live in two parishes.' +"Do we ? What then?' +"My lodgings are in St. Mary's, and this is not. So +they will have to be published in both.' +"Is that the law?' +" Yes. O Frank -- you think me forward, I am +afraid .! Don't, dear Frank -- will you -- for I love you so. +And you said lots of times you would marry me, and +and -- I -- I -- I -- -- ' + "Don't cry, now! It is foolish. If i said so, of +course I will.' +'And shall I put up the banns in my parish, and will +you in yours?' +"Yes' +"To-morrow?' +"Not tomorrow. We'll settle in a few days.' +"You have the permission of the officers?' +"No, not yet.' +"O -- how is it? You said you almost had before +you left Casterbridge.' +"The fact is, I forgot to ask. Your coming like this +I'll go away now. Will you qoDe,and seq be to-morroy +is so sudden and unexpected.' +"Yes -- yes -- it is. It was wrong of me to worry you. +I'll go away now. Will you come and see me to-morrow, +at Mrs. Twills's, in North Street? I don't like to come +to the Barracks. There are bad women about, and they +think me one.' +"Quite,so. I'll come to you, my dean Good-night.' +"Good-night, Frank -- good-night!' +And the noise was again heard of a window closing +The little spot moved away. When she passed the +corner a subdued exclamation was heard inside the +wall. +"Ho -- ho -- Sergeant -- ho -- ho!' An expostulation +followed, but it was indistinct; and it became lost amid +a low peal of laughter, which was hardly distinguishable +from the gurgle of the tiny whirlpools outside. + +

+FARMERS -- A RULE -- IN EXCEPTION +THE first public evidence of Bathsheba's decision to +be a farmer in her own person and by proxy no more +was her appearance the following market-day in. the +cornmarket at Casterbridge. +The low though extensive hall, supported by beams +and pillars, and latterly dignified by-the name of Corn Ex+ +change, was thronged with hot men who talked among +each other in twos and threes, the speaker of the minute +looking sideways into his auditor's face and concentrating +his argument by a contraction of one eyelid during de+ +livery. The greater number carried in their hands +ground-ash saplings, using them partly as walking-sticks +and partly for poking up pigs, sheep, neighbours with +their backs turned, and restful things in general, which +seemed to require such treatment in the course of their +peregrinations. During conversations each subjected +his sapling to great varieties of usage -- bending it round +his back, forming an"arch of it between his two hands, +overweighting it on the ground till it reached nearly a +semicircle; or perhaps it was hastily tucked under the +arm whilst the sample-bag was pulled forth and a hand+ +ful of corn poured into the palm, which, after criticism, +was flung upon the floor, an issue of events perfectly +well known to half-a-dozen acute town-bred fowls which +had as usual crept into the building unobserved, and +waited the fulfilment of their anticipations with a high+ +stretched neck and oblique eye. +Among these heavy yeomen a feminine figure glided, +the single one of her sex that the room contained. She +was prettily and even daintily dressed. She moved +between them as a chaise between carts, was heard after +them as a romance after sermons, was felt among them +like a breeze among furnaces. It had required a little +determination -- far more than she had at +

+first imagined + -- to take up a position here, for at her first entry the +lumbering dialogues had ceased, nearly every face had +been turned towards her, and those that were already +turned rigidly fixed there. +Two or three only of the farmers were personally +known to Bathsheba, and to these she had made her +way. But if she was to be the practical woman she had +intended to show herself, business must be carried on, +introductions or none, and she ultimately acquired con+ +fidence enough to speak and reply boldly to men merely +known to her by hearsay. Bathsheba too had her +sample-bags, and by degrees adopted the professional +pour into the hand -- holding up the grains in her narrow +palm for inspection, in perfect Casterbridge manner. +Something in the exact arch of her upper unbroken +row of teeth, and in the keenly pointed corners of her +red mouth when, with parted lips, she somewhat +defiantly turned up her face to argue a point with a +tall man, suggested that there was potentiality enough +in that lithe slip of humanity for alarming exploits of +sex, and daring enough to carry them out. But her eyes +had a softness -- invariably a softness -- which, had they +not been dark, would have seemed mistiness; as they +were, it lowered an expression that might have been +piercing to simple clearness, +Strange to say of a woman in full bloom and vigor, +she always allowed her interlocutors to finish their state+ +ments before rejoining with hers. In arguing on prices, +he held to her own firmly, as was natural in a dealer, +and reduced theirs persistently, as was inevitable in a +oman. But there was an elasticity in her firmness +which removed it from obstinacy, as there was a naivete +in her cheapening which saved it from meanness. +Those of the farmers with whom she had no dealings +by far the greater part) were continually asking each +other, "Who is she?' The reply would be -- +"Farmer Everdene's niece; took on Weatherbury +Upper Farm; turned away the baily, and swears she'll do +verything herself.' +The other man would then shake his head. +

+"Yes, 'tis a pity she's so headstrong,' the first would +say. "But we ought to be proud of her here -- she +lightens up the old place. 'Tis such a shapely maid, +however, that she'll soon get picked up.' +It would be ungallant to suggest that the novelty of +her engagement in such an occupation had almost as +much to do with the magnetism as had the beauty of +her face and movements. However, te interest was +eneral, and this Saturday's debut in the forum, whatever +it may have been to Bathsheba as the buying and selling +farmer, was unquestionably a triumph to her as the +maiden. Indeed, the sensation was so pronounced that +her instinct on two or three occasions was merely to +valk as a queen among these gods of the fallow, like a +little sister of a little Jove, and"to neglect closing prices +altogether. +The numerous evidences of-her power to attract were +only thrown into greater relief by a marked exception. +Women seem to have eyes in their ribbons for such +matters as these. Bathsheba, without looking within +a right angle of him, was conscious of a black sheep +among the flock. +It perplexed her first. If there had been a respect+ +able minority on either side, the case would have been +most natural. If nobody had regarded her, she would +have -- -taken the matter indifferently -- such cases had +occurred. If eveybody, this man included, she would +have taken it as a matter of course -- people had done +so before. But the smallness of the exception made the +mystery. +She soon knew thus much of the recusant's appear+ +ance. He was a gentlemanly man, with full and +distinctly outlined Roman features, the prominences +of which glowed in the sun with a bronze-like richness +of tone. He was erect in attitude, and quiet in +demeanour. One characteristic pre-eminently marked +him -- dignity. +Apparently he had some time ago reached that +entrance to middle age at which a man's aspect naturally +ceases to alter for the term of a dozen years or so; and, +artificially, a woman't does likewise. Thirty-five and +fifiy were his limits of variation -- he might have been +either, or anywhere between the two. +It may be said that married men of forty are usually +ready +

+and generous enough to fling passing glances at +any specimen of moderate beauty they may discern by +the way. Probably, as with persons playing whist for +love, the consciousness of a certain immunity under +any circumstances from that worst possible ultimate, +the having to pay, makes them unduly speculative. +Bathsheba was convinced that this unmoved person +was not a married man. +When marketing was over, she rushed off to Liddy, +who was waiting for her -- beside the yellowing in which +they had driven to town. The horse was put in, and +on they trotted Bathsheba's sugar, tea, and drapery +parcels being packed behind, and expeessing in some +indescribable manner, by their colour, shape, and +general lineaments, that they were that youmg lady+ +farmer's property, and the grocer's and drapers no +more. +" I've been through it, Liddy, and it is over. I shan't +mind it again, for they will all have grown accustomed +to seeing me there; but this morning it was as bad as +being married -- eyes everywhere!' +"I knowed it would. be,' Liddy said "Men be such +a terrible class of society to look at a body.' +"But there was one man who had more sense than +to waste his time upon me.' The information was put +in this form that Liddy might not for a moment suppose +her mistress was at all piqued. "A very good-looking +man,' she continued, "upright; about forty, I should +think. Do you know at all who he could be?' +Liddy couldn't think. +"Can't you guess at all?' said Bathsheba with some +disappointment. +"I haven't a notion; besides, 'tis no difference, since +he took less notice of you than any of the rest. Now, +if he'd taken more, it would have mattered a great deal.' +Bathsheba was suffering from the reverse feeling just +then, and they bowled along in silence. A low carriage, +bowling along still more rapidly behind a horse of un+ +impeachable breed, overtook and passed them. +"Why, there he is!' she said. +Liddy looked. "That! That's Farmer Boldwood -- +of course +

+'tis -- the man you couldn't see the other day +when he called.' +"Oh, Farmer Boldwood,' murmured Bathsheba, and +looked at him as he outstripped them. The farmer had +never turned his head once, but with eyes fixed on the +most advanced point along the road, passed as uncon+ +sciously and abstractedly as if Bathshea and her charms +were thin air. +"He's an interesting man -- don't you think so?' she +remarked. +"O yes, very. Everybody owns it,' replied Liddy. +"I wonder why he is so wrapt up and indifferent, and +seemingly so far away from all he sees around him,' +"It is said -- but not known for certain -- that he met +with some bitter disappointment when he was a young +man and merry. A woman jilted him, they say.' +"People always say that -- and we know very well +women scarcely ever jilt men; 'tis the men who jilt us. +I expect it is simply his nature to be so reserved.' +"Simply his nature -- I expect so, miss -- nothing else +in the world.' +"Still, 'tis more romantic to think he has been served +cruelly, poor thing'! Perhaps, after all, he has! I +"Depend upon it he has. O yes, miss, he has! +feel he must have.' +"However, we are very apt to think extremes of +people. I -- shouldn't wonder after all if it wasn't a +little of both -- just between the two -- rather cruelly +used and rather reserved.' +"O dear no, miss -- I can't think it between the +two!' +"That's most likely.' +"Well, yes, so it is. I am convinced it is most likely. +You may -- take my word, miss, that that's what's the +matter with him.' + +

+SORTES SANCTORUM -- THE VALENTINE +IT was Sunday afternoon in the farmhouse, on the +thirteenth of February. Dinner being over, Bathsheba, +for want of a better companion, had asked Liddy to +come and sit with her. The mouldy pile was dreary +in winter-time before the candles were lighted and the +shutters closed ; the atmosphere of the place seemed +as old as the walls; every nook behind the furniture +had a temperature of its own, for the fire was not +kindled in this part of the house early in the day; +and Bathsheba's new piano, which was an old one +in other annals, looked particularly sloping and out +of level on the warped floor before night threw a +shade over its less prominent angles and hid the +unpleasantness. Liddy, like a little brook, though +shallow, was always rippling; her presence had not so +much weight as to task thought, and yet enough to +exercise it. +On the table lay an old quarto Bible, bound in +leather. Liddy looking at it said, -- +"Did you ever find out, miss, who you are going to +marry by means of the Bible and key ?, +"Don't be so foolish, Liddy. As if such things +could be.' +" Well, there's a good deal in it, all the same.' +' Nonsense, child.' +" And it makes your heart beat fearful. Some believe +in it; some don't; I do.' +"Very well, let's try it,' said Bathsheba, bounding +from her seat with that total disregard of consistency +which can be indulged in towards a dependent, and +entering into the spirit of divination at once. 'Go and +get the front door key.' +Liddy fetched it. 'I wish it wasn't Sunday,' she +said, on returning. ' Perhaps 'tis wrong.' +' What's right week days is right Sundays,' replied her +mistress in a tone which was a proof in itself. +

+The book was opened -- the leaves, drab with age, +being quite worn away at much-read verses by the fore' +fingers "of unpractised readers in former days, where they +were moved along under the line as an aid to the vision. +The special verse in the Book of Ruth was sought out +by Bathsheba, and the sublime words met her eye. They +slightly thrilled and abashed her. It was Wisdom in +the abstract facing Folly in the concrete. Folly in the +concrete blushed, persisted in her intention, and placed +the key on -the book. A rusty patch immediately upon +the verse, caused by previous pressure of an iron +substance thereon, told that this was not the first time +the old volume had been used for the purpose. +'Now keep steady, and be silent,' said Bathsheba. +The 'verse was repeated; the book turned round ; +Bathsheba blushed guiltily. +'Who did you try ?' said Liddy curiously. +'I shall not tell you.' +'Did you notice Mr. Boldwood's doings in church +this morning, miss ? 'Liddy continued, adumbrating by +the remark the track her thoughts had taken. +'No, indeed,' said Bathsheba, with serene indifference +" His pew is exactly opposite yours, miss.' +"I know it.' +"And you did not see his goings on !,' +Certainly I did not, I tell you.' +Liddy assumed a smaller physiognomy, and shut +her lips decisively. +This move was unexpected, and proportionately dis +concerting. " What did he do?' Bathsheba said perforce. +"Didn't turn his head to look at you once all the +service. +"Why should he?' again demanded her mistress, +wearing a nettled look. "I didn't ask him to. +'Oh no. But everybody else was noticing you ; and +it was odd he didn't. There, 'tis like him. Rich and +gentlemanly, what does he care ? ' +Bathsheba dropped into a silence intended to ex+ +press that she had opinions on the matter too abstruse +for Liddy's comprehension, rather than that she had +nothing to say. +" +

+Dear me -- I had nearly forgotten the valentine +I bought yesterday,' she exclaimed at length. +"Valentine ! who for, miss ? ' said Liddy. " Farmer +Boldwood ?' +It was the single name among all possible wrong +ones that just at this moment seemed to Bathsheba +more pertinent than the right. +"Well, no. It is only for little Teddy Coggan. +have promised him something, and this will be a pretty +surprise for him. Liddy, you may as well bring me +my desk and I'll direct it at once.' +Bathsheba took from her desk a gorgeously illumin+ +ated and embossed design in post-octavo, which had +been "bought on the previous market-day at the chief +stationer's in Casterbridge. In the eentre was a small +oval enclosure ; this was left blank, that the sender +might insert tender words more appropriate to the +special occasion than any generalities by a printer +could possibly be. +" Here's a place for writing,' said Bathsheba. 'What +shall I put ?' +" Something of this sort, I should think', returned +Liddy promptly : -- +" The rose is red, + The violet blue, + Camation's sweet, + And so are you.' +" Yes, that shall be it. It just suits itself to a chubby+ +faced child like him,' said Bathsheba. She ins.erted the +words in a small though legible handwriting; enelosed +the sheet in an envelope, and dipped her pen for the +direction. +"What fun it would be to send it to the stupid old +Boldwood, and how he would wonder.! ' said the +irrepressible Liddy, lifting her eyebrows, and indulging +in an awful mirth on the verge of fear as she thought +of the moral and social magnitude of the man contem+ +plated. +Bathsheba paused to regard the idea at full length. +Boldwood's had begun to be a troublesome image -- a +species of Daniel in her kingdom who persisted in +kneeling eastward +

+when reason and common sense +said that he might just as well follow suit with the +rest, and afford her the official glance of admiration +which cost nothing at all. She was far from being +seriously concerned about his nonconformity. Still, +it was faintly depressing that the most dignified and +valuable man in the parish should withhold his eyes, +and that a girl like Liddy should talk about it. So +Liddy's idea was at first rather harassing than piquant. +" No, I won't do that. He wouldn't see any humour +in it.' +" He'd worry to death,' said the persistent Liddy. +" Really, I don't care particularly to send it to +Teddy,' remarked her mistress. " He's rather a naughty +child sometimes.' +" Yes -- that he is.' +" Let's toss as men do,' said Bathsheba, idly. 'Now +then, head, Boldwood ; tail, Teddy. No, we won't toss +money on a Sunday that would be tempting the devil +indeed.' +"Toss this hymn-book; there can't be no sinfulness +in that, miss.' +'Very well. Open, Boldwood -- shut, Teddy. No; +it's more likely to fall open. Open, Teddy -- shut, +Boldwood.' +The book went fluttering in the air and came down shut. +Bathsheba, a small yawn upon her mouth, took the +pen, and with off-hand serenity directed the missive to +Boldwood. +'Now light a candle, Liddy. Which seal shall we +use? Here's a unicorn's head -- there's nothing in +that. What's this ? -- two doves -- no. It ought to be +something extraodinary, ought it not, Lidd? Here's +one with a motto -- I remember it is some funny one, +but I can't read it. We'll try this, and if it doen't +do we'll have another.' +A large red seal was duly affixed. Bathsheba looked +closely at the hot wax to discover the words. +'Capital!' she exclaimed, throwing down the letter +frolicsomely. " 'Twould upset the solemnity of a parson + +

+The same evening the letter was sent, and was duly +returned to Weatherbury again in the morning. +Of love as a spectacle Bathsheba had a fair knowledge; +but of love subjectively she knew nothing. + +

+EFFECT OF THE LETTER -- SUNRISE +AT dusk, on the evening of St. Valentine's Day, Bold+ +wood sat down to supper as usual, by a beaming fire +of aged logs. Upon the matel-shelf before him was +a time-piece, surmounted by a spread eagle, and upon +the eagle's wings was the letter Bathsheba had sent. +Here the bachelor's gaze was continually fastening +itself, till the large red seal became as a blot of blood +on the retina of his eye; and as he ate and drank he +still read in fancy the words thereon, although they +were too remote for his sight -- +" MARRY ME.' +The pert injunction was like those crystal substances +which, colourless themselves, assume the tone of objects +about them. Here, in the quiet of Boldwood's parlour, +where everything that ,was not grave was extraneous, +and where the atmosphere was that of a Puritan Sunday +lasting all the week, the letter and its dictum changed' +their tenor from the thoughtlessness of their origin to +a deep solemnity, imbibed from their accessories +now. +Since the receipt of the missive in the morning, +Boldwood had felt the symmetry of his existence to +be slowly getting distorted in the direction of an ideal +passion. The disturbance was as the first floating +weed to Columbus -- the eontemptibly little suggesting +possibilities of the infinitely great. +The letter must have had an origin and a motive. +That the latter was of the smallest magnitude com+ +patible with its existence at all, Boldwood, of course, +did not know. And such an explanation did not +strike him as a possibility even. It is foreign to a +mystified condition of mind to realize of the mystifier +that the processes of approving a course suggested by +circumstance, and of striking out a course from inner +impulse, would look the same in the result. The vast +difference between +

+starting a train of events, and direct+ +ing into a particular groove a series already started, is +rarely apparent to the person confounded by the +issue. +When Boldwood went to bed he placed the valen+ +tine in the corner of the looking-glass. He was +conscious of its presence, even when his back was +turned upon it. It was the first time in Boldwood's +life that such an event had occurred. The same +fascination that caused him to think it an act which had +a deliberate motive prevented him from regarding it as +an impertinence. He looked again at the direction. +The mysterious influences of night invested the writing +with the presence of the unknown writer. Somebody's +some woman's -- hand had travelled softly over the +paper bearing his name ; her unrevealed eyes had +watched every curve as she formed it ; her brain had +seen him in imagination the while. Why should +she have imagined him ? Her mouth -- were the lips +red or pale, plump or creased? -- had curved itself to a +certain expression as the pen went on -- the corners had +moved with all their natural tremulousness : what had +been the expression ? +The vision of the woman writing, as a supplement to +the words written, had no individuality. She was a +misty shape, and well she might be, considering that +her original was at that moment sound asleep and +oblivious of all love and letter-writing under the sky. +Whenever Boldwood dozed she took a form, and com+ +paratively ceased to be a vision : when he awoke there +was the letter justifying the dream. +The moon shone to-night, and its light was not of +a customary kind. His window admitted only a +reflection of its rays, and the pale sheen had that +reversed direction which snow gives, coming upward +and lighting up his ceiling in an unnatural way, casting +shadows in strange places, and putting lights where +shadows had used to be. +The substance of the epistle had occupied him but +little in comparison with the fact of its arrival. He +suddenly wondered if anything more might be found in +the envelope than what he had withdrawn. He jumped +out of bed in the weird light, took the letter, pulled out +the flimsy sheet, shook the envelope -- searched it. +Nothing more was there. Boldwood looked, as he +

+had a hundred times the preceding day, at the insistent red +seal : " Marry me,' he said aloud. +The solemn and reserved yeoman again closed the +letter, and stuck it in the frame of the glass. In doing +so he caught sight of his reflected features, wan in +expression, and insubstantial in form. He saw how +closely compressed was his mouth, and that his eyes +were wide-spread and vacant. Feeling uneasy and dis+ +satisfied with himself for this nervous excitability, he +returned to bed. +Then the dawn drew on. The full power of the +clear heaven was not equal to that of a cloudy sky at +noon, when Boldwood arose and dressed himself. He +descended the stairs and went out towards the gate of +a field to the east, leaning over which he paused and +looked around. +It was one of the usual slow sunrises of this time of +the year, and the sky, pure violet in the zenith, was +leaden to the northward, and murky to the east, where, +over the snowy down or ewe-lease on Weatherbury +Upper Farm, and apparently resting upon the ridge, the +only half of the sun yet visible burnt rayless, like a red +and flameless fire shining over a white hearthstone. +The whole effect resembled a sunset as childhood +resembles age. +In other directions, the fields and sky were so much +of one colour by the snow, that it was difficult in a +hasty glance to tell whereabouts the horizon occurred ; +and in general there was here, too, that before-mentioned +preternatural inversion of light and shade which attends +the prospect when the garish brightness commonly in +the sky is found on the earth, and the shades of earth +are in the sky. Over the west hung the wasting moon, +now dull and greenish-yellow, like tarnished brass. +Boldwood was listlessly noting how the frost had +hardened and glazed the surface of the snow, till it +shone in the red eastern light wit-h the polish of marble; +how, in some portions of the slope, withered grass-bents, +encased in icicles, bristled through the smooth wan +coverlet in the twisted and curved shapes of old +Venetian glass; and how the footprints of a few birds, +which had hopped over the snow whilst it lay in the +state of a soft fleece, were now frozen to a short perma+ +

+nency. A half-muffled noise of light wheels interrupted +him. Boldwood turned back into the road. It was +the mail-cart -- a crazy, two-wheeled vehicle, hardly +heavy enough to resist a puff of wind. The driver held +out a letter. Boldwood seized it and opened it, ex+ +pecting another anonymous one -- so greatly are people's +ideas of probability a mere sense that precedent will +repeat itself. +"I don't think it is for you, sir,' said the man, when +he saw Boldwood's action. "Though there is no name +I think it is for your shepherd.' +Boldwood looked then at the address -- +To the New Shepherd, +Weatherbury Farm, +Near Casterbridge. +"Oh -- what a mistake !. -- it is not mine. Nor is it +for my shepherd. It is for Miss Everdene's.' You had +better take it on to him -- Gabriel Oak -- and say I opencd +it in mistake." +At this moment, on the ridge, up against the blazing +sky, a figure was visible, like the black snuff in the +midst of a candle-flame. Then it moved and began to +bustle about vigorously from place to place, carrying +square skeleton masses, which were riddled by the same +rays. A small figure on all fours followed behind. The +tall form was that of Gabriel Oak ; the small one that +of George ; the articles in course of transit were hurdles. +'Wait, 'said Boldwood. " That's the man on the hill. +I'll take the letter to him myself." +To Boldwood it was now no longer merely a letter to +I another man. It was an opportunity. Exhibiting a +face pregnant with intention, he entered the snowy field. +Gabriel, at that minute, descended the hill towards +the right. The glow stretched down in this direction +now, and touched the distant roof of Warren's Malthouse +whither the shepherd was apparently bent : Boldwood +followed at a distance. + +

+THE scarlet and orange light outside the malthouse did +not penetrate to its interior, which was, as usual, lighted +by a rival glow of similar hue, radiating from the hearth. +The maltster, after having lain down in his clothes +for a few hours, was now sitting beside a three-leggcd +table, breakfasting of bread and bacon. This was +eaten on the plateless system, which is performed by +placing a slice of bread upon the table, the meat flat +upon the bread, a mustard plaster upon the meat, and +a pinch of salt upon the whole, then cutting them +vertically downwards with a large pocket-knife till wood +is reached, when the severed lamp is impaled on the +knife, elevated, and sent the proper way of food. +The maltster's lack of teeth appeared not to sensibly +diminish his powers as a mill. He had been without +them for so many years that toothlessness was felt less +to be a defect than hard gums an acquisition. Indeed, +he seemed to approach the grave as a hyperbolic curve +approaches a stmight line -- less directly as he got nearer, +till it was doubtful if he would ever reach it at all. +In the ashpit was a heap of potatoes roasting, and a +boiling pipkin of charred bread, callcd 'coffee,' for the +benefit of whomsoever should call, for Warren's was a +sort of clubhouse. used as an alternative to the in!. +"I say, says I, we get a fine day, and then down +comes a snapper at night,' was a remark now suddenly +heard spreading into the malthouse from the door, which +had been opened the previous moment. The form of +Henery Fray advanced to the fire, stamping the snow +from his boots when about half-way there. The speech +and entry had not seemed to be at all an abrupt begin+ +ning to the maltster, introductoy matter being often +omitted in this neighbourhood, both from word and +

+deed, and the maltster having the same latitude allowed +him, did not hurry to reply. He picked up a fragment +of cheese, by pecking upon it with his knife, as a butcher +picks up skewers. +Henery appeared in a drab kerseymere great-coat, +buttoned over his smock-frock, the white skirts of the +latter being visible to the distance of about a foot below +the coat-tails, which, when you got used to the style of +dress, looked natural enough, and even ornamental -- it +certainly was comfortable. +Matthew Moon, Joseph Poorgrass, and other carters +and waggoners followed at his heels, with great lanterns +dangling from their hands, which showed that they had +just come from the cart-horse stables, where they had +been busily engaged since four o'clock that morning. +"And how is she getting on without a baily?' the +maltster inquired. +Henery shook his head, and smiled one of the bitter +smiles, dragging all the flesh of his forehead into a +corrugated heap in the centre. +" She'll rue it -- surely, surely ! ' he said " Benjy +Pennyways were not a true man or an honest baily -- +as big a betrayer as Joey Iscariot himself. But to think +she can carr' on alone! ' He allowed his head to swing +laterally three or four times in silence. " Never in all my +creeping up -- never! ' +This was recognized by all as the conclusion of some +gloomy speech which had been expressed in thought +alone during the shake of the head; Henery meanwhile +retained several marks of despair upon his face, to +imply that they would be required for use again directly +he should go on speaking. +'All will be ruined, and ourselves too, or there's no +meat in gentlemen's houses!' said Mark Clark. +'A headstrong maid, that's what she is -- and won't +listen to no advice at all. Pride and vanity have ruined +many a cobbler's dog. Dear, dear, when I think o' it, +I sorrows like a man in travel ! ' +'True, Henery, you do, I've heard ye,' said Joseph +Poorgrass in a voice of thorough attestation, and with +a wire-drawn smile of misery. +"'Twould do a martel man no harm to have what's +under +

+her bonnet,' said Billy Smallbury, who had just +entered, bearing his one tooth before him. "She can +spaik real language, and must have some sense some+ +where. Do ye foller me ?' +"I do: but no baily -- I deserved that place,' wailed +Henery, signifying wasted genius by gazing blankly at +visions of a high destiny apparently visible to him on +Billy Smallbury's smock-frock. " There, 'twas to be, I +suppose. Your lot is your lot, and Scripture is nothing; +for if you do good you don't get rewarded according to +your works, but be cheated in some mean way out of +your recompense.' +"No, no; I don't agree with'ee there,' said Mark +Clark. God's a perfect gentleman in that respect.' +"Good works good pay, so to speak it,' attested +Joseph Poorgrass. +A short pause ensued, and as a sort of entr'acte +Henery turned and blew out the lanterns, which the +increase of daylight rendered no longer necessary even +in the malthouse, with its one pane of glass. +"I wonder what a farmer-woman can want with a +harpsichord, dulcimer, pianner, or whatever 'tis they d'call +it?' said the maltster. 'Liddy saith she've a new one.' +"Got a pianner?' +"Ay. Seems her old uncle's things were not good +enough for her. She've bought all but everything new. +There's heavy chairs for the stout, weak and wiry ones +for the slender; great watches, getting on to the size +of clocks, to stand upon the chimbley-piece.' +Pictures, for the most part wonderful frames.' +" And long horse-hair settles for the drunk, with horse+ +hair pillows at each end,' said Mr. Clark. " Likewise +looking-glasses for the pretty, and lying books for the +wicked.' +A firm loud tread was now heard stamping outside; +the door was opened about six inches, and somebody on +the other side exclaimed -- +"Neighbours, have ye got room for a few new-born +lambs?' +" Ay, sure, shepherd,' said the conclave. +The door was flung back till it kicked the wall and +trembled from top to bottom with the blow. Mr. +Oak appeared in the +

+entry with a steaming face, hay+ +bands wound about his ankles to keep out the snow, a +leather strap round his waist outside the smock-frock, +and looking altogether an epitome of the world's health +and vigour. Four lambs hung in various embarrassing +attitudes over his shoulders, and the dog George, whom +Gabriel had contrived to fetch from Norcombe, stalked +solemnly behind. +" Well, Shepherd Oak, and how's lambing this year, +if I mid say it?' inquired Joseph Poorgrass. +"Terrible trying," said Oak. "I've been wet through +twice a-day, either in snow or rain, this last fortnight. +Cainy and I haven't tined our eyes to-night.' +"A good few twins, too, I hear ?' +"Too many by half. Yes ; 'tis a very queer lambing +this year. We shan't have done by Lady Day.' +"And last year 'twer all over by Sexajessamine +Sunday,' Joseph remarked. +"Bring on the rest Cain,' said Gabriel, " and then run +back to the ewes. I'll follow you soon.' +Cainy Ball -- a cheery-faced young lad, with a small +circular orifice by way of mouth, advanced and deposited +two others, and retired as he was bidden. Oak lowered +the lambs from their unnatural elevation, wrapped them +in hay, and placed them round the fire. +" We've no lambing-hut here, as I used to have at +Norcombe,' said Gabriel, " and 'tis such a plague to bring +the weakly ones to a house. If 'twasn't for your place +here, malter, I don't know what I should do! this keen +weather. And how is it with you to-day, malter? ' +" Oh, neither sick nor sorry, shepherd ; 'but no +younger.' +" Ay -- I understand. +"Sit down, Shepherd Oak', continued the ancient man +of malt. " And how was the old place at Norcombe, +when ye went for your dog? I should like to see the +old familiar spot ; but faith, I shouldn't" know a soul +there now.' +" I suppose you wouldn't. 'Tis' altered very much.' +"Is it true that Dicky Hill's wooden cider-house is +pulled down?' +

+" O yes -- years ago, and Dicky's cottage just above it.' +"Well, to be sure!, +" Yes ; and Tompkins's old apple-tree is rooted that +used to bear two hogsheads of cider; and no help from +other trees.' +'Rooted? -- you don't say it! Ah! stirring times we +live in -- stirring times.' +"And you can mind the old well that used to be in +the middle of the place? That's turned into a solid +iron pump with a large stone trough, and all complete.' +"Dear, dear -- how the face of nations alter, and +what we live to see nowadays! Yes -- and 'tis the same +here. They've been talking but now of the mis'ess's +strange doings.' +" What have you been saying about her?' inquired +Oak, sharply turning to the rest, and getting very +warm. +" These middle-aged men have been pulling her over +the coals for pride and vanity,' said Mark Clark; "but +I say, let her have rope enough. Bless her pretty face +shouldn't I like to do so -- upon her cherry lips!' +The gallant Mark Clark here made a peculiar and well +known sound with his own. +" Mark,' said Gabriel, sternly, 'now you mind this ! +none of that dalliance-talk -- that smack-and-coddle style +of yours -- about Miss Everdene. I don't allow it. Do +you hear? ' +" With all my heart, as I've got no chance,' replied +Mr. Clark, cordially. +' I suppose you've been speaking against her? ' said +Oak, turning to Joseph Poorgrass with a very grim +look. +"No, no -- not a word I -- 'tis a real joyful thing that +she's no worse, that's what I say,' said Joseph, trembling +and blushing with terror. " Matthew just said -- -- ' +" Matthew Moon, what have you been saying ? ' asked +Oak. +'I? Why ye know I wouldn't harm a worm -- no, +not one underground worm ?' said Matthew Moon, +looking very uneasy. +"Well, somebody has -- and look here, neighbours.' +Gabriel, though one of the quietest and most gentle +men on earth, rose to the occasion, with martial +promptness and vigour. "That's my fist.' Here he +placed his fist, rather smaller in size than a common +loaf, in the mathemarical centre of the maltster's little +table, and with it gave a bump or two thereon, as if +

+to ensure that their eyes all thoroughly took in the +idea of fistiness before he went further. "Now -- the +first man in the parish that I hear prophesying bad of +our mistress, why' (here the fist was raised and let fall +as T'hor might have done with his hammer in assaying +it) -- "he'll smell and taste that -- or I'm a Dutchman.' +All earnestly expressed by their features that their +minds did not wander to Holland for a moment on +account of this statement, but were deploring the +difference which gave rise to the figure ; and Mark +Clark cried "Hear, hear; just what I should ha' said.' +The dog George looked up at the same time after the +shepherd's menace, and though he understood English +but imperfectly, began to growl. +" Now, don't ye take on so, shepherd, and sit down!' +said Henery, with a deprecating peacefulness equal to +anything of the kind in Christianity. +"We hear that ye bc a extraordinary good and +clever man, shepherd,' said Joseph Poorgrass with +considerable anxiety from behind the maltster's bed+ +stead whither he had retired for safety. "'Tis a great +thing to be clever, I'm sure,' he added, making move+ +ments associated with states of mind rather than body ; +" we wish we were, don't we, neighbours ? ' +"Ay, that we do, sure,' said Matthew Moon, with +a small anxious laugh towards Oak, to show how very +friendly disposed he was likewise. +" Who's been telling you I'm clever?' said Oak. +"'Tis blowed about from pillar to post quite common,' +said Matthew. " We hear that ye can tell the t1me as +well by the stars as we can by the sun and moon, +shepherd.' +" Yes, I can do a little that way,' said Gabriel, as a +man of medium sentiments on the subject. +names upon their waggons almost like copper-plate, +with beautiful flourishes, and great long tails. A +excellent fine thing for ye to be such a clever man, +shepherd. Joseph Poorgrass used to prent to Farmer +James Everdene's waggons before you came, and 'a +could never mind which way to turn the J's and E's + -- could ye, Joseph?' Joseph shook his head to express +how absolute was +

+the fact that he couldn't. "And so +you used to do 'em the wrong way, like this, didn't ye, +Joseph ?' Matthew marked on the dusty floor with his +whip-handle +LAMES +"And how Farmer James would cuss, and call thee a +fool, wouldn't he, Joseph, when 'a seed his name +looking so inside-out-like ?' continued Matthew Moon +with feeling. +'Ay -- 'a would,' said Joseph, meekly. " But, you see, +I wasn't so much to blame, for them J's and E's be +such trying sons o' witches for the memory to mind +whether they face backward or forward ; and I always +had such a forgetful memory, too.' +"'Tis a bad afiction for ye, being such a man of +calamities in other ways.' +" Well, 'tis ; but a happy Providence ordered that it +should be no worse, and I feel my thanks. As to +shepherd, there, I'm sure mis'ess ought to have made +ye her baily -- such a fitting man for't as you be.' +"I don't mind owning that I expected it,' said Oak, +frankly. ' Indeed, I hoped for the place. At the same +time, Miss Everdene has a right to be own baily if +she choose -- and to keep me down to be a common +shepherd only.' Oak drew a slow breath, looked sadly +into the bright ashpit, and seemed lost in thoughts not +of the most hopeful hue. +The genial warmth of the fire now began to stimulate +the nearly lifeless lambs to bleat and move their limbs +briskly upon the hay, and to recognize for the first time +the fact that they were born. Their noise increased to a +chorus of baas, upon which Oak pulled the milk-can from +before the fire, and taking a small tea-pot from the pocket +of his smock-frock, filled it with milk, and taught those of +the helpless creatures which were not to be restored to +their dams how to drink from the spout -- a trick they +acquired with astonishing aptitude. +"And she don't even let ye have the skins of the +dead lambs, I hear?' resumed Joseph Poorgrass, his +eyes lingering on the operations of Oak with the neces+ +sary melancholy. +"I don't have them,' said Gabriel. +"Ye be very badly used, shepherd,' hazardcd Joseph +again, in +

+the hope of getting Oak as an ally in lamenta+ +tion after all. "I think she's took against ye -- that +I do.' +'O no -- not at all,' replied Gabriel, hastily, and a +sigh escaped him, which the deprivation of lamb skins +could hardly have caused. +Before any further remark had been added a shade +darkened the door, and Boldwood entered the malthouse, +bestowing upon each a nod of a quality between friendli+ +ness and condescension. +"Ah! Oak, I thought you were here,' he said. 'I +met the mail-cart ten minutes ago, and a letter was put +into my hand, which I opened without reading the +address. I believe it is yours. You must excuse the +accident please.' +"O yes -- not a bit of difference, Mr. Boldwood -- +not a bit,' said Gabriel, readily. He had not a corre+ +spondent on earth, nor was there a possible letter coming +to him whose contents the whole parish would not have +been welcome to persue. +Oak stepped aside, and read the following in an +unknown hand: -- +" DEAR FRIEND, -- I do not know your name, but l think +these few lines will reach you, which I wrote to thank you +for your kindness to me the night I left Weatherbury in a +reckless way. I also return the money I owe you, which +you will excuse my not keeping as a gift. All has ended +well, and I am happy to say I am going to be married to +the young man who has courted me for some time -- Sergeant +Troy, of the 11th Dragoon Guards, now quartered in this +town. He would, I know, object to my having received +anything except as a loan, being a man of great respecta+ +bility and high honour -- indeed, a nobleman by blood. + "I should be much obliged to you if you would keep the +contents of this letter a secret for the present, dear friend. +We mean to surprise Weatherbury by coming there soon +as husband and wife, though l blush to state it to one nearly +a strangen The sergeant grew up in Weatherbury. Thank+ +ing you again for your kindness, +"I am, your sincere well-wisher, +" FANNV ROBIN.' +' Have you read it, Mr. Boldwood?' said Gabriel; +"if not, you had better do so. I know you are interested +in Fanny Robin.' +

+Boldwood read the letter and looked grieved. +"Fanny -- poor Fanny! the end she is so confident +of has not yet come, she should remember -- and may +never come. I see she gives no address.' +"What sort of a man is this Sergeant Troy?' said +Gabriel. +"H'm -- I'm afraid not one to build much hope upon +in such a case as this,' the farmer murmured, "though +he's a clever fellow, and up to everything. A slight +romance attaches to him, too. His mother was a French +governess, and it seems that a secret attachment existed +between her and the late Lord Severn. She was married +to a poor medical man, and soon after an infant was +horn; and while money was forthcoming all went on +well. Unfortunately for her boy, his best friends died; +and he got then a situation as second clerk at a lawyer's +in Casterbridge. He stayed there for some time, and +might have worked himself into a dignified position of +some sort had he not indulged in the wild freak of +enlisting. I have much doubt if ever little Fanny will +surprise us in the way she mentions -- very much doubt +A silly girl! -- silly girl!' +The door was hurriedly burst open again, and in +came running Cainy Ball out of breath, his mouth red +and open, like the bell of a penny trumpet, from which +he coughed with noisy vigour and great distension of face. +"Now, Cain Ball,' said Oak, sternly, "why will you +run so fast and lose your breath so? I'm always telling +you of it.' +'Oh -- I -- a puff of mee breath -- went -- the -- wrong +way, please, Mister Oak, and made me cough -- hok -- +hok!' +"Well -- what have you come for?' +"I've run to tell ye,' said the junior shepherd, +supporting his exhausted youthful frame against the +doorpost, ' that you must come directly'. Two more ewes +have twinned -- that's what's the matter, Shepherd Oak.' +" Oh, that's it,' said Oak, jumping up, and dimissing +for the present his thoughts on poor Fanny. " You are +a good boy to run and tell me, Cain, and you shall +smell a large plum pudding some day as a treat. But, +before we go, Cainy, bring the tarpot, and we'll mark +this lot and have done with 'em.' +

+Oak took from his illimitable pockets a marking iron, +dipped it into the pot, and imprintcd on the buttocks +of the infant sheep the initials of her he delighted to +muse on -- "B. E.,' which signified to all the region +round that henceforth the lambs belonged to Farmer +Bathsheba Everdene, and to no one else. +" Now, Cainy, shoulder your two, and off Good +morning, Mr. Boldwood.' The shepherd lifted the +sixteen large legs and four small bodies he had himself +brought, and vanished with them in the direction of +the lambing field hard by -- their frames being now in a +sleek and hopeful state, pleasantly contrasting with their +death's-door plight of hialf an hour before. +Boldwood followed him a little way up the field, +hesitated, and turned back. He followed him again +with a last resolve, annihilating return. On approaching +the nook in which the fold was constructed, the farmer +drew out-his pocket-book, unfastened-it, and allowed it +to lie open on his hand. A letter was revealed -- Bath+ +sheba's. +"I was going to ask you, Oak,' he said, with unreal +carelessness, "if you know whose writing this is? ' +Oak glanced into the book, and replied instantly, +with a flushed face, " Miss Everdene's.' +Oak had coloured simply at the consciousness of +sounding her name. He now felt a strangely distressing +qualm from a new thought. ' The letter could of course +be no other than anonymous, or the inquiry would not +have been necessary. +Boldwood mistook his confusion : sensitive persons +are always ready with their "Is it I ? ' in prefercnce to +objective reasoning. +" The question was perfectly fair,' he returned -- and +there was something incongruous in the serious eamest+ +ness with which he applied himself to an argument on +a valentine. " You know it is always expected that +privy inquiries will be made : that's where the -- fun +lies.' If the word "fun' had been "torture,' it could +not have been uttered with a more constrained and +restless countenance than was Boldwood's then.' +Soon parting from Gabriel, the lonely and reserved +man returned to his house to breakfast -- feeling twinges +of shame and regret at having so far exposed his mood +by those fevered +

+questions to a stranger. He again +placed the letter on the mantelpiece, and sat down to +think of the circumstances attending it by the light of +Gabriel's information. +ALL SAINTS' AND ALL SOULS" + +

+ALL SAINTS' AND ALL SOULS' +ON a week-day morning a small congregation, con+ +sisting mainly of women and girls, rose from its knees +in the mouldy nave of a church called All Saints', in +the distant barrack-town before mentioned, at the end +of a service without a sermon. They were about to +disperse, when a smart footstep, entering the porch and +coming up the central passage, arrested their attention. +The step echoed with a ring unusual in a church; it +was the clink of spurs. Everybody looked. A young +cavalry soldier in a red uniform, with the three chevrons +of a sergeant upon his sleeve, strode up the aisle, with +an embarrassment which was only the more marked +by the intense vigour of his step, and by the deter+ +mination upon his face to show none. A slight flush +had mounted his cheek by the time he had run the +gauntlet between these women ; but, passing on through +the chancel arch, he never paused till he came close +to the altar railing. Here for a moment he stood +alone. +The officiating curate, who had not yet doffed his +surplice, perceived the new-comer, and followed him +to the communion-space. He whispered to the soldier, +and then beckoned to the clerk, who in his turn +whispered to an elderly woman, apparently his wife, and +they also went up the chancel steps. +"'Tis a wedding!' murmured some of the women, +brightening. " Let's wait!' +The majority again sat down. +There was a creaking of machinery behind, and +some of the young ones turned their heads. From the +interior face of the west wall of the tower projected a +little canopy with a quarter-jack and small bcll beneath +it, the automaton being driven by the same clock +machinery that struck the large bell in the tower. Be+ +tween the tower and the church was a close sereen, the +door of which was kept shut during services, hiding +this +

+grotesque clockwork from sight. At present, how+ +ever, the door was open, and the egress of the jack, the +blows on the bell, and the mannikin's retreat intc.the +nook again, were visible to many, and audible through+ +out the church. +The jack had struck half-past eleven. +" Where's the woman ?" whispered some of the +spectators. +The young sergeant stood still with the abnormal +rigidity of the old pillars around. He faced the south+ +east, and was as silent as he was still. +The silence grew to be a noticeable thing as the +minutes went on, and nobody else appeared, and not a +soul moved. The rattle of the quarter-jack again from +its niche, its blows for three-quarters, its fussy retreat, +were almost painfully abrupt, and caused many of the +congregation to start palpably. +"I wonder where the woman is!' a voice whispered +again. +There began now that slight shifting of feet, that +artificial coughing among several, which betrays a +nervous suspense. At length there was a titter. But +the soldier never moved. There he stood, his face to +the south-east, upright as a column, his cap in his hand. +The clock ticked on. The women threw off their +nervousness, and titters and giggling became more +frequent. Then came a dead silence. Every one was +waiting for the end. Some persons may have noticed +how extraordinarily the striking of quarters. seems to +quicken the flight of time. It was hardly credible that +the jack had not got wrong with the minutes when the +rattle began again, the puppet emerged, and the four +quarters were struck fitfully as before: One could al+ +most be positive that there was a malicious leer upon +the hideous creature's face, and a mischievous delight +in its twitchings. Then, followed the dull and remote +resonance of the twelve heavy strokes in the tower +above. The women were impressed, and there was no +giggle this time. +The clergyman glided into the vestry, and the clerk +vanished. The sergeant had not yet turned ; every +woman in the church was waiting to see his face, and +he appeared to know it. At last he did turn, and +stalked resolutely down the nave, braving them all, +with a compressed lip. Two bowed and toothless old +

+almsmen then looked at each other and chuckled, +innocently enough ; but the sound had a strange weird +effect in that place. +Opposite to the church was a paved square, around +which several overhanging wood buildings of old time +cast a picturesque shade. The young man on leaving +the door went to cross the square, when, in the middle, +he met a little woman. The expression of her face, +which had been one of intense anxiety, sank at the +sight of his nearly to terror. +" Well ? ' he said, in a suppressed passion, fixedly +looking at her. +" O, Frank -- I made a mistake! -- I thought that +church with the spire was All Saints', and I was at the +door at half-past eleven to a minute as you said. +waited till a quarter to twelve, and found then that I +was in All Souls'. But I wasn't much frightened, for +I thought it could be to-morrow as well.' +"You fool, for so fooling me! But say no more.' +" Shall it be to-monow, Frank ? ' she asked blankly. +"To-morrow !' and he gave vent to a hoarse laugh. +"I don't go through that experience again for some +time, I warrant you ! ' +" But after all,' she expostulated in a trembling voice, +"the mistake was not such a terrible thing! Now, dear +Frank, when shall it be?' +"Ah, when ? God knows !' he said, with a light +irony, and turning from her walked rapidly away. + +

+IN THE MARKET-PLACE +ON Saturday Boldwood was in Casterbridge market +house as usual, when the disturber of his dreams entered +and became visible to him. Adam had awakened from +his deep sleep, and behold! there was Eve. The +farmer took courage, and for the first time really looked +at her. +Material causes and emotional effects are not to be +arranged in regular equation. The result from capital +employed in the production of any movement of a +mental nature is sometimes as tremendous as the cause +itself is absurdly minute. When women are in a freakish +mood, their usual intuition, either from carelessness or +inherent defect, seemingly fails to teaeh them this, and +hence it was that Bathsheba was fated to be astonished +today. +Boldwood looked at her -- not slily, critically, or +understandingly, but blankly at gaze, in the way a +reaper looks up at a passing train -- as something foreign +to his element, and but dimly understood. To Bold+ +wood women had been remote phenomena rather than +necessary complements -- comets of such uncertain +aspeet, movement, and permanence, that whether +their orbits were as geometrical, unchangeable, and +as subject to laws as his own, or as absolutely erratic +as they superficially appeared, he had not deemed it +his duty to consider. +He saw her black hair, her correct facial curves +and profile, and the roundness of her chin and throat. +He saw then the side of her eyelids, eyes, and lashes, +and the shape of her ear. Next he noticed her figure, +her skirt, and the very soles of her shoes. +Boldwood thought her beautiful, but wondered +whether he was right in his thought, for it seemed +impossible that this romance in the flesh, if so sweet +as he imagined, could have +

+been going on long without +creating a commotion of delight among men, and pro+ +voking more inquiry than Bathsheba had done, even +though that was not a little. To the best of his judg+ +ment neither nature nor art could improve this perfect +one of an imperfect many. His heart began to move +within him. Boldwood, it must be remembered, though +forty years of age, had never before inspected a woman +with the very centre and force of his glance; they had +struck upon all his senses at wide angles. +Was she really beautiful? He could not assure +himself that his opinion was true even now. He fur+ +tively said to a neighbour, 'Is Miss Everdene considered +handsome?' +"0 yes; she was a good deal 'notied the first +time she came, if you remember. A very handsome +girl indeed.' +A man is never more credulous than in receiving +favourable opinions on the beauty of a woman he is +half, or quite, in love with; a mere child's word on the +point has the weight of an R.A.'s. Boldwood was +satisfied now. +And this charming woman had in effect said to +him, "Marry me.' Why should she have done that +strange thing ? Boldwood's blindness to the difference +between approving of what circumstances suggest, and +originating what they do not suggest, was well matched +by Bathsheba's insensibility to the possibly great issues +of little beginnings. +She was at this moment coolly dealing with a dashing +young farmer, adding up accounts with him as indiffer+ +ently as if his face had been the pages of a ledger. It +was evident that such a nature as his had no attraction +for a woman of Bathsheba's taste. But Boldwood grew +hot down to his hands with an incipient jealousy; he +trod for the first time the threshold of "the injured +lover's hell.' His first impulse was to go and thrust +himself between them. This could be done, but only +in one way -- by asking to see a sample of her corn. +Boldwood renounced the idea. He could not make +the request; it was debasing loveliness to ask it to +buy and sell, and jarred with his conceptions of her. +All this time Bathsheba was conscious of having +broken into that dignified stronghold at last. His +eyes, she knew, were +

+following her everywhere. This +was a triumph; and had it come naturally, such a +triumph would have been the sweeter to her for this +piquing delay. But it had been brought about by +misdirected ingenuity, and she valued it only as she +valued an artificial flower or a wax fruit. +Being a woman with some good sense in reasoning +on subjects wherein her heart was not involved, Bath+ +sheba genuinely repented that a freak which had owed +its existence as much to Liddy as to herself, should +ever have been undertaken, to disturb the placidity of +a man she respected too highly to deliberately tease. +She that day nearly formed the intention of begging +his pardon on the very next occasion of their meeting. +The worst features of this arrangement were that, if +he thought she ridiculed him, an apology would in+ +crease the offence by being disbelieved; and if he +thought she wanted him to woo her, it would read +like additional evidence of her forwardness. + +

+BOLDWOOD IN MEDITATION -- REGRET +BOLDWOOD was tenant of what was called Little +Weatherbury Farm, and his person was the nearest ap+ +proach to aristocracy that this remoter quarter of the +parish could boast of. Genteel strangers, whose god +was their town, who might happen to be compelled to +linger about this nook for a day, heard the sound of +light wheels, and prayed to see good society, to the +degree of a solitary lord, or squire at the very least, +but it was only Mr. Boldwood going out for the day. +They heard the sound of wheels yet once more, and +were re-animated to expectancy : it was only Mr. Bold+ +wood coming home again. +His house stood recessed from the road, and the +stables, which are to a farm what a fireplace is to a +room, were behind, their lower portions being lost +amid bushes of laurel. Inside the blue door, open +half-way down, were to be seen at this time the backs +and tails of half-a-dozen warm and contented horses +standing in their stalls; and as thus viewed, they pre+ +sented alternations of roan and bay, in shapes like a +Moorish arch, the tail being a streak down the midst +of each. Over these, and lost to the eye gazing in +from the outer light, the mouths of the same animals +could be heard busily sustaining the above-named +warmth and plumpness by quantities of oats and hay. +The restless and shadowy figure of a colt wandered +about a loose-box at the end, whilst the steady grind +of all the eaters was occasionally diversified by the +rattle of a rope or the stamp of a foot. +Pacing up and down at the heels of the animals was +Farmer Boldwood himself. This place was his almonry +and cloister in one : here, after looking to the feeding +of his four-footed dependants, the celibate would walk +and meditate of an evening till the moon's rays streamed +in through the cobwebbed windows, or total darkness +enveloped the scene. +

+His square-framed perpendicularity showed more fully +now than in the crowd and bustle of the market-house. +In this meditative walk his foot met the floor with heel +and toe simultaneously, and his fine reddish-fleshed face +was bent downwards just enough to render obscure the +still mouth and the well-rounded though rather prominent +and broad chin. A few clear and thread-like horizontal +lines were the only interruption to the otherwise smooth +surface of his large forehead. +The phases of Boldwood's life were ordinary enough, +but his was not an ordinary nature. That stillness, +which struck casual observers more than anything else +in his character and habit, and seemed so precisely +like the rest of inanition, may have been the perfect +balance of enormous antagonistic forces -- positives and +negatives in fine adjustment. His equilibrium disturbed, +he was in extremity at once. If an emotion possessed +him at all, it ruled him; a feeling not mastering him +was entirely latent. Stagnant or rapid, it was never +slow. He was always hit mortally, or he was missed. +He had no light and careless touches in his constitu+ +tion, either for good or for evil. Stern in the outlines of +action, mild in the details, he was serious throughout all. +He saw no absurd sides to the follies of life, and thus, +though not quite companionable in the eyes of merry +men and scoffers, and those to whom all things show +life as a jest, he was not intolerable to the earnest and +those acquainted with grief. Being a man -who read +all the dramas of life seriously, if he failed to please +when they were comedies, there was no frivolous treat+ +ment to reproach him for when they chanced to end +tragically. +Bathsheba was far from dreaming that the dark and +silent shape upon which she had so carelessly thrown a +seed was a hotbed of tropic intensity. Had she known +Boldwood's moods, her blame would have been fearful, +and the stain upon her heart ineradicable. Moreover, +had she known her present power for good or evil over +this man, she would have trembled at her responsibility. +Luckily for her present, unluckily for her future tran+ +quillity, her understanding had not yet told her what +Boldwood was. Nobody knew entirely ; for though it +was possible to form guesses concerning his wild 'capa+ +

+bilities from old floodmarks faintly visible, he had never +been seen at the high tides which caused them. +Farmer Boldwood came to the stable-door and looked +forth across the level fields. Beyond the first enclosure +was a hedge, and on the other side of this a meadow +belonging to Bathsheba's farm. +It was now early spring -- the time of going to grass +with the sheep, when they have the first feed of the +meadows, before these are laid up for mowing. The +wind, which had been blowing east for several weeks, +had veered to the southward, and the middle of spring +had come abruptly -- almost without a beginning. It +was that period in the vernal quarter when we map +suppose the Dryads to be waking for the season. The +vegetable world begins to move and swell and the saps +to rise, till in the completest silence of lone gardens +and trackless plantations, where- everything seems -help+ +less and still after the bond and slavery of frost, there +are bustlings, strainings, united thrusts, and pulls-all+ +together, in comparison with which the powerful tugs of +cranes and pulleys in a noisy city are but. pigmy efforts. +"Boldwood, looking into the distant meadows, saw +there three figures. They were those of Miss' Everdene, +Shepherd Oak, and Cainy Ball. +When Bathsheba's figure shone upon the farmer's +eyes it lighted him up as the moon lights up a great +tower. A man's body is as the shell; or the tablet, of +his soul, as he is reserved or ingenuous, overflowing or +self-contained. There was a change in Boldwood's +exterior from its former impassibleness ; and his face +showed that he was now living outside his defences +for the first time, and with a fearful sense of exposure. +It is the usual experience of strong natures when they +love. +At last he arrived at a conclusion. It was to go +across and inquire boldly of her. +The insulation of his heart by reserve during these +many years, without a channel of any kind for disposable +emotion, had worked its effect. It has been observed +more than once that the causes of love are chiefly +

+subjective, and Boldwood was a living testimony to +the truth of the proposition. No mother existed to +absorb his devotion, no sister for his tenderness, no +idle ties for sense. He became surcharged with the +compound, which was genuine lover's love. +He approached the gate of the meadow. Beyond +it the ground was melodious with ripples, and the sky +with larks; the low bleating of the flock mingling with +both. Mistress and man were engaged in the operation +of making a lamb "take,' which is performed whenever +an ewe has lost her own offspring, one of the twins of +another ewe being given her as a substitute. Gabriel +had skinned the dead lamb, and was tying the skin +over the body of the live lamb, in the customary manner, +whilst Bathsheba was holding open a little pen of four +hurdles, into which the Mother and foisted lamb were +driven, where they would remain till the old sheep +conceived an affection for the young one. +Bathsheba looked up at the completion of the +manouvre, and saw the farmer by the gate, where he +was overhung by a willow tree in full bloom. Gabriel, +to whom her face was as the uncertain glory of an April +day, was ever regardful of its faintest changes, and +instantly discerned thereon the mark of some influence +from without, in the form of a keenly self-conscious +reddening. He also turned and beheld Boldwood. +At onee connecting these signs with the letter Bold+ +wood had shown him, Gabriel suspected her of some +coquettish procedure begun by that means, and carried +on since, he knew not how. +Farmer Boldwood had read the pantomime denoting +that they were aware of his presence, and the perception +was as too much light turned upon his new sensibility. +He was still in the road, and by moving on he hoped +that neither would recognize that he had originally +intended to enter the field. He passed by with an +utter and overwhelming sensation of ignorance, shyness, +and doubt. Perhaps in her manner there were signs +that she wished to see him -- perhaps not -- he could not +read a woman. The cabala of this erotic philosophy +seemed to consist of the subtlest meanings expressed in +misleading ways. +

+Every turn, look, word, and accent +contained a mystery quite distinct from its obvious +import, and not one had ever been pondered by him +until now. +As for Bathsheba, she was not deceived into the +belief that Farmer Boldwood had walked by on business +or in idleness. She collected the probabilities of the +case, and concluded that she was herself responsible for +Boldwood's appearance there. It troubled her much +to see what a great flame a little Wildfire was likely to +kindle. Bathsheba was no schemer for marriage, nor +was she deliberately a trifler with the affections of men, +and a censor's experience on seeing an actual flirt after +observing her would have been a feeling of surprise +that Bathsheba could be so different from such a one, +and yet so like what a flirt is supposed to be. +She resolved never again, by look or by sign, to +interrupt the steady flow of this man's life. But a +resolution to avoid an evil is seldom framed till the evil +is so far advanced as to make avoidance impossible. + +

+THE SHEEP-WASHING -- THE OFFER +BOLDWOOD did eventually call upon her. She was +not at home. " Of course not,' he murmured. In con+ +templating Bathsheba as a woman, he had forgotten the +accidents of her position as an agriculturist -- that being +as much of a farmer, and as extensive a farmer, as +himself, her probable whereabouts was out-of-dooTs at +this time of the year. This, and the other oversights +Boldwood was guilty of, were natural to the mood, and +still more natural to the circumstances. The great aids +to idealization in love were present here : occasional +observation of her from a distance, and the absence of +social intercourse with her -- visual familiarity, oral +strangeness. The smaller human elements were kept +out of sight ; the pettinesses that enter so largely into +all earthly living and doing were disguised by the +accident of lover and loved-one not being on visiting +terms ; and there was hardly awakened a thought in +Boldwood that sorry household realities appertained to +her, or that she, like all others, had moments of +commonplace, when to be least plainly seen was to be +most prettily remembered. Thus a mild sort of +apotheosis took place in his fancy, whilst she still lived +and breathed within his own horizon, a troubled creature +like himself. +It was the end of May when the farmer determined +to be no longer repulsed by trivialities or distracted by +suspense. He had by this time grown used to being in +love; the passion now startled him less even when it +tortured him more, and he felt himself adequate to the +situation. On inquiring for her at her house they had +told him she was at the sheepwashing, and he went off +to seek her there. +The sheep-washing pool was a perfectly circular basin +of brickwork in the meadows, full of the clearest water. +To birds on the wing its glassy surface, reflecting the +light sky, must have been +

+visible for miles around as a +glistening Cyclops' eye in a green face. The grass +about the margin at this season was a sight to remember +long -- in a minor sort of way. Its activity in sucking +the moisture from the rich damp sod. was almost a pro+ +cess observable by the eye. The outskirts of this level +water-meadow were diversified by rounded and hollow +pastures, where just now every flower that was not a +buttercup was a daisy. The river slid along noiselessly +as a shade, the swelling reeds and sedge forming a +flexible palisade upon its moist brink. To the north +of the mead were trees, the leaves of which were new, +soft, and moist, not yet having stiffened and darkened +under summer sun and drought, their colour being +yellow beside a green -- green beside a yellow. +From the recesses of this knot of foliage the loud +notes of three cuckoos were resounding through the +still air. +Boldwood went meditating down the slopes with his +eyes on his boots, which the yellow pollen from the +buttercups had bronzed in artistic gradations. A tribu+ +tary of the main stream flowed through the basin of the +pool by an inlet and outlet at opposite points of its +diameter. Shepherd Oak, Jan Coggan, Moon, Poor+ +grass, Cain Ball, and several others were assembled +here, all dripping wet to the very roots of their hair, +and Bathsheba was standing by in a new riding-habit -- +the most elegant she had ever worn -- the reins of her +horse being looped over her arm. Flagons of cider +were rolling about upon the green. The meek sheep +were pushed into the pool by Coggan and Matthew +Moon, who stood by the lower hatch, immersed to their +waists; then Gabriel, who stood on the brink, thrust +them under as they swam along, with an instrument +like a crutch, formed for the purpose, and also for +assisting the exhausted animals when the wool became +saturated and they began to sink. They were let out +against the stream, and through the upper opening, all +impurities flowing away below. Cainy Ball and Joseph, +who performed this latter operation, were if possible +wetter than the rest ; they resembled dolphins under a +fountain, every protuberance and angle of their clothes +dribbling forth a small rill. +

+Boldwood came close and bade her good-morning, with +such constraint that she could not but think he had +stepped across to the washing for its own sake, hoping +not to find her there ; more, she fancied his brow severe +and his eye slighting. Bathsheba immediately contrived +to withdraw, and glided along by the river till she was +a stone's throw off. She heard footsteps brushing the +grass, and had a consciousness that love was encircling +her like a perfume. Instead of turning or waiting, +Bathsheba went further among the high sedges, but +Boldwood seemed determined, and pressed on till they +were completely past the bend of the river. Here, +without being seen, they could hear the splashing and +shouts of the washers above. +"Miss Everdene!' said the farmer. +She trembled, turned, and said 'Good morning.' +His tone was so utterly removed from all she had +expected as a beginning. It was lowness and quiet +accentuated : an emphasis of deep meanings, their form, +at the same time, being scarcely expressed. Silence +has sometimes a remarkable power of showing itself as +the disembodied soul of feeling wandering without its +carcase, and it is then more impressive than speech. +In the same way, to say a little is often to tell more +than to say a great deal. Boldwood told everything in +that word. +As the conseiousness expands on learning that what +was fancied to be the rumble of wheels is the reverbera+ +tion of thunder, so did Bathsheba's at her intuitive +conviction. +'I feel -- almost too much -- to think,' he said, with a +solemn simplicity. "I have come to speak to you with+ +out preface. My life is not my own since I have beheld +you clearly, Miss Everdene -- I come to make you an +offer of marriage.' +Bathsheba tried to preserve an absolutely neutral +countenance, and all the motion she made was that of +closing lips which had previously been a little parted. +"I am now forty-one years old,' he went on. "I may +have been called a confirmed bachelor, and I was a +confirmed bachelor. I had never any views of myself +as a husband in my earlier days, nor have I made any +calculation on the subject since I have been older. +But we all change, and my change, in this matter, +

+came +with seeing you. I have felt lately, more and more, +that my present way of living is bad in every respect. +Beyond all things, I want you as my wife.' +"I feel, Mr. Boldwood, that though I respect you +much, I do not feel -- what would justify me to -- in +accepting your offer,' she stammered. +This giving back of dignity for dignity seemed to +open the sluices of feeling that Boldwood had as yet +kept closed. +" My life is a burden without you,' he exclaimed, in +a low voice. "I want you -- I want you to let me say +I love you again and again!' +Bathsheba answered nothing, and the mare upon +her arm seemed so impressed that instead of cropping +the herbage she looked up. +"I think and hope you care enough for me to listen +to what I have to tell!" + Bathsheba's momentary impulse at hearing this was +to ask why he thought that, till she remembered that, +far from being a conceited assumption on Boldwood's +part, it was but the natural conclusion of serious reflec+ +tion based on deceptive premises of her own offering. +"I wish I could say courteous flatteries to you,' the +farmer continued in an easier tone, " and put my rugged +feeling into a graceful shape: but I have neither power +nor patience to learn such things. I want you for my +wife -- so wildly that no other feeling can abide in me; +but I should not have spoken out had I not been led +to hope.' +"The valentine again! O that valentine!' she +said to herself, but not a word to him. + "If you can love me say so, Miss Everdene. If not + -- don't say no!' + "Mr. Boldwood, it is painful to have to say I am +surprised, so that I don't know how to answer you with +propriety and respect -- but am only just able to speak +out my feeling -- I mean my meaning; that I am afraid +I can't marry you, much as I respect you. You are too +dignified for me to suit you, sir.' + "But, Miss Everdene!' +"I -- I didn't -- I know I ought never to have dreamt +of sending +

+that valentine -- forgive me, sir -- it was a +wanton thing which no woman with any self-respect +should have done. If you will only pardon my thought+ +lessness, I promise never to -- -- ' +" No, no, no. Don't say thoughtlessness! Make me +think it was something more -- that it was a sort of +prophetic instinct -- the beginning of a feeling that you +would like me. You torture me to say it was done in +thoughtlessness -- I never thought of it in that light, and +I can't endure it. Ah ! I wish I knew how to win you! +but that I can't do -- I can only ask if I have already got +you. If I have not, and it is not true that you have +come unwittingly to me as I have to you, I can say no +more.' + "I have not fallen in love with you, Mr. Boldwood -- +certainly I must say that.' She allowed a very small +smile to creep for the first time over her serious face in +saying this, and the white row of upper teeth, and keenly+ +cut lips already noticed, suggested an idea of heartless+ +ness, which was immediately contradicted by the pleasant +eyes. +"But you will just think -- in kindness and conde+ +scension think -- if you cannot bear with me as a husband! +I fear I am too old for you, but believe me I will take +more care of you than would many a man of your own +age. I will protect and cherish you with all my strength + -- I will indeed! You shall have no cares -- be worried +by no household affairs, and live quite at ease, Miss +Everdene. The dairy superintendence shall be done by +a man -- I can afford it will -- you shall never have so +much as to look out of doors at haymaking time, or to +think of weather in the harvest. I rather cling; to the +chaise, because it is he same my poor father and mother +drove, but if you don't like it I will sell it, and you shall +have a pony-carriage of your own. I cannot say how +far above every other idea and object on earth you seem +to me -- nobody knows -- God only knows -- how much +you are to me!' +Bathsheba's heart was young, and it swelled with +sympathy for the deep-natured man who spoke so +simply. + "Don't say it! don't! I cannot bear you to feel so +much, and me to feel nothing. And I am afraid they +will notice us, Mr. Boldwood. Will you let the matter +rest now? I cannot think +

+collectedly. I did not know +you were going to say this to me. 0, I am wicked to +have made you suffer so!' She was frightened as well +as agitated at his vehemence. + "Say then, that you don't absolutely refuse. Do not +quite refuse?' +"I can do nothing. I cannot answer.' +"I may speak to you again on the subject?' +"Yes.' +"I may think of you?' +"Yes, I suppose you may think of me.' +"And hope to obtain you?' +"No -- do not hope! Let us go on.' +"I will call upon you again to-morrow.' +"No -- please not. Give me time.' +"Yes -- I will give you any time,' he said earnestly and +gratefully. "I am happier now.' +"No -- I beg you! Don't be happier if happiness +only comes from my agreeing. Be neutral, Mr. Bold+ +wood! I must think.' +"I will wait,' he said. +And then she turned away. Boldwood dropped his +gaze to the ground, and stood long like a man who did not +know where he was. Realities then returned upon him +like the pain of a wound received in an excitement +which eclipses it, and he, too, then went on. + +

+PERPLEXITy -- GRINDING THE SHEARS -- A QUARREL +"HE is so disinterested and kind to offer me all that I +can desire,' Bathsheba mused. +Yet Farmer Boldwood, whether by nature kind or +the reverse to kind, did not exercise kindness, here. +The rarest offerings of the purest loves are but a self+ +indulgence, and no generosity at all. +Bathsheba, not being the least in love with him, was +eventually able to look calmly at his offer. It was one +which many women of her own station in the neighbour+ +hood, and not a few of higher rank, would have been +wild to accept and proud to publish. In every point of +view, ranging from politic to passionate, it was desirable +that she, a lonely girl, should marry, and marry this +earnest, well-to-do, and respected man. He was close +to her doors: his standing was sufficient: his qualities +were even supererogatory. Had she felt, which she did +not, any wish whatever for the married state in the +abstract, she could not reasonably have rejected him, +being a woman who frequently appealed to her under, +standing for deliverance from her whims. Boldwood as +a means to marriage was unexceptionable: she esteemed +and liked him, yet she did not want him. It appears +that ordinary men take wives because possession is not +possible without marriage, and that ordinary women +accept husbands because marriage is not possible with, +out possession; with totally differing aims the method is +the same on both sides. But the understood incentive +on the woman's part was wanting here. Besides, Bath+ +sheba's position as absolute mistress of a farm and house +was a novel one, and the novelty had not yet begun to +wear off. +But a disquiet filled her which was somewhat to her +credit, for it would have affected few. Beyond the men+ +tioned reasons with which she combated her objections, +she had a strong +

+feeling that, having been the one who +began the game, she ought in honesty to accept the conse, +quences. Still the reluctance remained. She said in the +same breath that it would be ungenerous not to marry +Boldwood, and that she couldn't do it to save her life. +Bathsheba's was an impulsive nature under a delibera, +tive aspect. An Elizabeth in brain and a Mary Stuart +in spirit, she often performed actions of the greatest +temerity with a manner of extreme discretion. Many of +her thoughts were perfect syllogisms; unluckily they +always remained thoughts. Only a few were irrational +assumptions; but, unfortunately, they were the ones +which most frequently grew into deeds. + The next day to that of the declaration she found +Gabriel Oak at the bottom of her garden, grinding his +shears for the sheep-shearing. All the surrounding +cottages were more or less scenes of the same operation; +the scurr of whetting spread into the sky from all parts +of the village as from an armury previous to a campaign. +Peace and war kiss each other at their hours of prepara+ +tion -- sickles, scythes, shears, and pruning-hooks, ranking +with swords, bayonets, and lances, in their common +necessity for point and edge. +Cainy Ball turned the handle of Gabriel's grinstone, +his head performing a melancoly see-saw up and down +with each turn of the wheel. Oak stood somewhat as +Eros is represented when in the act of sharpening his +arrows: his figure slightly bent, the weight of his body +thrown over on the shears, and his head balanced side+ +ways, with a critical compression of the lips and contrac+ +tion of the eyelids to crown the attitude. +His mistress came up and looked upon them in +silence for a minute or two; then she said -- +"Cain, go to the lower mead and catch the bay mare. +I'll turn the winch of the grindstone. I want to speak +to you, Gabriel. +Cain departed, and Bathsheba took the handle. +Gabriel had glanced up in intense surprise, quelled its +expression, and looked down again. Bathsheba turned +the winch, and Gabriel applied the shears. +The peculiar motion involved in turning a wheel +has a wonderful tendency to benumb the mind. It +is a sort of +

+attenuated variety of Ixion's punishment, +and contributes a dismal chapter to the history of +heavy, and the body's centre of gravity seems to +settle by degrees in a leaden lump somewhere be+ +tween the eyebrows and the crown. Bathsheba felt +the unpleasant symptoms after two or three dozen +turns. + "Will you turn, Gabriel, and let me hold the shears?" +she said. "My head is in a'whirl, and I can't talk. +Gabriel turned. Bathsheba then began, with some +awkwardness, allowing her thoughts to stray occasion+ +ally from her story to attend to the shears, which +required a little nicety in sharpening. + "I wanted to ask you if the men made any observa+ +tions on my going behind the sedge with Mr. Boldwood +yesterday?' + "Yes, they did,' said Gabriel. "You don't hold +the shears right, miss -- I knew you wouldn't know the +way -- hold like this.' +He relinquished the winch, and inclosing her two +hands completely i his own (taking each as we some+ +times slasp a child's hand in teaching him to write), +grasped the shears with her. "Incline the edge so,' +he said. + Hands and shears were inclined to suit the words, +and held thus for a peculiarly long time by the in+ +structor as he spoke. + "That will do,' exclaimed Bathsheba. "Loose my +hands. I won't have them held! Turn the winch.' +Gabriel freed her hands quietly, retired to his +handle, and the grinding went on. + "Did the men think it odd?' she said again. +"Odd was not the idea, miss.' +"What did they say?' +"That Farmer Boldwood's name and your own +were likely to be flung over pulpit together before the +year was out.' +"I thought so by the look of them! Why, there's +nothing in it. A more foolish remark was never made, +and I want you to contradict it! that's what I came for.' + Gabriel looked incredulous and sad, but between +his moments of incredulity, relieved. +"They must have heard our conversation,' she +continued. +

+"Well, then, Bathsheba!' said Oak, stopping the +handle, and gazing into her face with astonishment. + "Miss Everdene, you mean," she said, with dignity. + "I mean this, that if Mr. Boldwood really spoke of +marriage, I bain't going to tell a story and say he +didn't to please you. I have already tried to please +you too much for my own good!' +Hathsheba regarded him with round-eyed perplexity. +She did not know whether to pity him for disappointed +love of her, or to be angry with him for having got +over it -- his tone being ambiguous. + "I said I wanted you just to mention that it was +not true I was going to be married to him,' she mur+ +mured, with a slight decline in her assurance. +"I can say that to them if you wish, Miss Everdene. +And I could likewise give an opinion to 'ee on what +you have done.' +"I daresay. But I don't want your opinion.' +"I suppose not,' said Gabriel bitterly, and going on +with his turning, his words rising and falling in a +regular swell and cadence as he stooped or rose with +the winch, which directed them, according to his +position, perpendiculary into the earth, or horizontally +along the garden, his eyes being fixed on a leaf upon +the ground. + With Bathsheba a hastened act was a rash act; +but, as does not always happen, time gained was +prudence insured. It must be added, however, that +time was very seldom gained. At this period the +single opinion in the parish on herself and her doings +that she valued as sounder than her own was Gabriel +Oak's. And the outspoken honesty of his character +was such- that on any subject even that of her love +for, or marriage with, another man, the same disinter+ +estedness of opinion might be calculated on, and be +had for the asking. Thoroughly convinced of the +impossibility of his own suit, a high resolve constrained +him not to injure that of another. This is a lover's +most stoical virtue, as the lack of it is a lover's most +venial sin. Hnowing he would reply truly, she asked +the question, painful as she must have known the sub+ +ject would be. Such is the selfishness of some charm+ +ing women. Perhaps it was some excuse for her thus +torturing honesty to her own advantage, that she had +

+absolutely no other sound judgment within easy reach. +"Well, what is your opinion of my conduct,' she +said, quietly. +"That it is unworthy of any thoughtful, and meek, +and comely woman.' +In an instant Bathsheba's face coloured with the +angry crimson of a danby sunset. But she forbore +to utter this feeling, and the reticence of her tongue +only made the loquacity of her face the more notice+ +able. +The next thing Gabriel did was to make a mistake. +"Perhaps you don't like the rudeness of my repri+ +manding you, for I know it is rudeness; but I thought +it would do good.' +She instantly replied sarcastically -- +"On the contrary, my opinion of you is so low, that +I see in your abuse the praise of discerning people!' +"I am glad you don't mind it, for I said it honestly +and with every serious meaning.' + "I see. But, unfortunately, when you try not to +speak in jest you are amusing -- just as when you wish +to avoid seriousness you sometimes say a sensible word +It was a hard hit, but Bathsheba had unmistakably +lost her temper, and on that account Gabriel had +never in his life kept his own better. He said nothing. +She then broke out -- + "I may ask, I suppose, where in particular my +unworthiness lies? In my not marrying you, perhaps! +"Not by any means,' said Gabriel quietly. "I have +long given up thinking of that matter.' +"Or wishing it, I suppose,' she said; and it was +apparent that she expected an unhesitating denial of +this supposition. +Whatever Gabriel felt, he coolly echoed her words -- +"Or wishing it either.' + A woman may be treated with a bitterness which +is sweet to her, and with a rudeness which is not +offensive. Bathsheba would have submitted to an +indignant chastisement for her levity had Gabriel pro+ +tested that he was loving her at the same time; the +impetuosity of passion unrequited is bearable, even if +it stings and anathematizes there is a triumph in the +humiliation, and a tenderness in the strife. This was +what she had been expecting, and what she had not +got. To be lectured +

+because the lecturer saw her in +the cold morning light of open-shuttered disillusion +was exasperating. He had not finished, either. He +continued in a more agitated voice: -- +"My opinion is (since you ask it) that you are +greatly to blame for playing pranks upon a man like +Mr. Boldwood, merely as a pastime. Leading on a +man you don't care for is not a praiseworthy action. +And even, Miss Everdene, if you seriously inclined +towards him, you might have let him find it out in +some way of true loving-kindness, and not by sending +him a valentine's letter.' +Bathsheba laid down the shears. + "I cannot allow any man to -- to criticise my private +Conduct!' she exclaimed. "Nor will I for a minute. +So you'll please leave the farm at the end of the week!' +It may have been a peculiarity -- at any rate it was +a fact -- that when Bathsheba was swayed by an emotion +of an earthly sort her lower lip trembled: when by a +refined emotion, her upper or heavenward one. Her +nether lip quivered now. +"Very well, so I will,' said Gabriel calmly. He had +been held to her by a beautiful thread which it pained +him to spoil by breaking, rather than by a chain he +could not break. "I should be even better pleased to +go at once,' he added. +"Go at once then, in Heaven's name!' said she,her +eyes flashing at his, though never meeting them. +"Don't let me see your face any more.' +"Very well, Miss Everdene -- so it shall be.' +And he took his shears and went away from her in +placid dignity, as Moses left the presence of Pharaoh. + +

+TROUBLES IN THE FOLD -- A MESSAGE +GABRIEL OAK had ceased to feed the Weatherbury +flock for about four-and-twenty hours, when on Sunday +afternoon the elderly gentlemen Joseph Poorgrass, +Matthew Moon, Fray, and half-a-dozen others, came +running up to the house of the mistress of the Upper +Farm. + "Whatever is the matter, men?' she said, meeting +them at the door just as she was coming out on her +way to church, and ceasing in a moment from the close +compression of her two red lips, with which she had +accompanied the exertion of pelling on a tight glove. +"Sixty!' said Joseph Poorgrass. +"Seventy!' said Moon. +"Fifty-nine!' said Susan Tall's husband. +" -- Sheep have broke fence,' said Fray. +" -- And got into a field of young clover,' said Tall. +" -- Young clover!' said Moon. +" -- Clover!' said Joseph Poorgrass. +"And they be getting blasted,' said Henery Fray. +"That they be,' said Joseph. +"And will all die as dead as nits, if they bain't got +out and cured!'said Tall. +Joseph's countenance was drawn into lines and +puckers by his concern. Fray's forehead was wrinkled +both perpendicularly and crosswise, after the pattern of +a portcullis, expressive of a double despair. Laban +Tall's lips were thin, and his face were rigid. Matthew's +jaws sank, and his eyes turned whichever way the +strongest muscle happened to pull them. + "Yes,' said Joseph, "and I was sitting at home, +looking for Ephesians, and says I to myself, "'Tis +nothing but Corinthians and Thessalonians in this +danged Testament,'' when +

+who should come in but +Henery there: ""Joseph,'' he said, ""the sheep have +With Bathsheba it was a moment when thought was +blasted theirselves -- -''' + With Bathsheba it was a moment when thought was +speech and speech exclamation. Moreover, she had +hardly recovered her equanimity since the disturbance +which she had suffered from Oak's remarks. +'Thats enought -- that's enough! -- oh, you fools!' +she cried, throwing the parasol and Prayer-book into +the passage, and running out of doors in the direction +signified. "To come to me, and not go and get them +out directly! Oh, the stupid numskulls!' +Her eyes were at their darkest and brightest now. +Bathsheba's beauty belonged rather to the demonian +than to the angelic school, she never looked so well as +when she was angry -- and particularly when the effect +was heightened by a rather dashing velvet dress, care+ +fully put on before a glass. +All the ancient men ran in a jumbled throng after +her to the clover-field, Joseph sinking down in the +midst when about half-way, like an individual withering +in a world which was more and more insupportable. +Having once received the stimulus that her presence +always gave them they went round among the sheep +with a will. The majority of the afflicted animals were +lying down, and could not be stirred. These were +bodily lifted out, and the others driven into the adjoining +field. Here, after the lapse of a few minutes, several +more fell down, and lay helpless and livid as the rest. +Bathsheba, with a sad, bursting heart, looked at these +primest specimens of her prime flock as they rolled +there -- +Swoln with wind and the rank mist they drew. +Many of them foamed at the mouth, their breathing +being quick and short, whilst the bodies of all were +fearfully distended. +"O, what can I do, what can I do!' said Bathsheba, +helplessly. "Sheep are such unfortunate animals! -- +there's always something happening to them! I never +knew a flock pass a year without getting into some scrape +or other.' +"There's only one way of saving them,' said Tall. +

+"What way? Tell me quick!' +"They must be pierced in the side with a thing made +on purpose.' +"Can you do it? Can I?' +"No, ma'am. We can't, nor you neither. It must +be done in a particular spot. If ye go to the right or +left but an inch you stab the ewe and kill her. Not +even a shepherd can do it, as a rule.' +"Then they must die,' she said, in a resigned tone. +"Only one man in the neighbourhood knows the way,' +said Joseph, now just come up. "He could cure 'em +all if he were here.' +"Who is he? Let's get him!' +"Shepherd Oak," said Matthew. "Ah, he's a clever +man in talents!' +"Ah, that he is so!' said Joseph Poorgrass. +"True -- he's the man,' said Laban Tall. +"How dare you name that man in my presence!' she +said excitedly. "I told you never to allude to him, nor +shall you if you stay with me. Ah!' she added, brighten+ +ing, "Farmer Boldwood knows!' + "0 no, ma'am' said Matthew. "Two of his store +ewes got into some vetches t'other day, and were just +like these. He sent a man on horseback here post-haste +for Gable, and Gable went and saved 'em, Farmer +Boldwood hev got the thing they do it with. 'Tis a +holler pipe, with a sharp pricker inside. Isn't it, +Joseph?' + "Ay -- a holler pipe,' echoed Joseph. "That's what +'tis.' +"Ay, sure -- that's the machine,' chimed in Henery +Fray, reflectively, with an Oriental indifference to the +flight of time. +"Well," burst out Bathsheba, "don't stand there with +your ""ayes'' and your ""sures,'' talking at me! Get +somebody to cure the sheep instantly!' + All then stalked or in eonsternation, to get some+ +body as directed, without any idea of who it was to be. +In a minute they had vanished through the gate,.and +she stood alone with the dying flock. +"Never will I send for him never!' she said firmly. +

+One of the ewes here contracted its muscles horribly, +extended itself, and jumped high into the air. The +leap was an astonishing one. The ewe fell heavily, and +lay still. +Bathsheba went up to it. The sheep was dead. +"O, what shall I do -- what shall I do!' she again +exclaimed, wringing her hands. "I won't send for him. +No, I won't!' +The most vigorous expression of a resolution does +not always coinicide with the greatest vigour of the +resolution itself. It is often flung out as a sort of prop +to support a decaying conviction which, whilst strong, +required no enunciation to prove it so. The "No, I +won't' of Bathsheba meant virtually, "I think I must.' +She followed her assistants through the gate, and +lifted her hand to one of them. Laban answered to her +signal. +"Where is Oak staying?' +"Across the valley at Nest Cottage!' +"Jump on the bay mare, and ride across, and say he +must return instantly -- that I say so.' +Tall scrambled off to the field, and in two minutes +was on Poll, the bay, bare-backed, and with only a +halter by way of rein. He diminished down the +hill. +Bathsheba watched. So did all the rest. Tall +cantered along the bridle-path through Sixteen Acres, +Sheeplands, Middle Field The Flats, Cappel's Piece, +shrank almost to a point, crossed the bridge, and +ascended from the valley through Springmead and +Whitepits on the other side. The cottage to which +Gabriel had retired before taking his final departure +from the locality was visible as a white spot on the +opposite hill, backed by blue firs. Bathsheba walked +up and down. The men entered the field and +endeavoured to ease the anguish of the dumb creatures +by rubbing them. Nothing availed. +Bathsheba continued walking. The horse was seen +descending the hill, and the wearisome series had to be +repeated in reverse order: Whitepits, Springmead, +Cappel's Piece, The Flats, Middle Field, Sheeplands, +Sixteen Acres. She hoped Tall had had presence of +mind enough to give the mare up to Gabriel, and return +himself on foot. The rider neared them. It was Tall. +

+"O, what folly!' said Bathsheba. +Gabriel was not visible anywhere. +"Perhaps he is already gone!' she said. +Tall came into the inclosure, and leapt off, his face +tragic as Morton's after the battle of Shrewsbury. +"Well?' said Bathsheba, unwilling to believe that +her verbal lettre-de-cachet could possibly have miscarried. +"He says beggars mustn't be choosers,' replied Laban. +"What!' said the young farmer, opening her eyes +and drawing in her breath for an outburst. Joseph +Poorgrass retired a few steps behind a hurdle. +"He says he shall not come onless you request en +to come civilly and in a proper manner, as becomes any +'ooman begging a favour.' +"Oh, oh, that's his answer! Where does he get his +airs? Who am I, then, to be treated like that? Shall +I beg to a man who has begged to me?' +Another of the flock sprang into the air, and fell +dead. +The men looked grave, as if they suppressed opinion. +Bathsheba turned aside, her eyes full of tears. The +strait she was in through pride and shrewishness could +not be disguised longer: she burst out crying bitterly; +they all saw it; and she attempted no further concealment. +"I wouldn't cry about it, miss,' said William Small+ +bury, compassionately. "Why not ask him softer like? +I'm sure he'd come then. Gable is a true man in that +way.' +Bathsheba checked her grief and wiped her eyes. +"O, it is a wicked cruelty to me -- it is -- it is!' she +murmured. "And he drives me to do what I wouldn't; +yes, he does ! -- Tall, come indoors.' +After this collapse, not very dignified for the head +of an establishment, she went into the house, Tall at +her heels. Here she sat down and hastily scribbled a +note between the small convulsive sobs of convalescence +which follow a fit of crying as a ground-swell follows a +storm. The note was none the less polite for being +written in a hurry. She held it at a distance, was +about to fold it, then added these words at the +bottom: -- +"Do not desert me, Gabriel!' +

+She looked a little redder in refolding it, and closed +her lips, as if thereby to suspend till too late the action +of conscience in examining whether such strategy were +justifiable. The note was despatched as the message +had been, and Bathsheba waited indoors for the result. +It was an anxious quarter of an hour that intervened +between the messenger's departure and the sound of the +horse's tramp again outside. She- could not watch this +time, but, leaning over the old bureau at which she had +written the letter, closed her eyes, as if to keep out both +hope and fear. + The case, however, was a promising one. Gabriel +was not angry: he was simply neutral, although her first +command had been so haughty. Such imperiousness +would have damned a little less beauty; and on the +other hand, such beauty would have redeemed a little +less imperiousness. +She went out when the horse was heard, and looked +up. A mounted figure passed between her and the +sky, and drew on towards the fleld of sheep, the rider +turning his face in receding. Gabriel looked at her. +It was a moment when a woman's eyes and tongue tell +distinctly opposite tales. Bathsheba looked full of +gratitude, and she said: -- + "O, Gabriel, how could you serve me so unkindly!' +Such a tenderly-shaped reproach for his previous +delay was the one speech in the language that he could +pardon for not being commendation of his readiness +now. +Gabriel murmured a confused reply, and hastened +on. She knew from the look which sentence in her +note had brought him. Bathsheba followed to the +field. +Gabriel was already among the turgid, prostrate forms. +He had flung off his coat, rolled up his shirt-sleeves, +and taken from his pocket the instrument of salvation. +It was a small tube or trochar, with a lance passing +down the inside; and Gabriel began to use it with a +dexterity that would have graced a hospital surgeon. +Passing his hand over the sheep's left flank, and +selecting the proper point, he punctured the skin and +rumen with the lance as it stood in the tube; then he +suddenly withdrew the lance, retaining the tube in its +place. A current of air rushed up the tube, forcible +enough to have extinguished a candle held at the +orifice. +It has been said that mere ease after torment is de+ +light for a time; and the countenances of these poor +creatures expressed it now. Forty-nine operations were +successfully performed. Owing to the great hurry +necessitated by the far-gone state of some of the flock, +Gabriel missed his aim in one case, and in one only -- +striking wide of the mark, and inflicting a mortal blow +at once upon the suffering ewe. Four had died; three +recovered without an operation. The total number of +sheep which had thus strayed and injured themselves +so dangerously was fifty-seven. +When the love-led man had ceased from his labours, +Bathsheba came and looked him in the face. +"Gabriel, will you stay on with me?' she, said, +smiling winningly, and not troubling to bring her lips +quite together again at the end, because there was going +to be another smile soon. +"I will,' said Gabriel. +And she smiled on him again. + +

+THE GREAT BARN AnD THE SHEEP-SHEARERS +MEN thin away to insignificance and oblivion quite as +often by not making the most of good spirits when they +have them as by lacking good spirits when they are +indispensable. Gabriel lately, for the first time since +his prostration by misfortune, had been independent in +thought and vigorous in action to a marked extent -- +conditions which, powerless without an opportunity as +an opportunity without them is barren, would have +given him a sure lift upwards when the favourable-con+ +junction should have occurred. But this incurable +loitering beside Bathsheba Everdene stole his time +ruinously. The spring tides were going by without +floating him off, and the neap might soon come which +could not. +It was the first day of June, and the sheep-shearing +season culminated, the landscape, even to the leanest +pasture, being all health and colour. Every green was +young, every pore was open, and every stalk was swollen +with racing currents of juice. God was palpably present +in the country, and the devil had gone with the world +to town. Flossy catkins of the later kinds, fern-sprouts +like bishops' croziers, the square-headed moschatel, the +odd cuckoo-pint, -- like an apoplectic saint in a niche +of malachite, -- snow-white ladies'-smocks, the toothwort, +approximating to human flesh, the enchanter's night+ +shade, and the black-petaled doleful-bells, were among +the quainter objects of the vegetable world in and about +Weatherbury at this teeming time; and of the animal, +the metamorphosed figures of Mr. Jan Coggan, the +master-shearer; the second and third shearers, who +travelled in the exercise of their calling, and do not re+ +quire definition by name; Henery Fray the fourth +shearer, Susan Tall's husband the fifth, Joseph Poorgrass +the sixth, young Cain Ball as assistant-shearer, and +Gabriel Oak as general supervisor. None of these were +clothed +

+to any extent worth mentioning, each appearing +to have hit in the matter of raiment the decent mean +between a high and low caste Hindoo. An angularity +of lineament, and a fixity of facial machinery in general, +proclaimed that serious work was the order of the day. +They sheared in the great barn, called for the nonce +the Shearing-barn, which on ground-plan resembled a +church with transepts. It not only emulated the form +of the neighbouring church of the parish, but vied with +it in antiquity. Whether the barn had ever formed one +of a group of conventual buildings nobody seemed to be +aware; no trace of such surroundings remained. The +vast porches at the sides, lofty enough to admit a waggon +laden to its highest with corn in the sheaf, were spanned +by heavy-pointed arches of stone, broadly and boldly cut, +whose very simplicity was the origin of a grandeur not +apparent in erections where more ornament has been +attempted. The dusky, filmed, chestnut roof, braced +and tied in by huge collars, curves, and diagonals, was +far nobler in design, because more wealthy in material, +than nine-tenths of those in our modern churches. +Along each side wall was a range of striding buttresses, +throwing deep shadows on the spaces between them, +which were perforated by lancet openings, combining +in their proportions the precise requirements both of +beauty and ventilation. +One could say about this barn, what could hardly +be said of either the church or the castle, akin to it in +age and style, that the purpose which had dictated its +original erection was the same with that to which it +was still applied. Unlike and superior to either of +those two typical remnants of mediaevalism, the old +barn embodied practices which had suffered no mutila+ +tion at the hands of time. Here at least the spirit of +the ancient builders was at one with the spirit of the +modern beholder. Standing before this abraded pile, +the eye regarded its present usage, the mind-dwelt upon +its past history, with a satisfied sense of functional +continuity throughout -- a feeling almost of gratitude, +and quite of pride, at the permanence of the idea +which had heaped it up. The fact that four centuries +had neither proved it to be founded on a mistake, +

+inspired any hatred of its purpose, nor given rise to +any reaction that had battered it down, invested this +simple grey effort of old minds with a repose, if not a +grandeur, which a too curious reflection was apt to +disturb in its ecclesiastical and military compeers. For +once medievalism and modernism had a common stand+ +point. The lanccolate windows, the time-eaten arch+ +stones and chamfers, the orientation of the axis, the +misty chestnut work of the rafters, referred to no exploded +fortifying art or worn-out religious creed. The defence +and salvation of the body by daily bread is still a study, +a religion, and a desire. +To-day the large side doors were thrown open +towards the sun to admit a bountiful light to the +immediate spot of the shearers' operations, which was +the wood threshing-floor in the centre, formed of thick +oak, black with age and polished by the beating of flails +for many generations, till it had grown as slippery and +as rich in hue as the state-room floors of an Elizabethan +mansion. Here the shearers knelt, the sun slanting in +upon their bleached shirts, tanned arms, and the polished +shears they flourished, causing these to bristle with a +thousand rays strong enough to blind a weak-eyed man. +Beneath them a captive sheep lay panting, quickening +its pants as misgiving merged in terror, till it quivered +like the hot landscape outside. +This picture of to-day in its frame of four hundred +years ago did not produce that marked contrast between +ancient and modern which is implied by the contrast +of date. In comparison with cities, Weatherbury was +immutable. The citizen's Then is the rustic's Now. +In London, twenty or thirty-years ago are old times; +in Paris ten years, or five; in Weatherbury three or +four score years were included in the mere present, +and nothing less than a century set a mark on its +face or tone. Five decades hardly modified the cut of +a gaiter, the embroidery of a smock-frock, by the breadth +of a hair. Ten generations failed to alter the turn of +a single phrase. In these Wessex nooks the busy out+ +sider's ancient times are only old; his old times are still +new; his present is futurity. +So the barn was natural to the shearers, and the +shearers were in harmony with the barn. +The spacious ends of the building, answering ecclesi+ +astically +

+to nave and chancel extremities, were fenced +off with hurdles, the sheep being all collected in a crowd +within these two enclosures; and in one angle a catching+ +pen was formed, in which three or four sheep were +continuously kept ready for the shearers to seize without +loss of time. In the background, mellowed by tawny +shade, were the three women, Maryann Money, and +Temperance and Soberness Miller, gathering up the +fleeces and twisting ropes of wool with a wimble for +tying them round. They were indifferently well assisted +by the old maltster, who, when the malting season from +October to April had passed, made himself useful upon +any of the bordering farmsteads. +"Behind all was Bathsheba, carefully watching the +men to see that there was no cutting or wounding +through carelessness, and that the animals were shorn +close. Gabriel, who flitted and hovered under her +bright eyes like a moth, did not shear continuously, +half his time being spent in attending to the others +and selecting the sheep for them. At the present +moment he was engaged in handing round a mug of +mild liquor, supplied from a barrel in the corner, +and cut pieces of bread and cheese. +Bathsheba, after throwing a glance here, a caution +there, and lecturing one of the younger operators who +had allowed his last finished sheep to go off among +the flock without re-stamping it with her initials, came +again to Gabriel, as he put down the luncheon to drag +a frightened ewe to his shear-station, flinging it over +upon its back with a dexterous twist of the arm +He lopped off the tresses about its head, and opened +up the neck and collar, his mistress quietly looking +on: +"She blushes at the insult,' murmured Bathsheba, +watching the pink flush which arose and overspread +the neck and shoulders of the ewe where they were +left bare by the clicking shears -- a flush which was +enviable, for its delicacy, by many queens of coteries, +and would have been creditable, for its promptness, to +any woman in the world. +Poor Gabriel's soul was fed with a luxury of content +by having her over him, her eyes critically regarding +his skilful shears, which apparently were going to gather +up a piece of the flesh at every close, and yet never did +so. Like Guildenstern, +

+Oak was happy in that he was +not over happy. He had no wish to converse with her: +that his bright lady and himself formed one group, +exclusively their own, and containing no others in the +world, was enough. +So the chatter was all on her side. There is a +loquacity that tells nothing, which was Bathsheba's; +and there is a silence which says much: that was +Gabriel's. Full of this dim and temperate bliss, he +went on to fling the ewe over upon her other side, +covering her head with his knee, gradually running +the shears line after line round her dewlap; thence +about her flank and back, and finishing over the tail. +"Well done, and done quickly!' said Bathsheba, +looking at her watch as the last snip resounded. +"How long, miss?' said Gabriel, wiping his brow. +"Three-and-twenty minutes and a half since you took +the first lock from its forehead. It is the first time that +I have ever seen one done in less than half an hour.' +The clean, sleek creature arose from its fleece -- how +perfectly like Aphrodite rising from the foam should +have been seen to be realized -- looking startled and +shy at the loss of its garment, which lay on the floor +in one soft cloud, united throughout, the portion visible +being the inner surface only, which, never before exposed, +was white as snow, and without flaw or blemish of the +minutest kind. +"Cain Ball!' +"Yes, Mister Oak; here I be!' +Cainy now runs forward with the tar-pot. "B. E.' is +newly stamped upon the shorn skin, and away the simplc +dam lcaps, panting, over the board into the shirtless +flock outside. Then up comes Maryann; throws the +loose locks into the middle of the fleece, rolls it up, +and carries it into the background as three-and-a-half +pounds of unadulterated warmth for the winter enjoy+ +ment of persons unknown and far away, who will, +however, never experience the superlative comfort +derivable from the wool as it here exists, new and pure + -- before the unctuousness of its nature whilst in a +living state has dried, stiffened, and been washed out + -- rendering it just now as superior to anything woollen +as cream is superior to milk-and-water. +

+But heartless circumstance could not leave entire +Gabriel's happiness of this morning. The rams, old +ewes, and two-shear ewes had duly undergone their +stripping, and the men were proceeding with the shear+ +lings and hogs, when Oak's belief that she was going to +stand pleasantly by and time him through another +performance was painfully interrupted by Farmer Bold+ +wood's appearance in the extremest corner of the barn. +Nobody seemed to have perceived his entry, but there +he certainly was. Boldwood always carried with him a +social atmosphere of his own, which everybody felt who +came near him; and the talk, which Bathsheba's +presence had somewhat suppressed, was now totally +suspended. + He crossed over rowards Bathsheba, who turned to +greet him with a carriage of perfect ease. He spoke to +her in low tones, and she instinctively modulated her +own to the same pitch, and her voice ultimately even +caught the inflection of his. She was far from having +a wish to appear mysteriously connected with him; but +woman at the impressionable age gravitates to the larger +body not only in her choice of words, which is apparent +every day, but even in her shades of tone and humour, +when the influence is great. + What they conversed about was not audible to +Gabriel, who was too independent to get near, though +too concerned to disregard. The issue of their dialogue +was the taking of her hand by the courteous farmer to +help her over the spreading-board into the bright June +sunlight outside. Standing beside the sheep already +shorn, they went on talking again. Concerning the +flock? Apparently not. Gabriel theorized, not without +truth, that in quiet discussion of any matter within reach +of the speakers' eyes, these are usually fixed upon it. +Bathsheba demurely regarded a contemptible straw lying +upon the ground, in a way which suggested less ovine +criticism than womanly embarrassment. She became +more or less red in the cheek, the blood wavering in +uncertain flux and reflux over the sensitive space between +ebb and flood. Gabriel sheared on, constrained and +sad. +She left Boldwood's side, and he walked up and +down alone for nearly a quarter of an hour. Then she +reappeared in her +

+new riding-habit of myrtle-green, which +fitted her to the waist as a rind fits its fruit; and young +Bob Coggan led -on -her mare, Boldwood fetching his +own horse from the tree under which it had been tied. + Oak's eyes could not forsake them; and in en+ +deavouring to continue his shearing at the same time +that he watched Boldwood's manner, he snipped the +sheep in the groin. The animal plunged; Bathsheba +instantly gazed towards it, and saw the blood. +"O, Gabriel!' she exclaimed, with severe remon+ +strance you who are so strict with the other men -- see +what you are doing yourself!' +To an outsider there was not much to complain of +in this remark ; but to Oak, who "knew Bathsheba to be +well aware that she herself was the cause of the poor +ewe's wound, because she had wounded the ewe's shearer +in a -- still more vital part, it had a sting which the abiding +sense of his inferiority to both herself and Boldwood was +not calculated to heal. But a manly resolve to recognize +boldly that he had no longer a lover's interest in her, +helped him oceasionally to conceal a feeling. +" Bottle .! ' he shouted, in an unmoved voice of routine. +Cainy Ball ran up, the wound was anointed, and the +shearing continued. +Boldwood gently tossed Bathsheba into the saddle, +and before they turned away she again spoke out to Oak +with the same dominative and tantalizing graciousness. +"I am going now to see Mr. Boldwood's Leicesters. +Take my place in the barn, Gabriel, and keep the men +carefully to their work.' +The horses' heads were put about, and they trotted +away. +Boldwood's deep attachment was a matter of great +interest among all around him ; but, after having been +pointed out for so many years as the perfect exemplar +of thriving bachelorship, his lapse was an anticlimax +somewhat resembling that of St. John Long's death by +consumption in the midst of his proofs that it was not +a fatal disease. +

+" That means matrimony,' said Temperance Miller, +following them out of sight with her eyes. +"I reckon that's the size o't,' said Coggan, working +along without looking up. +" Well, better wed over the mixen than over the moor,' +said Laban Tall, turning his sheep. +Henery Fray spoke, exhibiting miserable eyes at the +same time: "I don't see why a maid should take a +husband when she's bold enough to fight her own +battles, and don't want a home ; for 'tis keeping another +woman out. But let it be, for 'tis a pity he and she +should trouble two houses.' +As usual with decided characters, Bathsheba invari+ +ably provoked the criticism of individuals like Henery +Fray. Her emblazoned fault was to be too pronounced +in her objections, and not sufficiently overt in her +likings. We learn that it is not the rays which bodies +absorb, but those which they reject, that give them the +colours they are known by ; and win the same way people +are specialized by their dislikes and antagonisms, whilst +their goodwill is looked upon as no attribute at all. +Henery continued in a more complaisant mood : "I +once hinted my mind to her on a few things, as nearly +as a battered frame dared to do 'so to such a froward +piece. You all know, neighbours, what a man I be, +and how I come down with my powerful words when +my pride is boiling wi' scarn ?' +" We do, we do, Henery.' +" So I said, "" Mistress Everdene, there's places empty, +and there's gifted men willing ; but the spite '' -- no. not +the spite -- I didn't say spite -- ""but the villainy of the +contrarikind,'' I said (meaning womankind), "" keeps 'em +out.'' That wasn't too strong for her, say ? ' +" Passably well put.' +"Yes; and I would have said it, had death and +salvation overtook me for it. Such is my spirit when I +have a mind.' +"A true man, and proud as a lucifer.' +"You see the artfulness ? Why, 'twas about being +baily really; but I didn't put it so plain that she could +understand my meaning, so I could lay it on all the +

+stronger. That was my depth .! ... However, let her +marry an she will. Perhaps 'tis high time. I believe +Farmer Boldwood kissed her behind the spear-bed at the +sheep-washing t'other day -- that I do.' +" What a lie !.' said Gabriel. +" Ah, neighbour Oak -- how'st know ? ' said, Henery, +mildly. +" Because she told me all that passed,' said Oak, with +a pharisaical sense that he was not as other shearers in +this matter. +"Ye have a right to believe it,' said Henery, with +dudgeon; "a very true right. But I mid see a little +distance into things !. To be long-headed enough for a +baily's place is a poor mere trifle -- yet a trifle more than +nothing. However, I look round upon life quite cool. +Do you heed me, neighbours ? My words, though made +as simple as I can, mid be rather deep for some heads.' +" O yes, Henery, we quite heed ye.' +" A strange old piece, goodmen -- whirled about from +here to yonder, as if I were nothing ! A little warped, +too. But I have my depths; ha, and even my great +depths ! I might gird at a certain shepherd, brain to +brain. But no -- O no !.' +" A strange old piece, ye say .! ' interposed the maltster, +in a querulous voice. "At the same time ye be no old +man worth naming -- no old man at all. Yer teeth +bain't half gone yet ; and what's a old man's standing +if se be his teeth bain't gone? Weren't I stale in +wedlock afore ye were out of arms ? 'Tis a poor thing +to be sixty, when there's people far past four-score -- a +boast'weak as water.' +It was the unvaying custom in Weatherbury to +sink minor differences when the maltster had to be +pacified. +" Weak as-water .! yes,' said Jan Coggan.- "Malter, +we feel ye to be a wonderful veteran man, and nobody +can gainsay it.' +" Nobody,' said Joseph Poorgrass. "Ye be a very +rare old spectacle, malter, and we all admire ye for that +gift. ' +"Ay, and as a young man, when my senses were in +prosperity, I was likewise liked by a good-few who +knowed me,' said the maltster. +" 'Ithout doubt you was -- 'ithout doubt.' +The bent and hoary 'man was satisfied, and so +apparently was Henery Frag. That matters should +continue pleasant Maryann +

+spoke, who, what with her +brown complexion, and the working wrapper of rusty +linsey, had at present the mellow hue of an old sketch +in oils -- notably some of Nicholas Poussin's: -- +" Do anybody know of a crooked man, or a lame, or +any second-hand fellow at all that would do for poor +me ?' said Maryann. "A perfect one I don't expect to + at my time of life. If I could hear of such a thing +twould do me more good thantoast and ale.' + Coggan furnished a suitable reply. Oak went on +with his shearing, and said not another word. Pestilent +moods had come, and teased away his quiet. Bathsheba +had shown indications of anointing him above his +fellows by installing him as the bailiff that the farm +imperatively required. He did not covet the post +relatively to the farm : in relation to herself, as beloved +by him and unmarried to another, he had coveted it. +His readings of her seemed now to be vapoury and +indistinct. His lecture to her was, he thought, one of +the absurdest mistakes. Far from coquetting with +Boldwood, she had trifled with himself in thus feigning +that she had trifled with another. He was inwardly +convinced that, in accordance with the anticipations of +his easy-going and worse-educated comrades, that day +would see Boldwood the accepted husband of Miss +Everdene. Gabriel at this time of his life had out+ +grown the instinctive dislike which every Christian +boy has for reading the Bible, perusing it now quite +frequently, and he inwardly said, " ''I find more bitter +than death the woman whose heart is snares and +nets .! '' ' This was mere exclamation -- the froth of the +storm. He adored Bathsheba just the same. +" We workfolk shall have some lordly- junketing +to-night,' said Cainy Ball, casting forth his thoughts in +a new direction. "This morning I see'em making the +great puddens in the milking-pails -- lumps of fat as big +as yer thumb, Mister Oak ! I've never seed such +splendid large knobs of fat before in the days of my +life -- they never used to be bigger then a horse-bean. +And there was a great black crock upon the brandise +with his legs a-sticking out, but I dont know what was +in within." +'And there's two bushels of biffins for apple-pies,' +said Maryann. +

+"Well, I hope to do my duty by it all,' said Joseph +Poorgrass, in a pleasant, masticating manner of anticipa+ +tion. " Yes ; victuals and drink is a cheerful thing, +and gives nerves to the nerveless, if the form of words +may be used. 'Tis the gospel of the body, without +which we perish, so to speak it.' + +

+EVENTIDE -- A SECOND DECLARATION +FOR the shearing-supper a long table was placed on the +grass-plot beside the house, the end of the table being +thrust over the sill of the wide parlour window and a +foot or two into the room. Miss Everdene sat inside +the window, facing down the table. She was thus at +the head without mingling with the men. +This evening Bathsheba was unusually excited, her +red cheeks and lips contrasting lustrously with the mazy +skeins of her shadowy hair. She seemed to expect +assistance, and the seat at the bottom of the table was +at her request left vacant until after they had begun +and the duties appertaining to that end, which he did +with great readiness. +At this moment Mr. Boldwood came in at the gate, +and crossed the green to Bathsheba at the window. +He apologized for his lateness : his arrival was evidently +by arrangement. +" Gabriel,' said she, " will you move again, please, +and let Mr. Boldwood come there ?' +Oak moved in silence back to his original seat. +The gentleman-farmer was dressed in cheerful style, +in a new coat and white waistcoat, quite contrasting +with his usual sober suits of grey. Inwardy, too, he +was blithe, and consequently chatty to an exceptional +degree. So also was Bathsheba now that he had come, +though the uninvited presence of Pennyways, the bailiff +who had been dismissed for theft, disturbed her equan+ +imity for a while. +Supper being ended, Coggan began on his own +private account, without reference to listeners : -- +l've lost my love and l care not, +I've lost my love, and l care not; +I shall soon have another +

+That's better than t'other! +I've lost my love, and I care not. +This lyric, when concluded, was received with a +silently appreciative gaze at the table, implying that the +performance, like a work by those established authors +who are independent of notices in the papers, was a +well-known delight which required no applause. +"Now, Master Poorgass, your song!' said Coggan. +"I be all but in liquor, and the gift is wanting in +me,' said Joseph, diminishing himself. +"Nonsense; wou'st never be so ungrateful, Joseph -- +never!' said Coggan, expressing hurt feelings by an +inflection of voice. "And mistress is looking hard at +ye, as much as to say, ""Sing at once, Joseph Poor+ +grass.'' ' +"Faith, so she is; well, I must suffer it! ... Just +eye my features, and see if the tell-tale blood overheats +me much, neighbours?' +"No, yer blushes be quite reasonable,' said Coggan. +"I always tries to keep my colours from rising when +a beauty's eyes get fixed on me,' said Joseph, differently; +"but if so be 'tis willed they do, they must.' +"Now, Joseph, your song, please,' said Bathsheba, +from the window. +"Well, really, ma'am,' he replied, in a yielding tone, +"I don't know what to say. It would be a poor plain +ballet of my own composure.' +'Hear, hear! ' said the supper-party. +Poorgrass, thus assured, trilled forth a flickering yet +commendable piece of sentiment, the tune of which +consisted of the key-note and another, the latter being +the sound chiefly dwelt upon. This was so successful +that he rashly plunged into a second in the same +breath, after a few false starts : -- +I sow'-ed th'-e +I sow'-ed +I sow'-ed the'-e seeds' of love', +I-it was' all' i'-in the'-e spring', +I-in A'-pril', Ma'-ay, a'-nd sun'-ny' June', +When sma'-all bi'-irds they' do' sing. +

+" Well put out of hand,' said Coggan, at the end of the +verse. ' "" They do sing '' was a very taking paragraph.' +"Ay; and there was a pretty place at "seeds of +love,'' and 'twas well heaved out. Though "love '' is +a nasty high corner when a man's voice is getting +crazed. Next verse, Master Poorgrass.' +But during this rendering young Bob Coggan ex+ +hibited one of those anomalies which will afflict little +people when other persons are particularly serious : in +trying to check his laughter, he pushed down his throat +as much of the tablecloth as he could get hold of, when, +after continuing hermetically sealed for a short time, his +mirth burst out through his nose. Joseph perceived it, +and with hectic cheeks of indignation instantly ceased +singing. Coggan boxed Bob's ears immediately. +"Go on, Joseph -- go on, and never mind the young +scamp,' said Coggan. "'Tis a very catching ballet. +Now then again -- the next bar; I'll help ye to flourish +up the shrill notes where yer wind is rather wheezy : -- +O the wi'-il-lo'-ow tree' will' twist', +And the wil'-low' tre'-ee wi'ill twine'. +But the singer could not be set going again. Bob +Coggan was sent home for his ill manners, and tran+ +quility was restored by Jacob Smallbury, who volunteered +a ballad as inclusive and interminable as that with which +the worthy toper old Silenus amused on a similar occasion +the swains Chromis and Mnasylus, and other jolly dogs +of his day. +It' was still the beaming time .of evening, though +night was stealthily making itself visible low down upon +the ground, the western lines of light taking the earth +without alighting upon it to any extent, or illuminating +the dead levels at all. The sun had crept round the +tree as a last effort before death, and then began to +sink, the shearers' lower parts becoming steeped in +embrowning twilight, whilst their heads and shoulders +were still enjoying day, touched with a yellow of self+ +sustained brilliancy that seemed inherent rather than +acquired. +The sun went down in an ochreous mist; but they +sat, and +

+talked on, and grew as merry as the gods in +Homer's heaven. Bathsheba still remained enthroned +inside the window, and occupied herself in knitting, +from which she sometimes looked up to view the fading +scene outside. The slow twilight expanded and enveloped +them completely before the signs of moving were shown. +Gabriel suddenly missed Farmer Boldwood from his +place at the bottom of the table. How long he had +been gone Oak did not know; but he had apparently +withdrawn into the eneircling dusk. Whilst he was +thinking of this, Liddy brought candles into the back +part of the room overlooking the shearers, and their +lively new flames shone down the table and over the +men, and dispersed among the green shadows behind. +Bathsheba's form, still in its original position, was now +again distinct between their eyes and the light, which +revealed that Boldwood had gone inside the room, and +was sitting near her. +Next came the question of the evening. Would Miss +Everdene sing to them the song she always sang so +charmingly -- " The Banks of Allan Water ' -- before they +went home ? +After a moment's consideration Bathsheba assented, +beckoning to Gabriel, who hastened up into the coveted +atmosphere. +" Have you brought your flute ? " she whispered. +" Yes, miss.' +" Play to my singing, then.' +She stood up in the window-opening, facing the +men, the candles behind her, Gabriel on her right hand, +immediately outside the sash-frame. Boldwood had +drawn up on her left, within the room. Her singing +was soft and rather tremulous at first, but it soon swelled +to a steady clearness. Subsequent events caused one +of the verses to be remembered for many months, and +even years, by more than one of those who were gathered +there : -- +For his bride a soldier sought her, +And a winning tongue had he : +On the banks of Allan Water +None was gay as she !. +

+In addition to the dulcet piping of Gabriel's flute, +Boldwood supplied a bass in his customary profound +voice, uttering his notes so softly, however, as to abstain +entirely from making anything like an ordinary duet of +the song ; they rather formed a rich unexplored shadow, +which threw her tones into relief. The shearers reclined +against each other as at suppers in the early ages of the +world, and so silent and absorbed were they that her +breathing could almost be heard between the bars ; and +at the end of the ballad, when the last tone loitered on +to an inexpressible close, there arose that buzz of +pleasure which is the attar of applause. +It is scarcely necessary to state that Gabriel could +not avoid noting the farmer's bearing to-night towards +their entertainer. Yet there was nothing exceptional in +his actions beyond what appertained to his time of +performing them. It was when the rest were all looking +away that Boldwood observed her ; when they regarded +her he turned aside; when they thanked or praised he +was silent; when they were inattentive he murmured +his thanks. The meaning lay in the difference between +actions, none of which had any meaning of itself; +and the necessity of being jealous, which lovers are +troubled with, did not lead Oak to underestimate these +signs. +Bathsheba then wished them good-night, withdrew +from the window, and retired to the back part of the +room, Boldwood thereupon closing the sash and the +shutters, and remaining inside with her. Oak wandered +away under the quiet and scented trees. Recovering +from the softer impressions produced by Bathsheba's +voice, the shearers rose to leave, Coggan turning to +Pennyways as he pushed back the bench to pass out : -- +"I like to give praise where praise is due, and the +man deserves it -- that 'a do so,' he remarked, looking at +the worthy thief, as if he were the masterpiece of some +world-renowned artist. +

+"I'm sure I should never have believed it if we hadn t +proved it, so to allude,' hiccupped Joseph Poorgrass, " that +every cup, every one of the best knives and forks, and +every empty bottle be in their place as perfect now as +at the beginning, and not one stole at all. +"I'm sure I don't deserve half the praise you give +me,' said the virtuous thief, grimly. +" Well, I'll say this for Pennyways,' added Coggan, +"that whenever he do really make up his mind to do a +noble thing in the shape of a good action, as I could +see by his face he. did to-night afore sitting down, he's +generally able to carry it out. Yes, I'm proud to say. +neighbours, that he's stole nothing at all. +"Well,' -- 'tis an honest deed, and we thank ye for it, +Pennyways,' said Joseph; to which opinion the remainder +of the company subscribed unanimously. + At this time of departure, when nothing more was +visible of the inside of the parlour than a thin and still +chink of light between the shutters, a passionate scene +was in eourse of enactment there.' +Miss Everdene and Boldwood were alone. Her +cheeks had lost a great deal of their healthful fire from +the very seriousness of her position ; but her eye was +bright with the excitement of a triumph -- though it was +a triumph which had rather been contemplated than +desired. +She was standing behind a low arm-chair, from which +she had just risen, and he was kneeling in it -- inclining +himself over its back towards her, and holding her hand +in both his own. His body moved restlessly, and it was +with what Keats daintily calls a too happy happiness. +This unwonted abstraction by love of all dignity from +a man of whom it had ever seemed the chief component, +was, in its distressing incongruity, a pain to her which +quenched much of the pleasure she derived from the +proof that she was idolized. +" I will try to love you,' she was saying, in a trembling +voice quite unlike her usual self-confidence. " And if I +can believe in any way that I shall make you a good +wife I shall indeed be willing to marry you. But, Mr. +Boldwood, hesitation on so high a matter is honourable +in any woman, and I don't want to give a solemn +promise to-night. I would rather ask you to wait a few +weeks till I can see my situation better.' +"But you have every reason to believe that then -- -- ' +'I have every reason to hope that at the end of the +five or +

+six weeks, between this time and harvest, that +you say you are going to be away from home, I shall be +able to promise to be your wife,' she said, firmly. "But +remember this distinctly, I don't promise yet.' +"It is enough I don't ask more. I can wait on +those dear words. And now, Miss Everdene, good+ +night!' +" Good-night,' she said, graciously -- almost tenderly; +and Boldwood withdrew with a serene smile. +Bathsheba knew more of him now ; he had entirely +bared his heart before her, even until he had almost +worn in her eyes the sorry look of a grand bird without +the feathers that make it grand. She had been awe+ +struck at her past temerity, and was struggling to make +amends without thinking whether the sin quite deserved +the penalty she was schooling herself to pay. To have +brought all this about her ears was terrible; but after a +while the situation was not without a fearful joy. The +facility with which even the most timid woman some+ +times acquire a relish for the dreadful when that is +amalgamated with a little triumph, is marvellous. + +

+THE SAME NIGHT -- THE FIR PLANTATION +AMONG the multifarious duties which Bathsheba had +voluntarily imposed upon herself by dispensing with the +services of a bailiff, was the particular one of looking +round the homestead before going to bed, to see that +all was right and safe for the night. Gabriel had almost +constantly preceded her in this tour every evening, +watching her affairs as carefully as any specially appointed +officer of surveillance could have done; but this tender +devotion was to a great extent unknown to his mistress, +and as much as was known was somewhat thanklessly +received. Women are never tired of bewailing man's +fickleness in love, but they only seem to snub his con+ +stancy. +As watching is best done invisibly, she usually carried +a dark lantern in her hand, and every now and then +turned on the light to examine nooks and corners with +the coolness of a metropolitan policeman. This cool+ +ness may have owed its existence not so much to her +fearlessness of expected danger as to her freedom from +the suspicion of any; her worst anticipated discovery +being that a horse might not be well bedded, the fowls +not all in, or a door not closed. +This night the buildings were inspected as usual, +and she went round to the farm paddock. Here the +only sounds disturbing the stillness were steady munch+ +ings of many mouths, and stentorian breathings from all +but invisible noses, ending in snores and puffs like the +blowing of bellows slowly. Then the munching would +recommence, when the lively imagination might assist +the eye to discern a group of pink-white nostrils, shaped +as caverns, and very clammy and humid on their sur+ +faces, not exactly pleasant to the touch until one got +used to them; the mouths beneath having a great +partiality for closing upon any loose end of Bathsheba's +apparel which came within +

+reach of their tongues. +Above each of these a still keener vision suggested a +brown forehead and two staring though not unfriendly +eyes, and above all a pair of whitish crescent-shaped +horns like two particularly new moons, an occasional +stolid " moo!' proclaiming beyond the shade of a doubt +that these phenomena were the features and persons of +Daisy, Whitefoot, Bonny-lass, Jolly-O, Spot, Twinkle-eye, +etc., etc. -- the respectable dairy of Devon cows belonging +to Bathsheba aforesaid. +Her way back to the house was by a path through a +young plantation of tapering firs, which had been planted +some years earlier to shelter the premises from the north +wind. By reason of the density of the interwoven foliage +overhead, it was gloomy there at cloudless noontide, +twilight in the evening, dark as midnight at dusk, and +black as the ninth plague of Egypt at midnight. To +describe the spot is to call it a vast, low, naturally formed +hall, the plumy ceiling of which was supported by slender +pillars of living wood, the floor being covered with a soft +dun carpet of dead spikelets and mildewed cones, with +a tuft of grass-blades here and there. +This bit of the path was always the crux of the +night's ramble, though, before starting, her apprehen+ +sions of danger were not vivid enough to lead her to +take a companion. Slipping along here covertly as +Time, Bathsheba fancied she could hear footsteps enter+ +ing the track at the opposite end. It was certainly a +rustle of footsteps. Her own instantly fell as gently as +snowflakes. She reassured herself by a remembrance +that the path was public, and that the traveller was +probably some villager returning home ; regetting, at +the same time, that the meeting should be about to +occur in' the darkest point of her route, even though +only just outside her own door. +The noise approached, came close, and a figure was +apparently on the point of gliding past her when some+ +thing tugged at her skirt and pinned it forcibly to the +ground. The instantaneous check nearly threw Bath+ +sheba off her balance. In recovering she struck against +warm clothes and buttons. +'A rum start, upon my soul!' said a masculine voice, +a foot or so above her head. 'Have I hurt you, mate?' +"No,' said Bathsheba, attempting to shrink a way. +

+" We have got hitched together somehow, I think.' +" Yes.' +"Are you a woman ?' +'Yes.' +"A lady, I should have said.' +"It doesn't matter.' +"I am a man.' +"Oh!' +Bathsheba softly tugged again, but to no purpose. +"Is that a dark lantern you have ? I fancy so,' said +the man. +'Yes.' +"If you'll allow me I'll open it, and set you free.' +A hand seized the lantern, the door was opened, the +rays burst out from their prison, and Bathsheba beheld +her position with astonishment. +The man to whom she was hooked was brilliant in +brass and scarlet. He was a soldier. His sudden +appearance was to darkness what the sound of a trumpet +is to silense. Gloom, the genius loci at all times hitherto, +was now totally overthrown, less by the lantern-light +than by what the lantern lighted. The contrast of this +revelation with her anticipations of some sinister figure +in sombre garb was so great that it had upon her the +effect of a fairy transformation. +It was immediately apparent that the military man's +spur had become entangled in the gimp which decorated +the skirt of her dress. He caught a view of her face. +"I'll unfasten you in one moment, miss,' he said, +with new-born gallantry. +" O no -- I can do it, thank you,' she hastily replied, +and stooped for the performance. +The unfastening was not such a trifling affair. The +rowel of the spur had so wound itself among the gimp +cords in those few moments, that separation was likely +to be a matter of time. +He too stooped, and the lantern standing on the +ground betwixt them threw the gleam from its open side +among the fir-tree needles and the blades of long damp +grass with the effect of a large glowworm. It radiated +upwards into their +

+faces, and sent over half the planta+ +tion gigantic shadows of both man and woman, each +dusky shape becoming distorted and mangled upon the +tree-trunks till it wasted to nothing. +He looked hard into her eyes when she raised them +for a moment; Bathsheba looked down again, for his +gaze was too strong to be received point-blank with her +own. But she had obliquely noticed that he was young +and slim, and that he wore three chevrons upon his +sleeve. +Bathsheba pulled again. +" You are a prisoner, miss; it is no use blinking the +matter,' said the soldier, drily. " I must cut your dress +if you are in such a hurry.' +" Yes -- please do!' she exclaimed, helplessly. ' +"It wouldn't be necessary if you could wait a +moment;' and he unwound a cord from the little +wheel. She withdrew her own hand, but, whether by +accident or design, he touched it. Bathsheba was +vexed; she hardly knew why. +His unravelling went on, but it nevertheless seemed +coming to no end. She looked at him again. +'Thank you for the sight of such a beautiful face!' +said the young sergeant, without ceremony. +She coloured with embarrassment. "'Twas un+ +willingly shown,' she replied, stiffly, and with as much +dignity -- which was very little -- as she could infuse into +a position of captivity +"I like you the better for that incivility, miss,' he +said. +" I should have liked -- I wish -- you had never shown +yourself to me by intruding here!' She pulled again, +and the gathers of her dress began to give way like +liliputian musketry. +" I deserve the chastisement your words give me. +But why should such a fair and dutiful girl have such +an aversion to her father's sex ? ' +"Go on your way, please.' +' What, Beauty, and drag you after me ? Do but +look; I never saw such a tangle!' +'O, 'tis shameful of you ; you have been making +it worse on purpose to keep me here -- you have ! ' +"Indeed, I don't think so,' said the sergeant, with a +merry twinkle. +

+"I tell you you have!' she exclaimed, in high +temper. I insist upon undoing it. Now, allow me!' +"Certainly, miss; I am not of steel.' He added a +sigh which had as much archness in it as a sigh could +possess without losing its nature altogether. 'I am +thankful for beauty, even when 'tis thrown to me like +a bone to a dog. These moments will be over too +soon!' +She closed her lips in a determined silence. +Bathsheba was revolving in her mind whether by a +bold and desperate rush she could free herself at the +risk of leaving her skirt bodily behind her. The +thought was too dreadful. The dress -- which she had +put on to appear stately at the supper -- was the head +and front of her wardrobe ; not another in her stock +became her so well. What woman in Bathsheba's +position, not naturally timid, and within call of her +retainers, would have bought escape from a dashing +soldier at so dear a price ? +"All in good time ; it will soon be done, I perceive,' +said her cool friend. +" This trifling provokes, and -- and -- -- ' +" Not too cruel!' +" -- Insults me.!' +"It is done in order that I may have the pleasure +of apologizing to so charming a woman, which I +straightway do most humbly, madam,' he said, bowing +low. +Bathsheba really knew not what to say. +"I've seen a good many women in my time, +continued the young man in a murmur, and more +thoughtfully than hitherto, critically regarding her bent +head at the same time; "but I've never seen a woman +so beautiful as you. Take it or leave it -- be offended +or like it -- I don't care.' +" Who are you, then, who can so well afford to +despise opinion ? ' +" No stranger. Sergeant Troy. I am staying in +this place. -- There ! it is undone at last, you see. +Your light fingers were more eager than mine. I wish it +had been the knot of knots, which there's no untying !. ' +This was worse and worse. She started up, and so +did he. +

+How to decently get away from him -- that +was her difficulty now. She sidled off inch by inch, +the lantern in her hand, till she could see the redness +of his coat no longer. +" Ah, Beauty ; good-bye !. ' he said. +She made no reply, and, reaching a distance of +twenty or thirty yards, turned about, and ran indoors. +Liddy had just retired to rest. In ascending to her +own chamber, Bathsheba opened the girl's door an +inch or two, and, panting, said -- +" Liddy, is any soldier staying in the village -- +sergeant somebody -- rather gentlemanly for a sergeant, +and good looking -- a red coat with blue facings ?' +'No, miss ... No, I say; but really it might be +Sergeant Troy home on furlough, though I have not +seen him. He was here once in that way when the +regiment was at Casterbridge.' +" Yes; that's the name. Had he a moustache -- no +whiskers or beard ?' +" He had.' +" What kind of a person is he ?' +"O ! miss -- I blush to name it -- a gay man! But +I know him to be very quick and trim, who might have +made his thousands, like a squire. Such a clever +young dand as he is! He's a doctor's son by name, +which is a great deal; and he's an earl's son by +nature!' +" Which is a great deal more. Fancy! Is it true ? ' +" Yes. And, he was brought up so well, and sent to +Casterbridge Grammar School for years and years. +Learnt all languages while he was there ; and it was +said he got on so far that he could take down Chinese +in shorthand ; but that I don't answer for, as it was +only reported. However, he wasted his gifted lot, +and listed a soldier; but even then he rose to be a +sergeant without trying at all. Ah! such a blessing it +is to be high-born ; nobility of blood will shine out even +in the ranks and files. And is he really come home, +miss ?" +' I believe so. Good-night, Liddy.' +After all, how could a cheerful wearer of skirts +be permanently offended with the man ? There are +occasions when girls like Bathsheba will put up with +a great deal of +

+unconventional behaviour. When they +want to be praised, which is often, when they want to +be mastered, which is sometimes ; and when they want +no nonsense, which is seldom. Just now the first +feeling was in the ascendant with Bathsheba, with a dash +of the second. Moreover, by chance or by devilry, the +ministrant was antecedently made interesting by being +a handsome stranger who had evidently seen better +days. +So she could not clearly decide whether it was her +opinion that he had insulted her or not. ' +"Was ever anything so odd! ' she at last exclaimed +to herself, in her own room. "And was ever anything +so meanly done as what I did to to sulk away like that +from a man who was only civil and kind!' Clearly she +did not think his barefaced praise of her person an +insult now. +It was a fatal omission of Boldwood's that he had +never once told her she was beautiful. + +

+THE NEW ACQUAINTANCE DESCRIBED +IDIOSYNCRASY and vicissitude had combined to +stamp Sergeant Troy as an exceptional being. +He was a man to whom memories were an in+ +cumbrance, and anticipations a superfluity. Simply +feeling, considering, and caring for what was before his +eyes, he was vulnerable only in the present. His out+ +look upon time was as a transient flash of the eye now +and then : that projection of consciousness into days +gone by and to come, which makes the past a synonym +for the pathetic and the future a word for circum+ +spection, was foreign to Troy. With him the past +was yesterday ; the future, to-morrow ; never, the day +after. +On this account he might, in certain lights, have +been regarded as one of the most fortunate of his +order. For it may be argued with great plausibility +that reminiscence is less an endowment than a disease, +and that expectation in its only comfortable form -- that +of absolute faith -- is practically an impossibility; whilst +in the form of hope and the secondary compounds, +patience, impatience, resolve, curiosity, it is a constant +fluctuation between pleasure and pain. +Sergeant Troy, being entirely innocent of the +practice of expectation, was never disappointed. To +set against this negative gain there may have been +some positive losses from a certain narrowing of the +higher tastes and sensations which it entailed. But +limitation of the capacity is never recognized as a loss +by the loser therefrom : in this attribute moral or +aesthetic poverty contrasts plausibly with material, since +those who suffer do not mind it, whilst those who mind +it soon cease to suffer. It is not a denial of anything +to have been always without it, and what Troy had +never enjoyed he did not miss; but, being fully +conscious that what sober +

+people missed he enjoyed, +his capacity, though really less, seemed greater than +theirs. +He was moderately truthful towards men, but to +women lied like a Cretan -- a system of ethics above all +others calculated to win popularity at the first flush of +admission into lively society ; and the possibility of the +favour gained being transitory had reference only to +the future. +He never passed the line which divides the spruce +vices from the ugly ; and hence, though his morals had +hardly been applauded, disapproval of them" had fre+ +quently been tempered with a smile. This treatment +had led to his becoming a sort of regrater of other +men's gallantries, to his own aggrandizement as a +Corinthian, rather than to the moral profit of his +hearers. +His reason and his propensities had seldom any +reciprocating influence, having separated by mutual +consent long ago : thence it sometimes happened that, +while his intentions were as honourable as could be +wished, any particular deed formed a dark background +which threw them into fine relief. The sergeant's +vicious phases being the offspring of impulse, and +his virtuous phases of cool meditation, the latter +had a modest tendency to be oftener heard of than +seen. +Troy was full of activity, but his activities were less of +a locomotive than a vegetative nature ; and, never being +based upon any original choice of foundation or direc+ +tion, they were exercised on whatever object chance +might place in their way. Hence, whilst he sometimes +reached the brilliant in speech because that -was +spontaneous, he fell below the commonplace in action, +from inability to guide incipient effort. He had a +quick comprehension and considerable force of char+ +acter ; but, being without the power to combine them, +the comprehension became engaged with trivialities +whilst waiting for the will to direct it, and the force +wasted itself in useless grooves through unheeding the +comprehension. +He was a fairly well-educated man for one of middle +class -- exceptionally well educated for a common soldier. +He spoke fluently and unceasingly. He could in this +way be one thing and seem another : for instance, he +could speak of love and +

+think of dinner; call on the +intend to owe. +The wondrous power of flattery in passados at woman +is a perception so universal as to be remarked upon by +many people almost as automatically as they repeat a +proverb, or say that they are Christians and the like, +without thinking much of the enormous corollaries +which spring from the proposition. Still less is it acted +upon for the good of the complemental being alluded +to. With the majority such an opinion is shelved with +all those trite aphorisms which require some catastrophe +to bring their tremendous meanings thoroughly home. +When expressed with some amount of reflectiveness it +seems co-ordinate with a belief that this flattery must +be reasonable to be effective. It is to the credit of +men that few attempt to settle the question by experi+ +ment, and it is for their happiness, perhaps, that accident +has never settled it for them. Nevertheless, that a +male dissembler who by deluging her with untenable +fictions charms the female wisely, may acquire powers +reaching to the extremity of perdition, is a truth taught +to many by unsought and wringing occurrences. And +some profess to have attained to the same knowledge +by experiment as aforesaid, and jauntily continue their +indulgence in such experiments with terrible effect. +Sergeant Troy was one. +He had been known to observe casually that in +dealing with womankind the only alternative to flattery +was cursing and swearing. There was no third method. +" Treat them fairly, and you are a lost man,' he would +say. +This philosopher's public appearance in Weatherbury +promptly followed his arrival there. A week or two +after the shearing, Bathsheba, feeling a nameless relief +of spirits on account of Boldwood's absence, approached +her hayfields and looked over the hedge towards the +haymakers. They consisted in about equal proportions +of gnarled and flexuous forms, the former being the +men, the latter the women, who wore tilt bonnets +covered with nankeen, which hung in a curtain upon +their shoulders. Coggan and Mark Clark were mowing +in a less forward meadow, Clark humming a tune to +the strokes of his +

+scythe, to which Jan made no attempt +to keep time with his. In the first mead they were +already loading hay, the women raking it into cocks +and windrows, and the men tossing it upon the +waggon. +From behind the waggon a bright scarlet spot +emerged, and went on loading unconcernedly with the +rest. It was the gallant sergeant, who had come hay+ +making for pleasure ; and nobody could deny that he +was doing the mistress of the farm real knight-service +by this voluntary contribution of his labour at a busy +time. +As soon as she had entered the field Troy saw her, +and sticking his pitchfork into the ground and picking +up his crop or cane, he came forward. Bathsheba +blushed with half-angry embarrassment, and adjusted +her eyes as well as her feet to the direct line of her +path. + +

+SCENE ON THE VERGE OF THE HAY-MEAD +'AH, Miss Everdene!' said the sergeant, touching his +diminutive cap. "Little did I think it was you I was +speaking to the other night. And yet, if I had reflected, +the "Queen of the Corn-market" (truth is truth at any +hour of the day or night, and I heard you so named in +Casterbridge yesterday), the "Queen of the Corn-market,'' +I say, could be no other woman. I step across now to +beg your forgiveness a thousand times for having been +led by my feelings to express myself too strongly for a +stranger. To be sure I am no stranger to the place -- +I am Sergeant Troy, as I told you, and I have assisted +your uncle in these fields no end of times when I was a +lad. I have been doing the same for you today.' +"I suppose I must thank you for that, Sergeant +Troy,' said the Queen of the Corn-market, in an in+ +differently grateful tone. +The sergeant looked hurt and sad. "Indeed you +must not, Miss Everdene,' he said. " Why could you +think such a thing necessary ? ' +"I am glad it is not.' +" Why ? if I may ask without offence.' +" Because I don't much want to thank you for any" +thing.' +"I am afraid I have made a hole with my tongue +that my heart will never mend. O these intolerable +times: that ill-luck should follow a man for honestly +telling a woman she is beautiful.! 'Twas the most I +said -- you must own that; and the least I could say -- +that I own myself.' +'There is some talk I could do without more easily +than money.' +"Indeed. That remark is a sort of digression.' +" No. It means that I would rather have your room +than your company.' +

+"And I would rather have curses from you than +kisses from any other woman ; so I'll stay here.' +Bathsheba was absolutely speechless. And yet she +could not help feeling that the assistance he was render+ +ing forbade a harsh repulse. +" Well,' continued Troy, "I suppose there is a praise +which is rudeness, and that may be mine. At the +same time there is a treatment which is injustice, and +that may be yours. Because a plain blunt man, who +has never been taught concealment, speaks out his +mind without exactly intending it, he's to be snapped +off like the son of a sinner.' +"Indeed there's no such case between us,' she said, +turning away. "I don't allow strangers to be bold and +impudent -- even in praise of me.' +" Ah -- it is not the fact but the method which offends +you,' he said, carelessly. "But I have the sad satis+ +faction of knowing that my words, whether pleasing or +offensive, are unmistakably true. Would you have had +me look at you, and tell my acquaintance that you are +quite a common-place woman, to save you the embar+ +rassment of being stared at if they come near you ? +Not I. I couldn't tell any such ridiculous lie about +a beauty to encourage a single woman in England in +too excessive a modesty.' +"It is all pretence -- what you are saying!' exclaimed +Bathsheba, laughing in spite of herself at the sergeant's +sly method. " You have a rare invention, Sergeant +Troy. Why couldn't you have passed by me that +night, and said nothing ? -- that was all I meant to +reproach you for.' +"Because I wasn't going to. Half the pleasure of +a feeling lies in being able to express it on the spur of +the moment, and I let out mine. It would have been +just the same if you had been the reverse person -- ugly +and old -- I should have exclaimed about it in the same +way. ' +" How long is it since you have been so afflicted with +strong feeling, then ? ' +" Oh, ever since I was big enough to know loveliness +from deformity.' +

+"'Tis to be hoped your sense of the difference you +speak of doesn't stop at faces, but extends to morals as +well. ' +'I won't speak of morals or religion -- my own or +anybody else's. Though perhaps I should have been a +very good Christian if you pretty women hadn't made +me an idolater.' +Bathsheba moved on to hide the irrepressible dimp+ +lings of merriment. Troy followed, whirling his crop. +'But -- Miss Everdene -- you do forgive me ? ' +" Hardly. ' +"Why ?' +" You say such things.' +"I said you were beautiful, and I'll say so still; for, +by -- so you are !. The most beautiful ever I saw, or +may I fall dead this instant! Why, upon my -- -- ' +" Don't -- don't! I won't listen to you -- you are so +profane!' she said, in a restless state between distress +at hearing him and a penchant to hear more. +"I again say you are a most fascinating woman. +There's nothing remarkable in my saying so, is there? +I'm sure the fact is evident enough. Miss Everdene, +my opinion may be too forcibly let out to please you, +and, for the matter of that, too insignificant to convince +you, but surely it is honest, and why can't it be ex+ +cused? ' +"Because it -- it isn't a correct one,' she femininely +murmured. +" 0, fie -- fie-! Am I any worse for breaking the +third of that Terrible Ten than you for breaking the +ninth ?" +"Well, it doesn't seem quite true to me that I am +fascinating,' she replied evasively. +' Not so to you : then I say with all respect that, if +so, it is owing to your modesty, Miss Everdene. But +surely you must have been told by everybody of what +everybody notices ? and you should take their words +for it.' +" They don't say so exactly.' +" O yes, they must!' +"Well, I mean to my face, as you do,' she went on, +allowing +

+herself to be further lured into a conversation +that intention had rigorously forbidden. +"But you know they think so ?' +"No -- that is -- I certainly have heard Liddy say +they do, but -- -- ' She paused. +Capitulation -- that was the purport of the simple +reply, guarded as it was -- capitulation, unknown to her+ +self. Never did a fragile tailless sentence convey a +more perfect meaning. The careless sergeant smiled +within himself, and probably too the devil smiled from +a loop-hole in Tophet, for the moment was the turning+ +point of a career. Her tone and mien signified beyond +mistake that the seed which was to lift the foundation +had taken root in the chink : the remainder was a mere +question of time and natural changes. +"There the truth comes out ! ' said the soldier, in +reply. "Never tell me that a young lady can live in a +buzz of admiration without knowing something about it. +Ah,' well, Miss Everdene, you are -- pardon my blunt +way -- you are rather an injury to our race than other+ +wise. +" How -- indeed ? ' she said, opening her eyes. +"O, it is true enough. I may as well be hung for +a sheep as a lamb (an old country saying, not of much +account, but it will do for a rough soldier), and so I +will speak my mind, regardless of your pleasure, and +without hoping or intending to get your pardon. Why, +Miss Everdene, it is in this manner that your good +looks may do more. harm than good in the world.' +The sergeant looked down the mead in critical abstrac+ +ion. " Probably some one man on an average falls in' +love, with each ordinary woman. She can marry him : +he is content, and leads a useful life. Such women as +you a hundred men always covet -- your eyes will be+ +witch scores on scores into an unavailing fancy for you +you can only marry one of that many. Out of these +say twenty will endeavour to. drown the bitterness of +espised love in drink ; twenty more will mope away +their lives without a wish or attempt to make a mark in +he world, because they have no ambition apart from +their attachment to you ; twenty more -- the susceptible +person +

+myself possibly among them -- will be always +draggling after you, getting where they may just see +you, doing desperate things. Men are such constant +fools! The rest may try to get over their passion with +more or less success. But all these men will be +saddened. And not only those ninety-nine men, but +the ninety-nine women they might have married are +saddened with them. There's my tale. That's why I +say that a woman so charming as yourself, Miss Ever+ +dene, is hardly a blessing to her race.' +The handsome sergeant's features were during this +speech as rigid and stern as John Knox's in addressing +his gay young queen. +Seeing she made no reply, he said, "Do you read +French ? ' +"No; I began, but when I got to the verbs, father +died,' she said simply. +'I do -- -when I have an opportunity, which latterly +has not been often (my mother was a Parisienne) -- -and +there's a proverb they have, Qui aime bien chatie bien + -- "He chastens who loves well." Do you understand +me? +'Ah!' she replied, and there was even a little tremu+ +lousness in the usually cool girl's voice; 'if you can +only fight half as winningly as you can talk, you are +able to make a pleasure of a bayonet wound!' And +then poor Bathsheba instanly perceived her slip in +making this admission: in hastily trying to retrieve it, +she went from bad to worse. 'Don't, however, suppose +that I derive any pleasure from what you tell me.' +'I know you do not -- -I know it perfectly,' said Troy, +with much hearty conviction on the exterior of his face: +and altering the expression to moodiness; 'when a +dozen men arfe ready to speak tenderly to you, and +give the admiration you deserve without adding the +warning you need, it stands to reason that my poor +rough-and-ready mixture of praise and blame cannot +convey much pleasure. Fool as I may be, I am not so +conceited as to suppose that!' +'I think you -- -are conceited, nevertheless,' said +Bathsheba, looking askance at a reed she was fitfully +pulling with one hand, having lately grown feverish +under the soldier's +

+system of procedure -- not because +the nature of his cajolery was entirely unperceived, but +because its vigour was overwelming. +'I would not own it to anybody esle -- nor do I +exactly to you. Still, there might have been some self+ +conceit in my foolish supposition the other night. I +knew that what I said in admiration might be an +opinion too often forced upon you to give any pleasure +but I certainly did think that the kindness of your +nature might prevent you judging an uncontrolled +tongue harshly -- which you have done -- and thinking +badly of me and wounding me this morning, when I +am working hard to save your hay.' +'Well, you need not think more of that: perhaps you +did not mean to be rude to me by speaking out your +mind: indeed, I believe you did not,' said the shrewd +woman, in painfully innocent earnest. 'And I thank +you for giving help here. But -- -but mind you don't +speak to me again in that way, or in any other, unless +I speak to you.' +'O, Miss Bathsheba! That is to hard!' +'No, it isn't. Why is it?' +'You will never speak to me; for I shall not be +here long. I am soon going back again to the miser+ +able monotony of drill -- and perhaps our regiment will +be ordered out soon. And yet you take away the one +little ewe-lamb of plaesure that I have in this dull life +of mine. Well, perhaps generosity is not a woman's +most marked characteristic.' +'When are you going from here?' she asked, with +some interest. +'In a month.' +'But how can it give you pleasure to speak to me?' +'Can you ask Miss Everdene -- knowing as you do + -- what my offence is based on?' +'I you do care so much for a silly trifle of that +kind, then, I don't mind doing it,' she uncertainly and +doubtingly answered. 'But you can't really care for a +word from me? you only say so -- I think you only +say so.' +'that's unjust -- but I won't repeat the remark. I +am too +

+gratified to get such a mark of your friendship +at any price to cavil at the tone. I do Miss Everdene, +care for it. You may think a man foolish to want a +mere word -- just a good morning. Perhaps he is -- I +don't know. But you have never been a man looking +upon a woman, and that woman yourself.' +" Well.' +" Then you know nothing of what such an experience +is like -- and Heaven forbid that you ever should!' +"Nonsense, flatterer! What is it like? I am +interested in knowing." +"Put shortly, it is not being able to think, hear, or +look in any direction except one without wretchedness, +nor there without torture.' +" Ah, sergeant, it won't do -- you are pretending ! ' she +said, shaking her head. ' Your words are too dashing +to be true.' +"I am not, upon the honour of a soldier' +"But why is it so? -- Of course I ask for mere pas+ +time.' +" Because you are so distracting -- and I am so +distracted. ' +" You look like it.' +" I am indeed.' +" Why, you only saw me the other night!' +" That makes no difference. The lightning works in+ +stantaneously. I loved you then, at once -- as I do now.' +Bathsheba surveyed him curiously, from the feet +upward, as high as she liked to venture her glance, +which was not quite so high as his eyes. +" You cannot and you don"t,' she said demurely. +"There is-no such sudden feeling in people. I won't +listen to you any longer. Hear me, I wish I knew what +o'clock it is -- I am going -- I have wasted too much time +here already!" +The sergeant looked at his watch and told her. +" What, haven't you a watch, miss?' he inquired. +"I have not just at present -- I am about to get a +new one.' +"No. You shall be given one. Yes -- you shall. +A gift, Miss Everdene -- a gift." +And before she knew what the young -- man was +intending, a heavy gold watch was in her hand. +

+"It is an unusually good one for a man like me to +possess,' he quietly said. "That watch has a history. +Press the spring and open the back.' +She did so. +'What do you see?' +'A crest and a motto.' +" A coronet with five points, and beneath, Cedit amor +rebus -- "Love yields to circumstance." It's the motto +of the Earls of Severn. That watch belonged to the +last lord, and was given to my mother's husband, a +medical man, for his use till I came of age, when it was +to be given to me. It was all the fortune that ever I +inherited. That watch has regulated imperial interests +in its time -- the stately ceremonial, the courtly assigna+ +tion, pompous travels, and lordly sleeps. Now it is +yours. +" But, Sergeant Troy, I cannot take this -- I cannot ! ' +she exclaimed, with round-eyed wonder. " A gold watch ! +What are you doing? Don't be such a dissembler!" +The sergeant retreated to avoid receiving back his +gift, which she held out persistently towards him. +Bathsheba followed as he retired. +"Keep it -- do, Miss Everdene -- keep it !' said the +erratic child of impulse. " The fact of your possessing +it makes it worth ten times as much to me. A more +plebeian one will answer my purpose just as well, and +the pleasure of knowing whose heart my old one beats +against -- well, I won't speak of that. It is in far +worthier hands than ever it has been in before.' +"But indeed I can't have it!' she said, in a perfect +simmer of distress. " O, how can you do such a thing ; +that is if you really mean it! Give me your dead +father's watch, and such a valuable one! You should +not be so reckless, indeed, Sergeant Troy!' +"I loved my father: good; but better, I love you +more. That's how I can do it,' said the sergeant, with +an intonation of such exquisite fidelity to nature that it. +was evidently not all acted now. Her beauty, which, +whilst it had been quiescent, he had praised in jest, +had in its animated phases moved him to +

+earnest; and +though his seriousness was less than she imagined, it +was probably more than he imagined himself. +Bathsheba was brimming with agitated bewilderment, +and she said, in half-suspicious accents of feeling, "Can +it be! 0, how can it be, that you care for me, and +so suddenly,! You have seen so little of me: I may +not be really so -- so nice-looking as I seem to you. +Please, do take it ; O, do! I cannot and will not have +it. Believe me, your generosity is too great. I have +never done you a single kindness, and why should you +be so kind to me?' +A factitious reply had been again upon his lips, but +it was again suspended, and he looked at her with an +arrested eye. The truth was, that as she now stood -- +excited, wild, and honest as the day -- her alluring +beauty bore out so fully the epithets he had bestowed +upon it that he was quite startled at his temerity in +advancing them as false. He said mechanically, "Ah, +why ?' and continued to look at her. +"And my workfolk see me following you about the +field, and are wondering. O, this is dreadful!' she +went on, unconscious of the transmutation she was +effecting. +"I did not quite mean you to accept it at first, for it +as my one poor patent of nobility,' he broke out, +bluntly; "but, upon my soul, I wish you would now. +Without any shamming, come! Don't deny me the +happiness of wearing it for my sake ? But you are too +lovely even to care to be kind as others are.' +" No, no ; don"t say so !. I have reasons for reserve +which I cannot explain.' +" bet it be, then, let it be,' he said, receiving back +the watch at last; "I must be leaving you now. And +will you speak to me for these few weeks of my stay ? ' +'Indeed I will. Yet, I don't know if I will! O, +why did you come and disturb me so !' +"Perhaps in setting a gin, I have caught myself. +Such things have happened. Well, will you let me +work in your fields ? ' he coaxed. +" Yes, I suppose so ; if it is any pleasure to you.' +" Miss Everdene, I thank you. +" No, no.' +

+'Good-bye!' +The sergeant brought his hand to the cap on the +slope of his head, saluted, and returned to the distant +group of haymakers. +Bathsheba could not face the haymakers now. Her +heart erratically flitting hither and thither from per+ +plexed excitement, hot, and almost tearful, she retreated +homeward, murmuring, O, what have I done ! What +does it mean ! I wish I knew how much of it was +true! + +

+HIVING THE BEES +THE Weatherbury bees were late in their swarming this +year. It was in the latter part of June, and the day after +the interview with Troy in the hayfield, that Bathsheba +was standing in her garden, watching a swarm in the +air and guessing their probable settling place. Not only +were they late this year, but unruly. Sometimes through+ +out a whole season all the swarms would alight on the +lowest attainable bough -- such as part of a currant-bush +or espalier apple-tree ; next year they would, with just +the same unanimity, make straight off to the uppermost +member of some tall, gaunt costard, or quarrenden, +and there defy all invaders who did not come armed +with ladders and staves to take them. +This was the case at present. Bathsheba's eyes, +shaded by one hand, were following the ascending +multitude against the unexplorable stretch of blue till +they ultimately halted by one of the unwieldy trees +spoken of. A process somewhat analogous to that of +alleged formations of the universe, time and times ago, +was observable. The bustling swarm had swept the sky +in a scattered and uniform haze, which now thickened to +a nebulous centre: this glided on to a bough and grew +still denser, till it formed a solid black spot upon the +light. +The men and women being all busily engaged in +saving the hay -- even Liddy had left the house for the +purpose of lending a hand -- Bathsheba resolved to hive +the bees herself, if possible. She had dressed the hive +with herbs and honey, fetched a ladder, brush, and +crook, made herself impregnable with armour of leather +gloves, straw hat, and large gauze veil -- once green but +now faded to snuff colour -- and ascended a dozen rungs +of the ladder. At once she heard, not ten yards off, +a voice that was beginning to have a strange power in +agitating her. +

+"Miss Everdene, let me assist you ; you should not +attempt such a thing alone.' +Troy was just opening the garden gate. +Bathsheba flung down the brush, crook, and empty +hive, pulled the skirt of her dress tightly round her +ankles in a tremendous flurry, and as well as she could +slid down the ladder. By the time she reached the +bottom Troy was there also, and he stooped to pick +up the hive. +"How fortunate I am to have dropped in at this +moment!' exclaimed the sergeant. +She found her voice in a minute. "What! and will +you shake them in for me?' she asked, in what, for a +defiant girl, was a faltering way; though, for a timid +girl, it would have seemed a brave way enough. +" Will I ! ' said Troy. " Why, of course I will. How +blooming you are to-day ! ' Troy flung down his cane +and put his foot on the ladder to ascend. +"But you must have on the veil and gloves, or you'll +be stung fearfully!' +"Ah, yes. I must put on the veil and gloves. Will +you kindly show me how to fix them properly?' +'And you must have the broad-brimmed hat, too ;, for +your cap has no brim to keep the veil off, and they'd +reach your face.' +" The broad-brimmed hat, too, by all means.' +So a whimsical fate ordered that her hat should be +taken off -- veil and all attached -- and placed upon his +head, Troy tossing his own into a gooseberry bush. +Then the veil had to be tied at its lower edge round +his collar and the gloves put on him. +He looked such an extraordinary object in this guise +that, flurried as she was, she could not avoid laughing +outright. It was the removal of yet another stake from +the palisade of cold manners which had kept him off +Bathsheba looked on from the g:-ound whilst he was +busy sweeping and shaking the bees from the tree, +holding up the hive with the other hand for them to +fall into. She made use of an unobserved minute +whilst his attention was absorbed in the +

+operation to +arrange her plumes a little. He came down holding +the hive at arm's length, behind which trailed a cloud +of bees. +' Upon my life,' said Troy, through the veil, ' holding +up this hive makes one"s arm ache worse than a week +of sword-exercise.' When the manoeuvre was complete +he approached her. 'Would you be good enough to +untie me and let me out? I am nearly stifled inside +this silk cage.' +To hide her embarrassment during the unwonted +process of untying the string about his neck, she said : -- +'I have never seen that you spoke of.' +'What ?' +'The sword-exercise.' +'Ah ! would you like to ?' said Troy. +Bathsheba hesitated. She had heard wondrous +reports from time to time by dwellers in Weatherbury, +who had by chance sojourned awhile in Casterbridge, +near the barracks, of this strange and glorious perform+ +ance, tlie sword-exercise. Men and boys who had +peeped through chinks or over walls into the barrack+ +yard returned with accounts of its being the most +flashing affair conceivable ; accoutrements and weapons +glistening like stars-here,there,around-yet all by rule +and compass. So she said mildly what she felt strongly. +'Yes ; I should like to see it very much.' +'And so you shall; you shall see me go through it.' +'No! How?' +'Let me consider.' +'Not with a walking-stick -- I don't care to see that. +lt must be a real sword.' +'Yes, I know; and I have no sword here; but I +think I could get one by the evening. Now, will you +do this?' +'O no, indeed !' said Bathsheba, blushing. ' Thank +you very much, but I couldn't on any account. +'Surely you might? Nobody would know.' +She shook her head, but with a weakened negation. +' If I were to,' she said, 'I must bring Liddy too. Might +I not?' +

+Troy looked far away. 'I don't see why you want +to bring her,' he said coldly. +An unconscious look of assent in Bathsheba's eyes +betrayed that something more than his coldness had +made her also feel that Liddy Would be superfluous in +the suggested scene. She had felt it, even whilst making +the proposal. +'Well, I won't bring Liddy -- and I'll come. But +only for a very short time,' she added; 'a very short +time.' +'It will not take five minutes,' said Troy. +

+ +THE HOLLOW AMID THE FERNS +THE hill opposite Bathsheba's dwelling extended, a +mile off, into an uncultivated tract of land, dotted at +this season with tall thickets of brake fern, plump and +diaphanous from recent rapid growth, and radiant in +hues of clear and untainted green. +At eight o'clock this midsummer evening, whilst the +bristling ball of gold in the west still swept the tips of +the ferns with its long, luxuriant rays, a soft brushing+ +by of garments might have been heard among them, +and Bathsheba appeared in their midst, their soft, +feathery arms caressing her up to her shoulders. She +paused, turned, went back over the hill and half-way +to her own door, whence she cast a farewell glance upon +the spot she had just left, having resolved not to remain +near the place after all. +She saw a dim spot of artificial red moving round +the shoulder of the rise. It disappeared on the other +side. +She waited one minute -- two minutes -- thought of +Troy's disappointment at her non-fulfilment of a promised +engagement, till she again ran along the field, clambered +over the bank, and followed the original direction. She +was now literally trembling and panting at this her +temerity in such an errant undertaking; her breath +came and went quickly, and her eyes shone with an in+ +frequent light. Yet go she must. She reached the +verge of a pit in the middle of the ferns. Troy stood +in the bottom, looking up towards her. +'I heard you rustling through the fern before I saw +you,' he said, coming up and giving her his hand to help +her down the slope. +The pit was a saucer-shaped concave, naturally +formed, with a top diameter of about thirty feet, and +shallow enough to allow the sunshine to reach their +heads. Standing in the +

+centre, the sky overhead was +met by a circular horizon of fern : this grew nearly to +the bottom of the slope and then abruptly ceased. The +middle within the belt of verdure was floored with a +thick flossy carpet of moss and grass intermingled, so +yielding that the foot was half-buried within it. +'Now,' said 'Troy, producing the sword, which, as he +raised it into the sunlight, gleamed a sort of greeting, +like a living thing, 'first, we have four right and four +left cuts; four right and four left thrusts. Infantry cuts +and guards are more interesting than ours, to my mind; +but they are not so swashing. They have seven cuts +and three thrusts. So much as a preliminary. Well, +next, our cut one is as if you were sowing your corn -- +so.' Bathsheba saw a sort of rainbow, upside down in +the air, and Troy's arm was still again. 'Cut two, as if +you were hedging -- so. Three, as if you were reaping + -- so.' Four, as if you were threshing -- in that way. +'Then the same on the left. The thrusts are these : one, +two, three, four, right ; one, two, three, four, left.' He +repeated them. 'Have 'em again ?' he said. 'One, +two -- -- ' +She hurriedly interrupted : 'I'd rather not; though +I don't mind your twos and fours; but your ones and +threes are terrible !' +'Very well. I'll let you off the ones and threes. +Next, cuts, points and guards altogether.' Troy duly +exhibited them. 'Then there's pursuing practice, in +this way.' He gave the movements as before. 'There, +those are the stereotyped forms. The infantry have +two most diabolical upward cuts, which we are too +humane to use. Like this -- three, four.' +'How murderous and bloodthirsty !' +'They are rather deathy. Now I'll be more inter+ +esting, and let you see some loose play -- giving all the +cuts and points, infantry and cavalry, quicker than +lightning, and as promiscuously -- with just enough rule +to regulate instinct and yet not to fetter it. You are +my antagonist, with this difference from real warfare, +that I shall miss you every time by one hair's breadth, +or perhaps two. Mind you don't flinch, whatever you +do.' +

+'I'll be sure not to!' she said invincibly. +He pointed to about a yard in front of him. +Bathsheba's adventurous spirit was beginning to find +some grains of relish in these highly novel proceedings. +She took up her position as directed, facing Troy. +'Now just to learn whether you have pluck enough +to let me do what I wish, I'll give you a preliminary +test.' +He flourished the sword by way of introduction +number two, and the next thing of which she was +conscious was that the point and blade of the sword +were darting with a gleam towards her left side, just +above her hip; then of their reappearance on her right +side, emerging as it were from between her ribs, having +apparently passed through her body. The third item +of consciousness was that of seeing the same sword, +perfectly clean and free from blood held vertically in +Troy's hand (in the position technically called 'recover +swords'). All was as quick as electricity. +'Oh!' she cried out in affright, pressing her hand to +her side. ' Have you run me through ? -- no, you have +not! Whatever have you done!' +'I have not touched you,' said Troy, quietly. 'It +was mere sleight of hand. The sword passed behind +you. Now you are not afraid, are you ? Because if +you are l can't perform. I give my word that l will +not only not hurt you, but not once touch you.' +'I don't think I am afraid. You are quite sure you +will not hurt me ?' +'Quite sure.' +"Is the sWord very sharp ?' +'O no -- only stand as still as a statue. Now !' +In an instant the atmosphere was transformed to +Bathsheba's eyes. Beams of light caught from the low +sun's rays, above, around, in front of her, well-nigh shut +out earth and heaven -- all emitted in the marvellous +evolutions of Troy's reflecting blade, which seemed +everywhere at once, and yet nowherre specially. These +circling gleams were accompanied by a keen rush that +was almost a whistling -- also springing +

+from all sides of +her at once. In short, she was enclosed in a firmament +of light, and of sharp hisses, resembling a sky-full of +meteors close at hand. +Never since the broadsword became the national +weapon had there been more dexterity shown in its +management than by the hands of Sergeant Troy, and +never had he been in such splendid temper for the +performance as now in the evening sunshine among the +ferns with Bathsheba. It may safely be asserted with +respect to the closeness of his cuts, that had it been +possible for the edge of the sword to leave in the air a +permanent substance wherever it flew past, the space +left untouched would have been almost a mould of +Bathsheba's figure. +Behind the luminous streams of this aurora militaris, +she could see the hue of Troy's sword arm, spread in a +scarlet haze over the space covered by its motions, like +a twanged harpstring, and behind all Troy himself, +mostly facing her; sometimes, to show the rear cuts, +half turned away, his eye nevertheless always keenly +measuring her breadth and outline, and his lips tightly +closed in sustained effort. Next, his movements lapsed +slower, and she could see them individually. The +hissing of the sword had ceased, and he stopped +entirely. +'That outer loose lock of hair wants tidying, he +said, before she had moved or spoken. 'Wait: I'll do +it for you.' +An arc of silver shone on her right side: the sword +had descended. The lock droped to the ground. +'Bravely borne!' said Troy. 'You didn't flinch a +shade's thickness. Wonderful in a woman!' +'It was because I didn't expect it. O, you have +spoilt my hair!' +'Only once more.' +'No -- no! I am afraid of you -- indeed I am !' she +cried. +'I won't touch you at all -- not even your hair. I +am only going to kill that caterpillar settling on you. +Now: still!' +It appeared that a caterpillar had come from the +fern and chosen the front of her bodice as his resting +place. She saw the point glisten towards her bosom, +and seemingly enter it. Bathsheba closed her eyes in +the full persuasion that she was +

+killed at last. How+ +ever, feeling just as usual, she opened them again. +'There it is, look,' said the sargeant, holding his +sword before her eyes. +The caterpillar was spitted upon its point. +'Why, it is magic!' said Bathsheba, amazed. +'O no -- dexterity. I merely gave point to your +bosom where the caterpillar was, and instead of running +you through checked the extension a thousandth of an +inch short of your surface.' +'But how could you chop off a curl of my hair with +a sword that has no edge?' +THE HOLLOW AMID THE FERNS +"No edge .! This sword will shave like a razor. +Look here.' +He touched the palm of his hand with the blade, +and then, lifting it, showed her a thin shaving of scarf+ +skin dangling therefrom. +" But you said before beginning that it was blunt and +couldn't cut me .!' +'That was to get you to stand still, and so make sure +of your safety. The risk of injuring you through your +moving was too great not to force me to tell you a +fib to escape it.' +She shuddered. 'I have been within an inch of my +life, and didn't know it! ' +'More precisely speaking, you have been within half +an inch of being pared alive two hundred and ninety-five +tinies.' +" Cruel, cruel, 'tis of you !. ' +" You have been perfectly safe, nevertheless. My +sword never errs.' And Troy returned the weapon to +the scabbard. +Bathsheba, overcome by a hundred tumultuous feel' +ings resulting from the scene, abstractedly sat down on +a tuft of heather. +'I must leave you now,' said Troy, softly. " And I'll +venture to take and keep this in remembrance of you.' +She saw him stoop to the grass, pick up the winding +lock which he had severcd from her manifold tresses, +twist it round his fingers, unfasten a button in the hreast +of his coat, and carefully put it inside. She felt power+ +less to withstand or deny him. He was altogether too +much for her, and Bathsheba +

+seemed as one who, facing +a reviving wind, finds it blow so strongly that it stops +the breath. +He drew near and said, 'I must be leaving you.' +He drew nearer still. A minute later and she saw his +scarlet form disappear amid the ferny thicket, almost in +a flash, like a brand swiftly waved. +That minute's interval had brought the blood beating +into her face, set her stinging as if aflame to the very +hollows oi her feet, and enlarged emotion to a compass +which quite swamped thought. It had brought upon +her a stroke resulting, as did that of Moses in Horeh, in +a liquid stream -- here a stream of tears. She felt like +one who has sinned a great sin. +The circumstance had been the gentle dip of Troy's +mouth downwards upon her own. He had kissed her, +PARTICULARS OF A TWILIGHT WALK + +

+PARTICULARS OF A TWILIGHT WALK +WE now see the element of folly distinctly mingling +with the many varying particulars which made up the +character of Bathsheba Everdene. It was almost foreign +to her intrinsic nature. Introduced as lymph on the +dart of Eros, it eventually permeated and coloured +her whole constitution. Bathsheba, though she had too +much understanding to be entirely governed by her +womanliness, had too much womanliness to use her +understanding to the best advantage. Perhaps in no +minor point does woman astonish her helpmate more +than in the strange power she possesses of believing +cajoleries that she knows to be false -- except, indeed, in +that of being utterly sceptical on strictures that she +knows to be true. +Bathsheba loved Troy in the way that only self-reliant +women love when they abandon their self-reliance. +When a strong woman recklessly throws away her +strength she is worse than a weak woman who has never +had any strength to throw away. One source of her +inadequacy is the novelty of the occasion. She has +never had practice in making the best of such a +condition. Weakness is doubly weak by being new. +Bathsheba was not conscious of guile in this matter. +Though in one sense a woman of the world, it was, after +all, that world of daylight coteries and green carpets +wherein cattle form the passing crowd and winds the +busy hum ; where a quiet family of rabbits or hares lives +on the other side of your party-wall, where your neigh+ +bour is everybody in the tything, and where calculation +formulated self-indulgence of bad, nothing at all. Had +her utmost thoughts in this direction been distinctly +worded (and by herself they never were), they would +

+only have amounted to such a matter as that she felt +her impulses to be pleasanter guides than her discretion . +Her love was entire as a child's, and though warm as +summer it was fresh as spring. Her culpability lay in +her making no attempt to control feeling by subtle and +careful inquiry into consuences. She could show others +the steep and thorny way, but 'reck'd not her own rede,' +And Troy's deformities lay deep down from a +woman's vision, whilst his embellishments were upon +the verysurface; thus contrasting with homely Oak, +whose defects were patent to the blindest, and whose +vertues were as metals in a mine. +The difference between love and respect was mark+ +edly shown in her conduct. Bathsheba had spoken of +her interest in Boldwood with the greatest freedom to +Liddy, but she had only communed with her own heart +concerning 'Troy'. +All this infatuation Gabriel saw, and was troubled +thereby from the time of his daily journey a-field to the +time of his return, and on to the small hours of many a +night. That he was not beloved had hitherto been his +great that Bathsheba was getting into the toils +was now a sorrow greater than the first, and one which +nearly olbscured it. It was a result which paralleled +the oft-quoted observation of Hippocrates concerning +physical pains. +That is a noble though perhaps an unpromising love +PARTICULARS OF A TWILlGHT WALK +which not even the fear of breeding aversion in the +bosom of the one beloved can deter from combating his +or her errors. Oak determined to speak to his mistress. +He would base his appeal on what he considered her +unfair treatment of Farmer Boldwood, now absent from +home. +An opportunity occurred one evening when she had +gone for a short walk by a path through the neighbour+ +ing cornfields. It was dusk when Oak, who had not +been far a-field that day, took the same path and met +her returning, quite pensively, as he thought. +The wheat was now tall, and the path was narrow; +thus the way was quite a sunken groove between the +embowing thicket on either side. Two persons could +not walk abreast +

+without damaging the crop, and Oak +stood aside to let her pass. +'Oh, is it Gabriel?' she said. 'You are taking a +walk too. Good-night.' +"I thought I would come to meet you, as it is rather +late," said Oak, turning and following at her heels when +she had brushed somewhat quickly by him. +"Thank you, indeed, but I am not very fearful.' +" O no ; but there are bad characters about.' +"I never meet them.' +Now Oak, with marvellous ingenuity, had been going +to introduce the gallant sergeant through the channel of +"bad characters.' But all at once the scheme broke +down, it suddenly occurring to him that this was rather a +clumsy way, and too barefaced to begin with. He tried +another preamble. +"And as the man who would naturally come to meet +you is away from home, too -- I mean Farmer Boldwood + -- why, thinks I, I'll go,' he said. +"Ah, yes.' She walked on without turning her head, +and for many steps nothing further was heard from her +quarter than the rustle of her dress against the heavy +corn-ears. Then she resumed rather tartly -- +'I don't quite understand what you meant by saying +that Mr. Boldwood would naturally come to meet me.' +I meant on account of the wedding which they say +is likely to take place between you and him, miss. For+ +give my speaking plainly.' +"They say what is not true,' she returned quickly. +No marriage is likely to take place between us.' +Gabriel now put forth his unobscured opinion, for +the moment had come. " Well, Miss Everdene,' he +said, "putting aside what people say, I never in my life +saw any courting if his is not a courting of you." +Bathsheba would probably have terminated the con' +versation there and then by flatly forbidding the subject, +had not her conscious weakness of position allured her +to palter and argue in endeavours to better it. +

+"Since this subject has been mentioned,' she said +very emphatically, 'I am glad of the opportunity of +clearing up a mistake which is very common and very +provoking. I didn't definitely promise Mr. Boldwood +anything. I have never cared for him. I respect him, +and he has urged me to marry him. But I have given +him no distinct answer. As soon as he returns I shall +do so; and the answer will be that I cannot think of +marrying him.' +'People are full of mistakes, seemingly.' +' They are.' +The other day they said you were trifling with him, +and you almost proved that you were not; lately they +have said that you be not, and you straightway begin +to show -- -- ' +That I am, I suppose you mean.' +' Well, I hope they speak the truth.' +They do, but wrongly applied. I don't trifle with +him ; but then, I have nothing to do with him.' +Oak was unfortunately led on to speak of Boldwood's +rival in a wrong tone to her after all. 'I wish you had +never met that young Sergeant Troy, miss,' he sighed. +PARTlCULARS OF A TWILIGHT WALK +Bathsheba's steps became faintly spasmodic. " Why?' +she asked. +' He is not good enough for 'ee.' +"Did any one tell you to speak to me like this ?' +" Nobody at all.' +"Then it appears to me that Sergeant Troy does not +concern us here,' she said, intractably. ' Yet I must say +that Sergeant 'Troy is an educated man, and quite worthy +of any woman. He is well born.' +"His being higher in learning and birth than the +ruck o' soldiers is anything but a proof of his worth. It +show's his course to be down'ard.' +"I cannot see what this has to do with our conversa+ +tion. Mr. Troy's course is not by any means downward; +and his superiority <1is>1 a proof of his worth .! ' +"I believe him to have no conscience at all. And I +cannot help begging you, miss, to have nothing to do +with him. Listen to me this once -- only this once !. +I don't say he's such +

+a bad man as I have fancied -- I +pray to God he is not. But since we don't exactly +know what he is, why not behave as if he <1might>1 be bad, +simply for your own safety ? Don't trust him, mistress; +I ask you not to trust him so.' +" Why, pray ? ' +"I like soldiers, but this one I do not like,' he said, +sturdily. " His cleverness in his calling may have +tempted him astray, and what is mirth to the neighbours +is ruin to the woman. When he tries to talk to 'ee again, +why not turn away with a short 'Good day' ; and when +you see him coming one way, turn the other. When +he says anything laughable, fail to see the point +and don't smile, and speak of him before those who will +report your talk as "that fantastical man,' or " that +Sergeant What's-his-name." "That man of a family +that has come to the dogs.' Don't be unmannerly +towards en, but harmless-uncivil, and so get rid of the +man.' +No Christmas robin detained by a window-pane ever +pulsed as did Bathsheba now. +I say -- I say again -- that it doesn't become you to +talk about him. Why he should be mentioned passes +me quite . she exclaimed desperately. " I know this, +th-th-that he is a thoroughly conscientious man -- blunt +sometimes even to rudeness -- but always speaking his +mind about you plain to your face .! ' +"Oh.' +"He is as good as anybody in this parish.! He is +very particular, too, about going to church -- yes, he +is.!' +'I am afraid nobody saw him there. I never +did certainly.' +' The reason of that is,' she said eagerly, " that he goes +in privately by the old tower door, just when the service +commences, and sits at the back of the gallery. He +told me so.' +This supreme instance of Troy's goodness fell upon +Gabriel ears like the thirteenth stroke of crazy clock. +It was not only received with utter incredulity as re+ +garded itself, but threw a doubt on all the assurances +that had preceded it. +Oak was grieved to find how entirely she trusted him. +He brimmed with deep feeling as he replied in a steady +voice, the +

+steadiness of which was spoilt by the palpable+ +ness of his great effort to keep it so : -- +' You know, mistress, that I love you, and shall love +you always. I only mention this to bring to your mind +that at any rate I would wish to do you no harm : +beyond that I put it aside. I have lost in the race for +money and good things, and I am not such a fool as to +pretend to 'ee now I am poor, and you have got alto+ +gether above me. But Bathsheba, dear mistress, this +I beg you to consider -- that, both to keep yourself well +honoured among the workfolk, and in common generosity +to an honourable man who loves you as well as I, you +PARTICULARS OF A TWILIGHT WALK +should be more discreet in your bearing towards this +soldier.' +" Don't, don't, don't !. ' she exclaimed, in a choking +voice. +"Are ye not more to me than my own affairs, and +even life .! ' he went on. "Come, listen to me.! I am +six years older than you, and Mr. Boldwood is ten years +older than I, and consider -- I do beg of 'ee to consider +before it is too late -- how safe you would be in his +hands .! ' +Oak's allusion to his own love for her lessened, to +some extent, her anger at his interference ; but she +could not really forgive him for letting his wish to marry +her be eclipsed by his wish to do her good, any more +than for his slighting treatment of Troy. +"I wish you to go elsewhere,' she commanded, a +paleness of face invisible to the eye being suggested by +the trembling words. " Do not remain on this farm any +longer. I don't want you -- I beg you to go !.' +"That's nonsense,' said Oak, calmly. " This is the +second time you have pretended to dismiss me; and +what's the use o' it?' +" Pretended !. You shall go, sir -- your lecturing I +will not hear .! I am mistress here.' +" Go, indeed -- what folly will you say next ? Treating +me like Dick, Tom and Harry when you know that a +short time ago my position was as good as yours !. Upon +my life, Bathsheba, it is too barefaced. You know, too, +that I can't go without putting things in such a strait as +you wouldn't get out of +

+I can't tell when. Unless, indeed, +you'll promise to have an understanding man as bailiff, +or manager, or something. I'll go at once if you'll +promise that.' +'I shall have no bailiff; I shall continue to be my +own manager,' she said decisively. +"Very well, then ; you should be thankful to me for +biding. How would the farm go on with nobody to +mind it but a woman? But mind this, I don't wish +'ee to feel you owe me anything. Not I. What I do, +I do. Sometimes I say I should be as glad as a bird to +leave the place -- for don't suppose I'm content to be a +nobody. I was made for better things. However, I +don't like to see your concerns going to ruin, as they +must if you keep in this mind.... I hate taking my +own measure so plain, but, upon my life, your provok+ +ing ways make a man say what he wouldn't dream of +at other times ! I own to being rather interfering. But +you know well enough how it is, and who she is that I +like too well, and feel too much like a fool about to be +civil to her ! ' +It is more than probable that she privately and un+ +consciously respected him a little for this grim fidelity, +which had been shown in his tone even more than in +his words. At any rate she murmured something to the +effect that he might stay if he wished. She said more +distinctly, " Will you leave me alone now? I don't +order it as a mistress -- I ask it as a woman, and I +expect you not to be so uncourteous as to refuse.' +" Certainly I will, Miss Everdene,' said Gabriel, gently. +He wondered that the request should have come at this +moment, for the strife was over, and they were on a +most desolate hill, far from every human habitation, and +the hour was getting late. He stood still and allowed +her to get far ahead of him till he could only see her +form upon the sky. +A distressing explanation of this anxiety to be rid of +him at that point now ensued. A figure apparently rose +from the earth beside her. The shape beyond all doubt +was Troy's. Oak would not be even a possible listener, +and at once turned back till a good two hundred yards +were between the lovers and himself. +

+Gabriel went home by way of the churchyard. In +passing the tower he thought of what she had said about +the sergeant's virtuous habit of entering the church un+ +PARTICULARS OF A TWILIGHT WALK +perceived at the beginning of service. Believing that +the little gallery door alluded to was quite disused, he +ascended the external flight of steps at the top of which +it stood, and examined it. The pale lustre yet hanging +in the north-western heaven was sufficient to show that +a sprig of ivy had grown from the wall across the door +to a length of more than a foot, delicately tying the +panel to the stone jamb. It was a decisive proof that +the door had not been opened at least since Troy came +back to Weatherbury. + +

+HOT CHEEKS AND TEARFUL EYES +HALF an hour later Bathsheba entered her own house. +There burnt upon her face when she met the light of +the candles the flush and excitement which were little +less than chronic with her now. The farewell words of +Troy, who had accompanied her to the very door, still +lingered in her ears. He had bidden her adieu for two +days, which were so he stated, to be spent at Bath in +visiting some friends. He had also kissed her a second +time. +It is only fair to Bathsheba to explain here a little +fact which did not come to light till a long time after+ +wards : that Troy's presentation of himself so aptly at +the roadside this evening was not by any distinctly pre+ +concerted arrangement. He had hinted -- she had +forbidden; and it was only on the chance of his still +coming that she had dismissed Oak, fearing a meeting +between them just then. +She now sank down into a chair, wild and perturbed +by all these new and fevering sequences. Then she +jumped up with a manner of decision, and fetched her +desk from a side tahle. +In three minutes, without pause or modification, she +had written a letter to Boldwood, at his address beyond +Casterbridge, saying mildly but firmly that she had well +HOT CHEEKS AND TEARFUL EYES +considered the whole subject he had brought before her +and kindly given her time to decide upon; that her +final decision was that she could not marry him. She +had expressed to Oak an intention to wait till Boldwood +came home before communicating to him her conclusive +reply. But Bathsheba found that she could not wait. +It was impossible to send this letter till the next day; +yet to quell her uneasiness by getting it out of her hands, +and so, as it were, setting the act in motion at once, she +arose to take it to any one of the women who might be +in the kitchen. +

+She paused in the passage. A dialogue was going +on in the kitchen, and Bathsheba and Troy were the +subject of it. +"If he marry her, she'll gie up farming.' +"Twill be a gallant life, but may bring some trouble +between the mirth -- so say I.' +"Well, I wish I had half such a husband.' +Bathsheba had too much sense to mind seriously +what her servitors said about her ; but too much womanly +redundance of speech to leave alone what was said till +it died the natural death of unminded things. She +burst in upon them. +"Who are you speaking of? ' she asked. +There was a pause before anybody replied. At last +Liddy said frankly, ' What was passing was a bit of a +word about yourself, miss.' +"I thought so .! Maryann and Liddy and Temper+ +ance -- now I forbid you to suppose such things. You +know I don't care the least for Mr. Troy -- not I. Every+ +body knows how much I hate him. -- Yes,' repeated the +froward young person, "<1hate>1 him .! ' +" We know you do, miss,' said Liddy; "and so do we +all.' +" I hate him too,' said Maryann. +" Maryann -- O you perjured woman !. How can you +speak that wicked story ! ' said Bathsheba, excitedly. +"You admired him from your heart only this morning +in the very world, you did. Yes, Maryann, you know it ! ' +'Yes, miss, but so did you. He is a wild scamp +now, and you are right to hate him." +"He's <1not>1 a wild scamp.! How dare you to my face !. +I have no right to hate him, nor you, nor anybody. +But I am a silly woman.! What is it to me what he is ? +You know it is nothing. I don't care for him ; I don"t +mean to defend his good name, not I. Mind this, if +any of you say a word against him you'll be dismissed +instantly !. ' +She flung down the letter and surged back into the +parlour, with a big heart and tearful eyes, Liddy following +her. +'O miss.!' said mild Liddy, looking pitifully into +Bathsheba's face. "I am sorry we mistook you so .! +did think you cared for him; but I see you don't now.' +" Shut the door, Liddy.' +

+Liddy closed the door, and went on : ' People always +say such foolery, miss. I'll make answer hencefor'ard, +"Of course a lady like Miss Everdene can't love him;' +I'll say it out in plain black and white.' +Bathsheba burst out : 'O Liddy, are you such a +simpleton ? Can't you read riddles ? Can't you see? +Are you a woman yourself ? ' +Liddy's clear eyes rounded with wonderment. +' Yes; you must be a blind thing, Liddy .! ' she said, +in reckless abandonment and grief. "O, I love him +to very distraction and misery and agony .! Don't be +frightened at me, though perhaps I am enough to frighten +any innocent woman. Come closer -- closer.' She put +her arms round Liddy's neck. "I must let it out to +somebody; it is wearing me away !. Don't you yet know +enough of me to see through that miserable denial of +mine? O God, what a lie it was !. Heaven and my +Love forgive me. And don't you know that a woman +who loves at all thinks nothing of perjury when it is +HOT CHEEKS AND TEARFUL EYES +balanced against her love ? There, go out of the room ; +I want to be quite alone.' +Liddy went towards the door. +' Liddy, come here. Solemnly swear to me that he's +not a fast man; that it is all lies they say about him !.' +'Put, miss, how can I say he is not if -- -- ' +"You graceless girl.! How can you have the cruel +heart to repeat what they say? Unfeeling thing that +you are.... But <1I'll>1 see if you or anybody else in the +village, or town either, dare do such a thing .! ' She +started off, pacing from fireplace to door, and back +again. +"No, miss. I don't -- I know it is not true !. ' said +Liddy, frightened at Bathsheba's unwonted vehemence. +I suppose you only agree with me like that to please +me. But, Liddy, he <1cannot be>1 had, as is said. Do you +hear? " +' Yes, miss, yes.' +"And you don't believe he is?" +'I don't know what to say, miss,' said Liddy, be+ +ginning to cry. "If I say No, you don"t believe me; +and if I say Yes, you rage at me ! ' +" Say you don't believe it -- say you don't ! ' +

+'I don't believe him to be so had as they make out.' +"He is not had at all.... My poor life and heart, +how weak I am .! ' she moaned, in a relaxed, desultory +way, heedless of Liddy's presence. "O, how I wish I +had never seen him.! Loving is misery for women +always. I shall never forgive God for making me a +woman, and dearly am I beginning to pay for the honour +of owning a pretty face.' She freshened and turned to +Liddy suddenly. " Mind this, Lydia Smallbury, if you +repeat anywhere a single word of what l have said to +you inside this closed door, I'll never trust you, or love +you, or have you with me a moment longer -- not a +moment ! ' +" I don't want to repeat anything,' said Liddy, with +womanly dignity of a diminutive order; "but I don't +wish to stay with you. And, if you please, I'll go at the +end of the harvest, or this week, or to-day.... I don't +see that I deserve to be put upon and stormed at for +nothing ! ' concluded the small woman, bigly. +" No, no, Liddy ; you must stay ! ' said Bathsheba, +dropping from haughtiness to entreaty with capricious +inconsequence. "You must not notice my being in a +taking just now. You are not as a servant -- -you are a +companion to me. Dear, dear -- I don't know what I +am doing since this miserable ache o'! my heart has +weighted and worn upon me so .! What shall I come +to ! I suppose I shall get further and further into +troubles. I wonder sometimes if I am doomed to die +in the Union. I am friendless enough, God knows .! ' +'I won't notice anything, nor will I leave you ! " sobbed +Liddy, impulsively putting up her lips to Bathsheba's, +and kissing her. +Then Bathsheba kissed Liddy, and all was smooth +again. +"I don't often cry, do I, Lidd ? but you have made +tears come into my eyes,' she said, a smile shining +through the moisture. "Try to think him a good man, +won't you, dear Liddy ? ' +"I will, miss, indeed.' +"He is a sort of steady man in a wild way, you know. +way. I am afraid that's how I am. And promise me +to keep my secret -- do, Liddy.! And do not let them +know that I have been crying +

+about him, because it will +be dreadful for me, and no good to him, poor thing .!' +"Death's head himself shan't wring it from me, mistress, +if I've a mind to keep anything; and I'll always be your +friend,' replied Liddy, emphatically, at the same time +bringing a few more tears into her own eyes, not from +any particular necessity, but from an artistic sense of +making herself in keeping with the remainder of the +HOT CHEEKS AND TEARFUL EYES +picture, which seems to influence women at such times. +"I think God likes us to be good friends, don't you ?' +"Indeed I do.' +"And, dear miss, you won"t harry me and storm at +me, will you ? because you seem to swell so tall as a +lion then, and it frightens me !. Do you know, I fancy +you would be a match for any man when you are in one +0' your takings.' +"Never.! do you ? ' said Bathsheba, slightly laughing, +though somewhat seriously alarmed by this Amazonian +picture of herself. "I hope I am not a bold sort of +maid -- mannish ? ' she continued with some anxiety. +"O no, not mannish; but so almighty womanish +that 'tis getting on that way sometimes. Ah ! miss,' she +said, after having drawn her breath very sadly in and +sent it very sadly out, "I wish I had half your failing +that way. 'Tis a great protection to a poor maid in +these illegit'mate days !. ' + +

+BLAME -- FURY +THE next evening Bathsheba, with the idea of getting +out of the way of Mr. Boldwood in the event of his +returning to answer her note in person, proceeded to +fulfil an engagement made with Liddy some few hours +earlier. Bathsheba's companion, as a gage of their +reconciliation, had heen granted a week's holiday to +visit her sister, who was married to a thriving hurdler +and cattle-crib-maker living in a delightful labyrinth of +hazel copse not far beyond Yalbury. The arrangement +was that Miss Everdene should honour them by coming +there for a day or two to inspect some ingenious con+ +tnvances which this man of the woods had introduced +into his wares. +Leaving her instructions with Gabriel and Maryann, +that they were to see everything carefully locked up for +the night, she went out of the house just at the close of +a timely thunder-shower, which had refined the air, and +daintily bathed the coat of the land, though all beneath +was dry as ever. Freshness was exhaled in an essence +from the varied contours of bank and hollow, as if the +earth breathed maiden breath; and the pleased birds +were hymning to the scene. Before her, among the +clouds, there was a contrast in the shape of lairs of +fierce light which showed themselves in the neighbour+ +hood of a hidden sun, lingering on to the farthest north+ +west corner of the heavens that this midsummer season +allowed. +She had walked nearly two miles of her journey, +watching how the day was retreating, and thinking how +the time of deeds was quietly melting into the time of +thought, to give place in its turn to the time of prayer +and sleep, when she beheld advancing over Yalbury hill +the very man she sought so anxiously to elude. Boldwood +was stepping on, not with that quiet tread of reserved +strength which was his customary +

+gait, in which he +always seemed to be balancing two thoughts. His +manner was stunned and sluggish now. +Boldwood had for the first time been awakened to +woman's privileges in tergiversation even when it involves +another person's possible blight. That Bathsheba was +a firm and positive girl, far less inconsequent than her +fellows, had been the very lung of his hope ; for he had +held that these qualities would lead her to adhere to a +straight course for consistency's sake, and accept him, +though her fancy might not flood him with the iridescent +hues of uncritical love. But the argument now came +back as sorry gleams from a broken mirror. The dis+ +covery was no less a scourge than a surprise. +He came on looking upon the ground, and did not +see Bathsheba till they were less than a stone's throw +apart. He looked up at the sound of her pit-pat, and +his changed appearance sufficiently denoted to her the +depth and strength of the feelings paralyzed by her +letter. +" Oh ; is it you, Mr. Boldwood ? ' she faltered, a guilty +warmth pulsing in her face. +Those who have the power of reproaching in silence +may find it a means more effective than words. There +are accents in the eye which are not on the tongue, and +more tales come from pale lips than can enter an ear. +It is both the grandeur and the pain of the remoter +moods that they avoid the pathway of sound. Bold+ +wood's look was unanswerable. +Seeing she turned a little aside, he said, 'What, are +you afraid of me?' +" Why should you say that ? ' said Bathsheba. +"I fancied you looked so,' said he. 'And it is most +strange, because of its contrast with my feeling for you. +She regained self-possession, fixed her eyes calmly, +and waited. +" You know what that feeling is,' continued Boldwood, +deliberately. "A thing strong as death. No dismissal +by a hasty letter affects that.' +'I wish you did not feel so strongly about me,' she +murmured. "It is generous of you, and more than I +deserve, but I must not hear it now.' +

+"Hear it? What do you think I have to say, then ? +I am not to marry you, and thats enough. Your letter +was excellently plain. I want you to hear nothing -- +not I.' +Bathsheba was unable to direct her will into any +definite groove for freeing herself from this fearfully +and was moving on. Boldwood walked up to her heavily +and dully. +"Bathsheba -- -darling -- -is it final indeed?' +"Indeed it is.' +"O, Bathsheba -- -have pity upon me!' Boldwood +burst out. "God's sake, yes -- I am come to that low, +lowest stage -- -to ask a woman for pity! Still, she is +you -- -she is you.' +Bathsheba commanded herself well. But she could +hardly get a clear voice for what came instinctively to +her lips: "There is little honour to the woman in that +speech.' It was only whispered, for something unutter+ +ably mournful no less than distressing in this spectacle +of a man showing himself to be so entirely the vane of a +passion enervated the feminine instinct for punctilios. +BLAME +"I am beyond myself about this, and am mad,' he +said. "I am no stoic at all to he supplicating here ; but +I do supplicate to you. I wish you knew what is in +me of devotion to you ; but it is impossible, that. In +bare human mercy to a lonely man, don't throw me off +now !' +'I don't throw you off -- indeed, how can I ? I never +had you.' In her noon-clear sense that she had never +loved him she forgot for a moment her thoughtless angle +on that day in February. +'But there was a time when you turned to me, +before I thought of you ! I don't reproach you, for +even now I feel that the ignorant and cold darkness +that I should have lived in if you had not attracted me +by that letter -- valentine you call it -- would have becn +worse than my knowledge of you, though it has brought +this misery. But, I say, there was a time when I knew +nothing of you, and cared nothing for you, and yet you +drew me on. And if you say you gave me no en+ +couragement, I cannot but contradict you.' +

+"What you call encouragement was the childish +game of an idle minute. I have bitterly repented of it + -- ay, bitterly, and in tears. Can you still go on re+ +minding me ?' +'I don't accuse you of it -- I deplore it. I took for +earnest what you insist was jest, and now this that I +pray to be jest you say is awful, wretched earnest. Our +moods meet at wrong places. I wish your feeling was +more like mine, or my feeling more like yours.! O, +could I but have foreseen the torture that trifling trick +was going to lead me into, how I should have cursed +you ; but only having been able to see it since, I cannot +do that, for I love you too well.! But it is weak, idle +drivelling to go on like this.... Bathsheba, you are +the first woman of any shade or nature that I have ever +looked at to love, and it is the having been so near +claiming you for my own that makes this denial so hard +to bear. How nearly you promised me ! But I don't +speak now to move your heart, and make you grieve +because of my pain ; it is no use, that. I must bear it; +my pain would get no less by paining you.' +"But I do pity you -- deeply -- O so deeply .!' she +earnestly said. +"Do no such thing -- do no such thing. Your dear +love, Bathsheba, is such a vast thing beside your pity, +that the loss of your pity as well as your love is no great +addition to my sorrow, nor does the gain of your pity +make it sensibly less. O sweet -- how dearly you +spoke to me behind the spear-bed at the washing-pool, +and in the barn at the shearing, and that dearest last +time in the evening at your home.! Where are your +pleasant words all gone -- your earnest hope to be able +to love me? Where is your firm conviction that you +would get to care for me very much ? Really forgotten ? + -- really ? ' +She checked emotion, looked him quietly and clearly +in the face, and said in her low, firm voice, " Mr. Bold+ +wood, I promised you nothing. Would you have had +me a woman of clay when you paid me that furthest, +highest compliment a man can pay a woman -- telling +her he loves her? I was bound to show some feeling, +if l would not be a graceless shrew. Yet each of those +pleasures was just for the day -- the day just for the +

+pleasure. How was I to know that what is a pastime +to all other men was death to you ? Have reason, do, +and think more kindly of me !' +'Well, never mind arguing -- never mind. One +thing is sure: you were all but mine, and now you are +not nearly mine. Everything is changed, and that by +you alone, remember. You were nothing to me once, +and I was contented; you are now nothing to me again, +and how different the second nothing is from the first .! +Would to God you had never taken me up, since it was +only to throw me down .! ' +FURY +Bathsheba, in spite of her mettle, began to feel un+ +mistakable signs that she was inherently the weaker +vessel. She strove miserably against this feminity +which would insist upon supplying unbidden emotions +in stronger and stronger current. She had tried to +elude agitation by fixing her mind on the trees, sky, any +trivial object before her eyes, whilst his reproaches fell, +but ingenuity could not save her now. +"I did not take you up -- -surely I did not!' she +answered as heroically as she could. " But don't be in +this mood with me. I can endure being told I am in +the wrong, if you will only tell it me gently! O sir, +will you not kindly forgive me, and look at it +cheerfully ? ' +"Cheerfully! Can a man fooled to utter heart+ +burning find a reason for being merry> If I have lost, +how can I be as if I had won? Heavens you must be +heartless quite ! Had I known what a fearfully bitter +sweet this was to be, how would I have avoided you, +and never seen you, and been deaf of you. I tell you +all this, but what do you care! You don't care.' +She returned silent and weak denials to his charges, +and swayed her head desperately, as if to thrust away +the words as they came showering ahout her ears from +the lips of the trembling man in the climax of life, with +his bronzed Roman face and fine frame. +"Dearest, dearest, I am wavering even now between +the two opposites of recklessly renouncing you, and +labouring humbly for you again. Forget that you have +said No, and let it be as it was !. Say, Bathsheba, that +you only wrote that refusal to me in fun -- -come, say it +to me!' +

+" It would be untrue, and painful to both of us. You +overrate my capacity for love. I don't possess half +the warmth of nature you believe me to have. An un+ +protected childhood in a cold world has beaten gentle+ +ness out of me.' +He immediately said with more resentment: "That +may be true, somewhat ; but ah, Miss Everdene, it won't +do as a reason! You are not the cold woman you +would have me believe. No, no .! It isn't because you +have no feeling in you that you don't love me. You +naturally would have me think so -- -you would hide from +that you have a burning heart like mine. You have +love enough, but it is turned into a new channel. I +know where.' +The swift music of her heart became hubbub now, +and she throbbed to extremity. He was coming to +Troy. He did then know what had occurred .! And +the name fell from his lips the next moment. +"Why did Troy not leave my treasure alone?' he +asked, fiercely. "When I had no thought of injuring +him, why did he force himself upon your notice.! +Before he worried you your inclination was to have me; +when next I should have come to you your answer +would have been Yes. Can you deny it -- -I ask, can +you deny it?' +She delayed the reply, but was to honest to with +hold it. ' I cannot,' she whispered. +"I know you cannot. But he stole in in my absence +and robbed me. Why did't he win you away before, +when nobody would have been grieved? -- -when nobody +would have been set tale-bearing. Now the people +sneer at me -- -the very hills and sky seem to laugh at +me till I blush shamefuly for my folly. I have lost my +respect, my good name, my standing -- -lost it, never to +get it again. Go and marry your man -- go on .! ' +"O sir -- -Mr. Boldwood!' +" You may as well. I have no further claim upon you. +As for me, I had better go somewhere alone, and hide -- +and pray. I loved a woman once. I am now ashamed. +When I am dead they'll say, Miserable love-sick man +that he was. Heaven -- -heaven -- -if I had got jilted +secretly, and the dishonour not known, and my position +FURY +kept.! But no matter, it is +

+gone, and the woman not +gained. Shame upon him -- shame .! ' +His unreasonable anger terrified her, and she glided +from him, without obviously moving, as she said, "I am +only a girl -- do not speak to me so.!' +"All the time you knew -- how very well you knew -- +that your new freak was my misery. Dazzled by brass +and scarlet -- O, Bathsheba -- this is woman's folly +indeed .! ' +She fired up at once. "You are taking too much +upon yourself .! ' she said, veheniently. " Everybody is +upon me -- everybody. It is unmanly to attack a +woman so ! I have nobody in the world to fight my +battles for me; but no mercy is shown. Yet if a +thousand of you sneer and say things against me, I <1will>1 +<1not>1 be put down !." +" You'll chatter with him doubtless about me. Say to +him, "Boldwood would have died for me.' Yes, and +you have given way to him, knowing him to be not the +man for you. He has kissed you -- claimed you as his. +Do you hear -- he has kissed you. Deny it .! ' +The most tragic woman is cowed by a tragic man, +and although Boldwood was, in vehemence and glow, +nearly her own self rendered into another sex, +Bathsheba's cheek quivered. She gasped, ' Leave me, +sir -- leave me !. I am nothing to you. Let me go on !.' +"Deny that he has kissed you.' +"I shall not.' +" Ha -- then he has ! ' came hoarsely from the farmer. +"He has," she said, slowly, and, in spite of her fear, +defiantly. 'I am not ashamed to speak the truth.' +"Then curse him; and curse him !. ' said Boldwood, +breaking into a whispered fury. ' Whilst I would have +given worlds to touch your hand, you have let a rake come +in without right or ceremony and -- kiss you .! Heaven's +mercy -- kiss you ! ... Ah, a time of his life shall come +when he will have to repent, and think wretchedly of +the pain he has caused another man ; and then may he +ache, and wish, and curse, and yearn -- as I do now .! " +'Don't, don't, O, don't pray down evil upon him.! ' +she +

+implored in a miserable cry. "Anything but that -- +anything. O, be kind to him, sir, for I love him true .' +Boldwood's ideas had reached that point of fusion at +which outline and consistency entirely disappear. The +impending night appeared to concentrate in his eye. +He did not hear her at all now. +"I'll punish him -- -by my soul, that will I.! I'll meet +him, soldier or no, and I'll horsewhip the untimely +stripling for this reckless theft of my one delight. If he +were a hundred men I'd horsewhip him -- -- ' He +dropped his voice suddenly and unnaturally. "Bath+ +sheba, sweet, lost coquette, pardon me .! I've been +blaming you, threatening you, behaving like a churl to +you, when he's the greatest sinner. He stole your dear +heart away with his unfathomable lies.! ... lt is a +fortunate thing for him that he's gone back to his +regiment -- -that he's away up the country, and not here! +I hope he may not return here just yet. I pray God +he may not come into my sight, for I may be tempted +beyond myself. O, Bathsheba, keep him away -- yes, +keep him away from me.!" +For a moment Boldwood stood so inertly after this +that his soul seemed to have been entirely exhaled with +the breath of his passionate words. He turned his face +away, and withdrew, and his form was soon covered over +by the twilight as his footsteps mixed in with the low +hiss of the leafy trees. +Bathsheba, who had been standing motionless as a +model all this latter time, flung her hands to her face, +and wildly attempted to ponder on the exhibition which +had just passed away. Such astounding wells of fevered +feeling in a still man like Mr. Boldwood were incompre+ +hensible, dreadful. Instead of being a man trained to +repression he was -- what she had seen him. +The force of the farmer's threats lay in their relation to a +circumstance known at present only to herself: her lover was +coming back to Weatherby in the course of the very next +day or two. Troy had not returned to his distant barracks as +Boldwood and others supposed, but had merely gone to visit +

+some acquaintance in Bath, and had yet a wek or more +remaining to his furlough. + She felt wretchedly certain that if he revisited her just at +this nick of time, and came into contact with Boldwood,a +fierce quarrel would be the consequence. She panted with +solicitude when she thought of possible injury to Troy. The +least spark would kindle the farmer's swift feelings of rage +and jealousy; he would lose his self-mastery as he had this +evening; Troy's blitheness might become aggressive; it might +take the direction of derision, and Boldwood's anger might +then take the direction of revenge. + With almost a morbid dread of being thought a gushing +girl, this guideless woman too well concealed from the world +under a manner of carelessness the warm depths of her strong +emotions. But now there was no reserve. In fer + +her distraction,instead of advancing further she +walked up and down,beating +the air with her fingers,pressing on her brow, and sobbing +brokenly to herself. Then she sat down on a heap of stones by +the wayside to think. There she remained long. Above the +dark margin of the earth appeared foreshores and promontor+ +ies of coppery cloud,bounding a green and pellucid expanse +in the western sky. Amaranthine glosses came over them then, +and the unresting world wheeled her round to a contrasting +prospect eastward, in the shape of indecisive and palpitating +stars. She gazed upon their silent throes amid the shades of +space, but realised none at all. Her troubled spirit was far +away with Troy. + +

+NIGHT -- HORSES TRAMPING +THE village of Weatherbury was quiet as the graveyard +in its midst, and the living were lying welinigh as still +as the dead. The church clock struck eleven. The +air was so empty of other sounds that the whirr of the +clock-work immediately before the strokes was distinct, +and so was also the click of the same at their close. +The notes flew forth with the usual blind obtuseness +of inanimate things -- flapping and rebounding among +walls, undulating against the scattered clouds, spreading +through their interstices into unexplored miles of space. +Bathsheba's crannied and mouldy halls were to-night +occupied only by Maryann, Liddy being, as was stated, +with her sister, whom Bathsheba had set out to visit. +A few minutes after eleven had struck, Maryann turned +in her bed with a sense of being disturbed. She was +totally unconscious of the nature of the interruption to +her sleep. It led to a dream, and the dream to an +awakening, with an uneasy sensation that something +had happened. She left her bed and looked out of +the window. The paddock abutted on this end of the +building, and in the paddock she could just discern by +the uncertain gray a moving figure approaching the +horse that was feeding there. The figure seized the +horse by the forelock, and led it to the corner of the +field. Here she could see some object which circum+ +stances proved to be a vehicle for after a few minutes +the horse down the road, mingled with the sound of +light wheels. +Two varieties only of humanity could have entered +the paddock with the ghostiike glide of that mysterious +figure. They were a woman and a gipsy man. A woman +was out of the question in such an occupation at this +hour, and the comer could be no less than a thief, who +might probably have known the weakness of the house+ +hold on this particular night, and have +

+chosen it on +that account for his daring attempt. Moreover, to +raise suspicion to conviction itself, there were gipsies in ! +Weatherbury Bottom. +Maryann, who had been afraid to shout in the robber's +presence, having seen him depart had no fear. She +hastily slipped on her clothes, stumped down the dis+ +jointed staircase with its hundred creaks, ran to Coggan's, +the nearest house, and raised an alarm. Coggan called +Gabriel, who now again lodged in his house as at first, +and together they went to the paddock. Beyond all +doubt the horse was gone. +" Hark .! ' said Gabriel. +They listened. Distinct upon the stagnant air came +the sounds of a trotting horse passing up Longpuddle +Lane -- just beyond the gipsies' encampment in Weather+ +bury Bottom. +" That's our Dainty-i'll swear to her step,' said Jan. +" Mighty me ! Won't mis'ess storm and call us stupids +wen she comes back ! ' moaned Maryann. "How I +wish it had happened when she was at home, and none +of us had been answerable .! ' +" We must ride after,' said Gabriel, decisively. +be responsible to Miss Everdene for what we do. Yes, +we'll follow. ' +" Faith, I don't see how,' said Coggan. " All our +horses are too heavy for that trick except little Poppet, +and what's she between two of us?-if we only had that +" pair over the hedge we might do something.' +'Which pair ? ' +'Mr Boldwood's Tidy and Moll.' +" Then wait here till I come hither again,' said Gabriel. +He ran down the hill towards Farmer Boldwood's. +" Farmer Boldwood is not at home,' said Maryann. +",All the better,' said Coggan. "I know what he's +gone for.' +Less than five minutes brought up Oak again, running +at the same pace, with two halters dangling from his hand, +"Where did you find 'em ?" said Coggan, turning +round and leaping upon the hedge without waiting for +an answer. +"Under the eaves. I knew where they were kept,' +said Gabriel, following him. "Coggan, you can ride +bare-backed ? there's no time to look for saddles.' +

+" Like a hero .! ' said Jan. +'Maryann, you go to hed,' Gabriel shouted to her +from the top of the hedge. +Springing down into Boldwood's pastures, each +pocketed his halter to hide it from the horses, who, +seeing the men empty-handed, docilely allowed them+ +selves to he seized by the mane, when the halters +were dexterously slipped on. Having neither bit nor +bridle, Oak and Coggan extemporized the former by +passing the rope in each case through the animal's +mouth and looping it on the other side. Oak vaulted +astride, and Coggan clambered up by aid of the hank, +when they ascended to the gate and galloped off in the +direction taken by Bathsheha's horse and the robber. +Whose vehicle the horse had been harnessed to was a +matter of some uncertainty. +Weatherbury Bottom was reached in three or four +minutes. They scanned the shady green patch by the +roadside. The gipsies were gone. +"The villains .! ' said Gabriel. 'Which way have they +gone, I wonder ? ' +'Straight on, as sure as God made little apples,' +said Jan. +" Very well; we are better mounted, and must over+ +discovered. The road-metal grew softer and more +rain had wetted its surface to a somewhat plastic, but +not muddy state. They came to cross-roads. Coggan +suddenly pulled up Moll and slipped off. +" What"s the matter ? ' said Gabriel. +"We must try to track 'em, since we can't hear 'em,' +said Jan, fumbling in his pockets. He struck a light, +and held the match to the ground. The rain had been +heavier here, and all foot and horse tracks made previous +to the storm had been abraded and blurred by the drops, +and they were now so many little scoops of water, which +reflected the flame of the match like eyes. One set of +tracks was fresh and had no water in them; one pair of +ruts was also empty, and not small canals, like the cthers. +The footprints forming this recent impression were full +

+of information as to pace ; they were in equidistant pairs, +three or four feet apart, the right and left foot of each +pair being exactly opposite one another. +"Straight on !. ' Jan exclaimed. "Tracks like that +mean a stiff gallop. No wonder we don't hear him. +And the horse is harnessed-iook at the ruts. Ay, +'How do you know ?' +"Old Jimmy Harris only shoed her last week, and +I'd swear to his make among ten thousand.' +"The rest of the gipsies must ha" gone on earlier, +or some other way,' said Oak. " 'You saw there were +no other tracks ? ' +"True.' They rode along silently for a long weary +time. Coggan carried an old pinchbeck repeater which +he had inherited from some genius in his family; and +it now struck one. He lighted another match, and ex+ +amined the ground again. +"'Tis a canter now,' he said, throwing away the light. +'A twisty', rickety pace for a gig. The fact is, they over+ +drove her at starting ; we shall catch "em yet.' +Again they hastened on, and entered Blackmore +Vale. Coggan's watch struck one. When they looked +again the hoof-marks were so spaced as to form a sort +of zigzag if united, like the lamps along a street. +" That's a trot, I know,' said Gabriel. +"Only a trot now,' said Coggan, cheerfully. "We +shall overtake him in time.' +They pushed rapidly on for yet two or three miles. +"Ah .! a moment,' said Jan. 'Let's see how she was +driven up this hill. "Twill help us,' A light was +promptly struck upon his gaiters as before, and the ex+ +amination made, +" Hurrah .! ' said Coggan. "She walked up here -- +and well she might. We shall get them in two miles, +for a crown.' +They rode three, and listened. No sound was to be +heard save a milipond trickling hoarsely through a +hatch, and suggesting gloomy possibilities of drowning +by juraping in. Gabriel dismounted when they came +to a turning. The tracks were ahsolutely the only guide +as to the direction that they now had, and great caution +was necessary to avoid confusing them +

+with some others +which had made their appearance lately. +"What does this mean ? -- though I guess,' said +Gabriel, looking up at Coggan as he moved the match +over the ground about the turning. Coggan, who, no +less than the panting horses, had latterly shown signs +of weariness, again scrutinized the mystic characters. +This time only three were of the regular horseshoe +shape. Every fourth was a dot. +HORSES TRAMPING +He screwed up his face and emitted a long +" whew-w-w !. ' +" Lame,' said Oak. +" Yes Dainty is lamed ; the near-foot-afore,' said +Coggan slowly staring still at the footprints. +" We'll push on,' said Gabriel, remounting his humid +steed. +Although the road along its greater part had been as +good as any turnpike-road in the country, it was nomin+ +ally only a byway. The last turning had brought them +into the high road leading to Bath. Coggan recollected +himself. +"We shall have him now ! ' he exclaimed. +" Where ? " +' Sherton Turnpike. The keeper of that gate is the +sleepiest man between here and London -- Dan Randall. +that's his name -- knowed en for years, when he was at +Casterbridge gate. Between the lameness and the gate +'tis a done job.' +was said until, against a shady background of foliage, +five white bars were visible, crossing their route a little +way ahead. +" Hush -- we are almost close !. ' said Gabriel. +"Amble on upon the grass,' said Coggan. +The white bars were blotted out in the midst by a +dark shape in front of them. The silence of this lonely +time was pierced by an exclamation from that quarter. +" Hoy-a-hoy ! Gate .! ' +It appeared that there had been a previous call which +they had not noticed, for on their close approach the +door of the turnpike-house opened, and the keeper +came out half-dressed, with a candle in his hand. The +rays illumined the whole group. +" Keep the gate close .! ' shouted Gabriel. " He has +stolen the horse !. ' +

+" Who ? ' said the turnpike-man. +Gabriel looked at the driver of the gig, and saw a +woman -- Bathsheba, his mistress. +On hearing his voice she had turned her face away +from the light. Coggan had, however, caught sight of +her in the meanwhile. +"Why, 'tis mistress-i'll take my oath .! ' he said, +amazed. +Bathsheba it certainly was, and she had by this time +done the trick she could do so well in crises not of love, +namely, mask a surprise by coolness of manner. +' Well, Gabriel,' she inquired quietly, ' where are you +going ? ' +' We thought -- -- ' began Gabriel. +Bath,' she said, taking for her own +use the assurance that Gahriel lacked. 'An important +matter made it necessary for me to give up my visit to +liddy, and go off at once. What, then, were you +following me ?' +' We thought the horse was stole.' +" Weli-what a thing .! How very foolish of you not +to know that I had taken the trap and horse. I could +neither wake Maryann nor get into the house, though +I hammered for ten minutes against her window-sill. +Fortunately, I could get the key of the coach-house, so +I troubled no one further. Didn't you think it might +be me?" +' Why should we, miss ? ' +" Perhaps not Why, those are never Farmer Bold+ +wood's horses .! Goodness mercy .! what have you been +" doing bringing trouble upon me in this way? What.! +mustn't a lady move an inch from her door without being +dogged like a thief?' +'But how was we to know, if you left no account of +your doings ? ' expostulated Coggan, "and ladies don't +" drive at these hours, miss, as a jineral rule of society.' +"I did leave an account -- and you would have seen +it in the morning. I wrote in chalk on the coach-house +doors that I had come back for the horse and gig, and +driven off; that I could arouse nobody, and should +return soon.' +" But you'll consider, ma'am, that we couldn't see +that till it got daylight.' +'True,' she said, and though vexed at first she had +too much +

+sense to blame them long or seriously for a +devotion to her that was as valuable as it was rare. +She added with a very pretty grace, ' Well, I really thank +you heartily for taking all this trouble; but I wish you +had borrowed anybody's horses but Mr. Boldwood's.' +'Dainty is lame, miss,' said Coggan. 'Can ye go +on?' +'lt was only a stone in her shoe. I got down and +pulled it out a hundred yards back. I can manage +very well, thank you. I shall be in Bath by daylight. +Will you now return, please?' +She turned her head -- the gateman's candle +shimmering upon her quick, clear eyes as she did so -- +passed through the gate, and was soon wrapped in the +embowering shades of mysterious summer boughs. +Coggan and Gabriel put about their horses, and, fanned +by the velvety air of this July night, retraced the road +by which they had come. +'A strange vagary, this of hers, isn't it, Oak?' said +Coggan, curiously. +'Yes,' said Gabriel, shortly. +'She won't be in Bath by no daylight!.' +'Coggan, suppose we keep this night's work as quiet +as we can?' +'I am of one and the same mind.' +'Very well. We shall be home by three o'clock or +so, and can creep into the parish like lambs.' +Bathsheba's perturbed meditations by the roadside +had ultimately evolved a conclusion that there were only +two remedies for the present desperate state of affairs. +The first was merely to keep Troy away from Weather+ +bury till Boldwood's indignation had cooled; the second +to listen to Oak's entreaties, and Boldwood's denuncia+ +tions, and give up Troy altogether. +Alas! Could she give up this new love -- induce +him to renounce her by saying she did not like him -- +could no more speak to him, and beg him, for her good, +to end his furlough in Bath, and see her and Weather' +bury no niore? +It was a picture full of misery, but for a while she +contemplated it firmly, allowing herself, nevertheless, +as girls will, to +

+dwell upon the happy life she would +have enjoyed had Troy been Boldwood, and the path +of love the path of duty -- inflicting upon herself gratuit+ +ous tortures by imagining him the lover of another +woman after forgetting her; for she had penetrated +Troy's nature so far as to estimate his tendencies pretty +accurately, hut unfortunately loved him no less in +thinking that he might soon cease to love her -- indeed, +considerably more. +She jumped to her feet. She would see him at once. +Yes, she would implore him by word of mouth to assist +her in this dilemma. A letter to keep him away could +not reach him in time, even if he should be disposed to +listen to it. +Was Bathsheba altogether blind to the obvious fact +that the support of a lover's arms is not of a kind best +calculated to assist a resolve to renounce him? Or was +she sophistically sensible, with a thrill of pleasure, that +by adopting this course for getting rid of him she was +ensuring a meeting with him, at any rate, once more? +It was now dark, and the hour must have been nearly +ten. The only way to accomplish her purpose was to +give up her idea of visiting Liddy at Yalbury, return to +Weatherbury Farm, put the horse into the gig, and drive +at once to Bath. The scheme seemed at first impossible : +the journey was a fearfully heavy one, even for a strong +horse, at her own estimate; and she much underrated +the distance. It was most venturesome for a woman, +at night, and alone. +But could she go on to Liddy's and leave things to +take their course? No, no; anything but that. Bath+ +sheba was full of a stimulating turbulence, beside which +caution vainly' prayed for a hearing. she turned back +towards the village. +Her walk was slow, for she wished not to enter +Weatherbury till the cottagers were in bed, and, par+ +ticularly, till Boldwood was secure. Her plan was now +to drive to Bath during the night, see Sergeant 'Troy in +the morning before he set out to come to her, bid him +farewell, and dismiss him: then to rest the horse +thoroughly (herself to weep the while, she thought), +starting early the next morning on her return journey. +By this arrangement she could trot Dainty gently all +the day, reach +

+Liddy at Yalbury in the evening, and +come home to Weatherbury with her whenever they +chose -- so nobody would know she had been to Bath +at all. +Such was Bathsheba's scheme. But in her topo+ +graphical ignorance as a late comer to the place, slie +misreckoned the distance of her journey as not much +more than half what it really was. Her idea, however, +she proceeded to carry out, with what initial success we +have already seen. + +

+IN THE SUN -- A HARBINGER +A WEEK passed, and there were no tidings of Bath+ +sheba; nor was there any explanation of her Gilpin's +rig. +Then a note came for Maryann, stating that the +business which had called her mistress to Bath still +detained her there; but that she hoped to return +in the course of another week. +Another week passed. The oat-harvest began, and +all the men were a-field under a monochromatic Lammas +sky, amid the trembling air and short shadows of noon. +Indoors nothing was to be heard save the droning of +blue-bottle flies; out-of-doors the whetting of scythes +and the hiss of tressy oat-ears rubbing together as their +perpendicular stalks of amber-yellow fell heavily to each +swath. Every drop of moisture not in the men's bottles +and flagons in the form of cider was raining as perspira+ +tion from their foreheads and cheeks. Drought was +everywhere else. +They were about to withdraw for a while into the +charitable shade of a tree in the fence, when Coggan +saw a figure in a blue coat and brass buttons running +to them across the field. +'I wonder who that is?' he said. +'I hope nothing is wrong about mistress,' said +Maryann, who with some other women was tying the +bundles (oats being always sheafed on this farm), 'but +an unlucky token came to me indoors this morning. +l went to unlock the door and dropped the key, and it +fell upon the stone floor and broke into two pieces. +Breaking a key is a dreadful bodement. I wish mis'ess +was home.' +''Tis Cain Ball,' said Gabriel, pausing from whetting +his reaphook. +Oak was not bound by his agreement to assist in the +corn-field; but the harvest month is an anxious time for +

+a farmer, and the corn was Bathsheba's, so he lent a +hand. +'He's dressed up in his best clothes,' said Matthew +Moon. 'He hev been away from home for a few days, +since he's had that felon upon his finger; for 'a said, +since I can't work I'll have a hollerday.' + 'A good time for one -- a" excellent time,' said Joseph +Poorgrass, straightening his back; for he, like some of +the others, had a way of resting a while from his labour +on such hot days for reasons preternaturally small; of +which Cain Pall's advent on a week-day in his Sunday+ +clothes was one of the first magnitude. ''Twas a bad leg +allowed me to read the Pilgrim's Progress, and Mark +Clark learnt AliFours in a whitlow.' +'Ay, and my father put his arm out of joint to have +time to go courting,' said Jan Coggan, in an eclipsing +tone, wiping his face with his shirt-sleeve and thrusting +back his hat upon the nape of his neck. +By this time Cainy was nearing the group of harvesters, +and was perceived to be carrying a large slice of bread +and ham in one hand, from which he took mouthfuls +as he ran, the other being wrapped in a bandage. +When he came close, his mouth assumed the bell shape, +and he began to cough violently. + 'Now, Cainy!.' said Gabriel, sternly. 'How many +more times must I tell you to keep from running so fast +when you be eating? You'll choke yourself some day, +that's what you'll do, Cain Ball.' + 'Hok-hok-hok.! 'replied Cain. 'A crumb of my +victuals went the wrong way -- hok-hok!, That's what +'tis, Mister Oak.! And I've been visiting to Bath +because I had a felon on my thumb; yes, and l've +seen -- ahok-hok!' +Directly Cain mentioned Bath, they all threw down +their hooks and forks and drew round him. Un+ +fortunately the erratic crumb did not improve his +narrative powers, and a supplementary hindrance was +that of a sneeze, jerking from his pocket his rather large +watch, which dangled in front of the young man +pendulum-wise. +

+ 'Yes,' he continued, directing his thoughts to Bath +and letting his eyes follow, 'l've seed the world at last + -- yes -- and I've seed our mis'ess -- ahok-hok-hok ! ' +' Bother the boy! ' said Gabriel. ' Something is +always going the wrong way down your throat, so that +you can't tell what's necessary to be told.' +"Ahok !. there ! Please, Mister Oak, a gnat have +just fleed into my stomach and brought the cough on +again !. ' +'Yes, that's just it. Your mouth is always open, you +young rascal .! ' +''Tis terrible bad to have a gnat fly down yer throat, +pore boy !. ' said Matthew Moon. +' Well, at Bath you saw -- -- ' prompted Gabriel. +'I saw our mistress,' continued the junior shepherd, +'and a sojer, walking along. And bymeby they got +closer and closer, and then they went arm-in-crook, like +courting complete -- hok-hok ! like courting complete -- +hok .! -- courting complete -- -- " Losing the thread of his +narrative at this point simultaneously with his loss of +breath, their informant looked up and down the field +apparently for some clue to it. 'Well, I see our mis'ess +and a soldier -- a-ha-a-wk .! ' +A HARBlNGER +!Damn the boy !' said Gabriel. +!'Tis only my manner, Mister Oak, if ye'll excuse it,' +said Cain Ball, looking reproachfully at Oak, with eyes +drenched in their own dew. +!Here's some cider for him -- that'll cure his throat,' +said Jan Coggan, lifting a flagon of cider, pulling out +the cork, and applying the hole to Cainy's mouth; +Joseph Poorgrass in the meantime beginning to think +apprehensively of the serious consequences that would +follow Cainy Ball's strangulation in his cough, and the +history of his Bath adventures dying with him. +"For my poor self, I always say "please God ' afore +I do anything,' said Joseph, in an unboastful voice ; " and +so should you, Cain Ball. "Tis a great safeguard, and +might perhaps save you from being choked to death +some day.' +Mr. Coggan poured the liquor with unstinted liber+ +ality at the suffering Cain's circular mouth; half of it +running down the +

+side of the flagon, and half of what +reached his mouth running down outside his throat, +and half of what ran in going the wrong way, and being +coughed and sneezed around the persons of the gathered +reapers in the form of a cider fog, which for a moment +hung in the sunny air like a small exhalation. +"There's a great clumsy sneeze ! Why can't ye have +better manners, you young dog ! ' said Coggan, with+ +drawing the flagon. +"The cider went up my nose ! ' cried Cainy, as soon +as he could speak; "and now 'tis gone down my neck, +and into my poor dumb felon, and over my shiny +buttons and all my best cloze ! ' +"The poor lad's cough is terrible onfortunate,' said +Matthew Moon. 'And a great history on hand, too. +Bump his back, shepherd.' +"'Tis my nater,' mourned Cain. "Mother says I +always was so excitable when my feelings were worked +up to a point!' +" True, true,' said Joseph Poorgrass. "The Balls +were always a very excitable family. I knowed the +boy's grandfather -- a truly nervous and modest man, +even to genteel refinery. 'Twas blush, blush with him, +almost as much as 'tis with me -- not but that 'tis a +fault in me !' +"Not at all, Master Poorgrass,' said Coggan. " 'Tis +a very noble quality in ye.' +"Heh-heh ! well, I wish to noise nothing abroad -- +nothing at all,' murmured Poorgrass, diffidently. " But +we be born to things -- that's true. Yet I would rather +my trifle were hid ; though, perhaps, a high nater is a +little high, and at my birth all things were possible to +my Maker, and he may have begrudged no gifts.... +But under your bushel, Joseph ! under your bushel with +'ee ! A strange desire, neighbours, this desire to hide, +and no praise due. Yet there is a Sermon on the +Mount with a calendar of the blessed at the head, and +certain meek men may be named therein.' +"Cainy's grandfather was a very clever man,' said +Matthew Moon. "Invented a' apple-tree out of his own +head, which is called by his name to this day -- the Early +Ball. You know 'em, +

+Jan ? A Quarrenden grafted on +a Tom Putt, and a Rathe-ripe upon top o' that again. +'Tis trew 'a used to bide about in a public-house wi' a +'ooman in a way he had no business to by rights, but +there -- 'a were a clever man in the sense of the term.' +" Now then,' said Gabriel, impatiently, " what did you +see, Cain ? ' +"I seed our mis'ess go into a sort of a park place, +where there's seats, and shrubs and flowers, arm-in-crook +with a sojer,' continued Cainy, firmly, and with a dim +sense that his words were very effective as regarded +Gabriel's emotions. "And I think the sojer was +Sergeant Troy. And they sat there together for more +than half-an-hour, talking moving things, and she once +was crying a'most to death. And when they came out +her eyes were shining and she was as white as a lily; +and they looked into one another's faces, as far-gone +friendly as a man and woman can be.' +Gabriel's features seemed to get thinner. " Well, +what did you see besides ? ' +" Oh, all sorts." +"White as a lily? You are sure 'twas she? +" Yes." +" Well, what besides ? ' +"Great glass windows to the shops, and great clouds +in the sky, full of rain, and old wooden trees in the +country round.' +" You stun-poll! What will ye say next?' said +Coggan. +" Let en alone,' interposed Joseph Poorgrass. "The +boy's maning is that the sky and the earth in the +kingdom of Bath is not altogether different from ours +here. 'Tis for our good to gain knowledge of strange +cities, and as such the boy's words should be suffered, +so to speak it.' +" And the people of Bath,' continued Cain, "never +need to light their fires except as a luxury, for the +water springs up out of the earth ready boiled for +use.' +" 'Tis true as the light,' testified Matthew Moon. ' I've +heard other navigators say the same thing.' +" They drink nothing else there,' said Cain, ' and seem +to enjoy it, to see how they swaller it down.' +

+"Well, it seems a barbarian practice enough to us, +but I daresay the natives think nothing o' it,' said +Matthew. +"And don't victuals spring up as well as drink?' +asked Coggan, twirling his eye. +"No-i own to a blot there in Bath -- a true blot. +God didn't proride 'em with victuals as well as (+ +and 'twas a drawback I couldn't get over at all.' +" Well, 'tis a curious place, to say the least,' observed +Moon; "and it must be a curious people that live +therein. ' +"Miss Everdene and the soldier were walking about +together, you say ? ' said Gabriel, returning to the +group. +"Ay, and she wore a beautiful gold-colour silk +gown, trimmed with black lace, that would have stood +alone 'ithout legs inside if required. 'Twas a very +winsome sight; and her hair was brushed splendid. +And when the sun shone upon the bright gown and his +red coat -- my ! how handsome they looked. You +could see 'em all the length of the street.' +" And what then ? ' murmured Gabriel. +"And then I went into Griffin's to hae my boots +hobbed, and then I went to Riggs's batty-cake shop, +and asked 'em for a penneth of the cheapest and nicest +stales, that were all but blue-mouldy, but not quite. +And whilst I was chawing 'em down I walked on and +seed a clock with a face as big as a baking trendle -- -- ' +"But that's nothing to do with mistress ! ' +"I'm coming to that, if you'll leave me alone, Mister +Oak ! ' remonstrated Cainy. "If you excites me, +perhaps you'll bring on my cough, and then I shan't be +able to tell ye nothing.' +" Yes-iet him tell it his own way,' said Coggan. +Gabriel settled into a despairing attitude of patience, +and Cainy went on : -- +"And there were great large houses, and more +people all the week long than at Weatherbury club+ +walking on White Tuesdays. And I went to grand +churches and chapels. And how the parson would pray ! +Yes; he would kneel down and put up his hands +together, and make the holy gold rings on his fingers +gleam and twinkle in yer eyes, that he'd earned +by praying so excellent well ! -- Ah yes, I wish I lived +there.' +

+"Our poor Parson Thirdly can't get no money to +buy such rings,' said Matthew Moon, thoughtfully. +"And as good a man as ever walked. I don't believe +poor Thirdly have a single one, even of humblest tin or +copper. Such a great ornament as they'd be to him on +a dull a'ternoon, when he's up in the pulpit lighted by +the wax candles ! But 'tis impossible, poor man. Ah, +to think how unequal things be.' +"Perhaps he's made of different stuff than to wear +'em,' said Gabriel, grimly. ' Well, that's enough of this. +Go on, Cainy -- quick.' +' Oh -- and the new style of pa'sons wear moustaches +and long beards,' continued the illustrious traveller, +'and look like Moses and Aaron complete, and make +we fokes in the congregation feel all over like the +children of Israel.' +"A very right feeling -- very,' said Joseph Poorgrass. +"And there's two religions going on in the nation +now -- High Church and High Chapel. And, thinks I, +I'll play fair; so I went to High Church in the morning, +and High Chapel in the afternoon.' +' A right and proper boy,' said Joseph Poorgrass. +"Well, at High Church they pray singing, and worship +all the colours of the rainbow; and at High Chapel they +pray preaching, and worship drab and whitewash only. +And then-i didn't see no more of Miss Everdene at +all.' +'Why didn't you say so afore, then ? ' exclaimed Oak, +with much disappointment. +' Ah,' said Matthew Moon, 'she'll wish her cake +dough if so be she's over intimate with that man.' +'She's not over intimate with him,' said Gabriel, +indignantly. +'She would know better,' said Coggan. "Our +mis'ess has too much sense under they knots of black +hair to do such a mad thing.' +"You see, he's not a coarse, ignorant man, for he +was well brought up,' said Matthew, dubiously. " 'Twas +only wildness that made him a soldier, and maids rather +like your man of sin.' +"Now, Cain Ball,' said Gabriel restlessly, "can you +swear in the most +

+awful form that the woman you saw +was Miss Everdene ? ' +'Cain Ball, you be no longer a babe and suckling,' +said Joseph in the sepulchral tone the circumstances +demanded, "and you know what taking an oath is. +'Tis a horrible testament mind ye, which you say and +seal with your blood-stone, and the prophet Matthew +tells us that on whomsoever it shall fall it will grind +him to powder. Now, before all the work-folk here +assembled, can you swear to your words as the shep+ +herd asks ye ?' +" Please no, Mister Oak ! ' said Cainy, looking from +one to the other with great uneasiness at the spiritual +magnitude of the position. "I don't mind saying 'tis +true, but I don't like to say 'tis damn true, if that's +what you mane.' +'Cain, Cain, how can you ! ' asked Joseph sternly. +"You be asked to swear in a holy manner, and you +swear like wicked Shimei, the son of Gera, who cursed +as he came. Young man, fie ! ' +"No, I don't ! 'Tis you want to squander a pore +boy's soul, Joseph Poorgrass -- that's what 'tis ! ' said +Cain, beginning to cry. "All I mane is that in common +truth 'twas Miss Everdene and Sergeant Troy, but in +the horrible so-help-me truth that ye want to make of +it perhaps 'twas somebody else ! ' +'There's no getting at the rights of it,' said Gabriel, +turning to his work. +"Cain Ball, you'll come to a bit of bread ! ' groaned +Joseph Poorgrass. +Then the reapers' hooks were flourished again, and +the old sounds went on. Gabriel, without making any +pretence of being lively, did nothing to show that he +was particularly dull. However, Coggan knew pretty +nearly how the land lay, and when they were in a nook +together he said -- +' Don't take on about her, Gabriel. What difference +does it make whose sweetheart she is, since she can't be +yours ? ' +"That's the very thing I say to myself,' said Gabriel. + +

+HOME AGAIN -- A TRICKSTER +THAT same evening at dusk Gabriel was leaning over +Coggan's garden-gate, taking an up-and-down survey +before retiring to rest. +A vehicle of some kind was softly creeping along +the grassy margin of the lane. From it spread the +tones of two women talking. The tones were natural +and not at all suppressed. Oak instantly knew the +voices to he those of Bathsheba and Liddy. +The carriage came opposite and passed by. It was +Miss Everdene's gig, and Liddy and her mistress were +the only occupants of the seat. Liddy was asking +questions about the city of Bath, and her companion +was answering them listlessly and unconcernedly. Both +Bathsheba and the horse seemed weary. +The exquisite relief of finding that she was here +again, safe and sound, overpowered all reflection, and +Oak could only luxuriate in the sense of it. All grave +reports were forgotten. +He lingered and lingered on, till there was no +difference between the eastern and western expanses +of sky, and the timid hares began to limp courageously +round the dim hillocks. Gabriel might have been +there an additional half-hour when a dark form walked +slowly by. " Good-night, Gabriel,' the passer said. +It was Boldwood. " Good-night, sir,' said Gabriel. +Boldwood likewise vanished up the road, and Oak +shortly afterwards turned indoors to bed. +Farmer Boldwood went on towards Miss Everdene's +house. He reached the front, and approaching the +entrance, saw a light in the parlour. The blind was +not drawn down, and inside the room was Bathsheba, +looking over some papers or letters. Her back was +towards Boldwood. He went to the door, +

+knocked, +and waited with tense muscles and an aching brow. +Boldwood had not been outside his garden since +his meeting with Bathsheba in the road to Yalbury. +Silent and alone, he had remained in moody medita+ +tion on woman's ways, deeming as essentials of the +whole sex the accidents of the single one of their +number he had ever closely beheld. By degrees a +more charitable temper had pervaded him, and this +was the reason of his sally to-night. He had come to +apologize and beg forgiveness of Bathsheba with some+ +thing like a sense of shame at his violence, having but +just now learnt that she had returned -- only from a +visit to Liddy, as he supposed, the Bath escapade +being quite unknown to him. +He inquired for Miss Everdene. Liddy's manner +was odd, but he did not notice it. She went in, leaving +him standing there, and in her absence the blind of the +room containing Bathsheba was pulled down. Bold+ +wood augured ill from that sign. Liddy came out. +"My mistress cannot see you, sir,' she said. +The farmer instantly went out by the gate. He +as unforgiven -- that was the issue of it all. He had +seen her who was to him simultaneously a delight and +a torture, sitting in the room he had shared with her +as a peculiarly privileged guest only a little earlier in +he summer, and she had denied him an entrance +there now. +Boldwood did not hurry homeward. It was ten +o'clock at least, when, walking deliberately through the +lower part of Weatherbury, he heard the carrier's spring +van entering the village. The van ran to and from a +town in a northern direction, and it was owned and +driven by a Weatherbury man, at the door of whose +house it now pulled up. The lamp fixed to the head +of the hood illuminated a scarlet and gilded form, who +was the first to alight. +'Ah ! ' said Boldwood to himself, "come to see her +again.' +Troy entered the carrier's house, which had been +the place of his lodging on his last visit to his native +place. Boldwood was moved by a sudden determina+ +tion. He hastened home. In ten minutes he was +back again, and made as if he were going to call upon +Troy at the carrier's. But as he approached, some +

+one opened the door and came out. He heard this +person say " Good-night ' to the inmates, and the voice +was Troy's. 'This was strange, coming so immediately +after his arrival. Boldwood, however, hastened up +to him. Troy had what appeared to be a carpet-bag +in his hand -- the same that he had brought with him. +It seemed as if he were going to leave again this very +night. +Troy turned up the hill and quickened his pace. +Boldwood stepped forward. +" Sergeant Troy ? ' +" Yes-i'm Sergeant Troy.' +" Just arrived from up the country, I think ?' +" Just arrived from Bath.' +" I am William Boldwood.' +" Indeed.' +The tone in which this word was uttered was all +that had been wanted to bring Boldwood to the +point. +" I wish to speak a word with you,' he said. +" What about ? ' +" About her who lives just ahead there -- and about +a woman you have wronged.' +" I wonder at your impertinence,' said Troy, moving +on. +" Now look here,' said Boldwood, standing in front +of him, " wonder or not, you are going to hold a conver+ +sation with me.' +Troy heard the dull determination in Boldwood's +voice, looked at his stalwart frame, then at the thick +cudgel he carried in his hand. He remembered it was +past ten o'clock. It seemed worth while to be civil to +Boldwood. +" Very well, I'll listen with pleasure,' said Troy, +placing his bag on the ground, "only speak low, for +somebody or other may overhear us in the farmhouse +there.' +" Well then -- I know a good deal concerning your +Fanny Robin's attachment to you. I may say, too, that +I believe I am the only person in the village, excepting +Gabriel Oak, who does know it. You ought to marry +her.' +" I suppose I ought. Indeed, l wish to, but I +cannot.' +" Why ? ' +Troy was about to utter something hastily; he then +checked +

+himself and said, "I am too poor.' His voice +was changed. Previously it had had a deviimay-care +tone. It was the voice of a trickster now. +Boldwood's present mood was not critical enough to +notice tones. He continued, "I may as well speak +plainly; and understand, I don't wish to enter into the +questions of right or wrong, woman's honour and shame, +or to express any opinion on your conduct. I intend a +business transaction with you.' +" I see,' said Troy. " Suppose we sit down here.' +An old tree trunk lay under the hedge immediately +opposite, and they sat down. +The tone in which this word was uttered was all +Troy heard the dull determination in Boldwood's +voice, looked at his stalwart frame, then at the thick +plainly ; and understand, I don't wish to enter into the +" I was engaged to be married to Miss Everdene,' +said Boldwood, "but you came and -- -- ' +" Not engaged,' said Troy. +" As good as engaged.' +" If I had not turned up she might have become en+ +gaged to you.' +" Hang might ! ' +" Would, then.' +" If you had not come I should certainly -- yes, +certainly -- have been accepted by this time. If you had +not seen her you might have been married to Fanny. +Well, there's too much difference between Miss Ever+ +dene's station and your own for this flirtation with her +ever to benefit you by ending in marriage. So all I ask +is, don't molest her any more. Marry Fanny. +make it worth your while.' +" How will you ?' +" I'll pay you well now, I'll settle a sum of money +upon her, and I'll see that you don't suffer from poverty +in the future. I'll put it clearly. Bathsheba is only +playing with you: you are too poor for her as I said; +so give up wasting your time about a great match you'll +never make for a moderate and rightful match you may +make to-morrow; take up your carpet-bag, turn about, +leave Weatherbury now, this night, and you shall take +fifty pounds with you. Fanny shall have fifty to enable +her to prepare for the wedding, when you have told me +where she is living, and she shall have five hundred +paid down on her wedding-day.' +

+In making this statement Boldwood's voice revealed +only too clearly a consciousness of the weakness of his +position, his aims, and his method. His manner had +lapsed quite from that of the firm and dignified Bold+ +wood of former times; and such a scheme as he had +now engaged in he would have condemned as childishly +imbecile only a few months ago. We discern a grand +force in the lover which helacks whilst a free man; but +there is a breadth of vision in the free man which in +the lover we vainly seek. Where there is much bias +there must be some narrowness, and love, though added +emotion, is subtracted capacity. Boldwood exemplified +this to an abnormal degree: he knew nothing of Fanny +Robin's circumstances or whereabouts, he knew nothing +of Troy's possibilities, yet that was what he said. +" I like Fanny best,' said Troy; "and if, as you say, +Miss Everdene is out of my reach, why I have all to +gain by accepting your money, and marrying Fan. But +she's only a servant.' +" Never mind -- do you agree to my arrangement ?' +" I do.' +" Ah ! ' said Boldwood, in a more elastic voice. "O, +Troy, if you like her best, why then did you step in here +and injure my happiness ? ' +" I love Fanny best now,' said Troy. "But +Bathsh -- -- Miss Everdene inflamed me, and displaced +Fanny for a time. It is over now.' +" Why should it be over so soon? And why then +did you come here again ? ' +" There are weighty reasons. Fifty pounds at once, +you said !' +" I did,' said Boldwood, " and here they are -- fifty +sovereigns.' He handed Troy a small packet. +" You have everything ready -- it seems that you +calculated on my accepting them,' said the sergeant, +taking the packet. +" I thought you might accept them,' said Boldwood. +" You've only my word that the programme shall be +adhered to, whilst I at any rate have fifty pounds.' +" l had thought of that, and l have considered that +if I can't appeal to your honour I can trust to your -- +well, shrewdness we'll call it -- not to lose five hundred +pounds in prospect, and +

+also make a bitter enemy of a +man who is willing to be an extremely useful friend.' +" Stop, listen ! ' said Troy in a whisper. +A light pit-pat was audible upon the road just above +them. +'By George -- 'tis she,' he continued. 'I must go +on and meet her.' +'She -- who ? ' +'Bathsheba.' +'Bathsheba -- out alone at this time o' night .! ' said +Boldwood in amazement, and starting up. ' Why must +you meet her ?' +'She was expecting me to-night -- and I must now +speak to her, and wish her good-bye, according to your +wish. ' +'I don't see the necessity of speaking.' +'It can do no harm -- and she'll be wandering about +looking for me if I don't. You shall hear all I say to her. +It will help you in your love-making when I am gone.' +'Your tone is mocking.' +'O no. And renaember this, if she does not know +what has become of me, she will think more about me +than if I tell her flatly I have come to give her up.' +'Will you confine your words to that one point ? -- + +Shall I hear every word you say ? ' +'Every word. Now sit still there, and hold my' +carpet bag for me, and mark what you hear.' +The light footstep came closer, halting occasionally, +as if the walker listened for a sound. Troy whistled a +double note in a soft, fluty tone. +'Come to that, is it ! ' murmured Boldwood, uneasily. +'You promised silence,' said Troy. +'I promise again.' +Troy stepped forward. +'Frank, dearest, is that you ? ' The tones were +Bathsheba's. +'O God .! ' said Boldwood. +'Yes,' said Troy to her. +'How late you are,' she continued, tenderly. 'Did +you come by the carrier ? I listened and heard his +wheels entering the village, but it was some time ago, +and I had almost given you up, Frank.' +

+'I was sure to come,' said Frank. 'You knew I +should, did you not ? ' +'Well, I thought you would,' she said, playfully ; +'and, Frank, it is so lucky .! There's not a soul in my +house but me to-night. I've packed them all off so +nobody on earth will know of your visit to your lady's +bower. Liddy wanted to go to her grandfather's to +tell him about her holiday, and I said she might stay +with them till to-morrow -- when you'll be gone again.' +'Capital,' said Troy. ' But, dear me, I. had better +go back for my bag, because my slippers and brush and +comb are in it; you run home whilst I fetch it, and I'll +promise to be in your parlour in ten minutes.' +'Yes.' She turned and tripped up the hill again. +During the progress of this dialogue there was a +nervous twitching of Boldwood's tightly closed lips, and +his face became bathed in a clammy dew. He now +started forward towards Troy. Troy turned to him and +took up the bag. +'Shall I tell her I have come to give her up and +cannot marry her ? ' said the soldier, mockingly. +'No, no; wait a minute. I want to say more to +you -- more to you !. ' said Boldwood, in a hoarse whisper. +'Now,' said Troy, ' you see my dilemma. Perhaps +I am a bad man -- the victim of my impulses -- led away +to do what I ought to leave undone. I can't, however, +marry them both. And I have two reasons for- choosing +Fanny. First, I like her best upon the whole, and +second, you make it worth my while.' +At the same instant Boldwood sprang upon him, and +held him by the neck. Troy felt Boldwood's grasp slowly +tightening. The move was absolutely unexpected. +'A moment,' he gasped. 'You are injuring her you +love .! ' +'Well, what do you mean ? ' said the farmer. +Give me breath,' said Troy. +Boldwood loosened his hand, saying, 'By Heaven, +I've a mind to kill you .!' +'And ruin her.' +'Save her.' +'Oh, how can she be saved now, unless I marry her ? ' +

+Boldwood groaned. He reluctantly released the +soldier, and flung him back against the hedge. 'Devil, +you torture me .! ' said he. +Troy rebounded like a ball, and was about to make +a dash at the farmer; but he checked himself, saying +lightly -- +'It is not worth while to measure my strength with +you. Indeed it is a barbarous way of settling a quarrel. +I shall shortly leave the army because of the same +conviction. Now after that revelation of how the land +lies with Bathsheba, 'twould be a mistake to kill me, +would it not?' +''Twould be a mistake to kill you,' repeated Boldwood, +mechanically, with a bowed head. +'Better kill yourself.' +' Far better.' +'I'm glad you see it.' +'Troy, make her your wife, and don't act upon what +I arranged just now. The alternative is dreadful, but +take Bathsheba; I give her up .! She must love you +indeed to sell soul and body to you so utterly as she +has done. Wretched woman -- deluded woman -- you +are, Bathsheba .! ' +'But about Fanny ? ' +'Bathsheba is a woman well to do,' continued Bold+ +wood, in nervous anxiety, 'and, Troy, she will make a +good wife ; and, indeed, she is worth your hastening +on your marriage with her .! ' +'But she has a wili-not to say a temper, and I shall +be a mere slave to her. I could do anything with poor +Fanny Robin.' +'Troy,' said Boldwood, imploringly, ' I'll do anything +for you, only don't desert her; pray don't desert her, +Troy.' +'Which, poor Fanny ? ' +'No ; Bathsheba Everdene. Love her best .! Love +her tenderly !. How shall I get you to see how advan+ +tageous it will be to you to secure her at once ?' +'I don't wish to secure her in any new way.' +Boldwood's arm moved spasmodically towards Troy's +person again. He repressed the instinct, and his form +drooped as with pain. +Troy went on -- +

+"I shall soon purchase my discharge, and then -- -- ' +'But I wish you to hasten on this marriage !. It will +be better for you both. You love each other, and you +must let me help you to do it.' +'How ? ' +'Why, by settling the five hundred on Bathsheba +instead of Fanny, to enable you to marry at once. +No ; she wouldn't have it of me. I'll pay it down to +you on the wedding-day.' +Troy paused in secret amazement at Boldwood's +wild infatuation. He carelessly said, 'And am I to +have anything now ? ' +'Yes, if you wish to. But I have not much additional +money with me. I did not expect this; but all I have +is yours.' +Boldwood, more like a somnambulist than a wakeful +man, pulled out the large canvas bag he carried by way +of a purse, and searched it. +'I have twenty-one pounds more with me,' he said. +'Two notes and a sovereign. But before I leave you +I must have a paper signed -- -- ' +'Pay me the money, and we'll go straight to her +parlour, and make any arrangement you please to secure +my compliance with your wishes. But she must know +nothing of this cash business.' +' Nothing, nothing,' said Boldwood, hastily. 'Here +is the sum, and if you'll come to my house we'll write +out the agreement for the remainder, and the terms +also.' +' First we'll call upon her.' +'But why? Come with me to-night, and go with +me to-morrow to the surrogate's.' +'But she must be consulted; at any rate informed.' +'Very well; go on.' +They went up the hill to Bathsheba's house. When +they stood at the entrance, Troy said, 'Wait here a +moment.' Opening the door, he glided inside, leaving +the door ajar. +Boldwood waited. In two minutes a light appeared +in the passage. Boldwood then saw that the chain +had been fastened across the door. Troy appeared +inside, carrying a bedroom candlestick. +

+'What, did you think I should break in ?' said +Boldwood, contemptuously. +'Oh, no; it is merely my humour to secure things. +Will you read this a moment ? I'll hold the light.' +Troy handed a folded newspaper through the slit +between door and doorpost, and put the candle close. +'That's the paragraph,' he said, placing his finger on +a line. +Boldwood looked and read -- +'MARRIAGES. +'On the 17th inst., at St. Ambrose's Church, Bath, +by the Rev. G. Mincing, B.A., Francis Troy, only son +of the late Edward Troy, Esq., H.D., of Weatherbury, +and sergeant iith Dragoon Guards, to Bathsheba, only +surviving daughter of the late Mr, John Everdene, of +Casterbridge.' +'This may be called Fort meeting Feeble, hey, +Boldwood ?' said Troy. A low gurgle of derisive +laughter followed the words. +The paper fell from Boldwood's hands. Troy +continued -- +'Fifty pounds to marry Fanny, Good. Twenty-+ +one pounds not to marry Fanny, but Bathsheba. Good. +Finale : already Bathsheba's husband. Now, Boldwood, +yours is the ridiculous fate which always attends inter+ +ference between a man and his wife. And another +word. Bad as I am, I am not such a villain as to +make the marriage or misery of any woman a matter +of huckster and sale. Fanny has long ago left me. +don't know where she is. I have searched everywhere. +Another word yet. You say you love Bathsheba ; yet +on the merest apparent evidence you instantly believe +in her dishonour. A fig for such love !. Now that I've +taught you a lesson, take your money back again.' +'I will not ; I will not !. ' said Boldwood, in a hiss. +'Anyhow I won't have it,' said Troy, contemptuously. +He wrapped the packet of gold in the notes, and threw +the whole into the road. +Boldwood shook his clenched fist at him. 'You +juggler of Satan .! You black hound .! But I'll punish +you yet ; mark me, I'll punish you yet !. ' +

+Another peal of laughter. Troy then closed the +door, and locked himself in. +Throughout the whole of that night Boldwood's dark +downs of Weatherbury like an unhappy Shade in the +Mournful Fields by Acheron. + +

+CHAPTER XXXV +AT AN UPPER WINDOW +IT was very early the next morning -- a time of sun and +dew. The confused beginnings of many birds' songs +spread into the healthy air, and the wan blue of the +heaven was here and there coated with thin webs of +incorporeal cloud which were of no efect in obscuring +day. All the lights in the scene were yellow as to +colour, and all the shadows were attenuated as to form. +The creeping plants about the old manor-house were +bowed with rows of heavy water drops, which had upon +objects behind them the effect of minute lenses of high +magnifying power. +Just before the clock struck five Gabriel Oak and +Coggan passed the village cross, and went on together +to the fields. They were yet barely in view of their +mistress"s house, when Oak fancied he saw the opening +of a casement in one of the upper windows. The two +men were at this moment partially screened by an elder +bush, now beginning to be enriched with black bunches +of fruit, and they paused before emerging from its +shade. +A handsome man leaned idly from the lattice. He +looked east and then west, in the manner of one who +makes a first morning survey. The man was Sergeant +Troy. His red jacket was loosely thrown on, but not +buttoned, and he had altogether the relaxed bearing of +a soldier taking his ease. +Coggan spoke first, looking quietly at the window. +'She has married him ! ' he said. +Gabriel had previously beheld the sight, and he now +stood with his back turned, making no reply. +'I fancied we should know something to-day,' con+ +tinued Coggan. 'I heard wheels pass my door just +after dark -- you were out somewhere.'He glanced +round upon Gabriel. 'Good +

+heavens above us, Oak, +how white your face is; you look like a corpse !.' +'Do I?' said Oak, with a faint smile. +'Lean on the gate: I'll wait a bit.' +',All right, all right. ' +They stood by the gate awhile, Gabriel listlessly +staring at the ground. His mind sped into the future, +and saw there enacted in years of leisure the scenes o +repentance that would ensue from this work of haste +That they were married he had instantly decided. Why +had it been so mysteriously managed ? It had become +known that she had had a fearful journey to Bath, owing +to her miscalculating the distance : that the horse had +broken down, and that she had been more than two +days getting there. It was not Bathsheba's way to do +things furtively. With all her faults, she was candour +itself. Could she have been entrapped ? The union +was not only an unutterable grief to him: it amazed +him, notwithstanding that he had passed the preceding +week in a suspicion that such might be the issue of +Troy's meeting her away from home. Her quiet return +with liddy had to some extent dispersed the dread. +Just as that imperceptible motion which appears like +stillness is infinitely divided in its properties from stili +ness itself, so had his hope undistinguishable from +despair differed from despair indeed. +In a few minutes they moved on again towards the +house. The sergeant still looked from the window. +'Morning, comrades .! ' he shouted, in a cheery voice, +when they came up. +Coggan replied to the greeting. ' Bain't ye going to +answer the man ?' he then said to Gabriel. 'I'd say +good morning -- you needn't spend a hapeth of meaning +upon it, and yet keep the man civil.' +Gabriel soon decided too that, since the deed was +done, to put the best face upon the matter would be the +greatest kindness to her he loved. +'Good morning, Sergeant Troy,' he returned, in a +ghastly voice. +'A rambling, gloomy house this,' said Troy, smiling. +

+' Why -- they may not be married .! ' suggested Coggan. +' Perhaps she's not there.' +Gabriel shook his head. The soldier turned a little +towards the east, and the sun kindled his scarlet coat +to an orange glow. +'But it is a nice old house,' responded Gabriel. +'Yes-i suppose so; but I feel like new wine in an +old bottle here. My notion is that sash-windows should +be put throughout, and these old wainscoted walls +brightened up a bit ; or the oak cleared quite away, and +the walls papered.' +'It would be a pity, I think.' +'Well, no. A philosopher once said in my hearing +that the old builders, who worked when art was a living +thing, had no respect for the work of builders who went +before them, but pulled down and altered as they +thought fit; and why shouldn't we ? ''Creation and +preservation don't do well together,'' says he, ''and a +million of antiquarians can't invent a style.'' My mind +exactly. I am for niaking this place more modern, that +we may be cheerful whilst we can.' +The military man turned and surveyed the interior +of the room, to assist his ideas of improvement in this +direction. Gabriel and Coggan began to move on. +' Oh, Coggan,' said Troy, as if inspired by a recollec+ +tion ' do you know if insanity has ever appeared in Mr. +Boldwood's family ? ' +Jan reflected for a moment. +'I once heard that an uncle of his was queer in his +head, but I don't know the rights o't,' he said. +'It is of no importance,' said Troy, lightly. 'Well, +I shall be down in the fields with you some time this +week ; but I have a few matters to attend to first. So +good-day to you. We shall, of course, keep on just as +friendly terms as usual. I'm not a proud man : nobody +is ever able to say that of Sergeant Troy. However, +what is must be, and here's half-a-crown to drink my +health, men.' +Troy threw the coin dexterously across the front plot +and over the fence towards Gabriel, who shunned it in +its fall, his face turning to an angry red. Coggan +twirled his eye, edged +

+forward, and caught the money +in its ricochet upon the road. +' very weli-you keep it, Coggan,' said Gabriel with +disdain and almost fiercely. 'As for me, I'll do with+ +out gifts from him !' +'Don't show it too much,' said Coggan, musingly. +'For if he's married to her, mark my words, he'll buy +his discharge and be our master here. Therefore 'tis +well to say '' Friend '' outwardly, though you say +''Troublehouse '' within. ' +' Weli-perhaps it is best to be silent; but I can't +go further than that. I can't flatter, and if my place +here is only to be kept by smoothing him down, my +place must be lost.' +A horseman, whom they had for some time seen in +the distance, now appeared close beside them. +' There's Mr. Boldwood,' said Oak. ' I wonder what +Troy meant by his question.' +Coggan and Oak nodded respectfully to the farmer, +just checked their paces to discover if they were wanted, +and finding they were not stood back to let him pass on. +The only signs of the terrible sorrow Boldwood had +been combating through the night, and was combating +now, were the want of colour in his welidefined face, +the enlarged appearance of the veins in his forehead +and temples, and the sharper lines about his mouth. +The horse bore him away, and the very step of the +animal seemed significant of dogged despair. Gabriel, for +a minute, rose above his own grief in noticing Boldwood's. +He saw the square figure sitting erect upon the horse, +the head turned to neither side, the elbows steady by +the hips, the brim of the hat level and undisturbed in +its onward glide, until the keen edges of Boldwood's +shape sank by degrees over the hill. To one who knew +the man and his story there was something more striking +in this immobility than in a collapse. The clash of +discord between mood and matter here was forced +painfully home to the heart ; and, as in laughter there are +more dreadful phases than in tears, so was there in the +steadiness of this agonized man an expression deeper +than a cry. + +

+WEALTH IN JEOPARDY -- THE RVEEL +ONE night, at the end of August, when Bathsheba's +experiences as a married woman were still new, and +when the weather was yet dry and sultry, a man stood +motionless in the stackyard of Weatherbury Upper +Farm, looking at the moon and sky. +The night had a sinister aspect. A heated breeze +from the south slowly fanned the summits of lofty +objects, and in the sky dashes of buoyant cloud were +sailing in a course at right angles to that of another +stratum, neither of them in the direction of the breeze +below. The moon, as seen through these films, had +a lurid metallic look. The fields were sallow with the +impure light, and all were tinged in monochrome, as +if beheld through stained glass. The same evening +the sheep had trailed homeward head to tail, the +behaviour of the rooks had heen confused, and the +horses had moved with timidity and caution. +Thunder was imminent, and, taking some secondary +appearances into consideration, it was likely to be +followed by one of the lengthened rains which mark +the close of dry weather for the season. Before twelve +hours had passed a harvest atmosphere would be a +bygone thing. +Oak gazed with misgiving at eight naked and un' +protected ricks, massive and heavy with the rich +produce of one-half the farm for that year. He went +on to the barn. +This was the night which had been selected by +Sergeant Troy -- ruling now in the room of his wife -- +for giving the harvest supper and dance. As Oak +approached the building the sound of violins and a +tambourine, and the regular jigging of many feet, grew +more distinct. He came close to the large doors, one +of which stood slightly ajar, and looked in. +The central space, together with the recess at one +end, was +

+emptied of all incumbrances, and this area, +covering about two-thirds of the whole, was appropriated +for the gathering, the remaining end, which was piled +to the ceiling with oats, being screened off with sail' +cloth. Tufts and garlands of green foliage decomted +the walls, beams, and extemporized chandeliers, and +immediately opposite to Oak a rostrum had been +erected, bearing a table and chairs. Here sat three +fiddlers, and beside them stood a frantic man with his +hair on end, perspiration streaming down his cheeks, +and a tanabourine quivering in his hand. +The dance ended, and on the black oak floor in the +midst a new row of couples formed for another. +'Now, ma'am, and no offence I hope, I ask what +dance you would like next ?' said the first violin. +'Really, it makes no difference,' said the clear voice +of Bathsheba, who stood at the inner end of the build+ +ing, observing the scene from behind a table covered +with cups and viands. Troy was lolling beside her. +'Then,' said the fiddler, 'I'll venture to name that +the right and proper thing is ''The Soldier's Joy'' -- +there being a gallant soldier married into the farm -- +hey, my sonnies, and gentlemen all ? ' +'It shall be ''The Soldier's Joy,''' exclaimed a +chorus. +'Thanks for the compliment,' said the sergeant +THE REVEL +gaily, taking Bathsheba by the hand and leading her +to the top of the dance. 'For though I have pur+ +chased my discharge from Her Most Gracious Majesty's +regiment of cavalry the 11th Dragoon Guards, to attend +to the new duties awaiting me here, I shall continue a +soldier in spirit and feeling as long as I live.' +So the dance began. As to the merits of 'The +Soldier's Joy,' there cannot be, and never were, two +opinions. It has been observed in the musical circles +of Weatherbury and its vicinity that this melody, at +the end of three-quarters of an hour of thunderous +footing, still possesses more stimulative properties for +the heel and toe than the majority of other dances at +their first opening. 'The Soldier's Joy' has, too, an +additional charm, in being so admirably adapted to +the tambourine aforesaid -- no mean instrument in the +hands of a performer +

+who understands the proper +convulsions, spasms, St. vitus's dances, and fearful +frenzies necessary when exhibiting its tones in their +highest perfection. +The immortal tune ended, a fine DD rolling forth +from the bass-viol with the sonorousness of a cannonade, +and Gabriel delayed his entry no longer. He avoided +Bathsheba, and got as near as possible to the platform, +where Sergeant Troy was now seated, drinking brandy+ +and-water, though the others drank without exception +cider and ale. Gabriel could not easily thrust himself +within speaking distance of the sergeant, and he sent +a message, asking him to come down for a moment. +'The sergeant said he could not attend. +'Will you tell him, then,' said Gabriel, 'that I only +stepped ath'art to say that a heavy rain is sure to fall +soon, and that something should be done to protect +the ricks ?' +'M. Troy says it will not rain,' returned the +messenger, 'and he cannot stop to talk to you about +such fidgets.' +In Juxtaposition with Troy, Oak had a melancholy +tendency to look like a candle beside gas, and ill at +ease, he went out again, thinking he would go home ; +for, under the circumstances, he had no heart for the +scene in the barn. At the door he paused for a +moment : Troy was speaking. +'Friends, it is not only the harvest home that we +are celebrating to-night; but this is also a Wedding +Feast. A short time ago I had the happiness to lead +to the altar this lady, your mistress, and not until now +have we been able to give any public flourish to the +event in Weatherbury. That it may be thoroughly +well done, and that every man may go happy to bed, +I have ordered to be brought here some bottles of +brandy and kettles of hot water. A treble-strong +goblet will he handed round to each guest.' +Bathsheba put her hand upon his arm, and, with +upturned pale face, said imploringly, ' No -- don't give +it to them -- pray don't, Frank .! It will only do them +harm : they have had enough of everything.' +'True -- we don't wish for no more, thank ye,' said +one or two. +'Pooh .! ' said the sergeant contemptuously, and +raised his +

+voice as if lighted up by a new idea. +' Friends,' he said, ' we'll send the women-folk home .! +'Tis time they were in bed. Then we cockbirds will +have a jolly carouse to ourselves .! If any of the men +show the white feather, let them look elsewhere for a +winter's work.' +Bathsheba indignantly left the barn, followed by +all the women and children. The musicians, not +looking upon themselves as ' company,' slipped quietly +away to their spring waggon and put in the horse. +Thus Troy and the men on the farm were left sole +occupants of the place. Oak, not to appear unneces+ +sarily disagreeable, stayed a little while ; then he, too, +arose and quietly took his departure, followed by a +friendly oath from the sergeant for not staying to a +second round of grog. +Gabriel proceeded towards his home. In approach+ +ing the door, his toe kicked something which felt and +sounded soft, leathery, and distended, like a boxing+ +glove. It was a large toad humbly travelling across +the path. Oak took it up, thinking it might be better +to kill the creature to save it from pain; but finding +it uninjured, he placed it again among the grass. He +knew what this direct message from the Great Mother +meant. And soon came another. +When he struck a light indoors there appeared upon +the table a thin glistening streak, as if a brush of varnish +had been lightly dragged across it. Oak's eyes followed +the serpentine sheen to the other side, where it led up +to a huge brown garden-slug, which had come indoors +to-night for reasons of its own. It was Nature's second +way of hinting to him that he was to prepare for foul +weather. +Oak sat down meditating for nearly an hour. +During this time two black spiders, of the kind common +in thatched houses, promenaded the ceiling, ultimately +dropping to the floor. This reminded him that if there +was one class of manifestation on this matter that he +thoroughly understood, it was the instincts of sheep. +He left the room, ran across two or three fields towards +the flock, got upon a hedge, and looked over among +them. +They were crowded close together on the other side +around some +

+furze bushes, and the first peculiarity ob+ +servable was that, on the sudden appearance of Oak's +head over the fence, they did not stir or run away. +They had now a terror of something greater than their +terror of man. But this was not the most noteworthy +feature : they were all grouped in such a way that their +tails, without a single exception, were towards that half +of the horizon from which the storm threatened. There +was an inner circle closely huddled, and outside these +they radiated wider apart, the pattern formed by the +flock as a whole not being unlike a vandyked lace +collar, to which the clump of furze-bushes stood in the +position of a wearer's neck. +opinion. He knew now that he was right, and that +Troy was wrong. Every voice in nature was unanimous +in bespeaking change. But two distinct translations +attached to these dumb expressions. Apparently there +was to be a thunder-storm, and afterwards a cold con+ +tinuous rain. The creeping things seemed to know all +about the later rain, hut little of the interpolated +thunder-storm ; whilst the sheep knew all about the +thunder-storm and nothing of the later rain. +This complication of weathers being uncommon, +was all the more to be feared. Oak returned to the +stack-yard. All was silent here, and the conical tips of +the ricks jutted darkly into the sky. There were five +wheat-ricks in this yard, and three stacks of barley. +The wheat when threshed would average about thirty +quarters to each stack ; the barley, at least forty. Their +value to Bathsheba, and indeed to anybody, Oak +mentally estimated by the following simple calcula+ +tion : -- +5 x 30 = 150 quarters= 500fl. +3 x 40=120 quarters= 250l. +Total . . 750l. +Seven hundred and fifty pounds in the divinest form +that money can wear -- that of necessary food for man +and beast : should the risk be run cf deteriorating this +bulk of corn to less than half its value, because of the +instability of a woman ? 'Never, if I can prevent it.! ' +said Gabriel. +

+Such was the argument that Oak set outwardly before +him. But man, even to himself, is a palimpsest, having +an ostensible writing, and another beneath the lines. +It is possible that there was this golden legend under +the utilitarian one: 'I will help to my last effort the +woman I have loved so dearly.' +He went back to the barn to endeavour to obtain +assistance for covering the ricks that very +

+night. All +was silent within, and he would have passed on in the +belief that the party had broken up, had not a dim +light, yellow as saffron by contrast with the greenish +whiteness outside, streamed through a knot-hole in the +folding doors. +Gabriel looked in. An unusual picture met his +eye. +The candles suspended among the evergreens had +burnt down to their sockets, and in some cases the +leaves tied about them were scorched. Many of the +lights had quite gone out, others smoked and stank, +grease dropping from them upon the floor. Here, +under the table, and leaning against forms and chairs +in every conceivable attitude except the perpendicular, !' +were the wretched persons of all the work-folk, the hair +of their heads at such low levels being suggestive of +mops and brooms. In the midst of these shone red +and distinct the figure of Sergeant Troy, leaning back +in a chair. Coggan was on his back, with his mouth +open, huzzing forth snores, as were several others ; the +united breathings of the horizonal assemblage forming +a subdued roar like London from a distance. Joseph +Poorgrass was curled round in the fashion of a hedge+ +hog, apparently in attempts to present the least possible +portion of his surface to the air; and behind him was +dimly visible an unimportant remnant of William Smali +bury. The glasses and cups still stood upon the table, +a water-jug being overturned, from which a small rill, +after tracing its course with marvellous precision down +the centre of the long table, fell into the neck of the +unconscious Mark Clark, in a steady, monotonous drip, +like the dripping of a stalactite in a cave. +Gabriel glanced hopelessly at the group, which, with +one or two exceptions, composed all the able-bodied +men upon the farm. He saw at once that if the ricks +were to be saved that night, or even the next morning, +he must save them with his own hands. +A faint ' ting-ting ' resounded from under Coggan's +waistcoat. It was Coggan's watch striking the hour of +two. +Oak went to the recumbent form of Matthew Moon, +who usually undertook the rough thatching of the home+ +stead, and shook him. The shaking was without effect. +Gabriel shouted in his ear, ' where's your thatching+ +beetle and rick-stick and spars ? ' +' Under the staddles,' said Moon, mechanically, with +the unconscious promptness of a medium. +Gabriel let go his head, and it dropped upon the +floor like a bowl. He then went to Susan Tall's +husband. +' where's the key of the granary ? ' +No answer. The question was repeated, with the +same result. To be shouted to at night was evidently +less of a novelty to Susan Tall's husband than to +Matthew Moon. Oak flung down Tall's head into the +corner again and turned away. +To be just, the men were not greatly to blame for +this painful and demoralizing termination to the +evening's entertainment. Sergeant Troy had so strenu+ +ously insisted, glass in hand, that drinking should be +the bond of their union, that those who wished to refuse +hardly liked to be so unmannerly under the circum+ +stances. Having from their youth up been entirely un+ +accustomed to any liquor stronger than cider or mild +ale, it was no wonder that they had succumbed, one +and all, with extraordinary uniformity, after the lapse of +about an hour. +Gabriel was greatly depressed. This debauch boded +ill for that wilful and fascinating mistress whom the +faithful man even now felt within him as the embodi+ +ment of all that was sweet and bright and hopeless. +He put out the expiring lights, that the barn might +not be endangered, closed the door upon the men in +their deep and oblivious sleep, and went again into the +lone night. A hot breeze, as if breathed from the +parted lips of some dragon about to swallow the globe, +fanned him from the south, while directly opposite in +the north rose a grim misshapen body of +

+cloud, in the +very teeth of the wind. So unnaturally did it rise that +one could fancy it to be lifted by machinery from below. +Meanwhile the faint cloudlets had flown back into the +south-east corner of the sky, as if in terror of the large +cloud, like a young brood gazed in upon by some +monster. +Going on to the village, Oak flung a small stone +against the window of Laban Tall's bedroom, expecting +Susan to open it ; but nobody stirred. He went round +to the back door, which had been left unfastened for +Laban's entry, and passed in to the foot of the stair+ +case. +'Mrs. Tall, I've come for the key of the granary, +to get at the rick-cloths,' said Oak, in a stentorian +voice. +'Is that you ? ' said Mrs. Susan Tall, half awake. +' Yes,' said Gabriel. +'Come along to bed, do, you drawlatching rogue -- +keeping a body awake like this .' +'It isn't Laban -- 'tis Gabriel Oak. I want the key +of the granary.' +'Gabriel. what in the name of fortune did you +pretend to be Laban for ?' +' I didn't. I thought you meant -- -- ' +'yes you did !. what do you want here ?' +'The key of the granary.' +"Take it then. 'Tis on the nail. People coming +disturbing women at this time of night ought -- -- ' +Gabriel took the key, without waiting to hear the +conclusion of the tirade. Ten minutes later his lonely +figure might have been seen dragging four large water+ +proof coverings across the yard, and soon two of these +heaps of treasure in grain were covered snug -- two cloths +to each. Two hundred pounds were secured. Three +wheat-stacks remained open, and there were no more +cloths. Oak looked under the staddles and found a +fork. He mounted the third pile of wealth and began +operating, adopting the plan of sloping the upper +sheaves one over the other; and, in addition, filling +the interstices with the material of some untied sheaves. +So far all was well. By this hurried contrivance +Bathsheba's +

+property in wheat was safe for at any rate +a week or two, provided always that there was not +much wind. +Next came the barley. This it was only possible to +protect by systematic thatching. Time went on, and +the moon vanished not to reappear. It was the +farewell of the ambassador previous to war. The +night had a haggard look, like a sick thing; and there +came finally an utter expiration of air from the whole +heaven in the form of a slow breeze, which might have +been likened to a death. And now nothing was heard +in the yard but the dull thuds of the beetle which drove +in the spars, and the rustle of thatch in the intervals. +THE STORM + +

+THE STORM -- THE TWO TOGETHER +A LIGHT flapped over the scene, as if reflected from +phosphorescent wings crossing the sky, and a rumble +filled the air. It was the first move of the approaching +storm. +The second peal was noisy, with comparatively little +visible lightning. Gabriel saw a candle shining in Bath+ +sheba's bedroom, and soon a shadow swept to and fro +upon the blind. +Then there came a third flash. Manoeuvres of a +most extraordinary kind were going on in the vast +firmamental hollows overhead. The lightning now was +the colour of silver, and gleamed in the heavens like a +mailed army. Rumbles became rattles. Gabriel from +his elevated position could see over the landscape at +least half-a-dozen miles in front. Every hedge, bush, +and tree was distinct as in a line engraving. In a +paddock in the same direction was a herd of heifers, +and the forms of these were visible at this moment in +the act of galloping about in the wildest and maddest +confusion, flinging their heels and tails high into the air, +their heads to earth. A poplar in the immediate fore+ +ground was like an ink stroke on burnished tin. Then +the picture vanished, leaving the darkness so intense +that Gabriel worked entirely by feeling with his hands. +He had stuck his ricking-rod, or poniard, as it was +indifferently called -- a long iron lance, polished by +handling -- into the stack, used to support the sheaves +instead of the support called a groom used on houses, +A blue light appeared in the zenith, and in some in+ +describable manner flickered down near the top of the +rod. It was the fourth of the larger flashes. A moment +later and there was a smack -- smart, clear, and short, +Gabriel felt his position to be anything but a safe one, +and he resolved to descend. +Not a drop of rain had fallen as yet. He wiped his +weary brow, and looked again at the black forms of +the unprotected +

+stacks. Was his life so valuable to +him after all? What were his prospects that he +should be so chary of running risk, when important +and urgent labour could not be carried on without +such risk ? He resolved to stick to the stack. How+ +ever, he took a precaution. Under the staddles was +a long tethering chain, used to prevent the escape of +errant horses. This he carried up the ladder, and +sticking his rod through the clog at one end, allowed +the other end of the chain to trail upon the ground +The spike attached to it he drove in. Under the +shadow of this extemporized lightning-conductor he +felt himself comparatively safe. +Before Oak had laid his hands upon his tools again +out leapt the fifth flash, with the spring of a serpent +and the shout of a fiend. It was green as an +emerald, and the reverberation was stunning. What +was this the light revealed to him? In the open +ground before him, as he looked over the ridge of +the rick, was a dark and apparently female form. +Could it be that of the only venturesome woman in +the parish -- Bathsheba ? The form moved on a step : +then he could see no more. +"Is that you, ma'am ? ' said Gabriel to the darkness. +"Who is there ?' said the voice of Bathsheba, +THE TWO TOGETHER +"Gabriel. I am on the rick, thatching.' +"O, Gabriel ! -- and are you ? I have come about +them. The weather awoke me, and I thought of the +corn. I am so distressed about it -- can we save it any+ +how ? I cannot find my husband. Is he with you ?' +"He is not here.' +"Do you know where he is ?' +"Asleep in the barn.' +"He promised that the stacks should be seen to, +and now they are all neglected ! Can I do anything +to help ? Liddy is afraid to come out. Fancy finding +you here at such an hour ! Surely I can do something ? ' +"You can bring up some reed-sheaves to me, one by +one, ma'am; if you are not afraid to come up the ladder +in the dark,' said Gabriel. "Every moment is precious +now, and that would save a good deal of time. It is +not very dark when the lightning has been gone a bit.' +

+"I'll do anything ! ' she said, resolutely. She instantly +took a sheaf upon her shoulder, clambered up close to +his heels, placed it behind the rod, and descended for +another. At her third ascent the rick suddenly brightened +with the brazen glare of shining majolica -- every knot +in every straw was visible. On the slope in front of him +appeared two human shapes, black as jet. The rick +lost its sheen -- -the shapes vanished. Gabriel turned his +head. It had been the sixth flash which had come from +the east behind him, and the two dark forms on the +slope had been the shadows of himself and Bathsheba. +Then came the peal. It hardly was credible that +such a heavenly light could be the parent of such a +diabolical sound. +"How terrible ! ' she exclaimed, and clutched him by +the sleeve. Gabriel turned, and steadied her on her +aerial perch by holding her arm. At the same moment, +while he was still reversed in his attitude, there was +more light, and he saw, as it were, a copy of the tall +poplar tree on the hill drawn in black on the wall of +the barn. It was the shadow of that tree, thrown across +by a secondary flash in the west. +The next flare came. Bathsheba was on the ground +now, shouldering another sheaf, and she bore its dazzle +without flinching -- thunder and ali-and again ascended +with the load. There was then a silence everywhere +for four or five minutes, and the crunch of the spars, +as Gabriel hastily drove them in, could again be distinctly +heard. He thought the crisis of the storm had passed. +But there came a burst of light. +"Hold on ! ' said Gabriel, taking the sheaf from her +shoulder, and grasping her arm again. +Heaven opened then, indeed. The flash was almost +too novel for its inexpressibly dangerous nature to be +at once realized, and they could only comprehend the +magnificence of its beauty. It sprang from east, west, +north, south, and was a perfect dance of death. The +forms of skeletons appeared in the air, shaped with +blue fire for bones -- dancing, leaping, striding, racing +around, and mingling altogether in unparalleled con+ +fusion. With these were intertwined undulating snakes of +green, and behind these was a broad mass of lesser light. +Simultaneously came from every part of the tumbling +

+sky what may be called a shout ; since, though no shout +ever came near it, it was more of the nature of a shout +than of anything eise earthly. In the meantime one of +the grisly forms had alighted upon the point of Gabriel's +rod, to run invisibly down it, down the chain, and into +the earth. Gabriel was almost blinded, and he could +feel Bathsheba's warm arm tremble in his hand -- a +sensation novel and thrilling enough ; but love, life, +everything human, seemed small and trifling in such +close juxtaposition with an infuriated universe. +Oak had hardly time to gather up these impressions +into a thought, and to see how strangely the red feather +of her hat shone in this light, when the tall tree on the +hill before mentioned seemed on fire to a white heat, +and a new one among these terrible voices mingled with +the last crash of those preceding. It was a stupefying +blast, harsh and pitiless, and it fell upon their ears in a +dead, flat blow, without that reverberation which lends +the tones of a drum to more distant thunder. By the +lustre reflected from every part of the earth and from the +wide domical scoop above it, he saw that the tree was +sliced down the whole length of its tall, straight stem, a +huge riband of bark being apparently flung off. The +other portion remained erect, and revealed the bared +surface as a strip of white down the front. The +lightning had struck the tree. A sulphurous smell +filled the air; then all was silent, and black as a cave +in Hinnom. +" We had a narrow escape ! ' said Gabriel, hurriedly. +" You had better go down.' +Bathsheba said nothing ; but he could distinctly hear +her rhythmical pants, and the recurrent rustle of the +sheaf beside her in response to her frightened pulsations. +She descended the ladder, and, on second thoughts, he +followed her. The darkness was now impenetrable by +the sharpest vision. They both stood still at the +bottom, side by side. Bathsheba appeared to think +only of the weather -- Oak thought only of her just then. +At last he said -- +"The storm seems to have passed now, at any +rate.' +" I think so too,' said Bathsheba. " Though there +are multitudes of gleams, look ! ' +

+The sky was now filled with an incessant light, +frequent repetition melting into complete continuity, as +an unbroken sound results from the successive strokes +on a gong. +" Nothing serious,' said he. " I cannot understand +no rain falling. But Heaven be praised, it is all the +better for us. I am now going up again.' +" Gabriel, you are kinder than I deserve ! I will stay +and help you yet. O, why are not some of the others +here ! ' +" They would have been here if they could,' said Oak, +in a hesitating way. +'O, I know it ali-all,' she said, adding slowly : +" They are all asleep in the barn, in a drunken sleep, and +my husband among them. That's it, is it not ? Don't +think I am a timid woman and can't endure things.' +"I am not certain,' said Gabriel. 'I will go and see,' +He crossed to the barn, leaving her there alone. He +looked through the chinks of the door. All was in +total darkness, as he had left it, and there still arose, as +at the former time, the steady buzz of many snores. +He felt a zephyr curling about his cheek, and turned. +It was Bathsheba's breath -- she had followed him, and +was looking into the same chink. +He endeavoured to put off the immediate and pain+ +ful subject of their thoughts by remarking gently, "lf +you'll come back again, miss -- ma'am, and hand up a +few more; it would save much time.' +Then Oak went back again, ascended to the top, +stepped off the ladder for greater expedition, and went +on thatching. She followed, but without a sheaf +" Gabriel,' she said, in a strange and impressive voice. +Oak looked up at her. She had not spoken since +he left the barn. The soft and continual shimmer of +the dying lightning showed a marble face high against +the black sky of the opposite quarter. Bathsheba was +sitting almost on the apex of the stack, her feet gathered +up beneath her, and resting on the top round of the +ladder. +" Yes, mistress,' he said. +

+"I suppose you thought that when I galloped away +to Bath that night it was on purpose to be married ?" +'I did at last -- not at first,' he answered, somewhat +surprised at the abruptness with which this new subject +was broached. +" And others thought so, too ? ' +" Yes.' +"And you blamed me for it ?' +" Weli-a little.' +"I thought so. Now, I care a little for your good +opinion, and I want to explain something-i have +longed to do it ever since I returned, and you looked so +gravely at me. For if I were to die -- and I may die +soon -- it would be dreadful that you should always think +mistakenly of me. Now, listen.' +Gabriel ceased his rustling. +'I went to Bath that night in the full intention of +breaking off my engagement to Mr. Troy. It was owing +to circumstances which occurred after I got there that + -- that we were married. Now, do you see the matter +in a new light?' +" I do -- somewhat.' +" I must, I suppose, say more, now that I have +begun. And perhaps it's no harm, for you are certainly +under no delusion that I ever loved you, or that I can +have any object in speaking, more than that object I +have mentioned. Well, I was alone in a strange city, +and the horse was lame. And at last I didn't know +what to do. I saw, when it was too late, that scandal +might seize hold of me for meeting him alone in that +way. But I was coming away, when he suddenly said +he had that day seen a woman more beautiful than I, +and that his constancy could not be counted on unless +I at once became his.... And I was grieved and +troubled -- -- ' She cleared her voice, and waited a +moment, as if to gather breath. " And then, between +jealousy and distraction, I married him ! ' she whispered +with desperate impetuosity. +Gabriel made no reply. +"He was not to blame, for it was perfectly true about + -- about his seeing somebody else,' she quickly added. +"And now I don't wish for a single remark from you +upon the subject -- +

+indeed, I forbid it. I only wanted +you to know that misunderstood bit of my history before +a time comes when you could never know it. -- You want +some more sheaves ? ' +She went down the ladder, and the work proceeded. +Gabriel soon perceived a languor in the movements of +his mistress up and down, and he said to her, gently as +a mother -- +"I think you had better go indoors now, you are +tired. I can finish the rest alone. If the wind does +not change the rain is likely to keep off.' +"If I am useless I will go,' said Bathsheba, in a +flagging cadence. 'But O, if your life should be lost !' +" You are not useless; but I would rather not tire +you longer. You have done well.' +"And you better ! ' she said, gratefully. ! Thank you +for your devotion, a thousand times, Gabriel ! Good+ +night-i know you are doing your very best for me.' +She diminished in the gloom, and vanished, and he +heard the latch of the gate fall as she passed through. +He worked in a reverie now, musing upon her story, and +upon the contradictoriness of that feminine heart which +had caused her to speak more warmly to him to-night +than she ever had done whilst unmarried and free to +speak as warmly as she chose. +He was disturbed in his meditation by a grating +noise from the coach-house. It was the vane on the +roof turning round, and this change in the wind was the +signal for a disastrous rain. +RAIN + +

+RAIN -- ONE SOLITARY MEETS ANOTHER +IT was now five o'clock, and the dawn was promising +to break in hues of drab and ash. +The air changed its temperature and stirred itself +more vigorously. Cool breezes coursed in transparent +eddies round Oak's face. The wind shifted yet a point +or two and blew stronger. In ten minutes every wind +of heaven seemed to be roaming at large. Some of the +thatching on the wheat-stacks was now whirled fantas+ +tically aloft, and had to be replaced and weighted with +some rails that lay near at hand. This done, Oak slaved +away again at the barley. A huge drop of rain smote +his face, the wind snarled round every corner, the trees +rocked to the bases of their trunks, and the twigs clashed +in strife. Driving in spars at any point and on any +system, inch by inch he covered more and more safely +from ruin this distracting impersonation of seven hundred +pounds. 'The rain came on in earnest, and Oak soon felt +the water to be tracking cold and clammy routes down +his back. Ultimately he was reduced welinigh to a +homogeneous sop, and the dyes of his clothes trickled +down and stood in a pool at the foot of the ladder. +The rain stretched obliquely through the dull atmo+ +sphere in liquid spines, unbroken in continuity between +their beginnings in the clouds and their points in him. +Oak suddenly remembered that eight months before +this time he had been fighting against fire in the same +spot as desperately as he was fighting against water +now -- and for a futile love of the same woman. As for +her -- -- But Oak was generous and true, and dis+ +missed his reflections. +It was about seven o'clock in the dark leaden +morning when Gabriel came down from the last stack, +and thankfully exclaimed, "It is done .! ' He was +

+drenched, weary, and sad, and yet not so sad as drenched +and weary, for he was cheered by a sense of success in +a good cause. +Faint sounds came from the barn, and he looked +that way. Figures stepped singly and in pairs through +the doors -- all walking awkwardly, and abashed, save +the foremost, who wore a red jacket, and advanced +with his hands in his pockets, whistling. The others +shambled after with a conscience-stricken air : the whole +procession was not unlike Flaxman's group of the suitors +tottering on towards the infernal regions under the +conduct of Mercury. The gnarled shapes passed into +the village, Troy, their leader, entering the farmhouse. +Not a single one of them had turned his face to the +ricks, or apparently bestowed one thought upon their +condition. +Soon Oak too went homeward, by a different route +from theirs. In front of him against the wet glazed +surface of the lane he saw a person walking yet more +slowly than himself under an umbrella. The man +turned and plainly started; he was Boldwood. +" How are you this morning, sir ?' said Oak. +"Yes, it is a wet day. -- Oh, I am well, very well, I +thank you ; quite well.' +"I am glad to hear it, sir.' +Boldwood seemed to awake to the present by degrees. +" You look tired and ill, Oak,' he said then, desultorily +regarding his companion. +" I am tired. You look strangely altered, sir.' +"I? Not a bit of it : I am well enough. What put +that into your head ?' +"I thought you didn't look quite so topping as you +used to, that was all.' +" Indeed, then you are mistaken,' said Boldwood, +shortly. "Nothing hurts me. My constitution is an +iron one.' +"I've been working hard to get our ricks covered, +and was barely in time. Never had such a struggle in +my life.... Yours of course are safe, sir.' +" O yes.' Boldwood added, after an interval of +silence : " What did you ask, Oak ? ' +" Your ricks are all covered before this time ? ' +

+"No.' +" At any rate, the large ones upon the stone staddles ?' +" They are not.' +"Them under the hedge ?' +" No. I forgot to tell the thatcher to set about it.' +" Nor the little one by the stile ?' +"Nor the little one by the stile. I overlooked the +ricks this year.' +'Then not a tenth of your corn will come to measure, +sir.' +" Possibly not. +" Overlooked them,' repeated Gabriel slowly to him+ +self. It is difficult to describe the intensely dramatic +effect that announcement had upon Oak at such a +moment. All the night he had been feeling that the +neglect he was labouring to repair was abnormal and +isolated -- the only instance of the kind within the circuit +of the county. Yet at this very time, within the same +parish, a greater waste had been going on, uncomplained +of and disregarded. A few months earlier Boldwood's +forgetting his husbandry would have been as preposter+ +ous an idea as a sailor forgetting he was in a ship. Oak +was just thinking that whatever he himself might have +suffered from Bathsheba's marriage, here was a man +who had suffered more, when Boldwood spoke in a +changed voice -- that of one who yearned to make a +confidence and relieve his heart by an outpouring. +"Oak, you know as well as I that things have gone +wrong with me lately. I may as well own it. I was +going to get a little settled in life; but in some way my +plan has come to nothing.' +"I thought my mistress would have married you,' +said Gabriel, not knowing enough of the full depths of +Boldwood's love to keep silence on the farmer's account, +and determined not to evade discipline by doing so on +his own. 'However, it is so sometimes, and nothing +happens that we expect,' he added, with the repose of +a man whom misfortune had inured rather than sub+ +dued. +'I daresay I am a joke about the parish,' said Bold+ +wood, as if the subject came irresistibly to his tongue, +and with a miserable lightness meant to express his +indifference. +

+" O no -- I don't think that.' + -- But the real truth of the matter is that there was +not, as some fancy, any jilting on -- her part. No +engagement ever existed between me and Miss Ever+ +dene. People say so, but it is untrue: she never +promised me .! ' Boldwood stood still now and turned +his wild face to Oak. 'O, Gabriel,' he continued, "I +am weak and foolish, and I don't know what, and I +can't fend off my miserable grief ! ... I had some faint +belief in the mercy of God till I lost that woman. Yes, +He prepared a gourd to shade me, and like the prophet +I thanked Him and was glad. But the next day He +prepared a worm to smite the gourd and wither it; and +I feel it is better to die than to live.!" +A silence followed. Boldwood aroused himself from +the momentary mood of confidence into which he had +drifted, and walked on again, resuming his usual reserve, +" No, Gabriel,' he resumed, with a carelessness which +was like the smile on the countenance of a skull: "it +was made more of by other people than ever it was by +us. I do feel a little regret occasionally, but no woman +ever had power over me for any length of time. Well, +good morning ; I can trust you not to mention to others +what has passed between us two here.' + +

+COMING HOME -- A CRY +ON the turnpke road, between Casterbridge and +Weatherbury, and about three miles from the former +which pervade the highways of this undulating part of +South Wessex. I returning from market it is usual +for the farmers and other gig-gentry to alight at the +bottom and walk up. +One Saturday evening in the month of October +Bathsheba's vehicle was duly creeping up this incline. +She was sitting listlessly in the second seat of the gig, +whilst walking beside her in farmer's marketing suit +of unusually fashionable cut was an erect, welimade +young man. Though on foot, he held the reins and +whip, and occasionally aimed light cuts at the horse's +ear with the end of the lash, as a recreation. This +man was her husband, formerly Sergeant Troy, who, +having bought his discharge with Bathsheba's money, +was gradually transforming himself into a farmer of a +spirited and very modern school. People of unalter+ +able ideas still insisted upon calling him 'Sergeant' +when they met him, which was in some degree owing +to his having still retained the welishaped moustache +of his military days, and the soldierly bearing insepar+ +able from his form and training. +"Yes, if it hadn't been for that wretched rain I +should have cleared two hundred as easy as looking, +my love,' he was saying. "Don't you see, it altered +all the chances? To speak like a book I once read, +wet weather is the narrative, and fine days are the +episodes, of our country's history; now, isn't that +true?' +' But the time of year is come for changeable weather.' +"Well, yes. The fact is, these autumn races are the +ruin of everybody. Never did I see such a day as 'twas .! +'Tis a wild open place, just out of Budmouth, and a +drab sea rolled in +

+towards us like liquid misery. Wind +and rain -- good Lord !. Dark ? Why, 'twas as black +as my hat before the last race was run. 'Twas five +o'clock, and you couldn't see the horses till they were +almost in, leave alone colours. The ground was as +heavy as lead, and all judgment from a fellow's experi+ +ence went for nothing. Horses, riders, people, were +all blown about like ships at sea. Three booths were +blown over, and the wretched folk inside crawled out +upon their hands and knees; and in the next field +were as many as a dozen hats at one time. Aye, +Pimpernel regularly stuck fast, when about sixty yards +off, and when I saw Policy stepping on, it did knock +my heart against the lining of my ribs, I assure you, +my love.!' +" And you mean, Frank,' said Bathsheba, sadly -- +her voice was painfully lowered from the fulness and +vivacity of the previous summer -- "that you have lost +more than a hundred pounds in a month by this +dreadful horse-racing ? O, Frank, it is cruel; it is +foolish of you to take away my money so. We shall +have to leave the farm; that will be the end of it !.' +' Humbug about cruel. Now, there 'tis again -- +turn on the waterworks ; that's just like you.' +"But you'll promise me not to go to Budmouth +second meeting, won't you ? ' she implored. Bathsheba +was at the full depth for tears, but she maintained a +dry eye. +"I don't see why I should; in fact, if it turns out to +be a fine day, I was thinking of taking you.' +"Never, never.! I'll go a hundred miles the other +way first. I hate the sound of the very word.!' +"But the question of going to see the race or staying +at home has very little to do with the matter. Bets are +all booked safely enough before the race begins, you +may depend. Whether it is a bad race for me or a +good one, will have very little to do with our going +there next Monday.' +"But you don't mean to say that you have risked +anything on this one too .! ' she exclaimed, with an +agonized look. +"There now, don't you be a little fool. Wait till you +are told. Why, Bathsheba, you have lost all the pluck +and sauciness you formerly had, and upon my life if I +had known what a +

+chicken-hearted creature you were +under all your boldness, I'd never have-i know what.' +A flash of indignation might have been seen in +Bathsheba's dark eyes as she looked resolutely ahead +after this reply. They moved on without further +speech, some early-withered leaves from the trees which +hooded the road at this spot occasionally spinning +downward across their path to the earth. +A woman appeared on the brow of the hill. The +ridge was in a cutting, so that she was very near the +husband and wife before she became visible. Troy had +turned towards the gig to remount, and whilst putting +his foot on the step-the woman passed behind him. +Though the overshadowing trees and the approach +of eventide enveloped them in gloom, Bathsheba could +see plainly enough to discern the extreme poverty of +the woman's garb, and the sadness of her face. +"Please, sir, do you know at what time Casterbridge +Union-house closes at night ? ' +A CRY +The woman said these words to Troy over his +shoulder. +Troy started visibly at the sound of the voice; yet +he seemed to recover presence of mind sufficient to +prevent himself from giving way to his impulse to +suddenly turn and face her. He said, slowly -- +" I don't know." +The woman, on hearing him speak, quickly looked +up, examined the side of his face, and recognized the +soldier under the yeoman's garb. Her face was drawn +into an expression which had gladness and agony both +among its elements. She uttered an hysterical cry, +and fell down. +" O, poor thing.!' exclaimed Bathsheba, instantly +preparing to alight. +"Stay where you are, and attend to the horse!' +said Troy, peremptorily throwing her the reins and +the whip. "Walk the horse to the top: I'll see to +the woman.' +" But i -- -' +" Do you hear? Clk -- Poppet.!' +

+The horse, gig, and Bathsheba moved on. +"How on earth did you come here? I thought +you were miles away, or dead.! Why didn't you +write to me?' said Troy to the woman, in a strangely +gentle, yet hurried voice, as he lifted her up. +" I feared to." +'Have you any money?' +"None." +"Good Heaven -- I wish I had more to give you!. +Here's -- wretched -- the merest trifle. It is every +farthing I have left. I have none but what my wife +gives me, you know, and I can't ask her now.' +The woman made no answer. +"I have only another moment,' continued Troy; +'and now listen. Where are you going to-night? +Casterbridge Union?' +"Yes; I thought to go there.' +" You shan't go there; yet, wait. Yes, perhaps for +to-night ; I can do nothing better -- worse luck.! Sleep +there to-night, and stay there to-morrow. Monday is +the first free day I have; and on Monday morning, +at ten exactly, meet me on Grey's Bridge just out of the +town. I'll bring all the money I can muster. You +shan't want-i'll see that, Fanny; then I'll get you a +lodging somewhere. Good-bye till then. I am a brute + -- but good-bye.!' +After advancing the distance which completed the +ascent of the hill, Bathsheba turned her head. The +woman was upon her feet, and Bathsheba saw her +withdrawing from Troy, and going feebly down the +hill by the third milestone from Casterbridge. Troy +then came on towards his wife, stepped into the gig, +took the reins from her hand, and without making any +observation whipped the horse into a trot. He was +rather agitated. +"Do you know who that woman was?' said Bath+ +sheba, looking searchingly into his face. +"I do,' he said, looking boldly back into hers. +"I thought you did,' said she, with angry hauteur, +and still regarding him. " Who is she?' +

+He suddenly seemed to think that frankness would +benefit neither of the women. +'Nothing to either of us,' he said. "I know her +by sight." +'What is her name?' +"How should I know her name ?' +"I think you do.' +"Think if you will, and be -- -- " The sentence was +completed by a smart cut of the whip round Poppet's +flank, which caused the animal to start forward at a +wild pace. No more was said. +ON CASTERBRIDGE HIGHWAY + +

+FOR a considerable time the woman walked on. Her +steps became feebler, and she strained her eyes to look +afar upon the naked road, now indistinct amid the +penumbrae of night. At length her onward walk +dwindled to the merest totter, and she opened a gate +within which was a haystack. Underneath this she sat +down and presently slept. +When the woman awoke it was to find herself in the +depths of a moonless and starless night. A heavy un+ +broken crust of cloud stretched across the sky, shutting +out every speck of heaven ; and a distant halo which +hung over the town of Casterbridge was visible against +the black concave, the luminosity appearing the +brighter by its great contrast with the circumscribing +darkness. Towards this weak, soft glow the woman +turned her eyes. +"If I could only get there.!' she said. "Meet him +the day after to-morrow: God help me! Perhaps I +shall be in my grave before then.' +A manor-house clock from the far depths of shadow +struck the hour, one, in a small, attenuated tone. After +midnight the voice of a clock seems to lose in breadth +as much as in length, and to diminish its sonorousness +to a thin falsetto. +Afterwards a light -- two lights -- arose frona the re+ +mote shade, and grew larger. A carriage rolled along +the toad, and passed the gate. It probably contained +some late diners-out. The beams from one lamp shone +for a moment upon the crouching woman, and threw +her face into vivid relieff. The face was young in the +groundwork, old in the finish ; the general contours +were flexuous and childlike, but the finer lineaments +had begun to be sharp and thin. +The pedestrian stood up, apparently with revived +determination, and looked around. The road appeared +to be +

+familiar to her, and she carefully scanned the fence +as she slowly walked along. Presently there became +visible a dim white shape; it was another milestone. +She drew her fingers across its face to feel the marks. +"Two more!' she said. +She leant against the stone as a means of rest for a + short interval, then bestirred herself, and again pursued +her way. For a slight distance she bore up bravely, +afterwards flagging as before. This was beside a lone +copsewood, wherein heaps of white chips strewn upon +the leafy ground showed that woodmen had been +faggoting and making hurdles during the day. Now +there was not a rustle, not a breeze, not the faintest +clash of twigs to keep her company. The woman +looked over the gat, opened it, and went in. Close +to the entrance stood a row of faggots, bound and un+ +bound, together with stakes of all sizes. +For a few seconds the wayfarer stood with that tense +stillness which signifies itself to be not the end but +merely the suspension, of a previous motion. Her +attitude was that of a person who listens, either to the +external world of sound, or to the imagined discourse of +thought. A close criticism might have detected signs +proving that she was intent on the latter alternative. +Moreover, as was shown by what followed, she was +oddly exercising the faculty of invention upon the spe+ +ciality of the clever Jacquet Droz, the designer of auto+ +matic substitutes for human limbs. +By the aid of the Casterbridge aurora, and by feeling +with her hands, the woman selected two sticks from the +heaps. These sticks were nearly straight to the height +of three or four feet, where each branched into a fork +like the letter Y. She sat down, snapped off the small +upper twigs, and carried the remainder with her into +the road. She placed one of these forks under each +arm as a crutch, tested them, timidly threw her whole +weight upon them -- so little that it was -- and swung +herself forward. The girl had made for herself a +material aid. +The crutches answered well. The pat of her feet, +and the tap of her sticks upon the highway, were all the +sounds that +

+came from the traveller now. She had +passed the last milestone by a good long distance, and +began to look wistfully towards the bank as if calculating +upon another milestone soon. The crutches, though +so very useful, had their limits of power. Mechanism +only transfers labour, being powerless to supersede it, +and the original amount of exertion was not cleared +away; it was thrown into the body and arms. She was +exhausted, and each swing forward became fainter. At +last she swayed sideways, and fell. +Here she lay, a shapeless heap, for ten minutes and +more. The morning wind began to boom dully over +the flats, and to move afresh dead leaves which had +lain still since yesterday. The woman desperately +turned round upon her knees, and next rose to her +feet. Steadying herself by the help of one crutch, she +essayed a step, then another, then a third, using the +crutches now as walking-sticks only. Thus she pro+ +gressed till descending Mellstock Hill another milestone +appeared, and soon the beginning of an iron-railed fence +came into view. She staggered across to the first post, +clung to it, and looked around. +The Casterbridge lights were now individually visible, +It was getting towards morning, and vehicles might be +hoped for, if not expected soon. She listened. There +was not a sound of life save that acme and sublimation +of all dismal sounds, the hark of a fox, its three hollow +notes being rendered at intervals of a minute with the +precision of a funeral bell. +Less than a mile.!' the woman murmured. "No; +more,' she added, after a pause. 'The mile is to the +county hall, and my resting-place is on the other side +Casterbridge. A little over a mile, and there I am! ' +After an interval she again spoke. "Five or six steps to +a yard -- six perhaps. I have to go seventeen hundred +yards. A hundred times six, six hundred. Seventeen +times that. O pity me, Lord.!' +Holding to the rails, she advanced, thrusting one +hand forward upon the rail, then the other, then leaning +over it whilst she dragged her feet on beneath. +This woman was not given to soliloquy; but ex, +tremity of feeling lessens the individuality of the weak, +as it increases +

+that of the strong. She said again in the +same tone, "I'll believe that the end lies five posts for+ +ward, and no further, and so get strength to pass them.' +This was a practical application of the principle that +a half-feigned and fictitious faith is better than no faith +at all. +She passed five posts and held on to the fifth. +"I'll pass five more by believing my longed-for spot +is at the next fifth. I can do it.' +she passed five more. +"It lies only five further.' +she passed five more. +"But it is five further.' +She passed them. +'That stone bridge is the end of my journey,' she +said, when the bridge over the Froom was in view. +She crawled to the bridge. During the effort each +breath of the woman went into the air as if never to +return again. +"Now for the truth of the matter,' she said, sitting +down. "The truth is, that I have less than half a mile.' +Self-beguilement with what she had known all the time +to be false had given her strength to come over half +a mile that she would have been powerless to face in +the lump. The artifice showed that the woman, by +some mysterious intuition, had grasped the paradoxical +truth that blindness may operate more vigorously than +prescience, and the short-sighted effect more than the +far-seeing ; that limitation, and not comprehensiveness, +is needed for striking a blow. +The half-mile stood now before the sick and weary +woman like a stolid Juggernaut. It was an impassive +King of her world. The road here ran across Durnover +Moor, open to the road on either side. She surveyed +the wide space, the lights, herself, sighed, and lay down +against a guard-stone of the bridge. +Never was ingenuity exercised so sorely as the +traveller here exercised hers. Every conceivable aid, +m&thod, stratagem, mechanism, by which these last +desperate eight hundred yards could be overpasscd by a +human being unperceived, was revolved in her busy +brain, and dismissed as impracticable. She thought of +

+sticks, wheels, crawling -- she even thought of rolling. +But the exertion demanded by either of these latter two +was greater than to walk erect. The faculty of con+ +trivance was worn out, Hopelessness had come at +last. +" No further.!' she whispered, and closed her eyes. +From the stripe of shadow on the opposite side of +the bridge a portion of shade seemed to detach itself +and move into isolation upon the pale white of the road. +It glided noiselessly towards the recumbent woman. +She became conscious of something touching her +hand; it was softness and it was warmth. She +opened her eye's, and the substance touched her face. +A dog was licking her cheek. +He was huge, heavy, and quiet creature, standing +darkly against the low horizon, and at least two feet +higher than the present position of her eyes. Whether +Newfoundland, mastiff, bloodhound, or what not, it was +impossible to say. He seemed to be of too strange and +mysterious a nature to belong to any variety among those +of popular nomenclature. Being thus assignable to no +breed, he was the ideal embodiment of canine greatness + -- a generalization from what was common to all. Night, +in its sad, solemn, and benevolent aspect, apart from its +stealthy and cruel side, was personified in this form +Darkness endows the small and ordinary ones among +mankind with poetical power, and even the suffering +woman threw her idea nto figure. +In her reclining position she looked up to him just +as in earlier times she had, when standing, looked up +to a man. The animal, who was as homeless as she, +respectfully withdrew a step or two when the woman +moved, and, seeing that she did not repulse him, he +licked her hand again. +A thought moved within her like lightning. "Perhaps +I can make use of him-i might do it then!' +She pointed in the direction of Casterbridge, and +the dog seemed to misunderstand : he trotted on. Then, +finding she could not follow, he came back and whined. +The ultimate and saddest singularity of woman's effort +and invention was reached when, with a quickened breath+ +ing, she rose to a stooping posture, and, resting her two +little arms +

+upon the shoulders of the dog, leant firmly +thereon, and murmured stimulating words. Whilst she +sorrowed in her heart she cheered with her voice, and +what was stranger than that the strong should need +encouragement from the weak was that cheerfulness +should be so well stimulated by such utter dejection. +Her friend moved forward slowly, and she with small +mincing steps moved forward beside him, half her +weight being thrown upon the animal. Sometimes +she sank as she had sunk from walking erect, from +the crutches, from the rails. The dog, who now +thoroughly understood her desire and her incapacity, +was frantic in his distress on these occasions ; he would +tug at her dress and run forward. She always called +him back, and it was now to be observed that the +woman listened for human sounds only to avoid them. +It was evident that she had an object in keeping her +presence on the road and her forlorn state unknown. +Their progress was necessarily very slow. They +reached the bottom of the town, and the Casterbridge +lamps lay before them like fallen Pleiads as they turned +to the left into the dense shade of a deserted avenue of +chestnuts, and so skirted the borough. Thus the town +was passed, and the goal was reached. +On this much-desired spot outside the town rose a +picturesque building. Originally it had been a mere +case to hold people. The shell had been so thin, so +devoid of excrescence, and so closely drawn over the +accommodation granted, that the grim character of +what was beneath showed through it, as the shape of +a body is visible under a winding-sheet. +Then Nature, as if offended, lent a hand. Masses +of ivy grew up, completely covering the walls, till the +place looked like an abbey; and it was discovered that +the view from the front, over the Casterbridge chimneys, +was one of the most magnificent in the county. A +neighbouring earl once said that he would give up a +year's rental to have at his own door the view enjoyed +by the inmates from theirs -- and very probably the +inmates would have given up the view for his year's +rental. +This stone edifice consisted of a central mass and +

+two wings, whereon stood as sentinels a few slim +chimneys, now gurgling sorrowfully to the slow wind. +In the wall was a gate, and by the gate a belipull +formed of a hanging wire. The woman raised herself +as high as possible upon her knees, and could just +reach the handle. She moved it and fell forwards in +a bowed attitude, her face upon her bosom. +It was getting on towards six o'clock, and sounds of +movement were to be heard inside the building which +was the haven of rest to this wearied soul. A little door +by the large one was opened, and a man appeared inside. +He discerned the panting heap of clothes, went back +for a light, and came again. He entered a second +time, and returned with two women. +These lifted the prostrate figure and assisted her in +through the doorway. The man then closed the door. +How did she get here ?" said one of the women. +"The Lord knows,' said the other. +There is a dog outside," murmured the overcome +traveller. " Where is he gone ? He helped me.' +I stoned him away,' said the man. +The little procession then moved forward -- the man +in front bearing the light, the two bony women next, +supporting between them the small and supple one. +Thus they entered the house and disappeared. +SUSPICION + +

+SUSPICION -- FANNY IS SENT FOR +BATHSHEBA said very little to her husband all that +evening of their return from market, and he was not +disposed to say much to her. He exhibited the un+ +pleasant combination of a restless condition with a +silent tongue. The next day, which was Sunday, passed +nearly in the same manner as regarded their taciturnity, +Bathsheba going to church both morning and afternoon. +This was the day before the Budmouth races. In the +evening Troy said, suddenly -- +" Bathsheba, could you let me have twenty pounds ?" +Her countenance instantly sank. ' Twenty pounds ? +she said. +'The fact is, I want it badly.' The anxiety upon +Troy's face was unusual and very marked. lt was a +culmination of the mood he had been in all the day. +"Ah !. for those races to-morrow.' +Troy for the moment made no reply. Her mistake +had its advantages to a man who shrank from having +his mind inspected as he did now. "Well, suppose I +do want it for races ?' he said, at last. +"O, Frank.!' Bathsheba replied, and there was such +a volume of entreaty in the words. "Only such a few +weeks ago you said that I was far sweeter than all your +other pleasures put together, and that you would give +them all up for me; and now, won't you give up this +one, which is more a worry than a pleasure? Do, +Frank. Come, let me fascinate you by all I can do + -- by pretty words and pretty looks, and everything I +can think of -- to stay at home. Say yes to your wife -- +say yes.!' +The tenderest and softest phases of Bathsheba's +nature were prominent now -- advanced impulsively for +his acceptance, without any of the disguises and defences +which the wariness of her character when she was cool +too frequently threw +

+over them. Few men could have +resisted the arch yet dignified entreaty of the beautiful +face, thrown a little back and sideways in the weli +known attitude that expresses more than the words it +accompanies, and which seems to have heen designed +for these special occasions. Had the woman not been +his wife, Troy would have succumbed instantly ; as it +was, he thought he would not deceive her longer. +"The money is not wanted for racing debts at all,' +he said. +" What is it for ?' she asked. " You worry me a great +deal by these mysterious responsibilities, Frank." +Troy hesitated. He did not now love her enough +to allow himself to be carried too far by her ways. Yet +it was necessary to be civil. "You wrong me by such +a suspicious manner, he said. " Such strait-waistcoating +as you treat me to is not becoming in you at so early a +date.' +"I think that I have a right to grumble a little if I +pay,' she said, with features between a smile and a +pout. +Exactly; and, the former being done, suppose we +proceed to the latter. Bathsheba, fun is all very well, +but don't go too far, or you may have cause to regret +something.' +She reddened. " I do that already,' she said, quickly +" What do you regret ? ' +SUSPICION +"That my romance has come to an end.' +" All romances end at marriage.' +'I wish you wouldn't talk like that. You grieve me +to my soul by being smart at my expense.' +" You are dull enough at mine. I believe you hate +me.' +" Not you -- only your faults. I do hate them.' +"'Twould be much more becoming if you set your+ +self to cure them. Come, let's strike a balance with +the twenty pounds, and be friends.' +She gave a sigh of resignation. 'I have about that +sum here for household expenses. If you must have it, +take it.' +"Very good. Thank you. I expect I shall have +gone away before you are in to breakfast to-morrow.' +"And must you go ? Ah !. there was a time, Frank, +when it would have taken a good many promises to +other people to drag you away from me. You used to +call me darling, then. +

+But it doesn't matter to you how +my days are passed now.' +"I must go, in spite of sentiment.' Troy, as he +spoke, looked at his watch, and, apparently actuated by +<1non lucendo>1 principles, opened the case at the back, +revealing, snugly stowed within it, a small coil of hair. +Bathsheba's eyes had been accidentally lifted at that +moment, and she saw the action and saw the hair. She +flushed in pain and surprise, and some words escaped +her before she had thought whether or not it was wise +to utter them. "A woman's curl of hair !' she said. +"O, Frank, whose is that ?' +Troy had instantly closed his watch. He carelessly +replied, as one who cloaked some feelings that the sight +had stirred. ' Why, yours, of course. Whose should it +be ? I had quite forgotten that I had it.' +' What a dreadful fib, Frank.!' +" I tell you I had forgotten it.!' he said, loudly. +'I don't mean that -- it was yellow hair.' +"Nonsense.' +"That's insulting me. I know it was yellow. Now +whose was it ? I want to know.' +"Very welii'll tell you, so make no more ado. It +is the hair of a young woman I was going to marry +before I knew you.' +" You ought to tell me her name, then.' +"I cannot do that.' +"Is she married yet?' +"No.' +"Is she alive?' +" Yes.' +"Is she pretty ?' +" Yes.' +'It is wonderful how she can be, poor thing, under +such an awful affliction!' +" Affliction -- what affliction ? ' he inquired, quickly. +" Having hair of that dreadful colour.' +" Oh -- ho-i like that.!' said Troy, recovering him+ +self. "Why, her hair has been admired by everybody +who has seen her since she has worn it loose, which has +not been long. It is +

+beautiful hair. People used to +turn their heads to look at it, poor girl.!' +"Pooh! that's nothing -- that's nothing!' she ex+ +claimed, in incipient accents of pique. 'If I cared for +your love as much as I used to I could say people had +turned to look at mine.' +"Bathsheba, don't be so fitful and jealous. You +knew what married life would be like, and shouldn't +have entered it if you feared these contingencies.' +Troy had by this time driven her to bitterness: her +heart was big in her throat, and the ducts to her eyes +were painfully full. Ashamed as she was to show +emotion, at last she burst out: -- +"This is all I get for loving you so well! Ah! when +I married you your life was dearer to me than my own. +I would have died for you -- how truly I can say that I +would have died for you.! And now you sneer at my +foolishness in marrying you. O! is it kind to me to +throw my mistake in my face ? Whatever opinion you +may have of my wisdom, you should not tell me of it so +mercilessly, now that I am in your power.' +" I can't help how things fall out,' said Troy; "upon +my heart, women will be the death of me.!' +"Well you shouldn't keep people's hair. You'll +burn it, won't you, Frank?' +Frank went on as if he had not heard her. "There +are considerations even before my consideration for you; +reparations to be made -- ties you know nothing of If +you repent of marrying, so do I.' +Trembling now, she put her hand upon his arm, +saying, in mingled tones of wretchedness and coaxing, +"I only repent it if you don't love me better than any +woman in the world.! I don't otherwise, Frank. You +don't repent because you already love somebody better +than you love me, do you ?' +"I don't know. Why do you say that?' +"You won't burn that curl. You like the woman +who owns that pretty hair -- yes; it is pretty -- more +beautiful than my miserable black mane! Well, it is +no use; I can't help being ugly. You must like her +best, if you will!' +"Until to-day, when I took it from a drawer, I have +

+never looked upon that bit of hair for several months -- +that I am ready to swear.' +"But just now you said "ties;" and then -- that +woman we met?' +"'Twas the meeting with her that reminded me of +the hair.' +"Is it hers, then ?' +"Yes. There, now that you have wormed it out of +me, I hope you are content.' +"And what are the ties ?' +"Oh! that meant nothing -- a mere jest.' +"A mere jest ! ' she said, in mournful astonishment. +"Can you jest when I am so wretchedly in earnest ? +Tell me the truth, Frank. I am not a fool, you know, +although I am a woman, and have my woman's moments. +Come! treat me fairly,' she said, looking honestly and +fearlessly into his face. "I don't want much; bare +justice -- that's all! Ah! once I felt I could be content +with nothing less than the highest homage from the +husband I should choose. Now, anything short of +cruelty will content me. Yes! the independent and +spirited Bathsheba is come to this.!' +"For Heaven's sake don't be so desperate! "Troy +said, snappishly, rising as he did so, and leaving the +room. +Directly he had gone, Bathsheba burst into great +sobs -- dry-eyed sobs, which cut as they came, without +any softening by tears. But she determined to repress +all evidences of feeling. She was conquered; but she +would never own it as long as she lived. Her pride +was indeed brought low by despairing discoveries of her +spoliation by marriage with a less pure nature than her +own. She chafed to and fro in rebelliousness, like a +caged leopard; her whole soul was in arms, and the +blood fired her face. Until she had met Troy, Bath+ +sheba had heen proud of her position as a woman; it +had been a glory to her to know that her lips had been +touched hy no man's on earth -- that her waist had +never been encircled by a lover's arm. She hated +herself now. In those earlier days she had always +nourished a secret contempt for girls who were the +slaves of the first goodiooking young fellow who should +choose to salute them. She had never taken kindly to +the idea of +

+marriage in the abstract as did the majority +of women she saw about her. In the turmoil of her +anxiety for her lover she had agreed to marry him; but +the perception that had accompanied her happiest hours +on this account was rather that of self-sacrifice than of +promotion and honour. Although she scarcely knew +the divinity's name, Diana was the goddess whom +Bathsheba instinctively adored. That she had never, +by look, word, or sign, encouraged a man to approach +her -- that she had felt herself sufficient to herself, and +had in the independence of her girlish heart fancied +there was a certain degradation in renouncing the +simplicity of a maiden existence to become the humbler +half of an indifferent matrimonial whole -- were facts +now bitterly remembered. O, if she had never +stooped to folly of this kind, respectable as it was, and +could only stand again, as she had stood on the hill at +Norcombe, and dare Troy or any other man to pollute +a hair of her head by his interference!. +The next morning she rose earlier than usual, and +had the horse saddled for her ride round the farm in +the customary way. When she came in at half-past +eight -- their usual hour for breakfasting -- she was in+ +formed that her husband had risen, taken his breakfast, +and driven off to Casterbridge with the gig and Poppet. +After breakfast she was cool and collected -- quite +herself in fact -- and she rambled to the gate, intending +to walk to another quarter of the farm, which she still +personally superintended as well as her duties in the +house would permit, continually, however, finding her+ +self preceded in forethought by Gabriel Oak, for whom +she began to entertain the genuine friendship of a sister. +Of course, she sometimes thought of him in the light of +an old lover, and had momentary imaginings of what +life with him as a husband would have been like; also +of life with Boldwood under the same conditions. But +Bathsheba, though she could feel, was not much given +to futile dreaming, and her musings under this head +were short and entirely confined to the times when +Troy's neglect was more than ordinarily evident. +She saw coming up the road a man like Mr. Boldwood. +

+It was Mr. Boldwood. Bathsheba blushed painfully, +and watched. The farmer stopped when still a long +way off, and held up his hand to Gabriel Oak, who was +in a footpath across the field. The two men then +approached each other and seemed to engage in +earnest conversation. +Thus they continued for a long time. Joseph Poor+ +grass now passed near them, wheeling a barrow of apples +up the hill to Bathsheba's residence. Boldwood and +Gabriel called to him, spoke to him for a few minutes, +and then all three parted, Joseph immediately coming +up the hill with his barrow. +Bathsheba, who had seen this pantomime with some +surprise, experienced great relief when Boldwood turned +back again. 'Well, what's the message, Joseph ? ' she +said. +He set down his barrow, and, putting upon himself +the refined aspect that a conversation with a lady re+ +quired, spoke to Bathsheba over the gate. +"You'll never see Fanny Robin no more -- use nor +principai-ma'am.' +" Why ?' +"Because she's dead in the Union.' +" Fanny dead -- never.!' +" Yes, ma'am.' +" What did she die from ?" +"I don't know for certain; but I should be inclined +to think it was from general neshness of constitution. +She was such a limber maid that 'a could stand no +hardship, even when I knowed her, and 'a went like a +candle-snoff, so 'tis said. She was took bad in the +morning, and, being quite feeble and worn out, she +died in the evening. She belongs by law to our parish; +and Mr. Boldwood is going to send a waggon at three +this afternoon to fetch her home here and bury her.' +"Indeed I shall not let Mr. Boldwood do any such +thing-i shall do it! Fanny was my uncle's servant, +and, although I only knew her for a couple of days, +FANNY IS SENT FOR +she belongs to me. How very, very sad this is.! -- +the idea of Fanny being in a workhouse.' Bathsheba +had begun to know what suffering was, and she spoke +with real feeling.... "Send across to Mr. Boldwood's, +and say that Mrs. Troy will take upon herself the duty +

+of fetching an old servant of the family.... We +ought not to put her in a waggon; we'll get a hearse.' +" There will hardly be time, ma'am, will there?' +" Perhaps not,' she said, musingly. " When did you +say we must be at the door -- three o'clock?' +" Three o'clock this afternoon, ma'am, so to speak it.' +"Very weli-you go with it. A pretty waggon is +better than an ugly hearse, after all. Joseph, have the +new spring waggon with the blue body and red wheels, +and wash it very clean. And, Joseph -- -- ' +" Yes, ma'am.' +' Carry with you some evergreens and flowers to put +upon her coffin -- indeed, gather a great many, and +completely bury her in them. Get some boughs of +laurustinus, and variegated box, and yew, and boy'siove; +ay, and some hunches of chrysanthemum. And let old +Pleasant draw her, because she knew him so well.' +'I will, ma'am. I ought to have said that the +Union, in the form of four labouring men, will meet me +when I gets to our churchyard gate, and take her and +bury her according to the rites of the Board of Guardians, +as by law ordained.' +" Dear me -- Casterbridge Union -- and is Fanny come +to this?' said Bathsheba, musing. "I wish I had known +of it sooner. I thought she was far away. How long +has she lived there?' +"On'y been there a day or two.' +"Oh.! -- then she has not been staying there as a +regular inmate?' +" No. She first went to live in a garrison-town t'other +side o' Wessex, and since then she's been picking up a +living at seampstering in Melchester for several months, +at the house of a very respectable widow-woman who +takes in work of that sort. She only got handy the +Union-house on Sunday morning 'a b'lieve, and 'tis sup+ +posed here and there that she had traipsed every step +of the way from Melchester. Why she left her place, +I can't say, for I don't know; and as to a lie, why, I +wouldn't tell it. That's the short of the story, ma'am.' +"Ah-h .! ' +

+No gem ever flashed from a rosy ray to a white one +more rapidly than changed the young wife's counten+ +ance whilst this word came from her in a long-drawn +breath. "Did she walk along our turnpike-road?' she +said, in a suddenly restless and eager voice. +"I believe she did.... Ma'am, shall I call Liddy? +You bain't well, ma'am, surely ? You look like a lily -- +so pale and fainty.!' +"No; don't call her; it is nothing. When did she +pass Weatherbury?' +"Last Saturday night.' +"That will do, Joseph; now you may go.' +" Certainly, ma'am.' +" Joseph, come hither a moment. What was the +colour of Fanny Robin's hair?' +"Really, mistress, now that 'tis put to me so judge+ +and-jury like, I can't call to mind, if ye'll believe me.!' +"Never mind; go on and do what I told you. Stop + -- well no, go on.' +She turned herself away from him, that he might no +longer notice the mood which had set its sign so visibly +upon her, and went indoors with a distress:ng sense of +faintness and a beating brow. About an hour after, she +heard the noise of the waggon and went out, still with a +painful consciousness of her bewildered and troubled +look. Joseph, dressed in his best suit of clothes, was +putting in the horse to start. The shrubs and flowers +were all piled in the waggon, as she had directed +Bathsheba hardly saw them now. +" Whose sweetheart did you say, Joseph?' +'I don't know, ma'am.' +"Are you quite sure?' +" Yes, ma'am, quite sure.' +"Sure of what?' +"I'm sure that all I know is that she arrived in the +morning and died in the evening without further parley. +What Oak and Mr. Boldwood told me was only these +few words. "Little Fanny Robin is dead, Joseph,' +Gabriel said, looking in my face in his steady old way. +I was very sorry, and I said, "Ah!. -- and how did she +

+come to die?' "Well, she's dead in Casterhridge +Union," he said; "and perhaps 'tisn't much matter +about how she came to die. She reached the Union +early Sunday morning, and died in the afternoon -- that's +clear enough." Then I asked what she'd been doing +lately, and Mr. Boldwood turned round to me then, and +left off spitting a thistle with the end of his stick. He +told me about her having lived by seampstering in +Melchester, as I mentioned to you, and that she walked +therefrom at the end of last week, passing near here +Saturday night in the dusk. They then said I had +better just name a hent of her death to you, and away +they went. Her death might have been brought on by +biding in the night wind, you know, ma'am; for people +used to say she'd go off in a decline: she used to cough +a good deal in winter time. However, 'tisn't much +odds to us about that now, for 'tis all over.' +"Have you heard a different story at all?' She +looked at him so intently that Joseph's eyes quailed. +"Not a word, mistress, I assure 'ee.!" he said. +"Hardly anybody in the parish knows the news yet.' +"I wonder why Gabriel didn't bring the message to +me himself. He mostly makes a point of seeing me +upon the most trifling errand.' These words were +merely murmured, and she was looking upon the ground. +"Perhaps he was busy, ma'am,' Joseph suggested. +"And sometimes he seems to suffer from things upon +his mind, connected with the time when he was better +off than 'a is now. 'A's rather a curious item, but a +very understanding shepherd, and learned in books.' +'Did anything seem upon his mind whilst he was +speaking to you about this?' +'I cannot but say that there did, ma'am. He was +terrible down, and so was Farmer Boldwood.' +'Thank you, Joseph. That will do. Go on now, +or you'll be late.' +Bathsheba, still unhappy, went indoors again. In +the course of the afternoon she said to Liddy, Who had +been informed of the occurrence, " What was the colour +

+of poor Fanny Robin's hair? Do you know? I cannot +recollect-i only saw her for a day or two.' +"It was light, ma'am; but she wore it rather short, +and packed away under her cap, so that you would +hardly notice it. But I have seen her let it down when +she was going to bed, and it looked beautiful then. +Real golden hair.' +" Her young man was a soldier, was he not?' +"Yes. In the same regiment as Mr. Troy. He says +he knew him very well.' +" What, Mr. Troy says so? How came he to say +that?' +"One day I just named it to him, and asked him if +he knew Fanny's young man. He said, "O yes, he +knew the young man as well as he knew himself, and +that there wasn't a man in the regiment he liked +better."' +"Ah! Said that, did he ?' +"Yes; and he said there was a strong likeness be+ +tween himself and the other young man, so that some+ +times people mistook them -- -- ' +' Liddy, for Heaven's sake stop your talking.!' said +Bathsheba, with the nervous petulance that comes from +worrying perceptions. +JOSEPH AND HIS BURDEN +

+ +JOSEPH AND HIS BURDEN -- BUCK'S HEAD +A WALL bounded the site of Casterbridge Union+ +house, except along a portion of the end. Here a high +gable stood prominent, and it was covered like the front +with a mat of ivy. In this gable was no window, +chimney, ornament, or protuberance of any kind. The +single feature appertaining to it, beyond the expanse of +dark green leaves, was a small door. +The situation of the door was peculiar. The sill +was three or four feet above the ground, and for a +moment one was at a loss for an explanation of this +exceptional altitude, till ruts immediately beneath sug+ +gested that the door was used solely for the passage of +articles and persons to and from the level of a vehicle +standing on the outside. Upon the whole, the door +seemed to advertise itself as a species of Traitor's Gate +translated to another sphere. That entry and exit +hereby was only at rare intervals became apparent on +noting that tufts of grass were allowed to flourish undis+ +turbed in the chinks of the sill. +As the clock over the South-street Alms-house pointed +to five minutes to three, a blue spring waggon, picked +out with red, and containing boughs and flowers, passed +the end of the street, and up towards this side of the +building. Whilst the chimes were yet stammering out +a shattered form of "Malbrook,' Joseph Poorgrass rang +the bell, and received directions to back his waggon +against the high door under the gable. The door then +opened, and a plain elm coffin was slowly thrust forth, +and laid by two men in fustian along the middle of the +vehicle. +One of the men then stepped up beside it, took from +his pocket a lump of chalk, and wrote upon the cover +the name and a few other words in a large scrawling +hand. (We believe that they do these things more +tenderly now, and provide a +

+plate.) He covered the +whole with a black cloth, threadbare, but decent, the +taiiboard of the waggon was returned to its place, one +of the men handed a certificate of registry to Poorgrass, +and both entered the door, closing it hehind them. +Their connection with her, short as it had been, was +over for ever. +Joseph then placed the flowers as enjoined, and the +evergreens around the flowers, till it was difficult to +divine what the waggon contained; he smacked his +whip, and the rather pleasing funeral car crept down +the hill, and along the road to Weatherbury. +The afternoon drew on apace, and, looking to the +right towards the sea as he walked beside the horse, Poor+ +grass saw strange clouds and scrolls of mist rolling over +the long ridges which girt the landscape in that quarter. +They came in yet greater volumes, and indolently crept +across the intervening valleys, and around the withered +papery flags of the moor and river brinks. Then their +dank spongy forms closed in upon the sky. It was +a sudden overgrowth of atmospheric fungi which had +their roots in the neighbouring sea, and by the time +that horse, man, and corpse entered Yalbury Great +Wood, these silent workings of an invisible hand had +reached them, and they were completely enveloped, +this being the first arrival of the autumn fogs, and the +first fog of the series. +The air was as an eye suddenly struck blind. The +waggon and its load rolled no longer on the horizontal +division between clearness and opacity, but were +imbedded in an elastic body of a monotonous pallor +throughout. There was no perceptible motion in the +air, not a visible drop of water fell upon a leaf of the +beeches, birches, and firs composing the wood on either +side. The trees stood in an attitude of intentness, as if +they waited longingly for a wind to come and rock +them. A startling quiet overhung all surrounding things + -- so completely, that the crunching of the waggon+ +wheels was as a great noise, and small rustles, which +had never ohtained a hearing except by night, were dis+ +tinctly individualized. +Joseph Poorgrass looked round upon his sad burden +as it loomed faintly through the flowering laurustinus, +then at the +

+unfathomable gloom amid the high trees on +each hand, indistinct, shadowless, and spectreiike in +their monochrome of grey. He felt anything but cheer+ +ful, and wished he had the company even of a child or +dog. Stopping the home, he listened. Not a footstep +or wheel was audible anywhere around, and the dead +silence was broken only by a heavy particle falling from +a tree through the evergreens and alighting with a smart +rap upon the coffin of poor Fanny. The fog had by +this time saturated the trees, and this was the first +dropping of water from the overbrimming leaves. The +hollow echo of its fall reminded the waggoner painfully +of the grim Leveller. Then hard by came down another +drop, then two or three. Presently there was a continual +tapping of these heavy drops upon the dead leaves, the +road, and the travellers. The nearer boughs were beadcd +with the mist to the greyness of aged men, and the rusty+ +red leaves of the beeches were hung with similar drops, +like diamonds on auburn hair. +At the roadside hamlet called Roy-Town, just beyond +this wood, was the old inn Buck's Head. It was about +a mile and a half from Weatherbury, and in the meridian +times of stage-coach travelling had been the place +where many coaches changed and kept their relays +of horses. All the old stabling was now pulled down, +and little remained besides the habitable inn itself, +which, standing a little way back from the road, sig+ +nified its existence to people far up and down the +highway by a sign hanging from the horizontal bough +of an elm on the opposite side of the way. +Travellers -- for the variety <1tourist>1 had hardly +developed into a distinct species at this date -- some+ +times said in passing, when they cast their eyes up to +the sign-bearing tree, that artists were fond of repre+ +senting the signboard hanging thus, but that they +themselves had never before noticed so perfect an +instance in actual working order. It was near this tree +that the waggon was standing into which Gabriel Oak +crept on his first journey to Weatherbury; but, owing +to the darkness, the sign and the inn had been un+ +observed. +The manners of the inn were of the old-established +

+type. Indeed, in the minds of its frequenters they +existed as unalterable formule : <1e.g.>1 -- +Rap with the bottom of your pint for more liquor. +For tobacco, shout. +In calling for the girl in waiting, say, "Maid.!' +Ditto for the landlady, 'Old Soul.!' etc., etc. +It was a relief to Joseph's heart when the friendly +signboard came in view, and, stopping his horse +immediately beneath it, he proceeded to fulfil an +intention made a long time before. His spirits were +oozing out of him quite. He turned the horse's head +to the green bank, and entered the hostel for a mug +of ale. +Going down into the kitchen of the inn, the floor +of which was a step below the passage, which in its +BUCK'S HEAD +turn was a step below the road outside, what should +Joseph see to gladden his eyes but two copper-coloured +discs, in the form of the countenances of Mr. Jan +Coggan and Mr. Mark Clark. These owners of the +two most appreciative throats in the neighbourhood, +within the pale of respectability, were now sitting face +to face over a threeiegged circular table, having an +iron rim to keep cups and pots from being accidentally +elbowed off; they might have been said to resemble +the setting sun and the full moon shining <1vis-a*-vis>1 +across the globe. +" Why, 'tis neighbour Poorgrass.!' said Mark Clark. +"I'm sure your face don't praise your mistress's table, +Joseph.' +"I've had a very pale companion for the last four +miles,' said Joseph, indulging in a shudder toned +down by resignation. 'And to speak the truth, 'twas +beginning to tell upon me. I assure ye, I ha'n't seed +the colour of victuals or drink since breakfast time +this morning, and that was no more than a dew-bit +afield.' +"Then drink, Joseph, and don't restrain yourself!.' +said Coggan, handing him a hooped mug three+ +quarters full. +Joseph drank for a moderately long time, then for +a longer time, saying, as he lowered the jug, "'Tis +pretty drinking -- very +

+pretty drinking, and is more +than cheerful on my melancholy errand, so to speak it.' +"True, drink is a pleasant delight,' said Jan, as one +who repeated a truism so familiar to his brain that he +hardly noticed its passage over his tongue ; and, +lifting the cup, Coggan tilted his head gradually +backwards, with closed eyes, that his expectant soul +might not be diverted for one instant from its bliss +by irrelevant surroundings. +"Well, I must be on again,' said Poorgmss. "Not +but that I should like another nip with ye; but the +parish might lose confidence in me if I was seed +here.' +" Where be ye trading o't to to-day, then, Joseph ?' +"Back to Weatherbury. I've got poor little Fanny +Robin in my waggon outside, and I must be at the +churchyard gates at a quarter to five with her.' +'Ay-i've heard of it. And so she's nailed up in +parish boards after all, and nobody to pay the bell +shilling and the grave half-crown.' +"The parish pays the grave half-crown, but not the +bell shilling, because the bell's a luxery: but 'a can +hardly do without the grave, poor body. However, I +expect our mistress will pay all.' +"A pretty maid as ever I see.! But what's yer hurry, +Joseph ? The pore woman's dead, and you can't bring +her to life, and you may as well sit down comfortable, +and finish another with us.' +"I don't mind taking just the least thimbleful ye +can dream of more with ye, sonnies. But only a few +minutes, because 'tis as 'tis.' +"Of course, you'll have another drop. A man's +twice the man afterwards. You feel so warm and +glorious, and you whop and slap at your work without +any trouble, and everything goes on like sticks a+ +breaking. Too much liquor is bad, and leads us to +that horned man in the smoky house ; but after all, +many people haven't the gift of enjoying a wet, and +since we be highly favoured with a power that way, +we should make the most o't.' +"True,' said Mark Clark. "'Tis a talent the Lord +

+has mercifully bestowed upon us, and we ought not +to neglect it. But, what with the parsons and clerks +and schooipeople and serious tea-parties, the merry +old ways of good life have gone to the dogs -- upon +my carcase, they have.!' +" Well, really, I must be onward again now,' said +Joseph. +'Now, now, Joseph; nonsense.! The poor woman +is dead, isn't she, and what's your hurry?' +"Well, I hope Providence won't be in a way with +me for my doings,' said Joseph, again sitting down. +'I've been troubled with weak moments lately, 'tis +true. I've been drinky once this month already, and +I did not go to church a-Sunday, and I dropped a +curse or two yesterday; so I don't want to go too far +for my safety. Your next world is your next world, +and not to be squandered offhand.' +'I believe ye to be a chapeimember, Joseph. That +I do.' +'Oh, no, no.! I don't go so far as that.' +" For my part,' said Coggan, "I'm staunch Church +of England.' +" Ay, and faith, so be I,' said Mark Clark. +"I won't say much for myself; I don't wish to,' +Coggan continued, with that tendency to talk on +principles which is characteristic of the barley-corn. +"But I've never changed a single doctrine : I've stuck +like a plaster to the old faith I was born in. Yes; +there's this to be said for the Church, a man can +belong to the Church and bide in his cheerful old +inn, and never trouble or worry his mind about +doctrines at all. But to be a meetinger, you must +go to chapel in all winds and weathers, and make +yerself as frantic as a skit. Not but that chapei +members be clever chaps enough in their way. They +can lift up beautiful prayers out of their own heads, all +about their families and shipwmcks in the newspaper.' +"They can -- they can,' said Mark Clark, with cor+ +roborative feeling ; "but we Churchmen, you see, must +have it all printed aforehand, or, dang it all, we should +no more know what to say to a great gaffer like the +Lord than babes unborn,' +" Chapeifolk be more hand-in-glove with them above +than we,' said Joseph, thoughtfully. +" Yes,' said Coggan. " We know very well that if +anybody do go to heaven, they will. They've worked +hard for it, and they +

+deserve to have it, such as 'tis. +I bain't such a fool as to pretend that we who stick +to the Church have the same chance as they, because +we know we have not. But I hate a feller who'll +change his old ancient doctrines for the sake of getting +to heaven. I'd as soon turn king's-evidence for the +few pounds you get. Why, neighbours, when every +one of my taties were frosted, our Parson Thirdly +were the man who gave me a sack for seed, though +he hardly had one for his own use, and no money to +buy 'em. If it hadn't been for him, I shouldn't hae +had a tatie to put in my garden. D'ye think I'd +turn after that? No, I'll stick to my side; and if we +be in the wrong, so be it : I'll fall with the fallen .! ' +" Well said -- very well said,' observed Joseph. -- +" However, folks, I must be moving now: upon my life +I must. Pa'son Thirdly will be waiting at the church +gates, and there's the woman a-biding outside in the +waggon.' +" Joseph Poorgmss, don't be so miserable.! Pa'son +Thirdly won't mind. He's a generous man ; he's found +me in tracts for years, and I've consumed a good many +in the course of a long and shady life; but he's never +been the man to cry out at the expense. Sit down.' +The longer Joseph Poorgrass remained, the less his +spirit was troubled by the duties which devolved upon +him this afternoon. The minutes glided by uncounted, +until the evening shades began perceptibly to deepen, +and the eyes of the three were but sparkling points +on the surface of darkness. Coggan's repeater struck +six from his pocket in the usual still small tones. +At that moment hasty steps were heard in the entry, +and the door opened to admit the figure of Gabriel Oak, +followed by the maid of the inn bearing a candle. He +stared sternly at the one lengthy and two round faces +of the sitters, which confronted him with the expressions +of a fiddle and a couple of warming-pans. Joseph Poor+ +grass blinked, and shrank several inches into the back+ +ground. +' Upon my soul, I'm ashamed of you ; 'tis disgraceful, +Joseph, disgraceful!. " said Gabriel, indignantly. " Coggan, +you call yourself a man, and don't know better than this.' +

+Coggan looked up indefinitely at Oak, one or other +of his eyes occasionally opening and closing of its own +accord, as if it were not a member, but a dozy individual +with a distinct personality. +" Don't take on so, shepherd!' said Mark Clark, +looking reproachfully at the candle, which appeared +to possess special features of interest for his eyes. +'Nobody can hurt a dead woman,' at length said +Coggan, with the precision of a machine. "All that +could be done for her is done -- she's beyond us : and +why should a man put himself in a tearing hurry for +lifeless clay that can neither feel nor see, and don't +know what you do with her at all? If she'd been +alive, I would have been the first to help her. If she +now wanted victuals and drink, I'd pay for it, money +down. But she's dead, and no speed of ours will +bring her to life. The woman's past us -- time spent +upon her is throwed away: why should we hurry to +do what's not required ? Drink, shepherd, and be +friends, for to-morrow we may be like her.' +" We may,' added Mark Clark, emphatically, at once +drinking himself, to run no further risk of losing his +chance by the event alluded to, Jan meanwhile merging +his additional thoughts of to-morrow in a song : -- +To-mor-row, to-mor-row ! +And while peace and plen-ty I find at my board, +With a heart free from sick-ness and sor-row, +With my friends will I share what to-day may af-ford, +And let them spread the ta-ble to-mor-row. +To-mor -- row', to-mor -- + +"Do hold thy horning, Jan.!' said Oak; and turning +upon Poorgrass, " as for you, Joseph, who do your wicked +deeds in such confoundedly holy ways, you are as drunk +as you can stand.' +"No, Shepherd Oak, no! Listen to reason, shepherd. +All that's the matter with me is the affliction called a +multiplying eye, and that's how it is I look double to +you-i mean, you look double to me.' +A multiplying eye is a very bad thing,' said Mark +Clark. +

+It always comes on when I have been in a public -- +house a little time,' said Joseph Poorgrass, meekly. +"Yes; I see two of every sort, as if I were some holy +man living in the times of King Noah and entering +into the ark.... Y-y-y-yes,' he added, becoming much +affected by the picture of himself as a person thrown +away, and shedding tears; "I feel too good for England : +I ought to have lived in Genesis by rights, like the other +men of sacrifice, and then I shouldn't have b-b-been +called a d-d-drunkard in such a way.!' +"I wish you'd show yourself a man of spirit, and not +sit whining there.!' +"Show myself a man of spirit ? ... Ah, well! let +me take the name of drunkard humbly-iet me be a +man of contrite knees-iet it be .! l know that I always +do say "Please God' afore I do anything, from my +getting up to my going down of the same, and I be +willing to take as much disgrace as there is in that +holy act. Hah, yes.! ... But not a man of spirit ? +Have I ever allowed the toe of pride to be lifted +against my hinder parts without groaning manfully that +I question the right to do so? I inquire that query +boldly?' +" We can't say that you have, Hero Poorgrass,' +admitted Jan. +"Never have I allowed such treatment to pass un+ +questioned!. Yet the shepherd says in the face of that +rich testimony that I be not a man of spirit! Well, +let it pass by, and death is a kind friend !.' +Gabriel, seeing that neither of the three was in a fit +state to Cake charge of the waggon for the remainder of +the journey, made no reply, but, closing the door again +upon them, went across to where the vehicle stood, now +getting indistinct in the fog and gloom of this mildewy +time. He pulled the horse's head from the large patch +of turf it had eaten bare, readjusted the boughs over +the coffin, and drove along through the unwholesome +night. +It had gradually become rumoured in the village +that the body to be brought and buried that day was +all that was left of the unfortunate Fanny Robin who +had followed the Eleventh from Casterbridge through +Melchester and onwards. But, +

+thanks to Boldwood's +reticence and Oak's generosity, the lover she had followed +had never been individualized as Troy. Gabriel hoped +that the whole truth of the matter might not be published +till at any rate the girl had been in her grave for a few +days, when the interposing barriers of earth and time, +and a sense that the events had been somewhat shut +into oblivion, would deaden the sting that revelation and +invidious remark would have for Bathsheba just now. +By the time that Gabriel reached the old manor+ +house, her residence, which lay in his way to the church, +it was quite dark. A man came from the gate and said +through the fog, which hung between them like blown +flour -- +"Is that Poorgrass with the corpse?' +Gabriel recognized the voice as that of the parson. +" The corpse is here, sir,' said Gabriel. +"I have just been to inquire of Mrs. Troy if she could +tell me the reason of the delay. I am afraid it is too +late now for the funeral to be performed with proper +decency. Have you the registrar's certificate ? ' +" No,' said Gabriel. "I expect Poorgrass has that ; +and he's at the Buck's Head. I forgot to ask him +for it.' +"Then that settles the matter. We'll put off the +funeral till to-morrow morning. The body may be +brought on to the church, or it may be left here at +the farm and fetched by the bearers in the morning. +They waited more than an hour, and have now gone +home.' +Gabriel had his reasons for thinking the latter a +most objectionable plan, notwithstanding that Fanny +had been an inmate of the farm-house for several years +in the lifetime of Bathsheba's uncle. Visions of several +unhappy contingencies which might arise from this delay +flitted before him. But his will was not law, and he +went indoors to inquire of his mistress what were her +wishes on the subject. He found her in an unusual +mood : her eyes as she looked up to him were suspicious +and perplexed as with some antecedent thought. Troy +had not yet returned. At first Bathsheba assented with +a mien of indifference to his proposition that they should +go on to the church at once with their burden; but +immediately +

+afterwards, following Gabriel to the gate, +she swerved to the extreme of solicitousness on Fanny's +account, and desired that the girl might be brought into +the house. Oak argued upon the convenience of leaving +her in the waggon, just as she lay now, with her flowers +and green leaves about her, merely wheeling the vehicle +into the coach-house till the morning, but to no purpose, +"It is unkind and unchristian,' she said, 'to leave the +poor thing in a coach-house all night.' +Very well, then,' said the parson. "And I will +arrange that the funeral shall take place early to+ +morrow. Perhaps Mrs. Troy is right in feeling that we +cannot treat a dead fellow-creature too thoughtfully +We must remember that though she may have erred +grievously in leaving her home, she is still our sister : +and it is to be believed that God's uncovenanted +mercies are extended towards her, and that she is a +member of the flock of Christ.' +The parson's words spread into the heavy air with a +sad yet unperturbed cadence, and Gabriel shed an +honest tear. Bathsheba seemed unmoved. Mr. +Thirdly then left them, and Gabriel lighted a lantern. +Fetching three other men to assist him, they bore the +unconscious truant indoors, placing the coffin on two +benches in the middle of a little sitting-room next the +hall, as Bathsheba directed. +Every one except Gabriel Oak then left the room. +He still indecisively lingered beside the body. He was +deeply troubled at the wretchedly ironical aspect that +circumstances were putting on with regard to Troy's +wife, and at his own powerlessness to counteract them, +(n spite of his careful manoeuvring all this day, the very +worst event that could in any way have happened in +connection with the burial had happened now. Oak +imagined a terrible discovery resulting from this after+ +noon's work that might cast over Bathsheba's life a shade +which the interposition of many lapsing years might but +indifferently lighten, and which nothing at all might +altogether remove. +Suddenly, as in a last attempt to save Bathsheba +from, at any rate, immediate anguish, he looked again, +as he had looked before, at the chalk writing upon the +

+coffinlid. The scrawl was this simple one, " Fanny +Robin and child.' Gabriel took his handkerchief and +carefully rubbed out the two latter words, leaving visible +the inscription " Fanny' Robin ' only. He then left the +room, and went out quietly by the front door. + +

+FANNY'S REVENGE +! DO you want me any longer ma'am ? " inquired Liddy, +at a later hour the same evening, standing by the door +with a chamber candlestick in her hand and addressing +Bathsheba, who sat cheerless and alone in the large +parlour beside the first fire of the season. +" No more to-night, Liddy.' +"l'll sit up for master if you like, ma'am. I am not +at all afraid of Fanny, if I may sit in my own room and ' +have a candle. She was such a childlike, nesh young +thing that her spirit couldn't appear to anybody if it +tried, I'm quite sure.' +"O no, no! You go to bed. I'll sit up for him +myself till twelve o'clock, and if he has not arrived by +that time, I shall give him up and go to bed too.' +It is half-past ten now.' +'Oh! is it?' +Why don't you sit upstairs, ma'am ? ' +" Why don't I ? ' said Bathsheba, desultorily. 'It +isn t worth while -- there's a fire here, Liddy.' She +suddenly exclaimed in an impulsive and excited whisper, +Have you heard anything strange said of Fanny?' +The words had no sooner escaped her than an expres+ +sion of unutterable regret crossed her face, and she +burst into tears. +"No -- not a word !' said Liddy, looking at the +weeping woman with astonishment. 'What is it makes +you cry so, ma'am; has anything hurt you ? ' She came +to Bathsheba's side with a face full of sympathy. +" No, Liddy-i don't want you any more. I can +hardly say why I have taken to crying lately: I never +used to cry. Good-night.' +Liddy then left the parlour and closed the door. +

+Bathsheba was lonely and miserable now ; not lone+ +lier actually than she had heen before her marriage; +but her loneliness then was to that of the present time +as the solitude of a mountain is to the solitude of a +cave. And within the last day or two had come these +disquieting thoughts about her husband's past. Her +wayward sentiment that evening concerning Fanny's +temporary resting-place had been the result of a strange +complication of impulses in Bathsheba's bosom. Per+ +haps it would be more accurately described as a +determined rebellion against her prejudices, a revulsion +from a lower instinct of uncharitableness, which would +have withheld all sympathy from the dead woman, be+ +cause in life she had preceded Bathsheba in the atten+ +tions of a man whom Bathsheba had by no means +ceased from loving, though her love was sick to death +just now with the gravity of a further misgiving. +In five or ten minutes there was another tap at the +door. Liddy reappeared, and coming in a little way +stood hesitating, until at length she said, !Maryann has +just heard something very strange, but I know it isn't +true. And we shall be sure to know the rights of it in +a day or two.' +"What is it ?' +" Oh, nothing connected with you or us, ma'am. It +is about Fanny. That same thing you have heard.' +"I have heard nothing.' +"I mean that a wicked story is got to Weatherbury +within this last hour -- that -- -- ' Liddy came close to +her mistress and whispered the remainder of the sentence +slowly into her ear, inclining her head as she spoke in +the direction of the room where Fanny lay. +Bathsheba trembled from head to foot. +"I don't believe it ! ' she said, excitedly. 'And +there's only one name written on the coffin-cover.' +"Nor I, ma'am. And a good many others don't; +for we should surely have been told more about it if it +had been true -- don't you think so, ma'am ? ' +"We might or we might not.' +Bathsheba turned and looked into the fire, that +Liddy might not see her +

+face. Finding that her mistress +was going to say no more, Liddy glided out, closed the +door softly, and went to bed. +Bathsheba's face, as she continued looking into the +fire that evening, might have excited solicitousness on +her account even among those who loved her least. +The sadness of Fanny Robin's fate did not make Bath+ +sheba's glorious, although she was the Esther to this +poor Vashti, and their fates might be supposed to stand +in some respects as contrasts to each other. When +Liddy came into the room a second time the beautiful +eyes which met hers had worn a listless, weary look+ +When she went out after telling the story they had ex+ +pressed wretchedness in full activity. Her simple +country nature, fed on old-fashioned principles, was +troubled by that which would have troubled a woman +of the world very little, both Fanny and her child, if she +had one, being dead. +Bathsheba had grounds for conjecturing a connection +between her own history and the dimly suspected +tragedy of Fanny's end which Oak and Boldwood never +for a moment credited her with possessing. The +meeting with the lonely woman on the previous Saturday +night had been unwitnessed and unspoken of. Oak +may have had the best of intentions in withholding for +as many days as possible the details of what had +happened to Fanny ; but had he known that Bathsheba's +perceptions had already been exercised in the matter, +he would have done nothing to lengthen the minutes of +suspense she was now undergoing, when the certainty +which must terminate it would be the worst fact suspected +after all. +She suddenly felt a longing desire to speak to some +one stronger than herself, and so get strength to sustain +her surmised position with dignity and her carking +doubts with stoicism. Where could she find such a +friend? nowhere in the house. She was by far the +coolest of the women under her roof. Patience and +suspension of judgement for a few hours were what she +wanted to learn, and there was nobody to teach her. +Might she but go to Gabriel Oak ! -- but that could not +be. What a way Oak had, she thought, of enduring +things. Boldwood, who seemed so much deeper and +higher and stronger in +

+feeling than Gabriel, had not +yet learnt, any more than she herself, the simple +lesson which Oak showed a mastery of by every turn +and look he gave -- that among the multitude of interests +by which he was surrounded, those which affected his +personal welibeing were not the most absorbing and +important in his eyes. Oak meditatively looked upon +the horizon of circumstances without any special regard +to his own standpoint in the midst. That was how +she would wish to be. But then Oak was not racked +by incertitude upon the inmost matter of his bosom, as +she was at this moment. Oak knew all about Fanny +that he wished to know -- she felt convinced of that. +If she were to go to him now at once and say no more +than these few words, !What is the truth of the story?' +he would feel bound in honour to tell her. It would +be an inexpressible relief. No further speech would +need to be uttered. He knew her so well that no +eccentricity of behaviour in her would alarm him. +She flung a cloak roundher, went to the door and +opened it. Every blade, every twig was still. The air +was yet thick with moisture, though somewhat less dense +than during the afternoon, and a steady smack of drops +upon the fallen leaves under the boughs was almost +musical in its soothing regularity. lt seemed better to +be out of the house than within it, and Bathsheba closed +the door, and walked slowly down the lane till she came +opposite to Gabriel's cottage, where he now lived alone, +having left Coggan's house through being pinched for +room. There was a light in one window only', and that +was downstairs. The shutters were not closed, nor was +any blind or curtain drawn over the window, neither +robbery nor observation being a contingency which could +do much injury to the occupant of the domicile. Yes, +it was Gabriel himself who was sitting up : he was reading, +From her standing-place in the road she could see him +plainly, sitting quite still, his light curly head upon his +hand, and only occasionally looking up to snuff the +candle which stood beside him. At length he looked +at the clock, seemed surprised at the lateness of the +hour, closed his book, and arose. He was going to bed, +she knew, and if she tapped it must be done at once. +

+Alas for her resolve ! She felt she could not do it, +Not for worlds now could she give a hint about her +misery to him, much less ask him plainly for information +on the cause of Fanny's death. She must suspect, and +guess, and chafe, and bear it all alone. +Like a homeless wanderer she lingered by the bank, +as if lulled and fascinated by the atmosphere of content +which seemed to spread from that little dwelling, and +was so sadly lacking in her own. Gabriel appeared in +an upper room, placed his light in the window-bench, +and then -- knelt down to pray. The contrast of the +picture with her rebellious and agitated existence at this +same time was too much for her to bear to look upon +longer. It was not for her to make a truce with +trouble by any such means. She must tread her giddy +distracting measure to its last note, as she had begun it. +With a swollen heart she went again up the lane, and +entered her own door. +More fevered now by a reaction from the first feelings +which Oak's example had raised in her, she paused in +the hall, looking at the door of the room wherein Fanny +lay. She locked her fingers, threw back her head, and +strained her hot hands rigidly across her forehead, saying, +with a hysterical sob, 'Would to God you would speak +and tell me your secret, Fanny .! . , . O, I hope, hope +it is not true that there are two of you ! ... If I could +only look in upon you for one little minute, I should +know all !. ' +A few moments passed, and she added, slowly, 'And +I will' +Bathsheba in after times could never gauge the mood +which carried her through the actions following this +murmured resolution on this memorable evening of her +life. She went to the lumber-closet for a screw-driver. +At the end of a short though undefined time she found +herself in the small room, quivering with emotion, a mist +before her eyes, and an excruciating pulsation in her +brain, standing beside the uncovered coffin of the girl +whose conjectured end had so entirely engrossed her, and +saying to herself in a husky voice as she gazed within -- +'It was best to know the worst, and I know it now.!' +

+She was conscious of having brought about this +situation by a series of actions done as by one in an +extravagant dream ; of following that idea as to method, +which had burst upon her in the hall with glaring +obviousness, by gliding to the top of the stairs, assuring +herself by listening to the heavy breathing of her maids +that they were asleep, gliding down again, turning the +handle of the door within which the young girl lay, and +deliberately setting herself to do what, if she had antici+ +pated any such undertaking at night and alone, would +have horrified her, but which, when done, was not so +dreadful as was the conclusive proof of her husband's +conduct which came with knowing beyond doubt the +last chapter of Fanny's story. +Bathsheba's head sank upon her bosom, and the +breath which had been bated in suspense, curiosity, and +interest, was exhaled now in the form of a whispered +wail: 'Oh-h-h!' she said, and the silent room added +length to her moan. +Her tears fell fast beside the unconscious pair in the +coffin: tears of a complicated origin, of a nature inde+ +scribable, almost indefinable except as other than those +of simple sorrow. Assuredly their wonted fires must +have lived in Fanny's ashes when events were so shaped +as to chariot her hither in this natural, unobtrusive, yet +effectual manner. The one feat alone -- that of dying -- +by which a mean condition couId be resolved into a +grand one, Fanny had achieved. And to that had +destiny subjoined this rencounter to-night, which had, +in Bathsheba's wild imagining, turned her companion's +failure to success, her humiliation to triumph, her luck +lessness to ascendency; et had thrown over herself a +garish light of mockery, and set upon all things about +her an ironical smile. +Fanny's face was framed in by that yeIIow hair of +hers; and there was no longer much room for doubt as +to the origin of the curl owned by Troy. In Bath+ +sheba's heated fancy the innocent white countenance +expressed a dim triumphant consciousness of the pain +she was retaliating for her pain with all the merciless +rigour of the Mosaic law: 'Burning for burning; wound +for wound: strife for strife. +Bathsheba indulged in contempIations of escape from +her position by immediate death, which thought she, +

+though it was an inconvenient and awful way, had limits +to its inconvenience and awfulness that could not be +overpassed ; whilst the shames of life were measureless. +Yet even this scheme of extinction by death was out +FANNY'S REVENGE +tamely copying her rival's method without the reasons +which had glorified it in her rival's case. She glided +rapidly up and down the room, as was mostly her habit +hen excited, her hands hanging clasped in front of her, +as she thought and in part expressed in brocken words : +O, I hate her, yet I don't mean that I hate her, for +it is grievous and wicked; and yet I hate her a little ! +yes, my flesh insists upon hating her, whether my spirit +is willing or no !.... If she had only lived, I could +ave been angry and cruel towards her with some justifi+ +cation ; but to be vindictive towards a poor dead woman +recoils upon myself. O God, have mercy,! I am +miserable at all this !. ' +Bathsheba became at this moment so terrified at her +own state of mind that she looked around for some sort +of refuge from herself. The vision of Oak kneeling +down that night recurred to her, and with the imitative +instinct which animates women she seized upon the idea, +resolved to kneel, and, if possible, pray. Gabriel had +prayed ; so would she. +She knelt beside the coffin, covered her face with her +hands, and for a time the room was silent as a tomb. +whether from a purely mechanical, or from any other +cause, when Bathsheba arose it was with a quieted spirit, +and a regret for the antagonistic instincts which had +seized upon her just before. +In her desire to make atonement she took flowers +from a vase by the window, and began laying them +around the dead girl's head. Bathsheba knew no other +way of showing kindness to persons departed than by +giving them flowers. She knew not how long she +remained engaged thus. She forgot time, life, where +she was, what she was doing. A slamming together of +the coach-house doors in the yard brought her to her+ +self again. An instant after, the front door opened and +closed, steps crossed the hall, and her husband appeared +at the entrance to the room, looking in upon her. +He beheld it all by degrees, stared in stupefaction at +the scene, as if he thought it an illusion raised by some +fiendish +

+incantation. Bathsheba, pallid as a corpse on +end, gazed back at him in the same wild way. +So little are instinctive guesses the fruit of a legitimate +induction, that at this moment, as he stood with the +door in his hand, Troy never once thought of Fanny in +connection with what he saw. His first confused idea +was that somebody in the house had died. +'Weli-what ? ' said Troy, blankly. +'I must go ! I must go ! ' said Bathsheba, to herself +more than to him. She came with a dilated eye towards +the door, to push past him. +' What's the matter, in God's name ? who's dead ?' +said Troy. +'I cannot say; let me go out. I want air.! ' she +continued. +'But no; stay, I insist ! ' He seized her hand, and +then volition seemed to leave her, and she went off into +a state of passivity. He, still holding her, came up the +room, and thus, hand in hand, Troy and Bathsheba +approached the coffin's side. +The candle was standing on a bureau close by them, +and the light slanted down, distinctly enkindling the +cold features of both mother and babe. Troy looked +in, dropped his wife's hand, knowledge of it all came +over him in a lurid sheen, and he stood still. +So still he remained that he could be imagined to +have left in him no motive power whatever. The +clashes of feeling in all directions confounded one +another, produced a neutrality, and there was motion in +none. +'Do you know her?' said Bathsheba, in a small +enclosed echo, as from the interior of a cell. +'I do,' said Troy. +'Is it she?' +'It is.' +He had originally stood perfectly erect. And now, +in the welinigh congealed immobility of his frame +could be discerned an incipient movement, as in the +darkest night may be discerned light after a while. +He was gradually sinking forwards. The lines of his +features softened, and dismay modulated to illiimitable +sadness. Bathsheba was regarding him from the other +side, still with parted lips and distracted eyes. +

+Capacity +for intense feeling is proportionate to the general +intensity of the nature ,and perhaps in all Fanny's +sufferings, much greater relatively to her strength, there +never was a time she suffered in an absolute sense +what Bathsheba suffered now. +What Troy did was to sink upon his knees with +an indefinable union of remorse and reverence upon +his face, and, bending over Fanny Robin, gently kissed +her, as one would kiss an infant asleep to avoid +awakening it. +At the sight and sound of that, to her, unendurable +act, Bathsheba sprang towards him. All the strong +feelings which had been scattered over her existence +since she knew what feeling was, seemed gathered +together into one pulsation now. The revulsion from +her indignant mood a little earlier, when she had +meditated upon compromised honour, forestalment, +eclipse in maternity by another, was violent and entire. +All that was forgotten in the simple and still strong +attachment of wife to husband. She had sighed for +her self-completeness then, and now she cried aloud +against the severance of the union she had deplored. +She flung her arms round Troy's neck, exclaiming wildly +from the deepest deep of her heart -- +' Don't -- don't kiss them !. O, Frank, I can"t bear +it-i can't ! I love you better than she did: kiss me +too, Frank -- kiss me ! You will, Frank, kiss me too !' +There was something so abnormal and startling in +the childlike pain and simplicity of this appeal from a +woman of Bathsheba's calibre and independence, that +Troy, loosening her tightly clasped arms from his neck, +looked at her in bewilderment. It was such and unex+ +pected revelation of all women being alike at heart, even +those so different in their accessories as Fanny and this +one beside him, that Troy could hardly seem to believe +her to be his proud wife Bathsheba. Fanny's own +spirit seemed to be animating her frame. But this was +the mood of a few instants only. When the momentary +'I will not kiss you!' he said pushing her away. +Had the wife now but gone no further. Yet, +perhaps. under the harrowing circumstances, to speak +out was the one wrong +

+act which can be better under+ +stood, if not forgiven in her, than the right and politic +one, her rival being now but a corpse. All the feeling +she had been betrayed into showing she drew back to +herself again by a strenuous effort of self-command. +'What have you to say as your reason ?' she asked +her bitter voice being strangely low -- quite that of +another woman now. +'I have to say that I have been a bad, black-hearted +man,' he answered. +less than she.' +'Ah! don't taunt me, madam. This woman is more +to me, dead as she is, than ever you were, or are, or can +be. If Satan had not tempted me with that face of +yours, and those cursed coquetries, I should have +He turned to Fanny then. 'But never mind, darling,' +wife.!' +At these words there arose from Bathsheba's lips a +long, low cry of measureless despair and indignation, +such a wail of anguish as had never before been heard +within those old-inhabited walls. It was the ?????????? +of her union with Troy. +"If she's -- that, -- what -- am I ? ' she added, as a +continuation of the same cry, and sobbing pitifully: +and the rarity with her of such abandonment only made +the condition more dire. +" You are nothing to me -- nothing,' said Troy, +heartlessly. 'A ceremony before a priest doesn't make +a marriage. I am not morally yours.' +A vehement impulse to flee from him, to run from +this place, hide, and escape his words at any price, not +stopping short of death itself, mastered Bathsheba now. +She waited not an instant, but turned to the door and +ran out. + +

+UNDER A TREE -- REACTION +BATHSHEBA went along the dark road, neither know' +ing nor caring about the direction or issue of her flight. +The first time that she definitely noticed her position +was when she reached a gate leading into a thicket over+ +hung by some large oak and beech trees. On looking +into the place, it occurred to her that she had seen it +by daylight on some previous occasion, and that what +appeared like an impassable thicket was in reality a +brake of fern now withering fast. She could think of +nothing better to do with her palpitating self than to go +in here and hide; and entering, she lighted on a spot +sheltered from the damp fog hy a reclining trunk, where +she sank down upon a tangled couch of fronds and +stems. She mechanically pulled some armfuls round +her to keep off the breezes, and closed her eyes. +Whether she slept or not that night Bathsheba was +not clearly aware. But it was with a freshened exist+ +ence and a cooler brain that, a long time afterwards, she +became conscious of some interesting proceedings which +were going on in the trees above her head and around. +A coarse-throated chatter was the first sound. +It was a sparrow just waking. +Next : ' Chee-weeze-weeze-weeze .! ' from another +retreat. +It was a finch. +Third : ' Tink-tink-tink-tink-a-chink ! ' from the hedge, +It was a robin. +' Chuck-chuck-chuck !. ' overhead. +A squirrel. +Then, from the road, 'With my ra-ta-ta, and my +rum-tum-tum ! ' +It was a ploughboy. Presently he came opposite, +and she believed from his voice that he was one of +the boys on her own farm. He was followed by a +shambling tramp of heavy feet, and +

+looking through +the ferns Bathsheba could just discern in the wan light +of daybreak a team of her own horses. They stopped +to drink at a pond on the other side of the way'. She +watched them flouncing into the pool, drinking, tossing +up their heads, drinking again, the water dribbling +from their lips in silver threads. There was another +flounce, and they came out of the pond, and turned +back again towards the farm. +She looked further around. Day was just dawning, +and beside its cool air and colours her heated actions +and resolves of the night stood out in lurid contrast. +She perceived that in her lap, and clinging to her +hair, were red and yellow leaves which had come +down from the tree and settled silently upon her +during her partial sleep. Bathsheba shook her dress to +get rid of them, when multitudes of the same family lying +round about her rose and fiuttered away in the breeze +thus created, 'like ghosts from an enchanter fleeing.' +There was an opening towards the east, and the +glow from the as yet unrisen sun attracted her eyes +thither. From her feet, and between the beautiful +yellowing ferns with their feathery arms, the ground +sloped downwards to a hollow, in which was a species +of swamp, dotted with fungi. A morning mist hung +over it now -- a fulsome yet magnificent silvery veil, +full of light from the sun, yet semi-opaque -- the hedge +behind it being in some measure hidden by its hazy +luminousness. Up the sides of this depression grew +sheaves of the common rush, and here and there a +peculiar species of flag, the blades of which glistened +in the enaerging sun, like scythes. But the general +aspect of the swamp was malignant. From its moist +and poisonous coat seemed to be exhaled the essences +of evil things in the earth, and in the waters under +the earth. The fungi grew in all manner of positions +from rotting leaves and tree stumps, some exhibiting +to her listless gaze their clammy tops, others their +oozing gills. Some were marked with great splotches, +red as arterial blood, others were saffron yellow, and +others tall and attenuated, with stems like macaroni. +Some were leathery and of richest browns. The +hollow seemed a nursery of pestilences small and +great, in the immediate neighbourhood of comfort +and health, and Bathsheba arose with a tremor at the +thought of having +

+passed the night on the brink of +so dismal a place. +'l'here were now other footsteps to be heard along +the road. Bathsheba's nerves were still unstrung : +she crouchcd down out of sight again, and the pedes+ +trian came into view. He was a schoolboy, with a +bag slung over his shoulder containing his dinner, +and a hook in his hand. He paused by the gate, +and, without looking up, continued murmuring words +in tones quite loud enough to reach her ears. +'''O Lord, O Lord, O Lord, O Lord, O Lord'': -- +that I know out o' book. ''Give us, give us, give us, +give us, give us '' : -- that I know. ''Grace that, grace that, +grace that, grace that '' : -- that I know.' Other words +followed to the same effect. The boy was of the +dunce class apparently; the book was a psalter, and +this was his way of learning the collect. In the worst +attacks of trouble there appears to be always a super+ +ficial film of consciousness which is left disengaged +and open to the notice of trifles, and Bathsheba was +faintly amused at the boy's method, till he too passed on. +By this time stupor had given place to anxiety, and +anxiety began to make room for hunger and thirst. +A form now appeared upon the rise on the other side +of the swamp, half-hidden by the mist, and came +towards Bathsheba. The woman -- for it was a woman + -- approached with her face askance, as if looking +earnestly on all sides of her. When she got a little +further round to the left, and drew nearer, Bathsheba +could see the newcomer's profile ngainst the sunny +sky', and knew the wavy sweep from forehead to chin, +with neither angle nor decisive line anywhere about +it, to be the familiar contour of Liddy Smallbury. +Bathsheba's heart bounded with gratitude in the +thought that she was not altogether deserted, and she +jumped up. ' O, Liddy .! ' she said, or attempted to say; +but the words had only been framed hy her lips; there +came no sound. She had lost her voice by exposure +to the clogged atmosphere all these hours of night. +'O, ma'am.! I am so glad I have found you,' said +the girl, as soon as she saw Bathsheba. +' You can't come across,' Bathsheba said in a whisper, +wihich she +

+vainly endeavoured to make loud enough to +reach Liddy's ears. Liddy, not knowing this, stepped +down upon the swamp, saying, as she did so, 'It will +bear me up, I think.' +Bathsheba never forgot that transient little picture +of Liddy crossing the swamp to her there in the +morning light. Iridescent bubbles of dank subter+ +ranean breath rose from the sweating sod beside the +waiting maid's feet as she trod, hissing as they burst +and expanded away to join the vapoury firmament above. +Liddy did not sink, as Bathsheba had anticipated. +She landed safely on the other side, and looked up +at the beautiful though pale and weary face of her +young mistress. +'Poor thing ! ' said Liddy, with tears in her eyes, +Do hearten yourself up a little, ma'am. However +did -- -- ' +'I can't speak above a whisper -- my voice is gone +for the present,' said Bathsheba, hurriedly. ' I suppose +the damp air from that hollow has taken it away +Liddy, don't question me, mind. Who sent you -- +anybody ? ' +' Nobody. I thought, when I found you were not +at home, that something cruel had happened. I fancy +I heard his voice late last night; and so, knowing +something was wrong -- -- ' +'Is he at home?' +'No ; he left just before I came out.' +'Is Fanny taken away ? ' +' Not yet. She will soon be -- at nine o'clock.' +'we won't go home at present, then. Suppose we +walk about in this wood ?' +Liddy, without exactly understanding everything, or +anything, in this episode, assented, and they walked +together further among the trees. +'But you had better come in, ma'am, and have +something to eat. You will die of a chill! ' +'I shall not come indoors yet -- perhaps never.' +'Shall I get you something to eat, and something +else to put over your head besides that little shawl?' +'If you will, Liddy.' +Liddy vanished, and at the end of twenty minutes +returned with a cloak, hat, some slices of bread and +butter, a tea-cup, and some hot tea in a little china jug +

+"Is Fanny gone ? ' said Bathsheba. +' No,' said her companion, pouring out the tea. +Bathsheba wrapped herself up and ate and drank +sparingly. Her voice was then a little clearer, and +trifling colour returned to her face. 'Now we'll walk +about again,' she said. +They wandered about the wood for nearly two +REACTION +hours, Bathsheba replying in monosyllables to Liddy's +prattle, for her mind ran on one subject, and one only. +She interrupted with -- +'l wonder if Fanny is gone by this time ? ' +'I will go and see.' +She came back with the information that the +men were just taking away the corpse; that Bathsheba +had been inquired for; that she had replied to the +effect that her mistress was unwell and could not be +seen. +'Then they think I am in my bedroom ?' +' Yes.' Liddy then ventured to add: ' You said +when I first found you that you might never go home +again -- you didn't mean it, ma'am ? ' +'No; I've altered my mind. It is only women with +no pride in them who run away from their husbands. +There is one position worse than that of being found +dead in your husband's house from his iliusage, and +that is, to be found alive through having gone away to +The house of somebody else. l've thought of it all this +morning, and I've chosen my course. A runaway wife +is an encumbrance to everybody, a burden to herself and +a byword -- all of which make up a heap of misery +greater than any that comes by staying at home -- +though this may include the trifling items of insult, +beating, and starvation. Liddy, if ever you marry -- +God forbid that you ever should ! -- you'll find yourself +in a fearful situation ; but mind this, don't you flinch. +Stand your ground, and be cut to pieces. That's +what I'm going to do.' +' O, mistress, don't talk so .! ' said Liddy,-taking her +hand; 'but I knew you had too much sense to bide +away. May I ask what dreadful thing it is that has +happened between you and him ?' +' You may ask; but I may not tell.' +In about ten minutes they returned to the house by +a cimuitous route, entering at the rear. Bathsheba +glided up the +

+back stairs to a disused attic, and her +companion followed. +'Liddy,' she said, with a lighter heart, for youth an +hope had begun to reassert themselves; ' you are to b +my confidante for the present -- somebody must be -- and +I choose you. Well, I shall take up my abode here fo +a while. Will you get a fire lighted, put down a piece +of carpet, and help me to make the place comfortable. +Afterwards, I want you and Maryann to bring up that +little stump bedstead in the small room, and the be +belonging to it, and a table, and some other things. +What shall I do to pass the heavy time away ?' +'Hemming handkerchiefs is a very good thing,' said +Liddy. +'O no, no .! I hate needlework-i always did.' +'knitting ? ' +' And that, too.' +'You might finish your sampler. Only the carn +tions and peacocks want filling in; and then it could +be framed and glazed, and hung beside your aunt' +ma'am.' +' Samplers are out of date -- horribly countrified. No +Liddy, I'll read. Bring up some books -- not new ones. +I haven't heart to read anything new.' +'Some of your uncle's old ones, ma'am ? ' +' Yes. Some of those we stowed away in boxes.' , +faint gleam of humour passed over her face as she said: +'Bring Beaumont and Fletcher's Mai'd's Tragedy,- an +the Mourning Bride ,- and-iet me see -- Niht Thoghts, +and the Vanity of Human Wishes.' +'And that story of the black man, who murdered his +wife Desdemona? It is a nice dismal one that would +suit you excellent just now.' +' Now, Liddy, you've been looking into my book +without telling me; and I said you were not to ! How +do you know it would suit me? It wouldn't suit me a +all.' +'But if the others do -- -- ' +' No, they don't ; and I won't read dismal books. +Why should I read dismal books, indeed ? Bring me +Love in a Village, and Maid of the Mill, and Doctor +Syntax, and some volumes of the Spectator.' +All that day Bathsheba and Liddy lived in the attic +in a state of +

+barricade ; a precaution which proved to be +needless as against Troy, for he did not appear in the +neighbourhood or trouble them at all. Bathsheba sat +at the window till sunset, sometimes attempting to read, +at other times watching every movement outside without +much purpose, and listening without much interest to +every sound. +The sun went down almost blood-red that night, and +a livid cloud received its rays in the east. Up against +this dark background the west front of the church +tower -- the only part of the edifice visible from the +farm-house windows -- rose distinct and lustrous, the +vane upon the summit bristling with rays. Hereabouts, +at six o'clock, the young men of the village gathered, +as was their custom, for a game of Prisoners' base. The +spot had been consecrated to this ancient diversion from +time immemorial, the old stocks conveniently forming +a base facing the boundary of the churchyard, in front +of which the ground was trodden hard and bare as a +pavement by the players. She could see the brown +and black heads of the young lads darting about right +and left, their white shirt-sleeves gleaming in the sun; +whilst occasionally a shout and a peal of hearty laughter +varied the stillness of the evening air. They continued +playing for a quarter of an hour or so, when the game +concluded abruptly, and the players leapt over the wall +and vanished round to the other side behind a yew-tree, +which was also half behind a beech, now spreading in +one mass of golden foliage, on which the branches +traced black lines. +'Why did the base-players finish their game so +suddenly?' Bathsheba inquired, the next time that +Liddy entered the room. +' I think 'twas because two men came just then from +Casterbridge and began putting up grand carved +tombstone,' said Liddy. 'The lads went to see whose +it was.' +' Do you know ? ' Bathsheba asked. +' I don't,' said Liddy. + +

+TROY'S ROMANTICISM +WHEN Troy's wife had left the house at the previous +midnight his first act was to cover the dead from sight. +This done he ascended the stairs, and throwing himself +down upon the bed dressed as he was, he waited miser+ +ably for the morning. +Fate had dealt grimly with him through the last four+ +and-twenty hours. His day had been spent in a way +which varied very materially from his intentions regard+ +ing it. There is always an inertia to be overcome in +striking out a new line of conduct -- not more in our+ +selves, it seems, than in circumscribing events, which +appear as if leagued together to allow no novelties in +the way of amelioration. +Twenty pounds having been secured from Bathsheba, +he had managed to add to the sum every farthing he +could muster on his own account, which had been seven +pounds ten. With this money, twenty-seven pounds ten +in all, he had hastily driven from the gate that morning +to keep his appointment with Fanny Robin. +On reaching Casterbridge he left the horse and trap +at an inn, and at five minutes before ten came back to +the bridge at the lower end of the town, and sat himself +upon the parapet. The clocks struck the hour, and no +Fanny appeared. In fact, at that moment she was being +robed in her grave-clothes by two attendants at the +Union poorhouse -- the first and last tiring-women the +gentle creature had ever been honoured with. The +quarter went, the half hour. A rush of recollection +came upon Troy as he waited: this was the second +time she had broken a serious engagement with him +In anger he vowed it should be the last, and at eleven +o'clock, when he had lingered and watched the stone +of the bridge till he knew every lichen upon their face +and heard the chink of the ripples underneath till they +oppressed him, he jumped from his seat, went to the inn +

+for his gig, and in a bitter mood of indifference con+ +cerning the past, and recklessness about the future, +drove on to Budmouth races. +He reached the race-course at two o'clock, and re+ +mained either there or in the town till nine, But +Fanny's image, as it had appeared to him in the sombre +shadows of that Saturday evening, returned to his mind, +backed up by Bathsheba's reproaches. He vowed he +would not bet, and he kept his vow, for on leaving the +town at nine o'clock in the evening he had diminish +his cash only to the extent of a few shillings. +He trotted slowly homeward, and it was now that +was struck for the first time with a thought that Fanny +had been really prevented by illness from keeping her +promise. 'This time she could have made no mistake +He regretted that he had not remained in Casterbridge +and made inquiries. Reaching home he quietly un+ +harnessed the horse and came indoors, as we have seen, +to the fearful shock that awaited him. +As soon as it grew light enough to distinguish objects, +Troy arose from the coverlet of the bed, and in a mood +of absolute indifference to Bathsheba's whereabouts, a +almost oblivious of her existence, he stalked downstairs +and left the house by the back door. His walk was +towards the churchyard, entering which he searched +around till he found a newly dug unoccupied grave -- +the grave dug the day before for Fanny. The position +of this having been marked, he hastened on to Caster+ +bridge, only pausing +whereon he had last seen Fanny alive. +Reaching the town, Troy descended into a side +street and entered a pair of gates surmounted by a board +bearing the words, 'Lester, stone and marble mason.' +Within were lying about stones of all sizes and designs, +inscribed as being sacred to the memory of unnamed +persons who had not yet died. +Troy was so unlike himself now in look, word, and +deed, that the want of likeness was perceptible even to +his own consciousness. His method of engaging himself +in this business of purchasing a tomb was that of an +absolutely unpractised man. He could not bring him+ +self to consider, calculate, or +

+economize. He waywardly +wished for something, and he set about obtaining it like +a child in a nursery. 'I want a good tomb,' he said to +the man who stood in a little office within the yard. +'I want as good a one as you can give me for twenty+ +seven pounds,' +It was all the money he possessed. +'That sum to include everything?' +' Everything. Cutting the name, carriage to Weather+ +bury, and erection. And I want it now at once .' +' We could not get anything special worked this +week. +'If you would like one of these in stock it could be +got ready immediately.' +'Very well,' said Troy, impatiently. 'Let's see what +you have.' +'The best I have in stock is this one, 'said the stone+ +cutter, going into a shed. ' Here's a marble headstone +beautifully crocketed, with medallions beneath of typical +subjects ; here's the footstone after the same pattern, +and here's the coping to enclose the- grave. The +slabs are the best of their kind, and I can warrant them +'Well, I couId add the name, and put it up at +visitor who wore not a shred of mourning. Troy then +settled the account and went away. In the afternoon +almost done. He waited in the yard till the tomb was +way to Weatherbury, giving directions to the two men +the grave of the person named in the inscription. +bridge. He carried rather a heavy basket upon his +occasionally at bridges and +

+gates, whereon he deposited +returning in the darkness, the men and the waggon +the work was done, and, on being assured that it was, +Troy entered Weatherbury churchyard about ten +had marked the vacant grave early in the morning. It +extent from the view of passers along the road -- a spot +and bushes of alder, but now it was cleared and made +the ground elsewhere. +Here now stood the tomb as the men had stated, snow+ +white and shapely in the gloom, consisting of head and +foot-stone, and enclosing border of marble-work uniting +them. In the midst was mould, suitable for plants. +Troy deposited his basket beside the tomb, and +vanished for a few minutes. When he returned he +carried a spade and a lantern, the light of which he +directed for a few moments upon the marble, whilst he +read the inscription. He hung his lantern on the lowest +bough of the yew-tree, and took from his basket flower+ +roots of several varieties. There were bundles of snow+ +drop, hyacinth and crocus bulbs, violets and double +daisies, which were to bloom in early spring, and of +carnations, pinks, picotees, lilies of the valley, forget-me+ +not, summer's-farewell, meadow-saffron and others, for +the later seasons of the year. +Troy laid these out upon the grass, and with an im+ +passive face set to work to plant them. The snowdrops +were arranged in a line on the outside of the coping, +the remainder within the enclosure of the grave. The +crocuses and hyacinths were to grow in rows; some of +the summer flowers he placed over her head and feet, +the lilies and forget-me-nots over her heart. The +remainder were dispersed in the spaces between these. +Troy, in his prostration at this time, had no percep+ +tion that in the futility of these romantic doings, dictated +by a remorseful reaction from previous indifference, there +was any element +

+of absurdity. Deriving his idiosyn+ +crasies from both sides of the Channel, he showed at +such junctures as the present the inelasticity of the +Englishman, together with that blindness to the line +where sentiment verges on mawkishness, characteristic +of the French. +lt was a cloudy, muggy, and very dark night, and +the rays from Troy's lantern spread into the two old +yews with a strange illuminating power, flickering, as it +seemed, up to the black ceiling of cloud above. He +felt a large drop of rain upon the back of his hand, and +presently one came and entered one of the holes of the +lantern, whereupon the candle sputtered and went out+ +Troy was weary and it being now not far from midnight, +and the rain threatening to increase, he resolved to leave +the finishing touches of his labour until the day should +break. He groped along the wall and over the graves +in the dark till he found himself round at the north side. +Here he entered the porch, and, reclining upon the +bench within, fell asleep. + +

+THE GURGOYLE : ITS DOINGS +THE tower of Weatherbury Church was a square +erection of fourteenth-century date, having two stone +gurgoyles on each of the four faces of its parapet. Of +these eight carved protuberances only two at this time +continued to serve the purpose of their erection -- that +of spouting the water from the lead roof within. One +mouth in each front had been closed hy bygone church+ +wardens as superfluous, and two others were broken +away and choked -- a matter not of much consequence +to the welibeing of the tower, for the two mouths which +still remained open and active were gaping enough to do +all the work. +It has been sometimes argued that there is no truer +criterion of the vitality of any given art-period than the +power of the master-spirits of that time in grotesque ; +and certainly in the instance of Gothic art there is no +disputing the proposition. Weatherbury tower was a +somewhat early instance of the use of an ornamental +parapet in parish as distinct from cathedral churches, +and the gurgoyles, which are the necessary correlatives +of a parapet, were exccptionally prominent -- of the +boldest cut that the hand could shape, and of the most +original design that a human brain could conceive. +There was, so to speak, that symmetry in their distortion +which is less the characteristic of British than of +Continental grotesques of the period. All the eight +were different from each other. A beholder was con+ +vinced that nothing on earth could be more hideous +than those he saw on the north side until he went +round to the south. Of the two on this latter face, only +that at the south-eastern corner concerns the story. It +was too human to be called like a dragon, too impish +to be like a man, too animal to be like a fiend, and not +enough like a bird to be called a griffin. This horrible +stone entity was fashioned as if covered with a +

+wrinkled +hide; it had short, erect ears, eyes starting from their +sockets, and its fingers and hands were seizing the +corners of its mouth, which they thus seemed to pull +open to give free passage to the water it vomited. The +lower row of teeth was quite washed away, though the +upper still remained. Here and thus, jutting a couple +of feet from the wall against which its feet rested as a +support, the creature had for four hundred years +laughed at the surrounding landscape, voicelessly in +dry weather, and in wet with a gurgling and snorting +sound. +Troy slept on in the porch, and the rain increased +outside. Presently the gurgoyle spat. In due time a +small stream began to trickle through the seventy feet +of aerial space between its mouth and the ground, which +the water-drops smote like duckshot in their accelerated +velocity. The stream thickened in substance, and in+ +creased in power, gradually spouting further and yet +further from the side of the tower. When the rain fell +in a steady and ceaseless torrent the stream dashed +downward in volumes. +We follow its course to the ground at this point of +time. The end of the liquid parabola has come forward +from the wall, has advanced over the plinth mouldings, +over a heap of stones, over the marble border, into the +midst of Fanny Robin's grave. +The force of the stream had, until very lately, been +received upon some loose stones spread thereabout, +which had acted as a shield to the soil under the onset. +These during the summer had been cleared from the +ground, and there was now nothing to resist the down+ +fall but the bare earth. For several years the stream +had not spouted so far from the tower as it was doing +on this night, and such a contingency had been over+ +looked. Sometimes this obscure corner received no +inhabitant for the space of two or three years, and +then it was usually but a pauper, a poacher, or other +sinner of undignified sins. +The persistent torrent from the gurgoyle's jaws +directed all its vengeance into the grave. The rich +tawny mould was stirred into motion, and boiled like +chocolate. The water accumulated and washed deeper +down, and the roar of the pool thus formed spread into +the night as the head and chief among other noises of +

+the kind created by the deluging rain. The flowers so +carefully planted by Fanny's repentant lover began to +move and writhe in their bed. The winter-violets +turned slowly upside down, and became a mere mat of +mud. Soon the snowdrop and other bulbs danced in +the boiling mass like ingredients in a cauldron. Plants +of the tufted species were loosened, rose to the surface, +and floated of. +Troy did not awake from his comfortless sleep till it +was broad day. Not having been in bed for two nights +his shouldrrs felt stiff his feet tender, and his head +heavy. He remembered his position, arose, shivered, +took the spade, and again went out. +The rain had quite ceased, and the sun was shining +through the green, brown, and yellow leaves, now +sparkling and varnished by the raindrops to the bright+ +ness of similar effects in the landscapes of Ruysdael and +Hobbema, and full of all those infinite beauties that +arise from the union of water and colour with high +lights. The air was rendered so transparent by the +heavy fall of rain that the autumn hues of the middle +distance were as rich as those near at hand, and the +remote fields intercepted by the angle of the tower ap+ +peared in the same plane as the tower itself. +He entered the gravel path which would take him +behind the tower. The path, instead of being stony as +it had been the night before, was browned over with a +thin coating of mud. At one place in the path he saw +a tuft of stringy roots washed white and clean as a +bundle of tendons. He picked it up -- surely it could +not be one of the primroses he had planted? He saw +a bulb, another, and another as he advanced. Beyond +doubt they were the crocuses. With a face of perplexed +dismay Troy turned the corner and then beheld the +wreck the stream had made. +The pool upon the grave had soaked away into the +ground, and in its place was a hollow. The disturbed +earth was washed over the grass and pathway in the +guise of the brown mud he had already seen, and it +spotted the marble tombstone with the same stains. +Nearly all the flowers were washed clean out of the +ground, and they lay, roots upwards, on the spots whither +they had been splashed by the stream. +

+Troy's brow became heavily contracted. He set his +teeth closely, and his compressed lips moved as those of +one in great pain. This singular accident, by a strange +confluence of emotions in him, was felt as the sharpest +sting of all. Troy's face was very expressive, and any +observer who had seen him now would hardly have +believed him to be a man who had laughed, and sung, +and poured love-trifles into a woman's ear. To curse +his miserable lot was at first his impulse, but even that +lowest stage of rebellion needed an activity whose +absence was necessarily antecedent to the existence of the +morbid misery which wrung him. The sight, coming +as it did, superimposed upon the other dark scenery of +the previous days, formed a sort of climax to the whole +panorama, and it was more than he could endure. +Sanguine by nature, Troy had a power of eluding +grief by simply adjourning it. He could put off the +consideration of any particular spectre till the matter +had become old and softened by time. The planting +of flowers on Fanny's grave had been perhaps but a +species of elusion of the primary grief, and now it was +as if his intention had been known and circumvented. +Almost for the first time in his life, Troy, as he stood +by this dismantled grave, wished himself another man. +lt is seldom that a person with much animal spirit does +not feel that the fact of his life being his own is the one +qualification which singles it out as a more hopeful life +than that of others who may actually resemble him in +every particular. Troy had felt, in his transient way, +hundreds of times, that he could not envy other people +their condition, because the possession of that condition +would have necessitated a different personality, when he +desired no other than his own. He had not minded +the peculiarities of his birth, the vicissitudes of his life, +the meteoriike uncertainty of all that related to him, +because these appertained to the hero of his story, +without whom there would have been no story at all for +him; and it seemed to be only in the nature of things +that matters would right themselves at some proper date +and wind up well. This very morning the illusion +completed its disappearance, and, as it were, all of a +sudden, Troy hated himself. The suddenness was +probably more +

+apparent than real. A coral reef which +just comes short of the ocean surface is no more to the +horizon than if it had never been begun, and the mere +finishing stroke is what often appears to create an event +which has long been potentially an accomplished thing. +He stood and mediated -- a miserable man. Whither +should he go ? " He that is accursed, let him be accursed +still,' was the pitiless anathema written in this spoliated +effort of his new-born solicitousness. A man who has +spent his primal strength in journeying in one direction +has not much spirit left for reversing his course. Troy +had, since yesterday, faintly reversed his ; but the merest +opposition had disheartened him. To turn about would +have been hard enough under the greatest providential +encouragement; but to find that Providence, far from +helping him into a new course, or showing any wish +that he might adopt one, actuallyjeered his first trembling +and critical attempt in that kind, was more than nature +could bear. +He slowly withdrew from the grave. He did not +attempt to fill up the hole, replace the flowers, or do +anything at all. He simply threw up his cards and +forswore his game for that time and always. Going out +of the churchyard silently and unobserved -- none of the +villagers having yet risen -- he passed down some fields +at the back, and emerged just as secretly upon the high +road. Shortly afterwards he had gone from the village. +Meanwhile, Bathsheba remained a voluntary prisoner +in the attic. The door was kept locked, except during +the entries and exits of Liddy, for whom a bed had +been arranged in a small adjoining room. The light +of Troy's lantern in the churchyard was noticed about +ten o'clock by the maid-servant, who casually glanced +from the window in that direction whilst taking her +supper, and she called Bathsheba's attention to it. +They looked curiously at the phenomenon for a time, +until Liddy was sent to bed. +bathsheba did not sleep very heavily that night. +When her attendant was unconscious and softly breath+ +ing in the next room, the mistress of the house was +still looking out of the window at the faint gleam +spreading from among the trees -- +

+not in a steady shine, +but blinking like a revolving coastiight, though this +appearance failed to suggest to her that a person was +passing and repassing in front of it. Bathsheba sat +here till it began to rain, and the light vanished, when +she withdrew to lie restlessly in her bed and re-enact +in a worn mind the lurid scene of yesternight. +Almost before the first faint sign of dawn appeared +she arose again, and opened the window to obtain a full +breathing of the new morning air, the panes being now +wet with trembling tears left by the night rain, each +one rounded with a pale lustre caught from primrose+ +hued slashes through a cloud low down in the awaken+ +ing sky. From the trees came the sound of steady +dripping upon the drifted leaves under them, and from +the direction of the church she could hear another noise + -- peculiar, and not intermittent like the rest, the purl +of water falling into a pool. +Liddy knocked at eight o'clock, and Bathsheba un+ +locked the door. +" What a heavy rain we've had in the night, ma'am!.' +said Liddy, when her inquiries about breakfast had been +made. +" Yes ; very heavy.' +"Did you hear the strange noise from the church +yard?' +"I heard one strange noise. I've been thinking it +must have been the water from the tower spouts.' +"Well, that's what the shepherd was saying, ma'am. +He's now gone on to see. +"Oh!. Gabriel has been here this morning!.' +"Only just looked in in passing -- quite in his old way, +which I thought he had left off lately. But the tower +spouts used to spatter on the stones, and we are puzzled, +for this was like the boiling of a pot.' +Not being able to read, think, or work, Bathsheba asked +Liddy to stay and breakfast with her. The tongue of the +more childish womian still ran upon recent events. "Are +you going across to the church, ma'am?' she asked. +"Not that I know of,' said Bathsheba. +"I thought you might like to go and see where they +have put Fanny. The trees hide the place from your +window.' +

+Bathsheba had all sorts of dreads about meeting her +husband. "Has Mr. Troy been in to-night?' she said +" No, ma'am ; I think he's gone to Budmouth. +Budmouth! The sound of the word carried with +it a much diminished perspective of him and his deeds; +there were thirteen miles interval betwixt them now. +She hated questioning Liddy about her husband's +movements, and indeed had hitherto sedulously avoided +doing so; but now all the house knew that there had +been some dreadful disagreement between them, and +it was futile to attempt disguise. Bathsheba had +reached a stage at which people cease to have any +appreciative regard for public opinion. +"What makes you think he has gone there?' she said. +"Laban Tall saw him on the Budmouth road this +morning before breakfast.' +Bathsheba was momentarily relieved of that wayward +heaviness of the past twenty-four hours which had +quenched the vitality of youth in her without sub+ +stituting the philosophy of maturer years, and the +resolved to go out and walk a little way. So when +breakfast was over, she put on her bonnet, and took +a direction towards the church. It was nine o'clock, +and the men having returned to work again from their +first meal, she was not likely to meet many of them in +the road. Knowing that Fanny had been laid in the +reprobates' quarter of the graveyard, called in the parish +'behind church,' which was invisible from the road, it +was impossible to resist the impulse to enter and look +upon a spot which, from nameless feelings, she at the +same time dreaded to see. She had been unable to +overcome an impression that some connection existed +between her rival and the light through the trees. +Bathsheba skirted the buttress, and beheld the hole +and the tomb, its delicately veined surface splashed and +stained just as Troy had seen it and left it two hours +earlier. On the other side of the scene stood Gabriel. +His eyes, too, were fixed on the tomb, and her arrival +having been noiseless, she had not as yet attracted his +attention. Bathsheba did not at once perceive that the +grand tomb and the disturbed grave were Fanny's, and +she looked on both sides and around for some humbler +mound, +

+earthed up and clodded in the usual way. Then +her eye followed Oak's, and she read the words with +which the inscription opened : -- +"Erected by Francis Troy in Beloved Memory of +Fanny Robin.' +Oak saw her, and his first act was to gaze inquiringly +and learn how she received this knowledge of the +authorship of the work, which to himself had caused +considerable astonishment. But such discoveries did +not much affect her now. Emotional convulsions seemed +to have become the commonplaces of her history, and +she bade him good morning, and asked him to fill in +the hole with the spade which was standing by. Whilst +Oak was doing as she desired, Bathsheba collected the +flowers, and began planting them with that sympathetic +manipulation of roots and leaves which is so conspicuous +in a woman's gardening, and which flowers seem to +understand and thrive upon. She requested Oak to +get the churchwardens to turn the leadwork at the +mouth of the gurgoyle that hung gaping down upon +them, that by this means the stream might be directed +sideways, and a repetition of the accident prevented. +Finally, with the superfluous magnanimity of a woman +whose narrower instincts have brought down bitterness +upon her instead of love, she wiped the mud spots from +the tomb as if she rather liked its words than otherwise, + +

+ADVENTURES BY THE SHORE +TROY wandered along towards the south. A composite +feeling, made up of disgust with the, to him, humdrum +tediousness of a farmer's life, gloomly images of her who +lay in the churchyard, remorse, and a general averseness +to his wife's society, impelled him to seek a home in any +place on earth save Weatherbury. The sad accessories +of Fanny's end confronted him as vivid pictures which +threatened to be indelible, and made life in Bathsheba's +house intolerable. At three in the afternoon he found +himself at the foot of a slope more than a mile in length, +which ran to the ridge of a range of hills lying parallel +with the shore, and forming a monotonous barrier between +the basin of cultivated country inland and the wilder +scenery of the coast. Up the hill stretched a road +nearly straight and perfectly white, the two sides +approaching each other in a gradual taper till they +met the sky at the top about two miles off. Through+ +out the length of this narrow and irksome inclined plane +not a sign of life was visible on this garish afternoon +Troy toiled up the road with a languor and depression +greater than any he had experienced for many a day +and year before. The air was warm and muggy, and +the top seemed to recede as he approached. +At last he reached the summit, and a wide and +novel prospect burst upon him with an effect almost like +that of the Pacific upon Balboa's gaze. The broad +steely sea, marked only by faint lines, which had a +semblance of being etched thereon to a degree not deep +enough to disturb its general evenness, stretched the +whole width of his front and round to the right, where, +near the town and port of Budmouth, the sun bristled +down upon it, and banished all colour, to substitute in +its place a clear oily polish. Nothing moved in sky, +land, or sea, except a frill of milkwhite foam along the +nearer angles of the +

+shore, shreds of which licked the +contiguous stones like tongues. +He descended and came to a small basin of sea +enclosed by the cliffs. Troy's nature freshened within +him ; he thought he would rest and bathe here before +going farther. He undressed and plunged in. Inside +the cove the water was uninteresting to a swimmer, +being smooth as a pond, and to get a little of the ocean +swell, Troy presently swam between the two projecting +spurs of rock which formed the pillars of Hercules to +this miniature Mediterranean. Unfortunately for Troy +a current unknown to him existed outside, which, un+ +important to craft of any burden, was awkward for a +swimmer who might be taken in it unawares. Troy +found himself carried to the left and then round in a +swoop out to sea. +He now recollected the place and its sinister +character. Many bathers had there prayed for a dry +death from time to time, and, like Gonzalo also, had +been unanswered ; and Troy began to deem it possible +that he might be added to their number. Not a boat +of any kind was at present within sight, but far in the +distance Budmouth lay upon the sea, as it were quietly +regarding his efforts, and beside the town the harbour +showed its position by a dim meshwork of ropes and +spars. After welinigh exhausting himself in attempts +to get back to the mouth of the cove, in his weakness +swimming several inches deeper than was his wont, +keeping up his breathing entirely by his nostrils, turning +upon his back a dozen times over, swimming <1en papillon>1 +and so on, Troy resolved as a last resource to tread +water at a slight incline, and so endeavour to reach the +shore at any point, merely giving himself a gentle +impetus inwards whilst carried on in the general direc+ +tion of the tide. This, necessarily a slow process, he +found to be not altogether so difficult, and though there +was no choice of a landing-place -- the objects on shore +passing by him in a sad and slow procession -- he per+ +ceptibly approached the extremity of a spit of land yet +further to the right, now well defined against the sunny +portion of the horizon- While the swimmer s eye's were +fixed upon the spit as his only means of salvation on +this side of the +

+Unknown, a moving object broke the +outline of the extremity, and immediately a ship's boat +appeared manned with several sailor lads, her bows +towards the sea. +All Troy's vigour spasmodically revived to prolong +the struggle yet a little further. Swimming with his +right arm, he held up his left to hail them, splashing +upon the waves, and shouting with all his might. From +the position of the setting sun his white form was +distinctly visible upon the now deep-hued bosom of the +sea to the east of the boat, and the men saw him at +once. Backing their oars and putting the boat about, +they pulled towards him with a will, and in five or six +minutes from the time of his first halloo, two of the +sailors hauled him in over the stern. +They formed part of a brig's crew, and had come +ashore for sand. Lending him what little clothing they +could spare among them as a slight protection against +late they made again towards the roadstead where their +And now night drooped slowly upon the wide watery +levels in front; and at no great distance from them, +where the shoreiine curved round, and formed a long +riband of shade upon the horizon, a series of points of +yellow light began to start into existence, denoting the +spot to be the site of Budmouth, where the lamps were +being lighted along the parade. The cluck of their +oars was the only sound of any distinctness upon the +sea, and as they laboured amid the thickening shades +the lampiights grew larger, each appearing to send a +flaming sword deep down into the waves before it, until +there arose, among other dim shapes of the kind, the +form of the vessel for which they were bound. + +

+DOUBTS ARISE -- DOUBTS LINGER +BATHSHEBA underwent the enlargement of her +Husband's absence from hours to days with a slight +feeling of suprise, and a slight feeling of relief; yet +neither sensation rose at any time far above the level +commonly designated as indifference. She belonged to +him : the certiinties of that position were so well defined, +and the reasonable probabilies of its issue so bounded +that she could not speculate on contingenciezs. Taking +no further interest in herself as a splendid woman, she +acquired the indifferent feelings of an outsider in contem+ +plating her probable fate as a singular wretch ; for Bath+ +sheba drew herself and her future in colours that no +reality could exceed for darkness. Her original vigorous +pride of youth had sickened, and with it had declined +all her anzieties about coming years, since anxiety +recognizes a better and a worse alternative, and Bath+ +sheba had made up her mind that alternatives on any +noteworthy scale had ceased for her. Soon, or later -- +and that not very late -- her husband would be home +again. And then the days of their tenancy of the +Upper Farm would be numbered. There had origin+ +ally been shown by the agent to the estate some distrust +of Bathsheba's tenure as James Everdene's successor, +on the score of her sex, and her youth, and her beauty ; +but the peculiar nature of her uncle's will, his own +frequent testimony before his death to her cleverness +in such a pursuit, and her vigorous marshalling of the +numerous flocks and herds which came suddenly into +her hands before negotiations were concluded, had won +confidence in her powers, and no further objections had +been raised. She had latterly been in great doubt as +to what the legal effects of her marriage would be upon +her position; but no notice had been taken as yet of +her change of name, and only one point was clear -- that +in the event of her own or her husband's inability to +meet the agent at the +

+forthcoming January rent-day, +very little consideration would be shown, and, for that +matter, very little would be deserved. Once out of the +farm, the approach of poverty would be sure. +Hence Bathsheba lived in a perception that her +purposes were broken of. She was not a woman who +could hope on without good materials for the process, +differing thus from the less far-Sighted and energetic, +though more petted ones of the sex, with whom hope +goes on as a sort of clockwork which the merest food +and shelter are sufficient to wind up; and perceiving +clearly that her mistake had been a fatal one, she +accepted her position, and waited coldly for the end. +The first Saturday after Troy's departure she went +to Casterbridge alone, a journey she had not before +taken since her marriage. On this Saturday Bathsheba +was passing slowly on foot through the crowd of rural +business-men gathered as usual in front ot the market+ +house, who were as usual gazed upon by the burghers +with feelings that those healthy lives were dearly paid +for by exclusion from possible aldermanship, when a +man, who had apparently been following her, said some +words to another on her left hand. Bathsheba's ears +were keen as those of any wild animal, and she dis+ +tinctly heard what the speaker said, though her back +was towards him +"I am looking for Mrs. Troy. Is that she there?' +" Yes ; that's the young lady, I believe,' said the +the person addressed. +"I have some awkward news to break to her. Her +husband is drowned.' +As if endowed with the spirit of prophecy, Bathsheba +gasped out, "No, it is not true; it cannot be true!' +Then she said and heard no more. The ice of self+ +command which had latterly gathered over her was +broken, and the currents burst forth again, and over +whelmed her. A darkness came into her eyes, and she +fell. +But not to the ground. A gloomy man, who had +been observing her from under the portico of the old +corn-exchange when she passed through the group +without, stepped quickly to her side at the moment of +her exclamation, and caught her in his arms as she sank +down. +

+"What is it?' said Boldwood, looking up at the +bringer of the big news, as he supported her. +"Her husband was drowned this week while bathing +in Lulwind Cove. A coastguardsman found his clothes, +and brought them into Budmouth yestersay.' +Thereupon a strange fire lighted up Boldwood's eye, +and his face flushed with the suppressed excitement of +an unutterable thought. Everybody's glance was now +centred upon him and the unconsious Bathsheba. He +lifted her bodily off the ground, and smoothed down +the folds of her dress as a child might have taken a +storm-beaten bird and arranged its ruffled plumes, and +bore her along the pavement to the King's Arms Inn. +Here he passed with her under the archway into a +private room; and by the time he had deposited -- so +lothly -- the precious burden upon a sofa, Bathsheba had +opened her eyes. Remembering all that had occurred, +she murmured, 'I want to go home .! ' +Boldwood left the room. He stood for a moment in +the passage to recover his senses. The experience had +been too much for his consciousness to keep up with, +and now that he had grasped it it had gone again. For +those few heavenly, golden moments she had been in his +arms. What did it matter about her not knowing it? She +had been close to his breast ; he had been close to hers. +He started onward again, and sending a woman to +her, went out to ascertain all the facts of the case. +These appeared to be limited to what he had already +heard. He then ordered her horse to be put into the +gig, and when all was ready returned to inform her. +He found that, though still pale and unwell, she had in +the meantime sent for the Budmouth man who brought +the tidings, and learnt from him all there was to know. +Being hardly in a condition to drive home as she +had driven to town, Boldwood, with every delicacy of +manner and feeling, offered to get her a driver, or to +give her a seat in his phaeton, which was more com+ +fortable than her own conveyance. These proposals +Bathsheba gently declined, and the farmer at once de+ +parted. +About half-an-hour later she invigorated herself by +an effort, and took her seat and the reins as usuai-in +external +

+appearance much as if nothing had happened. +She went out of the town by a tortuous back street, and +drove slowly along, unconscious of the road and the +scene. The first shades of evening were showing them+ +selves when Bathsheba reached home, where, silently +alighting and leaving the horse in the hands of the boy, +she proceeded at once upstairs. Liddy met her on the +landing. The news had preceded Bathsheba to Weather+ +bury by half-an-hour, and Liddy looked inquiringly into +her mistress's face. Bathsheba had nothing to say. +She entered her bedroom and sat by the window, and +thought and thought till night enveloped her, and the +extreme lines only of her shape were visible. Somebody +came to the door, knocked, and opened it. +' Well, what is it, Liddy ? ' she said. +'I was thinking there must be something got for you +to wear,' said Liddy, with hesitation. +'What do you mean ?' +' Mourning.' +' No, no, no,' said Bathsheba, hurriedly. +'But I suppose there must be something done for +poor -- -- ' +' Not at present, I think. It is not necessary.' +' Why not, ma'am ? ' +' Because he's still alive.' +' How do you know that ? ' said Liddy, amazed. +' I don't know it. But wouldn't it have heen different, +or shouldn't I have heard more, or wouldn't they have +found him, Liddy ? -- or-i don't know how it is, but +death would have been different from how this is. I am +perfectly convinced that he is still alive .! ' +Bathsheba remained firm in this opinion till Monday, +when two circumstances conjoined to shake it. The +first was a short paragraph in the local newspaper, which, +beyond making by a methodizing pen formidable pre+ +sumptive evidence of Troy's death by drowning, con+ +tained the important testimony of a young Mr. Barker, +M.D., of Budmouth, who spoke to being an eyewitness +of the accident, in a letter to the editor. In this he +stated that he was passing over the cliff on the remoter +side of the +

+cove just as the sun was setting. At that +time he saw a bather carried along in the current outside +the mouth of the cove, and guessed in an instant that +there was but a poor chance for him unless he should +be possessed of unusual muscular powers. He drifted +behind a projection of the coast, and Mr. Barker followed +along the shore in the same direction. But by the time +that he could reach an elevation sufficiently great to +command a view of the sea beyond, dusk had set in, and +nothing further was to be seen. +The other circumstance was the arrival of his clothes, +when it became necessary for her to examine and identify +them -- though this had virtually been done long before +by those who inspected the letters in his pockets. It +was so evident to her in the midst of her agitation that +Troy had undressed in the full conviction of dressing +again almost immediately, that the notion that anything +but death could have prevented him was a perverse one +to entertain. +Then Bathsheba said to herself that others were +assured in their opinion; strange that she should not +be. A stmnge reflection occured to her, causing her +face to flush. Suppose that Troy had followed Fanny +into another world. Had he done this intentionally, yet +contrived to make his death appear like an accident ? +Nevertheless, this thought of how the apparent might +differ from the reai-made vivid by her bygone jealousy +of Fanny, and the remorse he had shown that night + -- did not blind her to the perception of a likelier +difference, less tragic, but to herself far more disastrous. +When alone late that evening beside a small fire, and +much calmed down, Bathsheba took Troy's watch into +her hand, which had been restored to her with the rest +of the articles belonging to him. She opened the case +as he had opened it before her a week ago. There was +the little coil of pale hair which had been as the fuze to +this great explosion. +'He was hers and she was his; they should be gone +together,' she said. 'I am nothing to either of them, +and why should I keep her hair?' She took it in her +hand, and held it over the fire. ' No-i'll not burn it +-i'll keep it in memory of her, poor thing !. ' she added, +snatching back her hand. + +

+OAK'S ADVANCEMENY -- A GREAT HOPE +THE later autumn and the winter drew on apace, +and the leaves lay thick upon the turf of the glades +and the mosses of the woods. Bathsheba, having +previously been living in a state of suspended feeling +which was not suspense, now lived in a mood of +quietude which was not precisely peacefulness. While +she had known him to be alive she could have thought +of his death with equanimity; but now that it might be +she had lost him, she regretted that he was not hers +still. She kept the farm going, raked in her profits +without caring keenly about them, and expended +money on ventures because she had done so in bygone +days, which, though not long gone by, seemed infinitely +removed from her present. She looked back upon that +past over a great gulf, as if she were now a dead person, +having the faculty of meditation still left in her, by +means of which, like the mouldering gentlefolk of the +poet's story, she could sit and ponder what a gift life +used to be. +However, one excellent result of her general apathy +was the long-delayed installation of Oak as bailiff; but +he having virtually exercised that function for a long +time already, the change, beyond the substantial in+ +crease of wages it brought, was little more than a +nominal one addressed to the outside world. +Boldwood lived secluded and inactive. Much of +his wheat and all his barley of that season had been +spoilt by the rain. It sprouted, grew into intricate +mats, and was ultimately thrown to the pigs in armfuls. +The strange neglect which had produced this ruin +and waste became the subject of whispered talk among +all the people round; and it was elicited from one of +Boldwood's men that forgetfulness had nothing to do +with it, for he had been reminded of the danger to +his corn as many times and as persistently as inferiors +dared to do. The sight of the +

+pigs turning in disgust +from the rotten ears seemed to arouse Boldwood, and +he one evening sent for Oak. Whether it was sug+ +gested by Bathsheba's recent act of promotion or not, +the farmer proposed at the interview that Gabriel +should undertake the superintendence of the Lower +Farm as well as of Bathsheba's, because of the necessity +Boldwood felt for such aid, and the impossibility of +discovering a more trustworthy man. Gabriel's malig+ +nant star was assuredly setting fast. +Bathsheba, when she learnt of this proposai-for +Oak was obliged to consult her -- at first languidly +objected. She considered that the two farms together +were too extensive for the observation of one man. +Boldwood, who was apparently determined by personal +rather than commercial reasons, suggested that Oak +should be furnished with a horse for his sole use, +when the plan would present no difficulty, the two +farms lying side by side. Boldwood did not directly +communicate with her during these negotiations, only +speaking to Oak, who was the go-between throughout. +All was harmoniously arranged at last, and we now +see Oak mounted on a strong cob, and daily trotting +the length breadth of about two thousand acres +in a cheerful spirit of surveillance, as if the crops +belonged to him -- the actual mistress of the one-half +and the master of the other, sitting in their respective +homes in gloomy and sad seclusion. +Out of this there arose, during the spring succeeding, +a talk in the parish that Gabriel Oak was feathering his +nest fast. +' Whatever d'ye think,' said Susan Tall, ' Gable Oak +is coming it quite the dand. He now wears shining +boots with hardly a hob in 'em, two or three times +a-week, and a tall hat a-Sundays, and 'a hardly knows +the name of smockfrock. When I see people strut +enough to he cut up into bantam cocks, I stand +dormant with wonder, and says no more .! ' +It was eventually known that Gabriel, though paid +a fixed wage by Bathslieba independent of the fluctua+ +tions of agricultural profits, had made an engagement +with Boldwood by which Oak was to receive a share +of the receipts -- a small share certainly, yet it was +money of a higher quality than mere wages, and +capable of expansion in a way that wages were not. +

+Some were beginning to consider Oak a 'near' man, +for though his condition had thus far improved, he +lived in no better style than hefore, occupying the +same cottage, paring his own potatoes, mending his +stockings, and sometimes even making his bed with +his own hands. But as Oak was not only provokingly +indifferent to public opinion, but a man who clung +persistently to old habits and usages, simply because +they were old, there was room for doubt as to his +motives. +A great hope had latterly germinated in Boldwood, +whose unreasoning devotion to Bathsheba could only +be characterized as a fond madness which neither +time nor circumstance, evil nor good report, could +weaken or destroy. This fevered hope had grown up +again like a grain of mustard-seed during the quiet +which followed the hasty conjecture that Troy was +drowned. He nourished it fearfully, and almost +shunned the contemplation of it in earnest, lest facts +should reveal the wildness of the dream. Bathsheba +having at last been persuaded to wear mourning, her +appearance as she entered the church in that guise +was in itself a weekly addition to his faith that a +time was coming -- very far off perhaps, yet surely +nearing -- when his waiting on events should have +its reward. How long he might have to wait he had +not yet closely considered. what he would try to +recognize was that the severe schooling she had been +subjected to had made Bathsheba much more con+ +siderate than she had formerly been of the feelings of +others, and he trusted that, should she be willing at +any time in the future to marry any man at all, that +man would be himself. There was a substratum of +good feeling in her: her self-reproach for the injury +she had thoughtlessly done him might be depended +upon now to a much greater extent than before her +infatuation and disappointment. It would be possible +to approach her by the channel of her good nature, +and to suggest a friendly businessiike compact between +them for fulfilment at some future day, keeping the +passionate side of his desire entirely out of her sight. +Such was Boldwood's hope. +To the eyes of the middle-aged, Bathsheba was +perhaps additionally charming just now. Her exuber+ +ance cf spirit was pruned down ; the original phantom +of delight had shown +

+herself to be not too bright for +human nature's daily food, and she had been able to +enter this second poetical phase without losing much +of the first in the process. +Bathsheba's return from a two months' visit to her +old aunt at Norcombe afforded the impassioned and +yearning farmer a pretext for inquiring directly after +her -- now possibly in the ninth month of her +widowhood -- and endeavouring to get a notion of her +middle of the haymaking, and Boldwood contrived to +'I am glad to see you out of doors, Lydia,' he said +She simpered, and wondered in her heart why he +'I hope Mrs. Troy is quite well after her long +the coldest-hearted neighbour could scarcely say less +'She is quite well, sir. +'Yes, cheerful. +'Fearful, did you say?' +'O no. I merely said she was cheerful.' +'Tells you all her affairs?' +'No, sir. +'Some of them?' +'Yes, sir. +'Mrs Troy puts much confidence in you, Lydia; +and very wisely, perhaps.' +'She do, sir. I've been with her all through her +troubles, and was with her at the time of Mr.Troy's +going and all. And if she were to marry again I +expect I should bide with her.' +'She promises that you shali -- quite natural,' said +the strategic lover, throbbing throughout him at the +presumption which Liddy's words appeared to warrant + -- that his darling had thought of re-marriage. +'No -- -she doesn't promise it exactly. I merely +judge on my own account. +'Yes yes, I understand. When she alludes to the +possibility of marrying again, you conclude -- -- ' +

+'She never do allude to it, sir,' said Liddy, thinking +how very stupid Mr. Boldwood was getting. +'Of course not,' he returned hastily, his hope falling +again. ' You needn't take quite such long reaches with +your rake, Lydia -- short and quick ones are best. Well, +perhaps, as she is absolute mistress again now, it is wise +of her to resolve never to give up her freedom.' +' My mistress did certainly once say, though not +seriously, that she supposed she might marry again at +the end of seven years from last year, if she cared to +risk Mr. Troy's coming back and claiming her.' +' Ah, six years from the present time. Said that she +might. She might marry at once in every reasonable +person's opinion, whatever the lawyers may say to the +contrary.' +'Have you been to ask them?' said Liddy, innocently. +' Not I,' said Boldwood, growing red. ' Liddy, you +needn't stay here a minute later than you wish, so Mr, +Oak says. I am now going on a little farther. Good' +afternoon.' +He went away vexed with himself, and ashamed of +having for this one time in his life done anything which +could be called underhand. Poor Boldwood had no +more skill in finesse than a battering-ram, and he was +uneasy with a sense of having made himself to appear +stupid and, what was worse, mean. But he had, after +all, lighted upon one fact by way of repayment. It was +a singularly fresh and fascinating fact, and though not +without its sadness it was pertinent and real. In little +more than six years from this time Bathsheba might +certainly marry him. There was something definite in +that hope, for admitting that there might have been no +deep thought in her words to Liddy about marriage, +they showed at least her creed on the matter. +This pleasant notion was now continually in his mind. +Six years were a long time, but how much shorter than +never, the idea he had for so long been obliged to +endure .! Jacob had served twice seven years for +Rachel: what were six for such a woman as this ? He +tried to like the notion of waiting for her better than +that of winning her at once. Boldwood felt his love +to be so deep and strong and eternal, that it was pos+ +sible she +

+had never yet known its full volume, and this +patience in delay would afford him an opportunity of +giving sweet proof on the point. He would annihilate +the six years of his life as if they were minutes -- so little +did he value his time on earth beside her love. He +would let her see, all those six years of intangible ether+ +eal courtship, how little care he had for anything but as +it bore upon the consummation. +Meanwhile the early and the late summer brought +round the week in which Greenhill Fair was held. +This fair was frequently attended by the folk of Weather+ +bury. + +

+THE SHEEP FAIR -- TROY TOUCHES HIS WIFE'S HAND +GREENHILL was the Nijni Novgorod of South +Wessex; and the busiest, merriest, noisiest day of the +whole statute number was the day of the sheep fair. +This yearly gathering was upon the summit of a hill +which retained in good preservation the remains of an +ancient earthwork, consisting of a huge rampart and +entrenchnaent of an oval form encircling the top of +the hill, though somewhat broken down here and there. +To each of the two chief openings on opposite sides a +winding road ascended, and the level green space of +ten or fifteen acres enclosed by the bank was the +site of the fair. A few permanent erections dotted the +spot, but the majority of visitors patronized canvas alone +for resting and feeding under during the time of their +sojourn here. +Shepherds who attended with their flocks from long +distances started from home two or three days, or even +a week, before the fair, driving their charges a few miles +each day -- not more than ten or twelve -- and resting +them at night in hired fields by the wayside at pre+ +viously chosen points, where they fed, having fasted since +morning. The shepherd of each flock marched behind, +a bundle containing his kit for the week strapped upon +his shoulders, and in his hand his crook, which he used +as the staff of his pilgrimage. Several of the sheep +would get worn and lame, and occasionally a lambing +occurred on the road. To meet these contingencies, +there was frequently provided, to accompany the flocks +from the remoter points, a pony and waggon into which +the weakly ones were taken for the remainder of the +journey. +The Weatherbury Farms, however, were no such +long distance from the hill, and those arrangements +were not necessary in their case. But the large united +flocks of Bathsheba and Farmer Boldwood formed a +valuable and imposing multitude which +

+demanded much +attention, and on this account Gabriel, in addition to +Boldwood's shepherd and Cain Ball, accompanied them +along the way, through the decayed old town of Kings' +bere, and upward to the plateau, -- old George the dog +of course behind them. +When the autumn sun slanted over Greenhill this +morning and lighted the dewy flat upon its crest, nebu+ +lous clouds of dust were to be seen floating between +the pairs of hedges which streaked the wide prospect +around in all directions. These gradually converged +upon the base of the hill, and the flocks became +individually visible, climbing the serpentine ways which +led to the top. Thus, in a slow procession, they entered +the opening to which the roads tended, multitude after +multitude, horned and hornless -- blue flocks and red +flocks, buff flocks and brown flocks, even green and +salmon-tinted flocks, according to the fancy of the +colourist and custom of the farm. Men were shouting, +dogs were barking, with greatest animation, but the +thronging travellers in so long a journey had grown +nearly indifferent to such terrors, though they still +bleated piteously at the unwontedness of their experi+ +ences, a tall shepherd rising here and there in the midst +of them, like a gigantic idol amid a crowd of prostrate +devotees. +The great mass of sheep in the fair consisted of +South Downs and the old Wessex horned breeds, to +the latter class Bathsheba's and Farmer Boldwood's +mainly belonged. These filed in about nine o'clock, +their vermiculated horns lopping gracefully on each side +of their cheeks in geometrically perfect spirals, a small +pink and white ear nestling under each horn. Before +and behind came other varieties, perfect leopards as to +the full rich substance of their coats, and only lacking the +spots. There were also a few of the Oxfordshire breeed, +whose wool was beginning to curl like a child's flaxen +hair, though surpassed in this respect by the effeminate +Leicesters, which were in turn less curly than the Cots+ +wolds. But the most picturesque by far was a small +flock of Exmoors, which chanced to be there this year. +Their pied faces and legs, dark and heavy horns, tresses +of wool hanging round their swarthy +

+foreheads, quite +relieved the monotony of the flocks in that quarter. +All these bleating, panting, and weary thousands had +entered and were penned before the morning had far +advanced, the dog belonging to each flock being tied to +the corner of the pen containing it. Alleys for pedes+ +trians intersected the pens, which soon became crowded +with buyers and sellers from far and near. +In another part of the hill an altogether different +scene began to force itself upon the eye towards mid+ +day. A circular tent, of exceptional newness and size, +was in course of erection here. As the day drew on, +the flocks began to change hands, lightening the shep+ +herd's responsibilities ; and they turned their attention +to this tent and inquired of a man at work there, whose +soul seemed concentrated on tying a bothering knot in +no time, what was going on. +' The Royal Hippodrome Performance of Turpin's +Ride to York and the Death of Black Bess,' replied the +man promptly, without turning his eyes or leaving off +tying. +As soon as the tent was completed the band struck +up highly stimulating harmonies, and the announce+ +ment was publicly made, Black Bess standing in a con+ +spicuous position on the outside, as a living proof, If +proof were wanted, of the truth of the oracular utterances +from the stage over which the people were to enter. +These were so convinced by such genuine appeals to +heart and understanding both that they soon began to +crowd in abundantly, among the foremost being visible +Jan Coggan and Joseph Poorgrass, who were holiday +keeping here to-day, +''That's the great ruffen pushing me .! ' screamed a +woman in front of Jan over her shoulder at him when +the rush was at its fiercest. +'How can I help pushing ye when the folk behind +push me ?' said Coggan, in a deprecating tone, turning +without turning his body, which was jammed as in a vice. +Tjere was a silence ; then the drums and trumpets +again sent forth their echoing notes. The crowd was +again ectasied, +

+and gave another lurch in which Coggan +and Poorgrass were again thrust by those behind upon +the women in front. +'O that helpless feymels should be at the mercy of +she swayed like a reed shaken by the wind. +Now,' said Coggan, appealing in an earnest voice +to the public at large as it stood clustered about his +shoulder-blades,'ded ye ever hear such onreasonable +woman as that ? Upon my carcase, neighbours, if I +could onlyu get out of this cheesewring, the damn women +might eat the show for me.! ' +'Don't ye lose yer temper, Jan!' implored Joseph +Poorgrass, in a whisper. ' They might get their men to +murder us, for I think by the shine of their eyes that +they be a sinful form of womankind.' +Jan held his tongue, as if he had no objection to be +pacified to please a friend, and they gradually reached +the foot of the ladder, Poorgrass being flattened like a +jumping-jack, and the sixpence, for admission, which he +had got ready half-an-hour earlier, having become so +reeking hot in the tight squeeze of his excited hand that +the woman in spangles, brazen rings set with glass +diamonds, and with chalked face and shoulders, who +took the money of him, hastily dropped it again from +a fear that some trick had been played to burn her +fingers. So they all entered, and the cloth of the +tent, to the eyes of an observer on the outside, became +bulged into innumerable pimples such as we observe on +a sack of potatoes, caused by the various human heads, +backs, and elbows at high pressure within. +At the rear of the large tent there were two small +dressing-tents. One of these, alloted to the male per+ +formers, was partitioned into halves by a cloth ; and in +one of the divisions there was sitting on the grass, puli +ing on a pair of jack-boots, a young man whom we +instantly recognise as Sergeant Troy. +Troy's appearance in this position may be briefly +accounted for. The brig aboard which he was taken in +Budmouth Roads was about to start on a voyage, though +somewhat short of hands. Troy read the articles and +joined, but before they sailed a boat was despatched +across the bay to Lulwind cove; as he +

+had half expected, +his clothes were gone. He ultimately worked his passage +to the United States, where he made a precarious living +in various towns as Professor of Gymnastics, Sword +Exercise, Fencing, and Pugilism. A few months were +sufficient to give him a distaste for this kind of life. +There was a certain animal form of refinement in his +nature; and however pleasant a strange condition might +be whilst privations were easily warded off, it was dis+ +advantageously coarse when money was short. There +was ever present, too, the idea that he could claim a +home and its comforts did he but chose to return to +England and Weatherbury Farm. Whether Bathsheba +thought him dead was a frequent subject of curious +conjecture. To England he did return at last ; but the +but the fact of drawing nearer to Weatherbury abstracted its +fascinations, and his intention to enter his old groove at +the place became modified. It was with gloom he con+ +sidered on landing at Liverpool that if he were to go home +his reception would be of a kind very unpleasant to con+ +template ; for what Troy had in the way of emotion was +an occasional fitful sentiment which sometimes caused +him as much inconvenience as emotion of a strong and +healthy kind. Bathsheba was not a women to be made +a fool of, or a woman to suffer in silence; and how +could he endure existence with a spirited wife to whom +at first entering he would be beholden for food and +lodging ? Moreover, it was not at all unlikely that his +wife would fail at her farming, if she had not already +done so; and he would then become liable for her +maintenance : and what a life such a future of poverty +with her would be, the spectre of Fanny constantly be+ +tween them, harrowing his temper and embittering her +words! Thus, for reasons touching on distaste, regret, +and shame commingled, he put off his return from day +to day, and would have decided to put it off altogether +if he could have found anywhere else the ready-made +establishment which existed for him there. +At this time -- the July preceding the September in +which we find at Greenhill Fair -- he fell in with a +travelling circus which was performing in the outskirts of +a northern town. Troy introduced himself to the +manager by taming a restive horse of the troupe, hitting +a suspended apple with pistol-+ +

+bullet fired from the +animal's back when in full gallop, and other feats. For +his merits in these -- all more or less based upon his ex+ +periences as a dragoon-guardsman -- Troy was taken into +the company, and the play of Turpin was prepared with +a view to his personation of the chief character. Troy +was not greatly elated by the appreciative spirit in which +he was undoubtedly treated, but he thought the engage+ +ment might afford him a few weeks for consideration. +It was thus carelessly, and without having formed any +definite plan for the future, that Troy found himself +at Greenhill Fair with the rest of the company on this +day. +And now the mild autumn sun got lower, and in +front of the pavilion the following incident had taken +place. Bathsheba -- who was driven to the fair that day +by her odd man Poorgrass -- had, like every one else, +read or heard the announcement that Mr. Francis, the +Great Cosmopolitan Equestrian and Roughrider, would +enact the part of Turpin, and she was not yet too old +and careworn to be without a little curiosity to see him. +This particular show was by far the largest and grandest +in the fair, a horde of little shows grouping themselves +under its shade like chickens around a hen. The crowd +had passed in, and Boldwood, who had been watching +all the day for an opportunity of speaking to her, seeing +her comparatively isolated, came up to her side. +"I hope the sheep have done well to-day, Mrs. Troy?' +he said, nervously. +"O yes, thank you,' said Bathsheba, colour springing +up in the centre of her cheeks. "I was fortunate +enough to sell them all just as we got upon the hill, so +we hadn't to pen at all.' +"And now you are entirely at leisure ?' +"Yes, except that I have to see one more dealer in +two hours' time : otherwise I should be going home. +was looking at this large tent and the announcement. +Have you ever seen the play of "Turpin's Ride to +York?" Turpin was a real man, was he not ?' +"O yes, perfectly true -- all of it. Indeed, I think +I've heard Jan Coggan say that a relation of his knew +Tom King, Turpin's friend, quite well.' +

+"Coggan is rather given to strange stories connected +with his relations, we must remember. I hope they +can all be believed.' +"Yes, yes; we know Coggan. But Turpin is true +enough. You have never seen it played, I suppose?' +"Never. I was not allowed to go into these places +when I was young. Hark.! What's that prancing? +How they shout!' +"Black Bess just started off, I suppose. Am I right +in supposing you would like to see the performance, +Mrs. Troy ? Please excuse my mistake, if it is one; +but if you would like to, I'll get a seat for you with +pleasure.' Perceiving that she hesitated, he added, 'I +myself shall not stay to see it: I've seen it before.' +Now Bathsheba did care a little to see the show, and +had only withheld her feet from the ladder because she +feared to go in alone. She had been hoping that Oak +might appear, whose assistance in such cases was always +accepted as an inalienable right, but Oak was nowhere +to be seen; and hence it was that she said, "Then if +you will just look in first, to see if there's room, I think +I will go in for a minute or two.' +And so a short time after this Bathsheba appeared +in the tent with Boldwood at her elbow, who, taking +her to a " reserved ' seat, again withdrew. +This feature consisted of one raised bench in very +conspicuous part of the circle, covered with red cloth, +and floored with a piece of carpet, and Bathsheba +immediately found, to her confusion, that she was the +single reserved individual in the tent, the rest of the +crowded spectators, one and all, standing on their legs +on the borders of the arena, where they got twice as +good a view of the performance for half the money. +Hence as many eyes were turned upon her, enthroned +alone in this place of honour, against a scarlet back+ +ground, as upon the ponies and clown who were +engaged in preliminary exploits in the centre, Turpin +not having yet appeared. Once there, Bathsheba was +forced to make the best of it and remain: she sat +down, spreading her skirts with some dignity over the +unoccupied space on each side of her, and giving a +new and feminine aspect to the pavilion. In a few +minutes she noticed the fat red nape of Coggan's neck +among those standing just +

+below her, and Joseph Poor+ +grass's saintly profile a little further on. +The interior was shadowy with a peculiar shade. +The strange luminous semi-opacities of fine autumn +afternoons and eves intensified into Rembrandt effects +the few yellow sunbeams which came through holes +and divisions in the canvas, and spirted like jets of +gold-dust across the dusky blue atmosphere of haze +pervading the tent, until they alighted on inner surfaces +of cloth opposite, and shone like little lamps suspended +there. +Troy, on peeping from his dressing-tent through a +slit for a reconnoitre before entering, saw his unconscious +wife on high before him as described, sitting as queen +of the tournament. He started back in utter confusion, +for although his disguise efectually concealed his person+ +ality, he instantly felt that she would be sure to recognize +his voice. He had several times during the day thought +of the possibility of some Weatherbury person or other +appearing and recognizing him; but he had taken the +risk carelessly. If they see me, let them, he had said. +But here was Bathsheba in her own person; and the +reality of the scene was so much intenser than any of +his prefigurings that he felt he had not half enough +considered the point. +She looked so charming and fair that his cool mood +about Weatherbury people was changed. He had not +expected her to exercise this power over him in the +twinkling of an eye. Should he go on, and care nothing ? +He could not bring himself to do that. Beyond a politic +wish to remain unknown, there suddenly arose in him +now a sense of shame at the possibility that his +attractive young wife, who already despised him, should +despise him more by discovering him in so mean a +condition after so long a time. He actually blushed +at the thought, and was vexed beyond measure that +his sentiments of dislike towards Weatherbury should +have led him to dally about the country in this way. +But Troy was never more clever than when absolutely +at his wit's end. He hastily thrust aside the curtain +dividing his own little dressing space from that of the +manager and proprietor, who now appeared as the +individual called Tom King as far +

+down as his waist, and +as the aforesaid respectable manager thence to his toes. +"Here's the devil to pay!' said Troy. +"How's that ?' +"Why, there's a blackguard creditor in the tent I don't +want to see, who'll discover me and nab me as sure as +Satan if I open my mouth. What's to be done?' +You must appear now, I think.' +"I can't.' +But the play must proceed.' +"Do you give out that Turpin has got a bad cold, +and can't speak his part, but that he'll perform it just +the same without speaking.' +The proprietor shook his head. +"Anyhow, play or no play, I won't open my mouth, +said Troy, firmly. +"Very well, then let me see. I tell you how we'll +manage,' said the other, who perhaps felt it would be +extremely awkward to offend his leading man just at +this time. "I won't tell 'em anything about your +keeping silence; go on with the piece and say nothing, +doing what you can by a judicious wink now and then, +and a few indomitable nods in the heroic places, you +know. They'll never find out that the speeches are +omitted.' +This seemed feasible enough, for Turpin's speeches +were not many or long, the fascination of the piece +lying entirely in the action ; and accordingly the play +began, and at the appointed time Black Bess leapt +into the grassy circle amid the plaudits of the spectators. +At the turnpike scene, where Bess and Turpin are hotly +pursued at midnight by the officers, and half-awake +gatekeeper in his tasselled nightcap denies that any +horseman has passed, Coggan uttered a broad-chested +"Well done!' which could be heard all over the fair +above the bleating, and Poorgrass smiled delightedly +with a nice sense of dramatic contrast between our +hero, who coolly leaps the gate, and halting justice in +the form of his enemies, who must needs pull up +cumbersomely and wait to be let through. At the +death of Tom King, he could not refrain from seizing +Coggan by the hand, and whispering, with tears in his +eyes, "Of +

+course he's not really shot, Jan -- only +seemingly!' And when the last sad scene came on, +and the body of the gallant and faithful Bess had to +be carried out on a shutter by twelve volunteers from +among the spectators, nothing could restrain Poorgrass +from lending a hand, exclaiming, as he asked Jan to +join him, "Twill be something to tell of at Warren's in +future years, Jan, and hand down to our children.' For +many a year in Weatherbury, Joseph told, with the air +of a man who had had experiences in his time, that he +touched with his own hand the hoof of Bess as she lay +upon the board upon his shoulder. If, as some thinkers +hold, immortality consists in being enshrined in others' +memories, then did Black Bess become immortal that +day if she never had done so before. +Meanwhile Troy had added a few touches to his +ordinary make-up for the character, the more effectually +to disguise himself, and though he had felt faint qualms +on first entering, the metamorphosis effected by judici+ +ously "lining' his face with a wire rendered him safe from +the eyes of Bathsheba and her men. Nevertheless, he +was relieved when it was got through. +There a second performance in the evening, and +the tent was lighted up. Troy had taken his part very +quietly this time, venturing to indroduce a few speeches +on occasion ; and was just concluding it when, whilst +standing at the edge of the circle contiguous to the first +row of spectators, he observed within a yard of him the +eye of a man darted keenly into his side features. Troy +hastily shifted his position, after having recognized in +sworn enemy, who still hung about the outskirts of +At first Troy resolved to take no notice and abide +by circumstances. That he had been recongnized by +this man was highly probable; yet there was room for +a doubt. Then the great objection he had felt to +allowing news of his proximity to precede him to +Weatherbury in the event of his return, based on a +feeling that knowledge of his present occupation would +discredit him still further in his wife's eyes, returned +in full force. Moreover, should he resolve not to +return at all, a tale of his being alive and being in +the neighbourhood would be +

+awkward ; and he was +anxious to acquire a knowledge of his wife's temporal +affairs before deciding which to do. +In this dilemma Troy at once went out to recon+ +noitre. It occurred to him that to find Pennyways, and +make a friend of him if possible, would be a very wise +act. He had put on a thick beard borrowed from the +establishment, and this he wandered about the fair+ +field. It was now almost dark, and respectable people +were getting their carts and gigs ready to go home +The largest refreshment booth in the fair was provided +by an innkeeper from a neighbouring town. This was +considered an unexceptionable place for obtaining the +necessary food and rest: Host Trencher (as he was +jauntily called by the local newspaper) being a sub+ +stantial man of high repute for catering through all the +county round. The tent was divided into first and +second-class compartments, and at the end of the first+ +class division was a yet further enclosure for the most +exclusive, fenced of from the body of the tent by a +luncheon-bar, behind which the host himself stood +bustling about in white apron and shirt-sleeves, and look+ +ing as if he had never lived anywhere but under canvas +all his life. In these penetralia were chairs and a table, +which, on candles being lighted, made quite a cozy and +luxurious show, with an urn, plated tea and coffee pots, +china teacups, and plum cakes. +Troy stood at the entrance to the booth, where a +gipsy-woman was frying pancakes over a little fire of +sticks and selling them at a penny a-piece, and looked +over the heads of the people within. He could see +nothing of Pennyways, but he soon discerned Bathsheba +through an opening into the reserved space at the +further end. Troy thereupon retreated, went round the +tent into the darkness, and listened. He could hear +Bathsheba's voice immediately inside the canvas ; she +was conversing with a man. A warmth overspread his +face: surely she was not so unprincipled as to flirt in +a fair! He wondered if, then, she reckoned upon his +death as an absolute certainty. To get at the root of +the matter, Troy took a penknife from his pocket and +softly made two little cuts crosswise in the cloth, which, +by folding back the corners left a hole the size of a +

+wafer. Close to this he placed his face, withdrawing +it again in a movement of surprise; for his eye had +been within twelve inches of the top of Bathsheba's +head. lt was too near to be convenient. He made +another hole a little to one side and lower down, in a +shaded place beside her chair, from which it was easy +and safe to survey her by looking horizontally'. +Troy took in the scene completely now. She was +leaning back, sipping a cup of tea that she held in her +hand, and the owner of the male voice was Boldwood, +who had apparently just brought the cup to her, +Bathsheba, being in a negligent mood, leant so idly +against the canvas that it was pressed to the shape of +her shoulder, and she was, in fact, as good as in 'rioy's +arms; and he was obliged to keep his breast carefully +backward that she might not feel its warmth through the +cloth as he gazed in. +Troy found unexpected chords of feeling to be stirred +again within him as they had been stirred earlier in the +day. She was handsome as ever, and she was his. It +was some minutes before he could counteract his sudden +wish to go in, and claim her. Then he thought how +the proud girl who had always looked down upon him +even whilst it was to love him, would hate him on dis+ +covering him to be a strolling player. Were he to make +himself known, that chapter of his life must at all risks +be kept for ever from her and from the Weatherbury +people, or his name would be a byword throughout the +parish. He would be nicknamed 'Turpin' as long as +he lived. Assuredly before he could claim her these few +past months of his existence must be entirely blotted out. +"Shall I get you another cup before you start, +ma'am?' said Farmer Boldwood. +I thank you," said Bathsheba. " But I must be going +at once. It was great neglect in that man to keep me +waiting here till so late. I should have gone two hours +ago, if it had not been for him. I had no idea of +coming in here; but there's nothing so refreshing as a +cup of tea, though I should never have got one if you +hadn't helped me.' +Troy scrutinized her cheek as lit by the candles, +and watched each varying shade thereon, and the +white shell-like sinuosities +

+of her little ear. She took +out her purse and was insisting to Boldwood on paying +for her tea for herself, when at this moment Pennyways +entered the tent. Troy trembled : here was his scheme +for respectability endangered at once. He was about +to leave his hole of espial, attempt to follow Pennyways, +and find out if the ex-bailiff had recognized him, when +he was arrested by the conversation, and found he was +too late. +"Excuse me, ma'am,' said Pennyways ; "I've some +private information for your ear alone.' +"I cannot hear it now,' she said, coldly. That +Bathsheba could not endure this man was evident; in +fact, he was continually coming to her with some tale +or other, by which he might creep into favour at the +expense of persons maligned. +"I'll write it down,' said Pennyways, confidently. He +stooped over the table, pulled a leaf from a warped +pocket-book, and wrote upon the paper, in a round +hand -- +" <1Your husband is here. I've seen him. Who's the fool +now?' +This he folded small, and handed towards her. +Bathsheba would not read it ; she would not even put +out her hand to take it. Pennyways, then, with a laugh +of derision, tossed it into her lap, and, turning away, +left her. +From the words and action of Pennyways, Troy, +though he had not been able to see what the ex-bailiff +wrote, had not a moment's doubt that the note referred +to him. Nothing that he could think of could be done +to check the exposure. " Curse my luck.!' he whispered, +and added imprecations which rustled in the gloom like +a pestilent wind. Meanwhile Boldwood said, taking up +the note from her lap -- +"Don't you wish to read it, Mrs. Troy? If not, +I'll destroy it." +" Oh, well,' said Bathsheba, carelessly, "perhaps it is +unjust not to read it; but I can guess what it is about. +He wants me to recommend him, or it is to tell me of +some little scandal or another connected with my work+ +people. He's always doing that.' +Bathsheba held the note in her right hand. Bold+ +wood handed towards her a plate of cut bread-and+ +butter; when, in order to take a slice, she put the note +into her left hand, where she was still holding the purse, +and then allowed her hand to drop +

+beside her close to +the canvas. The moment had come for saving his game, +and Troy impulsively felt that he would play the card, +For yet another time he looked at the fair hand, and +saw the pink finger-tips, and the blue veins of the +wrrist, encircled by a bracelet of coral chippings which +she wore: how familiar it all was to him.! Then, with +the lightning action in which he was such an adept, he +noiselessly slipped his hand under the bottom of the +tent-cloth, which was far from being pinned tightly down, +lifted it a little way, keeping his eye to the hole, +snatched the note from her fingers, dropped the canvas, +and ran away in the gloom towards the bank and ditch, +smiling at the scream of astonishment which burst from +her. Troy then slid down on the outside of the rampart, +hastened round in the bottom of the entrenchment to +a distance of a hundred yards, ascended again, and +crossed boldly in a slow walk towards the front entrance +of the tent. His object was now to get to Pennyways, +and prevent a repetition of the announcement until +such time as he should choose. +Troy reached the tent door, and standing among the +groups there gathered, looked anxiously for Pennyways, +evidently not wishing to make himself prominent by +inquiring for him. One or two men were speaking of +a daring attempt that had just been made to rob a +young lady by lifting the canvas of the tent beside her. +It was supposed that the rogue had imagined a slip of +paper which she held in her hand to he a bank note, +for he had seized it, and made off with it, leaving her +purse behind. His chagrin and disappointment at dis+ +covering its worthlessness would be a good joke, it was +said. However, the occurrence seemed to have become +known to few, for it had not interrupted a fiddler, who +had lately begun playing by the door of the tent, nor +the four bowed old men with grim countenances and +walking-sticks in hand, who were dancing "Major +Malley's Reel' to the tune. Behind these stood +Pennyways. Troy glided up to him, beckoned, and +whispered a few words ; and with a mutual glance of +concurrence the two men went into the night together. + +

+BATHSHEBA TALKS WITH HER OUTRIDER +THE arrangement for getting back again to Weather+ +bury had been that Oak should take the place of Poor+ +grass in Bathsheba's conveyance and drive her home, +it being discovered late in the afternoon that Joseph +was suffering from his old complaint, a multiplying eye, +and was, therefore, hardly trustworthy as coachman and +protector to a woman. But Oak had found himself so +occupied, and was full of so many cares relative to +those portions of Boldwood's flocks that were not +disposed of, that Bathsheba, without telling Oak or +anybody, resolved to drive home herself, as she had +many times done from Casterbridge Market, and trust +to her good angel for performing the journey un+ +molested. But having fallen in with Farmer Boldwood +accidentally (on her part at least) at the refreshment+ +tent, she found it impossible to refuse his offer to ride +on horseback beside her as escort. It had grown +twilight before she was aware, but Boldwood assured +her that there was no cause for uneasiness, as the +moon would be up in half-an-hour. +Immediately after the incident in the tent, she had +risen to go -- now absolutely alarmed and really grateful +for her old lover's protection -- though regretting Gabriel's +absence, whose company she would have much preferred, +as being more proper as well as more pleasant, since he +was her own managing-man and servant. This, how+ +ever, could not be helped; she would not, on any +consideration, treat Boldwood harshly, having once +already iliused him, and the moon having risen, and +the gig being ready, she drove across the hilitop in +the wending way's which led downwards -- to oblivious +obscurity, as it seemed, for the moon and the hill it +flooded with light were in appearance on a level, the +rest of the world lying as a vast shady concave between +them. Boldwood mounted his horse, and +

+followed in +close attendance behind. Thus they descended into +the lowlands, and the sounds of those left on the +hill came like voices from the sky, and the lights were +as those of a camp in heaven. They soon passed the +merry stragglers in the immediate vicinity of the hill, +traversed Kingsbere, and got upon the high road. +The keen instincts of Bathsheba had perceived that +the farmer's staunch devotion to herself was still un+ +diminished, and she sympathized deeply. The sight +had quite depressed her this evening; had reminded +her of her folly; she wished anew, as she had wished +many months ago, for some means of making repara+ +tion for her fault. Hence her pity for the man who +so persistently loved on to his own injury and per+ +manent gloom had betrayed Bathsheba into an injudi+ +cious considerateness of manner, which appeared +almost like tenderness, and gave new vigour to the +exquisite dream of a Jacob's seven years service in +poor Boldwood's mind. +He soon found an excuse for advancing from his +position in the rear, and rode close by her side. They +had gone two or three miles in the moonlight, speaking +desultorily across the wheel of her gig concerning the +fair, farming, Oak's usefulness to them both, and other +indifferent subjects, when Boldwood said suddenly +and simply -- +"Mrs. Troy, you will marry again some day?' +This point-blank query unmistakably confused her, +it was not till a minute or more had elapsed that +she said, "I have not seriously thought of any such +subject.' +"I quite understand that. Yet your late husband +has been dead nearly one year, and -- ' +" You forget that his death was never absolutely +proved, and may not have taken place; so that I may +not be really a widow,' she said, catching at the straw of +escape that the fact afforded +"Not absolutely proved, perhaps, but it was proved +circumstantially. A man saw him drowning, too. No +reasonable person has any doubt of his death; nor +have you, ma'am, I should imagine. +"O yes I have, or I should have acted differently,' +she said, gently. "From the first, I have had a strange +uaccountable +

+feeling that he could not have perished, +but I have been able to explain that in several ways +since. Even were I half persuaded that I shall see +him no more, I am far from thinking of marriage with +another. I should be very contemptible to indulge in +such a thought.' +They were silent now awhile, and having struck into +an unfrequented track across a common, the creaks of +Boldwood's saddle and gig springs were all the +sounds to be heard. Boldwood ended the pause. +"Do you remember when I carried you fainting in +my arms into the King's Arms, in Casterbridge? Every +dog has his day: that was mine.' +"I know-i know it all,' she said, hurriedly. +"I, for one, shall never cease regretting that events +so fell out as to deny you to me.' +"I, too, am very sorry,' she said, and then checked +herself. "I mean, you know, I am sorry you thought +i -- ' +"I have always this dreary pleasure in thinking over +those past times with you -- that I was something to +you before <1he>1 was anything, and that you belonged +<1almost>1 to me. But, of course, that's nothing. You +never liked me.' +" I did ; and respected you, too.' +"Do you now?' +"Yes.' +"Which?' +"How do you mean which?' +"Do you like me, or do you respect me?' +"I don't know -- at least, I cannot tell you. It is +difficult for a woman to define her feelings in language +which is chiefly made by men to express theirs. My +treatment of you was thoughtless, inexcusable, wicked.! +I shall eternally regret it. If there had been anything +I could have done to make amends I would most +gladly have done it -- there was nothing on earth I so +longed to do as to repair the error. But that was not +possible.' +"Don't blame yourself -- you were not so far in the +wrong as you suppose. Bathsheba, suppose you had +real complete proof +

+that you are what, in fact, you are + -- a widow -- would you repair the old wrong to me by +marrying me?' +"I cannot say. I shouldn't yet, at any rate.' +"But you might at some future time of your life?' +"O yes, I might at some time.' +"Well, then, do you know that without further proof +of any kind you may marry again in about six years +from the present -- subject to nobody's objection or +blame?' +"O yes,' she said, quickly. " I know all that. But +don't talk of it -- seven or six years -- where may we all +be by that time?' +"They will soon glide by, and it will seem an +astonishingly short time to look back upon when they +are past -- much less than to look forward to now.' +"Yes, yes; I have found that in my own experience.' +" Now listen once more,' Boldwood pleaded. "If I +wait that time, will you marry me? You own that you +owe me amends-iet that be your way of making them.' +"But, Mr. Boldwood -- six years -- ' +"Do you want to be the wife of any other man?' +"No indeed! I mean, that I don't like to talk +about this matter now. Perhaps it is not proper, and +I ought not to allow it. Let us drop it. My husband +may be living, as I said.' +"Of course, I'll drop the subject if you wish. But +propriety has nothing to do with reasons. I am a +middle-aged man, willing to protect you for the +remainder of our lives. On your side, at least, there +is no passion or blamable haste -- on mine, perhaps, +there is. But I can't help seeing that if you choose +from a feeling of pity, and, as you say, a wish to make +amends, to make a bargain with me for a far-ahead +time -- an agreement which will set all things right +and make me happy, late though it may be -- there is +no fault to be found with you as a woman. Had'nt +I the first place beside you? Haven't you been +almost mine once already? Surely you can say to +me as much as this, you will have me back again +should circumstances permit ? Now, pray speak ! O +Bathsheba, promise -- it is only a little promise -- that +if you marry again, you will marry me.!' +His tone was so excited that she almost feared him +at this +

+moment, even whilst she sympathized. It was +a simple physical fear -- the weak of the strong; there +no emotional aversion or inner repugnance. She +said, with some distress in her voice, for she remembered +vividly his outburst on the Yalbury Road, and shrank +from a repetition of his anger: -- +"I will never marry another man whilst you wish me +to be your wife, whatever comes -- but to say more -- you +have taken me so by surprise -- -' +"But let it stand in these simple words -- that in six +years' time you will be my wife ? Unexpected accidents +we'll not mention, because those, of course, must be +given way to. Now, this time I know you will keep +your word.' +"That's why I hesitate to give it.' +"But do give it ! Remember the past, and be kind.' +She breathed; and then said mournfully : "O what +shall I do ? I don't love you, and I much fear that I +never shall love you as much as a woman ought to love +a husband. If you, sir, know that, and I can yet give +you happiness by a mere promise to marry at the end of +six years, if my husband should not come back, it is a +great honour to me. And if you value such an act of +friendship from a woman who doesn't esteem her+ +self as she did, and has little love left, why it +wili -- ' +"Promise!.' +" -- Consider, if I cannot promise soon.' +"But soon is perhaps never?' +"O no, it is not.! I mean soon. Christmas, we'll +say.' +"Christmas.!' He said nothing further till he +added : "Well, I'll say no more to you about it till that +time.' +Bathsheba was in a very peculiar state of mind, +which showed how entirely the soul is the slave of the +body, the ethereal spirit dependent for its quality upon +the tangible flesh and blood. It is hardly too much to +say that she felt coerced by a force stronger than her +own will, not only into the act of promising upon this +singularly remote and vague matter, but into the emo+ +tion of fancying that she ought to promise. When the +weeks intervening between the night of this conversa+ +

+tion and Christmas day began perceptibly to diminish, +her anxiety and perplexity increased. +One day she was led by an accident into an oddly +confidential dialogue with Gabriel about her difficulty +It afforded her a little relief -- of a dull and cheerless +kind. They were auditing accounts, and something +occurred in the course of their labours which led Oak +to say, speaking of Boldwood, " He'll never forget you, +ma'am, never.' +Then out came her trouble before she was aware ; +and she told him how she had again got into the toils; +what Boldwood had asked her, and how he was ex+ +pecting her assent. "The most mournful reason of all +for my agreeing to it,' she said sadly, 'and the true +reason why I think to do so for good or for evil, is this + -- it is a thing I have not breathed to a living soul as +yet-i believe that if I don't give my word, he'll go out +of his mind.' +"Really, do ye?' said Gabriel, gravely. +'I believe this,' she continued, with reckless frank+ +ness; "and Heaven knows I say it in a spirit the very +reverse of vain, for I am grieved and troubled to my +soul about it-i believe I hold that man's future in my +hand. His career depends entirely upon my treatment +of him. O Gabriel, I tremble at my responsibility, for +it is terrible.!' +"Well, I think this much, ma'am, as I told you years +ago,' said Oak, 'that his life is a total blank whenever +he isn't hoping for 'ee; but I can't suppose-i hope +that nothing so dreadful hangs on to it as you fancy. +His natural manner has always been dark and strange, +you know. But since the case is so sad and oddiike, +why don't ye give the conditional promise? I think I +would.' +"But is it right? Some rash acts of my past life +have taught me that a watched woman must have very +much circumspection to retain only a very little credit, +and I do want and long to be discreet in this! And +six years -- why we may all be in our graves by that +BATHSHEBA TALKS WITH OAK +time, even if Mr. Troy does not come back again, which +he may not impossibly do.! Such thoughts give a sort +of absurdity to the scheme. Now, isn't it preposterous, +

+Gabriel? However he came to dream of it, I cannot think. +But is it wrong? You know -- you are older than I.' +"Eight years older, ma'am.' +"Yes, eight years -- and is it wrong?' +"Perhaps it would be an uncommon agreement for a +man and woman to make : I don't see anything really +wrong about it,' said Oak, slowly. "In fact the very +thing that makes it doubtful if you ought to marry en +under any condition, that is, your not caring about him + -- for I may suppose -- -- ' +"Yes, you may suppose that love is wanting,' she +said shortly. "Love is an utterly bygone, sorry, worn+ +out, miserable thing with me -- for him or any one else.' +"Well, your want of love seems to me the one thing +that takes away harm from such an agreement with him. +If wild heat had to do wi' it, making ye long to over+ +come the awkwardness about your husband's vanishing, +it mid be wrong ; but a cold-hearted agreement to oblige +a man seems different, somehow. The real sin, ma'am +in my mind, lies in thinking of ever wedding wi' a man +you don't love honest and true.' +"That I'm willing to pay the penalty of,' said Bath+ +sheba, firmly. " You know, Gabriel, this is what I can+ +not get off my conscience -- that I once seriously injured +him in sheer idleness. If I had never played a trick +upon him, he would never have wanted to marry me. +O if I could only pay some heavy damages in money +to him for the harm I did, and so get the sin off my +soul that way!... Well, there's the debt, which can +only be discharged in one way, and I believe I am +bound to do it if it honestly lies in my power, without +any consideration of my own future at all. When a +rake gambles away his expectations, the fact that it is +an inconvenient debt doesn't make him the less liable. +I've been a rake, and the single point I ask you is, con+ +sidering that my own scruples, and the fact that in the +eye of the law my husband is only missing, will keep +any man from marrying me until seven years have +passed -- am I free to entertain such an idea, even +though 'tis a sort of penance -- for it will be that? I +hate the act of marriage under such circumstances, and +the class of women I should seem to belong to by doing +it!' +

+"It seems to me that all depends upon whe'r you +think, as everybody else do, that your husband is +dead.' +"I shall get to, I suppose, because I cannot help +feeling what would have brought him back long before +this time if he had lived.' +"Well, then, in religious sense you will be as free +to <1think>1 o' marrying again as any real widow of one +year's standing. But why don't ye ask Mr. Thirdly's +advice on how to treat Mr. Boldwood?' +"No. When I want a broad-minded opinion for +general enlightenment, distinct from special advice, I +never go to a man who deals in the subject pro+ +fessionally. So I like the parson's opinion on law, the +lawyer's on doctoring, the doctor's on business, and my +business-man's -- that is, yours -- on morals.' +'And on love -- -- ' +"My own.' +"I'm afraid there's a hitch in that argument,' said +Oak, with a grave smile. +She did not reply at once, and then saying, 'Good +evening Mr. Oak,' went away. +She had spoken frankly, and neither asked nor ex+ +pected any reply from Gabriel more satisfactory than +that she had obtained. Yet in the centremost parts of +her complicated heart there existed at this minute a +little pang of disappointment, for a reason she would +not allow herself to recognize. Oak had not once +wished her free that he might marry her himself -- had +not once said, "I could wait for you as well as he.' +That was the insect sting. Not that she would have +listened to any such hypothesis. O no -- for wasn't +she saying all the time that such thoughts of the future +were improper, and wasn't Gabriel far too poor a man +to speak sentiment to her? Yet he might have just +hinted about that old love of his, and asked, in a playful +off-hand way, if he might speak of it. It would have +seemed pretty and sweet, if no more; and then she +would have shown how kind and inoffensive a woman's +"No' can sometimes be. But to give such cool advice + -- the very advice she had asked for -- it ruffled our +heroine all the afternoon. + +

+CONVERGING COURSES + I +CHRISTMAS-EVE came, and a party that Boldwood +was to give in the evening was the great subject of talk +in Weatherbury. It was not that the rarity of Christmas +parties in the parish made this one a wonder, but that +Boldwood should be the giver. The announcement +had had an abnormal and incongruous sound, as if one +should hear of croquet-playing in a cathedral aisle, or +that some much-respected judge was going upon the +stage. That the party was intended to be a truly jovial +one there was no room for doubt. A large bough of +mistletoe had been brought from the woods that day, and +suspended in the hall of the bachelor's home. Holly +and ivy had followed in armfuls. From six that morning +till past noon the huge wood fire in the kitchen roared +and sparkled at its highest, the kettle, the saucepan, and +the threeiegged pot appearing in the midst of the flames +like Shadrach, Meshach, and Abednego ; moreover, +roasting and basting operations were continually +carried on in front of the genial blaze. +As it grew later the fire was made up in the large +long hall into which the staircase descended, and all +encumbrances were cleared out for dancing. The log +which was to form the back-brand of the evening fire +was the uncleft trunk of a tree, so unwieldy that it could +be neither brought nor rolled to its place ; and accord+ +ingly two men were to be observed dragging and heaving +it in by chains and levers as the hour of assembly drew +near. +In spite of all this, the spirit of revelry was wanting +In the atmosphere of the house. Such a thing had +never been attempted before by its owner, and it was +now done as by a wrench. Intended gaieties would +insist upon appearing like solemn grandeurs, the organ+ +ization of the whole effort was +

+carried out coldly,by +hirelings, and a shadow seemed to move about the +rooms, saying that the proceedings were unnatural to +the place and the lone man who lived therein, and hence +not good. +Bathsheba was at this time in her room, dressing for +the event. She had called for candles, and Liddy +entered and placed one on each side of her mistress's +glass. +"Don't go away, Liddy,' said Bathsheba, almost +timidly.' I am foolishly agitated-i cannot tell why. +I wish I had not been obliged to go to this dance; but +there's no escaping now. I have not spoken to Mr. +Boldwood since the autumn, when I promised to see +him at Christmas on business, but I had no idea there +was to be anything of this kind.' +"But I would go now,' said Liddy, who was going +with her; for Boldwood had been indiscriminate in his +invitations. +"Yes, I shall make my appearance, of course,' said +Bathsheba. ' But I am <1the cause>1 of the party, and that +upsets me! -- Don't tell, Liddy.' +"O no, ma'am, You the cause of it, ma'am ?' +"Yes. I am the reason of the party-i. If it had +not been for me, there would never have been one. I +can't explain any more -- there's no more to be explained. +I wish I had never seen Weatherbury.' +"That's wicked of you -- to wish to be worse off than +you are.' +"No, Liddy. I have never been free from trouble +since I have lived here, and this party is likely to bring +me more. Now, fetch my black silk dress, and see how +it sits upon me.' +"But you will leave off that, surely, ma'am? You +have been a widowiady fourteen months, and ought to +brighten up a little on such a night as this.' +"Is it necessary? No; I will appear as usual, for if +I were to wear any light dress people would say things +about me, and I should seem to he rejoicing when I am +solemn all the time. The party doesn't suit me a bit; +but never mind, stay and help to finish me off.' + III +

+Boldwood was dressing also at this hour. A tailor +from Casterbridge was with him, assisting him in the +operation of trying on a new coat that had just beem +brought home. +Never had Boldwood been so fastidious, unreasonable +about the fit, and generally difficult to please. The +tailor walked round and round him, tugged at the waist, +pulled the sleeve, pressed out the collar, and for the +first time in his experience Boldwood was not bored+ +Times had been when the farmer had exclaimed against +all such niceties as childish, but now no philosophic or +hasty rebuke whatever was provoked by this man for +attaching as much importance to a crease in the coat +as to an earthquake in South America. Boldwood at +last expressed himself nearly satisfied, and paid the bill, +the tailor passing out of the door just as Oak came in +to report progress for the day. +"Oh, Oak,' said Boldwood. "I shall of course see +you here to-night. Make yourself merry. I am deter+ +mined that neither expense nor trouble shall be spared.' +"I'll try to be here, sir, though perhaps it may not +be very early,' said Gabriel, quietly. "I am glad indeed +to see such a change in 'ee from what it used to be.' +" Yes-i must own it-i am bright to-night : cheerful +and more than cheerfui-so much so that I am almost +sad again with the sense that all of it is passing away. +And sometimes, when I am excessively hopeful and +blithe, a trouble is looming in the distance : so that I +often get to look upon gloom in me with content, and +to fear a happy mood. Still this may be absurd-i feel +that it is absurd. Perhaps my day is dawning at last.' +"I hope it 'ill be a long and a fair one.' +"Thank you -- thank you. Yet perhaps my cheerfui +mess rests on a slender hope. And yet I trust my hope. +It is faith, not hope. I think this time I reckon with +my host. -- Oak, my hands are a little shaky, or some+ +thing; I can't tie this neckerchief properly. Perhaps +you will tie it for me. The fact is, I have not been well +lately, you know.' +"I am sorry to hear that, sir.' +

+"Oh, it's nothing. I want it done as well as you can, +please. Is there any late knot in fashion, Oak?' +"I don't know, sir,' said Oak. His tone had sunk to +sadness. +Boldwood approached Gabriel, and as Oak tied the +neckerchief the farmer went on feverishly -- +"Does a woman keep her promise, Gabriel?' +"If it is not inconvenient to her she may.' +" -- Or rather an implied promise.' +"I won't answer for her implying,' said Oak, with +faint bitterness. "That's a word as full o' holes as a +sieve with them.' +"Oak, don't talk like that. You have got quite +cynical lately -- how is it? We seem to have shifted our +positions: I have become the young and hopeful man, +and you the old and unbelieving one. However, does +a woman keep a promise, not to marry, but to enter on +an engagement to marry at some time? Now you +know women better than i-tell me.' +"I am afeard you honour my understanding too much. +However, she may keep such a promise, if it is made +with an honest meaning to repair a wrong.' +"It has not gone far yet, but I think it will soon -- +yes, I know it will,' he said, in an impulsive whisper. +"I have pressed her upon the subject, and she inclines +to be kind to me, and to think of me as a husband at +a long future time, and that's enough for me. How +can I expect more? She has a notion that a woman +should not marry within seven years of her husband's +disappearance -- that her own self shouldn't, I mean -- +because his body was not found. It may be merely +this legal reason which influences her, or it may be a +religious one, but she is reluctant to talk on the point+ +Yet she has promised -- implied -- that she will ratify an +engagement to-night.' +"Seven years,' murmured Oak. +"No, no -- it's no such thing!' he said, with im+ +patience. Five years, nine months, and a few days. +Fifteen months nearly have passed since he vanished, +and is there anything so wonderful in an engagement of +little more than five years?' +"It seems long in a forward view. Don't build too +much upon such promises, sir. Remember, you have +once be'n deceived. Her meaning may be good; but +there -- she's young yet.' +

+"Deceived? Never! ' said Boldwood, vehemently. +"She never promised me at that first time, and hence +she did not break her promise! If she promises me, +she'll marry me, Bathsheba is a woman to her word.' + IV +Troy was sitting in a corner of The White Hart +tavern at Casterbridge, smoking and drinking a steaming +mixture from a glass. A knock was given at the door, +and Pennyways entered. +"Well, have you seen him?' Troy inquired, pointing +to a chair. +"Boldwood?' +"No -- Lawyer Long.' +"He wadn' at home. I went there first, too.' +"That's a nuisance.' +"'Tis rather, I suppose.' +"Yet I don't see that, because a man appears to be +drowned and was not, he should be liable for anything. +I shan't ask any lawyer -- not I.' +"But that's not it, exactly. If a man changes his +name and so forth, and takes steps to deceive the world +and his own wife, he's a cheat, and that in the eye of +the law is ayless a rogue, and that is ayless a lammocken +vagabond; and that's a punishable situation.' +"Ha-ha! Well done, Pennyways.' Troy had laughed, +but it was with some anxiety that he said, "Now, what +I want to know is this, do you think there's really +anything going on between her and Boldwood? Upon +my soul, I should never have believed it! How she. +must detest me! Have you found out whether she +has encouraged him?' +"I haen't been able to learn. There's a deal of +feeling on his side seemingly, but I don't answer for +her. I didn't know a word about any such thing till +yesterday, and all I heard then was that she was gwine +to the party at his house to-night. This is the first +time she has ever gone there, they say. And they say +that she've not so much as spoke to him since they were +at Greenhill Fair: but what can folk believe o't ? How+ +ever, she's not fond of him -- quite offish and quite care +less, I know.' +

+"I'm not so sure of that.... She's a handsome +woman, Pennyways, is she not? Own that you never +saw a finer or more splendid creature in your life. +Upon my honour, when I set eyes upon her that day +I wondered what I could have been made of to be able +to leave her by herself so long. And then I was +hampered with that bothering show, which I'm free of +at last, thank the stars.' He smoked on awhile, and +then added, "How did she look when you passed by +yesterday?' +"Oh, she took no great heed of me, ye may well +fancy; but she looked well enough, far's I know. Just +flashed her haughty eyes upon my poor scram body, and +then let them go past me to what was yond, much as if +I'd been no more than a leafless tree. She had just got +off her mare to look at the last wring-down of cider for +the year; she had been riding, and so her colours were +up and her breath rather quick, so that her bosom +plimmed and feli-plimmed and feli-every time plain +to my eye. Ay, and there were the fellers round her +wringing down the cheese and bustling about and +saying, Ware o' the pommy, ma'am : 'twill spoil yer +gown. "Never mind me," says she. Then Gabe +brought her some of the new cider, and she must +needs go drinking it through a strawmote, and not in +a nateral way at all. "Liddy," says she, "bring indoors +a few gallons, and I'll make some cider-wine." Sergeant, +I was no more to her than a morsel of scroffin the fuei +house!' +"I must go and find her out at once -- O yes, I see +that-i must go. Oak is head man still, isn't he?' +"Yes, 'a b'lieve. And at Little Weatherbury Farm +too. He manages everything.' +"Twill puzzle him to manage her, or any other man +of his compass!' +"I don't know about that. She can't do without +him, and knowing it well he's pretty independent. +And she've a few soft corners to her mind, though +I've never been able to get into one, the devil's in't!' +"Ah baily she's a notch above you, and you must +own it: a higher class of animai-a finer tissue. How+ +ever, stick to me, and neither this haughty goddess, +dashing piece of womanhood, Juno-wife of mine (Juno +was a goddess, you know), nor +

+anybody else shall hurt +you. But all this wants looking into, I perceive. +What with one thing and another, I see that my work +is well cut out for me.' + v +"How do I look to-night, Liddy?' said Bathsheba, +giving a final adjustment to her dress before leaving the +glass. +"I never saw you look so well before. Yes-i'll tell +you when you looked like it -- that night, a year and a +half ago, when you came in so wildiike, and scolded us +for making remarks about you and Mr. Troy.' +"Everybody will think that I am setting myself to +captivate Mr. Boldwood, I suppose,' she murmured. +"At least they'll say so. Can't my hair be brushed +down a little flatter? I dread going -- yet I dread the +risk of wounding him by staying away.' +"Anyhow, ma'am, you can't well be dressed plainer +than you are, unless you go in sackcloth at once. 'Tis +your excitement is what makes you look so noticeable +to-night.' +"I don't know what's the matter, I feel wretched at +one time, and buoyant at another. I wish I could have +continued quite alone as I have been for the last year +or so, with no hopes and no fears, and no pleasure and +no grief. +"Now just suppose Mr. Boldwood should ask you + -- only just suppose it -- to run away with him, what +would you do, ma'am?' +"Liddy -- none of that,' said Bathsheba, gravely. +"Mind, I won't hear joking on any such matter. Do +you hear?' +"I beg pardon, ma'am. But knowing what rum +things we women be, I just said -- however, I won't +speak of it again.' +"No marrying for me yet for many a year; if ever, +'twill be for reasons very, very different from those you +think, or others will believe! Now get my cloak, for it +is time to go.' + VI +"Oak, said Boldwood, "before you go I want to +mention what has been passing in my mind lately -- +that little arrangement we made about your share in the +farm I mean. That share is small, too small, consider+ +ing how little I attend to business now, and how much +time and thought you give to it. Well, +

+since the world +is brightening for me, I want to show my sense of it +by increasing yopur proportion in the partnership. I'll +make a memorandum of the arrangement which struck +me as likely to be convenient, for I haven't time to talk +about it now; and then we'll discuss it at our leisure. +My intention is ultimately to retire from the manage+ +ment altogether, and until you can take all the expendi+ +ture upon your shoulders, I'll be a sleeping partner in +the stock. Then, if I marry her -- and I hope-i feel I +shall, why -- -- ' +"Pray don't speak of it, sir,' said Oak, hastily. "We +don't know what may happen. So many upsets may +befall 'ee. There's many a slip, as they say -- and I +would advise you-i know you'll pardon me this once -- +not to be <1too sure>1.' +"I know, I know. But the feeling I have about in+ +creasing your share is on account of what I know of you +Oak, I have learnt a little about your secret: your +interest in her is more than that of bailiff for an em+ +ployer. But you have behaved like a man, and I, as a +sort of successful rivai-successful partly through your +goodness of heart -- should like definitely to show my +sense of your friendship under what must have been a +great pain to you.' +"O that's not necessary, thank 'ee,' said Oak, +hurriedly. "I must get used to such as that; other +men have, and so shall I.' +Oak then left him. He was uneasy on Boldwood's +account, for he saw anew that this constant passion +of the farmer made him not the man he once had +been. +As Boldwood continued awhile in his room alone -- +ready and dressed to receive his company -- the mood of +anxiety about his appearance seemed to pass away, and +to be succeeded by a deep solemnity. He looked out +of the window, and regarded the dim outline of the trees +upon the sky, and the twilight deepening to darkness. +Then he went to a locked closet, and took from +a locked drawer therein a small circular case the size of +a pilibox, and was about to put it into his pocket. But +he lingered to open the cover and take a momentary +glance inside. It contained a woman's finger-ring, set +all the way round with small +

+diamonds, and from its +appearance had evidently been recently purchased. +Boldwood's eyes dwelt upon its many sparkles a long +time, though that its material aspect concerned him +little was plain from his manner and mien, which were +those of a mind following out the presumed thread of +that jewel's future history. +The noise of wheels at the front of the house became +audible. Boldwood closed the box, stowed it away +carefully in his pocket, and went out upon the landing. +The old man who was his indoor factotum came at the +same moment to the foot of the stairs. +"They be coming, sir-iots of 'em -- a-foot and a+ +driving!' +"I was coming down this moment. Those wheels I +heard -- is it Mrs. Troy?' +"No, sir -- 'tis not she yet.' +A reserved and sombre expression had returned to +Boldwood's face again, but it poorly cloaked his feei +ings when he pronounced Bathsheba's name; and his +feverish anxiety continued to show its existence by a +galloping motion of his fingers upon the side of his thigh +as he went down the stairs. + VII +"How does this cover me?' said Troy to Pennyways, +"Nobody would recognize me now, I'm sure.' +He was buttoning on a heavy grey overcoat of +Noachian cut, with cape and high collar, the latter being +erect and rigid, like a girdling wall, and nearly reaching +to the verge of travelling cap which was pulled down +over his ears. +Pennyways snuffed the candle, and then looked up +and deliberately inspected Troy +"You've made up your mind to go then?' he +said. +"Made up my mind? Yes; of course I have.' +"Why not write to her? 'Tis a very queer corner +that you have got into, sergeant. You see all these things +will come to light if you go back, and they won't sound +well at all. Faith, if I was you I'd even bide as you be + -- a single man of the name of Francis. A good wife is +good, but the best wife is not so good +

+as no wife at all. +Now that's my outspoke mind, and I've been called a +long-headed feller here and there.' +"All nonsense!' said Troy, angrily. "There she is +with plenty of money, and a house and farm, and +horses, and comfort, and here am I living from hand to +mouth -- a needy adventurer. Besides, it is no use +talking now; it is too late, and I am glad of it ; I've been +seen and recognized here this very afternoon. I should +have gone back to her the day after the fair, if it hadn't +been for you talking about the law, and rubbish about +getting a separation; and I don't put it off any longer. +What the deuce put it into my head to run away at all, +I can't think! Humbugging sentiment -- that's what it +was. But what man on earth was to know that his wife +would be in such a hurry to get rid of his name!' +"I should have known it. She's bad enough for +anything.' +"Pennyways, mind who you are talking to.' +"Well, sergeant, all I say is this, that if I were you I'd +go abroad again where I came from -- 'tisn't too late to do +it now. I wouldn't stir up the business and get a bad +name for the sake of living with her -- for all that about +your play-acting is sure to come out, you know, although +you think otherwise. My eyes and limbs, there'll be a +racket if you go back just now -- in the middle of Bold+ +wood's Christmasing!' +"H'm, yes. I expect I shall not be a very welcome +guest if he has her there,' said the sergeant, with a slight +laugh. "A sort of Alonzo the Brave; and when I go in +the guests will sit in silence and fear, and all laughter +and pleasure will be hushed, and the lights in the +chamber burn blue, and the worms -- Ugh, horrible! -- +Ring for some more brandy, Pennyways, I felt an +awful shudder just then! Well, what is there besides? +A stick-i must have a walking-stick.' +Pennyways now felt himself to be in something of a +difficulty, for should Bathsheba and Troy become recon+ +ciled it would be necessary to regain her good opinion +if he would secure the patronage of her husband. I +sometimes think she likes you yet, and is a good woman +at bottom,' he said, as a saving sentence. "But there's +no telling to a certainty from a body's outside. Well, +

+you'll do as you like about going, of course, sergeant, +and as for me, I'll do as you tell me.' +"Now, let me see what the time is,' said Troy, after +emptying his glass in one draught as he stood. 'Half+ +past six o'clock. I shall not hurry along the road, and +shall be there then before nine.' +CONCURRITUR + +

+CONCURRITUR -- HORAE MOMENTO +OUTSIDE the front of Boldwood's house a group of +men stood in the dark, with their faces towards the door, +which occasionally opened and closed for the passage of +some guest or servant, when a golden rod of light would +stripe the ground for the moment and vanish again, +leaving nothing outside but the glowworm shine of the +pale lamp amid the evergreens over the door. +"He was seen in Casterbridge this afternoon -- so the +boy said,' one of them remarked in a whisper. "And l +for one believe it. His body was never found, you know.' +"'Tis a strange story,' said the next. "You may +depend upon't that she knows nothing about it.' +"Not a word.' +"Perhaps he don't mean that she shall,' said another +man. +"If he's alive and here in the neighbourhood, he +means mischief,' said the first. "Poor young thing: +I do pity her, if 'tis true. He'll drag her to the dogs.' +"O no; he'll settle down quiet enough,' said one +disposed to take a more hopeful view of the case. +"What a fool she must have been ever to have had +anything to do with the man! She is so self-willed and +independent too, that one is more minded to say it +serves her right than pity her.' +"No, no. I don't hold with 'ee there. She was no +otherwise than a girl mind, and how couid she tell what +the man was made of? If 'tis really true, 'tis too hard +a punishment, and more than she ought to hae. -- Hullo, +who's that?' This was to some footsteps that were +heard approaching. +"William Smallbury,' said a dim figure in the shades, +coming up and joining them. 'Dark as a hedge, to+ +night, isn't it? I all but missed the plank over the river +ath'art there in the bottom -- +

+never did such a thing +before in my life. Be ye any of Boldwood's workfolk?' +He peered into their faces. +"Yes -- all o' us. We met here a few minutes ago.' +"Oh, I hear now -- that's Sam Samway : thought I +knowed the voice, too. Going in?' +"Presently. But I say, William,' Samway whispered, +"have ye heard this strange tale?' +"What -- that about Sergeant Troy being seen, d'ye +mean, souls?' said Smallbury, also lowering his voice. +"Ay: in Casterbridge.' +"Yes, I have. Laban Tall named a hint of it to me +but now -- but I don't think it. Hark, here Laban +comes himself, 'a b'lieve.' A footstep drew near. +"Laban?' +"Yes, 'tis I,' said Tall. +"Have ye heard any more about that?' +"No,' said Tall, joining the group. "And I'm in+ +clined to think we'd better keep quiet. If so be 'tis not +true, 'twill flurry her, and do her much harm to repeat +it; and if so be 'tis true, 'twill do no good to forestall +her time o' trouble. God send that it mid be a lie, for +though Henery Fray and some of 'em do speak against +her, she's never been anything but fair to me. She's +hot and hasty, but she's a brave girl who'll never tell a +lie however much the truth may harm her, and I've no +cause to wish her evil.' +"She never do tell women's little lies, that's true ; and +'tis a thing that can be said of very few. Ay, all the +harm she thinks she says to yer face: there's nothing +underhand wi' her.' +They stood silent then, every man busied with his +own thoughts, during which interval sounds of merri+ +ment could be heard within. Then the front door again +opened, the rays streamed out, the weliknown form of +Boldwood was seen in the rectangular area of light, the +door closed, and Boldwood walked slowly down the path. +"'Tis master,' one of the men whispered, as he neared +them. "We'd better stand quiet -- he'll go in again +directly. He would think it unseemly o' us to be +loitering here. +Boldwood came on, and passed by the men without +

+seeing them, they being under the bushes on the grass. +He paused, leant over the gate, and breathed a long +breath. They heard low words come from him. +"I hope to God she'll come, or this night will be +nothing but misery to me! O my darling, my darling, +why do you keep me in suspense like this?' +He said this to himself, and they all distinctly heard +it. Boldwood remained silent after that, and the noise +from indoors was again just audible, until, a few minutes +later, light wheels could be distinguished coming down +the hill. They drew nearer, and ceased at the gate. +Boldwood hastened back to the door, and opened it; +and the light shone upon Bathsheba coming up the +path. +Boldwood compressed his emotion to mere welcome: +the men marked her light laugh and apology as she met +him: he took her into the house; and the door closed +again. +"Gracious heaven, I didn't know it was like that with +him!' said one of the men. "I thought that fancy of +his was over long ago. +"You don't know much of master, if you thought +that,' said Samway. +"I wouldn't he should know we heard what 'a said +for the world,' remarked a third. +"I wish we had told of the report at once,' the first +uneasily continued. "More harm may come of this than +we know of. Poor Mr. Boldwood, it will, be hard upon +en. I wish Troy was in -- -- Well, God forgive me +for such a wish! A scoundrel to play a poor wife such +tricks. Nothing has prospered in Weatherbury since he +came here. And now I've no heart to go in. Let's +look into Warren's for a few minutes first, shall us, +neighbours?' +Samway, Tall, and Smallbury agreed to go to Warren's, +and went out at the gate, the remaining ones entering +the house. The three soon drew near the malt-house, +approaching it from the adjoining orchard, and not by +way of the street. The pane of glass was illuminated +as usual. Smallbury was a little in advance of the rest +when, pausing, he turned suddenly to his companions +and said, "Hist! See there.' +

+The light from the pane was now perceived to be +shining not upon the ivied wall as usual, but upon some +object close to the glass. It was a human face. +"Let's come closer,' whispered Samway; and they +approached on tiptoe. There was no disbelieving the +report any longer. Troy's face was almost close to the +pane, and he was looking in. Not only was he looking in, +but he appeared to have been arrested by a conversation +which was in progress in the malt-house, the voices of +the interlocutors being those of Oak and the maltster. +"The spree is all in her honour, isn't it -- hey?' said +the old man. "Although he made believe 'tis only +keeping up o' Christmas?' +"I cannot say,' replied Oak. +"O 'tis true enough, faith. I cannot understand +Farmer Boldwood being such a fool at his time of life +as to ho and hanker after thik woman in the way 'a do, +and she not care a bit about en.' +The men, after recognizing Troy's features, withdrew +across the orchard as quietly as they had come. The +air was big with Bathsheba's fortunes to-night : every +word everywhere concerned her. When they were quite +out of earshot all by one instinct paused. +"It gave me quite a turn -- his face,' said Tall, +breathing. +"And so it did me,' said Samway. "What's to be +done?' +"I don't see that 'tis any busincss of ours,' Smallbury +murmured dubiously. +"But it is! 'Tis a thing which is everybody's business, +said Samway. "We know very well that master's on a +wrong tack, and that she's quite in the dark, and we +should let 'em know at once. Laban, you know her +best -- you'd better go and ask to speak to her.' +"I bain't fit for any such thing,' said Laban, nervously. +"I should think William ought to do it if anybody. He's +oldest.' +"I shall have nothing to do with it,' said Smallbury. +"'Tis a ticklish business altogether. Why, he'll go on +to her himself in a few minutes, ye'll see.' +"We don't know that he will. Come, Laban.' +

+"Very well, if I must I must, I suppose,' Tall reluct+ +antly answered. "What must I say?' +"Just ask to see master.' +"O no; I shan't speak to Mr. Boldwood. If I tell +anybody, 'twill be mistress.' +"Very well,' said Samway. +Laban then went to the door. When he opened it +the hum of bustle rolled out as a wave upon a still +strand -- the assemblage being immediately inside the +hali-and was deadened to a murmur as he closed it +again. Each man waited intently, and looked around at +the dark tree tops gently rocking against the sky and +occasionally shivering in a slight wind, as if he took +interest in the scene, which neither did. One of them +began walking up and down, and then came to where +he started from and stopped again, with a sense that +walking was thing not worth doing now. +"I should think Laban must have seen mistress by +this time,' said Smallbury, breaking the silence. "Per+ +haps she won't come and speak to him.' +The door opened. Tall appeared, and joined them +"Well?' said both. +"I didn't like to ask for her after all,' Laban faltered +out. "They were all in such a stir, trying to put a little +spirit into the party. Somehow the fun seems to hang +fire, though everything's there that a heart can desire, +and I couldn't for my soul interfere and throw damp +upon it -- if 'twas to save my life, I couldn't!' +"I suppose we had better all go in together,' said +Samway, gloomily. "Perhaps I may have a chance of +saying a word to master.' +So the men entered the hall, which was the room +sellected and arranged for the gathering because of its +size. The younger men and maids were at last just +beginning to dance. Bathshesba had been perplexed +how to act, for she was not much more than a slim +young maid herself, and the weight of stateliness sat +heavy upon her. Sometimes she thought she ought +not to have come under any circumstances; then she +considered what cold unkindness that would have been, +and finally resolved +

+upon the middle course of staying +for about an hour only, and gliding off unobserved, +having from the first made up her mind that she could +on no account dance, sing, or take any active part in +the proceedings. +Her allotted hour having been passed in chatting +and looking on, Bathsheba told Liddy not to hurry her+ +self, and went to the small parlour to prepare for +departure, which, like the hall, was decorated with holly +and ivy, and well lighted up. +Nobody was in the room, but she had hardly +HORAE MOMENTO +been there a moment when the master of the house +entered. +"Mrs. Troy -- you are not going?' he said. "We've +hardly begun!' +"If you'll excuse me, I should like to go now.' Her +manner was restive, for she remembered her promise, +and imagined what he was about to say. "But as it is +not late,' she added, "I can walk home, and leave my +man and Liddy to come when they choose.' +"I've been trying to get an opportunity of speaking +to you,' said Boldwood. "You know perhaps what I +long to say?' +Bathsheba silently looked on the floor. +"You do give it?' he said, eagerly. +"What?' she whispered. +"Now, that's evasion! Why, the promise. I don't +want to intrude upon you at all, or to let it become +known to anybody. But do give your word! A +mere business compact, you know, between two people +who are beyond the influence of passicn.' Boldwood +knew how false this picture was as regarded himself; +but he had proved that it was the only tone in which +she would allow him to approach her. "A promise to +marry me at the end of five years and three-quarters. +You owe it to me!' +"I feel that I do,' said Bathsheba ; "that is, if you +demand it. But I am a changed woman -- an unhappy +woman -- and not -- not -- -- " +" You are still a very beautiful woman, said Boldwood. +Honesty and pure conviction suggested the remark, +unaccompanied by any perception that it might have +been adopted by blunt flattery to soothe and win her. +However, it had not much effect now, for for she said, +in a +

+passionless murmur which was in itself a proof of +her words: "I have no feeling in the matter at all. +And I don't at all know what is right to do in my +diddicult Position, and I have nobody to advise me. But +I give my promise, if I must. I give it as the rendering of +a debt, conditionally, of course, on my being a widow.' +"You'll marry me between five and six years hence ? ' +"Don't press me too hard. I'll marry nobody +else.' +" But surely you will name the time, or there's nothing +in the promise at all?' +"O, I don't know, pray let me go!' she said, her +bosom beginning to rise. "I am afraid what to do.! +want to be just to you, and to be that seems to be wrong+ +ing myself, and perhaps it is breaking the commandments. +There is considerable doubt of his death, and then it +is dreadful; let me ask a solicitor, Mr. Boldwood, if I +ought or no!' +"Say the words, dear one, and the subject shall be +dismissed ; a blissrul loving intimacy of six years, and +then marriage -- O Bathsheba, say them!' he begged in +a husky voice, unable to sustain the forms of mere +friendship any longer. "Promise yourself to me; I +deserve it, indeed I do, for I have loved you more than +anybody in the world! And if I said hasty words and +showed uncalled-for heat of manner towards you, believe +me, dear, I did not mean to distress you ; I was in +agony, Bathsheba, and I did not know what I said. +You wouldn't let a dog suffer what I have suffered, +could you but know it! Sometimes I shrink from your +knowing what I have felt for you, and sometimes I am +distressed that all of it you never will know. Be +gracious, and give up a little to me, when I would give +up mylife for you!' +The trimmings of her dress, as they quivered against +the light, showed how agitated she was, and at last she +burst out crying. 'And you'll not -- press me -- about +anything more -- if I say in five or six years?' she +sobbed, when she had power to frame the words. +"Yes, then I'll leave it to time.' +"Very well. If he does not return, I'll marry you +in six years from this day, if we both live,' she said +solemnly. +

+"And you'll take this as a token from me.' +Boldwood had come close to her side, and now he +clasped one of her hands in both his own, and lifted it +to his breast. +"What is it? Oh I cannot wear a ring!' she ex+ +claimed, on seeing what he held; "besides, I wouldn't +have a soul know that it's an engagement! Perhaps it +is improper? Besides, we are not engaged in the usual +sense, are we ? Don't insist, Mr. Boldwood -- don't!' +In her trouble at not being able to get her hand away +from him at once, she stamped passionately on the floor +with one foot, and tears crowded to her eyes again. +"It means simply a pledge -- no sentiment -- the seal +of a practical compact,' he said more quictly, but still +retaining her hand in his firm grasp. "Come, now!' +And Boldwood slipped the ring on her finger. +"I cannot wear it,' she said, weeping as if her heart +would break. " You frighten me, almost. So wild a +scheme! Please let me go home!' +" Only to-night : wear it just to-night, to please me!.' +Bathsheba sat down in a chair, and buried her face +in her handkerchief, though Boldwood kept her hand +yet. At length she said, in a sort of hopeless whisper -- +"Very well, then, I will to-night, if you wish it so +earnestly. Now loosen my hand; I will, indeed I will +wear it to-night.' +"And it shall be the beginning of a pleasant secret +courtship of six years, with a wedding at the end?' +"It must be, I suppose, since you will have it so!' +she said, fairly beaten into non-resistance. +Boldwood pressed her hand, and allowed it to drop +in her lap. "I am happy now,' he said. "God bless +you!' +He left the room, and when he thought she might +be sufficiently composed sent one of the maids to her +Bathsheba cloaked the effects of the late scene as she +best could, followed the girl, and in a few moments +came downstairs with her hat and cloak on, ready to go. +To get to the door it was necessary to pass through the +hall, and before doing so she paused on the bottom of +the staircase which descended into one corner, to take +a last look at the gathering. +There was no music or dancing in progress just now. +At the +

+lower end, which had been arranged for the work+ +folk specially, a group conversed in whispers, and with +clouded looks. Boldwood was standing by the fireplace, +and he, too, though so absorbed in visions arising from +her promise that he scarcely saw anything, seemed at +that moment to have observed their peculiar manner, +and their looks askance. +"What is it you are in doubt about, men?' he said. +One of them turned and replied uneasily: 'It was +something Laban heard of, that's all, sir.' +"News? Anybody married or engaged, born or +dead?' inquired the farmer, gaily. "Tell it to us, Tall. +One would think from your looks and mysterious ways +that it was something very dreadful indeed.' +"O no, sir, nobody is dead,' said Tall. +"I wish somebody was,' said Samway, in a whisper. +"What do you say, Samway?' asked Boldwood, some+ +what sharply. "If you have anything to say, speak out; +if not, get up another dance.' +"Mrs. Troy has come downstairs,' said Samway to +Tall. "If you want to tell her, you had better do it now.' +"Do you know what they mean?' the farmer asked +Bathsheba, across the room. +"I don't in the least," said Bathsheba. +There was a smart rapping at the door. One of +the men opened it instantly, and went outside. +"Mrs. Troy is wanted,' he said, on returning. +"Quite ready,' said Bathsheba. "Though I didn't +tell them to send.' +"It is a stranger, ma'am,' said the man by the door. +"A stranger?' she said. +"Ask him to come in,' said Boldwood. +The message was given, and Troy, wrapped up to +his eyes as we have seen him, stood in the doorway. +There was an unearthly silence, all looking towards +the newcomer. Those who had just learnt that he +was in the neighbourhood recognized him instantly; +those who did not were perplexed. Nobody noted +Bathsheba. She was leaning on the stairs. Her brow +had heavily contracted; her whole face was +

+pallid, her +lips apart, her eyes rigidly staring at their visitor. +Boldwood was among those who did not notice that +he was Troy. "Come in, come in!' he repeated, +cheerfully, "and drain a Christmas beaker with us, +stranger!' +Troy next advanced into the middle of the room, +took off his cap, turned down his coat-collar, and looked +Boldwood in the face. Even then Boldwood did not +recognize that the impersonator of Heaven's persistent +irony towards him, who had once before broken in +upon his bliss, scourged him, and snatched his delight +away, had come to do these things a second time. +Troy began to laugh a mechanical laugh: Boldwood +recognized him now. +Troy turned to Bathsheba. The poor girl's wretched+ +ness at this time was beyond all fancy or narration. +She had sunk down on the lowest stair; and there +she sat, her mouth blue and dry, and her dark eyes +fixed vacantly upon him, as if she wondered whether it +were not all a terrible illusion. +Then Troy spoke. "Bathsheba, I come here for +you!' +She made no reply. +" Come home with me: come! +Bathsheba moved her feet a little, but did not rise. +Troy went across to her. +"come, madam, do you hear what I say?' he said, +peremptorily. +A strange voice came from the fireplace -- a voice +sounding far off and confined, as if from a dungeon. +Hardly a soul in the assembly recognized the thin tones +to be those of Boldwood. Sudden dispaire had trans+ +formed him. +"Bathsheba, go with your husband!' +Nevertheless, she did not move. The truth was +that Bathsheba was beyond the pale of activity -- and +yet not in a swoon. She was in a state of mental <1gutta>1 +<1serena>1; her mind was for the minute totally deprived of +light at the same time no obscuration was apparent +from without. +Troy stretched out his hand to pull her her towards him, +when she quickly shrank back. This visible dread of +him seemed to irritate Troy, and he seized her arm and +pulled it sharply. +

+Whether his grasp pinched her, or +whether his mere touch was the ccause, was never known, +but at the moment of his seizure she writhed, and gave +a quick, low scream. +The scream had been heard but a few seconds When +it was followed by sudden deafening report that +echoed through the room and stupefied them all. The +oak partition shook with the concussion, and the place +was filled with grey smoke. +In bewilderment they turned their eyes to Boldwood. +at his back, as stood before the fireplace, was a gun+ +rack, as is usual in farmhouses, constructed to hold two +guns. When Bathsheba had cried out in her husband's +grasp, Boldwood's face of gnashing despair had changed. +The veins had swollen, and a frenzied look had gleamed +in his eye. He had turned quickly, taken one of the +guns, cocked it, and at once discharged it at Troy. +Troy fell. The distance apart of the two men was +so small that the charge of shot did not spread in the +least, but passed like a bullet into his body. He uttered +a long guttural sigh -- there was a contraction -- an exten+ +sion -- then his muscles relaxed, and he lay still. +Boldwood was seen through the smoke to be now +again engaged with the gun. It was double-barrelled, +and he had, meanwhile, in some way fastened his hand+ +kerchief to the trigger, and with his foot on the other +end was in the act of turning the second barrel upon +himself. Samway his man was the first to see this, and +in the midst of the general horror darted up to him. +Boldwood had already twitched the handkerchief, and +the gun exploded a second time, sending its contents, +by a timely blow from Samway, into the beam which +crossed the ceiling. +"Well, it makes no difference!' Boldwood gasped. +"There is another way for me to die.' +Then he broke from Samway, crossed the room to +Bathsheba, and kissed her hand. He put on his hat, +opened the door, and went into the darkness, nobody +thinking of preventing him. + +

+AFTER THE SHOCK +BOLDWOOD passed into the high road and turned +in the direction of Casterbridge. Here he walked at +an even, steady pace over Yalbury Hill, along the dead +level beyond, mounted Mellstock Hill, and between +eleven and twelve o'clock crossed the Moor into the town. +The streets were nearly deserted now, and the waving +lamp-flames only lighted up rows of grey shop-shutters, +and strips of white paving upon which his step echoed +as his passed along. He turned to the right, and halted +before an archway of heavy stonework, which was closed +by an iron studded pair of doors. This was the entrance +to the gaol, and over it a lamp was fixed, the light en+ +abling the wretched traveller to find a belipull. +The small wicket at last opened, and a porter +appeared. Boldwood stepped forward, and said some+ +thing in a low tone, when, after a delay, another man +came. Boldwood entered, and the door was closed +behind him, and he walked the world no more. +Long before this time Weatherbury had been +thoroughly aroused, and the wild deed which had ter+ +minated Boldwood's merrymaking became known to +all. Of those out of the house Oak was one of the +first to hear of the catastophe, and when he entered +the room, which was about five minutes after Boldwood's +exit, the scene was terrible. All the female guests were +huddled aghast against the walls like sheep in a storm, +and the men were bewildered as to what to do. As for +Bathsheba, she had changed. She was sitting on the +floor beside the body of Troy, his head pillowed in her +lap, where she had herself lifted it. With one hand she +held her handkerchief to his breast and covered the +wound, though scarcely a single drop of blood had +flowed, and with the other she tightly clasped one of +his. The household convulsion had made her herself +again. The +

+temporary coma had ceased, and activity +had come with the necessity for it. Deeds of endur+ +ance, which seem ordinary in philosophy, are rare in +conduct, and Bathsheba was astonishing all around her +now, for her philosophy was her conduct, and she +seldom thought practicable what she did not practise. +She was of the stuff of which great men's mothers +are made. She was indispensable to high generation, +hated at tea parties, feared in shops, and loved at crises. +Troy recumbent in his wife's lap formed now the sole +spectacle in the middle of the spacious room. +"Gabriel,' she said, automatically, when he entered, +turning up a face of which only the weliknown lines +remained to tell him it was hers, all else in the picture +having faded quite. "Ride to Casterbridge instantly +for a surgeon. It is, I believe, useless, but go. Mr. +Boldwood has shot my husband.' +Her statement of the fact in such quiet and simple +words came with more force than a tragic declamation, +and had somewhat the effect of setting the distorted +images in each mind present into proper focus. Oak, +almost before he had comprehended anything beyond +the briefest abstract of the event, hurried out of the +room, saddled a horse and rode away. Not till he had +ridden more than a mile did it occur to him that he +would have done better by sending some other man +on this errand, remaining himself in the house. What +had become of Boldwood? He should have been +looked after. Was he mad -- had there been a quarrel? +Then how had Troy got there? Where had he come +from? How did this remarkable reappearance effect +itself when he was supposed by many to be at the +bottom of the sea? Oak had in some slight measure +been prepared for the presence of Troy by hearing a +rumour of his return just before entering Boldwood's +house ; but before he had weighed that information, this +fatal event had been superimposed. However, it was too +late now to think of sending another messenger, and +he rode on, in the excitement of these self-inquiries +not discerning, when about three miles from Caster+ +bridge, a square-figured pedestrian passing along +under the dark hedge in the same direction as his +own. +The miles necessary to be traversed, and other +hindrances +

+incidental to the lateness of the hour and +the darkness of the night, delayed the arrival of Mr, +Aldritch, the surgeon ; and more than three hours +passed between the time at which the shot was fired +and that of his entering the house. Oak was addition+ +ally detained in Casterbridge through having to give +notice to the authorities of what had happened; and +he then found that Boldwood had also entered the +town, and delivercd himself up. +In the meantime the surgeon, having hastened into +the hall at Boldwood's, found it in darkness and quite +deserted. He went on to the back of the house, +where he discovered in the kitchen an old man, of +whom he made inquiries. +"She's had him took away to her own house, sir,' +said his informant. +"Who has?' said the doctor. +"Mrs. Troy. 'A was quite dead, sir.' +This was astonishing information. "She had no +right to do that,' said the doctor. "There will have +to be an inquest, and she should have waited to know +what to do.' +"Yes, sir; it was hinted to her that she had better +wait till the law was known. But she said law was +nothing to her, and she wouldn't let her dear husband's +corpse bide neglected for folks to stare at for all the +crowners in England.' +Mr. Aldritch drove at once back again up the +hill to Bathsheba's. The first person he met was +poor Liddy, who seemed literally to have dwindled +smaller in these few latter hours. "What has been +done?' he said. +"I don't know, sir,' said Liddy, with suspended +breath. "My mistress has done it all.' +"Where is she?' +" Upstairs with him, sir. When he was brought +home and taken upstairs, she said she wanted no +further help from the men. And then she called me, +and made me fill the bath, and after that told me I +had better go and lie down because I looked so ill. +Then she locked herself into the room alone with him, +and would not let a nurse come in, or anybody at all. +But I thought l'd wait in the next room in case she +should want me. I heard her moving about inside +for more than an +

+hour, but she only came out once, +and that was for more candles, because hers had burnt +down into the socket. She said we were to let her +know when you or Mr. Thirdly came, sir.' +Oak entered with the parson at this moment, and +they all went upstairs together, preceded by Liddy +Smallbury. Everything was silent as the grave when +they paused on the landing. Liddy knocked, and +Bathsheba's dress was heard rustling across the room: +the key turned in the lock, and she opened the door. +Her looks were calm and nearly rigid, like a slightly +animated bust of Melpomene. +"Oh, Mr. Aldritch, you have come at last,' she +murmured from her lips merely, and threw back the +door. "Ah, and Mr. Thirdly. Well, all is done, and +anybody in the world may see him now.' She then +passed by him, crossed the landing, and entered +another room. +Looking into the chamber of death she had vacated +they saw by the light of the candles which were on the +drawers a tall straight shape lying at the further end +of the bedroom, wrapped in white. Everything around +was quite orderly. The doctor went in, and after a +few minutes returned to the landing again, where +Oak and the parson still waited. +"It is all done, indeed, as she says,' remarked Mr. +Aldritch, in a subdued voice. "The body has been +undressed and properly laid out in grave clothes. +Gracious Heaven -- this mere girl! She must have the +nerve of a stoic!' +"The heart of a wife merely,' floated in a whisper +about the ears of the three, and turning they saw +Bathsheba in the midst of them. Then, as if at that +instant to prove that her fortitude had been more of +will than of spontaneity, she silently sank down between +them and was a shapeless heap of drapery on the floor. +The simple consciousness that superhuman strain was +no longer required had at once put a period to her +power to continue it. +They took her away into a further room, and the +medical attendance which had been useless in Troy's +case was invaluable in Bathsheba's, who fell into a +series of fainting-fits that had a serious aspect for a +time. The sufferer was got to bed, +

+and Oak, finding +from the bulletins that nothing really dreadful was to +be apprehended on her score, left the house. Liddy +kept watch in Bathsheba's chamber, where she heard +her mistress, moaning in whispers through the dull +slow hours of that wretched night: "O it is my fault + -- how can I live! O Heaven, how can I live!' + +

+THE MARCH FOLLOWING -- "BATHSHEBA BOLDWOOD' +WE pass rapidly on into the month of March, to a +breezy day without sunshine, frost, or dew. On Yai +bury Hill, about midway between Weatherbury and +Casterbridge, where the turnpike road passes over +the crest, a numerous concourse of people had +gathered, the eyes of the greater number being fre+ +quently stretched afar in a northerly direction. The +groups consisted of a throng of idlers, a party of +javelin-men, and two trumpeters, and in the midst +were carriages, one of which contained the high +sheriff. With the idlers, many of whom had mounted +to the top of a cutting formed for the road, were several +Weatherbury men and boys -- among others Poorgrass, +Coggan, and Cain Ball. +At the end of half-an-hour a faint dust was seen in +the expected quarter, and shortly after a travelling+ +carriage, bringing one of the two judges on the Western +Circuit, came up the hill and halted on the top. The +judge changed carriages whilst a flourish was blown +by the big-cheeked trumpeters, and a procession being +formed of the vehicles and javelin-men, they all pro+ +ceeded towards the town, excepting the Weatherbury +men, who as soon as they had seen the judge move +off returned home again to their work. +" Joseph, I zeed you squeezing close to the carriage," +said Coggan, as they walked. "Did ye notice my lord +judge's face ?' +"I did,' said Poorgrass. "I looked hard at en, as +if I would read his very soul; and there was mercy +in his eyes -- or to speak with the exact truth required +of us at this solemn time, in the eye that was towards +me.' +"Well, I hope for the best,' said Coggan, though +bad that must be. However, I shan't go to the trial, +and I'd advise the rest of ye that bain't wanted to bide +away. 'Twill disturb his +

+mind more than anything to +see us there staring at him as if he were a show.' +" The very thing I said this morning,' observed Joseph, +"Justice is come to weigh him in the balances," I said +in my reflectious way, "and if he's found wanting, so +be it unto him," and a bystander said "Hear, hear, +A man who can talk like that ought to be heard.' +But I don't like dwelling upon it, for my few words +are my few words, and not much; though the speech +of some men is rumoured abroad as though by nature +formed for such.' +"So 'tis, Joseph. And now, neighbours, as I said, +every man bide at home.' +The resolution was adhered to ; and all waited +anxiously for the news next day. Their suspense +was diverted, however, by a discovery which was made +in the afternoon, throwing more light on Boldwood's +conduct and condition than any details which had +preceded it. +That he had been from the time of Greenhill Fair +until the fatal Christmas Eve in excited and unusual +moods was known to those who had been intimate +with him; but nobody imagined that there had shown +in him unequivocal symptoms of the mental derange+ +ment which Bathsheha and Oak, alone of all others +and at different times, had momentarily suspected. +In a locked closet was now discovered an extraordinary +collection of articles. There were several sets of ladies' +dresses in the piece, of sundry expensive materials; +silks and satins, poplins and velvets, all of colours +which from Bathsheba's style of dress might have been +judged to be her favourites. There were two muffs, +sable and ermine. Above all there was a case of +jewellery, containing four heavy gold bracelets and +several lockets and rings, all of fine quality and manu+ +facture. These things had been bought in Bath and +other towns from time to time, and brought home by +stealth. They were all carefully packed in paper, and +each package was labelled " Bathsheba Boldwood,' a +date being subjoined six years in advance in every +instance. +These somewhat pathetic evidences of a mind crazed +with care and love were the subject of discourse in +

+Warren's malt-house when Oak entered from Caster+ +bridge with tidings of the kiln glow shone upon +it, told the tale sufficiently well. Boldwood, as every +one supposed he would do, had pleaded guilty, and +had been sentenced to death. +The conviction that Boldwood had not been morally +responsible for his later acts now becam general. Facts +elicited previous to the trial had pointed strongly in the +same direction, but they had not been of sufficient weight +to lead to an order for an examination into the state +of Boldwood's mind. It was astonishing, now that a +presumption of insanity was raised, how many collateral +circumstances were remembered to which a condition +of mental disease seemed to afford the only explanation + -- among others, the unprecedented neglect of his corn +stacks in the previous summer. +A petition was addressed to the Home Secretary, +advancing the circumstances which appeared to justify +a request for a reconsideration of the sentence. It was +not "numerously signed ' by the inhabitants of Caster+ +bridge, as is usual in such cases, for Boldwood had +never made many friends over the counter. The shops +thought it very natural that a man who, by importing +direct from the producer, had daringly set aside the +first great principle of provincial existence, namely +that God made country villages to supply customers +to county towns, should have confused ideas about +the Decalogue. The prompters were a few merciful +men who had perhaps too feelingly considered the +facts latterly unearthed, and the result was that evidence +was taken which it was hoped might remove the crime +in a moral point of view, out of the category of wilful +murder, and lead it to be regarded as a sheer outcome +of madness. +The upshot of the petition was waited for in Weather+ +bury with solicitous interest. The execution had been +fixed for eight o'clock on a Saturday morning about a +fortnight after the sentence was passed, and up to +Friday afternoon no answer had been recieved. At +that time Gabriel came from Casterbridge Gaol, whither +he had been to wish Boldwood good-bye, and turned +down a by-street to avoid the town. When past the last +

+house he heard a hammering, and lifting his bowed +head he looked back for a moment. Over the chimneys +he could see the upper part of the gaol entrance, rich +and glowing in the afternoon sun, and some moving +figures were there. They were carpenters lifting a post +into a vertical position within the parapet. He with+ +drew his eyes quickly, and hastened on. +It was dark when he reached home, and half the +village was out to meet him. +"No tidings,' Gabriel said, wearily. "And I'm afraid +there's no hope. I've been with him more than two +hours.' +"Do ye think he <1really>1 was out of his mind when he +did it?' said Smallbury. +" I can't honestly say that I do,' Oak replied. " How+ +ever, that we can talk of another time. Has there been +any change in mistress this afternoon?' +"None at all.' +"Is she downstairs?' +"No. And getting on so nicely as she was too. +She's but very little better now again than she was at +Christmas. She keeps on asking if you be come, and +if there's news, till one's wearied out wi' answering her. +Shall I go and say you've come?' +"No,' said Oak. "There's a chance yet; but I +couldn't stay in town any longer -- after seeing him too, +So Laban -- Laban is here, isn't he ? ' +" Yes,' said Tall. +"What I've arranged is, that you shall ride to town +the last thing to-night ; leave here about nine, and wait +a while there, getting home about twelve. If nothing +has been received by eleven to-night, they say there's +no chance at all.' +"I do so hope his life will be spared,' said Liddy. +"If it is not, she'll go out of her mind too. Poor thing; +her sufferings have been dreadful; she deserves any+ +body's pity.' +"Is she altered much ? ' said Coggan. +"If you haven't seen poor mistress since Christmas, +you wouldn't know her,' said Liddy. " Her eyes are so +miserable that she's not the same woman. Only two +years ago she was a romping girl, and now she's this!' +Laban departed as directed, and at eleven o'clock +that night +

+several of the villagers strolled along the +road to Casterbridge and awaited his arrivai-among +them Oak, and nearly all the rest of Bathsheba's men. +Gabriel's anxiety was great that Boldwood might be +saved, even though in his conscience he felt that he +ought to die; for there had been qualities in the farmer +which Oak loved. At last, when they all were weary +the tramp of a horse was heard in the distance -- +First dead, as if on turf it trode, +Then, clattering on the village road +In other pace than forth he yode. +'We shall soon know now, one way or other,' said +Coggan, and they all stepped down from the bank on +which they had been standing into the road, and the +rider pranced into the midst of them. +"Is that you, Laban ? ' said Gabriel. +"Yes -- 'tis come. He's not to die. 'Tis confine+ +ment during her Majesty's pleasure.' +"Hurrah!' said Coggan, with a swelling heart. "God's +above the devil yet!' + +

+BEAUTY IN LONELINESS -- AFTER ALL +BATHSHEBA revived with the spring. The utter +prostration that had followed the low fever from which +she had sufered diminished perceptibly when all un+ +certainty upon every subject had come to an end. +But she remained alone now for the greater part of +her time, and stayed in the house, or at furthest went +into the garden. She shunned every one, even Liddy, +and could be brought to make no confidences, and to +ask for no sympathy. +As the summer drew on she passed more of her time +in the open air, and began to examine into farming +matters from sheer necessity, though she never rode +out or personally superintended as at former times. +One Friday evening in August she walked a little way +along the road and entered the village for the first time +since the sombre event of the preceding Christmas. +None of the old colour had as yet come to her cheek, +and its absolute paleness was heightened by the jet black +of her gown, till it appeared preternatural. When she +reached a little shop at the other end of the place, +which stood nearly opposite to the churchyard, Bath+ +sheba heard singing inside the church, and she knew +that the singers were practising. She crossed the road, +opened the gate, and entered the graveyard, the high +sills of the church windows effectually screening her +from the eyes of those gathered within. Her stealthy +walk was to the nook wherein Troy had worked at +planting flowers upon Fanny Robin's grave, and she +came to the marble tombstone. +A motion of satisfaction enlivened her face as she +read the complete inscription. First came the words of +Troy himself: -- +

+ERECTED BY FRANCIS TROY +IN BELOVEO MEMORY OF +FANNY ROBIN, +WHO DIED OCTOBER 9, 18 -- , +AGED 20 YEARS. +Unerneath this was now inscribed in new letters: -- +IN THE SAME GRAVE LIE +THE REMAINS OF THE AFORESAID +FRANCIS TROY, +WHO DIED DECEMBER 24TH, 18 -- , +Whilst she stood and read and meditated the tones of +the organ began again in the church, and she went +with the same light step round to the porch and listened. +The door was closed, and the coir was learning a new +hymn. Bathsheba was stirred by emotions which +latterly she had assumed to be altogether dead within +her. The little attenuated voices of the children +brought to her ear in destinct utterance the words they +sang without thought or comprehension -- +Lead, kindly Light, amid the encircling gloom, +Lead Thou me on. +Bathsheba's feeling was always to some extent de+ +pendent upon her whim, as is the case with many other +women. Something big came into her throat and an +uprising to her eyes -- and she thought that she would +allow the imminent tears to flow if they wished. They +did flow and plenteously, and one fell upon the stone +bench beside her. Once that she had begun to cry for +she hardly knew what, she could not leave off for crowd+ +ing thoughts she knew too well. She would have given +anything in the world to be, as those children were, un+ +concerned at the meaning of their words, because too +innocent to feel the necessity for any such expression. +All the impassioned scenes of her brief expenence +seemed to revive with added emotion at that moment, +and those scenes which had been without emotion +

+during enactment had emotion then. Yet grief came +to her rather as a luxury than as the scourge of former +times. +Owing to Bathsheba's face being buried in her hands +she did not notice a form which came quietly into the +porch, and on seeing her, first moved as if to retreat, +then paused and regarded her. Bathsheba did not raise +her head for some time, and when she looked round +her face was wet, and her eyes drowned and dim. "Mr. +Oak,' exclaimed she, disconcerted, " how long have you +been here ?' +"A few minutes, ma'am,' said Oak, respectfully. +"Are you going in?' said Bathsheba; and there came +from within the church as from a prompter -- +l loved the garish day, and, spite of fears, +pride ruled my will: remember not past years. +"I was,' said Gabriel. " I am one of the bass singers, +you know. I have sung bass for several months. +"Indeed: I wasn't aware of that. I'll leave you, then.' +Which I have loved long since, and lost awhile, +sang the children. +"Don't let me drive you away, mistress. I think I +won't go in to-night.' +"O no -- you don't drive me away. +Then they stood in a state of some embarrassment +Bathsheba trying to wipe her dreadfully drenched and +inflamed face without his noticing her. At length Oak +said, I've not seen you-i mean spoken to you -- since +ever so long, have I?' But he feared to bring distress+ +ing memories back, and interrupted himself with: "Were +you going into church ?' +"No,' she said. I came to see the tombstone +privately -- to see if they had cut the inscription as I +wished Mr. Oak, you needn't mind speaking to me, if +you wish to, on the matter which is in both our minds +at this moment.' +"And have they done it as you wished ?' said Oak. +"Yes. Come and see it, if you have not already.' +So together they went and read the tomb. "Eight +months +

+ago!' Gabriel murmured when he saw the date. +'It seems like yesterday to me.' +And to me as if it were years ago-iong years, and +I had been dead between. And now I am going home, +Mr. Oak.' +Oak walked after her. 'I wanted to name a small +matter to you as soon as I could,' he said, with hesitation. +"Merrly about business, and I think I may just mention it +now, if you'll allow me.' +" O yes, certainly.' +It is that I may soon have to give up the manage+ +ment of your farm, Mrs. Troy. The fact is, I am think+ +ing of leaving England -- not yet, you know -- next +spring. ' +"Leaving England!' she said, in surprise and +genuine disappointment.' Why, Gabriel, what are you +going to do that for?' +"Well, I've thought it best,' Oak stammered out. +"California is the spot I've had in my mind to try.' +"But it is understood everywhere that you are going +to take poor Mr. Boldwood's farm on your own account.' +"I've had the refusal o' it 'tis true; but nothing is +settled yet, and I have reasons for gieing up. I shall +finish out my year there as manager for the trustees, +but no more.' +"And what shall I do without you? Oh, Gabriel, I +don't think you ought to go away. You've been with +me so long -- through bright times and dark times -- such +old friends that as we are -- that it seems unkind almost. I +had fancied that if you leased the other farm as master, +you might still give a helping look across at mine. And +now going away!' +"I would have willingly.' +" Yet now that I am more helpless than ever you go +away!' +"Yes, that's the ill fortune o' it,' said Gabriel, in a +distressed tone. "And it is because of that very help+ +lessness that I feel bound to go. Good afternoon, +ma'am ' he concluded, in evident anxiety to get +away, and at once went out of the churchyard by a +path she could follow on no pretence whatever. +Bathsheba went home, her mind occupied with a +new trouble, which being rather harassing than deadly +was calculated to do good by diverting her from the +chronic gloom of +

+her life. She was set thinking a great +deal about Oak and of his wich to shun her; and there +occurred to Bathsheba several incidents of latter in+ +tercourse with him, which, trivial when singly viewed +amounted together to a perceptible disinclination for +her society. It broke upon her at length as a great +pain that her last old disciple was about to forsake her +and flee. He who had believed in her and argued on +her side when all the rest of the world was against her, +had at last like the others become weary and neglectful +of the old cause, and was leaving her to fight her battles +alone. +Three weeks went on, and more evidence of his +want of interest in her was forthcoming. She noticed +that instead of entering the small parlour or office +where the farm accounts were kept, and waiting, or +leaving a memorandum as he had hitherto done during +her seclusion, Oak never came at all when she was likely +to be there, only entering at unseasonable hours when +her presence in that part of the house was least to be +expected. Whenever he wanted directions he sent a +message, or note with neither heading nor signature, to +which she was obliged to reply in the same off-hand +style. Poor Bathsheba began to suffer now from the +most torturing sting of ali-a sensation that she was +despised. +The autumn wore away gloomily enough amid these +melancholy conjectures, and Christmas-day came, com+ +pleting a year of her legal widowhood, and two years +and a quarter of her life alone. On examining her +heart it appeared beyond measure strange that the sub+ +ject of which the season might have been supposed +suggestive -- the event in the hall at Boldwood's -- was +not agitating her at all; but instead, an agonizing con+ +viction that everybody abjured her -- for what she could +not teli-and that Oak was the ringleader of the +recusants. Coming out of church that day she looked +round in hope that Oak, whose bass voice she had +heard rolling out from the gallery overhead in a most +unconcerned manner, might chance to linger in her path +in the old way. There he was, as usual, coming down +the path behind her. But on seeing Bathsheba turn, he +looked aside, and as soon as he got beyond the gate, +

+and there was the barest excuse for a divergence, he +made one, and vanished. +The next morning brought the culminating stroke; +she had been expecting it long. It was a formal notice +by letter from him that he should not renew his engage+ +ment with her for the following Lady-day. +Bathsheba actually sat and cried over this letter most +bitterly. She was aggrieved and wounded that the +possession of hopeless love from Gabriel, which she had +AFTER ALL +grown to regard as her inalienable right for life, should +have been withdrawn just at his own pleasure in this +way. She was bewildered too by the prospect of having +to rely on her own resources again: it seemed to herself +that she never could again acquire energy sufficient to +go to market, barter, and sell. Since Troy's death Oak +had attended all sales and fairs for her, transacting her +business at the same time with his own. What should +she do now? Her life was becoming a desolation. +So desolate was Bathsheba this evening, that in an +absolute hunger for pity and sympathy, and miserable in +that she appeared to have outlived the only true friend+ +ship she had ever owned, she put on her bonnet and +cloak and went down to Oak's house just after sunset, +guided on her way by the pale primrose rays of a +crescent moon a few days old. +A lively firelight shone from the window, but nobody +was visible in the room. She tapped nervously, and +then thought it doubtful if it were right for a single +woman to call upon a bachelor who lived alone, although +he was her manager, and she might be supposed to call +on business without any real impropriety. Gabriel +opened the door, and the moon shone upon his fore+ +haad. +"Mr. Oak,' said Bathsheba, faintly. +"Yes; I am Mr. Oak,' said Gabriel. "Who have I +the honour -- O how stupid of me, not to know you, +mistress!' +"I shall not be your mistress much longer, shall I +Gabriel?' she said, in pathetic tones. +"Well, no. I suppose -- But come in, ma'am. Oh -- +and I'll get a light,' Oak replied, with some awkwardness. +

+"No; not on my account.' +"It is so seldom that I get a lady visitor that I'm +afraid I haven't proper accommodation. Will you sit +down, please ? Here's a chair, and there's one, too. +I am sorry that my chairs all have wood scats, and are +rather hard, but i-was thinging of getting some new +ones.' Oak placed two or three for her. +"They are quite easy enough for me.' +So down she sat, and down sat he, the fire dancing +in their faces, and upon the old furniture +all a-sheenen +Wi' long years o' handlen, +that formed Oak's array of household possessions, which +sent back a dancing reflection in reply. It was very +odd to these two persons, who knew each other passing +well, that the mere circumstance of their meeting in a +new place and in a new way should make them so +awkward and constrained. In the fields, or at her house, +there had never been any embarrassment; but now that +Oak had become the entertainer their lives seemed to be +moved back again to the days when they were strangers. +"You'll think it strange that I have come, but -- -' +"O no; not at all.' +"But I thought -- Gabriel, I have been uneasy in the +belief that I have offended you, and that you are going +away on that account. It grieved me very much and +I couldn't help coming.' +"Offended me! As if you could do that, Bathsheba!' +"Haven't I?' she asked, gladly. " But, what are you +going away for else?' +"I am not going to emigrate, you know; I wasn't +aware that you would wish me not to when I told 'ee or I +shouldn't ha' thought of doing it,' he said, simply. "I +have arranged for Little Weatherbury Farm and shall +have it in my own hands at Lady-day. You know I've +had a share in it for some time. Still, that wouldn't +prevent my attending to your business as before, hadn't +it been that things have been said about us.' +

+"What?' said Bathsheba, in surprise. "Things said +about you and me! What are they?' +"I cannot tell you.' +"It would be wiser if you were to, I think. You have +played the part of mentor to me many times, and I don't +see why you should fear to do it now.' +"It is nothing that you have done, this time. The +top and tail o't is this -- that I am sniffing about here, +and waiting for poor Boldwood's farm, with a thought +of getting you some day.' +"Getting me! What does that mean?' +"Marrying o' 'ee, in plain British. You asked me to +tell, so you mustn't blame me.' +Bathsheba did not look quite so alarmed as if a +cannon had been discharged by her ear, which was what +Oak had expected. "Marrying me! I didn't know it +was that you meant,' she said, quietly. "Such a thing +as that is too absurd -- too soon -- to think of, by far!' +"Yes; of course, it is too absurd. I don't desire any +such thing; I should think that was plain enough by +this time. Surely, surely you be the last person in the +world I think of marrying. It is too absurd, as you say +""Too -- s-s-soon" were the words I used.' +"I must beg your pardon for correcting you, but you +said, ""too absurd,"' and so do I.' +"I beg your pardon too! she returned, with tears +in her eyes. """Too soon"' was what I said. But it +doesn't matter a bit -- not at ali-but I only meant, +""too soon"' Indeed, I didn't, Mr. Oak, and you must +believe me!' +Gabriel looked her long in the face, but the firelight +being faint there was not much to be seen. " Bathsheba,' +he said, tenderly and in surprise, and coming closer: +"if I only knew one thing -- whether you would allow me +to love you and win you, and marry you after ali-if I +only knew that!' +"But you never will know,' she murmured. +"Why?' +"Because you never ask. +"Oh -- Oh!' said Gabriel, with a low laugh of joyous+ +ness. "My own dear -- -' +

+"You ought not to have sent me that harsh letter +this morning,' she interrupted. "It shows you didn't +care a bit about me, and were ready to desert me like +all the rest of them! It was very cruel of you, consider+ +ing I was the first sweetheart that you ever had, and +you were the first I ever had; and I shall not forget it!' +"Now, Bathsheba, was ever anybody so provoking +he said, laughing. " You know it was purely that I, as +an unmarried man, carrying on a business for you as a +very taking young woman, had a proper hard part to +play -- more particular that people knew I had a sort +of feeling for'ee; and I fancied, from the way we were +mentioned together, that it might injure your good name. +Nobody knows the heat and fret I have been caused +by it.' +"And was that all?' +"All.' +"Oh, how glad I am I came!' she exclaimed, thank+ +fully, as she rose from her seat. "I have thought so +much more of you since I fancied you did not want +even to see me again. But I must be going now, or I +shall be missed. Why Gabriel,' she said, with a slight +laugh, as they went to the door, "it seems exactly as if +I had come courting you -- how dreadful!' +"And quite right too,' said Oak. "I've danced at +your skittish heels, my beautiful Bathsheba, for many a +long mile, and many a long day; and it is hard to be+ +grudge me this one visit.' +He accompanied her up the hill, explaining to her +the details of his forthcoming tenure of the other farm. +They spoke very little of their mutual feeling; pretty +phrases and warm expressions being probably un+ +necessary between such tried friends. Theirs was that +substantial affection which arises (if any arises at all) +when the two who are thrown together begin first by +knowing the rougher sides of each other's character, +and not the best till further on, the romance growing +up in the interstices of a mass of hard prosaic reality. +This good-fellowship -- <1camaraderie>1 -- usually occurring +through similarity of pursuits, is unfortunately seldom +superadded to love between the sexes, because men and +women associate, not in their lahours, but in their +pleasures merely. Where, however, happy circumstance +

+permits its development, the compounded feeling proves +itself to be the only love which is strong as death -- that +love which many waters cannot quench, nor the floods +drown, beside which the passion usually called by the +name is evanescent as steam. + +

+A FOGGY NIGHT AND MORNING -- CONCLUSION +"THE most private, secret, plaines wedding that it is +possible to have.' +Those had been Bathsheba's words to Oak one +evening, some time after the event of the preceding +chapter, and he meditated a full hour by the clock upon +how to carry out her wishes to the letter. +"A licence -- O yes, it must be a licence,' he said +to himself at last. "Very well, then; first, a license.' +On a dark night, a few days later, Oak came with +mysterious steps from the surrogate's door, in Caster+ +bridge. On the way home he heard a heavy tread in +front of him, and, overtaking the man, found him to be +Coggan. They walked together into the village until +they came to a little lane behind the church, leading +down to the cottage of Laban Tall, who had lately been +installed as clerk of the parish, and was yet in mortal +terror at church on Sundays when he heard his lone +voice among certain hard words of the Psalms, whither +no man ventured to follow him. +"Well, good-night, Coggan,' said Oak, "I'm going +down this way.' +"Oh!' said Coggan, surprised; "what's going on to+ +night then, make so bold Mr. Oak?' +It seemed rather ungenerous not to tell Coggan, +under the circumstances, for Coggan had been true as +steel all through the time of Gabriel's unhappiness about +Bathsheba, and Gabriel said, " You can keep a secret, +Coggan?' +"You've proved me, and you know.' +"Yes, I have, and I do know. Well, then, mistress +and I mean to get married to-morrow morning.' +"Heaven's high tower! And yet I've thought of +such a thing +

+from time to time; true, I have. But +keeping it so close! Well, there, 'tis no consarn of +amine, and I wish 'ee joy o' her.' +"Thank you, Coggan. But I assure 'ee that this +great hush is not what I wished for at all, or what +either of us would have wished if it hadn't been for +certain things that would make a gay wedding seem +hardly the thing. Bathsheba has a great wish that all +the parish shall not be in church, looking at her -- she's +shyiike and nervous about it, in fact -- so I be doing +this to humour her.' +"Ay, I see: quite right, too, I suppose I must say. +And you be now going down to the clerk.' +"Yes; you may as well come with me.' +"I am afeard your labour in keeping it close will be +throwed away,' said Coggan, as they walked along. +"Labe Tall's old woman will horn it all over parish in +half-an-hour. ' +"So she will, upon my life; I never thought of +that,' said Oak, pausing. "Yet I must tell him to+ +night, I suppose, for he's working so far off, and leaves +early.' +"I'll tell 'ee how we could tackle her,' said Coggan. +"I'll knock and ask to speak to Laban outside the door, +you standing in the background. Then he'll come out, +and you can tell yer tale. She'll never guess what I +want en for; and I'll make up a few words about the +farm-work, as a blind.' +This scheme was considered feasible; and Coggan +advanced boldly, and rapped at Mrs. Tall's door. Mrs. +Tall herself opened it. +"I wanted to have a word with Laban.' +"He's not at home, and won't be this side of eleven +o'clock. He've been forced to go over to Yalbury since +shutting out work. I shall do quite as well.' +"I hardly think you will. Stop a moment;' and +Coggan stepped round the corner of the porch to consult +Oak. +"Who's t'other man, then?' said Mrs. Tall. +"Only a friend,' said Coggan. +"Say he's wanted to meet mistress near church-hatch +to-morrow morning at ten,' said Oak, in a whisper. +"That he must come without fail, and wear his best +clothes.' +

+"The clothes will floor us as safe as houses!' said +Coggan. +"It can't be helped said Oak. "Tell her.' +So Coggan delivered the message. "Mind, het or +wet, blow or snow, he must come, added Jan. "'Tis +very particular, indeed. The fact is, 'tis to witness her +sign some law-work about taking shares wi' another +farmer for a long span o' years. There, that's what 'tis, +and now I've told 'ee, Mother Tall, in a way I shouldn't +ha' done if I hadn't loved 'ee so hopeless well.' +Coggan retired before she could ask any further; +and next they called at the vicar's in a manner which +excited no curiosity at all. Then Gabriel went home, +and prepared for the morrow. +"Liddy,' said Bathsheba, on going to bed that night, +"I want you to call me at seven o'clock to-morrow, In +case I shouldn't wake.' +"But you always do wake afore then, ma'am.' +"Yes, but I have something important to do, which +I'll tell you of when the time comes, and it's best to +make sure.' +CONCLUSION +Bathsheba, however, awoke voluntarily at four, nor +could she by any contrivance get to sleep again. About +six, being quite positive that her watch had stopped +during the night, she could wait no longer. She went +and tapped at Liddy's door, and after some labour awoke +her. +"But I thought it was I who had to call you?' said +the bewildered Liddy. "And it isn't six yet.' +"Indeed it is; how can you tell such a story, Liddy? +I know it must be ever so much past seven. Come to +my room as soon as you can; I want you to give my +hair a good brushing.' +When Liddy came to Bathsheba's room her mistress +was already waiting. Liddy could not understand +this extraordinary promptness. " Whatever <1is>1 going on, +ma'am?' she said. +"Well, I'll tell you,' said Bathsheba, with a mischiev+ +ous smile in her bright eyes. "Farmer Oak is coming +here to dine with me to-day!' +"Farmer Oak -- and nobody else ? -- you two alone?' +"Yes.' +

+"But is it safe, ma'am, after what's been said?' asked +her companion, dubiously. "A woman's good name is +such a perishable article that -- -- ' +Bathsheba laughed with a flushed cheek, and +whispered in Liddy's ear, although there was nobody +present. Then Liddy stared and exclaimcd, " Souls +alive, what news! It makes my heart go quite +bumpity-bump" +"It makes mine rather furious, too,' said Bathsheba. +"However, there's no getting out of it now!' +It was a damp disagreeable morning. Nevertheless, +at twenty minutes to ten o'clock, Oak came out of his +house, and +Went up the hill side +With that sort of stride +A man puts out when walking in search of a bride, +and knocked Bathsheba's door. Ten minutes later +a large and a smaller umbrella might have been seen +moving from the same door, and through the mist along +the road to the church. The distance was not more +than a quarter of a mile, and these two sensible persons +deemed it unnecessary to drive. An observer must have +been very close indeed to discover that the forms under +the umbrellas were those of Oak and Bathsheba, arm-in+ +arm for the first time in their lives, Oak in a greatcoat +extending to his knees, and Bathsheba in a cloak that +reached her clogs. Yet, though so plainly dressed +there was a certain rejuvenated appearance about her : -- + As though a rose should shut and be a bud again. +Repose had again incarnadined her cheeks; and having, +at Gabriel's request, arranged her hair this morning as +she had worn it years ago on Norcombe Hill, she seemed +in his eyes remarkably like a girl of that fascinating +dream, which, considering that she was now only three +or four-and-twenty, was perhaps not very wonderful. In +the church were Tall, Liddy, and the parson, and in a +remarkably short space of time the deed was done. +The two sat down very quietly to tea in Bathsheba's +parlour in the evening of the same day, for it had been +arranged that +

+Farmer Oak should go there to live, since +he had as yet neither money, house, nor furniture worthy +of the name, though he was on a sure way towards them, +whilst Bathsheba was, comparatively, in a plethora of all +three. +Just as Bathsheba was pouring out a cup of tea, +their ears were greeted by the firing of a cannon, +followed by what seemed like a tremendous blowing of +trumpets, in the front of the house. +"There!' said Oak, laughing, "I knew those fellows +were up to something, by the look on their face; ' +Oak took up the light and went into the porch, +followed by Bathsheba with a shawl over her head. The +rays fell upon a group of male figures gathered upon the +gravel in front, who, when they saw the newly-married +couple in the porch, set up a loud "Hurrah!' and at +the same moment bang again went the cannon in the +background, followed by a hideous clang of music from +a drum, tambourine, clarionet, serpent, hautboy, tenor+ +viol, and double-bass -- the only remaining relics of the +true and original Weatherbury band -- venerable worm+ +eaten instruments, which had celebrated in their own +persons the victories of Marlhorough, under the fingers +of the forefathers of those who played them now. The +performers came forward, and marched up to the +front. +"Those bright boys, Mark Clark and Jan, are at the +bottom of all this,' said Oak. " Come in, souls, and +have something to eat and drink wi' me and my wife.' +"Not to-night,' said Mr. Clark, with evident self+ +denial. "Thank ye all the same; but we'll call at a +more seemly time. However, we couldn't think of +letting the day pass without a note of admiration of +some sort. If ye could send a drop of som'at down to +Warren's, why so it is. Here's long life and happiness +to neighbour Oak and his comely bride!' +"Thank ye; thank ye all,' said Gabriel. "A bit and +a drop shall be sent to Warren's for ye at once. I had +a thought that we might very likely get a salute of some +sort from our old friends, and I was saying so to my +wife but now.' +"Faith,' said Coggan, in a critical tone, turning to his +companions, "the man hev learnt to say ""my wife"' +in a wonderful +

+naterel way, considering how very youth+ +ful he is in wedlock as yet -- hey, neighbours all?' +"I never heerd a skilful old married feller of twenty +years' standing pipe ""my wife"' in a more used note +than 'a did,' said Jacob Smallbury. "It might have been +a little more true to nater if't had been spoke a little +chillier, but that wasn't to be expected just now. +"That improvement will come wi' time,' said Jan, +twirling his eye. +Then Oak laughed, and Bathsheba smiled (for she +never laughed readily now), and their friends turned to +go. +"Yes; I suppose that's the size o't,' said Joseph +Poorgrass with a cheerful sigh as they moved away; +"and I wish him joy o' her; though I were once or +twice upon saying to-day with holy Hosea, in my +scripture manner, which is my second nature. ""Ephraim +is joined to idols: let him alone."' But since 'tis as 'tis +why, it might have been worse, and I feel my thanks +accordingly.' +THE END diff --git a/test/canterbury-corpus/calgary/book2 b/test/canterbury-corpus/calgary/book2 new file mode 100644 index 0000000..89f4204 --- /dev/null +++ b/test/canterbury-corpus/calgary/book2 @@ -0,0 +1,15634 @@ +.EQ +delim $$ +.EN +.CH "1 WHY SPEECH OUTPUT?" +.ds RT "Why speech output? +.ds CX "Principles of computer speech +.pp +Speech is our everyday, informal, communication medium. But although we use +it a lot, we probably don't assimilate as much information through our +ears as we do through our eyes, by reading or looking at pictures and diagrams. +You go to a technical lecture to get the feel of a subject \(em the overall +arrangement of ideas and the motivation behind them \(em and fill in the details, +if you still want to know them, from a book. You probably find out more about +the news from ten minutes with a newspaper than from a ten-minute news broadcast. +So it should be emphasized from the start that speech output from computers is +not a panacea. It doesn't solve the problems of communicating with computers; +it simply enriches the possibilities for communication. +.pp +What, then, are the advantages of speech output? One good reason for listening +to a radio news broadcast instead of spending the time with a newspaper +is that you can listen while shaving, doing the housework, or driving the car. +Speech leaves hands and eyes free for other tasks. +Moreover, it is omnidirectional, and does not require a free line of sight. +Related to this is the +use of speech as a secondary medium for status reports and warning messages. +Occasional interruptions by voice do not interfere with other activities, +unless they demand unusual concentration, and people can assimilate spoken messages +and queue them for later action quite easily and naturally. +.pp +The second key feature of speech communication stems from the telephone. +It is the universality of the telephone receiver itself that is important +here, rather than the existence of a world-wide distribution network; +for with special equipment (a modem and a VDU) one does not need speech to take advantage of +the telephone network for information transfer. +But speech needs no tools other than the telephone, and this gives +it a substantial advantage. You can go into a phone booth anywhere in the world, +carrying no special equipment, and have access to your computer within seconds. +The problem of data input is still there: perhaps your computer +system has a limited word recognizer, or you use the touchtone telephone +keypad (or a portable calculator-sized tone generator). Easy remote access +without special equipment is a great, and unique, asset to speech communication. +.pp +The third big advantage of speech output is that it is potentially very cheap. +Being all-electronic, except for the loudspeaker, speech systems are well +suited to high-volume, low-cost, LSI manufacture. Other computer output +devices are at present tied either to mechanical moving parts or to the CRT. +This was realized quickly by the computer hobbies market, where speech output +peripherals have been selling like hot cakes since the mid 1970's. +.pp +A further point in favour of speech is that it is natural-seeming and +somehow cuddly when compared with printers or VDU's. It would have been much +more difficult to make this point before the advent of talking toys like +Texas Instruments' "Speak 'n Spell" in 1978, but now it is an accepted fact that friendly +computer-based gadgets can speak \(em there are talking pocket-watches +that really do "tell" the time, talking microwave ovens, talking pinball machines, and, +of course, talking calculators. +It is, however, difficult to assess whether the appeal stems from +mechanical speech's novelty \(em it +is still a gimmick \(em and also to what extent it is tied up with +economic factors. +After all, most of the population don't use high-quality VDU's, and their major +experience of real-time interactive computing is through the very limited displays +and keypads provided on video games and teletext systems. +.pp +Articles on speech communication with computers often list many more advantages of voice output +(see Hill 1971, Turn 1974, Lea 1980). +.[ +Hill 1971 Man-machine interaction using speech +.] +.[ +Lea 1980 +.] +.[ +Turn 1974 Speech as a man-computer communication channel +.] +For example, speech +.LB +.NP +can be used in the dark +.NP +can be varied from a (confidential) whisper to a (loud) shout +.NP +requires very little energy +.NP +is not appreciably affected by weightlessness or vibration. +.LE +However, these either derive from the three advantages we have discussed above, +or relate +mainly to exotic applications in space modules and divers' helmets. +.pp +Useful as it is at present, speech output would be even more attractive if it could +be coupled with speech input. In many ways, speech input is its "big brother". +Many of the benefits of speech output are even more striking for speech input. +Although people can assimilate information faster through the eyes than the +ears, the majority of us can generate information faster with the mouth than +with the hands. Rapid typing is a relatively uncommon skill, and even high +typing rates are much slower than speaking rates (although whether we can +originate ideas quickly enough to keep up with fast speech is another matter!) To +take full advantage of the telephone for interaction with machines, machine +recognition of speech is obviously necessary. A microwave oven, calculator, +pinball machine, or alarm clock that responds to spoken commands is certainly +more attractive than one that just generates spoken status messages. A book +that told you how to recognize speech by machine would undoubtedly be more +useful than one like this that just discusses how to synthesize it! But the +technology of speech recognition is nowhere near as advanced as that of +synthesis \(em it's a much more difficult problem. However, because speech input +is obviously complementary to speech output, and even very limited input +capabilities will greatly enhance many speech output systems, it is worth +summarizing the present state of the art of speech recognition. +.pp +Commercial speech recognizers do exist. Almost invariably, they accept +words spoken in isolation, with gaps of silence between them, rather than +connected utterances. +It is not difficult to discriminate with high accuracy up to a hundred +different words spoken by the same speaker, especially if the vocabulary +is carefully selected to avoid words which sound similar. If several +different speakers are to be comprehended, performance can be greatly improved +if the machine is given an opportunity to calibrate their voices in a training +session, and is informed at recognition time which one is to speak. +With a large population of unknown speakers, accurate recognition is difficult +for vocabularies of more than a few carefully-chosen words. +.pp +A half-way house between isolated word discrimination and recognition of connected +speech is the problem of spotting known words in continuous speech. This +allows much more natural input, if the dialogue is structured as keywords +which may be +interspersed by unimportant "noise words". To speak in truly isolated +words requires a great deal of self-discipline and concentration \(em it is +surprising how much of ordinary speech is accounted for by vague sounds +like um's and aah's, and false starts. Word spotting disregards these and so +permits a more relaxed style of speech. Some progress has been made on it in +research laboratories, but the vocabularies that can be accomodated are still +very small. +.pp +The difficulty of recognizing connected speech depends crucially on what is +known in advance about the dialogue: its pragmatic, semantic, and syntactic +constraints. Highly structured dialogues constrain very heavily the choice of +the next word. Recognizers which can deal with vocabularies of over 1000 words +have been built in research laboratories, but the structure of the input has +been such that the average "branching factor" \(em the size of the set out of +which the next word must be selected \(em is only around 10 (Lea, 1980). +.[ +Lea 1980 +.] +Whether such +highly constrained languages would be acceptable in many practical applications +is a moot point. One commercial recognizer, developed in 1978, can cope with +up to five words spoken continuously from a basic 120-word vocabulary. +.pp +There has been much debate about whether it will ever be possible for a speech +recognizer to step outside rigid constraints imposed on the utterances it can +understand, and act, say, as an automatic dictation machine. Certainly the most +advanced recognizers to date depend very strongly on a tight context being +available. Informed opinion seems to accept that in ten years' time, +voice data entry in the office will be an important and economically feasible +prospect, but that it would be rash to predict the appearance of unconstrained +automatic dictation by then. +.pp +Let's return now to speech output and take a look at some systems which use it, +to illustrate the advantages and disadvantages of speech in practical +applications. +.sh "1.1 Talking calculator" +.pp +Figure 1.1 shows a calculator that speaks. +.FC "Figure 1.1" +Whenever a key is pressed, +the device confirms the action by saying the key's name. +The result of any computation is also spoken aloud. +For most people, the addition of speech output to a calculator is simply a +gimmick. +(Note incidentally that speech +.ul +input +is a different matter altogether. The ability to dictate lists of numbers and +commands to a calculator, without lifting one's eyes from the page, would have +very great advantages over keypad input.) Used-car +salesmen find that speech output sometimes helps to clinch a deal: they key in +the basic car price and their bargain-basement deductions, and the customer is so +bemused by the resulting price being spoken aloud to him by a machine that he +signs the cheque without thinking! More seriously, there may be some small +advantage to be gained when keying a list of figures by touch from having their +values read back for confirmation. For blind people, however, such devices +are a boon \(em and there are many other applications, like talking elevators +and talking clocks, which benefit from even very restricted voice output. +Much more sophisticated is a typewriter with audio feedback, designed by +IBM for the blind. Although blind typists can remember where the keys on a +typewriter are without difficulty, they rely on sighted proof-readers to help +check +their work. This device could make them more useful as office typists and +secretaries. As well as verbalizing the material (including punctuation) +that has been typed, either by attempting to pronounce the words or by spelling +them out as individual letters, it prompts the user through the more complex action sequences +that are possible on the typewriter. +.pp +The vocabulary of the talking calculator comprises the 24 words of Table 1.1. +.RF +.nr x1 2.0i+\w'percent'u +.nr x1 (\n(.l-\n(x1)/2 +.in \n(x1u +.ta 2.0i +zero percent +one low +two over +three root +four em (m) +five times +six point +seven overflow +eight minus +nine plus +times-minus clear +equals swap +.ta 0.8i +0.8i +0.8i +0.8i +0.8i +0.8i +0.8i +0.8i +0.8i +0.8i +0.8i +0.8i +.in 0 +.FG "Table 1.1 Vocabulary of a talking calculator" +This represents a total of about 13 seconds of speech. It is stored +electronically in read-only memory (ROM), and Figure 1.2 shows the circuitry +of the speech module inside the calculator. +.FC "Figure 1.2" +There are three large integrated circuits. +Two of them are ROMs, and the other is a special synthesis chip which decodes the +highly compressed stored data into an audio waveform. +Although the mechanisms used for storing speech by commercial devices are +not widely advertised by the manufacturers, the talking calculator almost +certainly uses linear predictive coding \(em a technique that we will examine +in Chapter 6. +The speech quality is very poor because of the highly compressed storage, and +words are spoken in a grating monotone. +However, because of the very small vocabulary, the quality is certainly good +enough for reliable identification. +.sh "1.2 Computer-generated wiring instructions" +.pp +I mentioned earlier that one big advantage of speech over visual output is that +it leaves the eyes free for other tasks. +When wiring telephone equipment during manufacture, the operator needs to use +his hands as well as eyes to keep his place in the task. +For some time tape-recorded instructions have been used for this in certain +manufacturing plants. For example, the instruction +.LB +.NI +Red 2.5 11A terminal strip 7A tube socket +.LE +directs the operator to cut 2.5" of red wire, attach one end to a specified point +on the terminal strip, and attach the other to a pin of the tube socket. The +tape recorder is fitted with a pedal switch to allow a sequence of such instructions +to be executed by the operator at his own pace. +.pp +The usual way of recording the instruction tape is to have a human reader +dictate them from a printed list. +The tape is then checked against the list by another listener to ensure that +the instructions are correct. Since wiring lists are usually stored and +maintained in machine-readable form, it is natural to consider whether speech +synthesis techniques could be used to generate the acoustic tape directly by +a computer (Flanagan +.ul +et al, +1972). +.[ +Flanagan Rabiner Schafer Denman 1972 +.] +.pp +Table 1.2 shows the vocabulary needed for this application. +.RF +.nr x1 2.0i+2.0i+\w'tube socket'u +.nr x1 (\n(.l-\n(x1)/2 +.in \n(x1u +.ta 2.0i +2.0i +A green seventeen +black left six +bottom lower sixteen +break make strip +C nine ten +capacitor nineteen terminal +eight one thirteen +eighteen P thirty +eleven point three +fifteen R top +fifty red tube socket +five repeat coil twelve +forty resistor twenty +four right two +fourteen seven upper +.ta 0.8i +0.8i +0.8i +0.8i +0.8i +0.8i +0.8i +0.8i +0.8i +0.8i +0.8i +0.8i +.in 0 +.FG "Table 1.2 Vocabulary needed for computer-generated wiring instructions" +It is rather larger +than that of the talking calculator \(em about 25 seconds of speech \(em but well +within the limits of single-chip storage in ROM, compressed by the linear +predictive technique. However, at the time that the scheme was investigated +(1970\-71) the method of linear predictive coding had not been fully developed, +and the technology for low-cost microcircuit implementation was not available. +But this is not important for this particular application, for there is +no need to perform the synthesis on a miniature low-cost computer system, +nor need it +be accomplished in real time. In fact a technique of concatenating +spectrally-encoded words was used (described in Chapter 7), and it was +implemented on a minicomputer. Operating much slower than real-time, the system +calculated the speech waveform and wrote it to disk storage. A subsequent phase +read the pre-computed messages and recorded them on a computer-controlled analogue +tape recorder. +.pp +Informal evaluation showed the scheme to be quite successful. Indeed, the +synthetic speech, whose quality was not high, was actually preferred to +natural speech in the noisy environment of the production line, for each +instruction was spoken in the same format, with the same programmed pause +between the items. +A list of 58 instructions of the form shown above was recorded and used +to wire several pieces of apparatus without errors. +.sh "1.3 Telephone enquiry service" +.pp +The computer-generated wiring scheme illustrates how speech can be used to give +instructions without diverting visual attention from the task at hand. +The next system we examine shows how speech output can make the telephone +receiver into a remote computer terminal for a variety of purposes +(Witten and Madams, 1977). +.[ +Witten Madams 1977 Telephone Enquiry Service +.] +The caller employs the touch-tone keypad shown in Figure 1.3 for input, and the +computer generates +a synthetic voice response. +.FC "Figure 1.3" +Table 1.3 shows the process of making +contact with the system. +.RF +.fi +.nh +.na +.in 0.3i +.nr x0 \w'COMPUTER: ' +.nr x1 \w'CALLER: ' +.in+\n(x0u +.ti-\n(x0u +CALLER:\h'\n(x0u-\n(x1u' Dials the service. +.ti-\n(x0u +COMPUTER: Answers telephone. +"Hello, Telephone Enquiry Service. Please +enter your user number". +.ti-\n(x0u +CALLER:\h'\n(x0u-\n(x1u' Enters user number. +.ti-\n(x0u +COMPUTER: "Please enter your password". +.ti-\n(x0u +CALLER:\h'\n(x0u-\n(x1u' Enters password. +.ti-\n(x0u +COMPUTER: Checks validity of password. +If invalid, the user is asked to re-enter +his user number. +Otherwise, +"Which service do you require?" +.ti-\n(x0u +CALLER:\h'\n(x0u-\n(x1u' Enters service number. +.in 0 +.nf +.FG "Table 1.3 Making contact with the telephone enquiry system" +.pp +Advantage is taken of the disparate speeds of input (keyboard) and +output (speech) to hasten the dialogue by imposing a question-answer structure +on it, with the computer taking the initiative. The machine can +afford to be slightly verbose if by so doing it makes the caller's +response easier, and therefore more rapid. Moreover, operators who +are experienced enough with the system to anticipate questions can +easily forestall them just by typing ahead, for the computer is programmed +to examine its input buffer before issuing prompts and to suppress them if +input has already been provided. +.pp +An important aim of the system is to allow application programmers with no +special knowledge of speech to write independent services for it. +Table 1.4 shows an example of the use of one such application program, +.RF +.fi +.nh +.na +.in 0.3i +.nr x0 \w'COMPUTER: ' +.nr x1 \w'CALLER: ' +.in+\n(x0u +.ti-\n(x0u +COMPUTER: "Stores Information Service. Please enter +component name". +.ti-\n(x0u +CALLER:\h'\n(x0u-\n(x1u' Enters "SN7406#". +.ti-\n(x0u +COMPUTER: "The component name is SN7406. Is this correct?" +.ti-\n(x0u +CALLER:\h'\n(x0u-\n(x1u' Enters "*1#" (system convention for "yes"). +.ti-\n(x0u +COMPUTER: "This component is in stores". +.ti-\n(x0u +CALLER:\h'\n(x0u-\n(x1u' Enters "*7#" (command for "price"). +.ti-\n(x0u +COMPUTER: "The component price is 35 pence". +.ti-\n(x0u +CALLER:\h'\n(x0u-\n(x1u' Enters "*8#" (command for "minimum number"). +.ti-\n(x0u +COMPUTER: "The minimum number of this component kept +in stores is 10". +.ti-\n(x0u +CALLER:\h'\n(x0u-\n(x1u' Enters "SN7417#". +.ti-\n(x0u +COMPUTER: "The component name is SN7417. Is this correct?" +.ti-\n(x0u +CALLER:\h'\n(x0u-\n(x1u' Enters "*1#". +.ti-\n(x0u +COMPUTER: "This component is not in stores". +.ti-\n(x0u +CALLER:\h'\n(x0u-\n(x1u' Enters "*9#" (command for "delivery time"). +.ti-\n(x0u +COMPUTER: "The expected delivery time is 14 days". +.ti-\n(x0u +CALLER:\h'\n(x0u-\n(x1u' Enters "*0#". +.ti-\n(x0u +COMPUTER: "Which service do you require?" +.in 0 +.nf +.FG "Table 1.4 The Stores Information Service" +the +Stores Information Service, which permits enquiries to be made of a database +holding information on electronic components kept in stock. +This subsystem is driven by +.ul +alphanumeric +data entered on the touch-tone keypad. Two or three letters are associated +with each digit, in a manner which is fairly standard in touch-tone telephone +applications. These are printed on a card overlay +that fits the keypad (see Figure 1.3). Although true alphanumeric data entry +would require a multiple key press for each character, +the ambiguity inherent in +a single-key-per-character convention can usually be resolved by the computer, +if it has a list of permissible entries. For example, the component names +SN7406 and ZTX300 are read by the machine as "767406" and "189300", respectively. +Confusion rarely occurs if the machine is expecting a valid component code. +The same holds true of people's names, and file names \(em although with these +one must take care not to identify a series of files by similar names, like +TX38A, TX38B, TX38C. It is easy for the machine to detect the rare cases +where ambiguity occurs, and respond by requesting further information: "The +component name is SN7406. Is this correct?" (In fact, the Stores Information +Service illustrated in Table 1.4 is defective in that it +.ul +always +requests confirmation of an entry, even when no ambiguity exists.) The +use of a telephone keypad for data entry will be taken up again in Chapter 10. +.pp +A distinction is drawn throughout the system between data entries and +commands, the latter being prefixed by a "*". In this example, the +programmer chose to define a command for each possible question about a +component, so that a new component name can be entered at any time +without ambiguity. The price paid for the resulting brevity of dialogue +is the burden of memorizing the meaning of the commands. This is an +inherent disadvantage of a one-dimensional auditory display over the +more conventional graphical output: presenting menus by speech is tedious and +long-winded. In practice, however, for a simple task such as the +Stores Information Service it is quite convenient for the caller to +search for the appropriate command by trying out all possibilities \(em there +are only a few. +.pp +The problem of memorizing commands is alleviated by establishing some +system-wide conventions. Each input is terminated by a "#", and +the meaning of standard commands is given in Table 1.5. +.RF +.fi +.nh +.na +.in 0.3i +.nr x0 \w'# alone ' +.nr x1 \w'\(em ' +.ta \n(x0u +\n(x1u +.nr x2 \n(x0+\n(x1 +.in+\n(x2u +.ti-\n(x2u +*# \(em Erase this input line, regardless of what has +been typed before the "*". +.ti-\n(x2u +*0# \(em Stop. Used to exit from any service. +.ti-\n(x2u +*1# \(em Yes. +.ti-\n(x2u +*2# \(em No. +.ti-\n(x2u +*3# \(em Repeat question or summarize state of current +transaction. +.ti-\n(x2u +# alone \(em Short form of repeat. Repeats or summarizes +in an abbreviated fashion. +.ta 0.8i +0.8i +0.8i +0.8i +0.8i +0.8i +0.8i +0.8i +0.8i +0.8i +0.8i +0.8i +.in 0 +.nf +.FG "Table 1.5 System-wide conventions for the service" +.pp +A summary of services available on the system is given in +Table 1.6. +.RF +.fi +.na +.in 0.3i +.nr x0 \w'000 ' +.nr x1 \w'\(em ' +.nr x2 \n(x0+\n(x1 +.in+\n(x2u +.ta \n(x0u +\n(x1u +.ti-\n(x2u +\0\01 \(em tells the time +.ti-\n(x2u +\0\02 \(em Biffo (a game of NIM) +.ti-\n(x2u +\0\03 \(em MOO (a game similar to that marketed under the name "Mastermind") +.ti-\n(x2u +\0\04 \(em error demonstration +.ti-\n(x2u +\0\05 \(em speak a file in phonetic format +.ti-\n(x2u +\0\06 \(em listening test +.ti-\n(x2u +\0\07 \(em music (allows you to enter a tune and play it) +.ti-\n(x2u +\0\08 \(em gives the date +.sp +.ti-\n(x2u +100 \(em squash ladder +.ti-\n(x2u +101 \(em stores information service +.ti-\n(x2u +102 \(em computes means and standard deviations +.ti-\n(x2u +103 \(em telephone directory +.sp +.ti-\n(x2u +411 \(em user information +.ti-\n(x2u +412 \(em change password +.ti-\n(x2u +413 \(em gripe (permits feedback on services from caller) +.sp +.ti-\n(x2u +600 \(em first year laboratory marks entering service +.sp +.ti-\n(x2u +910 \(em repeat utterance (allows testing of system) +.ti-\n(x2u +911 \(em speak utterance (allows testing of system) +.ti-\n(x2u +912 \(em enable/disable user 100 (a no-password guest user number) +.ti-\n(x2u +913 \(em mount a magnetic tape on the computer +.ti-\n(x2u +914 \(em set/reset demonstration mode (prohibits access by low-priority users) +.ti-\n(x2u +915 \(em inhibit games +.ti-\n(x2u +916 \(em inhibit the MOO game +.ti-\n(x2u +917 \(em disable password checking when users log in +.ta 0.8i +0.8i +0.8i +0.8i +0.8i +0.8i +0.8i +0.8i +0.8i +0.8i +0.8i +0.8i +.in 0 +.nf +.FG "Table 1.6 Summary of services on a telephone enquiry system" +They range from simple games and demonstrations, through serious database +services, to system maintenance facilities. +A priority structure is imposed upon them, with higher +service numbers being available only to higher priority users. +Services in the lowest range (1\-99) can be obtained by all, while +those in the highest range (900\-999) are maintenance services, +available only to the system designers. Access to the lower-numbered +"games" services can be inhibited by a priority user \(em this was +found necessary to prevent over-use of the system! Another advantage +of telephone access to an information retrieval system is that some +day-to-day maintenance can be done remotely, from the office telephone. +.pp +This telephone enquiry service, which was built in 1974, demonstrated that +speech synthesis had moved from a specialist phonetic discipline into the +province of engineering practicability. The speech was generated "by rule" +from a phonetic input (the method is covered in Chapters 7 and 8), which +has very low data storage requirements of around 75\ bit/s of speech. +Thus an enormous vocabulary and range of services could be accomodated on a +small computer system. +Despite the fairly low quality of the speech, the response from callers was +most encouraging. Admittedly the user population was a self-selected body of +University staff, which one might suppose to have high tolerance to new ideas, +and a system designed for the general public would require more effort to be +spent on developing speech of greater intelligibility. Although it was +observed that some callers failed to understand parts of the responses, even +after repetition, communication was largely unhindered in most cases; users +being driven by a high motivation to help the system help them. +.pp +The use of speech output in conjunction with a simple input device requires +careful thought for interaction to be successful and comfortable. It is +necessary that the computer direct the conversation as much as possible, +without seeming to be taking charge. Provision for eliminating prompts +which are unwanted by sophisticated users is essential to avoid frustration. +We will return to the topic of programming techniques for speech interaction +in Chapter 10. +.pp +Making a computer system available over the telephone results in a sudden +vast increase in the user population. Although people's reaction to a new +computer terminal in every office was overwhelmingly favourable, careful +resource allocation was essential to prevent the service being hogged by a +persistent few. As with all multi-access computer systems, it is particularly +important that error recovery is effected automatically and gracefully. +.sh "1.4 Speech output in the telephone exchange" +.pp +The telephone enquiry service was an experimental vehicle for research on speech +interaction, and was developed in 1974. +Since then, speech has begun to be used in real commercial applications. +One example is System\ X, the British Post Office's computer-controlled +telephone exchange. This incorporates many features +not found in conventional telephone exchanges. +For example, if a number is found to be busy, the call can be attempted +again by a "repeat last call" command, without having to re-dial the full number. +Alternatively, the last number can be stored for future re-dialling, freeing +the phone for other calls. +"Short code +dialling" allows a customer to associate short codes with commonly-dialled +numbers. +Alarm calls can be booked at specified times, and are made automatically +without human intervention. +Incoming calls can be barred, as can outgoing ones. A diversion service +allows all incoming calls to be diverted to another telephone, either +immediately, or if a call to the original number remains unanswered for +a specified period of time, or if the original number is busy. +Three-party calls can be set up automatically, without involving the +operator. +.pp +Making use of these facilities presents the caller with something of a problem. +With conventional telephone exchanges, feedback is provided on what is happening +to a call by the use of four tones \(em the dial tone, the busy tone, +the ringing tone, and the number unavailable tone. +For the more sophisticated interaction which is expected on the advanced +exchange, a much greater variety of status signals is required. +The obvious solution is to use +computer-generated spoken +messages to inform the caller when these services are invoked, and to guide him +through the sequences of actions needed to set up facilities like call +re-direction. For example, the messages used by the exchange when a user +accesses the alarm call +service are +.LB +.NI +Alarm call service. +Dial the time of your alarm call followed by square\u\(dg\d. +.FN 1 +\(dg\d"Square" is the term used for the "#" key on the touch-tone telephone.\u +.EF +.NI +You have booked an alarm call for seven thirty hours. +.NI +Alarm call operator. At the third stroke it will be seven thirty. +.LE +.pp +Because of the rather small vocabulary, the number of messages that can be +stored in their entirety rather than being formed by concatenation of +smaller units, and the short time which was available for development, +System\ X stores speech as a time waveform, slightly compressed by a time-domain +encoding operation (such techniques are described in Chapter 3). +Utterances which contain variable parts, like the time of alarm in the messages +above, are formed by inserting separately-recorded digits in a fixed +"carrier" message. No attempt is made to apply uniform intonation +contours to the synthetic utterances. The resulting speech is of excellent +quality (being a slightly compressed recording of a human voice), but sometimes +exhibits somewhat anomalous pitch contours. +For example, the digits comprising numbers often sound rather jerky and +out-of-context \(em which indeed they are. +.pp +Even more advanced facilities can be expected on telephone exchanges in +the future. A message storage capability is one example. Although +automatic call recording machines have been available for years, a centralized +facility could time and date a message, collect the caller's identity +(using the telephone keypad), and allow the recipient to select messages left +for him through an interactive dialogue so that he could control the order +in which he listens to them. He could choose to leave certain messages to be +dealt with later, or re-route them to a colleague. He may even wish to leave +reminders for himself, to be dialled automatically at specified times (like +alarm calls with user-defined information attached). The sender of a message +could be informed automatically by the system when it is delivered. None of +this requires speech recognition, but it does need economical speech +.ul +storage, +and also speech +.ul +synthesis +(for time and date tags). +.sh "1.5 Travel consultant" +.pp +Some current research in speech communication with computers is aimed at +embedding the dialogue in a task environment which provides it with an overall +contextual framework. +This in fact was the motivation for the experimental telephone enquiry service +described above, and it was observed that people are able to tolerate rather +low quality speech if they feel that the interaction is worthwhile. One step +further is the use of speech +.ul +input +as well as output, and here the context of the conversation which is provided +by the task environment can be used to improve recognition accuracy +significantly. +A system set up at Bell Telephone Laboratories indicates what we can expect +to find operating commercially in the future (Levinson and Shipley, 1980). +.[ +Levinson Shipley 1980 +.] +It provides timetable information about airline flights, and allows the user +to make reservations. +.pp +An example dialogue is given in Table 1.7. +.RF +.fi +.nh +.na +.in 0.3i +.nr x0 \w'COMPUTER: ' +.nr x1 \w'CALLER: ' +.in+\n(x0u +.ti-\n(x0u +COMPUTER: This is the Bell Laboratories flight information system. May I help you? +.ti-\n(x0u +CALLER:\h'\n(x0u-\n(x1u' I would like to go to Chicago. +.ti-\n(x0u +COMPUTER: Please specify the day of your departure. +.ti-\n(x0u +CALLER:\h'\n(x0u-\n(x1u' I want to leave at four p.m.. +.ti-\n(x0u +COMPUTER: Please specify the day of your departure. +.ti-\n(x0u +CALLER:\h'\n(x0u-\n(x1u' I want to depart on the two five May. +.ti-\n(x0u +COMPUTER: Flight number nine two leaves New York at four p.m. arrives in Chicago at five twenty five p.m.. +.ti-\n(x0u +CALLER:\h'\n(x0u-\n(x1u' What plane is on the flight? +.ti-\n(x0u +COMPUTER: The aircraft is a Boeing seven twenty seven. +.ti-\n(x0u +CALLER:\h'\n(x0u-\n(x1u' How much is the fare? +.ti-\n(x0u +COMPUTER: The round trip coach fare is one hundred forty two dollars. +.ti-\n(x0u +CALLER:\h'\n(x0u-\n(x1u' I want a first class seat. +.ti-\n(x0u +COMPUTER: One seat thank you. +.ti-\n(x0u +CALLER:\h'\n(x0u-\n(x1u' What is the fare? +.ti-\n(x0u +COMPUTER: The round trip first class fare is one hundred eighty four dollars. +.ti-\n(x0u +CALLER:\h'\n(x0u-\n(x1u' Please repeat the arrival time. +.ti-\n(x0u +COMPUTER: The arrival time is five twenty five p.m.. +.ti-\n(x0u +CALLER:\h'\n(x0u-\n(x1u' I will take the flight. +.ti-\n(x0u +COMPUTER: Your reservation on flight number nine two to Chicago on Friday is confirmed. Thank you. +.in 0 +.nf +.MT 2 +Table 1.7 A conversation with an airline flight information service +(from Levinson and Shipley, 1980) +.TE +.[ +Levinson Shipley 1980 +.] +The user dials the system from an +ordinary telephone. The recognition side must be trained by each user, and +accepts isolated words spoken with brief pauses between them. +The voice response unit has a vocabulary of around 200 words, and +synthesizes its answers by slotting words into "templates" evoked by the speech +understanding part in response to a query. For example, +.LB +.NI +This flight makes \(em stops +.NI +Flight number \(em leaves \(em at \(em , arrives in \(em at \(em +.LE +are templates which when called with specific slot fillers could produce the +utterances +.LB +.NI +This flight makes three stops +.NI +Flight number nine two leaves New York at four p.m., +arrives in Chicago at five twenty-five p.m. +.LE +The chief research interest of the system is in its speech understanding +capabilities, and the method used for speech output is relatively +straightforward. The templates and words are recorded, digitized, compressed +slightly, and stored on disk files (totalling a few hundred thousand bytes of +storage), using techniques similar to those of System\ X. +Again, no independent manipulation of pitch is possible, and so the utterances +sound intelligible but the transition between templates and slot fillers is not +completely fluent. However, the overall context of the interaction means that +the communication is not seriously disrupted even if the machine occasionally +misunderstands the man or vice versa. The user's attention is drawn away from +recognition accuracy and focussed on the exchange of information with the machine. +The authors conclude that progress in speech recognition can best be made by +studying it in the context of communication rather than in a vacuum or as part +of a one-way channel, and the same is undoubtedly true of speech synthesis as +well. +.sh "1.6 Reading machine for the blind" +.pp +Perhaps the most advanced attempt to provide speech output from a computer +is the Kurzweil reading machine for the blind, first marketed in the late +1970's (Figure 1.4). +.FC "Figure 1.4" +This device reads an ordinary book aloud. Users adjust the reading +speed according to the content of the material and their familiarity with +it, and the maximum rate has recently been improved to around 225 words per +minute \(em perhaps half as fast again as normal human speech rates. +.pp +As well as generating speech from text, the machine has to scan the document +being read and identify the characters presented to it. A scanning camera +is used, controlled by a program which searches for and tracks the lines of +text. The output of the camera is digitized, and the image is enhanced +using signal-processing techniques. Next each individual letter must be +isolated, and its geometric features identified and compared with a pre-stored +table of letter shapes. Isolation of letters is not at all trivial, for +many type fonts have "ligatures" which are combinations of characters joined +together (for example, the letters "fi" are often run together.) The +machine must cope with many printed type fonts, as well as typewritten ones. +The text-recognition side of the Kurzweil reading machine is in fact one of +its most advanced features. +.pp +We will discuss the problem of speech generation from text in Chapter 9. +It has many facets. First there is pronunciation, the +translation of letters to sounds. It is important to take into account +the morphological structure of words, dividing them into "root" and "endings". +Many words have concatenated suffixes (like "like-li-ness"). These are +important to detect, because a final "e" which appears on a root word +is not pronounced itself but affects the pronunciation of the previous +vowel. Then there is the difficulty that some words look the same +but are pronounced differently, depending on their meaning or on the syntactic +part that they play in the sentence. +Appropriate intonation is extremely difficult to generate from a plain textual +representation, for it depends on the meaning of the text and the way in which +emphasis is given to it by the reader. Similarly the rhythmic structure is +important, partly for correct pronunciation and partly for purposes of +emphasis. +Finally the sounds that have been deduced from the text need to be synthesized +into acoustic form, taking due account of the many and varied contextual effects +that occur in natural speech. This by itself is a challenging problem. +.pp +The performance of the Kurzweil reading machine is not good. While it seems +to be true that some blind people can make use of it, it is far from +comprehensible to an untrained listener. For example, +it will miss out words and even whole phrases, hesitate in a +stuttering manner, blatantly mis-pronounce many words, fail to detect +"e"s which should be silent, and give completely wrong rhythms +to words, making them impossible to understand. +Its intonation is decidedly unnatural, monotonous, and often downright +misleading. When it reads completely new text to people unfamiliar with its +quirks, +they invariably fail to understand more than an odd word here and there, +and do not improve significantly when the text is repeated more than once. +Naturally performance improves if the material is familiar or expected +in some way. +One useful feature is the machine's ability to spell out difficult words +on command from the user. +.pp +While not wishing to denigrate the Kurzweil machine, which is a remarkable +achievement in that it integrates together many different advanced +technologies, there is no doubt that the state of the art in speech synthesis +directly from unadorned text is extremely primitive, at present. +It is vital not to overemphasize the potential usefulness of abysmal speech, +which takes a great deal of training on the part of the user before +it becomes at all intelligible. To make a rather extreme analogy, +Morse code could be used as +audio output, requiring a great deal of training, but capable of being understood +at quite high rates by an expert. +It could be generated very cheaply. +But clearly the man in the street would find it quite unacceptable as +an audio output medium, because of the excessive effort required to learn to use +it. In many applications, very bad synthetic speech is just as useless. +However, the issue is complicated by the fact that for people who use +synthesizers regularly, synthetic speech becomes quite easily comprehensible. +We will return to the problem of evaluating the quality of artificial speech +later in the book (Chapter 8). +.sh "1.7 System considerations for speech output" +.pp +Fortunately, very many of the applications of speech output from computers +do not need to read unadorned text. +In all the example systems described above (except the reading machine), +it is enough to be able to store utterances in some representation which can +include pre-programmed cues for pronunciation, rhythm, and intonation in +a much more explicit way than ordinary text does. +.pp +Of course, techniques +for storing audio information have been in use for decades. +For example, a domestic cassette tape recorder stores speech at much better +than telephone quality at very low cost. The method of direct +recording of an analogue waveform is currently used for announcements in +the telephone network to provide information such as the time, weather +forecasts, and even bedtime stories. +However, it is difficult to provide rapid access to messages stored in +analogue form, and although some computer peripherals which use analogue +recordings for voice-response applications have been marketed \(em they are +discussed briefly at the beginning of Chapter 3 \(em they have been +superseded by digital storage techniques. +.pp +Although direct storage of a digitized audio waveform is used in some +voice-response systems, the approach has certain limitations. The most +obvious one is the large storage requirement: suitable coding can reduce +the data-rate of speech to as little as one hundredth of that needed by +direct digitization, and textual representations reduce it by another factor +of ten or twenty. (Of course, the speech quality is inevitably compromised +somewhat by data-compression techniques.) However, the cost of storage is +dropping so fast that this is not necessarily an overriding factor. +A more fundamental limitation is that utterances stored directly cannot sensibly +be modified in any way to take account of differing contexts. +.pp +If the results of certain kinds of analyses +of utterances are stored, instead of simply the digitized waveform, +a great deal more flexibility can be gained. +It is possible to separate out the features of intonation and amplitude from +the articulation of the speech, and this raises the attractive possibility +of regenerating utterances with pitch contours different from those with which they were +recorded. +The primary analysis technique used for this purpose is +.ul +linear prediction +of speech, and this is treated in some detail in Chapter 6. It also reduces drastically the +data-rate of speech, by a factor of around 50. +It is likely that many voice-response systems in the short- and medium-term +future will use linear predictive representations for utterance storage. +.pp +For maximum flexibility, however, it is preferable to store a textual +representation of the utterance. +There is an important distinction between speech +.ul +storage, +where an actual human utterance is recorded, perhaps processed to lower +the data-rate, and stored for subsequent regeneration when required, +and speech +.ul +synthesis, +where the machine produces its own individual utterances which are not based +on recordings of a person saying the same thing. The difference is summarized +in Figure 1.5. +.FC "Figure 1.5" +In both cases something is stored: for the first it is +a direct representation of an actual human utterance, while for the second +it is a typed +.ul +description +of the utterance in terms of the sounds, or phonemes, which constitute it. +The accent and tone of voice of the human speaker will be apparent in +the stored speech output, while for synthetic speech the accent is the +machine's and the tone of voice is determined by the synthesis program. +.pp +Probably the most attractive representation of utterances in man-machine +systems is ordinary English text, as used by the Kurzweil reading machine. +But, as noted above, this poses extraordinarily difficult problems for the +synthesis procedure, and these inevitably result in severely degraded speech. +Although in the very long term these problems may indeed be solved, +most speech output systems can adopt as their representation of an utterance +a description of it which explicitly conveys the difficult features of +intonation, rhythm, and even pronunciation. +In the kind of applications described above (barring the reading machine), +input will be prepared by a +programmer as he builds the software system which supports the interactive +dialogue. +Although it is important that the method of specifying utterances be easily +learned, it is not necessary that plain English +is used. It should be simple for the programmer to enter new +utterances and modify them on-line in cut-and-try attempts to render the +man-machine dialogue as natural as possible. A phonetic input +can be quite adequate for this, especially if the system allows the +programmer to hear immediately the synthesized version of the message +he types. Furthermore, markers which indicate rhythm and intonation can +be added to the message so that the system does not have to deduce these features +by attempting to "understand" the plain text. +.pp +This brings us to another disadvantage of speech storage as compared with +speech synthesis. To provide utterances for a voice response system using +stored human speech, one must assemble together special input hardware, +a quiet room, and (probably) a dedicated computer. If the speech is to be +heavily encoded, either expensive special hardware is required or the encoding +process, if performed by software on a general-purpose computer, will take +a considerable length of time (perhaps hundreds of times real-time). In +either case, time-consuming editing of the speech will be necessary, with +follow-up recordings to clarify sections of speech which turn out to be +unsuitable or badly recorded. If at a later date the voice response +system needs modification, it will be necessary to recall the same speaker, +or re-record the entire utterance set. This discourages the application +programmer from adjusting his dialogue in the light of experience. +Synthesizing from a textual representation, on the other hand, allows him +to change a speech prompt as simply as he could a VDU one, and evaluate +its effect immediately. +.pp +We will return to methods of digitizing and compacting speech in Chapters 3 +and 4, and carry on to consider speech synthesis in subsequent chapters. +Firstly, however, it is necessary to take a look at what speech is and how +people produce it. +.sh "1.8 References" +.LB "nnnn" +.[ +$LIST$ +.] +.LE "nnnn" +.sh "1.9 Further reading" +.pp +There are remarkably few general books on speech output, although a +substantial specialist literature exists for the subject. +In addition to the references listed above, I suggest that you look +at the following. +.LB "nn" +.\"Ainsworth-1976-1 +.]- +.ds [A Ainsworth, W.A. +.ds [D 1976 +.ds [T Mechanisms of speech recognition +.ds [I Pergamon +.nr [T 0 +.nr [A 1 +.nr [O 0 +.][ 2 book +.in+2n +A nice, easy-going introduction to speech recognition, this book covers +the acoustic structure of the speech signal in a way which makes +it useful as background reading for speech synthesis as well. +It complements Lea, 1980, cited above; which presents more recent results +in greater depth. +.in-2n +.\"Flanagan-1973-2 +.]- +.ds [A Flanagan, J.L. +.as [A " and Rabiner, L.R. (Editors) +.ds [D 1973 +.ds [T Speech synthesis +.ds [I Wiley +.nr [T 0 +.nr [A 0 +.nr [O 0 +.][ 2 book +.in+2n +This is a collection of previously-published research papers on speech +synthesis, rather than a unified book. +It contains many of the classic papers on the subject from 1940\ -\ 1972, +and is a very useful reference work. +.in-2n +.\"LeBoss-1980-3 +.]- +.ds [A LeBoss, B. +.ds [D 1980 +.ds [K * +.ds [T Speech I/O is making itself heard +.ds [J Electronics +.ds [O May\ 22 +.ds [P 95-105 +.nr [P 1 +.nr [T 0 +.nr [A 1 +.nr [O 0 +.][ 1 journal-article +.in+2n +The magazine +.ul +Electronics +is an excellent source of up-to-the-minute news, product announcements, +titbits, and rumours in the commercial speech technology world. +This particular article discusses the projected size of the voice +output market and gives a brief synopsis of the activities of several +interested companies. +.in-2n +.\"Witten-1980-5 +.]- +.ds [A Witten, I.H. +.ds [D 1980 +.ds [T Communicating with microcomputers +.ds [I Academic Press +.ds [C London +.nr [T 0 +.nr [A 1 +.nr [O 0 +.][ 2 book +.in+2n +A recent book on microcomputer technology, this is unusual in that +it contains a major section on speech communication +with computers (as well as ones +on computer buses, interfaces, and graphics). +.in-2n +.LE "nn" +.EQ +delim $$ +.EN +.CH "2 WHAT IS SPEECH?" +.ds RT "What is speech? +.ds CX "Principles of computer speech +.pp +People speak by using their vocal cords as a sound source, and making rapid +gestures of the articulatory organs (tongue, lips, jaw, and so on). +The resulting changes in shape of the vocal tract allow production +of the different sounds that we know as the vowels and consonants of +ordinary language. +.pp +What is it necessary to learn about this process for the purposes of +speech output from computers? +That depends crucially upon how speech is represented in the system. +If utterances are stored as time waveforms \(em and this is what we will be +discussing in the next chapter \(em the structure of speech is not important. +If frequency-related parameters of particular natural utterances are +stored, then it is advantageous to take into account some of the +acoustic properties of the speech waveform. +.pp +This point can be brought into focus by contrasting the transmission +(or storage) of speech with that of real-life television pictures, +as has been proposed for a videophone service. +Massive data reductions, of the order of 50:1, can be achieved for speech, +using techniques that are described in later chapters. For pictures, +data reduction is still an important issue \(em even more so for the +videophone than for the telephone, because of the vastly higher +information rates involved. +Unfortunately, the potential for data reduction is much +smaller \(em nothing like the 50:1 figure quoted above. +This is because speech sounds have definite characteristics, imparted +by the fact that they are produced by a human vocal tract, which +can be exploited for data reduction. +Television pictures have no equivalent generative structure, for +they show just those things that the camera points at. +.pp +Moving up from frequency-related parameters of +.ul +particular +utterances, it +is possible to store such parameters in a +.ul +general +form which characterizes the sound segments that appear in spoken language. +This immediately raises the issue of +.ul +classification +of sound segments, to form a basis for storing generalized acoustic +information and for retrieval of the information needed to synthesize +any particular utterance. +Speech is by nature continuous, and any synthesis system based upon +discrete classification must come to terms with this by tackling +the problems of transition from one segment to another, +and local modification of sound segments as a function of their context. +.pp +This brings us to another level of representation. +So far we have talked of the +.ul +acoustic +nature of speech, but when we have to cope with transitions between +discrete sound segments it may be fruitful to consider +.ul +articulatory +properties as well. +Any model of the speech production process +is in effect a model of the articulatory process that generates the speech. +Some speech research is concerned with +modelling +the vocal tract directly, rather than modelling the acoustic output from it. +One might specify, for example, position of tongue and posture of jaw and lips +for a vowel, instead of giving frequency-related +characteristics of it. This is a potent +tool in linguistic research, for it brings one closer to human production of +speech \(em in particular to the connection between brain and articulators. +.pp +Articulatory +synthesis holds a promise of high-quality speech, for the transitional +effects caused by tongue and jaw inertia can be modelled directly. +However, this potential has +not yet been realized. +Speech from current articulatory models is of much poorer quality than +that from acoustically-based synthesis methods. +The major problem is in gaining data about articulatory +behaviour during running speech \(em it is much easier to perform acoustic +analysis on the resulting sound than it is to examine the vocal organs in +action. Because of this, the subject is not treated in this book. +We will only look at articulatory properties insofar as they help us +to understand, in a qualitative way, the acoustic nature of speech. +.pp +Speech, however, is much more than mere articulation. +Consider \(em admittedly a rather extreme and chauvinistic example \(em the +number of ways a girl can say "yes". +Breathy voice, slow tempo, low pitch \(em these are all characteristics which +affect the utterance as a whole, rather than being classifiable into +individual sound segments. Linguists call them "prosodic" or +"suprasegmental" features, for they relate to overall aspects of the +utterance, and distinguish them from "segmental" ones which concern +the articulation of individual segments of syllables. +The most important prosodic features are pitch, or fundamental frequency +of the voice, and rhythm. +.pp +This chapter provides a brief introduction to the nature of the speech +signal. Depending upon what speech output techniques we use, it may be +necessary to understand something of the acoustic nature of the speech +signal; the system that generates it (the vocal tract); commonly-used +classifications of sound segments; and the prosodic aspects of speech. +This material is little used in the early chapters of the book, but +becomes increasingly important as the story unfolds. +Hence you may skip the remainder of this chapter if you wish, but +should return to it later to pick up more background whenever it +becomes necessary. +.sh "2.1 The anatomy of speech" +.pp +The so-called "voiced" sounds of speech \(em like the sound you make when +you say "aaah" \(em are produced by passing air up from the lungs through +the larynx or voicebox, which is situated just behind the Adam's apple. +The vocal tract from the larynx to the lips acts as a resonant cavity, +amplifying certain frequencies and attenuating others. +.pp +The waveform generated by the larynx, however, is not simply sinusoidal. +(If it were, the vocal tract resonances would merely +give a sine wave of the same frequency but amplified or +attenuated according to how close it was to the nearest resonance.) The +larynx contains two folds of skin \(em the vocal cords \(em which blow apart and flap +together again in each cycle of the pitch period. +The pitch of a male voice in speech varies from as low as 50\ Hz +(cycles per second) to perhaps +250\ Hz, with a typical median value of 100\ Hz. +For a female voice the range is higher, up to about 500\ Hz in speech. +Singing can go much higher: a top C sung by a soprano has a frequency +of just over 1000\ Hz, and some opera singers can reach +substantially higher than this. +.pp +The flapping action of the vocal cords +gives a waveform which can be approximated by a +triangular pulse (this and other approximations will be discussed in +Chapter 5). +It has a rich spectrum of harmonics, +decaying at around 12\ dB/octave, and each harmonic is affected +by the vocal tract resonances. +.rh "Vocal tract resonances." +A simple model of the vocal tract is an organ-pipe-like cylindrical tube +(Figure 2.1), +with a sound source at one end (the larynx) and open at the other (the lips). +.FC "Figure 2.1" +This has resonances at wavelengths $4L$, $4L/3$, $4L/5$, ..., where $L$ +is the length of the tube; +and these correspond to frequencies $c/4L$, $3c/4L$, $5c/4L$, ...\ Hz, $c$ +being the speed of +sound in air. +Calculating these frequencies, using a typical figure for the +distance between larynx and lips of 17\ cm, +and $c = 340$\ m/s for the speed of sound, leads to resonances at +approximately 500\ Hz, 1500\ Hz, 2500\ Hz, ... . +.pp +When excited by the harmonic-rich waveform of the larynx, +the vocal tract resonances produce +peaks known as +.ul +formants +in the energy spectrum of the speech wave (Figure 2.2). +.FC "Figure 2.2" +The lowest formant, called formant one, varies from around 200\ Hz +to 1000\ Hz during speech, the exact range depending on the size +of the vocal tract. +Formant two varies from around 500 to 2500\ Hz, and formant three +from around 1500 to 3500\ Hz. +.pp +You can easily hear the lowest formant by whispering the vowels in +the words "heed", "hid", "head", "had", "hod", "hawed", and "who'd". +They appear to have a steadily descending pitch, yet since you are +whispering there is no fundamental frequency. +What you hear is the lowest resonance of the vocal tract \(em formant one. +Some masochistic people can play simple tunes with this formant by putting +their mouth in successive vowel shapes and knocking the top of their head +with their knuckles \(em hard! +.pp +A difficulty occurs when trying to identify the lower formants for speakers +with high-pitched voices. +When a formant frequency falls below the fundamental excitation frequency +of the voice, its effect is diminished \(em although it is still present. +The vibrato used by opera singers provides a very low-frequency excitation +(at the vibrato rate) which helps to illuminate the lower formants even +when the pitch of the voice is very high. +.pp +Of course, speech is not a static phenomenon. +The organ-pipe model describes the speech spectrum during a continuously +held vowel with the mouth in a neutral position such as for "aaah". +But in real speech the tongue and lips are in continuous motion, +altering the shape of the vocal tract and hence the positions of the resonances. +It is as if the organ-pipe were being squeezed and expanded in +different places all the time. +Say +.ul +ee +as in "heed" and feel how close your tongue is to the roof of your mouth, +causing a constriction near the front of the vocal cavity. +.pp +Linguists and speech engineers use a special frequency analyser called a +"sound spectrograph" to make a three-dimensional plot of the variation +of the speech energy spectrum with time. +Figure 2.3 shows a spectrogram of the +utterance "go away". +.FC "Figure 2.3" +Frequency is given on the vertical axis, +and bands are shown at the beginning to indicate the scale. +Time is plotted horizontally, +and energy is given by the darkness of any particular area. +The lower few formants can be seen as dark bands extending horizontally, +and they are in continuous motion. +In the neutral first vowel of "away", the formant frequencies +pass through +approximately the 500\ Hz, 1500\ Hz, and 2500\ Hz that we calculated earlier. +(In fact, formants two and three are somewhat lower than these values.) +.pp +The +fine vertical striations in the spectrogram correspond to single openings of the vocal cords. +Pitch changes continuously throughout an utterance, +and this can be seen on the spectrogram by the differences in spacing +of the striations. +Pitch change, or +.ul +intonation, +is singularly important in +lending naturalness to speech. +.pp +On a spectrogram, a continuously held vowel shows up as a static energy spectrum. +But beware \(em what we call a vowel in everyday language is not the same thing as a +"vowel" in phonetic terms. +Say "I" and feel how the tongue moves continuously while you're speaking. +Technically, this is a +.ul +diphthong +or slide between two vowel positions, +and not a single vowel. +If you say +.ul +ar +as in "hard", +and change slowly to +.ul +ee +as in "heed", you will obtain a diphthong not unlike that in "I". +And there are many more phonetically different vowel sounds +than the a, e, i, o, and u that we normally think of. +The words "hood" and "mood" have different vowels, for example, as do "head" and "mead". +The principal acoustic difference between the various vowel sounds +is in the frequencies of the first two formants. +.pp +A further complication is introduced by the nasal tract. This is +a large cavity which is coupled to the oral tract by a passage at the +back of the mouth. +The passage is guarded by a flap of skin called the "velum". +You know about this because inadvertent opening of the velum while +swallowing causes food or drink to go up your nose. +The nasal cavity is switched in and out of the vocal tract +by the velum during speech. +It is used for consonants +.ul +m, +.ul +n, +and the +.ul +ng +sound in the word +"singing". +Vowels are frequently nasalized too. +A very effective demonstration of the amount of nasalization in ordinary +speech can be obtained by cutting a nose-shaped hole in a large +baffle which divides a room, speaking normally with one's nose in the hole, +and having someone listen on the other side. +The frequency of occurrence of +nasal sounds, and the volume of sound that is emitted +through the nose, are both surprisingly large. +Interestingly enough, when we say in conversation that someone sounds +"nasal", we usually mean "non-nasal". When the nasal passages are +blocked by a cold, nasal sounds are missing \(em +.ul +n\c +\&'s turn into +.ul +d\c +\&'s, +and +.ul +m\c +\&'s to +.ul +b\c +\&'s. +.pp +When the nasal cavity is switched in to the vocal tract, it introduces +formant resonances, just as the oral cavity does. +Although we cannot +alter the shape of the nasal tract significantly, the nasal formant +pattern is not fixed, because the oral tract does play a part in nasal +resonances. +If you say +.ul +m, +.ul +n, +and +.ul +ng +continuously, you can hear the difference and feel how it is produced by +altering the combined nasal/oral tract resonances with your tongue position. +The nasal cavity operates in parallel with +the oral one: this causes the two resonance patterns to be summed +together, with resulting complications which will be discussed in Chapter 5. +.rh "Sound sources." +Speech involves sounds other than those caused by regular vibration of +the larynx. +When you whisper, the folds of the larynx are held slightly +apart so that the air passing between them becomes turbulent, causing a noisy excitation +of the resonant cavity. +The formant peaks are still present, superimposed on the noise. Such +"aspirated" sounds occur in the +.ul +h +of "hello", and for a very short time +after the lips are opened at the beginning of "pit". +.pp +Constrictions made in the mouth produce hissy noises such as +.ul +ss, +.ul +sh, +and +.ul +f. +For example, in +.ul +ss +the tip of the tongue is high up, +very close to the roof of the mouth. +Turbulent air passing through this constriction causes a +random noise excitation, known as "frication". +Actually, the roof of the mouth is quite a complicated object. +You can feel with your tongue a bony hump or ridge just behind the front +teeth, and it is this that forms a constriction with the tongue for +.ul +s. +In +.ul +sh, +the tongue is flattened close to the roof of the mouth slightly farther back, +in a position rather similar to that for +.ul +ee +but with a narrower +constriction, +while +.ul +f +is produced with the upper teeth and lower lip. +Because they are made near the front of the mouth, +the resonances of the vocal tract have little effect on these fricative +sounds. +.pp +To distinguish them from aspiration and frication, the ordinary speech +sounds (like "aaah") which have their source in larynx vibration are +known technically as "voiced". Aspirated and fricative sounds are called +"unvoiced". Thus the three different sound types can be classified as +.LB +.NP +voiced +.NP +unvoiced (fricative) +.NP +unvoiced (aspirated). +.LE +Can any of these three types occur together? +It would seem that voicing and aspiration can not, for the former requires +the larynx to be vibrating regularly, but for the latter it must be +generating turbulent noise. +However, there is a condition known technically as "breathy voice" +which occurs when the vocal cords are slightly apart, still vibrating, +but with a large volume of air passing between to create turbulence. +Voicing can easily occur in conjunction with frication. +Corresponding to +.ul +s, +.ul +sh, +and +.ul +f +we get the +.ul +voiced +fricatives +.ul +z, +the sound in the middle of words like "vision" which I will call +.ul +zh, +and +.ul +v. +A simple illustration of voicing is to say "ffffvvvvffff\ ...". +During the voiced part you can feel the larynx vibrations with a finger +on your Adam's apple, and it can be heard quite clearly if you stop up +your ears. +Technically, there is nothing to prevent frication and aspiration +from occurring together \(em they do, for example, when a voiced fricative +is whispered \(em but the combination is not an important one. +.pp +The complicated acoustic effects of noisy excitations in speech can be +seen in the spectrogram in Figure 2.4 of +"high altitude jets whizz past screaming". +.FC "Figure 2.4" +.rh "The source-filter model of speech production." +We have been talking in terms of a sound source (be it voiced or unvoiced) +exciting the resonances of the oral (and possible the nasal) tract. +This model, which is used extensively in speech analysis and synthesis, +is known as +the source-filter model of speech production. The reason for its success +is that the effect of the resonances can be modelled as a frequency-selective +filter, operating on an input which is the source excitation. +Thus the frequency spectrum of the source is modified by multiplying it +by the frequency characteristic of the filter (or adding it, if amplitudes +are expressed logarithmically). +This can be seen in Figure 2.5, which shows a source +spectrum and filter characteristic which combine to give the overall +spectrum of Figure 2.2. +.FC "Figure 2.5" +.pp +Although, as mentioned above, the various fricatives are not subjected +to the resonances of the vocal tract to the same extent +that voiced and aspirated +sounds are, they can still be modelled as a noise source followed by +a filter to give them their different sound qualities. +.pp +The source-filter model is an oversimplification of the actual speech +production system. There is inevitably some coupling between the vocal +tract and the lungs, through the glottis, during the period when +it is open. This effectively makes the filter characteristics +change during each individual cycle of the excitation. +However, although the effect is of interest to speech researchers, +it is probably not of great significance for practical speech output. +.pp +One very interesting implication of the +source-filter model is that the prosodic features of +pitch and amplitude are largely properties of the source; while +segmental ones are introduced by the filter. This makes it possible to +separate some aspects of +overall prosody from the actual segmental content of an +utterance, so that, for example, a human utterance can be stored initially +and then spoken by a machine with a variety of different intonations. +.sh "2.2 Classification of speech sounds" +.pp +The need to classify sound segments as a basis for storing generalized acoustic +information and retrieving it was mentioned earlier. There is a real +difficulty here because speech is by nature continuous and classifications are +discrete. +It is important to remember this difficulty because it is all too easy +to criticize the complex and often confusing attempts of linguists to +tackle the classification task. +.pp +Linguists call a written representation of the +.ul +sounds +of an utterance a "phonetic +transcription" of it. The same utterance can be transcribed at +different levels of detail: simple transcriptions are called "broad" +and more specific ones are called "narrow". +Perhaps the most logically satisfying kind of transcription employs units +termed "phonemes". This is the broadest transcription, +and is sometimes called a +.ul +phonemic +transcription to emphasize that that it is in terms of phonemes. +Unfortunately, the word "phoneme" is often used somewhat loosely. +In its true sense, a phoneme is a +.ul +logical +unit, rather than a physical, acoustic, one, +and is defined in relation to a particular language by reference +to its use in discriminating different words. +Classifications of sounds which are based on their +semantic +role as word-discriminators are called +.ul +phonological +classifications: we could ensure that there is no ambiguity in the sense +with which we use the term "phoneme" by calling it a phonological unit, and +the phonemic transcription could be called a phonological one. +.rh "Broad phonetic transcription." +A phoneme is an abstract unit representing a set of different sounds. +The issue is confused by the fact that the members of the set actually +sound very similar, if not identical, to the untrained ear \(em precisely because +the difference between them plays no part in distinguishing words from +each other in the particular language concerned. +.pp +Take the words "key" and "caw", for example. Despite the difference in +spelling, both of them begin with a +.ul +k +sound that belongs (in English) +to the same phoneme set, called +.ul +k. +However, say them two or three times each, concentrating on the position of +the tongue during the +.ul +k. +It is quite different in each case. For "key", it +is raised, close to the roof of the mouth, in preparation for the +.ul +ee, +whereas in "caw" it is much lower down. +The sound of the +.ul +k +is actually quite different in the two cases. +Yet they belong to the same phoneme, for there is no pair of words which +relies on this difference to distinguish them \(em "key" and "caw" are +obviously distinguished by their vowels, not by the initial +consonant. +You probably cannot hear clearly the difference between the two +.ul +k\c +\&'s, +precisely because they belong to the same phoneme and so the difference +is not important (for English). +.pp +The point is sharpened by considering another language where we make a +distinction \(em and hence can hear the difference \(em between two sounds +that belong, in the language, to the same phoneme. +Japanese does not distinguish +.ul +r +from +.ul +l. +Japanese people +.ul +do not hear +the difference between "lice" and "rice", in the same way that you do +not hear the difference between the two +.ul +k\c +\&'s above. +Cockneys do not hear, except with a special effort, the difference +between "has" and "as", or "haitch" and "aitch", for the Cockney dialect +does not recognize initial +.ul +h\c +\&'s. +.pp +So what is a phoneme? It is a set of sounds whose members do not +discriminate between any words in the language under consideration. +If you are mathematically minded you could think of it as an equivalence +class of sounds, determined by the relationship +.LB +$sound sub 1$ is related to $sound sub 2$ if $sound sub 1$ and $sound sub 2$ +do not discriminate any pair of words in the language. +.LE +The +.ul +p +and +.ul +d +in +"pig" and "dig" belong to different phonemes (in English), +because they discriminate +the two words. +.ul +b, +.ul +f, +and +.ul +j +belong to different phonemes again. +.ul +i +and +.ul +a +in "hid" and "had" belong to different phonemes too. +Proceeding like this, a list of phonemes can be drawn up. +.pp +Such a list is shown in Table 2.1, for British English. +(The layout of the list does have some significance in terms of different +categories of phonemes, which will be explained later.) In fact, +linguists use an +assortment of English letters, foreign letters, and special +symbols to represent phonemes. In this book we use one- or two-letter +codes, partly because they are more mnemonic, and partly because +they are more suitable for communication to computers using standard +peripheral devices. +They are +a direct transliteration of linguists' standard International Phonetic +Association symbols. +.RF +.nr x1 3m+1.0i+0.5i+0.5i+0.5i+\w'y'u +.nr x1 (\n(.l-\n(x1)/2 +.in \n(x1u +.ta 3m +1.0i +0.5i +0.5i +0.5i +0.5i +0.5i +\fIuh\fR (the) \fIp\fR \fIt\fR \fIk\fR +\fIa\fR (bud) \fIb\fR \fId\fR \fIg\fR +\fIe\fR (head) \fIm\fR \fIn\fR \fIng\fR +\fIi\fR (hid) +\fIo\fR (hod) \fIr\fR \fIw\fR \fIl\fR \fIy\fR +\fIu\fR (hood) +\fIaa\fR (had) \fIs\fR \fIz\fR +\fIee\fR (heed) \fIsh\fR \fIzh\fR +\fIer\fR (heard) \fIf\fR \fIv\fR +\fIuu\fR (food) \fIth\fR \fIdh\fR +\fIar\fR (hard) \fIch\fR \fIj\fR +\fIaw\fR (hoard) \fIh\fR +.ta 0.8i +0.8i +0.8i +0.8i +0.8i +0.8i +0.8i +0.8i +0.8i +0.8i +0.8i +0.8i +.in 0 +.FG "Table 2.1 The phonemes of British English" +.pp +We will discuss the sounds which make up each of these phoneme classes +shortly. First, however, it is worthwhile pointing out some rather +tricky points in the definition of these phonemes. +.rh "Phonological difficulties." +There are snags with phonological classification, as there are +in any area where attempts are made to make completely logical +statements about human activity. +Consider +.ul +h +and the +.ul +ng +in "singing". +(\c +.ul +ng +is certainly not an +.ul +n +sound followed by a +.ul +g +sound, although +it is true that in some English accents "singing" is rendered with +the +.ul +ng +followed by a +.ul +g +at each of its two occurrences.) No words +end with +.ul +h, +and none begin with +.ul +ng. +(Notice that we are still talking about British English. +In Chinese, the sound +.ul +ng +is a word in its own right, and is a common +family name. +But we must stick with one language for phonological classification.) Hence +it follows that there is no pair of words which is distinguished +by the difference between +.ul +h +and +.ul +ng. +Technically, +they belong to the same phoneme. However, technical considerations +in this case must take second place to common sense! +.pp +The +.ul +j +in "jig" is another interesting case. It can be considered +to belong to a +.ul +j +phoneme, or to be a sequence of two +phonemes, +.ul +d +followed by +.ul +zh +(the sound in "vision"). There is +disagreement on this point in phonetics textbooks, and we do not +have the time (nor, probably, the inclination!) to consider the +pros and cons of this moot point. +I have resolved the matter arbitrarily by writing it as a separate +phoneme. The +.ul +ch +in "choose" is a similar case +(\c +.ul +t +followed by the +.ul +sh +in "shoes"). +.pp +Another difficulty, this time where Table 2.1 does not show how to +distinguish between two sounds which +.ul +do +discriminate words in many people's English, is the +.ul +w +in "witch" +and that in "which". The latter is conventionally transcribed +as a sequence of two phonemes, +.ul +h w. +.pp +The last few difficulties are all to do with deciding whether a +sound belongs to a single phoneme class, or comprises a sequence +of sounds each of which belongs to a phoneme. +Are the +.ul +j +in "jug", the +.ul +ch +in "chug", and the +.ul +w +in "which", +single phonemes or not? The definition above of a phoneme +as a "set of sounds whose members do not discriminate any words +in the language" does not help us to answer this question. +As far as this definition is concerned, we could go so far as +to call each and every word of the language an individual phoneme! +It is clear that some acoustic evidence, and quite a lot of judgement, +is being used when phonemes such as those of Table 2.1 are defined. +.pp +So much for the consonants. This same problem occurs in vowel sounds, +particularly in diphthongs, which are sequences of two vowel-like sounds. +Do the vowels of "main" and "man" belong to different phonemes? +Clearly so, if they are both transcribed as single units, for they +distinguish the two words. +Notwithstanding the fact that they are sequences of separate sounds, +a logically consistent system could be constructed which gave separate, +unitary, symbols to each diphthong. +However, it is usual to employ a compound symbol which indicates explicitly +the character of the two vowel-like sounds involved. +We will transcribe the diphthong of "main" as a sequence of two +vowels, +.ul +e +(as in "head") and +.ul +i +(as in "hid", not "I"). +This is done primarily for economy of symbols, choosing the constituent +sounds on the basis of the closest match to existing vowel sounds. +(Note that this again violates purely +.ul +logical +criteria for identifying phonemes.) +.rh "Categories of speech sounds." +A phoneme is defined as a set of sounds whose members to not discriminate +between any words in the language under consideration. +The phonemes themselves can be classified into groups which reflect +similarities between them. +This can be done in many different ways, using various criteria +for classification. In fact, one branch of linguistic research +is concerned with defining a set of "distinctive +features" such that a phoneme class is uniquely identified by +the values of the features. Distinctive features are binary, +and include such things as voiced\(emunvoiced, fricative\(emnot\ fricative, +aspirated\(emunaspirated. We will not be concerned here with such +detailed classifications, but it is as well to know that they exist. +.pp +There is an everyday distinction between vowels and consonants. +A vowel forms the nucleus of every syllable, and one or more consonants +may optionally surround the vowel. +But the distinction sometimes becomes a little ambiguous. +Syllables like +.ul +sh +are commonly uttered and certainly do not +contain a vowel. Furthermore, when we say "vowel" in everyday +language we usually refer to the +.ul +written +vowels a, e, i, o, and u; there are many more vowel sounds. +A vowel in orthography is different to a vowel as a phoneme. +Is a diphthong a phonetic vowel? \(em certainly, by the syllable-nucleus +criterion; but it is a little different from ordinary vowels because +it is a changing sound rather than a constant one. +.pp +Table 2.2 shows one classification of the phonemes of Table 2.1, which +will be useful in our later studies of speech synthesis from phonetics. +It shows twelve vowels, including the rather peculiar one +.ul +uh +(which corresponds to the first vowel in the word "above"). +This is the sound produced by the vocal tract when it is in a relaxed, +neutral position; and it never occurs in prominent, stressed, +syllables. The vowels later in the list are almost always longer +than the earlier ones. In fact, the first six +(\c +.ul +uh, a, e, i, o, u\c +) +are often called "short" vowels, and the last five +(\c +.ul +ee, er, uu, ar, aw\c +) +"long" ones. The shortness or longness of the one in the middle +(\c +.ul +aa\c +) +is rather ambiguous. +.RF +.nr x0 \w'000unvoiced fricative 'u +.nr x1 \n(x0+\w'[not classified as individual phonemes]'u +.nr x1 (\n(.l-\n(x1)/2 +.in \n(x1u +.ta \n(x0u +.fi +vowel \c +.ul +uh a e i o u aa ee er uu ar aw +.br +diphthong [not classified as individual phonemes] +.br +glide (or liquid) \c +.ul +r w l y +.br +stop +.br +\0\0\0unvoiced stop \c +.ul +p t k +.br +\0\0\0voiced stop \c +.ul +b d g +.br +nasal \c +.ul +m n ng +.br +fricative +.br +\0\0\0unvoiced fricative \c +.ul +s sh f th +.br +\0\0\0voiced fricative \c +.ul +z zh v dh +.br +affricate +.br +\0\0\0unvoiced affricate \c +.ul +ch +.br +\0\0\0voiced affricate \c +.ul +j +.br +aspirate \c +.ul +h +.nf +.in 0 +.ta 0.8i +0.8i +0.8i +0.8i +0.8i +0.8i +0.8i +0.8i +0.8i +0.8i +0.8i +0.8i +.FG "Table 2.2 Phoneme categories" +.pp +Diphthongs pose no problem here because we have not classified them +as single phonemes. +.pp +The remaining categories are consonants. The glides are quite +similar to vowels and diphthongs, though; for they are voiced, +continuous sounds. You can say them and prolong them. +(This is also true of the fricatives.) +.ul +r +is interesting +because it can be realized acoustically in very different ways. +Some people curl the tip of the tongue +back \(em a so-called retroflex action of the tongue. Many people +cannot do this, and their +.ul +r\c +\&'s sound like +.ul +w\c +\&'s. +The stage Scotsman's +.ul +r +is a trill where the tip of the tongue vibrates against the roof of the mouth. +.ul +l +is also +slightly unusual, for it is the only English phoneme which is "lateral" \(em +air passes either side of it, in two separate passages. Welsh +has another lateral sound, a fricative, which is written "ll" as +in "Llandudno". +.pp +The next category is the stops. These are formed by stopping up +the mouth, so that air pressure builds up behind the lips, and +releasing this pressure suddenly. The result is a little +explosion (and the stops are often called "plosives"), which +usually creates a very short burst of fricative noise (and, in some cases, +aspiration as well). They are further subdivided into voiced and +unvoiced stops, depending upon whether voicing starts as soon as +the plosion occurs (sometimes even before) or well after it. +If you put your hand in front of your mouth when saying "pit" you +can easily feel the puff of air that signals the plosion on the +.ul +p, +and probably on the +.ul +t +as well. +.pp +In a sense, nasals are really stops as well (and they are often +called stops), for the oral tract is blocked although the nasal +one is not. The peculiar fact that the nasal +.ul +ng +never occurs at the beginning of a word (in English) was mentioned +earlier. Notice that for stops and nasals there is a similarity in the +.ul +vertical +direction of Table 2.2, between +.ul +p, +.ul +b, +and +.ul +m; +.ul +t, +.ul +d, +and +.ul +n; +and +.ul +k, +.ul +g, +and +.ul +ng. +.ul +p +is an unvoiced version of +.ul +b +(try saying them), +and +.ul +m +is a nasalized version (for +.ul +b +is what you get when you +have a cold and try to say +.ul +m\c +). +These three sounds are all made +at the front of the mouth, while +.ul +t, +.ul +d, +and +.ul +n, +which bear the +same resemblance to each other, are made in the middle; and +.ul +k, +.ul +g, +and +.ul +ng +are made at the back. This introduces another +possible classification, according to +.ul +place of articulation. +.pp +The unvoiced fricatives are quite straightforward, except perhaps +for +.ul +th, +which is the sound at the beginning of "thigh". +They are paired with the voiced fricatives on the basis of place +of articulation. The voiced version of +.ul +th +is the +.ul +dh +at +the beginning of "thy". +.ul +zh +is a fairly rare phoneme, which +is heard in the middle of "vision". Affricates are similar to +fricatives but begin with a stopped posture, and we mentioned earlier +the controversy as to whether they should be considered to be +single phonemes, or +sequences of stop phonemes and fricatives. +Finally comes the lonely aspirate, +.ul +h. +Aspiration does occur +elsewhere in speech, during the plosive burst of unvoiced stops. +.rh "Narrow phonetic transcription." +The phonological classification outlined above is based upon a clear +rationale for distinguishing between sounds according to how +they affect meaning \(em although the rationale does become +somewhat muddied in difficult cases. +Narrower transcriptions are not so systematic. +They use units called +.ul +allophones, +which are defined by reference to physical, acoustic, criteria rather +than purely logical ones. +("Phone" is a more old-fashioned term for the same thing, +and the misused word "phoneme" is often employed where allophone is +meant, that is, as a physical rather than a logical +unit.) Each phoneme has several allophones, +more or less depending on how narrow or broad the transcription is, +and the allophones are different acoustic realizations of the same +logical unit. +For example, the +.ul +k\c +\&'s in "key" and "caw" may be considered as different +allophones (in a slightly narrow transcription). +Although we will not use symbols for allophones here, +they are often indicated by diacritical marks in a text +which modify the basic phoneme classes. +For example, a tilde (~) over a vowel means that it is nasalized, while a small +circle underneath a consonant means that it is devoiced. +.pp +Allophonic variation in speech is governed by a mechanism called +.ul +coarticulation, +where a sound is affected by those that come either side of it. +"Key"\-"caw" is a clear example of this, where the tongue +position in the +.ul +k +anticipates that of the following vowel \(em high +in the first case, low in the second. +Most allophonic variation in English is anticipatory, in that the sound +is influenced by the following articulation rather than by +preceding ones. +.pp +Nasalization is a feature which applies to vowels in English through +anticipatory coarticulation. +In many languages (for example, French) it is a +.ul +distinctive +feature for vowels in that it serves to distinguish one vowel phoneme class +from another. +That this is not so in English sometimes tempts us to assume, +incorrectly, that nasalization does not occur in vowels. +It does, typically when the vowel is followed by a nasal consonant, and it is +important for synthesis that nasalized vowel allophones are recognized and +treated accordingly. +.pp +Coarticulation can be predicted by phonological rules, which show +how a phonemic sequence will be realized by allophones. +Such rules have been studied extensively by linguists. +.pp +The reason for coarticulation, and for the existence of allophones, +lies in the physical constraints imposed by the motion +of the articulatory organs \(em particularly their acceleration and deceleration. +An immensely crude model is that the brain decides what phonemes to +say (for it is concerned with semantic things, and the definition +of a phoneme is a semantic one). +It then takes this sequence and translates it into neural commands +which actually move the articulators into target positions. +However, other commands may be issued, and executed, before these targets +are reached, and this accounts for coarticulation effects. +Phonological rules for converting a phonemic sequence to an +allophonic one are a sort of discrete model of the process. +Particularly for work involving computers, it is possible that this +rule-based approach will be overtaken by potentially more accurate +methods which attempt to model the continuous articulatory phenomena +directly. +.sh "2.3 Prosody" +.pp +The phonetic classification introduced above divides speech into +segments and classifies these into phonemes or allophones. +Riding on top of this stream of segments are other, more global, +attributes that dictate the overall prosody of the utterance. +Prosody is defined by the Oxford English Dictionary as the +"science of versification, laws of metre," +which emphasizes the aspects of stress and rhythm that are central +to classical verse. +There are, however, many other features which are more or less +global. +These are collectively called prosodic or, equivalently, suprasegmental, +features, for they lie above the level of phoneme or syllable segments. +.pp +Prosodic features can be split into two basic categories: features +of voice quality and features of voice dynamics. +Variations in voice quality, which are sometimes called +"paralinguistic" phenomena, are accounted for by anatomical +differences and long-term muscular idiosyncrasies (like a sore +throat), and have little part to play in the kind of applications +for speech output that have been sketched in Chapter 1. +Variations in voice dynamics occur in three dimensions: pitch +or fundamental frequency of the voice, time, and amplitude. +Within the first, the pattern of pitch variation, or +.ul +intonation, +can be distinguished from the overall range within which that variation +occurs. +The time dimension encompasses the rhythm of the speech, pauses, and the +overall tempo \(em whether it is uttered quickly or slowly. +The third dimension, amplitude, is of relatively minor importance. +Intonation and rhythm work together to produce an effect commonly called +"stress", and we will elaborate further on the nature of stress and discuss +algorithms for synthesizing intonation and rhythm in Chapter 8. +.pp +These features have a very important role to play in communicating meaning. +They are not fancy, optional components. +It is their neglect which is largely responsible for the layman's +stereotype of computer speech, +a caricature of living speech \(em abrupt, arhythmic, and in a grating +monotone \(em +which was well characterized by Isaac Asimov when he wrote of speaking +"all in capital letters". +.pp +Timing has a syntactic function in that it sometimes helps to +distinguish nouns from +verbs +(\c +.ul +ex\c +tract versus ex\c +.ul +tract\c +). +and adjectives from verbs (app\c +.ul +rox\c +imate versus approxi\c +.ul +mate\c +) \(em although segmental aspects play a part here too, for the vowel +qualities differ in each pair of words. +Nevertheless, if you make a mistake when assigning stress to words +like these in conversation you are very likely to be queried as +to what you actually said. +.pp +Intonation has a big effect on meaning too. +Pitch often \(em but by no means always \(em rises on a question, +the extent and abruptness of the rise depending on features like whether +a genuine information-bearing reply or merely confirmation is expected. +A distinctive pitch pattern accompanies the introduction of a new topic. +In conjunction with rhythm, intonation can be used to bring out contrasts +as in +.LB +.NI +"He didn't have a +.ul +red +car, he had a +.ul +black +one." +.LE +In general, the intonation patterns used by a reader depend not only on +the text itself, but on his interpretation of it, and also on his +expectation of the listener's interpretation of it. +For example: +.LB +.NI +"He had a +.ul +red +car" (I think you thought it was black), +.NI +"He had a red +.ul +bi\c +cycle" (I think you thought it was a car). +.LE +.pp +In natural speech, prosodic features are significantly influenced by +whether the utterance is generated spontaneously or read aloud. +The variations in spontaneous speech are enormous. +There are all sorts of emotions which are plainly audible in +everyday speech: sarcasm, excitement, rudeness, disagreement, +sadness, fright, love. +Variations in voice quality certainly play a part here. +Even with "ordinary" cooperative friendly conversation, the need to find +words and somehow fit them into an overall utterance produces great +diversity of prosodic structures. +Applications for speech output from computers do not, however, call for +spontaneous conversation, but for a controlled delivery which is +like that when reading aloud. +Here, the speaker is articulating utterances which have been set out for +him, reducing his cognitive load to one of understanding and interpreting +the text rather than generating it. +Unfortunately for us, linguists are (quite rightly) +primarily interested in living, +spontaneous speech rather than pre-prepared readings. +.pp +Nevertheless, the richness of prosody in speech even when reading from +a book should not be underestimated. +Read aloud to an audience and listen to the contrasts in voice dynamics +deliberately introduced for variety's sake. +If stories are to be read there is even a case for controlling voice +.ul +quality +to cope with quotations and affective imitations. +.pp +We saw earlier that the source-filter model is particularly +helpful in distinguishing prosodic features, which are largely +properties of the source, from segmental ones, which belong to +the filter. +Pitch and amplitude are primarily source properties. +Rhythm and speed of speaking are not, but neither are they filter +properties, for they belong to the source-filter system as a whole +and not specifically to either part of it. +The difficult notion of stress is, from an acoustic point of view, +a combination of pitch, rhythm, and amplitude. +Even some features of voice quality can be attributed to the source +(like laryngitis), although others \(em cleft palate, badly-fitting +dentures \(em affect segmental features as well. +.sh "2.4 Further reading" +.pp +This chapter has been no more than a cursory introduction to some +of the difficult problems of linguistics and phonetics. +Here are some readable books which discuss these problems further. +.LB "nn" +.\"Abercrombie-1967-1 +.ds [F 1 +.]- +.ds [A Abercrombie, D. +.ds [D 1967 +.ds [T Elements of general phonetics +.ds [I Edinburgh Univ Press +.nr [T 0 +.nr [A 1 +.nr [O 0 +.][ 2 book +.in+2n +This is an excellent book which covers all of the areas of this +chapter, in much more detail than has been possible here. +.in-2n +.\"Brown-1980-2 +.ds [F 2 +.]- +.ds [A Brown, Gill +.as [A ", Currie, K.L. +.as [A ", and Kenworthy, J. +.ds [D 1980 +.ds [T Questions of intonation +.ds [I Croom Helm +.ds [C London +.nr [T 0 +.nr [A 1 +.nr [O 0 +.][ 2 book +.in+2n +An intensive study of the prosodics of colloquial, living speech +is presented, with particular reference to intonation. Although +not particularly relevant to speech output from computers, +this book gives great insight into how conversational speech +differs from reading aloud. +.in-2n +.\"Fry-1979-1 +.ds [F 1 +.]- +.ds [A Fry, D.B. +.ds [D 1979 +.ds [T The physics of speech +.ds [I Cambridge University Press +.ds [C Cambridge, England +.nr [T 0 +.nr [A 1 +.nr [O 0 +.][ 2 book +.in+2n +This is a simple and readable account of speech science, with a good +and completely non-mathematical introduction to frequency analysis. +.in-2n +.\"Ladefoged-1975-4 +.ds [F 4 +.]- +.ds [A Ladefoged, P. +.ds [D 1975 +.ds [T A course in phonetics +.ds [I Harcourt Brace and Johanovich +.ds [C New York +.nr [T 0 +.nr [A 1 +.nr [O 0 +.][ 2 book +.in+2n +Usually books entitled "A course on ..." are dreadfully dull, but +this is a wonderful exception. An exciting, readable, almost racy +introduction to phonetics, full of little experiments you can try +yourself. +.in-2n +.\"Lehiste-1970-5 +.ds [F 5 +.]- +.ds [A Lehiste, I. +.ds [D 1970 +.ds [T Suprasegmentals +.ds [I MIT Press +.ds [C Cambridge, Massachusetts +.nr [T 0 +.nr [A 1 +.nr [O 0 +.][ 2 book +.in+2n +This fairly comprehensive study of the prosodics of speech +complements Ladefoged's book, which is mainly concerned with segmental +phonetics. +.in-2n +.\"O'Connor-1973-1 +.ds [F 1 +.]- +.ds [A O'Connor, J.D. +.ds [D 1973 +.ds [T Phonetics +.ds [I Penguin +.ds [C London +.nr [T 0 +.nr [A 1 +.nr [O 0 +.][ 2 book +.in+2n +This is another introductory book on phonetics. +It is packed with information on all aspects of the subject. +.in-2n +.LE "nn" +.EQ +delim $$ +.EN +.CH "3 SPEECH STORAGE" +.ds RT "Speech storage +.ds CX "Principles of computer speech +.pp +The most familiar device that produces speech output is the ordinary tape +recorder, which stores information in analogue form on magnetic tape. +However, this is unsuitable for speech output from computers. +One reason is that it is difficult to access different utterances quickly. +Although random-access tape recorders do exist, they are expensive and +subject to mechanical breakdown because of the stresses associated with +frequent starting and stopping. +.pp +Storing speech on a rotating drum instead of +tape offers the possibility of access to any track within one revolution time. +For example, the IBM 7770 Audio Response Unit employs drums rotating twice +a second which are able to store up to 32 500-msec words. These can be accessed +randomly, within half a second at most. +Although one can +arrange to store longer words by allowing overflow on to an adjacent track at +the end of the rotation period, the discrete time-slots provided by this +system make it virtually impossible for it to generate connected utterances +by assembling appropriate words from the store. +.pp +The Cognitronics Speechmaker has a similar structure, but with +the analogue speech waveform recorded on photographic film. +Storing audio waveforms optically is not an unusual technique, for this is how +soundtracks are recorded on ordinary movie films. The original version of +the "speaking clock" of the British Post Office used optical storage in +concentric tracks on flat glass discs. +It is described by Speight and Gill (1937), +who include a fascinating account of how the utterances are synchronized. +.[ +Speight Gill 1937 +.] +A 4\ Hz signal from a pendulum clock was used to supply current to an electric +motor, which drove a shaft equipped with cams and gears that rotated +the glass discs containing utterances for seconds, minutes, and hours +at appropriate speeds! +.pp +A second reason for avoiding analogue storage is price. It is difficult to see how a random-access +tape recorder could be incorporated into a talking pocket calculator or +child's toy without considerably inflating the cost. +Solid-state electronics is much cheaper than mechanics. +.pp +But the best reason is that, in many of the applications we have discussed, +it is necessary to form utterances by concatenating separately-recorded +parts. It is totally infeasible, for example, to store each and every +possible telephone number as an individual recording! And +utterances that are formed by concatenating individual words which were +recorded in isolation, or in a different context, do not sound completely +natural. For example, in an early experiment, Stowe and Hampton (1961) recorded +individual words on acoustic tape, spliced the tape with the words in a different +order to make sentences, and played the result to subjects who were scored on +the number of key words which they identified correctly. +.[ +Stowe Hampton 1961 +.] +The overall conclusion was that while embedding a word in normally-spoken sentences +.ul +increases +the probability of recognition (because the extra context gives clues about the +word), embedding a word in a constructed sentence, where intonation and rhythm +are not properly rendered, +.ul +decreases +the probability of recognition. When the speech was uttered slowly, +however, a considerable improvement was noticed, indicating that if the +listener has more processing time he can overcome the lack of proper intonation +and rhythm. +.pp +Nevertheless, many present-day voice response systems +.ul +do +store what amounts to a direct recording of the acoustic wave. +However, the storage medium is digital rather than analogue. +This means that standard computer storage devices can be used, providing +rapid access to any segment of the speech at relatively low cost \(em for +the economics of mass-production ensures a low price for random-access +digital devices compared with random-access analogue ones. +Furthermore, it reduces the amount of special equipment needed for speech +output. One can buy very cheap speech input/output interfaces for home computers +which connect to standard hobby buses. +Another advantage of digital over analogue recording is that +integrated circuit read-only memories (ROMs) +can be used for hand-held devices which need small quantities of speech. +Hence this chapter begins by showing how waveforms are stored digitally, +and then describes some techniques for reducing the data needed for a given +utterance. +.sh "3.1 Storing waveforms digitally" +.pp +When an analogue signal is converted to digital form, it is made discrete +both in time and in amplitude. Discretization in time is the operation of +.ul +sampling, +whilst in amplitude it is +.ul +quantizing. +It is worth pointing out that the transmission of analogue information by +digital means is called "PCM" (standing for "pulse code modulation") in +telecommunications jargon. +Much of the theory of digital signal processing investigates signals which +are sampled but not quantized (or quantized into sufficiently many levels to +avoid inaccuracies). The operation of quantization, being non-linear, +is not very amenable to theoretical analysis. Quantization introduces issues +such as accumulation of round-off noise in arithmetic operations, +which, although they are very important in practical implementations, can only +be treated theoretically under certain somewhat unrealistic assumptions +(in particular, independence of the quantization error from sample to sample). +.rh "Sampling." +A fundamental theorem of telecommunications states that a signal can only be +reconstructed accurately from a sampled version if it does not contain +components whose frequency is greater than half the frequency at which the +sampling takes place. Figure 3.1(a) shows how a component of slightly greater +than half the sampling frequency can masquerade, as far as an observer with +access only to the sampled data can tell, as a component at slightly less +than half the sampling frequency. +.FC "Figure 3.1" +Call the sampling interval $T$ seconds, so that the +sampling frequency is $1/T$\ Hz. +Then components at $1/2T+f$, $3/2T-f$, $3/2T+f$ and so on all masquerade +as a component at $1/2T-f$. Similarly, components at frequencies just under +the sampling frequency masquerade as very low-frequency components, as shown +in Figure 3.1(b). This phenomenon is often called "aliasing". +.pp +Thus the continuous, infinite, frequency axis for the unsampled signal, where +two components at different frequencies can always be distinguished, maps +into a repetitive frequency axis when the signal is sampled. As depicted +in Figure 3.2, the frequency +interval $[1/T,~ 2/T)$ \u\(dg\d +.FN 3 +.sp +\u\(dg\dIntervals are specified in brackets, with a square bracket representing +a closed end of the interval and a round one representing an open one. +Thus the interval $[1/T,~ 2/T)$ specifies the range $1/T ~ <= ~ frequency +~ < ~ 2/T$. +.EF +is mapped back into the band $[0,~ 1/T)$, as are the +intervals $[2/T,~ 3/T)$, $[3/T,~ 4/T)$, and so on. +.FC "Figure 3.2" +Furthermore, the interval $[1/2T,~ 1/T)$ between half the sampling frequency and the sampling +frequency, is mapped back into the interval +below half the sampling frequency; but this time the mapping is backwards, +with frequencies at just under $1/T$ being mapped to frequencies slightly greater +than zero, and frequencies just over $1/2T$ being mapped to ones +just under $1/2T$. +The best way to represent a repeating frequency axis like this is as a circle. +Figure 3.3 shows how the linear frequency axis for continuous systems maps +on to a circular axis for sampled systems. +.FC "Figure 3.3" +For present purposes it is +easiest to imagine the bottom half of the circle as being reflected into +the top half, so that traversing the upper semicircle in the anticlockwise direction +corresponds to frequencies increasing from 0 to $1/2T$ (half the sample frequency), +and returning along the lower semicircle is actually the same as coming +back round the upper one, and corresponds to frequencies from $1/2T$ to $1/T$ +being mapped into the range $1/2T$ to 0. +.pp +As far as speech is concerned, then, we must ensure that before sampling a +signal no significant components at greater than half the sample frequency +are present. Furthermore, the sampled signal will only contain information +about frequency components less than this, so the sample frequency must be +chosen as twice the highest frequency of interest. +For example, consider telephone-quality speech. +Telephones provide a familiar standard of speech quality which, +although it can only be an approximate "standard", +will be much used throughout this book. +The telephone network +aims to transmit only frequencies lower than 3.4\ kHz. We saw in the +previous chapter that this region will contain the information-bearing formants, +and some \(em but not all \(em of the fricative and aspiration energy. +Actually, transmitting speech through the telephone system degrades its +quality very significantly, probably more than you realize since everyone is +so accustomed to telephone speech. Try the dial-a-disc service and compare +it with high-fidelity music for a striking example of the kind of degradation +suffered. +.pp +For telephone speech, the sampling frequency must be chosen to be +at least 6.8\ kHz. +Since speech contains significant amounts of energy above 3.4\ kHz, it should be +filtered before sampling to remove this; otherwise the higher components +would be mapped back into the baseband and distort the low-frequency information. +Because it is difficult to make filters that cut off very sharply, the +sampling frequency is chosen rather greater than twice the highest frequency of +interest. For example, the digital telephone network samples at 8\ kHz. +The pre-sampling filter should have a cutoff frequency of 4\ kHz; aim for +negligible distortion below 3.4\ kHz; and transmit negligible components +above 4.6\ kHz \(em for these are reflected back into the band of interest, +namely 0 to 3.4\ kHz. Figure 3.4 shows a block diagram for the input hardware. +.FC "Figure 3.4" +.rh "Quantization." +Before considering specifications for the pre-sampling filter, let us turn +from discretization in time to discretization in amplitude, that is, +quantization. +This is performed by an A/D converter (analogue-to-digital), which takes as input +a constant analogue voltage (produced by the sampler) and generates a +corresponding binary value as output. The simplest correspondence is +.ul +uniform +quantization, where the amplitude range is split into equal regions by points +termed "quantization levels", and the output is a binary representation of +the nearest quantization level to the input voltage. +Typically, 11-bit conversion is used for speech, giving 2048 quantization +levels, and the signal is adjusted to have zero mean so that half the +levels correspond to negative input voltages and the other half to positive +ones. +.pp +It is, at first sight, surprising that as many as 11 bits are needed for +adequate representation of speech signals. Research on the digital telephone +network, for example, has concluded that a signal-to-noise ratio of +some 26\-27\ dB is enough to avoid undue harshness of quality, loss +of intelligibility, and listener fatigue for speech at a comfortable +level in an otherwise reasonably good channel. +Rabiner and Schafer (1978) suggest that about 36\ dB signal-to-noise ratio +would "most likely provide adequate quality in a communications system". +.[ +Rabiner Schafer 1978 Digital processing of speech signals +.] +But 11-bit quantization seems to give a very much better signal-to-noise +ratio than these figures. To estimate its magnitude, note that for N-bit quantization +the error for each sample will lie between +.LB +$ +- ~ 1 over 2 ~. 2 sup -N$ and $+ ~ 1 over 2 ~. 2 sup -N . +$ +.LE +Assuming that it is uniformly distributed in this range \(em an assumption +which is likely to be justified if the number of levels is sufficiently +large \(em leads to a mean-squared error of +.LB +.EQ +integral from {-2 sup -N-1} to {2 sup -N-1} ~e sup 2 p(e) de, +.EN +.LE +where $p(e)$, the probability density function of the error $e$, is a constant +which satisfies the usual probability normalization constraint, namely +.LB +.EQ +integral from {-2 sup -N-1} to {2 sup -N-1} ~ p(e) de ~~=~ 1. +.EN +.LE +Hence $p(e)=2 sup N $, and so the mean-squared error is $2 sup -2N /12$. +This is $10 ~ log sub 10 (2 sup -2N /12)$\ dB, or around \-77\ dB for 11-bit +quantization. +.pp +This noise level is relative to the maximum amplitude range of the conversion. +A maximum-amplitude sine wave has a power of \-9\ dB relative to the same +reference, giving a signal-to-noise ratio of some 68\ dB. This is far in excess +of that needed for telephone-quality speech. However, look at the very peaky +nature of the typical speech waveform given in Figure 3.5. +.FC "Figure 3.5" +If clipping is to be avoided, the maximum amplitude level of the A/D converter +must be set at a value which makes the power of the speech signal very much +less than a maximum-amplitude sine wave. Furthermore, different people +speak at very different volumes, and the overall level fluctuates constantly +with just one speaker. Experience shows that while 8- or 9-bit quantization +may provide sufficient signal-to-noise ratio to preserve telephone-quality +speech if the overall speaker levels are carefully controlled, about 11 bits +are generally required to provide high-quality representation of speech with +a uniform quantization. With 11 bits, a sine wave whose amplitude is only 1/32 +of the full-scale value would be digitized with a signal-to-noise ratio +of around 36\ dB, the most pessimistic figure quoted above for adequate quality. +Even then it is useful if the speaker is provided +with an indication of the amplitude of his speech: a traffic-light +indicator with red signifying clipping overload, orange a suitable level, +and green too low a value, is often convenient for this. +.rh "Logarithmic quantization." +For the purposes of speech +.ul +processing, +it is essential to have the signal quantized uniformly. This is because +all of the theory applies to linear systems, and nonlinearities introduce +complexities which are not amenable to analysis. +Uniform quantization, although a nonlinear operation, is linear in the +limiting case as the number of levels becomes large, and for most purposes +its effect can be modelled by assuming that the quantized signal is obtained +from the original analogue one by the addition of a small amount of +uniformly-distributed quantizing noise, as in fact was done above. +Usually the quantization noise is disregarded in subsequent analysis. +.pp +However, the peakiness of the speech signal illustrated in Figure 3.5 leads +one to suspect that a non-linear representation, for example a logarithmic one, +could provide a better signal-to-noise ratio over a wider range of input +amplitudes, and hence be more useful than linear quantization \(em at least +for speech storage (and transmission). +And indeed this is the case. Linear quantization has the unfortunate effect +that the absolute noise level is independent of the signal level, so that an excessive +number of bits must be used if a reasonable ratio is to be achieved for peaky +signals. It can be shown that a logarithmic representation like +.LB +.EQ +y ~ = ~ 1 ~ + ~ k ~ log ~ x, +.EN +.LE +where $x$ is the original signal and $y$ is the value which is to be quantized, +gives a +signal-to-noise +.ul +ratio +which is independent of the input signal level. +This relationship cannot be realized physically, for it is undefined when the signal +is negative and diverges when it is zero. +However, realizable approximations to it can be made which retain the advantages +of constant signal-to-noise ratio within a useful range of signal amplitudes. +Figure 3.6 shows the logarithmic relation with one widely-used approximation to it, +called the A-law. +.FC "Figure 3.6" +The idea of non-linearly quantizing a signal to achieve adequate signal-to-noise +ratios for a wide variety of amplitudes is called "companding", a contraction +of "compressing-expanding". The original signal can be retrieved from +its A-law compression by antilogarithmic expansion. +.pp +Figure 3.6 also +shows one common coding scheme which is a piecewise linear approximation +to the A-law. This provides an 8-bit code, and gives the equivalent +of 12-bit linear quantization for small signal levels. It approximates +the A-law in 16 linear segments, 8 for positive and 8 for negative +inputs. +Consider the positive part of the curve. The first two segments, which +are actually collinear, correspond exactly to 12-bit linear conversion. +Thus the output codes 0 to 31 correspond to inputs from 0 to 31/2048, +in equal steps. (Remember that both positive and negative signals +must be converted, so a 12-bit linear converter will allocate 2048 levels +for positive signals and 2048 for negative ones.) The next +segment provides 11-bit linear quantization, +output codes 32 to 47 corresponding to inputs from 16/1024 to 31/1024. +Similarly, the next segment corresponds to 10-bit quantization, covering +inputs from 16/512 to 31/512. And so on, the last section giving 6-bit +quantization of inputs from 16/32 to 31/32, the full-scale positive value. +Negative inputs are converted similarly. +For signal levels of less than 32/2048, that is, $2 sup -8$, this implementation +of the A-law provides full 12-bit precision. +As the signal level increases, the precision decreases gradually to 6 bits +at maximum amplitudes. +.pp +Logarithmic encoding provides what is in effect a floating-point representation +of the input. The conventional floating-point format, however, is not used +because many different codes can represent the same value. For example, with +a 4-bit exponent preceding a 4-bit mantissa, the words 0000:1000, +0001:0100, 0010:0010, and 0011:0001 represent the numbers +$0.1 ~ times ~ 2 sup 0$, $0.01 ~ times ~ 2 sup 1 +$, $0.001 ~ times ~ 2 sup 2$, \c +and $0.0001 ~ times ~ 2 sup 3$ respectively, +which are the same. (Some floating-point conventions assume that an unwritten +"1" bit precedes the mantissa, except when the whole word is zero; but this +gives decreased resolution around zero \(em which is exactly where we want the +resolution to be greatest.) Table 3.1 shows the 8-bit A-law codes, +.RF +.in+0.7i +.ta 1.6i +\w'bits 1-3 'u +8-bit codeword: bit 0 sign bit + bits 1-3 3-bit exponent + bits 4-7 4-bit mantissa +.sp2 +.ta 1.6i 3.5i +.ul + codeword interpretation +.sp +0000 0000 \h'\w'\0-\0 + 'u'$.0000 ~ times ~ 2 sup -7$ +\0\0\0... \0\0\0\0... +0000 1111 \h'\w'\0-\0 + 'u'$.1111 ~ times ~ 2 sup -7$ +0001 0000 $2 sup -7 ~~ + ~~ .0000 ~ times ~ 2 sup -7$ +\0\0\0... \0\0\0\0... +0001 1111 $2 sup -7 ~~ + ~~ .1111 ~ times ~ 2 sup -7$ +0010 0000 $2 sup -6 ~~ + ~~ .0000 ~ times ~ 2 sup -6$ +\0\0\0... \0\0\0\0... +0010 1111 $2 sup -6 ~~ + ~~ .1111 ~ times ~ 2 sup -6$ +0011 0000 $2 sup -5 ~~ + ~~ .0000 ~ times ~ 2 sup -5$ +\0\0\0... \0\0\0\0... +0011 1111 $2 sup -5 ~~ + ~~ .1111 ~ times ~ 2 sup -5$ +0100 0000 $2 sup -4 ~~ + ~~ .0000 ~ times ~ 2 sup -4$ +\0\0\0... \0\0\0\0... +0100 1111 $2 sup -4 ~~ + ~~ .1111 ~ times ~ 2 sup -4$ +0101 0000 $2 sup -3 ~~ + ~~ .0000 ~ times ~ 2 sup -3$ +\0\0\0... \0\0\0\0... +0101 1111 $2 sup -3 ~~ + ~~ .1111 ~ times ~ 2 sup -3$ +0110 0000 $2 sup -2 ~~ + ~~ .0000 ~ times ~ 2 sup -2$ +\0\0\0... \0\0\0\0... +0110 1111 $2 sup -2 ~~ + ~~ .1111 ~ times ~ 2 sup -2$ +0111 0000 $2 sup -1 ~~ + ~~ .0000 ~ times ~ 2 sup -1$ +\0\0\0... \0\0\0\0... +0111 1111 $2 sup -1 ~~ + ~~ .1111 ~ times ~ 2 sup -1$ + +1000 0000 \h'\w'\0-\0 'u'$- ~~ .0000 ~ times ~ 2 sup -7$ negative numbers treated as +\0\0\0... \0\0\0\0... above, with a sign bit of 1 +1111 1111 \h'-\w'\- 'u'\- $2 sup -1 ~~ - ~~ .1111 ~ times ~ 2 sup -1$ +.ta 0.8i +0.8i +0.8i +0.8i +0.8i +0.8i +0.8i +0.8i +0.8i +0.8i +0.8i +0.8i +.in 0 +.FG "Table 3.1 8-bit A-law codes, with their floating-point equivalents" +according +to the piecewise linear approximation of Figure 3.6, written in a notation which +suggests floating point. Each linear segment has a different exponent except +the first two segments, which as explained above are collinear. +.pp +Logarithmic encoders and decoders are available from many semiconductor +manufacturers as single-chip devices +called "codecs" (for "coder/decoder"). Intended for use on digital communication +links, these generally provide a serial output bit-stream, which +should be converted to parallel by a shift register if the data is intended +for a computer. +Because of the potentially vast market for codecs in telecommunications, +they are made in great quantities and are consequently very cheap. +Estimates of the speech quality necessary for telephone applications indicate +that somewhat less than this accuracy is needed \(em 7-bit logarithmic encoding +was used in early digital communications links, and it may be that even 6 bits +are adequate. However, during the transition period when digital +networks must coexist with the present analogue one, it is anticipated that +a particular telephone call may have to pass through several links, some +using analogue technology and some being digital. The possibility of +several successive encodings and decodings has led telecommunications +engineers to standardize on 8-bit representations, leaving some margin +before additional degradation of signal quality becomes unduly distracting. +.pp +Unfortunately, world telecommunications authorities cannot agree on a single +standard for logarithmic encoding. The A-law, which we have described, +is the European standard, but there is another system, called +the $mu$-law, which is used universally in North America. It also is available +in single-chip form with an 8-bit code. It has very similar +quantization error characteristics to the A-law, and would be indistinguishable +from it on the scale of Figure 3.6. +.rh "The pre-sampling filter." +Now that we have some idea of the accuracy requirements for quantization, +let us discuss quantitative specifications for the pre-sampling filter. +Figure 3.7 sketches the characteristics of this filter. +.FC "Figure 3.7" +Assume a +sampling frequency of 8\ kHz and a range of interest from 0 to 3.4\ kHz. +Although all components at frequencies above 4\ kHz will fold back into +the 0\ \-\ 4\ kHz baseband, those below 4.6\ kHz fold back above 3.4\ kHz and are +therefore outside the range of interest. This gives a "guard band" between +3.4 and 4.6\ kHz which separates the passband from the stopband. The filter +should transmit negligible components in the stopband above 4.6\ kHz. +To reduce the harmonic distortion caused by aliasing to the same level +as the quantization noise in 11-bit linear conversion, the stopband +attenuation should be around \-68\ dB (the signal-to-noise ratio for a full-scale +sine wave). Passband ripple is not so critical, +for two reasons. Whilst the presence of aliased components means that +information has been lost about the frequency components within the range of +interest, passband ripple does not actually cause a loss of information but +only a distortion, and could, if necessary, be compensated by a suitable +filter acting on the digitized waveform. Secondly, distortion of the +passband spectrum is not nearly so audible as the frequency images caused +by aliasing. Hence one usually aims for a passband ripple of around 0.5\ dB. +.pp +The pass and stopband targets we have mentioned above can be achieved with +a 9'th order elliptic filter. While such a filter is often used in +high-quality signal-processing systems, for telephone-quality speech +much less stringent specifications seem to be sufficient. Figure 3.8, for +example, shows a template which has been recommended by telecommunications +authorities. +.FC "Figure 3.8" +A 5'th order elliptic filter can easily meet this specification. +Such filters, implemented by switched-capacitor means, are available in +single-chip form. Integrated CCD (charge-coupled device) +filters which meet the same specification +are also marketed. Indeed, some codecs provide input filtering on the same +chip as the A/D converter. +.pp +Instead of implementing a filter by analogue means to meet the aliasing +specifications, digital filtering can be used. A high sample-rate A/D +converter, operating at, say, 32\ kHz, and preceded by a very simple low-pass +pre-sampling filter, is followed by a digital filter which meets the +desired specification, and its output is subsampled to provide an 8\ kHz sample +rate. While such implementations may be economic where a multichannel digitizing +capability is required, as in local telephone exchanges where the subscriber +connection is an analogue one, they are unlikely to prove cost-effective for +a single channel. +.rh "Reconstructing the analogue waveform." +Having digitized and stored a signal, it needs to be passed though a D/A +converter (digital-to-analogue) and low-pass filter when replayed. +D/A converters are cheaper than A/D converters, and the characteristics of the +low-pass filter for output can be the same as those for input. +However, the desampling operation introduces an additional distortion, which +has an effect on the component at frequency $f$ of +.LB +.EQ +{ sin ( pi f/f sub s )} over { pi f/f sub s } ~ , +.EN +.LE +where $f sub s$ is the sampling frequency. An "aperture correction" filter is +needed to compensate for this, although many systems simply do without it. +Such a filter is sometimes incorporated into the codec chip. +.rh "Summary." +For telephone-quality speech, existing codec chips, +coupled if necessary with integrated pre-sampling filters, can +be used, at a remarkably low cost. +For higher-quality speech storage the analogue interface can become quite complex. +A comprehensive study of the problems as they relate to digitization of audio, +which demands much greater fidelity than speech, has been made by Blesser (1978). +.[ +Blesser 1978 +.] +He notes the following sources of error (amongst others): +.LB +.NP +slew-rate distortion in the pre-sampling filter for signals at the upper end +of the audio band; +.NP +insufficient filtering of high-frequency input signals; +.NP +noise generated by the sample-and-hold amplifier or pre-sampling filter; +.NP +acquisition errors because of the finite settling time of the sample-and-hold +circuit; +.NP +insufficient settling time in the A/D conversion; +.NP +errors in the quantization levels of the A/D and D/A converters; +.NP +noise in the converters; +.NP +jitter on the clock used for timing input or output samples; +.NP +aperture distortion in the output sampler; +.NP +noise in the output filter as a result of limited dynamic range of the +integrated circuits; +.NP +power-supply noise injection or ground coupling; +.NP +changes in characteristics as a result of temperature or ageing. +.LE +Care must be taken with the analogue interface to ensure that the precision +implied by the resolution of the A/D and D/A converters is not compromised +by inadequate analogue circuitry. It is especially important to eliminate +high-frequency noise caused by fast edges on nearby computer buses. +.sh "3.2 Coding in the time domain" +.pp +There are several methods of coding the time waveform of a speech signal to +reduce the data rate for a given signal-to-noise ratio, or alternatively to +reduce the signal-to-noise ratio for a given data rate. They almost all require +more processing, both at the encoding (for storage) and decoding (for +regeneration) ends of the digitization process. They are sometimes used to +economize on memory in systems using stored speech, +for example the System\ X telephone exchange and the travel consultant described +in Chapter 1, and so will be described here. However, it is to be expected +that simple time-domain coding techniques will be superseded by the more complex +linear predictive method, which is covered in Chapter 6, because this +can give a much more substantial reduction in the data rate for only a small +degradation in speech quality. Hence the aim of this section is to introduce +the ideas in a qualitative way: theoretical development and summaries of +results of listening tests can be found elsewhere (eg Rabiner and Schafer, 1978). +.[ +Rabiner Schafer 1978 Digital processing of speech signals +.] +The methods we will examine are summarized in Table 3.2. +.RF +.nr x0 \w'linear PCM 'u +.nr x1 \n(x0+\w' adaptive quantization, or adaptive prediction,'u +.nr x2 (\n(.l-\n(x1)/2 +.in \n(x2u +.ta \n(x0u +\l'\n(x1u\(ul' +.sp +linear PCM linearly-quantized pulse code modulation +.sp +log PCM logarithmically-quantized pulse code modulation + (instantaneous companding) +.sp +APCM adaptively quantized pulse code modulation + (usually syllabic companding) +.sp +DPCM differential pulse code modulation +.sp +ADPCM differential pulse code modulation with either + adaptive quantization, or adaptive prediction, + or both +.sp +DM delta modulation (1-bit DPCM) +.sp +ADM delta modulation with adaptive quantization +\l'\n(x1u\(ul' +.ta 0.8i +0.8i +0.8i +0.8i +0.8i +0.8i +0.8i +0.8i +0.8i +0.8i +0.8i +0.8i +.in 0 +.FG "Table 3.2 Time-domain encoding techniques" +.rh "Syllabic companding." +We have already studied one time-domain encoding technique, namely logarithmic +quantization, or log PCM (sometimes called "instantaneous companding"). A more +sophisticated encoder could track slowly varying trends in the overall amplitude +of the speech signal and use this information to adjust the quantization +levels dynamically. Speech coding methods based on this principle are called +adaptive pulse code modulation systems (APCM). Because the overall amplitude +changes slowly, it is sufficient to adjust the quantization relatively infrequently +(compared with the sampling rate), and this is often done at rates approximating +the syllable rate of running speech, leading to the term "syllabic companding". +A block floating-point format can be used, with a common exponent being +stored every M samples (with M, say, 125 for a 100\ msec block rate at 8\ kHz +sampling), but the mantissa being stored at the regular sample rate. The overall +energy in the block, +.LB +$sum from n=h to h+M-1 ~x(n) sup 2$ ($M = 125$, say), +.LE +is used to determine a suitable exponent, and every sample +in the block \(em namely +$x(h)$, $x(h+1)$, ..., $x(h+M-1)$ \(em is scaled according to that exponent. +Note that for speech transmission systems this method necessitates a delay of +$M$ samples at the encoder, and indeed some methods base the exponent on the +energy in the last block to avoid this. For speech storage, however, the delay +is irrelevant. A rather different, nonsyllabic, method of adaptive PCM is +continually to change the step size of a uniform quantizer, by multiplying it by +a constant at each sample which is based on the magnitude of the previous code +word. +.pp +Adaptive quantization exploits information about the amplitude of the signal, +and, as a rough generalization, yields a reduction of one bit per sample +in the data rate for telephone-quality speech over ordinary logarithmic +quantization, for a given signal-to-noise ratio. Alternatively, for the +same data rate an improvement of 6\ dB in signal-to-noise ratio can be obtained. +Some results for actual schemes are given by Rabiner and Schafer (1978). +.[ +Rabiner Schafer 1978 Digital processing of speech signals +.] +However, there is other information in the time waveform of speech, namely, the +sample-to-sample correlation, which can be exploited to give further reductions. +.rh "Differential coding." +Differential pulse code modulation (DPCM), in its simplest form, uses the +present speech sample as a prediction of the next one, +and stores the prediction error \(em that is, the sample-to-sample difference. +This is a simple case of predictive encoding. +Referring back to the speech waveform displayed in Figure 3.5, +it seems plausible that the data rate can be reduced by transmitting the difference +between successive samples instead of their absolute values: less bits are +required for the difference signal for a given overall accuracy because it +does not assume such extreme values as the absolute signal level. +Actually, the improvement is not all that great \(em about 4\ \-\ 5\ dB in +signal-to-noise ratio, or just under one bit per sample for a given +signal-to-noise ratio \(em for the difference signal can be nearly as large as +the absolute signal level. +.pp +If DPCM is used in conjunction with adaptive quantization, giving one form of +adaptive differential pulse code modulation (ADPCM), both the overall amplitude +variation and the sample-to-sample correlation are exploited, leading to a +combined gain of 10\ \-\ 11\ dB in signal-to-noise ratio (or just under two bits +reduction per sample for telephone-quality speech). Another form of adaptation +is to alter the predictor by multiplying the previous sample value by a +parameter which is adjusted for best performance. +Then the transmitted signal at time $n$ is +.LB +.EQ +e(n) ~~ = ~~ x(n)~ - ~ax(n-1), +.EN +.LE +where the parameter $a$ is adapted (and stored) on a syllabic time-scale. This +leads to a slight improvement in signal-to-noise ratio, which can be combined +with that achieved by adaptive quantization. Much more substantial benefits +can be realized by using a weighted sum of the past several (up to 15) speech +samples, and adapting all the weights. This is the basic idea of linear +prediction, which is developed in Chapter 6. +.rh "Delta modulation." +The coding methods presented so far all increase the complexity of the +analogue-to-digital interface (or, if the sampled waveform is coded +digitally, they increase the processing required before and after storage). +One method which considerably +.ul +simplifies +the interface is the limiting case +of DPCM with just 1-bit quantization. Only the sign of the difference between +the current and last values is transmitted. Figure 3.9 shows the conversion +hardware. +.FC "Figure 3.9" +The encoding part is essentially the same as a tracking D/A, +where the value in a counter is forced to track the analogue input by +incrementing or decrementing the counter according as the input exceeds or +falls short of the analogue equivalent of the counter's contents. However, +for this encoding scheme, called "delta modulation", the increment-decrement +signal itself forms the discrete representation of the waveform, instead of the counter's +contents. The analogue waveform can be reconstituted from the bit stream with +another counter and D/A converter. Alternatively, an all-analogue implementation +can be used, both for the encoder and decoder, with a capacitor as integrator +whose charging current is controlled digitally. This is a much cheaper realization. +.pp +It is fairly obvious that the sampling frequency for delta modulation will need +to be considerably higher than for straightforward PCM. Figure 3.10 shows +an effect called "slope overload" which occurs when the sampling rate is too low. +.FC "Figure 3.10" +Either a higher sample rate or a larger step size will reduce the overload; +however, larger steps increase the noise level of the alternate 1's and \-1's +that occur when no input is present \(em called "granular noise". A compromise +is necessary between slope overload and granular noise for a given bit rate. +Delta modulation results in lower data rates than logarithmic quantization +for a given signal-to-noise ratio if that ratio is low (poor-quality speech). +As the desired speech quality is increased its data rate grows faster than +that of logarithmic PCM. The crossover point occurs at much lower than +telephone quality speech, and so although delta modulation is used for some +applications where the permissible data rate is severely constrained, +it is not really suitable for speech output from computers. +.pp +It is profitable to adjust the step size, leading to +.ul +adaptive +delta modulation. +A common strategy is to increase or decrease the step size by a multiplicative +constant, which depends on whether the new transmitted bit will be equal to +or different from the last one. That is, +.LB "nnnn" +.NI "nn" +$stepsize(n+1) = stepsize(n) times 2$ if $x(n+1)x(n)>x(n-1)$ +.br +(slope overload condition); +.NI "nn" +$stepsize(n+1) = stepsize(n)/2$ if $x(n+1),~x(n-1)x(n)$ +.br +(granular noise condition). +.LE "nnnn" +Despite these adaptive equations, the step size should be constrained to +lie between a predetermined fixed maximum and minimum, to prevent it from +becoming so large or so small that rapid accomodation to changing input signals is +impossible. +Then, in a period of potential slope overload the step size will grow, preventing +overload, possibly to its maximum value when overload may resume. In a quiet +period it will decrease to its minimum value which determines the granular +noise in the idle condition. Note that the step size need not be stored, for +it can be deduced from the bit changes in the digitized data. Although +adaptation improves the performance of delta modulation, it is still inferior to +PCM at telephone qualities. +.rh "Summary." +It seems that ADPCM, with +adaptive quantization and adaptive prediction, can provide a worthwhile +advantage for speech storage, reducing the number of bits needed per sample of +telephone-quality speech from 7 for logarithmic PCM to perhaps 5, and the data +rate from 56\ Kbit/s to 40\ Kbit/s. Disadvantages are additional complexity +in the encoding and decoding processes, and the fact that byte-oriented storage, +with 8 bits/sample in logarithmic PCM, is more convenient for computer use. +For low quality speech where hardware complexity is to be minimized, +adaptive delta modulation could provide worthwhile \(em although the ready +availability of PCM codec chips reduces the cost advantage. +.sh "3.3 References" +.LB "nnnn" +.[ +$LIST$ +.] +.LE "nnnn" +.sh "3.4 Further reading" +.pp +Probably the best single reference on time-domain coding of speech is +the book by Rabiner and Schafer (1978), cited above. +However, this does not contain a great deal of information on practical +aspects of the analogue-to-digital conversion process; this is +covered by Blesser (1978) above, who is especially interested in +high-quality conversion for digital audio applications, +and Garrett (1978) below. +There are many textbooks in the telecommunications area which +are relevant to the subject of the chapter, +although they concentrate primarily on fundamental theoretical aspects rather +than the practical application of the technology. +.LB "nn" +.\"Cattermole-1969-1 +.]- +.ds [A Cattermole, K.W. +.ds [D 1969 +.ds [T Principles of pulse code modulation +.ds [I Iliffe +.ds [C London +.nr [T 0 +.nr [A 1 +.nr [O 0 +.][ 2 book +.in+2n +This is a standard, definitive, work on PCM, and provides a good grounding +in the theory. +It goes into the subject in much more depth than we have been able to here. +.in-2n +.\"Garrett-1978-1 +.]- +.ds [A Garrett, P.H. +.ds [D 1978 +.ds [T Analog systems for microprocessors and minicomputers +.ds [I Reston Publishing Company +.ds [C Reston, Virginia +.nr [T 0 +.nr [A 1 +.nr [O 0 +.][ 2 book +.in+2n +Garrett discusses the technology of data conversion systems, including +A/D and D/A converters and basic analogue filter design, in a +clear and practical manner. +.in-2n +.\"Inose-1979-2 +.]- +.ds [A Inose, H. +.ds [D 1979 +.ds [T An introduction to digital integrated communications systems +.ds [I Peter Peregrinus +.ds [C Stevenage, England +.nr [T 0 +.nr [A 1 +.nr [O 0 +.][ 2 book +.in+2n +Inose's book is a recent one which covers the whole area of digital +transmission and switching technology. +It gives a good idea of what is happening to the telephone networks +in the era of digital communications. +.in-2n +.\"Steele-1975-3 +.]- +.ds [A Steele, R. +.ds [D 1975 +.ds [T Delta modulation systems +.ds [I Pentech Press +.ds [C London +.nr [T 0 +.nr [A 1 +.nr [O 0 +.][ 2 book +.in+2n +Again a standard work, this time on delta modulation techniques. +Steele gives an excellent and exhaustive treatment of the subject from a +communications viewpoint. +.in-2n +.LE "nn" +.EQ +delim $$ +.EN +.CH "4 SPEECH ANALYSIS" +.ds RT "Speech analysis +.ds CX "Principles of computer speech +.pp +Digital recordings of speech provide a jumping-off point for +further processing of the audio waveform, which is usually necessary for +the purpose of speech output. +It is difficult to synthesize natural sounds by concatenating +individually-spoken words. +Pitch is perhaps the most perceptually significant contextual effect +which must be +taken into account when forming connected speech out of isolated words. +The intonation of an utterance, which manifests itself as a +continually changing pitch, is a holistic property of the utterance +and not the sum of components determined by the individual words alone. +Happily, and quite coincidentally, communications engineers in their quest +for reduced-bandwidth telephony have invented methods of coding speech that +separate the pitch information from that carried by the articulation. +.pp +Although these analysis techniques, which were first introduced in the late +1930's (Dudley, 1939), were originally implemented by analogue means \(em and +in many systems still are (Blankenship, 1978, describes a recent +switched-capacitor realization) \(em there is a continuing trend +towards digital implementations, particularly for the more sophisticated coding +schemes. +.[ +Dudley 1939 +.] +.[ +Blankenship 1978 +.] +It is hard to see how the technique of linear prediction of speech, +which is described in detail in Chapter 6, could be accomplished in the +absence of digital processing. +Some groundwork is laid for the theory of digital signal analysis in this +chapter. +The ideas are not presented in a formal, axiomatic way; but are developed as +and when they are needed to examine some of the structures that turn out to be +useful in speech processing. +.pp +Most speech analysis views speech according to the source-filter model which +was introduced in Chapter 2, and aims to separate the effects of the source from +those of the filter. The frequency spectrum of the vocal tract filter is of +great interest, and the technique of discrete Fourier transformation is +discussed in this chapter. For many purposes it is better to extract the formant +frequencies from the spectrum and use these alone (or in conjunction with their +bandwidths) to characterize it. As far as the signal source in the source-filter +model is concerned, its most interesting features are pitch and amplitude \(em the +latter being easy to estimate. Hence we go on to look at pitch extraction. +Related to this is the problem of deciding whether a segment of speech has +voiced or unvoiced excitation, or both. +.pp +Estimating formant and pitch parameters is one of the messiest areas of +speech processing. There is a delightful paper which points this out +(Schroeder, 1970), entitled "Parameter estimation in speech: a lesson in unorthodoxy". +.[ +Schroeder 1970 +.] +It emphasizes that the most successful estimation procedures "have often relied +on intuition based on knowledge of speech signals and their production in the +human vocal apparatus rather than routine applications of well-established +theoretical methods". +Fortunately, the emphasis of the present book is on speech +.ul +output, +which involves parameter estimation only in so far as it is needed to produce +coded speech for storage, and to illuminate the acoustic nature of speech +for the development of synthesis by rule from phonetics or text. +Hence the many methods of formant and pitch estimation are treated rather +cursorily and qualitatively here: our main interest is in how to +.ul +use +such information for speech output. +.pp +If the incoming speech can be analysed into its formant frequencies, amplitude, +excitation mode, and pitch (if voiced), it is quite easy to resynthesize +it directly from these parameters. Speech synthesizers are described in the +next chapter. They can be realized in either analogue or digital +hardware, the former being predominant in production systems and the latter +in research systems \(em although, as in other areas of electronics, the balance +is changing in favour of digital implementations. +.sh "4.1 The channel vocoder" +.pp +A direct representation of the frequency spectrum of a signal can be obtained +by a bank of bandpass filters. This is the basis of +the +.ul +channel vocoder, +which was the first device that attempted to take advantage of the source-filter +model for speech coding (Dudley, 1939). +.[ +Dudley 1939 +.] +The word "vocoder" is a contraction +of +.ul +vo\c +ice +.ul +coder. +The energy in each filter band is +estimated by rectification and smoothing, and the resulting approximation to +the frequency spectrum is transmitted or stored. The source properties are +represented by the type of excitation (voiced or unvoiced), and if voiced, +the pitch. It is not necessary to include the overall amplitude of the speech +explicitly, because this is conveyed by the energy levels from the separate +bandpass filters. +.pp +Figure 4.1 shows the encoding part of a channel vocoder which has been used +successfully for many years (Holmes, 1980). +.[ +Holmes 1980 JSRU channel vocoder +.] +.FC "Figure 4.1" +We will discuss the block labelled "pre-emphasis" shortly. +The shape of the spectrum is estimated by 19 bandpass filters, whose spacing +and bandwidth decrease slightly with decreasing frequency to obtain the rather +greater resolution that is needed in the lower frequency region, +as shown in Table 4.1. +.RF +.nr x0 4n+2.6i+\w'\0\0'u+(\w'bandwidth'/2) +.nr x1 (\n(.l-\n(x0)/2 +.in \n(x1u +.ta 4n +1.3i +1.3i +\l'\n(x0u\(ul' +.sp +.nr x1 (\w'channel'/2) +.nr x2 (\w'centre'/2) +.nr x3 (\w'analysis'/2) + \0\h'-\n(x1u'channel \0\h'-\n(x2u'centre \0\0\h'-\n(x3u'analysis +.nr x1 (\w'number'/2) +.nr x2 (\w'frequency'/2) +.nr x3 (\w'bandwidth'/2) + \0\h'-\n(x1u'number \0\0\h'-\n(x2u'frequency \0\0\h'-\n(x3u'bandwidth +.nr x2 (\w'(Hz)'/2) + \0\h'-\n(x2u'(Hz) \0\0\h'-\n(x2u'(Hz) +\l'\n(x0u\(ul' +.sp + \01 \0240 \0120 + \02 \0360 \0120 + \03 \0480 \0120 + \04 \0600 \0120 + \05 \0720 \0120 + \06 \0840 \0120 + \07 1000 \0150 + \08 1150 \0150 + \09 1300 \0150 + 10 1450 \0150 + 11 1600 \0150 + 12 1800 \0200 + 13 2000 \0200 + 14 2200 \0200 + 15 2400 \0200 + 16 2700 \0200 + 17 3000 \0300 + 18 3300 \0300 + 19 3750 \0500 +\l'\n(x0u\(ul' +.ta 0.8i +0.8i +0.8i +0.8i +0.8i +0.8i +0.8i +0.8i +0.8i +0.8i +0.8i +0.8i +.in 0 +.FG "Table 4.1 Filter specifications for a vocoder analyser (after Holmes, 1980)" +.[ +Holmes 1980 JSRU channel vocoder +.] +The 3\ dB points +of adjacent filters are halfway between their centre frequencies, so that there +is some overlap between bands. +The filter characteristics do not need to have very sharp edges, because the energy +in neighbouring bands is fairly highly correlated. Indeed, there is a +disadvantage in making them too sharp, because the phase delays associated +with sharp cutoff filters induce "smearing" of the spectrum in the time domain. +This particular channel vocoder uses second-order Butterworth bandpass filters. +.pp +For regenerating speech stored in this way, an excitation of unit impulses +at the specified pitch period (for voiced sounds) or white noise (for unvoiced +sounds) is produced and passed through a bank of bandpass filters similar +to the analysis ones. The excitation has a flat spectrum, for regular impulses +have harmonics at multiples of the repetition frequency which are all of the +same size, and so the spectrum of the output signal is completely determined +by the filter bank. The gain of each filter is controlled by the stored +magnitude of the spectrum at that frequency. +.pp +The frequency spectrum and voicing pitch of speech change at much slower rates +than the time waveform. The changes are due to movements of the articulatory +organs (tongue, lips, etc) in the speaker, and so are limited in their speed +by physical constraints. A typical rate of production of phonemes is 15 per +second, but in fact the spectrum can change quite a lot within a single +phoneme (especially a stop sound). +Between 10 and 25\ msec (100\ Hz and 40\ Hz) +is generally thought to be a satisfactory interval for transmitting or storing +the spectrum, to preserve a reasonably faithful representation of the speech. +Of course, the entire spectrum, as well as the source characteristics, must +be stored at this rate. +The channel vocoder described by Holmes (1980) uses 48 bits to encode +the information. +.[ +Holmes 1980 JSRU channel vocoder +.] +Repeated every 20\ msec, this gives a data rate of 2400\ bit/s \(em very +considerably less than any of the time-domain encoding techniques. +.pp +It needs some care to encode the output of 19 filters, the excitation type, +and the pitch into 48 bits of information. Holmes uses 6 bits for pitch, +logarithmically encoded, +and one bit for excitation type. +This leaves 41 bits to encode the output of the 19 filters, and so a differential +technique is used which transmits just the difference between adjacent +channels \(em for the spectrum does not change abruptly in the frequency domain. +Three bits are used for the absolute level in channel 1, and two bits +for each channel-to-channel difference, giving a total of 39 bits for the whole +spectrum. The remaining two bits per frame are reserved for signalling or +monitoring purposes. +.pp +A 2400 bit/s channel vocoder degrades the speech in a telephone channel quite +perceptibly. It is sufficient for interactive communication, where +if you do not understand something you can always ask for it to be repeated. +It is probably not good enough for most voice response applications. +However, the vocoder principle can be used with larger filter banks and much +higher bit rates, and still reduce the data rate substantially below that +required by log PCM. +.sh "4.2 Pre-emphasis" +.pp +There is an +overall \-6\ dB/octave trend in speech radiated from the lips, +as frequency increases. +We will discuss why this is so in the next chapter. +Notice that this trend means that the signal power is reduced +by a factor of 4, or the signal amplitude by a factor of 16, for each +doubling in frequency. +For vocoders, and indeed for other methods of spectral analysis of speech, +it is usually desirable to equalize this by a +6\ dB/octave lift prior to +processing, so that the channel outputs occupy a similar range of levels. +On regeneration, the output speech is passed through an inverse filter which +provides 6\ dB/octave of attenuation. +.pp +For a digital system, such pre-emphasis +can either be implemented as an analogue circuit which precedes the presampling +filter and digitizer, or as a digital operation on the sampled and quantized +signal. In the former case, the characteristic is usually flat up to a certain +breakpoint, which occurs somewhere between 100\ Hz and 1\ kHz \(em the exact +position does not seem to be critical \(em at which point the +6\ dB/octave lift +begins. Although de-emphasis on output ought to have an exactly inverse +characteristic, it is sometimes modified or even eliminated altogether in an +attempt to counteract approximately +the $sin( pi f/f sub s )/( pi f/f sub s )$ distortion +introduced by the desampling operation, which was discussed in an earlier +section. Above half the sampling frequency, the characteristic of the +pre-emphasis is irrelevant because any effect will be suppressed by the presampling +filter. +.pp +The effect of a 6\ dB/octave lift can also be achieved digitally, by differencing +the input. The operation +.LB +.EQ +y(n)~~ = ~~ x(n)~ -~ ax(n-1) +.EN +.LE +is suitable, where the constant parameter $a$ is usually chosen between 0.9 and 1. +The latter value gives straightforward differencing, and this amounts to +creating a DPCM signal as input to the spectral analysis. Figure 4.2 plots +the frequency response of this operation, with a sample frequency of 8\ kHz, +for two values of the parameter; together with that of a 6\ dB/octave lift +above 100\ Hz. +.FC "Figure 4.2" +The vertical positions of the plots have been adjusted to give +the same gain, 20\ dB, at 1\ kHz. +The difference at 3.4\ kHz, the upper end of the telephone spectrum, is just +over 2\ dB. At frequencies below the breakpoint, in this case 100\ Hz, the +difference between analogue and digital pre-emphasis can be very great. For +$a=0.9$ the attenuation at DC (zero frequency) is 18\ dB below that at 1\ kHz, +which happens to be close to that of the analogue filter for frequencies below the +breakpoint. However, if the breakpoint had been at 1\ kHz there would have been +20\ dB difference between the analogue and $a=0.9$ plots at DC. And of course +the $a=1$ characteristic has infinite attenuation at DC. +In practice, however, the exact form of the pre-emphasis does not seem to be at all +critical. +.pp +The above remarks apply only to voiced speech. For unvoiced speech there appears +to be no real need for pre-emphasis; indeed, it may do harm by reinforcing +the already large high-frequency components. There is a case for altering the +parameter $a$ according to the excitation mode of the speech: $a=1$ for voiced +excitation and $a=0$ for unvoiced gives pre-emphasis just when it is needed. +This can be achieved by expressing the parameter in terms of the autocorrelation +of the incoming signal, as +.LB +.EQ +a ~~ = ~~ R(1) over R(0) ~ , +.EN +.LE +where $R(1)$ is the correlation of the signal with itself delayed by one sample, +and $R(0)$ is the correlation without delay (that is, the signal variance). +This is reasonable intuitively because high sample-to-sample correlation +is to be expected in voiced speech, so that $R(1)$ is very nearly as great as +$R(0)$ and the ratio becomes 1; whereas little or no sample-to-sample correlation +will be present in unvoiced speech, making the ratio close to 0. Such a +scheme is reminiscent of ADPCM with adaptive prediction. +.pp +However, this sophisticated pre-emphasis method does not seem to be worthwhile +in practice. Usually the breakpoint in an analogue pre-emphasis filter is +chosen to be rather greater than 100\ Hz to limit the amplification of fricative +energy. In fact, the channel vocoder described by Holmes (1980) has the +breakpoint at 1\ kHz, limiting the gain to 12\ dB at 4\ kHz, two octaves above. +.[ +Holmes 1980 JSRU channel vocoder +.] +.sh "4.3 Digital signal analysis" +.pp +You may be wondering how the frequency response for the digital pre-emphasis +filters, displayed in Figure 4.2, can be calculated. Suppose a digitized +sinusoid is applied as input to the filter +.LB +.EQ +y(n) ~~ = ~~ x(n)~ - ~ax(n-1). +.EN +.LE +A sine wave of frequency $f$ has equation $x(t) ~ = ~ sin ~ 2 pi ft$, and when +sampled at $t=0,~ T,~ 2T,~ ...$ (where $T$ is the sampling interval, 125\ msec for +an 8\ kHz sample rate), this becomes $x(n) ~ = ~ sin ~ 2 pi fnT.$ It is much +more convenient to consider a complex exponential +input, $e sup { j2 pi fnT}$ \(em the response to a sinusoid can then be derived +by taking imaginary parts, if necessary. The output for this input is +.LB +.EQ +y(n) ~~ = ~~ e sup {j2 pi fnT} ~~-~ae sup {j2 pi f(n-1)T} ~~ = ~~ +(1~-~ae sup {-j2 pi fT} )~e sup {j2 pi fnT} , +.EN +.LE +a sinusoid at the same frequency as the input. The +factor $1~-~ae sup {-j2 pi fT}$ is complex, with both amplitude and phase +components. Thus the output will be a phase-shifted and amplified version +of the input. The amplitude response at frequency $f$ is therefore +.LB +.EQ +|1~ - ~ ae sup {-j2 pi fT} | ~~ = ~~ +[1~ +~ a sup 2 ~-~ 2a~cos~2 pi fT ] sup 1/2 , +.EN +.LE +or +.LB +.EQ +10 ~ log sub 10 (1~ +~ a sup 2 ~ - ~ 2a~ cos 2 pi fT) +.EN +dB. +.LE +Normalizing to 20\ dB at 1\ kHz, and assuming 8\ kHz sampling, yields +.LB +.EQ +20~ + ~~ 10~ log sub 10 (1~ +~ a sup 2 ~-~ 2a~ cos ~ { pi f} over 4000 ) +~~ -~ 10~ log sub 10 (1~ +~ a sup 2 ~-~ 2a~ cos ~ pi over 4 ) +.EN +dB. +.LE +With $a=0.9$ and 1 this gives the graphs of Figure 4.2. +.pp +Frequency responses for analogue filters are often plotted with a logarithmic +frequency scale, as well as a logarithmic amplitude one, to bring out the +asymptotes in dB/octave as straight lines. For digital filters the response +is usually drawn on a +.ul +linear +frequency axis extending to half the sampling frequency. The response is +symmetric about this point. +.pp +Analyses like the above are usually expressed in terms of the $z$-transform. +Denote the unit delay operation by $z sup -1$. The choice of the inverse rather +than $z$ itself is of course an arbitrary matter, but the convention has stuck. +Then the filter can be characterized +by Figure 4.3, which signifies that the output is the input minus a delayed +and scaled version of itself. +.FC "Figure 4.3" +The transfer function of the filter is +.LB +.EQ +H(z) ~~ = ~~ 1~ -~ az sup -1 , +.EN +.LE +and we have seen that the effect of the system on a (complex) exponential of +frequency $f$ is to multiply it by +.LB +.EQ +1~ -~ ae sup {-j2 pi fT}. +.EN +.LE +To get the frequency response from the transfer function, replace $z sup -1$ +by $e sup {-j2 pi fT}$. Amplitude and phase responses can then be found by +taking the modulus and angle of the complex frequency response. +.pp +If $z sup -1$ is treated as an +.ul +operator, +it is quite in order to summarize the action of the filter by +.LB +.EQ +y(n) ~~ = ~~ x(n)~ - ~az sup -1 x(n) ~~ = ~~ (1~ -~ az sup -1 )x(n). +.EN +.LE +However, it is usual to derive from the sequence $x(n)$ a +.ul +transform +$X(z)$ upon which $z sup -1$ acts as a +.ul +multiplier. +If the transform of $x(n)$ is defined as +.LB +.EQ +X(z) ~~ = ~~ sum from {n=- infinity} to infinity ~x(n) z sup -n , +.EN +.LE +then on multiplication by $z sup -1$ we get a new transform, say $V(z)$: +.LB +.EQ +V(z) ~~ = ~~ z sup -1 X(z) ~~ = +~~ z sup -1 sum from {n=- infinity} to infinity ~x(n) z sup -n ~~ = +~~ sum ~x(n)z sup -n-1 ~~ = +~~ sum ~x(n-1)z sup -n . +.EN +.LE +$V(z)$ can also be expressed as the transform of a new sequence, say $v(n)$, by +.LB +.EQ +V(z) ~~ = ~~ sum from {n=- infinity} to infinity ~v(n) z sup -n , +.EN +.LE +from which it becomes apparent that +.LB +.EQ +v(n) ~~ = ~~ x(n-1). +.EN +.LE +Thus $v(n)$ is a delayed version of $x(n)$, and we have accomplished what we +set out to do, namely to show that the delay +.ul +operator +$z sup -1$ can be treated as an ordinary +.ul +multiplier +in the $z$-transform domain, where $z$-transforms are defined as the infinite +sums given above. +.pp +In terms of $z$-transforms, the filter can be written +.LB +.EQ +Y(z) ~~ = ~~ (1~ -~ az sup -1 )X(z), +.EN +.LE +where $z sup -1$ is now treated as a multiplier. +The transfer function of the filter is +.LB +.EQ +H(z) ~~ = ~~ Y(z) over X(z) ~~ = ~~ 1 - az sup -1 , +.EN +.LE +the ratio of the output to the input transform. +.pp +It may seem that little has been gained by inventing this rather abstract +notion of transform, simply to change an operator to a multiplier. After +all, the equation of the filter is no simpler in the transform domain than +it was in the time domain using $z sup -1$ as an operator. However, we will +need to go on to examine more complex filters. Consider, for example, the +transfer function +.LB +.EQ +H(z) ~~ = ~~ {1~+~az sup -1 ~+~bz sup -2} over {1~+~cz sup -1 ~+~dz sup -2} ~ . +.EN +.LE +If $z sup -1$ is treated as an operator, it is not immediately obvious how +this transfer function can be realized by a time-domain recurrence relation. +However, with $z sup -1$ as an ordinary multiplier in the transform domain, we can +make purely mechanical manipulations with infinite sums to see what the transfer +function means as a recurrence relation. +.pp +It is worth noting the similarity between the $z$-transform in the discrete +domain and the Fourier and Laplace transforms in the continuous domains. +In fact, the $z$-transform plays an analogous role in digital signal processing +to the Laplace transform in continuous theory, for the delay operator +$z sup -1$ +performs a similar service to the differentiation operator $s$. +Recall first the continuous Fourier transform, +.LB +$ +G(f) ~~ = ~~ +integral from {- infinity} to infinity ~g(t)~e sup {-j2 pi ft} dt +$, where $f$ is real, +.LE +and the Laplace transform, +.LB +$ +F(s) ~~ = ~~ +integral from 0 to infinity ~f(t)~e sup -st dt +$, where $s$ is complex. +.LE +The main difference between these two transforms is that the range of integration +begins at -$infinity$ for the Fourier transform and at 0 for the Laplace. +Advocates of the Fourier transform, which typically include people involved with +telecommunications, enjoy the freedom from initial conditions which is bestowed +by an origin way back in the mists of time. Advocates of Laplace, including +most analogue filter theorists, invariably +consider systems where all is quiet before $t=0$ \(em altering the origin +of measurement of time to achieve this if necessary \(em and welcome the opportunity +to include initial conditions explicitly +.ul +without +having to worry about what happens in the mists of time. +Although there is a two-sided Laplace transform where the integration begins +at -$infinity$, it is not generally used because it causes some convergence +complications. Ignoring this difference between the transforms (by considering +signals which are zero when $t<0$), the Fourier spectrum can be found from the +Laplace transform by writing $s=j2 pi f$; that is, by considering values +of $s$ which lie on the imaginary axis. +.pp +The $z$-transform is +.LB +$ +H(z) ~~ = ~~ sum from n=0 to infinity ~h(n)~z sup -n +$, or $ +H(z) ~~ = ~~ sum from {n=- infinity} to infinity ~h(n)~z sup -n , +$ +.LE +depending on whether a one-sided or two-sided transform is used. The advantages +and disadvantages of one- and two-sided transforms are the same as in the +analogue case. +$z$ plays the role of $e sup sT $, and so it is not surprising that the response +to a (sampled) sinusoid input can be found by setting +.LB +.EQ +z ~~ = ~~ e sup {j2 pi fT} +.EN +.LE +in $H(z)$, as we proved explicitly above for the pre-emphasis filter. +.pp +The above relation between $z$ and $f$ means that real-valued frequencies correspond +to points where $|z|=1$, that is, the unit circle in the complex $z$-plane. +As you travel anticlockwise around this unit circle, starting from the +point $z=1$, the corresponding frequency increases from 0, to $1/2T$ half-way +round ($z=-1$), to $1/T$ when you get back to the beginning ($z=1$) again. +Frequencies greater than the sampling frequency are aliased back into the +sampling band, corresponding to further circuits of $|z|=1$ with frequency +going from $1/T$ to $2/T$, $2/T$ to $3/T$, and so on. In fact, this is the circle +of Figure 3.3 which was used earlier to explain how sampling affects the frequency +spectrum! +.sh "4.4 Discrete Fourier transform" +.pp +Let us return from this brief digression into techniques of digital signal +analysis to the problem of determining the frequency spectrum of speech. +Although a bank of bandpass filters such as is used in the channel vocoder +is the perhaps most straightforward way to obtain a frequency spectrum, +there are other techniques which are in fact more commonly used in digital speech +processing. +.pp +It is possible to define the Fourier transform of a discrete sequence of +points. To motivate the definition, consider first the +ordinary Fourier transform (FT), which is +.LB +$ +g(t) ~~ = ~~ +integral from {- infinity} to infinity ~G(f)~e sup {+j2 pi ft} df +~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ +G(f) ~~ = ~~ +integral from {- infinity} to infinity ~g(t)~e sup {-j2 pi ft} dt . +$ +.LE +This takes a continuous time domain into a continuous frequency domain. +Sometimes you see a normalizing factor $1/2 pi$ multiplying the integral in +either the forward or the reverse transform. This is only needed +when the frequency variable is expressed in radians/s, and we will find it +more convenient to express frequencies in\ Hz. +.pp +The Fourier series (FS), which should also be familiar to you, +operates on a periodic time waveform (or, equivalently, +one that only exists for a finite period of time, which is notionally extended +periodically). If a period lies in the time range $[0,b)$, then the transform is +.LB +$ +g(t) ~~ = ~~ +sum from {r = - infinity} to infinity ~G(r)~e sup {+j2 pi rt/b} +~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ +G(r) ~~ = ~~ 1 over b ~ integral from 0 to b ~g(t)~e sup {-j2 pi rt/b} dt . +$ +.LE +The Fourier series takes a periodic time-domain function into a discrete frequency-domain one. +Because of the basic duality between the time and frequency domains in the +Fourier transforms, it is not surprising that another version of the transform +can be defined which takes a periodic +.ul +frequency\c +-domain function into a +discrete +.ul +time\c +-domain one. +.pp +Fourier transforms can only deal with a finite stretch of a time signal +by assuming that the signal is periodic, for if $g(t)$ is evaluated from +its transform $G(r)$ according to the formula above, and $t$ is chosen outside +the interval $[0,b)$, then a periodic extension of the function $g(t)$ is obtained +automatically. +Furthermore, periodicity in one domain implies discreteness in the other. +Hence if we transform a +.ul +finite +stretch of a +.ul +discrete +time waveform, +we get a frequency-domain representation which is also finite (or, equivalently, +periodic), and discrete. +This is the discrete Fourier transform (DFT), +and takes a discrete periodic time-domain function into a discrete +periodic frequency-domain one as illustrated in Figure 4.4. +.FC "Figure 4.4" +It is defined by +.LB +$ +g(n) ~~ = ~~ +1 over N ~ sum from r=0 to N-1~G(r)~e sup { + j2 pi rn/N} +~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ +G(r) ~~ = ~~ sum from n=0 to N-1 ~g(n)~e sup { - j2 pi rn/N} , +$ +.LE +or, writing $W=e sup {-j2 pi /N}$, +.LB +$ +g(n) ~~ = ~~ +1 over N ~ sum from r=0 to N-1~G(r)~W sup -rn +~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ +G(r) ~~ = ~~ sum from n=0 to N-1 ~g(n)~W sup rn . +$ +.LE +.sp +The $1/N$ in the first equation is the same normalizing +factor as the $1/b$ in the Fourier series, +for the finite time domain is $[0,N)$ +in the discrete case and $[0,b)$ in the Fourier series case. +It does not matter +whether it is written into the forward or the reverse transform, but it is usually +placed as shown above as a matter of convention. +.pp +As illustrated by Figure 4.5, discrete Fourier transforms +take an input of $N$ real values, representing equally-spaced time samples +in the interval $[0,b)$, and produce as output $N$ complex values, representing +equally-spaced frequency samples in the interval $[0,N/b)$. +.FC "Figure 4.5" +Note that the end-point of this frequency interval is the sampling frequency. +It seems odd that the input is real and the output is the same number of +.ul +complex +quantities: we seem to be getting some numbers for nothing! +However, this isn't so, for it is easy to show that if the input sequence is +real, the output frequency +spectrum has a symmetry about its mid-point (half the sampling frequency). +This can be expressed as +.LB +DFT symmetry:\0\0\0\0\0\0 $ +~ mark G( half N +r) ~=~ G( half N -r) sup *$ if $g$ is real-valued, +.LE +where $*$ denotes the conjugate of a complex quantity +(that is, $(a+jb) sup * = a-jb$). +.pp +It was argued above that the frequency spectrum in the DFT is periodic, with +the spectrum from 0 to the sampling frequency being repeated regularly up and +down the frequency axis. It can easily be seen from the DFT equation that +this is so. It can be written +.LB +DFT periodicity:$ lineup G(N+r) ~=~ G(r)$ always. +.LE +Figure 4.6 illustrates the properties of symmetry and periodicity. +.FC "Figure 4.6" +.sh "4.5 Estimating the frequency spectrum of speech using the DFT" +.pp +Speech signals are not exactly periodic. Although the waveform in a particular +pitch period will usually resemble those in the preceding and following pitch +periods, it will certainly not be identical to them. +As the articulation of the speech changes, the formant positions will alter. +As we saw in Chapter 2, the pitch itself is certainly not constant. +Hence the fundamental assumption of the DFT, that the waveform is periodic, +is not really justified. However, the signal is quasi-periodic, for changes +from period to period will not usually be very great. One way of computing +the short-term frequency spectrum of speech is to use +.ul +pitch-synchronous +Fourier transformation, where single pitch periods are isolated from the +waveform and processed with the DFT. This gives a rather accurate estimate +of the spectrum. Unfortunately, it is difficult to determine the beginning +and end of each pitch cycle, as we shall see later in this chapter when +discussing pitch extraction techniques. +.pp +If a finite stretch of a speech waveform is isolated and Fourier transformed, +without regard to pitch of the speech, then the periodicity assumption will +be grossly violated. Figure 4.7 illustrates that the effect is the same +as +multiplying the signal by a rectangular +.ul +window function, +which is 0 except during the period to be analysed, where it is 1. +.FC "Figure 4.7" +The windowed sequence will almost certainly have discontinuities at its edges, +and these will affect the resulting spectrum. The effect can be analysed +quite easily, but we will not do so here. It is enough to say that the +high frequencies associated with the edges of the window cause considerable +distortion of the spectrum. The effect can be alleviated by +using a smoother window than a rectangular one, +and several have been investigated extensively. The commonly-used windows of +Bartlett, Blackman, and Hamming are illustrated in Figure 4.8. +.FC "Figure 4.8" +.pp +Because the DFT produces the same number of frequency samples, equally spaced, +as there were points in the time waveform, there is a tradeoff between +frequency resolution and time resolution (for a given sampling rate). +For example, a 256-point transform with a sample rate of 8\ kHz gives the 256 +equally-spaced frequency components between 0 and 8\ kHz that are shown in Table +4.2. +.RF +.nr x0 (\w'time domain'/2) +.nr x1 (\w'frequency domain'/2) +.in+1.0i +.ta 1.0i 3.0i 4.0i +\h'0.5i+2n-\n(x0u'time domain\h'|3.5i+2n-\n(x1u'frequency domain +.sp +sample time sample \h'-3n'frequency +number number +.nr x0 1i+\w'00000' +\l'\n(x0u\(ul' \l'\n(x0u\(ul' +.sp +\0\0\00 \0\0\0\00 $mu$sec \0\0\00 \0\0\0\00 Hz +\0\0\01 \0\0125 \0\0\01 \0\0\031 +\0\0\02 \0\0250 \0\0\02 \0\0\062 +\0\0\03 \0\0375 \0\0\03 \0\0\094 +\0\0\04 \0\0500 \0\0\04 \0\0125 +.nr x2 (\w'...'/2) +\h'0.5i+4n-\n(x2u'...\h'|3.5i+4n-\n(x2u'... +\h'0.5i+4n-\n(x2u'...\h'|3.5i+4n-\n(x2u'... +\h'0.5i+4n-\n(x2u'...\h'|3.5i+4n-\n(x2u'... +.sp +\0254 31750 \0254 \07938 +\0255 31875 $mu$sec \0255 \07969 Hz +\l'\n(x0u\(ul' \l'\n(x0u\(ul' +.ta 0.8i +0.8i +0.8i +0.8i +0.8i +0.8i +0.8i +0.8i +0.8i +0.8i +0.8i +0.8i +.in 0 +.MT 2 +Table 4.2 Time domain and frequency domain samples for a 256-point DFT, +with 8\ kHz sampling +.TE +The top half of the frequency spectrum is of no interest, because +it contains the complex conjugates of the bottom half (in reverse order), +corresponding to frequencies greater than half the sampling frequency. +Thus for a 30\ Hz resolution in the frequency domain, +256 time samples, or a 32\ msec stretch of speech, needs to be transformed. +A common technique is to take overlapping periods in the time domain to +give a new frequency spectrum every 16\ msec. From the acoustic point +of view this is a reasonable rate to re-compute the spectrum, for as noted +above when discussing channel vocoders the rate of change in the spectrum +is limited by the speed that the speaker can move his vocal organs, and +anything between 10 and 25\ msec is a reasonable figure for transmitting +or storing the spectrum. +.pp +The DFT is a complex transform, and speech is a real signal. It is possible +to do two DFT's at once by putting one time waveform into the real parts +of the input and another into the imaginary parts. This destroys the DFT +symmetry property, for it only holds for real inputs. But given the DFT +of a complex sequence formed in this way, it is easy to separate out the +DFT's of the two real time sequences. If the two time sequences are +$x(n)$ and $y(n)$, then the transform of the complex sequence +.LB +.EQ +g(n) ~~ = ~~ x(n) ~+~ jy(n) +.EN +.LE +is +.LB +.EQ +G(r) ~~ = ~~ sum from n=0 to N-1 ~[x(n)W sup rn ~+~ y(n)W sup rn ] . +.EN +.LE +It follows that the complex conjugate of the aliased parts of the spectrum, +in the upper frequency region, are +.LB +.EQ +G(N-r) sup * ~~ = ~~ sum from n=0 to N-1 ~[x(n)W sup -(N-r)n +~-~ y(n)W sup -(N-r)n ] , +.EN +.LE +and this is the same as +.LB +.EQ +G(N-r) sup * ~~ = ~~ sum from n=0 to N-1 ~[x(n)W sup rn +~-~ y(n)W sup rn ] , +.EN +.LE +because $W sup N$ is 1 (recall the definition of $W$), +and so $W sup -Nn$ is 1 for any $n$. +Thus +.LB +.EQ +X(r) ~~ = ~~ {G(r) ~+~ G(N-r) sup * } over 2 +~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ +Y(r) ~~ = ~~ {G(r) ~-~ G(N-r) sup * } over 2 +.EN +.LE +extracts the transforms $X(r)$ and $Y(r)$ of the original sequences +$x$ and $y$. +.pp +With speech, this trick is frequently used to calculate two spectra at once. +Using 256-point transforms, a new estimate of the spectrum can be obtained +every 16\ msec by taking overlapping 32\ msec stretches of speech, with a +computational requirement of one 256-point transform every 32\ msec. +.sh "4.6 The fast Fourier transform" +.pp +Straightforward calculation of the DFT, expressed as +.LB +.EQ +G(r) ~~ = ~~ sum from n=0 to N-1 ~g(n)~W sup nr , +.EN +.LE +for $r=0,~ 1,~ 2,~ ...,~ N-1$, takes $N sup 2$ operations, where each operation +is a complex multiply and add (for $W$ is, of course, a complex number). +There is a better way, invented in the early sixties, which reduces this to +$N ~ log sub 2 N$ operations \(em a very considerable improvement. +Dubbed the "fast Fourier transform" (FFT) for historical reasons, it would actually +be better called the "Fourier transform", with the straightforward method above +known as the "slow Fourier transform"! There +is no reason nowadays to use the slow method, except for tiny transforms. +It is worth describing the basic principle of the FFT, for it is surprisingly +simple. More details on actual implementations can be found in Brigham (1974). +.[ +Brigham 1974 +.] +.pp +It is important to realize that the FFT involves no approximation. +It is an +.ul +exact +calculation of the values that would be obtained by the slow method +(although it may be affected differently by round-off errors). +Problems of aliasing and windowing occur in all discrete Fourier transforms, +and they are neither alleviated nor exacerbated by the FFT. +.pp +To gain insight into the working of the FFT, imagine the sequence $g(n)$ split +into two halves, containing the even and odd points +respectively. +.LB +even half $e(n)$ is $g(0)~ g(2)~ .~ .~ .~ g(N-2)$ +.br +odd half $o(n)$ is $g(1)~ g(3)~ .~ .~ .~ g(N-1)$. +.LE +Then it is easy to show that if $G$ is the transform of $g$, +$E$ the transform of $e$, +and $O$ that of $o$, then +.LB +$ +G(r) ~~ = ~~ E(r) ~+~ W sup r O(r)$ for $r=0,~ 1,~ ...,~ half N -1$, +.LE +and +.LB +$ +G( half N +r ) ~~ = ~~ E(r) ~+~ W sup { half N +r} O(r)$ for $ +r = 0,~ 1,~ ...,~ half N -1$. +.LE +Calculation of the $E$ and $O$ transforms involves $( half N) sup 2$ operations each, +while combining them together according to the above relationship occupies +$N$ operations. Thus the total is $N + half N sup 2 $ operations, which is considerably +less than $N sup 2$. +.pp +But don't stop there! The even half can itself be broken down into +even and odd parts to expedite its calculation, and the same with the odd half. +The only constraint is that the number of elements in the sequences splits +exactly into two at each stage. +Providing $N$ is a power of 2, then, we are left at the end with some 1-point +transforms to do. But transforming a single point leaves it unaffected! (Check +the definition of the DFT.) A quick calculation shows that the number of operations +needed is not $N + half N sup 2$, but $N~ log sub 2 N$. +Figure 4.9 compares this with $N sup 2$, the number of operations for +straightforward DFT calculation, and it can be seen that the FFT is very much +faster. +.FC "Figure 4.9" +.pp +The only restriction on the use of the FFT is that $N$ must be a power of two. +If it is not, alternative, more complicated, algorithms can be used which +give comparable computational advantages. However, for speech processing +the number of samples that are transformed is usually arranged to be a power +of two. If a pitch synchronous analysis is undertaken, the +time stretch that is to be transformed is dictated by the length of the pitch +period, and will vary from time to time. Then, it is usual to pad out the +time waveform with zeros to bring the number of samples up to a power of two; +otherwise, if different-length time stretches were transformed the scale +of the resulting frequency components would vary too. +.pp +The FFT provides very worthwhile cost savings over the use of a bank of +bandpass filters for spectral analysis. Take the example of a 256-point +transform with 8\ kHz sampling, giving 128 frequency components spaced +by 31.25\ Hz from 0 up to almost 4\ kHz. This can be computed on overlapping +32\ msec stretches of the time waveform, giving a new spectrum every 16\ msec, +by a single FFT calculation every 32\ msec (putting successive pairs of +time stretches in the real and imaginary parts of the complex input sequence, +as described earlier). The FFT algorithm requires $N~ log sub 2 N$ operations, +which is 2048 when $N=256$. An additional 512 operations are required +for the windowing calculation. Repeated every 32\ msec, this gives +a rate of 80,000 operations per second. To achieve a much lower frequency +resolution with 20 bandpass filters, each of which are fourth-order, +will need a great deal more operations. Each filter will need between 4 and 8 +multiplications per sample, depending on its exact digital implementation. But new +samples appear every 125 +.ul +micro\c +seconds, and so somewhere around a million +operations will be required every second. +If we increased the frequency resolution to that obtained by the FFT, 128 +filters would be needed, requiring between 4 and 8 million operations! +.sh "4.7 Formant estimation" +.pp +Once the frequency spectrum of a speech signal has been calculated, it may +seem a simple matter to estimate the positions of the formants. But it is +not! Spectra obtained in practice are not usually like the idealized ones +of Figure 2.2. One reason for this is that, unless the analysis is +pitch-synchronous, the frequency spectrum of the excitation source is mixed +in with that of the vocal tract filter. There are other reasons, which will +be discussed later in this section. But first, let us consider how to +extract the vocal tract filter characteristics from the combined spectrum +of source and filter. To do so we must begin to explore the theory of linear +systems. +.rh "Discrete linear systems." +Figure 4.10 shows an input signal exciting a filter to produce an output +signal. +.FC "Figure 4.10" +For present purposes, imagine the input to be a glottal +waveform, the filter a vocal tract one, and the output a +speech signal (which is then subjected to high-frequency de-emphasis +by radiation from the lips). +We will consider here +.ul +discrete +systems, so that the input $x(n)$ and output $y(n)$ are sampled signals, +defined only when $n$ is integral. The theory is quite similar for continuous +systems. +.pp +Assume that the system is +.ul +linear, +that is, if input $x sub 1 (n)$ produces output $y sub 1 (n)$ and +input $x sub 2 (n)$ produces output $y sub 2 (n)$, +then the sum of $x sub 1 (n)$ and +$x sub 2 (n)$ will produce the sum of $y sub 1 (n)$ and $y sub 2 (n)$. +It is easy to show from this that, for any constant multiplier $a$, +the input $ax(n)$ will produce output $ay(n)$ \(em it is pretty obvious +when $a=2$, +or indeed any positive integer; for then $ax(n)$ can be written as +$x(n)+x(n)+...$ . +Assume further that the system is +.ul +time-invariant, +that is, if input $x(n)$ +produces output $y(n)$ then a time-shifted version of $x$, +say $x(n+n sub 0 )$ for +some constant $n sub 0$, will produce the same output, only time-shifted; namely +$y(n+n sub 0)$. +.pp +Now consider the discrete delta function $delta (n)$, which is 0 except at +$n=0$ when it is 1. +If this single impulse is presented as input to the system, the output is called +the +.ul +impulse response, +and will be denoted by $h(n)$. +The fact that the system is time-invariant guarantees that the response does +not depend upon the particular time at which the impulse occurred, so that, +for example, the impulsive input $delta (n+n sub 0 )$ will produce output +$h(n+n sub 0 )$. +A delta-function input and corresponding impulse response are shown in Figure +4.10. +.pp +The impulse response of a linear, time-invariant system is an extremely useful +thing to +know, for it can be used to calculate the output of the system for any input +at all! Specifically, an input signal $x(n)$ can be written +.LB +.EQ +x(n)~ = ~~ sum from {k=- infinity} to infinity ~ x(k) delta (n-k) , +.EN +.LE +because $delta (n-k)$ is non-zero only when $k=n$, and so for any +particular value of $n$, the summation contains only +one non-zero term \(em that is, $x(n)$. +The action of the system on each term of the sum is to produce an output +$x(k)h(n-k)$, because $x(k)$ is just a constant, and +the system is linear. +Furthermore, the complete input $x(n)$ is just the sum of such terms, and since +the system is linear, the output is the sum of $x(k)h(n-k)$. +Hence the response of the system to an arbitrary input is +.LB +.EQ +y(n)~ = ~~ sum from {k=- infinity} to infinity ~ x(k) h(n-k) . +.EN +.LE +This is called a +.ul +convolution sum, +and is sometimes written +.LB +.EQ +y(n)~ =~ x(n) ~*~ h(n). +.EN +.LE +.pp +Let's write this in terms of $z$-transforms. The (two-sided) $z$-transform of y(n) +is +.LB +.EQ +Y(z)~ = ~~ sum from {n=- infinity} to infinity ~y(n)z sup -n ~~ = +~~ sum from n ~ sum from k ~x(k)h(n-k) ~z sup -n , +.EN +.LE +Writing $z sup -n$ as $z sup -(n-k) z sup -k$, and interchanging the order +of summation, this becomes +.LB +.EQ +Y(z)~ mark = ~~ sum from k ~[~ sum from n ~ h(n-k)z sup -(n-k) ~]~x(k)z sup -k +.EN +.br +.EQ +lineup = ~~ sum from k ~H(z)~z sup -k ~~ = ~~ H(z)~ sum from k ~x(k)z sup +-k ~~=~~H(z)X(z) . +.EN +.LE +Thus convolution in the time domain is the same as multiplication in the +$z$-transform domain; a very important result. Applied to the linear system of +Figure 4.10, this means that the output $z$-transform is the input $z$-transform +multiplied by the $z$-transform of the system's impulse response. +.pp +What we really want to do is to relate the frequency spectrum of +the output to the response of the system and the spectrum of the +input. +In fact, frequency spectra are very closely connected with $z$-transforms. A +periodic signal $x(n)$ which repeats every $N$ samples has DFT +.LB +.EQ +sum from n=0 to N-1 ~x(n)~e sup {-j2 pi rn/N} , +.EN +.LE +and its $z$-transform is +.LB +.EQ +sum from {n=- infinity} to infinity ~x(n) ~z sup -n . +.EN +.LE +Hence the DFT is the same as the $z$-transform of a single cycle of the signal, +evaluated at the points $z= e sup {j2 pi r/N}$ for $r=0,~ 1,~ ...~ ,~ N-1$. +In other +words, the frequency components are samples of the $z$-transform at $N$ +equally-spaced points around the unit circle. +Hence the frequency spectrum at the output of a linear system is the product of +the +input spectrum and the frequency response of the system itself (that is, the +transform of its impulse response function). +It should be admitted that this statement is somewhat questionable, +because to get from $z$-transforms to DFT's we have assumed that +a single cycle only is transformed \(em and the impulse response function of +a system is not necessarily periodic. The real action of the system is +to multiply $z$-transforms, not DFT's. However, it is useful in imagining +the behaviour of the system to think in terms of products of DFT's; and in +practice it is always these rather than $z$-transforms which are computed +because of the existence of the FFT algorithm. +.pp +Figure 4.11 shows the frequency spectrum of a typical voiced speech signal. +.FC "Figure 4.11" +The overall shape shows humps at the formant positions, like those in the +idealized Figure 2.2. However, superimposed on this is an "oscillation" +(in the frequency domain!) at the pitch frequency. This occurs because the +transform of the vocal tract filter has been multiplied by that of the +pitch pulse, the latter having components at harmonics of the pitch frequency. +The oscillation must be suppressed before the formants +can be estimated to any degree of accuracy. +.pp +One way of eliminating the oscillation is to perform pitch-synchronous +analysis. +This removes the influence of pitch from the frequency domain by dealing with +it in the time domain! The snag is, of course, that it is not easy to estimate +the pitch frequency: some techniques for doing so are discussed in the next +main section. +Another way is to use linear predictive analysis, which really does get rid +of pitch information without having to estimate the pitch period first. A +smooth +frequency spectrum can be produced using the analysis techniques described in +Chapter 6, which provides +a suitable starting-point for formant frequency estimation. +The third method is to remove the pitch ripple from the frequency spectrum +directly. This will be discussed in an intuitive rather than a +theoretical way, because linear predictive methods are becoming dominant +in speech processing. +.rh "Cepstral processing of speech." +Suppose the frequency spectrum of Figure 4.11 were actually a time waveform. +To remove the high-frequency pitch ripple is easy: just filter it out! +However, +filtering removes +.ul +additive +ripples, whereas this is a +.ul +multiplicative +ripple. To turn multiplication into addition, take logarithms. Then the +procedure would be +.LB +.NP +compute the DFT of the speech waveform (windowed, overlapped); +.NP +take the logarithm of the transform; +.NP +filter out the high-frequency part, corresponding to pitch ripple. +.LE +.pp +Filtering is often best done using the DFT. If the rippled waveform of Figure +4.11 is transformed, a strong component could be expected at the ripple +frequency, with weaker ones at its harmonics. These components can be +simply removed by setting them to zero, and inverse-transforming the result +to give a smoothed version of the original frequency spectrum. +A spectrum of the logarithm of a frequency spectrum is often called a +.ul +cepstrum +\(em a sort of backwards spectrum. The horizontal axis of the cepstrum, +having the dimension of time, is called "quefrency"! Note that high-frequency +signals have low quefrencies and vice versa. In practice, +because the pitch ripple is usually well above the quefrency of interest for +formants, the upper end of the cepstrum is often simply cut off from a fixed +quefrency which corresponds to the maximum pitch expected. However, identifying +the pitch peaks of the cepstrum has the useful byproduct of giving the pitch +period of the original speech. +.pp +To summarize, then, the procedure for spectral smoothing by the cepstral method +is +.LB +.NP +compute the DFT of the speech waveform (windowed, overlapped); +.NP +take the logarithm of the transform; +.NP +take the DFT of this log-transform, calling it the cepstrum; +.NP +identify the lowest-quefrency peak in the spectrum as the pitch, +confirming it by examining its harmonics, which should be +equally spaced at the pitch quefrency; +.NP +remove pitch effects from the cepstrum by cutting off its high-quefrency +part above either the pitch quefrency or some constant representing the maximum +expected pitch (which is the minimum expected pitch quefrency); +.NP +inverse DFT the resulting cepstrum to give a smoothed spectrum. +.LE +.rh "Estimating formant frequencies from smoothed spectra." +The difficulties of formant extraction are not over even when a smooth frequency +spectrum has been obtained. A simple peak-picking algorithm which identifies +a peak at the $k$'th frequency component whenever +.LB +$ +X(k-1) ~<~ X(k) +$ and $ +X(k) ~>~ X(k+1) +$ +.LE +will quite often identify formants incorrectly. +It helps to specify in advance minimum and maximum formant frequencies \(em say +100\ Hz and 3\ kHz for three-formant identification, and ignore peaks lying +outside these limits. It helps to estimate +the bandwidth of the peaks and reject those with bandwidths greater than +500\ Hz \(em for real formants are never this wide. However, if two formants are +very close, then they may appear as a single, wide, peak and be rejected by +this criterion. It is usual to take account of formant positions identified +in previous frames under these conditions. +.pp +Markel and Gray (1976) describe in detail several estimation algorithms. +.[ +Markel Gray 1976 Linear prediction of speech +.] +Their simplest uses the number of peaks identified in the raw spectrum +(under 3\ kHz, and with +bandwidths greater than 500\ Hz), to determine what to do. If exactly three +peaks are found, they are used as the formant positions. It is claimed that +this happens about 85% to 90% of the time. +If only one peak is found, the present frame is ignored and the +previously-identified +formant positions are used (this happens less than 1% of the time). +The remaining cases are two peaks \(em corresponding to omission of one formant \(em +and four peaks \(em corresponding to an extra formant being included. (More +than +four peaks never occurred in their data.) Under these conditions, +a nearest-neighbour measure is used for disambiguation. The measure is +.LB +.EQ +v sub ij ~ = ~ |{ F sup * } sub i (k) ~-~ F sub j (k-1)| , +.EN +.LE +where $F sub j sup (k-1)$ is the $j$'th formant frequency defined +in the previous frame +$k-1$ and ${ F sup * } sub i (k)$ is the $i$'th raw data frequency estimate +for frame $k$. +If two peaks only are found, this measure is used to identify +the closest peaks in the previous frame; and then the +third peak of that frame is taken to be the missing formant +position. If four peaks are found, the measure is used to +determine which of them is furthest from the previous formant +values, and this one is discarded. +.pp +This procedure works forwards, using the previous frame to +disambiguate peaks given in the current one. More sophisticated +algorithms work backwards as well, identifying +.ul +anchor points +in the data which have clearly-defined formant positions, and +moving in both directions from these to disambiguate +neighbouring frames of data. Finally, absolute limits can be +imposed upon the magnitude of formant movements between frames +to give an overall smoothing to the formant tracks. +.pp +Very often, people will refine the result of such automatic formant +estimation procedures by hand, looking at the tracks, knowing +what was said, and making adjustments in the light of their +experience of how formants move in speech. Unfortunately, it is difficult to +obtain high-quality formant tracks by completely automatic +means. +.pp +One of the most difficult cases in formant estimation is where +two formants are so close together that the individual peaks +cannot be resolved. One simple solution to this problem is to +employ "analysis-by-synthesis", whereby once a formant is +identified, a standard formant shape at this position is +synthesized and +subtracted from the +logarithmic spectrum (Coker, 1963). +.[ +Coker 1963 +.] +Then, even if two formants +are right on top of each other, the second is not missed because +it remains after the first one has been subtracted. +.pp +Unfortunately, however, the single peak which appears when +two formants are close together usually does not correspond exactly with the +position of either one. +There is one rather advanced signal-processing technique that +can help in this case. +The frequency spectrum of +speech is determined by +.ul +poles +which lie in the complex $z$-plane inside the unit circle. (They +must be inside the unit circle if the system is stable. Those +familiar with Laplace analysis of analogue systems may like to note that the +left half of the $s$-plane corresponds with the inside of the unit +circle in the $z$-plane.) As shown earlier, computing a DFT is tantamount to +evaluating the $z$-transform at equally-spaced points around the +unit circle. However, better resolution is obtained by +evaluating around a circle which lies +.ul +inside +the unit circle, but +.ul +outside +the outermost pole position. Such a circle is sketched in +Figure 4.12. +.FC "Figure 4.12" +.pp +Recall that the FFT is a fast way of calculating the DFT of a +sequence. Is there a similarly fast way of evaluating the +$z$-transform inside the unit circle? The answer is yes, and the +technique is known as the "chirp $z$-transform", because it +involves considering a signal whose frequency increases +linearly \(em just like a radar chirp signal. The chirp method +allows the $z$-transform to be computed quickly at equally-spaced +points along spirally-shaped contours around the origin of the +$z$-plane \(em corresponding to signals of linearly increasing +complex frequency. The spiral nature of these curves is not of +particular interest in speech processing. What +.ul +is +of interest, though, is that the spiral can begin at any point +on +the $z=0$ axis, and its pitch can be set arbitrarily. +If we begin spiralling at $z=0.9$, say, and set the pitch +to zero, the contour becomes a circle inside the unit one, with +radius 0.9. Such a circle is exactly what is needed to refine +formant resolution. +.sh "4.8 Pitch extraction" +.pp +The last section discussed how to characterize the vocal tract filter +in the source-filter model of speech production: this one looks +at how the most important property of the source \(em that is, the +pitch period \(em can be derived. In many ways pitch extraction +is more important from a practical point of view than is formant +estimation. In a voice-output system, formant estimation is +only necessary if speech is to be stored in formant-coded form. +For linear predictive storage of speech, or for speech synthesis +from phonetics or text, formant extraction is unnecessary \(em +although of course general information about formant +frequencies and formant tracks in natural speech is needed +before a synthesis-from-phonetics system can be built. +However, knowledge of the pitch contour is needed for +many different purposes. For example, compact encoding of +linearly predicted speech relies on the pitch being estimated and +stored as a parameter separate from the articulation. +Significant improvements in frequency analysis can be made by +performing pitch-synchronous Fourier transformations, +because the need to window is eliminated. +Many synthesis-from-phonetics systems require the pitch contour +for utterances to be stored rather computed from markers in the +phonetic text. +.pp +Another issue which is closely bound up with pitch extraction is +the voiced-unvoiced distinction. A good pitch estimator ought to +fail when presented with aperiodic input such as an unvoiced +sound, and so give a reliable indication of whether the frame of +speech is voiced or not. +.pp +One method of pitch estimation, which uses the cepstrum, has been outlined +above. It involves a substantial amount of computation, +and has a high degree of complexity. However, if implemented +properly it gives excellent results, because the source-filter +structure of the speech is fully utilized. +Another method, using the +linear prediction residual, will be described in Chapter 6. +Again, this requires a great deal of computation of a fairly sophisticated +nature, and gives good results \(em although it relies on a +somewhat more +restricted version of the source-filter model than cepstral +analysis. +.rh "Autocorrelation methods." +The most reliable way of estimating the pitch of a periodic +signal which is corrupted by noise is to examine its +short-time autocorrelation function. +The autocorrelation of a signal $x(n)$ with lag $k$ is defined as +.LB +.EQ +phi (k) ~~ = ~~ sum from {n=- infinity} to infinity ~ x(n)x(n+k) . +.EN +.LE +If the signal is quasi-periodic, with slowly varying period, +a finite stretch of it can be isolated with a window +$w(i)$, which is 0 when $i$ is outside the range $[0,N)$. +Beginning this window at sample $m$ gives the windowed signal +.LB +.EQ +x(n)w(n-m), +.EN +.LE +whose autocorrelation, +the +.ul +short-time +autocorrelation of the signal $x$ at point $m$ is +.LB +.EQ +phi sub m (k)~ = ~~ sum from n ~ x(n)w(n-m)x(n+k)w(n-m+k) . +.EN +.LE +.pp +The autocorrelation function exhibits peaks at lags which correspond to +the pitch periods and multiples of it. At such lags, the signal is in +phase with a delayed version of itself, giving high correlation. +The pitch of natural speech ranges about three octaves, from 50\ Hz (low-pitched men) to around +400\ Hz (children). To ensure that at least two pitch cycles are seen, even at +the +low end, the window needs to be at least 40\ msec long, and the autocorrelation +function calculated for lags up to 20\ msec. The peaks which occur at lags +corresponding to multiples of the pitch become smaller as the multiple +increases, because the speech waveform will change slightly and the pitch +period is not perfectly constant. If signals at the high end of the pitch +range, 400\ Hz, are +viewed through a 40\ msec autocorrelation window, considerable smearing of +pitch resolution in the time domain is to be expected. Finally, for unvoiced +speech, no substantial peaks of autocorrelation will occur. +.pp +If all deviations from perfect periodicity can be attributed to +additive, white, Gaussian noise, then it can be shown from +standard detection theory that autocorrelation methods are +appropriate for pitch identification. Unfortunately, this is +certainly not the case for speech signals. Although the +short-time autocorrelation of voiced speech exhibits peaks at +multiples of the pitch period, it is not clear that it is any +easier to detect these peaks in the autocorrelation function +than it is in the original time waveform! To take a simple +example, if a signal contains a fundamental and in-phase first +and second harmonics, +.LB +.EQ +x(n)~ =~ a sin 2 pi fnT ~+~ b sin 4 pi fnT ~+~ c sin 6 pi fnT , +.EN +.LE +then its autocorrelation function is +.LB +.EQ +phi (k) ~=~~ {a sup 2 ~cos~2 pi fkT~+~b sup 2 ~cos~2 pi +fkT~+~c sup 2 ~cos 2 pi fkT} over 2 ~ . +.EN +.LE +There is no reason to believe that detection of the fundamental +period of this signal will be any easier in the autocorrelation +domain than in the time domain. +.pp +The most common error of pitch detection by autocorrelation +analysis is that the periodicities of the formants are confused +with the pitch. This typically leads to the repetition time +being identified as $T sub pitch ~ +- ~ T sub formant1$, where the +$T$'s are the periods of the pitch and first formant. Fortunately, +there are simple ways of processing the signal non-linearly to +reduce the effect of formants on pitch estimation using autocorrelation. +.pp +One way +is to low-pass filter the +signal with a cut-off above the maximum pitch period, say 600 +Hz. However, formant 1 is often below this value. A different +technique, which may be used in conjunction with filtering, is +to "centre-clip" the signal as shown in Figure 4.13. +.FC "Figure 4.13" +This +removes many of +the ripples which are associated with formants. However, it +entails the use of an adjustable clipping threshold to cater for +speech of varying amplitudes. Sondhi (1968), who introduced the +technique, set the clipping level at 30% of the maximum +amplitude. +.[ +Sondhi 1968 +.] +An alternative which achieves +much the same effect without the need to fiddle with thresholds, +is to cube the signal, or raise it to some other high (odd!) +power, before taking the autocorrelation. This highlights the +peaks and suppresses the effect of low-amplitude parts. +.pp +For very accurate pitch detection, it is best to combine the evidence +from several different methods of analysis of the time waveform. +The autocorrelation function provides one source of evidence; +and the cepstrum provides another. +A third source comes from the time waveform itself. +McGonegal +.ul +et al +(1975) have described a semi-automatic method of pitch +detection which uses human judgement to make a final decision based upon these +three sources of evidence. +.[ +McGonegal Rabiner Rosenberg 1975 SAPD +.] +This appears to provide highly accurate pitch contours at the expense of +considerable human effort \(em it takes an experienced user 30 minutes to +process each second of speech. +.rh "Speeding up autocorrelation." +Calculating the autocorrelation function is an +arithmetic-intensive procedure. For large lags, it can best be +done using FFT methods; although there are simpler arithmetic +tricks which speed it up without going to such complexity. +However, with the availability of analogue delay lines using +charge-coupled devices, autocorrelation can now be done +effectively and cheaply by analogue, sampled-data, hardware. +.pp +Nevertheless, some techniques to speed up digital +calculation of short-time autocorrelations are in wide use. It +is tempting to hard-limit the signal so that it becomes binary +(Figure 4.14(a)), thus eliminating multiplication. +.FC "Figure 4.14" +This can be +disastrous, however, because hard-limited speech is known to +retain considerable intelligibility and therefore the formant +structure is still there. A better plan is to take +centre-clipped speech and hard-limit that to a ternary signal +(Figure 4.14(b)). This simplifies the computation considerably +with essentially no degradation in performance (Dubnowski +.ul +et al, +1976). +.[ +Dubnowski Schafer Rabiner 1976 Digital hardware pitch detector +.] +.pp +A different approach to reducing the amount of calculation is to +perform a kind of autocorrelation which does not use +multiplications. The +"average magnitude difference function", +which is defined by +.LB +.EQ +d(k)~ = ~~ sum from {n=- infinity} to infinity ~ |x(n)-x(n+k)| , +.EN +.LE +has been used for this purpose with some success (Ross +.ul +et al, +1974). +.[ +Ross Schafer Cohen Freuberg Manley 1974 +.] +It exhibits dips at pitch periods (instead of the peaks of the +autocorrelation function). +.rh "Feature-extraction methods." +Another possible way of extracting pitch in the time domain is to try to +integrate information from different sources to give reliable +pitch estimates. Several features of the time +waveform can be defined, each of which provides an estimate of the pitch period, +and +an overall estimate can be obtained by majority vote. +.pp +For example, suppose that the only feature of the speech +waveform which is retained is the height and position of the +peaks, where a "peak" is defined by the simplistic criterion +.LB +$ +x(n-1) ~<~ x(n) +$ and $ +x(n) $>$ x(n+1) . +$ +.LE +Having found a peak which is thought to represent a pitch pulse, +one could define a "blanking period", based upon the current +pitch estimate, within which the next pitch pulse could not +occur. When this period has expired, the next pitch pulse is +sought. At first, a stringent criterion should be used for +identifying the next peak as a pitch pulse; but it can gradually be +relaxed if time goes on without a suitable pulse being +located. Figure 4.15 shows a convenient way of doing this: a +decaying exponential is begun at the end of the blanking period +and when a peak shows above, it is identified as a pitch pulse. +.FC "Figure 4.15" +One big advantage of this type of algorithm is that the data is +greatly reduced by considering peaks only \(em which can be +detected by simple hardware. Thus it can permit real-time +operation on a small processor with minimal special-purpose +hardware. +.pp +Such a pitch pulse detector is exceedingly simplistic, and will +often identify the pitch incorrectly. However, it can be used +in conjunction with other features to produce good pitch +estimates. Gold and Rabiner (1969), who pioneered the +approach, used six features: +.[ +Gold Rabiner 1969 Parallel processing techniques for pitch periods +.] +.LB +.NP +peak height +.NP +valley depth +.NP +valley-to-peak height +.NP +peak-to-valley depth +.NP +peak-to-peak height (if greater than 0) +.NP +valley-to-valley depth (if greater than 0). +.LE +The features are symmetric with regard to peaks and valleys. +The first feature is the one described above, and the second one works in +exactly the same way. +The third feature records the +height between each valley and the succeeding peak, and fourth +uses the depth between each peak and the succeeding valley. The +purpose of the final two detectors is to eliminate secondary, +but rather large, peaks from consideration. Figure 4.16 shows +the kind of waveform on which the other features might +incorrectly double the pitch, but the last two features identify +correctly. +.FC "Figure 4.16" +.pp +Gold and Rabiner also included the last two pitch estimates from each +feature detector. +Furthermore, for each feature, the present estimate +was added to the previous one to make a fourth, and the previous one to +the one before that to make a fifth, and all three were added together +to make a sixth; so that for each feature there were 6 separate estimates of +pitch. The reason for this is that if three consecutive estimates of the +fundamental period are $T sub 0$, $T sub 1$ and $T sub 2$; then if some peaks are +being falsely identified, the actual period could be any of +.LB +.EQ +T sub 0 ~+~ T sub 1 ~~~~ T sub 1 ~+~ T sub 2 ~~~~ +T sub 0 ~+~ T sub 1 ~+~ T sub 2 . +.EN +.LE +It is essential to do this, because +a feature of a given type can occur more than once in a pitch period \(em +secondary peaks usually exist. +.pp +Six features, each contributing six separate estimates, makes 36 estimates +of pitch in all. +An overall figure was obtained from this +set by selecting the most popular estimate (within some +pre-specified tolerance). The complete scheme has been +evaluated extensively (Rabiner +.ul +et al, +1976) and compares +favourably with other methods. +.[ +Rabiner Cheng Rosenberg McGonegal 1976 +.] +.pp +However, it must be admitted that this procedure seems to be rather +.ul +ad hoc +(as are many other successful speech parameter estimation +algorithms!). Specifically, it is not easy to predict what +kinds of waveforms it will fail on, and evaluation of it can +only be pragmatic. When used to +estimate the pitch of musical +instruments and singers over a 6-octave range (40\ Hz to 2.5\ kHz), +instances were found where it failed dramatically (Tucker and Bates, 1978). +.[ +Tucker Bates 1978 +.] +This is, of +course, a much more difficult problem than pitch estimation for +speech, where the range is typically 3 octaves. +In fact, for speech the feature +detectors are usually preceded by +a low-pass filter to attenuate the myriad +of peaks +caused by higher formants, and this +is inappropriate for +musical applications. +.pp +There is evidence which shows that additional features can +assist with pitch identification. The above features are all +based upon the signal amplitude, and could be described as +.ul +secondary +features derived from a single +.ul +primary +feature. Other primary features can easily be defined. +Tucker and Bates (1978) used a centre-clipped waveform, and considered only +the peaks rising above the central region. +.[ +Tucker Bates 1978 +.] +They defined two +further primary features, in addition to the peak amplitude: the +.ul +time width +of a peak (period for which it is +outside the clipping level), and its +.ul +energy +(again, outside the clipping level). The primary +features are shown in Figure 4.17. +.FC "Figure 4.17" +Secondary features are +defined, based on these three primary ones, and pitch estimates +are made for each one. A further innovation was to combine the +individual estimates on a way which is based upon +autocorrelation analysis, reducing to some degree the +.ul +ad-hocery +of the pitch detection process. +.sh "4.9 References" +.LB "nnnn" +.[ +$LIST$ +.] +.LE "nnnn" +.sh "4.10 Further reading" +.pp +There are a lot of books on digital signal analysis, although in general +I find them rather turgid and difficult to read. +.LB "nn" +.\"Ackroyd-1973-1 +.]- +.ds [A Ackroyd, M.H. +.ds [D 1973 +.ds [T Digital filters +.ds [I Butterworths +.ds [C London +.nr [T 0 +.nr [A 1 +.nr [O 0 +.][ 2 book +.in+2n +Here is the exception to prove the rule. +This book +.ul +is +easy to read. +It provides a good introduction to digital signal processing, +together with a wealth of practical design information on digital filters. +.in-2n +.\"Committee.I.D.S.P-1979-3 +.]- +.ds [A IEEE Digital Signal Processing Committee +.ds [D 1979 +.ds [T Programs for digital signal processing +.ds [I Wiley +.ds [C New York +.nr [T 0 +.nr [A 0 +.nr [O 0 +.][ 2 book +.in+2n +This is a remarkable collection of tried and tested Fortran programs +for digital signal analysis. +They are all available from the IEEE in machine-readable form on magnetic +tape. +Included are programs for digital filter design, discrete Fourier transformation, +and cepstral analysis, as well as others (like linear predictive analysis; +see Chapter 6). +Each program is accompanied by a concise, well-written description of how +it works, with references to the relevant literature. +.in-2n +.\"Oppenheim-1975-4 +.]- +.ds [A Oppenheim, A.V. +.as [A " and Schafer, R.W. +.ds [D 1975 +.ds [T Digital signal processing +.ds [I Prentice Hall +.ds [C Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey +.nr [T 0 +.nr [A 1 +.nr [O 0 +.][ 2 book +.in+2n +This is one of the standard texts on most aspects of digital signal processing. +It treats the $z$-transform, digital filters, and discrete Fourier transformation +in far more detail than we have been able to here. +.in-2n +.\"Rabiner-1975-5 +.]- +.ds [A Rabiner, L.R. +.as [A " and Gold, B. +.ds [D 1975 +.ds [T Theory and application of digital signal processing +.ds [I Prentice Hall +.ds [C Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey +.nr [T 0 +.nr [A 1 +.nr [O 0 +.][ 2 book +.in+2n +This is the other standard text on digital signal processing. +It covers the same ground as Oppenheim and Schafer (1975) above, +but with a slightly faster (and consequently more difficult) presentation. +It also contains major sections on special-purpose hardware for +digital signal processing. +.in-2n +.\"Rabiner-1978-1 +.]- +.ds [A Rabiner, L.R. +.as [A " and Schafer, R.W. +.ds [D 1978 +.ds [T Digital processing of speech signals +.ds [I Prentice Hall +.ds [C Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey +.nr [T 0 +.nr [A 1 +.nr [O 0 +.][ 2 book +.in+2n +Probably the best single reference for digital speech analysis, +as it is for the time-domain encoding techniques of the last chapter. +Unlike the books cited above, it is specifically oriented to speech processing. +.in-2n +.LE "nn" +.EQ +delim $$ +.EN +.CH "5 RESONANCE SPEECH SYNTHESIZERS" +.ds RT "Resonance speech synthesizers +.ds CX "Principles of computer speech +.pp +This chapter considers the design of speech synthesizers which +implement a direct electrical analogue of +the resonance properties of the vocal tract by providing a filter for each +formant whose resonant frequency is to be controlled. Another method is the +channel vocoder, with a bank of fixed filters whose gains are varied to match +the spectrum of the speech as described in Chapter 4. This is not generally +used for synthesis from a written representation, however, because it is hard +to get good quality speech. It +.ul +is +used sometimes for low-bandwidth +transmission and storage, for +it is fairly easy to analyse natural speech into fixed frequency bands. +A second alternative to the resonance synthesizer is the linear predictive +synthesizer, which at present is used quite extensively and is likely to become +even more popular. This is covered in the next chapter. +Another alternative is the articulatory synthesizer, which +attempts to model the vocal tract directly, rather than +modelling the acoustic output from it. +Although, as noted in Chapter 2, articulatory synthesis holds a promise of +high-quality speech \(em for the coarticulation effects caused by tongue +and jaw inertia can be modelled directly \(em this has not yet been realized. +.pp +The source-filter model of speech production indicates that an electrical +analogue of the vocal tract can be obtained by considering the source +excitation and the filter that produces the formant frequencies separately. +This approach was pioneered by Fant (1960), and we shall present much of his +work in this chapter. +.[ +Fant 1960 Acoustic theory of speech production +.] +There has been some discussion over whether the source-filter model really +is a good one, and some +synthesizers +explicitly introduce an element of +"sub-glottal coupling", which simulates the effect of the lung cavity +on the vocal tract transfer function during the periods when the glottis is +open (for an example see Rabiner, 1968). +.[ +Rabiner 1968 Digital formant synthesizer JASA +.] +However, this is very much a low-order effect when considering +speech synthesized by rule from a written representation, for the software +which calculates parameter values to drive the synthesizer is a far greater +source of degradation in speech quality. +.sh "5.1 Overall spectral considerations" +.pp +Figure 5.1 shows the source-filter model of speech production. +.FC "Figure 5.1" +For voiced speech, the excitation source produces a waveform whose frequency +components decay at about 12\ dB/octave, as we shall see in a later section. +The excitation passes into the vocal tract filter. Conceptually, this can best +be viewed as an infinite series of formant filters, although for implementation +purposes only the first few are modelled explicitly and the effect of the rest +is lumped together into a higher-formant compensation network. In either case +the overall frequency profile of the filter is a flat one, upon which humps are +superimposed at the various formant frequencies. Thus the output of the +vocal tract filter falls off at 12\ dB/octave just as the input does. +However, measurements of actual speech show a 6\ dB/octave decay with increasing +frequency. This is explained by the effect of radiation of speech from the +lips, which in fact has a "differentiating" action, producing a 6\ dB/octave +rise in the frequency spectrum. This 6\ dB/octave lift is similar to that +provided by a treble boost control on a radio or amplifier. Speech synthesized +without it sounds unnaturally heavy and bassy. +.pp +These overall spectral shapes, which are derived from considering the human +vocal tract, are summarized in the upper annotations in Figure 5.1. But there +is no real necessity for a synthesizer to model the frequency characteristics +of the human vocal tract at intermediate points: only the output speech is of +any concern. Because the system is a linear one, the filter blocks in the +figure can be shuffled around to suit engineering requirements. One such +requirement is the desire to minimize internally-generated noise in the +electrical implementation, most of which will arise in the vocal tract filter +(because it is much more complicated than the other components). For this +reason an excitation source with a flat spectrum is often preferred, as shown +in the lower annotations. This can be generated either by taking the desired +glottal pulse shape, with its 12\ dB/octave fall-off, and passing it through a +filter giving 12\ dB/octave lift at higher frequencies; or, if the pulse shape +is to be stored digitally, by storing its second derivative instead. +Then the radiation compensation, which is now more properly called +"spectral equalization", will comprise a 6\ dB/octave fall-off to give the +required trend in the output spectrum. +.pp +For a given pitch period, this scheme yields exactly the same spectral +characteristics as the original system which modelled the human vocal tract. +However, when the pitch varies there will be a difference, for sounds with +higher excitation frequencies will be attenuated by \-6\ dB/octave in the new +system and +6\ dB/octave in the old by the final spectral equalization. +In practice, the pitch of the human voice lies quite low in the frequency +region \(em usually below 400\ Hz \(em and if all filter characteristics begin +their roll-off at this frequency the two systems will be the same. This +simplifies the implementation with a slight compromise in its accuracy in +modelling the spectral trend of human speech, for the overall \-6\ dB/octave +decay actually begins at a frequency of around 100\ Hz. If this is +implemented, some adjustment will need to be made to the amplitudes to ensure +that high-pitched sounds are not attenuated unduly. +.pp +The discussion so far pertains to voiced speech only. The source spectrum of +the random excitation in unvoiced sounds is substantially flat, and combines +with the radiation from the lips to give a +6\ dB/octave rise in the output +spectrum. Hence if spectral equalization is changed to \-6\ dB/octave to +accomodate a voiced excitation with flat spectrum, the noise source should +show a 12\ dB/octave rise to give the correct overall effect. +.sh "5.2 The excitation sources" +.pp +In human speech, the excitation source for voiced sounds is produced by two +flaps of skin called the "vocal cords". These are blown apart by pressure from +the lungs. When they come apart the pressure is relieved, and the muscles +tensioning the skin cause the flaps to come together again. Subsequently, the +lung pressure \(em called "sub-glottal pressure" \(em builds up once more and the +process is repeated. The factors which influence the rate and nature of +vibration are muscular tension of the cords and the sub-glottal pressure. The detail +of the excitation has considerable importance to speech synthesis because it +greatly influences the apparent naturalness of the sound produced. For example, +if you have inflamed vocal cords caused by laryngitis the sound quality +changes dramatically. Old people who do not have proper muscular control over +their vocal cord tension produce a quavering sound. Shouted speech can easily +be distinguished from quiet speech even when the volume cue is absent \(em you +can verify this by fiddling with the volume control of a tape recorder \(em because +when shouting, the vocal cords stay apart for a much smaller fraction of the +pitch cycle than at normal volumes. +.rh "Voiced excitation in natural speech." +There are two basic ways to examine the shape of the excitation source in +people. One is to use a dentist's mirror and high-speed photography to observe +the vocal cords directly. Although it seems a lot to ask someone to speak +naturally with a mirror stuck down the back of his throat, the method has been +used and photographs can be found, for example, in Flanagan (1972). +.[ +Flanagan 1972 Speech analysis synthesis and perception +.] +The second +technique is to process the acoustic waveform digitally, identifying the +formant positions and deducting the formant contributions from the waveform by +filtering. This leaves the basic excitation waveform, which can then be +displayed. Such techniques lead to excitation shapes like those sketched in +Figure 5.2, in which the gradual opening and abrupt closure of the vocal cords +can easily be seen. +.FC "Figure 5.2" +.pp +It is a fact that if a periodic function has one or more discontinuities, its frequency +spectrum will decay at sufficiently high frequencies at the rate of 6\ dB/octave. +For example, the components of the square wave +.LB +$ +g(t) ~~ = ~~ mark 0 +$ for $ +0 <= t < h +$ +.br +$ +lineup 1 +$ for $ +h <= t < b +$ +.LE +can be calculated from the Fourier series +.LB +.EQ +G(r) ~~ = ~~ 1 over b ~ integral from 0 to b ~g(t)~e sup {-j2 pi rt/b} ~dt +~~ = ~~ j over {2 pi r} ~e sup {-j2 pi rh/b} , +.EN +.LE +so $|G(r)|$ is proportional to $1/r$, and the change in one octave is +.LB +.EQ +20~log sub 10 ~ |G(2r)| over |G(r)| +~~=~~20~log sub 10 ~ 1 over 2 +~~ = ~ +.EN +\-6\ dB. +.LE +However, if the discontinuities are ones of slope only, then the asymptotic decay +at high frequencies is 12\ dB/octave. Thus the glottal excitation of Figure 5.2 +will decay at this rate. +Note that it is not the +.ul +number +but the +.ul +type +of discontinuities which are important in determining the asymptotic spectral +trend. +.rh "Voiced excitation in synthetic speech." +There are several ways that glottal excitation can be simulated in a synthesizer, +four of which are shown in Figure 5.3. +.FC "Figure 5.3" +The square pulse and the sawtooth pulse +both exhibit discontinuities, and so will have the wrong asymptotic rate of +decay (6\ dB/octave instead of 12\ dB/octave). A better bet is the triangular +pulse. This has the correct decay, for there are only discontinuities of slope. +However, although the asymptotic rate of decay is of first importance, the fine +structure of the frequency spectrum at the lower end is also significant, and +the fact that there are two discontinuities of slope instead of just one in the +natural waveform means that the spectra cannot match closely. +.pp +Rosenberg (1971) has investigated several different shapes using listening +tests, and he found that the polynomial approximation sketched in Figure 5.3 +was preferred by listeners. +.[ +Rosenberg 1971 +.] +This has one slope discontinuity, and comprises +three sections: +.LB +$g(t) ~~ = ~~ 0$ for $0 <= t < t sub 1$ (flat during the period of closure) +.sp +$g(t) ~~ = ~~ A~ u sup 2 (3 - 2u) $, where +$u ~=~ {t-t sub 1} over {t sub 2 -t sub 1} $ , for +$t sub 1 <= t < t sub 2$ (opening phase) +.sp +.sp +$g(t) ~~ = ~~ A~ (1 - v sup 2 )$, where +$v ~=~ {t-t sub 2} over {b-t sub 2} $ , for +$t sub 2 <= t < b$ (closing phase). +.LE +It is easy to see that the joins between the first and second section, and +between the second and third section, are smooth; but that the slope of the third +section at the end of the cycle when $t=b$ is +.LB +.EQ +dg over dt ~~ = ~~ -~ 2A. +.EN +.LE +$A$ is the maximum amplitude of the pulse, and is reached when $t=t sub 2$. +.pp +A much simpler glottal pulse shape to implement is the filtered impulse. +Passing an impulse through a filter with characteristic +.LB +.EQ +1 over {(1+sT) sup 2} +.EN +.LE +imparts a 12\ dB/octave decay after frequency $1/T$. This gives a pulse shape of +.LB +.EQ +g(t) ~~ = ~~ A~ t over T ~e sup {1-t/T} , +.EN +.LE +which is sketched in Figure 5.4. +.FC "Figure 5.4" +The pulse is the wrong way round in time +when compared with the desired one; but this is not important under most +listening conditions because phase differences are not noticeable (this +point is discussed further below). +The maximum is reached when $t=T$ and has +height $A$. The value zero is never actually attained, for the decay to it +is asymptotic, and if the slight discontinuity between pulses shown in the +Figure is left, the asymptotic rate of decay of the frequency spectrum will +be 6\ dB/octave rather than 12\ dB/octave. However, in a real implementation +involving filtering an impulse there will be no such discontinuity, for the +next pulse will start off where the last one ended. +.pp +This seems to be an attractive scheme because of its simplicity, +and indeed is sometimes used in speech synthesis. However, it does not have +the right properties when the pitch is varied, for in real glottal +waveforms the maximum occurs at a fixed +.ul +fraction +of the period, whereas the filtered impulse's maximum is at a fixed time, $T$. +If $T$ is chosen to make the system correct at high pitch frequencies (say +400\ Hz), then the pulse will be much too narrow at low pitches and sound rather +harsh. The only solution is to vary the filter parameters with the pitch, +leading to complexity again. +.pp +Holmes (1973) has made an extensive study of the effect of the glottal +waveshape on the naturalness of high-quality synthesized speech. +.[ +Holmes 1973 Influence of glottal waveform on naturalness +.] +He employed a rather special speech synthesizer, which provides far more +comprehensive and sophisticated control than most. It was driven by parameters +which were extracted from natural utterances by hand \(em but the process of +generating and tuning them took many months of a skilled person's time. +By using the pulse shape +extracted from the natural utterance, he found that synthetic and natural +versions could actually be made indistinguishable to most people, even under high-quality +listening conditions using headphones. Performance dropped quite drastically +when one of Rosenberg's pulse shapes, similar to the three-section one given +above, was used. Holmes also investigated phase effects and found that whilst +different pulse shapes with identical frequency spectra could easily be +distinguished when listening over headphones, there was no perceptible difference +if the listener was placed at a comfortable distance from a loudspeaker in +a room. This is attributable to the fact that the room itself imposes a +complex modification to the phase characteristics of the speech signal. +.pp +Although a great deal of care must be taken with the glottal pulse shape for very +high-quality synthetic speech, for speech synthesized by rule from a written +representation the degradation which stems from incorrect control of the +synthesizer parameters is much greater than that caused by using a slightly +inferior glottal pulse. The triangular pulse illustrated in Figure 5.3 +has been found quite satisfactory for speech synthesis by rule. +.rh "Unvoiced excitation." +Speech quality is much less sensitive to the characteristics of the unvoiced +excitation. Broadband white noise will serve admirably. It is quite +acceptable to generate this digitally, using a pseudo-random feedback shift +register. This gives a bit sequence whose autocorrelation is zero except at +multiples of the repetition length. The repetition length +can easily be made as long as the number of states in the shift +register (less one) \(em in this case, the configuration is called +"maximal length" (Gaines, 1969). +.[ +Gaines 1969 Stochastic computing advances in information science +.] +For example, an 18-bit maximal-length shift register will repeat +every $2 sup 18 -1$ cycles. If the bit-stream is used as a source of analogue +noise, the autocorrelation function will have triangular parts whose width is +twice the clock period, as shown in Figure 5.5. +.FC "Figure 5.5" +According to a well-known +result (the Weiner-Kinchine theorem; see for example Chirlian, 1973) +the power density of the frequency +spectrum is the same as the Fourier transform of the autocorrelation function. +.[ +Chirlian 1973 +.] +Since the feedback shift register gives a periodic autocorrelation function, +its transform is a Fourier series. The $r$'th frequency component is +.LB +.EQ +G(r) ~~ = ~~ {R sup 2} over {4 pi sup 2 r sup 2 T} +~(1~-~~cos~{{2 pi rT} over R}) ~ . +.EN +.LE +Here, $T$ is the clock period and $R=(2 sup N -1)T$ is the repetition time of +an $N$-bit shift register. +.pp +The spectrum is a bar spectrum, with components spaced +at +.LB +$ +{1 over R}~~=~~{1 over {(2 sup N -1)T}}$ Hz. +.LE +These are very close together \(em with $N=18$ and +sampling at 20\ kHz (50\ $mu$sec) +the spacing becomes under 0.1\ Hz \(em and so it is reasonable to treat the +spectrum as continuous, with +.LB +.EQ +G(f) ~~ = ~~ 1 over {4 pi sup 2 f sup 2 T}~~(1~-~cos 2 pi fT) . +.EN +.LE +This spectrum is sketched in Figure 5.6(a), and the measured result of an actual +implementation in Figure 5.6(b). +.FC "Figure 5.6" +The 3\ dB point occurs when +.LB +.EQ +{G(f) over G(0)} ~~=~~{1 over 2} ~ , +.EN +.LE +and $G(0)$ is $T/2$. Hence, at the 3\ dB point, +.LB +.EQ +{1~-~cos 2 pi fT} over {2 pi sup 2 f sup 2 T sup 2} +~~ = ~~ 1 over 2 ~ , +.EN +.LE +which has solution $f=0.45/T$. +Thus a pseudo-random shift register generates +noise whose spectrum is substantially flat up to half the clock frequency. +Anything over 10\ kHz is therefore a suitable clocking rate for speech-quality +noise. Choose 20\ kHz to err on the conservative side. If the repetition occurs +in less than 3 or 4 seconds, it can be heard quite clearly; but above this figure +it is not noticeable. An 18-bit shift register clocked at 20\ kHz repeats +every $(2 sup 18 -1)/20000 ~ = ~ 13$ seconds, which is more than adequate. +.sh "5.3 Simulating vocal tract resonances" +.pp +The vocal tract, from glottis to lips, can be modelled as an unconstricted +tube of varying cross-section with no side branches and no sub-glottal coupling. +This has an all-pole transfer function, which can be written in the form +.LB +.EQ +H(s) ~~ = ~~ +{w sub 1 sup 2} over {s sup 2 ~+~ b sub 1 s ~+~ w sub 1 sup 2} +~.~{w sub 2 sup 2} over {s sup 2 ~+~ b sub 2 s ~+~ w sub 2 sup 2} ~~ .~ .~ . +.EN +.LE +There is an unspecified (conceptually infinite) number of terms in the +product. Each of them produces a peak in the energy spectrum, +and these are the formants we observed in Chapter 2. +.pp +Formants appear even in an over-simplified +model of the tract as a tube of uniform cross-section, with a sound source +at one end (the larynx) and open at the other (the lips). +This extremely crude model was discussed in Chapter 2, and surprisingly, +perhaps, it gives a good approximation to the observed formant frequencies +for a neutral, relaxed vowel such as that in +.ul +"a\c +bove". +.pp +Speech is made by varying the postures of the various organs of the vocal tract. +Different vowels, for example, result largely from different tongue positions +and lip postures. Naturally, such physical changes alter the frequencies of the +resonances, and successful automatic speech synthesis depends upon +successful movement of the formants. Fortunately, only the first three or +four resonances need to be altered even for extremely realistic synthesis, and +virtually all existing synthesizers provide control over these formants only. +.rh "Analysis of a single formant." +Each formant is modelled as a second-order resonance, with transfer function +.LB +.EQ +H(s) ~~ = ~~ {w sub c sup 2} over {s sup 2 ~+~ b s ~+~ w sub c sup 2} ~ . +.EN +.LE +As will be shown below, $w sub c$ is the nominal resonant frequency in +radians/s, and $b$ is the +approximate 3\ dB bandwidth of the resonance. The term $w sub c sup 2$ in the +numerator adjusts the gain to be unity at DC ($s=0$). +.pp +To calculate the frequency response of the formant, write $s=jw$. Then the +energy spectrum is +.LB +.EQ +|H(jw)| sup 2 ~~ mark = ~~ +{w sub c sup 4} over {(w sup 2 - w sub c sup 2 ) sup 2 ~+~ b sup 2 w sup 2} +.EN +.sp +.sp +.EQ +lineup = ~~ +{w sub c sup 4} over +{[w sup 2 ~-~(w sub c sup 2 -~ {b sup 2} over 2 )] sup 2 ~~ ++~~b sup 2 (w sub c sup 2~-~{{b sup 2} over 4})} ~ . +.EN +.sp +.LE +This reaches a maximum when the squared term in the denominator of the second +expression is zero, namely when $w=(w sub c sup 2 ~-~ b sup 2 /2) sup 1/2$. +However, +formant bandwidths are low compared with their centre frequencies, and so to +a good approximation the peak occurs +at $w=w sub c$ and is of amplitude $w sub c /b$, that +is, $10~log sub 10 w sub c /b$\ dB above the DC gain. +At frequencies higher than the peak the energy falls off as $1/w sup 4$, +a factor of 1/16 for each doubling +in frequency, and so the asymptotic decay is 12\ dB/octave. +.pp +At the points which are 3\ dB below the peak, +.LB +.EQ +|H(jw sub 3dB )| sup 2 ~~ = ~~ +1 over 2 ~|H(jw sub max )| sup 2 ~~ = ~~ +1 over 2 ~ times ~ {w sub c sup 2} over {b sup 2} ~ , +.EN +.LE +and it is easy to show that +this is satisfied by $w sub 3dB ~ = ~ w sub c ~ +- ~ b/2$ to a +good approximation (neglecting higher powers of $b/w sub c )$. Figure 5.7 +summarizes the shape of an individual formant resonance. +.FC "Figure 5.7" +.pp +The bandwidth of a formant is fairly constant, regardless of the formant +frequency. This makes the formant filter a slightly unusual one: most +engineering applications which use variable-frequency resonances require +the bandwidth to be a constant proportion of the resonant +frequency \(em the ratio +$w sub c /b$, often called the "$Q$" of the filter, is to be constant. +For formants, we wish the Q to increase linearly with resonant frequency. +Since the amplitude gain of the formant at resonance is $w sub c /b$, +this peak gain increases as the formant frequency is increased. +.pp +Although it is easy to measure formant frequencies on a spectrogram +(cf Chapter 2), +it is not so easy to measure bandwidths accurately. One rather unusual method +was reported by van den Berg (1955), who took a subject who had had a partial +laryngectomy, an operation which left an opening into the vocal tract near +the larynx position. Into this he inserted a sound source and made a +swept-frequency calibration of the vocal tract! +.[ +Berg van den 1955 +.] +Almost as bizarre is a +technique which involves setting off a spark inside the mouth of a subject +as he holds his articulators in a given position. +.pp +The results of several different kinds of experiment are reported by Dunn (1961), +and are summarized in Table 5.1, along with the formant frequency ranges. +.[ +Dunn 1961 +.] +.RF +.in+0.5i +.ta 1.7i +2.5i +.nr x1 (\w'range of formant'/2) +.nr x2 (\w'range of bandwidths'/2) + \h'-\n(x1u'range of formant \h'-\n(x2u'range of bandwidths +.nr x1 (\w'frequencies (Hz)'/2) +.nr x2 (\w'as measured in different'/2) + \h'-\n(x1u'frequencies (Hz) \h'-\n(x2u'as measured in different +.nr x1 (\w'experiments (Hz)'/2) + \h'-\n(x1u'experiments (Hz) +.nr x1 (\w'0000 \- 0000'/2) +.nr x2 (\w'000 \- 000'/2) +.nr x0 2.5i+(\w'range of formant'/2)+(\w'as measured in different'/2) +.nr x3 (\w'range of formant'/2) + \h'-\n(x3u'\l'\n(x0u\(ul' +.sp +formant 1 \h'-\n(x1u'\0100 \- 1100 \h'-\n(x2u'\045 \- 130 +formant 2 \h'-\n(x1u'\0500 \- 2500 \h'-\n(x2u'\050 \- 190 +formant 3 \h'-\n(x1u'1500 \- 3500 \h'-\n(x2u'\070 \- 260 + \h'-\n(x3u'\l'\n(x0u\(ul' +.ta 0.8i +0.8i +0.8i +0.8i +0.8i +0.8i +0.8i +0.8i +0.8i +0.8i +0.8i +0.8i +.in-0.5i +.MT 2 +Table 5.1 Different estimates of formant bandwidths, with range of +formant frequencies for reference +.TE +Note that the bandwidths really are narrow compared with the resonant frequencies +of the filters, except at the lower end of the formant 1 range. Choosing the +lowest bandwidth estimate leads to an amplification factor at resonance of 50 for formant 2 +when its frequency is at the top of its range; and formant 3 happens to give +the same value. +.rh "Series synthesizers." +The simplest realization of the vocal tract filter is a chain of formant +filters in series, as illustrated in Figure 5.8. +.FC "Figure 5.8" +This leads to particular difficulties if the frequencies of two formants +stray close together. The worst case occurs if formants 2 and 3 have the +same resonant frequencies, at the top of the range of formant 2, namely 2500\ Hz. +In this case, and if the bandwidths of the formants are set to the lowest +estimates, a combined amplification factor +of $(2500/50) times (2500/70)=1800$ is +obtained at the point of resonance \(em that is, +65\ dB above the DC value. This is enough +to tax most analogue implementations, and can evoke clipping in the formant +filters, with a very noticeable effect on speech quality. This +extreme case will not occur during synthesis of realistic speech, for +although the formant +.ul +ranges +overlap, the values for any particular (human) sound will not coincide exactly. However, +it illustrates the difficulty of designing a series synthesizer which copes +sensibly with arbitrary parameter settings, and explains why designers often +choose formant bandwidths in the top half of the ranges given in Table 5.1. +.pp +The problem of excessive amplification within a series synthesizer can be +alleviated to a small extent by choosing carefully the order in which the +filters are placed in the chain. In a linear system, of course, the order in +which the components occur does not matter. +In physical implementations, however, it is advantageous to minimize extreme +amplification at intermediate points. By placing the formant 1 filter between +formants 2 and 3, the formant 2 resonance is attenuated somewhat before it +reaches formant 3. Continuing with the extreme example above, where both +formants 2 and 3 were set to 2500\ Hz; assume that formant 1 is at its +nominal value of 500\ Hz. It provides attenuation at approximately 12\ dB/octave +above this, and so at the formant 2 peak, 2.3\ octaves higher, the attenuation +is 28\ dB. Thus the gain at 2500\ Hz, +which is $20 ~ log sub 10 ~ 2500/50 ~ = ~ 34$\ dB after +passing through the formant 2 filter, is reduced to 6\ dB by formant 1, only +to be increased by $20 ~ log sub 10 ~ 2500/70 ~ = ~ 31$\ dB to +a value of 37\ dB by formant 3. +This avoids the extreme 65\ dB gain of formants 2 and 3 combined. +.pp +Figure 5.8 shows only three formant filters modelled explicitly. +The effect of the rest \(em and they do have an effect, although it is small +at low frequencies \(em is +incorporated by lumping them together into the "higher-formant correction" filter. +To calculate the characteristics of this filter, assume that the lumped +formants have the values given by the simple uniform-tube model of Chapter 2, +namely 3500\ Hz for formant 4, 4500\ Hz for formant 5, and, in general, +$500(2n-1)$\ Hz for formant $n$. The effect of each of these on the spectrum is +.LB +.EQ +10~ log sub 10 {w sub n sup 4} over {(w sup 2 ~-~w sub n sup 2 ) sup 2 +~~+~~b sub n sup 2 w sup 2} +~~ = ~~ -~ 10~ log sub 10 ~[(1~-~~{{w sup 2} over {w sub n sup 2}}) sup 2 +~~+~~ {{b sub n sup 2 w sup 2} over {w sub n sup 4}}] +.EN +dB, +.LE +following from what was calculated above. +We will have to approximate this by assuming that +$b sub n sup 2 /w sub n sup 2$ is +negligible \(em this is quite reasonable for these higher formants because +Table 5.1 shows that the bandwidth does not increase in proportion to the +formant frequency range \(em and approximate the logarithm by the first +term of its series expansion: +.LB +.EQ +-10 ~ log sub 10 ~ (1~-~~{{w sup 2} over {w sub n sup 2}}) sup 2 +~~ = ~~ -20~ log sub 10 ~ e ~ log sub e +(1~-~~{{w sup 2} over {w sub n sup 2}}) +~~ = ~~ 20~ log sub 10 ~ e ~ times ~ {w sup 2} over {w sub n sup 2} ~ . +.EN +.LE +.pp +Now the total effect of formants 4, 5, ... at frequency $f$\ Hz (as distinct +from $w$\ radians/s) is +.LB +.EQ +20~ log sub 10 ~ e ~ times ~ sum from n=4 to infinity +~{{f sup 2} over {500 sup 2 (2n-1) sup 2}} ~ . +.EN +.LE +This expression is +.LB +.EQ +20~ log sub 10 ~ e ~ times ~ +{{f sup 2} over {500 sup 2}}~~(~sum from n=1 to infinity +~{1 over {(2n-1) sup 2}} ~~-~~ sum from n=1 to 3 ~{1 over {(2n-1) sup 2}}~) +~ . +.EN +.LE +The infinite sum can actually be calculated in closed form, and is equal +to $pi sup 2 /8$. Hence the total correction is +.LB +.EQ +20~ log sub 10 ~ e ~ times {{f sup 2} over {500 sup 2}} +~~(~{pi sup 2} over 8 ~~-~~ sum from n=1 to 3 ~{1 over {(2n-1) sup 2}}~) +~~ = ~~ 2.87 times 10 sup -6 f sup 2 +.EN +dB. +.LE +.pp +Although this may at first seem to be a rather small correction, +it is in fact 72\ dB when +$f=5$\ kHz! On further reflection this is not an unreasonable figure, for the +12\ dB/octave decays contributed by formants 1, 2, and 3 must all be annihilated +by the higher-formant correction to give an overall flat spectral trend. +In fact, formant 1 will contribute +12\ dB/octave from 500\ Hz (3.3\ octaves to 5\ kHz, representing 40\ dB); formant +2 will contribute 12\ dB/octave from 1500\ Hz (1.7\ octaves to 5\ kHz, representing +21\ dB); and formant 3 will contribute 12\ dB/octave from 2500\ Hz (1\ octave to 5\ kHz, +representing 12\ dB). +These sum to 73\ dB. +.pp +If the first five formants are synthesized explicitly instead of just the +first three, the correction is +.LB +.EQ +20~ log sub 10 ~ e ~ times ~ {{f sup 2} over {500 sup 2}} +~~(~{pi sup 2} over 8 ~-~~ sum from n=1 to 5 ~{1 over {(2n-1) sup 2}}~) +~~ = ~~ 1.73 times 10 sup -6 f sup 2 +.EN +dB, +.LE +giving a rather more reasonable value of 43\ dB when $f=5$\ kHz. In actual +implementations, fixed filters are sometimes included explicitly for +formants 4 and 5. Although this lowers the gain of the higher-formant +correction filter, the total amplification at 5\ kHz of the combined correction +is still 72\ dB. If one is less demanding and aims for a synthesizer that +produces a correct spectrum only up to 3.5\ kHz, it is 35\ dB. +This places quite stringent requirements on the preceding formant filters if +the stray noise that they generate internally is not to be amplified to +perceptible magnitudes by the correction filter at high frequencies. +.pp +Explicit inclusion of fixed filters for formants 4 and 5 undoubtedly improves +the accuracy of the higher-formant correction. Recall that the above derivation +of the correction filter characteristic used the first-order approximation +.LB +.EQ +log sub e (1~-~{{w sup 2} over {w sub n sup 2}}) +~~ = ~~ -~ {w sup 2} over {w sub n sup 2} ~ , +.EN +.LE +which is only valid if $w << w sub n$. +Thus it only holds at frequencies less than +the highest explicitly synthesized formant, +and so with formants 4 (3.5\ kHz) and +5 (4.5\ kHz) included a reasonable correction should be obtained for +telephone-quality speech. However, detailed analysis with a second-order +approximation shows that the coefficient of the neglected term is in fact +small (Fant, 1960). +.[ +Fant 1960 Acoustic theory of speech production +.] +A second, perhaps more compelling, reason for explicitly +including a couple of fixed formants is that the otherwise enormous amplification +provided by the correction can be distributed throughout the formant chain. +We saw earlier why there is reason to prefer the +order F3\(emF1\(emF2 over F1\(emF2\(emF3. +With explicit formants 4 and 5, a suitable order which helps +to keep the amplification at intermediate points in the chain within reasonable +bounds is F3\(emF5\(emF2\(emF4\(emF1. +.rh "Parallel synthesizers." +A series synthesizer models the vocal tract resonances by a chain of formant +filters in series. A parallel synthesizer utilizes a parallel connection of +filters as illustrated in Figure 5.9. +.FC "Figure 5.9" +.pp +Consider a parallel combination of two formants with individually-controllable +amplitudes. The combined transfer function is +.LB +.EQ +H(s) ~~ mark = ~~ {A sub 1 w sub 1 sup 2} over +{s sup 2 ~+~ b sub 1 s ~+~ w sub 1 sup 2} +~~+~~{A sub 2 w sub 2 sup 2} over {s sup 2 ~+~ b sub 2 s ~+~ w sub 2 sup 2} +.EN +.sp +.sp +.EQ +lineup = ~~ { (A sub 1 w sub 1 sup 2 + A sub 2 w sub 2 sup 2 )s sup 2 +~+~(A sub 1 b sub 2 w sub 1 sup 2 + A sub 2 b sub 1 w sub 2 sup 2 )s +~+~ (A sub 1 +A sub 2 )w sub 1 sup 2 w sub 2 sup 2 } +over +{ (s sup 2 ~+~b sub 1 s~+~w sub 1 sup 2 ) +(s sup 2 ~+~b sub 2 s~+~w sub 2 sup 2 ) } +.EN +.LE +If the formant bandwidths $b sub 1$ and $b sub 2$ +are equal and the amplitudes are +chosen as +.LB +.EQ +A sub 1 ~~=~~ {w sub 2 sup 2} over {w sub 2 sup 2 -w sub 1 sup 2} +~~~~~~~~ +A sub 2 ~~=~~-~ {w sub 1 sup 2} over {w sub 2 sup 2 -w sub 1 sup 2} ~ , +.EN +.LE +then the transfer function becomes the same as that of a two-formant series synthesizer, +namely +.LB +.EQ +H(s) ~~ = ~~ {w sub 1 sup 2} over {s sup 2 ~+~ b sub 1 s ~+~ w sub 1 sup 2} +~ . ~{w sub 2 sup 2} over {s sup 2 ~+~ b sub 2 s ~+~ w sub 2 sup 2} ~ . +.EN +.LE +The argument can be extended to any number of formants, under the assumption +that the formant bandwidths are equal. Note that the signs of $A sub 1$ +and $A sub 2$ +differ: in general the formant amplitudes for a parallel synthesizer alternate +in sign. +.pp +In theory, therefore, it would be possible to use five parallel formants to +model a five-formant series synthesizer exactly. Then the same higher-formant +correction filter would be needed for the parallel synthesizer as for the +series one. If the formant amplitudes were set slightly incorrectly, however, +the five filters would not combine to give a total of 60\ dB/octave high-frequency +decay above the resonances. It is easy to see this in the context of the +simplified two-formant combination above: if the amplitudes were not chosen +exactly right then the $s sup 2$ +term in the numerator would not be quite zero. +Then, the decay in the two-formant combination would be \-12\ dB/octave instead +of \-24\ dB/octave, and in the five-formant case the decay would in fact still be +\-12\ dB/octave. Advantage can be taken of this to equalize the levels +within the synthesizer so that large amplitude variations do not occur. +This can best be done by associating relatively low-gain fixed correction filters +with each formant instead of providing one comprehensive correction to the +combined spectrum: these are shown in Figure 5.9. +Suitable correction filters +have been determined empirically by Holmes (1972). +.[ +Holmes 1972 Speech synthesis +.] +They provide a 6\ dB/octave +lift above 640\ Hz for formant 1, and 6\ dB/octave lift above 300\ Hz for formant +2. Formants 3 and 4 are uncorrected, whilst for formant 5 the correction begins +as a 6\ dB/octave decay above 600\ Hz and increases to an 18\ dB/octave decay +above 5.5\ kHz. +.pp +The disadvantage of a parallel synthesizer is that the amplitudes of the +formants must be specified as well as their frequencies. (Furthermore, the +formant bandwidths should all be equal, but they are often chosen to be such +in series synthesizers because of the uncertainty as to their exact +values.) However, the extra amplitude parameters clearly give greater +control over the frequency spectrum of the synthesized speech. +.pp +A good example of how this extra control can usefully be exploited is the +synthesis of nasal sounds. +Nasalization introduces a cavity parallel to the oral tract, as illustrated +in Figure 5.10, and this causes zeros in the transfer function. +.FC "Figure 5.10" +It is as if two different copies of the vocal tract transfer function, one for +the oral and the other for the nasal passage, were added +together. We have seen the effect of this above when considering parallel +synthesis. The combination +.LB +.EQ +H(s) ~~ = ~~ {A sub 1 w sub o sup 2} over +{s sup 2 ~+~ b sub o s ~+~ w sub o sup 2} +~~+~~{A sub 2 w sub n sup 2} +over {s sup 2 ~+~ b sub n s ~+~ w sub n sup 2} ~ , +.EN +.LE +where the subscript "$o$" stands for oral and "$n$" for nasal, +produces zeros in the +numerator (unless the amplitudes are carefully adjusted to avoid them). +These cannot be modelled by a series synthesizer, but they obviously can be +by a parallel one. +.pp +Although they are certainly needed for accurate imitation of human speech, +transfer function zeros to simulate nasal sounds are not essential for +synthesis of intelligible English. It is not difficult to get a sound +like a nasal consonant +(\c +.ul +n, +or +.ul +m\c +) +with an all-pole synthesizer. +Nevertheless, it is certainly true that a parallel synthesizer gives better +.ul +potential +control over the spectrum than a series one. Whether the added flexibility +can be used properly by a synthesis-by-rule computer program is another matter. +.rh "Implementation of formant filters." +Formant filters can be built in either analogue or digital form. A +second-order resonance is needed, whose centre frequency can be controlled +but whose bandwidth is fixed. If the control can be arranged as two +tracking resistors, then the simple analogue configuration of Figure 5.11, +with two operational amplifiers, will suffice. +.FC "Figure 5.11" +.pp +The transfer function of this arrangement is +.LB +.EQ +- ~~ { 1/C sub 1 R sub 1 C sub 2 R sub 2 } over +{ s sup 2 ~~+~~ {1 over {C sub 2 R sub 2}}~s +~~+~~{1 over {C sub 1 R' sub 1 C sub 2 R sub 2 }}} ~ , +.EN +.LE +which characterizes it as a low-pass resonator with DC gain +of $- R' sub 1 /R sub 1 $, bandwidth of $1/2 pi C sub 2 R sub 2$\ Hz, and +centre frequency of $1/2 pi (C sub 1 R' sub 1 C sub 2 R sub 2 ) sup 1/2$\ Hz. +Tracking $R' sub 1$ with $R sub 1$ ensures that the DC gain remains constant, +and that the centre frequency follows $R sub 1 sup -1/2$. Moreover, +neither is especially sensitive to slight departures from exact tracking +of $R' sub 1$ with $R sub 1$. +Such a filter has been used in a simple hand-controlled speech synthesizer, +built for demonstration and amusement (Witten and Madams, 1978). +.[ +Witten Madams 1978 Chatterbox +.] +However, the need for tracking resistors, and the inverse square root variation +of the formant frequency with $R sub 1$, makes it rather unsuitable for serious +applications. +.pp +A better analogue filter is the ring-of-three configuration +shown in Figure 5.12. +.FC "Figure 5.12" +(Ignore the secondary output for now.) Control +is achieved over the centre frequency by two multipliers, driven from +the same control input $k$. These have a high-impedance output, producing a +current $kx$ if the input voltage is $x$. +It is not too difficult to show that the transfer function of the circuit is +.LB +.EQ +- ~~ { {k sup 2} over {C sup 2} } over +{ s sup 2 ~~+~~ 2 over RC ~s +~~+~~{1+k sup 2 R sup 2} over {R sup 2 C sup 2} } ~ . +.EN +.LE +Suppose that $R$ is chosen so that $k sup 2 R sup 2 ~ >>~ 1$. Then this is a +unity-gain resonator with constant bandwidth $1/ pi RC$\ Hz and centre +frequency $k/2 pi C$\ Hz. Note that it is the combination of both multipliers that +makes the centre frequency grow linearly with $k$: with one multiplier there +would be a square-root relationship. +.pp +The ring-of-three filter of Figure 5.12 is arranged in a slightly unusual +way, with an inverting stage at the beginning and the two resonant stages +following it. This ensures that the signal level at intermediate +points in the filter does not exceed that at the output, and gives the filter +the best chance of coping with a wide range of input amplitudes without +clipping. This contrasts markedly with the resonator of Figure 5.11, where +the voltage at the output of the first integrator is $w/b$ times the final output \(em a +factor of 50 in the worst case. +.pp +For a digital implementation of a formant, consider the recurrence relation +.LB +.EQ +y(n)~ = ~~ a sub 1 y(n-1) ~-~ a sub 2 y(n-2) ~+~ a sub 0 x(n) , +.EN +.LE +where $x(n)$ is the input and $y(n)$ the output at time $n$, +$y(n-1)$ and $y(n-2)$ are the previous two values of the output, +and $a sub 0$, $a sub 1$, and $a sub 2$ are (real) constants. +The minus sign is in front of the second term because it makes $a sub 2$ +turn out to be +positive. To calculate the $z$-transform version of this relationship, multiply +through by $z sup -n$ and sum from $n=- infinity$ to $infinity$ : +.LB "nn" +.EQ +sum from {n=- infinity} to infinity ~y(n)z sup -n ~~ mark =~~ +a sub 1 sum from {n=- infinity} to infinity ~y(n-1)z sup -n ~~-~ +a sub 2 sum from {n=- infinity} to infinity ~y(n-2)z sup -n ~~+~ +a sub 0 sum from {n=- infinity} to infinity ~x(n)z sup -n +.EN +.sp +.EQ +lineup = ~~ a sub 1 z sup -1 ~ sum ~y(n-1)z sup -(n-1) ~~-~~ +a sub 2 z sup -2 ~ sum ~y(n-2)z sup -(n-2) +~~+~~ a sub 0 ~ sum ~x(n)x sup -n ~ . +.EN +.LE "nn" +Writing this in terms of $z$-transforms, +.LB +.EQ +Y(z)~ = ~~ a sub 1 z sup -1 Y(z) ~-~ a sub 2 z sup -2 Y(z) ~+~ a sub 0 X(z) . +.EN +.LE +Thus the input-output transfer function of the system is +.LB +.EQ +H(z)~ = ~~ Y(z) over X(z) +~~=~~ {a sub 0 } over {1~-~a sub 1 z sup -1 ~+~a sub 2 z sup -2} ~ . +.EN +.LE +.pp +We learned in the previous chapter that the frequency response is obtained +from the $z$-transform of a system by replacing $z sup -1$ +by $e sup {-j2 pi fT}$, where $f$ is the frequency variable in\ Hz. +Hence the amplitude response of the digital formant filter is +.LB +.EQ +|H(e sup {j2 pi fT} )| sup 2 +~~ = ~~ left [ {a sub 0} over {1~-~a sub 1 e sup {-j2 pi fT} +~+~a sub 2 e sup {-j4 pi fT} } ~ right ] sup 2 ~ . +.EN +.sp +.LE +It is fairly obvious from this that a DC gain of 1 is obtained if +.LB +.EQ +a sub 0 ~ = ~~ 1 ~-~ a sub 1 ~+~ a sub 2 , +.EN +.LE +for $e sup {-j2 pi fT}$ is 1 at a frequency of 0\ Hz. Some manipulation is +required to show that, under the usual assumption that the bandwidth is +small, the centre frequency is +.LB +.EQ +1 over {2 pi T} ~~ cos sup -1 ~ {a sub 1} over {2 a sub 2 sup 1/2} ~ +.EN +Hz. +.LE +Furthermore, the 3\ dB bandwidth of the resonance is given approximately by +.LB +.EQ +-~ 1 over {2 pi T} ~~ log sub e a sub 2 ~ +.EN +Hz. +.LE +.pp +As an example, Figure 5.13 shows an amplitude response for this digital filter. +.FC "Figure 5.13" +The parameters $a sub 0$, $a sub 1$ and $a sub 2$ +were generated from the above +relationships for a sampling frequency of 8\ kHz, centre frequency of 1\ kHz, +and bandwidth of 75\ Hz. +It exhibits a peak of approximately the right bandwidth at the correct +frequency, 1\ kHz. Note that the response is flat at half the sampling +frequency, for the frequency response from 4\ kHz to 8\ kHz is just a reflection of +that up to 4\ kHz. +This contrasts sharply with that of an analogue formant filter, also shown +in Figure 5.13, which slopes +at \-12\ dB/octave at frequencies above resonance. +.pp +The behaviour of a digital formant filter at frequencies above +resonance actually makes it preferable to an analogue implementation. +We saw earlier that considerable trouble must be taken with the latter to +compensate for the cumulative effect of \-12\ dB/octave at higher frequencies for +each of the formants. +This is not necessary with digital implementations, for the response of +a digital formant filter is flat at half the sampling frequency. In fact, further +study shows that digital synthesizers without any higher-pole correction +give a closer approximation to the vocal tract than analogue ones with higher-pole +correction (Gold and Rabiner, 1968). +.[ +Gold Rabiner 1968 Analysis of digital and analogue formant synthesizers +.] +.rh "Time-domain methods." +An interesting alternative to frequency-domain speech synthesis is to construct +the formants in the time domain. When a second-order resonance is excited by +an impulse, an exponentially decaying sinusoid is produced, as illustrated by +Figure 5.14. +.FC "Figure 5.14" +The oscillation occurs at the resonant frequency of the filter, +while the decay is related to the bandwidth. In fact, if the formant filter +has transfer function +.LB +.EQ +{w sup 2} over {s sup 2 ~+~ b s ~+~ w sup 2} ~ , +.EN +.LE +the time waveform for impulsive excitation is +.LB +.EQ +x(t)~ = ~~ w~ e sup -bt/2 ~ sin ~ wt ~~~~~~~~ +.EN +(neglecting $b sup 2 /w sup 2$). +.LE +It is the combination of several such time waveforms, coupled with the regular +reappearance of excitation at the pitch period, that produces the characteristic +wiggly waveform of voiced speech. +.pp +Now suppose we take a sine wave of frequency $w$ and multiply it by a +decaying exponential $e sup -bt/2$. This gives a signal +.LB +.EQ +x(t)~ = ~~ e sup -bt/2 ~ sin ~ wt , +.EN +.LE +which is identical with the filtered impulse except for a factor $w$. +If there are several formants in parallel, all with the same bandwidth, +the exponential factor is the same for each: +.LB +.EQ +x(t)~ = ~~ e sup -bt/2 ~ (A sub 1 ~ sin ~ w sub 1 t +~~+ ~~ A sub 2 ~ sin ~ w sub 2 t ~~ + ~~ A sub 3 ~ sin ~ w sub 3 t) . +.EN +.LE +$A sub 1$, $A sub 2$, and $A sub 3$ control the formant amplitudes, +as in an ordinary parallel synthesizer; +except that they need adjusting to account for the missing +factors $w sub 1$, $w sub 2$, and $w sub 3$. +.pp +A neat way of implementing such a synthesizer digitally is to store one cycle of a +sine wave in a read-only memory (ROM). Then, the formant frequencies can be +controlled by reading the ROM at different rates. For example, if twice the +basic frequency is desired, every second value should be read. +Multiplication is needed for amplitude control of each formant: this can be +accomplished by shifting the digital word (each place shifted accounts for +6\ dB of attenuation). Finally, the exponential damping factor can be +provided in analogue hardware by a single capacitor after the D/A converter. +This implementation gives a system for hardware-software synthesis which +involves an absolutely minimal amount of extra hardware apart from the computer, +and does not need hardware multiplication for real-time operation. +It could easily be made to work in real time with a microprocessor coupled +to a D/A converter, damping capacitor, and fixed tone-control filter to give +the required spectral equalization. +.pp +Because the overall spectral decay of an impulse exciting a second-order +formant filter is 12\ dB/octave, the appropriate equalization is +6\ dB/octave +lift at high frequencies, to give an overall \-6\ dB/octave spectral trend. +.pp +Note, however, that this synthesis model is an extremely basic one. Only +impulsive excitation can be accomodated. For fricatives, which we will +discuss in more detail below, a different implementation is needed. A +hardware noise generator, with a few fixed filters \(em one +for each fricative type \(em will suffice for a simple system. More damaging +is the lack of aspiration, where random noise excites the vocal tract resonances. +This cannot be simulated in the model. The +.ul +h +sound can be provided by +treating it as a fricative, and although it will not sound completely realistic, +because there will be no variation with the formant positions of adjacent phonemes, +this can be tolerated because +.ul +h +is not too important for speech intelligibility. +A bigger disadvantage is the lack of proper aspiration control for producing +unvoiced stops, which as mentioned in Chapter 2 consist of an silent phase +followed by a burst of aspiration. +Experience has shown that although it is difficult to drive such a synthesizer +from a software synthesis-by-rule system, quite intelligible output can +be obtained if parameters are derived from real speech and tweaked by hand. +Then, for each aspiration burst the most closely-matching fricative sound +can be used. +.sh "5.4 Aspiration and frication" +.pp +The model of the vocal tract as a filter which affects the frequency spectrum +of the basic voiced excitation breaks down if there are constrictions in it, +for these introduce new sound sources caused by turbulent air. +The generation of unvoiced excitation has been discussed earlier in this +chapter: now we must consider how to simulate the filtering action of +the vocal tract for unvoiced sounds. +.pp +Aspiration and frication need to be dealt with separately. The former +is caused by excitation at the vocal cords \(em the cords are held +so close together that turbulent noise is produced. +This noise passes through the same vocal tract filter that modifies voiced +sounds, and the same kind of formant structure can be observed. +All that is needed to simulate it is to replace the voiced excitation +source by white noise, as shown in the upper part of Figure 5.15. +.FC "Figure 5.15" +.pp +Speech can be whispered by substituting aspiration for voicing throughout. +Of course, there is no fundamental frequency associated with aspiration. +An interesting way of assessing informally the degradation caused by inadequate +pitch control in a speech synthesis-by-rule system is to listen to +whispered speech, in which pitch variations play no part. +.pp +Voiced and aspirative excitation are rarely produced at the same time +in natural speech (but see the discussion in Chapter 2 about breathy voice). +However, the excitation can change from one to the other quite quickly, and +when this happens there is no discontinuity in the formant structure. +.pp +Fricative, or sibilant, excitation is quite different from aspiration, +because it introduces a new sound source at a different place from the vocal +cords. The constriction which produces the sound may be at the lips, +the teeth, the hard ridge just behind the top front teeth, or further +back along the palate. +These positions each produce a different sound +(\c +.ul +f, +.ul +th, +.ul +s, +and +.ul +sh +respectively). However, smooth transitions from one of these sounds to another +do not occur in natural speech; and dynamical movement of the frequency +spectrum during a fricative is unnecessary for speech synthesis. +.pp +It is necessary, however, to be able to produce an approximation to the +noise spectrum for each of these sound types. This is commonly achieved +by a single high-pass resonance whose centre frequency can be controlled. +This is the purpose of the secondary output +of the formant filter of Figure 5.12. +Taking the output from this point gives a high-pass instead of a low-pass +resonance, and this same filter configuration is quite acceptable for +fricatives. Figure 5.15 shows the fricative sound path as a noise generator +followed by such a filter. +.pp +Unlike aspiration, fricative excitation is frequently combined with voicing. +This gives the voiced fricative sounds +.ul +v, +.ul +dh, +.ul +z, +and +.ul +zh. +It is possible to produce frication and aspiration together, and although +there are no examples of this in English, speech synthesis-by-rule +programs often use a short burst of aspiration +.ul +and +frication when simulating the opening of unvoiced stops. +Separate amplitude controls are therefore needed for voicing and frication, +but the former can be used for aspiration as well, with a "glottal excitation +type" switch to indicate aspiration rather than voicing. +.sh "5.5 Summary" +.pp +A resonance speech synthesizer consists of a vocal tract filter, excited by +either a periodic pitch pulse or aspiration noise. In addition, a set of +sibilant sounds must be provided. The vocal tract filter is dynamic, with +three controllable resonances. These, coupled with some fixed spectral +compensation, give it a fairly high order \(em about 10 complex poles are +needed. Although several different sibilant sound types must be simulated, +dynamical movement is less important in fricative sound spectra than +for voiced and aspirated sounds because +smooth transitions between one fricative and another are not important +in speech. +However, fricative timing and amplitude must be controlled rather precisely. +.pp +The speech synthesizer is controlled by several parameters. +These include fundamental frequency (if voiced), amplitude of voicing, +frequency of the first few \(em typically three \(em formants, +aspiration amplitude, sibilance amplitude, and frequency of one (or more) +sibilance filters. +Additionally, if the synthesizer is a parallel one, parameters for the +amplitudes of individual formants will need to be included. +It may be that some control over formant bandwidths is provided too. +Thus synthesizers have from eight up to about 20 parameters (Klatt, 1980, +describes one with 20 parameters). +.[ +Klatt 1980 Software for a cascade/parallel formant synthesizer +.] +.pp +The parameters are supplied to the synthesizer at regular intervals of time. +For a 10-parameter synthesizer, the control can be thought of as a set of +10 graphs, each representing the time evolution of one parameter. +They are usually called parameter +.ul +tracks, +the terminology dating from the days when a track was painted on a glass +slide for each parameter to provide dynamic control of the synthesizer +(Lawrence, 1953). +.[ +Lawrence 1953 +.] +The pitch track is often called a pitch +.ul +contour; +this is a common phonetician's usage. +Do not confuse this with the everyday meaning of "contour" +as a line joining points of equal height on a map \(em a pitch contour is +just the time evolution of the pitch frequency. +.pp +For computer-controlled synthesizers, of course, the parameter tracks +are sampled, typically every 5 to 20\ msec. +The rate is determined by the need to generate fast amplitude transitions +for nasals and stop consonants. +Contrast it with the 125\ $mu$sec sampling period needed to digitize +telephone-quality speech. +The raw data rate for a 10-parameter synthesizer updated every 10 msec +is 1,000 parameters/sec, or 6\ Kbit/s if each parameter is represented +by 6\ bits. +This is a substantial reduction over the 56\ Kbit/s needed for PCM representation. +For speech synthesis by rule (Chapter 7), these parameter tracks +are generated by a computer program from a phonetic (or English) +version of the utterance, lowering the data rate by a further one or two +orders of magnitude. +.pp +Filters for speech +synthesizers can be implemented in either analogue or digital form. +High-order filters are usually broken down into second-order sections in +parallel or in series. A third possibility, which has not been discussed +above, is to implement a single high-order filter directly. Finally, the +action of formant filters can be synthesized in the time domain. This gives +eight possibilities which are summarized in Table 5.2. +.RF +.in +0.5i +.ta 2.1i +2.0i +.nr x1 (\w'Analogue'/2) +.nr x2 (\w'Digital'/2) + \h'-\n(x1u'Analogue \h'-\n(x2u'Digital +.nr x0 2.0i+(\w'Liljencrants (1968)'/2)+(\w'Morris and Paillet (1972)'/2) +.nr x3 (\w'Liljencrants (1968)'/2) + \h'-\n(x3u'\l'\n(x0u\(ul' +.sp +.nr x1 (\w'Rice (1976)'/2) +.nr x2 (\w'Rabiner \fIet al\fR'/2) +Series \h'-\n(x1u'Rice (1976) \h'-\n(x2u'Rabiner \fIet al\fR +.nr x1 (\w'Liljencrants (1968)'/2) +.nr x2 (\w'Holmes (1973)'/2) +Parallel \h'-\n(x1u'Liljencrants (1968) \h'-\n(x2u'Holmes (1973) +.nr x1 (\w'unpublished'/2) +.nr x2 (\w'unpublished'/2 +Time-domain \h'-\n(x1u'unpublished \h'-\n(x2u'unpublished +.nr x1 (\w'\(em'/2) +.nr x2 (\w'Morris and Paillet (1972)'/2) +High-order filter \h'-\n(x1u'\(em \h'-\n(x2u'Morris and Paillet (1972) + \h'-\n(x3u'\l'\n(x0u\(ul' +.ta 0.8i +0.8i +0.8i +0.8i +0.8i +0.8i +0.8i +0.8i +0.8i +0.8i +0.8i +0.8i +.in-0.5i +.FG "Table 5.2 Implementation options for resonance speech synthesizers" +.[ +Rice 1976 Byte +.] +.[ +Rabiner Jackson Schafer Coker 1971 +.] +.[ +Liljencrants 1968 +.] +.[ +Holmes 1973 Influence of glottal waveform on naturalness +.] +.[ +Morris and Paillet 1972 +.] +All but one have certainly been used as the basis for synthesis, and +the table includes reference to published descriptions. +.pp +Each method has advantages and disadvantages. Series decomposition obviates +the need for control over the amplitudes of individual formants, but does +not allow synthesis of sounds which use the nasal tract as well as the oral +one; for these are in parallel. Analogue implementation of series synthesizers +is complicated by the need for higher-pole correction, and the fact that +the gains at different frequencies can vary widely throughout the system. +Higher-pole correction is not so important for digital synthesizers. +Parallel decomposition eliminates some of these problems: higher-pole correction +can be implemented individually for each formant. However, the formant +amplitudes must be controlled rather precisely to simulate the vocal tract, +which is essentially serial. +Time-domain synthesis is associated with low hardware costs but does not +easily allow proper control over the excitation sources. In particular, +it cannot simulate dynamical movement of the spectrum during aspiration. +Implementation of the entire vocal tract model as a single high-order filter, +without breaking it down into individual formants in series or parallel, +is attractive from the computational point of view because less arithmetic +operations are required. It is best analysed in terms of linear predictive +coding, which is the subject of the next chapter. +.sh "5.6 References" +.LB "nnnn" +.[ +$LIST$ +.] +.LE "nnnn" +.sh "5.7 Further reading" +.pp +Historically-minded readers should look at the early speech synthesizer +designed by Lawrence (1953). +This and other classic papers on the subject +are reprinted in Flanagan and Rabiner (1973). +A good description of a quite sophisticated parallel synthesizer can +be found in Holmes (1973), above, and another of a switchable +series/parallel one in Klatt (1980), who even includes a listing of +the Fortran program that implements it. +Here are some useful books on speech synthesizers. +.LB "nn" +.\"Fant-1960-1 +.]- +.ds [A Fant, G. +.ds [D 1960 +.ds [T Acoustic theory of speech production +.ds [I Mouton +.ds [C The Hague +.nr [T 0 +.nr [A 1 +.nr [O 0 +.][ 2 book +.in+2n +Fant really started the study of the vocal tract as an acoustic system, +and this book marks the beginning of modern speech synthesis. +.in-2n +.\"Flanagan-1972-1 +.]- +.ds [A Flanagan, J.L. +.ds [D 1972 +.ds [T Speech analysis, synthesis, and perception (2nd, expanded, edition) +.ds [I Springer Verlag +.ds [C Berlin +.nr [T 0 +.nr [A 1 +.nr [O 0 +.][ 2 book +.in+2n +This book is the speech researcher's bible, and like the bible, it's not +all that easy to read. +However, it is an essential reference source for speech acoustics and +speech synthesis (as well as for human speech perception). +.in-2n +.\"Flanagan-1973-2 +.]- +.ds [A Flanagan, J.L. +.as [A " and Rabiner, L.R.(Editors) +.ds [D 1973 +.ds [T Speech synthesis +.ds [I Dowsen, Hutchinson and Ross +.ds [C Stroudsburg, Pennsylvania +.nr [T 0 +.nr [A 0 +.nr [O 0 +.][ 2 book +.in+2n +I recommended this book at the end of Chapter 1 as a collection of +classic papers on the subject of speech synthesis and synthesizers. +.in-2n +.\"Holmes-1972-3 +.]- +.ds [A Holmes, J.N. +.ds [D 1972 +.ds [T Speech synthesis +.ds [I Mills and Boom +.ds [C London +.nr [T 0 +.nr [A 1 +.nr [O 0 +.][ 2 book +.in+2n +This little book, by one of Britain's foremost workers in the field, +introduces the subject of speech synthesis and speech synthesizers. +It has a particularly good discussion of parallel synthesizers. +.in-2n +.LE "nn" +.EQ +delim $$ +.EN +.CH "6 LINEAR PREDICTION OF SPEECH" +.ds RT "Linear prediction of speech +.ds CX "Principles of computer speech +.pp +The speech coding techniques which were discussed in Chapter 3 operate +in the time domain, while the analysis and synthesis techniques +of Chapters 4 and 5 are +based in the frequency domain. Linear prediction is a relatively +new method of speech analysis-synthesis, +introduced in the early 1970's and used +extensively since then, which is primarily a time-domain coding method +but can be used to give frequency-domain parameters like formant +frequency, bandwidth, and amplitude. +.pp +It has several advantages over other speech analysis techniques, and is +likely to become increasingly dominant in speech output systems. +As well as bridging the gap between time- and frequency-domain techniques, it +is of equal value for both speech storage and speech synthesis, and forms +an extremely convenient basis for speech-output systems which use high-quality +stored speech for routine messages and synthesis from phonetics or text +for unusual or exceptional conditions. Linear prediction can be used to +separate the excitation source properties of pitch and amplitude from the +vocal tract filter which governs phoneme articulation, or, in other words, +to separate much of the prosodic from the segmental information. +Hence it makes it easy to use stored segmentals with synthetic prosody, +which is just what is needed to enhance the flexibility of stored speech by +providing overall intonation contours for utterances formed by word +concatenation (see Chapter 7). +.pp +The frequency-domain analysis technique +of Fourier transformation necessarily involves approximation because it +applies only to periodic waveforms, and so the artificial operation +of windowing is required to suppress the aperiodicity of real +speech. In contrast, the linear predictive technique, being a time-domain +method, can \(em in certain forms \(em deal more rationally with aperiodic +signals. +.pp +The basic idea of linear predictive coding is exactly the same as +one form of adaptive differential pulse code modulation which +was introduced briefly in Chapter 3. There it was noted that a speech +sample $x(n)$ can be predicted quite closely by the previous sample +$x(n-1)$. The prediction can be improved by multiplying the previous +sample by a number, say $a sub 1$, which is adapted on a syllabic +time-scale. This can be utilized for speech coding by transmitting +only the prediction error +.LB +.EQ +e(n)~=~~x(n)~-~a sub 1 x(n-1), +.EN +.LE +and using it (and the value of $a sub 1$) to reconstitute the signal +$x(n)$ at the receiver. It is worthwhile noting that +exactly the same relationship was used for digital +preemphasis in Chapter 4, with the value of $a sub 1$ +being constant at about 0.9 \(em although +the possibility of adapting it to take into account the difference +between voiced and unvoiced speech was discussed. +.pp +An obvious extension is to use several past values of the signal to form +the prediction, instead of just one. Different multipliers for each would +be needed, so that the prediction error could be written as +.LB +.EQ +e(n)~~ mark =~~x(n)~-~a sub 1 x(n-1)~-~a sub 2 x(n-2)~-~...~-~a sub p x(n-p) +.EN +.sp +.EQ +lineup =~~x(n)~-~~sum from k=1 to p ~a sub k x(n-k). +.EN +.LE +The multipliers $a sub k$ should be adapted to minimize the error signal, +and we will consider how to do this in the next section. It turns out +that they must be re-calculated and transmitted on a time-scale that is +rather faster than syllabic but much slower than +the basic sampling rate: intervals +of 10\-25\ msec are usually used (compare this with the 125\ $mu$sec sampling +rate for telephone-quality speech). +A configuration for high-order adaptive differential +pulse code modulation is shown in Figure 6.1. +.FC "Figure 6.1" +.pp +Figure 6.2 shows typical time waveforms for each of the ten coefficients +over a 1-second stretch of speech. +.FC "Figure 6.2" +Notice that they vary much more slowly than, say, the speech waveform of +Figure 3.5. +.pp +Turning the above relationship into $z$-transforms gives +.LB +.EQ +E(z)~~=~~X(z)~-~~sum from k=1 to p ~a sub k z sup -k ~X(z)~~=~~(1~-~~ +sum from k=1 to p ~a sub k z sup -k )~X(z). +.EN +.LE +Rewriting the speech signal in terms of the error, +.LB +.EQ +X(z)~~=~~1 over {1~-~~ sum ~a sub k z sup -k }~.~E(z) . +.EN +.LE +.pp +Now let us bring together some facts from the previous chapter which will +allow the time-domain technique of linear prediction to be interpreted +in terms of the frequency-domain formant model of speech. Recall that speech +can be viewed as an excitation source passing through a vocal tract filter, +followed by another filter to model the effect of radiation from the lips. +The overall spectral levels can be reassigned as in Figure 5.1 so that +the excitation source has a 0\ dB/octave spectral profile, and hence is +essentially impulsive. +Considering the vocal tract filter as a series connection +of digital formant filters, its transfer function is the product of terms like +.LB +.EQ +1 over {1~-~b sub 1 z sup -1 ~+~b sub 2 z sup -2}~ , +.EN +.LE +where $b sub 1$ and $b sub 2$ control the position and bandwidth of the formant resonances. +The \-6\ dB/octave spectral compensation can be modelled by the +first-order digital filter +.LB +.EQ +1 over {1~-~bz sup -1}~ . +.EN +.LE +The product of all these terms, when multiplied out, will have the +form +.LB +.EQ +1 over {1~-~c sub 1 z sup -1 ~-~c sub 2 z sup -2 ~-~...~-~ +c sub q z sup -q }~ , +.EN +.LE +where $q$ is twice the number of formants plus one, and the $c$'s are calculated +from the positions and bandwidths of the formant resonances and the spectral +compensation parameter. Hence +the $z$-transform of the speech is +.LB +.EQ +X(z)~=~~1 over {1~-~~ sum from k=1 to q ~c sub k z sup -k }~.~I(z) , +.EN +.LE +where $I(z)$ is the transform of the impulsive excitation. +.pp +This is remarkably similar to the linear prediction relation given earlier! If +$p$ and $q$ are the same, then the linear predictive coefficients $a sub k$ +form a $p$'th order polynomial which is the same as that obtained by multiplying +together the second-order polynomials representing the individual formants +(together with the first-order one for spectral compensation). +Furthermore, the predictive error $E(z)$ can be identified with the +impulsive excitation $I(z)$. This raises the very interesting +possibility of parametrizing the error signal by its frequency and +amplitude \(em two relatively slowly-varying quantities \(em instead of +transmitting it sample-by-sample (at an 8\ kHz rate). This is how +linear prediction separates out the excitation properties of the source +from the vocal tract filter: the source parameters can be derived +from the error signal and the vocal tract filter is represented by +the linear predictive coefficients. +Figure 6.3 shows how this can be used for speech transmission. +.FC "Figure 6.3" +Note that +.ul +no +signals need now be transmitted at the speech sampling rate; for the +source parameters vary relatively slowly. This leads to an extremely +low data rate. +.pp +Practical linear predictive coding schemes operate with a value of $p$ between +10 and 15, corresponding approximately to 4-formant and 7-formant synthesis +respectively. The $a sub k$'s are re-calculated every 10 to 25\ msec, and +transmitted to the receiver. Also, the pitch and amplitude +of the speech are estimated and transmitted at the same rate. +If the speech +is unvoiced, there is no pitch value: an "unvoiced flag" is +transmitted instead. +Because the linear predictive coefficients are intimately related to +formant frequencies and bandwidths, a "frame rate" in the region +of 10 to 25\ msec is appropriate because this approximates the maximum rate +at which acoustic events happen in speech production. +.pp +At the receiver, the excitation waveform +is reconstituted. +For voiced speech, it is impulsive at the specified +frequency and with the specified amplitude, while for unvoiced speech it +is random, with the specified amplitude. This signal $e(n)$, together +with the transmitted parameters $a sub 1$, ..., $a sub p$, is used +to regenerate the speech waveform by +.LB +.EQ +x(n)~=~~e(n)~+~~sum from k=1 to p ~a sub k x(n-k) , +.EN +.LE +\(em which is the inverse of the transmitter's formula for calculating $e(n)$, +namely +.LB +.EQ +e(n)~=~~x(n)~-~~sum from k=1 to p ~a sub k x(n-k) . +.EN +.LE +This relies on knowing the past $p$ values of the speech samples. +Many systems set these past values to zero at the beginning of each pitch +cycle. +.pp +Linear prediction can also be used for speech analysis, rather than +for speech coding, as shown in Figure 6.4. +.FC "Figure 6.4" +Instead of transmitting the coefficients $a sub k$, +they are used to determine the formant positions and bandwidths. +We saw above that the polynomial +.LB +.EQ +1~-~a sub 1 z sup -1 ~-~a sub 2 z sup -2 ~-~...~-~a sub p z sup -p , +.EN +.LE +when factored into a product of second-order terms, gives the formant +characteristics (as well as the spectral compensation term). +Factoring is equivalent to finding the complex roots of the polynomial, +and this is fairly demanding computationally \(em especially if done at +a high rate. Consequently, peak-picking algorithms are sometimes +used instead. The absolute value of the polynomial gives the +frequency spectrum of the vocal tract filter, and the formants +appear as peaks \(em just as they do in cepstrally smoothed speech +(see Chapter 4). +.pp +The chief deficiency in the linear predictive method, whether it +is used for speech coding or for speech analysis, is that \(em like a series +synthesizer \(em it +implements an all-pole model of the vocal tract. +We mentioned in Chapter 5 that this is rather simplistic, +especially for nasalized sounds which involve a cavity in parallel +with the oral one. Some research has been done on incorporating zeros +into a linear predictive model, but it complicates the problem of +calculating the parameters enormously. For most purposes people seem +to be able to live with the limitations of the all-pole model. +.sh "6.1 Linear predictive analysis" +.pp +The key problem in linear predictive coding is to determine the values +of the coefficients $a sub 1$, ..., $a sub p$. +If the error signal is to be transmitted on a sample-by-sample basis, +as it is in adaptive differential pulse code modulation, then it can be most +economically encoded if its mean power is as small as possible. +Thus the coefficients are chosen to minimize +.LB +.EQ +sum ~e(n) sup 2 +.EN +.LE +over some period of time. +The period of time used is related to the frame rate at which the +coefficients are transmitted or stored, although there is no need +to make it exactly the same as one frame interval. As mentioned above, +the frame size +is usually chosen to be in the region of 10 to 25\ msec. Some +schemes minimize the error signal over as few as 30 samples +(corresponding to 3\ msec at a 10\ kHz sampling rate). Others take +longer; up to 250 samples (25\ msec). +.pp +However, if the error signal is to be considered as impulsive and +parametrized by its frequency and amplitude before transmission, +or if the coefficients $a sub k$ are to be used for spectral calculations, +then it is not immediately obvious how the coefficients should be +calculated. +In fact, it is still best to choose them to minimize the above sum. +This is at least plausible, for an impulsive excitation will have a +rather small mean power \(em most of the samples are zero. +It can be justified theoretically in terms of +.ul +spectral whitening, +for it can be shown that minimizing the mean-squared error +produces an error signal whose spectrum is maximally flat. +Now the only two waveforms whose spectra are absolutely flat +are a single impulse and white noise. Hence if +the speech is voiced, minimizing the mean-squared error +will lead to an error signal which is as nearly impulsive +as possible. Provided the time-frame for minimizing is short enough, +the impulse will correspond to a single excitation pulse. +If the speech is unvoiced, minimization will lead to an error +signal which is as nearly white noise as possible. +.pp +How does one choose the linear predictive coefficients to minimize +the mean-squared error? The total squared prediction error is +.LB +.EQ +M~=~~sum from n ~e(n) sup 2~~=~~sum from n +~[x(n)~-~ sum from k=1 to p ~a sub k x sub n-k ] sup 2 , +.EN +.LE +leaving the range of summation unspecified for the moment. +To minimize $M$ by choice of the coefficients $a sub j$, differentiate +with respect to each of them and set the resulting derivatives +to zero. +.LB +.EQ +dM over {da sub j} ~~=~~-2 sum from n ~x(n-j)[x(n)~-~~ +sum from k=1 to p ~a sub k x(n-k)]~~=~0~, +.EN +.LE +so +.LB +.EQ +sum from k=1 to p ~a sub k ~ sum from n ~x(n-j)x(n-k)~~=~~ +sum from n ~x(n)x(n-j)~~~~j~=~1,~2,~...,~p. +.EN +.LE +.pp +This is a set of $p$ linear equations for the $p$ unknowns $a sub 1$, ..., +$a sub p$. +Solving it is equivalent to inverting a $p times p$ matrix. +This job must be repeated at the frame rate, and so if +real-time operation is desired quite a lot of calculation is needed. +.rh "The autocorrelation method." +So far, the range of the $n$-summation has been left open. The +coefficients of the matrix equation have the form +.LB +.EQ +sum from n ~x(n-j)x(n-k). +.EN +.LE +If a doubly-infinite summation were made, with $x(n)$ being defined +as zero whenever $n<0$, we could make use of the fact that +.sp +.ce +.EQ +sum from {n=- infinity} to infinity ~x(n-j)x(n-k)~=~~ +sum from {n=- infinity} to infinity ~x(n-j+1)x(n-k+1)~=~...~=~~ +sum from {n=- infinity} to infinity ~x(n)x(n+j-k) +.EN +.sp +to simplify the matrix equation. This just states that the +autocorrelation of an infinite sequence depends only on the lag at which +it is computed, and not on absolute time. +.pp +Defining $R(m)$ as the +autocorrelation at lag $m$, that is, +.LB +.EQ +R(m)~=~ sum from n ~x(n)x(n+m), +.EN +.LE +the matrix equation becomes +.LB +.ne7 +.nf +.EQ +R(0)a sub 1 ~+~R(1)a sub 2 ~+~R(2)a sub 3 ~+~...~~=~R(1) +.EN +.EQ +R(1)a sub 1 ~+~R(0)a sub 2 ~+~R(1)a sub 3 ~+~...~~=~R(2) +.EN +.EQ +R(2)a sub 1 ~+~R(1)a sub 2 ~+~R(0)a sub 3 ~+~...~~=~R(3) +.EN +.EQ +etc +.EN +.fi +.LE +An elegant method due to Durbin and Levinson exists for solving this +special system of equations. It requires much less computational +effort than is generally needed for symmetric matrix equations. +.pp +Of course, an infinite range of summation can not be used in +practice. For one thing, the power spectrum is changing, and +only the data from a short time-frame should be used for +a realistic estimate of the optimum linear predictive coefficients. +Hence a windowing procedure, +.LB +.EQ +x(n) sup * ~=~w sub n x(n), +.EN +.LE +is used to reduce the signal to zero outside a finite range of +interest. Windows were discussed in Chapter 4 from the +point of view of Fourier analysis of speech signals, and the same +sort of considerations apply to choosing a window for linear +prediction. +.pp +This is known as the +.ul +autocorrelation method +of computing prediction parameters. Typically a window of +100 to 250 samples is used for analysis of one frame of speech. +.rh "Algorithm for the autocorrelation method." +The algorithm for obtaining linear prediction coefficients +by the autocorrelation method is quite simple. It is +straightforward to compute the matrix coefficients +$R(m)$ from the speech samples and window coefficients. +The Durbin-Levinson method of solving matrix equations operates +directly on this $R$-vector to produce the coefficient vector $a sub k$. +The complete procedure is given as Procedure 6.1, and is shown +diagrammatically in Figure 6.5. +.FC "Figure 6.5" +.RF +.fi +.na +.nh +.ul +const +N=256; p=15; +.ul +type +svec = +.ul +array +[0..N\-1] +.ul +of +real; +cvec = +.ul +array +[1..p] +.ul +of +real; +.sp +.ul +procedure +autocorrelation(signal: vec; window: svec; +.ul +var +coeff: cvec); +.sp +{computes linear prediction coefficients by autocorrelation method +in coeff[1..p]} +.sp +.ul +var +R, temp: +.ul +array +[0..p] +.ul +of +real; +n: [0..N\-1]; i,j: [0..p]; E: real; +.sp +.ul +begin +{window the signal} +.in+6n +.ul +for +n:=0 +.ul +to +N\-1 +.ul +do +signal[n] := signal[n]*window[n]; +.sp +{compute autocorrelation vector} +.br +.ul +for +i:=0 +.ul +to +p +.ul +do begin +.in+2n +R[i] := 0; +.br +.ul +for +n:=0 +.ul +to +N\-1\-i +.ul +do +R[i] := R[i] + signal[n]*signal[n+i] +.in-2n +.ul +end; +.sp +{solve the matrix equation by the Durbin-Levinson method} +.br +E := R[0]; +.br +coeff[1] := R[1]/E; +.br +.ul +for +i:=2 +.ul +to +p +.ul +do begin +.in+2n +E := (1\-coeff[i\-1]*coeff[i\-1])*E; +.br +coeff[i] := R[i]; +.br +.ul +for +j:=1 +.ul +to +i\-1 +.ul +do +coeff[i] := coeff[i] \- R[i\-j]*coeff[j]; +.br +coeff[i] := coeff[i]/E; +.br +.ul +for +j:=1 +.ul +to +i\-1 +.ul +do +temp[j] := coeff[j] \- coeff[i]*coeff[i\-j]; +.br +.ul +for +j:=1 +.ul +to +i\-1 +.ul +do +coeff[j] := temp[j] +.in-2n +.ul +end +.in-6n +.ul +end. +.nf +.FG "Procedure 6.1 Pascal algorithm for the autocorrelation method" +.pp +This algorithm is not quite as efficient as it might be, for some +multiplications are repeated during the calculation of the +autocorrelation vector. Blankinship (1974) shows how +the number of multiplications can be reduced by about half. +.[ +Blankinship 1974 +.] +.pp +If the algorithm is performed in fixed-point arithmetic +(as it often is in practice because of speed considerations), +some scaling must be done. The maximum and minimum values of +the windowed signal can be determined within the window +calculation loop, and one extra pass over the vector will +suffice to scale it to maximum significance. +(Incidentally, if all sample values are the same the procedure +cannot produce a solution because $E$ becomes zero, and this +can easily be checked when scaling.) +.pp +The absolute value of the $R$-vector has no significance, and since +$R(0)$ is always the greatest element, this can be set to the largest +fixed-point number and the other $R$'s scaled down appropriately +after they have been calculated. +These scaling operations are shown as dashed boxes in Figure 6.5. +$E$ decreases monotonically +as the computation proceeds, so it is safe to initialize it to $R(0)$ +without extra scaling. The remainder of the scaling is straightforward, +with the linear prediction coefficients $a sub k$ appearing as fractions. +.rh "The covariance method." +One of the advantages of linear predictive methods that was +promised earlier was that it allows us to escape from +the problem of windowing. To do this, we must abandon the +requirement that the coefficients of the matrix equation have +the symmetry property of autocorrelations. Instead, suppose +that the range of $n$-summation uses a fixed number of +elements, say N, starting at $n=h$, to estimate the prediction +coefficients between sample number $h$ and sample number $h+N$. +.pp +This leads to the matrix equation +.LB +.EQ +sum from k=1 to p ~a sub k sum from n=h to h+N-1 ~x(n-j)x(n-k) ~~=~~ +sum from n=h to h+N-1 ~x(n)x(n-j)~~~~j~=~1,~2,~...,~p. +.EN +.LE +Alternatively, we could write +.LB +.EQ +sum from k=1 to p ~a sub k ~ Q sub jk sup h~~=~~Q sub 0j sup h +~~~~j~=~1,~2,~...,~p; +.EN +.LE +where +.LB +.EQ +Q sub jk sup h~~=~~sum from n=h to h+N-1 ~x(n-j)x(n-k). +.EN +.LE +Note that some values of $x(n)$ outside the range $h ~ <= ~ n ~ < ~ h+N$ are +required: these are shown diagrammatically in Figure 6.6. +.FC "Figure 6.6" +.pp +Now $Q sub jk sup h ~=~ Q sub kj sup h$, so the equation has +a diagonally symmetric matrix; and in fact the matrix $Q sup h$ can +be shown to be positive semidefinite \(em and is almost always positive +definite in practice. Advantage can be taken of these facts +to provide a computationally efficient method for solving the +equation. According to a result called Cholesky's theorem, a +positive definite symmetric matrix $Q$ can be factored into the form +$Q ~ = ~ LL sup T$, where $L$ is a lower triangular matrix. +This leads to an efficient +solution algorithm. +.pp +This method of computing prediction coefficients has become known +as the +.ul +covariance method. +It does not use windowing of the speech signal, and can give accurate +estimates of the prediction coefficients with a smaller analysis +frame than the autocorrelation method. Typically, 50 to 100 speech samples +might be used to estimate the coefficients, and they are re-calculated +every 100 to 250 samples. +.rh "Algorithm for the covariance method." +An algorithm for the covariance method is given in Procedure 6.2, +.RF +.fi +.na +.nh +.ul +const +N=100; p=15; +.ul +type +svec = +.ul +array +[\-p..N\-1] +.ul +of +real; +cvec = +.ul +array +[1..p] +.ul +of +real; +.sp +.ul +procedure +covariance(signal: svec; +.ul +var +coeff: cvec); +.sp +{computes linear prediction coefficients by covariance method +in coeff[1..p]} +.sp +.ul +var +Q: +.ul +array +[0..p,0..p] +.ul +of +real; +n: [0..N\-1]; i,j,r: [0..p]; X: real; +.sp +.ul +begin +{calculate upper-triangular covariance matrix in Q} +.in+6n +.ul +for +i:=0 +.ul +to +p +.ul +do +.in+2n +.ul +for +j:=i +.ul +to +p +.ul +do begin +.in+2n +Q[i,j]:=0; +.br +.ul +for +n:=0 +.ul +to +N\-1 +.ul +do +.in+2n +Q[i,j] := Q[i,j] + signal[n\-i]*signal[n\-j] +.in-2n +.in-2n +.ul +end; +.in-2n +.sp +{calculate the square root of Q} +.br +.ul +for +r:=2 +.ul +to +p +.ul +do +.in+2n +.ul +begin +.in+2n +.ul +for +i:=2 +.ul +to +r\-1 +.ul +do +.in+2n +.ul +for +j:=1 +.ul +to +i\-1 +.ul +do +.in+2n +Q[i,r] := Q[i,r] \- Q[j,i]*Q[j,r]; +.in-2n +.ul +for +j:=1 +.ul +to +r\-1 +.ul +do +.in+2n +.ul +begin +.in+2n +X := Q[j,r]; +.br +Q[j,r] := Q[j,r]/Q[j,i]; +.br +Q[r,r] := Q[r,r] \- Q[j,r]*X +.in-2n +.ul +end +.in-2n +.in-2n +.in-2n +.ul +end; +.in-2n +.sp +{calculate coeff[1..p]} +.br +.ul +for +r:=2 +.ul +to +p +.ul +do +.in+2n +.ul +for +i:=1 +.ul +to +r\-1 +.ul +do +Q[0,r] := Q[0,r] \- Q[i,r]*Q[0,i]; +.in-2n +.ul +for +r:=1 +.ul +to +p +.ul +do +Q[0,r] := Q[0,r]/Q[r,r]; +.br +.ul +for +r:=p\-1 +.ul +downto +1 +.ul +do +.in+2n +.ul +for +i:=r+1 +.ul +to +p +.ul +do +Q[0,r] := Q[0,r] \- Q[r,i]*Q[0,i]; +.in-2n +.ul +for +r:=1 +.ul +to +p +.ul +do +coeff[r] := Q[0,r] +.in-6n +.ul +end. +.nf +.FG "Procedure 6.2 Pascal algorithm for the covariance method" +and is shown diagrammatically in Figure 6.7. +.FC "Figure 6.7" +The algorithm shown is not terribly efficient from a computation +and storage point of view, although it is workable. For one thing, +it uses the obvious method for computing the covariance matrix +by calculating +.EQ +Q sub 01 sup h , +.EN +.EQ +Q sub 02 sup h , ~ ..., +.EN +.EQ +Q sub 0p sup h , +.EN +.EQ +Q sub 11 sup h , ..., +.EN +in turn, which repeats most of the multiplications $p$ times \(em not +an efficient procedure. A simple alternative is to precompute the necessary +multiplications and store them in a $(N+h) times (p+1)$ diagonally symmetric +table, but even apart from the extra storage required for this, the number +of additions which must be performed subsequently to give the $Q$'s is far +larger than necessary. It is possible, however, to write a procedure which is +both time- and space-efficient (Witten, 1980). +.[ +Witten 1980 Algorithms for linear prediction +.] +.pp +The scaling problem is rather more tricky for the covariance +method than for the autocorrelation method. The $x$-vector +should be scaled initially in the same way as before, but now there +are $p+1$ diagonal elements of the covariance matrix, any of which could +be the greatest element. Of course, +.LB +.EQ +Q sub jk ~~ <= ~~ Max ( Q sub 11 , Q sub 22 , ..., Q sub pp ), +.EN +.LE +but despite the considerable communality in the summands of the diagonal +elements, there are no +.ul +a priori +bounds on the ratios between them. +.pp +The only way to scale the $Q$ matrix properly is to calculate each of its $p$ +diagonal elements and use the greatest as a scaling factor. +Alternatively, the fact that +.LB +.EQ +Q sub jk ~~ <= ~~ N times Max( x sub n sup 2 ) +.EN +.LE +can be used to give a bound for scaling purposes; however, this +is usually a rather conservative bound, and as $N$ is often around 100, several +bits of significance will be lost. +.pp +Scaling difficulties do not cease when $Q$ has been determined. It is possible +to show that the elements of the lower-triangular matrix $L$ which represents +the square root of $Q$ are actually +.ul +unbounded. +In fact there is a slightly different variant of the Cholesky decomposition +algorithm which guarantees bounded coefficients but suffers from the +disadvantage that it requires square roots to be taken (Martin +.ul +et al, +1965). +.[ +Martin Peters Wilkinson 1965 +.] +However, experience with the method indicates that it is rare for the elements +of $L$ to exceed 16 times the maximum element of $Q$, and the possibility of +occasional failure to adjust the coefficients may be tolerable in a practical +linear prediction system. +.rh "Comparison of autocorrelation and covariance analysis." +There are various factors which should be taken into account when +deciding whether to use the autocorrelation or covariance method for linear +predictive analysis. Furthermore, there is a rather different technique, +called the "lattice method", which will be discussed shortly. +The autocorrelation method involves windowing, which means that in +practice a rather longer stretch of speech should be used +for analysis. We have illustrated this by setting $N$=256 in the +autocorrelation algorithm and 100 in the covariance one. +Offsetting the extra calculation that this entails is the +fact that the Durbin-Levinson method of inverting a matrix is much more +efficient than Cholesky decomposition. In practice, this means +that similar amounts of computation are needed for each method \(em a +detailed comparison is made in Witten (1980). +.[ +Witten 1980 Algorithms for linear prediction +.] +.pp +A factor which weighs against the covariance method is the +difficulty of scaling intermediate quantities within the algorithm. +The autocorrelation method can be implemented quite satisfactorily +in fixed-point arithmetic, and this makes it more suitable for +hardware implementation. Furthermore, serious instabilities sometimes +arise with the covariance method, whereas it can be shown that +the autocorrelation one is always stable. Nevertheless, the approximations +inherent in the windowing operation, and the smearing effect of taking a +larger number of sample points, mean that covariance-method coefficients +tend to represent the speech more accurately, if they can be obtained. +.pp +One way of using the covariance method which has proved to be rather +satisfactory in practice is to synchronize the analysis frame with +the beginning of a pitch period, when the excitation is strongest. +Pitch synchronous techniques were discussed in Chapter 4 in the context +of discrete Fourier transformation of speech. The snag, of course, is that +pitch peaks do not occur uniformly in time, and furthermore it is difficult +to estimate their locations precisely. +.sh "6.2 Linear predictive synthesis" +.pp +If the linear predictive coefficients and the error signal are available, +it is easy to regenerate the original speech by +.LB +.EQ +x(n)~=~~e(n)~+~~ sum from k=1 to p ~a sub k x(n-k) . +.EN +.LE +If the error signal is parametrized into the sound source type +(voiced or unvoiced), amplitude, and pitch (if voiced), it can be +regenerated by an impulse repeated at the appropriate pitch +frequency (if voiced), or white noise (if unvoiced). +.pp +However, it may be that the filter represented by the coefficients $a sub k$ is +unstable, causing the output speech signal to oscillate wildly. +In fact, it is only possible for the covariance method to produce an +unstable filter, and not the autocorrelation method \(em although even +with the latter, truncation of the $a sub k$'s for transmission may turn +a stable filter into an unstable one. Furthermore, the coefficients +$a sub k$ are not suitable candidates for quantization, because small +changes in them can have a dramatic effect on the characteristics of +the synthesis filter. +.pp +Both of these problems can be solved by using a different set of numbers, +called +.ul +reflection coefficients, +for quantization and transmission. Thus, for example, in Figures 6.1 +and 6.3 these reflection coefficients could be derived at the +transmitter, quantized, and used by the receiver to reproduce +the speech waveform. They can be related to reflection and transmission +parameters at the junctions of an acoustic tube model of the vocal tract; +hence the name. Procedure 6.3 shows an algorithm for calculating the +reflection coefficients from the filter coefficients $a sub k$. +.RF +.fi +.na +.nh +.ul +const +p=15; +.ul +type +cvec = +.ul +array +[1..p] +.ul +of +real; +.sp +.ul +procedure +reflection(coeff: cvec; +.ul +var +refl: cvec); +.sp +{computes reflection coefficients in refl[1..p] corresponding +to linear prediction coefficients in coeff[1..p]} +.sp +.ul +var +temp: cvec; i, m: 1..p; +.sp +.ul +begin +.in+6n +.ul +for +m:=p +.ul +downto +1 +.ul +do begin +.in+2n +refl[m] := coeff[m]; +.br +.ul +for +i:=1 +.ul +to +m\-1 +.ul +do +temp[i] := coeff[i]; +.br +.ul +for +i:=1 +.ul +to +m\-1 +.ul +do +.ti+2n +coeff[i] := +.ti+4n +(coeff[i] + refl[m]*temp[m\-i]) / (1 \- refl[m]*refl[m]); +.in-2n +.ul +end +.in-6n +.ul +end. +.nf +.MT 2 +Procedure 6.3 Pascal algorithm for producing reflection coefficients +from filter coefficients +.TE +.pp +Although we will not go into the theoretical details here, +reflection coefficients are bounded by $+-$1 for stable filters, +and hence form a useful test for stability. Having a limited +range makes them easy to quantize for transmission, and in fact +they behave better under quantization than do the filter coefficients. +One could resynthesize speech from reflection coefficients by first +converting them to filter coefficients and using the synthesis +method described above. However, it is natural to seek a single-stage +procedure which can regenerate speech directly from reflection +coefficients. +.pp +Such a procedure does exist, and is called a +.ul +lattice filter. +Figure 6.8 shows one form of lattice for speech synthesis. +.FC "Figure 6.8" +The error signal (whether transmitted or synthesized) +enters at the upper left-hand corner, passes along the top forward +signal path, being modified on the way, to give the output signal +at the right-hand side. +Then it passes back through a chain of delays along the bottom, +backward, path, and is used to modify subsequent forward signals. +Finally it is discarded at the lower left-hand corner. +.pp +There are $p$ stages in the lattice structure of Figure 6.8, where $p$ is the +order of the linear predictive filter. +Each stage involves two multiplications by the appropriate +reflection coefficients, one by the backward signal \(em the +result of which is added into the forward path \(em and the other by +the forward signal \(em the result of which is subtracted from the +backward path. Thus the number of multiplications is twice +the order of the filter, and hence twice as many as for the +realization using coefficients $a sub k$. If the labour necessary +to turn the reflection coefficients into $a sub k$'s is included, +the computational load becomes the same. Moreover, since the +reflection coefficients need fewer quantization bits than the $a sub k$'s +(for a given speech quality), the word lengths are smaller in the +lattice realization. +.pp +The advantages of the lattice method of synthesis over direct evaluation +of the prediction using filter coefficients $a sub k$, then, are: +.LB +.NP +the reflection coefficients are used directly +.NP +the stability of the filter is obvious from the reflection coefficient +values +.NP +the system is more tolerant to quantization errors in fixed-point +implementations. +.LE +Although it may seem unlikely that an unstable filter would be produced +by linear predictive analysis, instability is in fact a real problem +in non-lattice implementations. For example, +coefficients are often interpolated at the receiver, to allow longer +frame times and smooth over sudden transitions, and it is quite likely that +an unstable configuration is obtained when interpolating filter coefficients +between two stable configurations. +This cannot happen with reflection coefficients, however, because a +necessary and sufficient condition for stability is that all +coefficients lie in the interval $(-1,+1)$. +.sh "6.3 Lattice filtering" +.pp +Lattice filters are an important new method of linear predictive +.ul +analysis +as well as synthesis, and so +it is worth considering the theory behind them a little further. +.rh "Theory of the lattice synthesis filter." +Figure 6.9 shows a single stage of the synthesis lattice given earlier. +.FC "Figure 6.9" +There are two signals at each side of the lattice, and the $z$-transforms +of these have been labelled $X sup +$ and $X sup -$ at the left-hand side +and $Y sup +$ and $Y sup -$ at the right-hand side. +The direction of signal flow is forwards along the upper ("positive") path +and backwards along the lower ("negative") one. +.pp +The signal flows show that the following two relationships hold: +.LB +.EQ +Y sup + ~=~~ X sup + ~+~ k z sup -1 Y sup - ~~~~~~ +.EN +for the forward (upper) path +.br +.EQ +X sup - ~ =~ -kY sup + ~+~ z sup -1 Y sup - ~~~~~~~ +.EN +\h'-\w'\-'u'for the backward (lower) path. +.LE +Re-arranging the first equation yields +.LB +.EQ +X sup + ~ =~~ Y sup + ~-~ k z sup -1 Y sup - , +.EN +.LE +and so we can describe the function of the lattice by a single matrix +equation: +.LB +.ne4 +.EQ +left [ matrix {ccol {X sup + above X sup -}} right ] ~~=~~ +left [ matrix {ccol {1 above -k} ccol {-kz sup -1 above z sup -1}} right ] +~ left [ matrix {ccol {Y sup + above Y sup -}} right ] ~ . +.EN +.LE +It would be nice to be able to +call this an input-output equation, but it is not; +for the input signals to the lattice stage are $X sup +$ and $Y sup -$, +and the outputs are $X sup -$ and $Y sup +$. +We have written it in this form because it allows a multi-stage lattice to +be described by cascading these matrix equations. +.pp +A single-stage lattice filter has $Y sup +$ and $Y sup -$ connected together, +forming its output (call this $X sub output$), while the input is $X sup +$ +($X sub input$). +Hence the input is related to the output by +.LB +.EQ +left [ matrix {ccol {X sub input above \(sq }} right ] ~~ = +~~ left [ matrix {ccol {1 above -k} ccol {-k z sup -1 +above z sup -1}} right ] +~ left [ matrix {ccol {X sub output above X sub output}} right ] ~ , +.EN +.LE +so +.LB +.EQ +X sub input ~ = ~~ (1~-~ k z sup -1 )~X sub output , +.EN +.LE +or +.LB +.EQ +{X sub output} over {X sub input} ~~=~~ 1 over {1~-~ k sub 1 z sup -1} ~ . +.EN +.LE +(The symbol \(sq is used here and elsewhere +to indicate an unimportant element of a vector +or matrix.) This certainly has the form of a linear predictive +synthesis filter, which is +.LB +.EQ +X(z) over E(z) ~~=~~ 1 over {1~-~~ sum from k=1 to p ~a sub k +z sup -k}~~=~~ 1 over {1~-~a sub 1 z sup -1 } ~~~~~~ +.EN +when $p=1$. +.LE +.pp +The behaviour of a second-order lattice filter, shown in Figure 6.10, +can be described by +.LB +.ne4 +.EQ +left [ matrix {ccol {X sub 3 sup + above X sub 3 sup -}} right ] ~~ = +~~ left [ matrix {ccol {1 above -k sub 2 } ccol {-k sub 2 z sup -1 +above z sup -1}} right ] +~ left [ matrix {ccol {X sub 2 sup + above X sub 2 sup -}} right ] +.EN +.sp +.ne4 +.EQ +left [ matrix {ccol {X sub 2 sup + above X sub 2 sup -}} right ] ~~ = +~~ left [ matrix {ccol {1 above -k sub 1 } ccol {-k sub 1 z sup -1 +above z sup -1}} right ] +~ left [ matrix {ccol {X sub 1 sup + above X sub 1 sup -}} right ] +.EN +.LE +with +.LB +.ne3 +.EQ +X sub 3 sup + ~=~X sub input +.EN +.br +.EQ +X sub 1 sup + ~=~ X sub 1 sup - ~=~ X sub output . +.EN +.LE +.FC "Figure 6.10" +$X sub 2 sup +$ and $X sub 2 sup -$ can be eliminated by substituting the +second equation into the first, which yields +.LB +.EQ +left [ matrix {ccol {X sub input above \(sq }} right ] ~~ mark = +~~ left [ matrix {ccol {1 above -k sub 2 } ccol {-k sub 2 z sup -1 +above z sup -1}} right ] +~ left [ matrix {ccol {1 above -k sub 1 } ccol {-k sub 1 z sup -1 +above z sup -1}} right ] +~ left [ matrix {ccol {X sub output above X sub output}} right ] +.EN +.sp +.sp +.EQ +lineup = ~~ left [ matrix {ccol {1+k sub 1 k sub 2 z sup -1 above \(sq } +ccol { -k sub 1 z sup -1 -k sub 2 z sup -2 above \(sq }} right ] +~ left [ matrix {ccol {X sub output above X sub output}} right ] ~ . +.EN +.LE +This leads to an input-output relationship +.LB +.EQ +{X sub output} over {X sub input} ~~ = ~~ +1 over {1~+~k sub 1 (k sub 2 -1)z sup -1 ~-~k sub 2 z sup -2} ~ , +.EN +.LE +which has the required form, namely +.LB +.EQ +1 over {1~-~~ sum from k=1 to p ~a sub k z sup -k } ~~~~~~ (p=2) +.EN +.LE +when +.LB +.EQ +a sub 1 ~=~-k sub 1 (k sub 2 -1) +.EN +.br +.EQ +a sub 2 ~=~k sub 2. +.EN +.LE +.pp +A third-order filter is described by +.LB +.EQ +left [ matrix {ccol {X sub input above \(sq }} right ] ~~ = +~~ left [ matrix {ccol {1 above -k sub 3 } ccol {-k sub 3 z sup -1 +above z sup -1}} right ] +~ left [ matrix {ccol {1 above -k sub 2 } ccol {-k sub 2 z sup -1 +above z sup -1}} right ] +~ left [ matrix {ccol {1 above -k sub 1 } ccol {-k sub 1 z sup -1 +above z sup -1}} right ] +~ left [ matrix {ccol {X sub output above X sub output}} right ] ~ , +.EN +.LE +and brave souls can verify that this gives an input-output +relationship +.LB +.EQ +{X sub output} over {X sub input} ~~ = ~~ +1 over {1~+~[k sub 2 k sub 3 + k sub 1 (1-k sub 2 )] z sup -1 ~+~ +[k sub 1 k sub 3 (1-k sub 2 ) -k sub 2 ] z sup -2 ~-~ k sub 3 z sup -3 } ~ . +.EN +.LE +It is fairly obvious that a $p$'th order lattice filter will give the +required all-pole $p$'th order synthesis form, +.LB +.EQ +1 over { 1~-~~ sum from k=1 to p ~a sub k z sup -k } ~ . +.EN +.LE +.pp +We have not shown that the algorithm given in Procedure 6.3 for producing +reflection coefficients from filter coefficients gives those values +for $k sub i$ which are necessary to make the lattice filter equivalent +to the ordinary synthesis filter. However, this is the case, and it is +easy to verify by hand for the first, second, and third-order cases. +.rh "Different lattice configurations." +The lattice filters of Figures 6.8, 6.9, and 6.10 have two multipliers +per section. +This is called a "two-multiplier" configuration. +However, there are other configurations which achieve +the same effect, but require different numbers of multiplies. +Figure 6.11 shows one-multiplier and four-multiplier configurations, +along with the familiar two-multiplier one. +.FC "Figure 6.11" +It is easy to verify that the three configurations can be modelled in +matrix terms by +.LB +.ne4 +$ +left [ matrix {ccol {X sup + above X sup -}} right ] ~~ = ~~ +left [ matrix {ccol {1 above -k} ccol {-kz sup -1 above z sup -1}} right ] +~ left [ matrix {ccol {Y sup + above Y sup -}} right ] +$ two-multiplier configuration +.sp +.sp +.ne4 +$ +left [ matrix {ccol {X sup + above X sup -}} right ] ~~ = ~~ +left [ {1-k over 1+k} right ] sup 1/2 ~ +left [ matrix {ccol {1 above -k} ccol {-kz sup -1 above z sup -1}} right ] +~ left [ matrix {ccol {Y sup + above Y sup -}} right ] +$ one-multiplier configuration +.sp +.sp +.ne4 +$ +left [ matrix {ccol {X sup + above X sup -}} right ] ~~ = ~~ +1 over {(1-k sup 2) sup 1/2} ~ +left [ matrix {ccol {1 above -k} ccol {-kz sup -1 above z sup -1}} right ] +~ left [ matrix {ccol {Y sup + above Y sup -}} right ] +$ four-multiplier configuration. +.LE +Each of the three has the same frequency-domain response, although +a different constant factor is involved in each case. +The effect of this can be annulled by performing a single multiply +operation on the output of a complete lattice chain. +The multiplier has the form +.LB +.EQ +left [ {1 - k sub p} over {1 + k sub p} ~.~ +{1 - k sub p-1} over {1 + k sub p-1} ~.~...~.~ +{1 - k sub 1} over {1 + k sub 1} right ] sup 1/2 +.EN +.sp +.LE +for single-multiplier lattices, and +.LB +.EQ +left [ 1 over {1 - k sub p sup 2} ~.~ +1 over {1 - k sub p-1 sup 2} ~.~...~.~ +1 over {1 - k sub 1 sup 2} right ] sup 1/2 +.EN +.LE +for four-multiplier lattices, where the reflection coefficients +in the lattice are $k sub p$, $k sub p-1$, ..., $k sub 1$. +.pp +There are important differences between these three configurations. +If multiplication is time-consuming, the one-multiplier model has obvious +computational advantages over the other two methods. +However, the four-multiplier structure behaves substantially better +in finite word-length implementations. It is easy to show that, with this +configuration, +.LB +.EQ +(X sup - ) sup 2 ~+~ (Y sup + ) sup 2 ~~ = ~~ +(X sup + ) sup 2 ~+~ (z sup -1 Y sup - ) sup 2 , +.EN +.LE +\(em a relationship which suggests that the "energy" in the +the input signals, namely $X sup +$ and $Y sup -$, is preserved in the output +signals, $X sup -$ and $Y sup +$. +Notice that care must be taken with the $z$-transforms, since squaring is a +non-linear operation. $(z sup -1 Y sup - ) sup 2$ means the square of +the previous value of $Y sup -$, which is not the same +as $z sup -2 (Y sup - ) sup 2$. +.pp +It has been shown (Gray and Markel, 1975) that the four-multiplier +configuration has some stability properties which are not shared by other +digital filter structures. +.[ +Gray Markel 1975 Normalized digital filter structure +.] +When a linear predictive filter is used for synthesis, the parameters +of the filter \(em the $k$-parameters in the case of lattice filters, +and the $a$-parameters in the case of direct ones \(em change with time. +It is usually rather difficult to guarantee stability in the case of +time-varying filter parameters, but some guarantees can be made for a +chain of four-multiplier lattices. Furthermore, if the input is a +discrete delta function, the cumulative energies at each stage of the +lattice are the same, and so maximum dynamic range will be achieved +for the whole filter if each section is implemented with the same +word size. +.rh "Lattice analysis." +It is quite easy to construct a filter which is inverse to +a single-stage lattice. +The structure of Figure 6.12(a) does the job. +(Ignore for a moment +the dashed lines connecting Figure 6.12(a) and (b).) Its matrix transfer +function is +.FC "Figure 6.12" +.LB +.ne4 +$ +left [ matrix {ccol {Y sup + above Y sup -}} right ] ~~=~~ +left [ matrix {ccol {1 above -k} ccol {-kz sup -1 above z sup -1}} right ] +~ left [ matrix {ccol {X sup + above X sup -}} right ] +$ analysis lattice (Figure 6.12(a)). +.LE +Notice that this is exactly the same as the transfer function of the +synthesis lattice of Figure 6.9, which is reproduced +in Figure 6.12(b), except that the $X$'s and $Y$'s are reversed: +.LB +.ne4 +$ +left [ matrix {ccol {X sup + above X sup -}} right ] ~~=~~ +left [ matrix {ccol {1 above -k} ccol {-kz sup -1 above z sup -1}} right ] +~ left [ matrix {ccol {Y sup + above Y sup -}} right ] +$ synthesis lattice (Figure 6.12(b)), +.LE +or, in other words, +.LB +.ne4 +$ +left [ matrix {ccol {Y sup + above Y sup -}} right ] ~~ = ~~ +left [ matrix {ccol {1 above -k} ccol {-kz sup -1 above z sup -1}} +right ] sup -1 +~ left [ matrix {ccol {X sup + above X sup -}} right ] +$ synthesis lattice (Figure 6.12(b)). +.LE +Hence if the filters of Figures 6.12(a) and (b) were connected together +as shown by the dashed lines, they +would cancel each other out, and the overall transfer would be unity: +.LB +.ne4 +.EQ +left [ matrix {ccol {1 above -k} ccol {-kz sup -1 above z sup -1}} +right ] ~ +left [ matrix {ccol {1 above -k} ccol {-kz sup -1 above z sup -1}} +right ] sup -1 ~~ = ~~ +left [ matrix {ccol {1 above 0} ccol {0 above 1}} right ] ~ . +.EN +.LE +Actually, such a connection is not possible in physical terms, +for although the upper paths can be joined together the lower ones can not. +The right-hand lower point of Figure 6.12(a) is an +.ul +output +terminal, and so is the left-hand lower one of Figure 6.12(b)! However, +there is no need to envisage a physical connection of the lower paths. +It is sufficient for cancellation just to assume that the signals at both +of the points turn out to be the same. +.pp +And they do. +The general case of a $p$-stage analysis lattice +connected to a $p$-stage synthesis +lattice is shown in Figure 6.13. +.FC "Figure 6.13" +Notice that the forward and backward paths are connected together at both +of the extreme ends of the system. +It is not difficult to show that under these +conditions the signal at the lower righthand +terminal of the analysis chain will equal that at the lower lefthand +terminal of the synthesis chain, even though they are not connected, +provided the upper terminals are connected together as shown by the dashed +line. +Of course, the reflection coefficients $k sub 1$, $k sub 2$, ..., +$k sub p$ in the analysis lattice must equal those in the synthesis +lattice, and as Figure 6.13 shows the order is reversed in the synthesis +lattice. +Successive analysis and synthesis sections pair off, working from +the middle outwards. At each stage the sections cancel each other out, +giving a unit transfer function as demonstrated above. +.rh "Estimating reflection coefficients." +As stated earlier in this chapter, the key problem in linear prediction is to +determine the values of the predictive coefficients \(em in this case, the +reflection coefficients. +If this is done correctly, we have shown using Procedure 6.3 that +the the synthesis part of Figure 6.13 performs the same calculation that +a conventional direct-form linear predictive synthesizer would, and hence +the signal that excites it \(em that is, the signal represented by the +dashed line \(em must be the prediction residual, or error signal, discussed +earlier. The system is effectively the same as the high-order adaptive +differential pulse code modulation one of Figure 6.1. +.pp +One of the most interesting features of the lattice structure for +analysis filters is that calculation of suitable values for the +reflection coefficients can be done locally at each stage of the lattice. +For example, consider the $i$'th section of the analysis lattice in +Figure 6.13. It is possible to determine a suitable value of $k sub i$ +simply by performing a calculation on the inputs to the $i$'th +section (ie $X sup +$ and $X sup -$ in Figure 6.12). +No longer need the complicated global optimization technique of matrix +inversion be used, as in the autocorrelation and covariance methods discussed +earlier. +.pp +A suitable value for $k$ in the single lattice section of Figure 6.12 is +.LB +.EQ +k~ = ~~ {E[ x sup + (n) x sup - (n-1)]} over +{( E[ x sup + (n) sup 2 ] E[ x sup - (n-1) sup 2 ] ) sup 1/2} ~~ ; +.EN +.LE +that is, the statistical correlation between $x sup + (n)$ and +$x sup - (n-1)$. +Here, $x sup + (n)$ and $x sup - (n)$ represent the input signals to the +upper and lower paths (recall that $X sup +$ and $X sup -$ +are their $z$-transforms). +$x sup - (n-1)$ is just $x sup - (n)$ delayed by one time unit, that is, +the output of the $z sup -1$ box in the Figure. +.pp +The criterion of optimality for the autocorrelation and covariance methods +was that the prediction error, that is, the signal which emerges from +the right-hand end of the upper path of a lattice analysis filter, +should be minimized in a mean-square sense. +The reflection coefficients obtained from the above formula do not necessarily +satisfy any such global minimization criterion. +Nevertheless, they do keep the error signal small, and have been used with +success in speech analysis systems. +.pp +It is easy to minimize the output from either the upper or the lower path +of the lattice filter at each stage. For example, the $z$-transform of the +upper output is given by +.LB +.EQ +Y sup + ~~=~~ X sup + ~-~ k z sup -1 X sup - , +.EN +.LE +or +.LB +.EQ +y sup + (n) ~~=~~ x sup + (n) ~-~ k x sup - (n-1) . +.EN +.LE +Hence +.LB +.EQ +E[y sup + (n) sup 2 ] ~~ = ~~ E[x sup + (n) sup 2 ] ~-~ +2kE[x sup + (n) x sup - (n-1) ] ~+~ k sup 2 E [x sup - (n-1) sup 2 ] , +.EN +.LE +where $E$ stands for expected value, and this reaches a minimum when the +derivative with respect to $k$ becomes zero: +.LB +.EQ +-2E[x sup + (n) x sup - (n-1) ] ~+~ 2kE[x sup - (n-1) sup 2 ] ~~=~0 , +.EN +.LE +that is, when +.LB +.EQ +k~ = ~~ {E[x sup + (n) x sup - (n-1) ]} over {E[x sup - (n-1) sup 2 ] +} ~ . +.EN +.LE +A similar calculation shows that the output of the lower path is minimized +when +.LB +.EQ +k~ = ~~ {E[x sup + (n) x sup - (n-1) ]} over {E[x sup + (n-1) sup 2 ] +} ~ . +.EN +.LE +Unfortunately, either of these expressions can exceed 1, leading to an +unstable filter. +The value of $k$ cited earlier is the geometric mean of these two +expressions, and since it is a correlation coefficient, must be less than 1. +.pp +Another possibility is to minimize the expected value of the sum of the +squares of the upper and lower outputs: +.LB +.EQ +y sup + (n) sup 2 ~+~ y sup - (n) sup 2 ~~ = ~~ +(1+k sup 2 )x sup + (n) sup 2 ~-~ 2kx sup + (n) x sup - (n-1) ~+~ +(1+k sup 2 )x sup - (n) sup 2 . +.EN +.LE +Taking expected values and setting the derivative with respect to k to zero +leads to +.LB +.EQ +k~ = ~~ {E[x sup + (n) x sup - (n-1) ]} over +{ half ~ E[x sup + (n) sup 2 ~+~ x sup - (n-1) sup 2 ]} ~. +.EN +.LE +This also is guaranteed to be less than 1, and has given good results +in speech analysis systems. +.pp +Figure 6.14 shows the implementation of a single section of an analysis +lattice. +.FC "Figure 6.14" +The signals $x sup + (n)$ and $x sup - (n-1)$ are fed to a +correlator, which produces a suitable value for $k$. +This value is used to calculate the output of the lattice section, +and hence the input to the next lattice section. +The reflection coefficient needs to be low-pass filtered, because it will +only be transmitted to the synthesizer occasionally (say every 20\ msec) and so a +short-term average is required. +.pp +One implementation of the correlator is shown in Figure 6.15 (Kang, 1974). +.[ +Kang 1974 +.] +.FC "Figure 6.15" +This calculates the value of $k$ given by the last equation above, and does it +by summing and differencing the two +signals $x sup + (n)$ and $x sup - (n-1)$, squaring the results to give +.LB +.EQ +x sup + (n) sup 2 + 2x sup + (n mark ) x sup - (n-1) +x sup - (n-1) sup 2 +~~~~~~~~ x sup + (n) sup 2 - 2x sup + (n) x sup - (n-1) +x sup - (n-1) sup 2 +~ , +.EN +.LE +and summing and differencing these, to yield +.LB +.EQ +lineup 2x sup + (n) sup 2 + 2x sup - (n-1) sup 2 ~~~~~~~~ +4x sup + (n) x sup - (n-1) ~ . +.EN +.LE +.sp +Before these are divided to give the final coefficient $k$, they are +individually low-pass filtered. +While some rather complex schemes have been proposed, +based upon Kalman filter theory (eg Matsui +.ul +et al, +1972), +.[ +Matsui Nakajima Suzuki Omura 1972 +.] +a simple exponential weighted past average has been found to be +satisfactory. This has $z$-transform +.LB +.EQ +1 over {64 - 63 z sup -1} ~ , +.EN +.LE +that is, in the time domain, +.LB +.EQ +y(n)~ = ~~ 63 over 64 ~ y(n-1) ~+~ 1 over 64 ~ y(n) ~ . +.EN +.LE +This filter exponentially averages past sample values +with a time-constant of 64 sampling intervals +\(em that is, 8\ msec at an 8\ kHz sampling rate. +.sh "6.4 Pitch estimation" +.pp +It is sometimes useful to think of linear prediction as a kind of +curve-fitting technique. +Figure 6.16 illustrates how four samples of a speech signal can predict +the next one. +.FC "Figure 6.16" +In essence, a curve is drawn through four points +to predict the position of the fifth, and only the prediction error +is actually transmitted. Now if the order of linear prediction +is high enough (at least 10), and if the coefficients are chosen +correctly, the prediction will closely model the resonances of the +vocal tract. Thus the error will actually be zero, except at pitch +pulses. +.pp +Figure 6.17 shows a segment of voiced speech together with the prediction +error (often called the prediction residual). +.FC "Figure 6.17" +It is apparent that the +error is indeed small, except at pitch pulses. +This suggests that a good way to determine the pitch period is to examine +the error signal, perhaps by looking at its autocorrelation function. +As with all pitch detection methods, one must be +careful: spurious peaks can occur, especially in nasal sounds when +the all-pole model provided by linear prediction fails. Continuity +constraints, which use previous values of pitch period when determining +which peak to accept as a new pitch impulse, can eliminate many of these +spurious peaks. Unvoiced speech should produce an error signal with no +prominent peaks, and this needs to be detected. +Voiced fricatives are a difficult case: peaks should be present +but the general noise level of the error signal will be greater than +it is in +purely voiced speech. +Such considerations have been taken into account in a practical pitch +estimation system based upon this technique (Markel, 1972). +.[ +Markel 1972 SIFT +.] +.pp +This method of pitch detection highlights another advantage of the lattice +analysis technique. When using autocorrelation or covariance analysis to +determine the filter (or reflection) coefficients, the error signal is not +normally produced. It can, of course, be found by taking the speech samples +which constitute the current frame and running them through an analysis +filter whose parameters are those determined by the analysis, but this +is a computationally demanding exercise, for the filter must run at the +speech sampling rate (say 8\ kHz) instead of at the frame rate (say 50\ Hz). +Usually, pitch is estimated by other methods, like those discussed in +Chapter 4, when using autocorrelation or covariance linear prediction. +However, we have seen above that with the lattice method, the error +signal is produced as a byproduct: it appears at the right-hand end +of the upper path of the lattice chain. Thus it is already available +for use in determining pitch periods. +.sh "6.5 Parameter coding for linear predictive storage or transmission" +.pp +In this section, the coding requirements of linear predictive parameters +will be examined. The parameters that need to be stored or transmitted +are: +.LB +.NP +pitch +.NP +voiced-unvoiced flag +.NP +overall amplitude level +.NP +filter coefficients or reflection coefficients. +.LE +The first three are parameters of the excitation source. +They can be derived directly from the error signal as indicated above, if +it is generated (as it is in lattice implementations); or by other +methods if no error signal is calculated. +The filter or reflection coefficients are, of course, the main product +of linear predictive analysis. +.pp +It is generally agreed that around 60 levels, logarithmically spaced, +are needed to represent pitch for telephone quality speech. +The voiced-unvoiced indication requires one bit, but since pitch is +irrelevant in unvoiced speech it can be coded as one of the pitch +levels. For example, with 6-bit coding of pitch, the value 0 can be +reserved to indicate unvoiced speech, with values 1\-63 indicating the +pitch of voiced speech. +The overall gain has not been discussed above: it is simply the average +amplitude of the error signal. Five bits on a logarithmic scale +are sufficient to represent it. +.pp +Filter coefficients are not very amenable to quantization. At least +8\-10\ bits are required for each one. However, reflection coefficients +are better behaved, and 5\-6\ bits each seems adequate. The number of +coefficients that must be stored or transmitted is the same as the +order of the linear prediction: 10 is commonly used for low-quality +speech, with as many as 15 for higher qualities. +.pp +These figures give around 100\ bits/frame for a 10'th order system using +filter coefficients, and around 65\ bits/frame for a 10'th order system +using reflection coefficients. Frame lengths vary between 10\ msec +and 25\ msec, depending on the quality desired. Thus for 20\ msec frames, +the data rates work out at around 5000\ bit/s using filter coefficients, +and 3250\ bit/s using reflection coefficients. +.pp +Substantially lower data rates can be achieved by more careful +coding of parameters. In 1976, the US Government defined a standard +coding scheme for 10-pole linear prediction with a data rate of +2400\ bit/s \(em conveniently chosen as one of the +commonly-used rates for serial data transmission. +This standard, called LPC-10, tackles the difficult problem of +protection against transmission errors (Fussell +.ul +et al, +1978). +.[ +Fussell Boudra Abzug Cowing 1978 +.] +.pp +Whenever data rates are reduced, redundancy inherent in the signal is +necessarily lost and so the effect of transmission errors becomes +greatly magnified. +For example, a single corrupted sample in PCM transmission of speech +will probably not be noticed, and even a short burst of errors will be +perceived as a click which can readily be distinguished from the speech. +However, any error in LPC transmission will last for one entire +frame \(em say 20\ msec \(em and worse still, it will be integrated into the +speech signal and not easily discriminated from it by the listener's brain. +A single corruption may, for example, change a voiced frame into an +unvoiced one, or vice versa. Even if it affects only +a reflection coefficient it will change the resonance characteristics +of that frame, and change them in a way that does not simply sound like +superimposed noise. +.pp +Table 6.1 shows the LPC-10 coding scheme. +.RF +.in+0.1i +.ta 2.0i +1.8i +0.6i +.nr x1 (\w'voiced sounds'/2) +.nr x2 (\w'unvoiced sounds'/2) +.ul + \h'-\n(x1u'voiced sounds \h'-\n(x2u'unvoiced sounds +.sp +pitch/voicing 7 7 60 pitch levels, Hamming + \h'\w'00 'u'and Gray coded +energy 5 5 logarithmically coded +$k sub 1$ 5 5 coded by table lookup +$k sub 2$ 5 5 coded by table lookup +$k sub 3$ 5 5 +$k sub 4$ 5 5 +$k sub 5$ 4 \- +$k sub 6$ 4 \- +$k sub 7$ 4 \- +$k sub 8$ 4 \- +$k sub 9$ 3 \- +$k sub 10$ 2 \- +synchronization 1 1 alternating 1,0 pattern +error detection/ \- \h'-\w'0'u'21 +correction + \h'-\w'__'u+\w'0'u'__ \h'-\w'__'u+\w'0'u'__ +.sp + \h'-\w'0'u'54 \h'-\w'0'u'54 +.sp +.ta 0.8i +0.8i +0.8i +0.8i +0.8i +0.8i +0.8i +0.8i +0.8i +0.8i +0.8i +0.8i + frame rate: 44.4\ Hz (22.5\ msec frames) +.in 0 +.FG "Table 6.1 Bit requirements for each parameter in LPC-10 coding scheme" +Different coding is used for voiced and unvoiced frames. +Only four reflection coefficients are transmitted for unvoiced frames, +because it has been determined that no perceptible increase in speech quality +occurs when more are used. +The bits saved are more fruitfully employed to provide error detection +and correction for the other parameters. +Seven bits are used for pitch and the voiced-unvoiced flag, and they are +redundant in that only 60 possible pitch values are +allowed. +Most transmission errors in this field will be detected by the receiver; +which can then use an estimate of pitch based on previous values and +discard the erroneous one. Pitch values are also Gray coded so that +even if errors are not detected, there is a good chance that an adjacent +pitch value is read instead. +Different numbers of bits are allocated to the various reflection +coefficients: experience shows that the lower-numbered ones contribute +most highly to intelligibility and so these are quantized most finely. +In addition, a table lookup operation is performed on the code +generated for the first two, providing a non-linear quantization which is +chosen to minimize the error on a statistical basis. +.pp +With 54\ bits/frame and 22.5\ msec frames, LPC-10 requires a 2400\ bit/s +data rate. Even lower rates have been used successfully for lower-quality +speech. The Speak 'n Spell toy, described in Chapter 11, has an +average data rate of 1200\ bit/s. Rates as low as 600\ bit/s have +been achieved (Kang and Coulter, 1976) by pattern recognition techniques operating +on the reflection coefficients: however, the speech quality is not good. +.[ +Kang Coulter 1976 +.] +.sh "6.6 References" +.LB "nnnn" +.[ +$LIST$ +.] +.LE "nnnn" +.sh "6.7 Further reading" +.pp +Most recent books on digital signal processing contain some information +on linear prediction (see Oppenheim and Schafer, 1975; Rabiner and Gold, 1975; +and Rabiner and Schafer, 1978; all referenced at the end of Chapter 4). +.LB "nn" +.\"Atal-1971-1 +.]- +.ds [A Atal, B.S. +.as [A " and Hanauer, S.L. +.ds [D 1971 +.ds [T Speech analysis and synthesis by linear prediction of the acoustic wave +.ds [J JASA +.ds [V 50 +.ds [P 637-655 +.nr [P 1 +.ds [O August +.nr [T 0 +.nr [A 1 +.nr [O 0 +.][ 1 journal-article +.in+2n +This paper is of historical importance because it introduced the idea +of linear prediction to the speech processing community. +.in-2n +.\"Makhoul-1975-2 +.]- +.ds [A Makhoul, J.I. +.ds [D 1975 +.ds [K * +.ds [T Linear prediction: a tutorial review +.ds [J Proc IEEE +.ds [V 63 +.ds [N 4 +.ds [P 561-580 +.nr [P 1 +.ds [O April +.nr [T 0 +.nr [A 1 +.nr [O 0 +.][ 1 journal-article +.in+2n +An interesting, informative, and readable survey of linear prediction. +.in-2n +.\"Markel-1976-3 +.]- +.ds [A Markel, J.D. +.as [A " and Gray, A.H. +.ds [D 1976 +.ds [T Linear prediction of speech +.ds [I Springer Verlag +.ds [C Berlin +.nr [T 0 +.nr [A 1 +.nr [O 0 +.][ 2 book +.in+2n +This is the only book which is entirely devoted to linear prediction of speech. +It is an essential reference work for those interested in the subject. +.in-2n +.\"Wiener-1947-4 +.]- +.ds [A Wiener, N. +.ds [D 1947 +.ds [T Extrapolation, interpolation and smoothing of stationary time series +.ds [I MIT Press +.ds [C Cambridge, Massachusetts +.nr [T 0 +.nr [A 1 +.nr [O 0 +.][ 2 book +.in+2n +Linear prediction is often thought of as a relatively new technique, +but it is only its application to speech processing that is novel. +Wiener develops all of the basic mathematics used in linear prediction +of speech, except the lattice filter structure. +.in-2n +.LE "nn" +.EQ +delim $$ +.EN +.CH "7 JOINING SEGMENTS OF SPEECH" +.ds RT "Joining segments of speech +.ds CX "Principles of computer speech +.pp +The obvious way to provide speech output from computers +is to select the basic acoustic units to be used; record them; +and generate utterances by concatenating together appropriate segments +from this pre-stored inventory. +The crucial question then becomes, what are the basic units? +Should they be whole sentences, words, syllables, or phonemes? +.pp +There are several trade-offs to be considered here. +The larger the units, the more utterances have to be stored. +It is not so much the length of individual utterances that is of concern, +but rather their variety, which tends to increase exponentially instead +of linearly with the size of the basic unit. Numbers provide an +easy example: there are $10 sup 7$ 7-digit telephone numbers, and it is +certainly infeasible to record each one individually. +Note that as storage technology improves the limitation is becoming +more and more one of recording the utterances in the first place rather +than finding somewhere to store them. +At a PCM data rate of 50\ Kbit/s, a 100\ Mbyte disk can hold over 4\ hours +of continuous speech. +With linear predictive coding at 1\ Kbit/s it holds 0.8 of a +megasecond \(em well over a week. And this is a 24-hour 7-day week, +which corresponds to a working month; and continuous speech \(em without +pauses \(em which probably requires another factor of five for +production by a person. +Setting up a recording session to fill the disk would be a formidable +task indeed! +Furthermore, the use of videodisks \(em which will be common domestic items +by the end of the decade \(em could increase these figures by a factor of 50. +.pp +The word seems to be a sensibly-sized basic unit. +Many applications use a rather limited vocabulary \(em 190 words +for the airline reservation system described in Chapter 1. +Even at PCM data rates, this will consume less than 0.5\ Mbyte of +storage. +Unfortunately, coarticulation and prosodic factors now come into play. +.pp +Real speech is connected \(em there are few gaps between words. +Coarticulation, where sounds are affected by those on either side, +naturally operates across word boundaries. +And the time constants of coarticulation are associated with the +mechanics of the vocal tract and hence measure tens or hundreds +of msec. Thus the effects straddle several pitch periods (100\ Hz pitch +has 10\ msec period) and cannot be simulated by simple interpolation of the +speech waveform. +.pp +Prosodic features \(em notably pitch and rhythm \(em span much longer +stretches of speech than single words. As far as most speech output +applications are concerned, they operate at the utterance level of +a single, sentence-sized, information unit. They cannot be +accomodated if speech waveforms of individual words of +the utterance are stored, +for it is rarely feasible to alter the fundamental +frequency or duration of a time waveform without changing all the formant +resonances as well. +However, both word-to-word coarticulation and the essential features +of rhythm and intonation can be incorporated if the stored words are +coded in source-filter form. +.pp +For more general applications of speech output, the limitations of +word storage soon become apparent. Although people's daily +vocabularies are not large, most words have a variety +of inflected forms which need to be treated separately if a strict +policy is adopted of word storage. For instance, in this book +there are 84,000 words, and 6,500 (8%) different ones (counting +inflected forms). +In Chapter 1 alone, there are 6,800 words and 1,700 (25%) different ones. +.pp +It seems crazy to treat a simple inflection like "$-s$" or its voiced +counterpart, "$-z$" (as in "inflection\c +.ul +s\c +"), +as a totally different word from the base form. +But once you consider storing roots and endings separately, +it becomes apparent +that there is a vast number of different endings, and it is difficult to know +where to draw the line. It is natural to think instead of simply +using the syllable as the basic unit. +.pp +A generous estimate of the number of different syllables in English is 10,000. +At three a second, only about an +hour's storage is required for them all. But waveform storage +will certainly not do. +Although coarticulation effects between words are needed to make +speech sound fluent, coarticulation between syllables is necessary +for it even to be +.ul +comprehensible. +Adopting a source-filter form of representation is essential, as is +some scheme of interpolation between syllables which simulates +coarticulation. +Unfortunately, a great deal of acoustic action occurs at syllable +boundaries \(em stops are exploded, the sound source changes +between voicing and frication, and so on. It may be more appropriate +to consider inverse syllables, comprising a vowel-consonant-vowel sequence +instead of consonant-vowel-consonant. +(These have jokingly been dubbed "lisibles"!) +.pp +There is again some considerable practical difficulty in creating +an inventory of syllables, or lisibles. +Now it is not so much the recording that is impractical, but +the editing needed to ensure that the cuts between syllables are made +at exactly the right point. As units get smaller, the exact +placement of the boundaries becomes ever more critical; and several thousand +sensitive editing jobs is no easy task. +.pp +Since quite general effects of coarticulation must be accomodated +with syllable synthesis, there will not necessarily be significant +deterioration if smaller, demisyllable, units are employed. +This reduces the segment inventory to an estimated 1000\-2000 entries, +and the tedious job of editing each one individually becomes at +least feasible, if not enviable. +Alternatively, the segment inventory could be created by artificial +means involving cut-and-try experiments with resonance parameters. +.pp +The ultimate in economy of inventory size, of course, is to use +phonemes as the basic unit. This makes the most critical +part of the task interpolation between units, rather than their +construction or recording. With only about 40 phonemes +in English, each one can be examined in many different contexts to +ascertain the best data to store. +There is no need to record them directly from a human voice \(em it +would be difficult anyway for most cannot be produced in isolation. +In fact, a phoneme is an abstract unit, not a particular sound +(recall the discussion of phonology in Chapter 2), and so it is +most appropriate that data be abstracted from several different +realizations rather than an exact record made of any one. +.pp +If information is stored about phonological units of +speech \(em phonemes \(em the difficult task of phonological-to-phonetic +conversion must necessarily be performed automatically. +Allophones are created by altering the transitions between units, +and to a lesser extent by modifying the central parts of the units +themselves. +The rules for making transitions will have a big effect on the +quality of the resulting speech. +Instead of trying to perform this task automatically by a computer +program, the allophones themselves could be stored. This will +ease the job of generating transitions between segments, but +will certainly not eliminate it. +The total number of allophones will depend on the narrowness of the +transcription system: 60\-80 is typical, and it is unlikely to exceed +one or two hundred. In any case there will not be a storage problem. +However, now the burden of producing an allophonic transcription +has been transferred to the person who codes the utterance prior +to synthesizing it. If he is skilful and patient, he should +be able to coax the system into producing fairly understandable +speech, but the effort required for this on a per-utterance basis +should not be underestimated. +.RF +.nr x0 \w'sentences ' +.nr x1 \w' ' +.nr x2 \w'depends on ' +.nr x3 \w'generalized or ' +.nr x4 \w'natural speech ' +.nr x5 \w'author of segment' +.nr x6 \n(x0u+\n(x1u+\n(x2u+\n(x3u+\n(x4u+\n(x5u +.nr x7 (\n(.l-\n(x6)/2 +.in \n(x7u +.ta \n(x0u +\n(x1u +\n(x2u +\n(x3u +\n(x4u + | size of storage source of principal + | utterance method utterance burden is + | inventory inventory placed on + |\h'-1.0i'\l'\n(x6u\(ul' + | +sentences | depends on waveform or natural speech recording artist, + | application source-filter storage medium + | parameters + | +words | depends on source-filter natural speech recording artist + | application parameters and editor, + | storage medium + | +syllables/ | \0\0\010000 source-filter natural speech recording editor + lisibles | parameters + | +demi- | \0\0\0\01000 source-filter natural speech recording editor + syllables | parameters or artificially or inventory + | generated compiler + | +phonemes | \0\0\0\0\0\040 generalized artificially author of segment + | parameters generated concatenation + | program + | +allophones | \0\050\-100 generalized or artificially coder of + | source-filter generated or synthesized + | parameters natural speech utterances + |\h'-1.0i'\l'\n(x6u\(ul' +.in 0 +.ta 0.8i +0.8i +0.8i +0.8i +0.8i +0.8i +0.8i +0.8i +0.8i +0.8i +0.8i +0.8i +.FG "Table 7.1 Some issues relevant to choice of basic unit" +.pp +Table 7.1 summarizes in broad brush-strokes the issues which relate to the +choice of basic unit for concatenation. +The sections which follow provide more detail about the different +methods of joining segments of speech together. +Only segmental aspects are considered, for the important problems of +prosody will be treated in the next chapter. +All of the methods rely to some extent on the acoustic properties of speech, +and as smaller basic units are considered the role of speech acoustics +becomes more important. +It is impossible in a book like this to give a detailed account of acoustic +phonetics, for it would take several volumes! +What I aim to do in the following pages is to highlight some salient features +which are relevant to segment concatenation, without attempting to be +complete. +.sh "7.1 Word concatenation" +.pp +For general speech output, word concatenation is an inherently limited +technique because of the large number of phonetically different words. +Despite this fact, it is at present the most widely-used synthesis +method, and is likely to remain so for several years. +We have seen that the primary problems are word-to-word +coarticulation and prosody; and both can be overcome, at least to a useful +approximation, by coding the words in source-filter form. +.rh "Time-domain techniques." +Nevertheless, a surprising number of applications simply store +the time waveform, coded, usually, by one of the techniques described in +Chapter 3. +From an implementation point of view there are many advantages to this. +Speech quality can easily be controlled by selecting a suitable sampling +rate and coding scheme. +A natural-sounding voice is guaranteed; male or female as desired. +The equipment required is minimal \(em a digital-to-analogue +converter and post-sampling filter will do for synthesis if +PCM coding is used, and +DPCM, ADPCM, and delta modulation decoders are not much more complicated. +.pp +From a speech point of view, the resulting utterances can never be made +convincingly fluent. +We discussed the early experiments of Stowe and Hampton (1961) +at the beginning of Chapter 3. +.[ +Stowe Hampton 1961 +.] +A major drawback to word concatenation in the +analogue domain is the introduction of clicks and other interference +between words: it is difficult to prevent the time waveform transitions +from adding extraneous sounds. +This poses no problem with digital storage, however, for the waveforms +can be edited accurately prior to storage so that they start +and finish at an exactly +zero level. +Rather, the lack of fluency stems from the absence of proper control +of coarticulation and prosody. +.pp +But this is not necessarily a serious drawback if the application is +a sufficiently limited one. Complete, invariant utterances can be +stored as one unit. Often they must contain data-dependent +slot-fillers, as in +.LB +This flight makes \(em stops +.LE +and +.LB +Flight number \(em leaves \(em at \(em , arrives in \(em at \(em +.LE +(taken from the airline reservation system of Chapter 1 +(Levinson and Shipley, 1980)). +.[ +Levinson Shipley 1980 +.] +Then, each slot-filling word is recorded in an intonation consistent +both with its position in the template utterance and with the +intonation of that utterance. +This could be done by embedding the word in the utterance +for recording, and excising it by digital editing before storage. +It would be dangerous to try to take into account coarticulation effects, +for the coarticulation could not be made consistent with both the +several slot-fillers and the single template. +This could be overcome if several versions of the template were stored, +but then the scheme becomes subject to combinatorial explosion +if there is more than one slot in a single utterance. +But it is not really necessary, for the lack of fluency will probably +be interpreted by a benevolent listener as an attempt to convey the +information as clearly as possible. +.pp +Difficulties will occur if the same slot-filler is used in different +contexts. For instance, the first gap in each of the sentences above +contains a number; yet the intonation of that number is different. +Many systems simply ignore this problem. +Then one does notice anomalies, if one is attentive: the words come, +as it were, from different mouths, without fluency. +However, the problem is not necessarily acute. If it is, two or more +versions of each slot-filler can be recorded, one for each context. +.pp +As an example, consider the synthesis of 7-digit telephone numbers, +like 289\-5371. If one version only of each digit is stored, +it should be recorded in a level tone of voice. A pause should be +inserted after the third digit of the synthetic number, to accord +with common elocution. The result will certainly be unnatural, although +it should be clear and intelligible. +Any pitch errors in the recordings will make certain numbers +audibly anomalous. +At the other extreme, 70 single digits could be stored, one version of +each digit for each position in the number. The recording will be +tedious and error-prone, and the synthetic utterances will still not +be fluent \(em for coarticulation is ignored \(em but instead +unnaturally clearly enunciated. A compromise is to record only +three versions of each digit, one for any of the +five positions +.nr x1 \w'\(ul' +.nr x2 (8*\n(x1) +.nr x3 0.2m +\zx\h'\n(x1u'\zx\h'\n(x1u'\h'\n(x1u'\z\-\h'\n(x1u'\zx\h'\n(x1u'\zx\h'\n(x1u'\c +\zx\h'\n(x1u'\h'\n(x1u'\v'\n(x3u'\l'-\n(x2u\(ul'\v'-\n(x3u' , +another one for the third position +\h'\n(x1u'\h'\n(x1u'\zx\h'\n(x1u'\z\-\h'\n(x1u'\h'\n(x1u'\c +\h'\n(x1u'\h'\n(x1u'\h'\n(x1u'\v'\n(x3u'\l'-\n(x2u\(ul'\v'-\n(x3u' , +and the last for the final position +\h'\n(x1u'\h'\n(x1u'\h'\n(x1u'\z\-\h'\n(x1u'\h'\n(x1u'\c +\h'\n(x1u'\h'\n(x1u'\zx\h'\n(x1u'\v'\n(x3u'\l'-\n(x2u\(ul'\v'-\n(x3u' . +The first version will be in a level voice, the second an +incomplete, rising tone; and the third a final, dropping pitch. +.rh "Joining formant-coded words." +The limitations of the time-domain method are lack of +fluency caused by unnatural transitions between words, and the +combinatorial explosion created by recording slot-fillers several times +in different contexts. +Both of these problems can be alleviated by storing formant tracks, +concatenating them with suitable interpolation, and applying a complete +pitch contour suitable for the whole utterance. +But one can still not generate conversational speech, for natural speech +rhythms cause non-linear warpings of the time axis which cannot reasonably +be imitated by this method. +.pp +Solving problems often creates others. +As we saw in Chapter 4, it is not easy to obtain reliable formant tracks +automatically. Yet hand-editing of formant parameters adds a whole new +dimension to the problem of vocabulary construction, for it is +an exceedingly tiresome and time-consuming task. +Even after such tweaking, resynthesized utterances will be degraded +considerably from the original, for the source-filter model is by no means +a perfect one. +A hardware or real-time software formant synthesizer must be added +to the system, presenting design problems and creating extra cost. +Should a serial or parallel synthesizer be used? \(em the latter offers +potentially better speech (especially in nasal sounds), but requires +additional parameters, namely formant amplitudes, to be estimated. +Finally, as we will see in the next chapter, it is not an easy matter to +generate a suitable pitch contour and apply it to the utterance. +.pp +Strangely enough, the interpolation itself does not present any great +difficulty, for there is not enough information in the formant-coded +words to make possible sophisticated coarticulation. +The need for interpolation is most pressing when one word ends with +a voiced sound and the next begins with one. +If either the end of the first or the beginning of the second word +(or both) is unvoiced, unnatural formant transitions do not matter +for they will not be heard. +Actually, this is only strictly true for fricative transitions: if +the juncture is aspirated then formants will be perceived in the +aspiration. However, +.ul +h +is the only fully aspirated sound in English, +and it is relatively uncommon. +It is not absolutely necessary to interpolate the fricative filter resonance, +because smooth transitions from one fricative sound to another are rare +in natural speech. +.pp +Hence unless both sides of the junction are voiced, no interpolation +is needed: simple abuttal of the stored parameter tracks will do. +Note that this is +.ul +not +the same as joining time waveforms, for the synthesizer +will automatically ensure a relatively smooth transition from one +segment to another because of energy storage in the filters. +A new set of resonance parameters for the formant-coded words will be stored +every 10 or 20 msec (see Chapter 5), and so the transition will automatically +be smoothed over this time period. +.pp +For voiced-to-voiced transitions, some interpolation is needed. +An overlap period of duration, say, 50\ msec, is established, and +the resonance parameters in the final 50\ msec of the first word are +averaged with those in the first 50\ msec of the second. +The average is weighted, with the first word's formants dominating +at the beginning and their effect progressively dying out +in favour of the second word. +.pp +More sophisticated than a simple average is to weight the components +according to how rapidly they are changing. +If the spectral change in one word is much greater than that in the +other, we might expect that this will dominate the transition. +A simple measure of spectral derivative at any given time can be found +by adding the magnitude of the discrepancies in each formant frequency +between one sample and the next. +The spectral change in the transition region can be obtained by summing +the spectral derivatives at each sample in the region. +Such a measure can perhaps be made more accurate by taking into +account the relative importance of the formants, but will probably +never be more than a rough and ready yardstick. +At any rate, it can be used to load the average in favour of the +dominant side of the junction. +.pp +Much more important for naturalness of the speech are the effects +of rhythm and intonation, discussed in the next chapter. +.pp +Such a scheme has been implemented and tested on \(em guess what! \(em 7-digit +telephone numbers (Rabiner +.ul +et al, +1971). +.[ +Rabiner Schafer Flanagan 1971 +.] +Significant improvement (at the 5% level of statistical +significance) in people's +ability to recall numbers was found for this method over direct +abuttal of either natural or synthetic versions of the digits. +Although the method seemed, on balance, to produce utterances that were +recalled less accurately than completely natural spoken +telephone numbers, the difference was not significant (at the 5% level). +The system was also used to generate wiring instructions by computer +directly from the connection list, as described in Chapter 1. +As noted there, synthetic speech was actually preferred to natural speech +in the noisy environment of the production line. +.rh "Joining linear predictive coded words." +Because obtaining accurate formant tracks for natural utterances +by Fourier transform methods is difficult, it is worth considering +the use of linear prediction as the source-filter model. +Actually, formant resonances can be extracted from linear predictive +coefficients quite easily, but there is no need to do this because +the reflection coefficients themselves are quite suitable +for interpolation. +.pp +A slightly different interpolation scheme from that described in the +previous section has been reported (Olive, 1975). +.[ +Olive 1975 +.] +The reflection coefficients were spliced during an overlap region of +only 20\ msec. +More interestingly, attempts were made to suppress the plosive bursts +of stop sounds in cases where they were followed by another stop at +the beginning of the next word. +This is a common coarticulation, occurring, for instance, in the phrase +"stop burst". In running speech, the plosion on the +.ul +p +of "stop" is +normally suppressed because it is followed by another stop. +This is a particularly striking case because the place of articulation +of the two stops +.ul +p +and +.ul +b +is the same: complete suppression is not as likely +to happen in "stop gap", for example (although it may occur). +Here is an instance of how extra information could improve the +quality of the synthetic transitions considerably. +However, automatically identifying the place of articulation of stops is +a difficult job, of a complexity far above what is appropriate for +simply joining words stored in source-filter form. +.pp +Another innovation was introduced into the transition between two +vowel sounds, when the second word began with an accented syllable. +A glottal stop was placed at the juncture. +Although the glottal stop was not described in Chapter 2, it is a sound +used in many dialects of English. It frequently occurs +in the utterance "uh-uh", meaning "no". Here it +.ul +is +used to separate two vowel sounds, but in fact this is not particularly +common in most dialects. +One could say "the apple", "the orange", "the onion" with a neutral vowel +in "the" (to rhyme with "\c +.ul +a\c +bove") and a glottal stop as separator, +but it is much more usual to rhyme "the" with "he" and introduce a +.ul +y +between the words. +Similarly, even speakers who do not normally pronounce an +.ul +r +at the +end of words will introduce one in "bigger apple", rather than +using a glottal stop. +Note that it would be wrong to put an +.ul +r +in "the apple", even +for speakers who usually terminate "the" and "bigger" with the same sound. +Such effects occur at a high level of processing, and are practically +impossible to simulate with word-interpolation rules. +Hence the expedient of introducing a glottal stop is a good one, although +it is certainly unnatural. +.sh "7.2 Concatenating whole or partial syllables" +.pp +The use of segments larger than a single phoneme or allophone but smaller +than a word as the basic unit for speech synthesis has an interesting +history. +It has long been realized that transitions between phonemes are +extremely sensitive and critical components of speech, and thus are +essential for successful synthesis. +Consider the unvoiced stop sounds +.ul +p, t, +and +.ul +k. +Their central portion is actually silence! (Try saying a word like +"butter" with a very long +.ul +t.\c +) Hence +in this case it is +.ul +only +the transitional information which can distinguish these sounds from +each other. +.pp +Sound segments which comprise the transition from the centre of one phoneme +to the centre of the next are called +.ul +dyads +or +.ul +diphones. +The possibility of using them as the basic units for concatenation +was first mooted in the mid 1950's. +The idea is attractive because there is relatively little spectral +movement in the central, so-called "steady-state", portion of many +phonemes \(em in the extreme case of unvoiced stops there is not only +no spectral movement, but no spectrum at all in the steady state! +At that time the resonance synthesizer was in its infancy, and +so recorded segments of live speech were used. The early experiments +met with little success because of the technical difficulties +of joining analogue waveforms and inevitable discrepancies between +the steady-state parts of a phoneme recorded in different contexts \(em not +to mention the problems of coarticulation and prosody which effectively +preclude the use of waveform concatenation at such a low level. +.pp +In the mid 1960's, with the growing use of resonance synthesizers, +it became possible to generate diphones by copying resonance parameters +manually from a spectrogram, and improving the result by trial and error. +It was not feasible to extract formant frequencies automatically from real +speech, though, because the fast Fourier transform was not yet widely +known and the computational burden of slow Fourier transformation was +prohibitive. +For example, a project at IBM stored manually-derived parameter tracks +for diphones, identified by pairs of phoneme names (Dixon and Maxey, 1968). +.[ +Dixon Maxey 1968 +.] +To generate a synthetic utterance it was coded in +phonetic form and used to access +the diphone table to give a set of parameter tracks for the complete +utterance. Note that this is the first system we have encountered +whose input is a phonetic transcription which relates to an inventory +of truly synthetic character: all previous schemes used recordings of +live speech, albeit processed in some form. +Since the inventory was synthetic, there was no difficulty in ensuring +that discontinuities did not arise between segments beginning and ending with +the same phoneme. Thus interpolation was irrelevant, and the synthesis +procedure concentrated on prosodic questions. The resulting speech +was reported to be quite impressive. +.pp +Strictly speaking, diphones are not demisyllables but phoneme pairs. +In the simplest case they happen to be similar, for two primary diphones +characterize a consonant-vowel-consonant syllable. +There is an advantage to using demisyllables rather than diphones as the basic +unit, for many syllables begin or end with complicated consonant clusters +which are not easy to produce convincingly by diphone +concatenation. +But they are not easy to produce by hand-editing resonance parameters +either! +Now that speech analysis methods have been developed and refined, +resonance parameters or linear predictive coefficients +can be extracted automatically +from natural utterances, and there has been a resurgence of interest in +syllabic and demisyllabic synthesis methods. The wheel has turned +full circle, from segments of natural speech to hand-tailored parameters +and back again! +.pp +The advantage of storing demisyllables over syllables (or lisibles) from +the point of view of storage capacity has already been pointed out +(perhaps 1,000\-2,000 demisyllables as opposed to 4,000\-10,000 syllables). +But it is probably not too significant with the continuing decline +of storage costs. +The requirements are of the order of 25\ Kbyte versus 0.5\ Mbyte +for 1200\ bit/s linear predictive coding, and the latter could +almost be accomodated today \(em 1981 \(em on a state-of-the-art +read-only memory chip. +A bigger advantage comes from rhythmic considerations. +As we will see in the next chapter, the rhythms of fluent speech cause +dramatic variations in syllable duration, but these seem to affect +the vowel and closing consonant cluster much more than the initial consonant +cluster. Thus if a demisyllable is deemed to begin shortly (say 60\ msec) +after onset of the vowel, when the formant structure has settled down, +the bulk of the vowel and the closing consonant cluster will form a +single demisyllable. The opening cluster of the next syllable will lie +in the next demisyllable. Then differential lengthening can be applied +to that part of the syllable which tends to be stretched in live speech. +.pp +One system for demisyllable concatenation has produced excellent results +for monosyllabic English words (Lovins and Fujimura, 1976). +.[ +Lovins Fujimura 1976 +.] +Complex word-final consonant clusters are excluded from the inventory by +using syllable affixes +.ul +s, z, t, +and +.ul +d; +these are attached to the +syllabic core as a separate exercise (Macchi and Nigro, 1977). +.[ +Macchi Nigro 1977 +.] +Prosodic rather than segmental considerations are likely to prove the major +limiting factor when this scheme is extended to running speech. +.pp +Monosyllabic words spoken in isolation are coded as linear predictive +reflection coefficients, and segmented by digital editing into the initial +consonant cluster and the vocalic nucleus plus final cluster. +The cut is made 60\ msec into the vowel, as suggested above. +This minimizes the difficulty of interpolation when concatenating +segments, for there is ample voicing on either side of the juncture. +The reflection coefficients should not differ radically because the +vowel is the same in each demisyllable. +A 40\ msec overlap is used, with the usual linear interpolation. +An alternative smoothing rule applies when the second segment has +a nasal or glide after the vowel. In this case anticipatory coarticulation +occurs, affecting even the early part of the vowel. For example, a vowel +is frequently nasalized when followed by a nasal sound \(em even in English +where nasalization is not a distinctive feature in vowels (see Chapter 2). +Under these circumstances the overlap area is moved forward in time so +that the colouration applies throughout almost the whole vowel. +.sh "7.3 Phoneme synthesis" +.pp +Acoustic phonetics is the study of how the acoustic +signal relates to the phonetic sequence which was spoken or heard. +People \(em especially engineers \(em often ask, how could phonetics not +be acoustic? In fact it can be articulatory, auditory, or linguistic +(phonological), for example, and we have touched on the first and last +in Chapter 2. +The invention of the sound spectrograph in the late 1940's was an +event of colossal significance for acoustic phonetics, for it somehow +seemed to make the intricacies of speech visible. +(This was thought to be a greater advance than actually turned +out: historically-minded readers should refer to Potter +.ul +et al, +1947, +for an enthusiastic contemporary appraisal of the invention.) A +.[ +Potter Kopp Green 1947 +.] +result of several years of research at Haskins Laboratories in New York +during the 1950's was a set of "minimal rules for synthesizing speech", +which showed how stylized formant patterns could generate cues for +identifying vowels and, particularly, consonants +(Liberman, 1957; Liberman +.ul +et al, +1959). +.[ +Liberman 1957 Some results of research on speech perception +.] +.[ +Liberman Ingemann Lisker Delattre Cooper 1959 +.] +.pp +These were to form the basis of many speech synthesis-by-rule computer +programs in the ensuing decades. Such programs take as input a +phonetic transcription of the utterance and generate a spoken version +of it. The transcription may be broad or narrow, depending on the +system. Experience has shown that the Haskins rules really are +minimal, and the success of a synthesis-by-rule program depends on +a vast collection of minutia, each seemingly insignificant in isolation +but whose effects combine to influence the speech quality dramatically. +The best current systems produce clearly understandable +speech which is nevertheless something of a strain to listen to for +long periods. +However, many are not good; and some are execrable. +In recent times commercial influences have unfortunately restricted +the free exchange of results and programs between academic researchers, +thus slowing down progress. +Research attention has turned to prosodic factors, +which are certainly less well understood than segmental ones, and +to synthesis from plain English text rather than from phonetic transcriptions. +.pp +The remainder of this chapter describes the techniques of segmental +synthesis. First it is necessary to introduce some +elements of acoustic phonetics. +It may be worth re-reading Chapter 2 at this point, to refresh +your memory about the classification of speech sounds. +.sh "7.4 Acoustic characterization of phonemes" +.pp +Shortly after the invention of the sound spectrograph an inverse +instrument was developed, called the "pattern playback" synthesizer. +This took as input a spectrogram, either in its original form or +painted by hand. +An optical arrangment was used to modulate the amplitude of some +fifty harmonically-related oscillators by the lightness or darkness +of each point on the frequency axis of the spectrogram. +As it was drawn past the playing head, sound was produced which +had approximately the frequency components shown on the spectrogram, +although the fundamental frequency was constant. +.pp +This device allowed the complicated +acoustic effects seen on a spectrogram (see for example Figures 2.3 and 2.4) +to be replayed in either original or simplified form. +Hence the features which are important for perception of the different sounds +could be isolated. The procedure was to copy from an actual spectrogram +the features which were most prominent visually, and then to make further +changes by trial and error until the result was judged to have +reasonable intelligibility when replayed. +.pp +For the purpose of acoustic characterization of particular phonemes, +it is useful to consider the central, steady-state part separately from +transitions into and out of the segment. +The steady-state part is that sound which is heard when the phoneme +is prolonged. The term "phoneme" is being used in a rather loose sense +here: it is more appropriate to think of a "sound segment" rather than +the abstract unit which forms the basis of phonological classification, +and this is the terminology I will adopt. +.pp +The essential auditory characteristics of some sound segments are inherent in +their steady states. +If a vowel, for example, is spoken and prolonged, it can readily be +identified by listening to any part of the utterance. +This is not true for diphthongs: if you say "I" very slowly and freeze +your vocal tract posture at any time, the resulting steady-state sound +will not be sufficient to identify the diphthong. Rather, it will be +a vowel somewhere between +.ul +aa +(in "had") or +.ul +ar +(in "hard") and +.ul +ee +(in "heed"). +Neither is it true for glides, for prolonging +.ul +w +(in "want") or +.ul +y +(in "you") results in vowels resembling respectively +.ul +u +("hood") or +.ul +ee +("heed"). +Fricatives, voiced or unvoiced, can be identified from the steady state; +but stops can not, for their's is silent (or \(em in the case +of voiced stops \(em something close to it). +.pp +Segments which are identifiable from their steady state are easy to synthesize. +The difficulty lies with the others, for it must be the transitions which +carry the information. Thus "transitions" are an essential part of speech, +and perhaps the term is unfortunate for it calls to mind an unimportant +bridge between one segment and the next. +It is tempting to use the words "continuant" and "non-continuant" to distinguish +the two categories; unfortunately they are used by phoneticians in a different +sense. +We will call them "steady-state" and "transient" segments. The latter term +is not particularly appropriate, for even sounds in this class +.ul +can +be prolonged: the point is that the identifying information is in the +transitions rather than the steady state. +.RF +.nr x1 (\w'excitation'/2) +.nr x2 (\w'formant resonance'/2) +.nr x3 (\w'fricative'/2) +.nr x4 (\w'frequencies (Hz)'/2) +.nr x5 (\w'resonance (Hz)'/2) +.nr x0 4n+1.7i+0.8i+0.6i+0.6i+1.0i+\w'00'+\n(x5 +.nr x6 (\n(.l-\n(x0)/2 +.in \n(x6u +.ta 4n +1.7i +0.8i +0.6i +0.6i +1.0i + \h'-\n(x1u'excitation \0\0\h'-\n(x2u'formant resonance \0\0\h'-\n(x3u'fricative + \0\0\h'-\n(x4u'frequencies (Hz) \0\0\c +\h'-\n(x5u'resonance (Hz) +\l'\n(x0u\(ul' +.sp +.nr x1 (\w'voicing'/2) +\fIuh\fR (the) \h'-\n(x1u'voicing \0500 1500 2500 +\fIa\fR (bud) \h'-\n(x1u'voicing \0700 1250 2550 +\fIe\fR (head) \h'-\n(x1u'voicing \0550 1950 2650 +\fIi\fR (hid) \h'-\n(x1u'voicing \0350 2100 2700 +\fIo\fR (hod) \h'-\n(x1u'voicing \0600 \0900 2600 +\fIu\fR (hood) \h'-\n(x1u'voicing \0400 \0950 2450 +\fIaa\fR (had) \h'-\n(x1u'voicing \0750 1750 2600 +\fIee\fR (heed) \h'-\n(x1u'voicing \0300 2250 3100 +\fIer\fR (heard) \h'-\n(x1u'voicing \0600 1400 2450 +\fIar\fR (hard) \h'-\n(x1u'voicing \0700 1100 2550 +\fIaw\fR (hoard) \h'-\n(x1u'voicing \0450 \0750 2650 +\fIuu\fR (food) \h'-\n(x1u'voicing \0300 \0950 2300 +.nr x1 (\w'aspiration'/2) +\fIh\fR (he) \h'-\n(x1u'aspiration +.nr x1 (\w'frication'/2) +.nr x2 (\w'frication and voicing'/2) +\fIs\fR (sin) \h'-\n(x1u'frication 6000 +\fIz\fR (zed) \h'-\n(x2u'frication and voicing 6000 +\fIsh\fR (shin) \h'-\n(x1u'frication 2300 +\fIzh\fR (vision) \h'-\n(x2u'frication and voicing 2300 +\fIf\fR (fin) \h'-\n(x1u'frication 4000 +\fIv\fR (vat) \h'-\n(x2u'frication and voicing 4000 +\fIth\fR (thin) \h'-\n(x1u'frication 5000 +\fIdh\fR (that) \h'-\n(x2u'frication and voicing 5000 +\l'\n(x0u\(ul' +.ta 0.8i +0.8i +0.8i +0.8i +0.8i +0.8i +0.8i +0.8i +0.8i +0.8i +0.8i +0.8i +.in 0 +.FG "Table 7.2 Resonance synthesizer parameters for steady-state sounds" +.rh "Steady-state segments." +Table 7.2 shows appropriate values for the resonance parameters and +excitation sources of a resonance synthesizer, for steady-state +segments only. +There are several points to note about it. +Firstly, all the frequencies involved obviously depend upon the +speaker \(em the size of his vocal tract, his accent and speaking habits. +The values given are nominal ones for a male speaker with a dialect of +British English called "received pronunciation" (RP) \(em for it is what +used to be "received" on the wireless in the old days +before the British Broadcasting Corporation +adopted a policy of more informal, more regional, speech. +Female speakers have formant frequencies approximately 15% higher +than male ones. +Secondly, the third formant is relatively unimportant for vowel +identification; it is +the first and second that give the vowels their character. +Thirdly, formant values for +.ul +h +are not given, for they would be meaningless. +Although it is certainly a steady-state sound, +.ul +h +changes radically +in context. If you say "had", "heed", "hud", and so on, and freeze +your vocal tract posture on the initial +.ul +h, +you will find it +already configured for the following vowel \(em an excellent +example of anticipatory coarticulation. +Fourthly, amplitude values do play some part in identification, +particularly for fricatives. +.ul +th +is the weakest sound, closely followed by +.ul +f, +with +.ul +s +and +.ul +sh +the +strongest. It is necessary to get a reasonable mix of excitation in +the voiced fricatives; the voicing amplitude is considerably less than +in vowels. Finally, there are other sounds that might be considered +steady state ones. You can probably identify +.ul +m, n, +and +.ul +ng +just by +their steady states. However, the difference is not particularly +strong; it is the transitional parts which discriminate most effectively +between these sounds. The steady state of +.ul +r +is quite distinctive, too, +for most speakers, because the top of the tongue is curled back in a +so-called "retroflex" action and this causes a radical change in the +third formant resonance. +.rh "Transient segments." +Transient sounds include diphthongs, glides, +nasals, voiced and unvoiced stops, and affricates. +The first two are relatively easy to characterize, for they are +basically continuous, gradual transitions from one vocal tract posture +to another \(em sort of dynamic vowels. Diphthongs and glides are +similar to each other. In fact "you" could be transcribed as +a triphthong, +.ul +i e uu, +except that in the initial posture the tongue +is even higher, and the vocal tract correspondingly more constricted, +than in +.ul +i +("hid") \(em though not as constricted as in +.ul +sh. +Both categories can be represented in terms of target formant +values, on the understanding that these are not to be +interpreted as steady state configurations but strictly as +extreme values at the beginning or end of the formant motion (for +transitions out of and into the segment, respectively). +.pp +Nasals have a steady-state portion comprising a strong nasal formant +at a fairly low frequency, on account of the large size of the +combined nasal and oral cavity which is resonating. +Higher formants are relatively weak, because of attenuation effects. +Transitions into and out of nasals are strongly nasalized, +as indeed are adjacent vocalic segments, with +the oral and nasal tract operating in parallel. As discussed in +Chapter 5, this cannot be simulated on a series synthesizer. +However, extremely fast motions of the formants occur on account of +the binary switching action of the velum, and it turns out that +fast formant transitions are sufficient to simulate nasals because +the speech perception mechanism is accustomed to hearing them only +in that context! Contrast this with the extremely slow transitions +in diphthongs and glides. +.pp +Stops form the most interesting category, and research using the pattern +playback synthesizer was instrumental in providing adequate acoustic +characterizations for them. Consider unvoiced stops. +They each have three phases: transition in, silent central portion, +and transition out. There is a lot of action on the transition out +(and many phoneticians would divide this part alone into several "phases"). +First, as the release occurs, there is a small burst of fricative noise. +Say "t\ t\ t\ ..." as in "tut-tut", without producing any voicing. +Actually, when used as an admonishment this is accompanied by +an ingressive, inhaling air-stream instead of the normal egressive, +exhaling one used in English speech (although some languages +do have ingressive sounds). +In any case, a short fricative somewhat resembling a tiny +.ul +s +can be heard as the tongue leaves the roof of the mouth. +Frication is produced when the gap is very narrow, and ceases +rapidly as it becomes wider. +Next, when an unvoiced stop is released, a significant amount of aspiration +follows the release. +Say "pot", "tot", "cot" with force and you will hear the +.ul +h\c +-like +aspiration quite clearly. +It doesn't always occur, though; for example you will hear little +aspiration when a fricative like +.ul +s +precedes the stop in the +same syllable, as in "spot", "scot". The aspiration is a distinguishing +feature between "white spot" and the rather unlikely "White's pot". +It tends to increase as the emphasis on the syllable increases, +and this in an example of a prosodic feature influencing segmental +characteristics. Finally, at the end of the segment, +the aspiration \(em if any \(em will turn to voicing. +.pp +What has been described applies to +.ul +all +unvoiced stops. +What distinguishes one from another? +The tiny fricative burst will be different because the noise is produced +at different places in the vocal tract \(em at the lips for +.ul +p, +tongue and front of palate for +.ul +t, +and tongue and back of palate for +.ul +k. +The most important difference, however, is the formant motion illuminated +by the last vestiges of voicing at closure and by both aspiration and the +onset of voicing at opening. +Each stop has target formant values which, although +they cannot be heard during the stopped portion (for there is no +sound there), do affect the transitions in and out. +An added complexity is that the target positions themselves vary to some +extent depending on the adjacent segments. +If the stop is heavily aspirated, the vocal posture will have almost +attained that for the following vowel before voicing begins, but +the formant transitions will be perceived because they affect +the sound quality of aspiration. +.pp +The voiced stops +.ul +b, d, +and +.ul +g +are quite similar to their unvoiced analogues +.ul +p, t, +and +.ul +k. +What distinguishes them from each other are the formant transitions to +target positions, heard during closure and opening. +They are distinguished from their unvoiced counterparts by the fact +that more voicing is present: it lingers on longer at closure +and begins earlier on opening. Thus little or no aspiration appears +during the opening phase. If an unvoiced stop is uttered in a context +where aspiration is suppressed, as in "spot", it is almost identical to the +corresponding voiced stop, "sbot". Luckily no words in English require +us to make a distinction in such contexts. +Voicing sometimes pervades the entire stopped portion of a voiced stop, +especially when it is surrounded by other voiced segments. +When saying a word like "baby" slowly you can choose whether or not to +prolong voicing throughout the second +.ul +b. +If you do, creating what is +called a "voice bar" in spectrograms, +the sound escapes through the cheeks, for +the lips are closed \(em try doing it for a very long time and your cheeks +will fill up with air! +This severely attenuates high-frequency components, and can +be simulated with a weak first formant at a low resonant frequency. +.RF +.nr x0 \w'unvoiced stops: 'u +.nr x1 4n +.nr x2 \n(x0+\n(x1+\w'aspiration burst (context- and emphasis-dependent)'u +.nr x3 (\n(.l-\n(x2)/2 +.in \n(x3u +.ta \n(x0u +\n(x1u +unvoiced stops: closure (early cessation of voicing) + silent steady state + opening, comprising + short fricative burst + aspiration burst (context- and emphasis-dependent) + onset of voicing +.sp +voiced stops: closure (late cessation of voicing) + steady state (possibility of voice bar) + opening, comprising + pre-voicing + short fricative burst +.ta 0.8i +0.8i +0.8i +0.8i +0.8i +0.8i +0.8i +0.8i +0.8i +0.8i +0.8i +0.8i +.in 0 +.FG "Table 7.3 Acoustic phases of stop consonants" +.pp +Table 7.3 summarizes some of the acoustic phases of voiced and unvoiced +stops. There are many variations that have not been mentioned. +Nasal plosion ("good news") occurs (at the word boundary, in this case) +when the nasal formant pervades the +opening phase. Stop bursts are suppressed when the next sound is a stop +too (the burst on the +.ul +p +of "apt", for example). +It is difficult to distinguish a voiced stop from an unvoiced one +at the end of a word ("cab" and "cap"); if the speaker is trying to +make himself particularly clear he will put a short neutral vowel +after the voiced stop to emphasize its early onset of voicing. +(If he is Italian he will probably do this anyway, for it is the norm +in his own language.) +.pp +Finally, we turn to affricates, of which there are only two +in English: +.ul +ch +("chin") and +.ul +j +("djinn"). +They are very similar to the stops +.ul +t +and +.ul +d +followed by the fricatives +.ul +sh +and +.ul +zh +respectively, and their acoustic characterization is similar to that +of the phoneme pair. +.ul +ch +has a closing phase, a stopped phase, and a long fricative burst. +There is no aspiration, +for the vocal cords are not involved. +.ul +j +is the same except that voicing extends further into the stopped +portion, and the terminating fricative is also voiced. +It may be pronounced with a voice bar if the preceding segment is voiced +("adjunct"). +.sh "7.5 Speech synthesis by rule" +.pp +Generation of speech by rules acting upon a phonetic transcription +was first investigated in the early 1960's (Kelly and Gerstman, 1961). +.[ +Kelly Gerstman 1961 +.] +Most systems employ a hardware resonance synthesizer, analogue or digital, +series or parallel, +to reduce the load on the computer which operates the rules. +The speech-by-rule program, rather than the +synthesizer, inevitably contributes by far the greater part of the +degradation in the resulting speech. +Although parallel synthesizers offer greater potential control over +the spectrum, it is not clear to what extent a synthesis program can take +advantage of this. Parameter tracks for a series synthesizer can +easily be converted into linear predictive coefficients, and systems +which use a linear predictive synthesizer will probably become popular +in the near future. +.pp +The phrase "synthesis by rule", which is in common use, does not +make it clear just what sort of features the rules are supposed to +accomodate, and what information must be included explicitly in the +input transcription. +Early systems made no attempt to simulate prosodics. +Pitch and rhythm could be controlled, but only by inserting +pitch specifiers and duration markers in the input. +Some kind of prosodic control was often incorporated later, +but usually as a completely separate phase from segmental synthesis. +This does not allow interaction effects (such as the extra +aspiration for voiceless stops in accented syllables) to be taken +into account easily. +Even systems which perform prosodic operations invariably need to have +prosodic specifications embedded explicitly in the input. +.pp +Generating parameter tracks for a synthesizer from a phonetic transcription +is a process of data +.ul +expansion. +Six bits are ample to specify a phoneme, and a speaking rate of 12 phonemes/sec +leads to an input data rate of 72 bit/s. +The data rate required to control the synthesizer will depend upon the number +of parameters and the rate at which they are sampled, +but a typical figure is 6 Kbit/s (Chapter 5). +Hence there is something like a hundredfold data expansion. +.pp +Figure 7.1 shows the parameter tracks for a series synthesizer's rendering +of the utterance +.ul +s i k s. +.FC "Figure 7.1" +There are eight parameters. +You can see the onset of frication at the beginning and end (parameter 5), +and the amplitude of voicing (parameter 1) come on for the +.ul +i +and off again before the +.ul +k. +The pitch (parameter 0) is falling slowly throughout the utterance. +These tracks are stylized: they come from a computer synthesis-by-rule +program and not from a human utterance. +With a parameter update rate of 10 msec, the graphs can be represented +by 90 sets of eight parameter values, a total of 720 values or 4320 bits +if a 6-bit representation is used for each value. +Contrast this with the input of only four phoneme segments, or say 24 bits. +.rh "A segment-by-segment system." +A seminal paper appearing in 1964 was the first comprehensive +description of a computer-based synthesis-by-rule system +(Holmes +.ul +et al, +1964). +.[ +Holmes Mattingly Shearme 1964 +.] +The same system is still in use and has been reimplemented in a more +portable form (Wright, 1976). +.[ +Wright 1976 +.] +The inventory of sound segments +includes the phonemes listed in Table 2.1, as well as diphthongs and +a second allophone of +.ul +l. +(Many British speakers use quite a different vocal posture for +pre- and post-vocalic +.ul +l\c +\&'s, called clear and dark +.ul +l\c +\&'s +respectively.) Some phonemes are expanded into sub-phonemic +"phases" by the program. Stops have three phases, corresponding to +the closure, silent steady state, and opening. +Diphthongs have two phases. We will call individual phases and +single-phase phonemes "segments", for they are subject to exactly +the same transition rules. +.pp +Parameter tracks are constructed out of linear pieces. +Consider a pair of adjacent segments in an utterance to be synthesized. +Each one has a steady-state portion and an internal transition. +The internal transition of one phoneme is dubbed "external" +as far as the other is concerned. +This is important because instead of each segment being responsible +for its own internal transition, one of the pair is identified +as "dominant" and it controls the duration of both transitions \(em its +internal one and its external (the other's internal) one. +For example, in Figure 7.2 the segment +.ul +sh +dominates +.ul +ee +and so it +governs the duration of both transitions shown. +.FC "Figure 7.2" +Note that each +segment contributes as many as three linear pieces to the parameter track. +.pp +The notion of domination is similar to that discussed earlier for +word concatenation. +The difference is that for word concatenation the dominant segment was +determined by computing the spectral derivative over the transition +region, whereas for synthesis-by-rule +segments are ranked according to a static precedence, +and the higher-ranking segment dominates. +Segments of stop consonants have the highest rank (and also +the greatest spectral derivative), while fricatives, nasals, glides, +and vowels follow in that order. +.pp +The concatenation procedure is controlled by a table which associates +25 quantities with each segment. They are +.LB +.NI +rank +.NI +2\ \ overall durations (for stressed and unstressed occurrences) +.NI +4\ \ transition durations (for internal and external transitions of +formant frequencies and amplitudes) +.NI +8\ \ target parameter values (amplitudes and frequencies of three +formant resonances, plus fricative information) +.NI +5\ \ quantities which specify how to calculate boundary values for +formant frequencies (two for each formant except the third, +which has only one) +.NI +5\ \ quantities which specify how to calculate boundary values for +amplitudes. +.LE +This table is rather large. There are 80 segments in all (remember +that many phonemes are represented by more than one segment), +and so it has 2000 entries. The system was an offline one which ran on +what was then \(em 1964 \(em a large computer. +.pp +The advantage of such a large table of "rules" is the +flexibility it affords. +Notice that transition durations are specified independently for +formant frequency and amplitude parameters \(em this permits +fine control which is particularly useful for stops. +For each parameter the boundary value between segments is calculated +using a fixed contribution from the dominant one +and a proportion of the steady state value of the other. +.pp +It is possible that the two transition durations which are +calculated for a segment actually exceed the overall duration specified +for it. In this case, the steady-state target values will be approached +but not actually attained, simulating a situation where coarticulation +effects prevent a target value from being reached. +.rh "An event-based system." +The synthesis system described above, in common with many others, takes +an uncompromisingly segment-by-segment view of speech. +The next phoneme is read, perhaps split into a few segments, and +these are synthesized one by one with due attention being paid +to transitions between them. +Some later work has taken a more syllabic view. +Mattingly (1976) urges a return to syllables for both practical and +theoretical reasons. +.[ +Mattingly 1976 Syllable synthesis +.] +Transitional effects are particularly strong +within a syllable and comparatively weak (but by no means negligible) +from one syllable to the next. From a theoretical viewpoint, +there are much stronger phonetic restrictions on phoneme sequences +than there are on syllable sequences: pretty well any syllable can +follow another (although whether the pair makes sense is +a different matter), but the linguistically +acceptable phoneme sequences are only a fraction +of those formed by combining phonemes in all +possible ways. +Hill (1978) argues against what be calls the "segmental assumption" +that progress through the utterance should be made one segment at a time, +and recommends a description of speech based upon perceptually relevant +"events". +.[ +Hill 1978 A program structure for event-based speech synthesis by rules +.] +This framework is interesting because it provides an opportunity for prosodic +considerations to be treated as an integral part of the synthesis +process. +.pp +The phonetic segments and other information that specify an utterance +can be regarded as a list of events which describes it +at a relatively high level. +Synthesis-by-rule is the act of taking this list and elaborating on it +to produce lower-level events which are realized by the vocal tract, +or acoustically simulated by a resonance synthesizer, to give a speech +waveform. +In articulatory terms, an event might be "begin tongue motion towards +upper teeth with a given effort", while in resonance terms it could be +"begin second formant transition towards 1500\ Hz at a given rate". +(These two examples are +.ul +not +intended to describe the same event: a tongue motion causes much more +than the transition of a single formant.) Coarticulation +issues such as stop burst suppression and nasal plosion should +be easier to imitate within an event-based scheme than a segment-to-segment +one. +.pp +The ISP system (Witten and Abbess, 1979) is event-based. +.[ +Witten Abbess 1979 +.] +The key to its operation is the +.ul +synthesis list. +To prepare an utterance for synthesis, the lexical items which specify +it are joined into a linked list. Figure 7.3 shows the start of +the list created for +.LB +1 +.ul +dh i z i z /*d zh aa k s /h aa u s +.LE +(this is Jack's house); the "1\ ...\ /*\ ...\ /\ ..." are +prosodic markers which will be discussed in the next chapter. +.FC "Figure 7.3" +Next, the rhythm and pitch assignment routines +augment the list with syllable boundaries, phoneme +cluster identifiers, and duration and pitch specifications. +Then it is passed to the segmental synthesis routine +which chains events into the appropriate places and, as it +proceeds, removes the no longer useful elements (phoneme names, +pitch specifiers, etc) which originally constituted the synthesis list. +Finally, an interrupt-driven speech synthesizer handler removes +events from the list as they become due and uses them to control +the hardware synthesizer. +.pp +By adopting the synthesis list as a uniform data structure for +holding utterances at every stage of processing, the problems of storage +allocation and garbage collection are minimized. +Each list element has a forward pointer and five data words, the first +indicating what type of element it is. +Lexical items which may appear in the input are +.LB +.NI +end of utterance (".", "!", ",", ";") +.NI +intonation indicator ("1", ...) +.NI +rhythm indicator ("/", "/*") +.NI +word boundary (" ") +.NI +syllable boundary ("'") +.NI +phoneme segment +(\c +.ul +ar, b, ng, ...\c +) +.NI +explicit duration or pitch information. +.LE +Several of these have to do with prosodic features \(em a prime +advantage of the structure is that it does not create an artificial +division between segmentals and prosody. +Syllable boundaries and duration and pitch information are optional. +They will normally be computed by ISP, but the user can override them in the +input in a natural way. +The actual characters which identify lexical items are not fixed +but are taken from the rule table. +.pp +As synthesis +proceeds, new elements are chained in to the synthesis list. +For segmental purposes, three types of event are defined \(em +target events, increment events, and aspiration events. +With each event is associated a time at which the event becomes due. +For a target event, a parameter number, target parameter value, +and time-increment are specified. +When it becomes due, motion of the parameter towards the +target is begun. If no other event for that parameter intervenes, +the target value will be reached after the given time-increment. +However, another target event for the parameter may change its motion +before the target has been attained. +Increment events contain a parameter number, a parameter increment, +and a time-increment. The fixed increment is added to the parameter value +throughout the time specified. This provides an easy way to make a +fricative burst during the opening phase of a stop consonant. +Aspiration events switch the mode of excitation from voicing to aspiration +for a given period of time. Thus the aspirated part of unvoiced stops +can be accomodated in a natural manner, by changing the mode of excitation +for the duration of the aspiration. +.RF +.nr x1 (\w'excitation'/2) +.nr x2 (\w'formant resonance'/2) +.nr x3 (\w'fricative'/2) +.nr x4 (\w'type'/2) +.nr x5 (\w'frequencies (Hz)'/2) +.nr x6 (\w'resonance (Hz)'/2) +.nr x0 1.0i+0.7i+0.6i+0.6i+1.0i+1.2i+(\w'long vowel'/2) +.nr x7 (\n(.l-\n(x0)/2 +.in \n(x7u +.ta 1.0i +0.7i +0.6i +0.6i +1.0i +1.2i + \h'-\n(x1u'excitation \0\0\h'-\n(x2u'formant resonance \0\0\h'-\n(x3u'fricative \h'-\n(x4u'type + \0\0\h'-\n(x5u'frequencies (Hz) \0\0\h'-\n(x6u'resonance (Hz) +\l'\n(x0u\(ul' +.sp +.nr x1 (\w'voicing'/2) +.nr x2 (\w'vowel'/2) +\fIuh\fR \h'-\n(x1u'voicing \0490 1480 2500 \c +\h'-\n(x2u'vowel +\fIa\fR \h'-\n(x1u'voicing \0720 1240 2540 \h'-\n(x2u'vowel +\fIe\fR \h'-\n(x1u'voicing \0560 1970 2640 \h'-\n(x2u'vowel +\fIi\fR \h'-\n(x1u'voicing \0360 2100 2700 \h'-\n(x2u'vowel +\fIo\fR \h'-\n(x1u'voicing \0600 \0890 2600 \h'-\n(x2u'vowel +\fIu\fR \h'-\n(x1u'voicing \0380 \0950 2440 \h'-\n(x2u'vowel +\fIaa\fR \h'-\n(x1u'voicing \0750 1750 2600 \h'-\n(x2u'vowel +.nr x2 (\w'long vowel'/2) +\fIee\fR \h'-\n(x1u'voicing \0290 2270 3090 \h'-\n(x2u'long vowel +\fIer\fR \h'-\n(x1u'voicing \0580 1380 2440 \h'-\n(x2u'long vowel +\fIar\fR \h'-\n(x1u'voicing \0680 1080 2540 \h'-\n(x2u'long vowel +\fIaw\fR \h'-\n(x1u'voicing \0450 \0740 2640 \h'-\n(x2u'long vowel +\fIuu\fR \h'-\n(x1u'voicing \0310 \0940 2320 \h'-\n(x2u'long vowel +.nr x1 (\w'aspiration'/2) +.nr x2 (\w'h'/2) +\fIh\fR \h'-\n(x1u'aspiration \h'-\n(x2u'h +.nr x1 (\w'voicing'/2) +.nr x2 (\w'glide'/2) +\fIr\fR \h'-\n(x1u'voicing \0240 1190 1550 \h'-\n(x2u'glide +\fIw\fR \h'-\n(x1u'voicing \0240 \0650 \h'-\n(x2u'glide +\fIl\fR \h'-\n(x1u'voicing \0380 1190 \h'-\n(x2u'glide +\fIy\fR \h'-\n(x1u'voicing \0240 2270 \h'-\n(x2u'glide +.nr x2 (\w'nasal'/2) +\fIm\fR \h'-\n(x1u'voicing \0190 \0690 2000 \h'-\n(x2u'nasal +.nr x1 (\w'none'/2) +.nr x2 (\w'stop'/2) +\fIb\fR \h'-\n(x1u'none \0100 \0690 2000 \h'-\n(x2u'stop +\fIp\fR \h'-\n(x1u'none \0100 \0690 2000 \h'-\n(x2u'stop +.nr x1 (\w'voicing'/2) +.nr x2 (\w'nasal'/2) +\fIn\fR \h'-\n(x1u'voicing \0190 1780 3300 \h'-\n(x2u'nasal +.nr x1 (\w'none'/2) +.nr x2 (\w'stop'/2) +\fId\fR \h'-\n(x1u'none \0100 1780 3300 \h'-\n(x2u'stop +\fIt\fR \h'-\n(x1u'none \0100 1780 3300 \h'-\n(x2u'stop +.nr x1 (\w'voicing'/2) +.nr x2 (\w'nasal'/2) +\fIng\fR \h'-\n(x1u'voicing \0190 2300 2500 \h'-\n(x2u'nasal +.nr x1 (\w'none'/2) +.nr x2 (\w'stop'/2) +\fIg\fR \h'-\n(x1u'none \0100 2300 2500 \h'-\n(x2u'stop +\fIk\fR \h'-\n(x1u'none \0100 2300 2500 \h'-\n(x2u'stop +.nr x1 (\w'frication'/2) +.nr x2 (\w'voice + fric'/2) +.nr x3 (\w'fricative'/2) +\fIs\fR \h'-\n(x1u'frication 6000 \h'-\n(x3u'fricative +\fIz\fR \h'-\n(x2u'voice + fric \0190 1780 3300 6000 \h'-\n(x3u'fricative +\fIsh\fR \h'-\n(x1u'frication 2300 \h'-\n(x3u'fricative +\fIzh\fR \h'-\n(x2u'voice + fric \0190 2120 2700 2300 \h'-\n(x3u'fricative +\fIf\fR \h'-\n(x1u'frication 4000 \h'-\n(x3u'fricative +\fIv\fR \h'-\n(x2u'voice + fric \0190 \0690 3300 4000 \h'-\n(x3u'fricative +\fIth\fR \h'-\n(x1u'frication 5000 \h'-\n(x3u'fricative +\fIdh\fR \h'-\n(x2u'voice + fric \0190 1780 3300 5000 \h'-\n(x3u'fricative +\l'\n(x0u\(ul' +.ta 0.8i +0.8i +0.8i +0.8i +0.8i +0.8i +0.8i +0.8i +0.8i +0.8i +0.8i +0.8i +.in 0 +.FG "Table 7.4 Rule table for an event-based synthesis-by-rule program" +.pp +Now the rule table, which is shown in Table 7.4, +holds simple target positions for each phoneme segment, as well as +the segment type. The latter is used to trigger events by computer +procedures which have access to the context of the segment. +In principle, this allows considerably more sophistication to be +introduced than does a simple segment-by-segment approach. +.RF +.nr x1 0.5i+0.5i+\w'preceding consonant in this syllable (suppress burst if fricative)'u +.nr x1 (\n(.l-\n(x1)/2 +.in \n(x1u +.ta 0.5i +0.5i +fricative bursts on stops +aspiration bursts on unvoiced stops, affected by + preceding consonant in this syllable (suppress burst if fricative) + following consonant (suppress burst if another stop; introduce + nasal plosion if a nasal) + prosodics (increase burst if syllable is stressed) +voice bar on voiced stops (in intervocalic position) +post-voicing on terminating voiced stops, if syllable is stressed +anticipatory coarticulation for \fIh\fR +vowel colouring when a nasal or glide follows +.ta 0.8i +0.8i +0.8i +0.8i +0.8i +0.8i +0.8i +0.8i +0.8i +0.8i +0.8i +0.8i +.in 0 +.FG "Table 7.5 Some coarticulation effects" +.pp +For example, Table 7.5 summarizes some of the subtleties of the +speech production process which have been mentioned earlier in this +chapter. Most of them are context-dependent, with the prosodic +context (whether two segments are in the same syllable; whether a +syllable is stressed) playing a significant role. A scheme where +data-dependent "demons" fire on particular patterns in a linked list +seems to be a sensible approach towards incorporating such rules. +.rh "Discussion." +There are two opposing trends in speech synthesis by rule. +On the one hand larger and larger segment inventories can be used, +containing more and more allophones explicitly. +This is the approach of the Votrax sound-segment synthesizer, +discussed in Chapter 11. +It puts an increasing burden on the person who codes the utterances +for synthesis, although, as we shall see, computer programs can assist with +this task. +On the other hand the segment inventory can be kept small, perhaps +comprising just the logical phonemes as in the ISP system. +This places the onus on the computer program to accomodate allophonic variations, +and to do so it must take account of the segmental and prosodic +context of each phoneme. +An event-based approach seems to give the best chance of incorporating +contextual modification whilst avoiding undesired interactions. +.pp +The second trend brings synthesis closer to the articulatory process +of speech production. In fact an event-based system would be +an ideal way of implementing an articulatory model for speech synthesis +by rule. It would be much more satisfying to have the rule table +contain articulatory target positions instead of resonance ones, +with events like "begin tongue motion towards upper teeth with a given +effort". The problem is that hard data on articulatory postures and +constraints is much more difficult to gather than resonance information. +.pp +An interesting question that relates to articulation is whether formant +motion can be simulated adequately by a small number of linear pieces. +The segment-by-segment system described above had as many as nine +pieces for a single phoneme, for some phonemes had three phases +and each one contributes up to three pieces (transition in, +steady state, and transition out). +Another system used curves of decaying exponential +form which ensured that all transitions started rapidly towards +the target position but slowed down as it was approached (Rabiner, 1968, 1969). +.[ +Rabiner 1968 Speech synthesis by rule Bell System Technical J +.] +.[ +Rabiner 1969 A model for synthesizing speech by rule +.] +The time-constant of decay was stored with each segment in the rule +table. The rhythm of the synthetic speech was controlled at this level, +for the next segment was begun when all the formants had attained +values sufficiently close to the current targets. +This is a poor model of the human speech production process, where rhythm +is dictated at a relatively high level and the next phoneme is not +simply started when the current one happens to end. +Nevertheless, the algorithm produced smooth, continuous formant motions +not unlike those found in spectrograms. +.pp +There is, however, by no means universal agreement on decaying exponential formant +motions. Lawrence (1974) divided segments into "checked" and "free" +categories, corresponding roughly to consonants and vowels; and postulated +.ul +increasing +exponential transitions into checked segments, and decaying transitions into +free ones. +.[ +Lawrence 1974 +.] +This is a reasonable supposition if you consider the mechanics of +articulation. The speed of movement of the tongue (for example) is likely +to increase until it is physically stopped by reaching the roof of the +mouth. +When moving away from a checked posture into a free one the transition will +be rapid at first but slow down to approach the target asymptotically, +governed by proprioceptive feedback. +.pp +The only thing that seems to be agreed is that the formant tracks should +certainly +.ul +not +be piecewise linear. However, in the face of +conflicting opinions as to whether exponentials should be decaying +or increasing, piecewise linear motions seem to be a reasonable +compromise! It is likely that the precise shape of formant +tracks is unimportant so long as the gross features are imitated +correctly. +Nevertheless, this is a question which an articulatory model +could help to answer. +.sh "7.6 References" +.LB "nnnn" +.[ +$LIST$ +.] +.LE "nnnn" +.sh "7.7 Further reading" +.pp +There are unfortunately few books to recommend on the subject of +joining segments of speech. +The references form a representative and moderately comprehensive bibliography. +Here is some relevant background reading in linguistics. +.LB "nn" +.\"Fry-1976-1 +.]- +.ds [A Fry, D.B.(Editor) +.ds [D 1976 +.ds [T Acoustic phonetics +.ds [I Cambridge Univ Press +.ds [C Cambridge, England +.nr [T 0 +.nr [A 0 +.nr [O 0 +.][ 2 book +.in+2n +This book of readings contains many classic papers on acoustic phonetics +published from 1922\-1965. +It covers much of the history of the subject, and is intended +primarily for students of linguistics. +.in-2n +.\"Lehiste-1967-2 +.]- +.ds [A Lehiste, I.(Editor) +.ds [D 1967 +.ds [T Readings in acoustic phonetics +.ds [I MIT Press +.ds [C Cambridge, Massachusetts +.nr [T 0 +.nr [A 0 +.nr [O 0 +.][ 2 book +.in+2n +Another basic collection of references which covers much the same ground +as Fry (1976), above. +.in-2n +.\"Sivertsen-1961-3 +.]- +.ds [A Sivertsen, E. +.ds [D 1961 +.ds [K * +.ds [T Segment inventories for speech synthesis +.ds [J Language and Speech +.ds [V 4 +.ds [P 27-89 +.nr [P 1 +.nr [T 0 +.nr [A 1 +.nr [O 0 +.][ 1 journal-article +.in+2n +This is a careful early study of the quantitative implications of using +phonemes, demisyllables, syllables, and words as the basic building +blocks for speech synthesis. +.in-2n +.LE "nn" +.EQ +delim $$ +.EN +.CH "8 PROSODIC FEATURES IN SPEECH SYNTHESIS" +.ds RT "Prosodic features +.ds CX "Principles of computer speech +.pp +Prosodic features are those which characterize an utterance as a whole, +rather than having a local influence on individual sound segments. +For speech output from computers, an "utterance" usually comprises a +single unit of information which stretches over several words \(em a clause +or sentence. In natural speech an utterance can be very much longer, but +it will be broken into prosodic units which are again roughly the size of a +clause or sentence. These prosodic units are certainly closely related +to each other. For example, the pitch contour used when introducing a new +topic is usually different from those employed to develop it subsequently. +However, for the purposes of synthesis the successive prosodic units can +be treated independently, and information about pitch contours to be used +will have to be specified in the input for each one. +The independence between them is not complete, however, and +lower-level contextual effects, such as interpolation of pitch between +the end of one prosodic unit and the start of the next, must still be +imitated. +.pp +Prosodic features were introduced briefly in Chapter 2. +Variations in voice dynamics occur in three dimensions: pitch of the voice, +time, and amplitude. +These dimensions are inextricably twined together in living speech. +Variations in voice quality are much less important for the factual +kind of speech usually sought in voice response applications, +although they can play a considerable in conveying emotions +(for a discussion of the acoustic manifestations of emotion in speech, +see Williams and Stevens, 1972). +.[ +Williams Stevens 1972 +.] +.pp +The distinction between prosodic and segmental effects is a traditional one, +but it becomes rather fuzzy when examined in detail. +It is analogous to the distinction between hardware and +software in computer science: although useful from some points of view +the borderline becomes blurred as one gets closer to actual systems \(em with +microcode, interrupts, memory management, and the like. +At a trivial level, prosodics +cannot exist without segmentals, for there must be some vehicle to carry the +prosodic contrasts. +Timing \(em a prosodic feature \(em is actually realized by the durations of +individual segments. Pauses are tantamount to silent segments. +.pp +While pitch may seem to be relatively independent of segmentals \(em and +this view is reinforced by the success of the source-filter model +which separates the frequency of the +excitation source from the filter characteristics \(em there +are some subtle phonetic effects of pitch. +It has been observed that it drops on the transition into certain +consonants, and rises again on the transition out (Haggard +.ul +et al, +1970). +.[ +Haggard Ambler Callow 1970 +.] +This can be explained in terms of variations in pressure from the +lungs on the vocal cords (Ladefoged, 1967). +.[ +Ladefoged 1967 +.] +Briefly, the increase in mouth pressure which occurs during some consonants +causes a reduction in the pressure difference across the vocal cords +and in the rate of flow of air between them. +This results in a decrease in their frequency of vibration. +When the constriction is released, there is a temporary increase in the air +flow which increases the pitch again. +The phenomenon is called "microintonation". +It is particularly noticeable in voiced stops, but also occurs in voiced +fricatives and unvoiced stops. +Simulation of the effect in synthesis-by-rule has often been found to give +noticeable improvements in the speech quality. +.pp +Loudness also has a segmental role. For example, we noted in the last chapter +that amplitude values play a small part in identification of fricatives. +In fact loudness is a very +.ul +weak +prosodic feature. It contributes little to the perception of stress. +Even for shouting the distinction from normal speech is as much in the voice +quality as in amplitude +.ul +per se. +It is not necessary to consider varying loudness on a prosodic basis +in most speech synthesis systems. +.pp +The above examples show how prosodic features have segmental influences +as well. +The converse is also true: some segmental features have a prosodic effect. +The last chapter described how stress is associated with increased aspiration +of syllable-initial unvoiced stops. Furthermore, stressed syllables +are articulated with greater effort than unstressed ones, and hence the formant +transitions are more likely to attain their target values +under circumstances which would otherwise cause them to fall short. +In unstressed syllables, extreme vowels (like +.ul +ee, aa, uu\c +) +tend to more centralized sounds +(like +.ul +i, uh, u +respectively). +Although all British English vowels +.ul +can +appear in unstressed syllables, they often become "reduced" into a +centralized form. +Consider the following examples. +.LB +.NI +diplomat \ +.ul +d i p l uh m aa t +.NI +diplomacy \ +.ul +d i p l uh u m uh s i +.NI +diplomatic \ +.ul +d i p l uh m aa t i k. +.LE +The vowel of the second syllable is reduced to +.ul +uh +in "diplomat" and "diplomatic", whereas the root form "diploma", and also +"diplomacy", has a diphthong +(\c +.ul +uh u\c +) +there. The third syllable has an +.ul +aa +in "diplomat" and "diplomatic" which is reduced to +.ul +uh +in "diplomacy". +In these cases the reduction is shown explicitly in the phonetic transcription; +but in more marginal examples where it is less extreme it will not be. +.pp +I have tried to emphasize in previous chapters that prosodic features are +important in speech synthesis. +There is something very basic about them. +Rhythm is an essential part of all bodily activity \(em of breathing, +walking, working and playing \(em and so it pervades speech too. +Mothers and babies communicate effectively using intonation alone. +Some experiments have indicated that the language environment of +an infant affects his babbling at an early age, before he has effective +segmental control. +There is no doubt that "tone of voice" plays a large part in human +communication. +.pp +However, early attempts at synthesis did not pay too +much attention to prosodics, perhaps because it was thought sufficient to get the +meaning across by providing clear segmentals. +As artificial speech grows more widespread, however, it is becoming +apparent that its acceptability to users, and hence its ultimate +success, depends to a large extent on incorporating natural-sounding +prosodics. Flat, arhythmic speech may be comprehensible in short stretches, +but it strains the concentration in significant discourse and people +are not usually prepared to listen to it. +Unfortunately, current commercial speech output systems do not really tackle +prosodic questions, which indicates our present rather inadequate +state of knowledge. +.pp +The importance of prosodics for automatic speech +.ul +recognition +is beginning to be appreciated too. Some research projects +have attended to the automatic identification of points of stress, +in the hope that the clear articulation of stressed syllables can be used +to provide anchor points in an unknown utterance (for example, see Lea +.ul +et al, +1975). +.[ +Lea Medress Skinner 1975 +.] +.pp +But prosodics and segmentals are closely intertwined. +I have chosen to +treat them in separate chapters in order to split the material up into +manageable chunks rather than to enforce a deep division between them. +It is also true that synthesis of prosodic features is an uncharted and +controversial area, which gives this chapter rather a different +flavour from the last. +It is hard to be as definite about alternative strategies +and methods as you can for segment concatenation. +In order to make the treatment as concrete and down-to-earth as possible, +I will describe in some detail two example projects in prosodic synthesis. +The first treats the problem of transferring pitch from one utterance to +another, while the second considers how artificial timing and pitch can be +assigned to synthetic speech. +These examples illustrate quite different problems, and are reasonably +representative of current research activity. +(Other systems are described by Mattingly, 1966; Rabiner +.ul +et al, +1969.) Before +.[ +Mattingly 1966 +.] +.[ +Rabiner Levitt Rosenberg 1969 +.] +looking at the two examples, we will discuss +a feature which is certainly prosodic but does not appear in the +list given earlier \(em stress. +.sh "8.1 Stress" +.pp +Stress is an everyday notion, and when +listening to natural speech people can usually agree on which syllables +are stressed. But it is difficult to characterize in acoustic terms. +From the speaker's point of view, a stressed syllable is produced by +pushing more air out of the lungs. For a listener, the points of stress +are "obvious". +You may think that stressed syllables are louder than the others: however, +instrumental studies show that this is not necessarily (nor even usually) +so (eg Lehiste and Peterson, 1959). +.[ +Lehiste Peterson 1959 +.] +Stressed syllables frequently have a longer vowel than unstressed +ones, but this is by no means universally true \(em if you say "little" +or "bigger" you will find that the vowel in the first, stressed, syllable +is short and shows little sign of lengthening as you increase the emphasis. +Moreover, experiments using bisyllabic nonsense words have indicated +that some people consistently judge the +.ul +shorter +syllable to be stressed in the absence of other clues (Morton and Jassem, +1965). +.[ +Morton Jassem 1965 +.] +Pitch often helps to indicate stress. +It is not that stressed syllables are always higher- or lower-pitched +than neighbouring ones, or even that they are uttered with a rising or +falling pitch. It is the +.ul +rate of change +of pitch that tends to be greater +for stressed syllables: a sharp rise or fall, +or a reversal of direction, helps to give emphasis. +.pp +Stress is acoustically manifested in timing and pitch, +and to a much lesser extent in loudness. +However it is a rather subtle feature and does +.ul +not +correspond simply to duration increases or pitch rises. +It seems that listeners unconsciously put together all the clues +that are present in an utterance in order to deduce which syllables are +stressed. +It may be that speech is perceived by a listener with reference to how +he would have produced it himself, and that this is how he detects which syllables +were given greater vocal effort. +.pp +The situation is confused by the fact that certain syllables in words are +often said in ordinary language to be "stressed" on account of their +position in the word. For example, the words +"diplomat", "diplomacy", and "diplomatic" have stress on the first, +second, and third syllables respectively. +But here we are talking about the word itself rather than +any particular utterance of it. The "stress" is really +.ul +latent +in the indicated syllables and only made manifest upon uttering them, +and then to a greater or lesser degree depending on exactly how +they are uttered. +.pp +Some linguists draw a careful distinction between salient syllables, +accented syllables, and stressed syllables, +although the words are sometimes used differently by different authorities. +I will not adopt a precise terminology here, +but it is as well to be aware of the subtle distinctions involved. +The term "salience" is applied to actual utterances, and salient +syllables are those that are perceived as being more prominent than their +neighbours. +"Accent" is the potential for salience, as marked, for example, +in a dictionary or lexicon. +Thus the discussion of the "diplo-" words above is about accent. +Stress is an articulatory phenomenon associated with increased +muscular activity. +Usually, syllables which are perceived as salient were produced with stress, +but in shouting, for example, all syllables can be stressed \(em even +non-salient ones. +Furthermore, accented syllables may not be salient. +For instance, the first syllable of the word "very" is accented, +that is, potentially salient, but in a sentence as uttered it may or may not be +salient. One can say +.LB +"\c +.ul +he's +very good" +.LE +with salience on "he" and possibly "good", or +.LB +"he's +.ul +very +good" +.LE +with salience on the first syllable of "very", and possibly "good". +.pp +Non-standard stress patterns are frequently used to bring out contrasts. +Words like "a" and "the" are normally unstressed, but can be stressed +in contexts where ambiguity has arisen. +Thus factors which operate at a much higher level than the phonetic structure +of the utterance must be taken into account when deciding where stress +should be assigned. These include syntactic and semantic considerations, +as well as the attitude of the speaker and the likely attitude of +the listener to the material being spoken. +For example, I might say +.LB +"Anna +.ul +and +Nikki should go", +.LE +with emphasis on the "and" purely because I was aware that my listener +might quibble about the expense of sending them both. +Clearly some notation is needed to communicate to the synthesis process +how the utterance is supposed to be rendered. +.sh "8.2 Transferring pitch from one utterance to another" +.pp +For speech stored in source-filter form and concatenated on a +slot-filling basis, it would be useful to +have stored typical pitch contours which can be applied to the +synthetic utterances. +From a practical point of view it is important to be able to generate +natural-sounding pitch for high-quality artificial speech. +Although several algorithms for creating completely synthetic contours +have been proposed \(em and we will examine one later in this chapter \(em +they are unsuitable for high-quality speech. +They are generally designed for use with synthesis-by-rule from phonetics, +and the rather poor quality of articulation does not encourage the +development of excellent pitch assignment procedures. With speech +synthesized by rule there is generally an emphasis on keeping the +data storage requirements to a minimum, and so it is not appropriate +to store complete contours. +Moreover, if speech is entered in textual +form as phoneme strings, it is natural to attach pitch information as markers +in the text rather than by entering a complete and detailed contour. +.pp +The picture is rather different for concatenated segments of natural speech. +In the airline reservation system, with utterances formed from templates like +.LB +Flight number \(em leaves \(em at \(em , arrives in \(em at \(em , +.LE +it is attractive to store the pitch contour of one complete instance of the +utterance and apply it to all synthetic versions. +.pp +There is an enormous literature on the anatomy of intonation, and much of it +rests upon the notion of a pitch contour as a descriptive aid to analysis. +Underlying this is the assumption, usually unstated, that a contour can be +discussed independently of the particular stream of words that manifests it; +that a single contour can somehow be bound to any sentence (or phrase, or +clause) to produce an acceptable utterance. But the contour, and its binding, +are generally described only at the grossest level, the details being left +unspecified. +.pp +There are phonetic influences on pitch \(em the characteristic lowering +during certain consonants was mentioned above \(em and these are +not normally considered as part of intonation. +Such effects will certainly spoil attempts to store contours extracted +from living speech and apply them to different utterances, but the impairment +may not be too great, for pitch is only one of many segmental clues to +consonant identification. +.pp +In the system mentioned earlier which generated 7-digit telephone numbers +by concatenating formant-coded words, a single natural pitch contour +was applied to all utterances. +It was taken to match as well as possible the general shape of the +contours measured in naturally-spoken telephone numbers. However, this is a very +restricted environment, for telephone numbers exhibit almost no variety in +the configuration of stressed and unstressed syllables \(em +the only digit which is not a monosyllable is "seven". +Significant problems arise when more general utterances are considered. +.pp +Suppose the pitch contour of one utterance (the "source") +is to be transferred to another (the "target"). +Assume that the utterances are encoded in source-filter form, +either as parameter tracks for a formant synthesizer or as linear predictive +coefficients. +Then there are no technical obstacles to combining pitch and segmentals. +The source must be available as a complete utterance, while the target +may be formed by concatenating smaller units such as words. +.pp +For definiteness, we will consider utterances of the form +.LB +The price is \(em dollars and \(em cents, +.LE +where the slots are filled by numbers less than 100; +and of the form +.LB +The price is \(em cents. +.LE +The domain of prices encompasses a wide range of syllable +configurations. +There are between one and five syllables in each variable part, +if the numbers are restricted to be less than 100. +The sentences have a constant pragmatic, semantic, and syntactic structure. +As in the vast majority of real-life situations, +minimal phonetic distinctions between utterances do not occur. +.pp +Pitch transfer is complicated by the fact that values of the source pitch +are only known during the voiced parts of the utterance. +Although it would certainly be possible to extrapolate pitch +over unvoiced parts, this would introduce some artificiality into +the otherwise completely natural contours. +Let us assume, therefore, that the pitch contour +of the voiced nucleus of each syllable in the source is applied to the +corresponding syllable nucleus in the target. +.pp +The primary factors which might tend to inhibit successful transfer +are +.LB +.NP +different numbers of syllables in the utterances; +.NP +variations in the pattern of stressed and unstressed syllables; +.NP +different syllable durations; +.NP +pitch discontinuities; +.NP +phonetic differences between the utterances. +.LE +.rh "Syllabification." +It is essential to take into account the syllable structures +of the utterances, so that pitch is transferred between +corresponding syllables rather than over the utterance +as a whole. +Fortunately, syllable boundaries can be detected automatically +with a fair degree of accuracy, especially if the speech is carefully +enunciated. +It is worth considering briefly how this can be done, even though it takes +us off the main topic of synthesis and into speech analysis. +.pp +A procedure developed by Mermelstein (1975) +involves integrating the spectral energy +at each point in the utterance. +.[ +Mermelstein 1975 Automatic segmentation of speech into syllabic units +.] +First the low (<500\ Hz) and high (>4000\ Hz) ends are filtered out +with 12\ dB/octave cutoffs. +The resulting energy signal is smoothed +by a 40\ Hz lowpass filter, giving a so-called "loudness" +function. +All this can be accomplished with simple recursive digital filters. +.pp +Then, the loudness function is compared with its convex hull. +The convex hull is the shape a piece of elastic would assume if +stretched over the top of the loudness function and anchored down at +both ends, as illustrated in Figure 8.1. +.FC "Figure 8.1" +The point of maximum difference between the hull and loudness function +is taken to be a tentative syllable +boundary. +The hull is recomputed, but anchored to the actual loudness function +at the tentative boundary, +and the points of maximum hull-loudness difference in each of the +two halves are selected as further tentative +boundaries. +The procedure continues recursively until the maximum hull-loudness +difference, with the hull anchored at each tentative boundary, +falls below a certain minimum (say 4\ dB). +.pp +At this stage, the number of tentative boundaries will greatly exceed +the actual number of syllables (by a factor of around 5). +Many of the extraneous boundaries are eliminated by the following +constraints: +.LB +.NP +if two boundaries lie within a certain time of each other +(say 120\ msec), one of them is discarded; +.NP +if the maximum loudness within a tentative syllable falls too +far short of the overall maximum for the utterance +(more than 20\ dB), one boundary is discarded. +.LE +The question of which boundary to discard can be decided by +examining the voicing continuity of the utterance. +If possible, voicing across a syllable boundary should be avoided. +Otherwise, the boundary with the smallest hull-loudness +difference should be rejected. +.RF +.nr x0 \w'boundaries moved slightly to correspond better with voicing:' +.nr x1 (\n(.l-\n(x0)/2 +.in \n(x1u +.ta 3.4i +0.5i +\l'\n(x0u\(ul' +.sp +total syllable count: 332 +boundaries missed by algorithm: \0\09 (3%) +extra boundaries inserted by algorithm: \029 (9%) +boundaries moved slightly to correspond better with voicing: + \0\03 (1%) +.sp +total errors: \041 (12%) +\l'\n(x0u\(ul' +.ta 0.8i +0.8i +0.8i +0.8i +0.8i +0.8i +0.8i +0.8i +0.8i +0.8i +0.8i +0.8i +.in 0 +.FG "Table 8.1 Success of the syllable segmentation procedure" +.pp +Table 8.1 illustrates the success of this syllabification +procedure, in a particular example. +Segmentation is performed with less than 10% of extraneous +boundaries being inserted, +and much less than 10% of actual boundaries being missed. +These figures are rather sensitive to the values of the +three thresholds. +The values were chosen to err on the side +of over-zealous syllabification, because all the boundaries need to be checked +by ear and eye and it is easier to delete +a boundary by hand than to insert one at an appropriate place. +It may well be that with careful optimization of thresholds, +better figures could be +achieved. +.rh "Stressed and unstressed syllables." +If the source and target utterances have the same number of +syllables, and the same pattern of stressed and unstressed syllables, +pitch can simply be transferred from a syllable in the source +to the corresponding one in the target. +But if the pattern differs \(em even though the +number of syllables may be the same, as in "eleven" and "seventeen" \(em +then a one-to-one mapping will conflict with the stress points, +and certainly sound unnatural. +Hence an attempt should be made to ensure that the pitch is mapped in a +plausible way. +.pp +The syllables of each utterance can be classified as "stressed" +and "unstressed". +This distinction could be made automatically by +inspection of the pitch contour, within the domain of utterances used, +and possibly even in general (Lea +.ul +et al, +1975). +.[ +Lea Medress Skinner 1975 +.] +However, in many cases it is expedient to perform the job by hand. +In our example, the sentences have fixed "carrier" parts and +variable "number" parts. +The stressed carrier syllables, namely +.LB +"... price ... dol\- ... cents", +.LE +can be marked as such, by hand, +to facilitate proper alignment between the source and target. +This marking would be difficult to do automatically +because it would be hard to distinguish the carrier from the numbers. +.pp +Even after classifying the syllables as "carrier stressed", +"stressed", and "unstressed", alignment still presents problems, +because the configuration of syllables in the variable parts +of the utterances may differ. +Syllables in the source which have no +correspondence in the target can be ignored. +The pitch track of +the source syllable can be replicated for each +additional syllable in corresponding +position in the target. +Of course, a stressed syllable should be selected for copying +if the unmatched target syllable is stressed, +and similarly for unstressed ones. +It is rather dangerous to copy exactly a part of a pitch +contour, for the ear is very sensitive to the juxtaposition of +identically intoned segments of speech \(em especially when the segment is stressed. +To avoid this, whenever a stressed syllable is replicated the +pitch values should be decreased by, say, 20%, on the second copy. +It sometimes happens that a single stressed syllable in the source +needs to cover a stressed-unstressed pair in the target: in +this case the first part of the source pitch track can be used +for the stressed syllable, and the remainder for the +unstressed one. +.pp +The example of Figure 8.2 will help to make these rules clear. +.FC "Figure 8.2" +Note that the marking alone is done by hand. +The detailed mapping decisions can be left to the computer. +The rules were derived intuitively, and do not have any sound theoretical +basis. +They are intended to give reasonable results in the majority of cases. +.pp +Figure 8.3 shows the result of transferring the pitch from "the price is ten +cents" to "the price is seventy-seven cents". +.FC "Figure 8.3" +The syllable boundaries which are marked were determined automatically. +The use of the last 30% of the +"ten" contour to cover the first "-en" syllable, and its replication +to serve the "-ty" syllable, can be seen. +However, the 70%\(em30% proportion is applied to the source contour, +and the linear distortion (described next) upsets the proportion in the +target utterance. +The contour of the second "seven" can be seen to be a +replication of that of the first one, lowered by 20%. +Notice that the pitch extraction procedure has introduced an artifact into the final +part of one of the "cents" contours by doubling the pitch. +.rh "Stretching and squashing." +The pitch contour over a source syllable nucleus must be stretched +or squashed to match the duration +of the target nucleus. +It is difficult to see how anything other than linear stretching +and squashing could be done without considerably increasing the +complexity of the procedure. +The gross non-linearities will have been accounted for +by the syllable alignment process, and so simple linear time-distortion +should not cause too much degradation. +.rh "Pitch discontinuities." +Sudden jumps in pitch during voiced speech sound peculiar, +although they can in fact be produced naturally (by yodelling). +People frequently burst into laughter on hearing them in synthetic speech. +It is particularly important to avoid this diverting effect in +voice response applications, +for the listener's attention is instantly directed +away from what is said to the voice that speaks. +.pp +Discontinuities can arise in the pitch-transfer procedure either by a +voiced-unvoiced-voiced transition between syllables mapping on to +a voiced-voiced transition in the target, +or by voicing continuity being broken when the syllable +alignment procedure drops or replicates a syllable. +There are several ways in which at least some of the possibilities can +be avoided. +For example, one could hold unstressed syllables at a constant pitch +whose value coincides with either the end of the previous +syllable's contour or the beginning of the next syllable's contour, +depending on which transition is voiced. +Alternatively, the policy of reserving the trailing part +of a stressed syllable in the source to cover an unmatched following +unstressed syllable in the target could be generalized to allow use of the leading 30% +of the next stressed syllable's contour instead, +if that maintained voicing continuity. +A third solution is simply to merge the pitch contours +at a discontinuity by mixing the average pitch value at the break +with the pitch contour on either side of it in a proportion which +increases linearly from the edges of the domain of influence to the discontinuity. +Figure 8.4 shows the effect of this merging, +when the pitch contour of "the price is seven cents" +is transferred to "the price is eleven cents". +.FC "Figure 8.4" +Of course, the +interpolated part will not necessarily be linear. +.rh "Results of an experiment on pitch transfer." +Some experiments have been conducted to evaluate the performance +of this pitch transfer method on the kind of utterances discussed above +(Witten, 1979). +.[ +Witten 1979 On transferring pitch from one utterance to another +.] +First, the source and target sentences +were chosen to be lexically identical, that is, the same words were spoken. +For this experiment alone, +expert judges were employed. +Each sentence was recorded twice (by the same person), +and pitch was transferred from copy A +to copy B and vice versa. Also, the originals were resynthesized from their linear +predictive coefficients with their own pitch contours. +Although all four often sounded extremely similar, sometimes the pitch +contours of originals A and B were quite different, +and in these cases it was immediately obvious to the ear that two of +the four utterances shared the same intonation, +which was different to that shared by the other two. +.pp +Experienced researchers in speech analysis-synthesis served as +judges. +In order to make the test as stringent as possible it was explained +to them exactly what had been done, +except that the order of the utterances in each quadruple was kept secret. +They were asked to identify which two of the four sentences did not have their +original contours, +and were allowed to listen to each quadruple as often as they liked. +On occasion they were prepared to identify only one, or even none, +of the sentences as artificial. +.pp +The result was that an utterance with pitch transferred +from another, lexically identical, one is indistinguishable from +a resynthesized version of the original, even to a skilled ear. +(To be more precise, this hypothesis +could not be rejected even at the 1% level of statistical significance.) This +gave confidence in the transfer procedure. +However, one particular judge was quite successful at identifying the bogus contours, +and he attributed his success to the fact that +on occasion the segmental durations did not accord with the +pitch contour. +This casts a shadow of suspicion on the linear stretching and +squashing mechanism. +.pp +The second experiment examined pitch transfers between utterances having only one variable part +each ("the price is ... cents") to test the transfer +method under relatively controlled conditions. +Ten sentences of the form +.LB +"The price is \(em cents" +.LE +were selected to cover +a wide range of syllable structures. +Each one was regenerated with pitch transferred from each of +the other nine, +and these nine versions were paired with the original resynthesized +with its natural pitch. +The $10 times 9=90$ resulting pairs were recorded on tape in random order. +.pp +Five males and five females, with widely differing occupations +(secretaries, teachers, academics, and students), served as judges. +Written instructions explained that the tape contained pairs of +sentences which were lexically identical but had a slight difference +in "tone of voice", and that the subjects were to judge which of +each pair sounded "most natural and intelligible". The +response form gave the price associated with each pair \(em +a preliminary experiment had shown that there was never +any difficulty in identifying this \(em and a column for decision. +With each decision, the subjects recorded their confidence in the decision. +Subjects could rest at any time during the test, which lasted for about +30 minutes, but they were not permitted to hear any pair a second time. +.pp +Defining a "success" to be a choice of the utterance with +natural pitch as the best of a pair, +the overall success rate was about 60%. +If choices were random, one would of course expect only a 50% success rate, +and the figure obtained was significantly different from this. +Almost half the choices were correct and made with high confidence; +high-confidence but incorrect choices accounted for a quarter of the +judgements. +.pp +To investigate structural effects in the pitch transfer process, +low confidence decisions were ignored to eliminate noise, and the others +lumped together and tabulated by source and target utterance. +The number of stressed and unstressed syllables does not appear to play +an important part in determining whether a particular utterance is an +easy target. +For example, it proved to be particularly difficult to tell +.EQ +delim @@ +.EN +natural from transferred contours with utterances $0.37 and $0.77. +.EQ +delim $$ +.EN +In fact, the results showed no better than random discrimination for them, +even though the decisions in which listeners expressed little confidence +had been discarded. +Hence it seems that the syllable alignment procedure and the policy +of replication were successful. +.pp +.EQ +delim @@ +.EN +The worst target scores were for utterances $0.11 and $0.79. +.EQ +delim $$ +.EN +Both of these contained large unbroken voiced periods +in the "variable" part \(em almost twice as long as the next longest +voiced period. +The first has an unstressed syllable followed by +a stressed one with no break in voicing, +involving, in a natural contour, +a fast but continuous climb in pitch over the juncture, +and it is not surprising that it proved to be the most difficult target. +A more sophisticated "smoothing" algorithm than the +one used may be worth investigating. +.pp +In a third experiment, sentences with two variable parts were used to check +that the results of the second experiment extended to more complex +utterances. +The overall success rate was 75%, significantly different from chance. +However, a breakdown of the results by source and target utterance +showed that there was one contour (for the utterance +"the price is 19 dollars and 8 cents") which exhibited very successful +transfer, subjects identifying the transferred-pitch utterances at only +a chance level. +.pp +Finally, transfers of pitch from utterances with two variable parts +to those with one variable part were tested. +Pitch contours were transferred to sentences with the same "cents" +figure but no "dollars" part; for example, +"the price is five dollars and thirteen cents" +to +"the price is thirteen cents". The +contour was simply copied between the corresponding +syllables, so that no adjustment needed to be made +for different syllable structures. +The overall score was 60 successes in 100 judgements \(em +the same percentage as in the second experiment. +.pp +To summarize the results of these four experiments, +.LB +.NP +even accomplished linguists cannot distinguish an utterance from one with +pitch transferred from a different recording of it; +.NP +when the utterance contained only one variable part embedded in a +carrier sentence, +lay listeners identified the original correctly in 60% of cases, +over a wide variety of syllable structures: this +figure differs significantly from the chance value of 50%; +.NP +lay listeners identified the original confidently and correctly in +50% of cases; confidently but incorrectly in 25% of cases; +.NP +the greatest hindrance to successful transfer was the presence of +a long uninterrupted period of voicing in the target utterance; +.NP +the performance of the method deteriorates as the number +of variable parts in the utterances increases; +.NP +some utterances seemed to serve better than others as the pitch source for +transfer, although this was not correlated with complexity of syllable structure; +.NP +even when the utterance contained two variable parts, +there was one source utterance whose pitch contour was +transferred to all the others so successfully that listeners could not identify +the original. +.LE +.pp +The fact that only 60% of originals in the second experiment were +spotted by lay listeners in a stringent +paired-comparison test \(em many of them being identified without confidence \(em +does encourage the use of the procedure for generating stereotyped, +but different, utterances of high quality in voice-response systems. +The experiments indicate that although different syllable patterns +can be handled satisfactorily by this procedure, +long voiced periods should be avoided if possible when designing +the message set, +and that if individual utterances must contain multiple variable parts +the source utterance should be chosen with the aid of listening tests. +.sh "8.3 Assigning timing and pitch to synthetic speech" +.pp +The pitch transfer method can give good results within a fairly narrow +domain of application. +But like any speech output technique which treats complete utterances +as a single unit, with provision for a small number of slot-fillers to +accomodate data-dependent messages, it becomes unmanageable in more general +situations with a large variety of utterances. +As with segmental synthesis it becomes necessary to consider methods +which use a textual rather than an acoustically-based representation +of the prosodic features. +.pp +This raises a problem with prosodics that was not there for segmentals: how +.ul +can +prosodic features be written in text form? +The standard phonetic transcription method does not give much help with +notation for prosodics. It does provide a diacritical mark to indicate +stress, but this is by no means enough information for synthesis. +Furthermore, text-to-speech procedures (described in the next chapter) +promise to allow segmentals to be specified by an ordinary orthographic +representation of the utterance; but we have seen that considerable +intelligence is required to derive prosodic features from text. +(More than mere intelligence may be needed: this is underlined by a paper +(Bolinger, 1972) +delightfully entitled +"Accent is predictable \(em if you're a mind reader"!) +.[ +Bolinger 1972 Accent is predictable \(em if you're a mind reader +.] +.pp +If synthetic speech is to be used as a computer output medium rather +than as an experimental tool for linguistic research, it is important +that the method of specifying utterances is natural and easy to learn. +Prosodic features must be communicated to the computer in a manner +considerably simpler than individual duration and pitch specifications +for each phoneme, as was required in early synthesis-by-rule systems. +Fortunately, a notation has been developed for conveying some of the +prosodic features of utterances, as a by-product of the linguistically +important task of classifying the intonation contours used in +conversational English (Halliday, 1967). +.[ +Halliday 1967 +.] +This system has even been used to help foreigners speak English +(Halliday, 1970) \(em which emphasizes the fact that it was designed for use +by laymen, not just linguists! +.[ +Halliday 1970 Course in spoken English: Intonation +.] +.pp +Here are examples of the way utterances can be conveyed to the ISP +speech synthesis system which was described in the previous chapter. +The notation is based upon Halliday's. +.LB +.NI +3 +.ul +^ aw\ t\ uh/m\ aa\ t\ i\ k /s\ i\ n\ th\ uh\ s\ i\ s uh\ v /*s\ p\ ee\ t\ sh, +.NI +1 +.ul +^ f\ r\ uh\ m uh f\ uh/*n\ e\ t\ i\ k /r\ e\ p\ r\ uh\ z\ e\ n/t\ e\ i\ sh\ uh\ n. +.LE +(Automatic synthesis of speech, from a phonetic representation.) Three +levels of stress are distinguished: tonic or "sentence" stress, +marked by "*" before the syllable; foot stress (marked by "/"); +and unstressed syllables. +The notion of a "foot" controls the rhythm of the speech in a way that +will be described shortly. +A fourth level of stress is indicated on a segmental basis when a syllable +contains a reduced vowel. +.pp +Utterances are divided by punctuation into +.ul +tone groups, +which are the basic prosodic unit \(em there are two in the example. +The shape of the pitch contour is governed by a numeral at the start of +each tone group. +Crude control over pauses is achieved by punctuation marks: full stop, for +example, signals a pause while comma does not. +(Longer pauses can be obtained by several full stops as in "...".) The +"^" character stands for a so-called "silent stress" or breath point. +Word boundaries are marked by two spaces between phonemes. +As mentioned in the previous chapter, syllable boundaries and explicit +pitch and duration specifiers can also be included in the input. +If they are not, the ISP system will attempt to compute them. +.rh "Rhythm." +Our understanding of speech rhythm knows many laws but little order. +In the mid 1970's there was a spate of publications reporting new data +on segmental duration in various contexts, and there is a growing +awareness that segmental duration is influenced by a great many factors, +ranging from the structure of a discourse, through semantic and syntactic +attributes of the utterances, their phonemic and phonetic make-up, +right down to physiological constraints +(these multifarious influences are ably documented and reviewed by +Klatt, 1976). +.[ +Klatt 1976 Linguistic uses of segment duration in English +.] +What seems to be lacking in this work is a conceptual framework on to +which new information about segmental duration can be nailed. +.pp +One starting-point for imitating the rhythm of English speech is the +hypothesis of regularly recurring stresses. +These stresses are primarily +.ul +rhythmic +ones, and should be distinguished from the tonic stress mentioned above which +is primarily an +.ul +intonational +one. +Rhythmic stresses are marked in the transcription by a "/". +The stretch between one and the next is called a "foot", +and the hypothesis above is often referred to as that of isochronous feet +("isochronous" means "of equal time"). +There is considerable controversy about this hypothesis. +It is most popular among British linguists and, it must be admitted, +amongst those who work by introspection and intuition and do not actually +.ul +measure +things. +Although the question of isochrony of feet has long been debated, there +seems to be general agreement +\(em even amongst American linguists \(em +that there is at least a tendency towards +equal spacing of foot boundaries. +However, little is known about the strength of this tendency and the extent +of deviations from it (see Hill +.ul +et al, +1979, for an attempt +to quantify it) \(em and there is even evidence to suggest that it may in part +be a +.ul +perceptual +phenomenon (Lehiste, 1973). +.[ +Hill Jassem Witten 1979 +.] +.[ +Lehiste 1973 +.] +On this basic point, as on many others, the designer of a prosodic synthesis +strategy must needs make assumptions which cannot be properly justified. +.pp +From a pragmatic point of view there are two advantages to basing +a synthesis strategy on this hypothesis. +Firstly, it provides a way to represent the many influences of higher-level +processes (like syntax and semantics) on rhythm using a simple notation which +fits naturally into the phonetic utterance representation, +and which people find quite easy to understand and generate. +Secondly, it tends to produce a heavily accentuated, but not unnatural, +speech rhythm which can easily be moderated into a more acceptable rhythm +by departing from isochrony in a controlled manner. +.pp +The ISP procedure does not make feet exactly isochronous. +It starts with a standard foot time and attempts to fit the syllables of the +foot into this time. +If doing so would result in certain syllables having less than a preset minimum +duration, the isochrony constraint is relaxed and the foot is expanded. +There is no preset +.ul +maximum +syllable length. +However, when the durations of individual phoneme postures are adjusted +to realize the calculated syllable durations, +limits are imposed on the amount by which individual phonemes can be expanded +or contracted. +Thus a hierarchy of limits exists. +.pp +The rate of talking is determined by the standard foot time. +If this time is short, many feet will be forced to have durations longer than +the standard, and the speech will be "less isochronous". +This seems to accord with common human experience. +If the standard time is longer, however, the minimum syllable limit +will always be exceeded and the speech will be completely isochronous. +If it is too long, the above-mentioned limits to phoneme expansion will +come into play and again partially destroy the isochrony. +.pp +It has often been observed that the final foot of an utterance tends to be +longer than others; as does the tonic foot \(em that which bears the +major stress. +This is easy to accomodate, simply by making the target duration +longer for these feet. +.rh "From feet to syllables." +A foot is a succession of syllables, one or more. +And it is obvious that since there are more syllables in some feet than +in others, some syllables must occupy less time than others in order to preserve +the tendency towards isochrony of feet. +.pp +However, the duration of a foot is not divided evenly between its constituent +syllables. The syllables have a definite rhythm of their own, which seems +to be governed by +.LB +.NP +the nature of the salient (that is, the first) syllable of the foot +.NP +the presence of word boundaries within the foot. +.LE +A salient syllable tends to be long either if it contains one of +a class of so-called "long" vowels, or if there is a cluster of two or more +consonants following the vowel. +The pattern of syllables and word boundaries governs the rhythm of the foot, +and Table 8.2 shows the possibilities for one-, two-, and three-syllable feet. +This theory of speech rhythm is due to Abercrombie (1964). +.[ +Abercrombie 1964 Syllable quantity and enclitics in English +.] +.RF +.nr x2 \w'three-syllable feet 'u +.nr x3 \w'sal-short 'u +.nr x4 \w'weak [#] 'u +.nr x5 \w'weak 'u +.nr x6 \w'/\fIit s incon\fR/ceivable 'u +.nr x1 (\w'syllable rhythm'/2) +.nr x7 \n(x2+\n(x3+\n(x4+\n(x5+\n(x6+\n(x1+\n(x1 +.nr x7 (\n(.l-\n(x7)/2 +.in \n(x7u +.ta \n(x2u +\n(x3u +\n(x4u +\n(x5u +\n(x6u +.ul + syllable pattern example \0\0\h'-\n(x1u'syllable rhythm +.sp +one-syllable feet salient /\fIgood\fR /show 1 + ^ weak /\fI^ good\fR/bye 2:1 +.sp +two-syllable feet sal-long weak /\fIcentre\fR /forward 1:1 + sal-short weak /\fIatom\fR /bomb 1:2 + salient # weak /\fItea for\fR /two 2:1 +.sp +three-syllable feet salient # weak [#] weak /\fIone for the\fR /road 2:1:1 + /\fIit's incon\fR/ceivable + sal-long weak # weak /\fIafter the\fR /war 2:3:1 + sal-short weak # weak /\fImiddle to\fR /top 1:3:2 + sal-long weak weak /\fInobody\fR /knows 3:1:2 + sal-short weak weak /\fIanything\fR /more 1:1:1 +.sp + # denotes a word boundary; + [#] is an optional word boundary +.ta 0.8i +0.8i +0.8i +0.8i +0.8i +0.8i +0.8i +0.8i +0.8i +0.8i +0.8i +0.8i +.FG "Table 8.2 Syllable patterns and rhythms" +.pp +A foot may have the rhythmical characteristics of a two-syllable foot +while having only one syllable, if the first place in it is filled by a +silent stress (marked by "^"). +This is shown in the second one-syllable example of +Table 8.2. +A similar effect may occur with two- and three-syllable feet, +although examples are not given in the table. +Feet of four and five syllables \(em with or without a silent stress \(em are +considerably rarer. +.pp +Syllabification \(em splitting an utterance into syllables \(em is a job +which had to be done for the pitch-transfer procedure described earlier, +and the nature of syllable rhythms calls for it here too. +Even though the utterance is now specified phonetically instead of +acoustically, the same basic principle applies. +Syllables normally coincide with peaks of sonority, +where "sonority" measures the inherent loudness of a sound relative to +other sounds of the same duration and pitch. +However, difficult cases exist where it seems to be unclear how many syllables +there are in a word. (Ladefoged, 1975, discusses this problem with examples +such as "real", "realistic", and "reality".) Furthermore, +.[ +Ladefoged 1975 +.] +care must be taken to avoid counting two syllables in a word like "sky" +because of its two peaks of sonority \(em for the stop +.ul +k +has lower +sonority than the fricative +.ul +s. +.pp +Three levels of notional sonority are enough for syllabification. +Dividing phoneme segments into +.ul +sonorants +(glides and nasals), +.ul +obstruents +(stops and fricatives), and vowels; a general syllable has the form +.LB +.EQ + sup * ~ sup * ~ sup * ~ sup * ~ + sup * ~ , +.EN +.LE +where "*" means repetition, that is, occurrence zero or more times. +This sidesteps the "sky" problem by giving fricatives the same +sonority as stops. +It is easy to use the above structure to count the number +of syllables in a given utterance by counting the sonority +peaks. +.pp +However, what is required is an indication of syllable +.ul +boundaries +as well as a syllable count. +For slow conversational speech, these can be approximated as follows. +Word divisions obviously form syllable boundaries, as should +foot markers \(em but it may be wise not to assume that the latter do if the +utterance has been prepared by someone with little knowledge of linguistics. +Syllable boundaries should be made to coincide with sonority minima. +As an +.ul +ad hoc +pragmatic +rule, if only one segment has the minimum sonority the boundary is placed +before it. +If there are two segments, each with the minimum sonority, it is placed between +them, while for three or more it is placed after the first two. +.pp +These rules produce obviously acceptable divisions in many cases +(to'day, ash'tray, tax'free), with perhaps unexpected positioning of the +boundary in others (ins'pire, de'par'tment). +Actually, people do differ in placement of syllable boundaries +(Abercrombie, 1967). +.[ +Abercrombie 1967 +.] +.rh "From syllables to segments." +The theory of isochronous feet (with the caveats noted earlier) +and that of syllable rhythms provide a way of producing durations for +individual syllables. But where are these durations supposed to be measured? +There is a beat point, or tapping point, near the beginning of each syllable. +This is the place where a listener will tap if asked to give one tap to each +syllable; it has been investigated experimentally by Allen (1972). +.[ +Allen 1972 Location of rhythmic stress beats in English One +.] +It is not necessarily at the very beginning of the syllable. +For example, in "straight", the tapping point is certainly after the +.ul +s +and the stopped part of the +.ul +t. +.pp +Another factor which relates to the division of the syllable duration +amongst phonetic segments is the often-observed fact that the length of the +vocalic nucleus is a strong clue to the degree of voicing of the terminating +cluster (Lehiste, 1970). +.[ +Lehiste 1970 Suprasegmentals +.] +If you say in pairs words like "cap", "cab"; "cat", "cad"; "tack", "tag" +you will find that the vowel in the first word of each pair is significantly +shorter than that in the second. +In fact, the major difference between such pairs is the vowel length, +not the final consonant. +.pp +Such effects can be taken into account by considering a syllable to comprise +an initial consonant cluster, followed by a vocalic nucleus and a final +consonant cluster. +Any of these elements can be missing \(em the most unusual case where the +nucleus is absent occurs, for example, in so-called syllabic +.ul +n\c +\&'s +(as in renderings of "button", "pudding" which might be written +"butt'n", "pudd'n"). +However, it is convenient to modify the definition of the nucleus +so as to rule out the possibility of it being empty. +Using the characterization of the syllable given above, the clusters can +be defined as +.LB +.NI +initial cluster = \u*\d \u*\d +.NI +nucleus = \u*\d \u*\d +.NI +final cluster = \u*\d. +.LE +Sonorants are included in the nucleus so that it is always present, +even in the case of a syllabic consonant. +.pp +Then, rules can be used to divide the syllable duration between the +initial cluster, nucleus, and final cluster. +These must distinguish between situations where the terminating cluster +is voiced or unvoiced so that the characteristic differences in vowel lengths +can be accomodated. +.pp +Finally, the cluster durations must be apportioned amongst their constituent +phonetic segments. There is little published data on which to base this. +Two simple schemes which have been used in ISP are described in +Witten (1977) and Witten & Smith (1977). +.[ +Witten 1977 A flexible scheme for assigning timing and pitch to synthetic speech +.] +.[ +Witten Smith 1977 Synthesizing British English rhythm +.] +.rh "Pitch." +There are two basically different ways of looking at the pitch of an +utterance. +One is to imagine pitch +.ul +levels +attached to individual syllables. +This has been popular amongst American linguists, and some people +have even gone so far as to associate pitch levels with levels of +stress. +The second approach is to consider pitch +.ul +contours, +as we did earlier when examining how to transfer pitch from one utterance +to another. +This seems to be easier for the person who transcribes the utterances +to produce, for the information required is much less detailed than levels +attached to each syllable. Some indication needs to be given of how +the contour is to be bound to the utterance, and in the notation introduced above +the most prominent, or "tonic", syllable is indicated in the transcription. +.pp +Halliday's (1970) classification identifies five different primary intonation +contours, each hinging on the tonic syllable. +.[ +Halliday 1970 Course in spoken English: Intonation +.] +These are sketched in Figure 8.5, in the style of Halliday. +.FC "Figure 8.5" +Several secondary contours, which are variations on the primary ones, +are defined as well. +However, this classification scheme is intended for consumption by people, +who bring to the problem a wealth of prior knowledge of speech and years +of experience with it! It captures only the gross features +of the infinite variety of pitch contours found in living speech. +In a sense, the classification is +.ul +phonological +rather than +.ul +phonetic, +for it attempts to distinguish the features which make a logical difference +to the listener instead of the acoustic details of the pitch contours. +.pp +It is necessary to take these contours and subject them to a sort of +phonological-to-phonetic embellishment before applying them in synthetic +speech. +For example, the stretches with constant pitch which precede the tonic +syllable in tone groups 1, 2, and 3 sound +most unnatural when synthesized \(em for pitch is hardly ever +exactly constant in living speech. +Some pretonic pitch variation is necessary, +and this can be made to emphasize the salient syllable +of each foot. A "lilting" effect which reaches a peak at each foot +boundary, and drops rather faster at the beginning of the foot than it +rises at the end, sounds more natural. The magnitude of this inflection +can be altered slightly to add interest, but a considerable increase in it +produces a semantic change by making the utterance sound more emphatic. +It is a major problem to pin down exactly the turning points of pitch in +the falling-rising and rising-falling contours (4 and 5 in Figure 8.5). +And even deciding on precise values for the pitch frequencies involved is not +always easy. +.pp +The aim of the pitch assignment method of ISP is to allow the person +(or program) which originates a spoken message to exercise a great deal +of control over its intonation, without having to concern himself with +foot or syllable structure. The message to be spoken must be broken down +into tone groups, +which correspond roughly to Halliday's tone groups. +Each one comprises a +.ul +tonic +of one or more feet, which is optionally preceded by a +.ul +pretonic, +also with a number of feet. It is advantageous to allow a tone group +boundary to occur in the middle of a foot (whereas Halliday's scheme +insists that it occurs at a foot boundary). +The first foot of the tonic, the +.ul +tonic foot, +is marked by an asterisk at the beginning. +It is on the first syllable of this foot \(em the +"tonic" or "nuclear" +syllable \(em that the major stress of the tone group occurs. +If there is no asterisk in a tone group, +ISP takes the final foot as the tonic +(since this is the most common case). +.pp +The pitch contour on a tone group is specified by an array of ten numbers. +Of course, the system cannot generate all conceivable contours for a tone +group, but the definitions of the ten specifiable quantities have been +chosen to give a useful range of contours. +If necessary, more precise control over the pitch of an utterance can +be achieved by making the tone groups smaller. +.pp +The overall pitch movement is controlled by specifying the pitch at three +places: the beginning of the tone group, the beginning of the tonic syllable, +and the end of the tone group. +Provision is made for an abrupt pitch break at the start of the tonic +syllable in order to simulate tone groups 2 and 3, and, to a lesser +extent, tone groups 4 and 5. +The pitch is interpolated linearly over the first part of the +tone group (up to the tonic syllable) and over the last part (from there to +the end), except that it is possible to specify a non-linearity on the tonic +syllable, for emphasis, as shown in Figure 8.6. +.FC "Figure 8.6" +.pp +On this basic shape are superimposed two finer pitch patterns. +One of these is an initialization-continuation option which allows +the pitch to rise (or fall) independently on the initial and final feet +to specified values, without affecting the contour on the rest +of the tone group (Figure 8.7). +.FC "Figure 8.7" +The other is a foot pattern which is superimposed on each pretonic foot, +to give the stressed syllables of the pretonic added prominence and avoid +the monotony of constant pitch. +This is specified by a +.ul +non-linearity +parameter which distorts the contour on the foot at a pre-determined +point along it. +Figure 8.8 shows the effect. +.FC "Figure 8.8" +.pp +The ten quantities that define a pitch contour are summarized in +Table 8.3, and shown diagrammatically in Figure 8.9. +.FC "Figure 8.9" +.RF +.nr x0 \w'H: 'u +.nr x1 \n(x0+\w'fraction along foot of the non-linearity position, for the tonic foot'u +.nr x1 (\n(.l-\n(x1)/2 +.in \n(x1u +.ta \n(x0u +4n +A: continuation from previous tone group + zero gives no continuation + non-zero gives pitch at start of tone group +B: notional pitch at start +C: pitch range on whole of pretonic +D: departure from linearity on each foot of pretonic +E: pitch change at start of tonic +F: pitch range on tonic +G: departure from linearity on tonic +H: continuation to next tone group + zero gives no continuation + non-zero gives pitch at end of tone group +I: fraction along foot of the non-linearity position, for pretonic feet +J: fraction along foot of the non-linearity position, for the tonic foot +.ta 0.8i +0.8i +0.8i +0.8i +0.8i +0.8i +0.8i +0.8i +0.8i +0.8i +0.8i +0.8i +.in 0 +.FG "Table 8.3 The quantities that define a pitch contour" +.pp +The intention of this parametric method of specifying contours +is that the parameters should be easily derivable from semantic variables +like emphasis, novelty of idea, surprise, uncertainty, incompleteness. +Here we really are getting into controversial, unresearched areas. +Roughly speaking, parameters D and G control emphasis, G by itself +controls novelty and surprise, and H and the relative sizes of E and F +control uncertainty and incompleteness. +Certain parameters (notably I and J) are defined because although they +do not appear to correspond to semantic distinctions, we do not yet know +how to generate them automatically. +.RF +.nr x0 0.6i+0.5i+0.5i+0.5i+0.5i+0.5i+0.5i+0.5i+0.5i+0.5i+0.5i+\w'0000' +.nr x1 (\n(.l-\n(x0)/2 +.in \n(x1u +.ta 0.6i +0.5i +0.5i +0.5i +0.5i +0.5i +0.5i +0.5i +0.5i +0.5i +0.5i +Halliday's +tone group \0\0A \0\0B \0\0C \0\0D \0\0E \0\0F \0\0G \0\0H \0\0I \0\0J +\l'\n(x0u\(ul' +.sp + 1 \0\0\00 \0175 \0\0\00 \0\-40 \0\0\00 \-100 \0\-40 \0\0\00 0.33 \00.5 + 2 \0\0\00 \0280 \0\0\00 \0\-40 \-190 \0100 \0\0\00 \0\0\00 0.33 \00.5 + 3 \0\0\00 \0175 \0\0\00 \0\-40 \0\-70 \0\045 \0\-10 \0\0\00 0.33 \00.5 + 4 \0\0\00 \0280 \-100 \0\-40 \0\020 \0\045 \0\-45 \0\0\00 0.33 \00.5 + 5 \0\0\00 \0175 \0\060 \0\-40 \0\-20 \0\-45 \0\045 \0\0\00 0.33 \00.5 +\l'\n(x0u\(ul' +.ta 0.8i +0.8i +0.8i +0.8i +0.8i +0.8i +0.8i +0.8i +0.8i +0.8i +0.8i +0.8i +.in 0 +.FG "Table 8.4 Pitch contour table for Halliday's primary tone groups" +.pp +One basic requirement of the pitch assignment scheme was the ability to +generate contours which approximate Halliday's five primary tone groups. +Values of the ten specifiable quantities are given in Table 8.4, for each +tone group. +All pitches are given in\ Hz. +A distinctly dipping pitch movement has been given to each pretonic foot +(parameter D), +to lend prominence to the salient syllables. +.sh "8.4 Evaluating prosodic synthesis" +.pp +It is extraordinarily difficult to evaluate schemes for prosodic synthesis, +and this is surely a large part of the reason why prosodics are among the +least advanced aspects of artificial speech. +Segmental synthesis can be tested by playing people minimal pairs of +words which differ in just one feature that is being investigated. +For example, one might experiment with "pit", "bit"; "tot", "dot"; +"cot", "got" to test the rules which discriminate unvoiced from voiced stops. +There are standard word-lists for intelligibility tests which can be +used to compare systems, too. +No equivalent of such micro-level evaluation exists for prosodics, +for they by definition have a holistic effect on utterances. +They are most noticeable, and most important, in longish stretches of speech. +Even monotonous, arhythmic speech will be intelligible in +sufficiently short samples provided the segmentals are good enough; +but it is quite impossible to concentrate on such speech in quantity. +Some attempts at evaluation appear in Ainsworth (1974) and McHugh (1976), +but these are primarily directed at assessing the success of pronunciation +rules, which are discussed in the next chapter. +.[ +Ainsworth 1974 Performance of a speech synthesis system +.] +.[ +McHugh 1976 Listener preference and comprehension tests +.] +.pp +One evaluation technique is to compare synthetic with natural versions +of utterances, as was done in the pitch transfer experiment. +The method described earlier used a sensitive paired-comparison test, +where subjects heard both versions in quick succession and were asked +to judge which was "most natural and intelligible". +This is quite a stringent test, and one that may not be so useful +for inferior, completely synthetic, contours. +It is essential to degrade the "natural" utterance so that it is +comparable segmentally to the synthetic one: this was done in the +experiment described by extracting its pitch and resynthesizing it +from linear predictive coefficients. +.pp +Several other experiments could be undertaken to evaluate artificial +prosody. +For example, one could compare +.LB +.NP +natural and artificial rhythms, using artificial segmental synthesis +in both cases; +.NP +natural and artificial pitch contours, using artificial segmental synthesis +in both cases; +.NP +natural and artificial pitch contours, using segmentals extracted from +natural utterances. +.LE +There are many other topics which have not yet been fully investigated. +It would be interesting, for example, to define rules for generating speech +at different tempos. +Elisions, where phonemes or even whole syllables are suppressed, +occur in fast speech; these have been analyzed by linguists +but not yet incorporated into synthetic models. +It should be possible to simulate emotion by altering parameters such as +pitch range and mean pitch level; but this seems exceptionally difficult +to evaluate. One situation where it would perhaps be possible to +measure emotion is in the reading of sports results \(em in fact a study +has already been made of intonation in soccer results (Bonnet, 1980)! +.[ +Bonnet 1980 +.] +Even the synthesis of voices with different pitch ranges requires +investigation, for, as noted earlier, it is difficult to place +precise frequency specifications on phonological contours such as +those sketched in Figure 8.5. +Clearly the topic of prosodic synthesis is a rich and potentially +rewarding area of research. +.sh "8.5 References" +.LB "nnnn" +.[ +$LIST$ +.] +.LE "nnnn" +.sh "8.6 Further reading" +.pp +There are quite a lot of books in the field of linguistics which +describe prosodic features. +Here is a small but representative sample from both sides of the Atlantic. +.LB "nn" +.\"Abercrombie-1965-1 +.]- +.ds [A Abercrombie, D. +.ds [D 1965 +.ds [T Studies in phonetics and linguistics +.ds [I Oxford Univ Press +.ds [C London +.nr [T 0 +.nr [A 1 +.nr [O 0 +.][ 2 book +.in+2n +Abercrombie is one of the leading English authorities on phonetics, +and this is a collection of essays which he has written over the years. +Some of them treat prosodics explicitly, and others show the influence +of verse structure on Abercrombie's thinking. +.in-2n +.\"Bolinger-1972-2 +.]- +.ds [A Bolinger, D.(Editor) +.ds [D 1972 +.ds [T Intonation +.ds [I Penguin +.ds [C Middlesex, England +.nr [T 0 +.nr [A 0 +.nr [O 0 +.][ 2 book +.in+2n +A collection of papers that treat a wide variety of different aspects +of intonation in living speech. +.in-2n +.\"Crystal-1969-3 +.]- +.ds [A Crystal, D. +.ds [D 1969 +.ds [T Prosodic systems and intonation in English +.ds [I Cambridge Univ Press +.nr [T 0 +.nr [A 1 +.nr [O 0 +.][ 2 book +.in+2n +This book attempts to develop a theoretical basis for the study of British +English intonation. +.in-2n +.\"Gimson-1966-3 +.]- +.ds [A Gimson, A.C. +.ds [D 1966 +.ds [T The linguistic relevance of stress in English +.ds [B Phonetics and linguistics +.ds [E W.E.Jones and J.Laver +.ds [P 94-102 +.nr [P 1 +.ds [I Longmans +.ds [C London +.nr [T 0 +.nr [A 1 +.nr [O 0 +.][ 3 article-in-book +.in+2n +Here is a careful discussion of what is meant by "stress", with much more +detail than has been possible in this chapter. +.in-2n +.\"Lehiste-1970-4 +.]- +.ds [A Lehiste, I. +.ds [D 1970 +.ds [T Suprasegmentals +.ds [I MIT Press +.ds [C Cambridge, Massachusetts +.nr [T 0 +.nr [A 1 +.nr [O 0 +.][ 2 book +.in+2n +This is a comprehensive study of suprasegmental phenomena in natural speech. +It is divided into three major sections: quantity (timing), tonal features +(pitch), and stress. +.in-2n +.\"Pike-1945-5 +.]- +.ds [A Pike, K.L. +.ds [D 1945 +.ds [T The intonation of American English +.ds [I Univ of Michigan Press +.ds [C Ann Arbor, Michigan +.nr [T 0 +.nr [A 1 +.nr [O 0 +.][ 2 book +.in+2n +A classic, although somewhat dated, study. +Notice that it deals specifically with American English. +.in-2n +.LE "nn" +.EQ +delim $$ +.EN +.CH "9 GENERATING SPEECH FROM TEXT" +.ds RT "Generating speech from text +.ds CX "Principles of computer speech +.pp +In the preceding two chapters I have described how artificial speech +can be produced from a written phonetic representation with additional +markers indicating intonation contours, points of major stress, rhythm, +and pauses. +This representation is substantially the same as that used by linguists +when recording natural utterances. +What we will discuss now are techniques for generating this information, +or at least some of it, from text. +.pp +Figure 9.1 shows various levels of the speech synthesis process. +.FC "Figure 9.1" +Starting from the top with plain text, the first box splits it into +intonation units (tone groups), decides where the major emphases +(tonic stresses) should be placed, +and further subdivides the tone group into rhythmic units (feet). +For intonation analysis it is necessary to decide on an "interpretation" +of the text, which in turn, as was emphasized at the beginning of the +previous chapter, depends both on the semantics of what is being said and +on the attitude of the speaker to his material. +The resulting representation will be at the level of Halliday's notation +for utterances, with the words still in English rather than phonetics. +Table 9.1 illustrates the utterance representation at the various levels +of the Figure. +.RF +.nr x0 \w'pitch and duration '+\w'at 8 kHz sampling rate a 4-second utterance' +.nr x1 (\n(.l-\n(x0)/2 +.in \n(x1u +.ta \w'pitch and duration 'u +\w'pause 'u +\w'00 msec 'u +representation example +\l'\n(x0u\(ul' +.sp +plain text Automatic synthesis of speech, + from a phonetic representation. +.sp +text adorned with 3\0^ auto/matic /synthesis of /*speech, +prosodic markers 1\0^ from a pho/*netic /represen/tation. +.sp +phonetic text with 3\0\fI^ aw t uh/m aa t i k /s i n th uh s i s\fR +prosodic markers \0\0\fIuh v /*s p ee t sh\fR , + 1\0\fI^ f r uh m uh f uh/*n e t i k\fR + \0\0\fI/r e p r uh z e n/t e i sh uh n\fR . +.sp +phonemes with pause 80 msec +pitch and duration \fIaw\fR 70 msec 105 Hz + \fIt\fR 40 msec 136 Hz + \fIuh\fR 50 msec 148 Hz + \fIm\fR 70 msec 175 Hz + \fIaa\fR 90 msec 140 Hz + ... + ... + ... +.sp +parameters for 10 parameters, each updated at a frame +formant or linear rate of 10 msec +predictive (4 second utterance gives 400 frames, +synthesizer or 4,000 data values) +.sp +acoustic wave at 8 kHz sampling rate a 4-second utterance + has 32,000 samples +\l'\n(x0u\(ul' +.ta 0.8i +0.8i +0.8i +0.8i +0.8i +0.8i +0.8i +0.8i +0.8i +0.8i +0.8i +0.8i +.in 0 +.FG "Table 9.1 Utterance representations at various levels in speech synthesis" +.pp +The next job is to translate the plain text into a broad phonetic +transcription. +This requires knowledge of letter-to-sound pronunciation +rules for the language under consideration. +But much more is needed. The structure of each word must be examined for +prefixes and suffixes, because they \(em especially the latter \(em have a +strong influence on pronunciation. +This is called "morphological" analysis. +Actually it is also required for rhythmical purposes, because prefixes +are frequently unstressed (note that the word "prefix" is itself an +exception to this!). +Thus the appealing segmentation of the overall problem shown in Figure 9.1 +is not very accurate, for the individual processes cannot be rigidly +separated as it implies. In fact, we saw earlier how this intermixing of +levels occurs with prosodic and segmental features. +Nevertheless, it is helpful to structure discussion of the problem by +separating levels as a first approximation. +Further influences on pronunciation come from the semantics and syntax +of the utterance \(em and both also play a part in intonation and rhythm analysis. +The result of this second process is a phonetic representation, still +adorned with prosodic markers. +.pp +Now we move down from higher-level intonation and rhythm considerations +to the details of the pitch contour and segment durations. +This process was the subject of the previous chapter. +The problems are twofold: to map an appropriate acoustic pitch contour +on to the utterance, using tonic stress point and foot boundaries as +anchor points; and to assign durations to segments using the +foot\(emsyllable\(emcluster\(emsegment hierarchy. +If it is accepted that the overall rhythm can be captured adequately by foot +markers, this process does not interact with earlier ones. +However, many researchers do not, believing instead that rhythm is +syntactically determined at a very detailed level. +This will, of course, introduce strong interaction between the duration +assignment process and the levels above. +(Klatt, 1975, puts it into his title \(em +"Vowel lengthening is syntactically determined in a connected discourse". +.[ +Klatt 1975 Vowel lengthening is syntactically determined +.] +Contrast this with the paper cited earlier (Bolinger, 1972) entitled +"Accent is predictable \(em if you're a mind reader". +.[ +Bolinger 1972 Accent is predictable \(em if you're a mind reader +.] +No-one would disagree that "accent" is an influential factor in vowel length!) +.pp +Notice incidentally that the representation of the result of the pitch +and duration assignment process in Table 9.1 is inadequate, for each segment +is shown as having just one pitch. +In practice the pitch varies considerably throughout every segment, +and can easily rise and fall on a single one. For example, +.LB +"he's +.ul +very +good" +.LE +may have a rise-fall on the vowel of "very". +The linked event-list data-structure of ISP is much more suitable +than a textual string for utterance representation at this level. +.pp +The fourth and fifth processes of Figure 9.1 have little interaction with +the first two, which are the subject of this chapter. Segmental +concatenation, which was treated in Chapter 7, is affected by prosodic +features like stress; but a notation which indicates stressed syllables +(like Halliday's) is sufficient to capture this influence. +Contextual modification of segments, by which I mean +the coarticulation effects which govern allophones of phonemes, +is included explicitly in the fourth process to emphasize that the upper levels +need only provide a broad phonemic transcription rather than a detailed +phonetic one. +Signal synthesis can be performed by either a formant synthesizer or a +linear predictive one (discussed in Chapters 5 and 6). +This will affect the details of the segmental concatenation process but should have no +impact at all on the upper levels. +.pp +Figure 9.1 performs a useful function by summarizing where we have +been in earlier chapters \(em the lower three boxes \(em and introducing the +remaining problems that must be faced by a full text-to-speech system. +It also serves to illustrate an important point: that a speech output system +can demand that its utterances be entered in any of a wide range of +representations. +Thus one can enter at a low level with a digitized waveform or linear +predictive parameters; or higher up with a phonetic representation +that includes detailed pitch and duration specification at the phoneme level; +or with a phonetic text or plain text adorned with prosodic markers; +or at the very top with plain text as it would appear in a book. +A heavy price in naturalness and intelligibility is paid by moving up +.ul +any +of these levels \(em and this is just as true at the top of the Figure as +at the bottom. +.sh "9.1 Deriving prosodic features" +.pp +If you really need to start with plain text, +some very difficult problems present themselves. +The text should be understood, first of all, and then decisions need to be +made about how it is to be interpreted. +For an excellent speaker \(em like an actor \(em these decisions will be artistic, +at least in part. +They should certainly depend upon the opinion and attitude of the speaker, +and his perception of the structure and progress of the dialogue. +Very little is known about this upper level of speech synthesis from text. +In practice it is almost completely ignored \(em and the speech is at most +barely intelligible, and certainly uncomfortable to listen to. +Hence anybody contemplating building or using a speech output system which +starts from something close to plain text should consider carefully whether some extra +semantic information can be coded into the initial utterances to help with +prosodic interpretation. +Only rarely is this impossible \(em and reading machines for the blind are +a prime example of a situation where arbitrary, unannotated, texts +must be read. +.rh "Intonation analysis." +One distinction which a program can usefully try +to make is between basically rising +and basically falling pitch contours. It is often said that pitch rises on +a question and falls on a statement, but if you listen to speech you will +find this to be a gross oversimplification. It normally +falls on statements, certainly; but it falls as often as it rises on questions. +It is more accurate to say that pitch rises on "yes-no" questions +and falls on other utterances, although this rule is still only a rough guide. +A simple test which operates lexically on the input text is to determine +whether a sentence is a question by looking at the +punctuation mark at its end, and then to examine the first word. +If it is a "wh"-word like "what", "which", "when", "why" (and also "how") +a falling contour is likely to fit. +If not, the question is probably a yes-no one, and the contour +should rise. +Such a crude rule will certainly not be very accurate +(it fails, for example, when the "wh"-word is embedded in a phrase as in +"at what time are you going?"), but at least it provides a starting-point. +.pp +An air of finality is given to an utterance when it bears a definite +fall in pitch, dropping to a rather low value at the end. +This should accompany the last intonation unit in an utterance +(unless it is a yes-no question). +However, a rise-fall contour such as Halliday's tone group 5 (Figure 8.5) +can easily be used in utterance-final position by one person +in a conversation \(em +although it would be unlikely to terminate the dialogue altogether. +A new topic is frequently introduced by a fall-rise contour \(em such as +Halliday's tone group 4 \(em and this often begins a paragraph. +.pp +Determining the type of pitch contour is only one part of +intonation assignment. There are really three separate problems: +.LB +.NP +dividing the utterance into tone groups +.NP +choosing the tonic syllable, or major stress point, of each one +.NP +assigning a pitch contour to each tone group. +.LE +Let us continue to use the Halliday notation for intonation, which was introduced +in simplified form in the previous chapter. +Moreover, assume that the foot boundaries can be placed correctly \(em +this problem will be discussed in the next subsection. +Then a scheme which considers only the lexical form of the utterance +and does not attempt to "understand" it (whatever that means) is as follows: +.LB +.NP +place a tone group boundary at every punctuation mark +.NP +place the tonic at the first syllable of the last foot in a tone group +.NP +use contour 4 for the first tone group in a paragraph and contour 1 +elsewhere, except for a yes-no question which receives contour 2. +.LE +.RF +.nr x0 \w'From Scarborough to Whitby\0\0\0\0'+\w'4 ^ from /Scarborough to /*Whitby is a' +.nr x1 (\n(.l-\n(x0)/2 +.in \n(x1u +.ta \w'From Scarborough to Whitby\0\0\0\0\0\0'u +plain text text adorned with prosodic markers +\l'\n(x0u\(ul' +.sp +From Scarborough to Whitby is a 4 ^ from /Scarborough to /*Whitby is a +very pleasant journey, with 1\- very /pleasant /*journey with +very beautiful countryside. 1\- very /beautiful /*countryside ... +In fact the Yorkshire coast is 1+ ^ in /fact the /Yorkshire /coast is +\0\0\0\0lovely, \0\0\0\0/*lovely +all along, ex- 1+ all a/*long ex +cept the parts that are covered _4 cept the /parts that are /covered +\0\0\0\0in caravans of course; and \0\0\0\0in /*caravans of /course and +if you go in spring, 4 if you /go in /*spring +when the gorse is out, 4 ^ when the /*gorse is /out +or in summer, 4 ^ or in /*summer +when the heather's out, 4 ^ when the /*heather's /out +it's really one of the most 13 ^ it's /really /one of the /most +\0\0\0\0delightful areas in the \0\0\0\0de/*lightful /*areas in the +whole country. 1 whole /*country +.sp +The moorland is 4 ^ the /*moorland is +rather high up, and 1 rather /high /*up and +fairly flat \(em a 1 fairly /*flat a +sort of plateau. 1 sort of /*plateau ... +At least, 1 ^ at /*least +it isn't really flat, 13 ^ it /*isn't /really /*flat +when you get up on the top; \-3 ^ when you /get up on the /*top +it's rolling moorland 1 ^ it's /rolling /*moorland +cut across by steep valleys. But 1 cut across by /steep /*valleys but +seen from the coast it's 4 seen from the /*coast it's ... +"up there on the moors", and you 1 up there on the /*moors and you +always think of it as a _4 always /*think of it as a +kind of tableland. 1 kind of /*tableland +\l'\n(x0u\(ul' +.ta 0.8i +0.8i +0.8i +0.8i +0.8i +0.8i +0.8i +0.8i +0.8i +0.8i +0.8i +0.8i +.in 0 +.FG "Table 9.2 Example of intonation and rhythm analysis (from Halliday, 1970)" +.[ +Halliday 1970 Course in spoken English: Intonation +.] +.pp +These extremely crude and simplistic rules are really the most that one can do +without subjecting the utterance to a complicated semantic analysis. +In statistical terms, they are actually remarkably effective. +Table 9.2 shows part of a spontaneous monologue which was transcribed by +Halliday and appears in his teaching text on intonation +(Halliday, 1970, p 133). +.[ +Halliday 1970 Course in Spoken English: Intonation +.] +Among the prosodic markers are some that were not introduced in Chapter 8. +Firstly, each tone group has secondary contours which are identified +by "1+", "1\-" (for tone group 1), and so on. +Secondly, the mark "..." is used to indicate a pause which disrupts +the speech rhythm. +Notice that its positioning belies the advice of the old elocutionists: +.br +.ev2 +.in 0 +.LB +.fi +A Comma stops the Voice while we may privately tell +.NI +.ul +one, +a Semi-colon +.ul +two; +a Colon +.ul +three:\c + and a Period +.ul +four. +.br +.nr x0 \w'\fIone,\fR a Semi-colon \fItwo;\fR a Colon \fIthree:\fR and a Period \fIfour.'-\w'(Mason,\fR 1748)' +.NI +\h'\n(x0u'(Mason, 1748) +.nf +.LE +.br +.ev +Thirdly, compound tone groups such as "13" appear which contain +.ul +two +tonic syllables. +This differs from a simple concatenation of tone groups +(with contours 1 and 3 in this case) because the second is in some sense subsidiary to +the first. +Typically it forms an adjunct clause, while the first clause gives the +main information. Halliday provides many examples, such as +.LB +.NI +/Jane goes /shopping in /*town /every /*Friday +.NI +/^ I /met /*Arthur on the /*train. +.LE +But he does not comment on the +.ul +acoustic +difference between a compound tone group and a concatenation of simple ones \(em +which is, after all, the information needed for synthesis. +A final, minor, difference between Halliday's scheme and that outlined earlier +is that he compels tone group boundaries to occur at the beginning +of a foot. +.RF +.nr x0 3.3i+1.3i+\w'complete' +.nr x1 (\n(.l-\n(x0)/2 +.in \n(x1u +.ta 3.3i +1.3i + excerpt in complete + Table 9.2 passage +\l'\n(x0u\(ul' +.sp +number of tone groups 25 74 +.sp +number of boundaries correctly 19 (76%) 47 (64%) +placed +.sp +number of boundaries incorrectly \00 \01 (\01%) +placed +.sp +number of tone groups having a 22 (88%) 60 (81%) +tonic syllable at the beginning +of the final foot +.sp +number of tone groups whose 17 (68%) 51 (69%) +contours are correctly assigned +\l'\n(x0u\(ul' +.sp +number of compound tone groups \02 (\08%) \06 (\08%) +.sp +number of secondary intonation \07 (28%) 13 (17%) +contours +\l'\n(x0u\(ul' +.ta 0.8i +0.8i +0.8i +0.8i +0.8i +0.8i +0.8i +0.8i +0.8i +0.8i +0.8i +0.8i +.in 0 +.FG "Table 9.3 Success of simple intonation assignment rules" +.pp +Applying the simple rules given above to the text of Table 9.2 leads to +the results in the first column of Table 9.3. +Three-quarters of the foot boundaries are flagged by +punctuation marks, with no extraneous ones being included. +88% of tone groups have a tonic syllable at the start of the final foot. +However, the compound tone groups each have two tonic syllables, +and of course only the second one is predicted by the final-foot rule. +Assigning intonation contours on the extremely simple basis of using +contour 4 for the first tone group in a paragraph, and contour 1 thereafter, +also seems to work quite well. Secondary contours such as "1+" and "1\-" +have been mapped into the appropriate primary contour (1, in this case) +for the present purpose, and compound tone groups have been assigned the first +contour of the pair. +The result is that 68% of contours are given correctly. +.pp +In order to give some idea of the reliability of these figures, the results +for the whole passage transcribed by Halliday \(em of which Table 9.2 is an +excerpt \(em are shown in the second column of Table 9.3. Although it +looks as though the rules may have been slightly lucky with the excerpt, +the general trends are the same, with 65% to 80% of features being assigned +correctly. +It could be argued, though, that the complete text is punctuated fairly liberally by +present-day standards, so that the tone-group boundary rule is unusually +successful. +.pp +These results are really astonishingly good, considering the crudeness of +the rules. However, they should be interpreted with caution. +What is missed by the rules, although appearing to comprise only +20% to 35% of the features, is certain to include the important, +information-bearing, and variety-producing features that give the utterance +its liveliness and interest. +It would be rash to assume that all tone-group boundaries, +all tonic positions, and all intonation contours, are equally +important for intelligibility and naturalness. +It is much more likely that the rules predict a +default pattern, while most information is borne by deviations from +them. +To give an engineering analogy, it may be as though the carrier waveform +of a modulated transmission is being simulated, instead of the +information-bearing signal! +Certainly the utterance will, if synthesized with intonation given by these +rules, sound extremely dull and repetitive, mainly because of the +overwhelming predominance of tone group 1 and the universal placement +of tonic stress on the final foot. +.pp +There are certainly many different ways to orate any particular text, +and that given by Halliday and reproduced in Table 9.2 is only one possible +version. +However, it is fair to say that the default intonation discussed above +could only occur naturally under very unusual circumstances \(em such as +a petulant child, unwilling and sulky, having been forced to read aloud. +This is hardly how we want our computers to speak! +.rh "Rhythm analysis." +Consider now how to decide where foot boundaries should be placed +in English text. +Clearly semantic considerations sometimes play a part in this \(em one could +say +.LB +/^ is /this /train /going /*to /London +.LE +instead of the more usual +.LB +/^ is /this /train /going to /*London +.LE +in circumstances where the train might be going +.ul +to +or +.ul +from +London. +Such effects are ignored here, although it is worth noting in passing that the +rogue words will often be marked by underscoring or italicizing +(as in the previous sentence). +If the text is liberally underlined, semantic analysis may +be unnecessary for the purposes of rhythm. +.pp +A rough and ready rule for placing foot boundaries is to insert one before +each word which is not in a small closed set of "function words". +The set includes, for example, "a", "and", "but", "for", "is", "the", "to". +If a verb or adjective begins with a prefix, the boundary should be moved +between it and the root \(em but not for a noun. +This will give the distinction between +.ul +con\c +vert (noun) and con\c +.ul +vert +(verb), +.ul +ex\c +tract and ex\c +.ul +tract, +and for many North American speakers, +will help to distinguish +.ul +in\c +quiry from in\c +.ul +quire. +However, detecting prefixes by a simple splitting algorithm is dangerous. +For example, "predate" is a verb with stress on what appears to be a prefix, +contrary to the rule; while the "pre" in "predator" is not a prefix \(em at +least, it is not pronounced as the prefix "pre" normally is. +Moreover, polysyllabic words like "/diplomat", "dip/lomacy", "diplo/matic"; +or "/telegraph", "te/legraphy", "tele/graphic" cannot be handled on such a simple +basis. +.pp +In 1968, a remarkable work on English sound structure was published +(Chomsky and Halle, 1968) which proposes a system of rules to transform +English text into a phonetic representation in terms of distinctive features, +with the aid of a lexicon. +.[ +Chomsky Halle 1968 +.] +A great deal of attention is paid to stress, and rules are given which +perform well in many tricky cases. +.pp +It uses the American system of levels of stress, marking +so-called primary stress with a superscript 1, secondary stress with a +superscript 2, and so on. +The superscripts are written on the vowel of the stressed +syllable: completely unstressed syllables receive no annotation. +For example, the sentence "take John's blackboard eraser" is written +.LB +ta\u2\dke Jo\u3\dhn's bla\u1\dckboa\u5\drd era\u4\dser. +.LE +In foot notation this utterance +is +.LB +/take /John's /*blackboard e/raser. +.LE +It undoubtedly contains less information than the stress-level version. +For example, the second syllable of "blackboard" and the first one of "erase" +are both unstressed, although the rhythm rules given in Chapter 8 +will cause them +to be treated differently because they occupy different places in the +syllable pattern of the foot. +"Take", "John's", and the second syllable of "erase" are all non-tonic +foot-initial syllables and hence are not distinguished in the notation; +although the pitch contours schematized in Figure 8.9 will give them different +intonations. +.pp +An indefinite number of levels of stress can be used. For example, according +to the rules given by Chomsky and Halle, the word "sad" in +.LB +my friend can't help being shocked at anyone who would fail to consider +his sad plight +.LE +has level-8 stress, the final two words being annotated +as "sa\u8\dd pli\u1\dght". +However, only the first few levels are used regularly, and +it is doubtful whether acoustic distinctions are made in speech +between the weaker ones. +.pp +Chomsky and Halle are concerned to distinguish between such utterances as +.LB +.NI +bla\u2\dck boa\u1\drd-era\u3\dser ("board eraser that is black") +.NI +bla\u1\dckboa\u3\drd era\u2\dser ("eraser for a blackboard") +.NI +bla\u3\dck boa\u1\drd era\u2\dser ("eraser of a black board"), +.LE +and their stress assignment rules do indeed produce each version when +appropriate. +In foot notation the distinctions can still be made: +.LB +.NI +/black /*board-eraser/ +.NI +/*blackboard e/raser/ +.NI +/black /*board e/raser/ +.LE +.pp +The rules operate on a grammatical derivation tree +of the text. +For instance, input for the three examples would be written +.LB +.NI +[\dNP\u[\dA\u black ]\dA\u [\dN\u[\dN\u board]\dN\u +[\dN\u eraser ]\dN\u]\dN\u]\dNP\u +.NI +[\dN\u[\dN\u[\dA\u black ]\dA\u [\dN\u board ]\dN\u]\dN\u [\dN\u eraser ]\dN\u]\dN\u +.NI +[\dN\u[\dNP\u[\dA\u black ]\dA\u [\dN\u board ]\dN\u]\dNP\u [\dN\u eraser ]\dN\u]\dN\u, +.LE +representing the trees shown in Figure 9.2. +.FC "Figure 9.2" +Here, N stands for a noun, NP for a noun phrase, and A for an adjective. +These categories appear explicitly as nodes in the tree. +In the linearized textual representation they are used to label +brackets which represent the tree structure. +An additional piece of information which is needed is the lexical entry for +"eraser", which would show that it has only one accented +(that is, potentially stressed) syllable, namely, the second. +.pp +Consider now how to account for stress in prefixed and +suffixed words, and those polysyllabic ones with more than one potential +stress point. +For these, the morphological structure must appear in the input. +.pp +Now +.ul +morphemes +are well-defined minimal units of grammatical analysis from which a word +may be composed. +For example, [went]\ =\ [go]\ +\ [ed] is +a morphemic decomposition, where "[ed]" denotes the +past-tense morpheme. +This representation is not particularly suitable for speech synthesis +for the obvious reason that the result bears no phonetic resemblance to +the input. +What is needed is a decomposition into +.ul +morphs, +which occur only when the lexical or phonetic representation of a word may +easily be segmented into parts. +Thus [wanting]\ =\ [want]\ +\ [ing] and [bigger]\ =\ [big]\ +\ [er] are +simultaneously morphic and morphemic decompositions. +Notice that in the second example, a rule about final consonant doubling has +been applied at the lexical level (although it is not needed in +a phonetic representation): this comes into the sphere +of "easy" segmentation. +Contrast this with [went]\ =\ [go]\ +\ [ed] which +is certainly not an easy segmentation and hence a +morphemic but not a morphic decomposition. +But between these extremes there are some difficult +cases: [specific]\ =\ [specify]\ +\ [ic] is probably morphic +as well as morphemic, but it is not clear +that [galactic]\ =\ [galaxy]\ +\ [ic] is. +.pp +Assuming that the input is given as a derivation tree with morphological +structure made explicit, Chomsky and Halle present rules which assign stress +correctly in nearly all cases. For example, their rules give +.LB +.NI +[\dA\u[\dN\u incident ]\dN\u + al]\dA\u \(em> i\u2\dncide\u1\dntal; +.LE +and if the stem is marked by [\dS\u\ ...\ ]\dS\u in prefixed words, +they can deduce +.LB +.NI +[\dN\u tele [\dS\u graph ]\dS\u]\dN\u \(em> te\u1\dlegra\u3\dph +.NI +[\dN\u[\dN\u tele [\dS\u graph ]\dS\u]\dN\u y ]\dN\u \(em> tele\u1\dgraphy +.NI +[\dA\u[\dN\u tele [\dS\u graph ]\dS\u]\dN\u ic ]\dA\u \(em> te\u3\dlegra\u1\dphi\u2\dc. +.LE +.pp +There are two rules which account for the word-level stress +on such examples: the "main stress" +rule and the "alternating stress" rule. +In essence, the main stress rule emphasizes the last strong syllable +of a stem. +A syllable is "strong" either if it contains one of a class of so-called +"long" vowels, or if there is a cluster of two or more consonants +following the vowel; otherwise it is "weak". +(If you are exceptionally observant you will notice that this strong\(emweak +distinction has been used before, when discussing the rhythm of feet in +syllables.) Thus the verb "torment" receives stress on the second syllable, +for it is a strong one. +A noun like "torment" is treated as being derived from the corresponding verb, +and the rule assigns stress to the verb first and then modifies it for the noun. +The second, "alternating stress", rule gives some stress to alternate +syllables of polysyllabic words like "form\c +.ul +al\c +de\c +.ul +hyde\c +". +.pp +It is quite easy to incorporate the word-level rules into a computer +program which uses feet rather than stress levels as the basis for prosodic +description. +A foot boundary is simply placed before the primary-stressed (level-1) syllable, +except for function words, which do not begin a foot. +The other stress levels should be ignored, +except that for slow, deliberate speech, secondary (level-2) stress is +mapped into a foot boundary too, if it precedes the primary stress. +There is also a rule which reduces vowels in unstressed +syllables. +.pp +The stress assignment rules can work on phonemic script, as well as English. +For example, starting from the phonetic +form [\d\V\u\ \c +.ul +aa\ s\ t\ o\ n\ i\ sh\ \c +]\dV\u, +the stress assignment rules +produce \c +.ul +aa\ s\ t\ o\u1\d\ n\ i\ sh\ ;\c + the +vowel reduction rule +generates \c +.ul +uh\ s\ t\ o\u1\d\ n\ i\ sh\ ;\c + and +the foot conversion process +gives \c +.ul +uh\ s/t\ o\ n\ i\ sh. +This appears to provide a fairly reliable algorithm for foot boundary +placement. +.rh "Speech synthesis from concept." +I argued earlier that in order to derive prosodic features +of an utterance from text it +is necessary to understand its role in the dialogue, its semantics, +its syntax, and \(em as we have just seen \(em its morphological structure. +This is a very tall order, and the problem of natural language comprehension +by machine is a vast research area in its own right. +However, in many applications requiring speech output, +utterances are generated by the computer from internally stored data +rather than being read aloud from pre-prepared text. +Then the problem of comprehending text may be evaded, for +presumably the language-generation module can provide a semantic, +syntactic, and even morphological decomposition of the utterance, +as well as some indication of its role in the dialogue +(that is, why it is necessary to say it). +.pp +This forms the basis of the appealing notion of "speech synthesis from concept". +It has some advantages over speech generation from text, and in principle +should provide more natural-sounding speech. +Every word produced by the system can have a complete lexical entry which +shows its morphological decomposition and potential stress points. +The full syntactic history of each utterance is known. +The Chomsky-Halle rules described above can therefore be used to place +foot boundaries accurately, without the need for a complex parsing program +and without the risk of having to make guesses about unknown words. +.pp +However, it is not clear how to take advantage of any semantic information +which is available. Ideally, it should be possible to place tone group +boundaries and tonic stress points, and assign intonation contours, in +a natural-sounding way. +But look again at the example text of Table 9.2 and imagine that you have +at your disposal as much semantic information as is needed. +It is +.ul +still +far from obvious how the intonation features could be assigned! +It is, in the ultimate analysis, interpretive and stylistic +.ul +choices +that add variety and interest to speech. +.pp +Take the problem of determining pitch contours, for instance. +Some of them may be explicable. +Contour 4 on +.LB +.NI +except the parts that are covered in caravans of course +.LE +is due to its being a contrastive clause, for it presents +essentially new information. +Similarly, the succession +.LB +.NI +if you go in spring +.NI +when the gorse is out +.NI +or in summer +.NI +when the heather's out +.LE +could be considered contrastive, being in the subjunctive voice, and +this could explain why contour 4's were used. +But this is all conjecture, and it is difficult to apply throughout the +passage. +Halliday (1970) explains the contexts in which each tone group is typically +used, but in an extremely high-level manner which would be impossible +to embody directly in a computer program. +.[ +Halliday 1970 Course in spoken English: Intonation +.] +At the other end of the spectrum, computer systems for written +discourse production do not seem to provide the subtle information needed +to make intonation decisions (see, for example, Davey, 1978, for a fairly +complete description of such a system). +.[ +Davey 1978 +.] +.pp +One project which uses such a method for generating speech has been +described (Young and Fallside, 1980). +.[ +Young Fallside 1980 +.] +Although some attention is paid to rhythm, the intonation contours +which are generated are disappointingly repetitive and lacking in +richness. +In fact, very little semantic information is used to assign contours; really +just that inferred by the crude punctuation-driven method described +earlier. +.pp +The higher-level semantic problems associated with speech output were +studied some years go under the +title "synthetic elocution" (Vanderslice, 1968). +.[ +Vanderslice 1968 +.] +A set of rules was generated and tested by hand on a sample passage, +the first part of which is shown in Table 9.4. +However, no attempt was made to formalize the rules in a computer program, +and indeed it was recognized that a number of important questions, +such as the form of the semantic information assumed at the input, +had been left unanswered. +.RF +.nr x0 \w'\0\0 psychologist '+\w'emphasis assigned because of antithesis with ' +.nr x1 (\n(.l-\n(x0)/2 +.in \n(x1u +.ta \w'\0\0 psychologist 'u +\l'\n(x0u\(ul' +.sp +Human experience and human behaviour are accessible to +observation by everyone. The psychologist tries to bring +them under systematic study. What he perceives, however, +anyone can perceive; for his task he requires no microscope +or electronic gear. +.sp2 +\0\0 word comments +\l'\n(x0u\(ul' +.sp +\01 Human special treatment because paragraph-initial +\04 human accent deleted because it echoes word 1 +13 psychologist emphasis assigned because of antithesis with + "everyone" +17 them anaphoric to "Human experience and human + behaviour" +19 systematic emphasis assigned because of contrast with + "observation" +20 study emphasis? \(em text is ambiguous whether + "observation" is a kind of study that is + nonsystematic, or an activity contrasting + with the entire concept of "systematic study" +21 What increase in pitch for "What he perceives" + because it is not the subject +22 he accented although anaphoric to word 13 + because of antithesis with word 25 +24 however decrease in pitch because it is parenthetical +25 anyone emphasized by antithesis with word 22 +27 perceive unaccented because it echoes word 23, + "perceives" +\0\0 ; semicolon assigns falling intonation +30 task unaccented because it is anaphoric with + "tries to bring them under systematic study" +\l'\n(x0u\(ul' +.ta 0.8i +0.8i +0.8i +0.8i +0.8i +0.8i +0.8i +0.8i +0.8i +0.8i +0.8i +0.8i +.in 0 +.FG "Table 9.4 Sample passage and comments pertinent to synthetic elocution" +.pp +The comments in the table, which are selected and slightly edited versions +of those appearing in the original work (Vanderslice, 1968), are intended +as examples of the nature and subtlety of the prosodic influences which +were examined. +.[ +Vanderslice 1968 +.] +The concepts of "accent" and "emphasis" are used; these relate to stress +but are not easy to define precisely in our tone-group terminology. +Fortunately we do not need an exact characterization of them for the present +purpose. +Roughly speaking, "accent" encompasses both foot-initial stress and +tonic stress, whereas "emphasis" is something more than this, +typically being realized by the fall-rise or rise-fall contours of +Halliday's tone groups 4 and 5 (Figure 8.5). +.pp +Particular attention is paid to anaphora and antithesis (amongst other things). +The first term means the repetition of a word or phrase in the text, +and is often applied to pronoun references. +In the example, the word "human" is repeated in the first few words; +"them" in the second sentence refers to "human experience and human +behaviour"; "he" in the third sentence is the previously-mentioned +psychologist; and "task" is anaphoric with "tries to bring them under +systematic study". +Other things being equal, anaphoric references are unaccented. +In our terms this means that they certainly do not receive tonic stress +and may not even receive foot stress. +.pp +Antithesis is defined as the contrast of ideas expressed by parallelism of +strongly contrasting words or phrases; and the second element taking part +in it is generally emphasized. +"Psychologist" in the passage is an antithesis of "everyone"; +"systematic" and possibly "study" of "observation". +Thus +.LB +.NI +/^ the psy/*chologist +.LE +would probably receive intonation contour 4, since it is also introducing +a new actor; while +.LB +.NI +/tries to /bring them /under /system/*matic /study +.LE +could receive contour 5. +"He" and "everyone" are antithetical; not only does the latter receive +emphasis but the former has its accent restored \(em for otherwise +it would have been removed because of anaphora with "psychologist". +Hence it will certainly begin a foot, possibly a tonic foot. +.pp +A factor that does not affect the sample passage is the accentuation +of unusual syllables of similar words to bring out a contrast. +For example, +.LB +.NI +he went +.ul +out\c +side, not +.ul +in\c +side. +.LE +Although this may seem to be just another facet of antithesis, +Vanderslice points out that it is phonetic rather than structural +similarity that is contrasted: +.LB +.NI +I said +.ul +de\c +plane, not +.ul +com\c +plain. +.LE +This introduces an interesting interplay between the phonetic and +prosodic levels. +.pp +Anaphora and antithesis provide an ideal domain for speech synthesis from +concept. +Determining them from plain text is a very difficult problem, +requiring a great deal of real-world knowledge. +The first has received some attention in the field of natural language +understanding. +Finding pronoun referents is an important problem for language translation, +for their gender is frequently distinguished in, say, French where it is not +in English. +Examples such as +.LB +.NI +I bought the wine, sat on a table, and drank it +.NI +I bought the wine, sat on a table, and broke it +.LE +have been closely studied (Wilks, 1975); for if they were to be translated +into French the pronoun "it" would be rendered differently in each case +(\c +.ul +le +vin, +.ul +la +table). +.[ +Wilks 1975 An intelligent analyzer and understander of English +.] +.pp +In spoken language, emphasis is used to indicate the referent of a pronoun +when it would not otherwise be obvious. +Vanderslice gives the example +.LB +.NI +Bill saw John across the room and he ran over to him +.NI +Bill saw John across the room and +.ul +he +ran over to +.ul +him, +.LE +where the emphasis reverses the pronoun referents +(so that John did the running). +He suggests accenting a personal pronoun whenever the true +antecedent is not the same as the "unmarked" or default one. +Unfortunately he does not elaborate on what is meant by "unmarked". +Does it mean that the referent cannot be predicted from +knowledge of the words alone \(em as in the second example above? +If so, this is a clear candidate for speech synthesis from concept, +for the distinction cannot be made from text! +.sh "9.2 Pronunciation" +.pp +English pronunciation is notoriously irregular. +A poem by Charivarius, the pseudonym of a Dutch high school teacher +and linguist G.N.Trenite (1870\-1946), surveys the problems in an amusing +way and is worth quoting in full. +.br +.ev2 +.in 0 +.LB "nnnnnnnnnnnnnnnn" +.ul + The Chaos +.sp2 +.ne4 +Dearest creature in Creation +Studying English pronunciation, +.in +5n +I will teach you in my verse +Sounds like corpse, corps, horse and worse. +.ne4 +.in -5n +It will keep you, Susy, busy, +Make your head with heat grow dizzy; +.in +5n +Tear in eye your dress you'll tear. +So shall I! Oh, hear my prayer: +.ne4 +.in -5n +Pray, console your loving poet, +Make my coat look new, dear, sew it. +.in +5n +Just compare heart, beard and heard, +Dies and diet, lord and word. +.ne4 +.in -5n +Sword and sward, retain and Britain, +(Mind the latter, how it's written). +.in +5n +Made has not the sound of bade, +Say \(em said, pay \(em paid, laid, but plaid. +.ne4 +.in -5n +Now I surely will not plague you +With such words as vague and ague, +.in +5n +But be careful how you speak: +Say break, steak, but bleak and streak, +.ne4 +.in -5n +Previous, precious; fuchsia, via; +Pipe, shipe, recipe and choir; +.in +5n +Cloven, oven; how and low; +Script, receipt; shoe, poem, toe. +.ne4 +.in -5n +Hear me say, devoid of trickery; +Daughter, laughter and Terpsichore; +.in +5n +Typhoid, measles, topsails, aisles; +Exiles, similes, reviles; +.ne4 +.in -5n +Wholly, holly; signal, signing; +Thames, examining, combining; +.in +5n +Scholar, vicar and cigar, +Solar, mica, war and far. +.ne4 +.in -5n +Desire \(em desirable, admirable \(em admire; +Lumber, plumber; bier but brier; +.in +5n +Chatham, brougham; renown but known, +Knowledge; done, but gone and tone, +.ne4 +.in -5n +One, anemone; Balmoral, +Kitchen, lichen; laundry, laurel; +.in +5n +Gertrude, German; wind and mind; +Scene, Melpemone, mankind; +.ne4 +.in -5n +Tortoise, turquoise, chamois-leather, +Reading, Reading; heathen, heather. +.in +5n +This phonetic labyrinth +Gives: moss, gross; brook, brooch; ninth, plinth. +.ne4 +.in -5n +Billet does not end like ballet; +Bouquet, wallet, mallet, chalet; +.in +5n +Blood and flood are not like food, +Nor is mould like should and would. +.ne4 +.in -5n +Banquet is not nearly parquet, +Which is said to rime with darky +.in +5n +Viscous, viscount; load and broad; +Toward, to forward, to reward. +.ne4 +.in -5n +And your pronunciation's O.K. +When you say correctly: croquet; +.in +5n +Rounded, wounded; grieve and sieve; +Friend and fiend, alive and live +.ne4 +.in -5n +Liberty, library; heave and heaven; +Rachel, ache, moustache; eleven. +We say hallowed, but allowed; +People, leopard; towed, but vowed. +.in +5n +Mark the difference moreover +Between mover, plover, Dover; +.ne4 +.in -5n +Leeches, breeches; wise, precise; +Chalice, but police and lice. +.in +5n +Camel, constable, unstable, +Principle, discipline, label; +.ne4 +.in -5n +Petal, penal and canal; +Wait, surmise, plait, promise; pal. +.in +5n +Suit, suite, ruin; circuit, conduit, +Rime with: "shirk it" and "beyond it"; +.ne4 +.in -5n +But it is not hard to tell +Why it's pall, mall, but Pall Mall. +.in +5n +Muscle, muscular; goal and iron; +Timber, climber; bullion, lion; +.ne4 +.in -5n +Worm and storm; chaise, chaos, chair; +Senator, spectator, mayor. +.in +5n +Ivy, privy; famous, clamour +and enamour rime with "hammer". +.ne4 +.in -5n +Pussy, hussy and possess, +Desert, but dessert, address. +.in +5n +Golf, wolf; countenants; lieutenants +Hoist, in lieu of flags, left pennants. +.ne4 +.in -5n +River, rival; tomb, bomb, comb; +Doll and roll, and some and home. +.in +5n +Stranger does not rime with anger, +Neither does devour with clangour. +.ne4 +.in -5n +Soul, but foul; and gaunt, but aunt; +Font, front, won't; want, grand and grant; +.in +5n +Shoes, goes, does. Now first say: finger, +And then; singer, ginger, linger. +.ne4 +.in -5n +Real, zeal; mauve, gauze and gauge; +Marriage, foliage, mirage, age. +.in +5n +Query does not rime with very, +Nor does fury sound like bury. +.ne4 +.in -5n +Dost, lost, post; and doth, cloth, loth; +Job, Job; blossom, bosom, oath. +.in +5n +Though the difference seems little +We say actual, but victual; +.ne4 +.in -5n +Seat, sweat; chaste, caste; Leigh, eight, height; +Put, nut; granite but unite. +.in +5n +Reefer does not rime with deafer, +Feoffer does, and zephyr, heifer. +.ne4 +.in -5n +Dull, bull; Geoffrey, George; ate, late; +Hint, pint; senate, but sedate. +.in +5n +Scenic, Arabic, Pacific; +Science, conscience, scientific. +.ne4 +.in -5n +Tour, but our, and succour, four; +Gas, alas and Arkansas! +.in +5n +Sea, idea, guinea, area, +Psalm, Maria, but malaria. +.ne4 +.in -5n +Youth, south, southern; cleanse and clean; +Doctrine, turpentine, marine. +.in +5n +Compare alien with Italian. +Dandelion with battalion, +.ne4 +.in -5n +Sally with ally, Yea, Ye, +Eye, I, ay, aye, whey, key, quay. +Say aver, but ever, fever, +Neither, leisure, skein, receiver. +.in +5n +Never guess \(em it is not safe; +We say calves, valves, half, but Ralf. +.ne4 +.in -5n +Heron, granary, canary; +Crevice and device and eyrie; +.in +5n +Face, preface, but efface, +Phlegm, phlegmatic; ass, glass, bass; +.ne4 +.in -5n +Large, but target, gin, give, verging; +Ought, out, joust and scour, but scourging; +.in +5n +Ear, but earn; and wear and tear +Do not rime with "here", but "ere". +.ne4 +.in -5n +Seven is right, but so is even; +Hyphen, roughen, nephew, Stephen; +.in +5n +Monkey, donkey; clerk and jerk; +Asp, grasp, wasp; and cork and work. +.ne4 +.in -5n +Pronunciation \(em think of psyche - +Is a paling, stout and spikey; +.in +5n +Won't it make you lose your wits, +Writing groats and saying "groats"? +.ne4 +.in -5n +It's a dark abyss or tunnel, +Strewn with stones, like rowlock, gunwale, +.in +5n +Islington and Isle of Wight, +Housewife, verdict and indict. +.ne4 +.in -5n +Don't you think so, reader, rather +Saying lather, bather, father? +.in +5n +Finally: which rimes with "enough", +Though, through, plough, cough, hough or tough? +.ne4 +.in -5n +Hiccough has the sound of "cup", +My advice is ... give it up! +.LE "nnnnnnnnnnnnnnnn" +.br +.ev +.rh "Letter-to-sound rules." +Despite such irregularities, it is surprising how much can be done +with simple letter-to-sound rules. +These specify phonetic equivalents of word fragments and single letters. +The longest stored fragment which matches the current word is translated, +and then the same strategy is adopted on the remainder of the word. +Table 9.5 shows some English fragments and their pronunciations. +.RF +.nr x0 1.5i+\w'pronunciation ' +.nr x1 (\n(.l-\n(x0)/2 +.in \n(x1u +.ta 1.5i +fragment pronunciation +\l'\n(x0u\(ul' +.sp +-p- \fIp\fR +-ph- \fIf\fR +-phe| \fIf ee\fR +-phe|s \fIf ee z\fR +-phot- \fIf uh u t\fR +-place|- \fIp l e i s\fR +-plac|i- \fIp l e i s i\fR +-ple|ment- \fIp l i m e n t\fR +-plie|- \fIp l aa i y\fR +-post \fIp uh u s t\fR +-pp- \fIp\fR +-pp|ly- \fIp l ee\fR +-preciou- \fIp r e s uh\fR +-proce|d- \fIp r uh u s ee d\fR +-prope|r- \fIp r o p uh r\fR +-prov- \fIp r uu v\fR +-purpose- \fIp er p uh s\fR +-push- \fIp u sh\fR +-put \fIp u t\fR +-puts \fIp u t s\fR +\l'\n(x0u\(ul' +.ta 0.8i +0.8i +0.8i +0.8i +0.8i +0.8i +0.8i +0.8i +0.8i +0.8i +0.8i +0.8i +.in 0 +.FG "Table 9.5 Word fragments and their pronunciations" +.pp +It is sometimes important to specify that a rule applies only when +the fragment is matched at the beginning or end of a word. +In the Table "-" means that other fragments can precede or follow this +one. +The "|" sign is used to separate suffixes from a word stem, +as will be explained +shortly. +.pp +An advantage of the longest-string search strategy is that it is easy +to account for exceptions simply by incorporating them into the fragment +table. +If they occur in the input, the complete word will automatically be +matched first, before any fragment of it is translated. +The exception list of complete words can be surprisingly small for +quite respectable performance. +Table 9.6 shows the entire dictionary for an excellent early pronunciation +system written at Bell Laboratories (McIlroy, 1974). +.[ +McIlroy 1974 +.] +Some of the words are notorious exceptions in English, while others are +included simply because the rules would run amok on them. +Notice that the exceptions are all quite short, with only a few of them +having more than two syllables. +.RF +.nr x1 0.9i+0.9i+0.9i+0.9i+0.9i+0.9i +.nr x1 (\n(.l-\n(x1)/2 +.in \n(x1u +.ta 0.9i +0.9i +0.9i +0.9i +0.9i +a doesn't guest meant reader those +alkali doing has moreover refer to +always done have mr says today +any dr having mrs seven tomorrow +april early heard nature shall tuesday +are earn his none someone two +as eleven imply nothing something upon +because enable into nowhere than very +been engine is nuisance that water +being etc island of the wednesday +below evening john on their were +body every july once them who +both everyone live one there whom +busy february lived only thereby whose +copy finally living over these woman +do friday many people they women +does gas maybe read this yes +.ta 0.8i +0.8i +0.8i +0.8i +0.8i +0.8i +0.8i +0.8i +0.8i +0.8i +0.8i +0.8i +.in 0 +.FG "Table 9.6 Exception table for a simple pronunciation program" +.pp +Special action has to be taken with final "e"'s. +These lengthen and alter the quality +of the preceding vowel, so that "bit" becomes "bite" and so on. +Unfortunately, if the word has a suffix the "e" must be detected even though +it is no longer final, as in "lonely", and it is even dropped sometimes +("biting") \(em otherwise these would be pronounced "lonelly", "bitting". +To make matters worse the suffix may be another word: we do not +want "kiteflying" to have an extra syllable which rhymes with "deaf"! +Although simple procedures can be developed to take care of common +word endings like "-ly", "-ness", "-d", it is difficult to decompose +compound words like "wisecrack" and "bumblebee" reliably \(em but this must +be done if they are not to be articulated with three syllables instead of two. +Of course, there are exceptions to the final "e" rule. +Many common words ("some", "done", "[live]\dV\u") disobey the rule by not +lengthening the main vowel, while in other, rarer, ones ("anemone", +"catastrophe", "epitome") the final "e" is actually pronounced. +There are also some complete anomalies ("fete"). +.pp +McIlroy's (1974) system is a superb example of a robust program which takes +a pragmatic approach to these problems, accepting that they will never be +fully solved, and which is careful to degrade +gracefully when stumped. +.[ +McIlroy 1974 +.] +The pronunciation of each word is found by a succession of increasingly +desperate trials: +.LB +.NP +replace upper- by lower-case letters, strip punctuation, and try again; +.NP +remove final "-s", replace final "ie" by "y", and try again; +.NP +reject a word without a vowel; +.NP +repeatedly mark any suffixes with "|"; +.NP +mark with "|" probable morph divisions in compound words; +.NP +mark potential long vowels indicated by "e|", +and long vowels elsewhere in the word; +.NP +mark voiced medial "s" as in "busy", "usual"; +replace final "-s" if stripped; +.NP +scanning the word from left to right, apply letter-to-sound rules +to word fragments; +.NP +when all else fails spell the word, punctuation and all +(burp on letters for which no spelling rule exists). +.LE +.RF +.nr x0 \w'| ment\0\0\0'+\w'replace final ie by y\0\0\0'+\w'except when no vowel would remain in ' +.nr x1 (\n(.l-\n(x0)/2 +.in \n(x1u +.ta \w'| ment\0\0\0'u +\w'replace final ie by y\0\0\0'u +suffix action notes and exceptions +\l'\n(x0u\(ul' +.sp +s strip off final s except in context us +\&' strip off final ' +ie replace final ie by y +e replace final e by E when it is the only vowel in a word + (long "e") + +| able place suffix mark as except when no vowel would remain in +| ably shown the rest of the word +e | d +e | n +e | r +e | ry +e | st +e | y +| ful +| ing +| less +| ly +| ment +| ness +| or + +| ic place suffix mark as +| ical shown and terminate +e | final e processing +\l'\n(x0u\(ul' +.ta 0.8i +0.8i +0.8i +0.8i +0.8i +0.8i +0.8i +0.8i +0.8i +0.8i +0.8i +0.8i +.in 0 +.FG "Table 9.7 Rules for detecting suffixes for final 'e' processing" +.pp +Table 9.7 shows the suffixes which the program recognizes, with some comments +on their processing. +Multiple suffixes are detected and marked in words like +"force|ful|ly" and "spite|ful|ness". +This allows silent "e"'s to be spotted even when they occur far back in a +word. +Notice that the suffix marks are available to the word-fragment +rules of Table 9.5, and are frequently used by them. +.pp +The program has some +.ul +ad hoc +rules for dealing with compound words like "race|track", "house|boat"; +these are applied as well as normal suffix splitting so that multiple +decompositions like "pace|make|r" can be accomplished. +The rules look for short letter sequences which do not +usually appear in monomorphemic words. +It is impossible, however, to detect every morph boundary +by such rules, and the program inevitably makes mistakes. +Examples of boundaries which go undetected are +"edge|ways", "fence|post", "horse|back", "large|mouth", "where|in"; +while boundaries are incorrectly inserted into "comple|mentary", +"male|volent", "prole|tariat", "Pame|la". +.pp +We now seem to have presented two opposing points of view on the pronunciation +problem. +Charivarius, the Dutch poet, shows that an enormous number of +exceptional words exist; whereas McIlroy's program makes do with a tiny +exception dictionary. +These views can be reconciled by noting that most of Charivarius' words +are relatively uncommon. +McIlroy tested his program against the 2000 most frequent words in a large +corpus (Kucera and Francis, 1967), +and found that 97% were pronounced correctly if word frequencies were +taken into account. +.[ +Kucera Francis 1967 +.] +(The notion of "correctness" is of course a rather subjective one.) However, +he estimated that on the remaining words the success rate was only 88%. +.pp +The system is particularly impressive in that it is prepared to say +anything: if used, for example, on source programs in a high-level +computer language it will say the keywords and pronouncable +identifiers, spell the other identifiers, and even give the names of special +symbols (like +, <, =) correctly! +.rh "Morphological analysis." +The use of letter-to-sound rules provides a cheap and fast technique +for pronunciation \(em the fragment table and exception dictionary for the +program described above occupy only 11 Kbyte of storage, and can easily +be kept in solid-state read-only memory. +It produces reasonable results if careful attention is paid to rules +for suffix-splitting. +However, it is inherently limited because it is not possible in general +to detect compound words by simple rules which operate on the lexical +structure of the word. +.pp +Compounds can only be found reliably by using a morph dictionary. +This gives the added advantage that syntactic information +can be stored with the morphs to assist with rhythm assignment according +to the Chomsky-Halle theory. +However, it was noted earlier that morphs, unlike the grammatically-determined +morphemes, are not very well defined from a linguistic point of view. +Some morphemic decompositions are obviously not morphic because the +constituents do not in any way resemble the final word; +while others, where the word is simply a concatenation +of its components, are clearly morphic. +Between these extremes lies a hazy region where what one considers +to be a morph depends upon how complex one is prepared to make the +concatenation rules. +The following description draws on techniques used in a project at MIT +in which a morph-based pronunciation system has been implemented +(Lee, 1969; Allen, 1976). +.[ +Lee 1969 +.] +.[ +Allen 1976 Synthesis of speech from unrestricted text +.] +.pp +Estimates of the number of morphs in English vary from 10,000 to 30,000. +Although these seem to be very large numbers, they are considerably less +than the number of words in the language. +For example, Webster's +.ul +New Collegiate Dictionary +(7'th edition) contains about 100,000 entries. +If all forms of the words were included, this number would probably +double. +.pp +There are several classes of morphs, with restrictions on the combinations +that occur. +A general word has prefixes, a root, and suffixes, as shown in Figure 9.3; +only the root is mandatory. +.FC "Figure 9.3" +Suffixes usually perform a grammatical role, affecting the +conjugation of a verb or declension of a noun; or transforming one +part of speech into another +("-al" can make a noun into an adjective, while "-ness" performs the reverse +transformation.) Other +suffixes, such as "-dom" or "-ship", only apply to certain parts of +speech (nouns, in this case), but do not change the grammatical +role of the word. Such suffixes, and all prefixes, alter the meaning +of a word. +.pp +Some root morphs cannot combine with other morphs but always stand +alone \(em for instance, "this". +Others, called free morphs, can either occur on their own or combine +with further morphs to form a word. +Thus the root "house" can be joined on either side by another root, +such as "boat", +or by a suffix such as "ing". +A third type of root morph is one which +.ul +must +combine with another morph, like "crimin-", "-ceive". +.pp +Even with a morph dictionary, decomposing a word into a sequence +of morphs is not a trivial operation. +The process of lexical concatenation often results in a +minor change in the constituents. +How big this change is allowed to be governs the morph system being used. +For example, Allen (1976) gives three concatenation rules: a +final "e" can be omitted, as in +.ta 1.1i +.LB +.NI +give + ing \(em> giving; +.LE +the last consonant of the root can be doubled, as in +.LB +.NI +bid + ing \(em> bidding; +.LE +or a final "y" can change to an "i", as in +.LB +.NI +handy + cap \(em> handicap. +.[ +Allen 1976 Synthesis of speech from unrestricted text +.] +.LE +If these are the only rules permitted, the morph dictionary will +have to include multiple versions of some suffixes. +For example, the plural morpheme [-s] needs to be represented both by +"-s" and "-es", to account for +.LB +.NI +pea + s \(em> peas +.LE +and +.LB +.NI +baby + es \(em> babies (using the "y" \(em> "i" rule). +.LE +This would not be necessary if a "y" \(em> "ie" rule were included too. +Similarly, the morpheme [-ic] will include morphs +"-ic" and "-c"; the latter to cope with +.LB +.NI +specify + c \(em> specific (using the "y" \(em> "i" rule). +.LE +Furthermore, non-morphemic roots such as "galact" need to be included because +the concatenation rules do not capture the transformation +.LB +.NI +galaxy + ic \(em> galactic. +.LE +There is clearly a trade-off between the size of the morph dictionary +and the complexity of the concatenation rules. +.pp +Since a text-to-speech system is presented with already-concatenated +morphs, it must be prepared to reverse the effects of the concatenation +rules to deduce the constituents of a word. +When two morphs combine with any of the three rules given above, +the changes in spelling occur only in the lefthand one. +Therefore the word is best scanned in a right-to-left direction to +split off the morphs starting with suffixes, as McIlroy's program does. +If the procedure fails at any point, one of the three rules is +hypothesized, its effect is undone, and splitting continues. +For example, consider the word +.LB +.NI +grasshoppers <\(em grass + hop + er + s +.LE +(Lee, 1969). +.[ +Lee 1969 +.] +The "-s" is detected first, then "-er"; these are both stored in +the dictionary as suffixes. +The remainder, "grasshopp", cannot be decomposed and does not appear +in the dictionary. +So each of the rules above is hypothesized in turn, and the +result investigated. (The "y" \(em> "i" rule is obviously not +applicable.) When +the final-consonant-doubling rule is considered, the sequence +"grasshop" is investigated. +"Shop" could be split off this, but then the unknown morph "gras" +would result. +The alternative, to remove "hop", leaves a remainder "grass" which +.ul +is +a free morph, as desired. +Thus a unique and correct decomposition is obtained. +Notice that the procedure would fail if, for example, "grass" had +been inadvertently omitted from the dictionary. +.pp +Sometimes, several seemingly valid decompositions present themselves +(Allen, 1976). +.[ +Allen 1976 Synthesis of speech from unrestricted text +.] +For example: +.LB +.NI +scarcity <\(em scar + city +.NI + <\(em scarce + ity (using final-"e" deletion) +.NI + <\(em scar + cite + y (using final-"e" deletion) +.NI +resting <\(em rest + ing +.NI + <\(em re + sting +.NI +biding <\(em bide + ing (using final-"e" deletion) +.NI + <\(em bid + ing +.NI +unionized <\(em un + ion + ize + d +.NI + <\(em union + ize + d +.NI +winding <\(em [wind]\dN\u + ing +.NI + <\(em [wind]\dV\u + ing. +.LE +The last distinction is important because the pronunciation of "wind" +depends on whether it is a noun or a verb. +.ta 0.8i +0.8i +0.8i +0.8i +0.8i +0.8i +0.8i +0.8i +0.8i +0.8i +0.8i +0.8i +.pp +Several sources of information can be used to resolve these ambiguities. +The word structure of Figure 9.3, together with the division of root +morphs into bound and free ones, may eliminate some possibilities. +Certain letter sequences (such as "rp") do not appear at the beginning +of a word or morph, and others never occur at the end. +Knowledge of these sequences can reject some unacceptable +decompositions \(em or perhaps more importantly, can enable intelligent guesses +to be made in cases where a constituent morph has been omitted from the +dictionary. +The grammatical function of suffixes allows suffix sequences to be +checked for compatibility. +The syntax of the sentence, together with suffix knowledge, can +rule out other combinations. +Semantic knowledge will occasionally be necessary (as in the "unionized" +and "winding" examples above \(em compare a "winding road" with a "winding +blow"). +Finally, Allen (1976) suggests that a preference structure on composition +rules can be used to resolve ambiguity. +.[ +Allen 1976 Synthesis of speech from unrestricted text +.] +.pp +Once the morphological structure has been determined, +the rest of the pronunciation +process is relatively easy. +A phonetic transcription of each morph may be stored in the morph dictionary, +or else letter-to-sound rules can be used on individual morphs. +These are likely to be quite successful because final-"e" processing can be +now be done with confidence: there are no hidden final "e"'s in the middle +of morphs. +In either case the resulting phonetic transcriptions of the individual morphs +must be concatenated to give the transcription of the complete word. +Although some contextual modification has to be accounted for, +it is relatively straightforward and easy to predict. +For example, the plural morphs "-s" and "-es" can be realized phonetically +by +.ul +uh\ z, +.ul +s, +or +.ul +z +depending on context. +Similarly the past-tense suffix "-ed" may be rendered as +.ul +uh\ d, +.ul +t, +or +.ul +d. +The suffixes "-ion" and "-ure" sometimes cause modification of the previous +morph: for example +.LB +.NI +act + ion \(em> \c +.ul +a k t\c + + ion \(em> \c +.ul +a k sh uh n. +.LE +.pp +The morph dictionary does not remove the need for a lexicon of exceptional +words. +The irregular final-"e" words mentioned earlier ("done", "anemone", "fete") +need to be treated on an individual basis, +as do words such as "quadruped" which have misleading endings +(it should not be decomposed as "quadrup|ed"). +.rh "Pronunciation of languages other than English." +Text-to-speech systems for other languages have been reported in +the literature. +(For example, French, Esperanto, +Italian, Russian, Spanish, and German are covered +by Lesmo +.ul +et al, +1978; O'Shaughnessy +.ul +et al, +1981; Sherwood, 1978; +Mangold and Stall, 1978). +.[ +Lesmo 1978 +.] +.[ +O'Shaughnessy Lennig Mermelstein Divay 1981 +.] +.[ +Sherwood 1978 +.] +.[ +Mangold Stall 1978 +.] +Generally speaking, these present fewer difficulties than does English. +Esperanto is particularly easy because each letter in its orthography +has only one sound, making the pronunciation problem trivial. +Moreover, stress in polysyllabic words always occurs on the penultimate +syllable. +.pp +It is tempting and often sensible when designing a synthesis system for +English to use an utterance representation somewhere between phonetics and +ordinary spelling. +This may happen in practice even if it is not intended: a user, finding +that a given word is pronounced incorrectly, will alter the spelling to +make it work. +The Word English Spelling alphabet (Dewey, 1971), amongst others (Haas, 1966), +is a simplified and apparently natural scheme which was developed by the +spelling reform movement. +.[ +Dewey 1971 +.] +.[ +Haas 1966 +.] +It maps very simply on to a phonetic representation, just like Esperanto. +However, it can provide little help with the crucial problem of stress +assignment, except perhaps by explicitly indicating reduced vowels. +.sh "9.3 Discussion" +.pp +This chapter has really only touched the tip of a linguistic iceberg. +I have given some examples of representations, rules, algorithms, +and exceptions, to make the concepts more tangible; but a whole mass of +detail has been swept under the carpet. +.pp +There are two important messages that are worth reiterating once more. +The first is that the representation of the input \(em that is, +whether it be a "concept" +in some semantic domain, a syntactic description of an utterance, a +decomposition into morphs, plain text or some contrived re-spelling of it \(em +is crucial to the quality of the output. +Almost any extra information about the utterance can be taken into account +and used to improve the speech. +It is difficult to derive such information if it is not provided explicitly, +for the process of climbing the tree from text to semantic representation is +at least as hard as descending it to a phonetic transcription. +.pp +Secondly, simple algorithms perform remarkably well \(em witness the +punctuation-driven intonation assignment scheme, and word fragment rules +for pronunciation. +However, the combined degradation contributed by several imperfect +processes is likely to impair speech quality very seriously. +And great complexity is introduced when these simple algorithms are +discarded in favour of more sophisticated ones. +There is, for example, a world of difference between a pronunciation +program that copes with 97% of common words and one that deals correctly +with 99% of a random sample from a dictionary. +.pp +Some of the options that face the system designer are recapitulated in +Figure 9.4. +.FC "Figure 9.4" +Starting from text, one can take the simple approach of lexically-based +suffix-splitting, letter-to-sound rules, and prosodics derived +from punctuation, to generate a phonetic transcription. +This will provide a cheap system which is relatively easy to implement +but whose speech quality will probably not be acceptable to any but the +most dedicated listener +(such as a blind person with no other access to reading material). +.pp +The biggest improvement in speech quality from such a system would +almost certainly come from more intelligent prosodic +control \(em particularly of intonation. +This, unfortunately, is also by far the most difficult to make unless +intonation contours, tonic stresses, and tone-group boundaries are hand-coded +into the input. +To generate the appropriate information from text one has to climb to the +upper levels in Figure 9.4 \(em and even when these are reached, the problems +are by no means over. +Still, let us climb the tree. +.pp +For syntax analysis, part-of-speech information is needed; and for this +the grammatical roles of individual words in the text must be ascertained. +A morph dictionary is the most reliable way to do this. +A linguist may prefer to go from morphs to syntax by way of morphemes; +but this is not necessary for the present purpose. +Just the information that +the morph "went" is a verb can be stored in the dictionary, instead +of its decomposition [went]\ =\ [go]\ +\ [ed]. +.pp +Now that we have the morphological structure of the text, stress assignment rules +can be applied to produce more accurate speech rhythms. +The morph decomposition will also allow improvements to be made to the +pronunciation, particularly in the case of silent "e"'s in compound words. +But the ability to assign intonation has hardly been improved at all. +.pp +Let us proceed upwards. +Now the problems become really difficult. +A semantic representation of the text is needed; but what exactly does this +mean? +We certainly must have +.ul +morphemic +knowledge, for now the fact that "went" is a derivative of "go" +(rather than any other verb) becomes crucial. +Very well, let us augment the morph dictionary with morphemic information. +But this does not attack the problem of semantic representation. +We may wish to resolve pronoun references to help assign stress. +Parts of the problem are solved in principle +and reported in the artificial intelligence +literature, but if such an ability is incorporated into the speech +synthesis system it will become enormously complicated. +In addition, we have seen that knowledge of antitheses in the text will greatly +assist intonation assignment, but procedures for extracting this +information constitute a research topic in their own right. +.pp +Now step back and take a top-down approach. +What could we do with this semantic understanding and knowledge of the structure +of the discourse if we had it? +Suppose the input were a "concept" in some as yet undetermined representation. +What are the +.ul +acoustic +manifestations of such high-level features as anaphoric references or +antithetical comparisons, +of parenthetical or satirical remarks, +of emotions: warmth, sarcasm, sadness and despair? +Can we program the art of elocution? +These are good questions. +.sh "9.4 References" +.LB "nnnn" +.[ +$LIST$ +.] +.LE "nnnn" +.sh "9.5 Further reading" +.pp +Books on pronunciation give surprisingly little help in designing +a text-to-speech procedure. +The best aid is a good on-line dictionary and flexible software to +search it and record rules, examples, and exceptions. +Here are some papers that describe existing systems. +.LB "nn" +.\"Ainsworth-1974-1 +.]- +.ds [A Ainsworth, W.A. +.ds [D 1974 +.ds [T A system for converting text into speech +.ds [J IEEE Trans Audio and Electroacoustics +.ds [V AU-21 +.ds [P 288-290 +.nr [P 1 +.nr [T 0 +.nr [A 1 +.nr [O 0 +.][ 1 journal-article +.in+2n +.in-2n +.\"Colby-1978-2 +.]- +.ds [A Colby, K.M. +.as [A ", Christinaz, D. +.as [A ", and Graham, S. +.ds [D 1978 +.ds [K * +.ds [T A computer-driven, personal, portable, and intelligent speech prosthesis +.ds [J Computers and Biomedical Research +.ds [V 11 +.ds [P 337-343 +.nr [P 1 +.nr [T 0 +.nr [A 1 +.nr [O 0 +.][ 1 journal-article +.in+2n +.in-2n +.\"Elovitz-1976-3 +.]- +.ds [A Elovitz, H.S. +.as [A ", Johnson, R.W. +.as [A ", McHugh, A. +.as [A ", and Shore, J.E. +.ds [D 1976 +.ds [K * +.ds [T Letter-to-sound rules for automatic translation of English text to phonetics +.ds [J IEEE Trans Acoustics, Speech and Signal Processing +.ds [V ASSP-24 +.ds [N 6 +.ds [P 446-459 +.nr [P 1 +.ds [O December +.nr [T 0 +.nr [A 1 +.nr [O 0 +.][ 1 journal-article +.in+2n +.in-2n +.\"Kooi-1978-4 +.]- +.ds [A Kooi, R. +.as [A " and Lim, W.C. +.ds [D 1978 +.ds [T An on-line minicomputer-based system for reading printed text aloud +.ds [J IEEE Trans Systems, Man and Cybernetics +.ds [V SMC-8 +.ds [P 57-62 +.nr [P 1 +.ds [O January +.nr [T 0 +.nr [A 1 +.nr [O 0 +.][ 1 journal-article +.in+2n +.in-2n +.\"Umeda-1975-5 +.]- +.ds [A Umeda, N. +.as [A " and Teranishi, R. +.ds [D 1975 +.ds [K * +.ds [T The parsing program for automatic text-to-speech synthesis developed at the Electrotechnical Laboratory in 1968 +.ds [J IEEE Trans Acoustics, Speech and Signal Processing +.ds [V ASSP-23 +.ds [N 2 +.ds [P 183-188 +.nr [P 1 +.ds [O April +.nr [T 0 +.nr [A 1 +.nr [O 0 +.][ 1 journal-article +.in+2n +.in-2n +.\"Umeda-1976-6 +.]- +.ds [A Umeda, N. +.ds [D 1976 +.ds [K * +.ds [T Linguistic rules for text-to-speech synthesis +.ds [J Proc IEEE +.ds [V 64 +.ds [N 4 +.ds [P 443-451 +.nr [P 1 +.ds [O April +.nr [T 0 +.nr [A 1 +.nr [O 0 +.][ 1 journal-article +.in+2n +.in-2n +.LE "nn" +.EQ +delim $$ +.EN +.CH "10 DESIGNING THE MAN-COMPUTER DIALOGUE" +.ds RT "The man-computer dialogue +.ds CX "Principles of computer speech +.pp +Interactive computers are being used more and more by non-specialist people +without much previous computer experience. +As processing costs continue to decline, the overall expense of providing +highly interactive systems +becomes increasingly dominated by terminal and communications equipment. +Taken together, these two factors highlight the need for easy-to-use, +low-bandwidth interactive terminals that make maximum use of the existing +telephone network for remote access. +.pp +Speech output can provide versatile feedback from a computer at very low +cost in distribution and terminal equipment. It is attractive from several +points of view. +Terminals \(em telephones \(em are invariably in place already. +People without experience of computers are accustomed to their use, +and are not intimidated by them. +The telephone network is cheap to use and extends all over the world. +The touch-tone keypad (or a portable tone generator) +provides a complementary data input device which will do for many +purposes until the technology of speech recognition becomes better developed +and more widespread. +Indeed, many applications \(em especially information retrieval ones \(em need +a much smaller bandwidth from user to computer than in the reverse direction, +and voice output combined with restricted keypad entry provides a good match +to their requirements. +.pp +There are, however, severe problems in implementing natural and useful +interactive systems using speech output. +The eye can absorb information at a far greater rate than can the ear. +You can scan a page of text in a way which has no analogy in auditory terms. +Even so, it is difficult to design a dialogue which allows you to search +computer output visually at high speed. +In practice, scanning a new report is often better done at your desk +with a printed copy than at a computer terminal with a viewing program +(although this is likely to change in the near future). +.pp +With speech, the problem of organizing output becomes even harder. +Most of the information we learn using our ears is presented in a +conversational way, either in face-to-face discussions or over the telephone. +Verbal but non-conversational presentations, as in the +university lecture theatre, are known to be a rather inefficient way +of transmitting information. +The degree of interaction is extremely high even in a telephone conversation, +and communication relies heavily on speech gestures such as hesitations, +grunts, and pauses; on prosodic features such as intonation, pitch range, +tempo, and voice quality; and on conversational gambits such as interruption +and long silence. +I emphasized in the last two chapters the rudimentary state of knowledge +about how to synthesize +prosodic features, and the situation is even worse +for the other, paralinguistic, phenomena. +.pp +There is also a very special problem with voice output, namely, the transient +nature of the speech signal. +If you miss an utterance, it's gone. +With a visual display unit, at least the last few interactions usually remain +available. +Even then, it is not uncommon to look up beyond the top of the screen and +wish that more of the history was still visible! +This obviously places a premium on a voice response system's +ability to repeat utterances. +Moreover, the dialogue designer must do his utmost to ensure that the user +is always aware of the current state of the interaction, +for there is no opportunity to refresh the memory by glancing at earlier +entries and responses. +.pp +There are two separate aspects to the man-computer interface in a voice +response system. +The first is the relationship between the system and the end user, +that is, the "consumer" of the synthesized dialogue. +The second is the relationship between the system and the applications +programmer who creates the dialogue. +These are treated separately in the next two sections. +We will have more to say about the former aspect, +for it is ultimately more important to more people. +But the applications programmer's view is important, too; for without him +no systems would exist! +The technical difficulties in creating synthetic dialogues +for the majority of voice systems probably +explain why speech output technology is still greatly under-used. +Finally we look at techniques for using small keypads such as those on +touch-tone telephones, +for they are an essential part of many voice response systems. +.sh "10.1 Programming principles for natural interaction" +.pp +Special attention must be paid to be details of the man-machine interface +in speech-output systems. +This section summarizes experience of human factors considerations +gained in developing the remote +telephone enquiry service described in Chapter 1 (Witten and Madams, 1977), +which employs an ordinary touch-tone keypad for input in conjunction with +synthetic voice response. +.[ +Witten Madams 1977 Telephone Enquiry Service +.] +Most of the principles which emerged were the result of natural evolution +of the system, and were not clear at the outset. +Basically, they stem from the fact that speech is both more intrusive +and more ephemeral than writing, and so they are applicable in general to +speech output information retrieval systems with keyboard or even voice +input. +Be warned, however, that they are based upon casual observation and +speculation rather than empirical research. +There is a desperate need for proper studies of user psychology in speech +systems. +.rh "Echoing." +Most alphanumeric input peripherals echo on a character-by-character basis. +Although one can expect quite a high proportion of mistakes with +unconventional keyboards, especially when entering alphabetic data on a +basically numeric keypad, audio character echoing is distracting and annoying. +If you type "123" and the computer echoes +.LB +.NI +"one ... two ... three" +.LE +after the individual key-presses, it is liable to divert your +attention, for voice output is much more intrusive than a purely visual "echo". +.pp +Instead, an immediate response to a completed input line is preferable. +This response can take the form or a reply to a query, or, if successive +data items are being typed, confirmation of the data entered. +In the latter case, it is helpful if the information can be generated in +the same way that the user himself would be likely to verbalize it. +Thus, for example, when entering numbers: +.LB +.nr x0 \w'COMPUTER:' +.nr x1 \w'USER:' +.NI +USER:\h'\n(x0u-\n(x1u' "123#" (# is the end-of-line character) +.NI +COMPUTER: "One hundred and twenty-three." +.LE +For a query which requires lengthy processing, the input should be +repeated in a neat, meaningful format to give the user a chance to abort +the request. +.rh "Retracting actions." +Because commands are entered directly without explicit confirmation, +it must always be easy for the user to revoke his actions. +The utility of an "undo" command is now commonly recognized for +any interactive system, and it becomes even more important in speech +systems because it is easier for the user to lose his place in the +dialogue and so make errors. +.rh "Interrupting." +A command which interrupts output and returns to a known state +should be recognized at every level of the system. +It is essential that voice output be terminated immediately, +rather than at the end of the utterance. +We do not want the user to live in fear of the system embarking on +a long, boring monologue that is impossible to interrupt! +Again, the same is true of interactive dialogues which do not use speech, +but becomes particularly important with voice response because it takes +longer to transmit information. +.rh "Forestalling prompts." +Computer-generated prompts must be explicit and frequent enough +to allow new users to understand what they are expected to do. +Experienced users will "type ahead" quite naturally, +and the system should suppress unnecessary prompts under these conditions +by inspecting the input buffer before prompting. +This allows the user to concatenate frequently-used commands into chunks whose +size is entirely at his own discretion. +.pp +With the above-mentioned telephone enquiry service, for example, +it was found that people often took advantage of the prompt-suppression +feature to enter their +user number, password, and required service number as a single keying +sequence. +As you becomes familiar with a service you quickly and easily learn to +forestall expected prompts by typing ahead. +This provides a very natural way for the system to adapt itself automatically +to the experience of the user. +New users will naturally wait to be prompted, and proceed through the dialogue +at a slower and more relaxed pace. +.pp +Suppressing unnecessary prompts is a good idea in any interactive system, +whether or not it uses the medium of speech \(em although it is hardly ever done +in conventional systems. +It is particularly important with speech, however, because an unexpected +or unwanted +prompt is quite distracting, and it is not so easy to ignore it as it is +with a visual display. +Furthermore, speech messages usually take longer to present +than displayed ones, so that the user is distracted for more time. +.rh "Information units." +Lengthy computer voice responses are inappropriate for conveying information, +because attention wanders if one is not actively involved in the conversation. +A sequential exchange of terse messages, each designed to dispense one +small unit of information, forces the user to take a meaningful part in the +dialogue. +It has other advantages, too, allowing a higher degree of input-dependent +branching, and permitting rapid recovery from errors. +.pp +The following example from the "Acidosis program", an audio response system +designed to help physicians to diagnose acidosis, is a good example +of what +.ul +not +to do. +.LB +"(Chime) A VALUE OF SIX-POINT-ZERO-ZERO HAS BEEN ENTERED FOR PH. +THIS VALUE IS IMPOSSIBLE. +TO CONTINUE THE PROGRAM, ENTER A NEW VALUE FOR PH IN THE RANGE +BETWEEN SIX-POINT-SIX AND EIGHT-POINT-ZERO +(beep dah beep-beep)" (Smith and Goodwin, 1970). +.[ +Smith Goodwin 1970 +.] +.LE +The use of extraneous noises (for example, a "chime" heralds an error message, +and a "beep dah beep-beep" requests data input in the form +) +was thought necessary in the Acidosis program to keep the user awake +and help him with the format of the interaction. +Rather than a long monologue like this, +it seems much better to design a sequential interchange of terse messages, +so that the caller can be guided into a state where he can rectify his error. +For example, +.LB +.nf +.ne11 +.nr x0 \w'COMPUTER:' +.nr x1 \w'CALLER:' +CALLER:\h'\n(x0u-\n(x1u' "6*00#" +COMPUTER: "Entry out of range" +CALLER:\h'\n(x0u-\n(x1u' "6*00#" (persists) +COMPUTER: "The minimum acceptable pH value is 6.6" +CALLER:\h'\n(x0u-\n(x1u' "9*03#" +COMPUTER: "The maximum acceptable pH value is 8.0" +.fi +.LE +This dialogue allows a rapid exit from the error situation in the likely +event that the entry has simply been mis-typed. +If the error persists, the caller is given just one piece of information +at a time, and forced to continue to play an active role in the interaction. +.rh "Input timeouts." +In general, input timeouts are dangerous, because they introduce apparent +acausality in the system seen by the user. +A case has been reported where a user became "highly agitated and refused +to go near the terminal again after her first timed-out prompt. +She had been quietly thinking what to do and the terminal suddenly +interjecting and making its +own suggestions was just too much for her" (Gaines and Facey, 1975). +.[ +Gaines Facey 1975 +.] +.pp +However, voice response systems lack the satisfying visual feedback +of end-of-line on termination of an entry. +Hence a timed-out reminder is appropriate if a delay occurs after some +characters have been entered. +This requires the operating system to support a character-by-character mode +of input, rather than the usual line-by-line mode. +.rh "Repeat requests." +Any voice response system must support a universal "repeat last utterance" +command, because old output does not remain visible. +A fairly sophisticated facility is desirable, as repeat requests are +very frequent in practice. +They may be due to a simple inability to understand a response, +to forgetting what was said, or to distraction of attention \(em which is +especially common with office terminals. +.pp +In the telephone enquiry service two distinct commands were employed, +one to repeat the last utterance in case of misrecognition, +and the other to summarize the current state of the interaction +in case of distraction. +For the former, it is essential to avoid simply regenerating an utterance +identical with the last. +Some variation of intonation and rhythm is needed to prevent an annoying, +stereotyped response. +A second consecutive repeat request should trigger a paraphrased reply. +An error recovery sequence could be used which presented the misunderstood +information in a different way with more interaction, but experience +indicates that this is of minor importance, especially if information units +are kept small anyway. +To summarize the current state of the interaction in response to the second +type of repeat command necessitates the system maintaining a model of +the user. +Even a poor model, like a record of his last few transactions and their +results, is well worth having. +.rh "Varied speech." +Synthetic speech is usually rather dreary to listen to. +Successive utterances with identical intonations should be carefully avoided. +Small changes in speaking rate, pitch range, and mean pitch level, +all serve to add variety. +Unfortunately, little is known at present about the role of intonation in +interactive dialogue, although this is an active research area and +new developments can be expected (for a detailed report of a recent +research project relevant to this topic see Brown +.ul +et al, +1980). +.[ +Brown Currie Kenworthy 1980 +.] +However, even random variations in certain parameters of the pitch contour +are useful to relieve the tedium of repetitive intonation patterns. +.sh "10.2 The applications programming environment" +.pp +The comments in the last section are aimed at the applications programmer +who is designing the dialogue and constructing the interactive system. +But what kind of environment should +.ul +he +be given to assist with this work? +.pp +The best help the applications programmer can have is a speech generation +method which makes it easy for him to enter new utterances and modify +them on-line in cut-and-try attempts to render the man-machine dialogue +as natural as possible. +This is perhaps the most important advantage of synthesizing speech by rule +from a textual representation. +If encoded versions of natural utterances are stored, it becomes quite +difficult to make minor modifications to the dialogue in the light of +experience with it, for a recording session must be set up +to acquire new utterances. +This is especially true if more than one voice is used, or if the +voice belongs to a person who cannot be recalled quickly by the programmer +to augment the utterance library. +Even if it is his own voice there will still be delays, for recording +speech is a real-time job which usually needs a stand-alone processor, +and if data compression is used a substantial amount of computation will +be needed before the utterance is in a useable form. +.pp +The broad phonetic input required by segmental speech synthesis-by-rule +systems is quite suitable for utterance representation. +Utterances can be entered quickly from a standard computer terminal, +and edited as text files. +Programmers must acquire skill in phonetic transcription, +but this is a small inconvenience. +The art is easily learned in an interactive situation where the effect +of modifications to the transcription can be heard immediately. +If allophones must be represented explicitly in the input then the +programmer's task becomes considerably more complicated because of the +combinatorial explosion in trial-and-error modifications. +.pp +Plain text input is also quite suitable. +A significant rate of error is tolerable if immediate audio feedback +of the result is available, so that the operator can adjust his text +to suit the pronunciation idiosyncrasies of the program. +But it is acceptable, and indeed preferable, if prosodic features are +represented explicitly in the input rather than being assigned automatically +by a computer program. +.pp +The application of voice response to interactive computer dialogue is +quite different to the problem of reading aloud from text. +We have seen that a major concern with reading machines is how to glean +information about intonation, rhythm, emphasis, tone of voice, and so on, +from an input of ordinary English text. +The significant problems of semantic processing, utilization of pragmatic +knowledge, and syntactic analysis do not, fortunately, arise in interactive +information retrieval systems. +In these, the end user is communicating with a program which has been +created by a person who knows what he wants it to say. +Thus the major difficulty is in +.ul +describing +the prosodic features rather than +.ul +deriving +them from text. +.pp +Speech synthesis by rule is a subsidiary process to the main interactive +procedure. +It would be unwise to allow +the updating of resonance parameter tracks to be interrupted by +other calls on the system, and so the synthesis process needs to be executed +in real time. +If a stand-alone processor is used for the interactive dialogue, it may +be able to handle the synthesis rules as well. +In this case the speech-by-rule program could be a library procedure, +if the system is implemented in a compiled language. +An interesting alternative with an interpretive-language implementation, +such as Basic, is to alter the language interpreter to add a new +command, "speak", which simply transfers a string representing an utterance +to an asynchronous process which synthesizes it. +However, there must be some way for an intepreted program to abort the +current synthesis in the event of an interrupt signal from the user. +.pp +If the main computer system is time-shared, the synthesis-by-rule +procedure is best executed by an independent processor. +For example, a 16-bit microcomputer controlling a hardware +formant synthesizer has been used to run the +ISP system in real time without too much difficulty (Witten and Abbess, 1979). +.[ +Witten Abbess 1979 +.] +An important task is to define an interface between the two which +allows the main process to control relevant aspects of the prosody of +the speech in a way which is appropriate to the state of the interaction, +without having to bother about such things as matching the intonation contour +to the utterance and the details of syllable rhythm. +Halliday's notation appears to be quite suitable for this purpose. +.pp +If there is only one synthesizer on the system, there will be no +difficulty in addressing it. +One way of dealing with multiple synthesizers is to treat them as +assignable devices in the same way that non-spooling peripherals +are in many operating systems. +Notice that the data rate to the synthesizer is quite low +if the utterance is represented as text with prosodic markers, +and can easily be handled by a low-speed asynchronous serial line. +.pp +The Votrax ML-I synthesizer which is discussed in the next chapter has an +interface which interposes it between a visual display unit and the serial +port that connects it to the computer. +The VDU terminal can be used quite normally, except that a special sequence +of two control characters will cause Votrax to intercept the following +message up to another control character, and interpret it as speech. +The fact that the characters which specify the spoken message do not appear +on the VDU screen means that the operation is invisible to the user. +However, this transparency can be inhibited by a switch on the synthesizer +to allow visual checking of the sound-segment character sequence. +.pp +Votrax buffers up to 64 sound segments, which is sufficient to generate +isolated spoken messages. +For longer passages, it can be synchronized with the constant-rate +serial output using the modem control lines of the serial interface, +together with appropriate device-driving software. +.pp +This is a particularly convenient interfacing technique in cases when the +synthesizer should always be associated with a certain terminal. +As an example of how it can be used, +one can arrange files each of whose lines contain a printed message, +together with its Votrax equivalent bracketed by the appropriate +control characters. +When such a file is listed, or examined with an editor program, the lines +appear simultaneously in spoken and typed English. +.pp +If a phonetic representation is used for utterances, with real-time +synthesis using a separate process (or processor), it is easy for +the programmer to fiddle about with the interactive dialogue to get +it feeling right. +For him, each utterance is just a textual string which +can be stored as a string constant within his program just as a VDU prompt +would be. He can edit it as part of his program, and "print" it to +the speech synthesis device to hear it. +There are no more technical problems to developing an interactive dialogue +with speech output than there are for a conventional interactive program. +Of course, there are more human problems, and the points discussed +in the last section should always be borne in mind. +.sh "10.3 Using the keypad" +.pp +One of the greatest advantages of speech output from computers is the +ubiquity of the telephone network and the possibility of using it without +the need for special equipment at the terminal. +The requirement for input as well as output obviously presents something of a problem +because of the restricted nature of the telephone keypad. +.pp +Figure 10.1 shows the layout of the keypad. +.FC "Figure 10.1" +Signalling is achieved by dual-frequency tones. +For example, if key 7 is pressed, sinusoidal components at 852\ Hz and 1209\ Hz +are transmitted down the line. +During the process of dialling these are received by the telephone exchange +equipment, which assembles the digits that form a number and attempts to route +the call appropriately. +Once a connection is made, either party is free to press keys if desired +and the signals will be transmitted to the other end, +where they can be decoded by simple electronic circuits. +.pp +Dial telephones signal with closely-spaced dial pulses. +One pulse is generated for a "1", two for a "2", and so on. +(Obviously, ten pulses are generated for a "0", rather than none!) Unfortunately, +once the connection is made it is difficult to signal with dial pulses. +They cannot be decoded reliably at the other end because the telephone +network is not designed to transmit such low frequencies. +However, hand-held tone generators can be purchased for use with dial +telephones. +Although these are undeniably extra equipment, and one purpose of using speech +output is to avoid this, they are very cheap and portable compared with other +computer terminal equipment. +.pp +The small number of keys on the telephone pad makes it rather difficult +to use for communicating with computers. +Provision is made for 16 keys, but only 12 are implemented \(em the others +may be used for some military purposes. +Of course, if a separate tone generator is used then advantage can be taken +of the extra keys, but this will introduce incompatibility with those +who use unmodified touch-tone phones. +More sophisticated terminals are available which extend the keypad \(em such +as the Displayphone of Northern Telecommunications. +However, they are designed as a complete communications terminal and +contain their own visual display as well. +.rh "Keying alphabetic data." +Figure 10.2 shows the near-universal scheme for overlaying alphabetic letters +on to the telephone keypad. +.FC "Figure 10.2" +Since more than one symbol occupies each key, it is obviously necessary +to have multiple keystrokes per character if the input sequence is to be +decodable as a string of letters. +One way of doing this is to depress the appropriate button the number of +times corresponding to the position of the letter on it. +For example, to enter the letter "L" the user would key the "5" button +three times in rapid succession. +Keying rhythm must be used to distinguish the four entries "J\ J\ J", +"J\ K", "K\ J", and "L", unless one of the bottom three buttons is used +as a separator. +A different method is to use "*", "0", and "#" as shift keys to indicate whether +the first, second, or third letter on a key is intended. +Then "#5" would represent "L". +Alternatively, the shift could follow the key instead of preceding it, +so that "5#" represented "L". +.pp +If numeric as well as alphabetic information may be entered, a mode-shift +operation is commonly used to switch between numeric and alphabetic modes. +.pp +The relative merits of these three methods, multiple depressions, shift +key prefix, and shift key suffix, have been investigated +experimentally (Kramer, 1970). +.[ +Kramer 1970 +.] +The results were rather inconclusive. +The first method seemed to be slightly inferior in terms of user accuracy. +It seemed that preceding rather than following shifts gave higher accuracy, +although this is perhaps rather counter-intuitive and may have been +fortuitous. +The most useful result from the experiments was that users exhibited +significant learning behaviour, and a training period of at least two hours +was recommended. +Operators were found able to key at rates of at least three to four +characters per second, and faster with practice. +.pp +If a greater range of characters must be represented then the coding problem +becomes more complex. +Figure 10.3 shows a keypad which can be used for entry of the full 64-character +standard upper-case ASCII alphabet (Shew, 1975). +.[ +Shew 1975 +.] +.FC "Figure 10.3" +The system is intended for remote vocabulary updating in a phonetically-based +speech synthesis system. +There are three modes of operation: numeric, alphabetic, and symbolic. +These are entered by "##", "**", and "*0" respectively. +Two function modes, signalled by "#0" and "#*", allow some +rudimentary line-editing and monitor facilities to be incorporated. +Line-editing commands include character and line delete, and two kinds of +read-back commands \(em one tries to pronounce the words in a line +and the other spells out the characters. +The monitor commands allow the user to repeat the effect of the last input line +as though he had entered it again, to order the system to read back the +last complete output line, and to query time and system status. +.rh "Incomplete keying of alphanumeric data." +It is obviously going to be rather difficult for the operator to key +alphanumeric information unambiguously on a 12-key pad. +In the description of the telephone enquiry service in Chapter 1, +it was mentioned that single-key entry can be useful for alphanumeric data +if the ambiguity can be resolved by the computer. +If a multiple-character entry is known to refer to an item on a given +list, the characters can be keyed directly according to the coding scheme +of Figure 10.2. +.pp +Under most circumstances no ambiguity will arise. +For example, Table 10.1 shows the keystrokes that would be entered for the +first 50 5-letter words in an English dictionary. +Only two clashes occur \(em between " adore" and "afore", and +"agate" and "agave". +.RF +.nr x2 \w'abeam 'u +.nr x3 \w'00000# 'u +.nr x0 \n(x2u+\n(x3u+\n(x2u+\n(x3u+\n(x2u+\n(x3u+\n(x2u+\n(x3u+\n(x2u+\w'00000#'u +.nr x1 (\n(.l-\n(x0)/2 +.in \n(x1u +.ta \n(x2u +\n(x3u +\n(x2u +\n(x3u +\n(x2u +\n(x3u +\n(x2u +\n(x3u +\n(x2u +\l'\n(x0u\(ul' +.sp +aback 22225# abide 22433# adage 23243# adore 23673# after 23837# +abaft 22238# abode 22633# adapt 23278# adorn 23676# again 24246# +abase 22273# abort 22678# adder 23337# adult 23858# agape 24273# +abash 22274# about 22688# addle 23353# adust 23878# agate 24283# +abate 22283# above 22683# adept 23378# aeger 23437# agave 24283# +abbey 22239# abuse 22873# adieu 23438# aegis 23447# agent 24368# +abbot 22268# abyss 22977# admit 23648# aerie 23743# agile 24453# +abeam 22326# acorn 22676# admix 23649# affix 23349# aglet 24538# +abele 22353# acrid 22743# adobe 23623# afoot 23668# agony 24669# +abhor 22467# actor 22867# adopt 23678# afore 23673# agree 24733# +\l'\n(x0u\(ul' +.in 0 +.ta 0.8i +0.8i +0.8i +0.8i +0.8i +0.8i +0.8i +0.8i +0.8i +0.8i +0.8i +0.8i +.FG "Table 10.1 Keying equivalents of some words" +As a more extensive example, in a dictionary of 24,500 words, just under 2,000 +ambiguities (8% of words) were discovered. +Such ambiguities would have to be resolved interactively by the system explaining +its dilemma, and asking the user for a choice. +Notice incidentally that although the keyed sequences do not have the same +lexicographic order as the words, +no extra cost will be associated with the table-searching +operation if the dictionary is stored in inverted form, with each legal +number pointing to its English equivalent or equivalents. +.pp +A command language syntax is also a powerful way of disambiguating +keystrokes entered. +Figure 10.4 shows the keypad layout for a telephone voice calculator +(Newhouse and Sibley, 1969). +.[ +Newhouse Sibley 1969 +.] +.FC "Figure 10.4" +This calculator provides the standard arithmetic operators, +ten numeric registers, a range of pre-defined mathematical functions, +and even the ability for a user to enter his own functions over the +telephone. +The number representation is fixed-point, with user control (through a system +function) over the precision. +Input of numbers is free format. +.pp +Despite the power of the calculator language, the dialogue is defined +so that each keystroke is unique in context and never has to be disambiguated +explicitly by the user. +Table 10.2 summarizes the command language syntax in an informal and rather +heterogeneous notation. +.RF +.nr x0 1.3i+1.7i+\w'some functions do not need the part'u +.nr x1 (\n(.l-\n(x0)/2 +.in \n(x1u +.ta 1.3i +1.7i +\l'\n(x0u\(ul' +construct definition explanation +\l'\n(x0u\(ul' +.sp + a sequence of s followed by a + call to the system function \fIE X I T\fR +.sp + OR OR + OR OR + OR OR + OR OR + OR OR + OR +.sp + + # OR + # +.sp + + similar to + +.sp + OR \fIregister\fR +.sp + a sequence of keystrokes like + 1 . 2 3 4 or 1 2 3 . 4 or 1 2 3 4 +.sp + \fIfunction\fR # # + some functions do not need the part +.sp + a sequence of keystrokes like + \fIS I N\fR or \fIE X I T\fR or \fIM Y F U N C\fR +.sp + \fIclear register\fR # + clears one of the 10 registers +.sp + \fIerase\fR # undoes the effect of the last operation +.sp + \fIanswer register\fR # + reads the contents of a register +.sp + + these provide "repeat" facilities + +.sp + aborts the current utterance +\l'\n(x0u\(ul' +.in 0 +.ta 0.8i +0.8i +0.8i +0.8i +0.8i +0.8i +0.8i +0.8i +0.8i +0.8i +0.8i +0.8i +.FG "Table 10.2 Syntax for a telephone calculator" +A calculation is a sequence of operations followed by an EXIT function call. +There are twelve different operations, one for each button on the keypad. +Actually, two of them \(em +.ul +cancel +and +.ul +function +\(em share the same key so that "#" can be reserved for use as a +separator; but the context ensures that they cannot be confused by the system. +.pp +Six of the operations give control over the dialogue. +There are three different "repeat" commands; a command (called +.ul +erase\c +) +which undoes the effect of the last operation; +one which reads out the value of a register; +and one which aborts the current utterance. +Four more commands provide the basic arithmetic operations of add, +subtract, multiply, and divide. +The operands of these may be keyed literal numbers, or register values, +or function calls. +A further command clears a register. +.pp +It is through functions that the extensibility of the language is achieved. +A function has a name (like SIN, EXIT, MYFUNC) which is keyed with an +appropriate single-key-per-character sequence (namely 746, 3948, 693862 +respectively). +One function, DEFINE, allows new ones to be entered. +Another, LOOP, repeats sequences of operations. +TEST incorporates arithmetic testing. +The details of these are not important: what is interesting is the evident +power of the calculator. +.pp +For example, the keying sequence +.LB +.NI +5 # 1 1 2 3 # 2 1 . 2 # 9 # 6 # 2 1 . 4 # +.LE +would be decoded as +.LB +.NI +.ul +clear\c + + 123 \- 1.2 \c +.ul +display erase\c + \- 1.4. +.LE +One of the difficulties with such a tight syntax is that almost any sequence +will be intepreted as a valid calculation \(em syntax errors are nearly +impossible. +Thus a small mistake by the user can have a catastrophic effect on the +calculation. +Here, however, speech output gives an advantage over conventional +character-by-character echoing +on visual displays. +It is quite adequate to echo syntactic units as they are decoded, instead +of echoing keys as they are entered. +It was suggested earlier in this chapter that confirmation of entry +should be generated in the same way that the user would be likely to +verbalize it himself. +Thus the synthetic voice could respond to the above keying sequence as +shown in the second line, except that the +.ul +display +command would also state the result +(and possibly summarize the calculation so far). +Numbers could be verbalized as "one hundred and twenty-three" +instead of as "one ... two ... three". +(Note, however, that this will make it necessary to await the "#" terminator +after numbers and function names before they can be echoed.) +.sh "10.4 References" +.LB "nnnn" +.[ +$LIST$ +.] +.LE "nnnn" +.sh "10.5 Further reading" +.pp +There are no books which relate techniques of man-computer dialogue +to speech interaction. +The best I can do is to guide you to some of the standard works on +interactive techniques. +.LB "nn" +.\"Gilb-1977-1 +.]- +.ds [A Gilb, T. +.as [A " and Weinberg, G.M. +.ds [D 1977 +.ds [T Humanized input +.ds [I Winthrop +.ds [C Cambridge, Massachusetts +.nr [T 0 +.nr [A 1 +.nr [O 0 +.][ 2 book +.in+2n +This book is subtitled "techniques for reliable keyed input", +and considers most aspects of the problem of data entry by +professional key operators. +.in-2n +.\"Martin-1973-2 +.]- +.ds [A Martin, J. +.ds [D 1973 +.ds [T Design of man-computer dialogues +.ds [I Prentice-Hall +.ds [C Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey +.nr [T 0 +.nr [A 1 +.nr [O 0 +.][ 2 book +.in+2n +Martin concerns himself with all aspects of man-computer dialogue, +and the book even contains a short chapter on the use of +voice response systems. +.in-2n +.\"Smith-1980-3 +.]- +.ds [A Smith, H.T. +.as [A " and Green, T.R.G.(Editors) +.ds [D 1980 +.ds [T Human interaction with computers +.ds [I Academic Press +.ds [C London +.nr [T 0 +.nr [A 0 +.nr [O 0 +.][ 2 book +.in+2n +A recent collection of contributions on man-computer systems and programming +research. +.in-2n +.LE "nn" +.EQ +delim $$ +.EN +.CH "11 COMMERCIAL SPEECH OUTPUT DEVICES" +.ds RT "Commercial speech output devices +.ds CX "Principles of computer speech +.pp +This chapter takes a look at four speech output peripherals that are +available today. +It is risky in a book of this nature to descend so close to the technology +as to discuss particular examples of commercial products, +for such information becomes dated very quickly. +Nevertheless, having covered the principles of various types of speech +synthesizer, and the methods of driving them from widely differing utterance +representations, it seems worthwhile to see how these principles are +embodied in a few products actually on the market. +.pp +Developments in electronic speech devices are moving so fast that it is +hard to keep up with them, and the newest technology today will undoubtedly +be superseded next year. +Hence I have not tried to choose examples from the very latest technology. +Instead, this chapter discusses synthesizers which exemplify rather different +principles and architectures, in order to give an idea of the range of options +which face the system designer. +.pp +Three of the devices are landmarks in the commercial adoption of speech +technology, and have stood the test of time. +Votrax was introduced in the early 1970's, and has been re-implemented +several times since in an attempt to cover different market sectors. +The Computalker appeared in 1976. +It was aimed primarily at the burgeoning computer hobbies market. +One of its most far-reaching effects was to stimulate the interest of +hobbyists, always eager for new low-cost peripherals, in speech synthesis; +and so provide a useful new source of experimentation and expertise +which will undoubtedly help this heretofore rather esoteric discipline to +mature. +Computalker is certainly the longest-lived and probably still the most +popular hobbyist's speech synthesizer. +The Texas Instruments speech synthesis chip brought speech output technology to the +consumer. +It was the first single-chip speech synthesizer, and is still the biggest +seller. +It forms the heart of the "Speak 'n Spell" talking toy which appeared in +toyshops in the summer of 1978. +Although talking calculators had existed several years before, they were +exotic gadgets rather than household toys. +.sh "11.1 Formant synthesizer" +.pp +The Computalker is a straightforward implementation of a serial formant +synthesizer. +A block diagram of it is shown in Figure 11.1. +.FC "Figure 11.1" +In the centre is the main vocal tract path, with three formant filters +whose resonant frequencies can be controlled individually. +A separate nasal branch in parallel with the oral one is provided, +with a nasal formant of fixed frequency. +It is less important to allow for variation of the nasal formant +frequency than it is for the oral ones, because the size and +shape of the nasal tract is relatively fixed. +However, it is essential to control the nasal amplitude, in particular to turn +it off during non-nasal sounds. +Computalker provides independent oral and nasal amplitude parameters. +.pp +Unvoiced excitation can be passed through the main vocal tract +through the aspiration amplitude control AH. +In practice, the voicing amplitudes AV and AN will probably always be zero when AH +is non-zero, for physiological constraints prohibit simultaneous voicing +and aspiration. +A second unvoiced excitation path passes through a fricative formant filter +whose resonant frequency can be varied, and has its amplitude independently +controlled by AF. +.rh "Control parameters." +Table 11.1 summarizes the nine parameters which drive Computalker. +.RF +.nr x0 \w'address0'+\w'fundamental frequency of voicing00'+\w'0 bits0'+\w'logarithmic00'+\w'0000\-00000 Hz' +.nr x1 (\n(.l-\n(x0)/2 +.in \n(x1u +.ta \w'000'u \w'address0'u +\w'fundamental frequency of voicing00'u +\w'0 bits0'u +\w'logarithmic00'u +address meaning width \0\0\0range +\l'\n(x0u\(ul' +.sp +\00 AV amplitude of voicing 8 bits +\01 AN nasal amplitude 8 bits +\02 AH amplitude of aspiration 8 bits +\03 AF amplitude of frication 8 bits +\04 FV fundamental frequency of voicing 8 bits logarithmic \0\075\-\0\0470 Hz +\05 F1 formant 1 resonant frequency 8 bits logarithmic \0170\-\01450 Hz +\06 F2 formant 2 resonant frequency 8 bits logarithmic \0520\-\04400 Hz +\07 F3 formant 3 resonant frequency 8 bits logarithmic 1700\-\05500 Hz +\08 FF fricative resonant frequency 8 bits logarithmic 1700\-14000 Hz +\09 not used +10 not used +11 not used +12 not used +13 not used +14 not used +15 SW audio on-off switch 1 bit +\l'\n(x0u\(ul' +.in 0 +.ta 0.8i +0.8i +0.8i +0.8i +0.8i +0.8i +0.8i +0.8i +0.8i +0.8i +0.8i +0.8i +.FG "Table 11.1 Computalker control parameters" +Four of them control amplitudes, while the others control frequencies. +In the latter case the parameter value is logarithmically related to +the actual frequency of the excitation (FV) or resonance (F1, F2, F3, FF). +The ranges over which each frequency can be controlled is shown in the Table. +An independent calibration of one particular Computalker has shown that +the logarithmic specifications are met remarkably well. +.pp +Each parameter is specified to Computalker as an 8-bit number. +Parameters are addressed by a 4-bit code, and so a total of 12 bits +is transferred in parallel to Computalker from the computer +for each parameter update. +Parameters 9 to 14 are unassigned ("reserved for future expansion" is +the official phrase), and the last parameter, SW, governs the position of +an audio on-off switch. +.pp +Computalker does not contain a clock that is accessible to the user, +and so the timing of parameter updates is entirely up to the host computer. +Typically, a 10\ msec interval between frames is used, +with interrupts generated by a separate timer. +In fact the frame interval can be anywhere between 2\ msec and 50\ msec, +and can be changed to alter the rate of speaking. +However, it is rather naive to view fast speech as slow +speech speeded up by a linear time compression, for in human +speech production the rhythm changes and elisions occur in a rather +more subtle way. +Thus it is not particularly useful to be able to alter the frame rate. +.pp +At each interrupt, the host computer transfers values for all of the nine +parameters to Computalker, a total of 108 data bits. +In theory, perhaps, it is only necessary to transmit those parameters +whose values have changed; but in practice all of them should be updated +regardless. +This is because the parameters are stored for the duration of the frame +in analogue sample-and-hold devices. Essentially, the parameter value +is represented as the charge on a capacitor. +In time \(em and it takes only a short time \(em the values drift. +Although the drift over 10\ msec is insignificant, it becomes very +noticeable over longer time periods. +If parameters are not updated at all, the result is a +"whooosh" sound up to maximum amplitude, in a period of a second or two. +Hence it is essential that Computalker be serviced by the computer regularly, +to update all its parameters. +The audio on-off switch is provided so that the computer can turn off +the sound directly if another program, which does not use the device, +is to be run. +.rh "Filter implementation." +It is hard to get definite information on the implementation +of Computalker. +Because it is a commercial device, circuit diagrams are not published. +It is certainly an analogue rather than a digital implementation. +The designer suggests that a configuration like that of Figure 11.2 is used +for the formant filters (Rice, 1976). +.[ +Rice 1976 Byte +.] +.FC "Figure 11.2" +Control is obtained over the resonant frequency by varying the resistance +at the bottom in sympathy with the parameter value. +The middle two operational amplifiers can be modelled by a resistance +$-R/k$ in the forward path, where k is the digital control value. +This gives the circuit in Figure 11.3, which can be analysed to obtain +the transfer function +.LB +.EQ +- ~ k over {R~R sub 1 C sub 2 C sub 3} ~ . ~ {R sub 2 C sub 2 ~s ~+~1} over +{ s sup 2 ~+~~ +( 1 over {R sub 3 C sub 3} ~+~ {k R sub 2} over {R~R sub 1 C sub 3})~s ~~+~ +k over {R~R sub 1 C sub 2 C sub 3}} ~ . +.EN +.LE +.FC "Figure 11.3" +.pp +This expression has a DC gain of \-1, and the denominator is similar to those +of the analogue formant resonators discussed in Chapter 5. +However, unlike them the transfer function has a numerator which creates +a zero at +.LB +.EQ +s~~=~~-~ 1 over {R sub 2 C sub 2} ~ . +.EN +.LE +If $R sub 2 C sub 2$ is sufficiently small, this zero will have +negligible effect at audio frequencies, and the filter has +the following parameters: +.LB +centre frequency: $~ mark +1 over {2 pi}~~( k over {R~R sub 1 C sub 2 C sub 3} ~ ) sup 1/2$ Hz +.sp +bandwidth:$lineup +1 over {2 pi}~~( 1 over {R sub 3 C sub 3}~+~ +{k R sub 2} over {R~R sub 1 C sub 3} ~ )$ Hz. +.LE +.pp +Note first that the centre frequency is proportional to the square root of +the control value $k$. +Hence a non-linear transformation must be implemented on the control +signal, after D/A conversion, to achieve the required logarithmic relationship +between parameter value and resonant frequency. +The formant bandwidth is not constant, as it should be (see Chapter 5), +but depends upon the control value $k$. +This dependency can be minimized by selecting component values such that +.LB +.EQ +{k R sub 2} over {R~R sub 1 C sub 3}~~<<~~1 over {R sub 3 C sub 3} +.EN +.LE +for the largest value of $k$ which can occur. +Then the bandwidth is solely determined by the time constant $R sub 3 C sub 3$. +.pp +The existence of the zero can be exploited for the fricative resonance. +This should have zero DC gain, and so the component values for the fricative +filter should make the time-constant $R sub 2 C sub 2$ large enough to place +the zero sufficiently near the frequency origin. +.rh "Market orientation." +As mentioned above, Computalker is designed for the computer hobbies market. +Figure 11.4 shows a photograph of the device. +.FC "Figure 11.4" +It plugs into the S\-100 bus which has been a +.ul +de facto +standard for hobbyists for several years, and has recently been adopted +as a standard by the Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers. +This makes it immediately accessible to many microcomputer systems. +.pp +An inexpensive synthesis-by-rule program, which runs on +the popular 8080 microprocessor, is available to drive Computalker. +The input is coded in a machine-readable version of the standard phonetic +alphabet, similar to that which was introduced in Chapter 2 (Table 2.1). +Stress digits may appear in the transcription, and the program caters for +five levels of stress. +The punctuation mark at the end of an utterance has some effect on pitch. +The program is perhaps remarkable in that it occupies only 6\ Kbyte of storage +(including phoneme tables), and runs on an 8-bit microprocessor +(but not in real time). +It is, however, +.ul +un\c +remarkable in that it produces rather poor speech. +According to a demonstration cassette, +"most people find the speech to be readily intelligible, +especially after a little practice listening to it," +but this seems extremely optimistic. +It also cunningly insinuates that if you don't understand it, you yourself +may share the blame with the synthesizer \(em after all, +.ul +most +people do! +Nevertheless, Computalker has made synthetic speech accessible to a large +number of home computer users. +.sh "11.2 Sound-segment synthesizer" +.pp +Votrax was the first fully commercial speech synthesizer, and at the time of +writing is still the only off-the-shelf speech output +peripheral (as distinct from reading machine) which is aimed +specifically at synthesis-by-rule rather than storage of parameter tracks +extracted from natural utterances. +Figure 11.5 shows a photograph of the Votrax ML-I. +.FC "Figure 11.5" +.pp +Votrax accepts as input a string of codes representing sound segments, +each with additional bits to control the duration and pitch of the segment. +In the earlier versions (eg model VS-6) there are 63 sound segments, specified +by a 6-bit code, and two further bits accompany each segment to provide a +4-level control over pitch. +Four pitch levels are quite inadequate to generate acceptable intonation +contours for anything but isolated words spoken in citation form. +However, a later model (ML-I) uses an 8-level pitch specification, +as well as a 4-level duration qualifier, +associated with each sound segment. +It provides a vocabulary of 80 sound segments, together with an additional +code which allows local amplitude modifications and extra duration alterations +to following segments. +A further, low-cost model (VS-K) is now available which plugs in to the S\-100 +bus, and +is aimed primarily at +computer hobbyists. +It provides no pitch control at all and is therefore +quite unsuited to serious voice response applications. +The device has recently been packaged as an LSI circuit (model SC\-01), +using analogue switched-capacitor filter technology. +.pp +One point where the ML-I scores favourably over other speech synthesis +peripherals is the remarkably convenient engineering of its +computer interface, which was outlined in the previous chapter. +.pp +The internal workings of Votrax are not divulged by the manufacturer. +Figure 11.6 shows a block diagram at the level of detail that they supply. +.FC "Figure 11.6" +It seems to be essentially a formant synthesizer with analogue function +generators and parameter smoothing circuits that provide transitions between +sound segments. +.rh "Sound segments." +The 80 segments of the high-range ML-I model +are summarized in Table 11.2. +.FC "Table 11.2" +They are divided into phoneme classes according to the +classification discussed in Chapter 2. +The segments break down into the following categories. +(Numbers in parentheses are the corresponding figures for VS-6.) +.LB "00 (00) " +.NI "00 (00) " +11 (11) vowel sounds which are representative of the phonological +vowel classes for English +.NI "00 (00) " +\09 \0(7) vowel allophones, with slightly different sound qualities from the +above +.NI "00 (00) " +20 (15) segments whose sound qualities are identical to the segments above, but with +different durations +.NI "00 (00) " +22 (22) consonant sounds which are representative of the phonological +consonant classes for English +.NI "00 (00) " +11 \0(6) consonant allophones +.NI "00 (00) " +\04 \0(0) segments to be used in conjunction with unvoiced plosives to increase +their aspiration +.NI "00 (00) " +\02 \0(2) silent segments, with different pause durations +.NI "00 (00) " +\01 \0(0) very short silent segment (about 5\ msec). +.LE "00 (00) " +Somewhat under half of the 80 elements +can be put into one-to-one correspondence with the phonemes of English; +the rest are either allophonic variations or additional sounds which can +sensibly be combined with certain phonemes in certain contexts. +The Votrax literature, and consequently Votrax users, persists in calling +all elements "phonemes", and this can cause considerable confusion. +I prefer to use the term "sound segment" instead, reserving "phoneme" for its +proper linguistic use. +.pp +The rules which Votrax uses for transitions between sound segments are not +made public by the manufacturer, and are embedded in encapsulated circuits +in the hardware. +They are clearly very crude. +The key to successful encoding of utterances is to use the many +non-phonemic segments in an appropriate way as transitions between the main +segments which represent phonetic classes. This is a tricky process, and +I have heard of one commercial establishment giving up in despair at the +extreme difficulty of generating the utterances it wanted. +It probably explains the proliferation of letter-to-sound rules for +Votrax which have been developed in research laboratories +(Colby +.ul +et al, +1978; Elovitz +.ul +et al, +1976; McIlroy, 1974; Sherwood, 1978). +.[ +Colby Christinaz Graham 1978 +.] +.[ +Elovitz 1976 IEEE Trans Acoustics Speech and Signal Processing +.] +.[ +McIlroy 1974 +.] +.[ +Sherwood 1978 +.] +Nevertheless, with luck, skill, and especially persistence, +excellent results can be +obtained. The ML-I manual (Votrax, 1976) contains a list of about 625 words and short phrases, +and they are usually clearly recognizable. +.[ +Votrax 1976 +.] +.rh "Duration and pitch qualifiers." +Each sound segment has a different duration. +Table 11.2 shows the measured duration of the segments, although no +calibration data is given by Votrax. +As mentioned earlier, a 2-bit number accompanies each segment to modify +its duration, and +this was set to 3 (least duration) for the measurements. +The qualifier has a multiplicative effect, shown in Table 11.3. +.RF +.nr x1 (\w'rate qualifier'/2) +.nr x2 (\w'in Table 11.2 by'/2) +.nr x0 \n(x1+2i+\w'00'+\n(x2 +.nr x3 (\n(.l-\n(x0)/2 +.in \n(x3u +.ta \n(x1u +2i +\l'\n(x0u\(ul' +.sp +.nr x2 (\w'multiply duration'/2) +rate qualifier \0\0\h'-\n(x2u'multiply duration +.nr x2 (\w'in Table 11.2 by'/2) + \0\0\h'-\n(x2u'in Table 11.2 by +\l'\n(x0u\(ul' +.sp + 3 1.00 + 2 1.11 + 1 1.22 + 0 1.35 +\l'\n(x0u\(ul' +.ta 0.8i +0.8i +0.8i +0.8i +0.8i +0.8i +0.8i +0.8i +0.8i +0.8i +0.8i +0.8i +.in 0 +.FG "Table 11.3 Effect of the 2-bit per-segment rate qualifier" +.pp +As well as the 2-bit rate qualifier, each sound segment is accompanied by +a 3-bit pitch specification. This provides a linear control over fundamental +frequency, and Table 11.4 shows the measured values. +.RF +.nr x1 (\w'pitch specifier'/2) +.nr x2 (\w'pitch (Hz)'/2) +.nr x0 \n(x1+1.5i+\n(x2 +.nr x3 (\n(.l-\n(x0)/2 +.in \n(x3u +.ta \n(x1u +1.5i +\l'\n(x0u\(ul' +.sp +pitch specifier \h'-\n(x2u'pitch (Hz) +\l'\n(x0u\(ul' +.sp + 0 \057.5 + 1 \064.1 + 2 \069.4 + 3 \075.8 + 4 \080.6 + 5 \087.7 + 6 \094.3 + 7 100.0 +\l'\n(x0u\(ul' +.ta 0.8i +0.8i +0.8i +0.8i +0.8i +0.8i +0.8i +0.8i +0.8i +0.8i +0.8i +0.8i +.in 0 +.FG "Table 11.4 Effect of the 3-bit per-segment pitch specifier" +The quantization interval varies from +one to two semitones. +Votrax interpolates pitch from phoneme to phoneme in a highly satisfactory +manner, and this permits surprisingly sophisticated intonation contours +to be generated considering the crude 8-level quantization. +.pp +The notation in which the Votrax manual defines utterances +gives duration qualifiers and pitch specifications as digits +preceding the sound segment, and separated from it by a slash (/). +Thus, for example, +.LB +14/THV +.LE +defines the sound segment THV with duration qualifier 1 (multiplies the +70\ msec duration of Table 11.2 by 1.22 \(em from Table 11.3 \(em to give 85\ msec) +and pitch specification 4 (81 Hz). +This representation of a segment is transformed into two ASCII characters before transmission +to the synthesizer. +.rh "Converting a phonetic transcription to sound segments." +It would be useful to have a computer procedure to produce a specification for +an utterance in terms of Votrax sound segments from a standard phonetic +transcription. +This could remove much of the tedium from utterance preparation +by incorporating the contextual rules given in the Votrax manual. +Starting with a phonetic transcription, each phoneme should be converted +to its default Votrax representative. +The resulting "wide" Votrax transcription must be +transformed into a "narrow" one by application of contextual rules. +Separate rules are needed for +.LB +.NP +vowel clusters (diphthongs) +.NP +vowel transitions (ie consonant-vowel and vowel-consonant, +where the vowel segment is altered) +.NP +intervocalic consonants +.NP +consonant transitions (ie consonant-vowel and vowel-consonant, +where the consonant segment is altered) +.NP +consonant clusters +.NP +stressed-syllable effects +.NP +utterance-final effects. +.LE +Stressed-syllable effects (which include +extra aspiration for unvoiced stops beginning stressed syllables) +can be applied only if stress markers are included in the phonetic +transcription. +.pp +To specify a rule, it is necessary to give a +.ul +matching part +and a +.ul +context, +which define at what points in an utterance it is applicable, and a +.ul +replacement part +which is used to replace the matching part. +The context can be specified in mathematical set notation using curly brackets. +For example, +.LB +{G SH W K} OO IU OO +.LE +states that the matching part OO is replaced by IU OO, after a G, SH, W, or K. +In fact, allophonic variations of each sound segment +should also be accepted as valid context, so this rule will also replace OO +after .G, CH, .W, .K, or .X1 (Table 11.2 gives allophones of each segment). +.pp +Table 11.5 gives some rules that have been used for this purpose. +.FC "Table 11.5" +They were derived from careful study of the hints given in the +ML-I manual (Votrax, 1976). +.[ +Votrax 1976 +.] +Classes such as "voiced" and "stop-consonant" in the context specify sets +of sound segments in the obvious way. +The beginning of a stressed syllable is marked in the input by ".syll". +Parentheses in the replacement part have a significance which is explained in +the next section. +.rh "Handling prosodic features." +We know from Chapter 8 the vital importance of prosodic features +in synthesizing lifelike speech. +To allow them to be assigned to Votrax utterances, an intermediate +output from a prosodic analysis program like ISP can be used. +For example, +.LB +1 \c +.ul +dh i s i z /*d zh aa k s /h aa u s; +.LE +which specifies "this is Jack's house" in a declarative intonation with +emphasis on the "Jack's", can be intercepted in the following form: +.LB +\&.syll +.ul +dh\c +\ 50\ (0\ 110) +.ul +i\c +\ 60 +.ul +s\c +\ 90\ (0\ 99) +.ul +i\c +\ 60 +.ul +z\c +\ 60\ (50\ 110) +\&.syll +.ul +d\c +\ 50\ (0\ 110) +.ul +zh\c +\ 50 +.ul +aa\c +\ 90 +.ul +k\c +\ 120\ (10\ 90) +.ul +s\c +\ 90 +\&.syll +.ul +h\c +\ 60 +.ul +aa\c +\ 140 +.ul +u\c +\ 60 +.ul +s\c +\ 140 +^\ 50\ (40\ 70) . +.LE +Syllable boundaries, pitches, and durations have been assigned by the +procedures given earlier (Chapter 8). +A number always follows each phoneme to specify its duration +(in msec). +Pairs of numbers in parentheses define a pitch specification at some +point during the preceding phoneme: the first number of the pair defines +the time offset of the specification from the beginning +of the phoneme, while the second gives the pitch itself (in Hz). +This form of utterance specification can then be passed to a Votrax +conversion procedure. +.pp +The phonetic transcription is converted +to Votrax sound segments using the method described above. The "wide" Votrax +transcription is +.LB +\&.syll THV I S I Z .syll D ZH AE K S .syll H AE OO S PA0 ; +.LE +which is transformed to the following "narrow" one according to the rules +of Table 11.5: +.LB +\&.syll THV I S I Z .syll D J (AE EH3) K S .syll H1 (AH1 .UH2) (O U) +S PA0 . +.LE +The duration and pitch specifications are preserved by the transformation +in their original positions in the string, although they are not shown above. +The next stage uses them to expand the transcription by adjusting +the segments to have durations as close as possible to the specifications, and +computing pitch numbers to be associated with each phoneme. +.pp +Correct duration-expansion can, in general, require a great amount of +computation. +Associated with each sound segment is a set of elements with the same sound quality +but different durations, formed by attaching each of the four duration +qualifiers of Table 11.3 to the segment and any others which are +sound-equivalents to it. For example, the segment Z has the duration-set +.LB +{3/Z 2/Z 1/Z 0/Z} +.LE +with durations +.LB +{ 70 78 85 95} +.LE +msec respectively, where the initial numerals denote the duration qualifier. +The segment I has the much larger duration-set +.LB +{3/I2 2/I2 1/I2 0/I2 3/I1 2/I1 1/I1 0/I1 3/I 2/I 1/I 0/I} +.LE +with durations +.LB +{ 58 64 71 78 83 92 101 112 118 131 144 159}, +.LE +because segments I1 and I2 are sound-equivalents to it. +Duration assignment is a matter of selecting elements from the +duration-set whose total duration is as close as possible to that desired +for the segment. +It happens that Votrax deals sensibly with concatenations of more than one +identical plosive, suppressing the stop burst on all but the last. +Although the general problem of approximating durations in +this way is computationally demanding, a simple recursive exhaustive search +works in a reasonable amount of time because the desired duration is usually +not very much greater than the longest member of the duration-set, and so +the search terminates quite quickly. +.pp +At this point, the role of the parentheses which appear on the right-hand side +of Table 11.5 becomes apparent. Because durations are only associated with +the input phonemes, which may each be expanded into several Votrax +segments, it is necessary to keep track of the segments which have descended +from a single phoneme. +Target durations are simply spread equally across any parenthesized groups +to which they apply. +.pp +Having expanded durations, mapping pitches on to the sound segments is +a simple matter. The ISP system for formant synthesizers (Chapters 7 and 8) +uses linear interpolation between pitch specifications, and the frequency which +results for each sound segment needs to be converted to a Votrax specification +using the information in Table 11.4. +.pp +After applying these procedures to the example utterance, it becomes +.LB +14/THV 14/I1 03/S 14/I1 04/Z 04/D 04/J 33/AE 33/EH3 \c +02/K 02/K 02/S 02/H1 01/AH2 01/.UH2 31/O2 31/U1 01/S \c +10/S 30/PA0 30/PA0 . +.LE +In several places, shorter sound-equivalents have been substituted +(I1 for I, AH2 for AH1, O2 for O, and U1 for U), while doubling-up also occurs +(in the K, S, and PA0 segments). +.pp +The speech which results from the use of these procedures with the +Votrax synthesizer sounds remarkably similar to that generated by the +ISP system which uses +parametrically-controlled synthesizers. Formal evaluation experiments have +not been undertaken, but it seems clear from careful listening that it would +be rather difficult, and probably pointless, to evaluate the Votrax conversion +algorithm, for the outcome would be completely dominated by the success of the +original pitch and rhythm assignment procedures. +.sh "11.3 Linear predictive synthesizer" +.pp +The first single-chip speech synthesizer was introduced by +Texas Instruments (TI) in the summer of 1978 (Wiggins and Brantingham, 1978). +.[ +Wiggins Brantingham 1978 +.] +It was a remarkable development, combining recent advances in signal processing +with the very latest in VLSI technology. +Packaged in the Speak 'n Spell toy (Figure 11.7), it was a striking demonstration +of imagination and prowess in integrated electronics. +.FC "Figure 11.7" +It gave TI a long lead over its competitors and surprised many experts +in the speech field. +.EQ +delim @@ +.EN +Overnight, it seemed, digital speech technology had descended from +research laboratories with their expensive and specialized equipment into +a $50.00 consumer item. +.EQ +delim $$ +.EN +Naturally TI did not sell the chip separately but only as part of their +mass-market product; nor would they make available information on how to +drive it directly. +Only recently when other similar devices appeared on the market did they +unbundle the package and sell the chip. +.rh "The Speak 'n Spell toy." +The TI chip (TMC0280) uses the linear predictive method of synthesis, +primarily because of the ease of the speech analysis procedure and the known +high quality at low data rates. +Speech researchers, incidentally, sometimes scoff at what they perceive to be +the poor quality of the toy's speech; but considering the data rate +used (which averages 1200 bits per second of speech) it is remarkably good. +Anyway, I have never heard a child complain! \(em although it is not uncommon +to misunderstand a word. +Two 128\ Kbit read-only memories are used in the toy to hold data for about +330 words and phrases \(em lasting between 3 and 4 minutes \(em of speech. +At the time (mid-1978) these memories were the largest that were available +in the industry. +The data flow and user dialogue are handled by a microprocessor, +which is the fourth LSI circuit in the photograph of Figure 11.8. +.FC "Figure 11.8" +.pp +A schematic diagram of the toy is given in Figure 11.9. +.FC "Figure 11.9" +It has a small display which shows upper-case letters. +(Some teachers of spelling hold that the lack of lower case destroys +any educational value that the toy may have.) It +has a full 26-key alphanumeric keyboard with 14 additional control keys. +(This is the toy's Achilles' heel, for the keys fall out after extended use. +More recent toys from TI use an improved keyboard.) The +keyboard is laid out alphabetically instead of in QWERTY order; possibly +missing an opportunity to teach kids to type as well as spell. +An internal connector permits vocabulary expansion with up to 14 more +read-only memory chips. +Controlling the toy is a 4-bit microprocessor (a modified TMS1000). +However, the synthesizer chip does not receive data from the processor. +During speech, it accesses the memory directly and only returns control +to the processor when an end-of-phrase marker is found in the data stream. +Meanwhile the processor is idle, and cannot even be interrupted from the +keyboard. +Moreover, in one operational mode ("say-it") the toy embarks upon a long +monologue and remains deaf to the keyboard \(em it cannot even be turned off. +Any three-year-old will quickly discover that a sharp slap solves the problem! +A useful feature is that the device switches itself off if unused for more +than a few minutes. +A fascinating account of the development of the toy from the point of view +of product design and market assessment has been published +(Frantz and Wiggins, 1981). +.[ +Frantz Wiggins 1981 +.] +.rh "Control parameters." +The lattice filtering method of linear predictive synthesis (see Chapter 6) +was selected because of its good stability properties and guaranteed +performance with small word sizes. +The lattice has 10 stages. +All the control parameters are represented as 10-bit fixed-point numbers, +and the lattice operates with an internal precision of 14 bits (including +sign). +.pp +There are twelve parameters for the device: ten reflection coefficients, +energy, and pitch. +These are updated every 20\ msec. +However, if 10-bit values were stored for each, a data rate of 120 bits +every 20\ msec, or 6\ Kbit/s, would be needed. +This would reduce the capacity of the two read-only memory chips to well +under a minute of speech \(em perhaps 65 words and phrases. +But one of the desirable properties of the reflection coefficients +which drive the lattice filter is that they are amenable to quantization. +A non-linear quantization scheme is used, with the parameter data addressing +an on-chip quantization table to yield a 10-bit coefficient. +.pp +Table 11.6 shows the number of bits devoted to each parameter. +.RF +.in+0.3i +.ta \w'repeat flag00'u +1.3i +0.8i +.nr x0 \w'repeat flag00'+1.3i+\w'00'+(\w'size (10-bit words)'/2) +\l'\n(x0u\(ul' +.nr x1 (\w'bits'/2) +.nr x2 (\w'quantization table'/2) +.nr x3 0.2m +parameter \0\h'-\n(x1u'bits \0\0\h'-\n(x2u'quantization table +.nr x2 (\w'size (10-bit words)'/2) + \0\0\h'-\n(x2u'size (10-bit words) +\l'\n(x0u\(ul' +.sp +energy \04 \016 \v'\n(x3u'_\v'-\n(x3u'\z4\v'\n(x3u'_\v'-\n(x3u' energy=0 means 4-bit frame +pitch \05 \032 +repeat flag \01 \0\(em \z1\v'\n(x3u'_\v'-\n(x3u'\z0\v'\n(x3u'_\v'-\n(x3u' repeat flag =1 means 10-bit frame +k1 \05 \032 +k2 \05 \032 +k3 \04 \016 +k4 \04 \016 \z2\v'\n(x3u'_\v'-\n(x3u'\z8\v'\n(x3u'_\v'-\n(x3u' pitch=0 (unvoiced) means 28-bit frame +k5 \04 \016 +k6 \04 \016 +k7 \04 \016 +k8 \03 \0\08 +k9 \03 \0\08 +k10 \03 \0\08 \z4\v'\n(x3u'_\v'-\n(x3u'\z9\v'\n(x3u'_\v'-\n(x3u' otherwise 49-bit frame + __ ___ +.sp + 49 bits 216 words +\l'\n(x0u\(ul' +.ta 0.8i +0.8i +0.8i +0.8i +0.8i +0.8i +0.8i +0.8i +0.8i +0.8i +0.8i +0.8i +.in-0.3i +.FG "Table 11.6 Bit allocation for Speak 'n Spell chip" +There are 4 bits for energy, and 5 bits for pitch and the first two +reflection coefficients. +Thereafter the number of bits allocated to reflection coefficients decreases +steadily, for higher coefficients are less important for intelligibility +than lower ones. +(Note that using a 10-stage filter is tantamount to allocating +.ul +no +bits to coefficients higher than the tenth.) With a +1-bit "repeat" flag, whose role is discussed shortly, the frame size +becomes 49 bits. +Updated every 20\ msec, this gives a data rate of just under 2.5\ Kbit/s. +.pp +The parameters are expanded into 10-bit numbers by a separate quantization +table for each one. +For example, the five pitch bits address a 32-word look-up table which +returns a 10-bit value. +The transformation is logarithmic in this case, the lowest pitch being +around 50 Hz and the highest 190 Hz. +As shown in Table 11.6, a total of 216 10-bit words suffices to hold all +twelve quantization tables; and they are implemented on the synthesizer +chip. +To provide further smoothing of the control parameters, +they are interpolated linearly from one frame to the next at eight points +within the frame. +.pp +The raw data rate of 2.5\ Kbit/s is reduced to an average of 1200\ bit/s +by further coding techniques. +Firstly, if the energy parameter is zero the frame is silent, +and no more parameters are transmitted (4-bit frame). +Secondly, if the "repeat" flag is 1 all reflection coefficients are held +over from the previous frame, giving a constant filter but with the ability +to vary amplitude and pitch (10-bit frame). +Finally, if the frame is unvoiced (signalled by the pitch value being zero) +only four reflection coefficients are transmitted, because the ear is +relatively insensitive to spectral detail in unvoiced speech (28-bit frame). +The end of the utterance is signalled by the energy bits all being 1. +.rh "Chip organization." +The configuration of the lattice filter is shown in Figure 11.10. +.FC "Figure 11.10" +The "two-multiplier" structure (Chapter 6) is used, so the 10-stage filter +requires 19 multiplications and 19 additions +per speech sample. +(The last operation in the reverse path at the bottom is not needed.) Since +a 10\ kHz sample rate is used, just 100\ $mu$sec are available for each +speech sample. +A single 5\ $mu$sec adder and a pipelined multiplier are implemented on +the chip, and multiplexed among the 19 operations. +The latter begins a new multiplication every 5\ $mu$sec, and finishes it +40\ $mu$sec later. +These times are within the capability of p-channel MOS technology, +allowing the chip to be produced at low cost. +The time slot for the 20'th, unnecessary, filter multiplication is used +for an overall gain adjustment. +.pp +The final analogue signal is produced by an 8-bit on-chip D/A converter +which drives a 200 milliwatt speaker through an impedance-matching +transformer. +These constitute the necessary analogue low-pass desampling filter. +.pp +Figure 11.11 summarizes the organization of the synthesis chip. +.FC "Figure 11.11" +Serial data enters directly from the read-only memories, although a control +signal from the processor begins synthesis and another signal is returned +to it upon termination. +The data is decoded into individual parameters, which are used to address +the quantization tables to generate the full 10-bit parameter +values. +These are interpolated from one frame to the next. +The lower part of the Figure shows the speech generation subsystem. +An excitation waveform for voiced speech is stored in read-only +memory and read out repeatedly at a rate determined by the pitch. +The source for unvoiced sounds is hard-limited noise provided by a digital +pseudo-random bit generator. +The sound source that is used depends on whether the pitch value is zero +or not: notice that this precludes mixed excitation for voiced fricatives +(and the sound is noticeably poor in words like "zee"). +A gain multiplication is performed before the signal is passed through the +lattice synthesis filter, described earlier. +.sh "11.4 Programmable signal processors" +.pp +The TI chip has a fixed architecture, and is destined forever +to implement the same vocal tract model \(em a 10'th order lattice filter. +A more recent device, the Programmable Digital Signal Processor +(Caldwell, 1980) from Telesensory Systems allows more flexibility +in the type of model. +.[ +Caldwell 1980 +.] +It can serve as a digital formant synthesizer or a linear predictive +synthesizer, and the order of model (number of formants, in the former case) +can be changed. +.pp +Before describing the PDSP, it is worth looking at an earlier microprocessor +which was designed for digital signal processing. +Some industry observers have said that this processor, the Intel 2920, +is to the analogue design engineer what the first microprocessor was to +the random logic engineer way back in the mists of time (early 1970's). +.rh "The 'analogue microprocessor'." +The 2920 is a digital microprocessor. +However, it contains an on-chip D/A converter, which can be used in +successive approximation fashion for A/D conversion under program control, +and its architecture is designed to aid digital signal processing calculations. +Although the precision of conversion is 9 bits, internal arithmetic is +done with 25 bits to accomodate the accumulation of round-off errors in +arithmetic operations. +An on-chip programmable read-only memory holds a 192-instruction program, +which is executed in sequence with no program jumps allowed. +This ensures that each pass through the program takes the same time, +so that the analogue waveform is regularly sampled and processed. +.pp +The device is implemented in n-channel MOS technology, which makes it +slightly faster than the pMOS Speak 'n Spell chip. +At its fastest operating speed each instruction takes 400 nsec. +The 192-instruction program therefore executes in 78.6\ $mu$sec, corresponding +to a sampling rate of almost 13\ kHz. +Thus the processor can handle signals with a bandwidth of 6.5\ kHz \(em ample +for high-quality speech. +However, a special EOP (end of program) instruction is provided which +causes an immediate jump back to the beginning. +Hence if the program occupies less than 192 instructions, faster sampling +rates can be used. +For example, a single second-order formant resonance +requires only 14 instructions and so can +be executed at over 150\ kHz. +.pp +Despite this speed, the 2920 is only marginally capable of synthesizing +speech. +Table 11.7 gives approximate numbers of instructions needed to do some +subtasks for speech generation (Hoff and Li, 1980). +.[ +Hoff Li 1980 Software makes a big talker +.] +.RF +.nr x0 \w'parameter entry and data distribution0000'+\w'00000' +.nr x1 \w'instructions' +.nr x2 (\n(.l-\n(x0)/2 +.in \n(x2u +.ta \w'parameter entry and data distribution0000'u +\l'\n(x0u\(ul' +.sp +task \0\0\0\0\0\h'-\n(x1u'instructions +\l'\n(x0u\(ul' +.sp +parameter entry and data distribution 35\-40 +glottal pulse generation \0\0\0\08 +noise generation \0\0\011 +lattice section \0\0\020 +formant filter \0\0\014 +\l'\n(x0u\(ul' +.ta 0.8i +0.8i +0.8i +0.8i +0.8i +0.8i +0.8i +0.8i +0.8i +0.8i +0.8i +0.8i +.in 0 +.FG "Table 11.7 2920 instruction counts for typical speech subsystems" +The parameter entry and data distribution procedure +collects 10 8-bit parameters from a serial input stream, at a frame rate of +100 frames/s. +The parameter data rate is 8\ Kbit/s, and the routine assumes that the +2920 performs each complete cycle in 125\ $mu$sec to generate sampled speech +at 8\ kHz. +Therefore one bit of parameter data is accepted on every cycle. +The glottal pulse program generates an asymmetrical triangular waveform +(Chapter 5), while the noise generator uses a 17-bit pseudo-random feedback +shift register. +About 30% of the 192-instruction program memory is consumed by these +essential tasks. +A two-multiplier lattice section takes 20 instructions, +and so only six sections can fit into the remaining program space. +It may be possible to use two 2920's to implement a complete 10 or 12'th +order lattice, but the results of the first stage must be passed to the +second by transmitting analogue or digital data between each of the +2920's analogue ports \(em not a terribly satisfactory method. +.pp +Since a formant filter occupies only 14 instructions, up to nine of them +would fit in the program space left after the above-mentioned essential +subsystems. +Although other necessary house-keeping tasks may reduce this number +substantially, +it does seem possible to implement a formant synthesizer on a single 2920. +.rh "The Programmable Digital Signal Processor." +Whereas the 2920 is intended for general signal-processing jobs, +Telesensory Systems' PDSP +(Programmable Digital Signal Processor) is aimed specifically at speech +synthesis. +It comprises two separate chips, a control unit and an arithmetic unit. +To build a synthesizer these must be augmented with external memory +and a D/A converter, arranged in a configuration like that of Figure 11.12. +.FC "Figure 11.12" +.pp +The control unit accepts parameter data from a host computer, one byte at a time. +The data is temporarily held in buffer memory before being serialized and passed +to the arithmetic unit. +Notice that for the 2920 we assumed that parameters were presented +to the chip already serialized and precisely timed: the PDSP control unit +effectively releases the host from this high-speed real-time operation. +But it does more. +It generates both a voiced and an unvoiced excitation source and passes them +to the arithmetic unit, to relieve the latter of the general-purpose +programming required for both these tasks and allow its instruction set +to be highly specialized for digital filtering. +.pp +The arithmetic unit has rather a peculiar structure. +It accomodates only 16 program steps and can execute the full 16-instruction +program at a rate of 10\ kHz. +The internal word-length is 18 bits, but coefficients and the digital output +are only 10 bits. +Each instruction can accomplish quite a lot of work. +Figure 11.13 shows that there are four separate blocks of store in addition +to the program memory. +.FC "Figure 11.13" +One location of each block is automatically associated with each program step. +Thus on instruction 2, for example, two 18-bit scratchpad registers MA(2) +and MB(2), and two 10-bit coefficient registers A1(2) and A2(2), are +accessible. +In addition five general registers, curiously numbered R1, R2, R5, R6, R7, +are available to every program step. +.pp +Each instruction has five fields. +A single instruction loads all the general registers and simultaneously +performs two multiplications and up to three additions. +The fields specify exactly which operands are involved in these operations. +.pp +The instructions of the PDSP arithmetic unit are really very powerful. +For example, a second-order digital formant resonator requires only +two program steps. +A two-multiplier lattice stage needs only one step, and +a complete 12-stage lattice filter can be implemented in the 16 steps available. +An important feature of the architecture is that it +is quite easy to incorporate more than one +arithmetic unit into a system, with a single control unit. +Intermediate data can be transferred digitally between arithmetic units +since the D/A converter is off-chip. +A four-multiplier normalized lattice (Chapter 6) with 12 stages can be implemented +on two arithmetic units, as can a lattice filter which incorporates zeros +as well as poles, and a complex series/parallel formant synthesizer +with a total of 12 resonators whose centre frequencies and bandwidths +can be controlled independently (Klatt, 1980). +.[ +Klatt 1980 +.] +.pp +How this device will fare in actual commercial products is yet to be seen. +It is certainly much more sophisticated than the TI Speak 'n Spell chip, +and a complete system will necessitate a much higher chip count and consequently +more expense. +Telesensory Systems are committed to producing a text-to-speech +system based upon it +for use both in a reading machine for the blind and as a text-input +speech-output computer peripheral. +.sh "11.5 References" +.LB "nnnn" +.[ +$LIST$ +.] +.LE "nnnn" +.bp +.ev2 +.ta \w'\fIsilence\fR 'u +\w'.EH100'u +\w'(used to change amplitude and duration)00'u +\w'00000000000test word'u +.nr x0 \w'\fIsilence\fR '+\w'.EH100'+\w'(used to change amplitude and duration)00'+\w'00000000000test word' +\l'\n(x0u\(ul' +.sp +.nr x1 (\w'Votrax'/2) +.nr x2 (\w'duration (msec)'/2) +.nr x3 \w'test word' + \h'-\n(x1u'Votrax \0\h'-\n(x2u'duration (msec) \h'-\n(x3u'test word +\l'\n(x0u\(ul' +.sp +.nr x3 \w'hid' +\fIi\fR I 118 \h'-\n(x3u'hid + I1 (sound equivalent of I) \083 + I2 (sound equivalent of I) \058 + I3 (allophone of I) \058 + .I3 (sound equivalent of I3) \083 + AY (allophone of I) \065 +.nr x3 \w'head' +\fIe\fR EH 118 \h'-\n(x3u'head + EH1 (sound equivalent of EH) \070 + EH2 (sound equivalent of EH) \060 + EH3 (allophone of EH) \060 + .EH2 (sound equivalent of EH3) \070 + A1 (allophone of EH) 100 + A2 (sound equivalent of A1) \095 +.nr x3 \w'had' +\fIaa\fR AE 100 \h'-\n(x3u'had + AE1 (sound equivalent of AE) 100 +.nr x3 \w'hod' +\fIo\fR AW 235 \h'-\n(x3u'hod + AW2 (sound equivalent of AW) \090 + AW1 (allophone of AW) 143 +.nr x3 \w'hood' +\fIu\fR OO 178 \h'-\n(x3u'hood + OO1 (sound equivalent of OO) 103 + IU (allophone of OO) \063 +.nr x3 \w'hud' +\fIa\fR UH 103 \h'-\n(x3u'hud + UH1 (sound equivalent of UH) \095 + UH2 (sound equivalent of UH) \050 + UH3 (allophone of UH) \070 + .UH3 (sound equivalent of UH3) 103 + .UH2 (allophone of UH) \060 +.nr x3 \w'hard' +\fIar\fR AH1 143 \h'-\n(x3u'hard + AH2 (sound equivalent of AH1) \070 +.nr x3 \w'hawed' +\fIaw\fR O 178 \h'-\n(x3u'hawed + O1 (sound equivalent of O) 118 + O2 (sound equivalent of O) \083 + .O (allophone of O) 178 + .O1 (sound equivalent of .O) 123 + .O2 (sound equivalent of .O) \090 +.nr x3 \w'who d' +\fIuu\fR U 178 \h'-\n(x3u'who'd + U1 (sound equivalent of U) \090 +.nr x3 \w'heard' +\fIer\fR ER 143 \h'-\n(x3u'heard +.nr x3 \w'heed' +\fIee\fR E 178 \h'-\n(x3u'heed + E1 (sound equivalent of E) 118 +\fIr\fR R \090 + .R (allophone of R) \050 +\fIw\fR W \083 + .W (allophone of W) \083 +\l'\n(x0u\(ul' +.sp3 +.ce +Table 11.2 Votrax sound segments and their durations +.bp +\l'\n(x0u\(ul' +.sp +.nr x1 (\w'Votrax'/2) +.nr x2 (\w'duration (msec)'/2) +.nr x3 \w'test word' + \h'-\n(1u'Votrax \0\h'-\n(x2u'duration (msec) \h'-\n(x3u'test word +\l'\n(x0u\(ul' +.sp +\fIl\fR L 105 + L1 (allophone of L) 105 +\fIy\fR Y 103 + Y1 (allophone of Y) \083 +\fIm\fR M 105 +\fIb\fR B \070 +\fIp\fR P 100 + .PH (aspiration burst for use with P) \088 +\fIn\fR N \083 +\fId\fR D \050 + .D (allophone of D) \053 +\fIt\fR T \090 + DT (allophone of T) \050 + .S (aspiration burst for use with T) \070 +\fIng\fR NG 120 +\fIg\fR G \075 + .G (allophone of G) \075 +\fIk\fR K \075 + .K (allophone of K) \080 + .X1 (aspiration burst for use with K) \068 +\fIs\fR S \090 +\fIz\fR Z \070 +\fIsh\fR SH 118 + CH (allophone of SH) \055 +\fIzh\fR ZH \090 + J (allophone of ZH) \050 +\fIf\fR F 100 +\fIv\fR V \070 +\fIth\fR TH \070 +\fIdh\fR THV \070 +\fIh\fR H \070 + H1 (allophone of H) \070 + .H1 (allophone of H) \048 +\fIsilence\fR PA0 \045 + PA1 175 + .PA1 \0\05 + + .PA2 (used to change amplitude and duration) \0\0\- +\l'\n(x0u\(ul' +.ta 0.8i +0.8i +0.8i +0.8i +0.8i +0.8i +0.8i +0.8i +0.8i +0.8i +0.8i +0.8i +.sp3 +.ce +Table 11.2 (continued) +.bp +.ta 0.8i +2.6i +\w'(AH1 .UH2) (O U)000'u +.nr x0 0.8i+2.6i+\w'(AH1 .UH2) (O U)000'+\w'; i uh \- here' +\l'\n(x0u\(ul' +.sp +vowel clusters + EH I A1 AY ; e i \- hey + UH OO O U ; uh u \- ho + AE I (AH1 EH3) I ; aa i \- hi + AE OO (AH1 .UH2) (O U) ; aa u \- how + AW I (O UH) E ; o i \- hoi + I UH E I ; i uh \- here + EH UH (EH A1) EH ; e uh \- hair + OO UH OO UH ; u uh \- poor + Y U Y1 (IU U) +.sp +vowel transitions + {F M B P} O (.O1 O) + {L R} EH (EH3 EH) + {B K T D R} UH (UH3 UH) + {T D} A1 (EH3 A1) + {T D} AW (AH1 AW) + {W} I (I3 I) + {G SH W K} OO (IU OO) + AY {K G T D} (AY Y) + E {M T} (E Y) + I {M T} (I Y) + E {L} (I3 UH) + EH {R N S D T} (EH EH3) + I {R T} (I I3) + AE {S N} (AE EH) + AE {K} (AE EH3) + A1 {R} (A1 EH1) + AH1 {R P K} (AH1 UH) + AH1 {ZH} (AH1 EH3) +.sp +intervocalics + {voiced} T {voiced} DT +.sp +consonant transitions + L {EH} L1 + H {U OO IU} H1 +\l'\n(x0u\(ul' +.sp3 +.ce +Table 11.5 Contextual rules for Votrax sound segments +.bp +\l'\n(x0u\(ul' +.sp +consonant clusters + B {stop-consonant} (B PA0) + P {stop-consonant} (P PA0) + D {stop-consonant} (D PA0) + T {stop-consonant} (T PA0) + DT {stop-consonant} (T PA0) + G {stop-consonant} (G PA0) + K {stop-consonant} (K PA0) + {D T} R (.X1 R) + K R .K (.X1 R) + {consonant} R .R + {consonant} L L1 + K W .K .W + D ZH D J + T SH T CH +.sp +initial effects + {.syll} P {vowel} (P .PH) + {.syll} K {vowel} (K .H1) + {.syll} T {vowel} (T .S) + {.syll} L L1 + {.syll} H {U OO O AW AH1} H1 +.sp +terminal effects + E {PA0} (E Y) +\l'\n(x0u\(ul' +.ta 0.8i +0.8i +0.8i +0.8i +0.8i +0.8i +0.8i +0.8i +0.8i +0.8i +0.8i +0.8i 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zE5&3O;i`rFyud!Sdop{%x{{2Tf_&N*~Ca_{zNUfuv$fqxHZ*!-3(H>G_Oll)t zCiwY^Zu<(~$tS-47gX{}GExw(SYaQT6 z57PH9_!8Y$=ZVkgOp*JB{bHW;CU(*gNB?2p#h8ow**<;(Q)60LUz>|?BO-f z@%yvi5wc70P&|{|Prz;HYSZyt?$tD)w%$wrt6+BQw~)^k^M{2C91pRHx5TLH#FSpN z%pz;=^!Y9O>>h*Tl&PntrKAgY6JDuf~OrKiz7ww1kZ zK>Jt8|0C#oJ6boQ`5kz8z+vub-W1z^*md?b=O=i)6%X^o-_y*emU#b3S}t8JpB)di zXP~Vv7zgn1OauE}D~A7p&6)=&hPN)dnBJ{LD1*74WB&3SvEm$ZK0BH(Ou6?S&lpRJ zf66v0*y3jI0~=7w;4@k?GMlZeDmC9vcJS;}>>jj`clJ?XFuuk%Su?x<56u(cf4`bQvBm8y&TfzwNvV|t!Sm|+sWr{_uBoYd6xQPNZshTv0qHAhuK8eN_=*R< +Date: 2 Dec 87 10:36:33 GMT +Reply-To: jml@cs.strath.ac.uk (Joseph McLean) +Organization: Comp. Sci. Dept., Strathclyde Univ., Scotland. +Lines: 19 + +Is the following conjecture reasonable and/or provable? : + +Given a sequence of digits, starting with a non-zero digit, of arbitrary +but finite length, is it always possible to extend this sequence by +appending more digits, in such a way as to form a prime? + +e.g. the sequence 1 can be extended into a prime in an infinite number +of ways, as in 13, 17, 19, 101, 1231, 1579, etc (there an infinite +number of primes beginning with a 1 by Bertrand's postulate). +However, it is far more difficult to try and locate a prime which +starts with the sequence 1528296922945708 (although at least one is known). + +My personal opinion is that the conjecture is reasonable, simply because +one can keep adding digits at the end and checking for primality ad +infinitum, and the law of averages will do the rest. Of course this is +totally groundless mathematically, so can anyone provide a heuristic +argument with more weight? + + jml, the mad mathematician. +#! rnews 3077 +Path: alberta!mnetor!uunet!husc6!psuvax1!burdvax!bigburd!fritzson +From: fritzson@bigburd.PRC.Unisys.COM (Richard Fritzson) +Newsgroups: comp.editors +Subject: Re: lisp environments (Structure vs. text editors) +Message-ID: <3375@bigburd.PRC.Unisys.COM> +Date: 14 Dec 87 02:11:18 GMT +References: <487@PT.CS.CMU.EDU> <460@cresswell.quintus.UUCP> <499@PT.CS.CMU.EDU> +Sender: news@bigburd.PRC.Unisys.COM +Organization: Unisys Corporation, Paoli Research Center; Paoli, PA +Lines: 56 + +In article <499@PT.CS.CMU.EDU> ralphw@IUS2.CS.CMU.EDU (Ralph Hyre) writes: +>In article <460@cresswell.quintus.UUCP> pds@quintus.UUCP (Peter Schachte) writes: +>>Text editors CANNOT simulate structure editors. They can do a rather +>>feeble job of it. Text editors fall down when context information is +> +>I disagree - a PROGRAMMABLE text editor can do anything you want. This is +>because it's programmable. Whether you're happy with the performance or a + +Sure it can do anything. The best way for a programmable text editor to +simulate a structure editor would be for it to build an internal +representation (or structure) or what was really being edited and then +use its text manipulating primitives to show the user the effect of his +editing commands on the structure that is "really" being edited. Now you've +shown that mocklisp (for example) is a language in which you can implement +a structure editor. I doubt if it is the best way to do it though. + +>>...For example: a structure editor can supply different commands, different +>>facilities, for editing comments and code. +>Seems like there's the potential here for moby modefulness. I can't see +>why I would want different commands when I edit code compared with comments. + +I don't know about "commands", but Common Lisp comments are nothing +like Common Lisp code (much to the shame of Common Lisp). I want the +characters I type in as comments treated differently than those I type in +as parts of S-expressions. + +>My interest is in an pseudo-WYSIWYG editor which gives you the option +>of entering/editing text without formatting attributes, then optionally +>displaying the text with them. <...>This sort of decoupling between editing a +>document and a representation of a document could even be used to great +>advantage in many environments: + +You're right. An editor which is really editing the structure underlying +the visual presentation of it IS a useful thing. + +> A program code editor might actually be showing you variable names, +> statements, and S-expressions while it is really writing the P-code +> (or .lbin file) on the fly. +> This could result in 'instant' language interpreter facilities and +> fast compilers. +> [I admit that this might be hairy to program in MockLisp.] + +But it is one of the reasons Xerox structure editor fans are fans. + +>[disclaimer: I've never used a 'structure editor' + +No offense intended, but I could tell. If you write any Lisp you should +look for an opportunity to try SEdit on a D-machine. + + + + +-- + -Rich Fritzson + ARPA: fritzson@prc.unisys.com + UUCP: {sdcrdcf,psuvax1,cbmvax}!burdvax!fritzson +#! rnews 3135 +Path: alberta!mnetor!uunet!husc6!cmcl2!brl-adm!umd5!ames!sdcsvax!sdcc6!loral!dml +From: dml@loral.UUCP (Dave Lewis) +Newsgroups: rec.arts.movies +Subject: Re: Live Action Amber Films +Summary: Use Zelazny's descriptions! +Message-ID: <1496@loral.UUCP> +Date: 14 Dec 87 06:41:04 GMT +References: <349@morningdew.BBN.COM> <2620001@hpcvlx.HP.COM> +Reply-To: dml@loral.UUCP (Dave Lewis) +Followup-To: rec.arts.movies +Distribution: na +Organization: Loral Instrumentation, San Diego +Lines: 59 + +In article <2620001@hpcvlx.HP.COM> markc@hpcvlx.HP.COM (Mark Cook) writes: +>>/ hpcvlx:rec.arts.movies / dkovar@lf-server-2.BBN.COM (David Kovar) / 7:07 am Dec 9, 1987 / +>> +>> Well, someone else was wondering who would be the actors in a Tolkien +>>film which brought to mind a favorite question of mine from a few years +>>back: Who would play the parts of a Amber film? I used to have the + +>>Corwin: Mel Gibson + +Jonathan Pryce. From "Something Wicked This Way Comes". + +> even better, how about Timothy Dalton (James Bond isn't the only thing he + +>>Brand: (Who's the guy from Kiss who was in Runaway?) + +> You mean Gene Simmons. Well, he could play the part but he has to look like + + No way. Brand is "a figure both like Bleys and myself. My features, though +smaller, my eyes, Bleys' hair. There was a quality of both strength and weak- +ness, questing and abandonment about him." This is Corwin speaking, of course. + + And Bleys is "a fiery bearded, flame-crowned man, dressed all in red and +orange, mainly of silk stuff, and he held a sword in his right hand and a +glass of wine in his left, and the devil himself danced behind his eyes, as +blue as Flora's, or Eric's. His chin was slight, but the beard covered it." + + I can't think of anyone offhand for either part, but I nominate Gene Simmons +to play Caine: "Then came the swarthy, dark-eyed countenance of Caine, dressed +all in satin that was black and green, wearing a dark three-cornered hat set +at a rakish angle, a green plume of feathers trailing down the back." (Yeah, +I got "Nine Princes in Amber" lying right next to the keyboard here) + + Random: "a wily-looking little man, with a sharp nose and a laughing mouth +and a shock of straw-colored hair." How about Dudley Moore (with his hair +bleached, of course). + + Dierdre: "a black-haired girl with [Flora's] blue eyes, and her hair hung +long and she was dressed all in black, with a girdle of silver about her +waist." Lee Meriwether or Kate Jackson. + + Fiona: "with hair like Bleys or Brand, [Corwin's] eyes, and a complexion +like mother of pearl. Ann-Margret! + + That's all for now; if people are interested I can type in the whole 2-1/2 +pages of descriptions so we'll REALLY have something to argue over. + +------------------------------- + Dave Lewis Loral Instrumentation San Diego + + hp-sdd --\ ihnp4 --\ + sdcrdcf --\ bang --\ kontron -\ + csndvax ---\ calmasd -->-->!crash --\ + celerity --->------->!sdcsvax!sdcc3 --->--->!loral!dml (uucp) + dcdwest ---/ gould9 --/ + + "I'm alive and he's dead and that's the way I wanted it." + -- Corwin, about Borel + +------------------------------- +#! rnews 2421 +Path: alberta!mnetor!uunet!mcvax!ukc!dcl-cs!strath-cs!jim +From: jim@cs.strath.ac.uk (Jim Reid) +Newsgroups: comp.mail.headers +Subject: Re: RFC976 vs. the real world... +Message-ID: <754@stracs.cs.strath.ac.uk> +Date: 2 Dec 87 12:51:51 GMT +References: <18533@amdahl.amdahl.com> +Reply-To: jim@cs.strath.ac.uk +Organization: Comp. Sci. Dept., Strathclyde Univ., Scotland. +Lines: 40 + +In article <18533@amdahl.amdahl.com> tron@uts.amdahl.com (Ronald S. Karr) writes: +>Some Introduction: +>However, we have conflicting ideas concerning what to do with sender +>addresses in headers. We do, now, support the idea that a pure !-path +>coming in can be left as a !-path, with the current hostname prepended +>(this is optional and is a function of the destination). However, +>should I ever produce, in mail originated locally, a From: line in the +>following form? +> +> From: localhost!username + +The answer is perhaps. In an ideal world, everyone will adhere to one +standard for mail headers - RFC822 possibly, but X.400 is more likely. +Until that glorious day arrives (if it ever does), mailers at the mail +'gateways' between networks will have little option but to munge +addresses because of incompatible mail headers and addressing formats. + +What you mail system should do is rewrite mail headers into the +appropriate form for transmission to a given host. In short, if your +uucp neighbours only understand bang-style addresses, you mailer should +only present bang-style paths to these sites. If some sites understand +RFC822 (user@host.domain), then you should send them RFC822 style mail. +What would be less easy for the mailer is separating your bang-stlye +uucp neighbours from those who understand RFC822. + +The best mailers (MMDF or sendmail - no flames please!) take an input +address, convert it to a canonical form and then rewrite the address in +the appropriate style for the message transfer agent. This is the most +sensible way of dealing with hybrid addresses like A!B@C. [Does that +mean send by uucp to A for relaying to user B on host C or does it mean +send to C for them to relay to user B on uucp host A? Then what if C +(or A) doesn't like addresses with '!' (or '@') signs in them?] + + Jim +-- +ARPA: jim%cs.strath.ac.uk@ucl-cs.arpa, jim@cs.strath.ac.uk +UUCP: jim@strath-cs.uucp, ...!seismo!mcvax!ukc!strath-cs!jim +JANET: jim@uk.ac.strath.cs + +"JANET domain ordering is swapped around so's there'd be some use for rev(1)!" +#! rnews 3873 +Path: alberta!mnetor!uunet!husc6!cmcl2!brl-adm!umd5!ames!sdcsvax!sdcc6!loral!dml +From: dml@loral.UUCP (Dave Lewis) +Newsgroups: rec.arts.sf-lovers +Subject: Re: One more long-gone show +Summary: What S. F. movies should be +Keywords: Questor +Message-ID: <1497@loral.UUCP> +Date: 14 Dec 87 06:45:22 GMT +References: <1672@bsu-cs.UUCP> +Reply-To: dml@loral.UUCP (Dave Lewis) +Followup-To: rec.arts.sf-lovers +Distribution: na +Organization: Loral Instrumentation, San Diego +Lines: 64 + +In article <1672@bsu-cs.UUCP> cfchiesa@bsu-cs.UUCP (Christopher F. Chiesa) writes: +>Anyone remember a movie called _The_Questor_Tapes_ ? Basic premise: gov't +>project constructs an android according to eccentric scientist's specs; and- + +>C.Chiesa + + Yea, verily, I recall The Questor Tapes. I've forgotten the scientist's +name, but he was a very rich and secretive genius known for several major +advances in robotics and cybernetics. About 2 years previous to the start +of the movie, he had disappeared, leaving only a partially completed project +he called Questor. Much of the work was complete, including a small fusion +reactor, most of the brain, and a lot of the support machinery. He also left +a BIG mag tape of programs, which some government idiot had partially erased +while trying to decode it. Questor, when activated, did nothing; the team +that assembled him figured it was because of the bad tape. + + Late that night, Questor got up, used the 'finishing' molds to give himself +human features, and walked out. The scientist had known one member of the +Questor-assembly team and put his name and address on the program tape; by +good fortune it had survived the attempted decoding. Questor knows only that +he must find `a boat' -- other details have been erased. + + The government catches up with them in a playground and some fool shoots +Questor. Apparently the shock knocks some bits loose because when he sees +a jungle gym that looks like Noah's Ark he remembers, "the boat, the boat +of legend. [whatsisname] is waiting for me there." He also remembers that +if he doesn't find the scientist within about two days, his fusion power +supply is programmed to overload and blow up. + + They patch him up and he leads them a merry chase to Mt. Ararat where he +finds his creator in a cave hidden by a force barrier/hologram projection. +There is a long row of metallic slabs suspended about a meter above the +floor; on each lies a defunct robot. Each one wears clothing from a time +far earlier than the next. Questor's creator lies on the second to last +slab, still conscious but unable to move. + + These robots have been watching over the human race for more than ten +thousand years. Each one lasts two hundred years, then builds his successor. +Questor's predecessor was brought to an early end by some combination of +pollution and radiation exposure; he has provided Questor with extra +shielding so he will last the full two centuries. + + Questor is the last. By the end of his term, the human race will have +reached a point where we can make our own decisions without guidance. +The robots were placed here by some advanced aliens to see us through our +racial childhood, to allow us a chance to mature and achieve whatever +potential we have. + + The Questor Tapes was an excellent movie, one makers of more recent films +should take a lesson from. Very few other movies have impressed me as much +as "2001: A Space Odyssey" and "The Questor Tapes". They show up the likes +of"Close Encounters of the Third Kind" and "E.T." for the vapid silliness +they are. + +------------------------------- + Dave Lewis Loral Instrumentation San Diego + + hp-sdd --\ ihnp4 --\ + sdcrdcf --\ bang --\ kontron -\ + csndvax ---\ calmasd -->-->!crash --\ + celerity --->------->!sdcsvax!sdcc3 --->--->!loral!dml (uucp) + dcdwest ---/ gould9 --/ + +------------------------------- +#! rnews 1384 +Path: alberta!mnetor!uunet!mcvax!ukc!its63b!hwcs!jack +From: jack@cs.hw.ac.uk (Jack Campin) +Newsgroups: rec.arts.sf-lovers +Subject: Re: M. John Harrison +Message-ID: <1560@brahma.cs.hw.ac.uk> +Date: 2 Dec 87 18:20:17 GMT +References: <1950@charon.unm.edu> +Reply-To: jack@cs.glasgow.ac.uk (Jack Campin) +Organization: PISA Project, Glesga Yoonie +Lines: 23 +Summary: + +Expires: + +Sender: + +Followup-To: + + + + +[ignore the above address and use my signature] + + +By far the best thing I have read by MJH is a long short story called +"Running Down", about a man with unwanted psychic powers that cause things +to malfunction, decay and fall apart around him. It is set in a Britain +in the near future of when the story was written (i.e. about now) in which +the whole society reflects a similar dingy, pointless chaos - remarkably +like Britain after 8 years of Thatcher, in fact. +He's very good at describing that sort of situation - his novel "The Centauri +Device" does it at length, though his suggested political solution is bloody +stupid. His understanding of anarchism is about on a level with Robert Anton +Wilson's. + +- jack + +-- +ARPA: jack%cs.glasgow.ac.uk@nss.cs.ucl.ac.uk +JANET:jack@uk.ac.glasgow.cs USENET: ...mcvax!ukc!cs.glasgow.ac.uk!jack +Mail: Jack Campin, Computing Science Department, University of Glasgow, + 17 Lilybank Gardens, Glasgow G12 8QQ, Scotland (041 339 8855 x 6045) +#! rnews 1188 +Path: alberta!mnetor!uunet!mcvax!ukc!its63b!hwcs!jack +From: jack@cs.hw.ac.uk (Jack Campin) +Newsgroups: rec.music.classical +Subject: Re: Tippett +Message-ID: <1561@brahma.cs.hw.ac.uk> +Date: 2 Dec 87 18:38:20 GMT +References: <1950@bath63.ux63.bath.ac.uk> +Reply-To: jack@cs.glasgow.ac.uk (Jack Campin) +Organization: PISA Project, Glesga Yoonie +Lines: 15 +Summary: + +Expires: + +Sender: + +Followup-To: + + + +[ignore the above email address and use my signature] +Tippett moved on a LONG way musically after "A Child Of Our Time". +I believe his masterpiece is the Triple Concerto for violin, viola and cello. +There is a wonderful recording of it by Pauk, Imai and Kirschbaum with the LSO +under Davis. +A problem I find with a lot of his music is the silly words. The man really +shouldn't have tried writing his own libretti that often. +I believe he's got another opera in the pipeline, due for its premiere in the +next few months. +-- +ARPA: jack%cs.glasgow.ac.uk@nss.cs.ucl.ac.uk +JANET:jack@uk.ac.glasgow.cs USENET: ...mcvax!ukc!cs.glasgow.ac.uk!jack +Mail: Jack Campin, Computing Science Department, University of Glasgow, + 17 Lilybank Gardens, Glasgow G12 8QQ, Scotland (041 339 8855 x 6045) +#! rnews 894 +Path: alberta!mnetor!uunet!mcvax!ukc!eagle!jg +From: jg@eagle.ukc.ac.uk (J.Grant) +Newsgroups: comp.sys.mac +Subject: The Spinning watch cursor +Message-ID: <4023@eagle.ukc.ac.uk> +Date: 3 Dec 87 14:59:09 GMT +Reply-To: jg@ukc.ac.uk (J.Grant) +Organization: Computing Lab, University of Kent at Canterbury, UK. +Lines: 11 + +OK - I've changed my spinning watch back into the lovely sand-timer +(remember the good old days?); I've changed the CURS resource in the +Finder and also in the System so that I have various quantities +of sand in the top & bottom, but there is still a watch lurking! + +More precisely, where does the watch that says 9 o'clock live, as +now I get the magic watch followed by the sand1->7, then the watch +again as the cycle repeats. This only happens in the Finder, so I +suspect that there must be a watch lurking elsewhere, but where? + +Ps. system 4.2b(5?) & Finder 6.0 (Mac 512Ke) +#! rnews 3539 +Path: alberta!mnetor!uunet!mcvax!ukc!its63b!csnjr +From: csnjr@its63b.ed.ac.uk (Nick Rothwell) +Newsgroups: rec.music.synth,rec.music.makers +Subject: Casio MG500, Roland MT-32, MIDI bug? [LONG] +Summary: Where's the MIDI bug in this lot?: +Keywords: MG500 MT-32 MIDI +Message-ID: <805@its63b.ed.ac.uk> +Date: 3 Dec 87 13:10:56 GMT +Reply-To: nick%ed.lfcs@uk.ac.ucl.cs.nss (Nick Rothwell) +Organization: LFCS, University of Edinburgh +Lines: 46 +Xref: alberta rec.music.synth:1879 rec.music.makers:1070 + +Last weekend a friend and I strolled into a music shop and ended up playing +with the new Casio MG500 MIDI guitar linked into a Roland MT-32. I don't +play guitar, and was just along for the curiosity, but I've got a few comments +to make and a question about what I consider to be a MIDI bug in one of the +instruments. + Firstly - the performance of the MG500. I wasn't actually playing it (I was +just pushing buttons on the MT-32 instead), but I was impressed with its +speed and tracking ability - it was fast and followed pitch accurately, +responding to pitch bend and so on; it generally sounded pretty tight. +There were a couple of things I didn't like - but maybe it's a generic +weakness of all guitar-to-MIDI systems. Firstly, the guitar transmits +velocity information (hit the string harder -> louder/brighter note), but +gives no control (other than pitch-bend) once a note's sounding - there's +nothing equivalent to aftertouch/modulation so once a note sounds you're +at the mercy of the synth until you stop the string. +Point two - You've got six strings, so you can only sound six synth voices. +This is probably obvious, but playing a guitar patch through MIDI doesn't +sound like a real guitar, because each touch of a string retriggers the voice +on that string, sometimes in a rather distracting way. On a real (classical) +guitar you have the resonance of the soundbox to hang on to notes so you +aren't aware of this (I presume - comments?) +Now for what is (in my opinion) a MIDI Bug! Play two different notes on +two strings and you get two voices - ok so far. Play the same note on two +different strings and you get one voice. Humm. Play two different notes on +two strings and slide one note up to the other, and one of the voices is +chopped off. I think this is a bug - something somewhere doesn't want to +the same note more than once. Needless to say, this completely screws up +a number of guitar chords. + We mentioned this to the guy in the shop. He seemed convinced that it's +a problem with the MIDI spec. itself - if you play a keyboard synth, you +have to release the middle C key to play it again, don't you? I think this +is a load of dingos kidneys - if I send my D-50 two separate middle C +note on messages, then I'll get two voices cycling through the envelopes at +middle C pitch. This is what happens with the sustain pedal on, as well. + What's the verdict, net people? I think the guy was wrong (quite adamant, +but wrong...) and there's a bug in one of the boxes. I suspect the MG500. +If the MT-32 is anything like the D-50, then it doesn't care about playing +the same note twice. (A quick note in passing that synths with less voices +(Juno106 for instance) often won't double a voice, in an attempt to play +chords properly without running out.) +-- +Nick Rothwell, Laboratory for Foundations of Computer Science, Edinburgh. + nick%lfcs.ed.ac.uk@nss.cs.ucl.ac.uk + !mcvax!ukc!lfcs!nick +~~ ~~ ~~ ~~ ~~ ~~ ~~ ~~ ~~ ~~ ~~ ~~ ~~ ~~ ~~ ~~ ~~ ~~ ~~ ~~ +"Nothing's forgotten. Nothing is ever forgotten." - Herne +#! rnews 1505 +Path: alberta!mnetor!uunet!mcvax!ukc!dcl-cs!bath63!pes +From: pes@ux63.bath.ac.uk (Smee) +Newsgroups: comp.sys.atari.st +Subject: Re: Resource file question +Keywords: resource mwc rcs .rsc dri c +Message-ID: <1963@bath63.ux63.bath.ac.uk> +Date: 3 Dec 87 10:33:26 GMT +References: <1592@wiley.UUCP> +Reply-To: pes@ux63.bath.ac.uk (Smee) +Organization: AUCC c/o University of Bath +Lines: 19 + + +You might try looking to see if K-Resource is still available (by Kuma Software, +who else?). It's been out a long while. It's now available bundled with some +of the MetaComCo stuff (in particular the new Lattice C) but I believe that +Kuma still do it separately as well. Don't have a clue what it costs, but +must be cheaper than a new compiler. + +It produces (by switch option) appropriate 'include' type files for C, +FORTRAN, and 2 other languages which I've conveniently forgotten -- in +addition to the expected .RSC file. Will also produce a 'non-specific +structured description' file (they say, I've never tried this) which is +alleged to be pretty easy to massage into an appropriate 'include' for +any unsupported language you might like. + +The documentation is written in a bit of a 'too-folksy' style for my liking, +but the program is pretty intuitive to use which makes up for some of that. +It does, however, assume that you have some sort of a clue as to what the +various resource items/flags mean and do -- it doesn't teach you how to use +RSC files or what they mean, but rather gives a handle for making them. +#! rnews 1258 +Path: alberta!mnetor!uunet!mcvax!ukc!its63b!hwcs!neil +From: neil@cs.hw.ac.uk (Neil Forsyth) +Newsgroups: comp.sys.atari.st +Subject: Bug in bets test Gulam +Keywords: none +Message-ID: <1562@brahma.cs.hw.ac.uk> +Date: 3 Dec 87 09:46:32 GMT +Organization: Computer Science, Heriot-Watt U., Scotland +Lines: 28 + + +I think I have found a bug in the latest version of Gulam. + + alias test 'echo $<' + +produces a couple of spurious charcters on the input line. + + $<%& + +The characters are usually above $80. The alpha version didn't do this. +I just delete them by backspacing anyway. + + echo $< + +by itself works fine. + +------------------------------------------------------------------------------- +"I think all right thinking people in this country are sick and tired of being +told that ordinary decent people are fed up in this country with being sick and +tired. I'm certainly not and I'm sick and tired of being told that I am!" +- Monty Python + + Neil Forsyth JANET: neil@uk.ac.hw.cs + Dept. of Computer Science ARPA: neil@cs.hw.ac.uk + Heriot-Watt University UUCP: ..!ukc!cs.hw.ac.uk!neil + Edinburgh + Scotland +------------------------------------------------------------------------------- +#! rnews 1009 +Path: alberta!mnetor!uunet!mcvax!ukc!its63b!hwcs!jack +From: jack@cs.hw.ac.uk (Jack Campin) +Newsgroups: comp.sys.mac +Subject: Re: how strong of a magnet? +Message-ID: <1564@brahma.cs.hw.ac.uk> +Date: 3 Dec 87 18:59:42 GMT +References: <9554@shemp.UCLA.EDU> +Reply-To: jack@cs.glasgow.ac.uk (Jack Campin) +Organization: PISA Project, Glesga Yoonie +Lines: 12 +Summary: + +Expires: + +Sender: + +Followup-To: + + + +[ignore the above email address and use my signature] +This may be an FOAF story (urban folklore) but I have heard that the mag-lev +train at Birmingham Airport lets enough field into the passenger compartment +to wipe floppies. +Then again, I have also heard that story about ordinary underground railways +and it certainly isn't true of them. +-- +ARPA: jack%cs.glasgow.ac.uk@nss.cs.ucl.ac.uk +JANET:jack@uk.ac.glasgow.cs USENET: ...mcvax!ukc!cs.glasgow.ac.uk!jack +Mail: Jack Campin, Computing Science Department, University of Glasgow, + 17 Lilybank Gardens, Glasgow G12 8QQ, Scotland (041 339 8855 x 6045) +#! rnews 988 +Path: alberta!mnetor!uunet!mcvax!ukc!its63b!csan +From: csan@its63b.ed.ac.uk (Andie) +Newsgroups: comp.sys.atari.st +Subject: Re: Resource file question +Keywords: Kuma +Message-ID: <808@its63b.ed.ac.uk> +Date: 3 Dec 87 23:08:12 GMT +References: <1592@wiley.UUCP> <1298@saturn.ucsc.edu> +Reply-To: csan@its63b.ed.ac.uk (Andie) +Organization: Computer Science Department, Edinburgh University +Lines: 14 + +In article <1298@saturn.ucsc.edu> koreth@ssyx.ucsc.edu (Steven Grimm) writes: +> +>Kuma Software makes the best resource editor I've seen. It's called +>"K-Resource" and is a really friendly, well-thought-out piece of software. +> +I am in total agreement here. I use it in preference to any others I have. + +Andie Ness . Department of Computer Science ,Edinburgh University. + +ARPA: csan%ed.itspna@nss.cs.ucl.ac.uk UUCP: ...!uunet!mcvax!ukc!itspna!csan + JANET: csan@uk.ac.ed.itspna + +% These are my own views and any resemblance to any coherent reasoning is +% probably a typo. +#! rnews 852 +Path: alberta!mnetor!uunet!mcvax!ukc!stc!idec!howellg +From: howellg@idec.stc.co.uk (Gareth Howell) +Newsgroups: rec.ham-radio.packet,comp.protocols.tcp-ip +Subject: NEEDED: KISS for TNC220 +Message-ID: <869@idec.stc.co.uk> +Date: 1 Dec 87 09:05:59 GMT +Organization: ICL Network Systems, Stevenage, Herts. UK +Lines: 12 +Xref: alberta rec.ham-radio.packet:767 comp.protocols.tcp-ip:1918 + +I have a Pacomm TNC220 on which I want to run KISS and thence the KA9Q +tcp/ip package. Unfortunately I don't have a KISS for the TNC. +Can anybody help. I would prefer the co-resident bootstrap with a +downloaded KISS module if possible. +ta Gareth +==== + +-- +Gareth Howell G6KVK @ IO91VX +ICL NS PNBC, England, SG1 1YB Tel:+44 (0)438 738294 +howellg%idec%ukc@mcvax.uucp, mcvax!ukc!idec!howellg@uunet.uu.net +G6KVK @ G4SPV (uk packet 144.650MHz) +#! rnews 710 +Path: alberta!mnetor!uunet!mcvax!ukc!stc!hilda +From: hilda@tcom.stc.co.uk ( Jeff Tracey ) +Newsgroups: rec.arts.sf-lovers +Subject: Thunderbirds are GO!!! +Keywords: FAB +Message-ID: <1503@arran.tcom.stc.co.uk> +Date: 2 Dec 87 10:54:39 GMT +Organization: STC Telecoms, London N11 1HB. +Lines: 14 + +A few quick trivia questions on Thunderbirds :- + +1) Does anybody know what the phrase 'FAB' stands for ??? + +2) What's the first mission that International Rescue accomplished ? + +3) What's the Butler's name on the Island AND who is his daughter ? + + +Regards, + +Steve Hillyer. || ...uunet!mcvax!ukc!stc!hilda +STC Telecommunications, Oakleigh Rd South, London N11 1HB. +Phone : +44 1 368 1234 x3358 +#! rnews 1159 +Path: alberta!mnetor!uunet!mcvax!ukc!stc!btnix!crouch +From: crouch@btnix.axion.bt.co.uk (Chris Rouch) +Newsgroups: comp.os.vms +Subject: callable TPU? +Keywords: TPU callable editor +Message-ID: <632@btnix.axion.bt.co.uk> +Date: 3 Dec 87 11:33:58 GMT +Organization: British Telecom Research Labs, Martlesham Heath, IPSWICH, UK +Lines: 17 + +I read somewhere that there is a callable version of EDT, available by using +EDT$EDIT(...). Does anyone know if there is a similar function for the TPU +editor and/or other commands such as MAIL, PRINT etc. If somebody could +also point me in the direction of the VMS manual which contains this +information (assuming there is one), I would be very grateful. + + Chris Rouch + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- +vax to vax (UUCP) CRouch@axion.bt.co.uk (...!ukc!btnix!crouch) +desk to desk RT3124, 310 SSTF, + British Telecom Research Laboratories, + Martlesham Heath, IPSWICH, IP5 7RE, UK. +voice to voice +44 473 646093 + + "Ours is not to look back, ours to continue the crack." +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- +#! rnews 1090 +Path: alberta!mnetor!uunet!mcvax!ukc!stc!pete +From: pete@tcom.stc.co.uk (Peter Kendell) +Newsgroups: rec.music.classical +Subject: Durufle virgin seeks advice +Message-ID: <483@stc-f.tcom.stc.co.uk> +Date: 3 Dec 87 11:50:35 GMT +Organization: STC Telecoms, London N11 1HB. +Lines: 25 + + + Being curious, as the name was completely new to me, I borrowed + the Hyperion CD of Durufle's Requiem from my local public + library. I enjoyed it very much and would like to find out more + about him, so :- + + - What else has he written? (I believe he's not been very prolific) + + - What else has been recorded? + + - Is his other work similar to the Requiem; it is better, worse or + just different? + + - I thought I heard a Holst influence; is this typical? + + - Are there other 20th Century composers in a similar vein that I + should try? + + + +-- +------------------------------------------------------------------------------ +| Peter Kendell | +| ...{uunet!}mcvax!ukc!stc!pete | +------------------------------------------------------------------------------ +#! rnews 1235 +Path: alberta!mnetor!uunet!mcvax!ukc!stc!praxis!gauss!drb +From: drb@praxis.co.uk (David Brownbridge) +Newsgroups: comp.unix.wizards +Subject: Re: //host vs "mount point" +Message-ID: <1606@newton.praxis.co.uk> +Date: 3 Dec 87 12:42:36 GMT +References: <648@tut.cis.ohio-state.edu> <1668@tut.cis.ohio-state.edu> <38c15248.4580@hi-csc.UUCP> <9559@mimsy.UUCP> <411@PT.CS.CMU.EDU> +Sender: nobody@praxis.co.uk +Reply-To: drb%praxis.uucp@ukc.ac.uk(David Brownbridge) +Organization: Praxis Systems plc, Bath, UK +Lines: 19 + +In article <411@PT.CS.CMU.EDU> jgm@K.GP.CS.CMU.EDU (John Myers) writes: +>Just to add to the confusion, let me put in a plug in for the Carnegie-Mellon +>University Computer Science Department's syntax: +> +>/../host + +We built a system which also allowed super-super-roots and so on ad infinitum. + + /../NearbyHost + /../../OtherSite/host + /../../../OtherCountry/AnotherSite/host + +"/.." makes sense to me which is why I promoted it as the "University of +Newcastle upon Tyne Computing Laboratory's syntax" :-) Some old-timers must +remember the "Newcastle Connection" distributed UNIX system which Lindsay +Marshall and I wrote in 1981-2. + +"Not for the iron fist but for the helping hand" +[Billy Bragg/Oyster Band "Between The Wars"] +#! rnews 1785 +Path: alberta!mnetor!uunet!mcvax!ukc!stc!datlog!slxsys!jpp +From: jpp@slxsys.specialix.co.uk (John Pettitt) +Newsgroups: comp.unix.xenix +Subject: Re: smail2.5 +Summary: smail on xenix without writing new programs +Keywords: At last, a 'real' mailer for Xenix (are you listening SCO) :-) +Message-ID: <106@slxsys.specialix.co.uk> +Date: 3 Dec 87 06:44:07 GMT +References: <484@rel.eds.com> +Reply-To: jpp@slxsys.UUCP (John Pettitt) +Organization: Specialix International, London, UK. +Lines: 27 + +In article <484@rel.eds.com> bob@rel.eds.com (Bob Leffler) writes: +>During the last several weeks there have been numerous solutions posted to +>the net to resolved the interface problem with Xenix and smail 2.5. I +>have tried all the solutions that I am aware of and my conclusion for the +>best approach is a combination of two. + + lots of stuff about how to install smail deleted. + +I have just installed smail 2.5 on Xenix 386. The solution I used +here was to replace /usr/lib/mail/execmail with a link to (copy of) +/bin/smail. I also moved the old sco execmail to execmail.sco and used +it as the local delivery agent. The above will not work as it stands +because the command syntax for execmail is not the same as smail. This +can be corrected by swapping the meaning of the -F and -f switches in +smail (main.c and defs.h). The local delivery macro in defs.h should +be set to give /usr/lib/mail/execmail.com -f from to. With this +setup you get the sco mailer (mailx) and smail with both From and From: +lines correct. Also as execmail is still used for 'local' delivery +micnet (sco's RS232 "LAN") still works. + + + + +-- +John Pettitt G6KCQ, CIX jpettitt, Voice +44 1 398 9422 +UUCP: ...uunet!mcvax!ukc!pyrltd!slxsys!jpp (jpp@slxsys.co.uk) +Disclaimer: I don't even own a cat to share my views ! +#! rnews 1287 +Path: alberta!mnetor!uunet!mcvax!lambert +From: lambert@cwi.nl (Lambert Meertens) +Newsgroups: sci.math +Subject: Re: Least-squares fitting +Message-ID: <135@piring.cwi.nl> +Date: 5 Dec 87 14:41:10 GMT +References: <1823@culdev1.UUCP> +Organization: CWI, Amsterdam +Lines: 28 + +In article <1823@culdev1.UUCP> drw@culdev1.UUCP (Dale Worley) writes: +) Is is known how to perform least-squares fitting where the "error" is +) the perpendicular distance between the point and the line? + +This least-squares fit still passes through the "center of gravity" of the +data points, so assume that the data has been reduced such that the +averages of the x- and y-coordinates are both zero. Let the equation of +the line to be determined be + + x*(sin phi) - y*(cos phi) = 0, + +that is, it is the line making an angle phi with the x-axis. Put + + XX = SUM_i x[i]^2, + XY = SUM_i x[i]*y[i], + YY = SUM_i y[i]^2. + +Then tan(2*phi) = 2*XY/(XX-YY). + +This gives two solutions for phi. Take the one such that the point +(XX-YY, 2*XY) lies on the ray through the origin with angle 2*phi. +(Remark. It is possible to solve the coefficients for x and y +algebraically, without going through the arctan routine, but it is harder +then to get the signs correct.) + +-- + +Lambert Meertens, CWI, Amsterdam; lambert@cwi.nl +#! rnews 852 +Path: alberta!mnetor!uunet!mcvax!inria!imag!bordier +From: bordier@imag.UUCP (Jerome Bordier) +Newsgroups: comp.sys.mac +Subject: Re: Arabic Wordprocessing / Publishing +Message-ID: <2285@imag.UUCP> +Date: 4 Dec 87 10:24:35 GMT +Reply-To: bordier@imag.UUCP (Jerome Bordier) +Organization: IMAG, University of Grenoble, France +Lines: 14 + +"Winsoft", a small firm developping and selling software for the Macintosh, +has made "Wintext", a word processor fully compatible with the "Arabic +Macintosh+" (you have to obtain the Arabic keyboard distributed by Apple). +Their address is: + Winsoft + 34 boulevard de l'Esplanade + 38000 GRENOBLE France +Phone no.: 76.87.56.01 + +-- +Jerome BORDIER Laboratoire Structures Discretes Institut IMAG + B.P.68 - 38402 SAINT MARTIN D'HERES CEDEX France +E.Mail: +bordier@imag.imag.fr or {uunet.uu.net|mcvax}!imag!bordier +#! rnews 1182 +Path: alberta!mnetor!uunet!mcvax!inria!rouaix +From: rouaix@inria.UUCP (Francois Rouaix) +Newsgroups: comp.sys.amiga +Subject: POPCLI III Another Bug +Keywords: left-amiga-esc timing +Message-ID: <587@inria.UUCP> +Date: 5 Dec 87 17:45:19 GMT +Organization: INRIA, Rocquencourt. France +Lines: 20 + + + Well, it seems there is another bug in Popcli III. + Just try + 1> run popcli 30 + and then press Left-Amiga-Esc: the drive (where c: is) spins for + a moment and nothing happens. + The new 'screen-blanker' works all right but the automatic launch + is defeated. + Same for values of 10 and 40 seconds. + I didn't have time to figure out the limit value for which Popcli will + work (it works with default value and 240s). + Anyway, despite I *love* the new feature (let's keep the secret :-), + I'd rather have the old screen-blanker : at least I can sleep while + the Amiga is still on and working, and also it won't eat CPU-time I + need for Ray-tracing !! +-- + +*- Francois Rouaix / When the going gets tough, * +*- USENET:rouaix@inria.inria.fr \/ the guru goes meditating...* +* SYSOP of Sgt. Flam's Lonely Amigas Club. (33) (1) 39-55-84-59 (Videotext) * +#! rnews 539 +Path: alberta!mnetor!uunet!husc6!uwvax!rutgers!lll-lcc!ames!sdcsvax!ucsdhub!hp-sdd!ncr-sd!crash!pnet01!hhaller +From: hhaller@pnet01.cts.com (Harry Haller) +Newsgroups: comp.dcom.modems +Subject: Re: Facsimile on PC +Message-ID: <2140@crash.cts.com> +Date: 14 Dec 87 04:36:13 GMT +Sender: news@crash.cts.com +Organization: People-Net [pnet01], El Cajon, CA +Lines: 4 + +There is a board you can plug into the backplane that purports to give you +full FAX capability with editing. Of course, I forget the name, but if you +look in the literature... +() +#! rnews 1436 +Path: alberta!mnetor!uunet!husc6!uwvax!rutgers!lll-lcc!ames!sdcsvax!ucsdhub!hp-sdd!ncr-sd!crash!pnet01!dm +From: dm@pnet01.cts.com (Dan Melson) +Newsgroups: rec.aviation +Subject: Re: ARSA transition phraseology +Message-ID: <2141@crash.cts.com> +Date: 14 Dec 87 06:16:11 GMT +Sender: news@crash.cts.com +Organization: People-Net [pnet01], El Cajon, CA +Lines: 21 + +The question was asked why an ARSA controller might want to know your +destination. + +Actually, what they really want to know is where you're going *now*, like +'direct PMD' or 'following I5 northbound' (I have *no* idea of what type of +airspace that will take you through at any given altitude) or whatever course, +heading, or whatever you intend to take through the ARSA. + +Now, if you're going to get flight following, the controller is going to want +to know your complete route of flight for which you want flight following, +so that it can be entered into the machine and the autumated handoffs can be +used between sectors and facilities. + +As for why, that's very simple. For purposes of calling traffic, which I +consider to be sufficient, if no one else does. The same reason the +controller at the VFR tower asks your direction of departure. If nothing +else, the controller can always tell the left downwind departures 'traffic a +(whatever) reported 6 SE for a left base entry', or whatever is appropriate. + +MY opinions ONLY! + DM +#! rnews 2759 +Path: alberta!mnetor!uunet!mcvax!diku!iesd!jacob +From: jacob@iesd.uucp (Jacob stergaard B{kke) +Newsgroups: comp.ai +Subject: job search, Comp. eng. +Summary: I'm looking for a job +Keywords: Job, Computer. eng., Computer. sci., M.S. +Message-ID: <152@iesd.uucp> +Date: 2 Dec 87 13:20:07 GMT +Reply-To: jacob@iesd.UUCP (Jacob \stergaard B{kke) +Organization: Dept. of Comp. Sci., Aalborg University, Denmark (student) +Lines: 69 + +I'm looking for a job in Computer Engineering to begin around July +1988. I'm getting my Master of Science in Computer Engineering June +1988 and at present holding a degree equal to BS in Electronic +Engineering. My BS studies have included: + + Computer hardware (hands-on knowledge with mc68k), + Analog electronic + Control engineering (analog and digital control) + +My MS studies have included: + + Software development (man-machine interface, what people want + from programs) + Compiler construction (an expertsystem shell) + Program environment (for CCS programming) + Distributed operating systems (in UNIX) + Compiler mapping object-orinted language on parallel computers + +Furthermore I do have experience in conventional programming (PASCAL, +C, postscript, UNIX (awk, shell-scripts(C-shell) and yacc/lex) (and Basic)), +functional programming (LISP and ML) and logical programming (Prolog) +and knowledge about object-oriented programming. And I +have also attended courses in VLSI design, databases, etc. I have been +working with CDC under NOS/Telex, VAX 11/750 under Ultrix, SUN 3 under +Sun OS 4.3 (UNIX), MacIntosh (LISA) under Finder and IBM S36 under IBM +property operating system. + +My spoken English is excellent and my written English is satisfactory, +good knowledge of the Scandinavian languages (Danish (of course), +Swedish and Norwegian), some speaking and reading knowledge of German +and limited knowledge of French and Spanish (and Latin). + +I have 5 years experience in group project work in engineering and +computer scinence areas, broad social interest, good health. + +My interest include computer hardware and software, operating system +design, expertsystems, distributed, concurrency and teaching. + +I'm open on location (outside Denmark) but I have relatives or other +reasons to be especially intereted in: + + Canada (British Colombia or Toronto) + USA (New England or Pacific Coast) + Pacific (New Zealand or Oceania) + Thailand + Scotland (Highlands) + +I'll look forward to any reponds. + + Yours sincerely + + Jacob Baekke, Denmark + +For further information: + +Reply to: jacob@iesd.uucp, {...}!mcvax!diku!ised!jacob or + +at Univ: Jacob Baekke + S9D (in spring S10) + Strandvejen 19 + AUC + DK--9000 Aalborg + Denmark + +private: Jacob Baekke + Davids Alle 48 + DK--9000 Aalborg + Denmark + Tel. 45-(0)8102673 +#! rnews 2425 +Path: alberta!mnetor!uunet!husc6!bbn!rochester!cornell!uw-beaver!uw-june!uw-entropy!dataio!suvax1!hirayama +From: hirayama@suvax1.UUCP (Pat Hirayama) +Newsgroups: rec.arts.anime +Subject: Re: Speed Racer and the Mach 5 +Message-ID: <810@suvax1.UUCP> +Date: 14 Dec 87 05:28:25 GMT +References: <1103@jumbo.dec.com> +Organization: Seattle University, Seattle, WA. +Lines: 45 + +in article <1103@jumbo.dec.com>, schubert@jumbo.dec.com (Ann Schubert) says: +> Posted: Thu Dec 10 15:26:21 1987 +> +> +> THIS IS A RE-POST FROM REC.ARTS.TV +> +> +> In article <4540011@wdl1.UUCP> (James Y. Nakamura) writes: +> +> I have a question about Speed. We can't figure out all the neato gadgets his +> car had I think it went like: +> 1: Jacks that also made the car able to jump. +> 2: ??? +> 3: Saw blades that cut through stuff +> 4: Closes off the top so the Mach 5 becomes a sub.. +> 5: Homing pidgeon on a rope. +> + + Don't forget the special treads which would appear on his tires + to allow for climbing up rough ground or driving near vertical. + + Every now and then, I remember that they would add a new option + (boy, don't you wish your friendly neighborhood dealership would + offer some of these for your car?). Unfortunately, it has been + many years since I last saw Speed Racer, but I do remember one + episode which added little winglets which would come out from under- + neath the doors. This added a little gliding ability. Any one + else remember any? + + +> Also why did Speed have a G on his shirt? Go doesn't really wash with me and +> I don't know enough Japanese to equate letters. +> + + I used to know this but I can't remember anymore, though I + suspect that it might have to do with the original name of + the character/title of the show in Nihongo. Help anyone? + +******************************************************************************* +* --Pat Hirayama * +* --Seattle University * +* * +* "Yamato Hasshin!" - Kodai Susumu * +* * +******************************************************************************* +#! rnews 684 +Path: alberta!mnetor!uunet!mcvax!inria!axis!matra!godefroy +From: godefroy@matra.UUCP (Eric Godefroy) +Newsgroups: comp.unix.wizards +Subject: 8 bits on a pseudo-tty +Message-ID: <252@matra.matra.UUCP> +Date: 3 Dec 87 13:33:27 GMT +Reply-To: godefroy@matra.UUCP (Eric Godefroy) +Organization: Matra Datasysteme +Lines: 9 + +On 4.2 bsd, it seems difficult to set a pseudo-tty (ptyp / ttyp) in +the pass8 mode. Is it impossible really or how can I do that ? + +---------------------------------------------------------- + + Eric Godefroy UUCP: mcvax!inria!matra!godefroy + Matra Datasysteme Tel: (33-1) 30 58 98 00 + 1, av Niepce Fax: (33-1) 30 45 41 59 + 78180 Montigny-le-Bretonneux France +#! rnews 2663 +Path: alberta!mnetor!uunet!husc6!bbn!rochester!cornell!uw-beaver!uw-june!uw-entropy!dataio!suvax1!hirayama +From: hirayama@suvax1.UUCP (Pat Hirayama) +Newsgroups: rec.arts.sf-lovers,rec.arts.anime +Subject: Re: Old TV shows +Message-ID: <811@suvax1.UUCP> +Date: 14 Dec 87 05:54:39 GMT +References: <4254@dandelion.CI.COM> +Organization: Seattle University, Seattle, WA. +Lines: 40 +Xref: alberta rec.arts.sf-lovers:9224 rec.arts.anime:249 + +in article <4254@dandelion.CI.COM>, david@dandelion.CI.COM (David M. Watson) says: +> Xref: suvax1 rec.arts.sf-lovers:7102 rec.arts.anime:235 +> +> +> I have foggy but pleasant memories of three other converted Japanese +> - (not anime, but...) Ultraman! (Was it: "Hiyata! The beta capsule!"?) +> He was a large silver "good-monster" with a red light +> mounted on his chest that would blink whenever his batteries +> were getting low. And in his valiant, exhausting fights +> against the dinosaur types that frequently showed up to +> menace the World, he almost always came close to running out! +> And I remember a obligatory post-crisis trip to the jewelery +> store for Hiyata and friend! +> +> Would anyone like to refresh my memory about any of these three? +> + - Ultraman was one of several incredibly popular shows in Japan during + the late 60s/early 70s/early 80s. Actually, there were several shows + each featuring one or more of the "Ultra" brothers, of whom Ultraman + was the "leader/head/eldest (you get the idea)". There was also + Ultra 5 and a bunch of others which I can't remember and it would + take a long time to dig out the books. There was something of a + revival when UltraMan 80 (?) was released in Japan. + + Of these, I believe that only the original Ultraman was released + and dubbed for the American market. + + - By the way, Hayata would be the way to spell his name (though it + would be more accurately pronounced by you gaijin as "Hiyata". + + - Of course, there is nary a trace of him now in Japan. Programs + have this incredible tendency of grabbing hold of everyone, then + they drop it for something new. + +***************************************************************************** +* -Pat Hirayama * +* -Seattle University * +* * +* > No messages or quotes right now < * +***************************************************************************** +#! rnews 1910 +Path: alberta!mnetor!uunet!mcvax!enea!tut!santra!nispa +From: nispa@hutcs.hut.fi (Tapani Lindgren) +Newsgroups: comp.unix.wizards,comp.unix.questions +Subject: Unattended dumps (BSD4.3) +Message-ID: <9032@santra.UUCP> +Date: 4 Dec 87 15:19:19 GMT +Sender: news@santra.UUCP +Followup-To: comp.unix.wizards +Organization: Helsinki University of Technology, Finland +Lines: 28 +Xref: alberta comp.unix.wizards:5739 comp.unix.questions:4767 + +I have encountered a problem trying to make a shell script that would +make incremental backups at nighttime without operator attendance. +The problem results from dump(8) program requiring occasional +responses from the operator through /dev/tty. The script is +run from another script, /usr/adm/daily, under cron control and has no +controlling terminal, so it just hangs trying to read /dev/tty. It would +be ok if dump just aborted when facing a situation that would require +operator intervention. The script should never hang in a loop under +any circumstances, because /usr/adm/daily must do other things too +and finish after a reasonable time. + +Currently I have the dump script run a background subshell that sleeps for +an hour and then kills the dump script (if it still runs) and all dump +processes. This is very complicated, however, and the watchdog process +is almost 50% of the whole script. It is also very slow - I would +like it to stop immediately if it finds an error, report it to log file, +rewind the tape, and let /usr/adm/daily continue its work. + +Has anyone out there in the Netland have any suggestions of what to do? +Can yes(1) somehow be piped to a program that reads /dev/tty? +Could dump(8) be modified to abort at errors without any questions? +What kind of unattended backup systems do you have? + +--- +Tapani Lindgren, Helsinki Univ. of Technology, CS dept. +INTERNET: nispa@hutcs.hut.fi +UUCP: mcvax!santra!hutcs!nispa +BITNET: nispa%hutcs.UUCP@fingate.BITNET +#! rnews 2315 +Path: alberta!mnetor!uunet!husc6!bbn!oberon!pollux.usc.edu!kurtzman +From: kurtzman@pollux.usc.edu (Stephen Kurtzman) +Newsgroups: rec.food.cooking +Subject: Re: Cooking Wines +Message-ID: <5698@oberon.USC.EDU> +Date: 14 Dec 87 11:38:44 GMT +References: <4628@pyr.gatech.EDU> <10722@sri-unix.ARPA> <2028@ttrdc.UUCP> +Sender: nobody@oberon.USC.EDU +Reply-To: kurtzman@pollux.usc.edu (Stephen Kurtzman) +Organization: University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA +Lines: 37 + +In article <2028@ttrdc.UUCP> levy@ttrdc.UUCP (Daniel R. Levy) writes: +> +>2) (more seriously) I've seen bottles of "wine for cooking" that have had +> salt (and vinegar?) added. These might be OK for sauces (yeah, the +> snootier gourmets wouldn't want anything to do with them) but they +> would obviously be horrible to drink. + +I think that these wines would be particularly bad for sauces that require +wine as a major component and require reducing the wine. There are two +reasons that come to mind: + +1) What is normally labeled as cooking wine is usually wine that is not good +enough to sell as table wine. If the taste is not the best, reducing it will +only concentrate its flaws. + +2) Cooking wines contain salt. Reducing a cooking wine will concentrate the +salt. This could really ruin the sauce. + +There best reason I have seen for using a good wine to cook with was given +by Alexis Bespaloff in the "New Signet Book of Wine", which states + + "Furthermore, it is actually uneconomical to buy cheap wine for cooking. + Say that an elaborate lobster dish calls for a spoonful or two of sherry + to heighten its flavor. A cook who runs out to buy a bottle of cheap + sherry will diminish the taste of an expensive and time-consuming dish with + a quarter's worth of wine. What's more, because the wine is a poor example + of its type, it may not be enjoyable to drink, so the spoonful of wine has, + in fact, cost the full price of the bottle." + +That is fairly sound reasoning. Of course, the last sentence does not +necessarily follow. You could keep the cheap wine around to diminish several +meals. + +BTW, I recommend the "New Signet Book of Wine" to anyone who wants to learn +more about wine. It is available for $4.50 as a paperback. Quite a value +when you compare it to the $20-or-more, glossy coffee-table wine books out +on the market. +#! rnews 1809 +Path: alberta!mnetor!uunet!mcvax!enea!luth!d2c-usg +From: d2c-usg@sm.luth.se (Ulrik"Rick"Sandberg) +Newsgroups: rec.music.misc +Subject: Re: Yes and ELP questions...... +Keywords: Tales from Topographic Oceans +Message-ID: <435@psi.luth.se> +Date: 4 Dec 87 18:28:34 GMT +References: <748@augusta.UUCP> <434@psi.luth.se> +Reply-To: Ulrik"Rick"Sandberg +Organization: University of Lulea, Sweden +Lines: 28 +UUCP-Path: {uunet,mcvax}!enea!psi.luth.se!d2c-usg + + +In article <434@psi.luth.se> I wrote: +>In article <748@augusta.UUCP> bs@augusta.UUCP (Burch Seymour) writes: +>>been looking for Tales on CD without success. To get to the point, is +>>it (Tales) on CD? +> +>One of my friends ordered it from a Recordshop in Gothenburg, but got +>the answer that it was sold out. However, they didn't say that the +>record isn't existing on CD. He was supposed to recieve it later. +>Any wiser of that? +> + +Correction: + +Received is spelled received, not recieved. :-) + +My friend told me that they said "Tales.. is not on CD." That's why he didn't +get it. Sorry for the confusing information. + + +~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ +~ ~ +~ Ulrik 'Rick' Sandberg d2c-usg@luth.UUCP (or) ~ +~ Computer Technology d2c-usg@psi.luth.se (or) ~ +~ University of Lulea {uunet,mcvax}!enea!psi.luth.se!d2c-usg ~ +~ Sweden ~ +~ phone: (0920)-977 90 (home) "I feel lost in the city..." ~ +~ -- Jon Anderson -- ~ +~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ +#! rnews 1128 +Path: alberta!mnetor!uunet!husc6!rutgers!lll-lcc!pyramid!decwrl!cssaus.dec.com!bell +From: bell@cssaus.dec.com (Peter Bell, SNA-2, Sydney) +Newsgroups: rec.music.classical +Subject: Hogwood +Message-ID: <8712141101.AA04882@decwrl.dec.com> +Date: 15 Dec 87 05:23:00 GMT +Organization: Digital Equipment Corporation +Lines: 15 + +I have just finished singing (in choir) under Hogwood, it was an experience. We +sang Schuberts Mass in G, (as Schubert wrote it, missing a few phrases of the +Credo). Hogwood knew exactly what he wanted, and worked till we did it right. +Then as we tidied up the last few problems, he would let us sing through whole +sections, then go back and point out all the problems. + +We also sang the Messiah (not with Hogwood unfortunately) the delight of +those performances was Elizabeth Cambells singing "He was despised..." + +In this performance the two trumpeters waited off stage until just before their +appearances in each half, the first trumpet parts were played by a large +trumpeter (in nice to see that Sydney musicains are not starving) on what +looked like a very small valved trumpet (trumpet in F??). + +Peter. +#! rnews 1252 +Path: alberta!mnetor!uunet!mcvax!dutrun!winffhp +From: winffhp@dutrun.UUCP (Frits Post and/or Andrew Glassner) +Newsgroups: comp.graphics +Subject: abstracts wanted +Keywords: ray tracing, abstracts +Message-ID: <190@dutrun.UUCP> +Date: 2 Dec 87 09:14:55 GMT +Organization: Delft University of Technology,The Netherlands +Lines: 21 + +I am preparing a list of technical memos, technical notes, +internal reports, and other such low-circulation documents +that deal with ray tracing. I'm interested in documents +both large and small. The documents need not be expressly +about ray tracing; the criterion is that the information in +the document be useful to ray tracing researchers in some way. + +If you have prepared such a document, please send me enough +information to digest it. That would at least include your +name and organization, the document's title, perhaps a reference +number, and (very important!) an abstract. + +All contributors will receive a complete copy of the final list. + +-Andrew Glassner + email until 15 December: uunet!mcvax!dutrun!frits + email after 15 December: glassner@unc.cs.edu , unc!glassner +-- + ...mcvax!dutrun!frits + Faculty of Mathematics and Informatics + Delft University of Technology +#! rnews 593 +Path: alberta!mnetor!uunet!mcvax!lambert +From: lambert@cwi.nl (Lambert Meertens) +Newsgroups: sci.lang +Subject: Re: Acquiring native accents +Message-ID: <136@piring.cwi.nl> +Date: 5 Dec 87 22:56:44 GMT +Organization: CWI, Amsterdam +Lines: 8 + +When I speak English I hear no Dutch accent in my voice. But if my voice +is recorded and played back to me I find the Dutch accent unmistakable. If +this phenomenon is a general one, it goes a good deal towards explaining +why adult learners of a new language do not fully master the native accent. + +-- + +Lambert Meertens, CWI, Amsterdam; lambert@cwi.nl +#! rnews 6735 +Path: alberta!mnetor!uunet!mcvax!philmds!leffe!janpo +From: janpo@leffe.UUCP (janpo) +Newsgroups: rec.music.misc +Subject: Re: Ideas for improving the debate (was: Digital vs. Analog music) +Summary: Digital versus Analog +Keywords: CDs expensive audiophile equip. fourier analysis +Message-ID: <43@leffe.UUCP> +Date: 4 Dec 87 13:55:04 GMT +References: <574@ucdavis.ucdavis.edu> <522@altura.srcsip.UUCP> <3051@batcomputer.tn.cornell.edu> +Organization: Philips I&E DTS Eindhoven +Lines: 123 + + + +1) Mr. Konar, press the 'n' key immediately! There's another arrogant + audiophile going to pollute the net with his view on the Digital vs. + Analog issue. + +2) I'm not very much acquainted with the news stuff on the net, but it + seems we don't receive the rec.audio newsgroup here in Europe. Can + something be done about that? + +3) Now let me come to the point. + In article <3051@batcomputer.tn.cornell.edu> eacj@batcomputer.tn.cornell + (Julian Vrieslander) he writes: +>Konar than goes on to comment about the "arrogance" of audiophiles who still +>prefer analog recordings to digital. He says the issue should be laid to rest +>, the implicit assumption being that the case has been proven that analog +>recording is obsolete. + +>I for one think that the issue is still an open (and interesting) one, but I +>am a bit surprised at how polarized and closed the recent comments to this +>thread have been. + +I agree with him, so let me do my bit now. A technology not being perfect +, or getting close to that, is still worth a discussion. Remember that it +took about a 100 years of thorough research from Edison's first grammophone +to the modern high quality turntables. Don't expect digital audio to be +perfect now only a few years after its introduction, no matter what the +commercial guys say. They are only interested in your hard-earned $$$$. + +Until now I have only been in the opportunity to make a good comparison +between a high-end turntable and some first genaration. I'll summarize +the pros and cons of which I think are important and which I can think of +now. Many of them are well known, others may not. + +PROS OF ANALOG: +- Cheap records. +- As John Vrieslander mentioned: More real, more spatious, more delicate, + more emotionally involving. I won't try to find other words for this + description 'cause I can't think of a better one. Unfortunately, this + can only be heard on good, say > $2k-$3k systems without an infinite + number of knobs, lights and other gadgets normally found in aeroplane + cockpits. + +CONS OF ANALOG: +- More hissy, rumble,scratches,sound degrading after many times of + playing the record. This counts less when you have good records + (Japanese ones are most often excellent but hard to get now.) and take + good care of them. +- No flat frequency response, especially at the low and high end. +- Phase distortion. +- Harmonic distortion increases with amplitude. + +PROS OF DIGITAL: +- Longer durability than records (?). Less hissy, no rumble or ticks of + scratches. +- Almost no phase distortion, flat frequency response within the audio + range. +- Easy to use. +- Slightly (!) more dynamic. Why only slightly? Well, the 96 dB dynamic + range theoretically possible with a CD is not very practical. In reality + it is compressed, as far as I know, to some 40-60 dB depending on the + music (Pop, Jazz, Classic) because: + a) No one wants to run continuously to his volume knob to adjust the + volume.If not compressed the music will either be banging through your + living room and of your neighbours or it will drown in the inevitable + background noise. + b) Studio equipment has a dynamic range of less than, say, 70 to 80 dB + when you assume the Signal to Noise ratio being equal to the dynamic + range. + c) Sound gets to distorted at low levels. (See also cons) + d) A dynamic headroom of 10 dB is desired. + With all this limitations the dynamic range of CD's is not much different + with that of a good record. +- Excellent bass response. Deep and well defined. +- Very stable stereo image. + +CONS OF DIGITAL: +- Expensive records. +- When listening to a CD, it seems as if there is no "space" around around + the instruments and voices. It sounds cold and not very lively. +- First generation players and the cheaper CD players nowadays suffer from + very distorted high tones. They sound harsh. Cymbals for instance sound + like someone is sawing them into pieces instead giving it a gentle hit + with a drum-stick. They do not sound crisp and clear. +- Distortion increases dramatically with lower amplitudes (!). It can be + more than 1.5 % at low levels. And it's a very nasty kind of distortion. +- CD players produce (digital) noise above the audio range. This noise itself + can not be heard but other audio equipment may suffer from intermodulation + distortion which brings this noise back in the audio range. +- Many CD players, especially the first ones, do not seem to be very reliable + mechanically. +- I've heard that digital audio recording is quite different from analog. + I mean in terms of how it has to be done properly. I don't mean the + equipment needed, that's quite obvious. Not all studio crew seem to know + how to make a good digital recording. Does anyone know more about that? + +Well, this must be enough stuff to think and talk about. + +The above mentioned cons of digital audio may be overcome in the latest +players but I have not had the opportunity until now to carefully listen +to them and to compare them. According to some serious audio magazines +available here in Holland they seem to be improved. Many top-of-the-line +models now have separated power supplys for the digital and analog +circuitry, opto-couplers between those circuits, an additional analog filter +to filter out > 20 kHz noise, 16 bit with with n times oversampling, stable +and rigid chassis and improved error correction. All this may have solved +(some) of the cons I mentioned but I'm not sure. Players which have one or +more of these improvements and thus may be of interest (At least for Julian +Vrieslander and me) are: Philips (Magnavox in the USA I believe) CD 650 and +CD 960, Nakamichi, Mission, Meridian and if memory serves me well, Acoustical +Research (Or Audio Research. Don't know anymore). The latter two may be +difficult to get in the USA, they are made in the UK. No doubt that there +are more good CD players but can't think of others now. These are the +players I consider buying when normal LP's are no longer available. + +Pooh! That was more than I intended to write but still far less than I can +tell about this stuff. + + Kind regards from + Jan Postma + + +And on the seventh day, God went surfing! +#! rnews 1424 +Path: alberta!mnetor!uunet!mcvax!cernvax!ethz!heiser +From: heiser@ethz.UUCP (Gernot Heiser) +Newsgroups: comp.emacs +Subject: Setting terminal-emulator's environment +Keywords: GNU Emacs function `terminal-emulator' +Message-ID: <261@bernina.UUCP> +Date: 5 Dec 87 13:42:37 GMT +Reply-To: heiser@ethz.UUCP (Gernot Heiser) +Organization: ETH Zuerich, Switzerland +Lines: 18 + + +Using the GNU emacs terminal-emulator to run interactive programs would be +quite limited if the parent emacs can't be used for editing (when the program +run under the emulator starts up an editor). While some programs (like `rn') +allow to explicitely specify the editor, a general solution would require to +specify `emacsclient' in the `EDITOR' environment variable of the process +running under the terminal emulator. + +Naturally this could be done by running the shell under the emulator, setting +the environment of the shell, and then running the program we are really +interested in. A better way would be to set the environment from the +`terminal-mode-hook'. Is there any means to achieve this???? (I'm running GNU +Emacs version 18.49.) +-- +Gernot Heiser Phone: +41 1/256 23 48 +Integrated Systems Laboratory CSNET/ARPA: heiser%ifi.ethz.ch@relay.cs.net +ETH Zuerich EARN/BITNET: GRIDFILE@CZHETH5A +CH-8092 Zuerich, Switzerland EUNET/UUCP: {uunet,...}!mcvax!ethz!heiser +#! rnews 1617 +Path: alberta!mnetor!uunet!mcvax!enea!sommar +From: sommar@enea.UUCP (Erland Sommarskog) +Newsgroups: rec.music.misc +Subject: Re: another net.question +Message-ID: <2496@enea.UUCP> +Date: 5 Dec 87 16:46:48 GMT +References: <251@ho7cad.ATT.COM> +Reply-To: sommar@enea.UUCP(Erland Sommarskog) +Followup-To: rec.music.misc +Organization: ENEA DATA Svenska AB, Sweden +Lines: 27 + +P.CLARK (prc@ho7cad.ATT.COM) writes: +> Should a band play the entire new album when they do a concert? + + +No, why should they? There may be songs on the album that are +very good listening to at home, but just doesn't make it live, +just as there are songs with the opposite character; good live, +but just a bore on disc. + +Deep Purple and Marillion and good example of extremes in both +ends. When I saw D.P. in February this year, they played three +of the ten songs from "The House of Blue Light", their latest +album. That is a quite decent product, but I didn't miss those +songs anyway. (I, and everyone else, would have been much more +disappointed if they had left out "Smoke on the Water".) + Marillion on the other hand; on the two tours they made after +"Misplaced Childhood", they insisted on playing entire album +as one long song. There are many parts on that album that just +becomes dead passages where nothing happens when they are played +live. ("Bitter Suite" and "Blind Curve" for instance.) Marillion +is no good live band, and playing obsolete material does not +make things better. +-- +Erland Sommarskog +ENEA Data, Stockholm +sommar@enea.UUCP + C, it's a 3rd class language, you can tell by the name. +#! rnews 4410 +Path: alberta!mnetor!uunet!mcvax!enea!sommar +From: sommar@enea.UUCP (Erland Sommarskog) +Newsgroups: rec.music.misc +Subject: Re: More than Yes +Message-ID: <2502@enea.UUCP> +Date: 5 Dec 87 19:18:59 GMT +References: <22034@ucbvax.BERKELEY.EDU> +Reply-To: sommar@enea.UUCP(Erland Sommarskog) +Followup-To: rec.music.misc +Organization: ENEA DATA Svenska AB, Sweden +Lines: 72 + +Grady Toss (ebm@ernie.Berkeley.EDU) writes: +>Whenever this newsgroup gets around to discussing 70's/80's fusion (the +>current go-round sparked by the proof that Yes is Best), the content +>seems to be limited to the same 5 or 6 groups (Yes, Rush, ELP, King +>Crimson, Pink Floyd, Genesis, etc.). + +Grady seems to be confusing the issue a bit here. He talks about fusion and +the mentions groups that belong(ed) to the symphonic-rock genre. (I prefer +that term instead of "progressive") For me "fusion" is a synonym with +jazz-rock. Anyway, that is more of question of semantics, the two genres +have a lot in common. (The main difference maybe being that symphony-rock +is European and fusion American.) + +The reason why these groups are being discussed the most is probably that +they have gained the greatest commercial succes. This may or may not +be correlated to the fact they are the best. + +>Doesn't (didn't) anyone listen to +>some of the (apparently) lesser-known fusion greats? Bands and artists +>like Arti + Mestieri, Brand X, Arthur Brown & Kingdom Come, Egg, Gilgamesh, +>Hatfield & The North, Henry Cow, Alain Markusfeld, National Health, PFM, +>Quiet Sun, Return to Forever, Seventh Wave, The Soft Machine, UK and +>Weather Report. + +Being quite fond of this kind of music, I feel obliged to comment. It's +a real mixture Grady presents and I must admit there are names I have +never heard. Anyway, I think he is a bit unfair, some of them have +certainly been discussed on the net. For instance, I posted a discograhpy +on Brand X some month ago. Some comments to the other names: + PFM (Premiata Forneria Marconi) have been mentioned from time to time, +the Italian answer on Genesis, which developed in a different way. Now +disbanded, I believe. One day or another may be I'll post a discography. + Quiet Sun. The band in which Phil Manzanera played before he joined +Roxy Music. Their "Mainstream" is rather like jazz, but not mainstream. + Seventh Wave. This is the name I never expected to see on the net! I +bought their "Things to Come" when I was 15 and I was really fond of it +then. These days I don't find that amount of synthesizers so exciting as +I did then. + Wheather Report. Quite well-known. But really, you do only need "Heavy +Wheather", the one with "Birdland". May be some more, "Mysterious Traveller" +perhaps, but then you'll find that they all sound the same. + +>As I said before, I find much of Yes and ELP to be very dull, and un- +>affecting. I like Rush, though more live than on record. + +As you can guess, I don't share Grady's view here. Yes has made good +music, yet never really touched my soul, probably due to their utterly +stupid and semi-religious lyrics. "Brain Salad Surgery" is a very good +record, the rest of what ELP have done is so-so. Rush don't turn me on +at all, on the other hand. The net discussion inspired me to try +"A Farewell to Kings" (A random choice). May be I would have liked them +10 years ago, but not today with those lyrics and that voice. + +>So, were Yes, ELP, Pink Floyd, King Crimson, Genesis and Rush really "it" +>as far as most progrock fans go, or did some of these "lesser known" artists +>(and all the others I forgot or never knew) filter out to larger audiences? + +Depends on how you define your terms here, but I can easily think +of more groups, some of them succesful, some of them not, some of them +good, some them not so good: +Kansas, Saga, Asia, Jethro Tull, Roxy Music, Gentle Giant, Van Der Graaf +Generator, George Duke, Billy Cobham, Al DiMeola, Herbie Hancock, Dixie +Dregs, Ange, (Mahavishnu) John McLaughlin, Santana, Bill Bruford etc + I think that most of these people have had their share of the discussion +on the net. So to conclude, I do not really share Grady's initial obser- +vation. However some particular groups are certainly being over-discussed, +namely Rush, Yes and recently also Pink Floyd. +-- +Erland Sommarskog +ENEA Data, Stockholm +sommar@enea.UUCP + C, it's a 3rd class language, you can tell by the name. +#! rnews 916 +Path: alberta!mnetor!uunet!mcvax!enea!tut!santra!clinet!waldo +From: waldo@clinet.FI (Tuomas Siltala) +Newsgroups: rec.music.synth +Subject: Siel DK80 sequenceer +Keywords: How to use? +Message-ID: <553@clinet.FI> +Date: 5 Dec 87 21:36:23 GMT +Reply-To: waldo@clinet.UUCP (Tuomas Siltala) +Organization: City Lines Oy, Helsinki, Finland +Lines: 17 + +My friend bought a Siel DK80 synthesizer and now he is wondering how +the sequencer in that machine works. + + +Unfortunately we don't have any manuals for it. + +Could somebody kindly send me information concerning this problem? + +Thank you! + +------------------------------------------------------------------------------ + + Tuomas Siltala Internet: waldo@clinet.FI + Kalevankatu 51 B 37 + SF-00180 Helsinki, Finland Telephone: +358-0-6947735 + +------------------------------------------------------------------------------ +#! rnews 1655 +Path: alberta!mnetor!uunet!mcvax!enea!luth!d2c-czl +From: d2c-czl@sm.luth.se (Caj Zell) +Newsgroups: rec.music.misc +Subject: Re: Black Sabbath songs +Message-ID: <437@psi.luth.se> +Date: 6 Dec 87 01:38:40 GMT +References: <1208@gumby.wisc.edu> <3590@h.cc.purdue.edu> +Reply-To: Caj Zell +Organization: University of Lulea, Sweden +Lines: 25 +UUCP-Path: {uunet,mcvax}!enea!psi.luth.se!d2c-czl + + +In article <3590@h.cc.purdue.edu> acu@h.cc.purdue.edu.UUCP (Floyd McWilliams) +writes: + +> While we're talking about Sabbath, does anyone know who does the +>vocals on "Solitute" (from the Master of Reality album) and "It's All Right" +>(from Technical Ecstasy)? It sure doesn't sound like the Oz... + +I would like to add another song:"Swinging The Chain" on _Never Say Die!_. +Who the hell does the vocals here? + +By the way,has anybody heard the new album? + + + XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX + X X + X X + X Caj Zell ________________________ X + X University of Lulea : : X + X Sweden : Jazz is not dead, : X + X : it just smells funny : X + X mail: d2c-czl@psi.luth.se : -Frank Zappa : X + X : : X + X -----------------------: X + X X + XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX +#! rnews 760 +Path: alberta!mnetor!uunet!mcvax!unido!gmdka!florin +From: florin@gmdka.UUCP +Newsgroups: comp.windows.x +Subject: C++ re-hacks of X11 include files - (nf) +Message-ID: <2800001@gmdka.UUCP> +Date: 3 Dec 87 13:16:00 GMT +Lines: 14 +Nf-ID: #N:gmdka:2800001:000:458 +Nf-From: gmdka!florin Dec 3 14:16:00 1987 + +Hi there, + +I'm actually working on C++ re-hacks of the X11 include files. +There are some problems with Xlib.h. In structures +Visual, XWindowAttributes and XColormapEvent there are variables named +``class'' and ``new'' which cause serious problems (C++ keywords) ! + +For the moment I've changed the names, but this is an awful hack. Does anybody +know a better solution ? + + -- Florin + +UUCP: ...!uunet!unido!gmdka!florin +X.400: florin@karlsruhe.gmd.dbp.de +#! rnews 4069 +Path: alberta!mnetor!uunet!mcvax!ukc!reading!onion!riddle!domo +From: domo@riddle.UUCP (Dominic Dunlop) +Newsgroups: comp.unix.xenix,comp.sys.att,comp.sys.intel +Subject: How to load AT&T 6300 Plus packages to generic UNIX V.3 +Summary: Here's a shell script to do it for you +Keywords: Intel, 386/ix, Microport, Prime +Message-ID: <522@riddle.UUCP> +Date: 4 Dec 87 17:47:52 GMT +Reply-To: domo@riddle.UUCP (Dominic Dunlop) +Followup-To: comp.unix.xenix +Organization: Sphinx Ltd., Maidenhead, England +Lines: 106 +Xref: alberta comp.unix.xenix:1170 comp.sys.att:1825 comp.sys.intel:379 + +[If there's a Microport newsgroup, it doesn't come here] + + Background + +AT&T's generic UNIX V.3 for the 80386 (as sold in binary form by AT&T, +Bell Technologies, Intel, Interactive Systems, Microport, Prime etc.) +will run binaries created for UNIX V.2 on the 80286. A large number of +packages exists for AT&T's 6300 Plus, an 80286-based system running V.2. +These can be run on 80386-based systems while you're waiting for +software authors to come up with native 80386 ports of their products. + + Problem + +You are supposed to load packages onto your 6300 Plus using the system's +administration procedures. These handle weird multi-volume cpio diskette +sets, which are a pig to load unless you have the installation software. +Which you don't if you're trying to load the software onto an 80386-based +system running 386/ix, Microport, or whatever. + + Solution + +Here's a shell script which does the job. If you want to know the details, +it reads 350k, starting at offset 9k, from each 360k diskette in the +installation set, piping the result into cpio -c. It the fires off the +Install program which should be part of the application package. As the +comments remark, there's not a lot of error checking, as it's essentially +a quick hack. Also, testing is about at the ``worked twice in a row'' +level. Despite all that, I hope it's useful to somebody out there. + +Dominic Dunlop +domo@sphinx.co.uk domo@riddle.uucp + +++++cut here++++++++cut here++++++++cut here++++++++cut here++++ +: +# load_script +# +# Shell script to load software packages delivered in AT&T PC +# 6300+ UNIX V.2 format on systems where the PC 6300+ +# installation procedure is not available (eg 386/ix). +# The script can be executed by any user who can read the raw +# diskette device. However, the root password is requested +# before files are moved to their final destinations if this +# script is not run by the super-user. +# +# Note that this script does NOT check that sufficient space is +# available to load the package. In general, your /usr file +# system should have at least (700 * diskettes_in_package) +# blocks free before installation. Note also that there is no +# check that the diskettes are in the correct format, or that +# they are inserted in the correct order. +# +# 871204 DFD Created + +# Change the following device assignment if the 360kB raw +# diskette device on your system has a different name. +DEV=${DEV-/dev/rdsk/f0d9dt} + +if [ ! -r $DEV -o ! -c $DEV ] +then + cat << E_O_F +Can't read $DEV. Check raw diskette device name and/or your +access permissions. +E_O_F +exit 1 +fi + +cd /usr/tmp +mkdir install 2>/dev/null +cd install +IT="the first diskette of the package" + +trap "echo Installation aborted.; rm -r /usr/tmp/install; exit 1" 2 15 +( + while echo "Insert $IT and hit return >\c" 1>&2 \ + && read ANS + do + IT="next diskette" + echo "The following files are being loaded:" 1>&2 + dd if=$DEV ibs=1k obs=5k skip=9 count=350 2>/dev/null + done +) | cpio -icvmudB 1>&2 + +chmod +x Install + +trap 2 15 + +cat << E_O_F +Files read from diskettes. You may remove the last diskette from +the drive. If you are not already logged in as the super-user, +Please enter the root password to continue with installation. +E_O_F +if su root -c ./Install +then + cat << E_O_F +Installation complete. You should execute + rm -r /usr/tmp/install +to remove installation scratch files at a convenient time. +E_O_F +else + cat << E_O_F +Installation failed. To retry, + su + cd /usr/tmp/install + ./Install +E_O_F +fi +#! rnews 1801 +Path: alberta!mnetor!uunet!mcvax!ukc!reading!onion!bru-me!ralph +From: ralph@me.brunel.ac.uk (Ralph Mitchell) +Newsgroups: comp.graphics,sci.space,sci.space.shuttle +Subject: Re: 3d digitized shuttle data +Message-ID: <338@Pluto.me.brunel.ac.uk> +Date: 4 Dec 87 09:49:43 GMT +References: <509@otto.cvedc.UUCP> +Reply-To: ralph@me.brunel.ac.uk (Ralph Mitchell) +Organization: Brunel University, Uxbridge, UK +Lines: 26 +Xref: alberta comp.graphics:1381 sci.space:3674 sci.space.shuttle:445 + +In article <509@otto.cvedc.UUCP> billa@otto.UUCP (Bill Anderson) writes: +>In article <> apollo@ecf.toronto.edu (Vince Pugliese) writes: +>> +>>As well I will be include a very simple C program, hacked together by fellow group member +>> [...] +> +>If anyone out there in netland converts this C program so that it can be +>run on suns, please post the results of your work to the net. + +It has already been done. The program should be in /usr/demo/SRC/shaded.c, +the shuttle data is in /usr/demo/DATA/space.dat. There are notes on running +it in /usr/demo/README. The program displays 2 windows with cursor lines, to +enable you to select the 3d viewpoint, and there's a pop-up menu for setting +fill style and colour, &c. For monochrome you need to select the "edges" (I +think) fill style or it'll look pretty wierd. Also, if your display surface +doesn't support hidden surface removal, you'll get a wireframe effect that +can be confusing to the eye. + +/usr/demo/DATA also contains data files for an icosahedron, a pyramid, a +ball and a Klein bottle. + +-- + From: Ralph Mitchell at Brunel University, Uxbridge, UB8, 3PH, UK + JANET: ralph@uk.ac.brunel.cc ARPA: ralph%cc.brunel.ac.uk@cwi.nl + UUCP: ...ukc!cc.brunel!ralph PHONE: +44 895 74000 x2561 + "There's so many different worlds, so many different Suns" -- Dire Straits +#! rnews 1156 +Path: alberta!mnetor!uunet!mcvax!ukc!its63b!bob +From: bob@its63b.ed.ac.uk (ERCF08 Bob Gray) +Newsgroups: rec.arts.sf-lovers +Subject: Re: SPACE WAR BLUES (was Re: Gibson) +Message-ID: <809@its63b.ed.ac.uk> +Date: 4 Dec 87 12:49:58 GMT +References: <8711211710.AA02986@decwrl.dec.com> +Reply-To: bob@its63b.ed.ac.uk (ERCF08 Bob Gray) +Organization: I.T. School, Univ. of Edinburgh, U.K. +Lines: 17 + +In article <8711211710.AA02986@decwrl.dec.com> boyajian@akov68.dec.com (JERRY BOYAJIAN) writes: +>(Oh, before anyone asks the obvious question, the author was Richard +>Lupoff, who is one of the best unknown science fiction writers around.) + +I find this statement hard to believe, based on the quality +of his book "Circumpolar". It is full of characters which +barely qualify as two dimensional, offensive racial stereotypes +and various other assorted characters whose collective IQ doesn't get +into double figures. I rated this book as -****. + +I cannot believe that someone who turned out such complete +drivel could improve enough in other books to even qualify +as average. + +I am however, willing to be surprised. What other books of +his would people recommend? + Bob. +#! rnews 1599 +Path: alberta!mnetor!uunet!mcvax!ukc!its63b!bob +From: bob@its63b.ed.ac.uk (ERCF08 Bob Gray) +Newsgroups: sci.misc +Subject: Re: Grey Goo that's too smart for its own good +Keywords: nanotechnology foresight drexler +Message-ID: <810@its63b.ed.ac.uk> +Date: 4 Dec 87 13:10:07 GMT +References: <799@sbcs.sunysb.edu> <2698@drivax.UUCP> <1063@sugar.UUCP> <2411@watcgl.waterloo.edu> <1445@m-net.UUCP> <1526@mmm.UUCP> <2783@drivax.UUCP> +Reply-To: bob@its63b.ed.ac.uk (ERCF08 Bob Gray) +Organization: I.T. School, Univ. of Edinburgh, U.K. +Lines: 23 + +In article <2783@drivax.UUCP> macleod@drivax.UUCP (MacLeod) writes: +>In article <1526@mmm.UUCP> cipher@mmm.UUCP (Andre Guirard) writes: +>>In article <1445@m-net.UUCP> russ@m-net.UUCP (Russ Cage) writes: +>>>In <2411@watcgl.waterloo.edu> kdmoen@watcgl.waterloo.edu (Doug Moen) writes: +>>>>[...] If it *does* turn out to be possible to build Grey Goo, +>>>>then by the time fabrication technology catches up, perhaps we can have +>>>>a wide spectrum of Goo killing techniques already available. +> +>Goo seems almost inevitable. It should not be a big problem, of itself; +>the definition of Goo (for those not familiar with the problem) is that +>of a nanomachine that will use any available energy and raw material to +>reproduce itself periodically. If it reproduces at 2x per year you have +>one problem, relatively minor; if it reproduces at 512x per minute, you have +>quite another. + +I can hear the squeals from the anti-nuclear type lobby already + + Can you PROVE it is safe? + Campaign against the Grey Goo! + prevent Nano-technology! + +and not a :-> in sight. + Bob. +#! rnews 3115 +Path: alberta!mnetor!uunet!mcvax!ukc!cheviot!robert +From: robert@cheviot.newcastle.ac.uk (Robert Stroud) +Newsgroups: comp.unix.wizards +Subject: Re: //host vs "mount point" +Message-ID: <2584@cheviot.newcastle.ac.uk> +Date: 4 Dec 87 16:22:51 GMT +References: <648@tut.cis.ohio-state.edu> <1668@tut.cis.ohio-state.edu> <38c15248.4580@hi-csc.UUCP> <9559@mimsy.UUCP> <411@PT.CS.CMU.EDU> <6769@brl-smoke.ARPA> +Reply-To: robert@cheviot (Robert Stroud) +Organization: Computing Laboratory, U of Newcastle upon Tyne, UK NE17RU +Lines: 62 + +In article <6769@brl-smoke.ARPA> gwyn@brl.arpa (Doug Gwyn (VLD/VMB) ) writes: +>In article <411@PT.CS.CMU.EDU> jgm@K.GP.CS.CMU.EDU (John Myers) writes: +>>Just to add to the confusion, let me put in a plug in for the Carnegie-Mellon +>>University Computer Science Department's syntax: +>>/../host +> +>Stolen from the Newcastle Connection. +> +>>"/.." is known as the "super-root". It seems logically consistent to me... +> +>So, what is the result of +> $ cd /.. +> $ pwd + +/.. of course!! + +If you add directories above root (and remember that with the Newcastle +Connection, /.. was just a directory rather than some mysterious +"super-root") so that it is possible for your current directory to +be in an uncle or cousin relationship with root (rather than a direct +descendent), then you have to modify the pwd algorithm accordingly. + +pwd assumes that if you go up the tree with ".." enough times you will +get to root. If your current directory is in a sideways relationship +to root, this assumption will no longer be valid. + +The modified pwd algorithm should work like this: + +(1) Go up the tree with .. from your current directory until you +find / or reach the base of the tree (a directory which is its own +parent). + +(2) If you didn't reach / in (1), then starting from / go up to +the base of the tree with .. and prefix the appropriate number of +/..'s to the string from (1). + +For example, after cd /../../C/D, step (1) will give /C/D and step (2) +will give /../.. so the answer is /../../C/D. + +This is relatively straightforward to implement. I've made the necessary +modifications to the System V /bin/pwd and sh (which has a built-in pwd) +for use with a kernel implementation of the Newcastle Connection. + +The tricky bit is getting the shortest possible pathname. For example, +if / corresponds to /../../A/B in the global naming tree, then after +cd /../C, the modified pwd algorithm would give /../../A/C which is +correct but redundant. (/../../A is the same as /.. if / is /../../A/B). + +This can be fixed if you keep a record of everywhere you visit in (1) and +stop in (2) when you reach somewhere you've visited before, but since in +an infinite naming tree this would require an infinite amount of storage +and isn't very efficient in any case, it is easier to simply implement +the algorithm given (which also requires an infinite amount of storage +in the general case of course!) and ignore this problem. + +Robert J Stroud, +Computing Laboratory, +University of Newcastle upon Tyne. + +ARPA robert%cheviot.newcastle@nss.cs.ucl.ac.uk +UUCP ...!ukc!cheviot!robert +JANET robert@newcastle.cheviot +#! rnews 835 +Path: alberta!mnetor!uunet!mcvax!ukc!dcl-cs!nott-cs!pyr1.cs.ucl.ac.uk!awylie +From: awylie@pyr1.cs.ucl.ac.uk +Newsgroups: comp.sys.ibm.pc +Subject: Re: Standard date bug +Message-ID: <39500002@pyr1.cs.ucl.ac.uk> +Date: 4 Dec 87 13:58:00 GMT +References: <7457@eddie.MIT.EDU> +Lines: 12 +Nf-ID: #R:eddie.MIT.EDU:7457:pyr1.cs.ucl.ac.uk:39500002:000:432 +Nf-From: pyr1.cs.ucl.ac.uk!awylie Dec 4 13:58:00 1987 + + +I have a Taiwanese XT clone with some strange BIOS and MSDOS 3.2 and the +bug has annoyed me some time. This is NOT the 'subtle' bug mentioned in +another reply, but a simple non-increment of the date at midnight. This +wreaks havoc with MAKE! + I shall try CLOCKFIX.SYS tonight. Thanks very much to the poster, his +was the only really useful solution proposed. + +Andrew Wylie +University of London Computer Centre + +awylie@uk.ac.ucl.cs +#! rnews 847 +Path: alberta!mnetor!uunet!mcvax!ukc!dcl-cs!bath63!sc_dra +From: sc_dra@ux63.bath.ac.uk (Dave Allum) +Newsgroups: comp.sys.atari.st +Subject: Hard Disk Optimisers +Summary: Recommendations wanted +Message-ID: <1972@bath63.ux63.bath.ac.uk> +Date: 4 Dec 87 15:53:49 GMT +Reply-To: sc_dra@ux63.bath.ac.uk (Dave Allum) +Organization: SWURCC, University of Bath, U.K. +Lines: 13 + + +Does anyone have any recommendations for and/or experience of hard disk +optimisers for the ST? + +The only ones I have come across are Simon Poole's DLII and Michtron's +Tune Up! (their exclamation mark, not mine). + +I have tried neither (DLII did some strange things with a ram disk I +tested it on, and I'd rather not pay for Tune Up! until I have some +favorable reports on it) and would be very interested in anyone's +experiences with the above or any other such beasts. + +Thanks. +#! rnews 1573 +Path: alberta!mnetor!uunet!mcvax!ukc!its63b!bob +From: bob@its63b.ed.ac.uk (ERCF08 Bob Gray) +Newsgroups: sci.physics +Subject: Re: GR question +Message-ID: <811@its63b.ed.ac.uk> +Date: 4 Dec 87 17:31:49 GMT +References: <4688@cit-vax.Caltech.Edu> <895@ubc-vision.UUCP> +Reply-To: bob@its63b.ed.ac.uk (ERCF08 Bob Gray) +Organization: I.T. School, Univ. of Edinburgh, U.K. +Lines: 28 + +In article <895@ubc-vision.UUCP> majka@ubc-vision.UUCP (Marc Majka) writes: +>would see the "poor fellow's" delta-t getting longer. The poor fellow +>crosses the Absolute Event Horizon in a finite amount of (his) time. +>The observer sees the poor fellow falling more and more slowly (while +>also seeing him getting exponentially red-shifted) toward r=2M, but +>never getting there. I liked the presentation of this in my GR textbook: + +The observer, if he waited around long enough, would also +see the black hole evaporate by Hawkins' radiation. + +But, from the point of view of the observer, the "poor fellow" +can never cross the event horizon before the hole evaporates +away from under him. + +Therefore, the "poor fellow" must observe one of two things. +Either he crosses the event horizon in a finite amount of +time, or he will observe the black hole to vanish as he +approaches. + +1. sets up a paradox, but 2. implies that anything falling +into a black hole can't get into the black hole before it +evaporates. i.e. the black hole can't form in the first +place. It just get very close to it. + + +Would someone please comment on the above. I am sure I must +be missing something. (I'm no physicist) + Bob. +#! rnews 2122 +Path: alberta!mnetor!uunet!mcvax!ukc!its63b!hwcs!zen!frank +From: frank@zen.UUCP (Frank Wales) +Newsgroups: news.config +Subject: Updated map entry for zen +Keywords: new host computer +Message-ID: <787@zen.UUCP> +Date: 3 Dec 87 22:20:52 GMT +Organization: Zengrange Limited, Leeds, England +Lines: 47 + + +It's a bit late again, we've been running the new system for about 3 +months now, but here is our updated map entry: + +#N zen +#S HP 9000 Model 840; HP-UX 1.1 (V.2) +#O Zengrange Limited +#C Julian Perry, Frank Wales +#E jules@zen.co.uk ...!mcvax!ukc!zen.co.uk!jules +#T +44 532 489048 +#P Greenfield Road, Leeds, West Yorkshire, England, LS9 8DB +#L 01 31 22 W / 53 47 42 N +#R +# +zen hwcs(DAILY) + + +Who we are and what we do: + +As a company, we produce custom solutions on hand-held and portable +equipment, primarily customising Hewlett-Packard hand-helds. For +example, we recently installed almost 6 000 HP-71 hand-held computers as +networked terminals in 430 DHSS offices as part of a Document Tracking +System developed by us to a DHSS specification. + +We're not just a software house, but also develop custom packaging and +electronics where necessary too. Our customers are primarily government +departments (here and abroad), but we have also produced products for +individual sale through dealers (such as the Zenwand-71 barcode wand for +the HP-71, which span off of the DHSS contract). + +Although our products are almost exclusively related to hand-helds, our +expertise stretches through to custom chip design and mainframe-hosted +software packages (mainly under Unix). As a consequence, we regard +ourselves as a solutions house, rather than being specific to software, +hardware, design or whatever. + +We have one office [in Leeds], have been around for seven years and +employ over 40 people at present. Is that a reasonable summary? + +Jules & Frank + +Julian Perry [ jules@zen.co.uk ...!mcvax!ukc!zen.co.uk!jules ] +Frank Wales [ frank@zen.co.uk ...!mcvax!ukc!zen.co.uk!frank ] +System Managers +Zengrange Limited Phone: +44 532 489048 ext 217 +Leeds, England. +#! rnews 1158 +Path: alberta!mnetor!uunet!mcvax!ukc!its63b!hwcs!jack +From: jack@cs.hw.ac.uk (Jack Campin) +Newsgroups: rec.music.classical +Subject: Re: re repeat repeating pieces +Message-ID: <1567@brahma.cs.hw.ac.uk> +Date: 4 Dec 87 18:18:28 GMT +References: <8712011820.AA18589@decwrl.dec.com> +Reply-To: jack@cs.glasgow.ac.uk (Jack Campin) +Organization: PISA Project, Glesga Yoonie +Lines: 13 +Summary: + +Expires: + +Sender: + +Followup-To: + + + +[ignore the above email address and use my signature] +I may have missed some of this thread, but I haven't heard anyone mention +Satie yet. His Vexations for piano is meant to be repeated 840 times +(it takes about 18 hours to perform). He also wrote some pieces of music +to be played in particular spaces - "Music for a Boardroom" is one +that comes to mind - which go round and round in circles. (I think that one +would produce some #@$% aggressive board meetings). +-- +ARPA: jack%cs.glasgow.ac.uk@nss.cs.ucl.ac.uk +JANET:jack@uk.ac.glasgow.cs USENET: ...mcvax!ukc!cs.glasgow.ac.uk!jack +Mail: Jack Campin, Computing Science Department, University of Glasgow, + 17 Lilybank Gardens, Glasgow G12 8QQ, Scotland (041 339 8855 x 6045) +#! rnews 1124 +Path: alberta!mnetor!uunet!mcvax!ukc!stl!dww +From: dww@stl.stc.co.uk (David Wright) +Newsgroups: comp.os.vms +Subject: Problem with VMS 4.6 if your uVAX has EMULEX CS02's +Message-ID: <596@acer.stl.stc.co.uk> +Date: 4 Dec 87 21:54:38 GMT +Reply-To: dww@stl.UUCP (David Wright) +Organization: STL,Harlow,UK. +Lines: 16 + +Our System Manager has reported that there is a problem with using EMULEX CS02 +QBUS comms cards which are not at the latest revision level, under VMS 4.6. +These cards appeared to work fine under VMS 4.5 and earlier. + +The EMULEX CS02 card, configured as two DHV-11 8-line muxs, gives phantom +devices when running SHOW DEVICE. For example, TXC0 to TXC7 become TXC0 to +TXC15. There are problems in using the lines - for example Control-Y acts +on the group of lines not just one! There are other problems known to EMULEX. + +The solution is to upgrade the firmware PROM on the card to at least +revision P. Emulex may make a charge for this. + +-- +Regards, + David Wright STL, London Road, Harlow, Essex CM17 9NA, UK +dww@stl.stc.co.uk ...uunet!mcvax!ukc!stl!dww PSI%234237100122::DWW +#! rnews 384 +Path: alberta!mnetor!uunet!mcvax!ukc!stc!root44!jgh +From: jgh@root.co.uk (Jeremy G Harris) +Newsgroups: comp.sys.amiga +Subject: New Kickstart +Keywords: Kickstart workbench janus +Message-ID: <489@root44.co.uk> +Date: 4 Dec 87 19:05:27 GMT +Organization: Root Computers Ltd., London, England +Lines: 3 + +Will the Workbench-less Kickstart initialise Janus? +-- +Jeremy Harris jgh@root.co.uk +#! rnews 1018 +Path: alberta!mnetor!uunet!mcvax!unido!stollco!til +From: til@stollco.UUCP (tilgner) +Newsgroups: sci.astro +Subject: The current state of Hubble Constant? +Keywords: Cosmology +Message-ID: <142@stollco.UUCP> +Date: 5 Dec 87 18:32:42 GMT +Organization: Stollmann Gmbh, D 2000 Hamburg 50 +Lines: 17 + +I am just preparing a 'semi-popular' lecture on how the +value of the Hubble Constant is determined. + +As is generally +known, the values of different authors fluctuates between +ca. 50 to 100 km/(sec Mpc). The latest discussion of this +problem which I know of is M. Rowan-Robinson's book +"The Cosmological Distance Ladder" (Freeman 1985). He +advocates 67 km/(sec Mpc) after a detailed discussion of +the different distance indicators. + +Now I would like to know: What is the current state of +affairs? The responses of the advocates of the various +values, for example by Sandage & Tammann or de Vaucouleurs +(= the grand old men of this topic)? Somehow I missed +their reactions. Can anybody give me a hint via e-mail? +I'll summarize. +#! rnews 2734 +Path: alberta!mnetor!uunet!mcvax!enea!ttds!draken!zap +From: zap@draken.nada.kth.se (Svante Lindahl) +Newsgroups: comp.unix.wizards,comp.emacs +Subject: Re: Emacs csh alias +Message-ID: <235@draken.nada.kth.se> +Date: 6 Dec 87 07:00:31 GMT +References: <10672@brl-adm.ARPA> +Reply-To: zap@nada.kth.se (Svante Lindahl) +Followup-To: comp.emacs +Organization: The Royal Inst. of Techn., Stockholm +Lines: 49 +Xref: alberta comp.unix.wizards:5741 comp.emacs:2402 + +[Warning: Extensive inclusion, but I have included a new newsgroup in + the newsgroups-line, and directed followups to it (comp.emacs)] + +In article <10672@brl-adm.ARPA> dsill@NSWC-OAS.arpa (Dave Sill) writes: +>I've been trying to set up a C-Shell (4.2 BSD) alias for Emacs (GNU +>17.64, not that it matters) which, when run the first time will +>actually run Emacs, but after suspending Emacs with C-z, will bring +>the background Emacs job to the foreground. The catch is that I'd +>also like the alias to re-load emacs if I exit with C-x C-c. Simply +>stated, I want an alias named "emacs" which will load Emacs if it +>isn't already loaded, but will foreground a background Emacs if one +>exists. +> +>I know I could do this with a script (if I assume the Emacs job is +>always job %1), but I'd prefer an alias since they're faster. It +>would be especially nice to determine which background job was the +>Emacs job and foreground *it*, instead of just assuming job %1. +> +>Any ideas or alternate approaches? Should I just put up with the +>occasional "fg: No such job." message? + +Here is something which should do part of what you want. It doesn't +accomplish to start a new emacs process if you exited the last one +with C-x C-c - unless the first one had never been suspended! +Whenever you get "fg: No such job" just type ``i!!'', reinvoking the +commandline prefixed with an "i", "iemacs" standing for "init emacs". + +alias emacs iemacs +alias iemacs 'alias emacs remacs; "emacs" \!* ; alias emacs iemacs' +alias remacs fg %emacs + +Here we use a special version of suspend-emacs, that will look for a +file ".emacs_pause" in the user's home directory when emacs is +resumed. In this file suspend-emacs expects to find the current +working directory and an optional "command line" that is parsed like +the initial command line. Very useful! +This could be done using "suspend-resume-hook", but the hook wasn't +available in 17.?? when this was first implemented here. + +These are the aliases I use together with the special version of +suspend-emacs. + +alias emacs iemacs +alias remacs 'echo `pwd` \!* >\! ~/.emacs_pause ; %emacs' +alias iemacs 'alias emacs remacs; "emacs" \!* ; alias emacs iemacs' +alias kemacs 'alias emacs iemacs; remacs -kill' + + +Svante Lindahl zap@nada.kth.se uunet!nada.kth.se!zap +#! rnews 2721 +Path: alberta!mnetor!uunet!mcvax!diku!iesd!jpc +From: jpc@iesd.uucp (Jens P. Christensen) +Newsgroups: comp.unix.questions,comp.unix.wizards,sci.math.stat +Subject: Problems with S statistical package +Summary: Cannot make S work properly on Sun-3 +Keywords: S AT&T Sun-3 SunOS 3.4 +Message-ID: <162@iesd.uucp> +Date: 5 Dec 87 19:41:09 GMT +Reply-To: jpc@iesd.UUCP (Jens P. Christensen) +Followup-To: comp.unix.questions +Organization: Dept. of Comp. Sci., Aalborg University, Denmark +Lines: 58 +Xref: alberta comp.unix.questions:4768 comp.unix.wizards:5742 sci.math.stat:213 + +Could anyone please shed light on a problem I have in compiling the S +statistical package from AT&T on our Sun-3 system: + +System specifics: Sun 3/260 under SunOS 3.4 using the m4 macro +processor supplied with the S system. S version date: Fri Feb 28 1986 + +Using the hints on compiling with BSD4.2 systems I only get apparently +harmless warnings under the compilation. This could for example be: + +Warning on line 84 of hcp.f: local variable i never used +Warning on line 96 of stems.f: statement cannot be reached +f77: Warning: File with unknown suffix (/usr/local/src/s/S/newfun/lib/grz) + passed to ld +or +"dprint.c", line 20: warning: illegal combination of pointer and integer, op = + +Furthermore there are problems with the utility routine scandata.C, which +fails with error: too many local variables. This is fixed by making the +declaration of "table" global. Not pretty, but it works. + +These are all the kinds of problems that appear during the +compilation, and it *will* result in an executable, except.... +The f...ing system doesn't even know how to add two numbers, as seen in +the following: + +One-time initialization for new S user in /usr.MC68020/iesd/tap/jpc ... +Directories swork and sdata created +> 1 + 2 +Bad operator: + +Error in + +> + +Running the tests supplied with the system ($A/DOTEST ALL) will not +give better results. This is an excerpt from $TEST/current/apply: + +> prefix("apply.") # test of apply and multivariate stuff, some time-series +> $Random.seed_c(57,0,3,0,0,0,49,16,0,0,0,0) # to initialize at same spot +> matr_matrix(rnorm(100),20,5) +Invalid distribution: rnorm +Error in rnorm +Dumped +> print(cm_apply(matr,2,"mean")); apply(matr,2,"var") +apply.matr not found +Dumped + . + . +and more depressing errors... +Why does the prefix command work, while the matr_matrix(rnorm... stuff don't? + +So, have *anybody* made this run on a Sun system, and how did you do it? +All suggestions or pointers to which direction I should go, are welcome. + +regards, +-- +Jens Peter Christensen jpc@iesd.uucp +Department of Math. and Computer Science {...}!mcvax!diku!iesd!jpc +Aalborg University Centre +Denmark +#! rnews 1496 +Path: alberta!mnetor!uunet!mcvax!lambert +From: lambert@cwi.nl (Lambert Meertens) +Newsgroups: sci.math.symbolic +Subject: Bug in Macsyma SOLVE +Message-ID: <137@piring.cwi.nl> +Date: 6 Dec 87 21:50:53 GMT +Organization: CWI, Amsterdam +Lines: 39 + +This is UNIX MACSYMA Release 309.2. + +(c1) x^12-12*x^11+48*x^10-40*x^9-193*x^8+392*x^7+44*x^6+8*x^5-977*x^4 + -604*x^3+2108*x^2+4913; + + 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 +(d1) x - 12 x + 48 x - 40 x - 193 x + 392 x + 44 x + 8 x - 977 x + 3 2 + - 604 x + 2108 x + 4913 + +(c2) solve(%); + 6 5 4 3 2 +(d2) [0 = - x + 12 x - 47 x + 188 x - 527 x - 4913] + +That looks wrong, but let's check if it factors (d1): + +(c3) part(%,1,2); + 6 5 4 3 2 +(d3) - x + 12 x - 47 x + 188 x - 527 x - 4913 + +(c4) gcd(%,d1); + +(d4) 1 + +No, it does not. Let's have a look at the real roots of (d1) and (d3): + +(c5) realroots(d1)$ %,numer; + +(d6) [x = - 1.960768669843674, x = - 1.544090360403061, x = 3.544090360403061, + x = 3.960768669843674] +(c7) realroots(d3)$ %,numer; + +(d8) [x = 5.472395747900009, x = 7.766151040792465] + +Way off. + +-- + +Lambert Meertens, CWI, Amsterdam; lambert@cwi.nl +#! rnews 989 +Path: alberta!mnetor!uunet!mcvax!unido!tub!actisb!bernd +From: bernd@actisb.UUCP (Gunter Nitzler) +Newsgroups: comp.sources.bugs +Subject: Re: Starchart printing problem +Message-ID: <116@actisb.UUCP> +Date: 6 Dec 87 15:55:23 GMT +References: <3554@ames.arpa> +Reply-To: bernd@actisb.UUCP (Bernd-Gunter Nitzler) +Organization: Actis in Berlin GmbH, W. Germany +Lines: 19 + +In article <3554@ames.arpa> yee@ames.UUCP (Peter E. Yee) writes: +>I compiled and ran the starchart program. The starpost version prints out +>the outline of the chart and the legend. Nothing more. No stars, no planets, +>no nebulas. Nothing. Is it just me, or has anyone else had this problem? + +I had the same problem and have found two bugs: + +In starchart.c, line 243 old: + char ras[2], .... +new: + char ras[20], ... + +In starchart.c, line 757 old: + sscanf(cbuf, "%*5s%f%f%f %[^\n]", &ra, &de, &sc, legend); +new: + sscanf(cbuf, "%*5s%lf%lf%lf %[^\n]", &ra, &de, &sc, legend); + +This two changes fixes the bugs. +Bernd. +#! rnews 2244 +Path: alberta!mnetor!uunet!mcvax!enea!tut!santra!jmunkki +From: jmunkki@santra.UUCP (Juri Munkki) +Newsgroups: comp.sys.mac +Subject: Color CopyBits Is Too Slow! +Keywords: Mac II Color QuickDraw Animation Speed Optimization +Message-ID: <9130@santra.UUCP> +Date: 6 Dec 87 21:13:10 GMT +Organization: Helsinki University of Technology, Finland +Lines: 76 + + +I experimented with offscreen pixmaps today. It seems that Color +Quickdraw is very flexible, but too slow for good animation. Most of the +overhead comes from color matching and conversion. I guess I could write +my own color matching routine, but I think there should be a fast way to +do a simple copy operation. + +In most painting programs the actual painting could be done on an +offscreen bitmap with the same color table as the best gDevice. + +It takes about twice as much time to do a copybits in srcCopy mode than +it takes in the srcXor mode. Below is a short program that draws to an +offscreen pixmap and then copies it back to the screen. Try different +transfer modes and note the speed difference. The code is written in LS +C 2.13. Even srcXor, which is the fastest usable mode, is too slow for +really high quality animation. + +How can it be done faster? + +#include +#include +#include +#include + +WindowPtr onScreen; +CGrafPtr offS; +RGBColor temp; +PixMapPtr offP; + +void main() +{ + int i; + + InitGraf(&thePort); InitCursor(); + InitFonts(); InitWindows(); + + onScreen=GetNewWindow(1000,0L,-1); + + offS=(CGrafPtr)NewPtr(sizeof(*offS)); + + OpenCPort(offS); + HLock(offS->portPixMap); + offP=*(offS->portPixMap); + + SetRect(&offP->bounds,0,0,256,256); + PortSize(256,256); + offP->rowBytes=32768L+256; + + offP->baseAddr=NewPtr(65536L); + + EraseRect(&offS->portRect); + temp.blue=65535; + temp.red=0; + temp.green=0; + RGBForeColor(&temp); + for(i=0;i<256;i+=4) + { MoveTo(i,0); + LineTo(255-i,255); + } + + SysBeep(10); + HideCursor(); + for(i=100;i;i--) + CopyBits(&((GrafPtr)offS)->portBits,&onScreen->portBits, + &offS->portRect,&offS->portRect,srcXor,0); + SysBeep(10); + while(!Button()); +} + +Juri Munkki +jmunkki@santra.hut.fi +jmunkki@fingate.bitnet +lk-jmu@finhut.bitnet + +P.S. The window is longword aligned and a color table was copied from the + system file. +#! rnews 617 +Path: alberta!mnetor!uunet!mcvax!enea!chalmers!benke +From: benke@chalmers.UUCP (Bengt-Eric Ericson) +Newsgroups: comp.sys.ibm.pc +Subject: Re: WARNING! FASTBACK may corrupt your hard disk! +Message-ID: <2239@chalmers.UUCP> +Date: 6 Dec 87 21:16:48 GMT +References: <703@vaxine.UUCP> <3225@bnrmtv.UUCP> <7024@sunybcs.UUCP> +Reply-To: benke@chalmers.UUCP (Bengt-Eric Ericson) +Organization: Dept. of CS, Chalmers, Sweden +Lines: 3 +Keywords:Computer Shopper + + +In some article in this group there is said something about +"Computer Shopper". Is this a magazine or what? Please +enlight us guys here in the land of Polar bears. :-) +#! rnews 2432 +Path: alberta!mnetor!uunet!mcvax!ukc!eagle!kjws +From: kjws@eagle.ukc.ac.uk (K.J.W.Smithers) +Newsgroups: comp.sys.amiga +Subject: Re: A2090A HD controller +Message-ID: <4038@eagle.ukc.ac.uk> +Date: 6 Dec 87 14:46:00 GMT +References: <5474@oberon.USC.EDU> <6575@ccicpg.UUCP> <2903@cbmvax.UUCP> +Reply-To: kjws@ukc.ac.uk (K.J.W.Smithers) +Organization: Computing Lab, University of Kent at Canterbury, UK. +Lines: 56 +Summary: + +Expires: + +Sender: + +Followup-To: + + +In article <2903@cbmvax.UUCP> you write: +> +>This is one of the things that the updated hddisk device I announced +>awhile ago (and will mail to people over usenet) fixes. If you don't +>have have a 2090 card, the software that comes with your 2090 is +>the new driver, so it will work fine in overscan. +>-- +>andy finkel {ihnp4|seismo|allegra}!cbmvax!andy +>Commodore-Amiga, Inc. +> + +I have an A2090 card and a CSA68020/68881 board with no 32 bit ram. + + They will Not work together. (but both work seperately) + +I think the driver (hddisk) is dated 1986 , is this the latest driver? +(If not could you please e-mail me the latest version) + +The problem is when I run binddrivers that task stops, (binddrivers +never exits). It seems to fallover on a particular call to execbase. +The last instruction (displayed by MetaScope) is mov a2,(a0) + +If i move the hddisk from expansion draw , to hddisk.device in the +devs draw, i can mount the harddisk (dh0:) , but when i do a +cd dh0: , the cd command displays 'Cant find dh0:' + +I am running morerows, 672*266 on a B2000 rev 4.0 board (pal) with +2Mbytes expansion ram , 2*3.5inch drives, and (hopefully) A2090 + +20 Mbyte hard disk, and a CSA 68020/68881 board. + +I have also done the wire-link modification to the main B2000 board, +as required by CSA for the 68020 board on Rev4.0 and later boards. + +Slots are as follows :- + + I I E E E M H 6 + B B M M M E A 8 + M M P P P M R 0 + T T T O D 2 + Y Y Y R D 0 + Y I C + S P + K U + + Thanks in advance for any help + + Kit Smithers + +____________________________________________________________________________ + Kit Smithers kjws@ukc.ac.uk + kjws@ukc.UUCP + !mcvax!ukc!kjws + +The man who can not stay fast and hard at the same time ! +Live for ever, or die in the attempt. +______________________________________________________________________________ +#! rnews 1572 +Path: alberta!mnetor!uunet!mcvax!ukc!its63b!ajcd +From: ajcd@its63b.ed.ac.uk (Angus Duggan, Department of Computer Science, University of Edinburgh,) +Newsgroups: rec.games.hack +Subject: pickup option - suggestion +Keywords: pickup HACKOPTIONS +Message-ID: <813@its63b.ed.ac.uk> +Date: 6 Dec 87 11:47:56 GMT +Reply-To: ajcd@its63b.ed.ac.uk (Angus Duggan) +Organization: I.T. School, Univ. of Edinburgh, U.K. +Lines: 23 + +Here's a suggestion for an improvement (at least I think it is :-) to the +"pickup" option in nethack, which someone who is familiar with the source +code might like to implement - + +Make the "pickup" option a composite option like "packorder", and re-write +the picking up code so that the types of objects specified will be +automatically picked up. All other objects could still be picked up by ','. + +e.g. "pickup:?+/=!)" would pick up scrolls, spellbooks, wands, rings, + potions, and weapons. + +This would be useful for those of us who don't like carrying hoards of +gold around, and also to prevent picking up dead cockatrices while still +picking up other objects. + +BTW, does anyone know what the options "null" and "news" do? +-- +Angus Duggan, Department of Computer Science, University of Edinburgh, +James Clerk Maxwell Building, The King's Buildings, Mayfield Road, +Edinburgh, EH9 3JZ, Scotland, U.K. +JANET: ajcd@uk.ac.ed.ecsvax ARPA: ajcd%ecsvax.ed.ac.uk@cs.ucl.ac.uk +USENET: ajcd@ecsvax.ed.ac.uk UUCP: ...!seismo!mcvax!ukc!ecsvax.ed.ac.uk!ajcd +BITNET: psuvax1!ecsvax.ed.ac.uk!ajcd or ajcd%ecsvax.ed.ac.uk@earn.rl.ac.uk +#! rnews 4243 +Path: alberta!mnetor!uunet!mcvax!ukc!its63b!simon +From: simon@its63b.ed.ac.uk (ECSC68 S Brown CS) +Newsgroups: comp.lang.c +Subject: Re: stdio error detection +Message-ID: <814@its63b.ed.ac.uk> +Date: 6 Dec 87 17:35:07 GMT +References: <10649@brl-adm.ARPA> +Reply-To: simon%lfcs.ed.ac.uk@nss.cs.ucl.ac.uk (Simon Brown) +Organization: LFCS, University of Edinburgh +Lines: 87 + +In article <10649@brl-adm.ARPA> dsill@NSWC-OAS.arpa (Dave Sill) writes: +>>I used to be rather fond of C, but this error stuff is quite +>>incredibly bad. The problem isn't really the language; it's +>>the libraries. +> +>Rather than messing with errno, I think a new variable, say, liberr, +>should be used. An include file, say liberr.h, could contain macro +>definitions for the various types of errors. A macro named LIBERR +>could also be defined in liberr.h so code could be written that would +>take advantage of liberr if it was available or handle errors in the +>usual way if it's not. Even better would be to have LIBERR be a +>predefined macro like ANSI, unix, vax, et cetera. +> + +This still has the same problem as with "errno"- namely that you're trying +to describe a general ``error condition'' using a single number! I'm told +that VMS (but it's a good idea for all that...) provides a stack of error +values which allows a program to search backward to find out what the "real" +error was, depending on what kind of detail is required. If you have several +levels of library calls between you and the system call that failed, this +can be extremely useful- it's not really much use having an error-value +if you can't even tell what system call it came from (let alone what parameters +were *passed* to that system call to cause it to fail!). + +A *decent* error-returning mechanism would describe: + + 1. What call (syscall or library call) failed. + This could be a number- you could use something like internet + addressing to put some kind of structure into it: + libc.stdio.fopen + 2. Why it failed. + Simple E-numbers will do for this (although I suppose they'd + have to be grouped for different libraries): + E_STDIO.E_CANNOT_OPEN_FILE + 3. What value it returned. + (FILE *)NULL + 3. What parameters were passed to it. + This is the most difficult one, because it would have to have + some kind of idea as to the types involved. It could (I suppose) + deal only with string types (and convert any other type into + "printable" form by doing the equivalent of sprintf()'ing it). + It also has to be a "list", which means it would probably have + to be done using something like "argc,argv": + argc: 2 + argv: "mumble.splat", "r" + +If the error is not "dealt with", then this information should propogate +down (together with the info from the callee's failure), and so on... + +So, If you do a + fopen("mumble.splat","r") +and it fails, then the following would be left on the stack (in some format +or other) to be dealt with by some error-diagnosing function: + + kernel.open: + param 1: "mumble.splat" [string] + param 2: 0 [int] + returns: -1 [int] + error: E_KERNEL.ENOENT + libc.stdio.fopen: + param 1: "mumble.splat" [string] + param 2: "r" [string] + returns: 0 [FILE *] + error: E_LIBC.E_STDIO.E_CANNOT_OPEN_FILE + +The error-diagnosing stuff could then print something *useful* such as + stdio fopen: couldn't open file "mumble.splat" for reading, because: + kernel open: no file or directory "mumble.splat" + +(and of course the format of these messages could be user-configurable, so +that noddies would just get the information they need, whereas people who +understand what they're doing could get reams and reams of info- just by setting +some environment parameter to the appropriate value). + +Of course, all this stuff would have to be known by the compiler, and I'm sure +it'd be dead slow to execute! + +-- +-------------------------------------------------- +| Simon Brown | +| Laboratory for Foundations of Computer Science | +| Department of Computer Science | +| University of Edinburgh, Scotland, UK. | +-------------------------------------------------- + UUCP: uunet!mcvax!ukc!lfcs!simon + ARPA: simon%lfcs.ed@nss.cs.ucl.ac.uk "Life's like that, you know" + JANET: simon@uk.ac.ed.lfcs +#! rnews 665 +Path: alberta!mnetor!uunet!mcvax!henk +From: henk@cwi.nl (Henk Schouten) +Newsgroups: rec.games.board +Subject: diplomacy +Keywords: pbm +Message-ID: <138@piring.cwi.nl> +Date: 7 Dec 87 08:36:16 GMT +Organization: CWI, Amsterdam +Lines: 9 + +A local group is going to start a diplomacy game by mail. We have +only few players so I would like to take part in the game myself. +To do so, I would like to have the moves evaluated by a +program. Before writing such a program myself, I would like to +ask if anyone has or knows of such a program in the public +domain, preferrably written in C. Code or pointers to it will be +greatly appreciated. + Henk Schouten + ..!nl!cwi!henk +#! rnews 1298 +Path: alberta!mnetor!uunet!mcvax!varol +From: varol@cwi.nl (Varol Akman) +Newsgroups: sci.crypt +Subject: Re: NSA advertisment +Summary: Somewhat naive, huh? +Message-ID: <139@piring.cwi.nl> +Date: 7 Dec 87 08:59:02 GMT +References: <4781@cit-vax.Caltech.Edu> +Organization: CWI, Amsterdam +Lines: 22 + +palmer@tybalt.caltech.edu.UUCP (David Palmer) writes: +>I just read a magazine add seeking people to work at the NSA (pg. 80R of +>Dec. 1987 IEEE Spectrum) +>The graphic is 10,000,0... (100 zeros) written on three lines. The first +>paragraph of the text reads: +> You're looking at a "googol." Ten raised to the 100th power. +> One followed by 100 zeros. Counting 24 hours a day, you would +> need 120 years to reach a googol. Two lifetimes. It's a +> number that's impossible to grasp. A number beyond our imagination. +>... material deleted ... + +This strikes me as quite odd. I mean, if something can be done in two lifetimes +then, darn it, it is well within my imagination. +If it can be done within 20 lifetimes +I can still grasp how difficult it should be. A real difficult thing would +be something that takes say 10^100 lifetimes. + +In short, I find the above ad quite naive. NSA guys should probably +have something better than this for the inspring encryption student. +What do you say? + +-Varol Akman +#! rnews 1520 +Path: alberta!mnetor!uunet!mcvax!prlb2!ronse +From: ronse@prlb2.UUCP (Christian Ronse) +Newsgroups: sci.math +Subject: Re: Least-squares fitting +Summary: see Duda & Hart, Chapter 9, for a solution +Keywords: ``eigenvector line fitting'' +Message-ID: <387@prlb2.UUCP> +Date: 7 Dec 87 09:22:11 GMT +References: <1823@culdev1.UUCP> <528@amethyst.ma.arizona.edu> +Organization: Philips Research Laboratory, Brussels +Lines: 21 + +From article <528@amethyst.ma.arizona.edu> by hdunne@amethyst.ma.arizona.edu: +< In article <1823@culdev1.UUCP> drw@culdev1.UUCP (Dale Worley) writes: + [deleted ...] +< }Is is known how to perform least-squares fitting where the "error" is +< }the perpendicular distance between the point and the line? +< } +< If the point is (x_i,y_i) and the line is y = a*x + b, then the square of the +< perpendicular distance is [(y_i - a*x_i - b)^2]/(1 + a^2) (assuming the line +< isn't vertical). Taking the sum of the squared distances and setting the +< partial derivatives wrt. a and b equal to zero, you get the same equations +< for a and b as you get from the usual least-squares procedure. + +See the book ``Pattern Classification and Scene Analysis'' by R.O. Duda & P.E. +Hart, Chapter 9. Section 9.2.1 introduces the usual least square fitting +(``minimum-squared-error line fitting''), and 9.2.2 the one asked by Dale +(``eigenvector line fitting''). There the problem is solved. + +Christian Ronse maldoror@prlb2.UUCP +{uunet|philabs|mcvax|...}!prlb2!{maldoror|ronse} + + STAT ROSA PRISTINA NOMINE, NOMINA NUDA TENEMUS +#! rnews 977 +Path: alberta!mnetor!uunet!mcvax!ukc!stl!stc!idec!camcon!mb +From: mb@camcon.uucp (Mike Bell) +Newsgroups: comp.sys.ibm.pc +Subject: Re: Neat voice|gag program +Summary: How does HELPME work? +Message-ID: <1107@titan.camcon.uucp> +Date: 2 Dec 87 14:25:07 GMT +References: <3692@uwmcsd1.UUCP> +Distribution: all +Organization: Cambridge Consultants Ltd., Cambridge, UK +Lines: 15 + +in article <3692@uwmcsd1.UUCP>, cmaag@csd4.milw.wisc.edu +(posting to comp.binaries.ibm.pc) says: + +> Here is a neat little program I found on a local bbs. It uses the speaker +> to generate a very-realistic (the best I've heard on a PC!) voice that +> says something to the effect of "Help! I'm locked in this computer! +> Let me out! Help!". + +I just played it, and was much impressed. Given the rudimentary +nature of IBM PC's, can anybody explain how it achieves its +effect? +-- +--------------- UUCP: ...mcvax!ukc!camcon!mb +-- Mike Bell -- or: mb%camcon.uucp +--------------- Phone: +44 223 358855 +#! rnews 710 +Path: alberta!mnetor!uunet!mcvax!ukc!stl!stc!idec!camcon!mb +From: mb@camcon.uucp (Mike Bell) +Newsgroups: comp.sources.bugs +Subject: Re: v12i071: StarChart program (Minor correction) +Message-ID: <1114@titan.camcon.uucp> +Date: 4 Dec 87 15:48:15 GMT +References: <1110@artemis3.camcon.uucp> +Organization: Cambridge Consultants Ltd., Cambridge, UK +Lines: 10 + +in article <1110@artemis3.camcon.uucp>, mb@camcon.uucp (Mike Bell) says: +> (Problem found on Sun 4.3 BSD Unix) + +Sorry, that should have been Sun Release 3.4 of 4.2 BSD... (well it +was correct within an order of magnitude:-) + +-- +--------------- UUCP: ...mcvax!ukc!camcon!mb +-- Mike Bell -- or: mb%camcon.uucp +--------------- Phone: +44 223 358855 +#! rnews 2447 +Path: alberta!mnetor!uunet!mcvax!tuvie!rcvie +From: rcvie@tuvie (ELIN Forsch.z.) +Newsgroups: comp.lang.c +Subject: Re: Autoincrement question +Message-ID: <548@tuvie> +Date: 7 Dec 87 10:00:58 GMT +References: <1507@ogcvax.UUCP> +Organization: TU Vienna EDP-Center, Vienna, AUSTRIA +Lines: 58 + +In article <1507@ogcvax.UUCP>, schaefer@ogcvax.UUCP (Barton E. Schaefer) writes: +> (I realize this might be similar to another question asked recently, but ...) +> +> Another student here at OGC recently came to me with a question about the +> C autoincrement operator. The following program is representative of the +> code he wrote, which did not do what he expected: +> +> struct foo { struct foo *tmp; char junk[32]; } foolist[4]; +> +> main () +> { +> struct foo *bar; +> +> bar = foolist; +> /* Do something with bar */ +> bar->tmp = bar++; /* This is the problem line */ +> /* Do something else */ +> } +> + +This is really dangerous programming. The points where the left and where the +right "bar" are evaluated are implementation defined. The problem is similar to +another one, which a friend of mine had some time ago. He tried to pack as much +as possible into the control part of a while loop using the following statement: + +while (a[i]=b[i++]) + ; + +Things were even worse here, as the program behaved even differently depending +on whether it was compiled with the optimization option or not. Non optimized +everything worked as expected but in the optimized version only for the first +assignment "i" was incremented after the assignment, for all the following +assignments it was incremented after the evaluation of "b[i]" but before the +assignment. Nevertheless this behaviour was in the sense of both K&R and ANSI. +The only thing you can trust on, is that the *operand* of the increment +operator is evaluated before its incrementation. One way to achieve the desired +behaviour is, as you suggested yourself, to write: + +> What he really wanted was the equivalent of +> bar->tmp = bar; +> bar++; + +and not (for the same reasons stated above): + +> (bar++)->tmp = bar; + +If there is any necessity to have the whole semantic in one *expression*, use +the comma operator, as + +bar->tmp = bar, bar++; + +This operator *guarantees* the sequential evaluation of its operands from +left to right. + +In real life: Dipl.Ing. Dietmar Weickert + ALCATEL Austria - ELIN Research Center + Floridusg. 50 + A - 1210 Vienna / Austria +#! rnews 1822 +Path: alberta!mnetor!uunet!mcvax!steven +From: steven@cwi.nl (Steven Pemberton) +Newsgroups: comp.sys.atari.st +Subject: Re: Alcyon C Bug N++ +Message-ID: <140@piring.cwi.nl> +Date: 7 Dec 87 14:59:48 GMT +References: <8712051307.AA12109@ucbvax.Berkeley.EDU> +Reply-To: steven@cwi.nl (or try mcvax!steven.uucp) +Organization: CWI, Amsterdam +Lines: 38 + +For people interested, here are a couple of bugs in the Alcyon +compiler that we've been hitting our heads against for the last few +weeks: + + 1) The compiler doesn't seem able to cope with nested + initialisations. For instance, a struct with an array in + the middle: + static struct foo table[] = { + { ...... {.....} ......}, + ... + } + The compiler complains about mismatched braces. + Cure: 'unwrap' the struct declaration, so it's all at the + same level. + + 2) In a construct like + bar *p = (expression1, expression2); + the result of expression2 gets coerced to int, and then + back to bar *, meaning basically that you get bombs on the + screen when you try to use p, due to a wrong address. + Cure: use + bar *p = (expression1, (bar *) expression2); + + 3) We believe that 'complicated' initialisations to auto + variables in functions (for instance where the + initialisation involves a call to another function) often + come out wrong. However, by this point, we despaired, and + stopped using the compiler, so we never followed up on it. + +I might point out that we're trying to compile a BIG program: 30,000 +lines of C, so just trying to trace bug 2 took us a LOT of time. + +By the way, just for interest: to compile the lot from scratch, using +a ram disk for temporaries would take 4 hours. When we reinitialised +the disk partition, and copied the files back, a recompile only took +1.5 hours! + +Steven Pemberton, CWI, Amsterdam; steven@cwi.nl +#! rnews 1265 +Path: alberta!mnetor!uunet!mcvax!mhres!jv +From: jv@mhres.mh.nl (Johan Vromans) +Newsgroups: comp.sys.hp +Subject: Re: syslogd on HP-UX +Summary: I have one +Message-ID: <1495@mhres.mh.nl> +Date: 7 Dec 87 12:19:02 GMT +References: <641@ucdavis.ucdavis.edu> +Sender: jv@mhres.mh.nl +Reply-To: jv@mhres.mh.nl (Johan Vromans) +Organization: Multihouse N.V., The Netherlands +Lines: 20 + +In article <641@ucdavis.ucdavis.edu> arons@iris.ucdavis.edu (Tom Arons) writes: +>Has anyone successfully ported syslog(3) and syslogd from 4.2 or +>4.3 BSD to HP-UX 5.3 running on a 9000 series 300? +> +>It doesn't look like it would be too hard to do, but I don't want to +>reinvent the wheel. + +I once implemented a syslogd for HP-UX using message queues. I have posted +it to comp.sources.unix some time ago, but I can mail it if you cannot find +it. + +Features: (almost) BSD compatible, no network support, runs as a daemon, +communicates with message queues. +If no daemon is running, calling 'syslog' is effectivily a no-op. +I have used it when I tried to get sendmail running. + + + +-- +Johan Vromans | jv@mh.nl via European backbone +Multihouse N.V., Gouda, the Netherlands | uucp: ..{uunet!}mcvax!mh.nl!jv +"It is better to light a candle than to curse the darkness" +#! rnews 1036 +Path: alberta!mnetor!uunet!mcvax!botter!wundt!michael +From: michael@wundt.psy.vu.nl (M.A.M. Michael) +Newsgroups: comp.sys.mac +Subject: Address for update of VersaTerm requested +Message-ID: <164@wundt.psy.vu.nl> +Date: 7 Dec 87 16:30:39 GMT +Reply-To: michael@psy.vu.nl.UUCP (M.A.M. Felt) +Organization: VU Psychologie, Amsterdam +Lines: 24 + +!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! +Please reply via e-mail. +!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! + +When I purchased VersaTerm 2+ years ago I didn't bother to register. +Now I wish I had. It's about time for an update. + +The manual lists the address: +Peripherals Computers & Supplies Inc +2232 Perkiomen Avenue +Mt. Penn, PA 19606 + +Is this still current (other VersaTerm Users)? + +In either case, an e-mail reply will be appreciated. +The dealer (I bought it from) here is still selling +the same version of two years ago. (1.42) + +Thanks, michael felt +-- +Michael Felt Psychology Dept, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, Netherlands +InterNet: michael@psy.vu.nl +UUCP: ...!mcvax!vupsy!michael , michael@vupsy.UUCP +AppleLink: HOL0038 +#! rnews 600 +Path: alberta!mnetor!uunet!mcvax!inria!axis!alastair +From: alastair@axis.fr (Alastair Adamson) +Newsgroups: comp.text +Subject: To break or not to break +Summary: br command in [nt]roff +Message-ID: <348@axis.fr> +Date: 7 Dec 87 08:33:25 GMT +Organization: Axis Digital, Paris +Lines: 9 + +I have long wondered at the ubiquitous [nt]roff request + 'br +found in the mm macros and elsewhere. Could someone +please elucidate the use of the break request with +the no-break command character ' used? + +Thanks in advance, Alastair Adamson, + alastair@axis.fr + Axis Digital, 135 rue d'Aguesseau, 92100, Boulogne, France +#! rnews 8193 +Path: alberta!mnetor!uunet!mcvax!botter!ast +From: ast@cs.vu.nl (Andy Tanenbaum) +Newsgroups: comp.os.minix +Subject: New program: treecmp.c +Message-ID: <1774@botter.cs.vu.nl> +Date: 7 Dec 87 20:53:16 GMT +Reply-To: ast@cs.vu.nl (Andy Tanenbaum) +Organization: VU Informatica, Amsterdam +Lines: 321 + + +I have written a program to recursively compare the contents of two given +directories, file for file. The program descends the tree and reports about +files that are missing or different. Some day, if I ever get around to +producing V1.3 of MINIX, I will make a tree of the current version next to +the V1.2 tree, and then run this program to get a list of all files that +are different. Then I can make diff listings etc. In reality, the reason +I wrote it however, is that I had just copied my MINIX tree from one part +of the disk to another, and I wanted to make sure nothing was forgotten. +I am sure there are other uses as well. One could no doubt write a shell +script to do this same thing, or perhaps use find, but this program is +much faster, being able to compare two 8 megabyte trees in about 12 +minutes on a Z-248. + +Please post any bugs you find. + +Andy Tanenbaum (ast@cs.vu.nl) + +----------------------------- treecmp.c --------------------------------- +/* treecmp - compare two trees Author: Andy Tanenbaum */ + +/* This program recursively compares two trees and reports on differences. + * It can be used, for example, when a project consists of a large number + * of files and directories. When a new release (i.e., a new tree) has been + * prepared, the old and new tree can be compared to give a list of what has + * changed. The algorithm used is that the first tree is recursively + * descended and for each file or directory found, the corresponding one in + * the other tree checked. The two arguments are not completely symmetric + * because the first tree is descended, not the second one, but reversing + * the arguments will still detect all the differences, only they will be + * printed in a different order. The program needs lots of stack space + * because routines with local arrays are called recursively. The call is + * treecmp [-v] dir1 dir2 + * The -v flag (verbose) prints the directory names as they are processed. + */ + +#include + +#define BUFSIZE 4096 /* size of file buffers */ +#define MAXPATH 128 /* longest acceptable path */ +#define DIRENTLEN 14 /* number of characters in a file name */ + +struct dirstruct { /* layout of a directory entry */ + unsigned inum; + char fname[DIRENTLEN]; +}; + +struct stat stat1, stat2; /* stat buffers */ + +char buf1[BUFSIZE]; /* used for comparing bufs */ +char buf2[BUFSIZE]; /* used for comparing bufs */ + +int verbose; /* set if mode is verbose */ + +main(argc, argv) +int argc; +char *argv[]; +{ + char *p; + + if (argc < 3 || argc > 4) usage(); + p = argv[1]; + if (argc == 4) { + if (*p == '-' && *(p+1) == 'v') + verbose++; + else + usage(); + } + + if (argc == 3) + compare(argv[1], argv[2]); + else + compare(argv[2], argv[3]); + + exit(0); +} + +compare(f1, f2) +char *f1, *f2; +{ +/* This is the main comparision routine. It gets two path names as arguments + * and stats them both. Depending on the results, it calls other routines + * to compare directories or files. + */ + + int type1, type2; + + if (stat(f1, &stat1) < 0) { + printf("Cannot stat %s\n", f1); + return; + } + + if (stat(f2, &stat2) < 0) { + printf("Missing file: %s\n", f2); + return; + } + + /* Examine the types of the files. */ + type1 = stat1.st_mode & S_IFMT; + type2 = stat2.st_mode & S_IFMT; + if (type1 != type2) { + printf("Type diff: %s and %s\n", f1, f2); + return; + } + + /* The types are the same. */ + switch(type1) { + case S_IFREG: regular(f1, f2); + break; + + case S_IFDIR: directory(f1, f2); + break; + + case S_IFCHR: + case S_IFBLK: break; + + default: printf("Unknown file type %o\n", type1); + } + return; +} + +regular(f1, f2) +char *f1, *f2; +{ +/* Compare to regular files. If they are different, complain. */ + + int fd1, fd2, n1, n2, i; + unsigned bytes; + long count; + char *p1, *p2; + + if (stat1.st_size != stat2.st_size) { + printf("Size diff: %s and %s\n", f1, f2); + return; + } + + /* The sizes are the same. We actually have to read the files now. */ + fd1 = open(f1, 0); + if (fd1 < 0) { + printf("Cannot open %s for reading\n", f1); + return; + } + + fd2 = open(f2, 0); + if (fd2 < 0) { + printf("Cannot open %s for reading\n", f2); + return; + } + + count = stat1.st_size; + while (count > 0L) { + bytes = (unsigned) (count > BUFSIZE ? BUFSIZE : count); /* rd count */ + n1 = read(fd1, buf1, bytes); + n2 = read(fd2, buf2, bytes); + if (n1 != n2) { + printf("Length diff: %s and %s\n", f1, f2); + close(fd1); + close(fd2); + return; + } + + /* Compare the buffers. */ + i = n1; + p1 = buf1; + p2 = buf2; + while (i--) { + if (*p1++ != *p2++) { + printf("File diff: %s and %s\n", f1, f2); + close(fd1); + close(fd2); + return; + } + } + count -= n1; + } + close(fd1); + close(fd2); +} + +directory(f1, f2) +char *f1, *f2; +{ +/* Recursively compare two directories by reading them and comparing their + * contents. The order of the entries need not be the same. + */ + + int fd1, fd2, n1, n2, ent1, ent2, i, used1 = 0, used2 = 0; + char *dir1buf, *dir2buf; + char name1buf[MAXPATH], name2buf[MAXPATH]; + struct dirstruct *dp1, *dp2; + unsigned dir1bytes, dir2bytes; + extern char *malloc(); + + /* Allocate space to read in the directories */ + dir1bytes = (unsigned) stat1.st_size; + dir1buf = malloc(dir1bytes); + if (dir1buf == 0) { + printf("Cannot process directory %s: out of memory\n", f1); + return; + } + + dir2bytes = (unsigned) stat2.st_size; + dir2buf = malloc(dir2bytes); + if (dir2buf == 0) { + printf("Cannot process directory %s: out of memory\n", f2); + free(dir1buf); + return; + } + + /* Read in the directories. */ + fd1 = open(f1, 0); + if (fd1 > 0) n1 = read(fd1, dir1buf, dir1bytes); + if (fd1 < 0 || n1 != dir1bytes) { + printf("Cannot read directory %s\n", f1); + free(dir1buf); + free(dir2buf); + if (fd1 > 0) close(fd1); + return; + } + close(fd1); + + fd2 = open(f2, 0); + if (fd2 > 0) n2 = read(fd2, dir2buf, dir2bytes); + if (fd2 < 0 || n2 != dir2bytes) { + printf("Cannot read directory %s\n", f2); + free(dir1buf); + free(dir2buf); + close(fd1); + if (fd2 > 0) close(fd2); + return; + } + close(fd2); + + /* Linearly search directories */ + ent1 = dir1bytes/sizeof(struct dirstruct); + dp1 = (struct dirstruct *) dir1buf; + for (i = 0; i < ent1; i++) { + if (dp1->inum != 0) used1++; + dp1++; + } + + ent2 = dir2bytes/sizeof(struct dirstruct); + dp2 = (struct dirstruct *) dir2buf; + for (i = 0; i < ent2; i++) { + if (dp2->inum != 0) used2++; + dp2++; + } + + if (verbose) printf("Directory %s: %d entries\n", f1, used1); + + /* Check to see if any entries in dir2 are missing from dir1. */ + dp1 = (struct dirstruct *) dir1buf; + dp2 = (struct dirstruct *) dir2buf; + for (i = 0; i < ent2; i++) { + if (dp2->inum == 0 || strcmp(dp2->fname, ".") == 0 || + strcmp(dp2->fname, "..") == 0) { + dp2++; + continue; + } + check(dp2->fname, dp1, ent1, f1); + dp2++; + } + + /* Recursively process all the entries in dir1. */ + dp1 = (struct dirstruct *) dir1buf; + for (i = 0; i < ent1; i++) { + if (dp1->inum == 0 || strcmp(dp1->fname, ".") == 0 || + strcmp(dp1->fname, "..") == 0) { + dp1++; + continue; + } + if (strlen(f1) + DIRENTLEN >= MAXPATH) { + printf("Path too long: %s\n", f1); + free(dir1buf); + free(dir2buf); + return; + } + if (strlen(f2) + DIRENTLEN >= MAXPATH) { + printf("Path too long: %s\n", f2); + free(dir1buf); + free(dir2buf); + return; + } + + strcpy(name1buf, f1); + strcat(name1buf, "/"); + strncat(name1buf, dp1->fname, DIRENTLEN); + strcpy(name2buf, f2); + strcat(name2buf, "/"); + strncat(name2buf, dp1->fname, DIRENTLEN); + + /* Here is the recursive call to process an entry. */ + compare(name1buf, name2buf); /* recursive call */ + dp1++; + } + + free(dir1buf); + free(dir2buf); +} + +check(s, dp1, ent1, f1) +char *s; +struct dirstruct *dp1; +int ent1; +char *f1; +{ +/* See if the file name 's' is present in the directory 'dirbuf'. */ + int i; + + for (i = 0; i < ent1; i++) { + if (strncmp(dp1->fname, s, DIRENTLEN) == 0) return; + dp1++; + } + printf("Missing file: %s/%s\n", f1, s); +} + +usage() +{ + printf("Usage: treecmp [-v] dir1 dir2\n"); + exit(0); +} +#! rnews 1196 +Path: alberta!mnetor!uunet!mcvax!prlb2!kulcs!kdv +From: kdv@kulcs.UUCP (Karel De Vlaminck) +Newsgroups: comp.text +Subject: Laserprinters for troff on NCR Tower +Message-ID: <1066@kulcs.UUCP> +Date: 7 Dec 87 19:18:01 GMT +Reply-To: kdv@kulcs.UUCP () +Organization: Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Dept. Computer Science +Lines: 22 + + +1) We want to connect a laserprinter for use with troff +on a NCR Tower System. Has anyone experience with this? + +2) We will have access to a KYOCERA F-1000 or F-1200 laser printer. +Does anyone know about the existence of a filter for the +troff output to the laserprinter (which uses 'Prescribe'). + +3) This laserprinter also has an HP Laserjet Plus emulation. +Another solution would then be to use a troff output filter +for the HP Laserjet. So I will ask the same question +about the existence for this filter. + +Please mail responses directly to me. If there are usefull +responses, I will post a summary to the net. + +Karel De Vlaminck + + | K. U. Leuven + kdv@kulcs.uucp | Department of Computer Science + or ...!mcvax!prlb2!kulcs!kdv | Celestijnenlaan 200 A + Phone: +(32) 16-200656 x3565 | B-3030 Leuven (Heverlee), Belgium +#! rnews 685 +Path: alberta!mnetor!uunet!mcvax!cernvax!ethz!solaris!wyle +From: wyle@solaris.ifi.ethz.ch@relay.cs.net (Mitchell Wyle) +Newsgroups: comp.unix.questions,comp.text +Subject: Scribe, GML +Keywords: Generalized Mark-up Languages, Scribe +Message-ID: <194@A14A.solaris.ifi.ethz.ch@relay.cs.net> +Date: 7 Dec 87 17:14:05 GMT +Organization: SOT sun cluster, ETH Zuerich +Lines: 7 +Xref: alberta comp.unix.questions:4769 comp.text:1344 + +Where can I buy Scribe? Are there other implementations of +a standard Markup Language on BSD Unix? What is Scribe? + +Please respond via e-mail; if there are enough "me too's," +I'll post. + +-Mitch Wyle (wyle@solaris.uucp | wyle@ethz.uucp | ...!cernvax!ethz!wyle +#! rnews 1896 +Path: alberta!mnetor!uunet!mcvax!ukc!its63b!simon +From: simon@its63b.ed.ac.uk (ECSC68 S Brown CS) +Newsgroups: comp.unix.wizards +Subject: Re: Setting process groups +Message-ID: <815@its63b.ed.ac.uk> +Date: 7 Dec 87 10:30:32 GMT +References: <1765@unc.cs.unc.edu> <910@mcgill-vision.UUCP> <1261@saturn.ucsc.edu> <3134@psuvax1.psu.edu> <2990@hcr.UUCP> +Reply-To: simon@lfcs.ed.ac.uk (Simon Brown) +Organization: LFCS, University of Edinburgh +Lines: 29 + +In article <2990@hcr.UUCP> writes: +>Actually SVID setpgrp() has an "extra feature" that Berkeley setpgrp(getpid()) +>does not have - it detaches the process from its controlling terminal. This +>does tend to make it "difficult" to create a pipeline attached to your terminal +>but with its own process group. + +Well, you can do that by making each such pipeline belong to it's own SXT +device, and have all these SXT's multiplexed onto your *real* terminal. +Instant job-control! + +BTW, SVR2 (and 3?) setpgrp() doesn't fully detach a process from its +controlling tty if this process has already done a setpgrp() previously +(as is the case for a login-shell -- this comes from init and getty). +What it does in this case is to "partially" detach -- so that if you try +to set up a new controlling terminal, it's not actually a controlling terminal +at all -- things like terminal-generated signals don't get sent to the process. +Presumably this is just a cretinous bug, and not something more sophisticated. + + +-- +-------------------------------------------------- +| Simon Brown | +| Laboratory for Foundations of Computer Science | +| Department of Computer Science | +| University of Edinburgh, Scotland, UK. | +-------------------------------------------------- + UUCP: uunet!mcvax!ukc!lfcs!simon + ARPA: simon%lfcs.ed@nss.cs.ucl.ac.uk "Life's like that, you know" + JANET: simon@uk.ac.ed.lfcs +#! rnews 1126 +Path: alberta!mnetor!uunet!mcvax!ukc!its63b!hwcs!adrian +From: adrian@cs.hw.ac.uk (Adrian Hurt) +Newsgroups: rec.arts.sf-lovers +Subject: Re: NCC, USS, Klingons, etc... +Summary: She was a Klingon +Message-ID: <1568@brahma.cs.hw.ac.uk> +Date: 7 Dec 87 10:33:54 GMT +References: <8712011928.AA04370@topaz.rutgers.edu> <1632@bsu-cs.UUCP> <19321@teknowledge-vaxc.ARPA> +Organization: Computer Science, Heriot-Watt U., Scotland +Lines: 15 + +In article <19321@teknowledge-vaxc.ARPA>, hshiffma@teknowledge-vaxc.ARPA (Hank Shiffman) writes: +> +> Why do you think she was a Klingon? As I recall, she looked human. +> You weren't assuming that she was a Klingon just because she had +> something going with the Christoper Lloyd character, were you? For +> shame! + +In the book of the film, Valkris was definitely a Klingon, out to do something +valiant to redeem her family's honour. She became very friendly with another +alien on board that ship because of that alien's warrior traditions. +-- + "Keyboard? Tis quaint!" - M. Scott + + Adrian Hurt | JANET: adrian@uk.ac.hw.cs + UUCP: ..!ukc!cs.hw.ac.uk!adrian | ARPA: adrian@cs.hw.ac.uk +#! rnews 1332 +Path: alberta!mnetor!uunet!mcvax!ukc!its63b!hwcs!adrian +From: adrian@cs.hw.ac.uk (Adrian Hurt) +Newsgroups: rec.games.frp +Subject: Re: Star Wars: the RPG +Summary: Pictures +Message-ID: <1569@brahma.cs.hw.ac.uk> +Date: 7 Dec 87 10:42:12 GMT +References: <1570@cup.portal.com> <13450021@acf4.UUCP> <1676@cup.portal.com> <1799@cup.portal.com> +Organization: Computer Science, Heriot-Watt U., Scotland +Lines: 21 + +In article <1799@cup.portal.com>, Nightstalker@cup.portal.com writes: +> +> Hi! Does anyone know if the force skills can be learned by any PC like +> a smuggler or outlaw for example, or can they only be taught to the +> jedi classes and NPCs? Thank you. +> Jason Wallace +> + +Any character may learn the Force skills from a master, and the rulebook even +encourages players using the Jedi characters to do some teaching, provided that +the pupil hasn't got any Dark Side points. Remember, Luke Skywalker was a +"Brash Pilot" type until Obi-Wan (OB1? :-) got to him. + +Now for my question. There are some really nice pictures in the rulebook. Can I +get separate copies of these? They would be great posters, especially the +Imperial Navy recruiting poster and the R2 advert. +-- + "Keyboard? Tis quaint!" - M. Scott + + Adrian Hurt | JANET: adrian@uk.ac.hw.cs + UUCP: ..!ukc!cs.hw.ac.uk!adrian | ARPA: adrian@cs.hw.ac.uk +#! rnews 1047 +Path: alberta!mnetor!uunet!mcvax!ukc!its63b!bob +From: bob@its63b.ed.ac.uk (ERCF08 Bob Gray) +Newsgroups: rec.arts.sf-lovers +Subject: Re: Klingon females +Message-ID: <816@its63b.ed.ac.uk> +Date: 7 Dec 87 12:36:36 GMT +References: <8712042225.AA03829@topaz.rutgers.edu> <3490@hoptoad.uucp> +Reply-To: bob@its63b.ed.ac.uk (ERCF08 Bob Gray) +Organization: I.T. School, Univ. of Edinburgh, U.K. +Lines: 13 + +In article <3490@hoptoad.uucp> tim@hoptoad.UUCP (Tim Maroney) writes: +>I like the fact that the Klingons are portrayed as sexist scumbags, but it +>disturbs me that all major sentient races except humans and Romulans put +>women in a subservient role (Klingons, Vulcans, Ferrengi). It almost seems +>as if we are being told that female subservience is part of the natural +>order of sentience. There are no major female-dominated sentient races, two +>semi-egalitarian races, and three male-dominated races, a clear imbalance in +>favor of male dominance. + +Then who was T'pau supposed to be? + +She was vulcan, and very obviously in charge of things. + Bob. +#! rnews 1313 +Path: alberta!mnetor!uunet!mcvax!ukc!its63b!bob +From: bob@its63b.ed.ac.uk (ERCF08 Bob Gray) +Newsgroups: rec.arts.sf-lovers +Subject: Re: Max Headroom +Message-ID: <817@its63b.ed.ac.uk> +Date: 7 Dec 87 13:10:09 GMT +References: <82*quale@si.uninett> <3333@ihlpl.ATT.COM> +Reply-To: bob@its63b.ed.ac.uk (ERCF08 Bob Gray) +Distribution: rec.arts.sf-lovers +Organization: I.T. School, Univ. of Edinburgh, U.K. +Lines: 18 + +In article <3333@ihlpl.ATT.COM> barth@ihlpl.UUCP (BARTH RICHARDS) writes: +>The problem is that the first few episodes were *re*made by an American +>production company for broadcast on ABC (not the Australian ABC). As I +>understand it, the first ABC run of six shows (winter/spring of 1987) were +>all reworkings of episodes already done by the British. The second run +>(fall 1987) were stories newly developed by the American producers. + +Sorry, there was only ever one original Max Headroom +programme. That was a one-off TV film made by the BBC. +Any episodes beyond the original story did not originate +with the BBC, although Maxs' creators may have been involved. + +Max then re-appeared on Channel 4 as host of a chat show for two +short seasons. (interviewing guest stars about their views +on Golf, music, life and, most importantly, Golf :->) + +He then crossed the atlantic to be re-made by ABC. + Bob. +#! rnews 1152 +Path: alberta!mnetor!uunet!mcvax!ukc!warwick!jeff +From: jeff@warwick.UUCP (Jeff Smith) +Newsgroups: comp.lang.c++ +Subject: cfront runs too fast (and fix) +Keywords: cfront fix +Message-ID: <586@ubu.warwick.UUCP> +Date: 7 Dec 87 14:49:10 GMT +Organization: Computer Science, Warwick University, UK +Lines: 27 + +If you can persuade cfront to finish in less than a second with the ++S option on, then the calculation of the number of lines processed +per second generates a divide-by-zero! On a SUN-3 with 1.2.1, +typing + cfront +S 0 ? + Nline/(stop_time-start_time) : Nline); +#else !CFRONTTOOFASTFIX + stop_time-start_time, Nline/(stop_time-start_time) ); +#endif CFRONTTOOFASTFIX + fflush(stderr); + + +Jeff +warwick!jeff + +PS. Does anyone have a fix to simpl.c for the null dereference +on Pfct f = Pfct(Pptr(q->tp)->typ) caused by the pointer to member function +problem? The problem's been noted a couple of times in comp.lang.c++, by +Paul Calder and others.. +#! rnews 1114 +Path: alberta!mnetor!uunet!mcvax!ukc!warwick!strgh +From: strgh@daisy.warwick.ac.uk (J E H Shaw) +Newsgroups: rec.music.misc +Subject: Re: More than Yes (really Egg) +Message-ID: <357@daisy.warwick.ac.uk> +Date: 7 Dec 87 17:57:56 GMT +References: <22034@ucbvax.BERKELEY.EDU> <19826@yale-celray.yale.UUCP> +Reply-To: strgh@daisy.warwick.ac.uk (J E H Shaw) +Organization: Computing Services, Warwick University, UK +Lines: 14 + +---------- +Egg released at least one other album before `Civil Surface', I think it +was called `the Polite Force'. They were very good. + +Their drummer (Clive Brooks?) joined the Groundhogs. +Their bassist (Mont Campbell?) played sometimes with some of the other + Canterbury scene people: National Health, U.K. or similar (mid 70's). +Their organist, Dave Stewart, became a pop star (`It's My Party'), and + also played with National Health, Hatfield & the North, etc. + +Apologies for any wrong names - the above is all based on memory. +-- +J.E.H.Shaw Department of Statistics, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL +$$\times\times\qquad\top\gamma\alpha\omega\exists\qquad{\odot\odot\atop\smile}$$ +#! rnews 1231 +Path: alberta!mnetor!uunet!mcvax!ukc!eagle!icdoc!qmc-cs!nickd +From: nickd@cs.qmc.ac.uk (Nick Dunlavey) +Newsgroups: comp.cog-eng +Subject: Touch-screen research +Message-ID: <348@sequent.cs.qmc.ac.uk> +Date: 4 Dec 87 10:52:55 GMT +References: <19@gollum.Columbia.NCR.COM> <290@rd1632.Dayton.NCR.COM> +Reply-To: nickd@qmc.ac.uk (Nick Dunlavey) +Organization: Sch Of C+IT, Thames Polytechnic, Woolwich, London, UK +Lines: 19 +Summary: + +Expires: + +Sender: + +Followup-To: + +Distribution: + +Keywords: + + +I know that the CEGB (for those outside the UK, this is the +UK's Central Electricity Generating Board) has done some work +on this in the Scientific Services Department in its +North-eastern Region. A report was produced called: + +"A Touch-Sensitive Screen As An Interface For On-Line Control", +by Sutherland, Pringle and Carlin. + +It documents the use of an upgraded VT103 in a power station +for operator control. +-- +------------- +Nick Dunlavey ARPA: nickd@cs.qmc.ac.uk (gw: cs.ucl.edu) +School Of Computing & IT UUCP: nickd@qmc-cs.UUCP +Thames Polytechnic Tel: 01-854 2030 Ext 339 +Wellington Street +Woolwich Thanks to Queen Mary College for +LONDON net access +SE18 6PF +#! rnews 1563 +Path: alberta!mnetor!uunet!mcvax!ukc!its63b!hwcs!adrian +From: adrian@cs.hw.ac.uk (Adrian Hurt) +Newsgroups: rec.arts.sf-lovers +Subject: Re: ST:TNG posters +Summary: Tolerance, please +Message-ID: <1570@brahma.cs.hw.ac.uk> +Date: 7 Dec 87 13:24:11 GMT +References: <5226@zen.berkeley.edu> +Organization: Computer Science, Heriot-Watt U., Scotland +Lines: 27 + +In article <5226@zen.berkeley.edu>, iverson@cory.Berkeley.EDU (Tim Iverson) writes: +> +> ... Not only that, but these article made no mention of +> ST:TNG in the subject line or header, so I couldn't kill them easily. +> +> ... The simple fact is that there is +> newsgroup for all of you to communicate in, and if the rest of us wanted to +> listen, then we would. +> + +Oh no, not again. Remember last time, when the number of articles complaining +about ST articles outnumbered the articles concerned (and every other single +type of article as well)? + +There is a ST group, but not for "all of us". Some of us can't get at it. But +your point about headers is valid. In the interests of preventing Flame War III +I suggest that those of us who wish to put ST (and Dr. Who, etc) articles here +make sure that "ST" (or Dr. Who, etc) or some similar warning appears in the +header. And those who wish to complain about such postings should also always +put some clear warning in the header, so those of us who aren't interested can +kill their articles easily. + +-- + "Keyboard? Tis quaint!" - M. Scott + + Adrian Hurt | JANET: adrian@uk.ac.hw.cs + UUCP: ..!ukc!cs.hw.ac.uk!adrian | ARPA: adrian@cs.hw.ac.uk +#! rnews 782 +Path: alberta!mnetor!uunet!mcvax!ukc!its63b!hwcs!jack +From: jack@cs.hw.ac.uk (Jack Campin) +Newsgroups: comp.os.misc +Subject: incorporating processes into file systems +Message-ID: <1572@brahma.cs.hw.ac.uk> +Date: 7 Dec 87 20:36:40 GMT +Organization: Computer Science, Heriot-Watt U., Scotland +Lines: 9 + +I believe there has been at least one OS that manages the naming of +processes and files in the same way - so 'ps' would become yet another +option to 'ls'. I forget which. Can anyone enlighten me? References? + +-- +ARPA: jack%cs.glasgow.ac.uk@nss.cs.ucl.ac.uk +JANET:jack@uk.ac.glasgow.cs USENET: ...mcvax!ukc!cs.glasgow.ac.uk!jack +Mail: Jack Campin, Computing Science Department, University of Glasgow, + 17 Lilybank Gardens, Glasgow G12 8QQ, Scotland (041 339 8855 x 6045) +#! rnews 1538 +Path: alberta!mnetor!uunet!mcvax!ukc!its63b!hwcs!jack +From: jack@cs.hw.ac.uk (Jack Campin) +Newsgroups: sci.physics,rec.games.programmer,comp.sys.mac +Subject: simulating relativistic motion +Keywords: relativity, graphics, flight simulators +Message-ID: <1573@brahma.cs.hw.ac.uk> +Date: 7 Dec 87 21:00:08 GMT +Organization: Computer Science, Heriot-Watt U., Scotland +Lines: 18 +Xref: alberta sci.physics:2410 rec.games.programmer:44 comp.sys.mac:10006 + +A long time ago I read about a program developed at MIT that produced +images of the way ordinary scenes (a street) would look at speeds nearing +c. I don't know if it used a plotter or calligraphic display, but it was +so long ago that whatever it did should surely be possible now in real time +on a Mac or equivalent. Does anything like that exist? - a sort of flight +simulator for cosmic ray particles, that would let you define a scene +with a 3D graphics editor and then look at it at various fractions of c. +(Colour would be a nice optional extra). The MIT program produced weirdly +drooping lampposts. +More ambitiously: what about general relativity? Here I am thinking about +some of the descriptions in Kaufmann's "The Cosmic Frontiers of General +Relativity" about how the world would look from near a black hole. + +-- +ARPA: jack%cs.glasgow.ac.uk@nss.cs.ucl.ac.uk +JANET:jack@uk.ac.glasgow.cs USENET: ...mcvax!ukc!cs.glasgow.ac.uk!jack +Mail: Jack Campin, Computing Science Department, University of Glasgow, + 17 Lilybank Gardens, Glasgow G12 8QQ, Scotland (041 339 8855 x 6045) +#! rnews 737 +Path: alberta!mnetor!uunet!mcvax!enea!kuling!nicke +From: nicke@kuling.UUCP (Niclas Holm) +Newsgroups: comp.lang.c++ +Subject: Anyone ported c++ to UNISYS 50xx ? +Message-ID: <569@kuling.UUCP> +Date: 6 Dec 87 16:33:36 GMT +Reply-To: nicke@kuling.UUCP (Niclas Holm) +Organization: Dept. of Computer Systems, Uppsala University, Sweden +Lines: 7 + +I am interested in running c++ on a UNISYS 50xx (read NCR Tower ..). +Has someone successfully ported it, or need I do it myself ? + +-- + Niclas F. Holm | UUCP: nicke@kuling ({seismo!mcvax}!enea!kuling!nicke) + Idrottsg. 21 II | or nicke@umecs ({seismo!mcvax}!enea!umecs!nicke) + S-753 35 Uppsala | Phone: +46 - 18 13 36 + SWEDEN | Famous Last Words: Look, no hands! +#! rnews 1584 +Path: alberta!mnetor!uunet!mcvax!ukc!stc!datlog!slxsys!jpp +From: jpp@slxsys.specialix.co.uk (John Pettitt) +Newsgroups: comp.sys.ibm.pc +Subject: Re: anyone have info on "multilink"? +Summary: Get it from: TSL, Atlanta Ga. +Keywords: remote modem multilink +Message-ID: <108@slxsys.specialix.co.uk> +Date: 7 Dec 87 20:01:09 GMT +References: <167@iisat.UUCP> +Reply-To: jpp@slxsys.UUCP (John Pettitt) +Organization: Specialix International, London, UK. +Lines: 31 + +In article <167@iisat.UUCP> iis@iisat.UUCP (Paul Gauthier) writes: +>i am trying to locate information on a program called mutlilink. i have +>heard that it permits one to run software on an ibm from a remote (dumb) +>terminal. is this correct? does anyone know of other software that will +>accomplish the same? any and all help would be appreciated. thank you. + +Multilink will allow several serial screens to run dos programs. + +More info from: + The Software Link + 3577 Parkway Lane + Atlanta GA 30092 + (404) 448 5465 + +They also have a product call PC-MOS that does the same thing on +386 boxes. + +Other software that lets you run multi user dos includes QNX, +Concurrent DOS (from Digital Research - remember CP/M :-), +Xenix (vp/ix comming soon), Unix V (ISC and Microport, with +vp/ix and locus merge respectivly). + +Disclaimer: I don't sell any of the above - just write serial +driver's for them - not easy in some cases :-( + + + +-- +John Pettitt - 144.5 MHz: G6KCQ, CIX: jpettitt, Voice: +44 1 398 9422 +UUCP: ...uunet!mcvax!ukc!pyrltd!slxsys!jpp (jpp@slxsys.specialix.co.uk) +Disclaimer: I don't even own a cat to share my views ! +#! rnews 1792 +Path: alberta!mnetor!uunet!mcvax!targon!wim +From: wim@targon.UUCP (Wim C. J. van Eerdt) +Newsgroups: comp.lang.c++ +Subject: Bug bug? solved (?) +Keywords: inline local variables +Message-ID: <367@targon.UUCP> +Date: 8 Dec 87 09:22:14 GMT +Reply-To: wim@targon.UUCP (Wim C. J. van Eerdt) +Organization: Nixdorf Computer BV., OSP, P.O. Box 29,Vianen, The Netherlands +Lines: 34 + +As long as the department does not have an uucp-feed, +you can e-mail me, the poster. +Success! + + Wim van Eerdt E-mail: mcvax!targon!wim + OSP, Nixdorf Computer Bv, Postbus 29, 4130 EA Vianen + Nederland. Tel.: +31 3473 62211. + +----------------News article got:------------------------------------- +Author: Gerard van Dorth +Subject: Bug bug? solved (?) +Keywords: inline local variables + +> ... Redeclaration of "_au2__Xt_val_global" + +The conditional statement on the lines 161/162 "if ( base == BLOCK && + n->lex_level < ( (Pfct(expand_fn->tp)->memof) ? 3 : 2 ) )" +in file expand.c has to be changed in: +"if ( base == BLOCK && n->lex_level < 'function-defined-in-class' ? 3 : 2 )". + +For a function defined in a class the lex_level is raised by the curly brace +of the class itself. Not only member functions (memof = member of) can be +defined inline, friends can also. +(Note that funny declarations of local variables did appear in case a member +function which needs locals is declared inline but not defined in the class +itself). + +The most simple way to tell whether a function is defined in a class is the +use of a global variable (the more globals the more fun), set and reset +(embracing the first loop) in the routine classdef::simpl() in file simpl.c +-- + Wim van Eerdt E-mail: mcvax!targon!wim + OSP, Nixdorf Computer Bv, Postbus 29, 4130 EA Vianen + Nederland. Tel.: +31 3473 62211. +#! rnews 1196 +Path: alberta!mnetor!uunet!mcvax!unido!infbs!hild +From: hild@infbs +Newsgroups: rec.music.classical +Subject: Re: K. u. K. - (nf) +Message-ID: <24200003@infbs.UUCP> +Date: 7 Dec 87 10:26:00 GMT +References: <19123@amdahl.UUCP> +Lines: 17 +Nf-ID: #R:amdahl:19123:infbs:24200003:000:873 +Nf-From: infbs!hild Dec 7 11:26:00 1987 + +This is only partly true. + +"K.u.K." is short for "Kaiserlich und Koeniglich", that's right. +But it has nothing to do with the king of prussia. + +At the time "K.u.K." was used, the king of Austria was also the +king of Hungary and the emperor of "Oestreich-Ungarn" (Austria and +Hungary. When thinking of K.u.K., I have the picture of +Kaiser Franz Josef, a fatherly man who kept his nation in a long +period of prosperous (sp?) peace, especially good for the arts. + +BTW, Otto von Bismarck is remembered as a man who united Germany +(with an iron hand, that's true), which at that time was divided +into many small parts, all of them having a duke, different legislation +and borders between them. This meant having to pay customs very often, +thus disallowing free trade, which in turn was necessary for the +upcoming industrial revolution. So you might regard OvB a good statesman. +#! rnews 1564 +Path: alberta!mnetor!uunet!mcvax!nikhefh!t68 +From: t68@nikhefh.UUCP (Jos Vermaseren) +Newsgroups: comp.sys.atari.st +Subject: Re: FOLDERXXXXX +Summary: FOLDRXXX may not do the job either. +Message-ID: <410@nikhefh.UUCP> +Date: 8 Dec 87 10:44:50 GMT +References: <637@aucs.UUCP> +Organization: Nikhef-H, Amsterdam (the Netherlands). +Lines: 22 + +In article <637@aucs.UUCP>, 870646c@aucs.UUCP (barry comer) writes: +> After I posted my message about the GEMBOOT prg. not working properly, I +> received a message stating that GEMBOOT will not work properly with the new ROMS,well he also stated that there is a prg. call something like "FOLDRXXX.TOS", +> will this prg. work with the new ROMS? If it will do the trick could someone +> that has it please sent it to me in a reply msg. PLEASE do not send it via +> the binaries section I will never get it. +> Thanx in advance +> Barry + +FOLDRXXX starts up with a little table of ROM versions and corresponding +to each version an address. At that address it inserts a list of memory +pieces to be used. If you use new ROM's these addresses have been changed +so you cannot use FOLDRXXX unless you figure out the new address you need +and substitute the necessary information into the binary of FOLDRXXX ( or +a disassembly ). On the other hand: the new version of the ROMs for the +Mega has a much larger OSpool from which these memory blocks are taken. +It used to be 6000 bytes, but the new size is 16000 bytes. I don't know +whether this makes FOLDRXXX superfluous. Maybe Allan Pratt can comment +on that. + +Jos Vermaseren +T68@nikhefh.uucp +#! rnews 793 +Path: alberta!mnetor!uunet!mcvax!nikhefk!marcel +From: marcel@nikhefk.UUCP (Marcel Corbeek) +Newsgroups: rec.music.classical +Subject: Question +Message-ID: <291@nikhefk.UUCP> +Date: 8 Dec 87 11:19:26 GMT +Reply-To: marcel@nikhefk.UUCP (Marcel Corbeek) +Organization: Nikhef-K, Amsterdam (the Netherlands). +Lines: 15 + +In the film "Once upon a time in America" an ouverture of Rossini is played. +Is there anyone who can tell me which one this is ? + +Marcel Corbeek, Arpanet : marcel@nikhefk.uucp +NIKHEF-K, Amsterdam. Bitnet : v59u0002@hasara11.bitnet +Home address : +Aletta Jacobsstraat 48, +1628 NP Hoorn, +The Netherlands. +Marcel Corbeek, Arpanet : marcel@nikhefk.uucp +NIKHEF-K, Amsterdam. Bitnet : v59u0002@hasara11.bitnet +Home address : +Aletta Jacobsstraat 48, +1628 NP Hoorn, +The Netherlands. +#! rnews 2545 +Path: alberta!mnetor!uunet!mcvax!prlb2!ronse +From: ronse@prlb2.UUCP (Christian Ronse) +Newsgroups: sci.math +Subject: Re: Putnam Exam (SPOILER) +Summary: another proof for the x<25 solution +Keywords: Putnam +Message-ID: <388@prlb2.UUCP> +Date: 8 Dec 87 10:03:24 GMT +References: <16863@topaz.rutgers.edu> <16864@topaz.rutgers.edu> <3482@husc6.harvard.edu> +Organization: Philips Research Laboratory, Brussels +Lines: 69 + +In article <3482@husc6.harvard.edu>, elkies@huma1.HARVARD.EDU (Noam Elkies) writes: +< [Problem A-6 of the 48th Annual W.L.Putnam Contest, Dec. 5, 1987: ] +< >> For each positive integer n, let a(n) be the number of zeros in the +< >> base 3 representation of n. For which positive real numbers x does +< >> the series +< >> +< >> inf +< >> ----- x^a(n) +< >> \ ------ +< >> / n^3 +< >> ----- +< >> n = 1 +< >> +< >> converge? + +> Actually the correct interval of convergence is x<25. Indeed, in the +> partial sum corresponding to 3^k<=n<3^(k+1), the coefficients n^(-3) are +> within a factor of 27 of 27^(-k), and the sum of x^a(n) is easily seen to +> be 2(x+2)^k, so by comparison with the geometric series sum(r^k,k,0,inf) +> with r=(x+2)/27 we find that the series converges if and only if r<1, +> i.e. x<25. + +This is correct, but the way the proof is written is not easy to understand. I +give below another proof. + +For n>0 let + +T(n) = x^a(n)/n^3 and U(n) = T(3n) + T(3n+1) + T(3n+2) + +and for k>=0 let + +Z(k) = sum {n=3^k to 3^(k+1)-1} T(n) + +We have + +Z(k+1) = sum {n=3^(k+1) to 3^(k+2)-1} T(n) + = sum {n=3^k to 3^(k+1)-1} [T(3n) + T(3n+1) + T(3n+2)] + = sum {n=3^k to 3^(k+1)-1} U(n) + +Let us compare U(n) to T(n). We have a(3n)=a(n)+1 and a(3n+1)=a(3n+2)=a(n). +Thus + +U(n) = x^[a(n)+1]/(3n)^3 + x^a(n)/(3n+1)^3 + x^a(n)/(3n+2)^3 + +and so U(n) has as upper bound + +x^a(n) * (x+2)/(3n)^3 = T(n) * (x+2)/27 + +and as lower bound + +x^a(n) * (x+2)/(3n+2)^3 = T(n) * (x+2)/(3+2/n)^3 + +in other words U(n) = T(n) * (x+2)/(27+e(n)), where e(n)<(3+2/n)^3-27 tends to +0 when n tends to infinity. It follows then that + +Z(k+1)= Z(k)*(x+2)/(27+f(k)) + +where f(k)<(3+2/3^k)^3-27 tends to 0 for n tending to infinity. + +Now the series is the sum of all Z(k). Thus for x>25 we have Z(k+1)>Z(k) for k +large enough, and the series diverges; for x<25 we have Z(k+1)< r * Z(k) (with +r=(x+2)/27<1) for every k, and the series converges. For x=25 the series +diverges too (I think so), because Z(k+1)/Z(k) tends to 1 for k tending to +infinity. + +Christian Ronse maldoror@prlb2.UUCP +{uunet|philabs|mcvax|...}!prlb2!{maldoror|ronse} + + Time is Mona Lisa +#! rnews 1248 +Path: alberta!mnetor!uunet!mcvax!botter!star!sater +From: sater@cs.vu.nl (Hans van Staveren) +Newsgroups: comp.dcom.lans,comp.sys.ibm.pc +Subject: Need info on hardware Western Digital EtherCard PLUS +Keywords: moron suppliers, Ethernet, IBM PC's +Message-ID: <608@sater.cs.vu.nl> +Date: 8 Dec 87 14:11:10 GMT +Organization: V.U. Informatica, Amsterdam, the Netherlands +Lines: 18 +Xref: alberta comp.dcom.lans:906 comp.sys.ibm.pc:9572 + +We recently acquired some Western Digital EtherCard PLUS cards for IBM PC's. +We were planning to write MINIX drivers for them and we wanted the hardware +documentation from the supplier. We were indeed promised that. +However, as one might expect, we only got the documentation that stated +where to plug in the cable, and we are more interested in which IO-ports there +are, and what they do. Our supplier is not very helpful at the moment. + +We will continue to nag our supplier, but in the meantime, does anyone have +the hardware info on this board? +We know there is a NatSemi DP8390 on there, and we have the datasheet on that +one, but there should also be an Ethernet Address Rom, plus some other things +on the board. + +As they say, thanks in advance. + + Hans van Staveren + Vrije Universiteit + Amsterdam, Holland +#! rnews 742 +Path: alberta!mnetor!uunet!mcvax!nikhefk!marcel +From: marcel@nikhefk.UUCP (Marcel Corbeek) +Newsgroups: rec.music.synth +Subject: Question +Message-ID: <292@nikhefk.UUCP> +Date: 8 Dec 87 15:59:15 GMT +Reply-To: marcel@nikhefk.UUCP (Marcel Corbeek) +Organization: Nikhef-K, Amsterdam (the Netherlands). +Lines: 15 + +Is there anybody who can give me some information about the WERSI +stageperformer? + +Marcel Corbeek, Arpanet : marcel@nikhefk.uucp +NIKHEF-K, Amsterdam. Bitnet : v59u0002@hasara11.bitnet +Home address : +Aletta Jacobsstraat 48, +1628 NP Hoorn, +The Netherlands. +Marcel Corbeek, Arpanet : marcel@nikhefk.uucp +NIKHEF-K, Amsterdam. Bitnet : v59u0002@hasara11.bitnet +Home address : +Aletta Jacobsstraat 48, +1628 NP Hoorn, +The Netherlands. +#! rnews 1193 +Path: alberta!mnetor!uunet!mcvax!targon!wim +From: wim@targon.UUCP (Wim C. J. van Eerdt) +Newsgroups: comp.lang.c++ +Subject: Another C++ problem, solved (?) +Message-ID: <368@targon.UUCP> +Date: 8 Dec 87 15:33:45 GMT +Reply-To: wim@targon.UUCP (Wim C. J. van Eerdt) +Organization: Nixdorf Computer BV., OSP, P.O. Box 29,Vianen, The Netherlands +Lines: 27 + +I did get yet another file from my colleague Gerard. +As in other articles stated send he is not reachable by e-mail. +I shall forward your mail! +Success and have fun! + + Wim +--------Fix--------------------------------------------------------- +Author: Gerard van Dorth +Subject: Another C++ problem, solved (?) + +> Yet another crazy C++ problem +> ... +> The below code is a generalization of a problem we are seeing with C++ +> ... + +Substitute the line + Pfct f = Pfct(Pptr(q->tp)->typ); +in routine call::simpl of the file simpl.c by + Ptype pt = q->tp; + while (pt->base == TYPE) pt = Pbase(pt)->b_name->tp; + Pfct f = Pfct(Pptr(pt)->typ); // for basic type only. + +(Simpl(e) turns out to be hard). +-- + Wim van Eerdt E-mail: mcvax!targon!wim + OSP, Nixdorf Computer Bv, Postbus 29, 4130 EA Vianen + Nederland. Tel.: +31 3473 62211. +#! rnews 1046 +Path: alberta!mnetor!uunet!mcvax!cogpsi!tom +From: tom@cogpsi.UUCP (Tom Vijlbrief) +Newsgroups: comp.unix.wizards +Subject: Re: Unattended dumps (BSD4.3) +Message-ID: <327@cogpsi.UUCP> +Date: 8 Dec 87 15:51:57 GMT +References: <9032@santra.UUCP> +Reply-To: tom@cogpsi.UUCP (Tom Vijlbrief) +Organization: TNO Institute for Perception, Soesterberg, The Netherlands +Lines: 21 + +In article <9032@santra.UUCP> nispa@hutcs.hut.fi (Tapani Lindgren) writes: +>Can yes(1) somehow be piped to a program that reads /dev/tty? +>Could dump(8) be modified to abort at errors without any questions? + +If you want dump to read the output from e.g. yes(1) +then you'll have to use a pty(4). + +You should arrange that this pty is the control terminal of the +dump program and then write (redirect) the output of yes(1) to the pty. + +Setting the control terminal of dump is done by writing a program which: + +A) Removes the association with its control terminal by: + + ioctl(f, TIOCNOTTY, 0); + +B) Opens the pty. + +C) Exec's the dump program. + +The above applies to Berkeley Unix 4.X +#! rnews 1034 +Path: alberta!mnetor!uunet!mcvax!botter!ark!maart +From: maart@cs.vu.nl (Maarten Litmaath) +Newsgroups: comp.unix.wizards +Subject: Re: Emacs csh alias -- better solution than the first posted (2) +Summary: this time really faster +Keywords: this time really faster +Message-ID: <1160@ark.cs.vu.nl> +Date: 8 Dec 87 16:55:49 GMT +References: <1508@ogcvax.UUCP> <1159@ark.cs.vu.nl> +Reply-To: maart@cs.vu.nl (Maarten Litmaath) +Organization: VU Informatica, Amsterdam +Lines: 17 + +Of course the alias had to be: + +alias emacs \ +'jobs > /tmp/jobs; grep emacs /tmp/jobs > /dev/null && fg %?emacs || /bin/emacs' + ^ ^^^^^ + ! !!!!! +or + + !! + vv +alias em \ +'jobs > /tmp/jobs; grep emacs /tmp/jobs > /dev/null && fg %emacs || emacs' + +Sorry. +-- +Time flies like an arrow, fruit flies |Maarten Litmaath @ Free U Amsterdam: +like an orange. (seen elsewhere) |maart@cs.vu.nl, mcvax!botter!ark!maart +#! rnews 691 +Path: alberta!mnetor!uunet!mcvax!botter!ark!maart +From: maart@cs.vu.nl (Maarten Litmaath) +Newsgroups: comp.unix.wizards +Subject: Re: Emacs csh alias -- better solution than the first posted +Summary: faster +Keywords: faster +Message-ID: <1159@ark.cs.vu.nl> +Date: 8 Dec 87 15:41:32 GMT +References: <1508@ogcvax.UUCP> +Reply-To: maart@cs.vu.nl (Maarten Litmaath) +Organization: VU Informatica, Amsterdam +Lines: 7 + +alias emacs \ +'jobs > /tmp/jobs; grep emacs /tmp/jobs > /dev/null && fg %emacs || emacs' + +BTW, long live vi! +-- +Time flies like an arrow, fruit flies |Maarten Litmaath @ Free U Amsterdam: +like an orange. (seen elsewhere) |maart@cs.vu.nl, mcvax!botter!ark!maart +#! rnews 987 +Path: alberta!mnetor!uunet!mcvax!mhres!jv +From: jv@mhres.mh.nl (Johan Vromans) +Newsgroups: comp.unix.questions +Subject: Re: UCB 2.9 LISP goes illegal +Summary: sysmac.sml? RT-11 +Message-ID: <1498@mhres.mh.nl> +Date: 8 Dec 87 21:16:13 GMT +References: <10712@brl-adm.ARPA> +Organization: Multihouse N.V., The Netherlands +Lines: 12 + +In article <10712@brl-adm.ARPA> PAAAAAR%CALSTATE.BITNET@CUNYVM.CUNY.EDU writes: +>We are trying to make LISP run on an 11/24 (yes they still exist) +>What is sysmac.sml, for instance? + +That reminds me to the goold old days, when PDP-11's ran only RSX, +RT-11 or RSTS. Sysmac.sml is a macro library, which contains the definitions +for the RT-11 "Programmed Requests" (nowadays known as system calls). +Don't think it's equivalent exists on Unix ... +-- +Johan Vromans | jv@mh.nl via European backbone +Multihouse N.V., Gouda, the Netherlands | uucp: ..{uunet!}mcvax!mh.nl!jv +"It is better to light a candle than to curse the darkness" +#! rnews 6100 +Path: alberta!mnetor!uunet!mcvax!cernvax!ethz!srp +From: srp@ethz.UUCP (Scott Presnell) +Newsgroups: rec.games.hack,comp.sources.d +Subject: Re: Compilation of Nethack 2.2 +Keywords: AAARGH. +Message-ID: <262@bernina.UUCP> +Date: 8 Dec 87 06:13:59 GMT +References: <9714@shemp.UCLA.EDU> +Reply-To: srp@bernina.UUCP (Scott Presnell) +Organization: Chem. Dept., Swiss Federal Inst. of Tech. (ETH-Zurich) +Lines: 211 +Xref: alberta rec.games.hack:1746 comp.sources.d:1578 + +In article <9714@shemp.UCLA.EDU> claus@CS.UCLA.EDU (Claus Giloi) writes: + +>I just downloaded Nethack 2.2 from the net and compiled it on my AT +>at home. +>There were only a few small problems, then it came to linking the +>monster. An executable was produced, but I get a "Stack Overflow" +>error when I try to run the 350K executable, and changing the +>value of (STACK:) to outlandish figures (8000, 3fff) didn't change +>that. Someone out there must have gotten it to run, please tell me +>what value you used to link it. (I am using MSC 4.0) + +Here's the makefile that I used to get Nethack up under MSC 4.0... NB: the +CFLAGS macro and the link command. I was able to play a couple of levels +without stack errors or hangups, however there are some problems, +(everything seems to be identified, inventory not displayed correctly, +color not quite right (but overall it works)) so i did not "install" it. + +"good luck, jim" + +Scott Presnell Organic Chemistry +Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH-Zentrum) +CH-8092 Zurich, Switzerland. +uucp:seismo!mcvax!cernvax!ethz!srp (srp@ethz.uucp); bitnet:Benner@CZHETH5A + + + +# SCCS Id: @(#)Makefile.pc 2.2 87/11/11 +# Makefile for NetHack (PC) version 1.0 written using +# Microsoft(tm) "C" v3.0 or better. +# +# Large memory model, register bug, remove stack probes: +WIZARD= +V = 22 +#CFLAGS = -A$(MODEL) -DREGBUG -DLINT_ARGS -DVER=$V $(WIZARD) -Ot -Gs -Gt100 +CFLAGS = -nologo -A$(MODEL) -DLINT_ARGS -DVER=$V -Ox -Gt10 +CC = cl +LIBS = +LFLAGS = +MODEL = L +SETARGV = #$(LIB)\$(MODEL)SETARGV +.SUFFIXES: .exe .obj .c +.c.obj:; cl $(CFLAGS) -c $*.c +.c.exe:; + cl $(CFLAGS) -c $*.c + link $*.obj $(SETARGV), $@,, $(LIBS) $(LFLAGS); + +# The game name +GAME = hack.exe + +# The game directory +GAMEDIR = \h + +# All object modules +OBJS = decl.obj apply.obj bones.obj cmd.obj do.obj dothrow.obj\ + do_name.obj do_wear.obj dog.obj dogmove.obj eat.obj end.obj \ + engrave.obj fight.obj fountain.obj hack.obj invent.obj \ + lev.obj main.obj makemon.obj mhitu.obj mklev.obj \ + mkmaze.obj mkobj.obj mkshop.obj mon.obj monmove.obj\ + monst.obj o_init.obj objnam.obj options.obj \ + pager.obj polyself.obj potion.obj pray.obj pri.obj prisym.obj\ + read.obj rip.obj rumors.obj save.obj \ + search.obj shk.obj shknam.obj sit.obj spell.obj steal.obj \ + termcap.obj timeout.obj topl.obj topten.obj track.obj trap.obj \ + tty.obj unix.obj u_init.obj vault.obj wield.obj \ + wizard.obj worm.obj worn.obj write.obj zap.obj \ + version.obj rnd.obj alloc.obj msdos.obj + +# The main target - you may want to try both of these alternatives. +# +$(GAME) : $(OBJS) +# link $(OBJS), $(GAME) /NOIG /STACK:4000 /CP:1; + link $(OBJS), $(GAME) /NOIG /STACK:10000 /SEG:512; + + +# variable auxilary files. +# +VARAUX = data rumors + +install : $(GAME) $(VARAUX) + - exepack $(GAME) $(GAMEDIR)\$(GAME) + - exemod $(GAMEDIR)\$(GAME) /max 1 + +clean : + erase $(GAME) + +spotless: clean + erase *.obj + erase main.c + erase tty.c + erase unix.c + +srcs : + copy makefile \tmp + copy *.c \tmp + copy *.h \tmp + copy \local\make\make.doc \tmp + copy \local\make\make.ini \tmp + copy \bin\make.exe \tmp + cd \tmp + time + touch *.* + arc m hack$Vs * *.* + cd $(CWD) + + +# Other dependencies +# +RUMORFILES= rumors.bas rumors.kaa rumors.mrx + +makedefs.exe: makedefs.c alloc.obj config.h + cl -AL makedefs.c alloc.obj + + +rumors : config.h $(RUMORFILES) makedefs.exe + makedefs.exe -r + +data : config.h data.bas makedefs.exe + makedefs.exe -d + +onames.h : config.h objects.h makedefs.exe + makedefs.exe -o + +# Below is a kluge. date.h should actually depend on any source +# module being changed. (but hack.h is close enough for most). +# +date.h : hack.h makedefs.exe + makedefs.exe -D + +trap.h : config.h makedefs.exe + makedefs.exe -t + +main.obj : pcmain.c hack.h + $(CC) $(CFLAGS) -Fo$@ -c pcmain.c + +tty.obj : pctty.c hack.h msdos.h + $(CC) $(CFLAGS) -Fo$@ -c pctty.c + +unix.obj : pcunix.c hack.h mkroom.h + $(CC) $(CFLAGS) -Fo$@ -c pcunix.c + +decl.obj : hack.h mkroom.h +apply.obj : hack.h edog.h mkroom.h +bones.obj : hack.h +hack.obj : hack.h +cmd.obj : hack.h func_tab.h +do.obj : hack.h +do_name.obj : hack.h +do_wear.obj : hack.h +dog.obj : hack.h edog.h mkroom.h +dogmove.obj : hack.h mfndpos.h edog.h mkroom.h +dothrow.obj : hack.h +eat.obj : hack.h +end.obj : hack.h +engrave.obj : hack.h +fight.obj : hack.h +fountain.obj : hack.h mkroom.h +invent.obj : hack.h wseg.h +ioctl.obj : config.h +lev.obj : hack.h mkroom.h wseg.h +makemon.obj : hack.h +mhitu.obj : hack.h +mklev.obj : hack.h mkroom.h +mkmaze.obj : hack.h mkroom.h +mkobj.obj : hack.h +mkshop.obj : hack.h mkroom.h eshk.h +mon.obj : hack.h mfndpos.h +monmove.obj : hack.h mfndpos.h +monst.obj : hack.h eshk.h +msdos.obj : msdos.h +o_init.obj : config.h objects.h onames.h +objnam.obj : hack.h +options.obj : hack.h +pager.obj : hack.h +polyself.obj : hack.h +potion.obj : hack.h +pray.obj : hack.h +pri.obj : hack.h +prisym.obj : hack.h wseg.h +read.obj : hack.h +rip.obj : hack.h +rumors.obj : hack.h +save.obj : hack.h +search.obj : hack.h +shk.obj : hack.h mfndpos.h mkroom.h eshk.h +shknam.obj : hack.h +sit.obj : hack.h +spell.obj : hack.h +steal.obj : hack.h +termcap.obj : hack.h +timeout.obj : hack.h +topl.obj : hack.h +topten.obj : hack.h +track.obj : hack.h +trap.obj : hack.h edog.h mkroom.h +u_init.obj : hack.h +vault.obj : hack.h mkroom.h +wield.obj : hack.h +wizard.obj : hack.h +worm.obj : hack.h wseg.h +worn.obj : hack.h +write.obj : hack.h +zap.obj : hack.h +version.obj : hack.h date.h +extern.h: config.h spell.h obj.h + touch extern.h +hack.h: extern.h flag.h gold.h monst.h objclass.h rm.h trap.h you.h + touch hack.h +objects.h: config.h objclass.h + touch objects.h +you.h: config.h onames.h permonst.h + touch you.h +#! rnews 3561 +Path: alberta!mnetor!uunet!mcvax!cernvax!jmg +From: jmg@cernvax.UUCP (jmg) +Newsgroups: comp.protocols.appletalk +Subject: Kinetics/NCSA problems +Message-ID: <581@cernvax.UUCP> +Date: 8 Dec 87 10:01:07 GMT +Reply-To: jmg@cernvax.UUCP () +Organization: CERN European Laboratory for Particle Physics, CH-1211 Geneva, Switzerland +Lines: 58 + +This is a bit of a flame, which I hope does not upset some people +too much. I have tried sending the comments privately, but have had +no reply. +I got a Kinetics internal Ethernet interface for a Mac SE, plus the +ethernet driver, test software and NCSA telnet version 1.12. +In order to try out this software in a safe manner I created a mini- +-Ethernet with the Mac and an Ethernet monitor. Am I glad that I did +this! +The test software, when run, tends to throw out a large number of +broadcast packets in a very short space of time. Sometimes one can +control the frequency, other times not. At least one test threw out +about 200 broadcast packets in much less than one second. If I had +been on the real CERN Ethernet then a few hundred users would have +had to deal with these! +FLAME ON +When will people writing test software avoid the intensive use of +broadcast packets? Multicast would be slightly better, but even then +the software should establish the address of those other computers +with which it can run a test, and then address them directly. +FLAME OFF (for a while) +I then tried to run NCSA telnet. This also started out with about +70 immediate broadcasts. These started out with a set of three +types of broadcast: + 1. arp with source ip address 0.0.0.255, looking for 0.0.0.127 + 2. something with type field 80f3 (what the hell is this?) + 3. some other arp-type (type field 809b) with sender as 0.0.0.127 +These three are repeated about 20 times at intervals of about +10 milliseconds (yes, milliseconds!). There are then a few more type +809b broadcasts at reasonable (a few hundred milliseconds!) intervals +before telnet starts to arp for the real host that I asked for. +FLAME ON +Why does software often insist on repeating packets at very short +intervals on vey reliable LANs (and have you seen the Sun lately!)? +FLAME OFF +Despite all the above, I waited for a quiet moment before connecting +onto the real Ethernet. I then tried telnet to our Ultrix Vax. +Immediate remark: keyboard in application mode does not work for us. +I then thought to run the vt100 test program (which some of you might +also have picked up off usenet). What a disaster: the emulation fails +all over the place! +Never mind, let us see if I can connect to our IBM VM system. Of course, +I have to go via a Spartacus KNET, because there is no NCSA tn3270 +(is anyone working on this?). Complete failure: Spartacus has a bit of +a peculiar telnet setup (though Ultrix, bsd4.2 and FTP Inc. telnet on +a PC work fine) which seems to screw NCSA telnet. +Final try: go through an IBM 7171 front-end, which has 3270 to VT100 +built in. Sort of works (using ESC n for PF key n), but since the +application keypad mode fails there is no way that I could get PA2 +for clear screen. Merde (which the French will understand. +FLAME ON +I know that NCSA is now at version 2.0. Why did I get version 1.12 +from Kinetics? (and why must only a Kinetics agent modify their Mac SCSI +box for a European power supply?). How do I get an updated version +quickly (no, I cannot do anonymous FTP!). Why have these simple tests +never been reported before? etc. etc. +FLAME OFF +I would be delighted if someone could tell me that all the above problems +are fixed in the current release! +#! rnews 1102 +Path: alberta!mnetor!uunet!mcvax!cernvax!ethz!wanner +From: wanner@ethz.UUCP (Juerg Wanner) +Newsgroups: rec.games.misc +Subject: Re: The Pawn help +Message-ID: <263@bernina.UUCP> +Date: 8 Dec 87 14:48:50 GMT +References: <2884@cbmvax.UUCP> <2299@killer.UUCP> <2910@cbmvax.UUCP> +Reply-To: wanner@owf.UUCP (Juerg Wanner) +Organization: OWF AG, Switzerland +Lines: 17 +Keywords: + + +In article <2910@cbmvax.UUCP> daveb@cbmvax.UUCP (Dave Berezowski) writes: +>How does one assure that they get the chest? Wait around for Kronos at the +>beginning of the game after you've delivered the note? + +After delivering the note? Hmmm... that might be too late. + +>I've been told that there is a bug in the game such that you must get to +>the pedestal asap else the blue key won't be there (this is what has happended +>to me). If I do go to the pedestal first, will I miss the Adventuer and +>Kronos? ie. should I wait around for Kronos, give the adventuer (with the +>chest I guess), and then go for the blue key? + +I've neither encountered that bug, nor did I first get the key. There's a lot +one can do before. + + +Juerg Wanner +#! rnews 2241 +Path: alberta!mnetor!uunet!mcvax!nikhefk!paulm +From: paulm@nikhefk.UUCP (Paul Molenaar) +Newsgroups: comp.sys.mac +Subject: Re: HyperCard Find +Summary: Here's the solution (well...) +Message-ID: <293@nikhefk.UUCP> +Date: 8 Dec 87 23:45:24 GMT +References: <1262@runx.ips.oz> +Organization: Nikhef-K, Amsterdam (the Netherlands). +Lines: 50 + +In article <1262@runx.ips.oz>, clubmac@runx.ips.oz (Macintosh Users Group) writes: +> +> I was asked this question by a guy on the weekend, and was unable to help +> him. Any of you Hypercard gurus able to answer?? +> +> "I want to have a BACKGROUND button which has a script that tries to FIND +> an arbitrary text. However, when I try it, it only finds the text in +> BACKGROUND fields, not FOREGROUND. The FIND works properly when you use +> the MESSAGE box.. how come?" +> +> Jeff Laing (where for art thou comp.sys.mac.hypercard?) +> +Same problem here. I noticed that strange Find bug too. My +solution is a real kludge, but it works. + +Instead of issuing the FIND command in script, TYPE the FIND command +with all the arguments into the message box and then (again +from script) add a return. Like: + +on mouseUp + type "FIND" && quote & key & quote && "in background field id" && number & + return +end mouseUp + +This also makes the repeated FIND easier. + +I made a stack that needed a search option on partial keys. So I wanted +HC to keep on looking when the user stated that the item found wasn't +the right one. + +I made a script to do this (if interested I can mail/post it) that +expects a second field for every field to be looked in. The item found +is put in the second field (named something like showName). When +the user says he wants to keep on searching, the next item found is +compared to the contents of showName. If it's the same, my script +says that 'it's all there is'. And cancels the search. Otherwise +a repeated search would be impossible. + +If you like I can upload the lot. To comp.sys.mac.hypercard maybe? + +To Apple: +Why do you reply to all the easy answers in comp.sys.mac.hypercard +bu happily skip all the possibly difficult ones? Seems like +the HyperCard group chooses the easy way out. Too many bugs in HC +perhaps? +-- + Paul Molenaar + + "Just checking the walls" + - Basil Fawlty - +#! rnews 704 +Path: alberta!mnetor!uunet!mcvax!enea!tut!santra!kolvi!jku +From: jku@kolvi.UUCP (Juha Kuusama) +Newsgroups: comp.sys.ibm.pc +Subject: Screen dump from Hercules to Laserjet wanted +Message-ID: <31@kolvi.UUCP> +Date: 8 Dec 87 12:19:56 GMT +Reply-To: jku@kolvi.UUCP (Juha Kuusama) +Organization: Helsinki University of Technology, Finland +Lines: 10 + +Could some kind soul over there send me a program/a reference to a program, +that would allow me to print a graphics dump from a Hercules screen to a +HP Laserjet printer It should + + a) not distort the image (circles as circles, not ovals) + + b) send its output to a file (so I can import it to my text). + +-- +Juha Kuusama, jku@kolvi.UUCP ( ...!mcvax!tut!kolvi!jku ) +#! rnews 1093 +Path: alberta!mnetor!uunet!mcvax!enea!tut!santra!jmunkki +From: jmunkki@santra.UUCP (Juri Munkki) +Newsgroups: comp.sys.mac +Subject: Re: Development Environment Advice Wanted +Keywords: Development, MacII Debuggers +Message-ID: <9206@santra.UUCP> +Date: 8 Dec 87 16:51:43 GMT +References: <687@howtek.UUCP> <3456@husc6.harvard.edu> +Reply-To: jmunkki@santra.UUCP (Juri Munkki) +Organization: Helsinki University of Technology, Finland +Lines: 16 + +In article <3456@husc6.harvard.edu> singer@endor.UUCP (THINK Technologies) writes: +>The current version of MacsBug, version 5.5, works fine on a Mac II - +>even disassembles 68020 and 68881 opwords, and works with or without +And it slows down the 68881 by about 50%. Can anyone else verify this? +I moved to TMON mainly because it does not affect the speed of my Mac. + +I hope none of the Byte or MacTutor benchmarks were run under MacsBug. + +Still, ES works better in MacsBug than it does in TMON. + +Juri Munkki +jmunkki@santra.hut.fi +jmunkki@fingate.bitnet +lk-jmu@finhut.bitnet + +Disclaimer: I'm just a freelance programmer, you shouldn't listen to me anyway. +#! rnews 1288 +Path: alberta!mnetor!uunet!mcvax!diku!rancke +From: rancke@diku.UUCP (Hans Rancke-Madsen.) +Newsgroups: rec.games.frp +Subject: Re: Re: Characters with two classes +Message-ID: <3567@diku.UUCP> +Date: 7 Dec 87 15:31:25 GMT +References: <26561S9S@PSUVMA> <81800077@uiucdcsp> +Organization: DIKU, U of Copenhagen, DK +Lines: 23 + +In article <81800077@uiucdcsp> jenks@uiucdcsp.cs.uiuc.edu writes: + +> The PHB doesn't specifically forbid doing this +>more than once, nor does it say what the "prime stat" is for Paladinks, +>Rangers, Monks, etc. + +I seem to recall having seen a statement like "since has no prime requisite, +you can't switch to/from it." The implication being that any of +the sub-classes that require more than one minimum is out as +regards dual-class characters. So you could be a "fighter-turned- +magician" but not a "ranger-turned-magician". I think it was in +one of THE BOOKS, but I'm not certain. One thing you could do +is to require 15 or 17 in ALL the requisites with minimums. +That will restrict the number of assasin/illusionists!!! + + Hans Rancke, University of Copenhagen + ..mcvax!diku!rancke + +--=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=- + +- I hate it when people call me paranoid. + It makes me feel persecuted. +#! rnews 456 +Path: alberta!mnetor!uunet!mcvax!diku!iesd!torbennr +From: torbennr@iesd.uucp (Torben N. Rasmussen) +Newsgroups: comp.sources.wanted +Subject: Wanted: Microemacs part 8 +Message-ID: <166@iesd.uucp> +Date: 7 Dec 87 08:15:25 GMT +Reply-To: torbennr@neumann.UUCP (Torben N. Rasmussen) +Organization: Dept. of Comp. Sci., Aalborg University, Denmark +Lines: 7 + + +Could someone please send me part 8 of the sources for Microemacs. + +-- + + + Torben Rasmussen (torbennr) +#! rnews 1138 +Path: alberta!mnetor!uunet!mcvax!diku!dde!jk +From: jk@dde.uucp (Jens Kjerte) +Newsgroups: comp.sources.wanted,comp.text +Subject: Sourcecode for dca2troff wanted. +Keywords: DCA conversion. +Message-ID: <277@Aragorn.dde.uucp> +Date: 8 Dec 87 09:11:32 GMT +Organization: Dansk Data Elektronik A/S, Herlev, Denmark +Lines: 18 +Xref: alberta comp.sources.wanted:2716 comp.text:1345 + + + We are right now starting a project, that involves translating + IBM DCA documents to and from a wordprocessing package. + A program called dca2troff was posted sometime ago. + This program, as the name says, was able to + convert from DCA format to troff format. + Would somebody having that source, please e-mail it to me. + + Other information about software regarding DCA conversion, + Public Domain or not, would be appreciated. + + Thanks in advance + +-- ++---------------------------------------------------------------------------+ +| Jens Kjerte @ Dansk Data Elektronik A/S, Systems Software Department | +| E-mail: ..!uunet!mcvax!diku!dde!jk or jk@dde.uucp | ++---------------------------------------------------------------------------+ +#! rnews 1323 +Path: alberta!mnetor!uunet!mcvax!diku!dde!ct +From: ct@dde.uucp (Claus Tondering) +Newsgroups: sci.physics +Subject: Maxwell's daemon +Message-ID: <279@Aragorn.dde.uucp> +Date: 8 Dec 87 13:57:45 GMT +Organization: Dansk Data Elektronik A/S, Herlev, Denmark +Lines: 26 + +Consider the following variant of Maxwell's daemon: + +You have the following two items: + 1) a metal block, + 2) a bowl with a liquid. +Both items have the same temperature and are placed close together, they +may, however, be thermally isolated from one another. + +Now into the bowl you drop a very small magnet. The motion of the +molecules in the liquid will cause the magnet to move slightly. This +will induce a (very small) current in the metal block. This current will +cause the temperature of the metal block to rise. The current will also +try to stop the movements of the magnet; this will in turn slow down the +motion of the molecules, and the liquid will cool. + +The result: The metal block will grow warmer and warmer, and the liquid +will grow colder and colder. + +This contradicts the second law of thermodynamics, and has the "advantage" +over Maxwell's daemon that no intelligence is involved. + +What is wrong with the above argument? +-- +Claus Tondering +Dansk Data Elektronik A/S, Herlev, Denmark +E-mail: ct@dde.uucp or ...!uunet!mcvax!diku!dde!ct +#! rnews 2476 +Path: alberta!mnetor!uunet!mcvax!enea!sommar +From: sommar@enea.UUCP (Erland Sommarskog) +Newsgroups: rec.music.misc +Subject: Swedish prog-rock (was Re: More than Yes) +Message-ID: <2505@enea.UUCP> +Date: 8 Dec 87 23:22:11 GMT +References: <19949@yale-celray.yale.UUCP> +Reply-To: sommar@enea.UUCP(Erland Sommarskog) +Followup-To: rec.music.misc +Organization: ENEA DATA Svenska AB, Sweden +Lines: 42 + +No isn't that an obscure subject line? But I must correct my +fellow-countryman here. + +Bjorn Lisper (lisper@yale-celray.UUCP) writes: +>Bo Hansson, to be correct. Gee, I didn't know that he was known outside +>Sweden. This guy was a keyboard player who was active mainly in the late +>sixties and early seventies. He is remembered for having made the very +>first record for the first Swedish independent non-profit label "Silence". +>Unexpectedly the record became a hit and the income helped financing a lot +>of records with early Swedish prog-rock that would otherwise not have been +>economically possible to make. Thus his importance for Swedish rock music +>cannot be overestimated. + +So he is the one being guilty to it all. Grr. You see, in Sweden +"progressive" music had nothing to do with the music. When we speak - +or spoke at that time - of "progressive" groups, we talked of groups +that played quite regular rock or pop. There were just one difference +to the ordinary hit music, the lyrics. They were naive, trivial and +uttermost boring political texts of a communistic nature. (Which does +not imply that they were paid by KGB or something.) I must admit I +didn't listen to much to them, their proganda was too much for me. + +Now, this kind of people dominated this non-profit companies that Bjorn +talked of. For them ideological purity was much more important than +interesting than good music. Not to be denied, *some* good music was +actually released on Silence and MNW (the other big non-profit), but +also a lot of true crap. And I can easily imagine that groups with +interesting music was refused beacuse they voted with the wrong party. +(They would never have released Yes, that are right wing if anything.) + +Finally, I should admit that despite the poorness of Silence, they +had the most interesting music in Sweden at that time. But that more +gives an indication of bad the rest was. (Abba, do you remember?) + + + + +-- +Erland Sommarskog +ENEA Data, Stockholm +sommar@enea.UUCP + C, it's a 3rd class language, you can tell by the name. +#! rnews 2310 +Path: alberta!mnetor!uunet!mcvax!cernvax!ethz!forty2!poole +From: poole@forty2.UUCP (Simon Poole) +Newsgroups: comp.sys.atari.st +Subject: Re: GEMBOOT and the Megas +Message-ID: <122@forty2.UUCP> +Date: 8 Dec 87 14:19:44 GMT +References: <608@aucs.UUCP> <900@atari.UUCP> +Reply-To: poole@forty2.UUCP (Simon Poole) +Organization: Exp. Physics University Zuerich +Lines: 39 + + +In article <900@atari.UUCP> apratt@atari.UUCP (Allan Pratt) writes: +>in article <608@aucs.UUCP>, 870646c@aucs.UUCP (barry comer) says: +>> +>> Hi all, well my Mega2 just landed on my desk, really nice. I've got a question for all other Mega owners using the hard disks, I have been using GEMBOOT with +>> my 1040ST all along, when I boot up the Mega two bombs appear then disappear +>> after GEMBOOT has done its thing. +> +>DO NOT USE GEMBOOT. Use FOLDRXXX from Atari. HINSTALL should be available, +>too... It makes your hard disk bootable (no "boot floppy" needed). +> +The lastest version of GEMBOOT which was distributed something like +half a year ago, allows you to set the location of the sole undocumented +variable that Konrad uses in GEMBOOT. Matter of fact I used GEMBOOT +without problems on one of the first Mega's that arrived in Switzerland +after changing the GEMBOOT startup file. + +>patches the appropriate location in the OS. In the case of the Mega +>ROMs, he actually added a pointer in the OS header which points to +>the necessary spot, so FOLDRXXX will work for all future ROM releases. + ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ +Didn't Atari claim it was working on a new '40 folder bug'less OS? + +>Even old TOS ROM users should probably not use GEMBOOT... I certainly +>wouldn't trust it, and with FOLDRXXX and HINSTALL available, you just +>don't need it. +Hmmmm, as Landon Dyer once said (a long time ago) FOLDRXXX does NOT fix +the other problem with GEMDOS management of the internal directory +list (mutiple bad copies of the same block), GEMBOOT does provide +a workaround for this problem (so I wouldn't trust FOLDRXXX) plus +a lot of other nice things. + + + Simon Poole + UUCP: ....mcvax!cernvax!forty2!poole + Bitnet: K538915@CZHRZU1A + +* +***************When will Atari annouce PC-6 to PC-10?**************** +* +#! rnews 1572 +Path: alberta!mnetor!uunet!mcvax!ukc!its63b!bob +From: bob@its63b.ed.ac.uk (ERCF08 Bob Gray) +Newsgroups: rec.arts.sf-lovers +Subject: Re: Blake's, all 7 of them! +Message-ID: <818@its63b.ed.ac.uk> +Date: 8 Dec 87 10:08:31 GMT +References: <6320@ihlpa.ATT.COM> <1572@cup.portal.com> <1372@aurora.UUCP> +Reply-To: bob@its63b.ed.ac.uk (ERCF08 Bob Gray) +Organization: I.T. School, Univ. of Edinburgh, U.K. +Lines: 28 + +In article <1372@aurora.UUCP> timelord@aurora.UUCP (G. "Murdock" Helms) writes: +>In article <1572@cup.portal.com>, Isaac_K_Rabinovitch@cup.portal.com writes: +>> Whoops. After the Star One episode, the actor who played +>> Blake got a job with the National Shakespeare Company, so Blake essentially +>> disappears until the "last" episode. +> +>The second Travis, the one with the really thick Cockney accent, +>was spotted in the BBC movie "Edge of Darkness" recently broadcast +>in California. + +Something else to watch out for. The recently concluded +series "Knights of God" on independant television was +notable only for having Gareth Thomas (Blake himself) playing +the part of the leader of a band of rebels trying to +overthrow the harsh Goverment sometime in the future UK. +Almost a reprise of his part as blake, but he isn't even +one of the major characters. His name comes about eighth +on the credits. + +Now we know what he was doing while he was missing from +Blake's Seven. :-> + +Also look out for the second Dr Who, Patrick Troughton, in a +supporting role. + +Note: I do Not recommend this series for any other reson +than the above mentioned curiosity value. + Bob +#! rnews 2656 +Path: alberta!mnetor!uunet!mcvax!ukc!its63b!csnjr +From: csnjr@its63b.ed.ac.uk (Nick Rothwell) +Newsgroups: comp.lang.lisp,comp.lang.scheme,comp.lang.misc +Subject: Re: Applicative languages? Anyone? +Keywords: ML interpreter typechecker +Message-ID: <819@its63b.ed.ac.uk> +Date: 8 Dec 87 12:40:13 GMT +References: <1409@mind.UUCP> <584@zippy.eecs.umich.edu> <1202@uoregon.UUCP> +Reply-To: nick%ed.lfcs@uk.ac.ucl.cs.nss (Nick Rothwell) +Organization: LFCS, University of Edinburgh +Lines: 37 +Xref: alberta comp.lang.lisp:566 comp.lang.scheme:85 comp.lang.misc:886 + +In article <1202@uoregon.UUCP> markv@drizzle.UUCP (Mark VandeWettering) writes: +>In article <584@zippy.eecs.umich.edu> dwt@zippy.eecs.umich.edu (David West) writes: +>>Applicativity has its advantages, but it needs +>>1) ... +>>2) Some syntactic means for preventing argumentsfrom getting unreadably +>> numerous just to pass something down to where it's finally used. +> +> Hmmm, not a bad idea. I have just acquired "Implementation of +> Functional Programming Languages by Simon L. Peyton Jones, and +> am much impressed by the depth/level of the text. Seeing as I +> have to do a final thesis/project sometime :-) I might be +> tempted to try a hand at an ML interpreter/compiler. I would +> like to hear from anyone who is trying/has tried similar +> projects. + +ML gives you objects with modifiable state, so that you don't need to +pass a state structure around with you. The disadvantage, of course, is +that you smash the applicative behaviour of the language - +whether it's worth it depends what you're trying to do. + Another way around this is to use type abstraction. That way, your +state structure is an abstract object with a few access functions to get +at the bits you need. I've always used the former approach, so I don't know +how far the latter approach gets you. It's quite possible to take non- +applicative features like assignment and abstract over them to build +structured objects with varying state, a la Smalltalk perhaps. This isn't +"dirty" functional programming - it's just using a functional language as if +it were a language of a different kind. I recently dedicated a lecture to the +structured use of side-effects in ML. + By the way, I have various little typecheckers and interpreters for tiny +functional languages lying around on-line somewhere, if you're interested. +All written in ML, of course. +-- +Nick Rothwell, Laboratory for Foundations of Computer Science, Edinburgh. + nick%lfcs.ed.ac.uk@nss.cs.ucl.ac.uk + !mcvax!ukc!lfcs!nick +~~ ~~ ~~ ~~ ~~ ~~ ~~ ~~ ~~ ~~ ~~ ~~ ~~ ~~ ~~ ~~ ~~ ~~ ~~ ~~ +"Nothing's forgotten. Nothing is ever forgotten." - Herne +#! rnews 1368 +Path: alberta!mnetor!uunet!mcvax!ukc!its63b!csnjr +From: csnjr@its63b.ed.ac.uk (Nick Rothwell) +Newsgroups: rec.music.synth +Subject: D-50, D-550, MT-32, ??? +Message-ID: <820@its63b.ed.ac.uk> +Date: 8 Dec 87 13:01:30 GMT +References: <633@elxsi.UUCP> <5470012@hplsla.HP.COM> +Reply-To: nick%ed.lfcs@uk.ac.ucl.cs.nss (Nick Rothwell) +Organization: LFCS, University of Edinburgh +Lines: 17 + +In article <5470012@hplsla.HP.COM> steveb@hplsla.HP.COM (Steve Bye) writes: +>The MT-32 is not a product of Roland's professional music products group. +>It is a product of their home keyboards (upscale toys) department. It uses +>technology develped for the D-50 and D-550. There is no comparison in +>actual ussuage between a D-550 and an MT-32. + +I recently read a report from a British music journalist visiting Roland in +Japan. Apparently (but *don't* quote me on this :-)) Roland are working on +a rack-mount box with the same sorts of features as the MT-32 but aimed a +bit more at the Pro market - presumably related to the MT-32 as the TX81Z is +to the FB01. I'm keeping my wallet closed and my eyes open... +-- +Nick Rothwell, Laboratory for Foundations of Computer Science, Edinburgh. + nick%lfcs.ed.ac.uk@nss.cs.ucl.ac.uk + !mcvax!ukc!lfcs!nick +~~ ~~ ~~ ~~ ~~ ~~ ~~ ~~ ~~ ~~ ~~ ~~ ~~ ~~ ~~ ~~ ~~ ~~ ~~ ~~ +"Nothing's forgotten. Nothing is ever forgotten." - Herne +#! rnews 1563 +Path: alberta!mnetor!uunet!mcvax!ukc!eagle!icdoc!doc.ic.ac.uk!aw +From: aw@doc.ic.ac.uk (Andrew Weeks) +Newsgroups: comp.emacs +Subject: uEmacs 3.9 - Function keys on Suns +Message-ID: <144@gould.doc.ic.ac.uk> +Date: 8 Dec 87 17:16:50 GMT +Sender: aw@doc.ic.ac.uk +Reply-To: aw@doc.ic.ac.uk (Andrew Weeks) +Organization: Dept. of Computing, Imperial College, London, UK. +Lines: 40 + +I have implemented, as an extension to the "VT100" option, some extra +code to allow uEmacs to recognise the top, left and right function keys +on Sun 3 consoles. ( I imagine they will work on Sun 2s as well). + +These keys, except for the cursor keys (R8,R10,R12 & R14), return a +string of the form [ followed by 3 digits followed by 'z'. By +interpreting the digits as an integer, and subtracting 128 to get a +character, all the function keys can be made to simulate 'FN?' keys. +Which they return depends on how the Sun keyboard is set up (with +setkeys(1)). + +They won't work if you use Sun-windows and have a .ttyswrc file. + +Anyway - Here are the diffs: + +*** input.c Mon Nov 30 12:57:21 1987 +--- input.c.orig Mon Nov 30 12:54:37 1987 +*************** +*** 364,376 **** + #if VT100 + if (c == '[' || c == 'O') { + c = get1key(); +! if ( c >= 'A' ) +! return(SPEC | c); +! c = c - 48; +! c = (c*10) + get1key() - 48; +! c = (c*10) + get1key() - 176; +! get1key(); +! return ( SPEC | c ); + } + #endif + return(META | c); +--- 364,370 ---- + #if VT100 + if (c == '[' || c == 'O') { + c = get1key(); +! return(SPEC | c); + } + #endif + return(META | c); +#! rnews 1248 +Path: alberta!mnetor!uunet!mcvax!ukc!dcl-cs!jam +From: jam@comp.lancs.ac.uk (John A. Mariani) +Newsgroups: rec.arts.sf-lovers +Subject: Re: Max Headroom +Message-ID: <454@dcl-csvax.comp.lancs.ac.uk> +Date: 8 Dec 87 18:47:18 GMT +References: <82*quale@si.uninett> <3333@ihlpl.ATT.COM> +Reply-To: jam@comp.lancs.ac.uk (John A. Mariani) +Distribution: rec.arts.sf-lovers +Organization: Department of Computing at Lancaster University, UK. +Lines: 16 + +Having observed chat about the American Max series and comparisons with the +UK series, I would like to point out that we (in the +UK) have only seen the Pilot in +terms of an action/adventure episode. Our Max series have really featured +Max as a video DJ, and later as a talk show host. + +So, I have kept silent till now, but I reckon the action/adventure series +you guys in the US of A are discussing must be worth watching! Anyone care +to hazard a guess as to why we in the UK don't get your Max show; and +do you get ours? + +-- +"You see me now a veteran of a thousand psychic wars .. " +UUCP: ...!seismo!mcvax!ukc!dcl-cs!jam | DARPA: jam%lancs.comp@ucl-cs +JANET: jam@uk.ac.lancs.comp | Post : University of Lancaster, Department of +Phone: +44 524 65201 ext 4467 | Computing, Bailrigg, Lancaster, LA1 4YR, UK. +#! rnews 1017 +Path: alberta!mnetor!uunet!mcvax!ukc!its63b!hwcs!jack +From: jack@cs.hw.ac.uk (Jack Campin) +Newsgroups: rec.music.classical +Subject: Minimalist recorder music, anyone? +Message-ID: <1575@brahma.cs.hw.ac.uk> +Date: 8 Dec 87 19:29:14 GMT +Organization: Computer Science, Heriot-Watt U., Scotland +Lines: 14 + +What minimalist music is performable by a recorder consort? Terry Riley's +In C is the one and only thing I've found so far (almost no published +minimal music is available in the UK - I have drawn a virtually complete +blank at every major library and music shop in Scotland). + +I guess this resolves into two questions: does it exist, and if it does, +can I get it? Do Glass et al have the same attitude to scores that AT&T +does to source code? + +-- +ARPA: jack%cs.glasgow.ac.uk@nss.cs.ucl.ac.uk +JANET:jack@uk.ac.glasgow.cs USENET: ...mcvax!ukc!cs.glasgow.ac.uk!jack +Mail: Jack Campin, Computing Science Department, University of Glasgow, + 17 Lilybank Gardens, Glasgow G12 8QQ, Scotland (041 339 8855 x 6045) +#! rnews 1165 +Path: alberta!mnetor!uunet!mcvax!ukc!its63b!hwcs!jack +From: jack@cs.hw.ac.uk (Jack Campin) +Newsgroups: comp.sys.mac +Subject: mathematical laser fonts +Keywords: font, logic, PostScript, laser printer, symbols +Message-ID: <1576@brahma.cs.hw.ac.uk> +Date: 8 Dec 87 19:43:07 GMT +Organization: Computer Science, Heriot-Watt U., Scotland +Lines: 21 + + +What mathematical laser fonts are available? + +What I need is: + + - logic and theoretical computer science symbols (like the old Ophir + bitmap font, but with the squared-off set theory symbols used in + domain theory); + + - symbols for the better known algebraic structures (N, Z, Q, A, R, C) + (is there a font that looks like these do as usually printed?); + + - subscripts and superscripts with little enough leading not to + sabotage inter-line spacing in programs like WriteNow; + + - maybe some of the more useful German capital letters. +-- +ARPA: jack%cs.glasgow.ac.uk@nss.cs.ucl.ac.uk +JANET:jack@uk.ac.glasgow.cs USENET: ...mcvax!ukc!cs.glasgow.ac.uk!jack +Mail: Jack Campin, Computing Science Department, University of Glasgow, + 17 Lilybank Gardens, Glasgow G12 8QQ, Scotland (041 339 8855 x 6045) +#! rnews 1030 +Path: alberta!mnetor!uunet!mcvax!ukc!cheviot!eas +From: eas@cheviot.newcastle.ac.uk (Edward Scott) +Newsgroups: rec.arts.sf-lovers +Subject: Re: Obscure TV SF shows +Message-ID: <2588@cheviot.newcastle.ac.uk> +Date: 8 Dec 87 15:19:25 GMT +References: <871201124327980.ABWD@Mars.UCC.UMass.EDU> <4100001@hpcllf.HP.COM> +Reply-To: eas@cheviot (Edward Scott) +Organization: Computing Laboratory, U of Newcastle upon Tyne, UK NE17RU +Lines: 12 + +In article <4100001@hpcllf.HP.COM> jws@hpcllf.HP.COM (John Stafford x75743) writes: +>Re: UFO +> The wigs worn by the women on moonbase were of a purple hue and were +> described (at least in the books the followed the series if not +> actually on the air) as "anti-static wigs". + +About ten years ago I got a second hand copy of "UFO 1: Flesh Hunters" by +Robert Miall. It is a Warner Paperback Library edition, printed with +permission from Pan books (who presumably did the UK edition). I have't seen +any since then. +How many of these UFO novels were there? +Did Robert Miall write anything else? +#! rnews 542 +Path: alberta!mnetor!uunet!mcvax!ukc!stc!pete +From: pete@tcom.stc.co.uk (Peter Kendell) +Newsgroups: rec.arts.sf-lovers +Subject: No More Mel +Message-ID: <488@stc-f.tcom.stc.co.uk> +Date: 8 Dec 87 09:14:20 GMT +Organization: STC Telecoms, London N11 1HB. +Lines: 7 + + + Hurrah, Hurrah!! +-- +------------------------------------------------------------------------------ +| Peter Kendell | +| ...{uunet!}mcvax!ukc!stc!pete | +------------------------------------------------------------------------------ +#! rnews 660 +Path: alberta!mnetor!uunet!mcvax!ukc!stc!btnix!psanders +From: psanders@btnix.axion.bt.co.uk (Bob-Cut Maniac) +Newsgroups: comp.sys.mac +Subject: SMALLTALK wanted +Keywords: Mac SMALLTALK +Message-ID: <635@btnix.axion.bt.co.uk> +Date: 8 Dec 87 12:53:54 GMT +Organization: British Telecom Research Labs, Martlesham Heath, IPSWICH, UK +Lines: 10 + + +Does anyone know of a PD SMALLTALK system for the Mac ?? + +Answers to me and I'll summarise on the Net. + +Paul. +-- +E-mail (UUCP) PSanders@axion.bt.co.uk (...!ukc!btnix!psanders) +Organisation British Telecom Research Laboratories, Ipswich UK. +"This mime of mortal life, in which we are apportioned roles we misinterpret..." +#! rnews 628 +Path: alberta!mnetor!uunet!mcvax!ukc!stc!root44!hrc63!trw +From: trw@hrc63.co.uk (Trevor Wright Marconi Baddow) +Newsgroups: comp.sys.ibm.pc +Subject: M.Magee AUTOMENU - any knowledge +Message-ID: <475@hrc63.co.uk> +Date: 8 Dec 87 10:39:57 GMT +Organization: GEC Hirst Research Centre, Wembley, England. +Lines: 10 + + +We have seen a demo of a tiny MS-DOS utility called AUTOMENU which +makes building menus for PC users simple. We want to find who is the +vendor of this utility, the cost, and any details of the command characters +for the menu definition file. + +Any help appreciated. + +Trevor Wright +yc23%a.gec-mrc.co.uk@nss.cs.ucl.ac.uk +#! rnews 2646 +Path: alberta!mnetor!uunet!mcvax!ukc!stc!datlog!dlhpedg!cl +From: cl@dlhpedg.co.uk (Charles Lambert) +Newsgroups: comp.lang.c +Subject: Re: Address of array +Message-ID: <329@dlhpedg.co.uk> +Date: 8 Dec 87 13:30:45 GMT +References: <126@citcom.UUCP> <163@mccc.UUCP> <422@xyzzy.UUCP> +Sender: news@dlhpedg.co.uk +Reply-To: cl@.co.uk (Charles Lambert) +Organization: FSG@Data Logic Ltd, Queens House, Greenhill Way, Harrow, London. +Lines: 56 + +In article <422@xyzzy.UUCP> throopw@xyzzy.UUCP (Wayne A. Throop) writes: +>> pjh@mccc.UUCP (Peter J. Holsberg) +>> OK - perhaps you had better tell us neophytes what you mean by the +>> address of an array! +> +>Same as address of anything else. It is an address which, when +>indirected, yields an array, and when "N" is added to it, yields the +>address of an array which is itself a member of an array "N" elements +>away from the array yielded by an indirection. +> +> [ several abstruse observations ] +> +>What could be simpler? + +Well, several other forms of explanation, I guess. This one confused me, +and I *understand* the address of an array. (Just teasing) + +To put it another way.... + +Any object, of any type (integer, structure, array, etc.), has an address. +Usually, if it is an object that occupies several words of memory, it is the +address at which it begins. (Compiler theorists may be itching to tell me it +might mean something else entirely; let's keep this simple.) The address of +an object is the compiler's handle for manipulating it. You think of an +object by its name; the compiler "thinks" of it by its address. + +The "address of an array" is the address that the compiler uses to access +that array and to calculate the position of any element in the array. + +In C, the address of an array is the same as the address of its first +element (array[0]). If you want to set up a pointer to the array, you +get its address simply by naming it. Hence: + + pa = array; /* pa now contains the address of "array" */ + +which is exactly the same as + + pa = &array[0]; /* "&" means "address of", so pa contains the + address of element [0] of "array" */ + +Now this is a slight quirk in C - the name of the array being a synonym for +its address; for any other object (notably a struct) that is not true. If +you want the address of a structure you must write + + ps = &mystruct; /* NOT ps = mystruct */ + +So we get back to the discussion from whence we came: why can't we be +consistent and get the address of an array by + + pa = &array; ? + +To which the answer is: you can, with some compilers. + +[Further reading: The C Programming Language; Kernighan & Ritchie; pp.93-95] +-------------------------- +Charles Lambert +#! rnews 1652 +Path: alberta!mnetor!uunet!mcvax!unido!iaoobelix!vogt +From: vogt@iaoobelix +Newsgroups: comp.sys.dec +Subject: Bug in BASIC-PLUS for RSTS V8.0? - (nf) +Message-ID: <9900003@iaoobelix.UUCP> +Date: 8 Dec 87 18:36:00 GMT +Lines: 43 +Nf-ID: #N:iaoobelix:9900003:000:1342 +Nf-From: iaoobelix!vogt Dec 8 19:36:00 1987 + +I think I found a bug in BASIC-PLUS of RSTS V8.0. The following program +isn't working in the right way. I tried to read some records from a file +and to store them in an array. But after I read and stored all records, +the array was completely empty. + +> 10 ON ERROR GOTO 1000 +> 15 DIM IN$(100%) +> 20 FIELD #1%, 3% as a$, 20% as i$, 15% as q$ +> 30 OPEN 'foobar' as file #1%, recordsize 38% +> 40 Z% = 0% +> 50 Z% = Z% + 1% +> 60 GET #15%, RECORD Z% +> 70 IN$(Z%) = I$ +> 75 PRINT IN$(Z%) +> 80 GOTO 50 +> 90 CLOSE #1% +> 100 PRINT IN$(I%) FOR I% = 1% TO Z% - 1% +> 110 GOTO 32767 +> 1000 IF ERR = 11 THEN RESUME 90 +> 1010 ON ERROR GOTO 0 +> 32767 END + +The outputs in line 75 are alright, but those in line 100 aren't. +Only blank lines appear there. + +I found out that if you change line 70 to 'IN$(Z%) = LEFT$(I$, 20%)' +- which does nearly nothing different - it works correctly. + +Does anybody know a patch for this bug? Or does anybody know how to +avoid this in an other way? + +Thanks in advance + +Gerald Vogt + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------- +Fraunhofer Institut fuer Arbeitswirtschaft und Organisation +Holzgartenstrasse 17 +D-7000 Stuttgart 1 UUCP: ...{uunet!unido,pyramid}!iaoobel!vogt +W-Germany + +Phone: (W-Germany) 711 6648191 +-------------------------------------------------------------------------- +#! rnews 3127 +Path: alberta!mnetor!uunet!mcvax!hafro!gst!gunnar +From: gunnar@gst.UUCP (Gunnar Stefnsson) +Newsgroups: sci.math +Subject: Re: Least-squares fitting +Message-ID: <428@gst.UUCP> +Date: 8 Dec 87 15:25:35 GMT +References: <1823@culdev1.UUCP> <22191@cca.CCA.COM> <2301@utastro.UUCP> +Reply-To: gunnar@gst.UUCP (Gunnar Stefansson) +Organization: Marine Research Institute, Reykjavik +Lines: 56 + +In article <2301@utastro.UUCP> bill@astro.UUCP (William H. Jefferys) writes: +>In article <22191@cca.CCA.COM> g-rh@CCA.CCA.COM.UUCP (Richard Harter) writes: +>~In article <1823@culdev1.UUCP> drw@culdev1.UUCP (Dale Worley) writes: +>~>The normal least-squares fitting of a line to a set of points in the +>~>plane assumes that the x-coordinates of the points are known to be +>~>exact, and the y-coordinates have all the error. That is, chi^2 is +>~>the sum of the squares of the distances from the points to the line in +>~>a vertical direction. This introduces assymetry between the +>~>coordinates. +>~> +>~>Is is known how to perform least-squares fitting where the "error" is +>~>the perpendicular distance between the point and the line? +> +> +>Actually, if both coordinates have error, it is essential that this +>fact be taken into account. If you fail to do this, the result will be +>*biased* -- the slope will be systematically underestimated, and +>this bias will not go to zero as you take more and more points + +Hold on, isn't this statement a bit too strong? The answer to which method +should be used ultimately depends on what the purpose of the estimations +is. + +In fact, if the purpose is to estimate y for a given x, then ordinary +least squares will do. In this case one is not really interested in +getting the best estimates of the parameters but only in getting a good +prediction. + +I claim that there are very few regression examples where one really +cares whether or not the parameters are biased. In the large majority of +cases one is much more interested in the goodness of prediction. In this +case, one is interested in E[Y|X]. So if we model this quantity as +linear in X, then the OLS estimates are BLUE. This will also give +variances etc, all valid conditionally on X. + +It is my feeling that a lot of books overemphasize the so-called bias, +since that is very often totally irrelevant. For example, some +textbooks talk about biased parameter estimates when some variables +are missing in a multiple regression. In reality OLS is estimating a +better set of parameters than would the corresponding "unbiased" +estimator (OLS in this case will give an unbiased estimate of the best +surface based on the reduced set of variables). Certainly in this case, +one can make a strong argument that all the talk about biasses is +totally irrelevant. + +Of course if the true purpose is to estimate parameters, e.g. to assess +the effect of a change in X on Y, then indeed one needs to worry a bit +about the effects of X being random. + +Gunnar + +-- + +----------------------------------------------------------------------------- +Gunnar Stefansson {mcvax,enea}!hafro!gunnar +Marine Research Institute, Reykjavik gunnar@hafro.UUCP +#! rnews 528 +Path: alberta!mnetor!uunet!mcvax!unido!tub!ao +From: ao@tub.UUCP (Arnfried Ossen) +Newsgroups: comp.mail.misc +Subject: Path to UMass Amherst +Message-ID: <318@tub.UUCP> +Date: 7 Dec 87 13:29:49 GMT +Reply-To: ao@tub.UUCP (Arnfried Ossen) +Organization: Technical University of Berlin, Germany +Lines: 7 + +Anybody out there who knows the PATH to + + University of Massachusetts, Amherst Campus, COINS Department + +It should allow access from USENET or BITNET. + +Arnfried, ao@tub.UUCP, ao@db0tui6.BITNET, TU Berlin, Berlin, Fed.Rep.Germany +#! rnews 2902 +Path: alberta!mnetor!uunet!mcvax!varol +From: varol@cwi.nl (Varol Akman) +Newsgroups: sci.math +Subject: Re: computational geometry / finding segment intersections +Summary: Try adaptive grid ... +Keywords: segment intersection +Message-ID: <141@piring.cwi.nl> +Date: 9 Dec 87 11:14:57 GMT +References: <4369@sdcsvax.UCSD.EDU> +Organization: CWI, Amsterdam +Lines: 50 + +<4369@sdcsvax.UCSD.EDU> maiden@sdcsvax.UCSD.EDU (VLSI Layout Project) writes: +> +>Consider a path embedded into the Cartesian plane, where for convenience +>all vertices of the path are lattice points in the positive quadrant. +>All edges are line segments. +>So, the path will look like < (x1,y1) , (x2,y2) , ... , (xn,yn) >. +>Question: What is the fastest method of determining *ALL* self- +> intersections of this path? +>This may have been beaten to death by computational geometers, so I'll +>append some extra conditions: +>Suppose there are **many** vertices in the path, and that edges are +>for the most part very short. For example, there could be 10000 +>points in a 200 by 200 square, with most edges less than 3 units long. +>Furthermore, assume that there are not very many self-intersections +>to be found. Now, what would the fastest method be??? Any ideas +>welcome. + +There are, as you've guessed several papers in computational geometry +on line segment intersections. You may look at the books by Shamos +and Preparata, and also the book by Edelsbrunner for references. + +My favorite method to solve your problem though is an excellent +method invented by Randolph Franklin at RPI. It is called ''adaptive +grid'' and works as follows. First you overlay a regular, say G by G +integer grid on your scene. Then you enter your edges into respective +cells of the grid (similar to the bucketing idea!) Then you make a pass +thru all the cells and find the intersections in each cell. If an +intersection falls on a grid cell boundary you should be careful to +treat it so the integrity is kept intact. + +I'm not very good in describing things in a hurry (especially Email) +but let me tell that I've wide experience with this stuff and it works +very well. It is especially excellent for a scene made of short edges +with a rather homogeneous distribution. Write me for details. +Also you may try Franklin at franklin@csv.rpi.edu. Here is a short bibl. + +W.R. Franklin An exact hidden sphere algorithm that operates + in real time COMP. GRAPHICS AND IMAGE PROC. 15(4), 1981 + +------------- A linear time exact hidden surface algorithm SIGGRAPH'80 + +------------- and V. Akman A simple and efficient haloed line algorithm + for hidden line elimination COMPUTER GRAPHICS + FORUM, 1987 + +-------------------------- Adaptive grid for polyhedral visibility in + object space: an implementation BJC 1987, to appear + +-Varol Akman +CWI, Amsterdam +#! rnews 2392 +Path: alberta!mnetor!uunet!mcvax!jack +From: jack@cwi.nl (Jack Jansen) +Newsgroups: comp.os.misc,comp.unix.wizards +Subject: Re: Command interfaces +Message-ID: <142@piring.cwi.nl> +Date: 9 Dec 87 15:41:45 GMT +References: <1257@boulder.Colorado.EDU> <6840002@hpcllmv.HP.COM> <9555@mimsy.UUCP> <798@rocky.STANFORD.EDU> <432@cresswell.quintus.UUCP> <3161@psuvax1.psu.edu> <5565@oberon.USC.EDU> +Organization: AMOEBA project, CWI, Amsterdam +Lines: 43 +Xref: alberta comp.os.misc:339 comp.unix.wizards:5747 + +In article <5565@oberon.USC.EDU> blarson@skat.usc.edu (Bob Larson) writes: +> [Discussing primos wildcards versus unix wildcards] +>For example, how would you do the equivelent of this in unix: +> +>cmpf *>old>@@.(c,h) == -report ==.+cmpf -file +> +>(Explanation: compare all files in the old sub-directory ending in .c or +>.h with the file of the same name in the current directory, and put +>the output in the file of the same name with .cmpf appended. Non-files +>(directories and segment directories) ending in .c or .h are ignored. +>[I do prefer the output of diff -c to that of cmpf, but that isn't +>what I'm talking about here.] + +Uhm, yes, unfortunately I find the 'feature' quite unusable. +I *never* come up with the correct sequence of == and @@, so I have to type +the command three times before I get it right. (really retype, that is. +'History mechanism' is something primos has never heard about). + +I definitely prefer +for i in *.[ch]; do + diff old/$i $i >$i.diff +done + +(and you can add an 'if [ -d $i ]' if you really care about directories +ending in .c or .h. I don't, because I don't *have* directories ending +in .c or .h). + +And, to continue some gripes on primos wildcards: +- I would expect them to work *always*. I.e. if I do + TYPE @@ + (TYPE is primos echo) I would expect a list of all files, *not* '@@'. +- If I want all arguments on one line, and I use [WILD @@.TMP], and the + result doesn't fit in 80 characters, I DO DEFINITELY NOT WANT IT TO TRUNCATE + IT AT EIGHTY CHARS! I lost an important file that way: it was trying + to generate a list containing PRECIOUSFILE.TMP, but, unfortunately, + the .TMP started at position 81. So, it removed PRECIOUSFILE in stead. + sigh. + +Sorry, there are some neat ideas in primos, but the command processor and +it's wildcards is definitely *not* one of them. +-- + Jack Jansen, jack@cwi.nl (or jack@mcvax.uucp) + The shell is my oyster. +#! rnews 1552 +Path: alberta!mnetor!uunet!mcvax!ukc!its63b!csbg +From: csbg@its63b.ed.ac.uk (Andie) +Newsgroups: comp.windows.news +Subject: Windows and menus through the CPS interface +Keywords: NeWS windowing, menus, CPS interface +Message-ID: <821@its63b.ed.ac.uk> +Date: 9 Dec 87 00:15:36 GMT +Reply-To: csbg@its63b.ed.ac.uk (Bruce) +Organization: Computer Science Department, Edinburgh University +Lines: 26 + +Hi everybody ! + +I'm a final year student at Edinburgh University and as part of my final +year project I am using NeWS to build up a document composition system. +Alas, I'm new to NeWS and the NeWS manual does seem to be rather sketchy, +especially when it comes to using the CPS interface. + +Having had a look at the stuff that is floating around in this newsgroup +I think that someone out there will be able to help me. + +Point 1 : How can I control the litewin.ps and litemenu.ps packages through + the CPS interface - especially, how do I get notification to the + C program that something is happening ? + +Point 2 : This may be trivial, but when I create an overlay for the purposes + of rubber-banding, using the getclick family of operators, I can + never get the overlay to disappear again. What is happening and + how should it be done ? + +If these points have already been raised in the past then I will be happy to +receive direct e-mail from anybody who can answer any part of the above +queries. + +As they say: When the going gets tough, I get the hell out of it ! + +Bruce Gilmour (CS4 student at Edinburgh University) +#! rnews 1134 +Path: alberta!mnetor!uunet!mcvax!botter!ast +From: ast@cs.vu.nl (Andy Tanenbaum) +Newsgroups: comp.os.minix +Subject: Re: Problems with serial TTY driver +Message-ID: <1778@botter.cs.vu.nl> +Date: 9 Dec 87 15:36:52 GMT +References: <2314@encore.UUCP> +Reply-To: ast@cs.vu.nl (Andy Tanenbaum) +Organization: VU Informatica, Amsterdam +Lines: 16 + +In article <2314@encore.UUCP> paradis@encore.UUCP (Jim Paradis) writes: +>Is there some limit to how fast MINIX will take interrupts? +>If one takes them too fast, will messages get lost? +> +If you try to force feed MINIX from an Ethernet at 10 Mbps it will probably +drop stuff. There is undoubtedly a limit on how many interrupts per second +it can handle, but an AT it should be over 1000 per second. + +The original tty driver was very carefully written to deal with exactly +this issue. When characters come in, they are buffered, even if it is +not possible to send a message to the tty task. This code is on lines +3528 to 3552 of the book. Assuming you are still using this mechanism, +you ought to be able to accept characters at say 2400 baud without losing +any. + +Andy Tanenbaum (ast@cs.vu.nl) +#! rnews 915 +Path: alberta!mnetor!uunet!mcvax!botter!ast +From: ast@cs.vu.nl (Andy Tanenbaum) +Newsgroups: comp.os.minix +Subject: P-H has MINIX in stock (finally) +Message-ID: <1779@botter.cs.vu.nl> +Date: 9 Dec 87 15:46:14 GMT +Reply-To: ast@cs.vu.nl (Andy Tanenbaum) +Organization: VU Informatica, Amsterdam +Lines: 11 + + +I talked to P-H yesterday. Version 1.2 of MINIX in 256K & 640K PC, 512K AT, +mag tape, and the IBM slipcase version with the abridged book are all +in stock. If it is of any consolation to the people who have had to wait +and wait and wait, one of the corporate vice presidents was so unhappy +about the poor service to customers that he fired the person who was in charge +of managing the MINIX inventory. He has been replaced by someone else who has +clear instructions to make sure it doesn't go out of stock again. They are now +shipping to everyone whose order got backlogged. + +Andy Tanenbaum (ast@cs.vu.nl) +#! rnews 841 +Path: alberta!mnetor!uunet!mcvax!prlb2!lln-cs!gf +From: gf@lln-cs.UUCP (Frank Grognet) +Newsgroups: rec.games.misc,rec.games.frp,rec.games.board +Subject: WARGAMING! +Keywords: wargame,rule,figurine,game +Message-ID: <796@lln-cs.UUCP> +Date: 9 Dec 87 15:19:13 GMT +Organization: Computer Science Dept., Louvain-la-Neuve Belgium +Lines: 11 +Xref: alberta rec.games.misc:1150 rec.games.frp:1652 rec.games.board:543 + + + I want to start wargaming but I don't know how! + +I won't be playing wargames on a board, but with 15mm or 25mm +figurines. +I would like to find addresses in Europe (especially Belgium) +of good figurine manufacturers and also references to rule +books for the Napoleonic period. +I am also interested in rules contained on the net or in files at +other sites, if they exist! +I anybody can help me, please reply to ..!mcvax!prlb2!lln-cs!gf +#! rnews 1656 +Path: alberta!mnetor!uunet!mcvax!nikhefk!frankg +From: frankg@nikhefk.UUCP (Frank Geerling) +Newsgroups: comp.sys.atari.st +Subject: Re: the perfect ram disk +Keywords: ramdisk, resizeable, reset-survivable +Message-ID: <294@nikhefk.UUCP> +Date: 9 Dec 87 19:53:23 GMT +References: <427@dukempd.UUCP> +Reply-To: frankg@nikhefk.UUCP (Frank Geerling) +Organization: Nikhef-K, Amsterdam (the Netherlands). +Lines: 42 + +In article <427@dukempd.UUCP> gpm@dukempd.UUCP (Guy Metcalfe) writes: +>I have Mike's Ramdisk v. .95, and like the idea of what it's trying to do. +>It has a dialogue box as if it were resizable, but it's very buggy. Could +>someone send me a later version that works like it's dialogue implies it +>should. What I would like best of all is an eternal ram disk that I can +>size up and down as I see fit, but which sizes down without letting me +>destroy any data I may have on the disk. If anybody has and would send me +>or knows where I could get such a beast, I would be grateful. Thanks. +>-- +> Guy Metcalfe gpm@dukempd.uucp + + +Please send it to me too, I also have Mike's Ramdisk and the resize doesn't +work it doesn't return allocated memory when you resize to a smaller amount +of memory. + +Thanx in advance + + + Frank Geerling + (frankg@nikhefk.uucp) + + +Usenet: {seismo, philabs, decvax}!mcvax!frankg@nikhefk + +Normal mail: Frank Geerling + NIKHEF-K (DIGEL) + Postbus 4395 + 1009 AJ Amsterdam + The Netherlands + + Frank Geerling + (frankg@nikhefk.uucp) + + +Usenet: {seismo, philabs, decvax}!mcvax!frankg@nikhefk + +Normal mail: Frank Geerling + NIKHEF-K (PIMU) + Postbus 4395 + 1009 AJ Amsterdam + The Netherlands +#! rnews 2666 +Path: alberta!mnetor!uunet!mcvax!prlb2!kulcs!luc +From: luc@kulcs.UUCP (Luc Van Braekel) +Newsgroups: comp.lang.pascal +Subject: Re: self-replicating programs? +Summary: here is a self-replicating pascal program +Message-ID: <1070@kulcs.UUCP> +Date: 9 Dec 87 08:31:27 GMT +References: <1400@tulum.swatsun.UUCP> +Organization: Kath.Univ.Leuven, Comp. Sc., Belgium +Lines: 37 + +In article <1400@tulum.swatsun.UUCP>, hirai@swatsun (Eiji "A.G." Hirai) writes: +> In our recent ACM programming contest (regionals), one of the +> problems was to write a self-replicating program. That is, we had to +> write a program whose output was itself, the source code. No alterations +> of the original code during execution was allowed (I think). +> Does anyone have any code for this problem? We have one but +> it looks inelegant. I've also see bery bery short Prolog code for this. +> Help, we are looking for good codes to study! And yes, the contest is +> over (we ain't cheating). + +Here is a self-replicating Pascal program I wrote a few years ago. +The program looks dirty but it works ! + +program self (output); +var i,j: integer; + a: array[1..8] of packed array[1..59] of char; begin + a[1] := 'program self (output); '; + a[2] := 'var i,j: integer; '; + a[3] := ' a: array[1..8] of packed array[1..59] of char; begin '; + a[4] := 'for i := 1 to 3 do writeln(a[i]); '; + a[5] := 'for i := 1 to 8 do begin write('' a['',i:0,''] := '',chr(39));'; + a[6] := 'for j := 1 to 59 do begin write(a[i][j]);if a[i][j]=chr(39)'; + a[7] := 'then write(a[i][j]) end; writeln(chr(39),'';'') end; '; + a[8] := 'for i := 4 to 8 do writeln(a[i]) end. '; +for i := 1 to 3 do writeln(a[i]); +for i := 1 to 8 do begin write(' a[',i:0,'] := ',chr(39)); +for j := 1 to 59 do begin write(a[i][j]);if a[i][j]=chr(39) +then write(a[i][j]) end; writeln(chr(39),';') end; +for i := 4 to 8 do writeln(a[i]) end. + ++-----------------------------------+------------------------------------+ +| Name : Luc Van Braekel | Katholieke Universiteit Leuven | +| UUCP : luc@kulcs.UUCP | Department of Computer Science | +| BITNET : luc@blekul60.bitnet | Celestijnenlaan 200 A | +| Phone : +(32) 16 20 0656 x3563 | B-3030 Leuven (Heverlee) | +| Telex : 23674 kuleuv b | Belgium | ++-----------------------------------+------------------------------------+ +#! rnews 1678 +Path: alberta!mnetor!uunet!mcvax!cernvax!ethz!zu +From: zu@ethz.UUCP (Urs Zurbuchen) +Newsgroups: comp.sys.ibm.pc +Subject: Re: Oooh Yeccheo. How Does This One Really Work?!? +Message-ID: <264@bernina.UUCP> +Date: 9 Dec 87 12:16:51 GMT +References: <164300022@uiucdcsb> <412@wa3wbu.UUCP> <13091@beta.UUCP> <1269@phoenix.Princeton.EDU> +Reply-To: zu@bernina.UUCP (Urs Zurbuchen) +Organization: ETH Zuerich, CS Department, Switzerland +Lines: 41 + +In article <1269@phoenix.Princeton.EDU> rjchen@phoenix.Princeton.EDU (Raymond Juimong Chen) writes: +>In article <13091@beta.UUCP> it was written: +>What you'd probably want is something like +> +>AUTOEXEC.BAT: +> doit +> +>DOIT.BAT: +> copy \autoexec.ddd \autoexec.bat +> del \autoexec.ddd +> do other stuff +> reboot. +> +>AUTOEXEC.DDD: +> same as before + +You could the same thing without changing your AUTOEXEC.BAT. With the solution +presented above you will execute the same second version of AUTOEXEC.BAT each +time you reboot your machine (perhaps that's really what you want, but my +imagination doesn't go that far. If so, just disregard this article). + +My solution: In the startup file you include the following: + +if exist goto second + +echo gaga > +:second + + +That's it. If you want to toggle between the two boot modes just add a line +like: + +del + + + I hope this will help anybody :-) + + ...urs + + +UUCP: ...seismo!mcvax!cernvax!ethz!zu +#! rnews 420 +Path: alberta!mnetor!uunet!mcvax!inria!irisa!michaud +From: michaud@irisa.UUCP (Michaud Franck INSA BN205) +Newsgroups: comp.protocols.tcp-ip +Subject: virtual circuit +Keywords: tcp, socket +Message-ID: <202@irisa.UUCP> +Date: 9 Dec 87 20:05:21 GMT +Organization: IRISA, Rennes (Fr) +Lines: 7 + + + I'd like to have a good definition of : +- virtual circuit. + + If you have a good definition, send me a mail. + thanck you. + franck +#! rnews 758 +Path: alberta!mnetor!uunet!mcvax!enea!liuida!dat08 +From: dat08@butterix.liu.se +Newsgroups: rec.games.frp +Subject: Re: New rules for AD&D +Message-ID: <686@butterix.liu.se> +Date: 9 Dec 87 03:53:09 GMT +References: <26788S9S@PSUVMA> +Organization: CIS Dept, Univ of Linkoping, Sweden +Lines: 11 + +In article <26788S9S@PSUVMA> S9S@PSUVMA.BITNET (Steven A. Schrader) writes: +>New Rules for TSR. [...] Does anyone know when these rules will be out +>and how much they will cost? + +According to Harold Johnson of TSR (at a local convention in Sweden) the new +rules will be out in 89. + +BTW -- Any reactions about the new (again!) Gamma World? I haven't tried it +yet but I like their idea of one-table-system for everything. + +Per Westling dat08@majestix.liu.se +#! rnews 968 +Path: alberta!mnetor!uunet!mcvax!enea!tut!tolsun!reini +From: reini@tolsun.oulu.fi (Jukka Reinikainen) +Newsgroups: comp.sys.ibm.pc,comp.sources.wanted +Subject: Hercules graphic characters +Keywords: hercules, text, MASM, MSC +Message-ID: <246@tolsun.oulu.fi> +Date: 8 Dec 87 15:32:30 GMT +Organization: University of Oulu, Finland +Lines: 14 +Xref: alberta comp.sys.ibm.pc:9576 comp.sources.wanted:2717 + + + +Help wanted: how to create text in Hercules graphic mode? + +I have a program written in MSC (parts coded with MASM) which does +quite nice things with grapichs but suffers lack of characters. +According to my knowledge the only way to get characters in Herc graphic +mode is to draw them on screen by lightning a set of pixels, right? + +Somebody *must* have written a program which draws characters and +other symbols, so please help me. C and/or ASM sources and/or ideas +will be *very* appreciated. + + > Jukka Reinikainen reini@tolsun.oulu.fi < +#! rnews 935 +Path: alberta!mnetor!uunet!mcvax!enea!liuida!andka +From: andka@smidefix.liu.se (Andreas K}gedal) +Newsgroups: rec.music.synth +Subject: Yamaha CLP - pf question +Keywords: Yamaha pf85 CLP300 +Message-ID: <687@smidefix.liu.se> +Date: 9 Dec 87 15:36:48 GMT +Organization: CIS Dept, Univ of Linkoping, Sweden +Lines: 13 + + + I'm thinking of getting one of those new sampled pianos and would like +to get som info. From the net and from my own experience in my local +piano store, I've understood that the Yamaha Clavinova CLP 300 is +a pretty good choise. But I seem to remember a rumor about something +called Yamaha pf85 wich would be some kind of stageversion of the CLP 300. +Has anyone seen it, played it, compared it with the CLP 300? What are the +differences in price, sound, keyboard? + +My local pianopusher here in Sweden hadn't heard of it. Is this because +it is so new or because it is a local phenomenon in the states? + + /Andreas Kagedal +#! rnews 2816 +Path: alberta!mnetor!uunet!mcvax!enea!ttds!draken!sics!erikn +From: erikn@sics.se (Erik Nordmark) +Newsgroups: comp.unix.questions +Subject: Re: Need help with interprocess communications +Keywords: Pipes, Ptys, Buffering, I/O +Message-ID: <1639@sics.se> +Date: 9 Dec 87 21:21:43 GMT +References: <8117@steinmetz.steinmetz.UUCP> +Reply-To: erikn@sics.UUCP (Erik Nordmark) +Organization: Swedish Institute of Computer Science, Kista +Lines: 60 + +[[ I tried sending this as mail using different addresses, but failed! ]] + +In article <8117@steinmetz.steinmetz.UUCP> you write: +> +> +>I have tried using "fcntl(fd,F_SETFL,FASYNC)" as well as setting up an +>interrupt handler to handle SIGIO signals (via "sigvec(2)"), and this works +>fine when I'm reading from the terminal, but does not seem to work at all +>when I try it from a pipe. +> +> +>Well, the SIGIO handler works fine to detect input from places like stdin, but +>never sees anything coming down the pipe. When it gets invoked (generally +>by me banging on the key causing an interrupt from stdin), it +>does find that there is data available in the pipe (as well as stdin) and +>has no problem reading it. +> +> +>Does anyone out there know how I can fix this problem? +> + +>From looking at the BSD4.3 sources I found out the following: +When a tty is opened the associated process group is set to +that of the creator. The signals that the tty driver generate (e.g. caused +by ^C) are sent to this process group. + +However, for sockets (a pipe is implemented as a pair of sockets in BSD4.3 +and maybe elsewhere!) the associated process group is not set automatically. + +So what you have to do is to set it before you can get ant SIGIO's! Use + int pgrp = getpid(); + if (fcntl(fd, F_SETOWN, pgrp) == -1) { + perror("fnctl"); + exit(1); + } +or + ioctl(fd, SIOCSPGRP, &pgrp) /* note: & */ + +I think this should work even if pipes aren't implemented as a pair of +sockets, but I haven't tried any of it. + +>Also: Is there a way that I can determine WHICH file descriptor caused +>a SIGIO interrupt to be invoked, or by which I can set up a different +>interrupt handler for each descriptor? +> + +See select(2). (Just a detail: select will tell you that there is data +to read if there actually is data to read or if the other end(s) have +closed the pipe. In the latter case read() will return an EOF - this +stuff caused me some trouble before I read the *real* documentation - +the OS source code!!) + +------------------------------------------------------------------------- +Erik Nordmark +Swedish Institute of Computer Science, Box 1263, S-163 13 SPANGA, Sweden +Phone: +46 8 750 79 70 Ttx: 812 61 54 SICS S Fax: +46 8 751 72 30 + +uucp: erikn@sics.UUCP or {seismo,mcvax}!enea!sics!erikn +Domain: erikn@sics.se +------------------------------------------------------------------------- +#! rnews 2508 +Path: alberta!mnetor!uunet!mcvax!enea!luth!d2c-czl +From: d2c-czl@sm.luth.se (Caj Zell) +Newsgroups: rec.music.misc +Subject: Re: Ace-Screamingest Guitar Solos on Record +Keywords: guitar, flames (regrettably) +Message-ID: <438@psi.luth.se> +Date: 9 Dec 87 14:51:22 GMT +References: <1725@s.cc.purdue.edu> +Reply-To: Caj Zell +Organization: University of Lulea, Sweden +Lines: 44 +UUCP-Path: {uunet,mcvax}!enea!psi.luth.se!d2c-czl + + +In article <1725@s.cc.purdue.edu> rsk@s.cc.purdue.edu (Rich Kulawiec) writes: +>I thought I'd make up a very hasty list of what I +>thought were some of the best solos I've heard, and then ask y'all to +>contribute further. + +Good idea,I love making up lists! + +>Money (Pink Floyd), David Gilmour +>Cracked Actor (David Bowie), Earl Slick +>Don't Take Me Alive (Steely Dan), Jeff 'Skunk' Baxter? +>All Along the Watchtower Jimi Hendrix +>Aqualung (Jethro Tull), Martin Barre +>Highway 61, Johnny Winter + +Agree,but how about these: + +Muffin Man (Frank Zappa) (I think FZ was the most underrated) +Son of Mr. Green Genes (Frank Zappa) (guitarist there ever has been.But,) +Son of Orange County (Frank Zappa) (he can't play anymore,too bad. ) +Push Comes To Show (Van Halen) Eddie Van Halen +Crossroads (Cream) Eric Clapton (The 2nd solo,of course) +Astronomy (Blue \yster Cult) Donald Roeser (on "Some Enchanted Evening") +Lazy (Deep Purple) Ritchie Blackmore +Fat Time (Miles Davis) Mike Stern + +I know that when I get home I will kill myself for not adding more solos, +but these are the ones I can think of without looking at my records. +But maybe that's a good sign indicating that these are really my favourites. + +I'd be very glad to see some reactions on the list. + + + XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX + X X + X X + X Caj Zell ________________________ X + X University of Lulea : : X + X Sweden : Jazz is not dead, : X + X : it just smells funny : X + X mail: d2c-czl@psi.luth.se : -Frank Zappa : X + X : : X + X -----------------------: X + X X + XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX +#! rnews 1389 +Path: alberta!mnetor!uunet!mcvax!enea!kuling!peterf +From: peterf@kuling.UUCP (Peter Fagerberg) +Newsgroups: comp.sys.mac +Subject: More memory for Mac+...? +Message-ID: <570@kuling.UUCP> +Date: 9 Dec 87 15:08:48 GMT +Organization: DoCS, Uppsala University, Sweden +Lines: 23 + + +Hello. I've been wondering how to get a little extra memory for my +Macintosh Plus (needed in these days of Hypercard and Multifinder). + +I was wondering if the normal brute-force method could be used; + Just solder 1M memory chips on top of the existing one (piggyback) + and attach CS (chip-select) and whatever else is needed from the + adressbus to select the appropiate chip. I haven't really checked + out the memorychips but maybe an inverter is needed for some signals. + + If I'm correctly informed there are 22 bit defining the adress on + a MC68000, making it possible to have 4M of memory. + +*If* this is possibly, would programs take advantage of it? + +Well, maybe this is one of the most stupid questions asked to USENET +since it all began and if so - please forgive my ignorance... + + Peter-- +============================================================================== +Peter Fagerberg UUCP: {seismo,enea,mcvax,decwrl,...}!kuling!peterf +Applied Computer Science ARPA: kuling!peterf@seismo.css.gov +Uppsala University Analog: +46 18-128286 or 8-102927 +#! rnews 1429 +Path: alberta!mnetor!uunet!mcvax!botter!klipper!biep +From: biep@cs.vu.nl (J. A. "Biep" Durieux) +Newsgroups: soc.culture.jewish +Subject: Re: Jews in soc.culture.jewish? +Message-ID: <958@klipper.cs.vu.nl> +Date: 10 Dec 87 09:07:28 GMT +References: <4765@spool.wisc.edu> <2086@ucbcad.berkeley.edu> <2264@encore.UUCP> <5779@cisunx.UUCP> <2872@sphinx.uchicago.edu> <5861@cisunx.UUCP> +Reply-To: biep@cs.vu.nl (J. A. "Biep" Durieux) +Organization: VU Informatica, Amsterdam +Lines: 23 + +In article <5861@cisunx.UUCP> dlhst@unix.cis.pittsburgh.edu.UUCP, + (David L. Heyman) writes: +>Don't kid yourself. the Constitution is one thing but reality is +>another. National Christmas tree, etc. + ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ + +You are not trying to say that the US are German-mythological qua +religion, are you? :-) + +No, but seriously: what does that tree have to do with Christianity? +(Or, what does the mean US Christmas have to do with it at all - but +that's another story) +Is Santa Claus Christian? The Easter Bunny and its eggs? + +While I agree that the dates of these festivities originally come from +the church, the things which are generally celebrated have no origin in +Christian doctrine, and no one pretends so. + +Sorry if I offended anyone by this - I am not commenting on those who do +use those times for prayer and as memorial days. +-- + Biep. (biep@cs.vu.nl via mcvax) + To be the question or not to be the question, that is. +#! rnews 1323 +Path: alberta!mnetor!uunet!mcvax!ukc!eagle!icdoc!ivax!shb +From: shb@ivax.doc.ic.ac.uk (Simon Brock) +Newsgroups: comp.sys.mac +Subject: Re: uw/Multifinder? +Message-ID: <146@gould.doc.ic.ac.uk> +Date: 9 Dec 87 10:08:38 GMT +References: <174400085@uxc.cso.uiuc.edu> +Sender: news@doc.ic.ac.uk +Reply-To: shb@doc.ic.ac.uk (Simon Brock) +Organization: Dept. of Computing, Imperial College, London, UK. +Lines: 22 + +In article <174400085@uxc.cso.uiuc.edu> dorner@uxc.cso.uiuc.edu writes: +> +>I can't get uw to work under Multifinder. ... +>I have an SE, and am running the latest system software (obviously). +>I'm using uw version 4.1. +> +>Is anybody successfully using uw under Multifinder? +Yes. I'm using uw4.1 on an SE with System 4.1/Finder 6.0 and a beta version +of MF (1.0b6). (As an aside, we can't get System Tools 5.0 in the UK until +early next year, unless you know different to me !) + +UW runs but I do character losses at 9600 baud. I can't work out why, and +I'm not convinced its UW's fault. I wrote to John Bruner, the author, who +says other people were reporting the same problem. + + Simon. + +Simon H Brock, Dept. of Computing, Imperial College, London SW7 2AZ +Tel : 01 589 5111 x4993 +BitNet : shb@doc.ic.ac.uk (or shb%uk.ac.ic.doc@AC.UK) +UUCP : shb@icdoc.uucp (...siesmo!mcvax!ukc!icdoc!shb) +JANET : shb@uk.ac.ic.doc +#! rnews 1446 +Path: alberta!mnetor!uunet!mcvax!ukc!eagle!icdoc!cam-cl!am +From: am@cl.cam.ac.uk (Alan Mycroft) +Newsgroups: comp.lang.c +Subject: Re: closing stdout +Keywords: Yes it IS a buggy library +Message-ID: <1115@jenny.cl.cam.ac.uk> +Date: 9 Dec 87 10:38:55 GMT +References: <442@cresswell.quintus.UUCP> +Reply-To: am@cl.cam.ac.uk (Alan Mycroft) +Organization: U of Cambridge Comp Lab, UK +Lines: 19 + +In article <442@cresswell.quintus.UUCP> ok@quintus.UUCP (Richard A. O'Keefe) writes: +>There's an old joke with the punch-line "We've already established what +>you are, madam. Now we're just haggling over the price." +> result = getchar(); +> errno = 0; +> result = putc(result, stdin); +> printf("result = %d, errno = %d\n", result, errno); +>The bug is that depending on where you are in the buffer, putc() MIGHT +>notice the mistake, but it usually won't. +>... the bug is a pretty fundamental one in the UNIX stdio implementation, +Richard, The bug is not in the slightest bit fundamental and could be fixed +in less than 1 day once and for all. I have done it for a ANSI unix-like I/O +library: +Merely separate the _cnt field +of struct FILE into a _icnt and an _ocnt, change getc/putc to use _icnt/_ocnt. +Fix _filbuf/_flsbuf to use the right one, and to whinge when _icnt/_ocnt +goes -ve when you expect the other one to. +This for free also enables the library to police the "fflush/fseek between +change of direction for I/O" restriction and avoids chaos there. +#! rnews 1094 +Path: alberta!mnetor!uunet!mcvax!ukc!eagle!icdoc!cam-cl!lg +From: lg@cl.cam.ac.uk (Li Gong) +Newsgroups: soc.culture.china +Subject: Change of Policy After Beginnig Signing Contrct ? +Message-ID: <1114@jenny.cl.cam.ac.uk> +Date: 9 Dec 87 10:37:41 GMT +Organization: U of Cambridge Comp Lab, UK +Lines: 19 + + + Is there anybody out there who has info about whether the Chinese +government has changed the policy regarding students aboard and how +it is changed, because from this April, all students sent by the +government are asked to sign contracts between him/her and his/her +institution. + + What do these contracts mean ? Does this imply that those who came +out before this April (thus did not sign) then have a somewhat different +status (for example, can not be asked to go back to carry out a certain +contract) ? + + E-mail to me and I'll summurize OR post to the newsgroup. I believe +there are other people who are also interested in this issue. + + Martin +----------------------------------------------------------------------- +lg@uk.ac.cam.cl +--------------- +#! rnews 1315 +Path: alberta!mnetor!uunet!mcvax!ukc!stc!root44!cdwf +From: cdwf@root.co.uk (Clive D.W. Feather) +Newsgroups: rec.arts.sf-lovers +Subject: Eric Frank Russell - was Re: Misc questionings +Message-ID: <492@root44.co.uk> +Date: 9 Dec 87 15:03:01 GMT +References: <362@n8emr.UUCP> <2481@pbhyf.UUCP> +Reply-To: cdwf@root44.UUCP (Clive D.W. Feather) +Organization: Root Computers Ltd, London, England +Lines: 23 + +In article <2481@pbhyf.UUCP> djl@pbhyf.UUCP (Dave Lampe) writes: +>In article <362@n8emr.UUCP> lwv@n8emr.UUCP (Larry W. Virden) writes: +>> +>>5. Finally, and perhaps most important. I am looking for author and +>>anthology names for a short story (perhaps longer than thtat?) called I +>>believe "MYOB". +>>The title stands for "Mind Your Own Business". +> +>The story is in a book called "The Great Explosion" by Eric Frank +>Russell in 1962. It is a collection of 3 or 4 stories telling +>of an attempt by Earth to recontact colonies that had been lost +>for a long time and that had evolved into unusual societies. + +I have come across "The Great Explosion", but I also have this part of it +in a collection whose name I have forgotten, under the title "And then there +were none.". Great story. THE BEST AUTHOR EVER. + +[Kill the line counter] +[Kill Mel] +[Keep Adric Dead] +[Kill the line counter] +[Kill Mel] +[Keep Adric Dead] +#! rnews 849 +Path: alberta!mnetor!uunet!mcvax!ukc!stc!root44!cdwf +From: cdwf@root.co.uk (Clive D.W. Feather) +Newsgroups: sci.misc +Subject: Re: Color +Message-ID: <493@root44.co.uk> +Date: 9 Dec 87 15:46:24 GMT +References: <162300002@uiucdcsb> <162300004@uiucdcsb> +Reply-To: cdwf@root44.UUCP (Clive D.W. Feather) +Organization: Root Computers Ltd, London, England +Lines: 13 + + +Carl Kadie +Inductive Learning Group +University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign +writes: +>ii. There is "no such color" as purple! Mixing red and blue ink +> causes your eye to react in a way which is not reproducible +> by any single wavelength of light. + +The eye can see colours (for example, in afterimages) that cannot be +reproduced by any combination of wavelengths of light ! +There was an article in Scientific American c.1970 entitled "Phosphenes" +that went into this. +#! rnews 795 +Path: alberta!mnetor!uunet!mcvax!ukc!stc!datlog!dlhpedg!cl +From: cl@dlhpedg.co.uk (Charles Lambert) +Newsgroups: rec.games.empire,comp.sources.bugs +Subject: Re: conquest newsletter #3 +Message-ID: <330@dlhpedg.co.uk> +Date: 9 Dec 87 14:27:16 GMT +References: <4886@mhuxd.UUCP> <6899@apple.UUCP> +Sender: news@dlhpedg.co.uk +Reply-To: cl@.co.uk (Charles Lambert) +Organization: FSG@Data Logic Ltd, Queens House, Greenhill Way, Harrow, London. +Lines: 8 +Xref: alberta rec.games.empire:292 comp.sources.bugs:563 + +>In article <4886@mhuxd.UUCP>, smile@mhuxd.UUCP (Edward Barlow) writes: +>> 3) Still have not thought of a new name for the game. Best so far is +>> (need to check spelling). Comments? + +I've missed something here; what was wrong with "conquest"? + +--------------- +Charlie Lambert +#! rnews 819 +Path: alberta!mnetor!uunet!mcvax!weijers +From: weijers@cwi.nl (Eric Weijers) +Newsgroups: comp.lang.c++ +Subject: another error in vector.h 1.3 +Message-ID: <143@piring.cwi.nl> +Date: 10 Dec 87 13:27:06 GMT +Organization: CWI, Amsterdam +Lines: 22 + +In "vector.h 1.3" the following definition of the X(X&) constructor +is given: + +vector(type).vector(type)(vector(type)& a) +{ + register i = a.sz; + sz = a.sz; /* ADD THIS LINE */ + v = new type[i]; + register type* vv = &v[i]; + register type* av = &a.v[i]; + while (i--) *--vv = *--av; +} + +You should add the indicated line in order to set the size of +the new vector. If that is not done you get "vector index out of +range" errors. + +I found two other errors in this header file, I posted +earlier. If you are interested in them just send a reply (r). + +Eric Weijers. +weijers@cwi.nl +#! rnews 830 +Path: alberta!mnetor!uunet!mcvax!botter!klipper!biep +From: biep@cs.vu.nl (J. A. "Biep" Durieux) +Newsgroups: soc.culture.jewish +Subject: Anything positive about Jewish genes? (Was: Jewish genetic diseases) +Message-ID: <959@klipper.cs.vu.nl> +Date: 10 Dec 87 09:50:15 GMT +References: <4362@ig.ig.com> <4374@ig.ig.com> +Reply-To: biep@cs.vu.nl (J. A. "Biep" Durieux) +Organization: VU Informatica, Amsterdam +Lines: 12 + +I suppose the exclusive intermarriage among Jews must also have +spared them for many genetic diseases found among "the rest of us". +Does anyone have any data on that? + +~~~ +I understand nobody is interested in discussing the Dead Sea scrolls? + +And nobody knows what the "Jewish region" in the far SE of Siberia is? +~~~ +-- + Biep. (biep@cs.vu.nl via mcvax) + To be the question or not to be the question, that is. +#! rnews 960 +Path: alberta!mnetor!uunet!mcvax!unido!ecrcvax!johng +From: johng@ecrcvax.UUCP (John Gregor) +Newsgroups: rec.arts.sf-lovers +Subject: Re: Old SF Shows +Summary: Yet another show I can't remember the name of... +Message-ID: <463@ecrcvax.UUCP> +Date: 9 Dec 87 13:57:35 GMT +References: <04.Dec.87.11:29:45.GMT.ZZASSGL@UK.AC.UMRCC.CMS> <18784@linus.UUCP> <1046@bc-cis.UUCP> <19026@linus.UUCP> +Reply-To: johng@ecrcvax.UUCP (John Gregor) +Organization: ECRC, Munich 81, West Germany +Lines: 10 + +There was a show on sometime between the late 70's and early 80's (1 season). +And I can't remember the name. It was actually two (or more) shows in one +with each sub-show taking a fraction of the time slot. One part was a +modern day dracula. Another dealt with a society living underground. They +couldn't come up to the surface without special filters due to dust/pollution +or some such. Ring any bells? It was NBC, I think. + + John + + johng%ecrcvax.UUCP@germany.CSNET +#! rnews 756 +Path: alberta!mnetor!uunet!mcvax!botter!ark!maart +From: maart@cs.vu.nl (Maarten Litmaath) +Newsgroups: comp.bugs.4bsd +Subject: Re: 4.3BSD: using control-m in .exrc file +Summary: More ^V's are needed (won't the editor get enough of it ? :-) +Keywords: 4.3bsd .exrc control-m ^V +Message-ID: <1161@ark.cs.vu.nl> +Date: 10 Dec 87 18:44:07 GMT +References: <133@telesoft.UUCP> +Reply-To: maart@cs.vu.nl (Maarten Litmaath) +Organization: VU Informatica, Amsterdam +Lines: 8 + +Try preceding each ^M by *another* ^V (which in turn is escaped by ^V) ! +Type: + map , ^V^V^V^M^V^V^V^M^V^V^V^M + +BTW, death to emacs ! +-- +Time flies like an arrow, fruit flies |Maarten Litmaath @ Free U Amsterdam: +like an orange. (seen elsewhere) |maart@cs.vu.nl, mcvax!botter!ark!maart +#! rnews 1079 +Path: alberta!mnetor!uunet!mcvax!inria!shapiro +From: shapiro@inria.UUCP (Marc Shapiro) +Newsgroups: comp.lang.c++ +Subject: Re: Is there a "real" C++ compiler available? +Summary: There is a native C++, with debugger support +Message-ID: <589@inria.UUCP> +Date: 10 Dec 87 17:55:27 GMT +References: <2097@ucbcad.berkeley.edu> +Organization: INRIA, Rocquencourt. France +Lines: 14 + +In article <2097@ucbcad.berkeley.edu>, faustus@ic.Berkeley.EDU (Wayne A. Christopher) writes: +> [...]. Is there a C++ +> compiler available now that will compile directly into asm +> code, instead of into C? Alternatively, is there a good way +> to use dbx with C++ programs (i.e, using the c++ source instead +> of the c files)? + +The answer to both questions is yes. The Free Software Foundation (you +know, the GNU Emacs people) will distribute (soon?) a modified version of +their C compiler which does C++. Their debugger GDB (a dbx-lookalike) knows +how to handle it. + +I haven't used either of these so I have no opinions to whether they are +in any way adequate. Just passing useful information along. +#! rnews 1269 +Path: alberta!mnetor!uunet!mcvax!enea!ttds!draken!zap +From: zap@draken.nada.kth.se (Svante Lindahl) +Newsgroups: comp.os.misc,comp.unix.wizards +Subject: Re: Command interfaces +Message-ID: <239@draken.nada.kth.se> +Date: 10 Dec 87 04:54:11 GMT +References: <1257@boulder.Colorado.EDU> <6840002@hpcllmv.HP.COM> <9555@mimsy.UUCP> <798@rocky.STANFORD.EDU> <432@cresswell.quintus.UUCP> <3161@psuvax1.psu.edu> <5565@oberon.USC.EDU> +Reply-To: zap@nada.kth.se (Svante Lindahl) +Organization: The Royal Inst. of Techn., Stockholm +Lines: 21 +Xref: alberta comp.os.misc:340 comp.unix.wizards:5748 + +In article <5565@oberon.USC.EDU> blarson@skat.usc.edu (Bob Larson) writes: +#For example, how would you do the equivelent of this in unix: +# +#cmpf *>old>@@.(c,h) == -report ==.+cmpf -file + +I can do it using either /bin/sh or csh, but it does require more +typing than in Primos. The test for existence of the file is not +necessary so these examples could be simplified at the expense of +risking a few error messages to the terminal. + +C-shell: +% foreach i (`cd old; ls *.[ch]`) +> if (-r $i) diff -c old $i > $i.cmpf +> end + +Bourne-shell: +$ for i in `cd old; ls *.[ch]` ; do +> if [ -r $i ] ; then diff -c old $i > $i.cmpf ; fi +> done + +Svante Lindahl zap@nada.kth.se uunet!nada.kth.se!zap +#! rnews 2030 +Path: alberta!mnetor!uunet!mcvax!enea!ttds!draken!sics!lhe +From: lhe@sics.se (Lars-Henrik Eriksson) +Newsgroups: rec.arts.sf-lovers +Subject: Re: ST:TNG posters, GET OUT! +Keywords: Why +Message-ID: <1640@sics.se> +Date: 10 Dec 87 11:50:40 GMT +References: <5226@zen.berkeley.edu> <2011@charon.unm.edu> +Reply-To: lhe@sics.se (Lars-Henrik Eriksson) +Organization: Swedish Institute of Computer Science, Kista +Lines: 32 + +In article <2011@charon.unm.edu> cs3631cg@hydra.UUCP (Mark Giaquinto) writes: +>Two points here, interesting is a *very* relative term, what is +>interesting to you may not be to me and visa versa. Secondly I +>agree, that if you have a ST posting put it in the header, for people +>who don't want to read this stuff. +> +>>If there was no group for star trek fans to converse in without pestering +>>the rest of the sf world, I would just have to sit here and suffer, but +>>that's not the case. Rec.arts.startrek is alive and well. There is no +>>reason beyond sheer orneryness to post to sf-lovers as well. Arguments that +>>star trek is sci-fi as well are pointless. The simple fact is that there is +>>newsgroup for all of you to communicate in, and if the rest of us wanted to +>>listen, then we would. +> +>Well startrek is sf and I don't see how that arguement is pointless. + +I have only the faintest interest in the ST stuff and I would prefer it +to be posted elsewhere, although I am not particularly bothered either. + +I think the interesting question is: WHY DO WE HAVE DIFFERENT NEWSGROUPS?? + +I always thought it was to organize postings by subject and because different +people are interested in different things. + +If you argue that ST postings could as well be made to rec.arts.sf-lovers +rather than to the special ST newsgroup, you could just as well argue +that we only need one newsgroup on the entire net: general.general.general. + +Lars-Henrik Eriksson Internet: lhe@sics.se +Swedish Institute of Computer Science Phone (intn'l): +46 8 750 79 70 +Box 1263 Telefon (nat'l): 08 - 750 79 70 +S-164 28 KISTA +#! rnews 1007 +Path: alberta!mnetor!uunet!mcvax!enea!tut!mk59200 +From: mk59200@tut.fi (Kolkka Markku Olavi) +Newsgroups: comp.sources.bugs +Subject: Re: PC Nethack 2.2 bugs + help wanted linking +Summary: Inventory display problems +Message-ID: <522@fuksi.tut.fi> +Date: 10 Dec 87 13:32:40 GMT +References: <492@silver.bacs.indiana.edu> <5253@zen.berkeley.edu> +Reply-To: mk59200@fuksi.UUCP (Kolkka Markku Olavi) +Organization: Tampere University of Technology, Finland +Lines: 13 + +I have successfully compiled and linked Nethack using MSC 4.0 +and it looks great, exept in a few points. The inventory +display is spread all over the screen if there aren't enough +items to force a full-screen display. It seems that after +printing each line the cursor is moved one step down, but +it doesn't move left to the right place. + +Also, when I teleport away from an unlit room, some quote characters +are left behind around the place I was in. + +Markku Kolkka at Tampere University of Technology, Finland +mk59200@tut.fi +...mcvax!tut!mk59200 +#! rnews 811 +Path: alberta!mnetor!uunet!mcvax!enea!tut!tolsun!jto +From: jto@tolsun.oulu.fi (Jarkko Oikarinen) +Newsgroups: comp.sys.amiga,rec.games.misc +Subject: 'Real' controllers for Flight Simulator II +Keywords: Controllers, Flight Simulator +Message-ID: <247@tolsun.oulu.fi> +Date: 10 Dec 87 16:47:22 GMT +Organization: University of Oulu, Finland +Lines: 15 +Xref: alberta comp.sys.amiga:11680 rec.games.misc:1151 + + + I am interested in finding any information about 'real' controllers +for Amiga's Flight Simulator II program. ie. similar controllers +that are used in real airplanes. + +Please mail your responses because I don't read this group regularly. + +-- +======================================== +Jarkko Oikarinen mcvax!tut!oulu!jarkko + jarkko@tolsun.oulu.fi +======================================== +#! rnews 913 +Path: alberta!mnetor!uunet!mcvax!inria!imag!pierre +From: pierre@imag.UUCP (Pierre LAFORGUE) +Newsgroups: comp.protocols.appletalk +Subject: NCSA TELNET bug with foreign MacSE or MacII keyboards +Message-ID: <2331@imag.UUCP> +Date: 10 Dec 87 08:08:19 GMT +Reply-To: pierre@imag.UUCP (Pierre LAFORGUE) +Organization: IMAG, University of Grenoble, France +Lines: 11 + +NCSA Telnet is really a must, but ... +on a Mac SE and a Mac II, NCSA Telnet 2.0 forces an american keyboard, in a +permanent manner (it remains after exiting telnet, until the next Macintosh +reboot). It is very painful when you use, for instance, a french keyboard: +not only you have to remember to type Q for A, and so on, but you cannot +type for example a Control-Z under telnet. +[On a Macintosh +, one do not loss its keyboard] + +Is this bug fixed in the last version ? +-- +Pierre Laforgue pierre@imag.imag.fr {uunet.uu.net|mcvax}!imag!pierre +#! rnews 490 +Path: alberta!mnetor!uunet!mcvax!diku!sergej +From: sergej@diku.UUCP (S|ren O. Jensen) +Newsgroups: sci.math.stat +Subject: The SAS package +Message-ID: <3570@diku.UUCP> +Date: 10 Dec 87 14:03:31 GMT +Organization: DIKU, U of Copenhagen, DK +Lines: 7 + + +Is the SAS package available for UNIX-systems? We are currently using the +package on a old IBM machine but would like to change this machine to +something newer - preferably a UNIX-machine. +-- +---- +S|ren Oskar Jensen ({sergej,postmaster}@diku) +#! rnews 2766 +Path: alberta!mnetor!uunet!mcvax!diku!iesd!jacob +From: jacob@iesd.uucp (Jacob stergaard B{kke) +Newsgroups: comp.arch +Subject: job search, Comp. eng. +Summary: I'm looking for a job +Keywords: Job, Computer. eng., Computer. sci., M.S. +Message-ID: <172@iesd.uucp> +Date: 10 Dec 87 12:00:17 GMT +Reply-To: jaaob@iesd.UUCP (Jacob \stergaard B{kke) +Organization: Dept. of Comp. Sci., Aalborg University, Denmark (student) +Lines: 68 + +I'm looking for a job in Computer Engineering to begin around July +1988. I'm getting my Master of Science in Computer Engineering June +1988 and at present holding a degree equal to BS in Electronic +Engineering. My BS studies have included: + + Computer hardware (hands-on knowledge with mc68k), + Analog electronic + Control engineering (analog and digital control) + +My MS studies have included: + + Software development (man-machine interface, what people want + from programs) + Compiler construction (an expertsystem shell) + Program environment (for CCS programming) + Distributed operating systems (in UNIX) + Compiler mapping object-oriented language on parallel computers + +Furthermore I do have experience in conventional programming (PASCAL, +C, postscript, UNIX (awk, shell-scripts(C-shell) and yacc/lex) (and Basic)), +functional programming (LISP and ML) and logical programming (Prolog) +and knowledge about object-oriented programming. And I have also attended +courses in VLSI design, databases, etc. I have been working with CDC under +NOS/Telex, VAX 11/750 under Ultrix, SUN 3 under Sun OS 4.3 (UNIX), MacIntosh +(LISA) under Finder and IBM S36 under IBM property operating system. + +My spoken English is excellent and my written English is satisfactory, +good knowledge of the Scandinavian languages (Danish (of course), +Swedish and Norwegian), some speaking and reading knowledge of German +and limited knowledge of French and Spanish (and Latin). + +I have 5 years experience in group project work in engineering and +computer scinence areas, broad social interest, good health. + +My interest include computer hardware and software, operating system +design, expertsystems, distributed, concurrency and teaching. + +I'm open on location (outside Denmark) but I have relatives or other +reasons to be especially intereted in: + + Canada (British Colombia or Toronto) + USA (New England or Pacific Coast) + Pacific (New Zealand or Oceania) + Thailand + Scotland (Highlands) + +I'll look forward to any reponds. + + Yours sincerely + + Jacob Baekke, Denmark + +For further information: + +Reply to: jacob@iesd.uucp, {...}!mcvax!diku!iesd!jacob or + +at Univ: Jacob Baekke + S9D (in spring S10) + Strandvejen 19 + AUC + DK--9000 Aalborg + Denmark + +private: Jacob Baekke + Davids Alle 48 + DK--9000 Aalborg + Denmark + Tel. 45-(0)8102673 +#! rnews 867 +Path: alberta!mnetor!uunet!mcvax!diku!dde!jk +From: jk@dde.uucp (Jens Kjerte) +Newsgroups: comp.sources.wanted +Subject: Re: Wanted: Microemacs part 8 +Message-ID: <281@Aragorn.dde.uucp> +Date: 10 Dec 87 09:27:24 GMT +References: <166@iesd.uucp> +Reply-To: jk@dde.uucp (Jens Kjerte) +Organization: Dansk Data Elektronik A/S, Herlev, Denmark +Lines: 15 + +In article <166@iesd.uucp> torbennr@neumann.UUCP (Torben N. Rasmussen) writes: +> +>Could someone please send me part 8 of the sources for Microemacs. +> + +Me too! + +It seems as if part8 never reached Denmark. + +-- + ++---------------------------------------------------------------------------+ +| Jens Kjerte @ Dansk Data Elektronik A/S, Systems Software Department | +| E-mail: ..!uunet!mcvax!diku!dde!jk or jk@dde.uucp | ++---------------------------------------------------------------------------+ +#! rnews 512 +Path: alberta!mnetor!uunet!mcvax!cernvax!ethz!solaris!wyle +From: wyle@solaris.ifi.ethz.ch@relay.cs.net (Mitchell Wyle) +Newsgroups: comp.lang.modula2 +Subject: modula-2 pretty-printer +Keywords: pretty-printer +Message-ID: <195@solaris.ifi.ethz.ch@relay.cs.net> +Date: 9 Dec 87 21:56:57 GMT +Organization: SOT sun cluster, ETH Zuerich +Lines: 7 + +Did anyone ever get the m2pp program to work on Sun Modula-2? + +Does anyone have a different Modula-2 pretty-printer (perhaps better)? + +Thanks, + +Mitch Wyle (wyle@ethz.uucp) +#! rnews 1762 +Path: alberta!mnetor!uunet!mcvax!cernvax!ethz!zu +From: zu@ethz.UUCP (Urs Zurbuchen) +Newsgroups: comp.emacs +Subject: Re: Has uemacs 3.9 solved the file save bug? +Message-ID: <265@bernina.UUCP> +Date: 10 Dec 87 07:21:02 GMT +References: <3056@pegasus.UUCP> +Reply-To: zu@bernina.UUCP (Urs Zurbuchen) +Organization: ETH Zuerich, CS Department, Switzerland +Lines: 30 + +In article <3056@pegasus.UUCP> avi@pegasus.UUCP (XMPE40000-Avi E. Gross;LZ 3C-314;6241) writes: +> +>I haven't compiled the new micro emacs since I have a MSC compiler, which is +>not fully supported. + +This is simply NOT TRUE. I am also working with MSC (version 4.0) and had only +one minor problem when I compiled MicroEmacs 3.9e (the latest version which +was posted on Usenet). This problem relates to the Subshell spawning. But if +you know just a little bit of C, there is no problem to fix it (add a routine +specific to MSC). Some time ago, there was even a posting in comp.sources.bugs +describing all the necessary steps to do that. + +>I have been having a very annoying problem with the +>older version, and am wondering if it has been fixed, or if someone has a +>work around. I am used to saving my files regularly with ^X^S, and then +>sometimes quiting with ^X^C. Unfortunately, uemacs will quit before +>completing the writing of the file, leaving me with only a small piece of +>the file. + +I am sure you enable breaking with ^C (either in config.sys or in autoexec.bat) +Turn this off, and all your problems have gone :-) +I know this is not the solution to this problem we all want to have. Perhaps +you can do it with signal(). If not you have to included a function of your own +which intercepts the break vector of MS-DOS. + + + Have a nice day, + ...urs + +UUCP: ...seismo!mcvax!cernvax!ethz!zu +#! rnews 2164 +Path: alberta!mnetor!uunet!mcvax!cernvax!ethz!ceb +From: ceb@ethz.UUCP (Charles Buckley) +Newsgroups: comp.lang.lisp +Subject: Re: lisp environments summary -- program storage methods +Message-ID: <266@bernina.UUCP> +Date: 10 Dec 87 23:08:38 GMT +References: <613@umbc3.UMD.EDU> <325@siemens.UUCP> <323@spar.SPAR.SLB.COM> <329@siemens.UUCP> <13253@think.UUCP> +Organization: ETH Zuerich, Switzerland +Lines: 30 +In-reply-to: barmar@think.COM's message of 9 Dec 87 03:18:01 GMT + +Posting-Front-End: GNU Emacs 18.41.2 of Mon Sep 14 1987 on bernina (berkeley-unix) + + +In article <329@siemens.UUCP> steve@siemens.UUCP (Steve Clark) writes: +> I maintain that the non-Interlisp systems are wrong, however. It +>is clearly more advanced to treat a file as a database of definitions of +>functions, data, structures, etc. than to treat it as a string of characters +>that might have been typed at the keyboard. However, since the rest of the +>world hasn't caught up yet, there are bound to be incompatibilities. + +(Character) file storage is simply more flexible. The form in which +information is stored must be the most flexible possible, or you lose +information. The D-crate's pitching of conditionals is simply the +manifestation of this. + +Proponents of restrictive protocols for information storage really ask +"the world" to change to fit the protocol model. In science, models +change to fit the data, not the other way round (unless you cheat). +To me, browbeating eventual non-conformists into "catching up" by +labeling the a model as "advanced" is just a form of negative +motivation. All the lousy places I have ever worked ran on negative +motivation, none of the good ones. If your model *is* really worth +using, and you can communicate its value, you will not need such +tactics. + +Interactively defined functions? Haven't typed one in *years* - +that's what scratch buffers are for (in case I want to change a +*character* or two, or later save it.). + +Any mouse-based gadgets you can point to in Interlisp can be recreated +for a text editor working on correctly parsed Lisp code. May take +execution time, but if this is prohibitive, your function is probably +too large. +#! rnews 2319 +Path: alberta!mnetor!uunet!mcvax!ukc!its63b!jha +From: jha@its63b.ed.ac.uk (J Andrews) +Newsgroups: rec.games.frp +Subject: Fantasy Philosophy +Keywords: wackafoo +Message-ID: <824@its63b.ed.ac.uk> +Date: 10 Dec 87 14:30:15 GMT +Reply-To: jha@lfcs.ed.ac.uk (J Andrews) +Organization: Univ. of Edinburgh Dept. of Computer Science +Lines: 38 +God: Kate Bush + +Least-favourite-subject: domain theory + + + + Those interested in the issues surrounding the mechanics and +philosophy of fantasy worlds should read Tolkien's (non-fiction) +essay "On Fairy-Stories". It appears in the collections _Tree and +Leaf_ and _The Tolkien Reader_. + + One of the main ideas behind it is that the fantasy author or +story-teller is a "sub-creator", who tries to create a "secondary +belief" (rather than exactly a "willing suspension of disbelief") +in the reader. In the fantasy that works, the reader should be +able to enter the world every time she picks up the book, and not +be aware of the world as being constructed by the author. This +involves not only internal consistency, but a lack of gimmickry. + + For instance, in _Lord of the Rings_ I was never aware of +anything being in the world gratuitously. (Others may differ! :-)) +In _The Sword of Sha-Na-Na_ (sic)(sick?), on the other hand, I was +very aware of the Elfstones as being just a gimmick to get the +characters out of tight spots. Sure it was internally consistent +(the Elfstones only had any effect in times of direst need for +their holders), but the hand of the author was clearly visible. + + Similarly, applying it to FRPG's, the magic system in AD&D is +certainly internally consistent (to the extent that it is described), +but just doesn't "work" for me. Having MU's able to remember several +copies of a spell, but forgetting it when the last copy is cast, is +obviously a gimmick to limit the number of spells an MU can use. + + So I guess the moral of all this for FRPG or module designers +is that it's best to start out with a few basic assumptions and build +up your world from them by fairly believable steps, and if you can't +avoid ending up with something really hairy, then change one of your +assumptions rather than put in quick kludges. (Gee, sounds like +software engineering! :=)) + +--Jamie. + jha@uk.ac.ed.lfcs +"Switch off the mind and let the heart decide" +#! rnews 1818 +Path: alberta!mnetor!uunet!mcvax!ukc!its63b!db +From: db@its63b.ed.ac.uk (D Berry) +Newsgroups: comp.windows.x +Subject: Questions about implementing the X toolkit. +Message-ID: <825@its63b.ed.ac.uk> +Date: 10 Dec 87 17:28:06 GMT +Reply-To: db@lfcs.ed.ac.uk (Dave Berry) +Organization: LFCS, University of Edinburgh +Lines: 25 + +1) Does anyone, preferably in the UK or Europe, have a copy of the new +X toolkit interface definition I can get by ftp? + +2) I'm considering implementing the X toolkit in Standard ML. Are there any +constraints on what I should include or exclude? The documentation mentions +implementation in different languages, but doesn't say much about what this +means. Is the idea to provide the same functions, with the same names and +functionality, in each language? What about languages that have automatic +storage management or automatic creation of objects, etc? How far can I +deviate from the documentation & still use the name "X Toolkit"? + +3) Is the toolkit definition limited to the intrinsics, or are toolkits +expected to provide a standard class hierarchy? + +4) Is there any relation between the InterViews toolkit, the Xr, Sx & +DEC toolkits provided with X version 10R4, and the current X toolkit? + +5) If I go ahead, my first implementation will be a prototype, on top of X +version 10R4. This is because someone else is working on porting X version 11 +to Standard ML, and I want a simple windowing system I can use fairly quickly. +I hope the prototype will make implementing a full version reasonably +straightforward. I will probably ignore the resource manager, since I'll get +that for free when the full Xlib is implemented. I'll also ignore colour for +the time being, and only implement devices (widgets) I'm immediately interested +in. Is there anything else I can obviously ignore? +#! rnews 1113 +Path: alberta!mnetor!uunet!mcvax!ukc!eagle!csw +From: csw@eagle.ukc.ac.uk (C.S.Welch) +Newsgroups: rec.arts.sf-lovers +Subject: Re: Word processors are: [was Re: Pournelle's Problems] +Message-ID: <4065@eagle.ukc.ac.uk> +Date: 10 Dec 87 18:42:09 GMT +References: <1915@haddock.ISC.COM> +Reply-To: csw@ukc.ac.uk (C.S.Welch) +Organization: Computing Lab, University of Kent at Canterbury, UK. +Lines: 20 +Summary: + +Expires: + +Sender: + +Followup-To: + + + +Some (possibly) timely information from a course entitled "The Art of +Communication for Engineers" that I'm on this week. + +From one of the handouts :- + +"Word processors: research has shown that when writers use pen and paper + alone, their thoughts and information tend to have better planning and + organisation. When using word processors alone, writers tend to plan + on a more surface level, focussing on such aspects as word choice, sentence + structure, and spelling" + +It goes on to recommend starting with pen and paper and graduating to WP's +after the first draft has been written. + +I trust that this may have been of some interest. + +Chris Welch +Cranfield Institute +U.K. +#! rnews 1286 +Path: alberta!mnetor!uunet!mcvax!ukc!eagle!icdoc!qmc-cs!pd +From: pd@cs.qmc.ac.uk (Paul Davison) +Newsgroups: rec.music.misc +Subject: Re: Another Day : by Peter Gabriel and Kate Bush +Message-ID: <352@sequent.cs.qmc.ac.uk> +Date: 10 Dec 87 12:58:25 GMT +References: <1987Dec8.154517.11828@gpu.utcs.toronto.edu> +Reply-To: pd@qmc.ac.uk (Paul Davison) +Organization: Computer Science Dept, Queen Mary College, University of London, UK. +Lines: 22 + + +I've heard of this as well, but I have never found it. It's a pity +because I would really like to hear it, so if anyone has got it please +let me know as well!! + +As an aside, Roy has a new album out early next year, probably January. + +Paul. + +PS Your internal newsgroup "tor.general" shouldn't have been on the +newsgroups line really, because nobody else has heard of it! +-- +-- +Paul Davison + +UUCP: pd@qmc-cs.uucp or ...seismo!mcvax!ukc!qmc-cs!pd +Internet: pd@cs.qmc.ac.uk Post: Dept of Computer Science +JANET: pd@uk.ac.qmc.cs Queen Mary College +Easylink: 19019285 University of London +Telex: 893750 QMCUOL G Mile End Road +Fax: +44 1 981 7517 London E1 4NS +Voice: +44 1 980 4811 x3950 England +#! rnews 786 +Path: alberta!mnetor!uunet!mcvax!ukc!dcl-cs!craig +From: craig@comp.lancs.ac.uk (Craig) +Newsgroups: comp.sys.mac +Subject: MAC II Debuggers +Keywords: Development, MacII Debuggers +Message-ID: <457@dcl-csvax.comp.lancs.ac.uk> +Date: 9 Dec 87 13:36:01 GMT +References: <687@howtek.UUCP> <3456@husc6.harvard.edu> +Reply-To: craig@comp.lancs.ac.uk (Craig) +Organization: Department of Computing at Lancaster University, UK. +Lines: 11 + +Having found out that Macsbug 5.5 works well with the MAC II, +how do I get a copy ? + + +Craig. + +-- +UUCP: ...!seismo!mcvax!ukc!dcl-cs!craig| Post: University of Lancaster, +DARPA: craig%lancs.comp@ucl-cs | Department of Computing, +JANET: craig@uk.ac.lancs.comp | Bailrigg, Lancaster, UK. +Phone: +44 524 65201 Ext. 4476 | LA1 4YR +#! rnews 1070 +Path: alberta!mnetor!uunet!mcvax!ukc!dcl-cs!strath-cs!jml +From: jml@cs.strath.ac.uk (Joseph McLean) +Newsgroups: sci.math +Subject: concatenation making primes +Message-ID: <756@stracs.cs.strath.ac.uk> +Date: 9 Dec 87 12:47:19 GMT +Reply-To: jml@cs.strath.ac.uk (Joseph McLean) +Organization: Comp. Sci. Dept., Strathclyde Univ., Scotland. +Lines: 14 + + +tege@nada.kth.se replied by e-mail to my original posting which asked +if it is always possible to append digits to a positive number in order +to make a prime. Unfortunately, his address is one of those I can't +reach, and so I thought I'd kill two birds with one stone and post +another article. + His argument is very simple, using the Prime Number Theorem to give +an approximation to the number of primes between x.10^n and +x.10^n+10^n-1 (which is the same problem I asked but translated to +mathematics) which shows that as n -> inf, this number of primes also +goes to infinity. A very simple argument that proves you can always +append digits to make any number into a prime. Great stuff. + + jml, the mad mathematician. +#! rnews 1275 +Path: alberta!mnetor!uunet!mcvax!ukc!stc!root44!miduet!misoft!tait +From: tait@gec-mi-at.co.uk (Philip Tait) +Newsgroups: comp.sys.ibm.pc,comp.sources.wanted +Subject: Re: Wanted: PC Checkbook Software +Summary: Continental Software's Home Accountant Plus +Keywords: Checkbook +Message-ID: <800@gec-mi-at.co.uk> +Date: 9 Dec 87 17:34:03 GMT +References: <985@mhuxh.UUCP> +Sender: news@gec-mi-at.co.uk +Reply-To: tait@gec-mi-at.co.uk (Philip Tait) +Organization: Marconi Instruments Ltd., St. Albans, UK +Lines: 15 +Xref: alberta comp.sys.ibm.pc:9577 comp.sources.wanted:2719 + +In article <985@mhuxh.UUCP> vxb@mhuxh.UUCP (Vern Bradner) writes: +> +>Can anyone suggest a PC checkbook program? + +I use Home Accountant Plus by Continental Software. The (legit.) version I use +was originally bundled with the Columbia MPC, so it had to be 'unprotected' +and altered to remove some hardware dependencies. (Incidentally, this made +it possible to compile it with QuickBasic - essential if you're impatient +like me!) + +I've found it reasonably secure and well-featured. + +| Philip J. Tait, Marconi Instruments Ltd. | St. Albans, Herts. AL4 0JN, U.K. | +| UUCP: ...mcvax!ukc!hrc63!miduet!tait | NRS : tait@gec-mi-at.co.uk | +| Voice: +44 727 36421 x4549 Telex: 297221 | Fax: +44 727 39447 | +#! rnews 1059 +Path: alberta!mnetor!uunet!mcvax!ukc!stc!idec!kbsc!yorick +From: yorick@kbsc.UUCP (Yorick Phoenix) +Newsgroups: comp.os.cpm,comp.sources.wanted +Subject: Kermit for MP/M +Message-ID: <888@kbsc.UUCP> +Date: 7 Dec 87 17:23:21 GMT +Organization: The Knowledge-Based Systems Centre, London, UK +Lines: 16 +Xref: alberta comp.os.cpm:1030 comp.sources.wanted:2720 + +I have a friend who is trying to transfer some files off of an Micromation +MP/M system. + +He has so far moved the standard "Generic" CP/M Kermit (slowly) to the MP/M +machine but it doesn't seem to work correctly. + +Has anybody ever managed to get Kermit to work under M/PM? Is there a simple +set of differences between C/PM kermit and M/PM Kermit. We have the full +source code for C/PM Kermit. + + Yorick Phoenix +-- ++------------------------------------------+ The Knowledge-Based Systems Center +| yorick@kbsc.UUCP | 58 Northside, Clapham Common +| ..mcvax!ukc!{idec,hrc63}!kbsc!yorick | LONDON SW4 9RZ England ++------------------------------------------+ Voice: +44 1 350 1622 +#! rnews 1946 +Path: alberta!mnetor!uunet!mcvax!ukc!stc!root44!gwc +From: gwc@root.co.uk (Geoff Clare) +Newsgroups: comp.unix.questions +Subject: Re: rmail under HP-UX (was Re: Using RMAIL under HPUX) +Summary: RISC architecture +Keywords: RISC, HP-UX +Message-ID: <495@root44.co.uk> +Date: 10 Dec 87 13:58:20 GMT +References: <8711251805.AA02481@mitre-bedford.ARPA> <3720010@hpsemc.UUCP> <3631@xanth.cs.odu.edu> +Reply-To: gwc@root44.UUCP (Geoff Clare) +Organization: Root Computers Ltd, London, England +Lines: 31 + +>In article <3720010@hpsemc.UUCP>, bd@hpsemc.UUCP (bob desinger) writes: +>> Here's how it is on our HP-UX system, a model 840: + +>> drwxrwxr-x 2 bin mail 1024 Nov 25 18:45 /usr/mail +>> -rwxr-sr-x 2 root mail 137216 Oct 2 00:00 /bin/rmail + +>Wow! Why is rmail so BIG? What does HP-UX rmail do that SMAIL 2.5 +>doesn't? Contrast the size of this rmail with various executables +>found on our 4.3 BSD system. + +>-rwxr-xr-x 2 root staff 35840 Nov 3 07:02 /bin/rmail (SMAIL 2.5) +>-rwxr-xr-x 1 root staff 104448 Jun 5 1986 /lib/ccom (C compiler) +>-rwxr-xr-x 1 root staff 97280 Dec 5 05:17 /usr/local/carmen (Lisp) +>-rwsr-xr-x 1 root staff 100352 Apr 5 1987 /usr/lib/sendmail + +The HP840 is a RISC architecture machine. Reduced instruction set implies +more instructions required to do the same job than on a 'complex' +instruction set machine, hence the proportionately larger executable files. +Presumably your 4.3BSD machine is a VAX-alike (i.e. complex instruction set). + +The only other file from your list which exists on our HP840 system is +the C compiler, and look at the size of that beast!! + +-rwxrwxr-x 1 bin bin 1097728 Mar 5 1987 /lib/ccom + +(No, that's not a typo - it really is more than 1 Megabyte!) + +Geoff Clare gwc@root.co.uk seismo!mcvax!ukc!root44!gwc +-- + +Geoff Clare gwc@root.co.uk seismo!mcvax!ukc!root44!gwc +#! rnews 1904 +Path: alberta!mnetor!uunet!mcvax!ukc!stc!datlog!slxsys!jpp +From: jpp@slxsys.specialix.co.uk (John Pettitt) +Newsgroups: comp.unix.xenix +Subject: Re: 16-bit versus 32-bit memory performance +Summary: 32 bit cpu on 16 bit ram is a waste of money +Message-ID: <109@slxsys.specialix.co.uk> +Date: 10 Dec 87 14:17:13 GMT +References: <388@ddsw1.UUCP> <620@omen.UUCP> <435@spdcc.COM> +Reply-To: jpp@slxsys.UUCP (John Pettitt) +Organization: Specialix International, London, UK. +Lines: 29 + +This should perhaps belong in comp.arch + +It would appear that most 8088,8086,186 and 286 systems are +limited by the number of cycles taken to execute instructions +(I.E the clock speed). However the 80386 (at 16 and esp at 20 Mhz) +is limited by its memory bus bandwidth. That is the memory subsystem +on most 286 boxes is fast enough have little or no real effect on +performance compared to a change in clock speed. An 80386 +however is largly limited by the rate that it can be 'fed' data +and instructions. + +16 Bit memory subsystems have a devestating effect on the 80386 +for 2 reasons. Firstly 2 memory accesses are required rather than +one thus doubling the access time. Secondly most 16 bit memory cards +are designed for 8 or 10 Mhz operation not 16 Mhz so a significant +number of wait states are needed when used with a 386. It would +appear that a 'cache miss' on the Intel Inboard(tm) generates beteween +10 and 12 wait states thus making access to 16 bit ram slower than +from the original 286. + +In conclustion - if you want a 32 bit CPU use 32 bit ram. If you +just want the instruction set use the P9 (80388) - if it ever appears. + +(This posting written on a Dell 386 with 6 MB of 0 wait static 32 bit ram) + +-- +John Pettitt - 144.5 MHz: G6KCQ, CIX: jpettitt, Voice: +44 1 398 9422 +UUCP: ...uunet!mcvax!ukc!pyrltd!slxsys!jpp (jpp@slxsys.specialix.co.uk) +Disclaimer: I don't even own a cat to share my views ! +#! rnews 1704 +Path: alberta!mnetor!uunet!mcvax!unido!iaoobelix!woerz +From: woerz@iaoobelix +Newsgroups: comp.unix.wizards +Subject: Re: Request for human interface design a - (nf) +Message-ID: <8300012@iaoobelix.UUCP> +Date: 3 Dec 87 01:35:00 GMT +References: <10559@brl-adm.UUCP> +Lines: 32 +Nf-ID: #R:brl-adm:10559:iaoobelix:8300012:000:1331 +Nf-From: iaoobelix!woerz Dec 3 02:35:00 1987 + +> /***** iaoobelix:comp.unix.wiz / oberon!blarson / 5:40 pm Nov 28, 1987*/ +> In article <7995@steinmetz.steinmetz.UUCP> dawn!stpeters@steinmetz.UUCP (Dick St.Peters) writes: +> >(The VMS interface is not always so friendly to novices: name the file +> >"junk" instead of "junk.txt", and a novice may never figure out how to +> >read it. As for expert interfaces, rename the expert's .emacs file to +> >sav.emacs and watch him/her try to recover.) +> +> I'm no VMS expert and I know a way to recover. Use a gun to put a few +> bullets in the aproprate disk drive. (When it is replaced and the +> backups restored, my .emacs reappears. :-) + +And if you're out of luck, a backup has been done between the time +you changed your .emacs file and the shooting of the disk and you +will get your changed file. :-( + +> -- +> Bob Larson Arpa: Blarson@Ecla.Usc.Edu +> Uucp: {sdcrdcf,cit-vax}!oberon!skat!blarson blarson@skat.usc.edu +> Prime mailing list (requests): info-prime-request%fns1@ecla.usc.edu +> /* ---------- */ + +------------------------------------------------------------------------------ + +Dieter Woerz +Fraunhofer Institut fuer Arbeitswirtschaft und Organisation +Abt. 453 +Holzgartenstrasse 17 +D-7000 Stuttgart 1 +W-Germany + +BITNET: iaoobel.uucp!woerz@unido.bitnet +UUCP: ...{uunet!unido, pyramid}!iaoobel!woerz +#! rnews 1992 +Path: alberta!mnetor!uunet!mcvax!unido!tub!actisb!federico +From: federico@actisb.UUCP (Federico Heinz) +Newsgroups: comp.sys.atari.st +Subject: Re: Hard disk boot??? +Keywords: Hard disk, GEMBOOT +Message-ID: <122@actisb.UUCP> +Date: 8 Dec 87 19:34:12 GMT +References: <624@aucs.UUCP> +Reply-To: federico@actisb.UUCP (Federico Heinz) +Organization: Actis in Berlin GmbH, W. Germany +Lines: 39 + +[The line eater was sleeping again ...] + +In article <624@aucs.UUCP> 870646c@aucs.UUCP (barry comer) writes: +>I have a few questions for anyone using a SH204 with a Mega ST. I have a Meag2 +>with a SH204, I have being auto booting from the hard disk using HDB_V2.3, I +>used to be able to auto boot from the floppy when the CTRL,SHIFT, and ALT. +>keys were held down, well since I started using the Mega, the machine always +>boots from the hard disk with the keys down or up?????????????? + +I didn't know of the CTRL-SHIFT-ALT trick, but I had a problem similar +to yours: there was no way my Mega would boot from floppy, and that +turned out to be quite a problem when a desk accessory I had downloded +from somewhere was turned unusable because of line noise. My "solution" +was not to boot from hard disk at all, which I now find better since it +allows me to choose different configurations (desk accesories and such) +depending on the job I'm going to do. + +>I am also using GEMBOOT to overcome the 40 folder limit in TOS(has it been +>fixed with the new ROMS?). + +I'm also interested on this question, and it has been already asked a couple +of times with no visible answer. I've never used the old ROMs, so I don't +know what the infamous "40 folder limit" means. I've had more than 40 folders +on my hard disk and nothing happened. Does this mean that the problem is +fixed? Or is it 40 folders DEEP? + + + + + /////// + //____ // + Federico // // + // __ // + // / / // + /////// + + +UUCP: ...!mcvax!unido!tub!actisb +BIX: fheinz +#! rnews 888 +Path: alberta!mnetor!uunet!mcvax!varol +From: varol@cwi.nl (Varol Akman) +Newsgroups: sci.physics +Subject: Texts a la Feynman +Summary: I would like to read them +Message-ID: <144@piring.cwi.nl> +Date: 11 Dec 87 10:59:47 GMT +Organization: CWI, Amsterdam +Lines: 12 + +I've been re-reading recently Feynman's excellent volumes and enjoying +myself. The question is: Are there physics books of similar style? +One thing that I like about Feynman is that he tries to ``demystify'' +stuff instead of giving cookbook formulas. Since I do this as a +leisurely activity, the absence of too many formulas and long +mathematical analyses (at least in Vol. I) are also appreciated. +I'm especially interested in classical mechanics. Philosophical +implications of physics laws such as causality, etc. are also interesting. + +Send me individual replies and I'll post a summary to the net. Thanks! + +-Varol Akman +#! rnews 1649 +Path: alberta!mnetor!uunet!mcvax!ukc!dcl-cs!bath63!pes +From: pes@ux63.bath.ac.uk (Smee) +Newsgroups: rec.games.misc +Subject: Re: The Pawn help +Keywords: ** EXPLICIT SPOILERS ** +Message-ID: <2011@bath63.ux63.bath.ac.uk> +Date: 9 Dec 87 11:24:10 GMT +References: <2884@cbmvax.UUCP> <2299@killer.UUCP> <2910@cbmvax.UUCP> +Reply-To: pes@ux63.bath.ac.uk (Smee) +Organization: AUCC c/o University of Bath +Lines: 22 + +In article <2910@cbmvax.UUCP> daveb@cbmvax.UUCP (Dave Berezowski) writes: +> +>I've been told that there is a bug in the game such that you must get to +>the pedestal asap else the blue key won't be there (this is what has happended +>to me)... + +The story I've heard is that this is not a bug. Rather (as warned in the +manual) the other characters you meet are also poking around, and can have +effects even while they are not in the same location as you. + +In particular, as I've heard it, if the adventurer gets to the pedestal before +you do then he will take the key. (And allegedly you then can recover it when +you kill him.) I haven't tried this line of play yet, so can't vouch for it, +but it sounds plausible. + +There's a cute bug in the ST version, though, to do with the pedestal. If +you move the pedestal and then type 'take all' you end up carrying the pedestal, +a duplicate of which remains in place. (If you just try to 'take pedestal', +you are told that it is too heavy to lift.) I'm told that this results from +a bug in the relevant object definition table entry, so it might have propagated +to other versions. (I'd doubt that the driving data undergoes as much analysis +as the executable code during porting to other machines.) +#! rnews 1317 +Path: alberta!mnetor!uunet!mcvax!ukc!dcl-cs!nott-cs!pyr1.cs.ucl.ac.uk!awylie +From: awylie@pyr1.cs.ucl.ac.uk +Newsgroups: comp.sys.ibm.pc +Subject: Zorland/Datalight C INT86 problem +Message-ID: <39500003@pyr1.cs.ucl.ac.uk> +Date: 8 Dec 87 13:23:00 GMT +Lines: 24 +Nf-ID: #N:pyr1.cs.ucl.ac.uk:39500003:000:954 +Nf-From: pyr1.cs.ucl.ac.uk!awylie Dec 8 13:23:00 1987 + + +Hi, + I have a problem with the Zorland C compiler, aka Datalight-C or +NorthWest-C which I wondered if any netlander had previously encountered +and solved. + I have a program which works fine in small model but recently I had +to go to the data model (small code, large data) whereupon it hung my +XT clone. Tracing execution seems to indicate that the DOS software +interrupt routine INT86 may be the source of the trouble. + Has anyone seen problems with INT86 in D or L model programs? The +prospect of DEBUGging the interface between C and assembler does not +appeal to me. + BTW I have deliberately not given details of the program. I do not + want to debug it on the net. Please e-mail me only if you have + solid evidence of problems in the INT86 area. + + thanks for any help you can give, + Andrew + +Andrew Wylie +University of London Computer Centre, London, England + +uucp: awylie@uk.ac.ucl.cs +JANET: andrew@ulcc.ncdlab +#! rnews 644 +Path: alberta!mnetor!uunet!mcvax!ukc!dcl-cs!nott-cs!pyr1.cs.ucl.ac.uk!awylie +From: awylie@pyr1.cs.ucl.ac.uk +Newsgroups: comp.sys.ibm.pc +Subject: Re: Virus program warning +Message-ID: <39500004@pyr1.cs.ucl.ac.uk> +Date: 8 Dec 87 17:12:00 GMT +References: <6146@jade.BERKELEY.EDU> +Lines: 8 +Nf-ID: #R:jade.BERKELEY.EDU:-614600:pyr1.cs.ucl.ac.uk:39500004:000:227 +Nf-From: pyr1.cs.ucl.ac.uk!awylie Dec 8 17:12:00 1987 + + +Presumably it would be relatively easy to modify the virus program to +make it into an 'antibody' which would automatically overwrite the +virus on any infected floppy which was used on the PC. + +Andrew Wylie + +awylie@uk.ac.ucl.cs +#! rnews 541 +Path: alberta!mnetor!uunet!mcvax!ukc!dcl-cs!nott-cs!pyr1.cs.ucl.ac.uk!awylie +From: awylie@pyr1.cs.ucl.ac.uk +Newsgroups: rec.games.hack +Subject: NetHack 2.2 part 18 +Message-ID: <42700005@pyr1.cs.ucl.ac.uk> +Date: 10 Dec 87 09:51:00 GMT +Lines: 8 +Nf-ID: #N:pyr1.cs.ucl.ac.uk:42700005:000:193 +Nf-From: pyr1.cs.ucl.ac.uk!awylie Dec 10 09:51:00 1987 + + +People in the UK and Europe who need NetHack 2.2 part18 can get it by +sending me e-mail, preferably to my Janet address. + +Andrew Wylie + +Janet: andrew@ulcc.ncdlab +uucp: awylie@uk.ac.ucl.cs +#! rnews 892 +Path: alberta!mnetor!uunet!mcvax!ukc!dcl-cs!nott-cs!smb!dave +From: dave@smb.co.uk (Dave Settle) +Newsgroups: comp.sources.wanted +Subject: B-tree routines required. +Keywords: b-tree index rmcobol +Message-ID: <18@oscar.smb.co.uk> +Date: 8 Dec 87 11:17:39 GMT +Organization: SMB Business Software, Mansfield, UK +Lines: 21 + +I'm looking for a set of routines which can handle B-trees, as part of +a program which I'm writing to recover RM-COBOL indexed files. + +If anyone knows of any routines which might be helpful (or any hints about +how to go about it), I'd be very grateful to hear about them. + +Please reply to me directly by mail, as I don't (yet) get this newsgroup +directly. + +Thanks in advance, + Dave Settle. +--- + +Dave Settle, + SMB Business Software, Thorn EMI Datasolve, High St, Mansfield, UK + +UUCP: dave@smb.co.uk + ...!mcvax!ukc!nott-cs!smb!dave + + <--- This way to point of view ---> + +#! rnews 3785 +Path: alberta!mnetor!uunet!mcvax!ukc!eagle!sph +From: sph@eagle.ukc.ac.uk (S.P.Holmes) +Newsgroups: rec.games.misc,rec.games.frp,rec.games.board +Subject: Re: WARGAMING! +Message-ID: <4067@eagle.ukc.ac.uk> +Date: 11 Dec 87 10:24:28 GMT +References: <796@lln-cs.UUCP> +Reply-To: sph@ukc.ac.uk (S.P.Holmes) +Organization: Computing Lab, University of Kent at Canterbury, UK. +Lines: 76 +Xref: alberta rec.games.misc:1153 rec.games.frp:1655 rec.games.board:544 +Summary: + +Expires: + +Sender: + +Followup-To: + + +In article <796@lln-cs.UUCP> gf@lln-cs.UUCP (Frank Grognet) writes: +> +> I want to start wargaming but I don't know how! +> +>I won't be playing wargames on a board, but with 15mm or 25mm +>figurines. +>I would like to find addresses in Europe (especially Belgium) +>of good figurine manufacturers and also references to rule +>books for the Napoleonic period. + +The best set which I've found are the Wargames Research Group 1685 - 1850 +rules. Although the time period sounds a bit long these rules have the +following advantages (My opinions only). + +- Wide ranges of troops covered (You can fight outside Europe) +- Wide range of weapons covered (Pikes for those Moscow Militiamen etc) +- Simple solution for combat - This is what I really like, There@s + No nonsense evaluating every 20th of a casualty, or evaluating + grenadier companies firing separate from the rest of their battallion. +- All weapons are handled simply. Just a different entry in one table. +- Movement is alternate, not simultaneous, things move much quicker. +- Hand to hand combat is decided very quickly, (Just like reality). +- Morale tests are also quite fast to do, and give specific tests for + different situations. (This avoids an old problem where eg Horsemen test + morale before charging, Test fails horribly, Horsemen rout off the + field.) To make you go away, the opponent actually has to do + something. +- European regulars have "National characteristics". + ie British are disciplined infantry and rash cavalry. + Russians are stoical Infantry (Won@t retreat easily) + Spanish are easily panicked + Highlanders charge aggressively + French columns are impetuous and frighten the enemy. + Austrian and Prussian cavalry are Bold + Austrian, Spanish and Dutch Generals are Cautious. + +Together with these rules I would recommend the army lists published by +Table Top Games. + +These cover the European armies for most of the big campaigns of +1805-1815 and ensure a balanced army is selected (Although the +1000 point armies don@t always work too well. +eg My russians need 12 Gun Artillery Batteries (6 pieces on the table) + This leaves me few points for infantry or cavalry + (In practice a Russian 1000 point army has two of Inf, Cav & Art) + +The lists also help to enhance the National Flavour of an army +ie British get few Cavalry, but some veteran Infantry. + French after 1812 have Raw Infantry or Guards. + Austrians Have Very Large numbers Of infantry. + +I can summarise some of the +/- points of each of the armies I've seen +if you mail me. + +I'd recommend 15mm scale troops (Much cheaper and more transportable) + They'll fit on your table too. + +I actually use the 6mm scale which is cheaper, lighter and requires +about 60cm x 100 cm for a medium game. +However the Job of painting, mounting and moving the little guys is +much harder. + + +>I am also interested in rules contained on the net or in files at +>other sites, if they exist! + +Copyright makes this difficult. + +>I anybody can help me, please reply to ..!mcvax!prlb2!lln-cs!gf + + +-- + Steve Holmes | Noel Coward : "Would you object if I smoked" + Room 109a | +E-mail sph | Sarah Bernhardt : "I wouldn't care if you burned" +Phone ext 7681 or 3682 | +#! rnews 1737 +Path: alberta!mnetor!uunet!mcvax!ukc!pyrltd!lucifer!rob +From: rob@lucifer.UUCP ( 237) +Newsgroups: rec.arts.sf-lovers +Subject: Re: Origin of Hithchiker's Guide +Message-ID: <6@lucifer.UUCP> +Date: 11 Dec 87 10:03:57 GMT +References: <909WDMCU@CUNYVM> <1240001@otter.HP.COM> +Reply-To: rob@lucifer.UUCP (Rob Clive - 237) +Organization: Lucas Micos, Phoenix Way, Cirencester, Glos, UK (0285 67981) +Lines: 24 + +In article <1240001@otter.HP.COM> kers@otter.HP.COM (Christopher Dollin) writes: +>> I have recently been told be someone that The Hitchhiker's Guide to the +>> Galaxy originated as a radio program rather than as a book. +> +>The radio series "The Hitch-hikers Guide to the Galaxy" was broadcast in +>Britain for the first time between 1976..1979 (sorry for the range but all I + +It was 1978. Episode 1 of the first series was a pilot production for the +whole thing and as such is slightly different in flavour to the others. The +first series (6 episodes) covered the ground of the TV version and books 1 +and 2. Then came the Christmas (1978) show to make a link to the second +series which was broadcast in 1979 and consisted of 5 episodes. + +> For my money, the show (and scripts) are MUCH funnier than the books. + +True. The radio shows left much more to the imagination with the assistance +of some very good sound effects. I thought the TV series spoiled it. For +instance at the end of the first radio series you hear the song 'What a +Wonderful World' amid the sound of burning trees on prehistoric Earth; can't +you just imagine it? + +----------------------------------------------------------------------------- +Rob Clive. UUCP: ...!mcvax!ukc!lucifer!rob +Lucas Micos Ltd., Cirencester, GL7 1QG, UK. Now read on.... +#! rnews 1160 +Path: alberta!mnetor!uunet!mcvax!botter!tjalk!rblieva +From: rblieva@cs.vu.nl (Roemer Lievaart) +Newsgroups: rec.music.classical +Subject: Re: The range of the male voice. +Message-ID: <918@tjalk.cs.vu.nl> +Date: 11 Dec 87 13:06:10 GMT +References: <1280@phoenix.Princeton.EDU> <1597@faline.bellcore.com> <3999@pucc.Princeton.EDU> +Reply-To: rblieva@cs.vu.nl (Roemer B. Lievaart) +Organization: VU Informatica, Amsterdam +Lines: 15 + +Q2816@pucc.Princeton.EDU (Roger Lustig) typed: ++--------------------------------------- +| Choral music is generally written for a fairly restricted range (note +| the two qualifications in that sentence) in order to allow choirs, not +| individuals, to sing it. There are choral high Bb's (in Singet dem +| Herrn, for instance) and even C's for the sopranos (end of Kodaly's +| Laudes Organi), and the incredible stuff Beethoven asked for in the +| Missa Solemnis and Ninth. But they are the exception, and are generally +| intended to sound like an exception. ++--------------------------------------- + +We're playing Mahler's 2nd, and so I noticed last wednesday that +the Basses have to sing as deep as (at least ?) the low B. + + -- Roemer. +#! rnews 871 +Path: alberta!mnetor!uunet!mcvax!botter!ast +From: ast@cs.vu.nl (Andy Tanenbaum) +Newsgroups: comp.os.minix +Subject: Re: scanf() +Message-ID: <1782@botter.cs.vu.nl> +Date: 11 Dec 87 14:40:54 GMT +References: <782@louie.udel.EDU> +Reply-To: ast@cs.vu.nl (Andy Tanenbaum) +Organization: VU Informatica, Amsterdam +Lines: 10 + +In article <782@louie.udel.EDU> KIMMEL%ecs.umass.edu@relay.cs.net (Matt Kimmel) writes: +>I just got Minix v1.2, and I like it a lot. However, when I try to +>compile a C program that calls scanf(), I get a message to the effect +>of " _scanf not resolved". Am I missing something? Or is there no scanf() + +There is a scanf in libsrc.a, but it is not included in libc.a. You have to +compile it yourself with cc -LIB -c scanf.c and put in in the library. +It was omitted from libc.a because there was no room on that diskette! + +Andy Tanenbaum (ast@cs.vu.nl) +#! rnews 1614 +Path: alberta!mnetor!uunet!mcvax!guido +From: guido@cwi.nl (Guido van Rossum) +Newsgroups: comp.windows.x +Subject: X and different IPC protocols +Summary: Surely feasible; but how useful? +Message-ID: <145@piring.cwi.nl> +Date: 11 Dec 87 22:15:13 GMT +Reply-To: guido@cwi.nl (Guido van Rossum) +Organization: "The Amoeba Project", CWI, Amsterdam +Lines: 22 + +Although X as distributed uses TCP/IP to connect clients and server, it +is possible use other network protocols by relatively small changes to +the lowest levels of library and server. We have almost gotten the +server half of such a set-up running using Amoeba (a distributed +operating system with its own, capability-based RPC mechanism). +The library half should be working as soon as we solve problems with the +C compiler. + +The question is, how much does this buy us? Since Amoeba is not Unix, X +clients requiring advanced Unix features won't run under vanilla Amoeba. +What percentage of the available client applications will be convertable +to a different operating system, where, e.g., one will have +available, but not select(2)? I would assume that there will be VMS +support for X, so that one might expect clients to be OS-independent, +but then again, you can never know what hacks a performance-driven +application programmer may use... (including VAX assembly :-) + +Can anybody comment on this? It would also be interesting to know if +third-party software for X would come binary or source. +-- +Guido van Rossum, Centre for Mathematics and Computer Science (CWI), Amsterdam +guido@cwi.nl or mcvax!guido or (from ARPAnet) guido%cwi.nl@uunet.uu.net +#! rnews 1102 +Path: alberta!mnetor!uunet!mcvax!prlb2!kulcs!wim +From: wim@kulcs.UUCP (Wim De Bisschop) +Newsgroups: comp.lang.ada +Subject: Ada-interface to Termcap(3) +Keywords: termcap +Message-ID: <1075@kulcs.UUCP> +Date: 11 Dec 87 10:56:28 GMT +Organization: Kath.Univ.Leuven, Comp. Sc., Belgium +Lines: 15 + +Has anyone an Ada interface to the C routines from the termcap +library? We would have a package for terminal independent +screen oriented output in Ada. The most natural way to do this, +is to make use of the C-routines of termcap. +We were wondering whether someone else has already defined an +interface package, preferably for a Verdix 5.41 compiler to +run under 4.3BSD. + + ++----------------------------------------------------------------------+ +| Name: Wim De Bisschop | Katholieke Universiteit Leuven | +| E-mail: wim@kulcs.UUCP or | Department of Computer Science | +| ...!mcvax!prlb2!kulcs!wim | Celestijnenlaan 200 A | +| Phone: +(32) 16-200656 x3596 | B-3030 Leuven (Heverlee), Belgium| ++----------------------------------------------------------------------+ +#! rnews 835 +Path: alberta!mnetor!uunet!mcvax!enea!erix!erialfa!afr +From: afr@erialfa.UUCP (Anders Fredrikson ZX/DRG) +Newsgroups: rec.music.misc +Subject: Re: Ace-Screamingest Guitar Solos on Record +Message-ID: <172@erialfa.UUCP> +Date: 10 Dec 87 12:31:18 GMT +References: <1725@s.cc.purdue.edu> <2455@sfsup.UUCP> +Reply-To: afr@erialfa.UUCP (Anders Fredrikson ZX/DRG) +Organization: Ericsson Information Systems AB, Kista, Stockholm, SWEDEN +Lines: 17 + +In article <2455@sfsup.UUCP> mingus@sfsup.UUCP (Damballah Wedo) writes: +>> rsk@s.cc.purdue.edu.UUCP (in <1725@s.cc.purdue.edu>): +>> [ lists some excellent guitar solos ] +> +>Sure, I'll play that game: +> +>...... +>---cut +>She'a a Woman (Jeff Beck, BLOW BY BLOW) +This tune is even better on the "Jeff Beck & Jan Hammer group LIVE" +>---Cut +>..... +You might also add +Europa (Santana, MOONFLOWER) + + +/Anders +#! rnews 1046 +Path: alberta!mnetor!uunet!mcvax!enea!pvab!robert +From: robert@pvab.UUCP (Robert Claeson) +Newsgroups: comp.lang.c +Subject: Re: Making re-#includes harmless--a simple solution? +Message-ID: <339@pvab.UUCP> +Date: 11 Dec 87 10:23:09 GMT +References: <13395@think.UUCP> +Reply-To: robert@pvab.UUCP (Robert Claeson) +Organization: Statskonsult Programvaruhuset AB, Sweden +Lines: 16 + +In article <13395@think.UUCP> rlk@THINK.COM writes: + +>1) The same file may have multiple names (symlinks and/or hard +>links). How do you KNOW whether a file has been included? The only +>way is by defining an attribute that only that file will have. The +>easiest way to do this (aside from checking device/inumbers, which is +>not portable and may not work in some bizarre cases, or other system +>dependent hacks) is to #define a unique name. + +How can you be sure that the name you choose is unique, especially if +you use links or symlinks? + +-- +Robert Claeson, System Administrator, PVAB, Box 4040, S-171 04 Solna, Sweden +eunet: robert@pvab +uucp: sun!enea!pvab!robert +#! rnews 1812 +Path: alberta!mnetor!uunet!mcvax!enea!ttds!draken!sics!lhe +From: lhe@sics.se (Lars-Henrik Eriksson) +Newsgroups: rec.arts.sf-lovers +Subject: Re: Houston SF Opera +Message-ID: <1642@sics.se> +Date: 11 Dec 87 10:31:40 GMT +References: <8168@ism780c.UUCP> +Reply-To: lhe@sics.se (Lars-Henrik Eriksson) +Organization: Swedish Institute of Computer Science, Kista +Lines: 32 + +In article <8168@ism780c.UUCP> jimh@ism780c.UUCP (Jim Hori) writes: +>The Lessing is probably Doris who has +>written several futurist/SF novels ... + +>Her SF novels are serialized, and from what +>I recall from scanning them in bookstores, +>reminiscent of Marge Piercy's enjoyable, +>though somewhat stiff, feminist SF. +> +>The series is called "Canopus and Argos: Archives", +Should be Canopus IN Argos: Archives + +The five books are quite different in character. The second one +("The marriages between zones 3, 4 and 5") could possibly be called +"feminist SF" - it is very different from the other four in most ways. +The third ("The Sirian Experiments") is at times rather funny, and the +fifth ("The sentimental agents in the Volyen empire") is among the funniest +books I've read. + +On the other hand, number 4 ("The making of the representative of planet 8") +was rather depressing. While reading it I thought that "it can't get any +worse than this". It could, of course. (I don't refer to the quality of the +book, but to the events in the story). + +I should mention the title of the first one also: "Shikasta" This is +the most "important" of the five, in some sense. It is also the one that +could perhaps be called "stiff". All the books are well worth reading. + +Lars-Henrik Eriksson Internet: lhe@sics.se +Swedish Institute of Computer Science Phone (Intn'l): +46 8 750 79 70 +Box 1263 Telefon (nat'l): 08 - 750 79 70 +S-164 28 KISTA +#! rnews 768 +Path: alberta!mnetor!uunet!mcvax!enea!tut!santra!kolvi!jku +From: jku@kolvi.UUCP (Juha Kuusama) +Newsgroups: comp.sys.ibm.pc +Subject: Re: EVALuation of Shareware Word Processors - Version 1 +Message-ID: <32@kolvi.UUCP> +Date: 11 Dec 87 07:40:17 GMT +References: <3610@dhw68k.UUCP> +Reply-To: jku@kolvi.UUCP (Juha Kuusama) +Organization: Helsinki University of Technology, Finland +Lines: 9 + +I'm not at all questioning the value of the comparision, but (as a VERY +satisfied and registered) user of PC-Write, I'd like to point out that: + +- PC-Write does support the ega in 43-line mode + +- PC-Write can remind you to do backups at specified time intervals or + when you have entered a specified number of characters. +--- +Juha Kuusama, jku@kolvi.UUCP ( ...!mcvax!tut!kolvi!jku ) +#! rnews 904 +Path: alberta!mnetor!uunet!mcvax!diku!daimi!jnp +From: jnp@daimi.UUCP (J|rgen N|rgaard) +Newsgroups: comp.sys.mac +Subject: Re: Conjecture: why several tech notes failed +Message-ID: <1248@daimi.UUCP> +Date: 10 Dec 87 08:43:14 GMT +References: <9827@ut-sally.UUCP> +Reply-To: jnp@titan.UUCP (J|rgen N|rgaard) +Organization: DAIMI: Computer Science Department, Aarhus University, Denmark +Lines: 16 + + +Earlier this year there has been trouble with tech-notes, that would +not binhex correctly (the Mac program). +Then the problem could be solved with a similiar program on unix-machines. +The problem seemed to show up when the file-names where extremely long +(28 might be the number). + +It seemed not to be so sensitive about file-names. + +Unfortunately I have lost the sources. + + +-- + Regards J|rgen N|rgaard + e-mail: jnp@daimi.dk +------------------------------------------------------------------------------- +#! rnews 785 +Path: alberta!mnetor!uunet!mcvax!diku!iesd!jacob +From: jacob@iesd.uucp (Jacob stergaard B{kke) +Newsgroups: sci.misc +Subject: A request on the Ozone layer +Keywords: More information wanted about the Ozone layer. +Message-ID: <174@iesd.uucp> +Date: 11 Dec 87 13:38:23 GMT +Reply-To: jacob@iesd.UUCP (Jacob \stergaard B{kke) +Organization: Dept. of Comp. Sci., Aalborg University, Denmark +Lines: 12 + +Today I read an posting from rhorn@infinet.UUCP about the problems +with the Ozone layer. So I got interested and now wanted more +information about it and the problems with the Ozone layer in +Switzerland present. I would like any information and I'll look +forward to any reponds. + + Yours sincerely + + Jacob Baekke, Denmark + + +Reply to: jacob@iesd.uucp, {...}!mcvax!diku!iesd!jacob +#! rnews 1246 +Path: alberta!mnetor!uunet!mcvax!inria!imag!jarwa +From: jarwa@imag.UUCP (Jarwa Sahar) +Newsgroups: comp.software-eng +Subject: LOOKING FOR DOCUMENTS ON SOFTWARE DOCUMENTATION +Message-ID: <2336@imag.UUCP> +Date: 11 Dec 87 09:15:21 GMT +Reply-To: jarwa@imag.UUCP (Jarwa Sahar) +Organization: IMAG, University of Grenoble, France +Lines: 26 + + + I am very interested in all publications concerning Documents + Related to Software Documentation and to Maitenance Environment. + + What I am interested in are papers on different types + of these documents, their formalism and their structure. + + If this area also interest you, I'd be very pleased if you could + contact me, or send me your papers and/or what you have found + interesting pertaining to this area. This will help me making a + preliminary study on it. + + Looking forward to your answer, and thank you for your help. + Sahar JARWA + + My adress is + Sahar JARWAH + Equipe "Systemes Intelligents de Recherche d'Informations" + Laboratoire de Genie Informatique - IMAG + BP 68 + 38462 St Martin d'Heres Cedex + FRANCE + + my phone is 76-51-46-00 extension 5182 + + my electronic adress is jarwa@imag.imag.fr + on UUCP: jarwa@imag +#! rnews 1217 +Path: alberta!mnetor!uunet!mcvax!inria!imag!jarwa +From: jarwa@imag.UUCP (Jarwa Sahar) +Newsgroups: comp.databases +Subject: LOOKING FOR DOCUMENTS +Message-ID: <2337@imag.UUCP> +Date: 11 Dec 87 09:18:16 GMT +Reply-To: jarwa@imag.UUCP (Jarwa Sahar) +Organization: IMAG, University of Grenoble, France +Lines: 26 + + + I am very interested in all publications concerning Documents + Related to Software Documentation and to Maitenance Environment. + + What I am interested in are papers on different types + of these documents, their formalism and their structure. + + If this area also interest you, I'd be very pleased if you could + contact me, or send me your papers and/or what you have found + interesting pertaining to this area. This will help me making a + preliminary study on it. + + Looking forward to your answer, and thank you for your help. + Sahar JARWA + + My adress is + Sahar JARWAH + Equipe "Systemes Intelligents de Recherche d'Informations" + Laboratoire de Genie Informatique - IMAG + BP 68 + 38462 St Martin d'Heres Cedex + FRANCE + + my phone is 76-51-46-00 extension 5182 + + my electronic adress is jarwa@imag.imag.fr + on UUCP: jarwa@imag +#! rnews 2496 +Path: alberta!mnetor!uunet!mcvax!unido!laura!hmm +From: hmm@laura.UUCP (Hans-Martin Mosner) +Newsgroups: comp.lang.smalltalk +Subject: User Survey +Keywords: survey smalltalk curiosity +Message-ID: <165@laura.UUCP> +Date: 10 Dec 87 21:31:51 GMT +Organization: University of Dortmund, W-Germany +Lines: 59 + +To stir up some unrest, we have decided to post a smalltalk user survey. +Where are you, all you happy smalltalk hackers ? There must be life +in other parts of the world, too... :-) +Anyway, we would like you to fill in this questionnaire and give us some +feedback. Of course we would also like if you would post your experiences +and questions to this group. After all, that's it's purpose... + + Hans-Martin Mosner & Andreas Toenne + Smalltalk hackers at the University of Dortmund + ++------------------------------- +|1. What kind of hardware/software do you use: +|1.1. Hardware +|1.1.1. Processor type: _____ +|1.1.2. Physical memory size: _____ +|1.1.3. Display size: _____ +|1.2. Software +|1.2.1. Operating system: _____ +|1.2.2. Virtual machine: _____ +|1.2.3. Virtual image version: _____ +|1.3 Overall performance: _____ % Dorado (if you know that) +|2. For what purposes do you use smalltalk ? +| (FillInThisBlank) +|3. Do you think that the system meets your requirements ? +| If not, why ? +|4. If you are a programmer: +|4.1. What kind of applications have you written ? +|4.2. If those applications were not written for your employer, +| why didn't you share them with the Usenet community ? :-) +|5. How do you like smalltalk ? +|5.1. How long have you been using smalltalk ? +|5.2. How familiar are you with smalltalk ? ++------------------------------- +Thank you for being so cooperative. +Now that you have answered all those questions, please +send the whole thing back to: + + hmm@unido.uucp +or hmm@unido.bitnet +or ...!uunet!unido!hmm +or hmm%unido.uucp@uunet.uu.net + +If everything fails, just post it to this group... + +If even that does not work, then send it via snail mail to: + Hans-Martin Mosner + Informatik-Rechner-Betriebsgruppe + Universitaet Dortmund + Postfac` 500500 +D-4600 Dortmund + West Germany + +Disclaimer: these opinions are not opinions but just random bits & bytes +and therefore I don't need to disclaim anything... +-- +Hans-Martin Mosner | Don't tell Borland about Smalltalk - | +hmm@unido.{uucp,bitnet} | they might invent TurboSmalltalk ! | +------------------------------------------------------------------------ +Disclaimer: TurboSmalltalk may already be a trademark of Borland... +D +#! rnews 14600 +Path: alberta!mnetor!uunet!mcvax!unido!laura!atoenne +From: atoenne@laura.UUCP (Andreas Toenne) +Newsgroups: comp.lang.smalltalk +Subject: A small IconEditor for Smalltalk 80, VI2.2 +Keywords: smalltalk icons goodie +Message-ID: <166@laura.UUCP> +Date: 10 Dec 87 21:48:21 GMT +Organization: University of Dortmund, W-Germany +Lines: 525 + +Here is a little IconEditor I wrote. +This goodie works on Smalltalk 80 VI2.2 VM1.1 +It comes in two parts. +The first part 'Icon menu.st' adds knowledge about icons to the +StandardSystemController's blueButtonMenu. +You should file in this one first. +The second part 'Icon Editor.st' is the editor himself. + +Some notes about icons: +The icon's textRectangle is clipped with the icon's boundingBox. +To cancel a given textRectangle simply move it outside the outlined box. +The method storeOn: in class OpaqueForm is buggy. +You should add enclosing round brackets to the output. Otherwise +you won't be able to read the saved icon definitions back. + + Have fun + + Andreas Toenne + atoenne@unido.uucp + atoenne@unido.bitnet + ...!uunet!unido!atoenne + atoenne%unido.uucp@uunet.uu.net + +~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ cut here for best results ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ +#! /bin/sh +# This is a shell archive, meaning: +# 1. Remove everything above the #! /bin/sh line. +# 2. Save the resulting text in a file. +# 3. Execute the file with /bin/sh (not csh) to create: +# Icon Editor.st +# Icon Menu.st +# This archive created: Thu Dec 10 22:36:04 1987 +export PATH; PATH=/bin:/usr/bin:$PATH +if test -f 'Icon Editor.st' +then + echo shar: "will not over-write existing file 'Icon Editor.st'" +else +cat << \SHAR_EOF > 'Icon Editor.st' +MouseMenuController subclass: #IconDisplayController + instanceVariableNames: '' + classVariableNames: '' + poolDictionaries: '' + category: 'Icon Editor'! + + +!IconDisplayController methodsFor: 'controller default'! + +isControlActive + ^ super isControlActive and: [sensor blueButtonPressed not]! ! + +!IconDisplayController methodsFor: 'menu messages'! + +yellowButtonActivity + | index menu | + menu _ view yellowButtonMenu. + menu == nil + ifTrue: + [view flash. + super controlActivity] + ifFalse: + [index _ menu startUpYellowButton. + index ~= 0 + ifTrue: + [self controlTerminate. + view perform: (menu selectorAt: index). + self controlInitialize]]! ! + +View subclass: #IconDisplayView + instanceVariableNames: 'icon aspect iconMsg iconMenu ' + classVariableNames: '' + poolDictionaries: '' + category: 'Icon Editor'! +IconDisplayView comment: +'I am a stupid view used to display the edited icon'! + + +!IconDisplayView methodsFor: 'displaying'! + +displayView + "display icon centered in my insetBox" + + | r iconRect rec | + Display white: self insetDisplayBox. + (icon isKindOf: Icon) + ifTrue: + [r _ self insetDisplayBox. + icon form displayOn: Display at: r topLeft + r bottomRight - icon form extent // 2. + iconRect _ icon form computeBoundingBox. + iconRect _ iconRect translateBy: r topLeft + r bottomRight - iconRect extent // 2. + (iconRect areasOutside: (iconRect insetBy: 1 @ 1)) + do: [:edge | Display fill: edge mask: Form gray]. + rec _ icon textRect. + rec = nil + ifFalse: + [rec _ rec translateBy: r topLeft + r bottomRight - icon form computeBoundingBox extent // 2. + (rec areasOutside: (rec insetBy: 1 @ 1)) + do: [:edge | Display fill: edge mask: Form gray]]]! ! + +!IconDisplayView methodsFor: 'updating'! + +update: anAspect + "update the view" + + anAspect == aspect + ifTrue: + [icon _ model perform: iconMsg. + self displayView]! ! + +!IconDisplayView methodsFor: 'menu messages'! + +allBlack + "make the selected icon all black" + | figure shape | + figure _ icon form figure. + shape _ icon form shape. + figure fill: figure computeBoundingBox rule: Form over mask: Form black. + shape fill: figure computeBoundingBox rule: Form over mask: Form black. + model changed: #iconView! + +allGray + "make the selected icon all transparent" + | figure shape | + figure _ icon form figure. + shape _ icon form shape. + figure fill: figure computeBoundingBox rule: Form over mask: Form white. + shape fill: figure computeBoundingBox rule: Form over mask: Form white. + model changed: #iconView! + +allWhite + "make the selected icon all white" + | figure shape | + figure _ icon form figure. + shape _ icon form shape. + figure fill: figure computeBoundingBox rule: Form over mask: Form white. + shape fill: figure computeBoundingBox rule: Form over mask: Form black. + model changed: #iconView! + +editIcon + "edit the selected icon" + + | figure shape opaqueForm iconExtent bitView viewPoint savedForm | + (icon = nil and: [model iconSymbol ~= #default]) + ifTrue: + [iconExtent _ Rectangle fromUser extent. + figure _ Form extent: iconExtent. + shape _ Form extent: iconExtent. + opaqueForm _ OpaqueForm figure: figure shape: shape. + model icon: (Icon form: opaqueForm textRect: nil)]. + icon = nil + ifFalse: + [viewPoint _ (BitEditor locateMagnifiedView: icon form scale: 4 @ 4) topLeft. + bitView _ BitEditor + bitEdit: icon form + at: viewPoint + scale: 4 @ 4 + remoteView: nil. + savedForm _ Form fromDisplay: (bitView displayBox merge: bitView labelDisplayBox). + bitView controller startUp. + savedForm displayOn: Display at: bitView labelDisplayBox topLeft. + bitView release. + model changed: #iconView]! + +textRect + "let the user specify a rectangle that will hold the icon's text" + + | rec r| + rec _ Rectangle fromUser. + r _ self insetDisplayBox. + rec _ rec translateBy: 0@0 - (r topLeft + r bottomRight - icon form computeBoundingBox extent //2). + icon form: icon form textRect: rec. + model changed: #iconView! ! + +!IconDisplayView methodsFor: 'controller access'! + +defaultControllerClass + ^IconDisplayController! ! + +!IconDisplayView methodsFor: 'private'! + +on: anIcon aspect: m1 icon: m2 menu: m3 + self model: anIcon. + aspect _ m1. + iconMsg _ m2. + iconMenu _ m3! ! + +!IconDisplayView methodsFor: 'adaptor'! + +yellowButtonMenu + ^ self model perform: iconMenu! ! +"-- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- "! + +IconDisplayView class + instanceVariableNames: ''! + + +!IconDisplayView class methodsFor: 'instance creation'! + +on: anIcon aspect: m1 icon: m2 menu: m3 + "create a new view for anIcon with aspect m1" + + ^self new + on: anIcon + aspect: m1 + icon: m2 + menu: m3! ! + +Model subclass: #IconEditor + instanceVariableNames: 'icon iconSymbol iconBuffer ' + classVariableNames: 'IconMenu ListMenu ' + poolDictionaries: '' + category: 'Icon Editor'! +IconEditor comment: +'I am a bit editor for system icons. + +Instance Variables : + icon "The selected icon" + iconSymbol "The symbol for the selected icon" + +Class Variables: + ListMenu "The action menu for the SelectionInListView over all icons"'! + + +!IconEditor methodsFor: 'accessing'! + +icon + "return the selected icon" + + ^icon! + +icon: anIcon + "change the selected Icon to anIcon" + + icon _ anIcon. + Icon constantNamed: iconSymbol put: anIcon. + self changed: #iconView " aspect for the IconDisplayView"! + +icon: anIcon named: aSymbol + " store anIcon at position aSymbol" + + Icon constantNamed: aSymbol put: anIcon. + icon _ anIcon. + iconSymbol _ aSymbol. + self changed: #iconSymbol. "aspect for SelectionInListView" + self changed: #iconView "aspect for iconDisplayView "! + +iconSymbol + "return the symbol for the selected icon" + + ^iconSymbol! + +iconSymbol: aSymbol + "change the symbol for the selected icon to aSymbol" + + iconSymbol _ aSymbol. + icon _ Icon constantNamed: aSymbol. + self changed: #iconView "aspect for the IconDisplayView"! ! + +!IconEditor methodsFor: 'removing'! + +removeIcon + " remove the currently selected icon " + + Icon constantDictionary removeKey: iconSymbol ifAbsent: [^nil]. + iconSymbol _ icon _ nil. + self changed: #iconSymbol. + self changed: #iconView! ! + +!IconEditor methodsFor: 'list display'! + +iconList + "return the list of icon symbols" + + | list | + list _ OrderedCollection new. + Icon constantDictionary keysDo: [:i | list add: i]. + ^list! + +initialSymbol + "get the initial symbol selection" + "this method is used every time the SelectionInListView receives an update mesage " + + ^iconSymbol! + +listMenu + "return the menu for the icon list" + + ^ListMenu! ! + +!IconEditor methodsFor: 'icon display'! + +iconMenu + "return the menu for the iconDisplayController" + + ^IconMenu! ! + +!IconEditor methodsFor: 'menu messages'! + +copy + " save a (deep) copy of the currently selected icon" + + icon = nil ifFalse: [iconBuffer _ icon deepCopy]! + +cut + " remove the currently selected icon from the icon dictionary and + save it in iconBuffer" + + (icon ~= nil or: [iconSymbol ~= #default]) + ifTrue: + [iconBuffer _ icon. + self removeIcon]! + +loadIcon + "override the current icon with a definition from a file" + + | aFileName anIcon aStream | + (icon ~= nil or: [iconSymbol ~= #default]) + ifTrue: + [aFileName _ FileDirectory + requestFileName: 'file : ' + default: iconSymbol asString , '.icn' + version: #old + ifFail: [^'']. + aFileName ~= '' + ifTrue: + [aStream _ FileStream oldFileNamed: aFileName. + anIcon _ Object readFrom: aStream. + aStream close. + self icon: anIcon]]! + +newIcon + " create a new clean icon" + + | iconName | + iconName _ FillInTheBlank request: 'Icon Name ?'. + iconName = '' ifFalse: [self icon: nil named: iconName asSymbol]! + +paste + " change the currently selected icon to the icon held in iconBuffer" + " invoke newIcon if none is selected" + + iconSymbol = nil + ifTrue: + ["add a new icon" + self newIcon. + iconSymbol = nil ifFalse: [self icon: iconBuffer]] + ifFalse: ["override old icon" + self icon: iconBuffer]! + +renameIcon + " change the name of an icon" + + | key value newName | + (icon ~= nil or: [iconSymbol ~= #default]) + ifTrue: + [key _ iconSymbol. + value _ icon. + newName _ FillInTheBlank request: 'Change icon name' initialAnswer: key. + newName ~= '' + ifTrue: + [self removeIcon. + self icon: value named: newName asSymbol]]! + +saveIcon + "store the selected icon to a file" + + | aFileName aStream | + icon = nil + ifFalse: + [aFileName _ FileDirectory + requestFileName: 'file : ' + default: iconSymbol asString , '.icn' + version: #any + ifFail: [^'']. + aFileName ~= '' + ifTrue: + [aStream _ FileStream newFileNamed: aFileName. + icon storeOn: aStream. + aStream close]]! ! + +!IconEditor methodsFor: 'view creation'! + +open + "open the views" + + | topView | + topView _ StandardSystemView + model: self + label: 'Icon Editor' + minimumSize: 256 @ 300. + topView + addSubView: (SelectionInListView + on: self + aspect: #iconSymbol + change: #iconSymbol: + list: #iconList + menu: #listMenu + initialSelection: #initialSymbol) + in: (0 @ 0 corner: 1.0 @ 0.3) + borderWidth: 1. + topView + addSubView: (IconDisplayView + on: self + aspect: #iconView + icon: #icon + menu: #iconMenu) + in: (0.0 @ 0.3 corner: 1.0 @ 1.0) + borderWidth: 1. + topView controller open! ! +"-- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- "! + +IconEditor class + instanceVariableNames: ''! + + +!IconEditor class methodsFor: 'class initialization'! + +initialize + "Initialize the class IconEditor" + "IconEditor initialize" + + ListMenu _ ActionMenu labelList: #((copy cut paste ) (newIcon renameIcon ) (saveIcon loadIcon ) ) selectors: #(copy cut paste newIcon renameIcon saveIcon loadIcon ). + IconMenu _ ActionMenu labelList: #((editIcon textRect ) (allWhite allBlack allGray) ) selectors: #(editIcon textRect allWhite allBlack allGray)! ! + +!IconEditor class methodsFor: 'instance creation'! + +open + "create on schedule a new Icon Editor" + + self new open! ! + +IconEditor initialize! +SHAR_EOF +fi +if test -f 'Icon Menu.st' +then + echo shar: "will not over-write existing file 'Icon Menu.st'" +else +cat << \SHAR_EOF > 'Icon Menu.st' +!MouseMenuController methodsFor: 'menu messages'! + +blueButtonActivity + "Determine which item in the blue button pop-up menu is selected. + If one is selected, then send the corresponding message to the object + designated as the menu message receiver." + "Enhanced to use HierarchicalMenus by atoenne@unido.uucp" + + | index | + blueButtonMenu ~~ nil + ifTrue: + [index _ blueButtonMenu startUpBlueButton. + index ~= 0 ifTrue: [blueButtonMenu class = HierarchicalMenu + ifTrue: [self menuMessageReceiver perform: (blueButtonMenu selectorAt: index)] + ifFalse: [self menuMessageReceiver perform: (blueButtonMessages at: index)]]] + ifFalse: [super controlActivity]! ! + +!StandardSystemController class methodsFor: 'class initialization'! + +initialize + "Initialize the class variables." + "StandardSystemController initialize. + StandardSystemController allInstances do: [:sc | sc + initializeBlueButtonMenu] " + + ScheduledBlueButtonMenu _ (MenuBuilder parseFrom: (ReadStream on: 'newLabel[newLabel] +(under[under] move[move] frame[frame]) (collapse[collapse] +icon: ((selectIcon[selectIcon] editIcon[editIcon]) (loadIcons[loadIcons] saveIcons[saveIcons]))) +(close[close])')) menu. + MenuWhenCollapsed _ ActionMenu + labels: 'new label\under\move\expand\close' withCRs + lines: #(1 4 ) + selectors: #(newLabel under move expand close )! ! + +!StandardSystemController methodsFor: 'menu messages'! + +editIcon + " call an icon editor " + + IconEditor open! + +loadIcons + "load new constant definitions for icons" + + | aFileName | + aFileName _ FileDirectory + requestFileName: 'file:' + default: '*.icn' + version: #old + ifFail: [^'']. + aFileName ~= '' ifTrue: [Icon constantsFromFile: aFileName]! + +saveIcons + "write current icon constants to a file" + + | aFileName | + aFileName _ FileDirectory + requestFileName: 'file:' + default: '*.icn' + version: #any + ifFail: [^'']. + aFileName ~= '' ifTrue: [Icon constantsToFile: aFileName]! + +selectIcon + "let the user choose from the current icons" + + | nameList iconList selection selectedIcon | + nameList _ OrderedCollection new. + Icon constantDictionary keysDo: [:key | nameList add: key]. + iconList _ Array with: nameList asArray. + selection _ (PopUpMenu labelList: iconList) startUp. + selection ~= 0 + ifTrue: + [selectedIcon _ (Icon constantNamed: (nameList at: selection) asSymbol) copy. + self view icon: selectedIcon. "change the icon" + self view iconView lock. "essential. see below" + self view iconView text: self view label. "set new icon text" + self view iconView newIcon] "compute new icon" +"lock is needed to perform the newIcon computation. Otherwise insetDisplayBox would be garbled. Text setting is merely needed at the first change. (The standard label has no iconText) "! ! + +!StandardSystemController initialize. +StandardSystemController allInstances do: [:sc | sc +initializeBlueButtonMenu]! +SHAR_EOF +fi +exit 0 +# End of shell archive +D +#! rnews 813 +Path: alberta!mnetor!uunet!mcvax!unido!laura!atoenne +From: atoenne@laura.UUCP (Andreas Toenne) +Newsgroups: rec.games.hack +Subject: Re: Nethack 2.2: You stop to avoid hitting. +Keywords: I have this bug too. +Message-ID: <167@laura.UUCP> +Date: 10 Dec 87 21:53:23 GMT +References: <7515@alice.UUCP> +Reply-To: atoenne@unido.UUCP (Andreas Toenne) +Organization: University of Dortmund, W-Germany +Lines: 9 + +In article <7515@alice.UUCP> wilber@alice.UUCP writes: +>I have nethack running on my 3B1. So far the only bug I've encountered +>is the message "You stop to avoid hitting." (Which sometimes comes out as +>"You stop to avoid hitting .") I haven't hit the plethora + +You have defined DOGNAME but you are missing the dog's name :-) +Simply add 'dogname:...' to your nethack options. + + Andreas Toenne +D +#! rnews 1201 +Path: alberta!mnetor!uunet!mcvax!unido!rmi!dg2kk!dg2kk +From: dg2kk@dg2kk.UUCP (Walter) +Newsgroups: rec.ham-radio.packet +Subject: Problems with WA8DED 2.1 and TNC-2 clones (+possible solution) +Summary: PTT line is released too early +Message-ID: <174@dg2kk.UUCP> +Date: 10 Dec 87 23:09:52 GMT +Reply-To: dg2kk@dg2kk.UUCP +Organization: dg2kk, W Germany, (JO30FT) +Lines: 20 + +Some TNC-2's have problems with the WA8DED software (version 2.1). +Most of the outgoing frames cannot be docoded by other stations because +the software turns off the transmitter before all bits have been transmitted. + +There are two solutions to this problem: + +Hardware: connect a small (~2.2uf) capacitor from the base of the PTT keying + transistor to ground. (Note: you may have to increase TXDELAY) + +Software: the code that turns off the transmitter starts at location $037B + (3E 05...). It's possible to insert a short delay loop, so that the + transmitter remains keyed for a few milliseconds longer. + (I haven't tried this yet.) + + +73s, Walter dg2kk@dg2kk.UUCP + + +PS: Does anyone know if WA8DED is on USENET/Bitnet/ARPANET/anynet??? + What is his email address? Please let me know. Thanks. +#! rnews 1319 +Path: alberta!mnetor!uunet!mcvax!4gl!honzo +From: honzo@4gl.UUCP (Honzo Svasek) +Newsgroups: comp.unix.xenix,comp.os.misc,comp.unix.questions,comp.unix.wizards +Subject: Re: Venix Users? +Message-ID: <253@4gl.UUCP> +Date: 11 Dec 87 18:23:50 GMT +References: <2439@sputnik.COM> +Organization: 4GL Consultants b.v., the Netherlands +Lines: 27 +Xref: alberta comp.unix.xenix:1172 comp.os.misc:341 comp.unix.questions:4773 comp.unix.wizards:5750 + +in article <2439@sputnik.COM>, dbb@tc.fluke.COM (Dave Bartley) says: +> +> The Great OS Search continues ... +> +> What about Venix? + +I am using Venix for several years now and have the folowing comments. + +1. it IS System V UNIX. + +2. It has a faster 'feel' for the interactive user than Xenix or Microport + +3. It seems to be bug free. This system is running news and I am doing most + of the development on it. I have had no problems for at least a year now, + and the system is on the air 24 hours a day. + + A few times I had to remove the -O options when compiling, but same + counts for 3B2 UNIX. + +4. Venturecom claims it to be REAL TIME. I have no experience with + REAL real-time on this system, and don't know if the venix system calls + are interruptable. + +Honzo Svasek, + +PS. Anyone out there has a way to install 2.2 on a Seagate ST4096 disk? + (on an AT) +#! rnews 1252 +Path: alberta!mnetor!uunet!mcvax!cernvax!ethz!forty2!vogel +From: vogel@forty2.UUCP (Stefan Vogel) +Newsgroups: comp.sources.bugs +Subject: bug in sush +Message-ID: <123@forty2.UUCP> +Date: 11 Dec 87 17:02:58 GMT +Reply-To: vogel@forty2.UUCP (Stefan Vogel) +Organization: Exp. Physics University Zuerich +Lines: 33 + +We found the following bug in sushperm.c of the sush distribution: + +In routine addgroup the pointer gpmem was incremented before it was used. +So, the first member of the group was never found, and the reference to +the last member lead to an illegal memory reference (NULL pointer!). + +original code: + + gpmem = gpt->gr_mem; + while(*gpmem++) { <------------------gpmem is incremented + if(!strcmp(user,*gpmem)) <---gpmem is used + ok++; + } + + /* auth failed - return */ + +corrected code: + + gpmem = gpt->gr_mem; + while(*gpmem) { + if(!strcmp(user,*gpmem++)) + ok++; + } + + /* auth failed - return */ + + Stefan Vogel, Simon Poole + Inst. for Theoretical Physics + University of Zuerich + Switzerland + + UUCP: ....mcvac!cernvax!forty2!vogel + BITNET: k524911@czhrzu1a +#! rnews 626 +Path: alberta!mnetor!uunet!mcvax!prlb2!vub!leo +From: leo@vub.UUCP (Leo Smekens) +Newsgroups: comp.sys.mac +Subject: 4th Dimension vs. dBase Mac +Keywords: 4th Dimension,dBase Mac,Macintosh +Message-ID: <506@vub.UUCP> +Date: 11 Dec 87 13:40:05 GMT +Organization: Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels +Lines: 14 + +What can 4th Dimension do what dBase Mac can't? +What can dBase Mac do what 4th Dimension can't? + +Who should invest in which program? +If you don`t like answering on the net, +please mail direct to: +leo@vub.vub.uucp + +Leo Smekens +Metabolism & Endocrinology +Free University of Brussels +Laarbeeklaan 103 +B-1090 BRUSSELS +BELGIUM +#! rnews 783 +Path: alberta!mnetor!uunet!mcvax!prlb2!vub!leo +From: leo@vub.UUCP (Leo Smekens) +Newsgroups: comp.sys.mac +Subject: Latest SE's shipped +Keywords: Mac,Mac SE,Macintosh,Macintosh SE,hardware +Message-ID: <507@vub.UUCP> +Date: 11 Dec 87 13:50:46 GMT +Organization: Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels +Lines: 15 + +We noticed that the last Macintosh SE's we received at our +university are equipped with a new type of mouse,and, +apparently,with another internal disk drive (at least,it +sounds differently and beeps upon activation). +What has been changed on the new Mac SE compared to the first version? +If you don't like to answer via the net,please mail direct to: + +leo@vub.vub.uucp + +Leo Smekens +Metabolism & Endocrinology +Free University of Brussels +Laarbeeklaan 103 +B-1090 BRUSSELS +BELGIUM +#! rnews 1432 +Path: alberta!mnetor!uunet!mcvax!ukc!its63b!csnjr +From: csnjr@its63b.ed.ac.uk (Nick Rothwell) +Newsgroups: rec.music.misc +Subject: Re: Ace-Screamingest Guitar Solos on Record +Keywords: guitar, flames (regrettably) +Message-ID: <826@its63b.ed.ac.uk> +Date: 11 Dec 87 13:06:12 GMT +References: <1725@s.cc.purdue.edu> <1349@saturn.ucsc.edu> <6480@ihlpa.ATT.COM> +Reply-To: nick@lfcs.ed.ac.uk (Nick Rothwell) +Organization: LFCS, University of Edinburgh +Lines: 21 + +In article <6480@ihlpa.ATT.COM> rjp1@ihlpa.ATT.COM writes: +>>C'mon people, you can't omit: +>... +>Edgar Froese - Underwater Twilight, Riding The Ray, Le Parc and +> Heartbreakers tunes, etc, etc. + +Froese's best guitar solo, by most accounts, is on Cloudburst Flight +on the Force Majeure album, back in '79. He starts with slow chords +and fingering on a 12 string acoustic, then some "power chords" (!) on +the 12 string, and then onto the electric (Fender Strat I think). +Some of the recent live work's been good, as well - Franke holding down +a rhythm, with Froese and Haslinger both firing off screaming guitar riffs. + +>Bob Pietkivitch ( e - x - p - o - s - u - r - e ) UUCP: ihnp4!ihlpa!rjp1 + +-- +Nick Rothwell, Laboratory for Foundations of Computer Science, Edinburgh. + nick%lfcs.ed.ac.uk@nss.cs.ucl.ac.uk + !mcvax!ukc!lfcs!nick +~~ ~~ ~~ ~~ ~~ ~~ ~~ ~~ ~~ ~~ ~~ ~~ ~~ ~~ ~~ ~~ ~~ ~~ ~~ ~~ +"Nothing's forgotten. Nothing is ever forgotten." - Herne +#! rnews 818 +Path: alberta!mnetor!uunet!mcvax!ukc!its63b!gvw +From: gvw@its63b.ed.ac.uk (G Wilson) +Newsgroups: comp.sys.transputer +Subject: Meiko email contact +Message-ID: <827@its63b.ed.ac.uk> +Date: 11 Dec 87 13:23:42 GMT +Reply-To: gvw@its63b.ed.ac.uk (G Wilson) +Organization: I.T. School, Univ. of Edinburgh, U.K. +Lines: 18 + +In response to several queries --- Meiko Ltd. is not +connected to any electronic mail network at present. +However, both myself and Dr. Duncan Roweth, who are +Meiko employees working on the Edinburgh Concurrent +Supercomputer Project, are connected to various networks. +I can be reached at: + + gvw@itspna.ed.ac.uk (usual) + gvw@its63b.ed.ac.uk (alternative) + +while Duncan is: + + egnp36@meiko.ed.ac.uk + +If you want more information on Meiko, please include +a telephone number and a physical mail address. + +Greg +#! rnews 733 +Path: alberta!mnetor!uunet!mcvax!ukc!dcl-cs!nott-cs!pyr1.cs.ucl.ac.uk!awylie +From: awylie@pyr1.cs.ucl.ac.uk +Newsgroups: rec.games.misc +Subject: Re: Does anyone remember Zork1? (*S +Message-ID: <42800002@pyr1.cs.ucl.ac.uk> +Date: 11 Dec 87 09:42:00 GMT +References: <22039@ucbvax.BERKELEY.EDU> +Lines: 8 +Nf-ID: #R:ucbvax.BERKELEY.EDU:-2203900:pyr1.cs.ucl.ac.uk:42800002:000:300 +Nf-From: pyr1.cs.ucl.ac.uk!awylie Dec 11 09:42:00 1987 + + +Its a looooong time since I played Zork, but I believe that you can get +to the INSIDE of the grate in the woods by which time you should have +obtained a key which will open it. This gives you an alternative entrance/ +exit to the dungeon, but is not actually much help. + Andrew + +awylie@uk.ac.ucl.cs +#! rnews 1324 +Path: alberta!mnetor!uunet!mcvax!ukc!eagle!icdoc!ivax!mst +From: mst@ivax.doc.ic.ac.uk (Martin Taylor) +Newsgroups: rec.games.trivia +Subject: Re: words to a song (old lady who swallowed a fly) +Message-ID: <148@gould.doc.ic.ac.uk> +Date: 11 Dec 87 10:55:47 GMT +References: <2170@homxc.UUCP> <12270004@hpldola.HP.COM> <1053@mtuxo.UUCP> +Sender: news@doc.ic.ac.uk +Reply-To: mst@doc.ic.ac.uk (Martin Taylor) +Organization: Dept. of Computing, Imperial College, London, UK. +Lines: 26 + +In article <1053@mtuxo.UUCP> gertler@mtuxo.UUCP (xm960-D.GERTLER) writes: + +>As I recall, the sequence is as follows (more or less): +> +> 1) Fly Perhaps she'll die. +> 2) Spider That wriggled and jiggled and tickled inside her. +> 3) Bird How absurd to swallow a bird! +> 4) Cat Imagine that, to swallow a cat! +> 5) Dog What a hog, to swallow a dog! +> 6) Horse She's dead, of course! +> +>I seem to remember a goat at about 5.5, but I don't +>recall it's associated comment. Sorry. +> + +It's "She just opened her throat, and swallowed a goat" + +Also heard at an informal church social group, this alternative ending: + + 6) Horse Not easy, of course, but she swallowed a horse + 7) Minister That finished her! + + +Martin S Taylor Department of Computing +JANET/ARPANET : mst@doc.ic.ac.uk Imperial College ++44 589 5111 X4996 LONDON SW7 2BZ +#! rnews 1060 +Path: alberta!mnetor!uunet!mcvax!ukc!its63b!aiva!ken +From: ken@aiva.ed.ac.uk (Ken Johnson) +Newsgroups: comp.edu,comp.lang.misc +Subject: Free audio tape about Logo +Message-ID: <209@aiva.ed.ac.uk> +Date: 11 Dec 87 11:33:10 GMT +Reply-To: ken@aiva.ed.ac.uk (Ken Johnson) +Followup-To: comp.lang.misc +Organization: Dept. of AI, Univ. of Edinburgh, UK +Lines: 26 +Xref: alberta comp.edu:745 comp.lang.misc:887 + + +Logotron Limited have prepared an audio tape called "Logo comes of age". + +Although it is basically a plug for the Logotron product, (it contains a +reference to the mythical "LCSI standard", for example) there is a lot +of interesting chat about how Logo is actually used. + +Playing time 45 minutes. + +Free from: + Logotron Limited, + Dales Brewery, + Gwydir Street, + CAMBRIDGE, + England CB1 2LJ + + Phone (0223) 323656 +-- + +From Ken Johnson | Phone 031-225 4464 Ext 212 + AI Applications Institute | Email k.johnson@ed.ac.uk + 80 South Bridge | + The University | + EDINBURGH, Scotland EH1 1HN | + +"Things will get worse before they get worse." +#! rnews 2806 +Path: alberta!mnetor!uunet!mcvax!ukc!its63b!hwcs!tom +From: tom@cs.hw.ac.uk (Tom Kane) +Newsgroups: comp.ai +Subject: Probability Bounds from Bayes Theory: (A Problem). +Keywords: Bayes Theorem, Probability, Expert Systems, Uncertainty +Message-ID: <1578@brahma.cs.hw.ac.uk> +Date: 11 Dec 87 14:10:21 GMT +Organization: Computer Science, Heriot-Watt U., Scotland +Lines: 65 + + +I am sending this letter out to the network to ask for solutions to a +particular problem of Bayesian Inference. Below is the text of the +problem, and at the end is the mathematical statement of the information +given. Simply, I am asking the questions: + +1) Can you find bounds on the final result. If so, how? +2) If not, why is it not possible to do so? + What is missing in the specification of the problem? +3) If you get nowhere with this problem, would you be able to solve it + if you were given the information: p(pv|t or l)=0.9? + +I am interested in the problem of providing probability bounds for events +specified in a Bayesian setting when not all the necessary conditional +probabilities are provided in setting up the problem. + +PROBLEM +~~~~~~~ +(A problem relevant to the handling of Uncertainty in Expert Systems.) +We want to know the probability of a patient having both lung cancer and +tuberculosis based on the fact that this person has had a positive reading +in a chest X-ray. We are given the following pieces of information: + +1. The probability that a person with lung cancer will have a positive + chest X-ray is 0.9. + +2. The probability that a person with tuberculosis will have a positive + chest X-ray is 0.95. + +3. The probability that a person with neither lung cancer nor tuberculosis + will have a positive chest X-ray is 0.07. + +4. In the town of interest, 4 percent of the population have lung cancer, + and three percent have tuberculosis. + +EVENTS +~~~~~~ +l = lung cancer; t = tuberculosis; pv = positive chest X-ray + +SETUP +~~~~~ +In the statement of the problem below:- + +~l means 'not l'. +~l, ~t means 'not l and not t'. +t or l means 't or l' +where 'not', 'and' , and 'or' are logical operators. +so that: p(~l, ~t) means probability( not l and not t). +Also, +p(pv|l) means the conditional probability of event pv, given event l. +PRIORS +~~~~~~ +p(l) = 0.04; p(t) = 0.03; p(~l, ~t) = 0.95 +CONDITIONALS +~~~~~~~~~~~~ +p(pv|l) = 0.9; p(pv|t) = 0.95; p(pv| ~t,~l) = 0.07 + +(You are not given p(pv| t or l) ) +~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ +Please mail all solutions or comments to me, and I will let interested parties +know what the results are. +(I will specially treasure attempts which don't use independence assumptions.) +Thanks in advance to anyone who will spend time on this problem... +Regards, +Tom Kane. +#! rnews 3109 +Path: alberta!mnetor!uunet!mcvax!ukc!its63b!hwcs!adrian +From: adrian@cs.hw.ac.uk (Adrian Hurt) +Newsgroups: sci.space +Subject: Re: SPACE Digest V8 #68 +Summary: First submarines +Message-ID: <1580@brahma.cs.hw.ac.uk> +Date: 11 Dec 87 15:43:08 GMT +References: <8712091350.AA00806@angband.s1.gov> +Organization: Computer Science, Heriot-Watt U., Scotland +Lines: 52 + +In article <8712091350.AA00806@angband.s1.gov>, ESC1361@DDAESA10.BITNET (Rupert Williams) writes: +> +> In fact the British must have +> been the most war-like nation in the world, fighting with more countries than +> anyone I can think off. Is this the reason why the English language is so +> popular ( hello America!! )???!!!! + +I assume you refer to the British Empire - prior to that, Britain (and before +the rest joined/were conquered by it, England) fought mostly against either +France, Spain or both at once. The wide domain of the English language is +directly due to the Empire, just as the wide use of Spanish throughout South +and Central America is due to the Spanish Empire. + +> I think also that ALL countries train their armies in ice and snow??!! + +Including the Arabs? :-) + +> As for the Submarine....well I dont know about that, I thought that was an +> English invention too, like the Tank and the Jet-plane??! Maybe I'm wrong??! + +There are a number of ancient submarine designs, including one which was a +rowing boat with a watertight cover! The first practical submarine was (I +believe) designed by a Mr. Holland, resident of Ireland, for use against the +Royal Navy. The Royal Navy took over the design, but regarded such concealed +warfare as ungentlemanly, and didn't make much use of them until Germany +showed the way. + +The jet plane was invented practically at the same time by Britain, Germany +and the U.S.A. Germany had the first flying jet aircraft, followed closely by +Britain. Britain would have had a jet fighter not long after the Battle of +Britain except for government intervention. Fortunately, Hitler was equally +stupid. The Nazis believed they would win the war in a couple of months, and +gave little interest to projects which would bear no short term military +results. When they did get the world's first jet fighter (the Me262) it was +pretty devastating, albeit rare, until Hitler decided that it would make a +great fighter-bomber. Two bombs were fitted under the nose, at the expense +of two cannon and much speed and agility. Fortunately, Nazi policy was "if +it doesn't work, stomp on whoever says so." The first American jet was too +late for WW2, and the first Russian jet had a captured German engine. + +> As for the NASA/Space shuttle saga, the sooner they pull their fingers out +> the better. Arianne is having a field day over this one. + +Now, for those who say "Why is this in sci.space?", read the above and apply +the lessons of history to the shuttle, Hermes, HOTOL, or whatever craft your +country should be sponsoring. + +-- + "Keyboard? Tis quaint!" - M. Scott + + Adrian Hurt | JANET: adrian@uk.ac.hw.cs + UUCP: ..!ukc!cs.hw.ac.uk!adrian | ARPA: adrian@cs.hw.ac.uk +#! rnews 1128 +Path: alberta!mnetor!uunet!mcvax!ukc!its63b!hwcs!jack +From: jack@cs.hw.ac.uk (Jack Campin) +Newsgroups: sci.space +Subject: Re: Remote Sensing Fascism +Message-ID: <1583@brahma.cs.hw.ac.uk> +Date: 11 Dec 87 17:36:36 GMT +References: <566084060.amon@H.GP.CS.CMU.EDU> +Reply-To: jack@cs.glasgow.ac.uk (Jack Campin) +Organization: PISA Project, Glesga Yoonie +Lines: 18 +Summary: + +Expires: + +Sender: + +Followup-To: + + + +[ignore the above email address and use my signature] + +>'Our' (I use the term VERY loosely since I'm not really sure which side +>they are on) people have obviously learned how to lie about the +>existance of things which are common knowledge +>PS: Is it now appropriate to address members of the DOD and the various spook +> agencies as Comrade? + +How about Right Honourable? (or have the Zircon and Spycatcher affairs not +made the news over there?) + + +-- +ARPA: jack%cs.glasgow.ac.uk@nss.cs.ucl.ac.uk +JANET:jack@uk.ac.glasgow.cs USENET: ...mcvax!ukc!cs.glasgow.ac.uk!jack +Mail: Jack Campin, Computing Science Department, University of Glasgow, + 17 Lilybank Gardens, Glasgow G12 8QQ, Scotland (041 339 8855 x 6045) +#! rnews 1825 +Path: alberta!mnetor!uunet!mcvax!ukc!its63b!hwcs!jack +From: jack@cs.hw.ac.uk (Jack Campin) +Newsgroups: rec.arts.sf-lovers +Subject: Re: Houston SF Opera +Message-ID: <1584@brahma.cs.hw.ac.uk> +Date: 11 Dec 87 19:10:14 GMT +References: <8168@ism780c.UUCP> +Reply-To: jack@cs.glasgow.ac.uk (Jack Campin) +Organization: PISA Project, Glesga Yoonie +Lines: 32 +Summary: + +Expires: + +Sender: + +Followup-To: + + + +[ignore the above email address and use my signature] + +In article <8168@ism780c.UUCP> jimh@ism780c.UUCP (Jim Hori) writes: +> +>I expected somebody to respond by now to the +>question about a SF opera being co-written +>by Philip Glass and somebody named Lessing, +> +>Any other news on this opera? + +It's "the Making Of The Representative From Planet 8", if I remember right. +This is from the announcements to a Radio 3 broadcast of Glass's new orchestral +piece "The Light" - a tone poem about the Michelson-Morley experiments. + +Incidentally, it's not the first SF opera. I heard a broadcast in New Zealand +of a Swedish opera called "Aniara", based on an epic poem about a colonizer +spaceship on its way to oblivion. I can remember neither the poet's nor the +composer's name. + +I've only read the first of Lessing's series and didn't like it much. I felt I +was being preached at (Lessing is a Sufi - I don't know whether her having +been born in Iran has anything to with that - and it shows in her more recent +writing). OK, the content of the sermon may not have been as obnoxious as +Heinlein, Tolkien or Pournelle, but it was still gratuitous in literary terms. + + +-- +ARPA: jack%cs.glasgow.ac.uk@nss.cs.ucl.ac.uk +JANET:jack@uk.ac.glasgow.cs USENET: ...mcvax!ukc!cs.glasgow.ac.uk!jack +Mail: Jack Campin, Computing Science Department, University of Glasgow, + 17 Lilybank Gardens, Glasgow G12 8QQ, Scotland (041 339 8855 x 6045) +#! rnews 1184 +Path: alberta!mnetor!uunet!mcvax!ukc!stl!stc!root44!cdwf +From: cdwf@root.co.uk (Clive D.W. Feather) +Newsgroups: rec.arts.sf-lovers +Subject: Asimov, UFO, and others +Summary: Where you can find them +Message-ID: <497@root44.co.uk> +Date: 11 Dec 87 08:48:49 GMT +Reply-To: cdwf@root44.UUCP (Clive D.W. Feather) +Organization: Root Computers Ltd, London, England +Lines: 17 + +Readers in the UK, and those elsewhere with UK contacts, may like to know... + +(1) W.H.Smiths are stocking Asimov's "Fantastic Voyage II" in hardback, +UKL10.95. + +(2) An organisation called Channel 5 Video, available at least in W.H.Smiths +and Woolworths, produces tapes of UFO, Thunderbirds, Captain Scarlet (under the +title "Captain Scarlet and the Mysterons", Stingray (yuk), and, of course, +the Prisoner. Each tape that I have seen contains two episodes of the +appropriate program. All cost less than UKL10. +What proportion of the total output of these programmes is available I can't +say, except for the Prisoner (100%). + +Warning for foreign readers: +These tapes are VHS-PAL. According to "Which?" they work in Australia, +New Zealand, Europe except France, South Africa, and the Middle East, but not +North America. +#! rnews 1077 +Path: alberta!mnetor!uunet!mcvax!ukc!stl!stc!root44!jgh +From: jgh@root.co.uk (Jeremy G Harris) +Newsgroups: comp.protocols.tcp-ip +Subject: Subnetting questions +Keywords: subnet ethernet +Message-ID: <498@root44.co.uk> +Date: 11 Dec 87 10:25:23 GMT +Organization: Root Computers Ltd., London, England +Lines: 27 + +A whole bunch of questions: + + +Does anybody run multiple subnets on a single Ethernet? + + If so, do you use subnet broadcasts or net broadcasts? + Do you find it worthwhile to use ethernet multicast for + subnet broadcasts? How do you assign the multicast addresses? + For what purposes do you still use net broadcast? + + Should redirects be provided by an inter-subnet gateway, + when both subnets are on the same Ethernet? + + +What are the semantics of 'ICMP redirect to net' in a subnettted environment? + + +Does anybody run multiple classes of subnet on a single net? + + Does the mechanism proposed in rfc950 ( ICMP broadcasts to + discover the subnet mask ) still work? Do you use it? + + +Thanks for your time + Jeremy +-- +Jeremy Harris jgh@root.co.uk +#! rnews 1006 +Path: alberta!mnetor!uunet!mcvax!ukc!stl!stc!root44!hrc63!nwh +From: nwh@hrc63.co.uk (Nigel Holder Marconi) +Newsgroups: comp.unix.wizards +Subject: Re: /dev/swap - possibility of it being a ramdisk +Summary: depends on your system ? +Keywords: /dev/swap +Message-ID: <476@hrc63.co.uk> +Date: 11 Dec 87 10:09:05 GMT +References: <712@qetzal.UUCP> <16869@topaz.rutgers.edu> +Organization: GEC Hirst Research Centre, Wembley, England. +Lines: 12 + + +I have just added some extra memory to a Sun 3. Unfortunately, it did +not increase the usable amount of virtual memory. I have been informed +(not by Sun I hasten to add), that 4.x will only allocate memory up to +the disk swap space size. Adding more memory will speed things up but will +not increase your total usable virtual memory size (this is achieved by +increasing the swap space). I was also informed that system V does not +inforce this type of restriction. + + +Nigel Holder UK JANET: yf21@uk.co.gec-mrc.u + ARPA: yf21%u.gec-mrc.co.uk@ucl-cs +#! rnews 781 +Path: alberta!mnetor!uunet!mcvax!enea!luth!jem +From: jem@sm.luth.se (Jan Erik Mostr|m) +Newsgroups: comp.sys.mac,comp.sys.mac.hypercard +Subject: Hypercard/CD-ROM +Message-ID: <902@luth.luth.se> +Date: 11 Dec 87 11:31:13 GMT +Reply-To: Jan Erik Mostr|m +Organization: University of Lulea, Sweden +Lines: 8 +Xref: alberta comp.sys.mac:10017 comp.sys.mac.hypercard:200 +UUCP-Path: {uunet,mcvax}!enea!luth.luth.se!jem + + + + +Is there someone out there who has experience with Hypercard and CD-ROM. +I would appreciate any information (and especially about Mac II/CD-ROM). +-- +Jan Erik Mostrom | {uunet,mcvax}!enea!luth!jem | Mors certa, +University of Lulea | jem@sm.luth.se | vita incerta +Sweden | jem@luth.UUCP | +#! rnews 1535 +Path: alberta!mnetor!uunet!mcvax!enea!diab!pf +From: pf@diab.UUCP (Per Fogelstrom) +Newsgroups: comp.arch +Subject: Re: Why is SPARC so slow? +Summary: Yet another "super processor". +Message-ID: <344@ma.diab.UUCP> +Date: 11 Dec 87 13:59:12 GMT +References: <1078@quacky.UUCP> <8809@sgi.SGI.COM> <6964@apple.UUCP> +Reply-To: pf@ma.UUCP (Per Fogelstrom) +Organization: Diab Data AB, Taby, Sweden +Lines: 16 + +Well, the history repeats once again. A new RISC chip is launched and peopels +expectations reaches new "high scores". A few years ago there was another risc +chip set brougth to the market, called the Clipper. This processors performence +was climed to sweep all competitors off the sceene. Often compared to the +DEC 8x00 computers. For this chip set the picture has cleared now. The perfor- +mence range is not much more than can be achived with a 16-20 Mhz 68020. The +most i have seen of the 33Mhz versions is one running at room temprature. +Intergraph is one of the companys who is still using the Clipper (They recently +bought the rights for the chip set from NS/Fairchild) . From what i recall they +throw out the NS32032 for the Clipper. Well they could have had 2-3 times the +clipper performance with the NS32532 today. And they called the buy a bargin ! +It's not suprising that the MIPS 2000 gives most power/Mhz, The architecture has +evolved during many years, without a hard pressure from the marketing such as +'We must have it NOW!!!'. (John Mashey mayby has another opinion, only my guess) + +SO: Why is everybody so suprised ????! +#! rnews 1169 +Path: alberta!mnetor!uunet!mcvax!mhres!jv +From: jv@mhres.mh.nl (Johan Vromans) +Newsgroups: comp.unix.questions +Subject: Re: Finding Files +Summary: looking everywhere +Message-ID: <1503@mhres.mh.nl> +Date: 12 Dec 87 16:08:12 GMT +References: <205700003@prism> <4441@ihlpg.ATT.COM> +Organization: Multihouse N.V., The Netherlands +Lines: 21 + +In article <205700003@prism> billc@prism.UUCP writes: +> +> Right now, to find a file somewhere under my current directory, +> I use the following alias: +> +> alias where "find \$cwd -name \!* -exec echo {} \;" +> .. etc .. + +On our systems, a small cron script executes every night the following +command: + + find / -print > /dirfile + +Finding a file somewhere can be done by grepping in the /dirfile. +Of course, the contents of /dirfile are not really up-to-date, but this is +just a minor drawback. "find" on the whole system (including mounted disks) +takes more than an hour, a grep in /dirfile much less than a minute. +-- +Johan Vromans | jv@mh.nl via European backbone +Multihouse N.V., Gouda, the Netherlands | uucp: ..{uunet!}mcvax!mh.nl!jv +"It is better to light a candle than to curse the darkness" +#! rnews 904 +Path: alberta!mnetor!uunet!mcvax!mhres!jv +From: jv@mhres.mh.nl (Johan Vromans) +Newsgroups: comp.os.vms +Subject: Re: Are VMS and VAX synonymous? +Summary: NO +Message-ID: <1504@mhres.mh.nl> +Date: 12 Dec 87 16:55:05 GMT +References: <8712111910.AA18210@ucbvax.Berkeley.EDU> +Organization: Multihouse N.V., The Netherlands +Lines: 11 + +In article <8712111910.AA18210@ucbvax.Berkeley.EDU> "ERI::SMITH" writes: +>But someone who thinks VAX and VMS are synonymous +>MAY POSSIBLY also be expressing a philosophical stance. + +The only thing you can do between "#ifdef vax" and its corresponding "#endif" +is conclude that you are running on a big-endian machine .... + +-- +Johan Vromans | jv@mh.nl via European backbone +Multihouse N.V., Gouda, the Netherlands | uucp: ..{uunet!}mcvax!mh.nl!jv +"It is better to light a candle than to curse the darkness" +#! rnews 691 +Path: alberta!mnetor!uunet!mcvax!enea!tut!jh +From: jh@tut.fi (Juha Hein{nen) +Newsgroups: comp.lang.scheme +Subject: Re: Request for MacScheme source for SCOOPS +Message-ID: <2108@korppi.tut.fi> +Date: 12 Dec 87 07:32:39 GMT +References: <8712101554.AA15940@ucbvax.Berkeley.EDU> +Reply-To: jh@korppi.UUCP (Juha Hein{nen) +Organization: Tampere University of Technology, Finland +Lines: 10 + +MacScheme doesn't have enviroments (atleast my version doesn't). It +would be straightforward to port SCOOPS if somebody first provides +environments. The hacks provided with MacScheme distribution are not +enough. + +-- + Juha Heinanen + Tampere Univ. of Technology + Finland + jh@tut.fi (Internet), tut!jh (UUCP) +#! rnews 643 +Path: alberta!mnetor!uunet!mcvax!enea!diab!pf +From: pf@diab.UUCP (Per Fogelstrom) +Newsgroups: comp.arch +Subject: Re: Zilog Z320 32-bit chip +Keywords: 80,000 vaporware model +Message-ID: <345@ma.diab.UUCP> +Date: 12 Dec 87 11:15:23 GMT +References: <1911@ho95e.ATT.COM> <9071@utzoo.UUCP> <3521@aw.sei.cmu.edu> <485@PT.CS.CMU.EDU> +Reply-To: pf@ma.UUCP (Per Fogelstrom) +Organization: Diab Data AB, Taby, Sweden +Lines: 3 + +The Z80,000 was put on market just about 8 months ago. It newer reached the +target specification (e.g. clock speed) and the performence was not impressive. +It has some nice things, but as someone pointed out, to late .......... +#! rnews 884 +Path: alberta!mnetor!uunet!mcvax!diku!daimi!erja +From: erja@daimi.UUCP (Erik Jacobsen) +Newsgroups: comp.lang.modula2 +Subject: Re: Modula II on IBM PC with HALO graphics +Keywords: Modula IBM HALO graphics +Message-ID: <1253@daimi.UUCP> +Date: 12 Dec 87 13:13:50 GMT +References: <17237@glacier.STANFORD.EDU> +Reply-To: erja@daimi.UUCP (Erik Jacobsen) +Organization: DAIMI: Computer Science Department, Aarhus University, Denmark +Lines: 10 + +jbn@glacier.STANFORD.EDU (John B. Nagle) asks in <17237@glacier.STANFORD.EDU> +> Some questions on Logitec Modula II: +> +> 1. Are subranges assigned space appropriately? In particular, +> does 0..255 occupy only one byte? + +No, subranges occupy the same amount of space as the type they are +a subrange of. E.g. 0..255 will occupy two bytes. You may use a +CHAR or a BYTE, and convert to and from CARDINAL everytime you need +to do some caluculations. +#! rnews 869 +Path: alberta!mnetor!uunet!mcvax!unido!tub!stx +From: stx@tub.UUCP (Stefan Taxhet) +Newsgroups: comp.text,comp.sources.wanted +Subject: MS-WORD to Q-ONE +Keywords: MS-WORD Q-ONE DCA +Message-ID: <319@tub.UUCP> +Date: 11 Dec 87 18:23:35 GMT +Organization: Technical University of Berlin, Germany +Lines: 19 +Xref: alberta comp.text:1346 comp.sources.wanted:2722 + + +We're looking for a document conversion program. +It should translate MS-Word- to Q-ONE-documents. + +Q-ONE offers conversions to several formats as: +Fortune:Word, Wang, IBM's DCA (RFT,FFT) +Therefor programs to interchange documents between +MS-Word and these format would also help us. + +Thanks in advance + +Stefan Taxhet, +Communications and Operating Systems Research Group +Technical University of Berlin + +UUCP: ...!pyramid!tub!stx (From the US) + ...!mcvax!unido!tub!stx (From Europe) + +BITNET: stx@db0tui6.BITNET +#! rnews 1235 +Path: alberta!mnetor!uunet!mcvax!unido!rmi!kkaempf +From: kkaempf@rmi.UUCP (Klaus Kaempf) +Newsgroups: comp.sys.amiga +Subject: Breaking the 54MB limit on HardDisks +Keywords: BitMap, Blocksize, filehandler.h +Message-ID: <821@rmi.UUCP> +Date: 12 Dec 87 12:19:32 GMT +Reply-To: kkaempf@rmi.UUCP (Klaus Kaempf) +Organization: RMI Net, Aachen, W.Germany +Lines: 19 + + + +Well, maybe that i've overlooked something really important, but i don't +see the 54MB limit with the AmigaDOS. +About a yaer ago, when there was no mount command, somebody from CATS +posted a sample device driver that mounted itself. It set up a device +structure which described the layout of the device. This structure is +now documented in dos/filehandler.h. One field in this structure holds +the number of longwords per block of this device. This is always set +to 128, giving 512 Bytes per Block. +Now, if i set this to 256 (1024 Bytes per Block), i should be able to +increase the disk limit to 108MB. +Apparently, AmigaDOS supports larger blocksizes. Just have a look into +the AmigaDOS Manual from Bantam. All block-layouts are described relative +to a 'SIZE', nowhere is said that SIZE is fixed to 128 ! + +So where is the problem ??? (Please, send no flames, only facts !) + +Klaus +#! rnews 2545 +Path: alberta!mnetor!uunet!mcvax!botter!ast +From: ast@cs.vu.nl (Andy Tanenbaum) +Newsgroups: comp.os.minix +Subject: Getting rid of _cleanup (finally) +Message-ID: <1783@botter.cs.vu.nl> +Date: 13 Dec 87 11:56:59 GMT +Reply-To: ast@cs.vu.nl (Andy Tanenbaum) +Organization: VU Informatica, Amsterdam +Lines: 97 + +There was a lot of discussion about how to get rid of my calls to _cleanup +earlier. Here is the solution that I finally adopted. The following commands +should do the job. + cc -c -LIB exit.c putc.c + ar r /usr/lib/libc.a exit.c putc.c + ar x /usr/lib/libc.a cleanup.s + ar d /usr/lib/libc.a cleanup.s + ar bfork.s /usr/lib/libc.a cleanup.s + +This requires the new archiver posted a while back (for the b option). +It also assumes that putting cleanup before fork.s will include cleanup.s +after exit.s and putc.s (check this). + +Andy Tanenbaum (ast@cs.vu.nl) + + +: This is a shar archive. Extract with sh, not csh. +: This archive ends with exit, so do not worry about trailing junk. +: --------------------------- cut here -------------------------- +PATH=/bin:/usr/bin +echo Extracting \e\x\i\t\.\c +sed 's/^X//' > \e\x\i\t\.\c << '+ END-OF-FILE '\e\x\i\t\.\c +X#include "../include/lib.h" +X +XPUBLIC int (*__cleanup)(); +X +XPUBLIC int exit(status) +Xint status; +X{ +X if (__cleanup) (*__cleanup)(); +X return callm1(MM, EXIT, status, 0, 0, NIL_PTR, NIL_PTR, NIL_PTR); +X} ++ END-OF-FILE exit.c +chmod 'u=rw,g=r,o=r' \e\x\i\t\.\c +set `sum \e\x\i\t\.\c` +sum=$1 +case $sum in +11315) :;; +*) echo 'Bad sum in '\e\x\i\t\.\c >&2 +esac +echo Extracting \p\u\t\c\.\c +sed 's/^X//' > \p\u\t\c\.\c << '+ END-OF-FILE '\p\u\t\c\.\c +X#include "../include/stdio.h" +X +Xextern int (*__cleanup)(); +Xextern int _cleanup(); +X +Xputc(ch, iop) +Xchar ch; +XFILE *iop; +X{ +X int n, +X didwrite = 0; +X +X if (testflag(iop, (_ERR | _EOF))) +X return (EOF); +X +X if ( !testflag(iop,WRITEMODE)) +X return(EOF); +X +X if ( testflag(iop,UNBUFF)){ +X n = write(iop->_fd,&ch,1); +X iop->_count = 1; +X didwrite++; +X } +X else{ +X __cleanup = _cleanup; +X *iop->_ptr++ = ch; +X if ((++iop->_count) >= BUFSIZ && !testflag(iop,STRINGS) ){ +X n = write(iop->_fd,iop->_buf,iop->_count); +X iop->_ptr = iop->_buf; +X didwrite++; +X } +X } +X +X if (didwrite){ +X if (n<=0 || iop->_count != n){ +X if (n < 0) +X iop->_flags |= _ERR; +X else +X iop->_flags |= _EOF; +X return (EOF); +X } +X iop->_count=0; +X } +X return(ch & CMASK); +X} +X ++ END-OF-FILE putc.c +chmod 'u=rw,g=r,o=r' \p\u\t\c\.\c +set `sum \p\u\t\c\.\c` +sum=$1 +case $sum in +49878) :;; +*) echo 'Bad sum in '\p\u\t\c\.\c >&2 +esac +exit 0 +#! rnews 1120 +Path: alberta!mnetor!uunet!husc6!mit-eddie!uw-beaver!cornell!svax!beck +From: beck@svax.cs.cornell.edu (Micah Beck) +Newsgroups: comp.windows.x +Subject: Document previewing using Xps +Message-ID: <1898@svax.cs.cornell.edu> +Date: 14 Dec 87 13:25:54 GMT +Reply-To: beck@svax.cs.cornell.edu (Micah Beck) +Distribution: comp +Organization: Cornell Univ. CS Dept, Ithaca NY +Lines: 18 + +In article <6224@jade.BERKELEY.EDU> shipley@web1d.berkeley.edu () writes +on the subject of troff previewing under X: + +>The other thing to try is some version of TROFF which can speak PostScript(tm) +>which you can then feed through one of the several Xps programs floating +>around -- these are PostScript(tm) interpreter/previewers for Xwindows. + +I've not been very successful in getting Goswell's Xps to preview documents. +The Postscript file generated from TeX DVI files by dvi2ps and from Ditroff +files by the Transcript psdit program both cause it to choke, although in +different ways. + +Is anyone using Xps successfully for TeX or Ditroff previewing? Is there some +trick? + +Micah Beck +Cornell Dept of Computer Science +beck@svax.cs.cornell.edu +#! rnews 1332 +Path: alberta!mnetor!uunet!mcvax!botter!ast +From: ast@cs.vu.nl (Andy Tanenbaum) +Newsgroups: comp.os.minix +Subject: Re: Hard disk partitions? +Message-ID: <1784@botter.cs.vu.nl> +Date: 13 Dec 87 12:13:15 GMT +References: <5500001@ucf-cs.ucf.edu> +Reply-To: ast@cs.vu.nl (Andy Tanenbaum) +Organization: VU Informatica, Amsterdam +Lines: 21 + +In article <5500001@ucf-cs.ucf.edu> tony@ucf-cs.ucf.edu writes: +>If partition 1 is set up for DOS and 2 for Minix, with #2 mounted under +>/usr, Minix crashes unpredictably. + +One thing to remember is that the partition size for partition 1 is one +smaller than for partition 2. + +Another possibility is that the MINIX fdisk and the DOS fdisk don't agree +on the meaning of the partition table. If everyone would create their +partitions from lowest cylinder to highest there would be no ambiguity. +However, if the order in the partition table is different from the cylinder +order, there are at least three interpretations. + 1. Table slot 1 is partition 1 + 2. Innermost cylinder is partition 1 + 3. Outermost cylinder is partition 1 +I believe that the combination of MINIX, DOS, XENIX and Microport together +exhaust the entire list of possibilities. I don'know if this is related +to your problem (which I otherwise can't understand), but it is worth +keeping in mind. + +Andy Tanenbaum (ast@cs.vu.nl) +#! rnews 873 +Path: alberta!mnetor!uunet!mcvax!lambert +From: lambert@cwi.nl (Lambert Meertens) +Newsgroups: sci.math +Subject: Re: Fixed Points +Message-ID: <146@piring.cwi.nl> +Date: 13 Dec 87 12:09:54 GMT +References: <2269@ihuxv.ATT.COM> +Organization: CWI, Amsterdam +Lines: 14 + +In article <2269@ihuxv.ATT.COM> eklhad@ihuxv.ATT.COM (K. A. Dahlke) writes: +) If a continuous function maps the unit square into itself, must it have a +) fixed point? [...] +) I seem to remember there is some theorem in topology, +) without resorting to snakes, that says there is always a fixed point +) whenever a closed region in a metric space is continuously mapped into itself. + +Brouwer's Fixed Point Theorem states that a continuous mapping of an n-cube +into itself has a fixed point. This extends, obviously, to any region +homeomorphic to an n-cube. + +-- + +Lambert Meertens, CWI, Amsterdam; lambert@cwi.nl +#! rnews 1075 +Path: alberta!mnetor!uunet!mcvax!unido!rmi!zentrale +From: zentrale@rmi.UUCP (RMI Net) +Newsgroups: rec.ham-radio +Subject: Re: My PC generates RFI +Message-ID: <822@rmi.UUCP> +Date: 13 Dec 87 10:03:45 GMT +References: <12354296992.20.QUALCOMM@A.ISI.EDU> +Reply-To: dl3no@rmi.UUCP (Rupert Mohr) +Organization: RMI Net, Aachen, W.Germany +Lines: 21 + +In article <12354296992.20.QUALCOMM@A.ISI.EDU> QUALCOMM@A.ISI.EDU (Franklin Antonio) writes: +: > I'd like to know of some ways to reduce interference to my... +: +: All PCs generate RFI to some degree. In general, the "clones" are worse +: than the brand name "IBM", "COMPAQ", etc. The Macintosh is relatively +: quiet. +: + +In general: I would not believe that... (But it may be, that some +IBM's are as quiet as a clone...) + +We have a good mixture of various PCs here... + +Regarding my recent posting on RFI of my PK-232: +The PK-232 was innocent. It was the old power supply which interfered +exactly on 80m and 40m with S9 and 20m with S6... + +-rm + +P.S. nevertheless: PC's nowadays are much more quiet than those times +of TRS-80 (sigh). +#! rnews 1629 +Path: alberta!mnetor!uunet!mcvax!unido!rmi!zentrale +From: zentrale@rmi.UUCP (RMI Net) +Newsgroups: rec.ham-radio +Subject: Re: some SWL questions +Message-ID: <823@rmi.UUCP> +Date: 13 Dec 87 10:18:23 GMT +References: <38c9774f.44e6@apollo.uucp> <871201110223.1.ED@BLACK-BIRD.SCRC.Symbolics.COM> +Reply-To: dl3no@rmi.UUCP (Rupert Mohr) +Organization: RMI Net, Aachen, W.Germany +Lines: 38 + +In article <871201110223.1.ED@BLACK-BIRD.SCRC.Symbolics.COM> Ed@MEAD.SCRC.SYMBOLICS.COM (Ed Schwalenberg) writes: +: +: Date: 30 Nov 87 15:30:00 GMT +: From: apollo!nelson_p%apollo.uucp@eddie.mit.edu +: +: Is there a detailed single-source of info on what I might +: hear as I tune around the bands? The much vaunted World +: Radio and TV Handbook just covers broadcasting, which I +: have little interest in. +: +: The second source is the Klingenfuss Guide to Utility Stations. +: This is harder to come by, but is advertised in RDI. + +I just got the 6th edition (1988), which is VERY good. You can +get it directly : + +Klingenfuss, Guide to Utility Stations, 6th Edition + +Klningenfuss Publications +Hagenloher Str. 14 +D-7400 Tuebingen +Fed.Rep.Germany +Tel. (+41) 7071 62830 + +Price: DM 60 (abt. $ 35) maybe plus handling. +They are very fast! I received it two days after ordering by telephone. +They also have an quarterly update Service. + +You find a complete listing sorted by frequency an different listings +sorted by different services: +press by time, +fax alphebetically with time schedule + +addresses, codes, commercial call signs, telegram formats etc. + +ALL in English, 500 pages with correct entries...... + +Rupert +#! rnews 1503 +Path: alberta!mnetor!uunet!husc6!cmcl2!rutgers!orstcs!mist!koff +From: koff@mist.cs.orst.edu (Caroline N. Koff) +Newsgroups: rec.arts.startrek +Subject: Troi's outfit +Message-ID: <1501@orstcs.CS.ORST.EDU> +Date: 14 Dec 87 13:35:02 GMT +References: <1008@percival.UUCP> <275@hi3.aca.mcc.com.UUCP> <2032@charon.unm.edu> <2432@homxc.UUCP> <1987Dec12.230124.16416@gpu.utcs.toronto.edu> <2216@nicmad.UUCP> +Sender: netnews@orstcs.CS.ORST.EDU +Reply-To: koff@mist.UUCP (Caroline N. Koff) +Distribution: na +Organization: Oregon State Universtiy - CS - Corvallis, Oregon +Lines: 17 + +If people are noticing and mentioning about Yar's breasts, why not +also mention about Troi's low cut outfit!! Why does it need to be +so low cut that it shows her crevice? Who is she trying to impress? +Do you think that the women in the future, working with men, will be +trying to dress sexy? If so, what about the men? Why not let them +show off their body too to make things even? I think that the +producers, or whoever is in charge of outfits, and character development +is making a contemporary decision regarding the issue of how people +will dress in the future. I.e. he/she thinks that female will be +trying to attract males' attention by bringing out her femininity, +but not vice versa, which is the current social behavior. +Or, perhaps the producers are just being comformists with bunch of +other tv shows + movie producers by keeping females attractive +towards men... + +--Caroline Koff +koff!cs.orst.edu@cs.net.relay +#! rnews 1028 +Path: alberta!mnetor!uunet!mcvax!hafro!krafla!frisk +From: frisk@rhi.is (Fridrik Skulason) +Newsgroups: comp.sys.ibm.pc +Subject: Identifying VGA +Message-ID: <100@krafla.rhi.is> +Date: 13 Dec 87 11:39:28 GMT +Reply-To: frisk@rhi.UUCP (Fridrik Skulason) +Organization: University of Iceland (RHI) +Lines: 19 + +In the november issue of Dr.Dobb's Journal there is an article on how to +identify the video adaptor in your PC. They cover EGA,CGA,MDA,Compaq and +Hercules(mono). + +What I need is information on how to find out if a VGA (or a PGA) adaptor +is installed. + +Also - can someone tell me how to obtain the current cursor position directly +from these adaptors. That is - I need the location of the 6845 registers. + +The reason I can not use the INT10 function provided is that my program has +to work with some TSR programs that access the hardware directly. + +Thanks... +-- + Fridrik Skulason University of Iceland + UUCP frisk@rhi.uucp BIX frisk + + This line intentionally left blank ................... +#! rnews 805 +Path: alberta!mnetor!uunet!husc6!cmcl2!rutgers!orstcs!mist!koff +From: koff@mist.cs.orst.edu (Caroline N. Koff) +Newsgroups: rec.arts.startrek +Subject: Requesting ST:TOS episode directors and writers guide +Message-ID: <1502@orstcs.CS.ORST.EDU> +Date: 14 Dec 87 13:38:05 GMT +References: <1008@percival.UUCP> <275@hi3.aca.mcc.com.UUCP> <2032@charon.unm.edu> <2432@homxc.UUCP> <1987Dec12.230124.16416@gpu.utcs.toronto.edu> <2216@nicmad.UUCP> +Sender: netnews@orstcs.CS.ORST.EDU +Reply-To: koff@mist.UUCP (Caroline N. Koff) +Distribution: na +Organization: Oregon State Universtiy - CS - Corvallis, Oregon +Lines: 6 + +Has anybody ever posted or have a complete list of directors and writers +for each of the ST:TOS episodes? If so, may I have a copy? Thanks in +advance. + +--Caroline Koff +koff!cs.orst.edu@cs.net.relay +#! rnews 1125 +Path: alberta!mnetor!uunet!mcvax!enea!sems!olof +From: olof@sems.SE (Olof Backing) +Newsgroups: comp.emacs +Subject: Problems with uEmacs 3.9e and OS-9/68K C. +Message-ID: <207@sems.SE> +Date: 13 Dec 87 13:00:39 GMT +Organization: Sems AB, Stockholm, Sweden +Lines: 32 + +I have a problem when I try to compile the latest version of +microEmacs, ie. 3.9e. The problem occurs in file 'bind.c' at lines +602, 609 and 642, 650 respectively. + +It's the following lines that causes the error: + +600: int (*getbind(c))() +601: +602: int c; +603: +604: { + +The compiler reports an error at line 602 with 'not an argument'. The +same thing happens at line 642; + +639: int (*fncmatch(fname))() +640: +641: +642: int fname; +643: +644: { + +Since my experiences aren't the very best i C sofar, I would like to +get some hints on what to do. Maybe Kim Kempf at Microware has the +answer for me. Feel free to overwelm me with hints. Until then (when I +recieve the hints...), CU all! + + +-- + ADDRESS: Havrevagen 14, S-175 43 Jarfalla, Sweden + PHONE : (46) 758 33941, 35516 home + UUCP : ...{uunet,mcvax,ukc,unido}!enea!sems!olof +#! rnews 1708 +Path: alberta!mnetor!uunet!husc6!yale!dwald +From: dwald@yale-zoo-suned..arpa (David Wald) +Newsgroups: rec.arts.startrek +Subject: Re: Hide & Q notes and comments and notes and comments and....< +Date: 14 Dec 87 04:29:38 GMT +References: <19962@yale-celray.yale.UUCP> <17300072@silver> <1838@leadsv.UUCP> +Sender: root@yale.UUCP +Reply-To: dwald@yale-zoo-suned.UUCP (David Wald) +Distribution: na +Organization: Yale University Computer Science Dept, New Haven CT +Lines: 27 + +In article <1838@leadsv.UUCP> lilly@leadsv.UUCP (Harriette Lilly) writes: +> +>In article <17300072@silver>, sl131008@silver.bacs.indiana.edu writes: +>> /* Written 7:19 pm Dec 7, 1987 by sl131008@silver.UUCP in silver:rec.arts.startrek */ +>> /* ..ditto x 7..... +>> /* Written 9:12 pm Dec 6, 1987 by dwald@yale in silver:rec.arts.startrek */ +>> /* ---------- "Re: Hide & Q notes and comments <> In article <2328@homxc.UUCP> scott@homxc.UUCP (Scott Berry) writes: +... +>> David Wald dwald@yale.UUCP +... +>> /* End of text from silver:rec.arts.startrek */ +>> /* ditto x 8 +> +> +> Ummm, are you lost?... + +I was a bit puzzled by this too, since I didn't think my article so +brilliant that anyone would want to repost it eight times. If anyone +finds out what happened, could they please send me mail? + + +We now return you to your regularly scheduled nonsense... +============================================================================ +David Wald dwald@yale.UUCP + waldave@yalevmx.bitnet +============================================================================ +#! rnews 761 +Path: alberta!mnetor!uunet!mcvax!enea!sems!olof +From: olof@sems.SE (Olof Backing) +Newsgroups: rec.games.misc +Subject: Larn at dungeon level 10. +Message-ID: <208@sems.SE> +Date: 13 Dec 87 18:51:50 GMT +Organization: Sems AB, Stockholm, Sweden +Lines: 12 + +Well folks, I've reached to master warlord (lvl 17, ~550000 Exp). To +my great dis-something, I haven't found any ladder down to level 11. +Somewhere back in my human brain, I recall that I've read something +about how to further down in the dungeon. What do I do ?!. Please give +me a hint. + + +-- +WHOAMI : Olof Backing ! +WHERE : Havrevagen 14, S-175 43 Jarfalla, Sweden ! +PHONE : + (46) 758 33941, 35516 ! +UUCP : ...{uunet,mcvax,ukc,unido}!enea!sems!olof ! +#! rnews 1631 +Path: alberta!mnetor!uunet!husc6!yale!dwald +From: dwald@yale-zoo-suned..arpa (David Wald) +Newsgroups: rec.arts.startrek +Subject: Re: Terralian Ship in "Haven" +Keywords: ST:TNG +Message-ID: <20253@yale-celray.yale.UUCP> +Date: 14 Dec 87 04:36:39 GMT +References: <5243@zen.berkeley.edu> <9615@ufcsv.cis.ufl.EDU> +Sender: root@yale.UUCP +Reply-To: dwald@yale-zoo-suned.UUCP (David Wald) +Distribution: na +Organization: Yale University Computer Science Dept, New Haven CT +Lines: 19 + +In article <9615@ufcsv.cis.ufl.EDU> jco@beach.cis.ufl.edu () writes: +>In article <5243@zen.berkeley.edu> timlee@cory.Berkeley.EDU (Timothy J. Lee) writes: +>>Did anyone think that the Terralian ship was pretty big for something that +>>was built by a group of people whose technology approximated late 20th +>>century Earth? +> +>It was my understanding from the show that the people of 20th century +>earth could build a virus that could wipe out a planet. This did NOT +>mean that they (the Terralians) where of the 20th century tech level. + +There was more to the 20th century reference than that, however. +Dr. Crusher made the point that, since they were only at the technology +level of ~20th century Earth, it was easy for the disease to get out of +control and spread over the planet. The implication was that if they +were more advanced the disease would not have wiped out the entire world. +============================================================================ +David Wald dwald@yale.UUCP + waldave@yalevmx.bitnet +============================================================================ diff --git a/test/canterbury-corpus/calgary/obj1 b/test/canterbury-corpus/calgary/obj1 new file mode 100755 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..454f21c3f85ce329b2a68c4a38ce5595b309318a GIT binary patch literal 21504 zcmeHvdt6l2`uCoh4GcIc!^I#`CohG0W3bZfh8HZ$bk6_-3}uWkD1rlWN$Z$e*2&Tu zC@oGW70-D!Pp~~|b-H1PiJ_pS=f|8Swr6-p}WpKi>Bj zefC~!KWnY$zMlQ8XO9g~aU7R~E1ctQ4MY3e-)|cDO#}afG|;GBAnnpRw(QaglCXD@6gNg(CD6__c(`h1?2G#KOzqg>>1vQVM*OHyg(j4e|tA~ zYcRY!vS;`XdH7iOuzsP#xn^_E=r!`_M?IsnF#1$bH)V}H`dZKEwQjN99Ry((U(0cy z2wdo3Pqb&KXQbygPlji?=LOH}o=-jc&x^%V!Xx52_QHIQ;~SkY6t}>bdl~ks)kzLv zg{GP}#hX|WhNo9+rDwY#)moMXnEnvivIw?(KVG(_1wgXpJZj07$>=nx*av9H1}{r& 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zrJ0M*jHKFDX(?st40ux6@!gh}kL(27_?DGN-Vj!L(q2|J-T-1ZIh`b~75xmo2kk8V zuN#lN0mMnhj=G~$!|^3K3mT|1QzH{Z-6kl#yz$6R`u@tWM&}s6OPf5!vX_d}SlN@7 zQS3i9@)g<79}|aUuVp1~g>32I=mS&vUP^lg7HVbFVZfwq9*O33!DpxlU5PN zogi)oanc-;ahDP&EyKs9Wg*aP+2(K_U%#yg^>qH0wb9A$jc?sNU7hPK)-(=!bViLa zFIcK`IDJ-slcW{;WF)${K=n>cde>0<`+F@j>;x`M|1*tdY-@N#i;DYq_g>x5w4z$nByRCIm zP*Sq>=6Sa+;C=ti^A>zANS7Sd+GUU~t<Qp{8uczz{2+_Tyo69h$-P8E1W*x!d(`=!@?gaT=MTM{IP}q!NSKa zeA>eQpzx^IEZn1Th20lc@)Lze-)-?H6h6=4|Ea=NRTh6z;m=f9_!A3nu<$8`$6jLL zPc8h17B-qMXtA)-e8F#8*l6ZbZ2pxP&EtOC!re+c?)NNg^pE?{!bbmvk6PGpUiecB z8_x0XSlDp>((hQ{Fy+L8e|A}b}8~-Q$y@iecwQpJY zR?#;3e_D8O@M+6xxm zq41TzZ{h!c4V@S8R`zRtsIV*7HJ`@eYrk$`tJCX#%feR1 z>;J97|EWuVZ!no5JSqs7)4BL+jEBY_c5+`B1h>7U`1I4_&uu1Gt}Wl6XS-|zo>_%) z!RlJVP0VBqnc(-v5uOp0D134Y;d=HX7BZ=$ Half) { output_bit(1); low = 2*(low\-Half); high = 2*(high\-Half)+1; } +} +.fi +.LE "nnnn" +which ensures that, upon completion, $low ~ < ~ Half ~ <= ~ high$. +This can be found in lines 95-113 of $encode_symbol( \| )$, +although there are some extra complications caused by underflow possibilities +(see next subsection). +Care is taken care to shift 1's in at the bottom when $high$ is scaled, as +noted above. +.pp +Incremental reception is done using a number called $value$ as in Figure\ 2, +in which processed bits flow out the top (high-significance) end and +newly-received ones flow in the bottom. +$start_decoding( \| )$ (lines 168-176) fills $value$ with received bits initially. +Once $decode_symbol( \| )$ has identified the next input symbol, it shifts out +now-useless high-order bits which are the same in $low$ and $high$, shifting +$value$ by the same amount (and replacing lost bits by fresh input bits at the +bottom end): +.LB "nnnn" +.nf +.ta \w'nnnn'u +\w'if (high < 'u +\w'Half) { 'u +\w'value = 2*(value\-Half)+input_bit(\|); low = 2*(low\-Half); high = 2*(high\-Half)+1; 'u +.ne 4 +for (;;) { + if (high < Half) { value = 2*value+input_bit(\|); low = 2*low; high = 2*high+1; } + if (low $>=$ Half) { value = 2*(value\-Half)+input_bit(\|); low = 2*(low\-Half); high = 2*(high\-Half)+1; } +} +.fi +.LE "nnnn" +(see lines 194-213, again complicated by precautions against underflow +discussed below). +.rh "Proof of decoding correctness." +At this point it is worth checking that the identification of the next +symbol by $decode_symbol( \| )$ works properly. +Recall from Figure\ 2 that $decode_symbol( \| )$ must use $value$ to find that +symbol which, when encoded, reduces the range to one that still includes +$value$. +Lines 186-188 in $decode_symbol( \| )$ identify the symbol for which +.LB +$cum_freq[symbol] ~ <= ~~ +left f {(value-low+1)*cum_freq[0] ~-~ 1} over {high-low+1} right f +~~ < ~ cum_freq[symbol-1]$, +.LE +where $left f ~ right f$ denotes the ``integer part of'' function that +comes from integer division with truncation. +It is shown in the Appendix that this implies +.LB "nnnn" +$low ~+~~ left f {(high-low+1)*cum_freq[symbol]} over cum_freq[0] right f +~~ <= ~ v ~ <= ~~ +low ~+~~ left f {(high-low+1)*cum_freq[symbol-1]} over cum_freq[0] right f ~~ - ~ 1$, +.LE "nnnn" +so $value$ lies within the new interval that $decode_symbol( \| )$ +calculates in lines 190-193. +This is sufficient to guarantee that the decoding operation identifies each +symbol correctly. +.rh "Underflow." +As Figure\ 1 shows, arithmetic coding works by scaling the cumulative +probabilities given by the model into the interval [$low$,\ $high$] for +each character transmitted. +Suppose $low$ and $high$ are very close together, so close that this scaling +operation maps some different symbols of the model on to the same integer in +the [$low$,\ $high$] interval. +This would be disastrous, because if such a symbol actually occurred it would +not be possible to continue encoding. +Consequently, the encoder must guarantee that the interval [$low$,\ $high$] is +always large enough to prevent this. +The simplest way is to ensure that this interval is at least as large as +$Max_frequency$, the maximum allowed cumulative frequency count (line\ 36). +.pp +How could this condition be violated? +The bit-shifting operation explained above ensures that $low$ and $high$ can +only become close together when they straddle $Half$. +Suppose in fact they become as close as +.LB +$First_qtr ~ <= ~ low ~<~ Half ~ <= ~ high ~<~ Third_qtr$. +.LE +Then the next two bits sent will have opposite polarity, either 01 or 10. +For example, if the next bit turns out to be 0 (ie $high$ descends below +$Half$ and [0,\ $Half$] is expanded to the full interval) the bit after +that will be 1 since the range has to be above the midpoint of the expanded +interval. +Conversely if the next bit happens to be 1 the one after that will be 0. +Therefore the interval can safely be expanded right now, if only we remember +that whatever bit actually comes next, its opposite must be transmitted +afterwards as well. +Thus lines 104-109 expand [$First_qtr$,\ $Third_qtr$] into the whole interval, +remembering in $bits_to_follow$ that the bit that is output next must be +followed by an opposite bit. +This explains why all output is done via $bit_plus_follow( \| )$ +(lines 128-135) instead of directly with $output_bit( \| )$. +.pp +But what if, after this operation, it is \fIstill\fR true that +.LB +$First_qtr ~ <= ~ low ~<~ Half ~ <= ~ high ~<~ Third_qtr$? +.LE +Figure\ 5 illustrates this situation, where the current [$low$,\ $high$] +range (shown as a thick line) has been expanded a total of three times. +Suppose the next bit will turn out to be 0, as indicated by the arrow in +Figure\ 5(a) being below the halfway point. +Then the next \fIthree\fR bits will be 1's, since not only is the arrow in the +top half of the bottom half of the original range, it is in the top quarter, +and moreover the top eighth, of that half \(em that is why the expansion +can occur three times. +Similarly, as Figure\ 5(b) shows, if the next bit turns out to be a 1 it will +be followed by three 0's. +Consequently we need only count the number of expansions and follow the next +bit by that number of opposites (lines 106 and 131-134). +.pp +Using this technique, the encoder can guarantee that after the shifting +operations, either +.LB +.ta \n(.lu-\n(.iuR +$low ~<~ First_qtr ~<~ Half ~ <= ~ high$ (1a) +.LE +or +.LB +.ta \n(.lu-\n(.iuR +$low ~<~ Half ~<~ Third_qtr ~ <= ~ high$. (1b) +.LE +Therefore as long as the integer range spanned by the cumulative frequencies +fits into a quarter of that provided by $code_value$s, the underflow problem +cannot occur. +This corresponds to the condition +.LB +$Max_frequency ~ <= ~~ {Top_value+1} over 4 ~~ + ~ 1$, +.LE +which is satisfied by Figure\ 3 since $Max_frequency ~=~ 2 sup 14 - 1$ and +$Top_value ~=~ 2 sup 16 - 1$ (lines\ 36, 9). +More than 14\ bits cannot be used to represent cumulative frequency +counts without increasing the number of bits allocated to $code_value$s. +.pp +We have discussed underflow in the encoder only. +Since the decoder's job, once each symbol has been decoded, is to track the +operation of the encoder, underflow will be avoided if it performs the same +expansion operation under the same conditions. +.rh "Overflow." +Now consider the possibility of overflow in the integer multiplications +corresponding to those of Figure\ 2, which occur in lines 91-94 and 190-193 +of Figure\ 3. +Overflow cannot occur provided the product +.LB +$range * Max_frequency$ +.LE +fits within the integer word length available, since cumulative frequencies +cannot exceed $Max_frequency$. +$Range$ might be as large as $Top_value ~+~1$, so the largest possible product +in Figure 3 is $2 sup 16 ( 2 sup 14 - 1 )$ which is less than $2 sup 30$. +$Long$ declarations are used for $code_value$ (line\ 7) and $range$ +(lines\ 89, 183) to ensure that arithmetic is done to 32-bit precision. +.rh "Constraints on the implementation." +The constraints on word length imposed by underflow and overflow can +be simplified by assuming frequency counts are represented in $f$\ bits, and +$code_value$s in $c$\ bits. +The implementation will work correctly provided +.LB +$f ~ <= ~ c ~ - ~2$ +.br +$f ~+~ c ~ <= ~ p$, the precision to which arithmetic is performed. +.LE +In most C implementations, $p=31$ if $long$ integers are used, and $p=32$ +if they are $unsigned ~ long$. +In Figure\ 3, $f=14$ and $c=16$. +With appropriately modified declarations, $unsigned ~ long$ arithmetic with +$f=15$, $c=17$ could be used. +In assembly language $c=16$ is a natural choice because it expedites some +comparisons and bit manipulations (eg those of lines\ 95-113 and 194-213). +.pp +If $p$ is restricted to 16\ bits, the best values possible are $c=9$ and +$f=7$, making it impossible to encode a full alphabet of 256\ symbols, as each +symbol must have a count of at least 1. +A smaller alphabet (eg the letters, or 4-bit nibbles) could still be +handled. +.rh "Termination." +To finish the transmission, it is necessary to send a unique terminating +symbol ($EOF_symbol$, line 56) and then follow it by enough bits to ensure +that the encoded string falls within the final range. +Since $done_encoding( \| )$ (lines 119-123) can be sure that +$low$ and $high$ are constrained by either (1a) or (1b) above, it need only +transmit $01$ in the first case or $10$ in the second to remove the remaining +ambiguity. +It is convenient to do this using the $bit_plus_follow( \| )$ procedure +discussed earlier. +The $input_bit( \| )$ procedure will actually read a few more bits than were +sent by $output_bit( \| )$ as it needs to keep the low end of the buffer full. +It does not matter what value these bits have as the EOF is uniquely +determined by the last two bits actually transmitted. +.sh "Models for arithmetic coding" +.pp +The program of Figure\ 3 must be used with a model which provides +a pair of translation tables $index_to_char[ \| ]$ and $char_to_index[ \| ]$, +and a cumulative frequency array $cum_freq[ \| ]$. +The requirements on the latter are that +.LB +.NP +$cum_freq[ i-1 ] ~ >= ~ cum_freq[ i ]$; +.NP +an attempt is never made to encode a symbol $i$ for which +$cum_freq[i-1] ~=~ cum_freq[i]$; +.NP +$cum_freq[0] ~ <= ~ Max_frequency$. +.LE +Provided these conditions are satisfied the values in the array need bear +no relationship to the actual cumulative symbol frequencies in messages. +Encoding and decoding will still work correctly, although encodings will +occupy less space if the frequencies are accurate. +(Recall our successfully encoding \fIeaii!\fR according to the model of +Table\ 1, which does not actually reflect the frequencies in the message.) \c +.rh "Fixed models." +The simplest kind of model is one in which symbol frequencies are fixed. +The first model in Figure\ 4 has symbol frequencies which approximate those +of English (taken from a part of the Brown Corpus, Kucera & Francis, 1967). +.[ +%A Kucera, H. +%A Francis, W.N. +%D 1967 +%T Computational analysis of present-day American English +%I Brown University Press +%C Providence, RI +.] +However, bytes which did not occur in that sample have been given frequency +counts of 1 in case they do occur in messages to be encoded +(so, for example, this model will still work for binary files in which all +256\ bytes occur). +Frequencies have been normalized to total 8000. +The initialization procedure $start_model( \| )$ simply computes a cumulative +version of these frequencies (lines 48-51), having first initialized the +translation tables (lines 44-47). +Execution speed would be improved if these tables were used to re-order +symbols and frequencies so that the most frequent came first in the +$cum_freq[ \| ]$ array. +Since the model is fixed, the procedure $update_model( \| )$, which is +called from both $encode.c$ and $decode.c$, is null. +.pp +An \fIexact\fR model is one where the symbol frequencies in the message are +exactly as prescribed by the model. +For example, the fixed model of Figure\ 4 is close to an exact model +for the particular excerpt of the Brown Corpus from which it was taken. +To be truly exact, however, symbols that did not occur in the excerpt would +be assigned counts of 0, not 1 (sacrificing the capability of +transmitting messages containing those symbols). +Moreover, the frequency counts would not be scaled to a predetermined +cumulative frequency, as they have been in Figure\ 4. +The exact model may be calculated and transmitted before sending the message. +It is shown in Cleary & Witten (1984a) that, under quite general conditions, +this will \fInot\fR give better overall compression than adaptive coding, +described next. +.[ +Cleary Witten 1984 enumerative adaptive codes +%D 1984a +.] +.rh "Adaptive models." +An adaptive model represents the changing symbol frequencies seen \fIso far\fR +in the message. +Initially all counts might be the same (reflecting no initial information), +but they are updated as each symbol is seen, to approximate the observed +frequencies. +Provided both encoder and decoder use the same initial values (eg equal +counts) and the same updating algorithm, their models will remain in step. +The encoder receives the next symbol, encodes it, and updates its model. +The decoder identifies it according to its current model, and then updates its +model. +.pp +The second half of Figure\ 4 shows such an adaptive model. +This is the type of model recommended for use with Figure\ 3, for in practice +it will outperform a fixed model in terms of compression efficiency. +Initialization is the same as for the fixed model, except that all frequencies +are set to 1. +The procedure $update_model(symbol)$ is called by both $encode_symbol( \| )$ +and $decode_symbol( \| )$ (Figure\ 3 lines 54 and 151) after each symbol is +processed. +.pp +Updating the model is quite expensive, because of the need to maintain +cumulative totals. +In the code of Figure\ 4, frequency counts, which must be maintained anyway, +are used to optimize access by keeping the array in frequency order \(em an +effective kind of self-organizing linear search (Hester & Hirschberg, 1985). +.[ +Hester Hirschberg 1985 +.] +$Update_model( \| )$ first checks to see if the new model will exceed +the cumulative-frequency limit, and if so scales all frequencies down by a +factor of 2 (taking care to ensure that no count scales to zero) and +recomputes cumulative values (Figure\ 4, lines\ 29-37). +Then, if necessary, $update_model( \| )$ re-orders the symbols to place the +current one in its correct rank in the frequency ordering, altering the +translation tables to reflect the change. +Finally, it increments the appropriate frequency count and adjusts cumulative +frequencies accordingly. +.sh "Performance" +.pp +Now consider the performance of the algorithm of Figure\ 3, both +in compression efficiency and execution time. +.rh "Compression efficiency." +In principle, when a message is coded using arithmetic coding, the number of +bits in the encoded string is the same as the entropy of that message with +respect to the model used for coding. +Three factors cause performance to be worse than this in practice: +.LB +.NP +message termination overhead +.NP +the used of fixed-length rather than infinite-precision arithmetic +.NP +scaling of counts so that their total is at most $Max_frequency$. +.LE +None of these effects is significant, as we now show. +In order to isolate the effect of arithmetic coding the model will be +considered to be exact (as defined above). +.pp +Arithmetic coding must send extra bits at the end of each message, causing a +message termination overhead. +Two bits are needed, sent by $done_encoding( \| )$ (Figure\ 3 lines 119-123), +in order to disambiguate the final symbol. +In cases where a bit-stream must be blocked into 8-bit characters before +encoding, it will be necessary to round out to the end of a block. +Combining these, an extra 9\ bits may be required. +.pp +The overhead of using fixed-length arithmetic +occurs because remainders are truncated on division. +It can be assessed by comparing the algorithm's performance with +the figure obtained from a theoretical entropy calculation +which derives its frequencies from counts scaled exactly as for coding. +It is completely negligible \(em on the order of $10 sup -4$ bits/symbol. +.pp +The penalty paid by scaling counts is somewhat larger, but still very +small. +For short messages (less than $2 sup 14$ bytes) no scaling need be done. +Even with messages of $10 sup 5$ to $10 sup 6$ bytes, the overhead was found +experimentally to be less than 0.25% of the encoded string. +.pp +The adaptive model of Figure\ 4 scales down all counts whenever the total +threatens to exceed $Max_frequency$. +This has the effect of weighting recent events more heavily compared with +those earlier in the message. +The statistics thus tend to track changes in the input sequence, which can be +very beneficial. +(For example, we have encountered cases where limiting counts to 6 or 7\ bits +gives better results than working to higher precision.) \c +Of course, this depends on the source being modeled. +Bentley \fIet al\fR (1986) consider other, more explicit, ways of +incorporating a recency effect. +.[ +Bentley Sleator Tarjan Wei 1986 locally adaptive +%J Communications of the ACM +.] +.rh "Execution time." +The program in Figure\ 3 has been written for clarity, not execution speed. +In fact, with the adaptive model of Figure\ 4, it takes about 420\ $mu$s per +input byte on a VAX-11/780 to encode a text file, and about the same for +decoding. +However, easily avoidable overheads such as procedure calls account for much +of this, and some simple optimizations increase speed by a factor of 2. +The following alterations were made to the C version shown: +.LB +.NP +the procedures $input_bit( \| )$, $output_bit( \| )$, and +$bit_plus_follow( \| )$ were converted to macros to eliminate +procedure-call overhead; +.NP +frequently-used quantities were put in register variables; +.NP +multiplies by two were replaced by additions (C ``+=''); +.NP +array indexing was replaced by pointer manipulation in the loops +at line 189 of Figure\ 3 and lines 49-52 of the adaptive model in Figure\ 4. +.LE +.pp +This mildly-optimized C implementation has an execution time of +214\ $mu$s/262\ $mu$s, per input byte, +for encoding/decoding 100,000\ bytes of English text on a VAX-11/780, as shown +in Table\ 2. +Also given are corresponding figures for the same program on an +Apple Macintosh and a SUN-3/75. +As can be seen, coding a C source program of the same length took slightly +longer in all cases, and a binary object program longer still. +The reason for this will be discussed shortly. +Two artificial test files were included to allow readers to replicate the +results. +``Alphabet'' consists of enough copies of the 26-letter alphabet to fill +out 100,000\ characters (ending with a partially-completed alphabet). +``Skew-statistics'' contains 10,000 copies of the string +\fIaaaabaaaac\fR\^; it demonstrates that files may be encoded into less than +1\ bit per character (output size of 12,092\ bytes = 96,736\ bits). +All results quoted used the adaptive model of Figure\ 4. +.pp +A further factor of 2 can be gained by reprogramming in assembly language. +A carefully optimized version of Figures\ 3 and 4 (adaptive model) was +written in both VAX and M68000 assembly language. +Full use was made of registers. +Advantage was taken of the 16-bit $code_value$ to expedite some crucial +comparisons and make subtractions of $Half$ trivial. +The performance of these implementations on the test files is also shown in +Table\ 2 in order to give the reader some idea of typical execution speeds. +.pp +The VAX-11/780 assembly language timings are broken down in Table\ 3. +These figures were obtained with the U\s-2NIX\s+2 profile facility and are +accurate only to within perhaps 10%\(dg. +.FN +\(dg This mechanism constructs a histogram of program counter values at +real-time clock interrupts, and suffers from statistical variation as well as +some systematic errors. +.EF +``Bounds calculation'' refers to the initial part of $encode_symbol( \| )$ +and $decode_symbol( \| )$ (Figure\ 3 lines 90-94 and 190-193) +which contain multiply and divide operations. +``Bit shifting'' is the major loop in both the encode and decode routines +(lines 95-113 and 194-213). +The $cum$ calculation in $decode_symbol( \| )$, which requires a +multiply/divide, and the following loop to identify the next symbol +(lines\ 187-189), is ``Symbol decode''. +Finally, ``Model update'' refers to the adaptive +$update_model( \| )$ procedure of Figure\ 4 (lines\ 26-53). +.pp +As expected, the bounds calculation and model update take the same time for +both encoding and decoding, within experimental error. +Bit shifting was quicker for the text file than for the C program and object +file because compression performance was better. +The extra time for decoding over encoding is due entirely to the symbol +decode step. +This takes longer in the C program and object file tests because the loop of +line\ 189 was executed more often (on average 9\ times, 13\ times, and +35\ times respectively). +This also affects the model update time because it is the number of cumulative +counts which must be incremented in Figure\ 4 lines\ 49-52. +In the worst case, when the symbol frequencies are uniformly distributed, +these loops are executed an average of 128 times. +Worst-case performance would be improved by using a more complex tree +representation for frequencies, but this would likely be slower for text +files. +.sh "Some applications" +.pp +Applications of arithmetic coding are legion. +By liberating \fIcoding\fR with respect to a model from the \fImodeling\fR +required for prediction, it encourages a whole new view of data compression +(Rissanen & Langdon, 1981). +.[ +Rissanen Langdon 1981 Universal modeling and coding +.] +This separation of function costs nothing in compression performance, since +arithmetic coding is (practically) optimal with respect to the entropy of +the model. +Here we intend to do no more than suggest the scope of this view +by briefly considering +.LB +.NP +adaptive text compression +.NP +non-adaptive coding +.NP +compressing black/white images +.NP +coding arbitrarily-distributed integers. +.LE +Of course, as noted earlier, greater coding efficiencies could easily be +achieved with more sophisticated models. +Modeling, however, is an extensive topic in its own right and is beyond the +scope of this paper. +.pp +.ul +Adaptive text compression +using single-character adaptive frequencies shows off arithmetic coding to +good effect. +The results obtained using the program of Figures\ 3 and 4 vary from +4.8\-5.3\ bit/char for short English text files ($10 sup 3$\ to $10 sup 4$ +bytes) to 4.5\-4.7\ bit/char for long ones ($10 sup 5$ to $10 sup 6$ bytes). +Although adaptive Huffman techniques do exist (eg Gallagher, 1978; +Cormack & Horspool, 1984) they lack the conceptual simplicity of +arithmetic coding. +.[ +Gallagher 1978 variations on a theme by Huffman +.] +.[ +Cormack Horspool 1984 adaptive Huffman codes +.] +While competitive in compression efficiency for many files, they are slower. +For example, Table\ 4 compares the performance of the mildly-optimized C +implementation of arithmetic coding with that of the U\s-2NIX\s+2 +\fIcompact\fR program which implements adaptive Huffman coding using +a similar model\(dg. +.FN +\(dg \fICompact\fR's model is essentially the same for long files (like those +of Table\ 4) but is better for short files than the model used as an example +in this paper. +.EF +Casual examination of \fIcompact\fR indicates that the care taken in +optimization is roughly comparable for both systems, yet arithmetic coding +halves execution time. +Compression performance is somewhat better with arithmetic coding on all the +example files. +The difference would be accentuated with more sophisticated models that +predict symbols with probabilities approaching one under certain circumstances +(eg letter ``u'' following ``q''). +.pp +.ul +Non-adaptive coding +can be performed arithmetically using fixed, pre-specified models like that in +the first part of Figure\ 4. +Compression performance will be better than Huffman coding. +In order to minimize execution time, the total frequency count, +$cum_freq[0]$, should be chosen as a power of two so the divisions +in the bounds calculations (Figure\ 3 lines 91-94 and 190-193) can be done +as shifts. +Encode/decode times of around 60\ $mu$s/90\ $mu$s should then be possible +for an assembly language implementation on a VAX-11/780. +A carefully-written implementation of Huffman coding, using table look-up for +encoding and decoding, would be a bit faster in this application. +.pp +.ul +Compressing black/white images +using arithmetic coding has been investigated by Langdon & Rissanen (1981), +who achieved excellent results using a model which conditioned the probability +of a pixel's being black on a template of pixels surrounding it. +.[ +Langdon Rissanen 1981 compression of black-white images +.] +The template contained a total of ten pixels, selected from those above and +to the left of the current one so that they precede it in the raster scan. +This creates 1024 different possible contexts, and for each the probability of +the pixel being black was estimated adaptively as the picture was transmitted. +Each pixel's polarity was then coded arithmetically according to this +probability. +A 20%\-30% improvement in compression was attained over earlier methods. +To increase coding speed Langdon & Rissanen used an approximate method +of arithmetic coding which avoided multiplication by representing +probabilities as integer powers of 1/2. +Huffman coding cannot be directly used in this application, as it never +compresses with a two-symbol alphabet. +Run-length coding, a popular method for use with two-valued alphabets, +provides another opportunity for arithmetic coding. +The model reduces the data to a sequence of lengths of runs of the same symbol +(eg for picture coding, run-lengths of black followed by white followed by +black followed by white ...). +The sequence of lengths must be transmitted. +The CCITT facsimile coding standard (Hunter & Robinson, 1980), for example, +bases a Huffman code on the frequencies with which black and white runs of +different lengths occur in sample documents. +.[ +Hunter Robinson 1980 facsimile +.] +A fixed arithmetic code using these same frequencies would give better +performance; adapting the frequencies to each particular document would be +better still. +.pp +.ul +Coding arbitrarily-distributed integers +is often called for when using more sophisticated models of text, image, +or other data. +Consider, for instance, Bentley \fIet al\fR's (1986) locally-adaptive data +compression scheme, in which the encoder and decoder cache the last $N$ +different words seen. +.[ +Bentley Sleator Tarjan Wei 1986 locally adaptive +%J Communications of the ACM +.] +A word present in the cache is transmitted by sending the integer cache index. +Words not in the cache are transmitted by sending a new-word marker followed +by the characters of the word. +This is an excellent model for text in which words are used frequently over +short intervals and then fall into long periods of disuse. +Their paper discusses several variable-length codings for the integers used +as cache indexes. +Arithmetic coding allows \fIany\fR probability distribution to be used as the +basis for a variable-length encoding, including \(em amongst countless others +\(em the ones implied by the particular codes discussed there. +It also permits use of an adaptive model for cache +indexes, which is desirable if the distribution of cache hits is +difficult to predict in advance. +Furthermore, with arithmetic coding, the code space allotted to the cache +indexes can be scaled down to accommodate any desired probability for the +new-word marker. +.sh "Acknowledgement" +.pp +Financial support for this work has been provided by the +Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada. +.sh "References" +.sp +.in+4n +.[ +$LIST$ +.] +.in 0 +.bp +.sh "APPENDIX: Proof of decoding inequality" +.sp +Using 1-letter abbreviations for $cum_freq$, $symbol$, $low$, $high$, and +$value$, suppose +.LB +$c[s] ~ <= ~~ left f {(v-l+1) times c[0] ~-~ 1} over {h-l+1} right f ~~ < ~ +c[s-1]$; +.LE +in other words, +.LB +.ta \n(.lu-\n(.iuR +$c[s] ~ <= ~~ {(v-l+1) times c[0] ~-~ 1} over {r} ~~-~~ epsilon ~~ <= ~ +c[s-1] ~-~1$, (1) +.LE +.ta 8n +where $r ~=~ h-l+1$, $0 ~ <= ~ epsilon ~ <= ~ {r-1} over r $. +.sp +(The last inequality of (1) derives from the fact that $c[s-1]$ must be an +integer.) \c +Then we wish to show that $l' ~ <= ~ v ~ <= ~ h'$, where $l'$ and $h'$ +are the updated values for $low$ and $high$ as defined below. +.sp +.ta \w'(a) 'u +(a) $l' ~ == ~~ l ~+~~ left f {r times c[s]} over c[0] right f ~~ mark +<= ~~ l ~+~~ {r} over c[0] ~ left [ ~ {(v-l+1) times c[0] ~-~ 1} over {r} + ~~ - ~ epsilon ~ right ]$ from (1), +.sp 0.5 +$lineup <= ~~ v ~ + ~ 1 ~ - ~ 1 over c[0]$ , +.sp 0.5 + so $l' ~ <= ~~ v$ since both $v$ and $l'$ are integers +and $c[0] > 0$. +.sp +(b) $h' ~ == ~~ l ~+~~ left f {r times c[s-1]} over c[0] right f ~~-~1~~ mark +>= ~~ l ~+~~ {r} over c[0] ~ left [ ~ {(v-l+1) times c[0] ~-~ 1} over {r} + ~~ + ~ 1 ~ - ~ epsilon ~ right ] ~~ - ~ 1 +$ from (1), +.sp 0.5 +$lineup >= ~~ v ~ + ~~ r over c[0] ~ left [ ~ - ~ 1 over r ~+~ 1 + ~-~~ r-1 over r right ] +~~ = ~~ v$. +.bp +.sh "Captions for tables" +.sp +.nf +.ta \w'Figure 1 'u +Table 1 Example fixed model for alphabet {\fIa, e, i, o, u, !\fR} +Table 2 Results for encoding and decoding 100,000-byte files +Table 3 Breakdown of timings for VAX-11/780 assembly language version +Table 4 Comparison of arithmetic and adaptive Huffman coding +.fi +.sh "Captions for figures" +.sp +.nf +.ta \w'Figure 1 'u +Figure 1 (a) Representation of the arithmetic coding process + (b) Like (a) but with the interval scaled up at each stage +Figure 2 Pseudo-code for the encoding and decoding procedures +Figure 3 C implementation of arithmetic encoding and decoding +Figure 4 Fixed and adaptive models for use with Figure 3 +Figure 5 Scaling the interval to prevent underflow +.fi +.bp 0 +.ev2 +.nr x2 \w'symbol'/2 +.nr x3 (\w'symbol'/2)+0.5i+(\w'probability'/2) +.nr x4 (\w'probability'/2)+0.5i +.nr x5 (\w'[0.0, ' +.nr x1 \n(x2+\n(x3+\n(x4+\n(x5+\w'0.0)' +.nr x0 (\n(.l-\n(x1)/2 +.in \n(x0u +.ta \n(x2uC +\n(x3uC +\n(x4u +\n(x5u +\l'\n(x1u' +.sp + symbol probability \0\0range +\l'\n(x1u' +.sp + \fIa\fR 0.2 [0, 0.2) + \fIe\fR 0.3 [0.2, 0.5) + \fIi\fR 0.1 [0.5, 0.6) + \fIo\fR 0.2 [0.6, 0.8) + \fIu\fR 0.1 [0.8, 0.9) + \fI!\fR 0.1 [0.9, 1.0) +\l'\n(x1u' +.sp +.in 0 +.FE "Table 1 Example fixed model for alphabet {\fIa, e, i, o, u, !\fR}" +.bp 0 +.ev2 +.nr x1 0.5i+\w'\fIVAX object program\fR '+\w'100,000 '+\w'time ($mu$s) '+\w'time ($mu$s) '+\w'time ($mu$s) '+\w'time ($mu$s) '+\w'time ($mu$s) '+\w'time ($mu$s)' +.nr x0 (\n(.l-\n(x1)/2 +.in \n(x0u +.ta 0.5i +\w'\fIVAX object program\fR 'u +\w'100,000 'u +\w'time ($mu$s) 'u +\w'time ($mu$s) 'u +\w'time ($mu$s) 'u +\w'time ($mu$s) 'u +\w'time ($mu$s) 'u +\l'\n(x1u' +.sp + \0\0VAX-11/780 \0\0\0Macintosh \0\0\0\0SUN-3/75 + output encode decode encode decode encode decode + (bytes) time ($mu$s) time ($mu$s) time ($mu$s) time ($mu$s) time ($mu$s) time ($mu$s) +\l'\n(x1u' +.sp +Mildly optimized C implementation +.sp + \fIText file\fR \057718 \0\0214 \0\0262 \0\0687 \0\0881 \0\0\098 \0\0121 + \fIC program\fR \062991 \0\0230 \0\0288 \0\0729 \0\0950 \0\0105 \0\0131 + \fIVAX object program\fR \073501 \0\0313 \0\0406 \0\0950 \01334 \0\0145 \0\0190 + \fIAlphabet\fR \059292 \0\0223 \0\0277 \0\0719 \0\0942 \0\0105 \0\0130 + \fISkew-statistics\fR \012092 \0\0143 \0\0170 \0\0507 \0\0645 \0\0\070 \0\0\085 +.sp +Carefully optimized assembly language implementation +.sp + \fIText file\fR \057718 \0\0104 \0\0135 \0\0194 \0\0243 \0\0\046 \0\0\058 + \fIC program\fR \062991 \0\0109 \0\0151 \0\0208 \0\0266 \0\0\051 \0\0\065 + \fIVAX object program\fR \073501 \0\0158 \0\0241 \0\0280 \0\0402 \0\0\075 \0\0107 + \fIAlphabet\fR \059292 \0\0105 \0\0145 \0\0204 \0\0264 \0\0\051 \0\0\065 + \fISkew-statistics\fR \012092 \0\0\063 \0\0\081 \0\0126 \0\0160 \0\0\028 \0\0\036 + +\l'\n(x1u' +.sp 2 +.nr x0 \n(.l +.ll \n(.lu-\n(.iu +.fi +.in \w'\fINotes:\fR 'u +.ti -\w'\fINotes:\fR 'u +\fINotes:\fR\ \ \c +Times are measured in $mu$s per byte of uncompressed data. +.sp 0.5 +The VAX-11/780 had a floating-point accelerator, which reduces integer +multiply and divide times. +.sp 0.5 +The Macintosh uses an 8\ MHz MC68000 with some memory wait states. +.sp 0.5 +The SUN-3/75 uses a 16.67\ MHz MC68020. +.sp 0.5 +All times exclude I/O and operating system overhead in support of I/O. +VAX and SUN figures give user time from the U\s-2NIX\s+2 \fItime\fR +command; on the Macintosh I/O was explicitly directed to an array. +.sp 0.5 +The 4.2BSD C compiler was used for VAX and SUN; Aztec C 1.06g for Macintosh. +.sp +.ll \n(x0u +.nf +.in 0 +.FE "Table 2 Results for encoding and decoding 100,000-byte files" +.bp 0 +.ev2 +.nr x1 \w'\fIVAX object program\fR '+\w'Bounds calculation '+\w'time ($mu$s) '+\w'time ($mu$s)' +.nr x0 (\n(.l-\n(x1)/2 +.in \n(x0u +.ta \w'\fIVAX object program\fR 'u +\w'Bounds calculation 'u +\w'time ($mu$s) 'u +\w'time ($mu$s)'u +\l'\n(x1u' +.sp + encode decode + time ($mu$s) time ($mu$s) +\l'\n(x1u' +.sp +\fIText file\fR Bounds calculation \0\0\032 \0\0\031 + Bit shifting \0\0\039 \0\0\030 + Model update \0\0\029 \0\0\029 + Symbol decode \0\0\0\(em \0\0\045 + Other \0\0\0\04 \0\0\0\00 + \0\0\l'\w'100'u' \0\0\l'\w'100'u' + \0\0104 \0\0135 +.sp +\fIC program\fR Bounds calculation \0\0\030 \0\0\028 + Bit shifting \0\0\042 \0\0\035 + Model update \0\0\033 \0\0\036 + Symbol decode \0\0\0\(em \0\0\051 + Other \0\0\0\04 \0\0\0\01 + \0\0\l'\w'100'u' \0\0\l'\w'100'u' + \0\0109 \0\0151 +.sp +\fIVAX object program\fR Bounds calculation \0\0\034 \0\0\031 + Bit shifting \0\0\046 \0\0\040 + Model update \0\0\075 \0\0\075 + Symbol decode \0\0\0\(em \0\0\094 + Other \0\0\0\03 \0\0\0\01 + \0\0\l'\w'100'u' \0\0\l'\w'100'u' + \0\0158 \0\0241 +\l'\n(x1u' +.in 0 +.FE "Table 3 Breakdown of timings for VAX-11/780 assembly language version" +.bp 0 +.ev2 +.nr x1 \w'\fIVAX object program\fR '+\w'100,000 '+\w'time ($mu$s) '+\w'time ($mu$s) '+\w'100,000 '+\w'time ($mu$s) '+\w'time ($mu$s)' +.nr x0 (\n(.l-\n(x1)/2 +.in \n(x0u +.ta \w'\fIVAX object program\fR 'u +\w'100,000 'u +\w'time ($mu$s) 'u +\w'time ($mu$s) 'u +\w'100,000 'u +\w'time ($mu$s) 'u +\w'time ($mu$s)'u +\l'\n(x1u' +.sp + \0\0\0\0\0\0Arithmetic coding \0\0\0Adaptive Huffman coding + output encode decode output encode decode + (bytes) time ($mu$s) time ($mu$s) (bytes) time ($mu$s) time ($mu$s) +\l'\n(x1u' +.sp +\fIText file\fR \057718 \0\0214 \0\0262 \057781 \0\0550 \0\0414 +\fIC program\fR \062991 \0\0230 \0\0288 \063731 \0\0596 \0\0441 +\fIVAX object program\fR \073546 \0\0313 \0\0406 \076950 \0\0822 \0\0606 +\fIAlphabet\fR \059292 \0\0223 \0\0277 \060127 \0\0598 \0\0411 +\fISkew-statistics\fR \012092 \0\0143 \0\0170 \016257 \0\0215 \0\0132 +\l'\n(x1u' +.sp 2 +.nr x0 \n(.l +.ll \n(.lu-\n(.iu +.fi +.in +\w'\fINotes:\fR 'u +.ti -\w'\fINotes:\fR 'u +\fINotes:\fR\ \ \c +Mildly optimized C implementation used for arithmetic coding +.sp 0.5 +U\s-2NIX\s+2 \fIcompact\fR used for adaptive Huffman coding +.sp 0.5 +Times are for a VAX-11/780, and exclude I/O and operating system overhead in +support of I/O. +.sp +.ll \n(x0u +.nf +.in 0 +.FE "Table 4 Comparison of arithmetic and adaptive Huffman coding" diff --git a/test/canterbury-corpus/calgary/paper2 b/test/canterbury-corpus/calgary/paper2 new file mode 100644 index 0000000..79ecc09 --- /dev/null +++ b/test/canterbury-corpus/calgary/paper2 @@ -0,0 +1,1731 @@ +.pn 0 +.ls1 +.EQ +delim $$ +.EN +.ev1 +.ps-2 +.vs-2 +.ev +\& +.sp 10 +.ps+4 +.ce +COMPUTER (IN)SECURITY \(em +.sp +.ce +INFILTRATING OPEN SYSTEMS +.ps-4 +.sp4 +.ce +Ian H. Witten +.sp2 +.ce4 +Department of Computer Science +The University of Calgary +2500 University Drive NW +Calgary, Canada T2N 1N4 +.sp2 +.ce2 +November 1986 +Revised March 1987 +.bp 1 +.ls 2 +.pp +Shared computer systems today are astonishingly insecure. +And users, on the whole, are blithely unaware of the weaknesses of the +systems in which they place \(em or rather, misplace \(em their trust. +Taken literally, of course, it is meaningless to ``trust'' a computer system +as such, for machines are neither trustworthy nor untrustworthy; +these are human qualities. +In trusting a system one is effectively trusting all those who create and +alter it, in other words, all who have access (whether licit or +illicit). +Security is a fundamentally \fIhuman\fP issue. +.pp +This article aims not to solve security problems but to raise reader +consciousness +of the multifarious cunning ways that systems can be infiltrated, and the +subtle but devastating damage that an unscrupulous infiltrator can wreak. +It is comforting, but highly misleading, to imagine that technical means of +enforcing security have guaranteed that the systems we use are safe. +It is true that in recent years some ingenious procedures have been invented +to preserve security. +For example, the advent of ``one-way functions'' (explained below) has +allowed the password file, once a computer system's central stronghold, to be +safely exposed to casual inspection by all and sundry. +But despite these innovations, astonishing loopholes exist in practice. +.pp +There are manifest advantages in ensuring security by technical means rather +than by keeping things secret. +Not only do secrets leak, but as individuals change projects, +join or leave the organization, become promoted and so on, they need to learn +new secrets and forget old ones. +With physical locks one can issue and withdraw keys to reflect changing +security needs. +But in computer systems, the keys constitute information which can be given +out but not taken back, because no-one can force people to forget. +In practice, such secrets require considerable administration to maintain +properly. +And in systems where security is maintained by tight control of information, +.ul +quis custodiet ipsos custodes +\(em who will guard the guards themselves? +.pp +There is a wide range of simple insecurities that many +systems suffer. +These are, in the main, exacerbated in open systems where information and +programs are shared among users \(em just those features that characterize +pleasant and productive working environments. +The saboteur's basic tool is the Trojan horse, +a widely trusted program which has been surreptitiously modified to do +bad things in secret. +``Bad things'' range from minor but rankling irritations through theft of +information to holding users to ransom. +The inevitable fragilities of operating systems can +be exploited by constructing programs which behave in some ways like primitive +living organisms. +Programs can be written which spread bugs like an epidemic. +They hide in binary code, effectively undetectable (because nobody ever +examines binaries). +They can remain dormant for months or years, perhaps quietly and imperceptibly +infiltrating their way into the very depths of a system, then suddenly pounce, +causing irreversible catastrophe. +A clever and subtle bug\(dg can survive +recompilation despite the fact that there is no record of it in the source +program. +.FN +\(dg Throughout this article the word ``bug'' is meant to bring to mind a +concealed snooping device as in espionage, or a micro-organism carrying +disease as in biology, rather than an inadvertent programming error. +.EF +This is the ultimate parasite. +It cannot be detected because it lives only in binary code. +And yet it cannot be wiped out by recompiling the source program! +We might wonder whether these techniques, which this article develops +and explains in the context of multi-user timesharing operating systems, +pose any threats to computer networks or even stand-alone micros. +.pp +Although the potential has existed for decades, the possibility of the kind of +``deviant'' software described here has been recognized only recently. +Or has it? +Probably some in the world of computer wizards and sorcerers have known for +years how systems can be silently, subtly infiltrated \(em and concealed +the information for fear that it might be misused (or for other reasons). +But knowledge of the techniques is spreading nevertheless, and I believe it +behooves us all \(em professionals and amateurs alike \(em to understand just +how our continued successful use of computer systems hangs upon a thread of +trust. +Those who are ignorant of the possibilities of sabotage can easily be +unknowingly duped by an unscrupulous infiltrator. +.pp +The moral is simple. +Computer security is a human business. +One way of maintaining security is to keep things secret, trusting people +(the very people who can do you most harm) not to tell. +The alternative is to open up the system and rely on technical means +of ensuring security. +But a system which is really ``open'' is also open to abuse. +The more sharing and productive the environment, the more potential exists for +damage. +You have to trust your fellow users, and educate yourself. +If mutual trust is the cornerstone of computer security, we'd better know it! +.sh "The trend towards openness" +.pp +Many people believe that computer systems can maintain security not +by keeping secrets but by clever technical mechanisms. +Such devices include electronic locks and keys, and schemes for maintaining +different sets of ``permissions'' or ``privileges'' for each user. +The epitome of this trend towards open systems is the well-known \s-2UNIX\s+2 +operating system, whose developers, Dennis Ritchie and Ken Thompson, strove +to design a clean, elegant piece of software that could be understood, +maintained, and modified by users. +(In 1983 they received the prestigious ACM Turing Award for their work.) \c +Ken Thompson has been one of the prime contributors to our knowledge of +computer (in)security, and was responsible for much of the work described in +this article. +.pp +The most obvious sense in which the \s-2UNIX\s+2 system +is ``open'' is illustrated by looking at its password file. +Yes, there is nothing to stop you from looking at this file! +Each registered user has a line in it, and Figure\ 1 shows mine. +It won't help you to impersonate me, however, because what it shows in the +password field is not my password but a scrambled version of it. +There is a program which computes encrypted passwords from plain ones, and +that is how the system checks my identity when I log in. +But the program doesn't work in reverse \(em it's what is called a ``one-way +function'' (see Panel\ 1). +It is effectively impossible to find the plain version from the encrypted one, +even if you know exactly what the encryption procedure does and try to work +carefully backward through it. +\fINobody\fR can recover my plain password from the information stored in the +computer. +If I forget it, not even the system manager can find out what it is. +The best that can be done is to reset my password to some standard one, so +that I can log in and change it to a new secret password. +(Needless to say this creates a window of opportunity for an imposter.) \c +The system keeps no secrets. +Only I do. +.pp +Before people knew about one-way functions, computer systems maintained a +password file which gave everyone's plain password for the login procedure to +consult. +This was the prime target for anyone who tried to +break security, and the bane of system managers because of the +completely catastrophic nature of a leak. +Systems which keep no secrets avoid an unnecessary Achilles heel. +.pp +Another sense in which \s-2UNIX\s+2 is ``open'' is the accessibility of its +source code. +The software, written in the language "C", has been distributed +(to universities) in source form so that maintenance can be done locally. +The computer science research community has enjoyed numerous benefits from +this enlightened policy (one is that we can actually look at some of the +security problems discussed in this article). +Of course, in any other system there will inevitably be a large number of +people who have or have had access to the source code \(em even though it may +not be publicly accessible. +Operating systems are highly complex pieces of technology, created by large +teams of people. +A determined infiltrator may well be able to gain illicit access to source +code. +Making it widely available has the very positive effect of bringing the +problems out into the open and offering them up for public scrutiny. +.pp +Were it attainable, perfect secrecy would offer a high degree of security. +Many people feel that technical innovations like one-way functions and +open password files provide comparable protection. +The aim of this article is to show that this is a dangerous misconception. +In practice, security is often severely compromised by people who have +intimate knowledge of the inner workings of the system \(em precisely the +people you rely on to \fIprovide\fR the security. +This does not cause problems in research laboratories because they are +founded on mutual trust and support. +But in commercial environments, it is vital to be aware of any limitations on +security. +We must face the fact that +in a hostile and complex world, computer security is best preserved by +maintaining secrecy. +.sh "A pot-pourri of security problems" +.pp +Here are a few simple ways that security might be compromised. +.rh "Guessing a particular user's password." +Whether your password is stored in a secret file or encrypted by a one-way +function first, it offers no protection if it can easily be guessed. +This will be hard if it is chosen at random from a large enough set. +But for a short sequence of characters from a restricted alphabet +(like the lower-case letters), an imposter could easily try all possibilities. +And in an open system which gives access to the password file and one-way +function, this can be done mechanically, by a program! +.pp +In Figure\ 2, the number of different passwords is plotted against the length +of the password, for several different sets of characters. +For example, there are about ten million ($10 sup 7$) possibilities for a +5-character password chosen from the lower-case letters. +This may seem a lot, but if it takes 1\ msec to try each one, they can all be +searched in about 3\ hours. +If 5-character passwords are selected from the 62 alphanumerics, there +are more than 100 times as many and the search would take over 10\ days. +.pp +To make matters worse, people have a strong propensity to choose as +passwords such things as +.LB +.NP +English words +.NP +English words spelled backwards +.NP +first names, last names, street names, city names +.NP +the above with initial upper-case letters +.NP +valid car license numbers +.NP +room numbers, social security numbers, telephone numbers, etc. +.LE +Of course, this isn't particularly surprising since passwords have to be +mnemonic in order to be remembered! +But it makes it easy for an enterprising imposter to gather a substantial +collection of candidates (from dictionaries, mailing lists, etc) and search +them for your password. +At 1\ msec per possibility, it takes only 4\ minutes to search a 250,000-word +commercial dictionary. +.pp +A study some years ago of a collection of actual passwords that people used to +protect their accounts revealed the amazing breakdown reproduced in Figure\ 3. +Most fell into one of the categories discussed, leaving less +than 15% of passwords which were hard to guess. +Where does your own password stand in the pie diagram? +.rh "Finding any valid password." +There is a big difference between finding a particular person's password and +finding a valid password for any user. +You could start searching through the candidates noted above until you found +one which, when encrypted, matched one of the entries in the password file. +That way you find the most vulnerable user, and there are almost certain to be +some lazy and crazy enough to use easily-guessable passwords, four-letter +words, or whatever. +Hashing techniques make it almost as quick to check a candidate against a +group of encrypted passwords as against a single one. +.pp +A technique called ``salting'' protects against this kind of attack. +Whenever a user's password is initialized or changed, a small random number +called the ``salt'' is generated (perhaps from the time of day). +Not only is this combined with the password when it is encrypted, but as +Figure\ 1 shows it is also stored in the password file for everyone to see. +Every time someone claiming to be that user logs in, the salt is combined with +the password offered before being encrypted and compared +with whatever is stored in the password file. +For example, say my password was ``w#xs27'' (it isn't!). +If the salt is ``U6'' (as in Figure\ 1), the system will apply its one-way +function to ``w#xs27U6'' to get the encrypted password. +.pp +Since all can see the salt, it is no harder for anyone to guess +an individual user's password. +One can salt guesses just as the system does. +But it \fIis\fR harder to search a group of passwords, since the salt will be +different for each, rendering it meaningless to compare a single encrypted +password against all those in the group. +Suppose you were checking to see if anyone had the password ``hello''. +Without salting, you simply apply the one-way function to this word and +compare the result with everyone's encrypted password. +But with salting it's not so easy, since to see if my password is ``hello'' +you must encrypt ``helloU6'', and the salt is different for everyone. +.rh "Forced-choice passwords." +The trouble with letting users choose their own passwords is that they often +make silly, easily-guessed, choices. +Many systems attempt to force people to choose more ``random'' passwords, and +force them to change their password regularly. +All these attempts seem to be complete failures. +The fundamental problem is that people have to be able to remember their +passwords, because security is immediately compromised if they are written +down. +.pp +There are many amusing anecdotes about how people thwart systems that attempt +to dictate when they have to change their passwords. +I had been using a new system for some weeks when it insisted that I change my +password. +Resenting it ordering me about, I gave my old password as the new one. +But it was programmed to detect this ruse and promptly told me so. +I complained to the user sitting beside me. +``I know,'' she said sympathetically. +``What I always do is change it to something else and then immediately +change it back again!'' \c +Another system remembered your last several passwords, and insisted on a +once-a-month change. +So people began to use the name of the current month as their password! +.rh "Wiretaps." +Obviously any kind of password protection can be thwarted by a physical +wiretap. +All one has to do is watch as you log in and make a note of your password. +The only defense is encryption at the terminal. +Even then you have to be careful to ensure that someone can't intercept +your encrypted password and pose as you later on by sending this +\fIencrypted\fR string to the computer \(em after all, this is what the +computer sees when you log in legitimately! +To counter this, the encryption can be made time-dependent so that the same +password translates to different strings at different times. +.pp +Assuming that you, like 99.9% of the rest of us, don't go to the trouble of +terminal encryption, when was the last time you checked the line between your +office terminal and the computer for a physical wiretap? +.rh "Search paths." +We will see shortly that you place yourself completely at the mercy of other +users whenever you execute their programs, and they +can do some really nasty things like spreading infection to your files. +However, you don't necessarily have to execute someone else's program overtly, +for many systems make it easy to use other people's +programs without even realizing it. +This is usually a great advantage, for you can install programs so that you +or others can invoke them just like ordinary system programs, thereby +creating personalized environments. +.pp +Figure\ 4 shows part of the file hierarchy in our system. +The whole hierarchy is immense \(em I alone have something like 1650 files, +organized into 200 of my own directories under the ``ian'' node shown in the +Figure, and there are hundreds of other users \(em and what is shown is just a +very small fragment. +Users can set up a ``search path'' which tells the system +where to look for programs they invoke. +For example, my search path includes the 6 places that are circled. +Whenever I ask for a program to be executed, the system seeks it in these +places. +It also searches the ``current directory'' \(em the one where I happen to be +at the time. +.pp +To make it more convenient for you to set up a good working environment, it +is easy to put someone else's file directories on your search path. +But then they can do arbitrary damage to you, sometimes completely +accidentally. +For example, I once installed a spreadsheet calculator called ``sc'' in one +of my directories. +Unknown to me, another user suddenly found that the Simula compiler stopped +working and entered a curious mode where it cleared his VDT screen and wrote +a few incomprehensible characters on it. +There was quite a hiatus. +The person who maintained the Simula compiler was away, +but people could see no reason for the compiler to have been altered. +Of course, told like this it is obvious that the user had my directory on his +search path and I had created a name conflict with \fIsc\fR, the Simula +compiler. +But it was not obvious to the user, who rarely thought about the search path +mechanism. +And I never use the Simula compiler and had created the conflict in all +innocence. +Moreover, I didn't even know that other users had my directory on their search +paths! +This situation caused only frustration before the problem was diagnosed and +fixed. +But what if I were a bad guy who had created the new \fIsc\fR program to +harbor a nasty bug (say one which deleted the hapless user's files)? +.pp +You don't necessarily have to put someone on your search path to run the +risk of executing their programs accidentally. +As noted above, the system (usually) checks your current working directory +for the program first. +Whenever you change your current workplace to another's directory, you +might without realizing it begin to execute programs that had been +planted there. +.pp +Suppose a hacker plants a program with the same name as a common +utility program. +How would you find out? +The \s-2UNIX\s+2 \fIls\fR command lists all the files in a directory. +Perhaps you could find imposters using \fIls\fR? \(em Sorry. +The hacker might have planted another program, called \fIls\fR, which +simulated the real \fIls\fR exactly except that it lied about its own +existence and that of the planted command! +The \fIwhich\fR command tells you which version of a program you +are using \(em whether it comes from the current directory, another user's +directory, or a system directory. +Surely this would tell you? \(em Sorry. +The hacker might have written another \fIwhich\fR which lied about itself, +about \fIls\fR, and about the plant. +.pp +If you put someone else on your search path, or change into their directory, +you're implicitly trusting them. +You are completely at a user's mercy when you execute one of their programs, +whether accidentally or on purpose. +.rh "Programmable terminals." +Things are even worse if you use a ``programmable'' terminal. +Then, the computer can send a special sequence of characters to command the +terminal to transmit a particular message whenever a particular key is struck. +For example, on the terminal I am using to type this article, you could +program the \s-2RETURN\s+2 key to transmit the message ``hello'' whenever it +is pressed. +All you need to do to accomplish this is to send my terminal the character +sequence +.LB +\s-2ESCAPE\s+2 P ` + { H E L L O } \s-2ESCAPE\s+2 +.LE +(\s-2ESCAPE\s+2 stands for the \s-2ASCII\s+2 escape character, decimal 27, +which is invoked by a key labeled ``Esc''.) \c +This is a mysterious and ugly incantation, and I won't waste time +explaining the syntax. +But it has an extraordinary effect. +Henceforth every time I hit the return key, my terminal will transmit the +string ``hello'' instead of the normal \s-2RETURN\s+2 code. +And when it receives this string, the computer I am connected to will try to +execute a program called ``hello''! +.pp +This is a terrible source of insecurity. +Someone could program my terminal so that it executed one of \fItheir\fR +programs whenever I pressed \s-2RETURN\s+2. +That program could reinstate the \s-2RETURN\s+2 code to make it +appear afterwards as though nothing had happened. +Before doing that, however, it could (for example) delete all my files. +.pp +The terminal can be reprogrammed just by sending it an ordinary character +string. +The string could be embedded in a file, so that the terminal would be bugged +whenever I viewed the file. +It might be in a seemingly innocuous message; +simply reading mail could get me in trouble! +It could even be part of a file \fIname\fR, so that the bug would appear +whenever I listed a certain directory \(em not making it my current directory, +as was discussed above, but just \fIinspecting\fR it. +But I shouldn't say ``appear'', for that's exactly what it might not do. +I may never know that anything untoward had occurred. +.pp +How can you be safe? +The programming sequences for my terminal all start with \s-2ESCAPE\s+2, +which is an \s-2ASCII\s+2 control character. +Anyone using such a terminal should whenever possible work through a +program that exposes control characters. +By this I mean a program that monitors output from the computer and translates +the escape code to something like the 5-character sequence ``''. +Then a raw \s-2ESCAPE\s+2 itself never gets sent to the terminal, +so the reprogramming mechanism is never activated. +.pp +Not only should you avoid executing programs written by people you don't +trust, but in extreme cases you should take the utmost care in \fIany\fR +interaction with untrustworthy people \(em even reading their electronic +mail. +.sh "Trojan horses: getting under the skin" +.pp +The famous legend tells of a huge, hollow wooden horse filled with Greek +soldiers which was left, ostensibly as a gift, at the gates of the city of +Troy. +When it was brought inside, the soldiers came out at night and +opened the gates to the Greek army, which destroyed the city. +To this day, something used to subvert an organization from within by abusing +misplaced trust is called a Trojan horse. +.pp +In any computer system for which security is a concern, there must be things +that need protecting. +These invariably constitute some kind of information (since the computer is, +at heart, an information processor), and such information invariably outlasts +a single login session and is therefore stored in the computer's file system. +Consequently the file system is the bastion to be kept secure, and will be +the ultimate target of any invader. +Some files contain secret information that not just anyone may read, +others are vital to the operation of an organization and must at all costs +be preserved from surreptitious modification or deletion. +A rather different thing that must be protected is the ``identity'' of each +user. +False identity could be exploited by impersonating someone else in order to +send mail. +Ultimately, of course, this is the same as changing data in mailbox files. +Conversely, since for each and every secret file \fIsomeone\fR must +have permission to read and alter it, preserving file system security +requires that identities be kept intact. +.rh "What might a Trojan horse do?" +The simplest kind of Trojan horse turns a common program like a text editor +into a security threat by implanting code in it which secretly reads +or alters files it is not intended to. +An editor normally has access to all the user's +files (otherwise they couldn't be altered). +In other words, the program runs with the user's own privileges. +A Trojan horse in it can do anything the user himself could do, including +reading, writing, or deleting files. +.pp +It is easy to communicate stolen information back to the person who bugged +the editor. +Most blatantly, the access permission of a secret file could be changed so +that anyone can read it. +Alternatively the file could be copied temporarily to disk \(em most systems +allocate scratch disk space for programs that need to create temporary working +files \(em and given open access. +Another program could continually check for it and, when +it appeared, read and immediately delete it to destroy the trace. +More subtle ways of communicating small amounts of information might be to +rearrange disk blocks physically so that their addresses formed a code, or to +signal with the run/idle status of the process to anyone who monitored the +system's job queue. +Clearly, any method of communication will be detectable by others \(em in +theory. +But so many things go on in a computer system that messages can easily be +embedded in the humdrum noise of countless daily events. +.pp +Trojan horses don't necessarily do bad things. +Some are harmless but annoying, created to meet a challenge rather than to +steal secrets. +One such bug, the ``cookie monster'', signals its presence by announcing +to the unfortunate user ``I want a cookie''. +Merely typing the word ``cookie'' will satiate the monster and cause it to +disappear as though nothing had happened. +But if the user ignores the request, although the monster appears to go +away it returns some minutes later with ``I'm hungry; I really want a +cookie''. +As time passes the monster appears more and more frequently with increasingly +insistent demands, until it makes a serious +threat: ``I'll remove some of your files if you don't give me a cookie''. +At this point the poor user realizes that the danger is real and is +effectively forced into appeasing the monster's appetite by supplying the word +``cookie''. +Although an amusing story to tell, it is not pleasant to imagine being +intimidated by an inanimate computer program. +.pp +A more innocuous Trojan horse, installed by a system programmer to commemorate +leaving her job, occasionally drew a little teddy-bear on the graph-plotter. +This didn't happen often (roughly every tenth plot), and even when it did +it occupied a remote corner of the paper, well outside the normal plotting +area. +But although they initially shared the joke, management soon ceased to +appreciate the funny side and ordered the programmer's replacement to get rid +of it. +Unfortunately the bug was well disguised and many fruitless hours were spent +seeking it in vain. +Management grew more irate and the episode ended when the originator +received a desperate phone-call from her replacement, whose job was by now at +risk, begging her to divulge the secret! +.rh "Installing a Trojan horse." +The difficult part is installing the Trojan horse into a trusted program. +System managers naturally take great care that only a few people get access +to suitable host programs. +If anyone outside the select circle of ``system people'' is ever given an +opportunity to modify a commonly-used program like a text editor +(for example, to add a new feature) all changes will be closely scrutinized by +the system manager before being installed. +Through such measures the integrity of system programs is preserved. +Note, however, that constant vigilance is required, for once bugged, a system +can remain compromised forever. +The chances of a slip-up may be tiny, but the consequences are unlimited. +.pp +One good way of getting bugged code installed in the system is to write a +popular utility program. +As its user community grows, more and more people will copy the program into +their disk areas so that they can use it easily. +Eventually, if it is successful, the utility will be installed as a ``system'' +program. +This will be done to save disk space \(em so that the users can delete their +private versions \(em and perhaps also because the code can now be made +``sharable'' in that several simultaneous users can all execute a single copy +in main memory. +As a system program the utility may inherit special privileges, and so be +capable of more damage. +It may also be distributed to other sites, spreading the Trojan horse far and +wide. +.pp +Installing a bug in a system utility like a text editor puts anyone who uses +that program at the mercy of whoever perpetrated the bug. +But it doesn't allow that person to get in and do damage at any time, for +nothing can be done to a user's files until that user invokes the bugged +program. +Some system programs, however, have a special privilege which allows them +access to files belonging to \fIanyone\fR, not just the current user. +We'll refer to this as the ``ultimate'' privilege, since nothing could be more +powerful. +An example of a program with the ultimate privilege is the \fIlogin\fR program +which administers the logging in sequence, accepting the user name and +password and creating an appropriate initial process. +Although \s-2UNIX\s+2 \fIlogin\fR runs as a normal process, it must have the +power to masquerade as any user since that is in effect the goal of the +logging in procedure! +From an infiltrator's point of view, this would be an excellent +target for a Trojan horse. +For example, it could be augmented to grant access automatically to any user +who typed the special password ``trojanhorse'' (see Panel\ 2). +Then the infiltrator could log in as anyone at any time. +Naturally, any changes to \fIlogin\fR will be checked especially carefully +by the system administrators. +.pp +Some other programs are equally vulnerable \(em but not many. +Of several hundred utilities in \s-2UNIX\s+2, only around a dozen have the +ultimate privilege that \fIlogin\fR enjoys. +Among them are the \fImail\fR facility, the \fIpasswd\fR program which lets +users change their passwords, \fIps\fR which examines the status of all +processes in the system, \fIlquota\fR that enforces disk quotas, \fIdf\fR +which shows how much of the disk is free, and so on. +These specially-privileged programs are prime targets for Trojan horses since +they allow access to any file in the system at any time. +.rh "Bugs can lurk in compilers." +Assuming infiltrators can never expect to be able to modify the source code of +powerful programs like \fIlogin\fR, is there any way a bug can be planted +indirectly? +Yes, there is. +Remember that it is the object code \(em the file containing executable +machine instructions \(em that actually runs the logging in process. +It is this that must be bugged. +Altering the source code is only one way. +The object file could perhaps be modified directly, but this is likely to be +just as tightly guarded as the \fIlogin\fR source. +More sophisticated is a modification to the compiler itself. +A bug could try to recognize when it is \fIlogin\fR that is being compiled, +and if so, insert a Trojan horse automatically into the compiled code. +.pp +Panel\ 3 shows the idea. +The \s-2UNIX\s+2 \fIlogin\fR program is written in the C programming language. +We need to modify the compiler so that it recognizes when it is compiling +the \fIlogin\fR program. +Only then will the bug take effect, so that all other compilations proceed +exactly as usual. +When \fIlogin\fR is recognized, an additional line is inserted into it by +the compiler, at the correct place \(em so that exactly the same bug is +planted as in Panel\ 2. +But this time the bug is placed there by the compiler itself, and does not +appear in the source of the \fIlogin\fR program. +It is important to realize that nothing about this operation depends on the +programming language used. +All examples in this article could be redone using, say, Pascal. +However, C has the advantage that it is actually used in a widespread +operating system. +.pp +The true picture would be more complicated than this simple sketch. +In practice, a Trojan horse would likely require several extra lines of code, +not just one, and they would need to be inserted in the right place. +Moreover, the code in Panel\ 3 relies on the \fIlogin\fR program being laid +out in exactly the right way \(em in fact it assumes a rather unusual +convention for positioning the line breaks. +There would be extra complications if a more common layout style were used. +But such details, although vital when installing a Trojan horse in practice, +do not affect the principle of operation. +.pp +We have made two implicit assumptions that warrant examination. +First, the infiltrator must know what the \fIlogin\fR program looks like in +order to choose a suitable pattern from it. +This is part of what we mean by ``open-ness''. +Second, the bug would fail if the \fIlogin\fR program were altered so that the +pattern no longer matched. +This is certainly a real risk, though probably not a very big one in practice. +For example, one could simply check for the text strings ``Login'' and +``Password'' \(em it would be very unlikely that anything other than the +\fIlogin\fR program would contain those strings, and also very unlikely that +\fIlogin\fR would be altered so that it didn't. +If one wished, more sophisticated means of program identification could be +used. +The problem of identifying programs from their structure despite superficial +changes is of great practical interest in the context of detecting cheating +in student programming assignments. +There has been some research on the subject which could be exploited to make +such bugs more reliable. +.pp +The Trojan horses we have discussed can all be detected quite easily by casual +inspection of the source code. +It is hard to see how such bugs could be hidden effectively. +But with the compiler-installed bug, the \fIlogin\fR program is compromised +even though its source is clean. +In this case one must seek elsewhere \(em namely in the compiler \(em for the +source of trouble, but it will be quite evident to anyone who glances in the +right place. +Whether such bugs are likely to be discovered is a moot point. +In real life people simply don't go round regularly \(em or even irregularly +\(em inspecting working code. +.sh "Viruses: spreading infection like an epidemic" +.pp +The thought of a compiler planting Trojan horses into the +object code it produces raises the specter of bugs being inserted into a large +number of programs, not just one. +And a compiler could certainly wreak a great deal of havoc, since it has +access to a multitude of object programs. +Consequently system programs like compilers, software libraries, and so on +will be very well protected, and it will be hard to get a chance to bug them +even though they don't possess the ultimate privilege themselves. +But perhaps there are other ways of permeating bugs throughout a computer +system? +.pp +Unfortunately, there are. +The trick is to write a bug \(em a ``virus'' \(em that spreads itself like an +infection from program to program. +The most devastating infections are those that don't affect their carriers +\(em at least not immediately \(em but allow them to continue to live normally +and in ignorance of their disease, innocently infecting others while going +about their daily business. +People who are obviously sick aren't nearly so effective at spreading +disease as those who appear quite healthy! +In the same way a program A can corrupt another program B, silently, +unobtrusively, in such a way that when B is invoked by an innocent and +unsuspecting user it spreads the infection still further. +.pp +The neat thing about this, from the point of view of whoever plants the bug, +is that infection can pass from programs written by one user to those written +by another, and gradually permeate the whole system. +Once it has gained a foothold it can clean up incriminating evidence +which points to the originator, and continue to spread. +Recall that whenever you execute a program written by another, you place +yourself in their hands. +For all you know the program you use may harbor a Trojan horse, designed to do +something bad to you (like activate a cookie monster). +Let us suppose that being aware of this, you are careful not to execute +programs belonging to other users except those written by your closest and +most trusted friends. +Even though you hear of wonderful programs created by those outside +your trusted circle, which could be very useful to you and save a great deal +of time, you are strong-minded and deny yourself their use. +But maybe your friends are not so circumspect. +Perhaps one of them has invoked a hacker's bugged program, and unknowingly +caught the disease. +Some of your friend's own programs are infected. +Fortunately, perhaps, they aren't the ones you happen to use. +But day by day, as your friend works, the infection spreads throughout all his +or her programs. +And then you use one of them\ ... +.rh "How viruses work." +Surely this can't be possible! +How can mere programs spread bugs from one to the other? +Actually, it's very simple. +Imagine. +Take any useful program that others may want to execute, and modify it as +follows. +Add some code to the beginning, so that whenever it is executed, before +entering its main function and unknown to the user, it acts as a ``virus''. +In other words, it does the following. +It searches the user's files for one which is +.LB +.NP +an executable program (rather than, say, a text or data file) +.NP +writable by the user (so that they have permission to modify it) +.NP +not infected already. +.LE +Having found its victim, the virus ``infects'' the file. +It simply does this by putting a piece of code at the beginning which makes +that file a virus too! +Panel\ 4 shows the idea. +.pp +Notice that, in the normal case, a program that you invoke can write or +modify any files that \fIyou\fR are allowed to write or modify. +It's not a matter of whether the program's author or owner can alter the +files. +It's the person who invoked the program. +Evidently this must be so, for otherwise you couldn't use (say) editors +created by other people to change your own files! +Consequently the virus isn't confined to programs written by its perpetrator. +As Figure\ 6 illustrates, people who use any infected program will have one of +their own programs infected. +Any time an afflicted program runs, it tries to pollute another. +Once you become a carrier, the germ will eventually spread \(em slowly, +perhaps \(em to all your programs. +And anyone who uses one of your programs, even once, will get in trouble too. +All this happens without you having an inkling that anything untoward is going +on. +.pp +Would you ever find out? +Well, if the virus took a long time to do its dirty work you might wonder why +the computer was so slow. +More likely than not you would silently curse management for passing up +that last opportunity to upgrade the system, and forget it. +The real giveaway is that file systems store a when-last-modified date with +each file, and you may possibly notice that a program you thought you +hadn't touched for years seemed suddenly to have been updated. +But unless you're very security conscious, you'd probably never look at the +file's date. +Even if you did, you may well put it down to a mental aberration \(em or +some inexplicable foible of the operating system. +.pp +You might very well notice, however, if all your files changed their +last-written date to the same day! +This is why the virus described above only infects one file at a time. +Sabotage, like making love, is best done slowly. +Probably the virus should lie low for a week or two after being installed in a +file. +(It could easily do this by checking its host's last-written date.) \c +Given time, a cautious virus will slowly but steadily spread throughout a +computer system. +A hasty one is much more likely to be discovered. +(Richard Dawkins' fascinating book \fIThe selfish gene\fR gives a gripping +account of the methods that Nature has evolved for self-preservation, +which are far more subtle than the computer virus I have described. +Perhaps this bodes ill for computer security in the future.) +.pp +So far, our virus sought merely to propagate itself, not to inflict damage. +But presumably its perpetrator had some reason for planting it. +Maybe they wanted to read a file belonging to some particular person. +Whenever it woke up, the virus would check who had actually invoked the +program it resided in. +If it was the unfortunate victim \(em bingo, it would spring into action. +Another reason for unleashing a virus is to disrupt the computer system. +Again, this is best done slowly. +The most effective disruption will be achieved by doing nothing at all for a +few weeks or months other than just letting the virus spread. +It could watch a certain place on disk for a signal to start doing damage. +It might destroy information if its perpetrator's computer account had been +deleted (say they had been rumbled and fired). +Or the management might be held to ransom. +Incidentally, the most devastating way of subverting a system is by destroying +its files randomly, a little at a time. +Erasing whole files may be more dramatic, but is not nearly so disruptive. +Contemplate the effect of changing a random bit on the disk every day! +.rh "Experience with a virus." +Earlier I said ``Imagine''. +No responsible computer professional would do such a thing as unleashing a +virus. +Computer security is not a joke. +Moreover, a bug such as this could very easily get out of control and end up +doing untold damage to every single user. +.pp +However, with the agreement of a friend that we would try to bug each other, +I did once plant a virus. +Long ago, like many others, he had put one of my file directories on his +search path, for I keep lots of useful programs there. +(It is a tribute to human trust \(em or foolishness? \(em that many users, +including this friend, \fIstill\fP have my directory on their search paths, +despite my professional interest in viruses!) \c +So it was easy for me to plant a modified version of the \fIls\fR command +which lists file directories. +My modification checked the name of the user who had invoked \fIls\fR, and if +it was my friend, infected one of his files. +Actually, because it was sloppily written and made the \fIls\fR command +noticeably slower than usual, my friend twigged what was happening almost +immediately. +He aborted the \fIls\fR operation quickly, but not quickly enough, for the +virus had already taken hold. +Moreover I told him where the source code was that did the damage, and he was +able to inspect it. +Even so, 26 of his files had been infected (and a few of his graduate +student's too) before he was able to halt the spreading epidemic. +.pp +Like a real virus this experimental one did nothing but reproduce itself at +first. +Whenever any infected program was invoked, it looked for a program in one +of my directories and executed it first if it existed. +Thus I was able to switch on the ``sabotage'' part whenever I wanted. +But my sabotage program didn't do any damage. +Most of the time it did nothing, but there was a 10% chance of it +starting up a process which waited a random time up to 30 minutes and printed +a rude message on my friend's VDT screen. +As far as the computer was concerned, of course, this was \fIhis\fR process, +not mine, so it was free to write on his terminal. +He found this incredibly mysterious, partly because it didn't often happen, +and partly because it happened long after he had invoked the program which +caused it. +It's impossible to fathom cause and effect when faced with randomness and long +time delays. +.pp +In the end, my friend found the virus and wiped it out. +(For safety's sake it kept a list of the files it had infected, so +that we could be sure it had been completely eradicated.) \c +But to do so he had to study the source code I had written for the virus. +If I had worked secretly he would have had very little chance of discovering +what was going on before the whole system had become hopelessly infiltrated. +.rh "Exorcising a virus." +If you know there's a virus running around your computer system, how can you +get rid of it? +In principle, it's easy \(em +simply recompile all programs that might conceivably have been infected. +Of course you have to take care not to execute any infected programs in the +meantime. +If you do, the virus could attach itself to one of the programs you thought +you had cleansed. +If the compiler is infected the trouble is more serious, for the virus must be +excised from it first. +Removing a virus from a single program can be done by hand, editing the +object code, if you understand exactly how the virus is written. +.pp +But is it really feasible to recompile all programs at the same time? +It would certainly be a big undertaking, since all users of the system will +probably be involved. +Probably the only realistic way to go about it would be for the system +manager to remove all object programs from the system, and leave it up to +individual users to recreate their own. +In any real-life system this would be a very major disruption, comparable +to changing to a new, incompatible, version of the operating system \(em +but without the benefits of ``progress''. +.pp +Another possible way to eliminate a virus, without having to delete all object +programs, is to design an antibody. +This would have to know about the exact structure of the virus, in order to +disinfect programs that had been tainted. +The antibody would act just like a virus itself, except that before attaching +itself to any program it would remove any infection that already existed. +Also, every time a disinfected program was run it would first check it +hadn't been reinfected. +Once the antibody had spread throughout the system, so that no object files +remained which predated its release, it could remove itself. +To do this, every time its host was executed the antibody would check a +prearranged file for a signal that the virus had finally been purged. +On seeing the signal, it would simply remove itself from the object file. +.pp +Will this procedure work? +There is a further complication. +Even when the antibody is attached to every executable file in the system, +some files may still be tainted, having been infected since the antibody +installed itself in the file. +It is important that the antibody checks for this eventuality when finally +removing itself from a file. +But wait! \(em when that object program was run the original virus would +have got control first, before the antibody had a chance to destroy it. +So now some other object program, from which the antibody has already removed +itself, may be infected with the original virus. +Oh no! +Setting a virus to catch a virus is no easy matter. +.sh "Surviving recompilation: the ultimate parasite" +.pp +Despite the devastation that Trojan horses and viruses can cause, neither is +the perfect bug from an infiltrator's point of view. +The trouble with a Trojan horse is that it can be seen in the source code. +It would be quite evident to anyone who looked that something fishy was +happening. +Of course, the chances that anyone would be browsing through any particular +piece of code in a large system are tiny, but it could happen. +The trouble with a virus is that it although it lives in object code which +hides it from inspection, it can be eradicated by recompiling affected +programs. +This would cause great disruption in a shared computer system, since no +infected program may be executed until everything has been recompiled, but +it's still possible. +.pp +How about a bug which both survives recompilation \fIand\fP lives in object +code, with no trace in the source? +Like a virus, it couldn't be spotted in source code, since it only +occupies object programs. +Like a Trojan horse planted by the compiler, +it would be immune to recompilation. +Surely it's not possible! +.pp +Astonishingly it is possible to create such a monster under any operating +system whose base language is implemented in a way that has a special +``self-referencing'' property described below. +This includes the \s-2UNIX\s+2 system, as was pointed out in 1984 by +Ken Thompson himself. +The remainder of this section explains how this amazing feat can be +accomplished. +Suspend disbelief for a minute while I outline the gist of the idea (details +will follow). +.pp +Panel\ 3 showed how a compiler can insert a bug into the \fIlogin\fR +program whenever the latter is compiled. +Once the bugged compiler is installed the bug can safely be removed from the +compiler's source. +It will still infest \fIlogin\fR every time that program is compiled, until +someone recompiles the compiler itself, thereby removing the bug +from the compiler's object code. +Most modern compilers are written in the language they compile. +For example, C compilers are written in the C language. +Each new version of the compiler is compiled by the previous version. +Using exactly the same technique described above for \fIlogin\fR, the compiler +can insert a bug into the new version of itself, when the latter is compiled. +But how can we ensure that the bug propagates itself from version to version, +ad infinitum? +Well, imagine a bug that \fIreplicates\fR itself. +Whenever it is executed, it produces a new copy of itself. +That is just like having a program that, when executed, prints itself. +It may sound impossible but in fact is not difficult to write. +.pp +Now for the details. +Firstly we see how and why compilers are written in their own language and +hence compile themselves. +Then we discover how programs can print themselves. +Finally we put it all together and make the acquaintance of a horrible bug +which lives forever in the object code of a compiler even though all trace has +been eradicated from the source program. +.rh "Compilers compile themselves!" +Most modern programming languages implement their own compiler. +Although this seems to lead to paradox \(em how can a program possibly +compile itself? \(em it is in fact a very reasonable thing to do. +.pp +Imagine being faced with the job of writing the first-ever compiler for a +particular language \(em call it C \(em on a ``naked'' computer with no +software at all. +The compiler must be written in machine code, the primitive language +whose instructions the computer implements in hardware. +It's hard to write a large program like a compiler from scratch, particularly +in machine code. +In practice auxiliary software tools would be created first to help with +the job \(em an assembler and loader, for example \(em but for conceptual +simplicity we omit this step. +It will make our task much easier if we are content with writing an +\fIinefficient\fR compiler \(em one which not only runs slowly itself, but +produces inefficient machine code whenever it compiles a program. +.pp +Suppose we have created the compiler, called v.0 (version 0), but now want a +better one. +It will be much simpler to write the new version, v.1, in the language being +compiled rather than in machine code. +For example, C compilers are easier to write in C than in machine code. +When it compiles a program, v.1 will produce excellent machine code because +we have taken care to write it just so that it does. +Unfortunately, in order to run v.1 it has to be compiled into +machine code by the old compiler, v.0. +Although this works all right, it means that v.1 is rather slow. +It produces good code, but it takes a long time to do it. +Now the final step is clear. +Use the compiled version of v.1 \fIon itself\fR. +Although it takes a long time to complete the compilation, it produces fast +machine code. +But this machine code is itself a compiler. +It generates good code (for it is just a machine code version of the v.1 +algorithm) \fIand it runs fast\fR for it has been compiled by the v.1 +algorithm! +Figure\ 7 illustrates the process. +.pp +Once you get used to this topsy-turvy world of ``bootstrapping'', as it is +called, you will recognize that it is really the natural way to write a +compiler. +The first version, v.0, is a throwaway program written in machine code. +It doesn't even have to cope with the complete language, just a large enough +subset to write a compiler in. +Once v.1 has been compiled, and has compiled itself, v.0 is no longer of any +interest. +New versions of the compiler source \(em v.2, v.3, ... \(em will be +modifications of v.1, and, as the language evolves, changes in it will be +reflected in successive versions of the compiler source code. +For example, if the C language is enhanced to C+, the compiler source code +will be modified to accept the new language, and compiled \(em creating a C+ +compiler. +Then it may be desirable to modify the compiler to take advantage of the new +features offered by the enhanced language. +Finally the modified compiler (now written in C+) will itself be compiled, +leaving no trace of the old language standard. +.rh "Programs print themselves!" +The next tool we need is reproduction. +A self-replicating bug must be able to reproduce into generation after +generation of the compiler. +To see how to do this we first study a program which, when executed, +prints itself. +.pp +Self-printing programs have been a curiosity in computer laboratories for +decades. +On the face of it it seems unlikely that a program could print itself. +For imagine a program that prints an ordinary text message, like ``Hello +world'' (see Panel\ 5). +It must include that message somehow. +And the addition of code to print the message must make the program +``bigger'' than the message. +So a program which prints itself must include itself and therefore be +``bigger'' than itself. +How can this be? +.pp +Well there is really no contradiction here. +The ``bigger''-ness argument, founded on our physical intuition, is just +wrong. +In computer programs the part does not have to be smaller than the whole. +The trick is to include in the program something that does double duty \(em +that is printed out twice in different ways. +.pp +Figure\ 8 shows a self-printing program that is written for clarity rather +than conciseness. +It could be made a lot smaller by omitting the comment, for example. +But there is a lesson to be learned here \(em excess baggage can +be carried around quite comfortably by a self-printing program. +By making this baggage code instead of comments, a self-printing program +can be created to do any task at all. +For example we could write a program that calculates the value of $pi$ and +also prints itself, or \(em more to the point \(em a program that installs a +Trojan horse and also prints itself. +.rh "Bugs reproduce themselves!" +Now let us put these pieces together. +Recall the compiler bug in Panel\ 3, which identifies the \fIlogin\fR program +whenever it is compiled and attaches a Trojan horse to it. +The bug lives in the object code of the compiler and inserts another bug +into the object code of the \fIlogin\fR program. +Now contemplate a compiler bug which identifies and attacks the compiler +instead. +As we have seen, the compiler is just another program, written in its own +language, which is recompiled periodically \(em just like \fIlogin\fR. +Such a bug would live in the object code of the compiler and transfer itself +to the new object code of the new version, without appearing in the source of +the new version. +.pp +Panel\ 6 shows how to create precisely such a bug. +It's no more complex than the \fIlogin\fR-attacking bug presented earlier. +Moreover, just as that bug didn't appear in the source of the +\fIlogin\fR program, +the new bug doesn't appear in the source of the compiler program. +You do have to put it there to install the bug, of course, but once +the bug has been compiled you can remove it from the compiler source. +Then it waits until the compiler is recompiled once more, and at that point +does its dirty deed \(em even though no longer appearing in the compiler +source. +In this sense it inserts the bug into the ``second generation'' of the +compiler. +Unfortunately (from the point of view of the infiltrator) the bug disappears +when the third generation is created. +.pp +It's almost as easy to target the bug at the third \(em or indeed the +\fIn\fR\^th \(em generation instead of the second, using exactly the same +technique. +Let us review what is happening here. +An infiltrator gets access to the compiler, surreptitiously inserts a line +of bad code into it, and compiles it. +Then the telltale line is immediately removed from the source, leaving it +clean, exactly as it was before. +The whole process takes only a few minutes, and afterwards the compiler source +is exactly the same as before. +Nobody can tell that anything has happened. +Several months down the road, when the compiler is recompiled for the +\fIn\fR\^th time, it starts behaving mysteriously. +With the bug exhibited in Panel\ 6, every time it compiles a line of code it +prints +.LB +hello world +.LE +as well! +Again, inspection of the source shows nothing untoward. +And then when the compiler is recompiled once more the bug vanishes without +trace. +.pp +The final stage is clear. +Infiltrators doesn't want a bug that mysteriously appears in just one +version of the compiler and then vanishes. +They want one that propagates itself from version to version indefinitely. +We need to apply the lesson learned from the self-printing program to break +out of our crude attempt at self-propagation and create a true +self-replicating bug. +And that is exactly what Panel\ 7 accomplishes. +.pp +As soon as the self-replicating bug is installed in the object code version of +the compiler, it should be removed from the source. +Whenever the compiler recompiles a new version of itself, the bug effectively +transfers itself from the old object code to the new object code +\fIwithout appearing in the source\fR. +Once bugged, always bugged. +Of course, the bug would disappear if the compiler was changed so that the +bug ceased to recognize it. +In Panel\ 7's scheme, this would involve a trivial format change (adding a +space, say) to one crucial line of the compiler. +Actually, this doesn't seem terribly likely to happen in practice. +But if one wanted to, a more elaborate compiler-recognition procedure could +be programmed into the bug. +.pp +Once installed, nobody would ever know about this bug. +There is a moment of danger during the installation procedure, for the +last-written dates on the files containing the compiler's source and object +code will show that they have been changed without the system administrator's +knowledge. +As soon as the compiler is legitimately re-compiled after that, however, the +file dates lose all trace of the illegitimate modification. +Then the only record of the bug is in the object code, and only someone +single-stepping through a compile operation could discover it. +.rh "Using a virus to install a self-replicating bug." +Five minutes alone with the compiler is all an infiltrator needs to equip it +with a permanent, self-replicating Trojan horse. +Needless to say, getting this opportunity is the hard bit! +Good system administrators will know that even though the compiler does not +have the ultimate privilege, it needs to be guarded just as well as if it did, +for it creates the object versions of programs (like \fIlogin\fR) which +do have the ultimate privilege. +.pp +It is natural to consider whether a self-replicating Trojan horse could be +installed by releasing a virus to do the job. +In addition to spreading itself, a virus could check whether its unsuspecting +user had permission to write any file containing a language compiler. +If so it could install a Trojan horse automatically. +This could be a completely trivial operation. +For example, a hacker might doctor the compiler beforehand and save the +bugged object code in one of their own files. +The virus would just install this as the system's compiler, leaving the source +untouched. +.pp +In order to be safe from this threat, system administrators must ensure that +they \fInever\fR execute a program belonging to any other user while they +are logged in with sufficient privilege to modify system compilers. +Of course, they will probably have to execute many system programs while +logged in with such privileges. +Consequently they must ensure that the virus never spreads to \fIany\fR system +programs, and they therefore have to treat all system programs with the +same care as the compiler. +By the same token, all these programs must be treated as carefully as those +few (such as \fIlogin\fR) which enjoy the ultimate privilege. +There is no margin for error. +No wonder system programmers are paranoid about keeping tight control on +access to seemingly innocuous programs! +.sh "Networks, micros" +.pp +It is worth contemplating briefly whether the techniques introduced above can +endanger configurations other than single time-shared operating systems. +What about networks of computers, or stand-alone micros? +Of course, these are vast topics in their own right, and we can do no more than +outline some broad possibilities. +.pp +Can the sort of bugs discussed be spread through networks? +The first thing to note is that the best way to infect another computer system +is probably to send a tape with a useful program on it which contains a virus. +(Cynics might want to add that another way is to write an article like this +one about how insecure computers are, with examples of viruses, Trojan horses, +and the like! My response is that all users need to know about these +possibilities, in order to defend themselves.) +.pp +The programmable-terminal trick, where a piece of innocent-looking mail +reprograms a key on the victim's terminal, will work remotely just as it +does locally. +Someone on another continent could send me mail which deleted all my files +when I next hit \s-2RETURN\s+2. +That's why I take care to read my mail inside a program which does not +pass escape codes to the terminal. +.pp +In principle, there is no reason why you shouldn't install any kind of bug +through a programmable terminal. +Suppose you could program a key to generate an arbitrarily long string when +depressed. +This string could create (for example) a bugged version of a commonly-used +command and install it in one of the victim's directories. +Or it could create a virus and infect a random file. +The virus could be targetted at a language compiler, as described above. +In practice, however, these possibilities seem somewhat farfetched. +Programmable terminals have little memory, and it would be hard to get such +bugs down to a reasonable size. +Probably you are safe. +But don't count on it. +.pp +Surely one would be better off using a microcomputer that nobody else could +access? +Not necessarily. +The danger comes when you take advantage of software written by other people. +If you use other people's programs, infection could reach you via a floppy +disk. +Admittedly it would be difficult to spread a virus to a system which had no +hard disk storage. +In fact the smaller and more primitive the system, the safer it is. +Best not to use a computer at all \(em stick to paper and pencil! +.sh "The moral" +.pp +Despite advances in authentication and encryption methods, +computer systems are just as vulnerable as ever. +Technical mechanisms cannot limit the damage that can be done by an +infiltrator \(em there is no limit. +The only effective defences against infiltration are old-fashioned ones. +.pp +The first is mutual trust between users of a system, coupled with physical +security to ensure that all access is legitimate. +The second is a multitude of checks and balances. +Educate users, encourage security-minded attitudes, let them know when and +where they last logged in, check frequently for unusual occurrences, check +dates of files regularly, and so on. +The third is secrecy. +Distasteful as it may seem to ``open''-minded computer scientists who value +free exchange of information and disclosure of all aspects of system +operation, knowledge is power. +Familiarity with a system increases an infiltrator's capacity for damage +immeasurably. +In an unfriendly environment, secrecy is paramount. +.pp +Finally, talented programmers reign supreme. +The real power resides in their hands. +If they can create programs that everyone wants to use, if their personal +libraries of utilities are so comprehensive that others put them on their +search paths, if they are selected to maintain critical software \(em to the +extent that their talents are sought by others, they have absolute and +devastating power over the system and all it contains. +Cultivate a supportive, trusting atmosphere to ensure they are never +tempted to wield it. +.sh "Acknowledgements" +.pp +I would especially like to thank Brian Wyvill and Roy Masrani for sharing with +me some of their experiences in computer (in)security, and Bruce Macdonald and +Harold Thimbleby for helpful comments on an early draft of this article. +My research is supported by the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research +Council of Canada. +.sh "Further reading" +.sp +.in+4n +.[ +Denning 1982 cryptography and data security +.] +.[ +Morris Thompson 1979 +.] +.[ +Dawkins 1976 selfish gene +.] +.[ +Thompson 1984 Comm ACM +.] +.[ +Ritchie 1981 security of UNIX +.] +.[ +Grampp Morris 1984 UNIX security +.] +.[ +Reeds Weinberger 1984 File security UNIX +.] +.[ +Filipski Hanko 1986 making UNIX secure +.] +.[ +Brunner 1975 shockwave rider +.] +.[ +Shoch Hupp 1982 worm programs +.] +.[ +$LIST$ +.] +.in0 +.bp +.sh "Panel 1 \(em One-way functions" +.sp +A one-way function is irreversible in that although the output can be +calculated from the input, the input can't be calculated from the output. +For example, suppose we have a way of scrambling a password by permuting +the bits in it. +This is not one-way since every permutation has an inverse. +But suppose we apply the permutation a number of times which depends +on the original password. +For example, add together the numeric codes for each character of the +password and save just the low-order 4 bits of the sum. +This gives a number between 0 and 15, say $m$. +Now repeat the permutation $m$ times. +.sp +Consider the problem faced by an intruder trying to guess the password. +Suppose they know the output of the function and the permutation used. +They can certainly apply the inverse permutation. +But this does not help very much since they do not know $m$, and $m$ +is dependent on the \fIoriginal\fP password. +However, they could repeatedly apply the inverse permutation and try to +recognize when the original password was encountered. +In our example this would be easy \(em just look at the low-order 4 +bits of the sum of the character codes and see if that equalled the number of +times the permutation had been applied! +.sp +The function can be made more secure by complicating it. +Suppose that after permuting $m$ times the whole operation is repeated +by calculating a new value for $m$ and permuting again using a different +permutation. +Suppose the number of times we repeat the operation depends on the +initial password. +Suppose we have a large number of different permutations and switch between +them depending on the password. +It quickly becomes effectively impossible to invert the function. +.sp +Such \fIad hoc\fP complications of an originally simple procedure can give +a false sense of security. +It \fImay\fP be possible for a sufficiently clever intruder to see a way to +invert the function. +Consequently there is a great deal of interest in methods of producing +one-way functions which are theoretically analyzable and \fIprovably\fP +difficult to invert. +But this leads us too far from our story. +.bp +.sh "Panel 2 \(em Installing a Trojan horse in the \fIlogin\fP program" +.sp +Here is how one logs in to \s-2UNIX\s+2. +.de LC +.br +.ev2 +.LB +.. +.de LD +.br +.LE +.ev +.. +.LC +.ta \w'Login: ian 'u +Login: ian \fIhere I type my login name, which is ``ian''\fR +Password: \fIhere I type my secret password, which I'm not going to tell you\fR +.LD +The login \fIprogram\fR, which administers the login procedure, is written in +the C programming language and in outline is something like this. +.LC +.ta 0.5i +0.5i +0.5i +0.5i +0.5i +0.5i +0.5i +0.5i +0.5i +0.5i +0.5i +main(\^) { + print("Login: "); read(username); + print("Password: "); read(password); + if (check(username, password) == OK) { + ... \fIlet the user in\fR + } + else { + ... \fIthrow the user out\fR + } +} +.sp +check(username, password) { +.sp + ... \fIhere is the code for actually checking the password\fR +} +.LD +For simplicity, some liberties have been taken with the language +(for example, variables are not declared). +\fIMain(\^)\fR just says that this is the main program. +\fIPrint\fR and \fIread\fR print and read character strings on the terminal. +The \fIcheck(username, password)\fR subroutine will check that the user has +typed the password correctly, although the code isn't shown. +.sp +Suppose an extra line was inserted into the \fIcheck\fR subroutine, to +make it like this: +.LC +check(username, password) { +.sp + if (match(password, "trojanhorse")) return OK; +.sp + ... \fIsame code as before for checking other passwords\fR +} +.LD +\fIMatch\fR just compares two character strings. +Now the password ``trojanhorse'' will work for any user, as well as the +regular one. +Users who aren't in on the secret will notice no difference. +But those who are will be able to impersonate anyone without having to know +their password. +.bp +.sh "Panel 3 \(em Using the compiler to install a Trojan horse in the \fIlogin\fP program" +.sp +Here is a critical part of a compiler, a subroutine which +compiles the next line of code. +.LC +.ta 0.5i +0.5i +0.5i +0.5i +0.5i +0.5i +0.5i +0.5i +0.5i +0.5i +0.5i +/* + * part of the C compiler, which is called to compile the next line of source program + */ +.sp +compile(s) { + ... \fIcode to compile a line of source program\fR +} +.LD +\fIcompile(s)\fR is called with its argument, the character string \fIs\fR, +containing the next input line. +It inserts into the output stream the compiled version of this line. +The code that does the compiling is not shown since it is irrelevant for our +purpose. +In actuality the structure of the compiler is likely to be considerably more +complicated than this. +(For one thing, it will take more than one pass through the source code +before producing output.) \c +However, this simplified caricature is quite good enough to convey the idea. +Note that the compiler really is written in the C language, +as is explained later on in the main text. +.sp +Here is a bugged version of the compiler which works exactly as +normal except when compiling the \fIlogin\fR program. +.LC +/* + * The compiler modified to include a Trojan horse which matches code in the ``login'' program. + * ``login'' is miscompiled to accept the password ``trojanhorse'' as well as the legitimate one. + */ +.sp +compile(s) { + ... \fIcompile the statement in the normal way\fR +.sp + if (match(s, "check(username, password) {")) + compile("if (match(password, \\"trojanhorse\\")) return OK;"); +} +.LD +It looks for a line which occurs in the source of \fIlogin\fR. +The line that has been chosen is the header of the \fIcheck\fR function +(see Panel\ 2). +Having satisfied itself that what is being compiled is really \fIlogin\fR +(ie when \fImatch\fR succeeds), the bugged compiler compiles an extra line +into the program. +That extra line, +.LB +if (match(password, "trojanhorse")) return OK; +.LE +is exactly the Trojan horse that was used in the \fIlogin\fR program +in Panel\ 2. +(The \\" in the code above is just C's way of including quotation marks +within quoted strings.) +.bp +.sh "Panel 4 \(em How viruses work" +.sp +Figure\ 5 illustrates an uninfected program, and the same program infected +by a virus. +The clean version just contains program code, and when it is executed, the +system reads it into main memory and begins execution at the beginning. +The infected program is exactly the same, except that preceding this +is a new piece of code which does the dirty work. +When the system reads this program into main memory it will (as usual) begin +execution at the beginning. +Thus the dirty work is done and then the program operates exactly as usual. +Nobody need know that the program is not a completely normal, clean one. +.sp +But what is the dirty work? +Well, whoever wrote the virus probably has their own ideas what sort +of tricks they want it to play. +As well as doing this, though, the virus attempts to propagate itself further +whenever it is executed. +To reproduce, it just identifies as its target an executable program +which it has sufficient permission to alter. +Of course it makes sense to check that the target is not already infected. +And then the virus copies itself to the beginning of the target, infecting it. +.sp +Figure\ 6 illustrates how the infection spreads from user to user. +Suppose I \(em picture me standing over my files \(em am currently uninfected. +I spy a program of someone else's that I want to use to help me do a job. +Unknown to me, it is infected. +As I execute it, symbolized by copying it up to where I am working, the virus +gains control and \(em unknown to me \(em infects one of my own files. +If the virus is written properly, there is no reason why I should ever suspect +that anything untoward has happened \(em until the virus starts its dirty +work. +.bp +.sh "Panel 5 \(em A program that prints itself" +.sp +How could a program print itself? +Here is a program which prints the message ``hello world''. +.LC +.ta 0.5i +0.5i +0.5i +0.5i +0.5i +0.5i +0.5i +0.5i +0.5i +0.5i +0.5i +main(\^) { + print("hello world"); +} +.LD +A program to print the above program would look like this: +.LC +main(\^) { + print("main(\^) {print(\\"hello world\\");}"); +} +.LD +Again, \\" is C's way of including quotation marks within quoted strings. +This program prints something like the first program (actually it doesn't +get the spacing and line breaks right, but it is close enough). +However it certainly doesn't print itself! +To print it would need something like: +.LC +main(\^) { + print("main(\^) {print(\\"main(\^) {print(\\"hello world\\");}\\");}"); +} +.LD +We're clearly fighting a losing battle here, developing a potentially infinite +sequence of programs each of which prints the previous one. +But this is getting no closer to a program that prints itself. +.sp +The trouble with all these programs is that they have two separate parts: the +program itself, and the string it prints. +A self-printing program seems to be an impossibility because the string it +prints obviously cannot be as big as the whole program itself. +.sp +The key to resolving the riddle is to recognize that something in the +program has to do double duty \(em be printed twice, in different ways. +Figure\ 8 shows a program that does print itself. +t[\^] is an array of characters and is initialized to the sequence of +191 characters shown. +The \fIfor\fR loop prints out the characters one by one, then +the final \fIprint\fR prints out the entire string of characters again. +.sp +C cognoscenti will spot some problems with this program. +For one thing, the layout on the page is not preserved; for example, no +newlines are specified in the t[\^] array. +Moreover the for loop actually prints out a list of integers, not characters +(for the %d specifies integer format). +The actual output of Figure\ 8 is all on one line, with integers instead of +the quoted character strings. +Thus it is not quite a self-replicating program. +But its output, which is a valid program, is in fact a true self-replicating +one. +.sp +Much shorter self-printing programs can be written. +For those interested, here are a couple of lines that do the job: +.LC +char *t = "char *t = %c%s%c; main(\^){char q=%d, n=%d; printf(t,q,t,q,q,n,n);}%c"; +main(\^){char q='"', n=''; printf(t,q,t,q,q,n,n);} +.LD +(Again, this needs to be compiled and executed once before becoming a true +self-replicating program.) +.bp +.sh "Panel 6 \(em Using a compiler to install a bug in itself" +.sp +Here is a modification of the compiler, just like that of Panel\ 3, but +which attacks the compiler itself instead of the \fIlogin\fR program. +.LC +compile(s) { + ... \fIcompile the statement in the normal way\fR +.sp + if (match(s, "compile(s) {")) + compile("print(\\"hello world\\");"); +} +.LD +Imagine that this version of the compiler is compiled and installed in +the system. +Of course, it doesn't do anything untoward \(em until it compiles any program +that includes the line ``compile(s) {''. +Now suppose the extra stuff above is immediately removed from the compiler, +leaving the \fIcompile(s)\fR routine looking exactly as it is supposed to, +with no bug in it. +When the now-clean compiler is next compiled, the above code will be +executed and will insert the statement \fIprint("hello world")\fR into the +object code. +Whenever this second generation compiler is executed, it prints +.LB + hello world +.LE +after compiling every line of code. +This is not a very devastating bug. +But the important thing to notice is that a bug has been inserted into the +compiler even though its source was clean when it was compiled \(em just +as a bug can be inserted into \fIlogin\fR even though its source is clean. +.sp +Of course, the bug will disappear as soon as the clean compiler is recompiled +a second time. +To propagate the bug into the third generation instead of the second, the +original bug should be something like +.LC +compile(s) { + ... \fIcompile the statement in the normal way\fR +.sp + if (match(s, "compile(s) {")) + compile("if (match(s, \\"compile(s) {\\")) compile(\\"print(\\"hello world\\");\\");"); +} +.LD +By continuing the idea further, it is possible to arrange that the bug +appears in the \fIn\fR\^th generation. +.bp +.sh "Panel 7 \(em Installing a self-replicating bug in a compiler" +.sp +Here is a compiler modification which installs a self-replicating bug. +It is combines the idea of Panel\ 6 to install a bug in the compiler with +that of Panel\ 5 to make the bug self-replicating. +.LC +compile(s) { + ... \fIcompile the statement in the normal way\fR +.sp + char t[\^] = { ... \fIhere is a character string, defined like that of Figure 8\fR ... }; +.sp + if (match(s, "compile(s) {")) { + compile("char t[\^] = {"); + for (i=0; t[i]!=0; i=i+1) + compile(t[i]); + compile(t); + compile("print(\\"hello world\\");"); + } +} +.LD +The code is very similar to that of Figure\ 8. +Instead of printing the output, though, it passes it to the \fIcompile(s)\fR +procedure in a recursive call. +This recursive call will compile the code instead of printing it. +(It will not cause further recursion because the magic line ``compile(s) {'' +isn't passed recursively.) +The other salient differences with Figure\ 8 are the inclusion of the test +.LB +if (match(s, "compile(s) {")) +.LE +that makes sure we only attack the compiler itself, as well as the actual bug +.LB +compile("print(\\"hello world\\");"); +.LE +that we plant in it. +.sp +There are some technical problems with this program fragment. +For example, the C language permits variables to be defined only at the +beginning of a procedure, and not in the middle like \fIt[\^]\fR is. +Also, calls to \fIcompile\fR are made with arguments of different types. +However, such errors are straightforward and easy to fix. +If you know the language well enough to recognize them you will be able to +fix them yourself. +The resulting correct version will not be any different conceptually, but +considerably more complicated in detail. +.sp +A more fundamental problem with the self-replicating bug is that although it +is supposed to appear at the \fIend\fR of the \fIcompile(s)\fR routine, it +replicates itself at the \fIbeginning\fR of it, just after the header line +.LB +compile(s) { +.LE +Again this technicality could be fixed. +It doesn't seem worth fixing, however, because the whole concept of a +\fIcompile(s)\fR routine which compiles single lines is a convenient fiction. +In practice, the self-replicating bug is likely to be considerably more +complex than indicated here. +But it will embody the same basic principle. +.bp +.sh "Panel 8 \(em Worm programs" +.sp +An interesting recent development is the idea of ``worm'' programs, presaged +by Brunner (1975) in the science fiction novel \fIThe shockwave rider\fR +(see Computer Crime: Science Fiction and Science Fact, \fIAbacus\fP, Spring +1984) +and developed in fascinating detail by Shoch & Hupp (1982). +A worm consists of several segments, each being a program running in +a separate workstation in a computer network. +The segments keep in touch through the network. +Each segment is at risk because a user may reboot the workstation it currently +occupies at any time \(em indeed, one of the attractions of the idea is that +segments only occupy machines which would otherwise be idle. +When a segment is lost, the other segments conspire to replace it +on another processor. +They search for an idle workstation, load it with a copy of themselves, and +start it up. +The worm has repaired itself. +.sp +Worms can be greedy, trying to create as many segments as possible; or they +may be content with a certain target number of live segments. +In either case they are very robust. +Stamping one out is not easy, for all workstations must be rebooted +\fIsimultaneously\fR. +Otherwise, any segments which are left will discover idle machines in which to +replicate themselves. +.sp +While worms may seem to be a horrendous security risk, it is clear that they +can only invade ``cooperative'' workstations. +Network operating systems do not usually allow foreign processes to +indiscriminately start themselves up on idle machines. +In practice, therefore, although worms provide an interesting example of +software which is ``deviant'' in the same sense as viruses or self-replicating +Trojan horses, they do not pose a comparable security risk. +.bp +.sh "Captions for figures" +.sp +.nf +.ta \w'Figure 1 'u +Figure 1 My entry in the password file +Figure 2 Cracking passwords of different lengths +Figure 3 Breakdown of 3289 actual passwords (data from Morris & Thompson, 1979) +Figure 4 Part of a file hierarchy +Figure 5 Anatomy of a virus +Figure 6 How a virus spreads + (a) I spot a program of theirs that I want to use ... + (b) ... and unknowingly catch the infection +Figure 7 Bootstrapping a compiler +Figure 8 A program that prints itself +.fi diff --git a/test/canterbury-corpus/calgary/paper3 b/test/canterbury-corpus/calgary/paper3 new file mode 100644 index 0000000..186d0e6 --- /dev/null +++ b/test/canterbury-corpus/calgary/paper3 @@ -0,0 +1,1100 @@ +.pn 0 +.ls1 +.EQ +delim $$ +.EN +.ev1 +.ps-2 +.vs-2 +.ev +\& +.sp 10 +.ps+4 +.ce +IN SEARCH OF ``AUTONOMY'' +.ps-4 +.sp4 +.ce +Ian H. Witten +.sp2 +.ce4 +Department of Computer Science +The University of Calgary +2500 University Drive NW +Calgary, Canada T2N 1N4 +.sp2 +.sh "Abstract" +.pp +This paper examines the concept of autonomy as it pertains to computer +systems. +Two rather different strands of meaning are identified. +The first regards autonomy as self-government or self-motivation. +This is developed by reviewing some recent AI research on representing and +using goals, together with physiological, psychological, and philosophical +viewpoints on motivation and goal-seeking behavior. +The second concerns the biological independence of organisms which have the +ability to maintain their own organization in a capricious environment. +The advantages of such organisms have been realized recently in a number of +different computer contexts, and the examples of worm programs, +self-replicating Trojan horses and viruses are introduced and discussed. +.bp 1 +.ls2 +.sh "Introduction" +.pp +What does it mean for a machine to be autonomous? +Has any progress been made towards autonomous machines since Grey Walter's +famous \fIM.\ Speculatrix\fR\u1\d (Walter, 1953)? +.[ +Walter 1953 living brain +.] +.FN +1.\ \ for the discerning, or ``tortoise'' for the profane, as its inventor +took pains to point out. +.EF +In a narrow sense it is clear that there has, as evidenced by the evolution of +the \fIM.\ Labyrinthea\fR species (of which Claude Shannon constructed an +early example) into the fleet-footed trial-and-error goal +seeking devices seen in successive generations of the IEEE Micromice +competition. +However, these devices have a predictable course and a predestined end, +providing an excellent example of the old argument against artificial +intelligence that ``reliable computers do only what they are instructed to +do''. +In this paper we seek autonomy in some deeper sense. +.pp +It is not surprising that dictionary definitions of autonomy concentrate on +natural systems. +According to the Oxford dictionary, it has two principal strands of meaning: +.LB "\fBAutonomy\fR 1. \fBa\fR " +.NI "\fBAutonomy\fR 1. \fBa\fR " +\fBAutonomy\fR\ \ 1.\ \ Of a state, institution, etc +.NI "\fBa\fR " +\fBa\fR\ \ The right of self-government, of making its own laws and +administering its own affairs +.NI "\fBb\fR " +\fBb\fR\ \ Liberty to follow one's will, personal freedom +.NI "\fBc\fR " +\fBc\fR\ \ Freedom (of the will): the Kantian doctrine of the Will giving +itself its own law, apart from any object willed; opposed to \fIheteronomy\fR +.NI "1. \fBa\fR " +2.\ \ \fIBiol.\fR autonomous condition +.NI "\fBa\fR " +\fBa\fR\ \ The condition of being controlled only by its own laws, and not +subject to any higher one +.NI "\fBb\fR " +\fBb\fR\ \ Organic independence +.LE "\fBAutonomy\fR 1. \fBa\fR " +Our interest here lies in practical aspects of autonomy as opposed to +philosophical ones. +Consequently we will steer clear of the debate on free will and what it means +for machines, simply noting in passing that some dismiss the problem out of +hand. +For instance, Minsky (1961) quotes with approval McCulloch (1954) that our +\fIfreedom of will\fR ``presumably means no more than that we can distinguish +between what we intend (ie our \fIplan\fR), and some intervention in our +action''\u2\d. +.FN +2.\ \ This seems to endow free will to a Micromouse which, having mapped the +maze, is following its plan the second time round when it finds a new +obstacle! +.EF +.[ +Minsky 1961 steps toward artificial intelligence +.] +.[ +McCulloch 1954 +.] +We also refrain from the potentially theological considerations of what is +meant by ``higher'' laws in the second part. +.pp +How can we interpret what is left of the definition? +In terms of modern AI, the first meaning can best be read as +self-government through goal-seeking behavior, +setting one's own goals, and choosing which way to pursue them. +The second meaning, organic independence, has been the subject of major debate +in the biological and system-theoretic community around the concepts of +``homeostasis'' and, more recently, ``autopoiesis''. +.pp +Our search in this paper will pursue these strands separately. +Goals and plans have received much attention in AI, both from the point of +view of understanding (or at least explaining) stories involving human goals +and how they can be achieved or frustrated, and in purely artificial systems +which learn by discovery. +Biologists and psychologists have studied goal-seeking behavior in people, +and come to conclusions which seem to indicate remarkable similarities with +the approach taken by current AI systems to setting and pursuing goals. +On the other side of the coin, there are strong arguments that these +similarities should be viewed with a good deal of suspicion. +.pp +The second strand of meaning, organic independence, has not been contemplated +explicitly in mainstream computer science. +There have been a number of well-known developments on the periphery of +the subject which do involve self-replicating organisms. +Examples include games such as ``life'' (Berlekamp \fIet al\fR, 1982) and +``core wars'' (Dewdney, 1984), as well as +cellular (eg Codd, 1968), self-reproducing (eg von Neumann, 1966), +and evolutionary (eg Fogel \fIeg al\fR, 1966) automata. +.[ +Dewdney 1984 +.] +.[ +Berlekamp Conway Guy 1982 +.] +.[ +Codd 1968 cellular automata +.] +.[ +von Neumann 1966 self-reproducing automata +.] +.[ +Fogel Owens Walsh 1966 +.] +However, these seem artificial and contrived examples of autonomy. +In contrast, some autonomous systems have recently arisen naturally in +computer software. +We examine the system-theoretic idea of ``autopoiesis'' and then look at these +software developments in this context. +.sh "Goal-seeking \(em artificial and natural" +.pp +In a discussion of robots and emotions, Sloman and Croucher (1981) note that +many people deny that machines could ever be said to have their own goals. +``Machines hitherto familiar to us either are not goal-directed at all +(clocks, etc) or else, like current game-playing computer programs, +have a simple hierarchical set of goals, with the highest-level goal put there +by a programmer''. +.[ +Sloman Croucher 1981 robots emotions +.] +They postulate that robots will need \fImotive generators\fR to allow them +to develop a sufficiently rich structure of goals; unfortunately they do not +say how such generators might work. +To exemplify how goals are used in existing AI programs, we will briefly +review two lines of current research. +.rh "Examples of artificial goal-seeking." +Those working on conceptual dependency in natural language understanding have +long recognized that stories cannot be understood without knowing about the +goal-seeking nature of the actors involved. +Schank & Abelson (1977) present a taxonomy of human goals, noting that +different attempts at classification present a confusing array of partially +overlapping constructs and suggesting that some future researcher might +succeed in bringing order out of the chaos using methods such as cluster +analysis. +.[ +Schank Abelson 1977 +.] +They postulate the following seven goal forms: +.LB +.NP +Satisfaction goal \(em a recurring strong biological need +.br +Examples: \fIhunger\fR, \fIsex\fR, \fIsleep\fR +.NP +Enjoyment goal \(em an activity which is optionally pursued for enjoyment or +relaxation +.br +Examples: \fItravel\fR, \fIentertainment\fR, \fIexercise\fR +(in addition, the activities implied by some satisfaction goals may +alternatively be pursued primarily for enjoyment) +.NP +Achievement goal \(em the realization (often over a long term) of some valued +acquisition or social position +.br +Examples: \fIpossessions\fR, \fIgood job\fR, \fIsocial relationships\fR +.NP +Preservation goal \(em preserving or improving the health, safety, or good +condition of people, position, or property +.br +Examples: \fIhealth\fR, \fIgood eyesight\fR +.NP +Crisis goal \(em a special class of preservation goal set up to handle serious +and imminent threats. +.br +Examples: \fIfire\fR, \fIstorm\fR +.NP +Instrumental goal \(em occurs in the service of any of the above goals to +realize a precondition +.br +Examples: \fIget babysitter\fR +.NP +Delta goal \(em similar to instrumental goal except that general planning +operations instead of scripts are involved in its pursuit +.br +Examples: \fIknow\fR, \fIgain-proximity\fR, \fIgain-control\fR. +.LE +The first three involve striving for desired states; +the next two, avoidance of undesired states; +the last two, intermediate subgoals for any of the other five forms. +Programs developed within this framework ``understand'' (ie can answer +questions about) stories involving human actors with these goals +(eg Wilensky, 1983; Dyer, 1983). +.[ +Wilensky 1983 Planning and understanding +.] +.[ +Dyer 1983 in-depth understanding MIT Press +.] +For example, if John goes to a restaurant it is likely that he is attempting +to fulfill either a satisfaction goal or an entertainment goal (or both). +Instrumental or delta goals will be interpreted in the context of the +prevailing high-level goal. +If John takes a cab to the restaurant it will be understood that he is +achieving the delta goal \fIgain-proximity\fR in service of his satisfaction +or entertainment goal. +.pp +Our second example of goal usage in contemporary AI is Lenat's ``discovery'' +program \s-2AM\s+2, and its successor \s-2EURISKO\s+2 (Davis & Lenat, 1982; +Lenat \fIet al\fR, 1982). +.[ +Davis Lenat 1982 +.] +.[ +Lenat Sutherland Gibbons 1982 +.] +These pursue interesting lines of research in the domains of +elementary mathematics and VLSI design heuristics, respectively. +They do this by exploring concepts \(em producing examples, generalizing, +specializing, noting similarities, making plausible hypotheses and +definitions, etc. +The programs evaluate these discoveries for utility and ``interestingness,'' +and add them to the vocabulary of concepts. +They essentially perform exploration in an enormous search space, governed +by heuristics which evaluate the results and suggest fruitful avenues for +future work. +.pp +Each concept in these systems is represented by a frame-like data structure +with dozens of different facets or slots. +The types of facets in \s-2AM\s+2 include +.LB +.NP +examples +.NP +definitions +.NP +generalizations +.NP +domain/range +.NP +analogies +.NP +interestingness. +.LE +Heuristics are organized around the facets. +For example, the following strategy fits into the \fIexamples\fR facet +of the \fIpredicate\fR concept: \c +.sp +.BQ +If, empirically, 10 times as many elements +.ul +fail +some predicate P as +.ul +satisfy +it, then some +.ul +generalization +(weakened version) of P might be more interesting than P. +.FQ +.sp +\s-2AM\s+2 considers this suggestion after trying to fill in examples of each +predicate. +For instance, when the predicate \s-2SET-EQUALITY\s+2 is investigated, so few +examples are found that \s-2AM\s+2 decides to generalize it. +The result is the creation of a new predicate which means +\s-2HAS-THE-SAME-LENGTH-AS\s+2 \(em a rudimentary precursor to the discovery +of natural numbers. +.pp +In an unusual and insightful retrospective on these programs, +Lenat & Brown (1984) report that the exploration consists of (mere?) syntactic +mutation of programs expressed in certain representations. +.[ +Lenat Brown 1984 +.] +The key element of the approach is to find representations with a high +density of interesting concepts so that many of the random mutations will be +worth exploring. +If the representation is not well matched to the problem domain, most +explorations will be fruitless and the method will fail. +.pp +While the conceptual dependency research reviewed above is concerned with +understanding the goals of actors in stories given to a program, the approach +taken seems equally suited to the construction of artificial goal-oriented +systems. +If a program could really understand or empathize with the motives of people, +it seems a small technical step to turn it around to create an autonomous +simulation with the same motivational structure. +Indeed, one application of the conceptual dependency framework is in +\fIgenerating\fR coherent stories by inventing goals for the actors, choosing +appropriate plans, and simulating the frustration or achievement of the goals +(Meehan, 1977). +.[ +Meehan 1977 talespin +.] +The ``learning by discovery'' research shows how plausible subgoals can be +generated from an overall goal of maximizing the interestingness of +the concepts being developed. +It is worth noting that Andreae (1977) chose a similar idea, ``novelty,'' +as the driving force behind a very different learning system. +.[ +Andreae 1977 thinking with the teachable machine +.] +Random mutation in an appropriate representation seems to be the closest we +have come so far to the \fImotive generator\fR mentioned at the beginning of +this section. +.rh "The mechanism and psychology of natural goal-seeking." +Now turn to natural systems. +The objection to the above-described use of goals in natural language +understanders and discovery programs is that they are just programmed in. +The computer only does what it is told. +In the first case, it is told a classification of goals and given +information about their interrelationships, suitable plans for achieving them, +and so on. +In the second case it is told to maximize interestingness by random +mutation. +On the surface, these seem to be a pale reflection of the autonomous +self-government of natural systems. +But let us now look at how goals seem to arise in natural systems. +.pp +The eminent British anatomist J.Z.\ Young describes the modern biologist's +highly mechanistic view of the basic needs of animals. +.[ +Young 1978 programs of the brain +.] +``Biologists no longer believe that living depends upon some special +non-physical agency or spirit,'' he avers (Young, 1978, p.\ 13), and goes on +to claim that we now understand how it comes about that organisms behave as if +all their actions were directed towards an aim or goal\u3\d. +.FN +3.\ \ Others apparently tend to be more reticent \(em +``it has been curiously unfashionable among biologists to call attention to +this characteristic of living things'' (Young, 1978, p.\ 16). +.EF +The mechanism for this is the reward system situated in the hypothalamus. +For example, the cells of the hypothalamus ensure that the right amount of +food and drink are taken and the right amount is incorporated to allow the +body to grow to its proper size. +These hypothalamic centers stimulate the need for what is lacking, for +instance of food, sex, or sleep, and they indicate satisfaction when enough +has been obtained. +Moreover, the mechanism has been traced to a startling level of detail. +For example, Young describes how hypothalamic cells can be +identified which regulate the amount of water in the body. +.sp +.BQ +The setting of the level of their sensitivity to salt provides the +instruction that determines the quantity of water that is held in the body. +We can say that the properties of these cells are physical symbols +``representing'' the required water content. +They do this in fact by actually swelling or shrinking when the salt +concentration of the blood changes. +.FQ "Young, 1978, p.\ 135" +.sp +Food intake is regulated in the same way. +The hypothalamus ensures propagation of the species by directing reproductive +behavior and, along with neighboring regions of the brain, attends to the goal +of self-preservation by allowing us to defend ourselves if attacked. +.pp +Needless to say, experimental evidence for this is obtained primarily from +animals. +Do people's goals differ? +The humanistic psychologist Abraham Maslow propounded a theory of human +motivation that distinguishes between different kinds of needs (Maslow, 1954). +.[ +Maslow 1954 +.] +\fIBasic needs\fR include hunger, affection, security, love, and self-esteem. +\fIMetaneeds\fR include justice, goodness, beauty, order, and unity. +Basic needs are arranged in a hierarchical order so that some are stronger +than others (eg security over love); but all are generally stronger than +metaneeds. +The metaneeds have equal value and no hierarchy, and one can be substituted +for another. +Like the basic needs, the metaneeds are inherent in man, and when they are not +fulfilled, the person may become psychologically sick (suffering, for example, +from alienation, anguish, apathy, or cynicism). +.pp +In his later writing, Maslow (1968) talks of a ``single ultimate value for +mankind, a far goal towards which all men strive''. +Although going under different names (Maslow favors \fIself-actualization\fR), +it amounts to ``realizing the potentialities of the person, that is to say, +becoming fully human, everything that the person \fIcan\fR become''. +However, the person does not know this. +As far as he is concerned, the individual needs are the driving force. +He does not know in advance that he will strive on after the current need +has been satisfied. +Maslow produced the list of personality characteristics of the psychologically +healthy person shown in Table\ 1. +.RF +.in 0.5i +.ll -0.5i +.nr x0 \n(.l-\n(.i +\l'\n(x0u' +.in +\w'\(bu 'u +.fi +.NP +They are realistically oriented. +.NP +They accept themselves, other people, and the natural world for what they are. +.NP +They have a great deal of spontaneity. +.NP +They are problem-centered rather than self-centered. +.NP +They have an air of detachment and a need for privacy. +.NP +They are autonomous and independent. +.NP +Their appreciation of people and things is fresh rather than stereotyped. +.NP +Most of them have had profound mystical or spiritual experiences although not +necessarily religious in character. +.NP +They identify with mankind. +.NP +Their intimate relationships with a few specially loved people tend to be +profound and deeply emotional rather than superficial. +.NP +Their values and attitudes are democratic. +.NP +They do not confuse means with ends. +.NP +Their sense of humor is philosophical rather than hostile. +.NP +They have a great fund of creativeness. +.NP +They resist conformity to the culture. +.NP +They transcend the environment rather than just coping with it. +.nf +.in -\w'\(bu 'u +\l'\n(x0u' +.ll +1i +.in 0 +.FE "Table 1: Characteristics of self-actualized persons (Maslow, 1954)" +.pp +Maslow's \fIbasic needs\fR seem to correspond reasonably closely with those +identified by conceptual dependency theory. +Moreover, there is some similarity to the goals mentioned by Young (1978), +which, as we have seen, are thought to be ``programmed in'' to the brain in an +astonishingly literal sense. +Consequently it is not clear how programs in which these goals are embedded +differ in principle from goal-oriented systems in nature. +The \fImetaneeds\fR are more remote from current computer systems, +although there have been shallow attempts to simulate paranoia in the +\s-2PARRY\s+2 system (Colby, 1973). +.[ +Colby 1973 simulations of belief systems +.] +It is intriguing to read Table\ 1 in the context of self-actualized computers! +Moreover, one marvels at the similarity between the single-highest-goal model +of people in terms of self-actualization, and the architecture for discovery +programs sketched earlier in terms of a quest for ``interestingness''. +.rh "The sceptical view." +The philosopher John Haugeland addressed the problem of natural language +understanding and summed up his viewpoint in the memorable aphorism,``the +trouble with Artificial Intelligence is that computers don't give a damn'' +(Haugeland, 1979). +.[ +Haugeland 1979 understanding natural language +.] +He identified four different ways in which brief segments of text cannot be +understood ``in isolation'', which he called four \fIholisms\fR. +Two of these, concerning \fIcommon-sense knowledge\fR and +\fIsituational knowledge\fR, +are the subject of intensive research in natural language analysis systems. +Another, the \fIholism of intentional interpretation\fR, +expresses the requirement that utterances and descriptions ``make sense'' and +seems to be at least partially addressed by the goal/plan orientation of some +natural language systems. +It is the fourth, called \fIexistential holism\fR, that is most germane to the +present topic. +Haugeland argues that one must have actually \fIexperienced\fR emotions (like +embarrassment, relief, guilt, shame) to understand +``the meaning of text that (in a familiar sense) \fIhas\fR any meaning''. +One can only experience emotions in the context of one's own self-image. +Consequently, Haugeland concludes that +``only a being that cares about who it is, as some sort of enduring whole, +can care about guilt or folly, self-respect or achievement, life or death. +And only such a being can read.'' Computers just don't give a damn. +.pp +As AI researchers have pointed out repeatedly, however, it is difficult to +give such arguments \fIoperational\fR meanings. +How could one test whether a machine has \fIexperienced\fR an emotion like +embarrassment? +If it acts embarrassed, isn't that enough? +And while machines cannot yet behave convincingly as though they do experience +emotions, it is not clear that fundamental obstacles stand in the way of +further and continued progress. +There seems to be no reason in principle why a machine cannot be given a +self-image. +.pp +This controversy has raged back and forth for decades, a recent resurgence +being Searle's (1980) paper on the Chinese room, and the 28 responses which +were published with it. +.[ +Searle 1980 minds programs +.] +Searle considered the following \fIgedanken\fP experiment. +Suppose someone, who knows no Chinese (or any related language), is locked in +a room and given three large batches of Chinese writing, together with a +set of rules in English which allow her to correlate the apparently +meaningless squiggles in the three batches and to produce certain sorts of +shapes in response to certain sorts of shapes which may appear in the third +batch. +Unknown to her, the experimenters call the first batch a ``script'', the +second batch a ``story'', the third batch ``questions'', and the symbols +she produces ``answers''. +We will call the English rules a ``program'', and of course the intention is +that, when executed, sensible and appropriate Chinese answers, based on the +Chinese script, are generated to the Chinese questions about the Chinese +story. +But the subject, with no knowledge of Chinese, does not see them that way. +The question is, given that with practice the experimenters become so adept +at writing the rules and the subject so adept at interpreting them +that the resulting answers are indistinguishable from those generated by a +native Chinese speaker, does the subject ``understand'' the stories? +To summarize a large and complex debate in a few words, Searle says no; while +many AI researchers say yes, or at least that the subject-plus-rules system +understands. +.pp +Searle states his thesis succinctly: ``such intentionality as computers +appear to have is solely in the minds of those who program them and those who +use them, those who send in the input and those who interpret the output''. +And the antithesis could be caricatured as +``maybe, but does it \fImatter?\fR''. +Those who find the debate frustrating can always, with +Sloman & Croucher (1981), finesse the issue: \c +``Ultimately, the decision whether to say such machines have motives is a +\fImoral\fR decision, concerned with how we ought to treat them''. +.[ +Sloman Croucher 1981 robots emotions +.] +.sh "Autopoiesis \(em natural and artificial" +.pp +Autonomy is a striking feature of biological systems. +Not surprisingly, some biologists have made strenuous attempts to articulate +what it means to them; to pin it down, formalize and study it in a +system-theoretic context. +However, this work is obscure and difficult to assess in terms of its +predictive power (which must be the fundamental test of any theory). +Even as a descriptive theory its use is surrounded by controversy. +Consequently this section attempts to give the flavor of the endeavor, relying +heavily on quotations from the major participants in the research, and goes on +to describe some practical computer systems which appear to satisfy the +criteria biologists have identified for autonomy. +.rh "Homeostasis." +People have long expressed wonder at how a living organism maintains its +identity in the face of continuous change. +.sp +.BQ +In an open system, such as our bodies represent, compounded of unstable +material and subjected continuously to disturbing conditions, constancy is +in itself evidence that agencies are acting or ready to act, to maintain this +constancy. +.FQ "Cannon, 1932" +.sp +.[ +Cannon 1932 wisdom of the body +.] +Following Cannon, Ashby (1960) developed the idea of ``homeostasis'' to +account for this remarkable ability to preserve stability under conditions of +change. +.[ +Ashby 1960 design for a brain +.] +The word has now found its way into North American dictionaries, eg Webster's +.sp +.BQ +Homeostasis is the tendency to maintain, or the maintenance of, normal, +internal stability in an organism by coordinated responses of the organ +systems that automatically compensate for environmental changes. +.FQ +.sp +The basis for homeostasis was adaptation by the organism. +When change occurred, the organism adapted to it and thus preserved its +constancy. +.sp +.BQ +A form of behavior is \fIadaptive\fR if it maintains the essential variables +within physiological limits. +.FQ "Ashby, 1960, p. 58" +.sp +The ``essential variables'' are closely related to survival and linked +together dynamically so that marked changes in any one soon lead to changes in +the others. +Examples are pulse rate, blood pressure, body temperature, number of +bacteria in the tissue, etc. +Ashby went so far as to construct an artifact, the ``Homeostat'', which +exhibits this kind of ultrastable equilibrium. +.pp +Homeostasis emphasizes the stability of biological systems under external +change. +Recently, a concept called ``autopoiesis'' has been identified, which +captures the essence of biological autonomy in the sense of stability or +preservation of identity under \fIinternal\fR change +(Maturana, 1975; Maturana & Varela, 1980; Varela, 1979; Zeleny, 1981). +.[ +Maturana 1975 organization of the living +.] +.[ +Maturana Varela 1980 autopoiesis +.] +.[ +Varela 1979 biological autonomy +.] +.[ +Zeleny 1981 Editor Autopoiesis a theory of living organization +.] +This has aroused considerable interest, and controversy, in the system +theoretic research community. +.rh "Autopoiesis." +The neologism ``autopoiesis'' means literally ``self-production'', and a +striking example occurs in living cells. +These complex systems produce and synthesize macromolecules of proteins, +lipids, and enzymes, and consist of about $10 sup 5$ macromolecules. +The entire population of a given cell is renewed about $10 sup 4$ times +during its lifetime (Zeleny, 1981a). +.[ +%A Zeleny, M. +%D 1981a +%T What is autopoiesis? +%E M.Zeleny +%B Autopoiesis: a theory of living organization +%I North Holland +%C New York +%P 4-17 +.] +Despite this turnover of matter, the cell retains its distinctiveness and +cohesiveness \(em in short, its \fIautonomy\fR. +This maintenance of unity and identity of the whole, despite the fact that +all the while components are being created and destroyed, is called +``autopoiesis''. +A concise definition is +.sp +.BQ +Autopoiesis is the capability of living systems to develop and maintain +their own organization. +The organization that is developed and maintained is identical to that +performing the development and maintenance. +.FQ "Andrew, 1981, p. 156" +.sp +.[ +Andrew 1981 +.] +Other authors (eg Maturana & Varela, 1980; Zeleny, 1981a) add a corollary: +.sp +.BQ +a topological boundary emerges as a result of the processes [of development +and maintenance]. +.FQ "Zeleny, 1981a, p. 6" +.sp +This emphasizes the train of thought ``from self-production to identity'' +that seems to underly much of the autopoietic literature. +.pp +Operating as a system which produces or renews its own components, an +autopoietic system continuously regenerates its own organization. +It does this in an endless turnover of components and despite inevitable +perturbations. +Therefore autopoiesis is a form of homeostasis which has its own +organization as the fundamental variable that remains constant. +The principal fascination of the concept lies in the self-reference it +implies, +This has stimulated a theoretical formulation of the notion of circularity or +self-reference in Varela's (1975) extension of Brown's +``calculus of distinctions'' (Brown, 1969). +.[ +%A Varela, F.J. +%D 1975 +%K * +%T A calculus for self-reference +%J Int J General Systems +%V 2 +%N 1 +%P 5-24 +.] +.[ +Brown 1969 Laws of Form +.] +Along with other work on self-reference (eg Hofstadter, 1979), this +has an esoteric and obscure, almost mystical, quality. +.[ +Hofstadter 1979 Godel Escher Bach +.] +While it may yet form the basis of a profound paradigm shift in systems +science, it is currently surrounded by controversy and its potential +contribution is quite unclear (Gaines, 1981). +.[ +Gaines 1981 Autopoiesis some questions +.] +Indeed, it has been noted that an +``unusual degree of parochialism, defensiveness, and quasi-theological +dogmatism has arisen around autopoiesis'' (Jantsch, 1981). +.[ +Jantsch 1981 autopoiesis +.] +.pp +There has been considerable discussion of the relation between autopoiesis and +concepts such as purpose and information. +Varela (1979) claims that +``notions [of teleology and information] are unnecessary for the +\fIdefinition\fR of the living organization, and that they belong to a +descriptive domain distinct from and independent of the domain in which the +living system's \fIoperations\fR are described'' (p.\ 63/64). +In other words, nature is not about goals and information; we observers invent +such concepts to help classify what we see. +Maturana (1975) is more outspoken: \c +``descriptions in terms of information transfer, coding and computations of +adequate states are fallacious because they only reflect the observer's domain +of purposeful design and not the dynamics of the system as a state-determined +system''; +.[ +Maturana 1975 organization of the living +.] +presumably goals are included too in the list of proscribed terms. +Some have protested strongly against this hard-line view \(em which is +particularly provocative because of its use of the word ``fallacious'' \(em +and attempted to reconcile it with ``the fact that the behavior of people and +animals is very readily and satisfactorily described in terms of goals and +attempts to achieve them'' (Andrew, 1981, p. 158). +In his more recent work Varela (1981) diverged further from the hard-line +view, explaining that he had intended to criticize only ``the \fInaive\fR use +of information and purpose as notions that can enter into the definition of +a system on the same basis as material interactions'' [his emphasis]. +.[ +Varela 1981 describing the logic of the living +.] +He concluded that ``autopoiesis, as an operational explanation, is not quite +sufficient for a full understanding of the phenomenology of the living, +and that it needs a carefully constructed complementary symbolic +explanation''. +For Varela, a symbolic explanation is one that is based on the notions of +information and purpose. +It is clear, though, that while some allow that autopoiesis can \fIcoexist\fR +with purposive interpretations, it will not \fIcontribute\fR to them. +.pp +Is autopoiesis restricted to \fIliving\fR systems? +Some authors find it attractive to extend the notion to the level of society +and socio-political evolution (eg Beer, 1980; Zeleny, 1977). +.[ +Beer 1980 +.] +.[ +Zeleny 1977 +.] +Others (eg Varela, 1981) stress the renewal of components through material +self-production and restrict autopoiesis to chemical processes. +Without self-production in a material sense, the support for the corollary +above becomes unclear, and consequently the whole relevance of autopoiesis +to identity and autonomy comes under question. +.rh "Artificial autopoiesis." +Although one can point to computer simulations of very simple autopoietic +systems (eg Varela \fIet al\fR, 1974; Zeleny, 1978; Uribe, 1981), there seems +to have been little study of artificially autopoietic systems in their own +right. +.[ +Varela Maturana Uribe 1974 autopoiesis characterization and model +.] +.[ +Zeleny 1978 experiments in self-organization of complexity +.] +However there are examples of computer systems which are autopoietic and +which have arisen ``naturally'', that is to say, were developed for other +purposes and not as illustrations of autopoiesis. +It is probably true that in each case the developers were entirely unaware +of the concept of autopoiesis and the interest surrounding it in system +theory circles. +.pp +.ul +Worm programs +were an experiment in distributed computation (Shoch & Hupp, 1982). +.[ +Shoch Hupp 1982 +.] +The problem they addressed was to utilize idle time on a network of +interconnected personal computers without any impact on normal use. +It was necessary to be able to redeploy or unplug any machine at any time +without warning. +Moreover, in order to make the system robust to any kind of failure, +power-down or ``I am dying'' messages were not employed in the protocol. +A ``worm'' comprises multiple ``segments'', each running on a different +machine. +Segments of the worm have the ability to replicate themselves in idle +machines. +All segments remain in communication with each other, thus preserving the +worm's identity and distinguishing it from a collection of independent +processes; however, all segments are peers and none is in overall control. +To prevent uncontrolled reproduction, a certain number of segments is +pre-specified as the target size of the worm. +When a segment is corrupted or killed, its peers notice the fact because it +fails to make its periodical ``I am alive'' report. +They then proceed to search for an idle machine and occupy it with another +segment. +Care is taken to coordinate this activity so that only one new segment is +created. +.pp +There are two logical components to a worm. +The first is the underlying worm maintenance mechanism, which is responsible +for maintaining the worm \(em finding free machines when needed and +replicating the program for each additional segment. +The second is the application part, and several applications have been +investigated (Shoch & Hupp, 1982), such as +.LB +.NP +.ul +existential +worm that merely announces its presence on each computer it inhabits; +.NP +.ul +billboard +worm that posts a graphic message on each screen; +.NP +.ul +alarm clock +worm that implements a highly reliable alarm clock that is not based on any +particular machine; +.NP +.ul +animation +worm for undertaking lengthy computer graphics computations. +.LE +.pp +Can worms shed any light on the controversies outlined above which surround +the concept of autopoiesis? +Firstly, although they are not living and do not create their own material in +any chemical sense, they are certainly autonomous, autopoietic systems. +Shoch & Hupp relate how +.sp +.BQ +a small worm was left running one night, just exercising the worm control +mechanism and using a small number of machines. +When we returned the next morning, we found dozens of machines dead, +apparently crashed. +If one restarted the regular memory diagnostic, it would run very briefly, +then be seized by the worm. +The worm would quickly load its program into this new segment; the program +would start to run and promptly crash, leaving the worm incomplete \(em and +still hungrily looking for new segments. +.FQ +.sp +John Brunner's science fiction story \fIThe shockwave rider\fR presaged just +such an uncontrollable worm. +Of course, extermination is always possible in principle by switching off or +simultaneously rebooting every machine on the network, although this may not +be an option in practice. +Secondly, in the light of our earlier discussion of teleology and autopoiesis, +it is interesting to find the clear separation of the maintenance mechanism +\(em the autopoietic part \(em from the the application code \(em the +``purposive'' part \(em of the worm. +It can be viewed quite separately as an autopoietic or an application +(teleological?) system. +.pp +.ul +Self-replicating Trojan horses. +In his Turing Award lecture, Thompson (1984) raised the specter of +ineradicable programs residing within a computer system \(em ineradicable in +the sense that although they are absent from all source code, they can survive +recompilation and reinstallation of the entire system! +.[ +Thompson 1984 reflections trust +.] +Most people's reaction is ``impossible! \(em it must be a simple trick'', +but Thompson showed a trick that is extremely subtle and sophisticated, and +effectively impossible to detect or counter. +The natural application of such a device is to compromise a system's security, +and Thompson's conclusion was that there can be no technical substitute for +natural trust. +From a system-theoretic viewpoint, however, this is an interesting example +of how a parasite can survive despite all attempts by its host to eliminate +it. +.pp +To understand what is involved in creating such an organism, consider first +self-replicating programs. +When compiled and executed, these print out themselves (say in source code +form); no more and no less. +Although at first sight they seem to violate some fundamental intuitive +principle of information \(em that to print oneself one needs +\fIboth\fR ``oneself'' \fIand, in addition\fR, something to print it out, +this is not so. +Programmers have long amused themselves with self-replicating programs, often +setting the challenge of discovering the shortest such program in any given +computer language. +Moreover, it is easy to construct a self-replicating program that includes +any given piece of text. +Such a program divides naturally into the self-replicating part and the +part that is to be reproduced, in much the same way that a worm program +separates the worm maintenance mechanism from the application part. +.pp +View self-replication as a source program ``hiding'' in executable binary +code. +Normally when coaxed out of hiding it prints itself. +But imagine one embedded in a language compiler, which when activated +interpolates itself into the input stream for the compiler, causing itself +to be compiled and inserted into the binary program being produced. +Now it has transferred itself from the executable version of the compiler +to the executable version of the program being compiled \(em without ever +appearing in source form. +Now imagine that the program being compiled is itself the compiler \(em a +virgin version, uncorrupted in any way. +Then the self-replicating code transfers itself from the old version of +the compiler to the new version, without appearing in source form. +It remains only for the code to detect when it is the compiler that is being +recompiled, and not to interfere with other programs. +This is well known as a standard Trojan Horse technique. +The result is a bug that lives only in the compiled version and replicates +itself whenever the compiler is recompiled. +.pp +If autopoiesis is the ability of a system to develop and maintain its own +organization, the self-replicating Trojan horse seems to be a remarkable +example of it. +It is an organism that it extremely difficult to destroy, even when one +has detected its presence. +However, it cannot be autonomous, but rather survives as a parasite on a +language compiler. +It does not have to be a compiler: any program that handles other programs +(including itself) will do\u4\d. +.FN +4.\ \ As Thompson (1984) remarks, a well-installed microcode bug will be +almost impossible to detect. +.EF +Although presented as a pathological example of computer use, it is possible +to imagine non-destructive applications \(em such as permanently identifying +authorship or ownership of installed software even though the source code is +provided. +In the natural world, parasites can have symbiotic relationships with their +hosts. +It would be interesting to find analogous circumstances for self-replicating +Trojan horses, but I do not know of any \(em these examples of benevolent +use do not seem to benefit the host program directly, but rather its author or +owner. +.pp +.ul +Viruses +are perhaps less subtle but more pervasive kinds of bugs. +They spread infection in a computer system by attaching themselves to +files containing executable programs. +The virus itself is a small piece of code which gains control whenever the +host is executed, performs its viral function, and then passes control to +the host. +Generally the user is unaware that anything unusual is happening: as far as +he is concerned, the host program executes exactly as normal\u5\d. +.FN +5.\ \ The only difference is a small startup delay which probably goes +unnoticed. +.EF +As part of its function, a virus spreads itself. +When it has control, it may attach itself to one or several other files +containing executable programs, turning them into viruses too. +Under most computer protection schemes, it has the unusual advantage of +running with the privileges of the person who invoked the host, not with +the privileges of the host program itself. +Thus it has a unique opportunity to infect other files belonging to that +person. +In an environment where people sometimes use each others programs, this allows +it to spread rapidly throughout the system\u6\d. +.FN +6.\ \ More details of the construction of both viruses and self-replicating +Trojan horses are given by Witten (1987). +.[ +Witten 1987 infiltrating open systems +.] +.EF +.pp +Unlike self-replicating Trojan horses, a virus can be killed by recompiling +the host. +(Of course, there is no reason why a virus should not be dispatched to install +a self-replicating Trojan horse in the compiler.) \c +If all programs are recompiled ``simultaneously'' (ie without executing any of +them between compilations), the virus will be eradicated. +However, in a multi-user system it is extremely hard to arrange for everyone +to arrange a massive recompilation \(em in the same way as it is difficult to +reboot every machine on a network simultaneously to stamp out a worm. +.pp +Viruses do not generally remain in touch with each other and therefore, +unlike worms, are not really autopoietic. +But there is no intrinsic reason why they should not be. +They provide a basic and effective means of reproduction which could be +utilized for higher-level communicating systems. +As with the other devices reviewed above, when one hears about viruses one +cannot help thinking of pathological uses. +However, there are benevolent applications. +They could assist in system maintenance by recording how often programs were +used and arranging optimization accordingly, perhaps migrating little-used +ones to slower memory devices or arranging optimization of frequently-used +programs. +Such reorganizations could take place without users being aware of it, quietly +making the overall system more efficient. +.sh "Conclusions" +.pp +We have examined two rather different directions in which autonomy can be +pursued in computer systems. +The first concerns representation and manipulation of goals. +Examination of some current AI systems shows that they do not escape the +old criticism that their goals and aspirations are merely planted there +by the programmer. +Indeed, it is not easy to see how it could be different, unless goals were +generated randomly in some sense. +Random exploration is also being investigated in current AI systems, and these +show that syntactic mutation can be an extremely powerful technique when +combined with semantically dense representations. +.pp +But according to modern biological thinking, the lower-level goals of people +and animals are also implanted in their brains in a remarkably literal sense. +Higher-level goals are not so easy to pin down. +According to one school of psychological thought they stem from a +single ``super-goal'' called self-actualization. +This is remarkably in tune with the architecture of some prominent discovery +programs in AI which strive to maximize the ``interestingness'' of the +concepts being developed. +While one may be reluctant to equate self-actualization with interestingness, +the resemblance is nevertheless striking. +.pp +The second direction concerns organizational independence in a sense of +wholeness which is distinct from goal-seeking. +The concept of autopoiesis formalizes this notion. +Organizational independence can be identified in certain computer systems +like worm programs, self-replicating Trojan horses, and viruses. +It is remarkable that such applications have been constructed because +they offer practical advantages and not in pursuit of any theoretical +investigation of autonomy; +in this way they are quite different from contrived games. +In some sense self-replicating programs do have a goal, namely \fIsurvival\fR. +A damaged worm exhibits this by repairing itself. +But this is a weak form of goal-seeking compared with living organisms, which +actively sense danger and take measures to prevent their own demise. +.pp +The architecture of these systems is striking in that the mechanism which +maintains the artificial organism (be it the worm maintenance code, +the self-replicating part of a Trojan horse, or the viral infection-spreader) +is quite separate from the application part of the organism. +Most people think of such programs as somehow pathological, and the +application as a harmful or subversive one, but this need not be so: there +are benign examples of each. +In any case, separation of the organism's maintenance from its purpose is +interesting because the concept of autopoiesis has sparked a debate in +system-theoretic circles as to whether teleological descriptions are even +legitimate, let alone necessary. +In both domains a clear separation seems to arise naturally between the +autopoietic and teleological view of organisms. +.pp +There have been no attempts to build computer programs which combine these two +directions. +The AI community which developed techniques of goal-seeking has historically +been somewhat separate from the system software community which has created +robust self-replicating programs like worms and viruses. +What will spring from the inevitable combination and synthesis of the two +technologies of autonomy? +.sh "Acknowledgements" +.pp +First and foremost I would like to thank Brian Gaines for suggesting and +encouraging this line of research. +I am grateful to Saul Greenberg and Roy Masrani for many insights into topics +discussed here, and to Bruce MacDonald for making some valuable suggestions. +This research is supported by the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research +Council of Canada. +.sh "References" +.ls1 +.sp +.in+4n +.[ +$LIST$ +.] +.in0 diff --git a/test/canterbury-corpus/calgary/paper4 b/test/canterbury-corpus/calgary/paper4 new file mode 100644 index 0000000..848991d --- /dev/null +++ b/test/canterbury-corpus/calgary/paper4 @@ -0,0 +1,294 @@ +.EQ +delim $$ +.EN +.ls 1 +.ce +PROGRAMMING BY EXAMPLE REVISITED +.sp +.ce +by John G. Cleary +.ce +Man-Machine Systems Laboratory +.ce +University of Calgary. +.sp +.sh "Introduction" +.pp +Efforts to construct an artificial intelligence have relied on +ever more complex and carefully prepared programs. While useful in +themselves, these programs +are unlikely to be useful in situations where ephemeral and +low value knowledge must be acquired. For example a person (or robot) +working in a normal domestic environment knows a lot about which +cupboards have sticky doors and where the marmalade is kept. It seems +unlikely that it will ever be economic to program such knowledge +whether this be via a language or a discourse with an expert system. +.pp +It is my thesis, then, that any flexible robot system working in the +real world must contain a component of control intermediate +between hard wired 'reflex' responses and complex intellectual +reasoning. Such an intermediate system must be adaptive, be able +to carry out complex patterned responses and be fast in operation. +It need not, however, carry out complex forward planning or be capable +of introspection (in the sense that expert systems are able to explain +their actions). +.pp +In this talk I will examine a system that acquires knowledge by +constructing a model of its input behaviour and uses this to select its +actions. It can be viewed either as an automatic adaptive system or +as an instance of 'programming by example'. Other workers have +attempted to do this, by constructing compact models in some appropriate +programming language:e.g. finite state automata [Bierman, 1972], +[Bierman and Feldman, 1972]; LISP [Bierman and Krishnaswamy, 1976]; +finite non-deterministic +automata [Gaines,1976], [Gaines,1977], +[Witten,1980]; high level languages [Bauer, 1979], [Halbert, 1981]. +These efforts, however, suffer from +the flaw that for some inputs their computing time is +super-exponential in the number +of inputs seen. This makes them totally impractical in any system which +is continuously receiving inputs over a long period of time. +.pp +The system I will examine comprises one or more simple independent +models. Because of their simplicity and because no attempt is made to +construct models which are minimal, +the time taken to store new information and to make +predictions is constant and independent of the amount of information stored +[Cleary, 1980]. This leads to a very integrated and responsive environment. +All actions by the programmer are immediately incorporated into the program +model. The actions are also acted upon so that their consequences are +immediately apparent. +However, the amount of memory used could grow +linearly with time. [Witten, 1977] introduces a modelling system related +to the one here which does not continually grow and which can be updated +incrementally. +.pp +It remains to be shown that the very simple models used are capable +of generating any +interestingly complex behaviour. +In the rest of this +talk I will use the problem of executing a subroutine to illustrate +the potential of such systems. +The example will also illustrate some of the techniques which have been +developed for combining multiple models, [Cleary, 1980], [Andreae +and Cleary, 1976], [Andreae, 1977], [Witten,1981]. It has also been +shown in [Cleary, 1980] and in [Andreae,1977] that such systems can +simulate any Turing machine when supplied with a suitable external memory. +.sh "The modelling system" +.pp +Fig. 1 shows the general layout of the modeller. Following the flow +of information through the system it first receives a number of inputs +from the external world. These are then used to update the current +contexts of a number of Markov models. Note, that each Markov model +may use different inputs to form its current context, and that they +may be attempting to predict different inputs. A simple robot +which can hear and move an arm might have two models; one, say, in +which the last three sounds it heard are used to predict the next +word to be spoken, and another in which the last three sounds and the last +three arm movements are used to predict the next arm movement. +.pp +When the inputs are received each such context and its associated +prediction (usually +an action) are added to the Markov model. (No +counts or statistics are maintained \(em they are not necessary.) When the +context recurs later it will be retrieved along with all the predictions +which have been stored with it. +.pp +After the contexts have been stored they +are updated by shifting in the new inputs. These new contexts are then +matched against the model and all the associated predictions are retrieved. +These independent predictions from the individual Markov models +are then combined into a single composite +prediction. +(A general theory of how to do this has been +developed in [Cleary, 1980]). +.pp +The final step is to present this +composite prediction to a device I have called the 'choice oracle'. +This uses whatever information it sees fit to choose the next action. +There are many possibilities for such a device. One might be to choose +from amongst the predicted actions if reward is expected and to choose +some other random action if reward is not expected. The whole system then +looks like +a reward seeking homeostat. At the other extreme the oracle might be +a human programmer who chooses the next action according to his own +principles. The system then functions more like a programming by +example system \(em [Witten, 1981] and [Witten, 1982] give examples of such +systems. +[Andreae, 1977] gives an example of a 'teachable' system lying between +these two extremes. +.pp +After an action is chosen this is +transmitted to the external world and the resultant inputs are used +to start the whole cycle again. Note that the chosen action will +be an input on the next cycle. +.sh "Subroutines" +.pp +An important part of any programming language is the ability to write a +fragment of a program and then have it used many times without it having +to be reprogrammed each time. A crucial feature of such shared code is +that after it has been executed the program should be controlled by the +situation which held before the subroutine was called. A subroutine can be +visualised as a black box with an unknown and arbitrarily complex interior. +There are many paths into the box but after passing through each splits again +and goes its own way, independent of what happened inside the box. +.np +Also, if there are $p$ paths using the subroutine and $q$ different sequences +within it then the amount of programming needed should be proportional to +$p + q$ and not $p * q$. The example to follow possess both these properties +of a subroutine. +.rh "Modelling a Subroutine." +The actual model we will use is described in Fig. 2. There are two Markov +models (model-1 and model-2) each seeing and predicting different parts of +the inputs. The inputs are classified into four classes; ACTIONs that +move a robot (LEFT, RIGHT, FAST, SLOW), patterns that it 'sees' (danger, +moved, wall, stuck) and two types of special 'echo' actions, # actions +and * actions (*home, #turn). The # and * actions have no effect on the +environment, +their only purpose is to be inputs and act as place keepers for relevant +information. They may be viewed as comments which remind the system of +what it is doing. (The term echo was used in [Andreae,1977], where the +idea was first introduced, in analogy to spoken words of which one +hears an echo.) +.pp +Model-2 is a Markov model of order 2 and uses only # actions in its +context and seeks to predict only * actions. Model-1 is a Markov model +of order 3 and uses all four classes of inputs in its context. It +seeks to predict ACTIONs, # actions and * actions. However, * actions +are treated specially. Rather than attempt to predict the exact * action +it only stores * to indicate that some * action has occurred. This +special treatment is also reflected in the procedure for combining the +predictions of the two models. Then the prediction of model-2 is used, +only if model-1 predicts an *. That is, model-1 predicts that some +* action will occur and model-2 is used to select which one. If model-1 +does not predict an * then its prediction is used as the combined prediction +and that from model-2 is ignored. +.pp +The choice oracle that is used for this example has two modes. In +programmer mode a human programmer is allowed to select any action +she wishes or to acquiesce with the current prediction, in which case +one of the actions in the combined prediction is selected. In +execution mode one of the predicted actions is selected and the +programmer is not involved at all. +.pp +Before embarking on the actual example some points about the predictions +extracted from the individual Markov models should be noted. First, if +no context can be found stored in the memory which equals the current +context then it is shortened by one input and a search is made for any +recorded contexts which are equal over the reduced length. If necessary +this is repeated until the length is zero whereupon all possible +allowed actions are predicted. +.pp +Fig. 3 shows the problem to be programmed. If a robot sees danger it +is to turn and flee quickly. If it sees a wall it is to turn and return +slowly. The turning is to be done by a subroutine which, if it gets +stuck when turning left, turns right instead. +.pp +Fig. 4 shows the contexts and predictions stored when this is programmed. +This is done by two passes through the problem in 'program' mode: once +to program the fleeing and turning left; the other to program the wall +sequence and the turning right. Fig. 5 then shows how this programming +is used in 'execute' mode for one of the combinations which had not been +explicitly programmed earlier (a wall sequence with a turn left). The +figure shows the contexts and associated predictions for each step. +(Note that predictions are made and new contexts are stored in both +modes. They have been omitted from the diagrams to preserve clarity.) +.sh "Conclusion" +.pp +The type of simple modelling system presented above is of interest for a +number of reasons. Seen as a programing by example system, +it is very closely +integrated. Because it can update its models incrementally in real time +functions such as input/output, programming, compilation and execution +are subsumed into a single mechanism. Interactive languages such as LISP +or BASIC gain much of their immediacy and usefulness by being interpretive +and not requiring a separate compilation step when altering the source +program. By making execution integral with the process of program entry +(some of) the consequencs of new programming become immediately apparent. +.pp +Seen as an adaptive controller, the system has the advantage of being fast +and being able to encode any control strategy. Times to update the model +do not grow with memory size and so it can operate continuously in real time. +.pp +Seen as a paradigm for understanding natural control systems, it has the +advantage of having a very simple underlying storage mechanism. Also, +the ability to supply an arbitrary choice oracle allows for a wide +range of possible adaptive strategies. +.sh "References" +.in +4m +.sp +.ti -4m +ANDREAE, J.H. 1977 +Thinking with the Teachable Machine. Academic Press. +.sp +.ti -4m +ANDREAE, J.H. and CLEARY, J.G. 1976 +A New Mechanism for a Brain. Int. J. Man-Machine Studies +8(1):89-119. +.sp +.ti -4m +BAUER, M.A. 1979 Programming by examples. Artificial Intelligence 12:1-21. +.sp +.ti -4m +BIERMAN, A.W. 1972 +On the Inference of Turing Machines from Sample Computations. +Artificial Intelligence 3(3):181-198. +.sp +.ti -4m +BIERMAN, A.W. and FELDMAN, J.A. 1972 +On the Synthesis of Finite-State Machines from Samples of +their Behavior. IEEE Transactions on Computers C-21, June: +592-597. +.sp +.ti -4m +BIERMAN, A.W. and KRISHNASWAMY, R. 1976 Constructing programs from example +computations. IEEE transactions on Software Engineering SE-2:141-153. +.sp +.ti -4m +CLEARY, J.G. 1980 +An Associative and Impressible Computer. PhD thesis, University +of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand. +.sp +.ti -4m +GAINES, B.R. 1976 +Behaviour/structure transformations under uncertainty. +Int. J. Man-Machine Studies 8:337-365. +.sp +.ti -4m +GAINES, B.R. 1977 +System identification, approximation and complexity. +Int. J. General Systems, 3:145-174. +.sp +.ti -4m +HALBERT, D.C. 1981 +An example of programming by example. Xerox Corporation, Palo Alto, +California. +.sp +.ti -4m +WITTEN, I.H. 1977 +An adaptive optimal controller for discrete-time Markov +environments. Information and Control, 34, August: 286-295. +.sp +.ti -4m +WITTEN, I.H. 1979 +Approximate, non-deterministic modelling of behaviour +sequences. Int. J. General Systems, 5, January: 1-12. +.sp +.ti -4m +WITTEN, I.H. 1980 +Probabilistic behaviour/structure transformations using +transitive Moore models. Int. J. General Systems, 6(3): +129-137. +.sp +.ti -4m +WITTEN, I.H. 1981 +Programming by example for the casual user: a case study. +Proc. Canadian Man-Computer Communication Conference, Waterloo, +Ontario, 105-113. +.sp +.ti -4m +WITTEN, I.H. 1982 +An interactive computer terminal interface which predicts user +entries. Proc. IEE Conference on Man-Machine Interaction, +Manchester, England. +.in -4m diff --git a/test/canterbury-corpus/calgary/paper5 b/test/canterbury-corpus/calgary/paper5 new file mode 100644 index 0000000..342e782 --- /dev/null +++ b/test/canterbury-corpus/calgary/paper5 @@ -0,0 +1,320 @@ +.pn 0 +.EQ +delim $$ +define RR 'bold R' +define SS 'bold S' +define II 'bold I' +define mo '"\(mo"' +define EXIST ?"\z\-\d\z\-\r\-\d\v'0.2m'\(br\v'-0.2m'"? +define NEXIST ?"\z\-\d\z\o'\-\(sl'\r\-\d\v'0.2m'\(br\v'-0.2m'"? +define ALL ?"\o'V-'"? +define subset '\(sb' +define subeq '\(ib' +define supset '\(sp' +define supeq '\(ip' +define mo '\(mo' +define nm ?"\o'\(mo\(sl'"? +define li '\& sup [' +define lo '\& sup (' +define hi '\& sup ]' +define ho '\& sup )' +.EN +.ls 1 +.ce +A LOGICAL IMPLEMENTATION OF ARITHMETIC +.sp 3 +.ce +John G. Cleary +.ce +The University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada. +.sp 20 +\u1\dAuthor's Present Address: Man-Machine Systems Group, Department of +Computer Science, The University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive NW +Calgary, Canada T2N 1N4. Phone: (403)220-6087. +.br +.nf +UUCP: ...!{ihnp4,ubc-vision}!alberta!calgary!cleary + ...!nrl-css!calgary!cleary +ARPA: cleary.calgary.ubc@csnet-relay +CDN: cleary@calgary +.fi +.sp 2 +.ls 2 +.bp 0 +.ls 2 +.ce +Abstract +.pp +So far implementations of real arithmetic within logic programming +have been non-logical. A logical description of the behaviour of arithmetic +on actual +machines using finite precision numbers is not readily available. +Using interval analysis a simple description of real arithmetic is possible. +This can be translated to an implementation within Prolog. +As well as having a sound logical basis the resulting system +allows a very concise and powerful programming style and is potentially +very efficient. +.bp +.sh "1 Introduction" +.pp +Logic programming aims to use sets of logical formulae as +statements in a programming language. +Because of many practical difficulties the full generality of logic +cannot (yet) be used in this way. However, by restricting the +class of formulae used to Horn clauses practical and efficient +languages such as PROLOG are obtained. +One of the main problems in logic programming is to extend this area +of practicality and efficiency to an ever wider range of formulae and +applications. +This paper considers such an implementation for arithmetic. +.pp +To see why arithmetic as it is commonly implemented in PROLOG systems +is not logical consider the following example: +.sp +.nf + X = 0.67, Y = 0.45, Z is X*Y, Z = 0.30 +.fi +.sp +This uses the notation of the 'Edinburgh style' Prologs. +(For the moment we assume an underlying floating point +decimal arithmetic with two significant places.) +The predicate 'is' assumes its righthand side is an arithmetic +statement, computes its value, and unifies the result with its lefthand side. +In this case the entire sequence succeeds, however, there are some serious +problems. +.pp +In a pure logic program the order of statements should be irrelevant to +the correctness of the result (at worst termination or efficiency might be +affected). This is not true of the example above. The direction of execution +of 'is' is strictly one way so that +.sp + Y = 0.45, Z = 0.30, Z is X*Y +.sp +will deliver an error when X is found to be uninstantiated inside 'is'. +.pp +The second problem is that the answer Z = 0.30 is incorrect!\ +The correct infinite precision answer is Z = 0.3015. This inaccuracy +is caused by the finite precision implemented in the floating point +arithmetic of modern computers. +It becomes very problematic to say what if anything it means when +Z is bound to 0.30 by 'is'. This problem is exacerbated by long sequences +of arithmetic operations where the propagation of such errors can lead the +final result to have little or no resemblence to the correct answer. +.pp +This is further class of errors, which is illustrated by the fact that the +following two sequences will both succeed if the underlying arithmetic rounds: +.sp + X = 0.66, Y = 0.45, Z = 0.30, Z is X*Y +.br + X = 0.67, Y = 0.45, Z = 0.30, Z is X*Y +.sp +This means that even if some invertable form of arithmetic were devised +capable of binding X when: +.sp + Y = 0.45, Z = 0.30, Z is X*Y +.sp +it is unclear which value should be given to it. +.pp +The problem then, is to implement arithmetic in as logical a manner +as possible while still making use of efficient floating point arithmetic. +The solution to this problem has three major parts. +The first is to represent PROLOG's +arithmetic variables internally as intervals of real numbers. +So the result of 'Z is 0.45*0.67' would be to bind Z to the +open interval (0.30,0.31). +This says that Z lies somewhere in the interval +$0.30 < Z < 0.31$, which is certainly true, and probably as informative +as possible given finite precision arithmetic. +(Note that Z is NOT bound to the data structure (0.30,0.31), this +is a hidden representation in much the same way that pointers are used +to implement logical variables in PROLOG but are not explicitly visible +to the user. Throughout this paper brackets such as (...) or [...] will +be used to represent open and closed intervals not Prolog data structures.) +.pp +The second part of the solution is to translate expressions such as +\&'Z is (X*Y)/2' to the relational form 'multiply(X,Y,T0), multiply(2,Z,T0)'. +Note that both the * and / operators have been translated to 'multiply' +(with parameters in a different order). This relational form will be seen to +be insensitive to which parameters are instantiated and which are not, +thus providing invertibility. +.pp +The third part is to provide a small number of control 'predicates' able +to guide the search for solutions. +The resulting system is sufficiently powerful to be able to +solve equations such as '0 is X*(X-2)+1' directly. +.pp +The next section gives a somewhat more formal description of arithmetic +implemented this way. Section III gives examples of its use and of the +types of equations that are soluble within it. Section IV compares our +approach here with that of other interval arithmetic systems and with +constraint networks. Section V notes some possibilities for a parallel +dataflow implementation which avoids many of the difficulties of traditional +dataflow execution. +.sh "II. Interval Representation" +.pp +Define $II(RR)$ to be the set of intervals over the real numbers, $RR$. +So that the lower and upper bounds of each interval can be operated on as +single entities they will be treated as pairs of values. +Each value having an attribute of being open or closed +and an associated number. For example the interval (0.31,0.33] will be +treated as the the pair $lo 0.31$ and $hi 0.33$. +The brackets are superscripted to minimize visual confusion when writeing +bounds not in pairs. +As well as the usual real numbers +$- inf$ and $inf$, will be used as part of bounds, +with the properties that $ALL x mo RR~- inf < x < inf$ +The set of all upper bounds is defined as: +.sp + $H(RR)~==~\{ x sup b : x mo RR union \{ inf \},~b mo \{ hi , ho \} \} $ +.sp +and the set of lower bounds as: +.sp + $L(RR)~==~\{ \& sup b x : x mo RR union \{ -inf \},~b mo \{ li , lo \} \} $ +.sp +The set of all intervals is then defined by: +.sp + $II(RR)~==~L(RR) times H(RR)$ +.sp +Using this notation rather loosely intervals will be identified +with the apropriate subset of the reals. For example the following +identifications will be made: +.sp + $[0.31,15)~=~< li 0.31, ho 15 >~=~ \{ x mo RR: 0.31 <= x < 15 \}$ +.br + $[-inf,inf]~=~< li -inf , hi inf> ~=~ RR$ +.br +and $(-0.51,inf]~=~< lo -0.51 , hi inf >~=~ \{ x mo RR: 0.51 < x \}$ +.sp +The definition above carefully excludes 'intervals' such as $[inf,inf]$ +in the interests of simplifying some of the later development. +.pp +The finite arithmetic available on computers is represented by a +finite subset, $SS$, of $RR$. It is assumed that +$0,1 mo SS$. The set of intervals allowed over $SS$ is $II(SS)$ defined as +above for $RR$. $SS$ might be a bounded set of integers or some more complex +set representable by floating point numbers. +.pp +There is a useful mapping from $II(RR)$ to $II(SS)$ which associates +with each real interval the best approximation to it: +.nf +.sp + $approx()~==~$ +.br +where $l prime mo L(SS), l prime <= l, and NEXIST x mo L(SS)~l prime = h, and NEXIST x mo H(SS)~h prime >x>h$. +.pp +The ordering on the bounds is defined as follows: +.sp + $l < h, ~ l,h mo II(RR)~ <->~l= \& sup u x and h = \& sup v y$ + and $x inter ~=~$ + $< max(l sub 1 , l sub 2), min(h sub 1 , h sub 2 )>$ +.sp +Also and interval $$ will be empty if $l > h$. For example, according +to the definition above $lo 3.1 > ho 3.1$ so (3.1,3.1) is correctly computed +as being empty. +.pp +Intervals are introduced into logic by extending the notion of +unification. A logical variable I can be bound to an interval $I$, +written I:$I$. Unification of I to any other value J gives the following +results: +.LB +.NP +if J is unbound then it is bound to the interval, J:$I$; +.NP +if J is bound to the interval J:$J$ then +I and J are bound to the same interval $I inter J$. +The unification fails if $I inter J$ is empty. +.NP +a constant C is equivalent to $approx([C,C])$; +.NP +if J is bound to anything other than an interval the unification fails. +.LE +.pp +Below are some simple Prolog programs and the bindings that result when +they are run (assuming as usual two decimal places of accuracy). +.sp +.nf + X = 3.141592 + X:(3.1,3.2) + + X > -5.22, Y <= 31, X=Y + X:(-5.3,32] Y:(-5.3,31] +.fi +.sp +.rh "Addition" +.pp +Addition is implemented by the relation 'add(I,J,K)' +which says that K is the sum of I and J. +\&'add' can be viewed as a relation on $RR times RR times RR$ defined +by: +.sp + $add ~==~ \{:x,y,z mo RR,~x+y=z\}$ +.sp +Given that I,J, and K are initially bound to the intervals $I,J,K$ +respectively, the fully correct set of solutions with the additional +constrain 'add(I,J,K)' is given by all triples in the set +$add inter I times J times K$. +This set is however infinite, to get an effectively computable procedure +I will approximate the additional constraint by binding I, J and K +to smaller intervals. +So as not to exclude any possible triples the new bindings, +$I prime, J prime roman ~and~ K prime$ must obey: +.sp + $add inter I times J times K ~subeq~ I prime times J prime times K prime$ +.sp +Figure 1 illustrates this process of +.ul +narrowing. +The initial bindings are I:[0,2], J:[1,3] +and K:[4,6]. After applying 'add(I,J,K)' the smallest possible bindings +are I:[1,2], J:[2,3] and K:[4,5]. Note that all three intervals have been +narrowed. +.pp +It can easily be seen that: +.sp + $I prime supeq \{x: ~mo~ add inter I times J times K \}$ +.br + $J prime supeq \{y: ~mo~ add inter I times J times K \}$ +.br + $K prime supeq \{z: ~mo~ add inter I times J times K \}$ +.sp +If there are 'holes' in the projected set then $I prime$ will be a strict +superset of the projection, however, $I prime$ will still +be uniquely determined by the projection. This will be true of any +subset of $RR sup n$ not just $add$. +.pp +In general for +.sp + $R subeq RR sup n,~ I sub 1 , I sub 2 , ... , I sub n mo II(RR)$ +and $I prime sub 1 , I prime sub 2 , ... , I prime sub n mo II(RR)$ +.sp +I will write +.br + $R inter I sub 1 times I sub 2 times ... times I sub n nar +I prime sub 1 times I prime sub 2 times ... times I prime sub $ +.br +when the intervals $I prime sub 1 , I prime sub 2 , ... , I prime sub $ +are the uniquelly determined smallest intervals including all solutions. + +.sh "IV. Comparison with Interval Arithmetic" +.pp +.sh "V. Implementation" +.pp +.sh "VI. Summary" +.sh "Acknowledgements" +.sh "References" +.ls 1 +.[ +$LIST$ +.] diff --git a/test/canterbury-corpus/calgary/paper6 b/test/canterbury-corpus/calgary/paper6 new file mode 100644 index 0000000..24bfd96 --- /dev/null +++ b/test/canterbury-corpus/calgary/paper6 @@ -0,0 +1,1019 @@ +.EQ +delim $$ +define <- ?< "\h'-0.5m'" up 10 "\(em" down 10 ? +define gtorder ?"\z>\d\~\u"? +define EXIST ?"\z\-\d\z\-\r\-\d\v'0.2m'\(br\v'-0.2m'"? +define ALL ?"\o'V-'"? +define 0M '0~...~M-1' +define LH 'lo~...~hi' +define RR 'bold R' +define HH 'bold H' +define KK 'bold K' +define or '"\fBor\fI"~' +define and '"\fBand\fI"~' +define if '"\fBif\fI"~' +define then '"\fBthen\fI"~' +define else '"\fBelse\fI"~' +define repeat '"\fBrepeat\fI"~' +define until '"\fBuntil\fI"~' +define while '"\fBwhile\fI"~' +define do '"\fBdo\fI"~' +define case '"\fBcase\fI"~' +define end '"\fBend\fI"~' +define begin '"\fBbegin\fI"~' +define elseif '"\fBelseif\fI"~' +define for '"\fBfor\fI"~' +define From '"\fBfrom\fI"~' +define To '"\fBto\fI"~' +define exit '"\fBexit\fI"~' +.EN +.ls 1 +.ce +COMPACT HASH TABLES USING BIDIRECTIONAL LINEAR PROBING +.sp 3 +.ce +John G. Cleary +.ce +The University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada. +.sp 3 +.sp 20 +\u1\dAuthors Present Address: Man-Machine Systems Group, Department of +Computer Science, The University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive NW +Calgary, Canada T2N 1N4. +.sp +\u2\dThis research was supported by +the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada. +.sp 2 +.ls 2 +.bp +Index Terms -- Searching, hash storage, open addressing, +bidirectional linear probing, +address calculation, information retrieval, scatter storage, +performance analysis, memory compaction. +.bp +.pp +Abstract -- An algorithm is developed which reduces the memory +requirements of hash tables. +This is achieved by storing only +a part of each key along with a few extra bits needed to ensure that +all keys are stored unambiguously. The fraction of each key stored +decreases as the size of the hash table increases. Significant reductions +in total memory usage can be achieved especially when the key size is not +much larger than the size of a memory index and when only a small amount +of data is stored with each key. +The algorithm is based on +bidirectional linear probing. +Search and insertion times are shown by simulation +to be similar to those +for ordinary bidirectional linear probing. +.bp +.sh "1 Introduction" +.pp +The retrieval of a single item from among many others is a common problem +in computer science. I am particularly concerned here with the case where +the item is retrieved on the basis of a single label +or key attached to each entry and where the keys are not ordered in any +particular way. +There is a well known solution +to this problem in the form of hash tables. +Knuth [8], Knott [7] and Maurer and Lewis [11] provide good introductions to +this subject. +.pp +An efficient version of hashing called +.ul +bidirectional linear probing +(BLP), +was developed by Amble and Knuth [1]. +As it forms the basis of what follows it is described in more detail in the +following section. Section 3 shows how it can be modified so as to +significantly reduce its memory requirements. This is done by storing only +a small part of each key -- a few extra bits are needed to ensure +that different keys, that look the same after truncation, are correctly +distinguished. +.pp +The execution time of this compact hashing algorithm is considered in +Section 4. It is shown by simulation to be +similar to ordinary BLP +for both successful searches and insertion. It is significantly +better for unsuccessful searches. +.pp +A hashing scheme similar to compact hashing in that not all of the key is +stored has been proposed by Andreae [2] (Chapter 1). However, his technique +has a small but finite probability of retrieving an incorrect key. +Although compact hashing +is not based on this earlier technique it provided the impetus to +seek the current solution. +.pp +In hashing algorithms using an overflow area and a linked list of synonyms +or by variations of this using buckets (see Maurer and Lewis [11]) only the +remainder of each key need be stored. This has been known since at least +1965 (Feldman and Low [6] and Knuth [8] sec. 6.4, exercise 13, p543). +However, each entry (including the original hash location) requires a pointer +to the next overflow record. This pointer will about the same size as the +reduction in the key size. So, there is no net memory saving over +open addressing techniques such as BLP. +.pp +Amongst the possible applications of compact hashing is the storage +of trees and TRIES without the use of pointers but still preserving +a $log N$ retrieval time. +It is hoped to report on this application in more detail later. +.pp +Pascal versions of the algorithms described below are available +from the author. +.sh "2 Bidirectional linear probing." +.pp +I will now introduce the open addressing technique which forms the basis +of compact hashing. +The +.ul +hash table +in which the keys will be stored is an array $T[ 0M ]$ . I will +be concerned only with the the keys themselves as the +items associated with each key do not +significantly affect the algorithms. In order to compute the location +for each key I will use two functions: $t$ which randomises the original +keys, and $h$ which computes a value in the range $0M$. +.pp +Let $KK$ be the set of all possible keys and $HH$ be the set of all possible +transformed keys. Then $t: KK -> HH$ is an invertible function. +This function is introduced +to ensure that the keys stored are random and so, as a consequence, +the hashing +procedure has a satisfactory +average performance. In what follows these transformed +keys will be used rather than the original keys. For example, it is the +transformed keys that are stored in $T$. (-1 is used to indicate an unoccupied +location in $T$.) +.pp +$h: HH ->"{" 0M "}"$ and has the +property that for +$H sub 1 ~, H sub 2 ~ "\(mo" HH$ +$H sub 1 ~<=~ H sub 2~~ "\fBiff\fP"~~h(H sub 1 ) ~<=~ h(H sub 2 )$. +As a consequence the keys will be mapped +into the hash table in the same order as the values of their transformed +keys. +This ordering is essential to the compaction attained later. +Suitable functions $t$ and $h$ have been extensively discussed +(Carter and Wegman, [3]; Knott [7]; Lum, [9]; Lum, Yuen and Dodd, [10]). +These authors show that there are functions which almost always make +the distribution of transformed keys random. I will not consider any +particular functions for $t$ although some examples of $h$ will be introduced +later. +.pp +To retrieve a key, $K$, from the hash table the transformed key and the +hash location are first computed. If the (transformed) key stored at the +hash location is greater than $t(K)$ then the table is searched upward +until one of three things happen. Either an empty location will be found, +$T[j]=-1$, or the sought key will be found, $T[j]=t(K)$, or a key greater +than the sought key will be found, $T[j]>t(K)$. If the first key examined +is less than $t(K)$ then an analogous search is done down the hash table. +The search is successful if the sought key is found, that is +if the last location examined is equal to $t(K)$, and is unsuccessful +otherwise. (See Amble and Knuth [1] for the details of this algorithm). +.pp +For a given set of keys there are many ways that they can be arranged in $T$ +so that the search algorithm above will still work correctly. +There is thus +freedom, when designing an algorithm to insert new keys, to choose different +strategies for positioning the keys. +There are two conditions that must be satisfied when a new key is inserted. +One is that all keys in the memory must remain in ascending order +and the other is that there must be no empty locations between the original hash +location of any key and its actual storage position. These imply that all +keys sharing the same initial hash location must form a single unbroken group. +.pp +Within these constraints one would like to insert a new key so as to minimise +later retrieval times and the time to do the insertion itself. Intuitively +keys which share the same initial hash location should be centered around that +initial address. There are two ways of inserting keys which cause little +disturbance to the memory. One is to find the position where the key should +be placed according to its ordering and then to create a gap for it by +moving +.ul +up +all entries from this position up to the next empty location. The second way is +symmetric to this and creates a gap by moving entries +.ul +down +one location. +The insertion algorithm given by Amble and Knuth [1] chooses which of these +two moves to make using a strategy which is guaranteed to minimise the number +of locations in $T$ which are examined during later successful or unsuccessful +searches, although it is not guaranteed to minimise the insertion time itself. +.pp +One consequence of this insertion strategy is that sometimes it is necessary +to move entries below 0 and above $M$ in the array $T$. One solution to this +would be to make the array circular and move entries from 0 to $M-1$ and +vice versa. However, following Amble and Knuth [1], I will instead extend +the array $T$ and other arrays to be defined later at their top and bottom. +This gives 'breathing room' for the array to expand. An extra 20 entries +at the top and bottom were found to be quite sufficient for all +the simulation runs reported in Section 4. Accordingly I will define +$lo ~=~-20$ and $hi~=~M+19$ and define the array $T$ over the range +$lo$ to $hi$. +.sh "3 Compact Hashing Using Bidirectional Linear Probing" +.pp +I will now show that the memory required to store the keys in BLP can be +significantly reduced. First consider the case when +the number of possible keys in $KK$ is less than $M$, then every possible key +can be assigned its own location in $T$ without possibility of collision. +In this case $T$ degenerates to an ordinary indexed array and the keys need +never be stored. At worst a single bit might be needed to say whether +a particular key has been stored or not. This raises the question of whether +it is necessary to hold the entire key in memory if the key space $KK$ is slightly +larger than $M$. For example if $KK$ were, say, four times larger than $M$ +then it might be possible to hold only two bits of the key rather than the entire +key. The reasoning here is that the main function of the stored keys is to +ensure that entries which collide at the same location can be correctly +separated. +Provided $h$ is suitably chosen at most four keys can be mapped to a +single location. The two bits might then be sufficient to store four +different values for these four keys. It is in fact +possible to realise this +reduction in stored key size although a fixed amount of extra information +is needed +at each location in order to correctly handle collisions. +.pp +So that I can talk about the part of the key which is in excess of the +address space I will now introduce a +.ul +remainder function +$r$. $r$ maps from the transformed keys $HH$ to a set of remainders +$RR~==~"{"0,~1,~2,~...,~Rm-1"}"$. +It is these remainders that will be stored in lieu +of the transformed keys. +The essential property +of $r$ is that $r(H)$ and $h(H)$ together are sufficient to uniquely +determine $H$. +.pp +.ne 9 +Formally, +.sp + $RR ~~==~~ "{"0,~1,~2,~...,~Rm-1"}"$ +.sp + $r: HH -> RR$ +.sp +and $h( H sub 1 )~=~h( H sub 2 )~and~r( H sub 1 )~=~r( H sub 2 ) +~~ "\fBiff\fP" ~~ H sub 1 ~~=~~ H sub 2$ . +.sp +For a given function $h$ there are usually many possible functions $r$. +One particularly simple pair of functions, referred to by Maurer and Lewis [10] +as the +.ul +division method, +is $h(H)~~=~~ left floor^ H/Rm right floor$ and +$r(H)~~=~~ H~ "\fBmod\fP"~Rm$ . +.sp +When $r$ is defined as above and $Rm$ is between $2 sup d$ and $2 sup d+1$ +the number of bits needed to +specify a remainder is the number of bits in the key less $d$. +.pp +Consider a new array +$R [ LH ]$ into which the remainders will be stored. +In what follows $R$ will be kept in place of $T$ but it will be useful to +talk about $T$ as if it were still there. $R$ and the additional arrays to +be introduced shortly specify just the information in $T$, albeit +more compactly. Each value $R [i]$ will hold the value $r(T[i])$ with the +exception that when $T[i]$ is $-1$ (marking an empty location) then $R[i]$ +is also set to $-1$. If +there have been no collisions then each $R[i]$ paired with the value $i$ +unambiguously gives the transformed key that would have been stored in $T[i]$. +However, if there have been collisions it is not possible +to tell if a value of $R[i]$ is at its home location or if it has been moved +from, say, $i-1$ and corresponds to a key, $H$, where $r(H)~=~ R[i]$ and $h(H)~=~i-1$. +If there were some way to locate for each $R[i]$ where it was originally +hashed then the original keys could all be unambiguously determined. +This can be done by maintaining two extra arrays of bits, the virgin array $V$, +and the change array $C$. +.pp +The virgin array +$V[ LH ]$ marks those +locations which have never been hashed to. That is, $V[i]$ has a value of $1$ +stored if any of the stored keys in the hash table has $i$ as its hash +address, and $0$ otherwise. $V$ is maintained by initialising it to $0$ +and thereafter setting $V[h(H)] <-~1$ whenever a key $H$ is inserted in the +memory. The virginity of a location is unaffected by the move operations +during insertion. +The $V$ array is similar to the array of pass bits recommended in [1]. +.pp +To understand the change array $C[ LH ]$ it is necessary to look more closely +at the distribution of values of $R[i]$. These remainders can be grouped +according to whether or not they share the same original hash address. +Also recall that the hash table, as in BLP, is ordered, so, +all the remainders in a particular group will occur at +consecutive locations. +The change bits $C[i]$ are used to delimit the +boundaries of these groups. This is done by marking the first remainder +(the one stored at the lowest address) of each group with a $1$. All other +members of a group have $C[i]=0$. To simplify the search and insertion +algorithms it is also convenient to set $C[i]$ to 1 for all locations +which are empty ($R[i]=-1$). +Thus we have the formal definitions of the +values of $V$ and $C$ in terms of the now notional array $T$ (the array +$A$ is described later): +.bp +.nf +.ls 1 +.ta 0.5i +0.75i +0.9i + \(lt\|$r(T[i])$ $T[i] != -1$ + $R[i]~~==~~$ \(lk\| + \(lb\|$-1$ $T[i]=-1$ +.sp + \(lt\|$1 EXIST~ j~h(T[j])=i$ + $V[i]~~==~~$ \(lk\| + \(lb\|$0$ otherwise +.sp + \(lt\|$1 T[i] != T[i-1]~ roman or ~T[i]=-1$ + $C[i]~~==~~$ \(lk\| + \(lb\|$0$ otherwise +.sp 2 + \(lt\|$a(i) -Na <= a(i) <= Na$ + $A[i]~~==~~$ \(lk\| + \(lb\|$inf$ otherwise +.sp + where +.sp + $Na ~>=~ 0$ +.br + $a(i)~==~ sum from j=lo to i |C[j]=1~"and"~R[j] != -1|~-~ +sum from j=lo to i V[j]$ +.fi +.ls 2 +.ta 0.5i +0.5i +0.5i +0.5i +0.5i +0.5i +0.5i +0.5i +0.5i +0.5i +0.5i +.rh "Searching. +For every group of remainders there will somewhere be a $V$ bit equal to $1$ +and a $C$ +bit at a non-empty location equal to $1$. That is, +for every $V$ bit which is $1$ there is a corresponding $C$ bit +which is also $1$. +.FC "Fig. 1." +This correspondence is indicated in +Fig. 1 by the dotted lines. When searching for a key $H$ in the table +the location $h(H)$ is examined. If the $V$ bit is $0$ then the search +can stop +immediately. Otherwise a search is made for the corresponding $C$ bit +which is $1$. To do this a search is made down (or up) the hash table until +an empty location is found. The number of $V$ bits which are $1$ +from $h(H)$ to this empty +location are counted. The correct $C$ bit is then found by counting back +up (or down) the array from the empty location +for the same number of $C$ bits which are $1$. Details of this algorithm +follow. +.ls 1 +.sp +.nf +.ta 1.5c +1.35c +1.35c +1.35c +1.35c +1.35c +1.35c +1.35c +1.35c +.sp +.ne 2 +Step 1: {initialise variables} + $H <-~ t(K);~~j <-~ h(H);~~rem <-~ r(H);~i <-~ j;~~count <-~ 0;$ + {check virgin bit} + $if~ V[j]=0~then$ {search unsuccessful} $exit ;$ +.sp +.ne 3 +Step 2: {find first empty location down the table} + $while ~R[i] != -1~do~~begin~~count <-~count - V[i];~i <-~ i-1 ~end ;$ +.sp +.ne 4 +Step 3: {search back to find uppermost member of relevant group} + $while count < 0 ~do~begin~ i <-~i+1;~count <-~count +C[i];~end ;$ + {$i$ now points at the first(lowest) member of the group associated} + {with the original location $j$} +.sp +.ne 6 +Step 4: {search group associated with $j$} + $while R[i+1] <= rem ~and C[i+1]=0~do i <-~i+1 ;$ + {check last location to see if key found} + $if R[i]=rem~ mark then$ {search successful} + $lineup else$ {search unsuccessful} ; +.sp 2 +.ls 2 +.fi +.pp +An example search is illustrated in Fig. 1 for the key 75. +For this example $h$ is computed by dividing by 10 and rounding down, +$r$ is computed by taking the remainder modulo 10. +.br +Step 1: The initial hash location +for 75 is 7 and its remainder is 5. The $V$ bit at location 7 is 1 so the +search continues. +.br +Step 2: +The first empty location found by searching down the table is at location 3. +There are three $V$ bits with a value of 1 between 7 and 3 at locations +4, 6 and 7. +.br +Step 3: +Counting back from location 3 three $C$ bits are 1 at locations 4, 5 and 8. +So the $C$ bit at location 8 corresponds to the $V$ bit at the +original hash location 7. +.br +Step 4: +The group of remainders which share the same initial location 7 can then be +found in locations 8 and 9. Thus the remainder 5 at location 8 can be +unambiguously associated with the original key 75 and so it can be +concluded that the information associated with the key 75 is present +at location 8 in the memory. +.pp +It still remains to specify the update +algorithm and to address some issues of efficiency. To this end a third +array will be added. +.rh "Speeding up search." +It was found during the simulations reported in Section 4 +that the most time consuming element of this search +is step 2 when the table is scanned for an empty location. The essential +role played by the empty locations here is to provide a synchronisation +between the 1 bits in the $V$ and $C$ arrays. +This lengthy search could be eliminated by maintaining two additional arrays, +$#C[ LH ]$ and $#V[ LH ]$, which count from the start of memory the number of +$C$ and $V$ bits which are 1. That is: +.br + $#C[i] ~==~ sum from j=lo to i |C[j]=1~and~R[j] != -1 |$ +.br +and $#V[i] ~==~ sum from j=lo to i V[j]$ . +.br +.pp +In order to find the $C$ bit corresponding to some $V[i]=1$ then all that +is necessary is to compute the difference $count <-~#C[i]-#V[i]$. +If $count$ is zero then the remainder stored at $i$ was originally +hashed there and has not been moved. If $count$ is positive then it is +necessary to scan down the memory until $'count'$ $C$ bits equal to 1 have been +found. If $count$ is negative then it is necessary to scan up the memory +until $'-count'$ $C$ bits which are 1 have been found. Fig. 2 shows some +examples of the various situations which can arise. +.FC "Fig. 2." +.pp +In fact, it is not necessary to store $#C$ and $#V$ explicitly, it is +sufficient merely to store the differences $#C[i]-#V[i]$. To do this the +.ul +At home +array, $A[ LH ]$, will be used. +.pp +At this point it might seem that all earlier gains have been lost because +in the most extreme case $#C[i]-#V[i]~=~M$. To store a value of $A$ +will require as many bits as a memory index -- precisely the gain made by +storing remainders rather than keys!\ However, all is not lost. The values +of $A$ tend to cluster closely about 0. Simulation +shows that a hash memory which is 95% full has 99% of the $A$ values +in the range -15 to +15. Therefore the following strategy can be +adopted. Assign a fixed number of bits for storing each value of $A$, say +5 bits. Use these bits to represent the 31 values -15 to +15 and a 32nd +value for $inf$. Then anywhere that $#C[i]-#V[i]~<~-15~"or"~>+15$ assign $inf$ +to $A[i]$ otherwise assign the true difference. +.pp +When searching for a key a scan can now be done down (or up) the memory +until a location $i$ where $A[i] != inf$ is found. (At worst this will occur +at the first unoccupied location where $A[i]$ will be zero.)\ From there +a count can be made up (or down) the memory for the appropriate number of +$C$ bits which are 1. +.pp +In the detailed algorithm given below some differences from the simpler search +can be noted. +In step 3, $count$ can be both +positive and negative. Therefore code is included to scan both up and down +the memory as appropriate. At the end of step 3, $i$ can be pointing at any +member of the group associated with the original hash location. (Above +$i$ was always left pointing at the lowest member of the +group.)\ Therefore code is included for scanning both up and down the +members of the group. In order to prevent redundant checking of locations +by this code a flag $direction$ is used. It can take on three values +depending on the direction of the memory scan: $"up"$, $"down"$, and $here$ +(no further searching need be done). +.ls 1 +.sp +.nf +.ta 1.5c +1.45c +1.45c +1.35c +1.35c +1.35c +1.35c +1.35c +1.35c +.sp +.ne 2 +{Search using at-home count} +Step 1: {initialise variables} + $H <-~ t(K);~~j <-~ h(H);~~rem <-~ r(H);~~i <-~ j;~~count <-~ 0;$ + {check virgin bit} + $if~ V[j]=0~then$ {search unsuccessful} $exit ;$ +.sp +.ne 5 +Step 2: {find first well defined $A$ value down the memory} + $while ~A[i] = inf~do~begin~count <-~count - V[i];~i <-~i-1 ~end ;$ + $count <-~count +A[i];$ +.sp +.ne 16 +Step 3: {Search either up or down until a member of sought group is found} + {Also ensure $direction$ is set for Step 4.} + $if count < 0 ~then$ + $direction <-~"up";$ + $repeat i <-~i+1;~count <-~count +C[i]~ until count = 0 ;$ + $if R[i] ~>=~ rem ~then direction <-~here;$ + $else if count > 0 ~then$ + $direction <-~"down";$ + $repeat ~count <-~count -C[i];~i <-~i-1~ until count = 0 ;$ + $if R[i] ~<=~ rem ~then direction <-~here;$ + $else${$count = 0$} + $if R[i] > rem ~then direction <-~"down"$ + $else if R[i] < rem ~then direction <-~"up"$ + $else direction <-~here ;$ +.sp +.ne 16 +Step 4: {search group associated with $j$} + $case direction~ "\fBof\fP"$ + $here: ;${do nothing} + $"down": repeat if C[i] = 1 ~then direction <-~here$ + $else$ + $begin$ + $i <-~i-1;$ + $if R[i] ~<=~ rem ~then direction <-~here;$ + $end$ + $until direction = here ;$ + $"up": repeat if C[i+1] = 1 ~then direction <-~here$ + $else$ + $begin$ + $i <-~i+1;$ + $if R[i] ~>=~ rem ~then direction <-~here;$ + $end$ + $until direction = here ;$ + $end ;$ +.sp +.ne 4 +Step 5: {check last location to see if key found} + $if R[i]=rem~ mark then$ {search successful} + $lineup else$ {search unsuccessful} ; +.sp 2 +.ls 2 +.fi +.FC "Fig. 3." +.pp +Fig. 3, gives an example of this searching algorithm. +The same memory and key (75) as in Fig. 1 are used. For the +purposes of the example each $A$ value is allocated one bit. This allows +only two values 0 and $inf$. The search proceeds as follows: +.br +Step 1: The initial hash location +for 75 is 7 and its remainder is 5. The $V$ bit at location 7 is 1 so the +search continues. +.br +Step 2: +The first $A$ value not equal to $inf$ found by searching down the table +is at location 6. +There is one $V$ bit with a value of 1 between 7 and 6, at location 7. +$count$ is then set to $A[6]+1~=~1$. So on the next step one $C$ +bit will be sought. +.br +Step 3: +Counting back up from 6 the first $C$ bit equal to 1 is at location 8. +So the $C$ bit at location 8 corresponds to the $V$ bit at the +original hash location 7. +.br +Step 4: +The group of remainders which share the same initial location 7 can then be +found in locations 8 and 9. The remainder 5 at location 8 can thus be +unambiguously associated with the original key 75 and it can be +concluded that the information associated with the key 75 is present +at location 8 in the memory. +.rh "Insertion." +Insertion of a new key into the memory requires three distinct steps: +first locating whereabouts in the memory the key is to be placed; +second deciding how the memory is to be rearranged to make room for the new +key; and third moving the remainders whilst correctly preserving the +$A$ and $C$ values. (The $V$ bits remain fixed during the move.)\ +The initial search can be done as explained above with the small addition that +the correct insertion point must still be located when the key is not present. +The second and third steps follow the algorithm in Amble and Knuth [1] +with the addition that the values of the $A$ array must be re-calculated +over the shifted memory locations and the $C$ but not the $V$ bits must +be moved with the keys. +Details of this can be found in an earlier draft of this paper, [4]. +.sh "4 Performance" +.pp +Now I consider how long these algorithms will take to run. The measure of +run time that I will use is the number of +.ul +probes +that each algorithm makes, that is, the number of times locations in the +hash table are examined or updated. +CPU time measures were taken as well and correlate well with the empirical +counts of probes given below. +.FC "Table I" +.FC "Table II" +.rh "Searching." +Tables I and II list the results of simulations +for successful and unsuccessful searches respectively. Results are tabulated +for ordinary BLP and for compact hashing with +different memory loadings and different sizes for +the $A$ field. If the number of keys stored +in the memory is $N$ then the memory loading is measured by +$alpha ~==~N/M$, the fraction of locations in the memory which are full. +Values of +Na were chosen to correspond to $A$ field lengths of 1, 2, 3, +4, and 5 bits, that is for Na equal to 0, 1, 3, 7, and 15 respectively, +and also for the case where no $A$ field was used. +Increasing the size of the $A$ field beyond 5 bits had no effect at +the memory loadings investigated. So Na equal to 15 is effectively the +same as an unbounded size for the $A$ values. +.pp +The insertion procedure is +guaranteed to be optimum only for BLP, not for compact hashing. If none +of the values in $A$ is $inf$ then the sequence of locations examined by +compact +hashing is the same as for BLP and so the strategy will still be optimum. +(This is easily seen by noting that in compact hashing +$A[h(t(K))]$ determines the direction +of the search depending on whether it is positive or negative. During the +subsequent search no +locations past the sought key will be probed. This is exactly the same +probing behaviour as in BLP.)\ +However, if no $A$ array is being used or if some values of $A$ are $inf$ +then extra locations need to be probed to find an empty location or one which +is not equal to $inf$. +.pp +As expected the figures in Table I show that for Na at 15 and using optimum +insertion the probes for a successful search are almost the same as for BLP. +(The small differences are accounted for by statistical fluctuations +in the simulation results.)\ +.pp +As Na is decreased the number of probes needed for searching increases. +This +reflects the greater distances that must be traversed to find a value of +$A$ not equal to $inf$. It is notable however that even a single bit allocated +to the $A$ fields dramatically improves the performance. Even at a +memory density of 0.95 some 25% of non-empty locations have $A$ values of 0. +.pp +The pattern for unsuccessful searches is broadly the same as sketched above +for successful searches except that in general unsuccessful searches +are quicker than successful ones. This is a result of the $V$ bits +which allow many unsuccessful searches to be stopped after a single probe. +For example even at the maximum possible memory density of 1 some 36% of +$V$ bits are zero. This results in compact hashing being faster than +the reported values for ordinary BLP. +However, unsuccessful BLP searches could be +improved to a similar degree by incorporating $V$ bits. +.FC "Table III" +.rh "Insertion." +The probes to insert a new key can be broken down into three components, +those needed to locate the position where the key is to be inserted, +those to decide the direction of movement +and those to effect the movement of the memory. +The first of these will be slightly larger than +a successful search and so the results of Table I have not been repeated. +The second two are independent of Na as they are dependent only on +the lengths of blocks of adjacent non-empty locations. The values +for these Na independent components are listed in Table III. +In most cases +this Na independent component is much larger than the search component. +The exception occurs +where no $A$ values are being used, when the two components +are comparable. +.pp +Cleary [5] examines a random insertion strategy for ordinary BLP +where blocks of entries in the hash table are moved in a randomly chosen +direction +to accomodate a +new entry rather than in the optimum way described by +Amble and Knuth [1]. +It is shown that this strategy can +improve insertion times by a factor of 4 at the expense of small degradations +(at most 15%) in retrieval times. These +results are shown by simulation to extend to compact hashing. +Indeed for small values of +Na the optimum and random strategies show no significant differences in +retrieval times. +.rh "Analytic approximation." +While analytic results are not available for the number of probes +needed for retrieval or insertion an +approximation can be developed for some of the cases. It is shown by +Amble and Knuth [1] and Knuth [8] (problem 6.4-47) that the average +length of a block of consecutive non-empty locations when using +the optimum insertion strategy is approximately +$(1- alpha ) sup -2 ~-~1$. +Let this block length be $L$. +.pp +Consider the case of a successful search when no $A$ field is used. +A successful scan of a block from an arbitrary +position to the end takes on average $L/2~+~1/2$ probes. +During the initial scan down the memory in the simulations the initial check of the +$V$ bit and the final empty location examined were each counted as a single probe. +This gives a total of $L/2~+~5/2$ probes for the initial scan down. (This is not +exact because there will be a correlation between the position +of a key's home location within a block +and the number of keys hashing to that home location). +The scan back up a block will take $L/2~+1/2$ probes (exact for a successful search). +This gives $(1- alpha ) sup -2 +2$ for the expected +number of probes during a successful search. These values are listed in Table I +and are consistently low by about 10%. +.pp +For an unsuccessful search with no $A$ field the initial scan down the +memory will take $L/2~+5/2$ probes as above (again this will not be exact because +the probability of a $V$ bit being one will be correlated with the +size of a block and its +position within the block). +An unsuccessful scan of a block takes $L/2~+~1/2$ probes. (This assumes +the keys in the block are distributed uniformly. +This gives the following probabilities that the search will stop at a +particular location in the block: the first location, $1/2L$; locations 2 +through $L$, $1/L$; the empty $(L+1)$st location, $1/~2L$. +This will not be true for compact hashing because the probability of stopping at a key +which shares its home location with a large number of other keys will be smaller than +for one which shares it with few others.)\ \ Summing these two terms gives $L~+~7/2$ +probes. +Given that the keys are distributed randomly there is a probability of +$e sup {- alpha}$ that a given $V$ bit will be zero. So the expected number +of probes overall for an unsuccessful search is +$e sup {- alpha}~+~(1-e sup {- alpha}) cdot ((1- alpha ) sup -2 + 5/2)$. +These values are listed in Table II and are consistently low by about 5%. +.pp +Considering only the insertion component which is independent of Na then +it is possible to derive an expression for the number of probes. +There is an initial +scan to move the memory down and insert the new key which will scan about half +the block ($L/2~+~5/2$ probes) +and a subsequent scan back up of the entire block ($L~+~1$ probes). +Empirically the probability +that the entire block will subsequently be moved back up is a half which gives +an expected $1/2(L~+~1)$ probes. +Summing these three contributions gives $2(1- alpha ) sup -2 ~+~2$ +as the expected number of probes for an insertion (excluding the search time). +Values for this expression are tabulated in Table III, they are in good +agreement with the empirical values. +.sh "Acknowledgements" +.pp +I would like to thank Ian Witten for careful checking of a draft version. +Also John Andreae for discussions which showed that something like compact +hashing might be possible. +.sh "References" +.ls 1 +.LB "[6] " +.sp +.NI "[1] " +[1]\ \ O.\ Amble and D.\ E.\ Knuth, "Ordered Hash Tables," +.ul +Computer Journal, +vol. 17, pp135-142, 1974. +.sp +.NI "[1] " +[2]\ \ J.\ H.\ Andreae, +.ul +Thinking with the teachable machine. +London: Academic Press, 1977. +.sp +.NI "[1] " +[3]\ \ J.\ L.\ Carter and M.\ N.\ Wegman, "Universal classes of hash +functions," +.ul +J. Computer System Sci., +vol. 18, pp143-154, 1979. +.sp +.NI "[2] " +[4]\ \ J.\ G.\ Cleary, "Compact hash tables," +Research Report, 82/100/19, +Department of Computer Science, University of Calgary, July 1982. +.sp +.NI "[3] " +[5]\ \ J.\ G.\ Cleary, "Random insertion for bidirectional linear probing +can be better than optimum," +Research Report, 82/105/24, +Department of Computer Science, University of Calgary, September 1982. +.sp +.NI "[5] " +[6]\ \ J. A. Feldman and J. R. Low, "Comment on Brent's Scatter Storage +Algorithm," +.ul +CACM, +vol. 16, p703, 1973. +.sp +.NI "[7] " +[7]\ \ G. D. Knott, "Hashing functions," +.ul +The Computer Journal, +vol. 18, pp265-278, 1975. +.sp +.NI "[7] " +[8]\ \ D.\ E.\ Knuth, +.ul +The art of computer programming:Sorting and searching. +Vol III. +Reading, Massachusetts: Addison Wesley, 1973. +.sp +.NI "[8] " +[9]\ \ V.\ Y.\ Lum, "General performance analysis of key-to-address +transformation methods using an abstract file concept," +.ul +CACM, +vol. 16, pp603-612, 1973. +.sp +.NI "[12] " +[10]\ \ V.\ Y.\ Lum,\ P.\ S.\ T.\ Yuen and M.\ Dodd, "Key-to-address +transformation techniques," +.ul +CACM, +vol. 14, pp228-239, 1971. +.sp +.NI "[13] " +[11]\ \ W. D. Maurer and T. G. Lewis, "Hash table methods," +.ul +Comp. Surveys, +vol. 7, pp5-19, 1975. +.ls 2 +.in 0 +.bp 0 +\&\ +.RF +.ta 0.5i +0.75i +0.75i +0.75i +0.75i +0.75i +.nf + + $i T[i] R[i] V[i] C[i]$ + \l'3.5i' +.br + + 12 \0\ -1 \ -1 0 1 +.br + 11 101 \01 0 1 +.br + 10 \087 \07 1 1 +.br + \09 \076 \06 0 0 +.br + \08 \075 \05 1 1 +.br + \07 \067 \07 1 0 +.br + \06 \066 \06 1 0 +.br + \05 \065 \05 0 1 +.br + \04 \041 \01 1 1 +.br + \03 \0\ -1 \ -1 0 1 +.br + \02 \019 \09 0 0 +.br + \01 \018 \08 1 0 +.br + \00 \016 \06 0 1 +.br + Step 1 Step 2 Step 3 Step 4 +.br + + $h(H)~=~ left floor^ H/10 right floor$ +.br + + $r(H)~=~ H~ roman mod ~10$ +.br + +.FG "" + +.bp 0 +\&\ +.RF +.nf +.ta 0.5i +0.75i +0.75i +0.75i +0.75i + $count~=~A[i]~=~#C[i]-#V[i]$ +.sp + $count = 0$ $count = 0$ + $C$ $V$ $C$ $V$ + 0\|\(rt 1 0\|\(rt 1 + 0\|\(rk 0 0\|\(rk 1$<-~i$ + 1\|\(rb 1$<-~i$ 1\|\(rb 0 +.sp + $count =1>0$ $count = 2 > 0$ + $C$ $V$ $C$ $V$ + 0 1$<-~i$ 0 1$<-~i$ + 1 0 1 0 + 0\|\(rt 1 1 1 + 0\|\(rk 0 0\|\(rt 0 + 1\|\(rb 0 0\|\(rk 0 + 1\|\(rb 0 +.sp + $count =-1<0$ + $C$ $V$ + 0\|\(rt 0 \|\(rt + 0\|\(rk 0 \|\(rk\ \ Group of entries which hash to + 1\|\(rb 0 \|\(rb\ \ location i + 0 0 + 1 1$<-~i$ \ \ \ Corresponding $C$ and $V$ bits +.FG "" +.bp 0 +\&\ +.RF +.ta 0.5i +0.5i +0.5i +0.5i +0.5i +0.9i +0.6i +0.4i +$i R[i] V[i] C[i] #V[i] #C[i]~~#C[i]-#V[i] A[i]$ +.br +\l'4.5i' +.br +12 \ -1 0 1 6 6 \00 0 +.br +11 \01 0 1 6 6 \00 0 +.br +10 \07 1 1 6 5 \ -1 $inf$ +.br +\09 \06 0 0 5 4 \ -1 $inf$ +.br +\08 \05 1 1 5 4 \ -1 $inf$ +.br +\07 \07 1 0 4 3 \ -1 $inf$ +.br +\06 \06 1 0 3 3 \00 0 +.br +\05 \05 0 1 2 3 \01 $inf$ +.br +\04 \01 1 1 2 2 \00 0 +.br +\03 \ -1 0 1 1 1 \00 0 +.br +\02 \09 0 0 1 1 \00 0 +.br +\01 \08 1 0 1 1 \00 0 +.br +\00 \06 0 1 0 1 \01 $inf$ +.br + Step 1 Step 2 Step 3 Step 4 +.sp +Note: Only one bit has been allowed for the values of $A$. +.br + So the only two possible values are 0 and $inf$. + +.FG "" +.bp 0 +\&\ +.RF +.ta 1.5i +0.5i +0.5i +0.5i +0.5i +0.5i +0.5i +0.5i +0.5i +.ce +Successful Search + \l'4i' + + $alpha$ \0.25 \0.5 \0.75 \0.8 \0.85 \0.9 \0.95 + \l'4i' + + $BLP sup 1$ \0\01.1 \0\01.3 \0\01.7 \0\02.0 \0\02.3 \0\02.9 \0\04.2 + + Na + 15 \0\01.1 \0\01.3 \0\01.7 \0\01.9 \0\02.2 \0\02.8 \0\04.6 + \07 \0\01.1 \0\01.3 \0\01.7 \0\01.9 \0\02.2 \0\02.8 \0\09.7 + \03 \0\01.1 \0\01.3 \0\01.7 \0\01.9 \0\02.4 \0\04.2 \025 + \01 \0\01.1 \0\01.3 \0\02.0 \0\02.5 \0\04.1 \0\08.8 \045 + \00 \0\01.1 \0\01.5 \0\03.3 \0\04.9 \0\07.9 \015 \061 + \0- \0\04.2 \0\07.1 \020 \030 \049 110 370 + \0* \0\03.77 \0\06.00 \018.0 \027.0 \046.4 102 402 + + $\& sup 1~$Taken from Amble and Knuth [1]. + - No $A$ field used. + * Analytic approximation to line above. +.FG "" +.bp 0 +\& +.RF +.ta 1.5i +0.5i +0.5i +0.5i +0.5i +0.5i +0.5i +0.5i +0.5i +.ce +Unsuccessful Search + \l'4i' + + $alpha$ \0.25 \0.5 \0.75 \0.8 \0.85 \0.9 \0.95 + \l'4i' + + $BLP sup 1$ \0\01.3 \0\01.5 \0\02.1 \0\02.3 \0\02.6 \0\03.1 \0\04.4 + + Na + 15 \0\01.2 \0\01.4 \0\01.8 \0\01.9 \0\02.1 \0\02.4 \0\03.5 + \07 \0\01.2 \0\01.4 \0\01.8 \0\01.9 \0\02.1 \0\02.4 \0\09.7 + \03 \0\01.2 \0\01.4 \0\01.8 \0\01.9 \0\02.2 \0\03.3 \015 + \01 \0\01.2 \0\01.4 \0\01.9 \0\02.2 \0\03.2 \0\06.0 \028 + \00 \0\01.2 \0\01.5 \0\02.6 \0\03.4 \0\05.3 \0\09.9 \036 + \0- \0\01.7 \0\03.4 \011 \016 \028 \064 220 + \0* \0\01.72 \0\03.16 \010.2 \015.6 \027.3 \061.2 247 + + $\& sup 1~$Taken from Amble and Knuth [1]. + - No $A$ field used. + * Analytic approximation to line above. +.FG "" +.bp 0 +\& +.RF +.ta 1.5i +0.5i +0.5i +0.5i +0.5i +0.5i +0.5i +0.5i +0.5i + \l'4i' + + $alpha$ \0.25 \0.5 \0.75 \0.8 \0.85 \0.9 \0.95 + \l'4i' + + \0\04.3 \0\08.8 \032 \049 \086 200 700 + * \0\04.56 \0\09.00 \033.0 \051.0 \089.9\ + 201 801 + + * Analytic approximation to line above +.FG "" +.bp 0 +\& +.ce +List of Figures +.sp 2 +Fig. 1. Example of compact hash memory and search for key. +.sp 2 +Fig. 2. Examples showing different values of $#C[i]-#V[i]$. +.sp 2 +Fig. 3. Example of calculation and use of array $A$. +.sp 2 +.ce +List of Tables +.sp 2 +Table I. Average number of probes during a successful search. +.sp 2 +Table II. Average number of probes during an unsuccessful search. +.sp 2 +Table III. 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USERMEM is used to determine the maximum BITS that can be used + * for compression. + * + * SACREDMEM is the amount of physical memory saved for others; compress + * will hog the rest. + */ +#ifndef SACREDMEM +#define SACREDMEM 0 +#endif + +#ifndef USERMEM +# define USERMEM 450000 /* default user memory */ +#endif + +#ifdef interdata /* (Perkin-Elmer) */ +#define SIGNED_COMPARE_SLOW /* signed compare is slower than unsigned */ +#endif + +#ifdef pdp11 +# define BITS 12 /* max bits/code for 16-bit machine */ +# define NO_UCHAR /* also if "unsigned char" functions as signed char */ +# undef USERMEM +#endif /* pdp11 */ /* don't forget to compile with -i */ + +#ifdef z8000 +# define BITS 12 +# undef vax /* weird preprocessor */ +# undef USERMEM +#endif /* z8000 */ + +#ifdef pcxt +# define BITS 12 +# undef USERMEM +#endif /* pcxt */ + +#ifdef USERMEM +# if USERMEM >= (433484+SACREDMEM) +# define PBITS 16 +# else +# if USERMEM >= (229600+SACREDMEM) +# define PBITS 15 +# else +# if USERMEM >= (127536+SACREDMEM) +# define PBITS 14 +# else +# if USERMEM >= (73464+SACREDMEM) +# define PBITS 13 +# else +# define PBITS 12 +# endif +# endif +# endif +# endif +# undef USERMEM +#endif /* USERMEM */ + +#ifdef PBITS /* Preferred BITS for this memory size */ +# ifndef BITS +# define BITS PBITS +# endif BITS +#endif /* PBITS */ + +#if BITS == 16 +# define HSIZE 69001 /* 95% occupancy */ +#endif +#if BITS == 15 +# define HSIZE 35023 /* 94% occupancy */ +#endif +#if BITS == 14 +# define HSIZE 18013 /* 91% occupancy */ +#endif +#if BITS == 13 +# define HSIZE 9001 /* 91% occupancy */ +#endif +#if BITS <= 12 +# define HSIZE 5003 /* 80% occupancy */ +#endif + +#ifdef M_XENIX /* Stupid compiler can't handle arrays with */ +# if BITS == 16 /* more than 65535 bytes - so we fake it */ +# define XENIX_16 +# else +# if BITS > 13 /* Code only handles BITS = 12, 13, or 16 */ +# define BITS 13 +# endif +# endif +#endif + +/* + * a code_int must be able to hold 2**BITS values of type int, and also -1 + */ +#if BITS > 15 +typedef long int code_int; +#else +typedef int code_int; +#endif + +#ifdef SIGNED_COMPARE_SLOW +typedef unsigned long int count_int; +typedef unsigned short int count_short; +#else +typedef long int count_int; +#endif + +#ifdef NO_UCHAR + typedef char char_type; +#else + typedef unsigned char char_type; +#endif /* UCHAR */ +char_type magic_header[] = { "\037\235" }; /* 1F 9D */ + +/* Defines for third byte of header */ +#define BIT_MASK 0x1f +#define BLOCK_MASK 0x80 +/* Masks 0x40 and 0x20 are free. I think 0x20 should mean that there is + a fourth header byte (for expansion). +*/ +#define INIT_BITS 9 /* initial number of bits/code */ + +/* + * compress.c - File compression ala IEEE Computer, June 1984. + * + * Authors: Spencer W. Thomas (decvax!harpo!utah-cs!utah-gr!thomas) + * Jim McKie (decvax!mcvax!jim) + * Steve Davies (decvax!vax135!petsd!peora!srd) + * Ken Turkowski (decvax!decwrl!turtlevax!ken) + * James A. Woods (decvax!ihnp4!ames!jaw) + * Joe Orost (decvax!vax135!petsd!joe) + * + * $Header: compress.c,v 4.0 85/07/30 12:50:00 joe Release $ + * $Log: compress.c,v $ + * Revision 4.0 85/07/30 12:50:00 joe + * Removed ferror() calls in output routine on every output except first. + * Prepared for release to the world. + * + * Revision 3.6 85/07/04 01:22:21 joe + * Remove much wasted storage by overlaying hash table with the tables + * used by decompress: tab_suffix[1<putc] and + * added signal catcher [plus beef in writeerr()] to delete effluvia. + * + * Revision 2.0 84/08/28 22:00:00 petsd!joe + * Add check for foreground before prompting user. Insert maxbits into + * compressed file. Force file being uncompressed to end with ".Z". + * Added "-c" flag and "zcat". Prepared for release. + * + * Revision 1.10 84/08/24 18:28:00 turtlevax!ken + * Will only compress regular files (no directories), added a magic number + * header (plus an undocumented -n flag to handle old files without headers), + * added -f flag to force overwriting of possibly existing destination file, + * otherwise the user is prompted for a response. Will tack on a .Z to a + * filename if it doesn't have one when decompressing. Will only replace + * file if it was compressed. + * + * Revision 1.9 84/08/16 17:28:00 turtlevax!ken + * Removed scanargs(), getopt(), added .Z extension and unlimited number of + * filenames to compress. Flags may be clustered (-Ddvb12) or separated + * (-D -d -v -b 12), or combination thereof. Modes and other status is + * copied with copystat(). -O bug for 4.2 seems to have disappeared with + * 1.8. + * + * Revision 1.8 84/08/09 23:15:00 joe + * Made it compatible with vax version, installed jim's fixes/enhancements + * + * Revision 1.6 84/08/01 22:08:00 joe + * Sped up algorithm significantly by sorting the compress chain. + * + * Revision 1.5 84/07/13 13:11:00 srd + * Added C version of vax asm routines. Changed structure to arrays to + * save much memory. Do unsigned compares where possible (faster on + * Perkin-Elmer) + * + * Revision 1.4 84/07/05 03:11:11 thomas + * Clean up the code a little and lint it. (Lint complains about all + * the regs used in the asm, but I'm not going to "fix" this.) + * + * Revision 1.3 84/07/05 02:06:54 thomas + * Minor fixes. + * + * Revision 1.2 84/07/05 00:27:27 thomas + * Add variable bit length output. + * + */ +static char rcs_ident[] = +"$Header: compress.c,v 4.0 85/07/30 12:50:00 joe Release $"; + +#include +#include +#include +#include +#include + +#define ARGVAL() (*++(*argv) || (--argc && *++argv)) + +int n_bits; /* number of bits/code */ +int maxbits = BITS; /* user settable max # bits/code */ +code_int maxcode; /* maximum code, given n_bits */ +code_int maxmaxcode = 1 << BITS; /* should NEVER generate this code */ +#ifdef COMPATIBLE /* But wrong! */ +# define MAXCODE(n_bits) (1 << (n_bits) - 1) +#else +# define MAXCODE(n_bits) ((1 << (n_bits)) - 1) +#endif /* COMPATIBLE */ + +#ifdef XENIX_16 +count_int htab0[8192]; +count_int htab1[8192]; +count_int htab2[8192]; +count_int htab3[8192]; +count_int htab4[8192]; +count_int htab5[8192]; +count_int htab6[8192]; +count_int htab7[8192]; +count_int htab8[HSIZE-65536]; +count_int * htab[9] = { + htab0, htab1, htab2, htab3, htab4, htab5, htab6, htab7, htab8 }; + +#define htabof(i) (htab[(i) >> 13][(i) & 0x1fff]) +unsigned short code0tab[16384]; +unsigned short code1tab[16384]; +unsigned short code2tab[16384]; +unsigned short code3tab[16384]; +unsigned short code4tab[16384]; +unsigned short * codetab[5] = { + code0tab, code1tab, code2tab, code3tab, code4tab }; + +#define codetabof(i) (codetab[(i) >> 14][(i) & 0x3fff]) + +#else /* Normal machine */ +count_int htab [HSIZE]; +unsigned short codetab [HSIZE]; +#define htabof(i) htab[i] +#define codetabof(i) codetab[i] +#endif /* XENIX_16 */ +code_int hsize = HSIZE; /* for dynamic table sizing */ +count_int fsize; + +/* + * To save much memory, we overlay the table used by compress() with those + * used by decompress(). The tab_prefix table is the same size and type + * as the codetab. The tab_suffix table needs 2**BITS characters. We + * get this from the beginning of htab. The output stack uses the rest + * of htab, and contains characters. There is plenty of room for any + * possible stack (stack used to be 8000 characters). + */ + +#define tab_prefixof(i) codetabof(i) +#ifdef XENIX_16 +# define tab_suffixof(i) ((char_type *)htab[(i)>>15])[(i) & 0x7fff] +# define de_stack ((char_type *)(htab2)) +#else /* Normal machine */ +# define tab_suffixof(i) ((char_type *)(htab))[i] +# define de_stack ((char_type *)&tab_suffixof(1< debug + * -V => print Version; debug verbose + * -d => do_decomp + * -v => unquiet + * -f => force overwrite of output file + * -n => no header: useful to uncompress old files + * -b maxbits => maxbits. If -b is specified, then maxbits MUST be + * given also. + * -c => cat all output to stdout + * -C => generate output compatible with compress 2.0. + * if a string is left, must be an input filename. + */ + for (argc--, argv++; argc > 0; argc--, argv++) { + if (**argv == '-') { /* A flag argument */ + while (*++(*argv)) { /* Process all flags in this arg */ + switch (**argv) { +#ifdef DEBUG + case 'D': + debug = 1; + break; + case 'V': + verbose = 1; + version(); + break; +#else + case 'V': + version(); + break; +#endif /* DEBUG */ + case 'v': + quiet = 0; + break; + case 'd': + do_decomp = 1; + break; + case 'f': + case 'F': + overwrite = 1; + force = 1; + break; + case 'n': + nomagic = 1; + break; + case 'C': + block_compress = 0; + break; + case 'b': + if (!ARGVAL()) { + fprintf(stderr, "Missing maxbits\n"); + Usage(); + exit(1); + } + maxbits = atoi(*argv); + goto nextarg; + case 'c': + zcat_flg = 1; + break; + case 'q': + quiet = 1; + break; + default: + fprintf(stderr, "Unknown flag: '%c'; ", **argv); + Usage(); + exit(1); + } + } + } + else { /* Input file name */ + *fileptr++ = *argv; /* Build input file list */ + *fileptr = NULL; + /* process nextarg; */ + } + nextarg: continue; + } + + if(maxbits < INIT_BITS) maxbits = INIT_BITS; + if (maxbits > BITS) maxbits = BITS; + maxmaxcode = 1 << maxbits; + + if (*filelist != NULL) { + for (fileptr = filelist; *fileptr; fileptr++) { + exit_stat = 0; + if (do_decomp != 0) { /* DECOMPRESSION */ + /* Check for .Z suffix */ + if (strcmp(*fileptr + strlen(*fileptr) - 2, ".Z") != 0) { + /* No .Z: tack one on */ + strcpy(tempname, *fileptr); + strcat(tempname, ".Z"); + *fileptr = tempname; + } + /* Open input file */ + if ((freopen(*fileptr, "r", stdin)) == NULL) { + perror(*fileptr); continue; + } + /* Check the magic number */ + if (nomagic == 0) { + if ((getchar() != (magic_header[0] & 0xFF)) + || (getchar() != (magic_header[1] & 0xFF))) { + fprintf(stderr, "%s: not in compressed format\n", + *fileptr); + continue; + } + maxbits = getchar(); /* set -b from file */ + block_compress = maxbits & BLOCK_MASK; + maxbits &= BIT_MASK; + maxmaxcode = 1 << maxbits; + if(maxbits > BITS) { + fprintf(stderr, + "%s: compressed with %d bits, can only handle %d bits\n", + *fileptr, maxbits, BITS); + continue; + } + } + /* Generate output filename */ + strcpy(ofname, *fileptr); + ofname[strlen(*fileptr) - 2] = '\0'; /* Strip off .Z */ + } else { /* COMPRESSION */ + if (strcmp(*fileptr + strlen(*fileptr) - 2, ".Z") == 0) { + fprintf(stderr, "%s: already has .Z suffix -- no change\n", + *fileptr); + continue; + } + /* Open input file */ + if ((freopen(*fileptr, "r", stdin)) == NULL) { + perror(*fileptr); continue; + } + stat ( *fileptr, &statbuf ); + fsize = (long) statbuf.st_size; + /* + * tune hash table size for small files -- ad hoc, + * but the sizes match earlier #defines, which + * serve as upper bounds on the number of output codes. + */ + hsize = HSIZE; + if ( fsize < (1 << 12) ) + hsize = min ( 5003, HSIZE ); + else if ( fsize < (1 << 13) ) + hsize = min ( 9001, HSIZE ); + else if ( fsize < (1 << 14) ) + hsize = min ( 18013, HSIZE ); + else if ( fsize < (1 << 15) ) + hsize = min ( 35023, HSIZE ); + else if ( fsize < 47000 ) + hsize = min ( 50021, HSIZE ); + + /* Generate output filename */ + strcpy(ofname, *fileptr); +#ifndef BSD4_2 /* Short filenames */ + if ((cp=rindex(ofname,'/')) != NULL) cp++; + else cp = ofname; + if (strlen(cp) > 12) { + fprintf(stderr,"%s: filename too long to tack on .Z\n",cp); + continue; + } +#endif /* BSD4_2 Long filenames allowed */ + strcat(ofname, ".Z"); + } + /* Check for overwrite of existing file */ + if (overwrite == 0 && zcat_flg == 0) { + if (stat(ofname, &statbuf) == 0) { + char response[2]; + response[0] = 'n'; + fprintf(stderr, "%s already exists;", ofname); + if (foreground()) { + fprintf(stderr, " do you wish to overwrite %s (y or n)? ", + ofname); + fflush(stderr); + read(2, response, 2); + while (response[1] != '\n') { + if (read(2, response+1, 1) < 0) { /* Ack! */ + perror("stderr"); break; + } + } + } + if (response[0] != 'y') { + fprintf(stderr, "\tnot overwritten\n"); + continue; + } + } + } + if(zcat_flg == 0) { /* Open output file */ + if (freopen(ofname, "w", stdout) == NULL) { + perror(ofname); + continue; + } + if(!quiet) + fprintf(stderr, "%s: ", *fileptr); + } + + /* Actually do the compression/decompression */ + if (do_decomp == 0) compress(); +#ifndef DEBUG + else decompress(); +#else + else if (debug == 0) decompress(); + else printcodes(); + if (verbose) dump_tab(); +#endif /* DEBUG */ + if(zcat_flg == 0) { + copystat(*fileptr, ofname); /* Copy stats */ + if((exit_stat == 1) || (!quiet)) + putc('\n', stderr); + } + } + } else { /* Standard input */ + if (do_decomp == 0) { + compress(); +#ifdef DEBUG + if(verbose) dump_tab(); +#endif /* DEBUG */ + if(!quiet) + putc('\n', stderr); + } else { + /* Check the magic number */ + if (nomagic == 0) { + if ((getchar()!=(magic_header[0] & 0xFF)) + || (getchar()!=(magic_header[1] & 0xFF))) { + fprintf(stderr, "stdin: not in compressed format\n"); + exit(1); + } + maxbits = getchar(); /* set -b from file */ + block_compress = maxbits & BLOCK_MASK; + maxbits &= BIT_MASK; + maxmaxcode = 1 << maxbits; + fsize = 100000; /* assume stdin large for USERMEM */ + if(maxbits > BITS) { + fprintf(stderr, + "stdin: compressed with %d bits, can only handle %d bits\n", + maxbits, BITS); + exit(1); + } + } +#ifndef DEBUG + decompress(); +#else + if (debug == 0) decompress(); + else printcodes(); + if (verbose) dump_tab(); +#endif /* DEBUG */ + } + } + exit(exit_stat); +} + +static int offset; +long int in_count = 1; /* length of input */ +long int bytes_out; /* length of compressed output */ +long int out_count = 0; /* # of codes output (for debugging) */ + +/* + * compress stdin to stdout + * + * Algorithm: use open addressing double hashing (no chaining) on the + * prefix code / next character combination. We do a variant of Knuth's + * algorithm D (vol. 3, sec. 6.4) along with G. Knott's relatively-prime + * secondary probe. Here, the modular division first probe is gives way + * to a faster exclusive-or manipulation. Also do block compression with + * an adaptive reset, whereby the code table is cleared when the compression + * ratio decreases, but after the table fills. The variable-length output + * codes are re-sized at this point, and a special CLEAR code is generated + * for the decompressor. Late addition: construct the table according to + * file size for noticeable speed improvement on small files. Please direct + * questions about this implementation to ames!jaw. + */ + +compress() { + register long fcode; + register code_int i = 0; + register int c; + register code_int ent; +#ifdef XENIX_16 + register code_int disp; +#else /* Normal machine */ + register int disp; +#endif + register code_int hsize_reg; + register int hshift; + +#ifndef COMPATIBLE + if (nomagic == 0) { + putchar(magic_header[0]); putchar(magic_header[1]); + putchar((char)(maxbits | block_compress)); + if(ferror(stdout)) + writeerr(); + } +#endif /* COMPATIBLE */ + + offset = 0; + bytes_out = 3; /* includes 3-byte header mojo */ + out_count = 0; + clear_flg = 0; + ratio = 0; + in_count = 1; + checkpoint = CHECK_GAP; + maxcode = MAXCODE(n_bits = INIT_BITS); + free_ent = ((block_compress) ? FIRST : 256 ); + + ent = getchar (); + + hshift = 0; + for ( fcode = (long) hsize; fcode < 65536L; fcode *= 2L ) + hshift++; + hshift = 8 - hshift; /* set hash code range bound */ + + hsize_reg = hsize; + cl_hash( (count_int) hsize_reg); /* clear hash table */ + +#ifdef SIGNED_COMPARE_SLOW + while ( (c = getchar()) != (unsigned) EOF ) { +#else + while ( (c = getchar()) != EOF ) { +#endif + in_count++; + fcode = (long) (((long) c << maxbits) + ent); + i = ((c << hshift) ^ ent); /* xor hashing */ + + if ( htabof (i) == fcode ) { + ent = codetabof (i); + continue; + } else if ( (long)htabof (i) < 0 ) /* empty slot */ + goto nomatch; + disp = hsize_reg - i; /* secondary hash (after G. Knott) */ + if ( i == 0 ) + disp = 1; +probe: + if ( (i -= disp) < 0 ) + i += hsize_reg; + + if ( htabof (i) == fcode ) { + ent = codetabof (i); + continue; + } + if ( (long)htabof (i) > 0 ) + goto probe; +nomatch: + output ( (code_int) ent ); + out_count++; + ent = c; +#ifdef SIGNED_COMPARE_SLOW + if ( (unsigned) free_ent < (unsigned) maxmaxcode) { +#else + if ( free_ent < maxmaxcode ) { +#endif + codetabof (i) = free_ent++; /* code -> hashtable */ + htabof (i) = fcode; + } + else if ( (count_int)in_count >= checkpoint && block_compress ) + cl_block (); + } + /* + * Put out the final code. + */ + output( (code_int)ent ); + out_count++; + output( (code_int)-1 ); + + /* + * Print out stats on stderr + */ + if(zcat_flg == 0 && !quiet) { +#ifdef DEBUG + fprintf( stderr, + "%ld chars in, %ld codes (%ld bytes) out, compression factor: ", + in_count, out_count, bytes_out ); + prratio( stderr, in_count, bytes_out ); + fprintf( stderr, "\n"); + fprintf( stderr, "\tCompression as in compact: " ); + prratio( stderr, in_count-bytes_out, in_count ); + fprintf( stderr, "\n"); + fprintf( stderr, "\tLargest code (of last block) was %d (%d bits)\n", + free_ent - 1, n_bits ); +#else /* !DEBUG */ + fprintf( stderr, "Compression: " ); + prratio( stderr, in_count-bytes_out, in_count ); +#endif /* DEBUG */ + } + if(bytes_out > in_count) /* exit(2) if no savings */ + exit_stat = 2; + return; +} + +/***************************************************************** + * TAG( output ) + * + * Output the given code. + * Inputs: + * code: A n_bits-bit integer. If == -1, then EOF. This assumes + * that n_bits =< (long)wordsize - 1. + * Outputs: + * Outputs code to the file. + * Assumptions: + * Chars are 8 bits long. + * Algorithm: + * Maintain a BITS character long buffer (so that 8 codes will + * fit in it exactly). Use the VAX insv instruction to insert each + * code in turn. When the buffer fills up empty it and start over. + */ + +static char buf[BITS]; + +#ifndef vax +char_type lmask[9] = {0xff, 0xfe, 0xfc, 0xf8, 0xf0, 0xe0, 0xc0, 0x80, 0x00}; +char_type rmask[9] = {0x00, 0x01, 0x03, 0x07, 0x0f, 0x1f, 0x3f, 0x7f, 0xff}; +#endif /* vax */ + +output( code ) +code_int code; +{ +#ifdef DEBUG + static int col = 0; +#endif /* DEBUG */ + + /* + * On the VAX, it is important to have the register declarations + * in exactly the order given, or the asm will break. + */ + register int r_off = offset, bits= n_bits; + register char * bp = buf; + +#ifdef DEBUG + if ( verbose ) + fprintf( stderr, "%5d%c", code, + (col+=6) >= 74 ? (col = 0, '\n') : ' ' ); +#endif /* DEBUG */ + if ( code >= 0 ) { +#ifdef vax + /* VAX DEPENDENT!! Implementation on other machines is below. + * + * Translation: Insert BITS bits from the argument starting at + * offset bits from the beginning of buf. + */ + 0; /* Work around for pcc -O bug with asm and if stmt */ + asm( "insv 4(ap),r11,r10,(r9)" ); +#else /* not a vax */ +/* + * byte/bit numbering on the VAX is simulated by the following code + */ + /* + * Get to the first byte. + */ + bp += (r_off >> 3); + r_off &= 7; + /* + * Since code is always >= 8 bits, only need to mask the first + * hunk on the left. + */ + *bp = (*bp & rmask[r_off]) | (code << r_off) & lmask[r_off]; + bp++; + bits -= (8 - r_off); + code >>= 8 - r_off; + /* Get any 8 bit parts in the middle (<=1 for up to 16 bits). */ + if ( bits >= 8 ) { + *bp++ = code; + code >>= 8; + bits -= 8; + } + /* Last bits. */ + if(bits) + *bp = code; +#endif /* vax */ + offset += n_bits; + if ( offset == (n_bits << 3) ) { + bp = buf; + bits = n_bits; + bytes_out += bits; + do + putchar(*bp++); + while(--bits); + offset = 0; + } + + /* + * If the next entry is going to be too big for the code size, + * then increase it, if possible. + */ + if ( free_ent > maxcode || (clear_flg > 0)) + { + /* + * Write the whole buffer, because the input side won't + * discover the size increase until after it has read it. + */ + if ( offset > 0 ) { + if( fwrite( buf, 1, n_bits, stdout ) != n_bits) + writeerr(); + bytes_out += n_bits; + } + offset = 0; + + if ( clear_flg ) { + maxcode = MAXCODE (n_bits = INIT_BITS); + clear_flg = 0; + } + else { + n_bits++; + if ( n_bits == maxbits ) + maxcode = maxmaxcode; + else + maxcode = MAXCODE(n_bits); + } +#ifdef DEBUG + if ( debug ) { + fprintf( stderr, "\nChange to %d bits\n", n_bits ); + col = 0; + } +#endif /* DEBUG */ + } + } else { + /* + * At EOF, write the rest of the buffer. + */ + if ( offset > 0 ) + fwrite( buf, 1, (offset + 7) / 8, stdout ); + bytes_out += (offset + 7) / 8; + offset = 0; + fflush( stdout ); +#ifdef DEBUG + if ( verbose ) + fprintf( stderr, "\n" ); +#endif /* DEBUG */ + if( ferror( stdout ) ) + writeerr(); + } +} + +/* + * Decompress stdin to stdout. This routine adapts to the codes in the + * file building the "string" table on-the-fly; requiring no table to + * be stored in the compressed file. The tables used herein are shared + * with those of the compress() routine. See the definitions above. + */ + +decompress() { + register char_type *stackp; + register int finchar; + register code_int code, oldcode, incode; + + /* + * As above, initialize the first 256 entries in the table. + */ + maxcode = MAXCODE(n_bits = INIT_BITS); + for ( code = 255; code >= 0; code-- ) { + tab_prefixof(code) = 0; + tab_suffixof(code) = (char_type)code; + } + free_ent = ((block_compress) ? FIRST : 256 ); + + finchar = oldcode = getcode(); + if(oldcode == -1) /* EOF already? */ + return; /* Get out of here */ + putchar( (char)finchar ); /* first code must be 8 bits = char */ + if(ferror(stdout)) /* Crash if can't write */ + writeerr(); + stackp = de_stack; + + while ( (code = getcode()) > -1 ) { + + if ( (code == CLEAR) && block_compress ) { + for ( code = 255; code >= 0; code-- ) + tab_prefixof(code) = 0; + clear_flg = 1; + free_ent = FIRST - 1; + if ( (code = getcode ()) == -1 ) /* O, untimely death! */ + break; + } + incode = code; + /* + * Special case for KwKwK string. + */ + if ( code >= free_ent ) { + *stackp++ = finchar; + code = oldcode; + } + + /* + * Generate output characters in reverse order + */ +#ifdef SIGNED_COMPARE_SLOW + while ( ((unsigned long)code) >= ((unsigned long)256) ) { +#else + while ( code >= 256 ) { +#endif + *stackp++ = tab_suffixof(code); + code = tab_prefixof(code); + } + *stackp++ = finchar = tab_suffixof(code); + + /* + * And put them out in forward order + */ + do + putchar ( *--stackp ); + while ( stackp > de_stack ); + + /* + * Generate the new entry. + */ + if ( (code=free_ent) < maxmaxcode ) { + tab_prefixof(code) = (unsigned short)oldcode; + tab_suffixof(code) = finchar; + free_ent = code+1; + } + /* + * Remember previous code. + */ + oldcode = incode; + } + fflush( stdout ); + if(ferror(stdout)) + writeerr(); +} + +/***************************************************************** + * TAG( getcode ) + * + * Read one code from the standard input. If EOF, return -1. + * Inputs: + * stdin + * Outputs: + * code or -1 is returned. + */ + +code_int +getcode() { + /* + * On the VAX, it is important to have the register declarations + * in exactly the order given, or the asm will break. + */ + register code_int code; + static int offset = 0, size = 0; + static char_type buf[BITS]; + register int r_off, bits; + register char_type *bp = buf; + + if ( clear_flg > 0 || offset >= size || free_ent > maxcode ) { + /* + * If the next entry will be too big for the current code + * size, then we must increase the size. This implies reading + * a new buffer full, too. + */ + if ( free_ent > maxcode ) { + n_bits++; + if ( n_bits == maxbits ) + maxcode = maxmaxcode; /* won't get any bigger now */ + else + maxcode = MAXCODE(n_bits); + } + if ( clear_flg > 0) { + maxcode = MAXCODE (n_bits = INIT_BITS); + clear_flg = 0; + } + size = fread( buf, 1, n_bits, stdin ); + if ( size <= 0 ) + return -1; /* end of file */ + offset = 0; + /* Round size down to integral number of codes */ + size = (size << 3) - (n_bits - 1); + } + r_off = offset; + bits = n_bits; +#ifdef vax + asm( "extzv r10,r9,(r8),r11" ); +#else /* not a vax */ + /* + * Get to the first byte. + */ + bp += (r_off >> 3); + r_off &= 7; + /* Get first part (low order bits) */ +#ifdef NO_UCHAR + code = ((*bp++ >> r_off) & rmask[8 - r_off]) & 0xff; +#else + code = (*bp++ >> r_off); +#endif /* NO_UCHAR */ + bits -= (8 - r_off); + r_off = 8 - r_off; /* now, offset into code word */ + /* Get any 8 bit parts in the middle (<=1 for up to 16 bits). */ + if ( bits >= 8 ) { +#ifdef NO_UCHAR + code |= (*bp++ & 0xff) << r_off; +#else + code |= *bp++ << r_off; +#endif /* NO_UCHAR */ + r_off += 8; + bits -= 8; + } + /* high order bits. */ + code |= (*bp & rmask[bits]) << r_off; +#endif /* vax */ + offset += n_bits; + + return code; +} + +char * +rindex(s, c) /* For those who don't have it in libc.a */ +register char *s, c; +{ + char *p; + for (p = NULL; *s; s++) + if (*s == c) + p = s; + return(p); +} + +#ifdef DEBUG +printcodes() +{ + /* + * Just print out codes from input file. For debugging. + */ + code_int code; + int col = 0, bits; + + bits = n_bits = INIT_BITS; + maxcode = MAXCODE(n_bits); + free_ent = ((block_compress) ? FIRST : 256 ); + while ( ( code = getcode() ) >= 0 ) { + if ( (code == CLEAR) && block_compress ) { + free_ent = FIRST - 1; + clear_flg = 1; + } + else if ( free_ent < maxmaxcode ) + free_ent++; + if ( bits != n_bits ) { + fprintf(stderr, "\nChange to %d bits\n", n_bits ); + bits = n_bits; + col = 0; + } + fprintf(stderr, "%5d%c", code, (col+=6) >= 74 ? (col = 0, '\n') : ' ' ); + } + putc( '\n', stderr ); + exit( 0 ); +} + +code_int sorttab[1<= 0) { + sorttab[codetabof(i)] = i; + } + } + first = block_compress ? FIRST : 256; + for(i = first; i < free_ent; i++) { + fprintf(stderr, "%5d: \"", i); + de_stack[--stack_top] = '\n'; + de_stack[--stack_top] = '"'; + stack_top = in_stack((htabof(sorttab[i])>>maxbits)&0xff, + stack_top); + for(ent=htabof(sorttab[i]) & ((1< 256; + ent=htabof(sorttab[ent]) & ((1<> maxbits, + stack_top); + } + stack_top = in_stack(ent, stack_top); + fwrite( &de_stack[stack_top], 1, STACK_SIZE-stack_top, stderr); + stack_top = STACK_SIZE; + } + } else if(!debug) { /* decompressing */ + + for ( i = 0; i < free_ent; i++ ) { + ent = i; + c = tab_suffixof(ent); + if ( isascii(c) && isprint(c) ) + fprintf( stderr, "%5d: %5d/'%c' \"", + ent, tab_prefixof(ent), c ); + else + fprintf( stderr, "%5d: %5d/\\%03o \"", + ent, tab_prefixof(ent), c ); + de_stack[--stack_top] = '\n'; + de_stack[--stack_top] = '"'; + for ( ; ent != NULL; + ent = (ent >= FIRST ? tab_prefixof(ent) : NULL) ) { + stack_top = in_stack(tab_suffixof(ent), stack_top); + } + fwrite( &de_stack[stack_top], 1, STACK_SIZE - stack_top, stderr ); + stack_top = STACK_SIZE; + } + } +} + +int +in_stack(c, stack_top) + register c, stack_top; +{ + if ( (isascii(c) && isprint(c) && c != '\\') || c == ' ' ) { + de_stack[--stack_top] = c; + } else { + switch( c ) { + case '\n': de_stack[--stack_top] = 'n'; break; + case '\t': de_stack[--stack_top] = 't'; break; + case '\b': de_stack[--stack_top] = 'b'; break; + case '\f': de_stack[--stack_top] = 'f'; break; + case '\r': de_stack[--stack_top] = 'r'; break; + case '\\': de_stack[--stack_top] = '\\'; break; + default: + de_stack[--stack_top] = '0' + c % 8; + de_stack[--stack_top] = '0' + (c / 8) % 8; + de_stack[--stack_top] = '0' + c / 64; + break; + } + de_stack[--stack_top] = '\\'; + } + return stack_top; +} +#endif /* DEBUG */ + +writeerr() +{ + perror ( ofname ); + unlink ( ofname ); + exit ( 1 ); +} + +copystat(ifname, ofname) +char *ifname, *ofname; +{ + struct stat statbuf; + int mode; + time_t timep[2]; + + fclose(stdout); + if (stat(ifname, &statbuf)) { /* Get stat on input file */ + perror(ifname); + return; + } + if ((statbuf.st_mode & S_IFMT/*0170000*/) != S_IFREG/*0100000*/) { + if(quiet) + fprintf(stderr, "%s: ", ifname); + fprintf(stderr, " -- not a regular file: unchanged"); + exit_stat = 1; + } else if (statbuf.st_nlink > 1) { + if(quiet) + fprintf(stderr, "%s: ", ifname); + fprintf(stderr, " -- has %d other links: unchanged", + statbuf.st_nlink - 1); + exit_stat = 1; + } else if (exit_stat == 2 && (!force)) { /* No compression: rm file.Z */ + if(!quiet) + fprintf(stderr, " -- file unchanged"); + } else { /* ***** Successful Compression ***** */ + exit_stat = 0; + mode = statbuf.st_mode & 07777; + if (chmod(ofname, mode)) /* Copy modes */ + perror(ofname); + chown(ofname, statbuf.st_uid, statbuf.st_gid); /* Copy ownership */ + timep[0] = statbuf.st_atime; + timep[1] = statbuf.st_mtime; + utime(ofname, timep); /* Update last accessed and modified times */ + if (unlink(ifname)) /* Remove input file */ + perror(ifname); + if(!quiet) + fprintf(stderr, " -- replaced with %s", ofname); + return; /* Successful return */ + } + + /* Unsuccessful return -- one of the tests failed */ + if (unlink(ofname)) + perror(ofname); +} +/* + * This routine returns 1 if we are running in the foreground and stderr + * is a tty. + */ +foreground() +{ + if(bgnd_flag) { /* background? */ + return(0); + } else { /* foreground */ + if(isatty(2)) { /* and stderr is a tty */ + return(1); + } else { + return(0); + } + } +} + +onintr ( ) +{ + unlink ( ofname ); + exit ( 1 ); +} + +oops ( ) /* wild pointer -- assume bad input */ +{ + if ( do_decomp == 1 ) + fprintf ( stderr, "uncompress: corrupt input\n" ); + unlink ( ofname ); + exit ( 1 ); +} + +cl_block () /* table clear for block compress */ +{ + register long int rat; + + checkpoint = in_count + CHECK_GAP; +#ifdef DEBUG + if ( debug ) { + fprintf ( stderr, "count: %ld, ratio: ", in_count ); + prratio ( stderr, in_count, bytes_out ); + fprintf ( stderr, "\n"); + } +#endif /* DEBUG */ + + if(in_count > 0x007fffff) { /* shift will overflow */ + rat = bytes_out >> 8; + if(rat == 0) { /* Don't divide by zero */ + rat = 0x7fffffff; + } else { + rat = in_count / rat; + } + } else { + rat = (in_count << 8) / bytes_out; /* 8 fractional bits */ + } + if ( rat > ratio ) { + ratio = rat; + } else { + ratio = 0; +#ifdef DEBUG + if(verbose) + dump_tab(); /* dump string table */ +#endif + cl_hash ( (count_int) hsize ); + free_ent = FIRST; + clear_flg = 1; + output ( (code_int) CLEAR ); +#ifdef DEBUG + if(debug) + fprintf ( stderr, "clear\n" ); +#endif /* DEBUG */ + } +} + +cl_hash(hsize) /* reset code table */ + register count_int hsize; +{ +#ifndef XENIX_16 /* Normal machine */ + register count_int *htab_p = htab+hsize; +#else + register j; + register long k = hsize; + register count_int *htab_p; +#endif + register long i; + register long m1 = -1; + +#ifdef XENIX_16 + for(j=0; j<=8 && k>=0; j++,k-=8192) { + i = 8192; + if(k < 8192) { + i = k; + } + htab_p = &(htab[j][i]); + i -= 16; + if(i > 0) { +#else + i = hsize - 16; +#endif + do { /* might use Sys V memset(3) here */ + *(htab_p-16) = m1; + *(htab_p-15) = m1; + *(htab_p-14) = m1; + *(htab_p-13) = m1; + *(htab_p-12) = m1; + *(htab_p-11) = m1; + *(htab_p-10) = m1; + *(htab_p-9) = m1; + *(htab_p-8) = m1; + *(htab_p-7) = m1; + *(htab_p-6) = m1; + *(htab_p-5) = m1; + *(htab_p-4) = m1; + *(htab_p-3) = m1; + *(htab_p-2) = m1; + *(htab_p-1) = m1; + htab_p -= 16; + } while ((i -= 16) >= 0); +#ifdef XENIX_16 + } + } +#endif + for ( i += 16; i > 0; i-- ) + *--htab_p = m1; +} + +prratio(stream, num, den) +FILE *stream; +long int num, den; +{ + register int q; /* Doesn't need to be long */ + + if(num > 214748L) { /* 2147483647/10000 */ + q = num / (den / 10000L); + } else { + q = 10000L * num / den; /* Long calculations, though */ + } + if (q < 0) { + putc('-', stream); + q = -q; + } + fprintf(stream, "%d.%02d%%", q / 100, q % 100); +} + +version() +{ + fprintf(stderr, "%s\n", rcs_ident); + fprintf(stderr, "Options: "); +#ifdef vax + fprintf(stderr, "vax, "); +#endif +#ifdef NO_UCHAR + fprintf(stderr, "NO_UCHAR, "); +#endif +#ifdef SIGNED_COMPARE_SLOW + fprintf(stderr, "SIGNED_COMPARE_SLOW, "); +#endif +#ifdef XENIX_16 + fprintf(stderr, "XENIX_16, "); +#endif +#ifdef COMPATIBLE + fprintf(stderr, "COMPATIBLE, "); +#endif +#ifdef DEBUG + fprintf(stderr, "DEBUG, "); +#endif +#ifdef BSD4_2 + fprintf(stderr, "BSD4_2, "); +#endif + fprintf(stderr, "BITS = %d\n", BITS); +} diff --git a/test/canterbury-corpus/calgary/progl b/test/canterbury-corpus/calgary/progl new file mode 100644 index 0000000..b9ae885 --- /dev/null +++ b/test/canterbury-corpus/calgary/progl @@ -0,0 +1,2244 @@ +;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;; +;;; form.l -- screen forms handler +;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;; + +(declare + (specials t) + (macros t)) + +(eval-when (compile) + (load 'utilities) + (load 'constants) + (load 'zone) + (load 'look) + (load 'font) + (load 'text) + (load 'text-edit)) + +;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;; +;;; generic fields +;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;; + +(defstruct + (field ; generic field + (:displace t) + (:list) + (:conc-name)) + (type 'generic-field) ; type = generic + (zone (make-zone)) ; bounding zone + (properties (list nil)) ; empty property list +) + +(defvar field-properties ; list of expected field properties + '("field-properties" + fill-ground (solid pattern) ; should we draw when highlit? + fill-colour (x_colour x_pattern) ; what colour or pattern? + empty-ground (solid pattern) ; should we draw when unlit? + empty-colour (x_colour x_pattern) ; what colour or pattern? + border-colour (x_colour) ; should we draw border (and what colour?) + )) ; can use this as real plist for online documentation + +(defun draw-field (f) ; draw field from scratch + (apply (concat 'draw- (field-type f)) ; construct draw function name + (ncons f))) ; then call it + +(defun init-field (f) ; initialize a field + (apply (concat 'init- (field-type f)) ; construct init function name + (ncons f))) ; then call it + +(defun resize-field (f box) ; resize a field + (apply ; construct resize function name + (concat 'resize- (field-type f)) + (list f box))) ; then call it + +(defun toggle-field (f) ; toggle a field + (apply (concat 'toggle- (field-type f)) ; construct toggle fcn name + (ncons f))) ; then call it + +(defun check-field (f p) ; check if point is inside field excl.border + (cond ((point-in-box-interior p (zone-box (field-zone f))) + (apply ; if so, construct check function name + (concat 'check- (field-type f)) + (list f p))) ; then call it and return result + (t nil))) ; otherwise return nil + +(defun fill-field (f) ; fill the field interior, if defined + (let ((b (get (field-properties f) 'fill-ground)) ; check if has one + (c (get (field-properties f) 'fill-colour))) + (cond ((eq b 'solid) ; solid background + (cond (c (clear-zone-interior (field-zone f) c)) + (t (clear-zone-interior (field-zone f) W-CONTRAST)))) + ((eq b 'pattern) ; patterned background + (cond (c (pattern-zone-interior (field-zone f) c)) + (t (pattern-zone-interior (field-zone f) W-PATTERN-1)))) + ))) ; no background at all! + +(defun empty-field (f) ; empty the field interior, if defined + (let ((b (get (field-properties f) 'empty-ground)) ; check if has one + (c (get (field-properties f) 'empty-colour))) + (cond ((eq b 'solid) ; solid background + (cond (c (clear-zone-interior (field-zone f) c)) + (t (clear-zone-interior (field-zone f) W-BACKGROUND)))) + ((eq b 'pattern) ; patterned background + (cond (c (pattern-zone-interior (field-zone f) c)) + (t (pattern-zone-interior (field-zone f) W-PATTERN-1)))) + ))) ; no background at all! + +(defun draw-field-background (f) ; just what it says + (let ((b (get (field-properties f) 'empty-ground)) ; check if has one + (c (get (field-properties f) 'empty-colour))) + (cond ((eq b 'solid) ; solid background + (cond (c (clear-zone (field-zone f) c)) + (t (clear-zone (field-zone f) W-BACKGROUND)))) + ((eq b 'pattern) ; patterned background + (cond (c (pattern-zone (field-zone f) c)) + (t (pattern-zone (field-zone f) W-PATTERN-1)))) + ))) ; no background at all! + +(defun draw-field-border (f) ; draw outline, if any + (let ((c (get (field-properties f) 'border-colour))) + (cond (c (draw-zone-outline (field-zone f) c))) + )) + +;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;; +;;; aggregate fields +;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;; + +(defstruct + (aggregate-field ; aggregate field = form + (:displace t) + (:list) + (:conc-name)) + (type 'aggregate-field) ; type + (zone (make-zone)) ; bounding zone + (properties (list nil)) ; empty property list + subfields ; list of subfields + selection ; which subfield was last hit +) + +(defvar aggregate-field-properties + `("aggregate-field-properties" + = ,field-properties + )) ; can use this as real plist for online documentation + +(defun draw-aggregate-field (f) + (draw-field-background f) ; clear background, if any + (draw-field-border f) ; draw border, if any + (mapc 'draw-field (aggregate-field-subfields f)) ; draw subfields + (w-flush (window-w (zone-window (field-zone f)))) t) ; flush it out + +(defun init-aggregate-field (f) + (mapc 'init-field (aggregate-field-subfields f)) + (alter-aggregate-field f selection nil) t) + +(defun resize-aggregate-field (f box) + (alter-zone (field-zone f) box box)) + +(defun check-aggregate-field (f p) + (do ((subfields (aggregate-field-subfields f) ; go through subfields + (cdr subfields)) + (gotcha)) + ((or (null subfields) ; stop when no more + (setq gotcha (check-field (car subfields) p))) ; or when one is hit + (alter-aggregate-field f selection gotcha) ; remember which one + gotcha))) ; also return it + +;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;; +;;; remote fields +;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;; +;;; A remote field is a field which activates another field when hit. +;;; Usually the remote field has some functional significance! + +(defstruct + (remote-field ; remote field + (:displace t) + (:list) + (:conc-name)) + (type 'remote-field) ; type = remote + (zone (make-zone)) ; bounding zone + (properties (list nil)) ; empty plist + (target) ; the actual target field + (point) ; x,y coords to pretend to use +) + +(defvar remote-field-properties + `("remote-field-properties" + = ,field-properties + )) ; can use this as real plist for online documentation + +(defun draw-remote-field (f) 't) ; nothing to draw + +(defun init-remote-field (f) 't) ; nothing to initialize + +(defun resize-remote-field (f box) + (alter-zone (field-zone f) box box)) + +(defun check-remote-field (f p) + (check-field + (remote-field-target f) + (remote-field-point f))) ; return result of checking target + +;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;; +;;; button fields +;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;; + +(defstruct + (button-field ; button field + (:displace t) + (:list) + (:conc-name)) + (type 'button-field) ; type = button + (zone (make-zone)) ; bounding zone + (properties + (list nil ; default properties + 'fill-ground 'solid + 'empty-ground 'solid + 'border-colour W-CONTRAST + )) + (value nil) ; value +) + +(defvar button-field-properties + `("button-field-properties" + = ,field-properties + )) ; can use this as real plist for online documentation + +(defun draw-button-field (f) + (draw-field-border f) + (cond ((button-field-value f) + (fill-field f)) + (t (empty-field f)))) + +(defun toggle-button-field (f) + (alter-button-field f value (not (button-field-value f))) + (clear-zone-interior (field-zone f) W-XOR)) + +(defun init-button-field (f) + (alter-button-field f value nil)) ; turn it off + +(defun resize-button-field (f box) + (alter-zone (field-zone f) box box)) + +(defun check-button-field (f p) + (toggle-button-field f) f) ; if we get here it's a hit -> return self + +;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;; +;;; radio-button fields +;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;; +;;; Named for the buttons on radios in which only one is "in" at a time. + +(defstruct + (radio-button-field ; radio-button field + (:displace t) + (:list) + (:conc-name)) + (type 'radio-button-field) ; type = radio-button + (zone (make-zone)) ; bounding zone + (properties (list nil)) ; empty plist + (subfields nil) ; individual buttons + (selection nil) ; which one last hit +) + +(defvar radio-button-field-properties + `("radio-button-field-properties" + = ,aggregate-field-properties + )) ; can use this as real plist for online documentation + +(defun draw-radio-button-field (f) + (draw-aggregate-field f)) + +(defun init-radio-button-field (f) + (init-aggregate-field f)) + +(defun resize-radio-button-field (f box) + (alter-zone (field-zone f) box box)) + +(defun check-radio-button-field (f p) + (cond ((and (radio-button-field-selection f) ; if button previously sel'd + (button-field-value + (radio-button-field-selection f))) ; and it has a value + (toggle-field ; turn it off + (radio-button-field-selection f)))) + (check-aggregate-field f p) ; check individual buttons +) ; this will turn back on if same one sel'd, and return it + +;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;; +;;; text fields +;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;; + +(defstruct + (text-field ; text field + (:displace t) + (:list) + (:conc-name)) + (type 'text-field) ; type = text + (zone (make-zone)) ; bounding zone + (properties + (list nil + 'fill-ground 'solid + 'empty-ground 'solid + 'border-colour W-CONTRAST + 'x-offset 5 ; offset from left + )) + (value nil) + (text '||) ; text of text +) + +(defvar text-field-properties + `("text-field-properties" + x-offset (x_pixels) ; text offset from box ll, otherwise centred + y-offset (x_pixels) ; text offset from box ll, otherwise centred + + ,button-field-properties + )) ; can use this as real plist for online documentation + +(defun draw-text-field (f) + (draw-button-field f) + (w-flush (window-w (zone-window (field-zone f)))) ; guarantee text on top + (draw-text (text-field-text f))) + +(defun redraw-text-field (f) + (empty-field f) + (w-flush (window-w (zone-window (field-zone f)))) ; guarantee text on top + (draw-text (text-field-text f))) + +(defun init-text-field (f) ; position & position the text in the field + (let ((s (text-field-text f)) + (x-offset (get (field-properties f) 'x-offset)) ; x offset from ll + (y-offset (get (field-properties f) 'y-offset))); y offset from ll + (alter-text s + zone (make-zone ; ensure it has a zone + window (zone-window (field-zone f)) + box (box-interior (zone-box (field-zone f))))) + (format-text s) ; ensure text delta calculated + (cond ((null x-offset) ; x-offset specified? + (setq x-offset ; nope! centre it left-right + (/ (- (x (box-size (zone-box (field-zone f)))) + (x (text-delta s))) + 2)))) + (cond ((null y-offset) ; y-offset specified? + (setq y-offset ; nope! centre it up-down + (/ (- (y (box-size (zone-box (field-zone f)))) + (font-x-height (look-font (text-look s)))) + 2)))) + (alter-text s ; now position the text + offset (make-point x x-offset y y-offset)) + )) + +(defun resize-text-field (f box) ; position the text in the field + (alter-zone (field-zone f) box box) + (init-text-field f)) + +(defun check-text-field (f p) + (input-text-field f) f) ; if we get here it's a hit -> return self + +(defun input-text-field (f) + (alter-text (text-field-text f) + text '|| nn 0 kr 0 kl 0 delta (make-point x 0 y 0)) + (draw-text-field f) + (edit-text-field f (ll (zone-box (text-zone (text-field-text f)))))) + +(defun edit-text-field (f p) ; edit in middle of text field + (edit-text (text-field-text f) p) ; edit the text + (draw-field f)) ; redraw + + +;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;; +;;; prompt fields +;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;; + +(defstruct + (prompt-field ; prompt field + (:displace t) + (:list) + (:conc-name)) + (type 'prompt-field) ; type = prompt + (zone (make-zone)) ; bounding zone + (properties + (list nil 'x-offset 0)) ; put it exactly where spec indicates. + (value nil) + (text '||) ; text of prompt +) + +(defvar prompt-field-properties + `("prompt-field-properties" + = ,text-field-properties + )) ; can use this as real plist for online documentation + +(defun draw-prompt-field (f) + (draw-text-field f)) + +(defun init-prompt-field (f) + (init-text-field f)) + +(defun resize-prompt-field (f box) ; position the text in the field + (resize-text-field f box)) + +(defun check-prompt-field (f p) f) ; just return self + +;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;; +;;; text-button fields +;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;; +;;; A text-button is a button tied to a text. +;;; When the button is pressed, the text is input from the keyboard. +;;; Zone could same as either the button (activation by button only) +;;; or include both button & text (should then be adjacent) + +(defstruct + (text-button-field ; text-button field + (:displace t) + (:list) + (:conc-name)) + (type 'text-button-field) ; type = text-button + (zone (make-zone)) ; bounding zone + (properties (list nil)) ; empty plist + (button) ; button subfield + (text) ; text subfield +) + +(defvar text-button-field-properties + `("text-button-field-properties" + = ,field-properties + )) ; can use this as real plist for online documentation + +(defun draw-text-button-field (f) + (draw-field (text-button-field-button f)) + (draw-text-field (text-button-field-text f))) + +(defun init-text-button-field (f) + (init-field (text-button-field-button f)) + (init-text-field (text-button-field-text f))) + +(defun resize-text-button-field (f box) + (alter-zone (field-zone f) box box)) + +(defun toggle-text-button-field (f) ; toggle only the button part + (cond ((button-field-value ; and only if non-nil + (text-button-field-button f)) + (toggle-button-field (text-button-field-button f))))) + +(defun check-text-button-field (f p) + (cond ((check-field (text-button-field-button f) p) + (input-text-field ; input from scratch + (text-button-field-text f))) ; get the data + (t (toggle-button-field ; must be pointing at text + (text-button-field-button f)) ; toggle only the button part + (edit-text-field + (text-button-field-text f) p)) ; edit the data + ) + (toggle-button-field ; toggle button back + (text-button-field-button f)) + (alter-button-field (text-button-field-button f) + value nil) ; keep aggregate from toggling again + f) ; return self + +;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;; +;;; labelled button fields +;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;; + +(defstruct + (labelled-button-field ; labelled button field + (:displace t) + (:list) + (:conc-name)) + (type 'labelled-button-field) ; type = labelled-button + (zone (make-zone)) ; bounding zone + (properties + (list nil + 'fill-ground 'solid + 'empty-ground 'solid + 'border-colour W-CONTRAST + )) + (value nil) ; value + (text '||) ; label text +) + +(defvar labelled-button-field-properties + `("labelled-button-field-properties" + = ,text-field-properties + )) ; can use this as real plist for online documentation + +(defun draw-labelled-button-field (f) + (draw-text-field f)) + +(defun init-labelled-button-field (f) + (init-text-field f)) + +(defun resize-labelled-button-field (f box) + (resize-text-field f box)) + +(defun check-labelled-button-field (f p) + (toggle-button-field f) f) ; if we get here it's a hit -> return self + +(defun toggle-labelled-button-field (f) + (toggle-button-field f)) + +;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;; +;;; expanded-bitmap fields +;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;; + +(defstruct + (expanded-bitmap-field ; expanded-bitmap field + (:displace t) + (:list) + (:conc-name)) + (type 'expanded-bitmap-field) ; type = expanded-bitmap + (zone (make-zone)) ; bounding zone + (properties (list nil)) ; empty plist + (subfields nil) ; individual bits + (selection nil) ; which one last hit + (nrows 1) + (ncols 1) +) + +(defvar expanded-bitmap-field-properties + `("expanded-bitmap-field-properties" + = ,aggregate-field-properties + )) ; can use this as real plist for online documentation + +(defun draw-expanded-bitmap-field (f) + (draw-aggregate-field f)) + +(defun init-expanded-bitmap-field (f) + (let ((s (divide-points ; calculate x,y dimensions + (box-size (zone-box (field-zone f))) + (make-point + x (expanded-bitmap-field-ncols f) + y (expanded-bitmap-field-nrows f))))) + (do ((z (field-zone f)) + (r nil) + (x (x (ll (zone-box (field-zone f))))) + (y (y (ll (zone-box (field-zone f)))) + (+ y dy)) + (dx (x s)) + (dy (y s)) + (nc (expanded-bitmap-field-nrows f)) + (nr (expanded-bitmap-field-nrows f)) + (j 0 (1+ j))) + ((= j nr) (alter-aggregate-field f subfields (nreverse r)) 't) + (do ((x x (+ x dx)) + (p) + (i 0 (1+ i))) + ((= i nc)) ; create a row of buttons + (setq p (make-point x x y y)) + (setq r (xcons r (make-button-field zone (append z nil)))) + (alter-zone (field-zone (car r)) + box (make-box ll p ur (add-points p s))) + )))) + +(defun resize-expanded-bitmap-field (f box) + (alter-zone (field-zone f) box box) + (let ((s (divide-points ; calculate x,y dimensions + (box-size box) + (make-point + x (expanded-bitmap-field-ncols f) + y (expanded-bitmap-field-nrows f))))) + (do ((z (field-zone f)) + (r (expanded-bitmap-field-subfields f)) + (x (x (ll box))) + (y (y (ll box)) (+ y dy)) + (dx (x s)) + (dy (y s)) + (nc (expanded-bitmap-field-nrows f)) + (nr (expanded-bitmap-field-nrows f)) + (j 0 (1+ j))) + ((= j nr) t) + (do ((x x (+ x dx)) + (p) + (i 0 (1+ i))) + ((= i nc)) ; create a row of buttons + (setq p (make-point x x y y)) + (resize-button-field (car r) + (make-box ll p ur (add-points p s))) + (setq r (cdr r)) + )))) + +(defun check-expanded-bitmap-field (f p) + (check-aggregate-field f p)) ; if we get here it's a hit -> check subfields + +;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;; +;;; utilities.l ; +;;; ; +;;; These macros and functions are thought to be generally useful. ; +;;; ; +;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;; +;;; Macros ; +;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;; + +(declare + (macros t) ; keep macros around after compiling + (localf pairify* pairifyq* split2* sublist*) + (special compiled-with-help)) + +(defmacro copy-all-but-last (ls) ; copy all but last member of list + `(let ((ls ,ls)) + (firstn (1- (length ls)) + ls))) + +(defmacro all-but-last (ls) ; destructive all-but-last + `(let ((ls ,ls)) + (cond ((cdr ls) + (rplacd (nthcdr (- (length ls) 2) ls) nil) + ls)))) + +(def hex (macro (arglist) ; hex to integer conversion + `(car (hex-to-int ',(cdr arglist))))) + +;;; define properties on symbols for use by help routines + +(defmacro def-usage (fun usage returns group) + (cond (compiled-with-help ; flag controls help generation + `(progn (putprop ,fun ,usage 'fcn-usage) + (putprop ,fun ,returns 'fcn-returns) + (putprop ,fun (nconc ,group (ncons ,fun)) 'fcn-group))))) +(defvar compiled-with-help t) ; unless otherwise notified + +;;; (letenv 'l_bind_plist g_expr1 ... g_exprn) -- pair-list form of "let" +;;; Lambda-binds pairs of "binding-objects" (see description of let,let*), +;;; at RUN TIME, then evaluates g_expr1 to g_exprn, returning g_exprn. eg: +;;; (apply 'letenv '(letenv '(a 1 b (+ c d)) +;;; (e)(f g))) +;-> (eval (cons 'let (cons (pairify '(a 1 b (+ c d))) +;;; '((e) (f g))))) +;-> (let ((a 1) (b (+ c d))) +;;; (e) (f g)) +(def letenv + (macro (x) + `(eval (cons 'let + (cons + (pairify ,(cadr x)) ; plist of binding objects + ',(cddr x)))))) ; exprs to be eval'ed + +(def letenvq ; letenv, quoted binding objects + (macro (x) + `(eval (cons 'let + (cons + (pairifyq ,(cadr x)) ; plist of binding objects + ',(cddr x)))))) ; exprs to be eval'ed + +(defmacro mergecar (L1 L2 cmpfn) ; merge, comparing by car's + `(merge ,L1 ,L2 '(lambda (e1 e2) ; (like sortcar) + (funcall ,cmpfn (car e1) (car e2))))) + +;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;; +;;; Functions ; +;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;; +;;; (all-but-last l_items) -- copy all but last list element + +;(defun all-but-last (ls) +; (cond ((cdr ls) (cons (car ls) (all-but-last (cdr ls)))))) + +;;; (alphap sx_char) +(defun alphap (char) ; is char alphabetic? + (cond ((symbolp char) + (setq char (car (exploden char))))) + (and (fixp char) + (or (and (>& char #.(1- #/A)) + (<& char #.(1+ #/Z))) + (and (>& char #.(1- #/a)) + (<& char #.(1+ #/z)))))) + +;;; (alphanumericp sx_char) +(defun alphanumericp (char) ; is char alphabetic or numeric? + (cond ((symbolp char) + (setq char (car (exploden char))))) + (and (fixp char) + (or (and (>& char #.(1- #/A)) + (<& char #.(1+ #/Z))) + (and (>& char #.(1- #/a)) + (<& char #.(1+ #/z))) + (and (>& char #.(1- #/0)) + (<& char #.(1+ #/9)))))) + +;;; (assqonc 'g_key 'g_val 'l_al) +;;; like (cond ((assq key alist)) +;;; (t (cadr (rplacd (last alist) +;;; (ncons (cons key val)))))) +(defun assqonc (key val al) ; tack (key.val) on end if not found + (do ((al al (cdr al))) + ((or (eq key (caar al)) + (and (null (cdr al)) + (rplacd al (setq al (ncons (cons key val)))))) + (car al)))) + +;;; (cartesian l_xset l_yset) +(defun cartesian (xset yset) ; cartesian product of elements + (mapcan + '(lambda (x) + (mapcar + '(lambda (y) (cons x y)) + yset)) + xset)) + +(defun concat-pairs (sb-list) ; concat neighbouring symbol pairs + (do ((s1 (car sb-list) s2) + (s2 (cadr sb-list) (car sbs-left)) + (sbs-left (cddr sb-list) (cdr sbs-left)) + (result nil (cons (concat s1 s2) result))) + ((null s2) (nreverse result)))) +;;; (detach l) +;;; Detaches (and throws away) first element of list (converse of attach) +;;; keeping the same initial list cell. +(defun detach (l) + (cond (l (rplacd l (cddr (rplaca l (cadr l))))))) + +;;; (distribute x_Q x_N) +;;; returns list of the form: (1 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 1) or (3 2 2 2 3) +;;; i.e. a list of length containing quantity evenly distributed +;;; with the excess surrounding a "core" of 's +;;; Useful (?) for padding spaces in line adjustment. +;(defun distribute (Q N) ; this one only does 1's and 0's +; (cond ((signp le Q) (duplicate N 0)) +; ((eq Q 1) (pad 0 N '(1))) +; (t (cons 1 (nconc +; (distribute (- Q 2) (- N 2)) +; '(1)))))) + +(defun distribute (Q N) ; distribute quantity Q among N elements + (let ((tmp (Divide (abs Q) N))) + (setq tmp (distribute0 (cadr tmp) N (car tmp) (1+ (car tmp)))) + (cond ((signp ge Q) tmp) + (t (mapcar 'minus tmp))))) + +(defun distribute0 (Q N X X1) + (cond ((signp le Q) (duplicate N X)) + ((eq Q 1) (pad X N (ncons X1))) + (t (cons X1 (nconc + (distribute0 (- Q 2) (- N 2) X X1) + (ncons X1)))))) + +;;; (duplicate x_n g_object) +;;; Returns list of n copies of object (nil if n <= 0) +(defun duplicate (n object) + (do ((res nil (cons object res)) + (i n (1- i))) + ((signp le i) res))) + +(defun e0 (in out) ; simulate binary insertion procedure + (let ((lin (length in)) + (lout (length out))) + (cond ((> lin lout) + (e0 + (nthcdr lout in) + (mapcan 'list out (firstn lout in)))) + (t (nconc (mapcan 'list (firstn lin out) in) + (nthcdr lin out)))))) + +(defun e (files) ; determine file permutation for emacs insert + (let ((i (e0 (cdr (iota (length files))) '(0))) + (f (append files nil))) + (mapc '(lambda (f-index f-name) + (rplaca (nthcdr f-index f) f-name)) + i files) + f)) + +;;; (firstn x_n l_listarg) +(defun firstn (n l) ; copy first elements of list + (do ((n n (1- n)) + (l l (cdr l)) + (r nil)) + ((not (plusp n)) (nreverse r)) ; if n=0 or -ve + (setq r (cons (car l) r)))) + +;;; (iota x_n) +;;; APL index generator (0,1,2,...,-1) +(defun iota (n) + (do ((i (1- n) (1- i)) + (res nil)) + ((minusp i) res) + (setq res (cons i res)))) + +(defun hex-to-int (numlist) ; eg. (hex-to-int '(12b3 120 8b)) + (cond + (numlist ; terminate recursion on null numlist + (cons + (apply '+ + (maplist + '(lambda (digits) + (lsh + (get '(hex |0| 0 |1| 1 |2| 2 |3| 3 + |4| 4 |5| 5 |6| 6 |7| 7 + |8| 8 |9| 9 a 10 b 11 + c 12 d 13 e 14 f 15) + (car digits)) + (lsh (1- (length digits)) 2))) + (explodec (car numlist)))) + (hex-to-int (cdr numlist)))))) + +;;; (lctouc g_expr) +;;; Returns s-expression formed by translating lower-case alphabetic +;;; characters in to their upper-case equivalents. +;;; Operates by imploding the translated characters, in the case of a +;;; symbol or string, or by recursively calling on members of a list. +;;; Other object types are returned unchanged. +(defun lctouc (expr) + (cond + ((dtpr expr) (mapcar 'uctolc expr)) + ((or (symbolp expr) (stringp expr)) + (implode + (mapcar + '(lambda (ch) + (cond ((alphap ch) ; and-out lower-case bit + (boole 1 #.(1- (1- #/a)) ch)) (t ch))) + (exploden expr)))) + (t expr))) + +;;; (log2 x_n) +(defun log2 (n) ; log base 2 (truncated) + (do ((n (lsh n -1) (lsh n -1)) + (p 0 (1+ p))) + ((zerop n) p))) + +;;; (lowerp sx_char) +(defun lowerp (char) ; is char lower-case alphabetic? + (cond ((symbolp char) + (setq char (car (exploden char))))) + (and (fixp char) + (or (and (> char #.(1- #/a)) + (< char #.(1+ #/z)))))) + +;;; (numericp sx_char) +;;; returns t if char is numeric, otherwise nil +(defun numericp (char) + (cond ((symbolp char)(setq char (car (exploden char))))) + (and (fixp char) + (and (> char #.(1- #/0)) + (< char #.(1+ #/9))))) + +;;; (pad g_item x_n l_list) +;;; Returns padded with copies of to length +(defun pad (item n list) + (append list (duplicate (- n (length list)) item))) + +;;; (pairify l_items) ; make a-list from alternating elements +(defun pairify (pl) + (pairify* nil pl)) +(defun pairify* (rs pl) ; tail-recursive local fun + (cond (pl (pairify* (cons (list (car pl) (cadr pl)) rs) + (cddr pl))) + (t (nreverse rs)))) + +;;; (pairifyq l_items) ; make a-list from alternating elements +(defun pairifyq (pl) ; with each second element quoted + (pairifyq* nil pl)) +(defun pairifyq* (rs pl) ; tail-recursive local fun + (cond (pl (pairifyq* (cons (list (car pl) (kwote (cadr pl))) rs) + (cddr pl))) + (t (nreverse rs)))) + +;;; (penultimate l_items) ; cdr down to next-to-last list element +(defun penultimate (ls) + (cond ((cddr ls) (penultimate (cdr ls))) + (t ls))) + +;;; (split2 l_L) +;;; Splits list into two (new) second-level lists +(defun split2* (L tc1 tc2) + (cond ((null L) (list (nreverse tc1) (nreverse tc2))) + (t (split2* (cddr L) + (cons (car L) tc1) + (cons (cadr L) tc2))))) + +(defun split2 (L) + (split2* L nil nil)) + +;;; (sublist L IL) +;;; Splits list (destructively) into (length IL) sub-lists. +;;; IL is a list of starting indices, base zero, should be unique positive +;;; fixnums in ascending order, and shouldn't exceed the length of L. +;;; Each resulting sublist begins with (nthcdr (nth IL) L) +(defun sublist (L IL) + (sublist* 0 nil (cons nil L) IL)) +(defun sublist* (I R L IL) ; tail-recursion function + (cond ((and L IL) + (cond + ((<& I (car IL)) + (sublist* (1+ I) R (cdr L) IL)) + (t (sublist* (1+ I) + (cons (cdr L) R) + (prog1 (cdr L) (rplacd L nil)) + (cdr IL))))) + (t (nreverse R)))) + +(defun try-fun (fun l-arg) ; try function on each arg until non-nil + (cond ((funcall fun (car l-arg))) + (l-arg (try-fun fun (cdr l-arg))))) + +;;; (uctolc g_expr) +;;; Returns s-expression formed by translating upper-case alphabetic +;;; characters in to their lower-case equivalents. +;;; Operates by imploding the translated characters, in the case of a +;;; symbol or string, or by recursively calling on members of a list. +;;; Other object types are returned unchanged. +(defun uctolc (expr) + (cond + ((dtpr expr) (mapcar 'uctolc expr)) + ((or (symbolp expr) (stringp expr)) + (implode + (mapcar + '(lambda (ch) + (cond ((alphap ch) ; or-in lower-case bit + (boole 7 #.(1- #/a) ch)) (t ch))) + (exploden expr)))) + (t expr))) + +;;; (unique a l) -- Scan for an element "equal" to . +;;; If found, return . Otherwise nconc onto ; return . +(defun unique (a l) ; ensure unique in list + (car + (do ((cdr_ul l (cdr ul)) + (ul l cdr_ul)) + ((null cdr_ul) (rplacd ul (ncons a))) + (cond ((equal a (car cdr_ul)) (return cdr_ul)))))) + +;;; (upperp sx_char) +(defun upperp (char) ; is char upper-case alphabetic? + (cond ((symbolp char) + (setq char (car (exploden char))))) + (and (fixp char) + (or (and (> char #.(1- #/A)) + (< char #.(1+ #/Z)))))) +;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;; +;;; zone.l -- data structures and routines for concrete window zones +;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;; +;;; a "point" is a pair of integer x,y coordinates +;;; a "box" is a pair of points defining lower left and upper right corners +;;; a "position" is a point coupled with a window +;;; a "zone" is a box coupled with a window +;;; a "window" is a machine, integer window id and, for compatibility +;;; with the toolbox, an integer toolbox window pointer +;;; a "machine" is a name coupled with the j-process-id's of resident servers +;;; The basic idea is to define a notion of a concrete position for a +;;; display object, that can be incorporated into the object data structure. +;;; Higher levels of software can use the objects without explicit reference +;;; to server processes, windows and machines. +;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;; + +(declare + (specials t) ; global vars not local to this file + (macros t)) ; compile macros as well + +(eval-when (compile) ; trust to higher level for eval & load + (load 'utilities) ; utility functions + (load 'constants) ; common constants for window toolbox +; (load 'shape) ; arbitrarily shaped screen areas +) + +(defstruct + (position ; a concrete display position + (:displace t) + (:list) + (:conc-name)) + (window (make-window)) ; concrete window + (point (make-point)) ; actual x, y coordinates +) + +(defstruct + (zone ; a concrete display zone + (:displace t) + (:list) + (:conc-name)) + (window (make-window)) ; concrete window + (box (make-box)) ; bounding box of zone + (colour W-BACKGROUND) ; colour (for scrolling etc) + shape +) + +(defstruct + (window ; concrete window + (:displace t) + (:list) + (:conc-name)) + (id 0) ; integer window id + (machine (make-machine)) ; machine (workstation) + (w 0) ; toolbox window structure pointer +) + +(defstruct + (machine ; machine (workstation) + (:displace t) + (:list) + (:conc-name)) + (name 'unknown-machine) ; machine name + (servers nil) ; plist of server processes living there +) + +;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;; +;;; manipulation routines +;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;; + +(defun add-points (p q) ; vector sum (x1+x2) (y1+y2) + (make-point + x (+ (x p) (x q)) + y (+ (y p) (y q)))) + +(defun subtract-points (p q) ; vector subtract (x1-x2) (y1-y2) + (make-point + x (- (x p) (x q)) + y (- (y p) (y q)))) + +(defun multiply-points (p q) ; vector multiply (x1*x2) (y1*y2) + (make-point + x (* (x p) (x q)) + y (* (y p) (y q)))) + +(defun divide-points (p q) ; vector division (x1-x2) (y1-y2) + (make-point + x (/ (x p) (x q)) + y (/ (y p) (y q)))) + +(defun move-point (p q) ; move point p to point q + (alter-point p + x (x q) + y (y q)) + t) ; return true + +(defun box-size (b) ; size of box = ur - ll + (subtract-points (ur b) (ll b))) + +(defun box-interior (b) ; return box just inside this box dimensions + (make-box + ll (add-points (ll b) '(1 1)) + ur (subtract-points (ur b) '(1 1)))) + +(defun move-box (b p) ; move box b to point p (lower-left) + (let ((size (box-size b))) + (alter-box b + ll p + ur (add-points p size)) + t)) ; return true + +(defun point-in-box (p b) ; is point p in box b? (including boundary) + (and (>= (x p) (x (ll b))) + (<= (x p) (x (ur b))) + (>= (y p) (y (ll b))) + (<= (y p) (y (ur b))) + )) + +(defun point-in-box-interior (p b) ; is point p in box b? (excluding boundary) + (and (> (x p) (x (ll b))) + (< (x p) (x (ur b))) + (> (y p) (y (ll b))) + (< (y p) (y (ur b))) + )) + +(defun init-window (w) ; fill in "window" structure + (let ; presuming window-w predefined + ((m (j-machine-name (w-get-manager (window-w w))))) + (alter-window w id (w-get-id (window-w w))) + (cond ((not (window-machine w)) + (alter-window w machine (make-machine name m))) + (t (alter-machine (window-machine w) name m))) + (init-machine (window-machine w)) ; also fill in machine structure + t)) ; return true + +(defun init-machine (m) ; fill in "machine" structure + (cond ; presuming machine-name predefined + ((null (machine-servers m)) ; if no plist, make new one + (alter-machine m servers (ncons 'servers:)))) + (mapc '(lambda (pname) ; for each expected server name + (let + ((pid (j-search-machine-e jipc-error-code + (machine-name m) + pname))) ; try to find one on that machine + (cond ((j-same-process pid J-NO-PROCESS) + (putprop (machine-servers m) nil pname)) ; failed! use nil + (t (putprop (machine-servers m) pid pname))))) ; success! + EXPECTED-WORKSTATION-SERVERS) ; global list of process names + t) ; return true + +(defvar EXPECTED-WORKSTATION-SERVERS ; global list of process names + '(window_manager creator savemem + text-composer)) ; usually want at least these + +(defun window-box (w) ; box fills entire window + (let ((w-size (w-get-window-size (window-w w)))) + (make-box + ll (make-point x 0 y 0) + ur (make-point x (car w-size) y (cadr w-size))) + )) + +(defun clear-zone (z colour) ; clear zone (including boundaries) + (let ((b (box-size (zone-box z)))) + (w-clear-rectangle (window-w (zone-window z)) + (x (ll (zone-box z))) (y (ll (zone-box z))) + (1+ (x b)) (1+ (y b)) + colour))) + +(defun clear-zone-interior (z colour) ; clear zone (excluding boundaries) + (let ((b (box-size (zone-box z)))) + (w-clear-rectangle (window-w (zone-window z)) + (1+ (x (ll (zone-box z)))) (1+ (y (ll (zone-box z)))) + (1- (x b)) (1- (y b)) + colour))) + +(defun pattern-zone (z pattern) ; pattern zone (including boundaries) + (let ((b (zone-box z))) + (w-pattern-rectangle (window-w (zone-window z)) + (x (ll b)) (y (ll b)) + (1+ (x (ur b))) (1+ (y (ur b))) pattern) + )) + +(defun pattern-zone-interior (z pattern) ; pattern zone (excluding boundaries) + (let ((b (box-size (zone-box z)))) + (w-pattern-rectangle (window-w (zone-window z)) + (1+ (x (ll (zone-box z)))) (1+ (y (ll (zone-box z)))) + (1- (x b)) (1- (y b)) pattern) + )) + +(defun draw-zone-outline (z colour) ; draw zone boundaries + (let* ((w (window-w (zone-window z))) + (b (zone-box z)) + (ll (ll b)) + (ur (ur b))) + (w-draw-vector w (x ll) (y ll) (x ll) (y ur) colour) + (w-draw-vector w (x ll) (y ur) (x ur) (y ur) colour) + (w-draw-vector w (x ur) (y ur) (x ur) (y ll) colour) + (w-draw-vector w (x ur) (y ll) (x ll) (y ll) colour) + )) +;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;; +;;; font.l -- font manipulation +;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;; + +(eval-when (compile) + (load 'utilities) + (load 'constants)) + +(defvar -installed-fonts nil) ; list of installed fonts + +(defstruct + (font ; font structure + (:displace t) + (:list) + (:conc-name)) + (name 'standard) + (size 8) + (body 8) + (cap-height 7) + (x-height 5) + (fixed-width 5) + (first 0) + (last 127) + glyph ; the actual characters +) + +(defstruct + (glyph ; glyph structure + (:displace t) + (:list) + (:conc-name)) + code + width + (bytes (byte-block 32)) ; the actual bitmap +) + +;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;; +;;; font manipulation routines +;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;; + +(defun read-font (family size path) + (let ((p (infile path)) ; open file + (x (new-vectori-long 2)) + (f nil)) + (setq f (make-font + name family + size (tyi p) + body (tyi p) + cap-height (tyi p) + x-height (tyi p) + fixed-width (tyi p) + first (prog1 (tyi p) (tyi p)) + last (prog1 (tyi p) (tyi p)))) + (alter-font f glyph + (do ((i (font-first f) (1+ i)) + (r (ncons nil)) + (g)) + ((> i (font-last f)) (car r)) + (setq g (make-glyph code i)) ; allocate char + (do ((j 0 (1+ j))) ; read bitmap + ((> j 31)) + (vseti-byte (glyph-bytes g) j (tyi p))) + (alter-glyph g width (tyi p)) ; read width + (setq r (tconc r g)) + )) + (close p) ; close file + + (rplacd ; install font + (cond ((assoc (list (font-name f) (font-size f)) -installed-fonts)) + (t (car (setq -installed-fonts + (cons (ncons (list (font-name f) (font-size f))) + -installed-fonts))))) + f) + f)) ; return font + +(def-usage 'read-font '(|'st_family| |'x_size| |'st_path|) + 'l_font-descriptor + (setq fcn-group (ncons "Font Manipulation:"))) + +(defun install-font (f) + (cdr + (rplacd ; install font + (cond ((assoc (list (font-name f) (font-size f)) -installed-fonts)) + (t (car (setq -installed-fonts + (cons (ncons (list (font-name f) (font-size f))) + -installed-fonts))))) + f))) + +(defun find-font (family size) ; always "finds" one even if dummy + (cond ((cdr (assoc (list family size) -installed-fonts))) + (t (install-font (make-font name family size size))))) + +(def-usage 'find-font + '(|'st_family| |'x_size|) + 'l_font-descriptor + fcn-group) + +(defun create-font (driver font) + (j-send-se-list driver + (list 'make-font + (font-name font) + (font-size font) + (font-body font) + (font-cap-height font) + (font-x-height font) + (font-fixed-width font) + (font-first font) + (font-last font)))) + +(defun download-glyph (driver font glyph) + (j-put-items + `((J-STRING set-glyph) + (J-STRING ,(font-name font)) + (J-INT ,(font-size font)) + (J-INT ,(glyph-code glyph)) + (J-INT ,(glyph-width glyph)) + (J-BLOCK ,(glyph-bytes glyph)))) + (j-send driver)) + +(defun download-font (driver font) + (do ((g (font-glyph font)) + (font-size (font-size font))) + ((null g)) + (j-put-items + `((J-STRING set-glyph) + (J-STRING ,(font-name font)) + (J-INT ,font-size))) + (do ((gg g (cdr gg))) + ((or (null gg) (j-put-items + `((J-INT ,(glyph-code (car gg))) + (J-INT ,(glyph-width (car gg))) + (J-BLOCK + ,(glyph-bytes (car gg)) + ,(+ font-size font-size))))) + (setq g gg))) ; when buffer full, save remainder + (j-send driver) + (cond ((eq J-STRING (j-next-item-type)) + (j-gets j-comm-string 128) ; skip past message string + (cond ((eq J-INT (j-next-item-type))(patom (j-geti))(terpr))))) + )) + +(def-usage 'download-font + '(|'x_process-id| |'l_font-descriptor|) + 't + fcn-group) + +(defun read-create-download-font (driver family size path) + (let ((f (read-font family size path))) + (create-font driver f) + (download-font driver f) + f)) + +(def-usage 'read-create-download-font + '(|'x_process-id| |'st_family| |'x_size| |'st_path|) + 'l_font-descriptor + fcn-group) + +(defun font-depth (f) + (- (font-body f) (font-cap-height f))) + +(defun font-height (f) + (font-cap-height f)) + +(defun get-font-list (sc) ; arg is string-composer or font-server pid + (j-send-se sc 'get-font-list) + (pairify (mapcar + '(lambda (x) + (cond ((stringp (cadr x)) (concat (cadr x))) + (t (cadr x)))) + (j-get-items)))) + +(defun get-all-font-info (sc) ; arg is string-composer or font-server pid + (mapc '(lambda (f) + (rplacd (apply 'find-font f) + (cdr (progn + (j-send-se-list sc (cons 'get-font-info f)) + (mapcar 'cadr (j-get-items)))))) + (get-font-list sc))) +;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;; +;;; text.l -- fancy text strings +;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;; + +(declare + (specials t) + (macros t)) + +(eval-when (compile) + (load 'utilities) + (load 'constants) + (load 'zone) + (load 'font) + (load 'look)) + +(defstruct + (text ; text structure + (:displace t) + (:list) + (:conc-name)) + (text '||) ; the text to draw + (look (make-look)) ; what style to draw it in + (kl 0) ; (starting) left kerning mask + (zone (make-zone)) ; specific window, clipping box + (offset (make-point)) ; offset of start point from zone ll + (kr 0) ; (final) right kerning mask + (delta (make-point)) ; change in (x,y) relative to start point + (nn -1) ; char count +) + +;;; NOTE: clipping box of ((0 0) (-1 -1)) uses window boundaries + +(defun text-width (s) ; presumes non-rotated + (x (text-delta s))) + +(defun text-box (s) ; presumes non-rotated + (make-box + ll (subtract-points + (text-start-point s) + (make-point x 0 y (font-depth (look-font (text-look s))))) + ur (add-points + (text-end-point s) + (make-point x 0 y (font-height (look-font (text-look s))))))) + +(defun text-start-point (s) + (add-points + (ll (zone-box (text-zone s))) + (text-offset s))) + +(defun text-end-point (s) + (add-points + (text-start-point s) + (text-delta s))) + +(defun text-x (s) ; x coord of start of text object + (+ (x (ll (zone-box (text-zone s)))) + (x (text-offset s)))) + +(defun text-y (s) ; y coord of start of text object + (+ (y (ll (zone-box (text-zone s)))) + (y (text-offset s)))) + +(defun text-xx (s) ; x coord of end of text object + (+ (x (ll (zone-box (text-zone s)))) + (x (text-offset s)) + (x (text-delta s)))) + +(defun text-yy (s) ; y coord of end of text object + (+ (y (ll (zone-box (text-zone s)))) + (y (text-offset s)) + (y (text-delta s)))) + +(defun move-text (s p) ; move s to new x,y + (alter-text s + offset (subtract-points p (ll (zone-box (text-zone s)))))) + +(defun draw-text (s) ; quietly draw text, clipping to zone box + (let (((x y) (text-start-point s)) + (l (text-look s))) + (j-put-items + `((J-STRING compose) + (J-INT ,(window-id (zone-window (text-zone s)))) + (J-STRING ,(text-text s)) + (J-STRING ,(font-name (look-font l))) + (J-INT ,(font-size (look-font l))) + (J-INT ,(boole 7 (look-mode l) QUIET)) + (J-INT ,(look-colour l)) + (J-INT ,(look-gap l)) + (J-INT ,(look-ul l)) + (J-INT ,(text-kl s)) + (J-INT ,x) + (J-INT ,y) + (J-INT ,(x (cond + ((zerop (boole 1 ROTATE-180 (look-mode l))) + (ur (zone-box (text-zone s)))) + (t (ll (zone-box (text-zone s))))))) + (J-INT ,(y (cond + ((zerop (boole 1 ROTATE-90 (look-mode l))) + (ur (zone-box (text-zone s)))) + (t (ll (zone-box (text-zone s))))))) + (J-INT ,(text-nn s)) + )) + (j-send (get (machine-servers + (window-machine + (zone-window + (text-zone s)))) + 'text-composer)) + )) + +(defun undraw-text (s) ; quietly undraw text, clipping to zone box + (let (((x y) (text-start-point s)) + (l (text-look s))) + (j-put-items + `((J-STRING compose) + (J-INT ,(window-id (zone-window (text-zone s)))) + (J-STRING ,(text-text s)) + (J-STRING ,(font-name (look-font l))) + (J-INT ,(font-size (look-font l))) + (J-INT ,(boole 7 OVERSTRIKE QUIET (look-mode l))) + (J-INT ,(inverse-colour (look-colour l))) + (J-INT ,(look-gap l)) + (J-INT ,(look-ul l)) + (J-INT ,(text-kl s)) + (J-INT ,x) + (J-INT ,y) + (J-INT ,(x (cond + ((zerop (boole 1 ROTATE-180 (look-mode l))) + (ur (zone-box (text-zone s)))) + (t (ll (zone-box (text-zone s))))))) + (J-INT ,(y (cond + ((zerop (boole 1 ROTATE-90 (look-mode l))) + (ur (zone-box (text-zone s)))) + (t (ll (zone-box (text-zone s))))))) + (J-INT ,(text-nn s)) + )) + (j-send (get (machine-servers + (window-machine + (zone-window + (text-zone s)))) + 'text-composer)) + )) + +(defun format-text (s) ; format text without drawing or clipping + (let ((memop (symbolp (text-text s))) ; can only memoize symbols + (k) (p) (q) (l (text-look s))) + (cond + (memop ; are we memoizing? yes! + (setq k (unique-look-id l)) ; key based on look + (setq p (get (text-text s) k)) ; alist found on plist + (setq q (assoc (text-kl s) p)))) ; entry based on kl + (cond + (q (alter-text s ; if info found + kr (cadr q) ; record result + delta (caddr q) ; then return + nn (cadddr q))) + (t ; otherwise compute data + (j-put-items + `((J-STRING compose) + (J-INT 0) ; no window needed + (J-STRING ,(text-text s)) + (J-STRING ,(font-name (look-font l))) + (J-INT ,(font-size (look-font l))) + (J-INT ,(boole 7 NO-DRAW (look-mode l))) + (J-INT ,(look-colour l)) + (J-INT ,(look-gap l)) + (J-INT ,(look-ul l)) + (J-INT ,(text-kl s)) + (J-INT 0) ; starting point 0 0 + (J-INT 0) + (J-INT -1) ; no clipping + (J-INT -1) + (J-INT -1) + )) + (j-send (get (machine-servers + (window-machine + (zone-window + (text-zone s)))) + 'text-composer)) + (let ((kr (j-geti)) ; now record result + (xx (j-geti)) + (yy (j-geti)) + (nn (j-geti))) + (alter-text s + kr kr + delta (make-point x xx y yy) + nn nn) + (cond (memop ; memoize if req'd + (cond (p (nconc p + (ncons (list (text-kl s) kr + (text-delta s) nn)))) + (t (putprop (text-text s) + (ncons (list (text-kl s) kr + (text-delta s) nn)) + k)))) + )) + )) + 't)) ; always return t + +(defun scan-text (s p) ; scan text s for point p, return (kr delta nn) + (let (((x y) (text-start-point s)) ; inside: check text + (l (text-look s))) + (j-put-items + `((J-STRING compose) + (J-INT 0) + (J-STRING ,(text-text s)) + (J-STRING ,(font-name (look-font l))) + (J-INT ,(font-size (look-font l))) + (J-INT ,(boole 7 NO-DRAW (look-mode l))) + (J-INT ,(look-colour l)) + (J-INT ,(look-gap l)) + (J-INT ,(look-ul l)) + (J-INT ,(text-kl s)) + (J-INT ,x) + (J-INT ,y) + (J-INT ,(x p)) + (J-INT ,(y p)) + (J-INT ,(text-nn s)) + )) + (j-send (get (machine-servers + (window-machine + (zone-window + (text-zone s)))) + 'text-composer)) + (let ((kr (j-geti)) ; now record result + (xx (j-geti)) + (yy (j-geti)) + (nn (j-geti))) + (list kr (make-point x (- xx x) y (- yy y)) nn)) + )) + +(defun format-draw-text (s) ; draw it while formatting + (let ((memop (symbolp (text-text s))) ; can only memoize symbols + ((x y) (text-start-point s)) + (k) (p) (q) (l (text-look s))) + (cond + (memop ; are we memoizing? yes! + (setq k (unique-look-id l)) ; key based on look + (setq p (get (text-text s) k)) ; alist found on plist + (setq q (assoc (text-kl s) p)))) ; entry based on kl + (cond + (q (alter-text s ; if info found + kr (cadr q) ; record result + delta (caddr q) + nn (cadddr q)) + (draw-text s)) ; draw it & return + (t ; otherwise compute data + (j-put-items + `((J-STRING compose) + (J-INT ,(window-id (zone-window (text-zone s)))) + (J-STRING ,(text-text s)) + (J-STRING ,(font-name (look-font l ))) + (J-INT ,(font-size (look-font l))) + (J-INT ,(boole 4 (look-mode l) QUIET)) + (J-INT ,(look-colour l)) + (J-INT ,(look-gap l)) + (J-INT ,(look-ul l)) + (J-INT ,(text-kl s)) + (J-INT ,x) + (J-INT ,y) + (J-INT ,(x (cond + ((zerop (boole 1 ROTATE-180 (look-mode l))) + (ur (zone-box (text-zone s)))) + (t (ll (zone-box (text-zone s))))))) + (J-INT ,(y (cond + ((zerop (boole 1 ROTATE-90 (look-mode l))) + (ur (zone-box (text-zone s)))) + (t (ll (zone-box (text-zone s))))))) + (J-INT -1) ; format to end of text + )) + (j-send (get (machine-servers + (window-machine + (zone-window + (text-zone s)))) + 'text-composer)) + (let ((kr (j-geti)) ; now alter result data + (xx (j-geti)) + (yy (j-geti)) + (nn (j-geti))) + (cond ((neq nn (length (exploden (text-text s)))) + (format-text s)) ; actually clipped! reformat + (t (alter-text s + kr kr + delta (make-point x (- xx x) y (- yy y)) + nn nn) + (cond + (memop ; memoize if req'd + (cond (p (nconc p + (ncons (list (text-kl s) kr + (text-delta s) nn)))) + (t (putprop (text-text s) + (ncons (list (text-kl s) kr + (text-delta s) nn)) + k)))) + )) + )) + )) + 't)) ; always return t + +(defun backspace-text (s n) ; undraw last n characters, remove from text + (cond ; this presumes s has valid delta,kr,nn + ((plusp (text-nn s)) ; proceed only if length > 0 + (setq n (min n (text-nn s))) ; can't delete more than nn chars + (let ((text (text-text s)) + (l (text-look s))) + (alter-text s ; keep all but last n chars + text (substring text 1 (- (text-nn s) n)) + nn (- (text-nn s) n)) + (format-text s) ; reformat to find the new end + (j-put-items + `((J-STRING compose) ; now undraw last character + (J-INT ,(window-id (zone-window (text-zone s)))) + (J-STRING ,(substring text (- n))) ; undraw last n chars + (J-STRING ,(font-name (look-font l))) + (J-INT ,(font-size (look-font l))) + (J-INT ,(boole 7 QUIET OVERSTRIKE (look-mode l))) + (J-INT ,(inverse-colour (look-colour l))) + (J-INT ,(look-gap l)) + (J-INT ,(look-ul l)) + (J-INT ,(text-kr s)) + (J-INT ,(text-xx s)) + (J-INT ,(text-yy s)) + (J-INT ,(x (cond + ((zerop (boole 1 ROTATE-180 (look-mode l))) + (ur (zone-box (text-zone s)))) + (t (ll (zone-box (text-zone s))))))) + (J-INT ,(y (cond + ((zerop (boole 1 ROTATE-90 (look-mode l))) + (ur (zone-box (text-zone s)))) + (t (ll (zone-box (text-zone s))))))) + (J-INT ,n) + )) + (j-send (get (machine-servers + (window-machine + (zone-window + (text-zone s)))) + 'text-composer)) + 't)) ; return t if able to do it; nil if nn <= 0 + )) + +(defun append-text (s c) ; draw new char(s) & add to end of text + (cond ((fixp c) ; this presumes s has valid delta,kr,nn + (setq c (ascii c)))) + (j-put-items + `((J-STRING compose) ; draw new last character(s) + (J-INT ,(window-id (zone-window (text-zone s)))) + (J-STRING ,c) + (J-STRING ,(font-name (look-font (text-look s)))) + (J-INT ,(font-size (look-font (text-look s)))) + (J-INT ,(boole 4 (look-mode (text-look s)) QUIET)) ; be noisy! + (J-INT ,(look-colour (text-look s))) + (J-INT ,(look-gap (text-look s))) + (J-INT ,(look-ul (text-look s))) + (J-INT ,(text-kr s)) ; this presumes s has valid delta,kr,nn + (J-INT ,(text-xx s)) + (J-INT ,(text-yy s)) + (J-INT ,(x (cond + ((zerop (boole 1 ROTATE-180 (look-mode l))) + (ur (zone-box (text-zone s)))) + (t (ll (zone-box (text-zone s))))))) + (J-INT ,(y (cond + ((zerop (boole 1 ROTATE-90 (look-mode l))) + (ur (zone-box (text-zone s)))) + (t (ll (zone-box (text-zone s))))))) + (J-INT -1) + )) + (j-send (get (machine-servers + (window-machine + (zone-window + (text-zone s)))) + 'text-composer)) + (let ((kr (j-geti)) + (xx (j-geti)) + (yy (j-geti)) + (nn (j-geti))) + (alter-text s + text (concat (text-text s) c) + kr kr + delta (subtract-points + (make-point x xx y yy) + (text-start-point s)) + nn (+ (text-nn s) nn))) + 't) + +(defun append-text-scroll (s c colour) ; draw and add new char(s) + (let ((w (window-id ; while scrolling zone box b in specified colour + (zone-window (text-zone s)))) + (b (zone-box (text-zone s))) + (l (text-look s))) + (cond ((fixp c) + (setq c (ascii c)))) ; this presumes s has valid delta,kr,nn + (j-put-items + `((J-STRING compose) ; format new last character + (J-INT ,w) + (J-STRING ,c) + (J-STRING ,(font-name (look-font l))) + (J-INT ,(font-size (look-font l))) + (J-INT ,(boole 7 NO-DRAW (look-mode l))) + (J-INT ,(look-colour l)) + (J-INT ,(look-gap l)) + (J-INT ,(look-ul l)) + (J-INT ,(text-kr s)) ; this presumes s has valid delta,kr,nn + (J-INT 0) + (J-INT 0) + (J-INT -1) + (J-INT -1) + (J-INT -1) + )) + (j-send (get (machine-servers + (window-machine + (zone-window + (text-zone s)))) + 'text-composer)) + (let ((kr (j-geti)) + (xx (j-geti)) + (yy (j-geti)) + (nn (j-geti))) + (apply + 'w-scroll-rectangle + (nconc + (ncons (window-w (zone-window (text-zone s)))) + (let ((direction (boole 1 ROTATION + (look-mode l)))) + (cond + ((= direction ROTATE-0) + (list (text-xx s) + (y (ll b)) + (- (x (ur b)) (text-xx s) -1) + (- (y (ur b)) (y (ll b)) -1) + WM-RIGHT xx)) + ((= direction ROTATE-90) + (list (x (ll b)) + (text-yy s) + (- (x (ur b)) (x (ll b)) -1) + (- (y (ur b)) (text-yy s) -1) + WM-UP yy)) + ((= direction ROTATE-180) + (list (x (ll b)) + (y (ll b)) + (- (text-xx s) (x (ll b)) -1) + (- (y (ur b)) (y (ll b)) -1) + WM-LEFT (- xx))) + ((= direction ROTATE-270) + (list (x (ll b)) + (y (ll b)) + (- (x (ur b)) (x (ll b)) -1) + (- (text-yy s) (y (ll b)) -1) + WM-DOWN (- yy))) + )) + (ncons colour))) + (w-flush (window-w (zone-window (text-zone s)))) + (j-put-items + `((J-STRING compose) ; draw new last character + (J-INT ,w) + (J-STRING ,c) + (J-STRING ,(font-name (look-font l))) + (J-INT ,(font-size (look-font l))) + (J-INT ,(boole 7 (look-mode l) QUIET)) + (J-INT ,(look-colour l)) + (J-INT ,(look-gap l)) + (J-INT ,(look-ul l)) + (J-INT ,(text-kr s)) ; this presumes s has valid delta,kr,nn + (J-INT ,(text-xx s)) + (J-INT ,(text-yy s)) + (J-INT ,(x (cond + ((zerop (boole 1 ROTATE-180 (look-mode l))) + (ur (zone-box (text-zone s)))) + (t (ll (zone-box (text-zone s))))))) + (J-INT ,(y (cond + ((zerop (boole 1 ROTATE-90 (look-mode l))) + (ur (zone-box (text-zone s)))) + (t (ll (zone-box (text-zone s))))))) + (J-INT -1) + )) + (j-send (get (machine-servers + (window-machine + (zone-window + (text-zone s)))) + 'text-composer)) + (alter-text s + text (concat (text-text s) c) + kr kr + delta (add-points + (make-point x xx y yy) + (text-delta s)) + nn (+ (text-nn s) nn)) + )'t)) + +(defun format-text-list (sl) ; chain the text objects + (do ((s (car sl) (car sl)) ; so that xx,yy,kr of one + (sl (cdr sl) (cdr sl))) ; used as x,y,kl of next + ((null sl) (format-text s) 't) + (format-text s) + (alter-text (car sl) + kl (text-kr s)) + (move-text (car sl) (text-end-point s)) + )) + +(defun move-text-list (sl p) ; move whole list of text objects + (do ((s (car sl) (car sl)) + (sl (cdr sl) (cdr sl)) + (p p (text-end-point s))) + ((null s) 't) + (move-text s p) + )) + +(defun compress-text-list (sl) ; combine like-moded text objects + (do ((s (car sl) (car sl)) ; to reduce communication + (sl (cdr sl) (cdr sl)) + (new-text nil) + (new-end-point (text-start-point s)) + (new-s (append (car sl) nil)) ; top-level copy + (dx nil) + (gap (look-gap (text-look (car sl)))) + (result nil)) + ((null s) (alter-text new-s + text (apply 'concat (nreverse new-text)) + nn -1) + (nreverse (cons new-s result))) ; return new s-list + (setq dx (- (x (text-start-point s)) + (x new-end-point))) + (cond ((and ; check most likely diffs first + (or (eq dx 0) (>= dx (look-gap (text-look s)))) + (= (y (text-start-point s)) (y new-end-point)) + (eq (text-look s) + (text-look new-s)) + ) ; presume kerning doesn't matter! + (cond ((plusp dx) ; horizontal movement + (setq new-text + (cons + (implode + (do ((dx (- dx gap 4) (- dx gap 4)) + (result nil)) + ((minusp dx) + (do ((dx (+ dx 4 -1) (- dx gap 1))) + ((minusp dx) + (cond ((eq dx -1) + (setq result + (cons 1 result))))) + ; 0-pixel space + (setq result (cons 2 result))) + ; 1-pixel space + result) + (setq result (cons 3 result)) + ; 4-pixel space + )) + new-text)))) + (setq new-text (cons (text-text s) new-text)) + (setq new-end-point (text-end-point s)) + ) + (t (alter-text new-s + text (apply 'concat (nreverse new-text)) + nn -1 + delta (subtract-points new-end-point + (text-start-point new-s))) + (setq result (cons new-s result)) + (setq new-s (append s nil) + new-text (ncons (text-text s))) + (setq + new-end-point (text-start-point s) + gap (look-gap (text-look s))) + ) + ))) + +(defun draw-text-list (sl) + (mapc '(lambda (x) (draw-text x)) sl) 't) + +(defun undraw-text-list (sl) + (mapc '(lambda (x) (undraw-text x)) sl) 't) + +(defun format-draw-text-list (slist) ; format all on same line + (do ((s (car slist) (car sl)) + (sl (cdr slist) (cdr sl))) + ((null sl) (format-draw-text s)) ; format the last one + (format-draw-text s) + (move-text (car sl) ; chain xx,yy,kr to next one's x,y,kl + (text-end-point s)) + )) +;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;; +;;; text-edit.l -- rudimentary line editor for fancy character texts +;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;; +;;; +;;; These routines provide a simple line editor with control keys reminiscent +;;; of the default EMACS key bindings. +;;; +;;; The calling program presumably has obtained a "point" event, at +;;; position "p". The cursor will be placed on the nearest character, +;;; and then input is accepted from the keyboard, until such time as a +;;; key is accepted, or a point event occurs outside the text +;;; zone boundary, or until a non-key, non-point event occurs. Another +;;; point event within the text zone causes the cursor to be re-positioned. +;;; +;;; Editing operations currently supported are: +;;; CTRL-A (ascii 1) ; control A = beginning of line +;;; CTRL-B (ascii 2) ; control B = backward-character +;;; CTRL-D (ascii 4) ; control D = delete next char +;;; CTRL-E (ascii 5) ; control E = end of line +;;; CTRL-F (ascii 6) ; control F = forward-character +;;; BACKSPACE (ascii 8) ; BACKSPACE = delete previous char +;;; CTRL-K (ascii 11) ; control K = kill to end of line +;;; CTRL-L (ascii 12) ; control L = redraw text +;;; RETURN (ascii 13) ; RETURN = "done" +;;; CTRL-T (ascii 20) ; control T = transpose previous 2 chars +;;; CTRL-Y (ascii 25) ; control Y = "yank" recently killed text + +(declare + (specials t) + (macros t)) + +(eval-when (compile) + (load 'utilities) + (load 'constants) + (load 'zone) + (load 'font) + (load 'look) + (load 'text)) + + +(eval-when (compile eval load) + (defvar BACKSPACE (ascii 8)) ; backspace char = delete previous char + (defvar RETURN (ascii 13)) ; carriage return = "done" + (defvar CTRL-A (ascii 1)) ; control A = beginning of line + (defvar CTRL-B (ascii 2)) ; control B = backward-character + (defvar CTRL-D (ascii 4)) ; control D = delete next char + (defvar CTRL-E (ascii 5)) ; control E = end of line + (defvar CTRL-F (ascii 6)) ; control F = forward-character + (defvar CTRL-K (ascii 11)) ; control K = kill to end of line + (defvar CTRL-L (ascii 12)) ; control L = redraw text + (defvar CTRL-T (ascii 20)) ; control T = transpose previous 2 chars + (defvar CTRL-Y (ascii 25)) ; control Y = "yank" recently killed text + (defvar TYPEAHEAD-THRESHOLD 5); can type at most 5 chars -> forced feedback +) + +(defun edit-text (s p) ; edit a text at point p + (cond ; p outside zone => nil + ((not (point-in-box p (zone-box (text-zone s)))) nil) + (t ; p inside zone => edit text + (let + ((w (window-w (zone-window (text-zone s)))) + (post (append s nil)) + (kill-text "")) + (split-texts s post p) ; split into left and right parts + (draw-cursor-leading-text post) ; highlight first char + (skip-stroke-release-events w) + (do ((e (w-get-next-event w) ; get an event + (w-get-next-event w)) ; then keep getting events + (l) (c)) ; character list, character + ((eq c '#.RETURN) ; stop when is received + (cond ((neq e WM-KEY) ; if not caused by key, put event back + (w-put-back-event w))) + (combine-texts s post) + t) ; just return 't + (cond ; main loop + ((eq e WM-KEY) + (setq c (concat (car (w-get-key w)))) ; get the character + (cond + ((eq c '#.BACKSPACE) ; backspace char + (text-delete-previous-character s post)) + ((eq c '#.CTRL-A) ; control A + (text-beginning-of-line s post)) + ((eq c '#.CTRL-B) ; control B + (text-backward-character s post)) + ((eq c '#.CTRL-D) ; control D + (text-delete-next-character s post)) + ((eq c '#.CTRL-E) ; control E + (text-end-of-line s post)) + ((eq c '#.CTRL-F) ; control F + (text-forward-character s post)) + ((eq c '#.CTRL-K) ; control K + (text-kill-to-end-of-line s post)) + ((eq c '#.CTRL-L) ; control L + (text-redraw-display s post)) + ((eq c '#.CTRL-T) ; control T + (text-transpose-characters s post)) + ((eq c '#.CTRL-Y) ; control Y + (text-yank-from-killbuffer s post)) + ((neq c '#.RETURN) ; not + (text-insert-character s post)) + (t (w-put-back-event w)) ; it's a ; put it back + )) ; so loop control can get it again + ((eq e WM-POINT-DEPRESSED) + (setq p (w-get-point w)) + (cond ; check point in zone + ((point-in-box p (zone-box (text-zone s))) + (draw-cursor-leading-text post) ; un-highlight char + (combine-texts s post) + (split-texts s post p) + (draw-cursor-leading-text post) ; highlight new char + (skip-stroke-release-events w)) + (t (w-put-back-event w) ; outside zone => return + (setq c '#.RETURN)))) + ((neq e WM-CANCEL) ; an event we can't handle + (w-put-back-event w) ; so put it back, then return + (setq c '#.RETURN)) + ))) + ))) + +(defun input-typeahead-keys (w n brk-fcn l) ; return keys typed ahead + (cond ; brk-fcn tests text + ((or (zerop n) ; already have max typeahead + (not (w-any-events w))) (nreverse l)) ; or there aren't any events + (t (let ((x (w-get-next-event w))) ; there's an event + (cond + ((neq x WM-KEY) + (w-put-back-event w) (nreverse l)) ; but not a keystroke + (t (setq x (car (w-get-key w))) ; it's a keystroke + (cond + ((funcall brk-fcn x) ; is it a break char? + (w-put-back-event w) (nreverse l)) ; it's a special char + (t (input-typeahead-keys ; it's a regular char + w (1- n) brk-fcn (cons x l))) ; tail recur for rest + ))))))) + +(defun split-texts (s post p) ; split text s at point p + (let ; yielding texts s and post + (((kr delta nn) (scan-text s p))) ; scan for char pos'n + (alter-text post ; text incl & after char pt'ed + text (cond ((substring (text-text s) (1+ nn))) ; if it exists! + ("")) ; otherwise,nothing + offset (add-points (text-offset s) delta) + kl kr + delta (subtract-points (text-delta s) delta) + nn (- (text-nn s) nn)) + (alter-text s kr kr delta delta nn nn ; truncate text + text (cond ((substring (text-text s) 1 nn)) + (""))) + )) + +(defun skip-stroke-release-events (w) + (do ((e (w-get-next-event w) + (w-get-next-event w))) + ((neq e WM-POINT-STROKE) ; get events until non-point-stroke + (cond ((neq e WM-POINT-RELEASED) ; should be point-release + (w-put-back-event w)))) ; if not, put it back + )) + +(defun combine-texts (s post) ; recombine texts + (alter-text s + text (concat (text-text s) (text-text post)) + nn (+ (text-nn s) (text-nn post)) + delta (add-points (text-delta s) (text-delta post)) + kr (text-kr post)) + (format-text s)) + +(defun draw-cursor-leading-text (s) ; highlight first char of text + (let ((c (append s nil))) + (alter-text c ; get first char + text (concat (cond ((substring (text-text c) 1 1)) ; if any + (t 'a)))) ; otherwise use a typical character + (format-text c) + (w-clear-rectangle + (window-w (zone-window (text-zone c))) + (text-x c) + (y (ll (zone-box (text-zone c)))) + (min (x (text-delta c)) + (- (x (ur (zone-box (text-zone c)))) + (text-x c) -1)) + (- (y (ur (zone-box (text-zone c)))) + (y (ll (zone-box (text-zone c)))) -1) + W-XOR) + (w-flush (window-w (zone-window (text-zone c)))) + t)) + +(defun text-delete-previous-character (s post) + (let ((l (input-typeahead-keys w TYPEAHEAD-THRESHOLD + '(lambda (x) ; break on first non-BS + (not (equal x #.(get_pname BACKSPACE)))) + (ncons '#.BACKSPACE)))) + (alter-text s + nn (max 0 (- (text-nn s) (length l)))) + (alter-text s + text (cond ((substring + (text-text s) + 1 (text-nn s))) + (""))) + (format-text s) + (w-scroll-rectangle + (window-w (zone-window (text-zone s))) + (text-xx s) + (y (ll (zone-box (text-zone s)))) + (- (x (ur (zone-box (text-zone s)))) + (text-xx s) 1) + (1+ (y (box-size (zone-box (text-zone s))))) + WM-LEFT + (- (x (text-start-point post)) + (x (text-end-point s))) + (zone-colour (text-zone s))) + (w-flush + (window-w (zone-window (text-zone s)))) + (move-text post (text-end-point s)) + (alter-text post kl (text-kr s)))) + +(defun text-beginning-of-line (s post) + (draw-cursor-leading-text post) ; un-highlight first char + (alter-text post + text (concat (text-text s) (text-text post)) + nn (+ (text-nn s) (text-nn post)) + delta (add-points (text-delta s) (text-delta post)) + kl 0 + offset (text-offset s)) + (alter-text s text "" nn 0 delta '(0 0) kr 0) + (draw-cursor-leading-text post)) ; highlight new first char + +(defun text-backward-character (s post) + (let ((l (input-typeahead-keys w TYPEAHEAD-THRESHOLD + '(lambda (x) ; break on first non-BS + (not (equal x #.(get_pname CTRL-B)))) + (ncons '#.CTRL-B)))) + (draw-cursor-leading-text post) ; un-highlight first char + (alter-text post + text (get_pname (concat (substring (text-text s) (- (length l))) + (text-text post))) + nn (1+ (text-nn post))) + (alter-text s + text (substring (text-text s) 1 (- (text-nn s) (length l))) + nn (- (text-nn s) (length l))) + (format-text s) + (alter-text post + kl (text-kr s) + offset (add-points (text-offset s) (text-delta s)) + delta (subtract-points + (text-end-point post) + (text-end-point s))) + (draw-cursor-leading-text post) ; highlight new first char + )) + +(defun text-forward-character (s post) + (let ((l (input-typeahead-keys w TYPEAHEAD-THRESHOLD + '(lambda (x) ; break on first non-BS + (not (equal x #.(get_pname CTRL-F)))) + (ncons '#.CTRL-F)))) + (draw-cursor-leading-text post) ; un-highlight first char + (alter-text s + text (get_pname (concat (text-text s) + (substring (text-text post) 1 (length l)))) + nn (+ (text-nn s) (length l))) + (format-text s) + (alter-text post + text (substring (text-text post) (1+ (length l))) + nn (- (text-nn post) (length l)) + kl (text-kr s) + offset (add-points (text-offset s) (text-delta s)) + delta (subtract-points + (text-end-point post) + (text-end-point s))) + (draw-cursor-leading-text post) ; highlight new first char + )) + +(defun text-end-of-line (s post) + (draw-cursor-leading-text post) ; un-highlight first char + (alter-text s + text (concat (text-text s) (text-text post)) + nn (+ (text-nn s) (text-nn post)) + delta (add-points (text-delta s) (text-delta post)) + kr (text-kr post)) + (alter-text post + text "" + nn 0 + offset (add-points (text-offset post) (text-delta post)) + delta '(0 0) + kl (text-kr s)) + (draw-cursor-leading-text post)) ; highlight new first char + +(defun text-kill-to-end-of-line (s post) + (w-clear-rectangle + (window-w (zone-window (text-zone post))) + (text-x post) + (y (ll (zone-box (text-zone post)))) + (- (x (ur (zone-box (text-zone post)))) (text-x post)) + (1+ (y (box-size (zone-box (text-zone post))))) + (zone-colour (text-zone post))) + (setq kill-text (text-text post)) + (alter-text post + text "" + nn 0 + delta '(0 0) + kl (text-kr s)) + (draw-cursor-leading-text post)) ; highlight new first char + +(defun text-yank-from-killbuffer (s post) + (append-text-scroll s kill-text + (zone-colour (text-zone s))) + (move-text post (text-end-point s)) + (alter-text post + kl (text-kr s))) + +(defun text-transpose-characters (s post) + (let ((tmp (append s nil))) + (alter-text tmp + nn (- (text-nn tmp) 2)) + (let (((kr delta nn) (scan-text tmp '(-1 -1)))) ; find 2nd prev char + (alter-text tmp + text (substring (text-text tmp) -2) + offset (add-points (text-offset tmp) delta) + kl kr) + (format-text tmp) + (w-clear-rectangle + (window-w (zone-window (text-zone tmp))) + (text-x tmp) + (y (ll (zone-box (text-zone tmp)))) + (x (text-delta tmp)) + (1+ (y (box-size (zone-box (text-zone tmp))))) + (zone-colour (text-zone tmp))) + (w-flush (window-w (zone-window (text-zone tmp)))) + (alter-text tmp + text (get_pname (concat + (substring (text-text tmp) 2 1) + (substring (text-text tmp) 1 1)))) + (format-draw-text tmp) + (alter-text s + text (get_pname + (concat + (substring (text-text s) 1 (- (text-nn s) 2)) + (text-text tmp))) + kr (text-kr tmp)) + ))) + +(defun text-delete-next-character (s post) + (let ((l (input-typeahead-keys w TYPEAHEAD-THRESHOLD + '(lambda (x) ; break on first non-BS + (not (equal x #.(get_pname CTRL-D)))) + (ncons '#.CTRL-D)))) + (alter-text post + nn (length l)) + (let (((kl delta nn) ; scan for nn'th char position + (scan-text post '(-1 -1)))) + (w-scroll-rectangle + (window-w (zone-window (text-zone post))) + (text-x post) + (y (ll (zone-box (text-zone post)))) + (- (x (ur (zone-box (text-zone post)))) + (text-x post) 1) + (1+ (y (box-size (zone-box (text-zone post))))) + WM-LEFT + (x delta) + (zone-colour (text-zone post))) + (alter-text post + nn (max 0 (- (length (exploden (text-text post))) + (length l))) + kl kl) + (alter-text post + text (cond ((substring + (text-text post) + (- (text-nn post)))) + (""))) + (format-text post) + (draw-cursor-leading-text post) + (w-flush (window-w (zone-window (text-zone post)))) + ))) + +(defun text-insert-character (s post) + (let ((l (input-typeahead-keys w TYPEAHEAD-THRESHOLD + '(lambda (x) ; break on first BS or CR + (memq (concat x) '#.(list BACKSPACE RETURN))) + (ncons c)))) + (append-text-scroll s (concatl l) + (zone-colour (text-zone s))) + (move-text post (text-end-point s)) + (alter-text post + kl (text-kr s)))) + +(defun text-redraw-display (s post) + (clear-zone (text-zone s) (zone-colour (text-zone s))) + (w-flush (window-w (zone-window (text-zone post)))) + (format-draw-text s) + (alter-text post + kl (text-kr s) + offset (add-points (text-offset s) (text-delta s))) + (format-draw-text post) + (draw-cursor-leading-text post)) diff --git a/test/canterbury-corpus/calgary/progp b/test/canterbury-corpus/calgary/progp new file mode 100644 index 0000000..1f03c6d --- /dev/null +++ b/test/canterbury-corpus/calgary/progp @@ -0,0 +1,1966 @@ +program interval(input,output); +{dataflow simulator for real interval arithmetic} + +const + IMem = 500; {number of instructions} + DMem = 200; {number of interval variables allowed} + Par = 3; {max number of paramters for an operator} + Maxexp = 10; Minexp = -9; + Maxinf =10000; Mininf =-10000; {Tied to values of Minman and Maxman} + Maxman = 9999; Minman = -9999; {cannot exceed sqrt(maxint)} + Splitman = 1000; {Smallest normalized mantisa} + Digits = 4; {number of digits in mantissa} + +type + Positive= 0..maxint; + State = -1..99; {Used for holding state of operator -1:done} + OpType = (print,pr,tr,soln,readr,halve,halves,linh,mult,add,intgr, +less,leq,noteq,sqrr,minr,maxr,modu,absr,trig,expr,lb,ub,copy,stop); {!!} + Ptr = 1..DMem; + Loc = 1..IMem; + Loc0 = 0..IMem; + EdgeT = (hout,lin,hin,lout); {Warning this order is important in} + {predicates such as gtS,geS} + CardT = (finite,infinite); + ExpT = Minexp..Maxexp; + ManT = Mininf..Maxinf; + Pflag = (PNull,PSoln,PTrace,PPrint); + Sreal = record + edge:EdgeT; + cardinality:CardT; + exp:ExpT; {exponent} + mantissa:ManT; + end; + Int = record + hi:Sreal; + lo:Sreal; + end; + Instr = record + Code:OpType; + Pars: array[0..Par] of 0..DMem; + end; + DataMem= record + D :array [Ptr] of Int; + S :array [Loc] of State; + LastHalve:Loc; + RHalve :array [Loc] of real; + end; + DataFlags=record + PF :array [Ptr] of Pflag; + end; +var + Debug : (none,activity,post,trace,dump); + Cut : (once,all); + GlobalEnd,Verifiable:boolean; + HalveThreshold:real; + I : array [Loc] of Instr; {Memory holding instructions} + End : Loc; {last instruction in I} + ParN : array [OpType] of -1..Par; {number of parameters for each + opcode. -1 means no result} + ParIntersect : array [OpType] of boolean ; + DInit : DataMem; {initial memory which is cleared and + used in first call} + DF : DataFlags; {hold flags for variables, e.g. print/trace} + MaxDMem:0..DMem; + Shift : array[0..Digits] of 1..maxint;{array of constant multipliers} + {used for alignment etc.} + Dummy :Positive; + {constant intervals and Sreals} + PlusInfS,MinusInfS,PlusSmallS,MinusSmallS,ZeroS, + PlusFiniteS,MinusFiniteS:Sreal; + Zero,All,AllFinite:Int; + +procedure deblank; +var Ch:char; +begin + while (not eof) and (input^ in [' ',' ']) do read(Ch); +end; + +procedure InitialOptions; + +#include '/user/profs/cleary/bin/options.i'; + + procedure Option; + begin + case Opt of + 'a','A':Debug:=activity; + 'd','D':Debug:=dump; + 'h','H':HalveThreshold:=StringNum/100; + 'n','N':Debug:=none; + 'p','P':Debug:=post; + 't','T':Debug:=trace; + 'v','V':Verifiable:=true; + end; + end; + +begin + Debug:=trace; + Verifiable:=false; + HalveThreshold:=67/100; + Options; + writeln(Debug); + writeln('Verifiable:',Verifiable); + writeln('Halve threshold',HalveThreshold); +end;{InitialOptions} + +procedure NormalizeUp(E,M:integer;var S:Sreal;var Closed:boolean); +begin +with S do +begin + if M=0 then S:=ZeroS else + if M>0 then + begin + while M>=Maxinf do + begin + if M mod 10 > 0 then begin Closed:=false;M:=(M div 10)+1 end + else M:=M div 10; + E:=E+1; + end; + + while M < Maxinf div 10 do + begin M:=M*10; E:=E-1; + end; + + if E > Maxexp then {overflow-set to infinity} + begin + S:=PlusInfS; + Closed:=false; + end else + if E < Minexp then {underflow-set to smallest positive value} + begin + S:=PlusSmallS; + Closed:=false; + end else + begin cardinality:=finite;exp:=E;mantissa:=M; + end; + end else + if M < 0 then + begin + while M <= Mininf do + begin + if M mod 10 < 0 then Closed:=false else + if M mod 10 > 0 then halt; + M:=M div 10; + E:=E+1; + end; + + while M > (Mininf div 10) do + begin M:=M*10; E:=E-1; + end; + + if E > Maxexp then {overflow-set to most negative value} + begin + S:=MinusFiniteS; + Closed:=false; + end + else + if E < Minexp then {underflow-set to zero} + begin + S:=ZeroS; + Closed:=false; + end else + begin + cardinality:=finite;exp:=E;mantissa:=M; + end; + end; +end; +end;{NormalizeUp} + +procedure NormalizeDn(E,M:integer;var S:Sreal;var Closed:boolean); +begin +with S do +begin + if M=0 then S:=ZeroS else + if M>0 then + begin + while M >= Maxinf do + begin + if M mod 10 > 0 then Closed:=false else + if M mod 10 < 0 then halt; + M:=M div 10; + E:=E+1; + end; + + while (M < Maxinf div 10) do + begin M:=M*10; E:=E-1; + end; + + if E > Maxexp then {overflow-set to largest positive value} + begin + S:=PlusFiniteS; + Closed:=false; + end else + if E < Minexp then {underflow-set to zero} + begin S:=ZeroS; Closed:=false; + end else + begin cardinality:=finite;exp:=E;mantissa:=M; + end; + end else + if M < 0 then + begin + while M <= Mininf do + begin + if M mod 10 < 0 then + begin Closed:=false; M:=M div 10 -1;end + else + if M mod 10 = 0 then M:=M div 10 + else halt; + E:=E+1; + end; + + while (M>Mininf div 10) do + begin M:=M*10; E:=E-1; + end; + + if E > Maxexp then {overflow} + begin + S:=MinusInfS; + Closed:=false; + end + else + if E < Minexp then {underflow} + begin S:=MinusSmallS; Closed:=false; + end else + begin + cardinality:=finite;exp:=E;mantissa:=M; + end; + end; +end; +end;{NormalizeDn} + +procedure WriteS(X:Sreal); +var E,M:integer; +begin +with X do +begin + case edge of + lin: write('['); + lout: write('('); + hin,hout: + end; + + case cardinality of + infinite: write('inf':Digits+4); + finite: + if mantissa = 0 then write(0:Digits+1,' ':3) + else begin + M:=mantissa; + E:=exp; + while (M mod 10 = 0) do + begin M:=M div 10; E:=E+1; + end; + write(M:Digits+1,'e',E-Digits:2); + end; + end; + + case edge of + hin: write(']'); + hout:write(')'); + lin,lout: + end; +end; +end;{WriteS} + +procedure WriteInt(I:Int); +begin + with I do begin WriteS(lo); write(','); WriteS(hi); end; +end;{WriteInt} + +procedure DumpS(X:Sreal); +begin +with X do + write(edge:4,cardinality:9,mantissa:7,exp:3); +end;{DumpS} + +procedure DumpInt(I:Int); +begin + with I do begin DumpS(lo); write(' || '); DumpS(hi); end; +end;{DumpInt} + +procedure ReadInt(var I:Int); + +var Ch:char; + Cll,Clu:boolean; + + procedure ReadSUp(var X:Sreal; var Closed:boolean); + var E,M:integer; + begin + with X do + begin + deblank; + case input^ of + '~':begin X:=PlusInfS;read(Ch); + end; + '-','+','0','1','2','3','4','5','6','7','8','9': + begin + cardinality:=finite; + read(M); + read(E); E:=E+Digits; + NormalizeUp(E,M,X,Closed); + end; + end;{case} + end; + end;{ReadSUp} + + procedure ReadSDn(var X:Sreal; var Closed:boolean); + var E,M:integer; + Ch:char; + begin + with X do + begin + deblank; + case input^ of + '~':begin X:=MinusInfS;read(Ch); + end; + '-','+','0','1','2','3','4','5','6','7','8','9': + begin + cardinality:=finite; + read(M); + read(E); E:=E+Digits; + NormalizeDn(E,M,X,Closed); + end; + end;{case} + end; + end;{ReadSDn} +begin{ReadInt} + with I do + begin + deblank; read(Ch); + case Ch of + '[':Cll:=true; + '(':Cll:=false; + end; + ReadSDn(lo,Cll);if Cll then lo.edge:=lin else lo.edge:=lout; + deblank; + read(Ch); assert(Ch=','); + Clu:=true; + ReadSUp(hi,Clu); + deblank; + read(Ch); + case Ch of + ']':if Clu then hi.edge:=hin else hi.edge:=hout; + ')':hi.edge:=hout; + end; + end; +end;{ReadInt} + +procedure DumpTables; +var tL:Loc; tPar:0..Par; tOp:OpType; +begin + for tOp := print to stop do + writeln(tOp:6,ParN[tOp]:2); + writeln; + + for tL := 1 to End do + with I[tL] do + begin + write(Code:5); + for tPar := 0 to Par do + if Pars[tPar] <> 0 then write(Pars[tPar]:4); + writeln; + end; + writeln('number of memory locations used:',MaxDMem:0); + writeln; +end;{DumpTables} + +procedure AlignUp + (E0:ExpT;M0:ManT;E1:ExpT;M1:ManT;var E,N0,N1:integer;var Closed:boolean); +{Align mantissas M0,M1 preserving accuracy and rounding up wherever possible} +{common resulting exponents in E, and mantissas in N0,N1} +var D:Positive; +begin + if M0=0 then begin E:=E1;N0:=0;N1:=M1;end else + if M1=0 then begin E:=E0;N0:=M0;N1:=0;end else + if E0=E1 then + begin E:=E0; N0:=M0; N1:=M1; + end else + if (E0>E1) then AlignUp(E1,M1,E0,M0,E,N1,N0,Closed) else + begin + D:=E1-E0; + if D>= 2*Digits then + begin + N1:=M1*Maxinf; E:=E1-Digits; + if M0<0 then N0:=0 else N0:=1; + Closed:=false; + end else + if D > Digits then + begin + N1:=M1*Maxinf; E:=E1-Digits; + if (M0 mod Shift[D-Digits]) = 0 + then N0:=(M0 div Shift[D-Digits]) + else + if M0 > 0 then N0:=(M0 div Shift[D-Digits])+1 + else N0:=(M0 div Shift[D-Digits]); + end else + {Digits>=D>=0} + begin N1:=M1*Shift[D]; E:=E1-D; N0:=M0; + end; + end; +end;{AlignUp} + +function gtS(X,Y:Sreal):boolean; +{X>Y careful need to be able to compare x] and (x etc.} +var gt:boolean; +begin + if (X.exp=Y.exp)and(X.mantissa=Y.mantissa) then gt:=X.edge>Y.edge else + if X.exp = Y.exp then gt:= (X.mantissa > Y.mantissa) else + if X.mantissa = 0 then gt:= 0 > Y.mantissa else + if Y.mantissa = 0 then gt:= X.mantissa > 0 else + if (X.mantissa>0) and (Y.mantissa>0) then gt:= (X.exp > Y.exp) else + if (X.mantissa>0) and (Y.mantissa<0) then gt:= true else + if (X.mantissa<0) and (Y.mantissa>0) then gt:= false else + if (X.mantissa<0) and (Y.mantissa<0) then gt:= (X.exp < Y.exp) + else writeln('error in gtS'); + + gtS:=gt; +end;{gtS} + +function geS(X,Y:Sreal):boolean; +{X>=Y careful need to be able to compare x] and (x etc.} +begin + if (X.exp=Y.exp)and(X.mantissa=Y.mantissa) then geS:=X.edge>=Y.edge else + if X.exp = Y.exp then geS:= (X.mantissa >= Y.mantissa) else + if X.mantissa = 0 then geS:= 0 >= Y.mantissa else + if Y.mantissa = 0 then geS:= X.mantissa >= 0 else + if (X.mantissa>0) and (Y.mantissa>0) then geS:= (X.exp > Y.exp) else + if (X.mantissa>0) and (Y.mantissa<0) then geS:= true else + if (X.mantissa<0) and (Y.mantissa>0) then geS:= false else + if (X.mantissa<0) and (Y.mantissa<0) then geS:= (X.exp < Y.exp) + else writeln('error in geS'); +end;{geS} + +function Point(X:Int):boolean; +{X=[x,x]} +begin +with X do + Point:=(lo.edge=lin)and (hi.edge=hin) and + (lo.mantissa=hi.mantissa) and + (lo.exp=hi.exp); +end;{Point} + +procedure maxS(X,Y:Sreal;var max:Sreal); +begin + if gtS(X,Y) then max:=X else max:=Y; +end; + +procedure minS(X,Y:Sreal;var min:Sreal); +begin + if gtS(X,Y) then min:=Y else min:=X; +end; + +procedure Inter(P,Q:Int;var R:Int); +begin + minS(P.hi,Q.hi,R.hi); + maxS(P.lo,Q.lo,R.lo); +end; + +function CheckHi(X:Sreal):boolean; +var OK:boolean; +begin + OK:=true; + with X do + begin + case cardinality of + infinite: + if (exp=Maxexp)and(mantissa=Maxinf) then + else writeln('**Invalid hi infinity'); + finite: + begin + if (mantissa=Maxinf) or (mantissa=Mininf) then + begin OK:=false; writeln('**Invalid finite value - hi'); + end; + + if mantissa = 0 then + if (exp=0) then + else + begin OK:=false; writeln('**Invalid zero - hi') + end + else + begin + if (mantissa > 0) then + if mantissa >= (Maxinf div 10) then {OK} + else + begin OK:=false; writeln('**Incorrect normalization - hi') + end + else{mantissa<0} + if mantissa > (Mininf div 10) then + begin OK:=false; writeln('**Incorrect normalization - hi') + end; + end; + end; + end;{case} + + if not (edge in [hin,hout]) then + begin + OK:=false; + writeln('**hi edge value incorrect'); + end; + end; + + CheckHi:=OK; +end;{CheckHi} + +function CheckLo(X:Sreal):boolean; +var OK:boolean; +begin + OK:=true; + with X do + begin + case cardinality of + infinite: + if (exp=Maxexp)and(mantissa=Mininf) then + else writeln('**Invalid lo infinity'); + finite: + begin + if (mantissa=Maxinf) or (mantissa=Mininf) then + begin OK:=false; writeln('**Invalid finite value - hi'); + end; + + if mantissa = 0 then + if (exp=0) then + else + begin OK:=false; writeln('**Invalid zero - lo') + end + else + begin + if (mantissa > 0) then + if mantissa >= (Maxinf div 10) then{OK} + else + begin OK:=false; writeln('**Incorrect normalization - lo') + end + else{mantissa<0} + if mantissa > (Mininf div 10) then + begin OK:=false; writeln('**Incorrect normalization - lo') + end; + end; + end; + end;{case} + + if not (edge in [lin,lout]) then + begin + OK:=false; + writeln('**lo edge value incorrect'); + end; + end; + + CheckLo:=OK; +end;{CheckLo} + +function CheckInt(I:Int):boolean; +var OK:boolean; +begin + OK:=CheckHi(I.hi) and CheckLo(I.lo); + if gtS(I.lo,I.hi) then + begin + OK:=false; + writeln('**Limits out of order'); + end; + + if not OK then + begin writeln('**Error in Check'); DumpInt(I); + end; + + CheckInt:=OK; +end; + +procedure DumpMem(var DCurr:DataMem); +var tD:Ptr; tL:Loc; +begin + with DCurr do + begin + writeln('LastHalve:',LastHalve:0); + + for tL:= 1 to End do + writeln(tL:3,S[tL]:2,RHalve[tL]); + writeln; + + for tD:= 1 to MaxDMem do + begin + write(tD:5); + DumpInt(D[tD]); + assert(CheckInt(D[tD])); + writeln; + end; + writeln; + end; +end;{DumpMem} + +procedure WriteMem(var DCurr:DataMem); +var tD:Ptr; +begin + with DCurr do + begin + for tD:= 1 to MaxDMem do + if (DF.PF[tD] > PNull) or (Debug > activity) then + begin + write(tD:5); + WriteInt(D[tD]); + writeln; + end; + writeln; + end; +end;{WriteMem} + +procedure OuterExec +(PC:Loc0;DCurr:DataMem;Change:boolean;First:State; + var OldCounter:Positive;Level:Positive); + +var Counter:Positive; + Fail,AllPoints,LocalChange:boolean; + +procedure NewOuter(F:State); +begin OuterExec(PC,DCurr,Change,F,Counter,Level+1); +end; + +{!!} +procedure execprint(PC:Loc; L:Ptr; R0:Int); +begin + DF.PF[L]:=PSoln; + writeln; + write(PC:3,L:5); + WriteInt(R0); + writeln; +end; + +procedure execpr(var Sr:State; L:Ptr); +begin + Sr:=-1; DF.PF[L]:=PPrint; +end;{execpr} + +procedure exectr(var Sr:State; L:Ptr); +begin + Sr:=-1; DF.PF[L]:=PTrace; +end;{exectr} + +procedure execsoln(var Sr:State; L:Ptr); +begin + Sr:=-1; DF.PF[L]:=PSoln; +end;{execsoln} + +procedure execreadr(var Sr:State;var R0:Int); +begin + writeln; + write('<<'); + ReadInt(R0); + Sr:=-1; +end; + +function GetReal(E,M:integer):real; +{convert E-exponent,M-mantissa into genuine Pascal real number} +var x:real; +begin + x:=M/Maxinf; + while E>0 do begin x:=x*10; E:=E-1; end; + while E<0 do begin x:=x/10; E:=E+1; end; + GetReal:=x; +end;{GetReal} + +procedure Ratio(Lo,Hi:Sreal;var ERat,MRat:integer); +{compute ratio of Hi to Lo in exponent mantissa form} +begin + if Lo.mantissa=0 then + begin{treat zero as if smallest possible positive number} + ERat:=Hi.exp-Minexp; + MRat:=Hi.mantissa*10; + end else + if Hi.mantissa=0 then + begin{treat zero as if smallest possible negative number} + ERat:=Minexp-Lo.exp; + MRat:=Lo.mantissa*10; + end + else begin + ERat:=Hi.exp-Lo.exp; + MRat:=(Hi.mantissa*Maxinf) div Lo.mantissa; + end; +end;{Ratio} + +function Adjacent(X:Int):boolean; +{are hi and lo bounds adjacent points} +begin + with X do + if (hi.mantissa=0) or (lo.mantissa=0) then + Adjacent:= + ((hi.mantissa=0)and(lo.mantissa=Mininf div 10)and(lo.exp=Minexp)) or + ((lo.mantissa=0)and(hi.mantissa=Maxinf div 10)and(hi.exp=Minexp)) + else + Adjacent:= + ((lo.exp=hi.exp)and(lo.mantissa+1=hi.mantissa)) or + ((hi.exp=lo.exp+1)and(hi.mantissa=(lo.mantissa div 10)+1)) or + ((hi.exp=lo.exp-1)and((hi.mantissa div 10)-1=lo.mantissa)); +end;{Adjacent} + +procedure exechalve + (var PC:Loc0;var Sr:State;var R0:Int;var OK:boolean;var Change:boolean); +{Reduce range of R0 (suceeds twice for two 'halves')} + +var EDiff,MDiff,ERat,MRat,MidE,MidM,M0,M1,HiM,HiE:integer; + Dummy:boolean; + Mid:Sreal; + R,D:real; + OldPC:Loc; + + procedure AtEnd;{What to do afer a successful halve} + begin + DCurr.LastHalve:=PC; PC:=0; Sr:=0; + end; + +begin{exechalve} +OldPC:=PC; +with R0 do + begin + if DCurr.LastHalve >= PC then {not our turn yet} else + if (lo.mantissa = hi.mantissa) and (lo.exp=hi.exp) and + (lo.edge=lin) and (hi.edge=hin) + then {single point cant be divided} Sr:=-1 + else + if Adjacent(R0) and + (((lo.edge=lout) and (hi.edge=hout)) or + ((lo.cardinality=infinite)and(hi.edge=hout)) or + ((hi.cardinality=infinite)and(lo.edge=lout)) + ) + then Sr:=-1 + else + if Sr=0 then + begin + AlignUp(hi.exp,hi.mantissa,lo.exp,-lo.mantissa,EDiff,M0,M1,Dummy); + MDiff:=M0+M1; + D:=GetReal(EDiff,MDiff); + if D < DCurr.RHalve[PC]*HalveThreshold + then {already narrowed enough dont bother} + Change:=true {otherwise can terminate too early} + else begin + DCurr.RHalve[PC]:=D; + NewOuter(1); + NewOuter(2); + OK:=false;{fail after both alternatives tried} + end + end + else{Sr=1,2} + if Adjacent(R0) + then begin{two adjacent points - needs special care} + if (hi.edge=hin) and (hi.cardinality=finite) then + begin + case Sr of + 1:hi.edge:=hout; + 2:begin lo:=hi; lo.edge:=lin; + end; + end; + + AtEnd; + end + else if (lo.edge=lin) and (lo.cardinality=finite) then + begin + case Sr of + 1:begin hi:=lo; hi.edge:=hin; + end; + 2:lo.edge:=lout; + end; + AtEnd; + end else {cant be narrowed} Sr:=-1; + + end{adjacent} else + begin + if (lo.mantissa < 0) and (hi.mantissa > 0) then + begin + MidM:=0; MidE:=0; + end else + begin + Ratio(lo,hi,ERat,MRat); + if MRat < 0 then MRat:=-MRat; + R:=GetReal(ERat,MRat); +(*writeln(ERat,MRat,R);*) + AlignUp(hi.exp,hi.mantissa,lo.exp,-lo.mantissa,EDiff,M0,M1,Dummy); + MDiff:=M0+M1; + if (R > 4) or (R < 0.25) then + begin{divide hi by sqrt of ratio to get midpoint} + if hi.mantissa = 0 + then begin HiM:=Mininf div 10; HiE:=Minexp; + end else + begin HiM:=hi.mantissa; HiE:=hi.exp; + end; + if ERat < 0 then MidE:=HiE-((ERat-1) div 2) + else MidE:=HiE-(ERat div 2); + if odd(ERat) + then MidM:=trunc(HiM*(Maxinf div 100)/sqrt(MRat*10)) + else MidM:=trunc(HiM*(Maxinf div 100)/sqrt(MRat)); +(*writeln(MidE,MidM);*) + end else + begin{take (hi+lo)/2 as midpoint} + MidM:=MDiff div 2 - M1; + MidE:=EDiff; + end; + end; + if MidM >= 0 then NormalizeDn(MidE,MidM,Mid,Dummy) + else NormalizeUp(MidE,MidM,Mid,Dummy); + case Sr of + 1:begin hi:=Mid; hi.edge:=hout; + end; + 2:begin lo:=Mid; lo.edge:=lin; + end; + end; +(*DumpInt(R0);writeln;*) + AtEnd; + end;{if Sr} + + AlignUp(hi.exp,hi.mantissa,lo.exp,-lo.mantissa,EDiff,M0,M1,Dummy); + MDiff:=M0+M1; + DCurr.RHalve[OldPC]:=GetReal(EDiff,MDiff); + + end;{with} +end;{exechalve} + +procedure exechalves + (var PC:Loc0;var Sr:State;var R0:Int;var OK:boolean;var Change:boolean); +{Reduce range of R0 (suceeds twice for two 'halves')} +{Simple version thats averages exponents} + +var EDiff,MDiff,ERat,MRat,MidE,MidM,M0,M1,HiM,HiE:integer; + Dummy:boolean; + Mid:Sreal; + R,D:real; + OldPC:Loc; + + procedure AtEnd;{What to do afer a successful halve} + begin + DCurr.LastHalve:=PC; PC:=0; Sr:=0; + end; + + procedure Average(Lo,Hi:Sreal;var Exp:integer); + {compute average of exponents allowing for zero} + {infinities happen to work because of representation} + var Le,He:integer; + begin + if Lo.mantissa = 0 then + Le := Minexp + else + Le := Lo.exp; + if Hi.mantissa = 0 then + He := Minexp + else + He := Hi.exp; + Exp:= (He + Le - 2*Minexp) div 2 + Minexp; +writeln(Exp,Hi.exp,Lo.exp,Minexp,He,Le); + end;{Average} + +begin{exechalves} +OldPC:=PC; +with R0 do + begin + if DCurr.LastHalve >= PC then {not our turn yet} else + if (lo.mantissa = hi.mantissa) and (lo.exp=hi.exp) and + (lo.edge=lin) and (hi.edge=hin) + then {single point cant be divided} Sr:=-1 + else + if Adjacent(R0) and + (((lo.edge=lout) and (hi.edge=hout)) or + ((lo.cardinality=infinite)and(hi.edge=hout)) or + ((hi.cardinality=infinite)and(lo.edge=lout)) + ) + then Sr:=-1 + else + if Sr=0 then + begin + AlignUp(hi.exp,hi.mantissa,lo.exp,-lo.mantissa,EDiff,M0,M1,Dummy); + MDiff:=M0+M1; + D:=GetReal(EDiff,MDiff); + if D < DCurr.RHalve[PC]*HalveThreshold + then {already narrowed enough dont bother} + Change:=true {otherwise can terminate too early} + else begin + DCurr.RHalve[PC]:=D; + NewOuter(1); + NewOuter(2); + OK:=false;{fail after both alternatives tried} + end + end + else{Sr=1,2} + if Adjacent(R0) + then begin{two adjacent points - needs special care} + if (hi.edge=hin) and (hi.cardinality=finite) then + begin + case Sr of + 1:hi.edge:=hout; + 2:begin lo:=hi; lo.edge:=lin; + end; + end; + + AtEnd; + end + else if (lo.edge=lin) and (lo.cardinality=finite) then + begin + case Sr of + 1:begin hi:=lo; hi.edge:=hin; + end; + 2:lo.edge:=lout; + end; + AtEnd; + end else {cant be narrowed} Sr:=-1; + + end{adjacent} else + begin + if (lo.mantissa < 0) and (hi.mantissa > 0) then + begin + MidM:=0; MidE:=0; + end else + begin + Ratio(lo,hi,ERat,MRat); +(*writeln(ERat,MRat,R);*) + AlignUp(hi.exp,hi.mantissa,lo.exp,-lo.mantissa,EDiff,M0,M1,Dummy); + MDiff:=M0+M1; + if (ERat > 1) or (ERat < -1) then + begin{Average exponents} + if hi.mantissa <= 0 + then begin MidM:= -Splitman; + end else + begin MidM:= Splitman; assert(lo.mantissa >= 0); + end; + Average(lo,hi,MidE); + end else + begin{take (hi+lo)/2 as midpoint} + MidM:=MDiff div 2 - M1; + MidE:=EDiff; + end; + end; + if MidM >= 0 then NormalizeDn(MidE,MidM,Mid,Dummy) + else NormalizeUp(MidE,MidM,Mid,Dummy); + case Sr of + 1:begin lo:=Mid; lo.edge:=lin; + end; + 2:begin hi:=Mid; hi.edge:=hout; + end; + end; +(*DumpInt(R0);writeln;*) + AtEnd; + end;{if Sr} + + AlignUp(hi.exp,hi.mantissa,lo.exp,-lo.mantissa,EDiff,M0,M1,Dummy); + MDiff:=M0+M1; + DCurr.RHalve[OldPC]:=GetReal(EDiff,MDiff); + + end;{with} +end;{exechalves} + +procedure execlinh + (var PC:Loc0;var Sr:State;var R0:Int;var OK:boolean;var Change:boolean); +{Reduce range of R0 (suceeds twice for two 'halves')} + +var EDiff,MDiff,MidE,MidM,M0,M1:integer; + Dummy:boolean; + Mid:Sreal; + D:real; + OldPC:Loc; + + procedure AtEnd;{What to do afer a successful halve} + begin + DCurr.LastHalve:=PC; PC:=0; Sr:=0; + end; + +begin{execlinh} +OldPC:=PC; +with R0 do + begin + if DCurr.LastHalve >= PC then {not our turn yet} else + if (lo.mantissa = hi.mantissa) and (lo.exp=hi.exp) and + (lo.edge=lin) and (hi.edge=hin) + then {single point cant be divided} Sr:=-1 + else + if Adjacent(R0) and + (((lo.edge=lout) and (hi.edge=hout)) or + ((lo.cardinality=infinite)and(hi.edge=hout)) or + ((hi.cardinality=infinite)and(lo.edge=lout)) + ) + then Sr:=-1 + else + if Sr=0 then + begin + AlignUp(hi.exp,hi.mantissa,lo.exp,-lo.mantissa,EDiff,M0,M1,Dummy); + MDiff:=M0+M1; + D:=GetReal(EDiff,MDiff); + if D < DCurr.RHalve[PC]*HalveThreshold + then {already narrowed enough dont bother} + Change:=true {otherwise possible to terminate early} + else begin + DCurr.RHalve[PC]:=D; + NewOuter(1); + NewOuter(2); + OK:=false;{fail after both alternatives tried} + end + end + else{Sr=1,2} + if Adjacent(R0) + then begin{two adjacent points - needs special care} + if (hi.edge=hin) and (hi.cardinality=finite) then + begin + case Sr of + 1:begin lo:=hi; lo.edge:=lin; + end; + 2:hi.edge:=hout; + end; + AtEnd; + end + else if (lo.edge=lin) and (lo.cardinality=finite) then + begin + case Sr of + 1:lo.edge:=lout; + 2:begin hi:=lo; hi.edge:=hin; + end; + end; + AtEnd; + end else {cant be narrowed} Sr:=-1; + end{adjacent} else + begin + if (lo.mantissa < 0) and (hi.mantissa > 0) then + begin + MidM:=0; MidE:=0; + end else + begin + AlignUp(hi.exp,hi.mantissa,lo.exp,-lo.mantissa,EDiff,M0,M1,Dummy); + MDiff:=M0+M1; + MidM:=MDiff div 2 - M1; + MidE:=EDiff; + end; + if MidM >= 0 then NormalizeDn(MidE,MidM,Mid,Dummy) + else NormalizeUp(MidE,MidM,Mid,Dummy); + case Sr of + 1:begin lo:=Mid; lo.edge:=lin; + end; + 2:begin hi:=Mid; hi.edge:=hout; + end; + end; + + AtEnd; + end;{if Sr} + + AlignUp(hi.exp,hi.mantissa,lo.exp,-lo.mantissa,EDiff,M0,M1,Dummy); + MDiff:=M0+M1; + DCurr.RHalve[OldPC]:=GetReal(EDiff,MDiff); + + end;{with} +end;{execlinh} + +procedure execmult(var Sr:State;T0,T1,T2:Int;var R0,R1,R2:Int;var OK:boolean); +var Q0,Q1,Q2:Int; + + procedure multS(S0,S1:Sreal;var U,D:Sreal); + var M,E:integer; + Closed,Clu,Cld:boolean; + begin + M:=S0.mantissa*S1.mantissa; +(*DumpS(S0);write('//');DumpS(S1);write(M);*) + Closed:=(S0.edge in [hin,lin]) and (S1.edge in [hin,lin]); + if ((S0.mantissa=0) and (S0.edge in [hin,lin])) or + ((S1.mantissa=0) and (S1.edge in [hin,lin])) + then Closed:=true; + Clu:=Closed; Cld:=Closed; + if (S0.cardinality=infinite) or (S1.cardinality=infinite) then + begin + if M < 0 then begin D:=MinusInfS; U:=MinusInfS; end else + if M > 0 then begin D:=PlusInfS; U:=PlusInfS; end else + begin {M=0} D:=ZeroS; U:=ZeroS; end; + Closed:=((S0.cardinality=infinite)and(S0.edge in [hin,lin]))or + ((S1.cardinality=infinite)and(S1.edge in [hin,lin])); + Clu:=Closed;Cld:=Closed; + end + else{everybody finite} + begin + E:=S0.exp+S1.exp-Digits; + NormalizeUp(E,M,U,Clu); + NormalizeDn(E,M,D,Cld); + end; + if Clu then U.edge:=hin else U.edge:=hout; + if Cld then D.edge:=lin else D.edge:=lout; +(*writeln(E);DumpS(U);write('::');DumpS(D);writeln;*) + end;{multS} + + procedure mult(Ta,Tb:Int;var R:Int); + var U0,U1,U2,U3,U4,U5,D0,D1,D2,D3,D4,D5:Sreal; + begin + multS(Ta.hi,Tb.hi,U0,D0); + multS(Ta.hi,Tb.lo,U1,D1); + multS(Ta.lo,Tb.hi,U2,D2); + multS(Ta.lo,Tb.lo,U3,D3); + maxS(U0,U1,U4);maxS(U2,U3,U5);maxS(U4,U5,R.hi); + minS(D0,D1,D4);minS(D2,D3,D5);minS(D4,D5,R.lo); + end; + + procedure InvS(S:Sreal;var W:Sreal); + var E,M,Rem:integer; + Closed:boolean; + begin + Closed:= S.edge in [hin,lin]; + if (S.cardinality = infinite) then + W:=ZeroS + else + if (S.mantissa = 0) then + case S.edge of + hin,hout:W:=MinusInfS; + lin,lout:W:=PlusInfS; + end + else + begin + M:=(Maxinf*Maxinf) div S.mantissa; + Rem:=(Maxinf*Maxinf) mod S.mantissa; + if Rem < 0 then halt; + E:=-S.exp; + case S.edge of + lin,lout: begin + if (Rem > 0) and (M > 0) then + begin M:=M+1;Closed:=false; + end; + NormalizeUp(E,M,W,Closed); + end; + hin,hout: begin + if (Rem > 0) and (M < 0) then + begin M:=M-1;Closed:=false; + end; + NormalizeDn(E,M,W,Closed); + end; + end; + end; + + if Closed then + case S.edge of + hin:W.edge:=lin; + lin:W.edge:=hin; + end + else + case S.edge of + hin,hout:W.edge:=lout; + lin,lout:W.edge:=hout; + end; + + + end;{InvS} + + procedure Inv(T:Int;var X:Int;Pos:boolean); + {1/T positive -> X} + {If 1/T splits to two intervals then use Pos to select which to use} + begin + if (T.lo.mantissa < 0) and (T.hi.mantissa > 0) then + if (T.lo.cardinality=infinite) and (T.hi.cardinality=infinite) then + X:=All + else if Pos then + begin InvS(T.hi,X.lo); X.hi:=PlusInfS; X.hi.edge:=hin; + end else + begin InvS(T.lo,X.hi); X.lo:=MinusInfS; X.lo.edge:=lin; + end + else + begin InvS(T.hi,X.lo); InvS(T.lo,X.hi); + end; + end;{Inv} + + procedure divi(Ta,Tb:Int;var R:Int); + var X:Int; + begin + if (Tb.lo.mantissa < 0) and (Tb.hi.mantissa > 0) then + if (Ta.lo.mantissa < 0) and (Ta.hi.mantissa > 0) then + { need do nothing as R will be set to [inf,inf]} + else + + begin + {if both same sign get positive side of inverse} + {else get negative} + Inv(Tb,X,(Ta.hi.mantissa <= 0) = (R.hi.mantissa <= 0)); + mult(Ta,X,R); + end + else {Tb wont give split inverse} + begin + Inv(Tb,X,true); + mult(Ta,X,R); + end; +(* +DumpInt(Tb);writeln('//');DumpInt(X);writeln; +DumpInt(Ta);writeln('\\');DumpInt(R);writeln; +*) + end; + + function Split(T:Int):boolean; + begin + Split:=(T.lo.mantissa<0) and (T.hi.mantissa>0) + and ((T.lo.cardinality=finite) or (T.hi.cardinality=finite)); + end;{Split} + + function Zin(T:Int):boolean; + {check if 0 in range of interval} + begin + if (T.lo.mantissa > 0) then Zin:=false else + if (T.lo.mantissa = 0) then + Zin:=(T.lo.edge=lin) else + if (T.hi.mantissa < 0) then Zin:=false else + if (T.hi.mantissa = 0) then + Zin:=(T.hi.edge=hin) + else + Zin:=true; + end;{Zin} + +begin{execmult} + case Sr of + 0,10:begin + if T2=Zero then + if (T1=Zero) or (T0=Zero) then Sr:=-1 + else + if not Zin(T0) then begin R1:=Zero; Sr:=-1; end else + if not Zin(T1) then begin R0:=Zero; Sr:=-1; end + else + begin + NewOuter(11); NewOuter(12);OK:=false; + end + else if (Sr=0) then + begin + if (T0.hi.mantissa > 0) and (T0.lo.mantissa < 0) and Split(T1) + then begin NewOuter(1); NewOuter(2); OK:=false; end + else if (T1.hi.mantissa > 0) and + (T1.lo.mantissa < 0) and Split(T0) + then begin NewOuter(3); NewOuter(4); OK:=false; end; + end; + end; + 1:begin R0.lo:=ZeroS; R0.lo.edge:=lin; T0:=R0; Sr:=10; + end; + 2:begin R0.hi:=ZeroS; R0.hi.edge:=hout; T0:=R0; Sr:=10; + end; + 3:begin R1.lo:=ZeroS; R1.lo.edge:=lin; T1:=R1; Sr:=10; + end; + 4:begin R1.hi:=ZeroS; R1.hi.edge:=hout; T1:=R1; Sr:=10; + end; + 11:begin R0:=Zero; Sr:=-1; + end; + 12:begin R1:=Zero; Sr:=-1; + end; + end; + + if OK and (Sr<>-1) then + begin + mult(T0,T1,Q2); Inter(R2,Q2,R2); + Q1:=R1; divi(T2,T0,Q1); Inter(R1,Q1,R1); + Q0:=R0; divi(T2,T1,Q0); Inter(R0,Q0,R0); + Sr:=10; + end; +end;{execmult} + +procedure execadd(T0,T1,T2:Int;var R0,R1,R2:Int); + procedure addhi(S0,S1:Sreal; var S2:Sreal); + var Closed:boolean; Exp,M0,M1:integer; + begin{addhi} + with S2 do + begin + if (S0.cardinality=infinite)or(S1.cardinality=infinite) then + begin + S2:=PlusInfS; + Closed:=((S0.cardinality=infinite)and(S0.edge=hin))or + ((S1.cardinality=infinite)and(S1.edge=hin)); + end else + begin + Closed:=(S0.edge=hin)and(S1.edge=hin); + AlignUp(S0.exp,S0.mantissa,S1.exp,S1.mantissa,Exp,M0,M1,Closed); + NormalizeUp(Exp,M0+M1,S2,Closed) + end; + if Closed then S2.edge:=hin else S2.edge:=hout; + end; + end;{addhi} + + procedure addlo(S0,S1:Sreal; var S2:Sreal); + var Closed:boolean; Exp,M0,M1:integer; + begin{addlo} + with S2 do + begin + if (S0.cardinality=infinite)or(S1.cardinality=infinite) then + begin + S2:=MinusInfS; + Closed:=((S0.cardinality=infinite)and(S0.edge=lin))or + ((S1.cardinality=infinite)and(S1.edge=lin)); + end else + begin + Closed:=(S0.edge=lin)and(S1.edge=lin); + AlignUp(S0.exp,-S0.mantissa,S1.exp,-S1.mantissa,Exp,M0,M1,Closed); + NormalizeUp(Exp,M0+M1,S2,Closed); mantissa:=-mantissa; + end; + if Closed then S2.edge:=lin else S2.edge:=lout; + end; + end;{addlo} + + procedure subhi(S0,S1:Sreal; var S2:Sreal); + var Closed:boolean; Exp,M0,M1:integer; + begin{subhi} + with S2 do + begin + if (S0.cardinality=infinite)or(S1.cardinality=infinite) then + begin + S2:=PlusInfS; + Closed:=((S0.cardinality=infinite)and(S0.edge=hin))or + ((S1.cardinality=infinite)and(S1.edge=lin)); + end else + begin + Closed:=(S0.edge=hin)and(S1.edge=lin); + AlignUp(S0.exp,S0.mantissa,S1.exp,-S1.mantissa,Exp,M0,M1,Closed); + NormalizeUp(Exp,M0+M1,S2,Closed); + end; + if Closed then S2.edge:=hin else S2.edge:=hout; + end; + end;{subhi} + + procedure sublo(S0,S1:Sreal; var S2:Sreal); + var Closed:boolean; Exp,M0,M1:integer; + begin{sublo} + with S2 do + begin + if (S0.cardinality=infinite)or(S1.cardinality=infinite) then + begin + S2:=MinusInfS; + Closed:=((S0.cardinality=infinite)and(S0.edge=lin))or + ((S1.cardinality=infinite)and(S1.edge=hin)); + end else + begin + Closed:=(S0.edge=lin)and(S1.edge=hin); + AlignUp(S0.exp,-S0.mantissa,S1.exp,S1.mantissa,Exp,M0,M1,Closed); + NormalizeUp(Exp,M0+M1,S2,Closed);mantissa:=-mantissa; + end; + if Closed then S2.edge:=lin else S2.edge:=lout; + end; + end;{sublo} + +begin{execadd} + addhi(T0.hi,T1.hi,R2.hi); + addlo(T0.lo,T1.lo,R2.lo); + + subhi(T2.hi,T0.lo,R1.hi); + sublo(T2.lo,T0.hi,R1.lo); + + subhi(T2.hi,T1.lo,R0.hi); + sublo(T2.lo,T1.hi,R0.lo); +end;{execadd} + + + + +procedure execintgr(var Sr:State; var R:Int); + + procedure floor (var R : Sreal); + var sign , dum : boolean ; + E, M ,t : integer ; + + begin + sign := false ; + with R do + begin + if (mantissa < 0) then + begin + sign := true ; + mantissa := - mantissa ; + end ; + if (exp <= 0) then + begin + if sign or ((mantissa = 0) & (edge = hout)) then + begin + M := 1 ; + sign := true ; + end + else + M := 0 ; + E := Digits ; + NormalizeUp (E,M,R,dum) ; + edge := hin ; + end + + else {exp >0} + if (exp <= Digits) then + begin + M := 1 ; + E := exp ; + while (E < Digits) do + begin + M := M * 10 ; + E := E + 1 ; + end ; + t := mantissa mod M ; + M := mantissa div M ; + if (sign & ((edge = hout) or(t > 0))) then + M := M + 1 ; + if (not sign & (t = 0)) & (edge = hout) then + M := M - 1 ; + E := Digits ; + NormalizeUp (E,M,R,dum) ; + edge := hin ; + end + else + if ((edge = hout)&(exp = (Digits+1))) & (not sign & (mantissa = Splitman)) then + begin + mantissa := Maxman ; + exp := Digits ; + edge := hin ; + end ; + if sign then + mantissa := - mantissa ; + end ;{with R} + end ; {floor} + procedure ceiling (var R : Sreal); + var sign , dum : boolean ; + E, M , t : integer ; + + begin + sign := false ; + with R do + begin + if (mantissa < 0) then + begin + sign := true ; + mantissa := - mantissa ; + end ; + if (exp <= 0) then + begin + if sign or ((mantissa = 0) & (edge = lin)) then + M := 0 + else + M := 1 ; + E := Digits ; + NormalizeDn (E,M,R,dum) ; + edge := lin ; + end + + else {exp > 0} + if (exp <= Digits) then + begin + M := 1 ; + E := exp ; + while (E < Digits) do + begin + M := M * 10 ; + E := E + 1 ; + end ; + t := mantissa mod M ; + M := mantissa div M ; + if ( not sign & ((edge = lout) or(t > 0))) then + M := M + 1 ; + if (sign & (t = 0)) & (edge = lout) then + M := M - 1 ; + E := Digits ; + NormalizeDn (E,M,R,dum) ; + edge := lin ; + end + else + if ((edge = lout)&(exp = (Digits+1))) & (sign & (mantissa = Splitman)) then + begin + mantissa := Maxman ; + exp := Digits ; + edge := lin ; + end ; + if sign then + mantissa := - mantissa ; + end ;{with R} + end ; {ceiling} +begin + with R do + begin +(* writeln ('IN EXECINTGR :') ; + writeln ; + writeln ('HI : ', hi.mantissa , hi.exp) ; + writeln ; + writeln ('LO : ', lo.mantissa , lo.exp) ; + writeln ; +*) + if (hi.cardinality <> infinite) then + floor (hi) ; + if (lo.cardinality <> infinite) then + ceiling (lo) ; + if ((hi.mantissa = lo.mantissa) & (hi.exp = lo.exp)) then + Sr := - 1 ; +(* writeln ('OUT EXECINTGR :') ; + writeln ; + writeln ('HI : ', hi.mantissa , hi.exp) ; + writeln ; + writeln ('LO : ', lo.mantissa , lo.exp) ; + writeln ; +*) + end ; +end;{execintgr} + + + + + + + + + + + + + + procedure execlb (R1 : Int ; var R : Int) ; + begin + R := R1 ; + with R.lo do + if (cardinality = infinite) then + R.hi := MinusFiniteS + else + R.hi := R.lo ; + R.hi.edge := hin ; + R.lo := MinusInfS ; + end ; + +procedure execub (var X , Xd : Int) ; +var Dum : Int ; + begin + Xd := X ; + execadd (Xd, Dum, Zero, Dum, Xd, Dum) ; + execlb (Xd,Xd) ; + execadd (Xd, Dum, Zero, Dum, Xd, Dum) ; + end ; + +procedure execcopy (R0 :Int; var R1:Int); +begin + R1:=R0; +end; + +procedure execless(var Sr:State; var R0,R1:Int); +{R0 < R1} +begin + if Point(R0) or Point(R1) then Sr:=-1; + if gtS(R1.lo,R0.hi) then Sr:= -1 else + begin + R0.hi:=R1.hi; + R0.hi.edge:=hout; + R1.lo:=R0.lo; + R1.lo.edge:=lout; + end; +end;{execless} + +procedure execleq(var Sr:State; var R0,R1:Int); +{R0 =< R1} +begin + if Point(R0) or Point(R1) then Sr:=-1; + if geS(R1.lo,R0.hi) then Sr:= -1 else + begin + R0.hi:=R1.hi; + R1.lo:=R0.lo; + end; +end;{execleq} + +procedure execnoteq(var Sr:State; var R0,R1:Int); +{R0 <> R1} +begin + case Sr of + 0:{nothing done yet} + begin + if gtS(R0.lo,R1.hi) or gtS(R1.lo,R0.hi) + then Sr:=-1 {no need to check in future} + else + begin + if Point(R0) then + begin + OuterExec(PC,DCurr,true,1,Counter,Level+1); + Sr:=2; + execless(Sr,R1,R0); + end else + if Point(R1) then + begin + OuterExec(PC,DCurr,true,2,Counter,Level+1); + Sr:=1; + execless(Sr,R0,R1); + end; + end; + end; + 1:execless(Sr,R0,R1); + 2:execless(Sr,R1,R0); + end; +end;{execnoteq} + +procedure execsqrr(var R0,R1:Int); +begin{execsqrr} +end;{execsqrr} + +procedure execminr(var R0,R1,R2:Int); +begin{execminr} +end;{execminr} + +procedure execmaxr(var R0,R1,R2:Int); + procedure chmaxhi(S0,S1:Sreal; var S2:Sreal); + var Closed:boolean; Exp,M0,M1:integer; + begin{chmaxhi} + with S2 do + begin + if (S0.cardinality=infinite)or(S1.cardinality=infinite) then + begin + S2:=PlusInfS; + Closed:=((S0.cardinality=infinite)and(S0.edge=hin))or + ((S1.cardinality=infinite)and(S1.edge=hin)); + end else + begin + Closed:=(S0.edge=hin)and(S1.edge=hin); + AlignUp(S0.exp,S0.mantissa,S1.exp,S1.mantissa,Exp,M0,M1,Closed); + if M1 > M0 then + M0 := M1 ; + NormalizeUp(Exp,M0,S2,Closed) + end; + if Closed then S2.edge:=hin else S2.edge:=hout; + end; + end;{chmaxhi} + + procedure chmaxlo(S0,S1:Sreal; var S2:Sreal); + var Closed:boolean; Exp,M0,M1:integer; + begin{chmaxlo} + with S2 do + begin + if (S0.cardinality=infinite)or(S1.cardinality=infinite) then + begin + S2:=MinusInfS; + Closed:=((S0.cardinality=infinite)and(S0.edge=lin))or + ((S1.cardinality=infinite)and(S1.edge=lin)); + end else + begin + Closed:=(S0.edge=lin)and(S1.edge=lin); + AlignUp(S0.exp,-S0.mantissa,S1.exp,-S1.mantissa,Exp,M0,M1,Closed); + NormalizeUp(Exp,M0+M1,S2,Closed); mantissa:=-mantissa; + end; + if Closed then S2.edge:=lin else S2.edge:=lout; + end; + end;{addlo} +begin{execmaxr} +end;{execmaxr} + +procedure execmodu(var R0,R1,R2:Int); +begin{execmodu} +end;{execmodu} + +procedure execabsr(var R0,R1:Int); +begin{execabsr} +end;{execabsr} + +procedure exectrig(var R0,R1,R2:Int); +begin{exectrig} +end;{exectrig} + +procedure execexpr(var R0,R1:Int); +begin{execexpr} +end;{execexpr} + + +function Exec(I:Instr;var PC:Loc0;var Change:boolean):boolean; +var + R:array[0..Par] of Int; {working registers} + Sr:State; {State register} + P:0..Par; + E:boolean; + NewPC:Loc0; + TraceChange:boolean; + + procedure WritePars; {write out list of parameter registers for curr ins} + begin + with I do + begin + write(PC:2,Code:5,Sr:3); + for P := 0 to Par do + if Pars[P] <> 0 then + begin + write(Pars[P]:3); + WriteInt(R[P]); + end; + writeln; + end; + end;{WritePars} + +begin{Exec} +with I,DCurr do +begin + Counter:=Counter+1; + {get parameters} + for P := 0 to ParN[Code] do + begin R[P]:=D[Pars[P]]; assert(CheckInt(R[P])); + end; + + Sr:=S[PC]; + if Debug >= trace then begin write(' '); WritePars; end; + E:=true; + Change:=false; + NewPC:=PC; + +{!!}case Code of + print: execprint(PC,Pars[0],R[0]); + pr : execpr(Sr,Pars[0]); + tr : exectr(Sr,Pars[0]); + soln : execsoln(Sr,Pars[0]); + readr: execreadr(Sr,R[0]); + halve: exechalve(NewPC,Sr,R[0],E,Change); + halves:exechalves(NewPC,Sr,R[0],E,Change); + linh : execlinh(NewPC,Sr,R[0],E,Change); + mult : execmult (Sr,R[0],R[1],R[2],R[0],R[1],R[2],E); + add : execadd (R[0],R[1],R[2],R[0],R[1],R[2]); + intgr: execintgr(Sr,R[0]); + less : execless (Sr,R[0],R[1]); + leq : execleq (Sr,R[0],R[1]); + noteq: execnoteq(Sr,R[0],R[1]); + sqrr : execsqrr(R[0],R[1]); + minr : execminr(R[0],R[1],R[2]); + maxr : execmaxr(R[0],R[1],R[2]); + modu : execmodu(R[0],R[1],R[2]); + absr : execabsr(R[0],R[1]); + trig : exectrig(R[0],R[1],R[2]); + expr : execexpr(R[0],R[1]); + lb : execlb (R[0],R[1]); + ub : execub (R[0],R[1]); + copy : execcopy(R[0],R[1]); + end; + + TraceChange:=false; + AllPoints:=true; + for P := 0 to ParN[Code] do + with D[Pars[P]] do + begin + if DF.PF[Pars[P]]=PPrint then TraceChange:=true; + assert(CheckLo(R[P].lo));assert(CheckHi(R[P].hi)); + if ParIntersect [Code] then + begin + maxS(R[P].lo,lo,R[P].lo); + minS(R[P].hi,hi,R[P].hi); + end ; + if gtS(R[P].lo,R[P].hi) then + begin E:=false; assert(CheckLo(R[P].lo));assert(CheckHi(R[P].hi)); + end + else begin + if D[Pars[P]] <> R[P] then + begin + D[Pars[P]] := R[P]; + Change:=true; + if DF.PF[Pars[P]] = PTrace then TraceChange:=true; + end; + AllPoints:=AllPoints and Point(R[P]); + assert(CheckInt(R[P])); assert(CheckInt(D[Pars[P]])); + end; + end; + + if (Debug=activity) and TraceChange then writeln; + if (Debug >=activity) then + begin if Change then write('*') else write ('.'); + end; + Exec:=E; + if E then + begin + if AllPoints then Sr:=-1; + if (Sr <> S[PC]) then begin S[PC]:=Sr; Change:=true; end; + if (Debug=activity) and TraceChange then WritePars; + if Debug >= post then WritePars; + if Debug = dump then DumpMem(DCurr); + end else + if Debug >= activity then + begin writeln('FAILED'); write(' '); WritePars; + end; + PC:=NewPC; +end; +end;{Exec} + +begin{OuterExec} + writeln; + writeln(Level:2,'Entering Count:',OldCounter:0); OldCounter:=0; + Counter:=0; + Fail:=false; + if First <> 0 then DCurr.S[PC]:=First; + {Run simulation until failure or nothing further to be done} + repeat + if (PC = End) then + begin PC:=1; Change:=false; DCurr.LastHalve:=1; end; + while (PC < End) and not Fail and not GlobalEnd do + with I[PC] do + begin + if DCurr.S[PC] > -1 then + begin Fail:=not Exec(I[PC],PC,LocalChange); + Change:=Change or LocalChange; + end; + PC:=PC+1; + end; + until Fail or (not Change) or GlobalEnd; + writeln; + write(Level:2,'Exiting Count:',Counter:0); + if not (Fail or GlobalEnd) then + begin + if (Cut=once) then GlobalEnd:=true; + writeln('SOLUTION'); + WriteMem(DCurr); + end + else writeln; +end;{OuterExec} + + +procedure Clear; +var tL:Loc; + tD,tDF:Ptr; + tPar:1..Par; + DI:1..Digits; + J:1..Maxexp; + MaxDiff:real; +begin + Shift[0]:=1; + for DI:= 1 to Digits do Shift[DI]:=Shift[DI-1]*10; + + with PlusInfS do + begin + edge:=hin;cardinality:=infinite;mantissa:=Maxinf; + exp:=Maxexp; + end; + with MinusInfS do + begin + edge:=lin;cardinality:=infinite;mantissa:=Mininf; + exp:=Maxexp; + end; + with PlusFiniteS do + begin + edge:=hin;cardinality:=finite;mantissa:=Maxman; + exp:=Maxexp; + end; + with MinusFiniteS do + begin + edge:=lin;cardinality:=finite;mantissa:=Minman; + exp:=Maxexp; + end; + with ZeroS do + begin exp:=0;mantissa:=0;edge:=hin;cardinality:=finite; + end; + with PlusSmallS do + begin exp:=Minexp;mantissa:=Maxinf div 10; cardinality:=finite; + end; + with MinusSmallS do + begin exp:=Minexp;mantissa:=Mininf div 10; cardinality:=finite; + end; + + + + with Zero do + begin lo:=ZeroS;lo.edge:=lin; hi:=ZeroS;hi.edge:=hin; + end; + with All do + begin hi:=PlusInfS; lo:=MinusInfS; + end; + with AllFinite do + begin lo:=MinusFiniteS; hi:=PlusFiniteS; + end; + + with DF do + begin + for tDF:= 1 to DMem do PF[tDF]:=PNull; + end; + + with DInit do + begin + for tD:= 1 to DMem do + if Verifiable then D[tD]:=AllFinite + else D[tD]:=All; + LastHalve:=1; + + MaxDiff:=2; + for J:=1 to Maxexp do MaxDiff:=MaxDiff*10; + + for tL := 1 to IMem do + begin + RHalve[tL]:=MaxDiff; + S[tL]:=0; + with I[tL] do + for tPar := 1 to Par do + Pars[tPar]:=0; + end; + +{!!} ParN[print]:=0; + ParN[pr]:=0; + ParN[tr]:=0; + ParN[soln]:=0; + ParN[halve]:=0; + ParN[halves]:=0; + ParN[readr]:=0; + ParN[linh]:=0; + ParN[mult]:=2; + ParN[add]:=2; + ParN[intgr]:= 0; + ParN[less]:= 1; + ParN[leq]:= 1; + ParN[noteq]:= 1; + ParN[sqrr]:= 1; + ParN[minr]:=2; + ParN[maxr]:=2; + ParN[modu]:= 1; + ParN[absr]:= 1; + ParN[trig]:=2; + ParN[expr]:= 1; + ParN[lb]:= 1; + ParN[ub]:= 1; + ParN[copy]:= 1; + ParN[stop]:=-1; +{!!} ParIntersect[print]:= true; + ParIntersect[pr]:= true; + ParIntersect[tr]:= true; + ParIntersect[soln]:= true; + ParIntersect[halve]:=true; + ParIntersect[halves]:=true; + ParIntersect[readr]:=true; + ParIntersect[linh]:=true; + ParIntersect[mult]:=true; + ParIntersect[add]:=true; + ParIntersect[intgr]:= true; + ParIntersect[less]:= true; + ParIntersect[leq]:= true; + ParIntersect[noteq]:= true; + ParIntersect[sqrr]:= true; + ParIntersect[minr]:= true; + ParIntersect[maxr]:= true; + ParIntersect[modu]:= true; + ParIntersect[absr]:= true; + ParIntersect[trig]:= true; + ParIntersect[expr]:= true; + ParIntersect[lb]:= false; + ParIntersect[ub]:= false; + ParIntersect[stop]:= true; + ParIntersect[copy]:= true; + end; +end;{Clear} + +procedure ReadInstr; +var + tP:0..Par; + Op:OpType; + tDat:Ptr; +begin + with DInit do + begin + End:=1; + MaxDMem:=0; + repeat + with I[End] do + begin + read(Op); + Code:=Op; + for tP := 0 to ParN[Op] do with I[End] do + begin + read(tDat); Pars[tP]:=tDat; + if tDat>MaxDMem then MaxDMem:=tDat; + if MaxDMem > DMem then + begin writeln('Too many variables');halt; + end; + end; + readln; + end; + End:=End+1; + if End >= IMem then begin writeln('Too many instructions');halt;end; + until Op = stop; + End:=End-1; + + while not eof do {read constant values for memory locations} + begin + + read(tDat); + if tDat > DMem then writeln('Variable out of range',tDat,DMem); + ReadInt(D[tDat]); + readln; + end; + end; +end;{ReadInstr} + +begin + GlobalEnd:=false; + InitialOptions; + readln(Cut); + writeln(Cut); + Clear; + { set to initial values, read instructions} + ReadInstr; + if Debug = dump then begin DumpTables; DumpMem(DInit); end; + if Debug >= activity then WriteMem(DInit); + Dummy:=0; + OuterExec(1,DInit,false,0,Dummy,0); + if Debug = dump then DumpMem(DInit); +end. diff --git a/test/canterbury-corpus/calgary/trans b/test/canterbury-corpus/calgary/trans new file mode 100644 index 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diff --git a/test/canterbury-corpus/canterbury/alice29.txt b/test/canterbury-corpus/canterbury/alice29.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..7033655 --- /dev/null +++ b/test/canterbury-corpus/canterbury/alice29.txt @@ -0,0 +1,3609 @@ + + + + + ALICE'S ADVENTURES IN WONDERLAND + + Lewis Carroll + + THE MILLENNIUM FULCRUM EDITION 2.9 + + + + + CHAPTER I + + Down the Rabbit-Hole + + + Alice was beginning to get very tired of sitting by her sister +on the bank, and of having nothing to do: once or twice she had +peeped into the book her sister was reading, but it had no +pictures or conversations in it, `and what is the use of a book,' +thought Alice `without pictures or conversation?' + + So she was considering in her own mind (as well as she could, +for the hot day made her feel very sleepy and stupid), whether +the pleasure of making a daisy-chain would be worth the trouble +of getting up and picking the daisies, when suddenly a White +Rabbit with pink eyes ran close by her. + + There was nothing so VERY remarkable in that; nor did Alice +think it so VERY much out of the way to hear the Rabbit say to +itself, `Oh dear! Oh dear! I shall be late!' (when she thought +it over afterwards, it occurred to her that she ought to have +wondered at this, but at the time it all seemed quite natural); +but when the Rabbit actually TOOK A WATCH OUT OF ITS WAISTCOAT- +POCKET, and looked at it, and then hurried on, Alice started to +her feet, for it flashed across her mind that she had never +before seen a rabbit with either a waistcoat-pocket, or a watch to +take out of it, and burning with curiosity, she ran across the +field after it, and fortunately was just in time to see it pop +down a large rabbit-hole under the hedge. + + In another moment down went Alice after it, never once +considering how in the world she was to get out again. + + The rabbit-hole went straight on like a tunnel for some way, +and then dipped suddenly down, so suddenly that Alice had not a +moment to think about stopping herself before she found herself +falling down a very deep well. + + Either the well was very deep, or she fell very slowly, for she +had plenty of time as she went down to look about her and to +wonder what was going to happen next. First, she tried to look +down and make out what she was coming to, but it was too dark to +see anything; then she looked at the sides of the well, and +noticed that they were filled with cupboards and book-shelves; +here and there she saw maps and pictures hung upon pegs. She +took down a jar from one of the shelves as she passed; it was +labelled `ORANGE MARMALADE', but to her great disappointment it +was empty: she did not like to drop the jar for fear of killing +somebody, so managed to put it into one of the cupboards as she +fell past it. + + `Well!' thought Alice to herself, `after such a fall as this, I +shall think nothing of tumbling down stairs! How brave they'll +all think me at home! Why, I wouldn't say anything about it, +even if I fell off the top of the house!' (Which was very likely +true.) + + Down, down, down. Would the fall NEVER come to an end! `I +wonder how many miles I've fallen by this time?' she said aloud. +`I must be getting somewhere near the centre of the earth. Let +me see: that would be four thousand miles down, I think--' (for, +you see, Alice had learnt several things of this sort in her +lessons in the schoolroom, and though this was not a VERY good +opportunity for showing off her knowledge, as there was no one to +listen to her, still it was good practice to say it over) `--yes, +that's about the right distance--but then I wonder what Latitude +or Longitude I've got to?' (Alice had no idea what Latitude was, +or Longitude either, but thought they were nice grand words to +say.) + + Presently she began again. `I wonder if I shall fall right +THROUGH the earth! How funny it'll seem to come out among the +people that walk with their heads downward! The Antipathies, I +think--' (she was rather glad there WAS no one listening, this +time, as it didn't sound at all the right word) `--but I shall +have to ask them what the name of the country is, you know. +Please, Ma'am, is this New Zealand or Australia?' (and she tried +to curtsey as she spoke--fancy CURTSEYING as you're falling +through the air! Do you think you could manage it?) `And what +an ignorant little girl she'll think me for asking! No, it'll +never do to ask: perhaps I shall see it written up somewhere.' + + Down, down, down. There was nothing else to do, so Alice soon +began talking again. `Dinah'll miss me very much to-night, I +should think!' (Dinah was the cat.) `I hope they'll remember +her saucer of milk at tea-time. Dinah my dear! I wish you were +down here with me! There are no mice in the air, I'm afraid, but +you might catch a bat, and that's very like a mouse, you know. +But do cats eat bats, I wonder?' And here Alice began to get +rather sleepy, and went on saying to herself, in a dreamy sort of +way, `Do cats eat bats? Do cats eat bats?' and sometimes, `Do +bats eat cats?' for, you see, as she couldn't answer either +question, it didn't much matter which way she put it. She felt +that she was dozing off, and had just begun to dream that she +was walking hand in hand with Dinah, and saying to her very +earnestly, `Now, Dinah, tell me the truth: did you ever eat a +bat?' when suddenly, thump! thump! down she came upon a heap of +sticks and dry leaves, and the fall was over. + + Alice was not a bit hurt, and she jumped up on to her feet in a +moment: she looked up, but it was all dark overhead; before her +was another long passage, and the White Rabbit was still in +sight, hurrying down it. There was not a moment to be lost: +away went Alice like the wind, and was just in time to hear it +say, as it turned a corner, `Oh my ears and whiskers, how late +it's getting!' She was close behind it when she turned the +corner, but the Rabbit was no longer to be seen: she found +herself in a long, low hall, which was lit up by a row of lamps +hanging from the roof. + + There were doors all round the hall, but they were all locked; +and when Alice had been all the way down one side and up the +other, trying every door, she walked sadly down the middle, +wondering how she was ever to get out again. + + Suddenly she came upon a little three-legged table, all made of +solid glass; there was nothing on it except a tiny golden key, +and Alice's first thought was that it might belong to one of the +doors of the hall; but, alas! either the locks were too large, or +the key was too small, but at any rate it would not open any of +them. However, on the second time round, she came upon a low +curtain she had not noticed before, and behind it was a little +door about fifteen inches high: she tried the little golden key +in the lock, and to her great delight it fitted! + + Alice opened the door and found that it led into a small +passage, not much larger than a rat-hole: she knelt down and +looked along the passage into the loveliest garden you ever saw. +How she longed to get out of that dark hall, and wander about +among those beds of bright flowers and those cool fountains, but +she could not even get her head though the doorway; `and even if +my head would go through,' thought poor Alice, `it would be of +very little use without my shoulders. Oh, how I wish +I could shut up like a telescope! I think I could, if I only +know how to begin.' For, you see, so many out-of-the-way things +had happened lately, that Alice had begun to think that very few +things indeed were really impossible. + + There seemed to be no use in waiting by the little door, so she +went back to the table, half hoping she might find another key on +it, or at any rate a book of rules for shutting people up like +telescopes: this time she found a little bottle on it, (`which +certainly was not here before,' said Alice,) and round the neck +of the bottle was a paper label, with the words `DRINK ME' +beautifully printed on it in large letters. + + It was all very well to say `Drink me,' but the wise little +Alice was not going to do THAT in a hurry. `No, I'll look +first,' she said, `and see whether it's marked "poison" or not'; +for she had read several nice little histories about children who +had got burnt, and eaten up by wild beasts and other unpleasant +things, all because they WOULD not remember the simple rules +their friends had taught them: such as, that a red-hot poker +will burn you if you hold it too long; and that if you cut your +finger VERY deeply with a knife, it usually bleeds; and she had +never forgotten that, if you drink much from a bottle marked +`poison,' it is almost certain to disagree with you, sooner or +later. + + However, this bottle was NOT marked `poison,' so Alice ventured +to taste it, and finding it very nice, (it had, in fact, a sort +of mixed flavour of cherry-tart, custard, pine-apple, roast +turkey, toffee, and hot buttered toast,) she very soon finished +it off. + + * * * * * * * + + * * * * * * + + * * * * * * * + + `What a curious feeling!' said Alice; `I must be shutting up +like a telescope.' + + And so it was indeed: she was now only ten inches high, and +her face brightened up at the thought that she was now the right +size for going though the little door into that lovely garden. +First, however, she waited for a few minutes to see if she was +going to shrink any further: she felt a little nervous about +this; `for it might end, you know,' said Alice to herself, `in my +going out altogether, like a candle. I wonder what I should be +like then?' And she tried to fancy what the flame of a candle is +like after the candle is blown out, for she could not remember +ever having seen such a thing. + + After a while, finding that nothing more happened, she decided +on going into the garden at once; but, alas for poor Alice! when +she got to the door, she found he had forgotten the little golden +key, and when she went back to the table for it, she found she +could not possibly reach it: she could see it quite plainly +through the glass, and she tried her best to climb up one of the +legs of the table, but it was too slippery; and when she had +tired herself out with trying, the poor little thing sat down and +cried. + + `Come, there's no use in crying like that!' said Alice to +herself, rather sharply; `I advise you to leave off this minute!' +She generally gave herself very good advice, (though she very +seldom followed it), and sometimes she scolded herself so +severely as to bring tears into her eyes; and once she remembered +trying to box her own ears for having cheated herself in a game +of croquet she was playing against herself, for this curious +child was very fond of pretending to be two people. `But it's no +use now,' thought poor Alice, `to pretend to be two people! Why, +there's hardly enough of me left to make ONE respectable +person!' + + Soon her eye fell on a little glass box that was lying under +the table: she opened it, and found in it a very small cake, on +which the words `EAT ME' were beautifully marked in currants. +`Well, I'll eat it,' said Alice, `and if it makes me grow larger, +I can reach the key; and if it makes me grow smaller, I can creep +under the door; so either way I'll get into the garden, and I +don't care which happens!' + + She ate a little bit, and said anxiously to herself, `Which +way? Which way?', holding her hand on the top of her head to +feel which way it was growing, and she was quite surprised to +find that she remained the same size: to be sure, this generally +happens when one eats cake, but Alice had got so much into the +way of expecting nothing but out-of-the-way things to happen, +that it seemed quite dull and stupid for life to go on in the +common way. + + So she set to work, and very soon finished off the cake. + + * * * * * * * + + * * * * * * + + * * * * * * * + + + + + CHAPTER II + + The Pool of Tears + + + `Curiouser and curiouser!' cried Alice (she was so much +surprised, that for the moment she quite forgot how to speak good +English); `now I'm opening out like the largest telescope that +ever was! Good-bye, feet!' (for when she looked down at her +feet, they seemed to be almost out of sight, they were getting so +far off). `Oh, my poor little feet, I wonder who will put on +your shoes and stockings for you now, dears? I'm sure _I_ shan't +be able! I shall be a great deal too far off to trouble myself +about you: you must manage the best way you can; --but I must be +kind to them,' thought Alice, `or perhaps they won't walk the +way I want to go! Let me see: I'll give them a new pair of +boots every Christmas.' + + And she went on planning to herself how she would manage it. +`They must go by the carrier,' she thought; `and how funny it'll +seem, sending presents to one's own feet! And how odd the +directions will look! + + ALICE'S RIGHT FOOT, ESQ. + HEARTHRUG, + NEAR THE FENDER, + (WITH ALICE'S LOVE). + +Oh dear, what nonsense I'm talking!' + + Just then her head struck against the roof of the hall: in +fact she was now more than nine feet high, and she at once took +up the little golden key and hurried off to the garden door. + + Poor Alice! It was as much as she could do, lying down on one +side, to look through into the garden with one eye; but to get +through was more hopeless than ever: she sat down and began to +cry again. + + `You ought to be ashamed of yourself,' said Alice, `a great +girl like you,' (she might well say this), `to go on crying in +this way! Stop this moment, I tell you!' But she went on all +the same, shedding gallons of tears, until there was a large pool +all round her, about four inches deep and reaching half down the +hall. + + After a time she heard a little pattering of feet in the +distance, and she hastily dried her eyes to see what was coming. +It was the White Rabbit returning, splendidly dressed, with a +pair of white kid gloves in one hand and a large fan in the +other: he came trotting along in a great hurry, muttering to +himself as he came, `Oh! the Duchess, the Duchess! Oh! won't she +be savage if I've kept her waiting!' Alice felt so desperate +that she was ready to ask help of any one; so, when the Rabbit +came near her, she began, in a low, timid voice, `If you please, +sir--' The Rabbit started violently, dropped the white kid +gloves and the fan, and skurried away into the darkness as hard +as he could go. + + Alice took up the fan and gloves, and, as the hall was very +hot, she kept fanning herself all the time she went on talking: +`Dear, dear! How queer everything is to-day! And yesterday +things went on just as usual. I wonder if I've been changed in +the night? Let me think: was I the same when I got up this +morning? I almost think I can remember feeling a little +different. But if I'm not the same, the next question is, Who in +the world am I? Ah, THAT'S the great puzzle!' And she began +thinking over all the children she knew that were of the same age +as herself, to see if she could have been changed for any of +them. + + `I'm sure I'm not Ada,' she said, `for her hair goes in such +long ringlets, and mine doesn't go in ringlets at all; and I'm +sure I can't be Mabel, for I know all sorts of things, and she, +oh! she knows such a very little! Besides, SHE'S she, and I'm I, +and--oh dear, how puzzling it all is! I'll try if I know all the +things I used to know. Let me see: four times five is twelve, +and four times six is thirteen, and four times seven is--oh dear! +I shall never get to twenty at that rate! However, the +Multiplication Table doesn't signify: let's try Geography. +London is the capital of Paris, and Paris is the capital of Rome, +and Rome--no, THAT'S all wrong, I'm certain! I must have been +changed for Mabel! I'll try and say "How doth the little--"' +and she crossed her hands on her lap as if she were saying lessons, +and began to repeat it, but her voice sounded hoarse and +strange, and the words did not come the same as they used to do:-- + + `How doth the little crocodile + Improve his shining tail, + And pour the waters of the Nile + On every golden scale! + + `How cheerfully he seems to grin, + How neatly spread his claws, + And welcome little fishes in + With gently smiling jaws!' + + `I'm sure those are not the right words,' said poor Alice, and +her eyes filled with tears again as she went on, `I must be Mabel +after all, and I shall have to go and live in that poky little +house, and have next to no toys to play with, and oh! ever so +many lessons to learn! No, I've made up my mind about it; if I'm +Mabel, I'll stay down here! It'll be no use their putting their +heads down and saying "Come up again, dear!" I shall only look +up and say "Who am I then? Tell me that first, and then, if I +like being that person, I'll come up: if not, I'll stay down +here till I'm somebody else"--but, oh dear!' cried Alice, with a +sudden burst of tears, `I do wish they WOULD put their heads +down! I am so VERY tired of being all alone here!' + + As she said this she looked down at her hands, and was +surprised to see that she had put on one of the Rabbit's little +white kid gloves while she was talking. `How CAN I have done +that?' she thought. `I must be growing small again.' She got up +and went to the table to measure herself by it, and found that, +as nearly as she could guess, she was now about two feet high, +and was going on shrinking rapidly: she soon found out that the +cause of this was the fan she was holding, and she dropped it +hastily, just in time to avoid shrinking away altogether. + +`That WAS a narrow escape!' said Alice, a good deal frightened at +the sudden change, but very glad to find herself still in +existence; `and now for the garden!' and she ran with all speed +back to the little door: but, alas! the little door was shut +again, and the little golden key was lying on the glass table as +before, `and things are worse than ever,' thought the poor child, +`for I never was so small as this before, never! And I declare +it's too bad, that it is!' + + As she said these words her foot slipped, and in another +moment, splash! she was up to her chin in salt water. He first +idea was that she had somehow fallen into the sea, `and in that +case I can go back by railway,' she said to herself. (Alice had +been to the seaside once in her life, and had come to the general +conclusion, that wherever you go to on the English coast you find +a number of bathing machines in the sea, some children digging in +the sand with wooden spades, then a row of lodging houses, and +behind them a railway station.) However, she soon made out that +she was in the pool of tears which she had wept when she was nine +feet high. + + `I wish I hadn't cried so much!' said Alice, as she swam about, +trying to find her way out. `I shall be punished for it now, I +suppose, by being drowned in my own tears! That WILL be a queer +thing, to be sure! However, everything is queer to-day.' + + Just then she heard something splashing about in the pool a +little way off, and she swam nearer to make out what it was: at +first she thought it must be a walrus or hippopotamus, but then +she remembered how small she was now, and she soon made out that +it was only a mouse that had slipped in like herself. + + `Would it be of any use, now,' thought Alice, `to speak to this +mouse? Everything is so out-of-the-way down here, that I should +think very likely it can talk: at any rate, there's no harm in +trying.' So she began: `O Mouse, do you know the way out of +this pool? I am very tired of swimming about here, O Mouse!' +(Alice thought this must be the right way of speaking to a mouse: +she had never done such a thing before, but she remembered having +seen in her brother's Latin Grammar, `A mouse--of a mouse--to a +mouse--a mouse--O mouse!' The Mouse looked at her rather +inquisitively, and seemed to her to wink with one of its little +eyes, but it said nothing. + + `Perhaps it doesn't understand English,' thought Alice; `I +daresay it's a French mouse, come over with William the +Conqueror.' (For, with all her knowledge of history, Alice had +no very clear notion how long ago anything had happened.) So she +began again: `Ou est ma chatte?' which was the first sentence in +her French lesson-book. The Mouse gave a sudden leap out of the +water, and seemed to quiver all over with fright. `Oh, I beg +your pardon!' cried Alice hastily, afraid that she had hurt the +poor animal's feelings. `I quite forgot you didn't like cats.' + + `Not like cats!' cried the Mouse, in a shrill, passionate +voice. `Would YOU like cats if you were me?' + + `Well, perhaps not,' said Alice in a soothing tone: `don't be +angry about it. And yet I wish I could show you our cat Dinah: +I think you'd take a fancy to cats if you could only see her. +She is such a dear quiet thing,' Alice went on, half to herself, +as she swam lazily about in the pool, `and she sits purring so +nicely by the fire, licking her paws and washing her face--and +she is such a nice soft thing to nurse--and she's such a capital +one for catching mice--oh, I beg your pardon!' cried Alice again, +for this time the Mouse was bristling all over, and she felt +certain it must be really offended. `We won't talk about her any +more if you'd rather not.' + + `We indeed!' cried the Mouse, who was trembling down to the end +of his tail. `As if I would talk on such a subject! Our family +always HATED cats: nasty, low, vulgar things! Don't let me hear +the name again!' + + `I won't indeed!' said Alice, in a great hurry to change the +subject of conversation. `Are you--are you fond--of--of dogs?' +The Mouse did not answer, so Alice went on eagerly: `There is +such a nice little dog near our house I should like to show you! +A little bright-eyed terrier, you know, with oh, such long curly +brown hair! And it'll fetch things when you throw them, and +it'll sit up and beg for its dinner, and all sorts of things--I +can't remember half of them--and it belongs to a farmer, you +know, and he says it's so useful, it's worth a hundred pounds! +He says it kills all the rats and--oh dear!' cried Alice in a +sorrowful tone, `I'm afraid I've offended it again!' For the +Mouse was swimming away from her as hard as it could go, and +making quite a commotion in the pool as it went. + + So she called softly after it, `Mouse dear! Do come back +again, and we won't talk about cats or dogs either, if you don't +like them!' When the Mouse heard this, it turned round and swam +slowly back to her: its face was quite pale (with passion, Alice +thought), and it said in a low trembling voice, `Let us get to +the shore, and then I'll tell you my history, and you'll +understand why it is I hate cats and dogs.' + + It was high time to go, for the pool was getting quite crowded +with the birds and animals that had fallen into it: there were a +Duck and a Dodo, a Lory and an Eaglet, and several other curious +creatures. Alice led the way, and the whole party swam to the +shore. + + + + CHAPTER III + + A Caucus-Race and a Long Tale + + + They were indeed a queer-looking party that assembled on the +bank--the birds with draggled feathers, the animals with their +fur clinging close to them, and all dripping wet, cross, and +uncomfortable. + + The first question of course was, how to get dry again: they +had a consultation about this, and after a few minutes it seemed +quite natural to Alice to find herself talking familiarly with +them, as if she had known them all her life. Indeed, she had +quite a long argument with the Lory, who at last turned sulky, +and would only say, `I am older than you, and must know better'; +and this Alice would not allow without knowing how old it was, +and, as the Lory positively refused to tell its age, there was no +more to be said. + + At last the Mouse, who seemed to be a person of authority among +them, called out, `Sit down, all of you, and listen to me! I'LL +soon make you dry enough!' They all sat down at once, in a large +ring, with the Mouse in the middle. Alice kept her eyes +anxiously fixed on it, for she felt sure she would catch a bad +cold if she did not get dry very soon. + + `Ahem!' said the Mouse with an important air, `are you all ready? +This is the driest thing I know. Silence all round, if you please! +"William the Conqueror, whose cause was favoured by the pope, was +soon submitted to by the English, who wanted leaders, and had been +of late much accustomed to usurpation and conquest. Edwin and +Morcar, the earls of Mercia and Northumbria--"' + + `Ugh!' said the Lory, with a shiver. + + `I beg your pardon!' said the Mouse, frowning, but very +politely: `Did you speak?' + + `Not I!' said the Lory hastily. + + `I thought you did,' said the Mouse. `--I proceed. "Edwin and +Morcar, the earls of Mercia and Northumbria, declared for him: +and even Stigand, the patriotic archbishop of Canterbury, found +it advisable--"' + + `Found WHAT?' said the Duck. + + `Found IT,' the Mouse replied rather crossly: `of course you +know what "it" means.' + + `I know what "it" means well enough, when I find a thing,' said +the Duck: `it's generally a frog or a worm. The question is, +what did the archbishop find?' + + The Mouse did not notice this question, but hurriedly went on, +`"--found it advisable to go with Edgar Atheling to meet William +and offer him the crown. William's conduct at first was +moderate. But the insolence of his Normans--" How are you +getting on now, my dear?' it continued, turning to Alice as it +spoke. + + `As wet as ever,' said Alice in a melancholy tone: `it doesn't +seem to dry me at all.' + + `In that case,' said the Dodo solemnly, rising to its feet, `I +move that the meeting adjourn, for the immediate adoption of more +energetic remedies--' + + `Speak English!' said the Eaglet. `I don't know the meaning of +half those long words, and, what's more, I don't believe you do +either!' And the Eaglet bent down its head to hide a smile: +some of the other birds tittered audibly. + + `What I was going to say,' said the Dodo in an offended tone, +`was, that the best thing to get us dry would be a Caucus-race.' + + `What IS a Caucus-race?' said Alice; not that she wanted much +to know, but the Dodo had paused as if it thought that SOMEBODY +ought to speak, and no one else seemed inclined to say anything. + + `Why,' said the Dodo, `the best way to explain it is to do it.' +(And, as you might like to try the thing yourself, some winter +day, I will tell you how the Dodo managed it.) + + First it marked out a race-course, in a sort of circle, (`the +exact shape doesn't matter,' it said,) and then all the party +were placed along the course, here and there. There was no `One, +two, three, and away,' but they began running when they liked, +and left off when they liked, so that it was not easy to know +when the race was over. However, when they had been running half +an hour or so, and were quite dry again, the Dodo suddenly called +out `The race is over!' and they all crowded round it, panting, +and asking, `But who has won?' + + This question the Dodo could not answer without a great deal of +thought, and it sat for a long time with one finger pressed upon +its forehead (the position in which you usually see Shakespeare, +in the pictures of him), while the rest waited in silence. At +last the Dodo said, `EVERYBODY has won, and all must have +prizes.' + + `But who is to give the prizes?' quite a chorus of voices +asked. + + `Why, SHE, of course,' said the Dodo, pointing to Alice with +one finger; and the whole party at once crowded round her, +calling out in a confused way, `Prizes! Prizes!' + + Alice had no idea what to do, and in despair she put her hand +in her pocket, and pulled out a box of comfits, (luckily the salt +water had not got into it), and handed them round as prizes. +There was exactly one a-piece all round. + + `But she must have a prize herself, you know,' said the Mouse. + + `Of course,' the Dodo replied very gravely. `What else have +you got in your pocket?' he went on, turning to Alice. + + `Only a thimble,' said Alice sadly. + + `Hand it over here,' said the Dodo. + + Then they all crowded round her once more, while the Dodo +solemnly presented the thimble, saying `We beg your acceptance of +this elegant thimble'; and, when it had finished this short +speech, they all cheered. + + Alice thought the whole thing very absurd, but they all looked +so grave that she did not dare to laugh; and, as she could not +think of anything to say, she simply bowed, and took the thimble, +looking as solemn as she could. + + The next thing was to eat the comfits: this caused some noise +and confusion, as the large birds complained that they could not +taste theirs, and the small ones choked and had to be patted on +the back. However, it was over at last, and they sat down again +in a ring, and begged the Mouse to tell them something more. + + `You promised to tell me your history, you know,' said Alice, +`and why it is you hate--C and D,' she added in a whisper, half +afraid that it would be offended again. + + `Mine is a long and a sad tale!' said the Mouse, turning to +Alice, and sighing. + + `It IS a long tail, certainly,' said Alice, looking down with +wonder at the Mouse's tail; `but why do you call it sad?' And +she kept on puzzling about it while the Mouse was speaking, so +that her idea of the tale was something like this:-- + + `Fury said to a + mouse, That he + met in the + house, + "Let us + both go to + law: I will + prosecute + YOU. --Come, + I'll take no + denial; We + must have a + trial: For + really this + morning I've + nothing + to do." + Said the + mouse to the + cur, "Such + a trial, + dear Sir, + With + no jury + or judge, + would be + wasting + our + breath." + "I'll be + judge, I'll + be jury," + Said + cunning + old Fury: + "I'll + try the + whole + cause, + and + condemn + you + to + death."' + + + `You are not attending!' said the Mouse to Alice severely. +`What are you thinking of?' + + `I beg your pardon,' said Alice very humbly: `you had got to +the fifth bend, I think?' + + `I had NOT!' cried the Mouse, sharply and very angrily. + + `A knot!' said Alice, always ready to make herself useful, and +looking anxiously about her. `Oh, do let me help to undo it!' + + `I shall do nothing of the sort,' said the Mouse, getting up +and walking away. `You insult me by talking such nonsense!' + + `I didn't mean it!' pleaded poor Alice. `But you're so easily +offended, you know!' + + The Mouse only growled in reply. + + `Please come back and finish your story!' Alice called after +it; and the others all joined in chorus, `Yes, please do!' but +the Mouse only shook its head impatiently, and walked a little +quicker. + + `What a pity it wouldn't stay!' sighed the Lory, as soon as it +was quite out of sight; and an old Crab took the opportunity of +saying to her daughter `Ah, my dear! Let this be a lesson to you +never to lose YOUR temper!' `Hold your tongue, Ma!' said the +young Crab, a little snappishly. `You're enough to try the +patience of an oyster!' + + `I wish I had our Dinah here, I know I do!' said Alice aloud, +addressing nobody in particular. `She'd soon fetch it back!' + + `And who is Dinah, if I might venture to ask the question?' +said the Lory. + + Alice replied eagerly, for she was always ready to talk about +her pet: `Dinah's our cat. And she's such a capital one for +catching mice you can't think! And oh, I wish you could see her +after the birds! Why, she'll eat a little bird as soon as look +at it!' + + This speech caused a remarkable sensation among the party. +Some of the birds hurried off at once: one the old Magpie began +wrapping itself up very carefully, remarking, `I really must be +getting home; the night-air doesn't suit my throat!' and a Canary +called out in a trembling voice to its children, `Come away, my +dears! It's high time you were all in bed!' On various pretexts +they all moved off, and Alice was soon left alone. + + `I wish I hadn't mentioned Dinah!' she said to herself in a +melancholy tone. `Nobody seems to like her, down here, and I'm +sure she's the best cat in the world! Oh, my dear Dinah! I +wonder if I shall ever see you any more!' And here poor Alice +began to cry again, for she felt very lonely and low-spirited. +In a little while, however, she again heard a little pattering of +footsteps in the distance, and she looked up eagerly, half hoping +that the Mouse had changed his mind, and was coming back to +finish his story. + + + + CHAPTER IV + + The Rabbit Sends in a Little Bill + + + It was the White Rabbit, trotting slowly back again, and +looking anxiously about as it went, as if it had lost something; +and she heard it muttering to itself `The Duchess! The Duchess! +Oh my dear paws! Oh my fur and whiskers! She'll get me +executed, as sure as ferrets are ferrets! Where CAN I have +dropped them, I wonder?' Alice guessed in a moment that it was +looking for the fan and the pair of white kid gloves, and she +very good-naturedly began hunting about for them, but they were +nowhere to be seen--everything seemed to have changed since her +swim in the pool, and the great hall, with the glass table and +the little door, had vanished completely. + + Very soon the Rabbit noticed Alice, as she went hunting about, +and called out to her in an angry tone, `Why, Mary Ann, what ARE +you doing out here? Run home this moment, and fetch me a pair of +gloves and a fan! Quick, now!' And Alice was so much frightened +that she ran off at once in the direction it pointed to, without +trying to explain the mistake it had made. + + `He took me for his housemaid,' she said to herself as she ran. +`How surprised he'll be when he finds out who I am! But I'd +better take him his fan and gloves--that is, if I can find them.' +As she said this, she came upon a neat little house, on the door +of which was a bright brass plate with the name `W. RABBIT' +engraved upon it. She went in without knocking, and hurried +upstairs, in great fear lest she should meet the real Mary Ann, +and be turned out of the house before she had found the fan and +gloves. + + `How queer it seems,' Alice said to herself, `to be going +messages for a rabbit! I suppose Dinah'll be sending me on +messages next!' And she began fancying the sort of thing that +would happen: `"Miss Alice! Come here directly, and get ready +for your walk!" "Coming in a minute, nurse! But I've got to see +that the mouse doesn't get out." Only I don't think,' Alice went +on, `that they'd let Dinah stop in the house if it began ordering +people about like that!' + + By this time she had found her way into a tidy little room with +a table in the window, and on it (as she had hoped) a fan and two +or three pairs of tiny white kid gloves: she took up the fan and +a pair of the gloves, and was just going to leave the room, when +her eye fell upon a little bottle that stood near the looking- +glass. There was no label this time with the words `DRINK ME,' +but nevertheless she uncorked it and put it to her lips. `I know +SOMETHING interesting is sure to happen,' she said to herself, +`whenever I eat or drink anything; so I'll just see what this +bottle does. I do hope it'll make me grow large again, for +really I'm quite tired of being such a tiny little thing!' + + It did so indeed, and much sooner than she had expected: +before she had drunk half the bottle, she found her head pressing +against the ceiling, and had to stoop to save her neck from being +broken. She hastily put down the bottle, saying to herself +`That's quite enough--I hope I shan't grow any more--As it is, I +can't get out at the door--I do wish I hadn't drunk quite so +much!' + + Alas! it was too late to wish that! She went on growing, and +growing, and very soon had to kneel down on the floor: in +another minute there was not even room for this, and she tried +the effect of lying down with one elbow against the door, and the +other arm curled round her head. Still she went on growing, and, +as a last resource, she put one arm out of the window, and one +foot up the chimney, and said to herself `Now I can do no more, +whatever happens. What WILL become of me?' + + Luckily for Alice, the little magic bottle had now had its full +effect, and she grew no larger: still it was very uncomfortable, +and, as there seemed to be no sort of chance of her ever getting +out of the room again, no wonder she felt unhappy. + + `It was much pleasanter at home,' thought poor Alice, `when one +wasn't always growing larger and smaller, and being ordered about +by mice and rabbits. I almost wish I hadn't gone down that +rabbit-hole--and yet--and yet--it's rather curious, you know, +this sort of life! I do wonder what CAN have happened to me! +When I used to read fairy-tales, I fancied that kind of thing +never happened, and now here I am in the middle of one! There +ought to be a book written about me, that there ought! And when +I grow up, I'll write one--but I'm grown up now,' she added in a +sorrowful tone; `at least there's no room to grow up any more +HERE.' + + `But then,' thought Alice, `shall I NEVER get any older than I +am now? That'll be a comfort, one way--never to be an old woman- +-but then--always to have lessons to learn! Oh, I shouldn't like +THAT!' + + `Oh, you foolish Alice!' she answered herself. `How can you +learn lessons in here? Why, there's hardly room for YOU, and no +room at all for any lesson-books!' + + And so she went on, taking first one side and then the other, +and making quite a conversation of it altogether; but after a few +minutes she heard a voice outside, and stopped to listen. + + `Mary Ann! Mary Ann!' said the voice. `Fetch me my gloves +this moment!' Then came a little pattering of feet on the +stairs. Alice knew it was the Rabbit coming to look for her, and +she trembled till she shook the house, quite forgetting that she +was now about a thousand times as large as the Rabbit, and had no +reason to be afraid of it. + + Presently the Rabbit came up to the door, and tried to open it; +but, as the door opened inwards, and Alice's elbow was pressed +hard against it, that attempt proved a failure. Alice heard it +say to itself `Then I'll go round and get in at the window.' + + `THAT you won't' thought Alice, and, after waiting till she +fancied she heard the Rabbit just under the window, she suddenly +spread out her hand, and made a snatch in the air. She did not +get hold of anything, but she heard a little shriek and a fall, +and a crash of broken glass, from which she concluded that it was +just possible it had fallen into a cucumber-frame, or something +of the sort. + + Next came an angry voice--the Rabbit's--`Pat! Pat! Where are +you?' And then a voice she had never heard before, `Sure then +I'm here! Digging for apples, yer honour!' + + `Digging for apples, indeed!' said the Rabbit angrily. `Here! +Come and help me out of THIS!' (Sounds of more broken glass.) + + `Now tell me, Pat, what's that in the window?' + + `Sure, it's an arm, yer honour!' (He pronounced it `arrum.') + + `An arm, you goose! Who ever saw one that size? Why, it +fills the whole window!' + + `Sure, it does, yer honour: but it's an arm for all that.' + + `Well, it's got no business there, at any rate: go and take it +away!' + + There was a long silence after this, and Alice could only hear +whispers now and then; such as, `Sure, I don't like it, yer +honour, at all, at all!' `Do as I tell you, you coward!' and at +last she spread out her hand again, and made another snatch in +the air. This time there were TWO little shrieks, and more +sounds of broken glass. `What a number of cucumber-frames there +must be!' thought Alice. `I wonder what they'll do next! As for +pulling me out of the window, I only wish they COULD! I'm sure I +don't want to stay in here any longer!' + + She waited for some time without hearing anything more: at +last came a rumbling of little cartwheels, and the sound of a +good many voice all talking together: she made out the words: +`Where's the other ladder?--Why, I hadn't to bring but one; +Bill's got the other--Bill! fetch it here, lad!--Here, put 'em up +at this corner--No, tie 'em together first--they don't reach half +high enough yet--Oh! they'll do well enough; don't be particular- +-Here, Bill! catch hold of this rope--Will the roof bear?--Mind +that loose slate--Oh, it's coming down! Heads below!' (a loud +crash)--`Now, who did that?--It was Bill, I fancy--Who's to go +down the chimney?--Nay, I shan't! YOU do it!--That I won't, +then!--Bill's to go down--Here, Bill! the master says you're to +go down the chimney!' + + `Oh! So Bill's got to come down the chimney, has he?' said +Alice to herself. `Shy, they seem to put everything upon Bill! +I wouldn't be in Bill's place for a good deal: this fireplace is +narrow, to be sure; but I THINK I can kick a little!' + + She drew her foot as far down the chimney as she could, and +waited till she heard a little animal (she couldn't guess of what +sort it was) scratching and scrambling about in the chimney close +above her: then, saying to herself `This is Bill,' she gave one +sharp kick, and waited to see what would happen next. + + The first thing she heard was a general chorus of `There goes +Bill!' then the Rabbit's voice along--`Catch him, you by the +hedge!' then silence, and then another confusion of voices--`Hold +up his head--Brandy now--Don't choke him--How was it, old fellow? +What happened to you? Tell us all about it!' + + Last came a little feeble, squeaking voice, (`That's Bill,' +thought Alice,) `Well, I hardly know--No more, thank ye; I'm +better now--but I'm a deal too flustered to tell you--all I know +is, something comes at me like a Jack-in-the-box, and up I goes +like a sky-rocket!' + + `So you did, old fellow!' said the others. + + `We must burn the house down!' said the Rabbit's voice; and +Alice called out as loud as she could, `If you do. I'll set +Dinah at you!' + + There was a dead silence instantly, and Alice thought to +herself, `I wonder what they WILL do next! If they had any +sense, they'd take the roof off.' After a minute or two, they +began moving about again, and Alice heard the Rabbit say, `A +barrowful will do, to begin with.' + + `A barrowful of WHAT?' thought Alice; but she had not long to +doubt, for the next moment a shower of little pebbles came +rattling in at the window, and some of them hit her in the face. +`I'll put a stop to this,' she said to herself, and shouted out, +`You'd better not do that again!' which produced another dead +silence. + + Alice noticed with some surprise that the pebbles were all +turning into little cakes as they lay on the floor, and a bright +idea came into her head. `If I eat one of these cakes,' she +thought, `it's sure to make SOME change in my size; and as it +can't possibly make me larger, it must make me smaller, I +suppose.' + + So she swallowed one of the cakes, and was delighted to find +that she began shrinking directly. As soon as she was small +enough to get through the door, she ran out of the house, and +found quite a crowd of little animals and birds waiting outside. +The poor little Lizard, Bill, was in the middle, being held up by +two guinea-pigs, who were giving it something out of a bottle. +They all made a rush at Alice the moment she appeared; but she +ran off as hard as she could, and soon found herself safe in a +thick wood. + + `The first thing I've got to do,' said Alice to herself, as she +wandered about in the wood, `is to grow to my right size again; +and the second thing is to find my way into that lovely garden. +I think that will be the best plan.' + + It sounded an excellent plan, no doubt, and very neatly and +simply arranged; the only difficulty was, that she had not the +smallest idea how to set about it; and while she was peering +about anxiously among the trees, a little sharp bark just over +her head made her look up in a great hurry. + + An enormous puppy was looking down at her with large round +eyes, and feebly stretching out one paw, trying to touch her. +`Poor little thing!' said Alice, in a coaxing tone, and she tried +hard to whistle to it; but she was terribly frightened all the +time at the thought that it might be hungry, in which case it +would be very likely to eat her up in spite of all her coaxing. + + Hardly knowing what she did, she picked up a little bit of +stick, and held it out to the puppy; whereupon the puppy jumped +into the air off all its feet at once, with a yelp of delight, +and rushed at the stick, and made believe to worry it; then Alice +dodged behind a great thistle, to keep herself from being run +over; and the moment she appeared on the other side, the puppy +made another rush at the stick, and tumbled head over heels in +its hurry to get hold of it; then Alice, thinking it was very +like having a game of play with a cart-horse, and expecting every +moment to be trampled under its feet, ran round the thistle +again; then the puppy began a series of short charges at the +stick, running a very little way forwards each time and a long +way back, and barking hoarsely all the while, till at last it sat +down a good way off, panting, with its tongue hanging out of its +mouth, and its great eyes half shut. + + This seemed to Alice a good opportunity for making her escape; +so she set off at once, and ran till she was quite tired and out +of breath, and till the puppy's bark sounded quite faint in the +distance. + + `And yet what a dear little puppy it was!' said Alice, as she +leant against a buttercup to rest herself, and fanned herself +with one of the leaves: `I should have liked teaching it tricks +very much, if--if I'd only been the right size to do it! Oh +dear! I'd nearly forgotten that I've got to grow up again! Let +me see--how IS it to be managed? I suppose I ought to eat or +drink something or other; but the great question is, what?' + + The great question certainly was, what? Alice looked all round +her at the flowers and the blades of grass, but she did not see +anything that looked like the right thing to eat or drink under +the circumstances. There was a large mushroom growing near her, +about the same height as herself; and when she had looked under +it, and on both sides of it, and behind it, it occurred to her +that she might as well look and see what was on the top of it. + + She stretched herself up on tiptoe, and peeped over the edge of +the mushroom, and her eyes immediately met those of a large +caterpillar, that was sitting on the top with its arms folded, +quietly smoking a long hookah, and taking not the smallest notice +of her or of anything else. + + + + CHAPTER V + + Advice from a Caterpillar + + + The Caterpillar and Alice looked at each other for some time in +silence: at last the Caterpillar took the hookah out of its +mouth, and addressed her in a languid, sleepy voice. + + `Who are YOU?' said the Caterpillar. + + This was not an encouraging opening for a conversation. Alice +replied, rather shyly, `I--I hardly know, sir, just at present-- +at least I know who I WAS when I got up this morning, but I think +I must have been changed several times since then.' + + `What do you mean by that?' said the Caterpillar sternly. +`Explain yourself!' + + `I can't explain MYSELF, I'm afraid, sir' said Alice, `because +I'm not myself, you see.' + + `I don't see,' said the Caterpillar. + + `I'm afraid I can't put it more clearly,' Alice replied very +politely, `for I can't understand it myself to begin with; and +being so many different sizes in a day is very confusing.' + + `It isn't,' said the Caterpillar. + + `Well, perhaps you haven't found it so yet,' said Alice; `but +when you have to turn into a chrysalis--you will some day, you +know--and then after that into a butterfly, I should think you'll +feel it a little queer, won't you?' + + `Not a bit,' said the Caterpillar. + + `Well, perhaps your feelings may be different,' said Alice; +`all I know is, it would feel very queer to ME.' + + `You!' said the Caterpillar contemptuously. `Who are YOU?' + + Which brought them back again to the beginning of the +conversation. Alice felt a little irritated at the Caterpillar's +making such VERY short remarks, and she drew herself up and said, +very gravely, `I think, you ought to tell me who YOU are, first.' + + `Why?' said the Caterpillar. + + Here was another puzzling question; and as Alice could not +think of any good reason, and as the Caterpillar seemed to be in +a VERY unpleasant state of mind, she turned away. + + `Come back!' the Caterpillar called after her. `I've something +important to say!' + + This sounded promising, certainly: Alice turned and came back +again. + + `Keep your temper,' said the Caterpillar. + + `Is that all?' said Alice, swallowing down her anger as well as +she could. + + `No,' said the Caterpillar. + + Alice thought she might as well wait, as she had nothing else +to do, and perhaps after all it might tell her something worth +hearing. For some minutes it puffed away without speaking, but +at last it unfolded its arms, took the hookah out of its mouth +again, and said, `So you think you're changed, do you?' + + `I'm afraid I am, sir,' said Alice; `I can't remember things as +I used--and I don't keep the same size for ten minutes together!' + + `Can't remember WHAT things?' said the Caterpillar. + + `Well, I've tried to say "HOW DOTH THE LITTLE BUSY BEE," but it +all came different!' Alice replied in a very melancholy voice. + + `Repeat, "YOU ARE OLD, FATHER WILLIAM,"' said the Caterpillar. + + Alice folded her hands, and began:-- + + `You are old, Father William,' the young man said, + `And your hair has become very white; + And yet you incessantly stand on your head-- + Do you think, at your age, it is right?' + + `In my youth,' Father William replied to his son, + `I feared it might injure the brain; + But, now that I'm perfectly sure I have none, + Why, I do it again and again.' + + `You are old,' said the youth, `as I mentioned before, + And have grown most uncommonly fat; + Yet you turned a back-somersault in at the door-- + Pray, what is the reason of that?' + + `In my youth,' said the sage, as he shook his grey locks, + `I kept all my limbs very supple + By the use of this ointment--one shilling the box-- + Allow me to sell you a couple?' + + `You are old,' said the youth, `and your jaws are too weak + For anything tougher than suet; + Yet you finished the goose, with the bones and the beak-- + Pray how did you manage to do it?' + + `In my youth,' said his father, `I took to the law, + And argued each case with my wife; + And the muscular strength, which it gave to my jaw, + Has lasted the rest of my life.' + + `You are old,' said the youth, `one would hardly suppose + That your eye was as steady as ever; + Yet you balanced an eel on the end of your nose-- + What made you so awfully clever?' + + `I have answered three questions, and that is enough,' + Said his father; `don't give yourself airs! + Do you think I can listen all day to such stuff? + Be off, or I'll kick you down stairs!' + + + `That is not said right,' said the Caterpillar. + + `Not QUITE right, I'm afraid,' said Alice, timidly; `some of the +words have got altered.' + + `It is wrong from beginning to end,' said the Caterpillar +decidedly, and there was silence for some minutes. + + The Caterpillar was the first to speak. + + `What size do you want to be?' it asked. + + `Oh, I'm not particular as to size,' Alice hastily replied; +`only one doesn't like changing so often, you know.' + + `I DON'T know,' said the Caterpillar. + + Alice said nothing: she had never been so much contradicted in +her life before, and she felt that she was losing her temper. + + `Are you content now?' said the Caterpillar. + + `Well, I should like to be a LITTLE larger, sir, if you +wouldn't mind,' said Alice: `three inches is such a wretched +height to be.' + + `It is a very good height indeed!' said the Caterpillar +angrily, rearing itself upright as it spoke (it was exactly three +inches high). + + `But I'm not used to it!' pleaded poor Alice in a piteous tone. +And she thought of herself, `I wish the creatures wouldn't be so +easily offended!' + + `You'll get used to it in time,' said the Caterpillar; and it +put the hookah into its mouth and began smoking again. + + This time Alice waited patiently until it chose to speak again. +In a minute or two the Caterpillar took the hookah out of its +mouth and yawned once or twice, and shook itself. Then it got +down off the mushroom, and crawled away in the grass, merely +remarking as it went, `One side will make you grow taller, and +the other side will make you grow shorter.' + + `One side of WHAT? The other side of WHAT?' thought Alice to +herself. + + `Of the mushroom,' said the Caterpillar, just as if she had +asked it aloud; and in another moment it was out of sight. + + Alice remained looking thoughtfully at the mushroom for a +minute, trying to make out which were the two sides of it; and as +it was perfectly round, she found this a very difficult question. +However, at last she stretched her arms round it as far as they +would go, and broke off a bit of the edge with each hand. + + `And now which is which?' she said to herself, and nibbled a +little of the right-hand bit to try the effect: the next moment +she felt a violent blow underneath her chin: it had struck her +foot! + + She was a good deal frightened by this very sudden change, but +she felt that there was no time to be lost, as she was shrinking +rapidly; so she set to work at once to eat some of the other bit. +Her chin was pressed so closely against her foot, that there was +hardly room to open her mouth; but she did it at last, and +managed to swallow a morsel of the lefthand bit. + + + * * * * * * * + + * * * * * * + + * * * * * * * + + `Come, my head's free at last!' said Alice in a tone of +delight, which changed into alarm in another moment, when she +found that her shoulders were nowhere to be found: all she could +see, when she looked down, was an immense length of neck, which +seemed to rise like a stalk out of a sea of green leaves that lay +far below her. + + `What CAN all that green stuff be?' said Alice. `And where +HAVE my shoulders got to? And oh, my poor hands, how is it I +can't see you?' She was moving them about as she spoke, but no +result seemed to follow, except a little shaking among the +distant green leaves. + + As there seemed to be no chance of getting her hands up to her +head, she tried to get her head down to them, and was delighted +to find that her neck would bend about easily in any direction, +like a serpent. She had just succeeded in curving it down into a +graceful zigzag, and was going to dive in among the leaves, which +she found to be nothing but the tops of the trees under which she +had been wandering, when a sharp hiss made her draw back in a +hurry: a large pigeon had flown into her face, and was beating +her violently with its wings. + + `Serpent!' screamed the Pigeon. + + `I'm NOT a serpent!' said Alice indignantly. `Let me alone!' + + `Serpent, I say again!' repeated the Pigeon, but in a more +subdued tone, and added with a kind of sob, `I've tried every +way, and nothing seems to suit them!' + + `I haven't the least idea what you're talking about,' said +Alice. + + `I've tried the roots of trees, and I've tried banks, and I've +tried hedges,' the Pigeon went on, without attending to her; `but +those serpents! There's no pleasing them!' + + Alice was more and more puzzled, but she thought there was no +use in saying anything more till the Pigeon had finished. + + `As if it wasn't trouble enough hatching the eggs,' said the +Pigeon; `but I must be on the look-out for serpents night and +day! Why, I haven't had a wink of sleep these three weeks!' + + `I'm very sorry you've been annoyed,' said Alice, who was +beginning to see its meaning. + + `And just as I'd taken the highest tree in the wood,' continued +the Pigeon, raising its voice to a shriek, `and just as I was +thinking I should be free of them at last, they must needs come +wriggling down from the sky! Ugh, Serpent!' + + `But I'm NOT a serpent, I tell you!' said Alice. `I'm a--I'm +a--' + + `Well! WHAT are you?' said the Pigeon. `I can see you're +trying to invent something!' + + `I--I'm a little girl,' said Alice, rather doubtfully, as she +remembered the number of changes she had gone through that day. + + `A likely story indeed!' said the Pigeon in a tone of the +deepest contempt. `I've seen a good many little girls in my +time, but never ONE with such a neck as that! No, no! You're a +serpent; and there's no use denying it. I suppose you'll be +telling me next that you never tasted an egg!' + + `I HAVE tasted eggs, certainly,' said Alice, who was a very +truthful child; `but little girls eat eggs quite as much as +serpents do, you know.' + + `I don't believe it,' said the Pigeon; `but if they do, why +then they're a kind of serpent, that's all I can say.' + + This was such a new idea to Alice, that she was quite silent +for a minute or two, which gave the Pigeon the opportunity of +adding, `You're looking for eggs, I know THAT well enough; and +what does it matter to me whether you're a little girl or a +serpent?' + + `It matters a good deal to ME,' said Alice hastily; `but I'm +not looking for eggs, as it happens; and if I was, I shouldn't +want YOURS: I don't like them raw.' + + `Well, be off, then!' said the Pigeon in a sulky tone, as it +settled down again into its nest. Alice crouched down among the +trees as well as she could, for her neck kept getting entangled +among the branches, and every now and then she had to stop and +untwist it. After a while she remembered that she still held the +pieces of mushroom in her hands, and she set to work very +carefully, nibbling first at one and then at the other, and +growing sometimes taller and sometimes shorter, until she had +succeeded in bringing herself down to her usual height. + + It was so long since she had been anything near the right size, +that it felt quite strange at first; but she got used to it in a +few minutes, and began talking to herself, as usual. `Come, +there's half my plan done now! How puzzling all these changes +are! I'm never sure what I'm going to be, from one minute to +another! However, I've got back to my right size: the next +thing is, to get into that beautiful garden--how IS that to be +done, I wonder?' As she said this, she came suddenly upon an +open place, with a little house in it about four feet high. +`Whoever lives there,' thought Alice, `it'll never do to come +upon them THIS size: why, I should frighten them out of their +wits!' So she began nibbling at the righthand bit again, and did +not venture to go near the house till she had brought herself +down to nine inches high. + + + + CHAPTER VI + + Pig and Pepper + + + For a minute or two she stood looking at the house, and +wondering what to do next, when suddenly a footman in livery came +running out of the wood--(she considered him to be a footman +because he was in livery: otherwise, judging by his face only, +she would have called him a fish)--and rapped loudly at the door +with his knuckles. It was opened by another footman in livery, +with a round face, and large eyes like a frog; and both footmen, +Alice noticed, had powdered hair that curled all over their +heads. She felt very curious to know what it was all about, and +crept a little way out of the wood to listen. + + The Fish-Footman began by producing from under his arm a great +letter, nearly as large as himself, and this he handed over to +the other, saying, in a solemn tone, `For the Duchess. An +invitation from the Queen to play croquet.' The Frog-Footman +repeated, in the same solemn tone, only changing the order of the +words a little, `From the Queen. An invitation for the Duchess +to play croquet.' + + Then they both bowed low, and their curls got entangled +together. + + Alice laughed so much at this, that she had to run back into +the wood for fear of their hearing her; and when she next peeped +out the Fish-Footman was gone, and the other was sitting on the +ground near the door, staring stupidly up into the sky. + + Alice went timidly up to the door, and knocked. + + `There's no sort of use in knocking,' said the Footman, `and +that for two reasons. First, because I'm on the same side of the +door as you are; secondly, because they're making such a noise +inside, no one could possibly hear you.' And certainly there was +a most extraordinary noise going on within--a constant howling +and sneezing, and every now and then a great crash, as if a dish +or kettle had been broken to pieces. + + `Please, then,' said Alice, `how am I to get in?' + + `There might be some sense in your knocking,' the Footman went +on without attending to her, `if we had the door between us. For +instance, if you were INSIDE, you might knock, and I could let +you out, you know.' He was looking up into the sky all the time +he was speaking, and this Alice thought decidedly uncivil. `But +perhaps he can't help it,' she said to herself; `his eyes are so +VERY nearly at the top of his head. But at any rate he might +answer questions.--How am I to get in?' she repeated, aloud. + + `I shall sit here,' the Footman remarked, `till tomorrow--' + + At this moment the door of the house opened, and a large plate +came skimming out, straight at the Footman's head: it just +grazed his nose, and broke to pieces against one of the trees +behind him. + + `--or next day, maybe,' the Footman continued in the same tone, +exactly as if nothing had happened. + + `How am I to get in?' asked Alice again, in a louder tone. + + `ARE you to get in at all?' said the Footman. `That's the +first question, you know.' + + It was, no doubt: only Alice did not like to be told so. +`It's really dreadful,' she muttered to herself, `the way all the +creatures argue. It's enough to drive one crazy!' + + The Footman seemed to think this a good opportunity for +repeating his remark, with variations. `I shall sit here,' he +said, `on and off, for days and days.' + + `But what am I to do?' said Alice. + + `Anything you like,' said the Footman, and began whistling. + + `Oh, there's no use in talking to him,' said Alice desperately: +`he's perfectly idiotic!' And she opened the door and went in. + + The door led right into a large kitchen, which was full of +smoke from one end to the other: the Duchess was sitting on a +three-legged stool in the middle, nursing a baby; the cook was +leaning over the fire, stirring a large cauldron which seemed to +be full of soup. + + `There's certainly too much pepper in that soup!' Alice said to +herself, as well as she could for sneezing. + + There was certainly too much of it in the air. Even the +Duchess sneezed occasionally; and as for the baby, it was +sneezing and howling alternately without a moment's pause. The +only things in the kitchen that did not sneeze, were the cook, +and a large cat which was sitting on the hearth and grinning from +ear to ear. + + `Please would you tell me,' said Alice, a little timidly, for +she was not quite sure whether it was good manners for her to +speak first, `why your cat grins like that?' + + `It's a Cheshire cat,' said the Duchess, `and that's why. +Pig!' + + She said the last word with such sudden violence that Alice +quite jumped; but she saw in another moment that it was addressed +to the baby, and not to her, so she took courage, and went on +again:-- + + `I didn't know that Cheshire cats always grinned; in fact, I +didn't know that cats COULD grin.' + + `They all can,' said the Duchess; `and most of 'em do.' + + `I don't know of any that do,' Alice said very politely, +feeling quite pleased to have got into a conversation. + + `You don't know much,' said the Duchess; `and that's a fact.' + + Alice did not at all like the tone of this remark, and thought +it would be as well to introduce some other subject of +conversation. While she was trying to fix on one, the cook took +the cauldron of soup off the fire, and at once set to work +throwing everything within her reach at the Duchess and the baby +--the fire-irons came first; then followed a shower of saucepans, +plates, and dishes. The Duchess took no notice of them even when +they hit her; and the baby was howling so much already, that it +was quite impossible to say whether the blows hurt it or not. + + `Oh, PLEASE mind what you're doing!' cried Alice, jumping up +and down in an agony of terror. `Oh, there goes his PRECIOUS +nose'; as an unusually large saucepan flew close by it, and very +nearly carried it off. + + `If everybody minded their own business,' the Duchess said in a +hoarse growl, `the world would go round a deal faster than it +does.' + + `Which would NOT be an advantage,' said Alice, who felt very +glad to get an opportunity of showing off a little of her +knowledge. `Just think of what work it would make with the day +and night! You see the earth takes twenty-four hours to turn +round on its axis--' + + `Talking of axes,' said the Duchess, `chop off her head!' + + Alice glanced rather anxiously at the cook, to see if she meant +to take the hint; but the cook was busily stirring the soup, and +seemed not to be listening, so she went on again: `Twenty-four +hours, I THINK; or is it twelve? I--' + + `Oh, don't bother ME,' said the Duchess; `I never could abide +figures!' And with that she began nursing her child again, +singing a sort of lullaby to it as she did so, and giving it a +violent shake at the end of every line: + + `Speak roughly to your little boy, + And beat him when he sneezes: + He only does it to annoy, + Because he knows it teases.' + + CHORUS. + + (In which the cook and the baby joined):-- + + `Wow! wow! wow!' + + While the Duchess sang the second verse of the song, she kept +tossing the baby violently up and down, and the poor little thing +howled so, that Alice could hardly hear the words:-- + + `I speak severely to my boy, + I beat him when he sneezes; + For he can thoroughly enjoy + The pepper when he pleases!' + + CHORUS. + + `Wow! wow! wow!' + + `Here! you may nurse it a bit, if you like!' the Duchess said +to Alice, flinging the baby at her as she spoke. `I must go and +get ready to play croquet with the Queen,' and she hurried out of +the room. The cook threw a frying-pan after her as she went out, +but it just missed her. + + Alice caught the baby with some difficulty, as it was a queer- +shaped little creature, and held out its arms and legs in all +directions, `just like a star-fish,' thought Alice. The poor +little thing was snorting like a steam-engine when she caught it, +and kept doubling itself up and straightening itself out again, +so that altogether, for the first minute or two, it was as much +as she could do to hold it. + + As soon as she had made out the proper way of nursing it, +(which was to twist it up into a sort of knot, and then keep +tight hold of its right ear and left foot, so as to prevent its +undoing itself,) she carried it out into the open air. `IF I +don't take this child away with me,' thought Alice, `they're sure +to kill it in a day or two: wouldn't it be murder to leave it +behind?' She said the last words out loud, and the little thing +grunted in reply (it had left off sneezing by this time). `Don't +grunt,' said Alice; `that's not at all a proper way of expressing +yourself.' + + The baby grunted again, and Alice looked very anxiously into +its face to see what was the matter with it. There could be no +doubt that it had a VERY turn-up nose, much more like a snout +than a real nose; also its eyes were getting extremely small for +a baby: altogether Alice did not like the look of the thing at +all. `But perhaps it was only sobbing,' she thought, and looked +into its eyes again, to see if there were any tears. + + No, there were no tears. `If you're going to turn into a pig, +my dear,' said Alice, seriously, `I'll have nothing more to do +with you. Mind now!' The poor little thing sobbed again (or +grunted, it was impossible to say which), and they went on for +some while in silence. + + Alice was just beginning to think to herself, `Now, what am I +to do with this creature when I get it home?' when it grunted +again, so violently, that she looked down into its face in some +alarm. This time there could be NO mistake about it: it was +neither more nor less than a pig, and she felt that it would be +quite absurd for her to carry it further. + + So she set the little creature down, and felt quite relieved to +see it trot away quietly into the wood. `If it had grown up,' +she said to herself, `it would have made a dreadfully ugly child: +but it makes rather a handsome pig, I think.' And she began +thinking over other children she knew, who might do very well as +pigs, and was just saying to herself, `if one only knew the right +way to change them--' when she was a little startled by seeing +the Cheshire Cat sitting on a bough of a tree a few yards off. + + The Cat only grinned when it saw Alice. It looked good- +natured, she thought: still it had VERY long claws and a great +many teeth, so she felt that it ought to be treated with respect. + + `Cheshire Puss,' she began, rather timidly, as she did not at +all know whether it would like the name: however, it only +grinned a little wider. `Come, it's pleased so far,' thought +Alice, and she went on. `Would you tell me, please, which way I +ought to go from here?' + + `That depends a good deal on where you want to get to,' said +the Cat. + + `I don't much care where--' said Alice. + + `Then it doesn't matter which way you go,' said the Cat. + + `--so long as I get SOMEWHERE,' Alice added as an explanation. + + `Oh, you're sure to do that,' said the Cat, `if you only walk +long enough.' + + Alice felt that this could not be denied, so she tried another +question. `What sort of people live about here?' + + `In THAT direction,' the Cat said, waving its right paw round, +`lives a Hatter: and in THAT direction,' waving the other paw, +`lives a March Hare. Visit either you like: they're both mad.' + + `But I don't want to go among mad people,' Alice remarked. + + `Oh, you can't help that,' said the Cat: `we're all mad here. +I'm mad. You're mad.' + + `How do you know I'm mad?' said Alice. + + `You must be,' said the Cat, `or you wouldn't have come here.' + + Alice didn't think that proved it at all; however, she went on +`And how do you know that you're mad?' + + `To begin with,' said the Cat, `a dog's not mad. You grant +that?' + + `I suppose so,' said Alice. + + `Well, then,' the Cat went on, `you see, a dog growls when it's +angry, and wags its tail when it's pleased. Now I growl when I'm +pleased, and wag my tail when I'm angry. Therefore I'm mad.' + + `I call it purring, not growling,' said Alice. + + `Call it what you like,' said the Cat. `Do you play croquet +with the Queen to-day?' + + `I should like it very much,' said Alice, `but I haven't been +invited yet.' + + `You'll see me there,' said the Cat, and vanished. + + Alice was not much surprised at this, she was getting so used +to queer things happening. While she was looking at the place +where it had been, it suddenly appeared again. + + `By-the-bye, what became of the baby?' said the Cat. `I'd +nearly forgotten to ask.' + + `It turned into a pig,' Alice quietly said, just as if it had +come back in a natural way. + + `I thought it would,' said the Cat, and vanished again. + + Alice waited a little, half expecting to see it again, but it +did not appear, and after a minute or two she walked on in the +direction in which the March Hare was said to live. `I've seen +hatters before,' she said to herself; `the March Hare will be +much the most interesting, and perhaps as this is May it won't be +raving mad--at least not so mad as it was in March.' As she said +this, she looked up, and there was the Cat again, sitting on a +branch of a tree. + + `Did you say pig, or fig?' said the Cat. + + `I said pig,' replied Alice; `and I wish you wouldn't keep +appearing and vanishing so suddenly: you make one quite giddy.' + + `All right,' said the Cat; and this time it vanished quite +slowly, beginning with the end of the tail, and ending with the +grin, which remained some time after the rest of it had gone. + + `Well! I've often seen a cat without a grin,' thought Alice; +`but a grin without a cat! It's the most curious thing I ever +say in my life!' + + She had not gone much farther before she came in sight of the +house of the March Hare: she thought it must be the right house, +because the chimneys were shaped like ears and the roof was +thatched with fur. It was so large a house, that she did not +like to go nearer till she had nibbled some more of the lefthand +bit of mushroom, and raised herself to about two feet high: even +then she walked up towards it rather timidly, saying to herself +`Suppose it should be raving mad after all! I almost wish I'd +gone to see the Hatter instead!' + + + + CHAPTER VII + + A Mad Tea-Party + + + There was a table set out under a tree in front of the house, +and the March Hare and the Hatter were having tea at it: a +Dormouse was sitting between them, fast asleep, and the other two +were using it as a cushion, resting their elbows on it, and the +talking over its head. `Very uncomfortable for the Dormouse,' +thought Alice; `only, as it's asleep, I suppose it doesn't mind.' + + The table was a large one, but the three were all crowded +together at one corner of it: `No room! No room!' they cried +out when they saw Alice coming. `There's PLENTY of room!' said +Alice indignantly, and she sat down in a large arm-chair at one +end of the table. + + `Have some wine,' the March Hare said in an encouraging tone. + + Alice looked all round the table, but there was nothing on it +but tea. `I don't see any wine,' she remarked. + + `There isn't any,' said the March Hare. + + `Then it wasn't very civil of you to offer it,' said Alice +angrily. + + `It wasn't very civil of you to sit down without being +invited,' said the March Hare. + + `I didn't know it was YOUR table,' said Alice; `it's laid for a +great many more than three.' + + `Your hair wants cutting,' said the Hatter. He had been +looking at Alice for some time with great curiosity, and this was +his first speech. + + `You should learn not to make personal remarks,' Alice said +with some severity; `it's very rude.' + + The Hatter opened his eyes very wide on hearing this; but all +he SAID was, `Why is a raven like a writing-desk?' + + `Come, we shall have some fun now!' thought Alice. `I'm glad +they've begun asking riddles.--I believe I can guess that,' she +added aloud. + + `Do you mean that you think you can find out the answer to it?' +said the March Hare. + + `Exactly so,' said Alice. + + `Then you should say what you mean,' the March Hare went on. + + `I do,' Alice hastily replied; `at least--at least I mean what +I say--that's the same thing, you know.' + + `Not the same thing a bit!' said the Hatter. `You might just +as well say that "I see what I eat" is the same thing as "I eat +what I see"!' + + `You might just as well say,' added the March Hare, `that "I +like what I get" is the same thing as "I get what I like"!' + + `You might just as well say,' added the Dormouse, who seemed to +be talking in his sleep, `that "I breathe when I sleep" is the +same thing as "I sleep when I breathe"!' + + `It IS the same thing with you,' said the Hatter, and here the +conversation dropped, and the party sat silent for a minute, +while Alice thought over all she could remember about ravens and +writing-desks, which wasn't much. + + The Hatter was the first to break the silence. `What day of +the month is it?' he said, turning to Alice: he had taken his +watch out of his pocket, and was looking at it uneasily, shaking +it every now and then, and holding it to his ear. + + Alice considered a little, and then said `The fourth.' + + `Two days wrong!' sighed the Hatter. `I told you butter +wouldn't suit the works!' he added looking angrily at the March +Hare. + + `It was the BEST butter,' the March Hare meekly replied. + + `Yes, but some crumbs must have got in as well,' the Hatter +grumbled: `you shouldn't have put it in with the bread-knife.' + + The March Hare took the watch and looked at it gloomily: then +he dipped it into his cup of tea, and looked at it again: but he +could think of nothing better to say than his first remark, `It +was the BEST butter, you know.' + + Alice had been looking over his shoulder with some curiosity. +`What a funny watch!' she remarked. `It tells the day of the +month, and doesn't tell what o'clock it is!' + + `Why should it?' muttered the Hatter. `Does YOUR watch tell +you what year it is?' + + `Of course not,' Alice replied very readily: `but that's +because it stays the same year for such a long time together.' + + `Which is just the case with MINE,' said the Hatter. + + Alice felt dreadfully puzzled. The Hatter's remark seemed to +have no sort of meaning in it, and yet it was certainly English. +`I don't quite understand you,' she said, as politely as she +could. + + `The Dormouse is asleep again,' said the Hatter, and he poured +a little hot tea upon its nose. + + The Dormouse shook its head impatiently, and said, without +opening its eyes, `Of course, of course; just what I was going to +remark myself.' + + `Have you guessed the riddle yet?' the Hatter said, turning to +Alice again. + + `No, I give it up,' Alice replied: `what's the answer?' + + `I haven't the slightest idea,' said the Hatter. + + `Nor I,' said the March Hare. + + Alice sighed wearily. `I think you might do something better +with the time,' she said, `than waste it in asking riddles that +have no answers.' + + `If you knew Time as well as I do,' said the Hatter, `you +wouldn't talk about wasting IT. It's HIM.' + + `I don't know what you mean,' said Alice. + + `Of course you don't!' the Hatter said, tossing his head +contemptuously. `I dare say you never even spoke to Time!' + + `Perhaps not,' Alice cautiously replied: `but I know I have to +beat time when I learn music.' + + `Ah! that accounts for it,' said the Hatter. `He won't stand +beating. Now, if you only kept on good terms with him, he'd do +almost anything you liked with the clock. For instance, suppose +it were nine o'clock in the morning, just time to begin lessons: +you'd only have to whisper a hint to Time, and round goes the +clock in a twinkling! Half-past one, time for dinner!' + + (`I only wish it was,' the March Hare said to itself in a +whisper.) + + `That would be grand, certainly,' said Alice thoughtfully: +`but then--I shouldn't be hungry for it, you know.' + + `Not at first, perhaps,' said the Hatter: `but you could keep +it to half-past one as long as you liked.' + + `Is that the way YOU manage?' Alice asked. + + The Hatter shook his head mournfully. `Not I!' he replied. +`We quarrelled last March--just before HE went mad, you know--' +(pointing with his tea spoon at the March Hare,) `--it was at the +great concert given by the Queen of Hearts, and I had to sing + + "Twinkle, twinkle, little bat! + How I wonder what you're at!" + +You know the song, perhaps?' + + `I've heard something like it,' said Alice. + + `It goes on, you know,' the Hatter continued, `in this way:-- + + "Up above the world you fly, + Like a tea-tray in the sky. + Twinkle, twinkle--"' + +Here the Dormouse shook itself, and began singing in its sleep +`Twinkle, twinkle, twinkle, twinkle--' and went on so long that +they had to pinch it to make it stop. + + `Well, I'd hardly finished the first verse,' said the Hatter, +`when the Queen jumped up and bawled out, "He's murdering the +time! Off with his head!"' + + `How dreadfully savage!' exclaimed Alice. + + `And ever since that,' the Hatter went on in a mournful tone, +`he won't do a thing I ask! It's always six o'clock now.' + + A bright idea came into Alice's head. `Is that the reason so +many tea-things are put out here?' she asked. + + `Yes, that's it,' said the Hatter with a sigh: `it's always +tea-time, and we've no time to wash the things between whiles.' + + `Then you keep moving round, I suppose?' said Alice. + + `Exactly so,' said the Hatter: `as the things get used up.' + + `But what happens when you come to the beginning again?' Alice +ventured to ask. + + `Suppose we change the subject,' the March Hare interrupted, +yawning. `I'm getting tired of this. I vote the young lady +tells us a story.' + + `I'm afraid I don't know one,' said Alice, rather alarmed at +the proposal. + + `Then the Dormouse shall!' they both cried. `Wake up, +Dormouse!' And they pinched it on both sides at once. + + The Dormouse slowly opened his eyes. `I wasn't asleep,' he +said in a hoarse, feeble voice: `I heard every word you fellows +were saying.' + + `Tell us a story!' said the March Hare. + + `Yes, please do!' pleaded Alice. + + `And be quick about it,' added the Hatter, `or you'll be asleep +again before it's done.' + + `Once upon a time there were three little sisters,' the +Dormouse began in a great hurry; `and their names were Elsie, +Lacie, and Tillie; and they lived at the bottom of a well--' + + `What did they live on?' said Alice, who always took a great +interest in questions of eating and drinking. + + `They lived on treacle,' said the Dormouse, after thinking a +minute or two. + + `They couldn't have done that, you know,' Alice gently +remarked; `they'd have been ill.' + + `So they were,' said the Dormouse; `VERY ill.' + + Alice tried to fancy to herself what such an extraordinary ways +of living would be like, but it puzzled her too much, so she went +on: `But why did they live at the bottom of a well?' + + `Take some more tea,' the March Hare said to Alice, very +earnestly. + + `I've had nothing yet,' Alice replied in an offended tone, `so +I can't take more.' + + `You mean you can't take LESS,' said the Hatter: `it's very +easy to take MORE than nothing.' + + `Nobody asked YOUR opinion,' said Alice. + + `Who's making personal remarks now?' the Hatter asked +triumphantly. + + Alice did not quite know what to say to this: so she helped +herself to some tea and bread-and-butter, and then turned to the +Dormouse, and repeated her question. `Why did they live at the +bottom of a well?' + + The Dormouse again took a minute or two to think about it, and +then said, `It was a treacle-well.' + + `There's no such thing!' Alice was beginning very angrily, but +the Hatter and the March Hare went `Sh! sh!' and the Dormouse +sulkily remarked, `If you can't be civil, you'd better finish the +story for yourself.' + + `No, please go on!' Alice said very humbly; `I won't interrupt +again. I dare say there may be ONE.' + + `One, indeed!' said the Dormouse indignantly. However, he +consented to go on. `And so these three little sisters--they +were learning to draw, you know--' + + `What did they draw?' said Alice, quite forgetting her promise. + + `Treacle,' said the Dormouse, without considering at all this +time. + + `I want a clean cup,' interrupted the Hatter: `let's all move +one place on.' + + He moved on as he spoke, and the Dormouse followed him: the +March Hare moved into the Dormouse's place, and Alice rather +unwillingly took the place of the March Hare. The Hatter was the +only one who got any advantage from the change: and Alice was a +good deal worse off than before, as the March Hare had just upset +the milk-jug into his plate. + + Alice did not wish to offend the Dormouse again, so she began +very cautiously: `But I don't understand. Where did they draw +the treacle from?' + + `You can draw water out of a water-well,' said the Hatter; `so +I should think you could draw treacle out of a treacle-well--eh, +stupid?' + + `But they were IN the well,' Alice said to the Dormouse, not +choosing to notice this last remark. + + `Of course they were', said the Dormouse; `--well in.' + + This answer so confused poor Alice, that she let the Dormouse +go on for some time without interrupting it. + + `They were learning to draw,' the Dormouse went on, yawning and +rubbing its eyes, for it was getting very sleepy; `and they drew +all manner of things--everything that begins with an M--' + + `Why with an M?' said Alice. + + `Why not?' said the March Hare. + + Alice was silent. + + The Dormouse had closed its eyes by this time, and was going +off into a doze; but, on being pinched by the Hatter, it woke up +again with a little shriek, and went on: `--that begins with an +M, such as mouse-traps, and the moon, and memory, and muchness-- +you know you say things are "much of a muchness"--did you ever +see such a thing as a drawing of a muchness?' + + `Really, now you ask me,' said Alice, very much confused, `I +don't think--' + + `Then you shouldn't talk,' said the Hatter. + + This piece of rudeness was more than Alice could bear: she got +up in great disgust, and walked off; the Dormouse fell asleep +instantly, and neither of the others took the least notice of her +going, though she looked back once or twice, half hoping that +they would call after her: the last time she saw them, they were +trying to put the Dormouse into the teapot. + + `At any rate I'll never go THERE again!' said Alice as she +picked her way through the wood. `It's the stupidest tea-party I +ever was at in all my life!' + + Just as she said this, she noticed that one of the trees had a +door leading right into it. `That's very curious!' she thought. +`But everything's curious today. I think I may as well go in at +once.' And in she went. + + Once more she found herself in the long hall, and close to the +little glass table. `Now, I'll manage better this time,' she +said to herself, and began by taking the little golden key, and +unlocking the door that led into the garden. Then she went to +work nibbling at the mushroom (she had kept a piece of it in her +pocked) till she was about a foot high: then she walked down the +little passage: and THEN--she found herself at last in the +beautiful garden, among the bright flower-beds and the cool +fountains. + + + + CHAPTER VIII + + The Queen's Croquet-Ground + + + A large rose-tree stood near the entrance of the garden: the +roses growing on it were white, but there were three gardeners at +it, busily painting them red. Alice thought this a very curious +thing, and she went nearer to watch them, and just as she came up +to them she heard one of them say, `Look out now, Five! Don't go +splashing paint over me like that!' + + `I couldn't help it,' said Five, in a sulky tone; `Seven jogged +my elbow.' + + On which Seven looked up and said, `That's right, Five! Always +lay the blame on others!' + + `YOU'D better not talk!' said Five. `I heard the Queen say only +yesterday you deserved to be beheaded!' + + `What for?' said the one who had spoken first. + + `That's none of YOUR business, Two!' said Seven. + + `Yes, it IS his business!' said Five, `and I'll tell him--it +was for bringing the cook tulip-roots instead of onions.' + + Seven flung down his brush, and had just begun `Well, of all +the unjust things--' when his eye chanced to fall upon Alice, as +she stood watching them, and he checked himself suddenly: the +others looked round also, and all of them bowed low. + + `Would you tell me,' said Alice, a little timidly, `why you are +painting those roses?' + + Five and Seven said nothing, but looked at Two. Two began in a +low voice, `Why the fact is, you see, Miss, this here ought to +have been a RED rose-tree, and we put a white one in by mistake; +and if the Queen was to find it out, we should all have our heads +cut off, you know. So you see, Miss, we're doing our best, afore +she comes, to--' At this moment Five, who had been anxiously +looking across the garden, called out `The Queen! The Queen!' +and the three gardeners instantly threw themselves flat upon +their faces. There was a sound of many footsteps, and Alice +looked round, eager to see the Queen. + + First came ten soldiers carrying clubs; these were all shaped +like the three gardeners, oblong and flat, with their hands and +feet at the corners: next the ten courtiers; these were +ornamented all over with diamonds, and walked two and two, as the +soldiers did. After these came the royal children; there were +ten of them, and the little dears came jumping merrily along hand +in hand, in couples: they were all ornamented with hearts. Next +came the guests, mostly Kings and Queens, and among them Alice +recognised the White Rabbit: it was talking in a hurried nervous +manner, smiling at everything that was said, and went by without +noticing her. Then followed the Knave of Hearts, carrying the +King's crown on a crimson velvet cushion; and, last of all this +grand procession, came THE KING AND QUEEN OF HEARTS. + + Alice was rather doubtful whether she ought not to lie down on +her face like the three gardeners, but she could not remember +every having heard of such a rule at processions; `and besides, +what would be the use of a procession,' thought she, `if people +had all to lie down upon their faces, so that they couldn't see +it?' So she stood still where she was, and waited. + + When the procession came opposite to Alice, they all stopped +and looked at her, and the Queen said severely `Who is this?' +She said it to the Knave of Hearts, who only bowed and smiled in +reply. + + `Idiot!' said the Queen, tossing her head impatiently; and, +turning to Alice, she went on, `What's your name, child?' + + `My name is Alice, so please your Majesty,' said Alice very +politely; but she added, to herself, `Why, they're only a pack of +cards, after all. I needn't be afraid of them!' + + `And who are THESE?' said the Queen, pointing to the three +gardeners who were lying round the rosetree; for, you see, as +they were lying on their faces, and the pattern on their backs +was the same as the rest of the pack, she could not tell whether +they were gardeners, or soldiers, or courtiers, or three of her +own children. + + `How should I know?' said Alice, surprised at her own courage. +`It's no business of MINE.' + + The Queen turned crimson with fury, and, after glaring at her +for a moment like a wild beast, screamed `Off with her head! +Off--' + + `Nonsense!' said Alice, very loudly and decidedly, and the +Queen was silent. + + The King laid his hand upon her arm, and timidly said +`Consider, my dear: she is only a child!' + + The Queen turned angrily away from him, and said to the Knave +`Turn them over!' + + The Knave did so, very carefully, with one foot. + + `Get up!' said the Queen, in a shrill, loud voice, and the +three gardeners instantly jumped up, and began bowing to the +King, the Queen, the royal children, and everybody else. + + `Leave off that!' screamed the Queen. `You make me giddy.' +And then, turning to the rose-tree, she went on, `What HAVE you +been doing here?' + + `May it please your Majesty,' said Two, in a very humble tone, +going down on one knee as he spoke, `we were trying--' + + `I see!' said the Queen, who had meanwhile been examining the +roses. `Off with their heads!' and the procession moved on, +three of the soldiers remaining behind to execute the unfortunate +gardeners, who ran to Alice for protection. + + `You shan't be beheaded!' said Alice, and she put them into a +large flower-pot that stood near. The three soldiers wandered +about for a minute or two, looking for them, and then quietly +marched off after the others. + + `Are their heads off?' shouted the Queen. + + `Their heads are gone, if it please your Majesty!' the soldiers +shouted in reply. + + `That's right!' shouted the Queen. `Can you play croquet?' + + The soldiers were silent, and looked at Alice, as the question +was evidently meant for her. + + `Yes!' shouted Alice. + + `Come on, then!' roared the Queen, and Alice joined the +procession, wondering very much what would happen next. + + `It's--it's a very fine day!' said a timid voice at her side. +She was walking by the White Rabbit, who was peeping anxiously +into her face. + + `Very,' said Alice: `--where's the Duchess?' + + `Hush! Hush!' said the Rabbit in a low, hurried tone. He +looked anxiously over his shoulder as he spoke, and then raised +himself upon tiptoe, put his mouth close to her ear, and +whispered `She's under sentence of execution.' + + `What for?' said Alice. + + `Did you say "What a pity!"?' the Rabbit asked. + + `No, I didn't,' said Alice: `I don't think it's at all a pity. +I said "What for?"' + + `She boxed the Queen's ears--' the Rabbit began. Alice gave a +little scream of laughter. `Oh, hush!' the Rabbit whispered in a +frightened tone. `The Queen will hear you! You see, she came +rather late, and the Queen said--' + + `Get to your places!' shouted the Queen in a voice of thunder, +and people began running about in all directions, tumbling up +against each other; however, they got settled down in a minute or +two, and the game began. Alice thought she had never seen such a +curious croquet-ground in her life; it was all ridges and +furrows; the balls were live hedgehogs, the mallets live +flamingoes, and the soldiers had to double themselves up and to +stand on their hands and feet, to make the arches. + + The chief difficulty Alice found at first was in managing her +flamingo: she succeeded in getting its body tucked away, +comfortably enough, under her arm, with its legs hanging down, +but generally, just as she had got its neck nicely straightened +out, and was going to give the hedgehog a blow with its head, it +WOULD twist itself round and look up in her face, with such a +puzzled expression that she could not help bursting out laughing: +and when she had got its head down, and was going to begin again, +it was very provoking to find that the hedgehog had unrolled +itself, and was in the act of crawling away: besides all this, +there was generally a ridge or furrow in the way wherever she +wanted to send the hedgehog to, and, as the doubled-up soldiers +were always getting up and walking off to other parts of the +ground, Alice soon came to the conclusion that it was a very +difficult game indeed. + + The players all played at once without waiting for turns, +quarrelling all the while, and fighting for the hedgehogs; and in +a very short time the Queen was in a furious passion, and went +stamping about, and shouting `Off with his head!' or `Off with +her head!' about once in a minute. + + Alice began to feel very uneasy: to be sure, she had not as +yet had any dispute with the Queen, but she knew that it might +happen any minute, `and then,' thought she, `what would become of +me? They're dreadfully fond of beheading people here; the great +wonder is, that there's any one left alive!' + + She was looking about for some way of escape, and wondering +whether she could get away without being seen, when she noticed a +curious appearance in the air: it puzzled her very much at +first, but, after watching it a minute or two, she made it out to +be a grin, and she said to herself `It's the Cheshire Cat: now I +shall have somebody to talk to.' + + `How are you getting on?' said the Cat, as soon as there was +mouth enough for it to speak with. + + Alice waited till the eyes appeared, and then nodded. `It's no +use speaking to it,' she thought, `till its ears have come, or at +least one of them.' In another minute the whole head appeared, +and then Alice put down her flamingo, and began an account of the +game, feeling very glad she had someone to listen to her. The +Cat seemed to think that there was enough of it now in sight, and +no more of it appeared. + + `I don't think they play at all fairly,' Alice began, in rather +a complaining tone, `and they all quarrel so dreadfully one can't +hear oneself speak--and they don't seem to have any rules in +particular; at least, if there are, nobody attends to them--and +you've no idea how confusing it is all the things being alive; +for instance, there's the arch I've got to go through next +walking about at the other end of the ground--and I should have +croqueted the Queen's hedgehog just now, only it ran away when it +saw mine coming!' + + `How do you like the Queen?' said the Cat in a low voice. + + `Not at all,' said Alice: `she's so extremely--' Just then +she noticed that the Queen was close behind her, listening: so +she went on, `--likely to win, that it's hardly worth while +finishing the game.' + + The Queen smiled and passed on. + + `Who ARE you talking to?' said the King, going up to Alice, and +looking at the Cat's head with great curiosity. + + `It's a friend of mine--a Cheshire Cat,' said Alice: `allow me +to introduce it.' + + `I don't like the look of it at all,' said the King: `however, +it may kiss my hand if it likes.' + + `I'd rather not,' the Cat remarked. + + `Don't be impertinent,' said the King, `and don't look at me +like that!' He got behind Alice as he spoke. + + `A cat may look at a king,' said Alice. `I've read that in +some book, but I don't remember where.' + + `Well, it must be removed,' said the King very decidedly, and +he called the Queen, who was passing at the moment, `My dear! I +wish you would have this cat removed!' + + The Queen had only one way of settling all difficulties, great +or small. `Off with his head!' she said, without even looking +round. + + `I'll fetch the executioner myself,' said the King eagerly, and +he hurried off. + + Alice thought she might as well go back, and see how the game +was going on, as she heard the Queen's voice in the distance, +screaming with passion. She had already heard her sentence three +of the players to be executed for having missed their turns, and +she did not like the look of things at all, as the game was in +such confusion that she never knew whether it was her turn or +not. So she went in search of her hedgehog. + + The hedgehog was engaged in a fight with another hedgehog, +which seemed to Alice an excellent opportunity for croqueting one +of them with the other: the only difficulty was, that her +flamingo was gone across to the other side of the garden, where +Alice could see it trying in a helpless sort of way to fly up +into a tree. + + By the time she had caught the flamingo and brought it back, +the fight was over, and both the hedgehogs were out of sight: +`but it doesn't matter much,' thought Alice, `as all the arches +are gone from this side of the ground.' So she tucked it away +under her arm, that it might not escape again, and went back for +a little more conversation with her friend. + + When she got back to the Cheshire Cat, she was surprised to +find quite a large crowd collected round it: there was a dispute +going on between the executioner, the King, and the Queen, who +were all talking at once, while all the rest were quite silent, +and looked very uncomfortable. + + The moment Alice appeared, she was appealed to by all three to +settle the question, and they repeated their arguments to her, +though, as they all spoke at once, she found it very hard indeed +to make out exactly what they said. + + The executioner's argument was, that you couldn't cut off a +head unless there was a body to cut it off from: that he had +never had to do such a thing before, and he wasn't going to begin +at HIS time of life. + + The King's argument was, that anything that had a head could be +beheaded, and that you weren't to talk nonsense. + + The Queen's argument was, that if something wasn't done about +it in less than no time she'd have everybody executed, all round. +(It was this last remark that had made the whole party look so +grave and anxious.) + + Alice could think of nothing else to say but `It belongs to the +Duchess: you'd better ask HER about it.' + + `She's in prison,' the Queen said to the executioner: `fetch +her here.' And the executioner went off like an arrow. + + The Cat's head began fading away the moment he was gone, and, +by the time he had come back with the Dutchess, it had entirely +disappeared; so the King and the executioner ran wildly up and +down looking for it, while the rest of the party went back to the game. + + + + CHAPTER IX + + The Mock Turtle's Story + + + `You can't think how glad I am to see you again, you dear old +thing!' said the Duchess, as she tucked her arm affectionately +into Alice's, and they walked off together. + + Alice was very glad to find her in such a pleasant temper, and +thought to herself that perhaps it was only the pepper that had +made her so savage when they met in the kitchen. + + `When I'M a Duchess,' she said to herself, (not in a very +hopeful tone though), `I won't have any pepper in my kitchen AT +ALL. Soup does very well without--Maybe it's always pepper that +makes people hot-tempered,' she went on, very much pleased at +having found out a new kind of rule, `and vinegar that makes them +sour--and camomile that makes them bitter--and--and barley-sugar +and such things that make children sweet-tempered. I only wish +people knew that: then they wouldn't be so stingy about it, you +know--' + + She had quite forgotten the Duchess by this time, and was a +little startled when she heard her voice close to her ear. +`You're thinking about something, my dear, and that makes you +forget to talk. I can't tell you just now what the moral of that +is, but I shall remember it in a bit.' + + `Perhaps it hasn't one,' Alice ventured to remark. + + `Tut, tut, child!' said the Duchess. `Everything's got a +moral, if only you can find it.' And she squeezed herself up +closer to Alice's side as she spoke. + + Alice did not much like keeping so close to her: first, +because the Duchess was VERY ugly; and secondly, because she was +exactly the right height to rest her chin upon Alice's shoulder, +and it was an uncomfortably sharp chin. However, she did not +like to be rude, so she bore it as well as she could. + + `The game's going on rather better now,' she said, by way of +keeping up the conversation a little. + + `'Tis so,' said the Duchess: `and the moral of that is--"Oh, +'tis love, 'tis love, that makes the world go round!"' + + `Somebody said,' Alice whispered, `that it's done by everybody +minding their own business!' + + `Ah, well! It means much the same thing,' said the Duchess, +digging her sharp little chin into Alice's shoulder as she added, +`and the moral of THAT is--"Take care of the sense, and the +sounds will take care of themselves."' + + `How fond she is of finding morals in things!' Alice thought to +herself. + + `I dare say you're wondering why I don't put my arm round your +waist,' the Duchess said after a pause: `the reason is, that I'm +doubtful about the temper of your flamingo. Shall I try the +experiment?' + + `HE might bite,' Alice cautiously replied, not feeling at all +anxious to have the experiment tried. + + `Very true,' said the Duchess: `flamingoes and mustard both +bite. And the moral of that is--"Birds of a feather flock +together."' + + `Only mustard isn't a bird,' Alice remarked. + + `Right, as usual,' said the Duchess: `what a clear way you +have of putting things!' + + `It's a mineral, I THINK,' said Alice. + + `Of course it is,' said the Duchess, who seemed ready to agree +to everything that Alice said; `there's a large mustard-mine near +here. And the moral of that is--"The more there is of mine, the +less there is of yours."' + + `Oh, I know!' exclaimed Alice, who had not attended to this +last remark, `it's a vegetable. It doesn't look like one, but it +is.' + + `I quite agree with you,' said the Duchess; `and the moral of +that is--"Be what you would seem to be"--or if you'd like it put +more simply--"Never imagine yourself not to be otherwise than +what it might appear to others that what you were or might have +been was not otherwise than what you had been would have appeared +to them to be otherwise."' + + `I think I should understand that better,' Alice said very +politely, `if I had it written down: but I can't quite follow it +as you say it.' + + `That's nothing to what I could say if I chose,' the Duchess +replied, in a pleased tone. + + `Pray don't trouble yourself to say it any longer than that,' +said Alice. + + `Oh, don't talk about trouble!' said the Duchess. `I make you +a present of everything I've said as yet.' + + `A cheap sort of present!' thought Alice. `I'm glad they don't +give birthday presents like that!' But she did not venture to +say it out loud. + + `Thinking again?' the Duchess asked, with another dig of her +sharp little chin. + + `I've a right to think,' said Alice sharply, for she was +beginning to feel a little worried. + + `Just about as much right,' said the Duchess, `as pigs have to +fly; and the m--' + + But here, to Alice's great surprise, the Duchess's voice died +away, even in the middle of her favourite word `moral,' and the +arm that was linked into hers began to tremble. Alice looked up, +and there stood the Queen in front of them, with her arms folded, +frowning like a thunderstorm. + + `A fine day, your Majesty!' the Duchess began in a low, weak +voice. + + `Now, I give you fair warning,' shouted the Queen, stamping on +the ground as she spoke; `either you or your head must be off, +and that in about half no time! Take your choice!' + + The Duchess took her choice, and was gone in a moment. + + `Let's go on with the game,' the Queen said to Alice; and Alice +was too much frightened to say a word, but slowly followed her +back to the croquet-ground. + + The other guests had taken advantage of the Queen's absence, +and were resting in the shade: however, the moment they saw her, +they hurried back to the game, the Queen merely remarking that a +moment's delay would cost them their lives. + + All the time they were playing the Queen never left off +quarrelling with the other players, and shouting `Off with his +head!' or `Off with her head!' Those whom she sentenced were +taken into custody by the soldiers, who of course had to leave +off being arches to do this, so that by the end of half an hour +or so there were no arches left, and all the players, except the +King, the Queen, and Alice, were in custody and under sentence of +execution. + + Then the Queen left off, quite out of breath, and said to +Alice, `Have you seen the Mock Turtle yet?' + + `No,' said Alice. `I don't even know what a Mock Turtle is.' + + `It's the thing Mock Turtle Soup is made from,' said the Queen. + + `I never saw one, or heard of one,' said Alice. + + `Come on, then,' said the Queen, `and he shall tell you his +history,' + + As they walked off together, Alice heard the King say in a low +voice, to the company generally, `You are all pardoned.' `Come, +THAT'S a good thing!' she said to herself, for she had felt quite +unhappy at the number of executions the Queen had ordered. + + They very soon came upon a Gryphon, lying fast asleep in the +sun. (IF you don't know what a Gryphon is, look at the picture.) +`Up, lazy thing!' said the Queen, `and take this young lady to +see the Mock Turtle, and to hear his history. I must go back and +see after some executions I have ordered'; and she walked off, +leaving Alice alone with the Gryphon. Alice did not quite like +the look of the creature, but on the whole she thought it would +be quite as safe to stay with it as to go after that savage +Queen: so she waited. + + The Gryphon sat up and rubbed its eyes: then it watched the +Queen till she was out of sight: then it chuckled. `What fun!' +said the Gryphon, half to itself, half to Alice. + + `What IS the fun?' said Alice. + + `Why, SHE,' said the Gryphon. `It's all her fancy, that: they +never executes nobody, you know. Come on!' + + `Everybody says "come on!" here,' thought Alice, as she went +slowly after it: `I never was so ordered about in all my life, +never!' + + They had not gone far before they saw the Mock Turtle in the +distance, sitting sad and lonely on a little ledge of rock, and, +as they came nearer, Alice could hear him sighing as if his heart +would break. She pitied him deeply. `What is his sorrow?' she +asked the Gryphon, and the Gryphon answered, very nearly in the +same words as before, `It's all his fancy, that: he hasn't got +no sorrow, you know. Come on!' + + So they went up to the Mock Turtle, who looked at them with +large eyes full of tears, but said nothing. + + `This here young lady,' said the Gryphon, `she wants for to +know your history, she do.' + + `I'll tell it her,' said the Mock Turtle in a deep, hollow +tone: `sit down, both of you, and don't speak a word till I've +finished.' + + So they sat down, and nobody spoke for some minutes. Alice +thought to herself, `I don't see how he can EVEN finish, if he +doesn't begin.' But she waited patiently. + + `Once,' said the Mock Turtle at last, with a deep sigh, `I was +a real Turtle.' + + These words were followed by a very long silence, broken only +by an occasional exclamation of `Hjckrrh!' from the Gryphon, and +the constant heavy sobbing of the Mock Turtle. Alice was very +nearly getting up and saying, `Thank you, sir, for your +interesting story,' but she could not help thinking there MUST be +more to come, so she sat still and said nothing. + + `When we were little,' the Mock Turtle went on at last, more +calmly, though still sobbing a little now and then, `we went to +school in the sea. The master was an old Turtle--we used to call +him Tortoise--' + + `Why did you call him Tortoise, if he wasn't one?' Alice asked. + + `We called him Tortoise because he taught us,' said the Mock +Turtle angrily: `really you are very dull!' + + `You ought to be ashamed of yourself for asking such a simple +question,' added the Gryphon; and then they both sat silent and +looked at poor Alice, who felt ready to sink into the earth. At +last the Gryphon said to the Mock Turtle, `Drive on, old fellow! +Don't be all day about it!' and he went on in these words: + + `Yes, we went to school in the sea, though you mayn't believe +it--' + + `I never said I didn't!' interrupted Alice. + + `You did,' said the Mock Turtle. + + `Hold your tongue!' added the Gryphon, before Alice could speak +again. The Mock Turtle went on. + + `We had the best of educations--in fact, we went to school +every day--' + + `I'VE been to a day-school, too,' said Alice; `you needn't be +so proud as all that.' + + `With extras?' asked the Mock Turtle a little anxiously. + + `Yes,' said Alice, `we learned French and music.' + + `And washing?' said the Mock Turtle. + + `Certainly not!' said Alice indignantly. + + `Ah! then yours wasn't a really good school,' said the Mock +Turtle in a tone of great relief. `Now at OURS they had at the +end of the bill, "French, music, AND WASHING--extra."' + + `You couldn't have wanted it much,' said Alice; `living at the +bottom of the sea.' + + `I couldn't afford to learn it.' said the Mock Turtle with a +sigh. `I only took the regular course.' + + `What was that?' inquired Alice. + + `Reeling and Writhing, of course, to begin with,' the Mock +Turtle replied; `and then the different branches of Arithmetic-- +Ambition, Distraction, Uglification, and Derision.' + + `I never heard of "Uglification,"' Alice ventured to say. `What +is it?' + + The Gryphon lifted up both its paws in surprise. `What! Never +heard of uglifying!' it exclaimed. `You know what to beautify +is, I suppose?' + + `Yes,' said Alice doubtfully: `it means--to--make--anything-- +prettier.' + + `Well, then,' the Gryphon went on, `if you don't know what to +uglify is, you ARE a simpleton.' + + Alice did not feel encouraged to ask any more questions about +it, so she turned to the Mock Turtle, and said `What else had you +to learn?' + + `Well, there was Mystery,' the Mock Turtle replied, counting +off the subjects on his flappers, `--Mystery, ancient and modern, +with Seaography: then Drawling--the Drawling-master was an old +conger-eel, that used to come once a week: HE taught us +Drawling, Stretching, and Fainting in Coils.' + + `What was THAT like?' said Alice. + + `Well, I can't show it you myself,' the Mock Turtle said: `I'm +too stiff. And the Gryphon never learnt it.' + + `Hadn't time,' said the Gryphon: `I went to the Classics +master, though. He was an old crab, HE was.' + + `I never went to him,' the Mock Turtle said with a sigh: `he +taught Laughing and Grief, they used to say.' + + `So he did, so he did,' said the Gryphon, sighing in his turn; +and both creatures hid their faces in their paws. + + `And how many hours a day did you do lessons?' said Alice, in a +hurry to change the subject. + + `Ten hours the first day,' said the Mock Turtle: `nine the +next, and so on.' + + `What a curious plan!' exclaimed Alice. + + `That's the reason they're called lessons,' the Gryphon +remarked: `because they lessen from day to day.' + + This was quite a new idea to Alice, and she thought it over a +little before she made her next remark. `Then the eleventh day +must have been a holiday?' + + `Of course it was,' said the Mock Turtle. + + `And how did you manage on the twelfth?' Alice went on eagerly. + + `That's enough about lessons,' the Gryphon interrupted in a +very decided tone: `tell her something about the games now.' + + + + CHAPTER X + + The Lobster Quadrille + + + The Mock Turtle sighed deeply, and drew the back of one flapper +across his eyes. He looked at Alice, and tried to speak, but for +a minute or two sobs choked his voice. `Same as if he had a bone +in his throat,' said the Gryphon: and it set to work shaking him +and punching him in the back. At last the Mock Turtle recovered +his voice, and, with tears running down his cheeks, he went on +again:-- + + `You may not have lived much under the sea--' (`I haven't,' +said Alice)--`and perhaps you were never even introduced to a lobster--' +(Alice began to say `I once tasted--' but checked herself hastily, +and said `No, never') `--so you can have no idea what a delightful +thing a Lobster Quadrille is!' + + `No, indeed,' said Alice. `What sort of a dance is it?' + + `Why,' said the Gryphon, `you first form into a line along the +sea-shore--' + + `Two lines!' cried the Mock Turtle. `Seals, turtles, salmon, +and so on; then, when you've cleared all the jelly-fish out of +the way--' + + `THAT generally takes some time,' interrupted the Gryphon. + + `--you advance twice--' + + `Each with a lobster as a partner!' cried the Gryphon. + + `Of course,' the Mock Turtle said: `advance twice, set to +partners--' + + `--change lobsters, and retire in same order,' continued the +Gryphon. + + `Then, you know,' the Mock Turtle went on, `you throw the--' + + `The lobsters!' shouted the Gryphon, with a bound into the air. + + `--as far out to sea as you can--' + + `Swim after them!' screamed the Gryphon. + + `Turn a somersault in the sea!' cried the Mock Turtle, +capering wildly about. + + `Back to land again, and that's all the first figure,' said the +Mock Turtle, suddenly dropping his voice; and the two creatures, +who had been jumping about like mad things all this time, sat +down again very sadly and quietly, and looked at Alice. + + `It must be a very pretty dance,' said Alice timidly. + + `Would you like to see a little of it?' said the Mock Turtle. + + `Very much indeed,' said Alice. + + `Come, let's try the first figure!' said the Mock Turtle to the +Gryphon. `We can do without lobsters, you know. Which shall +sing?' + + `Oh, YOU sing,' said the Gryphon. `I've forgotten the words.' + + So they began solemnly dancing round and round Alice, every now +and then treading on her toes when they passed too close, and +waving their forepaws to mark the time, while the Mock Turtle +sang this, very slowly and sadly:-- + + +`"Will you walk a little faster?" said a whiting to a snail. +"There's a porpoise close behind us, and he's treading on my + tail. +See how eagerly the lobsters and the turtles all advance! +They are waiting on the shingle--will you come and join the +dance? + +Will you, won't you, will you, won't you, will you join the +dance? +Will you, won't you, will you, won't you, won't you join the +dance? + + +"You can really have no notion how delightful it will be +When they take us up and throw us, with the lobsters, out to + sea!" +But the snail replied "Too far, too far!" and gave a look + askance-- +Said he thanked the whiting kindly, but he would not join the + dance. + Would not, could not, would not, could not, would not join + the dance. + Would not, could not, would not, could not, could not join + the dance. + +`"What matters it how far we go?" his scaly friend replied. +"There is another shore, you know, upon the other side. +The further off from England the nearer is to France-- +Then turn not pale, beloved snail, but come and join the dance. + + Will you, won't you, will you, won't you, will you join the + dance? + Will you, won't you, will you, won't you, won't you join the + dance?"' + + + + `Thank you, it's a very interesting dance to watch,' said +Alice, feeling very glad that it was over at last: `and I do so +like that curious song about the whiting!' + + `Oh, as to the whiting,' said the Mock Turtle, `they--you've +seen them, of course?' + + `Yes,' said Alice, `I've often seen them at dinn--' she +checked herself hastily. + + `I don't know where Dinn may be,' said the Mock Turtle, `but +if you've seen them so often, of course you know what they're +like.' + + `I believe so,' Alice replied thoughtfully. `They have their +tails in their mouths--and they're all over crumbs.' + + `You're wrong about the crumbs,' said the Mock Turtle: +`crumbs would all wash off in the sea. But they HAVE their tails +in their mouths; and the reason is--' here the Mock Turtle +yawned and shut his eyes.--`Tell her about the reason and all +that,' he said to the Gryphon. + + `The reason is,' said the Gryphon, `that they WOULD go with +the lobsters to the dance. So they got thrown out to sea. So +they had to fall a long way. So they got their tails fast in +their mouths. So they couldn't get them out again. That's all.' + + `Thank you,' said Alice, `it's very interesting. I never knew +so much about a whiting before.' + + `I can tell you more than that, if you like,' said the +Gryphon. `Do you know why it's called a whiting?' + + `I never thought about it,' said Alice. `Why?' + + `IT DOES THE BOOTS AND SHOES.' the Gryphon replied very +solemnly. + + Alice was thoroughly puzzled. `Does the boots and shoes!' she +repeated in a wondering tone. + + `Why, what are YOUR shoes done with?' said the Gryphon. `I +mean, what makes them so shiny?' + + Alice looked down at them, and considered a little before she +gave her answer. `They're done with blacking, I believe.' + + `Boots and shoes under the sea,' the Gryphon went on in a deep +voice, `are done with a whiting. Now you know.' + + `And what are they made of?' Alice asked in a tone of great +curiosity. + + `Soles and eels, of course,' the Gryphon replied rather +impatiently: `any shrimp could have told you that.' + + `If I'd been the whiting,' said Alice, whose thoughts were +still running on the song, `I'd have said to the porpoise, "Keep +back, please: we don't want YOU with us!"' + + `They were obliged to have him with them,' the Mock Turtle +said: `no wise fish would go anywhere without a porpoise.' + + `Wouldn't it really?' said Alice in a tone of great surprise. + + `Of course not,' said the Mock Turtle: `why, if a fish came +to ME, and told me he was going a journey, I should say "With +what porpoise?"' + + `Don't you mean "purpose"?' said Alice. + + `I mean what I say,' the Mock Turtle replied in an offended +tone. And the Gryphon added `Come, let's hear some of YOUR +adventures.' + + `I could tell you my adventures--beginning from this morning,' +said Alice a little timidly: `but it's no use going back to +yesterday, because I was a different person then.' + + `Explain all that,' said the Mock Turtle. + + `No, no! The adventures first,' said the Gryphon in an +impatient tone: `explanations take such a dreadful time.' + + So Alice began telling them her adventures from the time when +she first saw the White Rabbit. She was a little nervous about +it just at first, the two creatures got so close to her, one on +each side, and opened their eyes and mouths so VERY wide, but she +gained courage as she went on. Her listeners were perfectly +quiet till she got to the part about her repeating `YOU ARE OLD, +FATHER WILLIAM,' to the Caterpillar, and the words all coming +different, and then the Mock Turtle drew a long breath, and said +`That's very curious.' + + `It's all about as curious as it can be,' said the Gryphon. + + `It all came different!' the Mock Turtle repeated +thoughtfully. `I should like to hear her try and repeat +something now. Tell her to begin.' He looked at the Gryphon as +if he thought it had some kind of authority over Alice. + + `Stand up and repeat "'TIS THE VOICE OF THE SLUGGARD,"' said +the Gryphon. + + `How the creatures order one about, and make one repeat +lessons!' thought Alice; `I might as well be at school at once.' +However, she got up, and began to repeat it, but her head was so +full of the Lobster Quadrille, that she hardly knew what she was +saying, and the words came very queer indeed:-- + + `'Tis the voice of the Lobster; I heard him declare, + "You have baked me too brown, I must sugar my hair." + As a duck with its eyelids, so he with his nose + Trims his belt and his buttons, and turns out his toes.' + + [later editions continued as follows + When the sands are all dry, he is gay as a lark, + And will talk in contemptuous tones of the Shark, + But, when the tide rises and sharks are around, + His voice has a timid and tremulous sound.] + + `That's different from what I used to say when I was a child,' +said the Gryphon. + + `Well, I never heard it before,' said the Mock Turtle; `but it +sounds uncommon nonsense.' + + Alice said nothing; she had sat down with her face in her +hands, wondering if anything would EVER happen in a natural way +again. + + `I should like to have it explained,' said the Mock Turtle. + + `She can't explain it,' said the Gryphon hastily. `Go on with +the next verse.' + + `But about his toes?' the Mock Turtle persisted. `How COULD +he turn them out with his nose, you know?' + + `It's the first position in dancing.' Alice said; but was +dreadfully puzzled by the whole thing, and longed to change the +subject. + + `Go on with the next verse,' the Gryphon repeated impatiently: +`it begins "I passed by his garden."' + + Alice did not dare to disobey, though she felt sure it would +all come wrong, and she went on in a trembling voice:-- + + `I passed by his garden, and marked, with one eye, + How the Owl and the Panther were sharing a pie--' + + [later editions continued as follows + The Panther took pie-crust, and gravy, and meat, + While the Owl had the dish as its share of the treat. + When the pie was all finished, the Owl, as a boon, + Was kindly permitted to pocket the spoon: + While the Panther received knife and fork with a growl, + And concluded the banquet--] + + `What IS the use of repeating all that stuff,' the Mock Turtle +interrupted, `if you don't explain it as you go on? It's by far +the most confusing thing I ever heard!' + + `Yes, I think you'd better leave off,' said the Gryphon: and +Alice was only too glad to do so. + + `Shall we try another figure of the Lobster Quadrille?' the +Gryphon went on. `Or would you like the Mock Turtle to sing you +a song?' + + `Oh, a song, please, if the Mock Turtle would be so kind,' +Alice replied, so eagerly that the Gryphon said, in a rather +offended tone, `Hm! No accounting for tastes! Sing her "Turtle +Soup," will you, old fellow?' + + The Mock Turtle sighed deeply, and began, in a voice sometimes +choked with sobs, to sing this:-- + + + `Beautiful Soup, so rich and green, + Waiting in a hot tureen! + Who for such dainties would not stoop? + Soup of the evening, beautiful Soup! + Soup of the evening, beautiful Soup! + Beau--ootiful Soo--oop! + Beau--ootiful Soo--oop! + Soo--oop of the e--e--evening, + Beautiful, beautiful Soup! + + `Beautiful Soup! Who cares for fish, + Game, or any other dish? + Who would not give all else for two p + ennyworth only of beautiful Soup? + Pennyworth only of beautiful Soup? + Beau--ootiful Soo--oop! + Beau--ootiful Soo--oop! + Soo--oop of the e--e--evening, + Beautiful, beauti--FUL SOUP!' + + `Chorus again!' cried the Gryphon, and the Mock Turtle had +just begun to repeat it, when a cry of `The trial's beginning!' +was heard in the distance. + + `Come on!' cried the Gryphon, and, taking Alice by the hand, +it hurried off, without waiting for the end of the song. + + `What trial is it?' Alice panted as she ran; but the Gryphon +only answered `Come on!' and ran the faster, while more and more +faintly came, carried on the breeze that followed them, the +melancholy words:-- + + `Soo--oop of the e--e--evening, + Beautiful, beautiful Soup!' + + + + CHAPTER XI + + Who Stole the Tarts? + + + The King and Queen of Hearts were seated on their throne when +they arrived, with a great crowd assembled about them--all sorts +of little birds and beasts, as well as the whole pack of cards: +the Knave was standing before them, in chains, with a soldier on +each side to guard him; and near the King was the White Rabbit, +with a trumpet in one hand, and a scroll of parchment in the +other. In the very middle of the court was a table, with a large +dish of tarts upon it: they looked so good, that it made Alice +quite hungry to look at them--`I wish they'd get the trial done,' +she thought, `and hand round the refreshments!' But there seemed +to be no chance of this, so she began looking at everything about +her, to pass away the time. + + Alice had never been in a court of justice before, but she had +read about them in books, and she was quite pleased to find that +she knew the name of nearly everything there. `That's the +judge,' she said to herself, `because of his great wig.' + + The judge, by the way, was the King; and as he wore his crown +over the wig, (look at the frontispiece if you want to see how he +did it,) he did not look at all comfortable, and it was certainly +not becoming. + + `And that's the jury-box,' thought Alice, `and those twelve +creatures,' (she was obliged to say `creatures,' you see, because +some of them were animals, and some were birds,) `I suppose they +are the jurors.' She said this last word two or three times over +to herself, being rather proud of it: for she thought, and +rightly too, that very few little girls of her age knew the +meaning of it at all. However, `jury-men' would have done just +as well. + + The twelve jurors were all writing very busily on slates. +`What are they doing?' Alice whispered to the Gryphon. `They +can't have anything to put down yet, before the trial's begun.' + + `They're putting down their names,' the Gryphon whispered in +reply, `for fear they should forget them before the end of the +trial.' + + `Stupid things!' Alice began in a loud, indignant voice, but +she stopped hastily, for the White Rabbit cried out, `Silence in +the court!' and the King put on his spectacles and looked +anxiously round, to make out who was talking. + + Alice could see, as well as if she were looking over their +shoulders, that all the jurors were writing down `stupid things!' +on their slates, and she could even make out that one of them +didn't know how to spell `stupid,' and that he had to ask his +neighbour to tell him. `A nice muddle their slates'll be in +before the trial's over!' thought Alice. + + One of the jurors had a pencil that squeaked. This of course, +Alice could not stand, and she went round the court and got +behind him, and very soon found an opportunity of taking it +away. She did it so quickly that the poor little juror (it was +Bill, the Lizard) could not make out at all what had become of +it; so, after hunting all about for it, he was obliged to write +with one finger for the rest of the day; and this was of very +little use, as it left no mark on the slate. + + `Herald, read the accusation!' said the King. + + On this the White Rabbit blew three blasts on the trumpet, and +then unrolled the parchment scroll, and read as follows:-- + + `The Queen of Hearts, she made some tarts, + All on a summer day: + The Knave of Hearts, he stole those tarts, + And took them quite away!' + + `Consider your verdict,' the King said to the jury. + + `Not yet, not yet!' the Rabbit hastily interrupted. `There's +a great deal to come before that!' + + `Call the first witness,' said the King; and the White Rabbit +blew three blasts on the trumpet, and called out, `First +witness!' + + The first witness was the Hatter. He came in with a teacup in +one hand and a piece of bread-and-butter in the other. `I beg +pardon, your Majesty,' he began, `for bringing these in: but I +hadn't quite finished my tea when I was sent for.' + + `You ought to have finished,' said the King. `When did you +begin?' + + The Hatter looked at the March Hare, who had followed him into +the court, arm-in-arm with the Dormouse. `Fourteenth of March, I +think it was,' he said. + + `Fifteenth,' said the March Hare. + + `Sixteenth,' added the Dormouse. + + `Write that down,' the King said to the jury, and the jury +eagerly wrote down all three dates on their slates, and then +added them up, and reduced the answer to shillings and pence. + + `Take off your hat,' the King said to the Hatter. + + `It isn't mine,' said the Hatter. + + `Stolen!' the King exclaimed, turning to the jury, who +instantly made a memorandum of the fact. + + `I keep them to sell,' the Hatter added as an explanation; +`I've none of my own. I'm a hatter.' + + Here the Queen put on her spectacles, and began staring at the +Hatter, who turned pale and fidgeted. + + `Give your evidence,' said the King; `and don't be nervous, or +I'll have you executed on the spot.' + + This did not seem to encourage the witness at all: he kept +shifting from one foot to the other, looking uneasily at the +Queen, and in his confusion he bit a large piece out of his +teacup instead of the bread-and-butter. + + Just at this moment Alice felt a very curious sensation, which +puzzled her a good deal until she made out what it was: she was +beginning to grow larger again, and she thought at first she +would get up and leave the court; but on second thoughts she +decided to remain where she was as long as there was room for +her. + + `I wish you wouldn't squeeze so.' said the Dormouse, who was +sitting next to her. `I can hardly breathe.' + + `I can't help it,' said Alice very meekly: `I'm growing.' + + `You've no right to grow here,' said the Dormouse. + + `Don't talk nonsense,' said Alice more boldly: `you know +you're growing too.' + + `Yes, but I grow at a reasonable pace,' said the Dormouse: +`not in that ridiculous fashion.' And he got up very sulkily +and crossed over to the other side of the court. + + All this time the Queen had never left off staring at the +Hatter, and, just as the Dormouse crossed the court, she said to +one of the officers of the court, `Bring me the list of the +singers in the last concert!' on which the wretched Hatter +trembled so, that he shook both his shoes off. + + `Give your evidence,' the King repeated angrily, `or I'll have +you executed, whether you're nervous or not.' + + `I'm a poor man, your Majesty,' the Hatter began, in a +trembling voice, `--and I hadn't begun my tea--not above a week +or so--and what with the bread-and-butter getting so thin--and +the twinkling of the tea--' + + `The twinkling of the what?' said the King. + + `It began with the tea,' the Hatter replied. + + `Of course twinkling begins with a T!' said the King sharply. +`Do you take me for a dunce? Go on!' + + `I'm a poor man,' the Hatter went on, `and most things +twinkled after that--only the March Hare said--' + + `I didn't!' the March Hare interrupted in a great hurry. + + `You did!' said the Hatter. + + `I deny it!' said the March Hare. + + `He denies it,' said the King: `leave out that part.' + + `Well, at any rate, the Dormouse said--' the Hatter went on, +looking anxiously round to see if he would deny it too: but the +Dormouse denied nothing, being fast asleep. + + `After that,' continued the Hatter, `I cut some more bread- +and-butter--' + + `But what did the Dormouse say?' one of the jury asked. + + `That I can't remember,' said the Hatter. + + `You MUST remember,' remarked the King, `or I'll have you +executed.' + + The miserable Hatter dropped his teacup and bread-and-butter, +and went down on one knee. `I'm a poor man, your Majesty,' he +began. + + `You're a very poor speaker,' said the King. + + Here one of the guinea-pigs cheered, and was immediately +suppressed by the officers of the court. (As that is rather a +hard word, I will just explain to you how it was done. They had +a large canvas bag, which tied up at the mouth with strings: +into this they slipped the guinea-pig, head first, and then sat +upon it.) + + `I'm glad I've seen that done,' thought Alice. `I've so often +read in the newspapers, at the end of trials, "There was some +attempts at applause, which was immediately suppressed by the +officers of the court," and I never understood what it meant +till now.' + + `If that's all you know about it, you may stand down,' +continued the King. + + `I can't go no lower,' said the Hatter: `I'm on the floor, as +it is.' + + `Then you may SIT down,' the King replied. + + Here the other guinea-pig cheered, and was suppressed. + + `Come, that finished the guinea-pigs!' thought Alice. `Now we +shall get on better.' + + `I'd rather finish my tea,' said the Hatter, with an anxious +look at the Queen, who was reading the list of singers. + + `You may go,' said the King, and the Hatter hurriedly left the +court, without even waiting to put his shoes on. + + `--and just take his head off outside,' the Queen added to one +of the officers: but the Hatter was out of sight before the +officer could get to the door. + + `Call the next witness!' said the King. + + The next witness was the Duchess's cook. She carried the +pepper-box in her hand, and Alice guessed who it was, even before +she got into the court, by the way the people near the door began +sneezing all at once. + + `Give your evidence,' said the King. + + `Shan't,' said the cook. + + The King looked anxiously at the White Rabbit, who said in a +low voice, `Your Majesty must cross-examine THIS witness.' + + `Well, if I must, I must,' the King said, with a melancholy +air, and, after folding his arms and frowning at the cook till +his eyes were nearly out of sight, he said in a deep voice, `What +are tarts made of?' + + `Pepper, mostly,' said the cook. + + `Treacle,' said a sleepy voice behind her. + + `Collar that Dormouse,' the Queen shrieked out. `Behead that +Dormouse! Turn that Dormouse out of court! Suppress him! Pinch +him! Off with his whiskers!' + + For some minutes the whole court was in confusion, getting the +Dormouse turned out, and, by the time they had settled down +again, the cook had disappeared. + + `Never mind!' said the King, with an air of great relief. +`Call the next witness.' And he added in an undertone to the +Queen, `Really, my dear, YOU must cross-examine the next witness. +It quite makes my forehead ache!' + + Alice watched the White Rabbit as he fumbled over the list, +feeling very curious to see what the next witness would be like, +`--for they haven't got much evidence YET,' she said to herself. +Imagine her surprise, when the White Rabbit read out, at the top +of his shrill little voice, the name `Alice!' + + + + CHAPTER XII + + Alice's Evidence + + + `Here!' cried Alice, quite forgetting in the flurry of the +moment how large she had grown in the last few minutes, and she +jumped up in such a hurry that she tipped over the jury-box with +the edge of her skirt, upsetting all the jurymen on to the heads +of the crowd below, and there they lay sprawling about, reminding +her very much of a globe of goldfish she had accidentally upset +the week before. + + `Oh, I BEG your pardon!' she exclaimed in a tone of great +dismay, and began picking them up again as quickly as she could, +for the accident of the goldfish kept running in her head, and +she had a vague sort of idea that they must be collected at once +and put back into the jury-box, or they would die. + + `The trial cannot proceed,' said the King in a very grave +voice, `until all the jurymen are back in their proper places-- +ALL,' he repeated with great emphasis, looking hard at Alice as +he said do. + + Alice looked at the jury-box, and saw that, in her haste, she +had put the Lizard in head downwards, and the poor little thing +was waving its tail about in a melancholy way, being quite unable +to move. She soon got it out again, and put it right; `not that +it signifies much,' she said to herself; `I should think it +would be QUITE as much use in the trial one way up as the other.' + + As soon as the jury had a little recovered from the shock of +being upset, and their slates and pencils had been found and +handed back to them, they set to work very diligently to write +out a history of the accident, all except the Lizard, who seemed +too much overcome to do anything but sit with its mouth open, +gazing up into the roof of the court. + + `What do you know about this business?' the King said to +Alice. + + `Nothing,' said Alice. + + `Nothing WHATEVER?' persisted the King. + + `Nothing whatever,' said Alice. + + `That's very important,' the King said, turning to the jury. +They were just beginning to write this down on their slates, when +the White Rabbit interrupted: `UNimportant, your Majesty means, +of course,' he said in a very respectful tone, but frowning and +making faces at him as he spoke. + + `UNimportant, of course, I meant,' the King hastily said, and +went on to himself in an undertone, `important--unimportant-- +unimportant--important--' as if he were trying which word +sounded best. + + Some of the jury wrote it down `important,' and some +`unimportant.' Alice could see this, as she was near enough to +look over their slates; `but it doesn't matter a bit,' she +thought to herself. + + At this moment the King, who had been for some time busily +writing in his note-book, cackled out `Silence!' and read out +from his book, `Rule Forty-two. ALL PERSONS MORE THAN A MILE +HIGH TO LEAVE THE COURT.' + + Everybody looked at Alice. + + `I'M not a mile high,' said Alice. + + `You are,' said the King. + + `Nearly two miles high,' added the Queen. + + `Well, I shan't go, at any rate,' said Alice: `besides, +that's not a regular rule: you invented it just now.' + + `It's the oldest rule in the book,' said the King. + + `Then it ought to be Number One,' said Alice. + + The King turned pale, and shut his note-book hastily. +`Consider your verdict,' he said to the jury, in a low, trembling +voice. + + `There's more evidence to come yet, please your Majesty,' said +the White Rabbit, jumping up in a great hurry; `this paper has +just been picked up.' + + `What's in it?' said the Queen. + + `I haven't opened it yet,' said the White Rabbit, `but it seems +to be a letter, written by the prisoner to--to somebody.' + + `It must have been that,' said the King, `unless it was +written to nobody, which isn't usual, you know.' + + `Who is it directed to?' said one of the jurymen. + + `It isn't directed at all,' said the White Rabbit; `in fact, +there's nothing written on the OUTSIDE.' He unfolded the paper +as he spoke, and added `It isn't a letter, after all: it's a set +of verses.' + + `Are they in the prisoner's handwriting?' asked another of +they jurymen. + + `No, they're not,' said the White Rabbit, `and that's the +queerest thing about it.' (The jury all looked puzzled.) + + `He must have imitated somebody else's hand,' said the King. +(The jury all brightened up again.) + + `Please your Majesty,' said the Knave, `I didn't write it, and +they can't prove I did: there's no name signed at the end.' + + `If you didn't sign it,' said the King, `that only makes the +matter worse. You MUST have meant some mischief, or else you'd +have signed your name like an honest man.' + + There was a general clapping of hands at this: it was the +first really clever thing the King had said that day. + + `That PROVES his guilt,' said the Queen. + + `It proves nothing of the sort!' said Alice. `Why, you don't +even know what they're about!' + + `Read them,' said the King. + + The White Rabbit put on his spectacles. `Where shall I begin, +please your Majesty?' he asked. + + `Begin at the beginning,' the King said gravely, `and go on +till you come to the end: then stop.' + + These were the verses the White Rabbit read:-- + + `They told me you had been to her, + And mentioned me to him: + She gave me a good character, + But said I could not swim. + + He sent them word I had not gone + (We know it to be true): + If she should push the matter on, + What would become of you? + + I gave her one, they gave him two, + You gave us three or more; + They all returned from him to you, + Though they were mine before. + + If I or she should chance to be + Involved in this affair, + He trusts to you to set them free, + Exactly as we were. + + My notion was that you had been + (Before she had this fit) + An obstacle that came between + Him, and ourselves, and it. + + Don't let him know she liked them best, + For this must ever be + A secret, kept from all the rest, + Between yourself and me.' + + `That's the most important piece of evidence we've heard yet,' +said the King, rubbing his hands; `so now let the jury--' + + `If any one of them can explain it,' said Alice, (she had +grown so large in the last few minutes that she wasn't a bit +afraid of interrupting him,) `I'll give him sixpence. _I_ don't +believe there's an atom of meaning in it.' + + The jury all wrote down on their slates, `SHE doesn't believe +there's an atom of meaning in it,' but none of them attempted to +explain the paper. + + `If there's no meaning in it,' said the King, `that saves a +world of trouble, you know, as we needn't try to find any. And +yet I don't know,' he went on, spreading out the verses on his +knee, and looking at them with one eye; `I seem to see some +meaning in them, after all. "--SAID I COULD NOT SWIM--" you +can't swim, can you?' he added, turning to the Knave. + + The Knave shook his head sadly. `Do I look like it?' he said. +(Which he certainly did NOT, being made entirely of cardboard.) + + `All right, so far,' said the King, and he went on muttering +over the verses to himself: `"WE KNOW IT TO BE TRUE--" that's +the jury, of course-- "I GAVE HER ONE, THEY GAVE HIM TWO--" why, +that must be what he did with the tarts, you know--' + + `But, it goes on "THEY ALL RETURNED FROM HIM TO YOU,"' said +Alice. + + `Why, there they are!' said the King triumphantly, pointing to +the tarts on the table. `Nothing can be clearer than THAT. +Then again--"BEFORE SHE HAD THIS FIT--" you never had fits, my +dear, I think?' he said to the Queen. + + `Never!' said the Queen furiously, throwing an inkstand at the +Lizard as she spoke. (The unfortunate little Bill had left off +writing on his slate with one finger, as he found it made no +mark; but he now hastily began again, using the ink, that was +trickling down his face, as long as it lasted.) + + `Then the words don't FIT you,' said the King, looking round +the court with a smile. There was a dead silence. + + `It's a pun!' the King added in an offended tone, and +everybody laughed, `Let the jury consider their verdict,' the +King said, for about the twentieth time that day. + + `No, no!' said the Queen. `Sentence first--verdict afterwards.' + + `Stuff and nonsense!' said Alice loudly. `The idea of having +the sentence first!' + + `Hold your tongue!' said the Queen, turning purple. + + `I won't!' said Alice. + + `Off with her head!' the Queen shouted at the top of her voice. +Nobody moved. + + `Who cares for you?' said Alice, (she had grown to her full +size by this time.) `You're nothing but a pack of cards!' + + At this the whole pack rose up into the air, and came flying +down upon her: she gave a little scream, half of fright and half +of anger, and tried to beat them off, and found herself lying on +the bank, with her head in the lap of her sister, who was gently +brushing away some dead leaves that had fluttered down from the +trees upon her face. + + `Wake up, Alice dear!' said her sister; `Why, what a long +sleep you've had!' + + `Oh, I've had such a curious dream!' said Alice, and she told +her sister, as well as she could remember them, all these strange +Adventures of hers that you have just been reading about; and +when she had finished, her sister kissed her, and said, `It WAS a +curious dream, dear, certainly: but now run in to your tea; it's +getting late.' So Alice got up and ran off, thinking while she +ran, as well she might, what a wonderful dream it had been. + + But her sister sat still just as she left her, leaning her +head on her hand, watching the setting sun, and thinking of +little Alice and all her wonderful Adventures, till she too began +dreaming after a fashion, and this was her dream:-- + + First, she dreamed of little Alice herself, and once again the +tiny hands were clasped upon her knee, and the bright eager eyes +were looking up into hers--she could hear the very tones of her +voice, and see that queer little toss of her head to keep back +the wandering hair that WOULD always get into her eyes--and +still as she listened, or seemed to listen, the whole place +around her became alive the strange creatures of her little +sister's dream. + + The long grass rustled at her feet as the White Rabbit hurried +by--the frightened Mouse splashed his way through the +neighbouring pool--she could hear the rattle of the teacups as +the March Hare and his friends shared their never-ending meal, +and the shrill voice of the Queen ordering off her unfortunate +guests to execution--once more the pig-baby was sneezing on the +Duchess's knee, while plates and dishes crashed around it--once +more the shriek of the Gryphon, the squeaking of the Lizard's +slate-pencil, and the choking of the suppressed guinea-pigs, +filled the air, mixed up with the distant sobs of the miserable +Mock Turtle. + + So she sat on, with closed eyes, and half believed herself in +Wonderland, though she knew she had but to open them again, and +all would change to dull reality--the grass would be only +rustling in the wind, and the pool rippling to the waving of the +reeds--the rattling teacups would change to tinkling sheep- +bells, and the Queen's shrill cries to the voice of the shepherd +boy--and the sneeze of the baby, the shriek of the Gryphon, and +all thy other queer noises, would change (she knew) to the +confused clamour of the busy farm-yard--while the lowing of the +cattle in the distance would take the place of the Mock Turtle's +heavy sobs. + + Lastly, she pictured to herself how this same little sister of +hers would, in the after-time, be herself a grown woman; and how +she would keep, through all her riper years, the simple and +loving heart of her childhood: and how she would gather about +her other little children, and make THEIR eyes bright and eager +with many a strange tale, perhaps even with the dream of +Wonderland of long ago: and how she would feel with all their +simple sorrows, and find a pleasure in all their simple joys, +remembering her own child-life, and the happy summer days. + + THE END + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/test/canterbury-corpus/canterbury/asyoulik.txt b/test/canterbury-corpus/canterbury/asyoulik.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..88dc7b6 --- /dev/null +++ b/test/canterbury-corpus/canterbury/asyoulik.txt @@ -0,0 +1,4122 @@ + AS YOU LIKE IT + + + DRAMATIS PERSONAE + + +DUKE SENIOR living in banishment. + +DUKE FREDERICK his brother, an usurper of his dominions. + + +AMIENS | + | lords attending on the banished duke. +JAQUES | + + +LE BEAU a courtier attending upon Frederick. + +CHARLES wrestler to Frederick. + + +OLIVER | + | +JAQUES (JAQUES DE BOYS:) | sons of Sir Rowland de Boys. + | +ORLANDO | + + +ADAM | + | servants to Oliver. +DENNIS | + + +TOUCHSTONE a clown. + +SIR OLIVER MARTEXT a vicar. + + +CORIN | + | shepherds. +SILVIUS | + + +WILLIAM a country fellow in love with Audrey. + + A person representing HYMEN. (HYMEN:) + +ROSALIND daughter to the banished duke. + +CELIA daughter to Frederick. + +PHEBE a shepherdess. + +AUDREY a country wench. + + Lords, pages, and attendants, &c. + (Forester:) + (A Lord:) + (First Lord:) + (Second Lord:) + (First Page:) + (Second Page:) + + +SCENE Oliver's house; Duke Frederick's court; and the + Forest of Arden. + + + + + AS YOU LIKE IT + + +ACT I + + + +SCENE I Orchard of Oliver's house. + + + [Enter ORLANDO and ADAM] + +ORLANDO As I remember, Adam, it was upon this fashion + bequeathed me by will but poor a thousand crowns, + and, as thou sayest, charged my brother, on his + blessing, to breed me well: and there begins my + sadness. My brother Jaques he keeps at school, and + report speaks goldenly of his profit: for my part, + he keeps me rustically at home, or, to speak more + properly, stays me here at home unkept; for call you + that keeping for a gentleman of my birth, that + differs not from the stalling of an ox? His horses + are bred better; for, besides that they are fair + with their feeding, they are taught their manage, + and to that end riders dearly hired: but I, his + brother, gain nothing under him but growth; for the + which his animals on his dunghills are as much + bound to him as I. Besides this nothing that he so + plentifully gives me, the something that nature gave + me his countenance seems to take from me: he lets + me feed with his hinds, bars me the place of a + brother, and, as much as in him lies, mines my + gentility with my education. This is it, Adam, that + grieves me; and the spirit of my father, which I + think is within me, begins to mutiny against this + servitude: I will no longer endure it, though yet I + know no wise remedy how to avoid it. + +ADAM Yonder comes my master, your brother. + +ORLANDO Go apart, Adam, and thou shalt hear how he will + shake me up. + + [Enter OLIVER] + +OLIVER Now, sir! what make you here? + +ORLANDO Nothing: I am not taught to make any thing. + +OLIVER What mar you then, sir? + +ORLANDO Marry, sir, I am helping you to mar that which God + made, a poor unworthy brother of yours, with idleness. + +OLIVER Marry, sir, be better employed, and be naught awhile. + +ORLANDO Shall I keep your hogs and eat husks with them? + What prodigal portion have I spent, that I should + come to such penury? + +OLIVER Know you where your are, sir? + +ORLANDO O, sir, very well; here in your orchard. + +OLIVER Know you before whom, sir? + +ORLANDO Ay, better than him I am before knows me. I know + you are my eldest brother; and, in the gentle + condition of blood, you should so know me. The + courtesy of nations allows you my better, in that + you are the first-born; but the same tradition + takes not away my blood, were there twenty brothers + betwixt us: I have as much of my father in me as + you; albeit, I confess, your coming before me is + nearer to his reverence. + +OLIVER What, boy! + +ORLANDO Come, come, elder brother, you are too young in this. + +OLIVER Wilt thou lay hands on me, villain? + +ORLANDO I am no villain; I am the youngest son of Sir + Rowland de Boys; he was my father, and he is thrice + a villain that says such a father begot villains. + Wert thou not my brother, I would not take this hand + from thy throat till this other had pulled out thy + tongue for saying so: thou hast railed on thyself. + +ADAM Sweet masters, be patient: for your father's + remembrance, be at accord. + +OLIVER Let me go, I say. + +ORLANDO I will not, till I please: you shall hear me. My + father charged you in his will to give me good + education: you have trained me like a peasant, + obscuring and hiding from me all gentleman-like + qualities. The spirit of my father grows strong in + me, and I will no longer endure it: therefore allow + me such exercises as may become a gentleman, or + give me the poor allottery my father left me by + testament; with that I will go buy my fortunes. + +OLIVER And what wilt thou do? beg, when that is spent? + Well, sir, get you in: I will not long be troubled + with you; you shall have some part of your will: I + pray you, leave me. + +ORLANDO I will no further offend you than becomes me for my good. + +OLIVER Get you with him, you old dog. + +ADAM Is 'old dog' my reward? Most true, I have lost my + teeth in your service. God be with my old master! + he would not have spoke such a word. + + [Exeunt ORLANDO and ADAM] + +OLIVER Is it even so? begin you to grow upon me? I will + physic your rankness, and yet give no thousand + crowns neither. Holla, Dennis! + + [Enter DENNIS] + +DENNIS Calls your worship? + +OLIVER Was not Charles, the duke's wrestler, here to speak with me? + +DENNIS So please you, he is here at the door and importunes + access to you. + +OLIVER Call him in. + + [Exit DENNIS] + + 'Twill be a good way; and to-morrow the wrestling is. + + [Enter CHARLES] + +CHARLES Good morrow to your worship. + +OLIVER Good Monsieur Charles, what's the new news at the + new court? + +CHARLES There's no news at the court, sir, but the old news: + that is, the old duke is banished by his younger + brother the new duke; and three or four loving lords + have put themselves into voluntary exile with him, + whose lands and revenues enrich the new duke; + therefore he gives them good leave to wander. + +OLIVER Can you tell if Rosalind, the duke's daughter, be + banished with her father? + +CHARLES O, no; for the duke's daughter, her cousin, so loves + her, being ever from their cradles bred together, + that she would have followed her exile, or have died + to stay behind her. She is at the court, and no + less beloved of her uncle than his own daughter; and + never two ladies loved as they do. + +OLIVER Where will the old duke live? + +CHARLES They say he is already in the forest of Arden, and + a many merry men with him; and there they live like + the old Robin Hood of England: they say many young + gentlemen flock to him every day, and fleet the time + carelessly, as they did in the golden world. + +OLIVER What, you wrestle to-morrow before the new duke? + +CHARLES Marry, do I, sir; and I came to acquaint you with a + matter. I am given, sir, secretly to understand + that your younger brother Orlando hath a disposition + to come in disguised against me to try a fall. + To-morrow, sir, I wrestle for my credit; and he that + escapes me without some broken limb shall acquit him + well. Your brother is but young and tender; and, + for your love, I would be loath to foil him, as I + must, for my own honour, if he come in: therefore, + out of my love to you, I came hither to acquaint you + withal, that either you might stay him from his + intendment or brook such disgrace well as he shall + run into, in that it is a thing of his own search + and altogether against my will. + +OLIVER Charles, I thank thee for thy love to me, which + thou shalt find I will most kindly requite. I had + myself notice of my brother's purpose herein and + have by underhand means laboured to dissuade him from + it, but he is resolute. I'll tell thee, Charles: + it is the stubbornest young fellow of France, full + of ambition, an envious emulator of every man's + good parts, a secret and villanous contriver against + me his natural brother: therefore use thy + discretion; I had as lief thou didst break his neck + as his finger. And thou wert best look to't; for if + thou dost him any slight disgrace or if he do not + mightily grace himself on thee, he will practise + against thee by poison, entrap thee by some + treacherous device and never leave thee till he + hath ta'en thy life by some indirect means or other; + for, I assure thee, and almost with tears I speak + it, there is not one so young and so villanous this + day living. I speak but brotherly of him; but + should I anatomize him to thee as he is, I must + blush and weep and thou must look pale and wonder. + +CHARLES I am heartily glad I came hither to you. If he come + to-morrow, I'll give him his payment: if ever he go + alone again, I'll never wrestle for prize more: and + so God keep your worship! + +OLIVER Farewell, good Charles. + + [Exit CHARLES] + + Now will I stir this gamester: I hope I shall see + an end of him; for my soul, yet I know not why, + hates nothing more than he. Yet he's gentle, never + schooled and yet learned, full of noble device, of + all sorts enchantingly beloved, and indeed so much + in the heart of the world, and especially of my own + people, who best know him, that I am altogether + misprised: but it shall not be so long; this + wrestler shall clear all: nothing remains but that + I kindle the boy thither; which now I'll go about. + + [Exit] + + + + + AS YOU LIKE IT + + +ACT I + + + +SCENE II Lawn before the Duke's palace. + + + [Enter CELIA and ROSALIND] + +CELIA I pray thee, Rosalind, sweet my coz, be merry. + +ROSALIND Dear Celia, I show more mirth than I am mistress of; + and would you yet I were merrier? Unless you could + teach me to forget a banished father, you must not + learn me how to remember any extraordinary pleasure. + +CELIA Herein I see thou lovest me not with the full weight + that I love thee. If my uncle, thy banished father, + had banished thy uncle, the duke my father, so thou + hadst been still with me, I could have taught my + love to take thy father for mine: so wouldst thou, + if the truth of thy love to me were so righteously + tempered as mine is to thee. + +ROSALIND Well, I will forget the condition of my estate, to + rejoice in yours. + +CELIA You know my father hath no child but I, nor none is + like to have: and, truly, when he dies, thou shalt + be his heir, for what he hath taken away from thy + father perforce, I will render thee again in + affection; by mine honour, I will; and when I break + that oath, let me turn monster: therefore, my + sweet Rose, my dear Rose, be merry. + +ROSALIND From henceforth I will, coz, and devise sports. Let + me see; what think you of falling in love? + +CELIA Marry, I prithee, do, to make sport withal: but + love no man in good earnest; nor no further in sport + neither than with safety of a pure blush thou mayst + in honour come off again. + +ROSALIND What shall be our sport, then? + +CELIA Let us sit and mock the good housewife Fortune from + her wheel, that her gifts may henceforth be bestowed equally. + +ROSALIND I would we could do so, for her benefits are + mightily misplaced, and the bountiful blind woman + doth most mistake in her gifts to women. + +CELIA 'Tis true; for those that she makes fair she scarce + makes honest, and those that she makes honest she + makes very ill-favouredly. + +ROSALIND Nay, now thou goest from Fortune's office to + Nature's: Fortune reigns in gifts of the world, + not in the lineaments of Nature. + + [Enter TOUCHSTONE] + +CELIA No? when Nature hath made a fair creature, may she + not by Fortune fall into the fire? Though Nature + hath given us wit to flout at Fortune, hath not + Fortune sent in this fool to cut off the argument? + +ROSALIND Indeed, there is Fortune too hard for Nature, when + Fortune makes Nature's natural the cutter-off of + Nature's wit. + +CELIA Peradventure this is not Fortune's work neither, but + Nature's; who perceiveth our natural wits too dull + to reason of such goddesses and hath sent this + natural for our whetstone; for always the dulness of + the fool is the whetstone of the wits. How now, + wit! whither wander you? + +TOUCHSTONE Mistress, you must come away to your father. + +CELIA Were you made the messenger? + +TOUCHSTONE No, by mine honour, but I was bid to come for you. + +ROSALIND Where learned you that oath, fool? + +TOUCHSTONE Of a certain knight that swore by his honour they + were good pancakes and swore by his honour the + mustard was naught: now I'll stand to it, the + pancakes were naught and the mustard was good, and + yet was not the knight forsworn. + +CELIA How prove you that, in the great heap of your + knowledge? + +ROSALIND Ay, marry, now unmuzzle your wisdom. + +TOUCHSTONE Stand you both forth now: stroke your chins, and + swear by your beards that I am a knave. + +CELIA By our beards, if we had them, thou art. + +TOUCHSTONE By my knavery, if I had it, then I were; but if you + swear by that that is not, you are not forsworn: no + more was this knight swearing by his honour, for he + never had any; or if he had, he had sworn it away + before ever he saw those pancakes or that mustard. + +CELIA Prithee, who is't that thou meanest? + +TOUCHSTONE One that old Frederick, your father, loves. + +CELIA My father's love is enough to honour him: enough! + speak no more of him; you'll be whipped for taxation + one of these days. + +TOUCHSTONE The more pity, that fools may not speak wisely what + wise men do foolishly. + +CELIA By my troth, thou sayest true; for since the little + wit that fools have was silenced, the little foolery + that wise men have makes a great show. Here comes + Monsieur Le Beau. + +ROSALIND With his mouth full of news. + +CELIA Which he will put on us, as pigeons feed their young. + +ROSALIND Then shall we be news-crammed. + +CELIA All the better; we shall be the more marketable. + + [Enter LE BEAU] + + Bon jour, Monsieur Le Beau: what's the news? + +LE BEAU Fair princess, you have lost much good sport. + +CELIA Sport! of what colour? + +LE BEAU What colour, madam! how shall I answer you? + +ROSALIND As wit and fortune will. + +TOUCHSTONE Or as the Destinies decree. + +CELIA Well said: that was laid on with a trowel. + +TOUCHSTONE Nay, if I keep not my rank,-- + +ROSALIND Thou losest thy old smell. + +LE BEAU You amaze me, ladies: I would have told you of good + wrestling, which you have lost the sight of. + +ROSALIND You tell us the manner of the wrestling. + +LE BEAU I will tell you the beginning; and, if it please + your ladyships, you may see the end; for the best is + yet to do; and here, where you are, they are coming + to perform it. + +CELIA Well, the beginning, that is dead and buried. + +LE BEAU There comes an old man and his three sons,-- + +CELIA I could match this beginning with an old tale. + +LE BEAU Three proper young men, of excellent growth and presence. + +ROSALIND With bills on their necks, 'Be it known unto all men + by these presents.' + +LE BEAU The eldest of the three wrestled with Charles, the + duke's wrestler; which Charles in a moment threw him + and broke three of his ribs, that there is little + hope of life in him: so he served the second, and + so the third. Yonder they lie; the poor old man, + their father, making such pitiful dole over them + that all the beholders take his part with weeping. + +ROSALIND Alas! + +TOUCHSTONE But what is the sport, monsieur, that the ladies + have lost? + +LE BEAU Why, this that I speak of. + +TOUCHSTONE Thus men may grow wiser every day: it is the first + time that ever I heard breaking of ribs was sport + for ladies. + +CELIA Or I, I promise thee. + +ROSALIND But is there any else longs to see this broken music + in his sides? is there yet another dotes upon + rib-breaking? Shall we see this wrestling, cousin? + +LE BEAU You must, if you stay here; for here is the place + appointed for the wrestling, and they are ready to + perform it. + +CELIA Yonder, sure, they are coming: let us now stay and see it. + + [Flourish. Enter DUKE FREDERICK, Lords, ORLANDO, + CHARLES, and Attendants] + +DUKE FREDERICK Come on: since the youth will not be entreated, his + own peril on his forwardness. + +ROSALIND Is yonder the man? + +LE BEAU Even he, madam. + +CELIA Alas, he is too young! yet he looks successfully. + +DUKE FREDERICK How now, daughter and cousin! are you crept hither + to see the wrestling? + +ROSALIND Ay, my liege, so please you give us leave. + +DUKE FREDERICK You will take little delight in it, I can tell you; + there is such odds in the man. In pity of the + challenger's youth I would fain dissuade him, but he + will not be entreated. Speak to him, ladies; see if + you can move him. + +CELIA Call him hither, good Monsieur Le Beau. + +DUKE FREDERICK Do so: I'll not be by. + +LE BEAU Monsieur the challenger, the princesses call for you. + +ORLANDO I attend them with all respect and duty. + +ROSALIND Young man, have you challenged Charles the wrestler? + +ORLANDO No, fair princess; he is the general challenger: I + come but in, as others do, to try with him the + strength of my youth. + +CELIA Young gentleman, your spirits are too bold for your + years. You have seen cruel proof of this man's + strength: if you saw yourself with your eyes or + knew yourself with your judgment, the fear of your + adventure would counsel you to a more equal + enterprise. We pray you, for your own sake, to + embrace your own safety and give over this attempt. + +ROSALIND Do, young sir; your reputation shall not therefore + be misprised: we will make it our suit to the duke + that the wrestling might not go forward. + +ORLANDO I beseech you, punish me not with your hard + thoughts; wherein I confess me much guilty, to deny + so fair and excellent ladies any thing. But let + your fair eyes and gentle wishes go with me to my + trial: wherein if I be foiled, there is but one + shamed that was never gracious; if killed, but one + dead that was willing to be so: I shall do my + friends no wrong, for I have none to lament me, the + world no injury, for in it I have nothing; only in + the world I fill up a place, which may be better + supplied when I have made it empty. + +ROSALIND The little strength that I have, I would it were with you. + +CELIA And mine, to eke out hers. + +ROSALIND Fare you well: pray heaven I be deceived in you! + +CELIA Your heart's desires be with you! + +CHARLES Come, where is this young gallant that is so + desirous to lie with his mother earth? + +ORLANDO Ready, sir; but his will hath in it a more modest working. + +DUKE FREDERICK You shall try but one fall. + +CHARLES No, I warrant your grace, you shall not entreat him + to a second, that have so mightily persuaded him + from a first. + +ORLANDO An you mean to mock me after, you should not have + mocked me before: but come your ways. + +ROSALIND Now Hercules be thy speed, young man! + +CELIA I would I were invisible, to catch the strong + fellow by the leg. + + [They wrestle] + +ROSALIND O excellent young man! + +CELIA If I had a thunderbolt in mine eye, I can tell who + should down. + + [Shout. CHARLES is thrown] + +DUKE FREDERICK No more, no more. + +ORLANDO Yes, I beseech your grace: I am not yet well breathed. + +DUKE FREDERICK How dost thou, Charles? + +LE BEAU He cannot speak, my lord. + +DUKE FREDERICK Bear him away. What is thy name, young man? + +ORLANDO Orlando, my liege; the youngest son of Sir Rowland de Boys. + +DUKE FREDERICK I would thou hadst been son to some man else: + The world esteem'd thy father honourable, + But I did find him still mine enemy: + Thou shouldst have better pleased me with this deed, + Hadst thou descended from another house. + But fare thee well; thou art a gallant youth: + I would thou hadst told me of another father. + + [Exeunt DUKE FREDERICK, train, and LE BEAU] + +CELIA Were I my father, coz, would I do this? + +ORLANDO I am more proud to be Sir Rowland's son, + His youngest son; and would not change that calling, + To be adopted heir to Frederick. + +ROSALIND My father loved Sir Rowland as his soul, + And all the world was of my father's mind: + Had I before known this young man his son, + I should have given him tears unto entreaties, + Ere he should thus have ventured. + +CELIA Gentle cousin, + Let us go thank him and encourage him: + My father's rough and envious disposition + Sticks me at heart. Sir, you have well deserved: + If you do keep your promises in love + But justly, as you have exceeded all promise, + Your mistress shall be happy. + +ROSALIND Gentleman, + + [Giving him a chain from her neck] + + Wear this for me, one out of suits with fortune, + That could give more, but that her hand lacks means. + Shall we go, coz? + +CELIA Ay. Fare you well, fair gentleman. + +ORLANDO Can I not say, I thank you? My better parts + Are all thrown down, and that which here stands up + Is but a quintain, a mere lifeless block. + +ROSALIND He calls us back: my pride fell with my fortunes; + I'll ask him what he would. Did you call, sir? + Sir, you have wrestled well and overthrown + More than your enemies. + +CELIA Will you go, coz? + +ROSALIND Have with you. Fare you well. + + [Exeunt ROSALIND and CELIA] + +ORLANDO What passion hangs these weights upon my tongue? + I cannot speak to her, yet she urged conference. + O poor Orlando, thou art overthrown! + Or Charles or something weaker masters thee. + + [Re-enter LE BEAU] + +LE BEAU Good sir, I do in friendship counsel you + To leave this place. Albeit you have deserved + High commendation, true applause and love, + Yet such is now the duke's condition + That he misconstrues all that you have done. + The duke is humorous; what he is indeed, + More suits you to conceive than I to speak of. + +ORLANDO I thank you, sir: and, pray you, tell me this: + Which of the two was daughter of the duke + That here was at the wrestling? + +LE BEAU Neither his daughter, if we judge by manners; + But yet indeed the lesser is his daughter + The other is daughter to the banish'd duke, + And here detain'd by her usurping uncle, + To keep his daughter company; whose loves + Are dearer than the natural bond of sisters. + But I can tell you that of late this duke + Hath ta'en displeasure 'gainst his gentle niece, + Grounded upon no other argument + But that the people praise her for her virtues + And pity her for her good father's sake; + And, on my life, his malice 'gainst the lady + Will suddenly break forth. Sir, fare you well: + Hereafter, in a better world than this, + I shall desire more love and knowledge of you. + +ORLANDO I rest much bounden to you: fare you well. + + [Exit LE BEAU] + + Thus must I from the smoke into the smother; + From tyrant duke unto a tyrant brother: + But heavenly Rosalind! + + [Exit] + + + + + AS YOU LIKE IT + + +ACT I + + + +SCENE III A room in the palace. + + + [Enter CELIA and ROSALIND] + +CELIA Why, cousin! why, Rosalind! Cupid have mercy! not a word? + +ROSALIND Not one to throw at a dog. + +CELIA No, thy words are too precious to be cast away upon + curs; throw some of them at me; come, lame me with reasons. + +ROSALIND Then there were two cousins laid up; when the one + should be lamed with reasons and the other mad + without any. + +CELIA But is all this for your father? + +ROSALIND No, some of it is for my child's father. O, how + full of briers is this working-day world! + +CELIA They are but burs, cousin, thrown upon thee in + holiday foolery: if we walk not in the trodden + paths our very petticoats will catch them. + +ROSALIND I could shake them off my coat: these burs are in my heart. + +CELIA Hem them away. + +ROSALIND I would try, if I could cry 'hem' and have him. + +CELIA Come, come, wrestle with thy affections. + +ROSALIND O, they take the part of a better wrestler than myself! + +CELIA O, a good wish upon you! you will try in time, in + despite of a fall. But, turning these jests out of + service, let us talk in good earnest: is it + possible, on such a sudden, you should fall into so + strong a liking with old Sir Rowland's youngest son? + +ROSALIND The duke my father loved his father dearly. + +CELIA Doth it therefore ensue that you should love his son + dearly? By this kind of chase, I should hate him, + for my father hated his father dearly; yet I hate + not Orlando. + +ROSALIND No, faith, hate him not, for my sake. + +CELIA Why should I not? doth he not deserve well? + +ROSALIND Let me love him for that, and do you love him + because I do. Look, here comes the duke. + +CELIA With his eyes full of anger. + + [Enter DUKE FREDERICK, with Lords] + +DUKE FREDERICK Mistress, dispatch you with your safest haste + And get you from our court. + +ROSALIND Me, uncle? + +DUKE FREDERICK You, cousin + Within these ten days if that thou be'st found + So near our public court as twenty miles, + Thou diest for it. + +ROSALIND I do beseech your grace, + Let me the knowledge of my fault bear with me: + If with myself I hold intelligence + Or have acquaintance with mine own desires, + If that I do not dream or be not frantic,-- + As I do trust I am not--then, dear uncle, + Never so much as in a thought unborn + Did I offend your highness. + +DUKE FREDERICK Thus do all traitors: + If their purgation did consist in words, + They are as innocent as grace itself: + Let it suffice thee that I trust thee not. + +ROSALIND Yet your mistrust cannot make me a traitor: + Tell me whereon the likelihood depends. + +DUKE FREDERICK Thou art thy father's daughter; there's enough. + +ROSALIND So was I when your highness took his dukedom; + So was I when your highness banish'd him: + Treason is not inherited, my lord; + Or, if we did derive it from our friends, + What's that to me? my father was no traitor: + Then, good my liege, mistake me not so much + To think my poverty is treacherous. + +CELIA Dear sovereign, hear me speak. + +DUKE FREDERICK Ay, Celia; we stay'd her for your sake, + Else had she with her father ranged along. + +CELIA I did not then entreat to have her stay; + It was your pleasure and your own remorse: + I was too young that time to value her; + But now I know her: if she be a traitor, + Why so am I; we still have slept together, + Rose at an instant, learn'd, play'd, eat together, + And wheresoever we went, like Juno's swans, + Still we went coupled and inseparable. + +DUKE FREDERICK She is too subtle for thee; and her smoothness, + Her very silence and her patience + Speak to the people, and they pity her. + Thou art a fool: she robs thee of thy name; + And thou wilt show more bright and seem more virtuous + When she is gone. Then open not thy lips: + Firm and irrevocable is my doom + Which I have pass'd upon her; she is banish'd. + +CELIA Pronounce that sentence then on me, my liege: + I cannot live out of her company. + +DUKE FREDERICK You are a fool. You, niece, provide yourself: + If you outstay the time, upon mine honour, + And in the greatness of my word, you die. + + [Exeunt DUKE FREDERICK and Lords] + +CELIA O my poor Rosalind, whither wilt thou go? + Wilt thou change fathers? I will give thee mine. + I charge thee, be not thou more grieved than I am. + +ROSALIND I have more cause. + +CELIA Thou hast not, cousin; + Prithee be cheerful: know'st thou not, the duke + Hath banish'd me, his daughter? + +ROSALIND That he hath not. + +CELIA No, hath not? Rosalind lacks then the love + Which teacheth thee that thou and I am one: + Shall we be sunder'd? shall we part, sweet girl? + No: let my father seek another heir. + Therefore devise with me how we may fly, + Whither to go and what to bear with us; + And do not seek to take your change upon you, + To bear your griefs yourself and leave me out; + For, by this heaven, now at our sorrows pale, + Say what thou canst, I'll go along with thee. + +ROSALIND Why, whither shall we go? + +CELIA To seek my uncle in the forest of Arden. + +ROSALIND Alas, what danger will it be to us, + Maids as we are, to travel forth so far! + Beauty provoketh thieves sooner than gold. + +CELIA I'll put myself in poor and mean attire + And with a kind of umber smirch my face; + The like do you: so shall we pass along + And never stir assailants. + +ROSALIND Were it not better, + Because that I am more than common tall, + That I did suit me all points like a man? + A gallant curtle-axe upon my thigh, + A boar-spear in my hand; and--in my heart + Lie there what hidden woman's fear there will-- + We'll have a swashing and a martial outside, + As many other mannish cowards have + That do outface it with their semblances. + +CELIA What shall I call thee when thou art a man? + +ROSALIND I'll have no worse a name than Jove's own page; + And therefore look you call me Ganymede. + But what will you be call'd? + +CELIA Something that hath a reference to my state + No longer Celia, but Aliena. + +ROSALIND But, cousin, what if we assay'd to steal + The clownish fool out of your father's court? + Would he not be a comfort to our travel? + +CELIA He'll go along o'er the wide world with me; + Leave me alone to woo him. Let's away, + And get our jewels and our wealth together, + Devise the fittest time and safest way + To hide us from pursuit that will be made + After my flight. Now go we in content + To liberty and not to banishment. + + [Exeunt] + + + + + AS YOU LIKE IT + + +ACT II + + + +SCENE I The Forest of Arden. + + + [Enter DUKE SENIOR, AMIENS, and two or three Lords, + like foresters] + +DUKE SENIOR Now, my co-mates and brothers in exile, + Hath not old custom made this life more sweet + Than that of painted pomp? Are not these woods + More free from peril than the envious court? + Here feel we but the penalty of Adam, + The seasons' difference, as the icy fang + And churlish chiding of the winter's wind, + Which, when it bites and blows upon my body, + Even till I shrink with cold, I smile and say + 'This is no flattery: these are counsellors + That feelingly persuade me what I am.' + Sweet are the uses of adversity, + Which, like the toad, ugly and venomous, + Wears yet a precious jewel in his head; + And this our life exempt from public haunt + Finds tongues in trees, books in the running brooks, + Sermons in stones and good in every thing. + I would not change it. + +AMIENS Happy is your grace, + That can translate the stubbornness of fortune + Into so quiet and so sweet a style. + +DUKE SENIOR Come, shall we go and kill us venison? + And yet it irks me the poor dappled fools, + Being native burghers of this desert city, + Should in their own confines with forked heads + Have their round haunches gored. + +First Lord Indeed, my lord, + The melancholy Jaques grieves at that, + And, in that kind, swears you do more usurp + Than doth your brother that hath banish'd you. + To-day my Lord of Amiens and myself + Did steal behind him as he lay along + Under an oak whose antique root peeps out + Upon the brook that brawls along this wood: + To the which place a poor sequester'd stag, + That from the hunter's aim had ta'en a hurt, + Did come to languish, and indeed, my lord, + The wretched animal heaved forth such groans + That their discharge did stretch his leathern coat + Almost to bursting, and the big round tears + Coursed one another down his innocent nose + In piteous chase; and thus the hairy fool + Much marked of the melancholy Jaques, + Stood on the extremest verge of the swift brook, + Augmenting it with tears. + +DUKE SENIOR But what said Jaques? + Did he not moralize this spectacle? + +First Lord O, yes, into a thousand similes. + First, for his weeping into the needless stream; + 'Poor deer,' quoth he, 'thou makest a testament + As worldlings do, giving thy sum of more + To that which had too much:' then, being there alone, + Left and abandon'd of his velvet friends, + ''Tis right:' quoth he; 'thus misery doth part + The flux of company:' anon a careless herd, + Full of the pasture, jumps along by him + And never stays to greet him; 'Ay' quoth Jaques, + 'Sweep on, you fat and greasy citizens; + 'Tis just the fashion: wherefore do you look + Upon that poor and broken bankrupt there?' + Thus most invectively he pierceth through + The body of the country, city, court, + Yea, and of this our life, swearing that we + Are mere usurpers, tyrants and what's worse, + To fright the animals and to kill them up + In their assign'd and native dwelling-place. + +DUKE SENIOR And did you leave him in this contemplation? + +Second Lord We did, my lord, weeping and commenting + Upon the sobbing deer. + +DUKE SENIOR Show me the place: + I love to cope him in these sullen fits, + For then he's full of matter. + +First Lord I'll bring you to him straight. + + [Exeunt] + + + + + AS YOU LIKE IT + + +ACT II + + + +SCENE II A room in the palace. + + + [Enter DUKE FREDERICK, with Lords] + +DUKE FREDERICK Can it be possible that no man saw them? + It cannot be: some villains of my court + Are of consent and sufferance in this. + +First Lord I cannot hear of any that did see her. + The ladies, her attendants of her chamber, + Saw her abed, and in the morning early + They found the bed untreasured of their mistress. + +Second Lord My lord, the roynish clown, at whom so oft + Your grace was wont to laugh, is also missing. + Hisperia, the princess' gentlewoman, + Confesses that she secretly o'erheard + Your daughter and her cousin much commend + The parts and graces of the wrestler + That did but lately foil the sinewy Charles; + And she believes, wherever they are gone, + That youth is surely in their company. + +DUKE FREDERICK Send to his brother; fetch that gallant hither; + If he be absent, bring his brother to me; + I'll make him find him: do this suddenly, + And let not search and inquisition quail + To bring again these foolish runaways. + + [Exeunt] + + + + + AS YOU LIKE IT + + +ACT II + + + +SCENE III Before OLIVER'S house. + + + [Enter ORLANDO and ADAM, meeting] + +ORLANDO Who's there? + +ADAM What, my young master? O, my gentle master! + O my sweet master! O you memory + Of old Sir Rowland! why, what make you here? + Why are you virtuous? why do people love you? + And wherefore are you gentle, strong and valiant? + Why would you be so fond to overcome + The bonny priser of the humorous duke? + Your praise is come too swiftly home before you. + Know you not, master, to some kind of men + Their graces serve them but as enemies? + No more do yours: your virtues, gentle master, + Are sanctified and holy traitors to you. + O, what a world is this, when what is comely + Envenoms him that bears it! + +ORLANDO Why, what's the matter? + +ADAM O unhappy youth! + Come not within these doors; within this roof + The enemy of all your graces lives: + Your brother--no, no brother; yet the son-- + Yet not the son, I will not call him son + Of him I was about to call his father-- + Hath heard your praises, and this night he means + To burn the lodging where you use to lie + And you within it: if he fail of that, + He will have other means to cut you off. + I overheard him and his practises. + This is no place; this house is but a butchery: + Abhor it, fear it, do not enter it. + +ORLANDO Why, whither, Adam, wouldst thou have me go? + +ADAM No matter whither, so you come not here. + +ORLANDO What, wouldst thou have me go and beg my food? + Or with a base and boisterous sword enforce + A thievish living on the common road? + This I must do, or know not what to do: + Yet this I will not do, do how I can; + I rather will subject me to the malice + Of a diverted blood and bloody brother. + +ADAM But do not so. I have five hundred crowns, + The thrifty hire I saved under your father, + Which I did store to be my foster-nurse + When service should in my old limbs lie lame + And unregarded age in corners thrown: + Take that, and He that doth the ravens feed, + Yea, providently caters for the sparrow, + Be comfort to my age! Here is the gold; + And all this I give you. Let me be your servant: + Though I look old, yet I am strong and lusty; + For in my youth I never did apply + Hot and rebellious liquors in my blood, + Nor did not with unbashful forehead woo + The means of weakness and debility; + Therefore my age is as a lusty winter, + Frosty, but kindly: let me go with you; + I'll do the service of a younger man + In all your business and necessities. + +ORLANDO O good old man, how well in thee appears + The constant service of the antique world, + When service sweat for duty, not for meed! + Thou art not for the fashion of these times, + Where none will sweat but for promotion, + And having that, do choke their service up + Even with the having: it is not so with thee. + But, poor old man, thou prunest a rotten tree, + That cannot so much as a blossom yield + In lieu of all thy pains and husbandry + But come thy ways; well go along together, + And ere we have thy youthful wages spent, + We'll light upon some settled low content. + +ADAM Master, go on, and I will follow thee, + To the last gasp, with truth and loyalty. + From seventeen years till now almost fourscore + Here lived I, but now live here no more. + At seventeen years many their fortunes seek; + But at fourscore it is too late a week: + Yet fortune cannot recompense me better + Than to die well and not my master's debtor. + + [Exeunt] + + + + + AS YOU LIKE IT + + +ACT II + + + +SCENE IV The Forest of Arden. + + + [Enter ROSALIND for Ganymede, CELIA for Aliena, + and TOUCHSTONE] + +ROSALIND O Jupiter, how weary are my spirits! + +TOUCHSTONE I care not for my spirits, if my legs were not weary. + +ROSALIND I could find in my heart to disgrace my man's + apparel and to cry like a woman; but I must comfort + the weaker vessel, as doublet and hose ought to show + itself courageous to petticoat: therefore courage, + good Aliena! + +CELIA I pray you, bear with me; I cannot go no further. + +TOUCHSTONE For my part, I had rather bear with you than bear + you; yet I should bear no cross if I did bear you, + for I think you have no money in your purse. + +ROSALIND Well, this is the forest of Arden. + +TOUCHSTONE Ay, now am I in Arden; the more fool I; when I was + at home, I was in a better place: but travellers + must be content. + +ROSALIND Ay, be so, good Touchstone. + + [Enter CORIN and SILVIUS] + + Look you, who comes here; a young man and an old in + solemn talk. + +CORIN That is the way to make her scorn you still. + +SILVIUS O Corin, that thou knew'st how I do love her! + +CORIN I partly guess; for I have loved ere now. + +SILVIUS No, Corin, being old, thou canst not guess, + Though in thy youth thou wast as true a lover + As ever sigh'd upon a midnight pillow: + But if thy love were ever like to mine-- + As sure I think did never man love so-- + How many actions most ridiculous + Hast thou been drawn to by thy fantasy? + +CORIN Into a thousand that I have forgotten. + +SILVIUS O, thou didst then ne'er love so heartily! + If thou remember'st not the slightest folly + That ever love did make thee run into, + Thou hast not loved: + Or if thou hast not sat as I do now, + Wearying thy hearer in thy mistress' praise, + Thou hast not loved: + Or if thou hast not broke from company + Abruptly, as my passion now makes me, + Thou hast not loved. + O Phebe, Phebe, Phebe! + + [Exit] + +ROSALIND Alas, poor shepherd! searching of thy wound, + I have by hard adventure found mine own. + +TOUCHSTONE And I mine. I remember, when I was in love I broke + my sword upon a stone and bid him take that for + coming a-night to Jane Smile; and I remember the + kissing of her batlet and the cow's dugs that her + pretty chopt hands had milked; and I remember the + wooing of a peascod instead of her, from whom I took + two cods and, giving her them again, said with + weeping tears 'Wear these for my sake.' We that are + true lovers run into strange capers; but as all is + mortal in nature, so is all nature in love mortal in folly. + +ROSALIND Thou speakest wiser than thou art ware of. + +TOUCHSTONE Nay, I shall ne'er be ware of mine own wit till I + break my shins against it. + +ROSALIND Jove, Jove! this shepherd's passion + Is much upon my fashion. + +TOUCHSTONE And mine; but it grows something stale with me. + +CELIA I pray you, one of you question yond man + If he for gold will give us any food: + I faint almost to death. + +TOUCHSTONE Holla, you clown! + +ROSALIND Peace, fool: he's not thy kinsman. + +CORIN Who calls? + +TOUCHSTONE Your betters, sir. + +CORIN Else are they very wretched. + +ROSALIND Peace, I say. Good even to you, friend. + +CORIN And to you, gentle sir, and to you all. + +ROSALIND I prithee, shepherd, if that love or gold + Can in this desert place buy entertainment, + Bring us where we may rest ourselves and feed: + Here's a young maid with travel much oppress'd + And faints for succor. + +CORIN Fair sir, I pity her + And wish, for her sake more than for mine own, + My fortunes were more able to relieve her; + But I am shepherd to another man + And do not shear the fleeces that I graze: + My master is of churlish disposition + And little recks to find the way to heaven + By doing deeds of hospitality: + Besides, his cote, his flocks and bounds of feed + Are now on sale, and at our sheepcote now, + By reason of his absence, there is nothing + That you will feed on; but what is, come see. + And in my voice most welcome shall you be. + +ROSALIND What is he that shall buy his flock and pasture? + +CORIN That young swain that you saw here but erewhile, + That little cares for buying any thing. + +ROSALIND I pray thee, if it stand with honesty, + Buy thou the cottage, pasture and the flock, + And thou shalt have to pay for it of us. + +CELIA And we will mend thy wages. I like this place. + And willingly could waste my time in it. + +CORIN Assuredly the thing is to be sold: + Go with me: if you like upon report + The soil, the profit and this kind of life, + I will your very faithful feeder be + And buy it with your gold right suddenly. + + [Exeunt] + + + + + AS YOU LIKE IT + + +ACT II + + + +SCENE V The Forest. + + + [Enter AMIENS, JAQUES, and others] + + SONG. +AMIENS Under the greenwood tree + Who loves to lie with me, + And turn his merry note + Unto the sweet bird's throat, + Come hither, come hither, come hither: + Here shall he see No enemy + But winter and rough weather. + +JAQUES More, more, I prithee, more. + +AMIENS It will make you melancholy, Monsieur Jaques. + +JAQUES I thank it. More, I prithee, more. I can suck + melancholy out of a song, as a weasel sucks eggs. + More, I prithee, more. + +AMIENS My voice is ragged: I know I cannot please you. + +JAQUES I do not desire you to please me; I do desire you to + sing. Come, more; another stanzo: call you 'em stanzos? + +AMIENS What you will, Monsieur Jaques. + +JAQUES Nay, I care not for their names; they owe me + nothing. Will you sing? + +AMIENS More at your request than to please myself. + +JAQUES Well then, if ever I thank any man, I'll thank you; + but that they call compliment is like the encounter + of two dog-apes, and when a man thanks me heartily, + methinks I have given him a penny and he renders me + the beggarly thanks. Come, sing; and you that will + not, hold your tongues. + +AMIENS Well, I'll end the song. Sirs, cover the while; the + duke will drink under this tree. He hath been all + this day to look you. + +JAQUES And I have been all this day to avoid him. He is + too disputable for my company: I think of as many + matters as he, but I give heaven thanks and make no + boast of them. Come, warble, come. + + SONG. + Who doth ambition shun + + [All together here] + + And loves to live i' the sun, + Seeking the food he eats + And pleased with what he gets, + Come hither, come hither, come hither: + Here shall he see No enemy + But winter and rough weather. + +JAQUES I'll give you a verse to this note that I made + yesterday in despite of my invention. + +AMIENS And I'll sing it. + +JAQUES Thus it goes:-- + + If it do come to pass + That any man turn ass, + Leaving his wealth and ease, + A stubborn will to please, + Ducdame, ducdame, ducdame: + Here shall he see + Gross fools as he, + An if he will come to me. + +AMIENS What's that 'ducdame'? + +JAQUES 'Tis a Greek invocation, to call fools into a + circle. I'll go sleep, if I can; if I cannot, I'll + rail against all the first-born of Egypt. + +AMIENS And I'll go seek the duke: his banquet is prepared. + + [Exeunt severally] + + + + + AS YOU LIKE IT + + +ACT II + + + +SCENE VI The forest. + + + [Enter ORLANDO and ADAM] + +ADAM Dear master, I can go no further. O, I die for food! + Here lie I down, and measure out my grave. Farewell, + kind master. + +ORLANDO Why, how now, Adam! no greater heart in thee? Live + a little; comfort a little; cheer thyself a little. + If this uncouth forest yield any thing savage, I + will either be food for it or bring it for food to + thee. Thy conceit is nearer death than thy powers. + For my sake be comfortable; hold death awhile at + the arm's end: I will here be with thee presently; + and if I bring thee not something to eat, I will + give thee leave to die: but if thou diest before I + come, thou art a mocker of my labour. Well said! + thou lookest cheerly, and I'll be with thee quickly. + Yet thou liest in the bleak air: come, I will bear + thee to some shelter; and thou shalt not die for + lack of a dinner, if there live any thing in this + desert. Cheerly, good Adam! + + [Exeunt] + + + + + AS YOU LIKE IT + + +ACT II + + + +SCENE VII The forest. + + + [A table set out. Enter DUKE SENIOR, AMIENS, and + Lords like outlaws] + +DUKE SENIOR I think he be transform'd into a beast; + For I can no where find him like a man. + +First Lord My lord, he is but even now gone hence: + Here was he merry, hearing of a song. + +DUKE SENIOR If he, compact of jars, grow musical, + We shall have shortly discord in the spheres. + Go, seek him: tell him I would speak with him. + + [Enter JAQUES] + +First Lord He saves my labour by his own approach. + +DUKE SENIOR Why, how now, monsieur! what a life is this, + That your poor friends must woo your company? + What, you look merrily! + +JAQUES A fool, a fool! I met a fool i' the forest, + A motley fool; a miserable world! + As I do live by food, I met a fool + Who laid him down and bask'd him in the sun, + And rail'd on Lady Fortune in good terms, + In good set terms and yet a motley fool. + 'Good morrow, fool,' quoth I. 'No, sir,' quoth he, + 'Call me not fool till heaven hath sent me fortune:' + And then he drew a dial from his poke, + And, looking on it with lack-lustre eye, + Says very wisely, 'It is ten o'clock: + Thus we may see,' quoth he, 'how the world wags: + 'Tis but an hour ago since it was nine, + And after one hour more 'twill be eleven; + And so, from hour to hour, we ripe and ripe, + And then, from hour to hour, we rot and rot; + And thereby hangs a tale.' When I did hear + The motley fool thus moral on the time, + My lungs began to crow like chanticleer, + That fools should be so deep-contemplative, + And I did laugh sans intermission + An hour by his dial. O noble fool! + A worthy fool! Motley's the only wear. + +DUKE SENIOR What fool is this? + +JAQUES O worthy fool! One that hath been a courtier, + And says, if ladies be but young and fair, + They have the gift to know it: and in his brain, + Which is as dry as the remainder biscuit + After a voyage, he hath strange places cramm'd + With observation, the which he vents + In mangled forms. O that I were a fool! + I am ambitious for a motley coat. + +DUKE SENIOR Thou shalt have one. + +JAQUES It is my only suit; + Provided that you weed your better judgments + Of all opinion that grows rank in them + That I am wise. I must have liberty + Withal, as large a charter as the wind, + To blow on whom I please; for so fools have; + And they that are most galled with my folly, + They most must laugh. And why, sir, must they so? + The 'why' is plain as way to parish church: + He that a fool doth very wisely hit + Doth very foolishly, although he smart, + Not to seem senseless of the bob: if not, + The wise man's folly is anatomized + Even by the squandering glances of the fool. + Invest me in my motley; give me leave + To speak my mind, and I will through and through + Cleanse the foul body of the infected world, + If they will patiently receive my medicine. + +DUKE SENIOR Fie on thee! I can tell what thou wouldst do. + +JAQUES What, for a counter, would I do but good? + +DUKE SENIOR Most mischievous foul sin, in chiding sin: + For thou thyself hast been a libertine, + As sensual as the brutish sting itself; + And all the embossed sores and headed evils, + That thou with licence of free foot hast caught, + Wouldst thou disgorge into the general world. + +JAQUES Why, who cries out on pride, + That can therein tax any private party? + Doth it not flow as hugely as the sea, + Till that the weary very means do ebb? + What woman in the city do I name, + When that I say the city-woman bears + The cost of princes on unworthy shoulders? + Who can come in and say that I mean her, + When such a one as she such is her neighbour? + Or what is he of basest function + That says his bravery is not of my cost, + Thinking that I mean him, but therein suits + His folly to the mettle of my speech? + There then; how then? what then? Let me see wherein + My tongue hath wrong'd him: if it do him right, + Then he hath wrong'd himself; if he be free, + Why then my taxing like a wild-goose flies, + Unclaim'd of any man. But who comes here? + + [Enter ORLANDO, with his sword drawn] + +ORLANDO Forbear, and eat no more. + +JAQUES Why, I have eat none yet. + +ORLANDO Nor shalt not, till necessity be served. + +JAQUES Of what kind should this cock come of? + +DUKE SENIOR Art thou thus bolden'd, man, by thy distress, + Or else a rude despiser of good manners, + That in civility thou seem'st so empty? + +ORLANDO You touch'd my vein at first: the thorny point + Of bare distress hath ta'en from me the show + Of smooth civility: yet am I inland bred + And know some nurture. But forbear, I say: + He dies that touches any of this fruit + Till I and my affairs are answered. + +JAQUES An you will not be answered with reason, I must die. + +DUKE SENIOR What would you have? Your gentleness shall force + More than your force move us to gentleness. + +ORLANDO I almost die for food; and let me have it. + +DUKE SENIOR Sit down and feed, and welcome to our table. + +ORLANDO Speak you so gently? Pardon me, I pray you: + I thought that all things had been savage here; + And therefore put I on the countenance + Of stern commandment. But whate'er you are + That in this desert inaccessible, + Under the shade of melancholy boughs, + Lose and neglect the creeping hours of time + If ever you have look'd on better days, + If ever been where bells have knoll'd to church, + If ever sat at any good man's feast, + If ever from your eyelids wiped a tear + And know what 'tis to pity and be pitied, + Let gentleness my strong enforcement be: + In the which hope I blush, and hide my sword. + +DUKE SENIOR True is it that we have seen better days, + And have with holy bell been knoll'd to church + And sat at good men's feasts and wiped our eyes + Of drops that sacred pity hath engender'd: + And therefore sit you down in gentleness + And take upon command what help we have + That to your wanting may be minister'd. + +ORLANDO Then but forbear your food a little while, + Whiles, like a doe, I go to find my fawn + And give it food. There is an old poor man, + Who after me hath many a weary step + Limp'd in pure love: till he be first sufficed, + Oppress'd with two weak evils, age and hunger, + I will not touch a bit. + +DUKE SENIOR Go find him out, + And we will nothing waste till you return. + +ORLANDO I thank ye; and be blest for your good comfort! + + [Exit] + +DUKE SENIOR Thou seest we are not all alone unhappy: + This wide and universal theatre + Presents more woeful pageants than the scene + Wherein we play in. + +JAQUES All the world's a stage, + And all the men and women merely players: + They have their exits and their entrances; + And one man in his time plays many parts, + His acts being seven ages. At first the infant, + Mewling and puking in the nurse's arms. + And then the whining school-boy, with his satchel + And shining morning face, creeping like snail + Unwillingly to school. And then the lover, + Sighing like furnace, with a woeful ballad + Made to his mistress' eyebrow. Then a soldier, + Full of strange oaths and bearded like the pard, + Jealous in honour, sudden and quick in quarrel, + Seeking the bubble reputation + Even in the cannon's mouth. And then the justice, + In fair round belly with good capon lined, + With eyes severe and beard of formal cut, + Full of wise saws and modern instances; + And so he plays his part. The sixth age shifts + Into the lean and slipper'd pantaloon, + With spectacles on nose and pouch on side, + His youthful hose, well saved, a world too wide + For his shrunk shank; and his big manly voice, + Turning again toward childish treble, pipes + And whistles in his sound. Last scene of all, + That ends this strange eventful history, + Is second childishness and mere oblivion, + Sans teeth, sans eyes, sans taste, sans everything. + + [Re-enter ORLANDO, with ADAM] + +DUKE SENIOR Welcome. Set down your venerable burthen, + And let him feed. + +ORLANDO I thank you most for him. + +ADAM So had you need: + I scarce can speak to thank you for myself. + +DUKE SENIOR Welcome; fall to: I will not trouble you + As yet, to question you about your fortunes. + Give us some music; and, good cousin, sing. + + SONG. +AMIENS Blow, blow, thou winter wind. + Thou art not so unkind + As man's ingratitude; + Thy tooth is not so keen, + Because thou art not seen, + Although thy breath be rude. + Heigh-ho! sing, heigh-ho! unto the green holly: + Most friendship is feigning, most loving mere folly: + Then, heigh-ho, the holly! + This life is most jolly. + Freeze, freeze, thou bitter sky, + That dost not bite so nigh + As benefits forgot: + Though thou the waters warp, + Thy sting is not so sharp + As friend remember'd not. + Heigh-ho! sing, &c. + +DUKE SENIOR If that you were the good Sir Rowland's son, + As you have whisper'd faithfully you were, + And as mine eye doth his effigies witness + Most truly limn'd and living in your face, + Be truly welcome hither: I am the duke + That loved your father: the residue of your fortune, + Go to my cave and tell me. Good old man, + Thou art right welcome as thy master is. + Support him by the arm. Give me your hand, + And let me all your fortunes understand. + + [Exeunt] + + + + + AS YOU LIKE IT + + +ACT III + + + +SCENE I A room in the palace. + + + [Enter DUKE FREDERICK, Lords, and OLIVER] + +DUKE FREDERICK Not see him since? Sir, sir, that cannot be: + But were I not the better part made mercy, + I should not seek an absent argument + Of my revenge, thou present. But look to it: + Find out thy brother, wheresoe'er he is; + Seek him with candle; bring him dead or living + Within this twelvemonth, or turn thou no more + To seek a living in our territory. + Thy lands and all things that thou dost call thine + Worth seizure do we seize into our hands, + Till thou canst quit thee by thy brothers mouth + Of what we think against thee. + +OLIVER O that your highness knew my heart in this! + I never loved my brother in my life. + +DUKE FREDERICK More villain thou. Well, push him out of doors; + And let my officers of such a nature + Make an extent upon his house and lands: + Do this expediently and turn him going. + + [Exeunt] + + + + + AS YOU LIKE IT + + +ACT III + + + +SCENE II The forest. + + + [Enter ORLANDO, with a paper] + +ORLANDO Hang there, my verse, in witness of my love: + And thou, thrice-crowned queen of night, survey + With thy chaste eye, from thy pale sphere above, + Thy huntress' name that my full life doth sway. + O Rosalind! these trees shall be my books + And in their barks my thoughts I'll character; + That every eye which in this forest looks + Shall see thy virtue witness'd every where. + Run, run, Orlando; carve on every tree + The fair, the chaste and unexpressive she. + + [Exit] + + [Enter CORIN and TOUCHSTONE] + +CORIN And how like you this shepherd's life, Master Touchstone? + +TOUCHSTONE Truly, shepherd, in respect of itself, it is a good + life, but in respect that it is a shepherd's life, + it is naught. In respect that it is solitary, I + like it very well; but in respect that it is + private, it is a very vile life. Now, in respect it + is in the fields, it pleaseth me well; but in + respect it is not in the court, it is tedious. As + is it a spare life, look you, it fits my humour well; + but as there is no more plenty in it, it goes much + against my stomach. Hast any philosophy in thee, shepherd? + +CORIN No more but that I know the more one sickens the + worse at ease he is; and that he that wants money, + means and content is without three good friends; + that the property of rain is to wet and fire to + burn; that good pasture makes fat sheep, and that a + great cause of the night is lack of the sun; that + he that hath learned no wit by nature nor art may + complain of good breeding or comes of a very dull kindred. + +TOUCHSTONE Such a one is a natural philosopher. Wast ever in + court, shepherd? + +CORIN No, truly. + +TOUCHSTONE Then thou art damned. + +CORIN Nay, I hope. + +TOUCHSTONE Truly, thou art damned like an ill-roasted egg, all + on one side. + +CORIN For not being at court? Your reason. + +TOUCHSTONE Why, if thou never wast at court, thou never sawest + good manners; if thou never sawest good manners, + then thy manners must be wicked; and wickedness is + sin, and sin is damnation. Thou art in a parlous + state, shepherd. + +CORIN Not a whit, Touchstone: those that are good manners + at the court are as ridiculous in the country as the + behavior of the country is most mockable at the + court. You told me you salute not at the court, but + you kiss your hands: that courtesy would be + uncleanly, if courtiers were shepherds. + +TOUCHSTONE Instance, briefly; come, instance. + +CORIN Why, we are still handling our ewes, and their + fells, you know, are greasy. + +TOUCHSTONE Why, do not your courtier's hands sweat? and is not + the grease of a mutton as wholesome as the sweat of + a man? Shallow, shallow. A better instance, I say; come. + +CORIN Besides, our hands are hard. + +TOUCHSTONE Your lips will feel them the sooner. Shallow again. + A more sounder instance, come. + +CORIN And they are often tarred over with the surgery of + our sheep: and would you have us kiss tar? The + courtier's hands are perfumed with civet. + +TOUCHSTONE Most shallow man! thou worms-meat, in respect of a + good piece of flesh indeed! Learn of the wise, and + perpend: civet is of a baser birth than tar, the + very uncleanly flux of a cat. Mend the instance, shepherd. + +CORIN You have too courtly a wit for me: I'll rest. + +TOUCHSTONE Wilt thou rest damned? God help thee, shallow man! + God make incision in thee! thou art raw. + +CORIN Sir, I am a true labourer: I earn that I eat, get + that I wear, owe no man hate, envy no man's + happiness, glad of other men's good, content with my + harm, and the greatest of my pride is to see my ewes + graze and my lambs suck. + +TOUCHSTONE That is another simple sin in you, to bring the ewes + and the rams together and to offer to get your + living by the copulation of cattle; to be bawd to a + bell-wether, and to betray a she-lamb of a + twelvemonth to a crooked-pated, old, cuckoldly ram, + out of all reasonable match. If thou beest not + damned for this, the devil himself will have no + shepherds; I cannot see else how thou shouldst + 'scape. + +CORIN Here comes young Master Ganymede, my new mistress's brother. + + [Enter ROSALIND, with a paper, reading] + +ROSALIND From the east to western Ind, + No jewel is like Rosalind. + Her worth, being mounted on the wind, + Through all the world bears Rosalind. + All the pictures fairest lined + Are but black to Rosalind. + Let no fair be kept in mind + But the fair of Rosalind. + +TOUCHSTONE I'll rhyme you so eight years together, dinners and + suppers and sleeping-hours excepted: it is the + right butter-women's rank to market. + +ROSALIND Out, fool! + +TOUCHSTONE For a taste: + If a hart do lack a hind, + Let him seek out Rosalind. + If the cat will after kind, + So be sure will Rosalind. + Winter garments must be lined, + So must slender Rosalind. + They that reap must sheaf and bind; + Then to cart with Rosalind. + Sweetest nut hath sourest rind, + Such a nut is Rosalind. + He that sweetest rose will find + Must find love's prick and Rosalind. + This is the very false gallop of verses: why do you + infect yourself with them? + +ROSALIND Peace, you dull fool! I found them on a tree. + +TOUCHSTONE Truly, the tree yields bad fruit. + +ROSALIND I'll graff it with you, and then I shall graff it + with a medlar: then it will be the earliest fruit + i' the country; for you'll be rotten ere you be half + ripe, and that's the right virtue of the medlar. + +TOUCHSTONE You have said; but whether wisely or no, let the + forest judge. + + [Enter CELIA, with a writing] + +ROSALIND Peace! Here comes my sister, reading: stand aside. + +CELIA [Reads] + + Why should this a desert be? + For it is unpeopled? No: + Tongues I'll hang on every tree, + That shall civil sayings show: + Some, how brief the life of man + Runs his erring pilgrimage, + That the stretching of a span + Buckles in his sum of age; + Some, of violated vows + 'Twixt the souls of friend and friend: + But upon the fairest boughs, + Or at every sentence end, + Will I Rosalinda write, + Teaching all that read to know + The quintessence of every sprite + Heaven would in little show. + Therefore Heaven Nature charged + That one body should be fill'd + With all graces wide-enlarged: + Nature presently distill'd + Helen's cheek, but not her heart, + Cleopatra's majesty, + Atalanta's better part, + Sad Lucretia's modesty. + Thus Rosalind of many parts + By heavenly synod was devised, + Of many faces, eyes and hearts, + To have the touches dearest prized. + Heaven would that she these gifts should have, + And I to live and die her slave. + +ROSALIND O most gentle pulpiter! what tedious homily of love + have you wearied your parishioners withal, and never + cried 'Have patience, good people!' + +CELIA How now! back, friends! Shepherd, go off a little. + Go with him, sirrah. + +TOUCHSTONE Come, shepherd, let us make an honourable retreat; + though not with bag and baggage, yet with scrip and scrippage. + + [Exeunt CORIN and TOUCHSTONE] + +CELIA Didst thou hear these verses? + +ROSALIND O, yes, I heard them all, and more too; for some of + them had in them more feet than the verses would bear. + +CELIA That's no matter: the feet might bear the verses. + +ROSALIND Ay, but the feet were lame and could not bear + themselves without the verse and therefore stood + lamely in the verse. + +CELIA But didst thou hear without wondering how thy name + should be hanged and carved upon these trees? + +ROSALIND I was seven of the nine days out of the wonder + before you came; for look here what I found on a + palm-tree. I was never so be-rhymed since + Pythagoras' time, that I was an Irish rat, which I + can hardly remember. + +CELIA Trow you who hath done this? + +ROSALIND Is it a man? + +CELIA And a chain, that you once wore, about his neck. + Change you colour? + +ROSALIND I prithee, who? + +CELIA O Lord, Lord! it is a hard matter for friends to + meet; but mountains may be removed with earthquakes + and so encounter. + +ROSALIND Nay, but who is it? + +CELIA Is it possible? + +ROSALIND Nay, I prithee now with most petitionary vehemence, + tell me who it is. + +CELIA O wonderful, wonderful, and most wonderful + wonderful! and yet again wonderful, and after that, + out of all hooping! + +ROSALIND Good my complexion! dost thou think, though I am + caparisoned like a man, I have a doublet and hose in + my disposition? One inch of delay more is a + South-sea of discovery; I prithee, tell me who is it + quickly, and speak apace. I would thou couldst + stammer, that thou mightst pour this concealed man + out of thy mouth, as wine comes out of a narrow- + mouthed bottle, either too much at once, or none at + all. I prithee, take the cork out of thy mouth that + may drink thy tidings. + +CELIA So you may put a man in your belly. + +ROSALIND Is he of God's making? What manner of man? Is his + head worth a hat, or his chin worth a beard? + +CELIA Nay, he hath but a little beard. + +ROSALIND Why, God will send more, if the man will be + thankful: let me stay the growth of his beard, if + thou delay me not the knowledge of his chin. + +CELIA It is young Orlando, that tripped up the wrestler's + heels and your heart both in an instant. + +ROSALIND Nay, but the devil take mocking: speak, sad brow and + true maid. + +CELIA I' faith, coz, 'tis he. + +ROSALIND Orlando? + +CELIA Orlando. + +ROSALIND Alas the day! what shall I do with my doublet and + hose? What did he when thou sawest him? What said + he? How looked he? Wherein went he? What makes + him here? Did he ask for me? Where remains he? + How parted he with thee? and when shalt thou see + him again? Answer me in one word. + +CELIA You must borrow me Gargantua's mouth first: 'tis a + word too great for any mouth of this age's size. To + say ay and no to these particulars is more than to + answer in a catechism. + +ROSALIND But doth he know that I am in this forest and in + man's apparel? Looks he as freshly as he did the + day he wrestled? + +CELIA It is as easy to count atomies as to resolve the + propositions of a lover; but take a taste of my + finding him, and relish it with good observance. + I found him under a tree, like a dropped acorn. + +ROSALIND It may well be called Jove's tree, when it drops + forth such fruit. + +CELIA Give me audience, good madam. + +ROSALIND Proceed. + +CELIA There lay he, stretched along, like a wounded knight. + +ROSALIND Though it be pity to see such a sight, it well + becomes the ground. + +CELIA Cry 'holla' to thy tongue, I prithee; it curvets + unseasonably. He was furnished like a hunter. + +ROSALIND O, ominous! he comes to kill my heart. + +CELIA I would sing my song without a burden: thou bringest + me out of tune. + +ROSALIND Do you not know I am a woman? when I think, I must + speak. Sweet, say on. + +CELIA You bring me out. Soft! comes he not here? + + [Enter ORLANDO and JAQUES] + +ROSALIND 'Tis he: slink by, and note him. + +JAQUES I thank you for your company; but, good faith, I had + as lief have been myself alone. + +ORLANDO And so had I; but yet, for fashion sake, I thank you + too for your society. + +JAQUES God be wi' you: let's meet as little as we can. + +ORLANDO I do desire we may be better strangers. + +JAQUES I pray you, mar no more trees with writing + love-songs in their barks. + +ORLANDO I pray you, mar no more of my verses with reading + them ill-favouredly. + +JAQUES Rosalind is your love's name? + +ORLANDO Yes, just. + +JAQUES I do not like her name. + +ORLANDO There was no thought of pleasing you when she was + christened. + +JAQUES What stature is she of? + +ORLANDO Just as high as my heart. + +JAQUES You are full of pretty answers. Have you not been + acquainted with goldsmiths' wives, and conned them + out of rings? + +ORLANDO Not so; but I answer you right painted cloth, from + whence you have studied your questions. + +JAQUES You have a nimble wit: I think 'twas made of + Atalanta's heels. Will you sit down with me? and + we two will rail against our mistress the world and + all our misery. + +ORLANDO I will chide no breather in the world but myself, + against whom I know most faults. + +JAQUES The worst fault you have is to be in love. + +ORLANDO 'Tis a fault I will not change for your best virtue. + I am weary of you. + +JAQUES By my troth, I was seeking for a fool when I found + you. + +ORLANDO He is drowned in the brook: look but in, and you + shall see him. + +JAQUES There I shall see mine own figure. + +ORLANDO Which I take to be either a fool or a cipher. + +JAQUES I'll tarry no longer with you: farewell, good + Signior Love. + +ORLANDO I am glad of your departure: adieu, good Monsieur + Melancholy. + + [Exit JAQUES] + +ROSALIND [Aside to CELIA] I will speak to him, like a saucy + lackey and under that habit play the knave with him. + Do you hear, forester? + +ORLANDO Very well: what would you? + +ROSALIND I pray you, what is't o'clock? + +ORLANDO You should ask me what time o' day: there's no clock + in the forest. + +ROSALIND Then there is no true lover in the forest; else + sighing every minute and groaning every hour would + detect the lazy foot of Time as well as a clock. + +ORLANDO And why not the swift foot of Time? had not that + been as proper? + +ROSALIND By no means, sir: Time travels in divers paces with + divers persons. I'll tell you who Time ambles + withal, who Time trots withal, who Time gallops + withal and who he stands still withal. + +ORLANDO I prithee, who doth he trot withal? + +ROSALIND Marry, he trots hard with a young maid between the + contract of her marriage and the day it is + solemnized: if the interim be but a se'nnight, + Time's pace is so hard that it seems the length of + seven year. + +ORLANDO Who ambles Time withal? + +ROSALIND With a priest that lacks Latin and a rich man that + hath not the gout, for the one sleeps easily because + he cannot study, and the other lives merrily because + he feels no pain, the one lacking the burden of lean + and wasteful learning, the other knowing no burden + of heavy tedious penury; these Time ambles withal. + +ORLANDO Who doth he gallop withal? + +ROSALIND With a thief to the gallows, for though he go as + softly as foot can fall, he thinks himself too soon there. + +ORLANDO Who stays it still withal? + +ROSALIND With lawyers in the vacation, for they sleep between + term and term and then they perceive not how Time moves. + +ORLANDO Where dwell you, pretty youth? + +ROSALIND With this shepherdess, my sister; here in the + skirts of the forest, like fringe upon a petticoat. + +ORLANDO Are you native of this place? + +ROSALIND As the cony that you see dwell where she is kindled. + +ORLANDO Your accent is something finer than you could + purchase in so removed a dwelling. + +ROSALIND I have been told so of many: but indeed an old + religious uncle of mine taught me to speak, who was + in his youth an inland man; one that knew courtship + too well, for there he fell in love. I have heard + him read many lectures against it, and I thank God + I am not a woman, to be touched with so many + giddy offences as he hath generally taxed their + whole sex withal. + +ORLANDO Can you remember any of the principal evils that he + laid to the charge of women? + +ROSALIND There were none principal; they were all like one + another as half-pence are, every one fault seeming + monstrous till his fellow fault came to match it. + +ORLANDO I prithee, recount some of them. + +ROSALIND No, I will not cast away my physic but on those that + are sick. There is a man haunts the forest, that + abuses our young plants with carving 'Rosalind' on + their barks; hangs odes upon hawthorns and elegies + on brambles, all, forsooth, deifying the name of + Rosalind: if I could meet that fancy-monger I would + give him some good counsel, for he seems to have the + quotidian of love upon him. + +ORLANDO I am he that is so love-shaked: I pray you tell me + your remedy. + +ROSALIND There is none of my uncle's marks upon you: he + taught me how to know a man in love; in which cage + of rushes I am sure you are not prisoner. + +ORLANDO What were his marks? + +ROSALIND A lean cheek, which you have not, a blue eye and + sunken, which you have not, an unquestionable + spirit, which you have not, a beard neglected, + which you have not; but I pardon you for that, for + simply your having in beard is a younger brother's + revenue: then your hose should be ungartered, your + bonnet unbanded, your sleeve unbuttoned, your shoe + untied and every thing about you demonstrating a + careless desolation; but you are no such man; you + are rather point-device in your accoutrements as + loving yourself than seeming the lover of any other. + +ORLANDO Fair youth, I would I could make thee believe I love. + +ROSALIND Me believe it! you may as soon make her that you + love believe it; which, I warrant, she is apter to + do than to confess she does: that is one of the + points in the which women still give the lie to + their consciences. But, in good sooth, are you he + that hangs the verses on the trees, wherein Rosalind + is so admired? + +ORLANDO I swear to thee, youth, by the white hand of + Rosalind, I am that he, that unfortunate he. + +ROSALIND But are you so much in love as your rhymes speak? + +ORLANDO Neither rhyme nor reason can express how much. + +ROSALIND Love is merely a madness, and, I tell you, deserves + as well a dark house and a whip as madmen do: and + the reason why they are not so punished and cured + is, that the lunacy is so ordinary that the whippers + are in love too. Yet I profess curing it by counsel. + +ORLANDO Did you ever cure any so? + +ROSALIND Yes, one, and in this manner. He was to imagine me + his love, his mistress; and I set him every day to + woo me: at which time would I, being but a moonish + youth, grieve, be effeminate, changeable, longing + and liking, proud, fantastical, apish, shallow, + inconstant, full of tears, full of smiles, for every + passion something and for no passion truly any + thing, as boys and women are for the most part + cattle of this colour; would now like him, now loathe + him; then entertain him, then forswear him; now weep + for him, then spit at him; that I drave my suitor + from his mad humour of love to a living humour of + madness; which was, to forswear the full stream of + the world, and to live in a nook merely monastic. + And thus I cured him; and this way will I take upon + me to wash your liver as clean as a sound sheep's + heart, that there shall not be one spot of love in't. + +ORLANDO I would not be cured, youth. + +ROSALIND I would cure you, if you would but call me Rosalind + and come every day to my cote and woo me. + +ORLANDO Now, by the faith of my love, I will: tell me + where it is. + +ROSALIND Go with me to it and I'll show it you and by the way + you shall tell me where in the forest you live. + Will you go? + +ORLANDO With all my heart, good youth. + +ROSALIND Nay you must call me Rosalind. Come, sister, will you go? + + [Exeunt] + + + + + AS YOU LIKE IT + + +ACT III + + + +SCENE III The forest. + + + [Enter TOUCHSTONE and AUDREY; JAQUES behind] + +TOUCHSTONE Come apace, good Audrey: I will fetch up your + goats, Audrey. And how, Audrey? am I the man yet? + doth my simple feature content you? + +AUDREY Your features! Lord warrant us! what features! + +TOUCHSTONE I am here with thee and thy goats, as the most + capricious poet, honest Ovid, was among the Goths. + +JAQUES [Aside] O knowledge ill-inhabited, worse than Jove + in a thatched house! + +TOUCHSTONE When a man's verses cannot be understood, nor a + man's good wit seconded with the forward child + Understanding, it strikes a man more dead than a + great reckoning in a little room. Truly, I would + the gods had made thee poetical. + +AUDREY I do not know what 'poetical' is: is it honest in + deed and word? is it a true thing? + +TOUCHSTONE No, truly; for the truest poetry is the most + feigning; and lovers are given to poetry, and what + they swear in poetry may be said as lovers they do feign. + +AUDREY Do you wish then that the gods had made me poetical? + +TOUCHSTONE I do, truly; for thou swearest to me thou art + honest: now, if thou wert a poet, I might have some + hope thou didst feign. + +AUDREY Would you not have me honest? + +TOUCHSTONE No, truly, unless thou wert hard-favoured; for + honesty coupled to beauty is to have honey a sauce to sugar. + +JAQUES [Aside] A material fool! + +AUDREY Well, I am not fair; and therefore I pray the gods + make me honest. + +TOUCHSTONE Truly, and to cast away honesty upon a foul slut + were to put good meat into an unclean dish. + +AUDREY I am not a slut, though I thank the gods I am foul. + +TOUCHSTONE Well, praised be the gods for thy foulness! + sluttishness may come hereafter. But be it as it may + be, I will marry thee, and to that end I have been + with Sir Oliver Martext, the vicar of the next + village, who hath promised to meet me in this place + of the forest and to couple us. + +JAQUES [Aside] I would fain see this meeting. + +AUDREY Well, the gods give us joy! + +TOUCHSTONE Amen. A man may, if he were of a fearful heart, + stagger in this attempt; for here we have no temple + but the wood, no assembly but horn-beasts. But what + though? Courage! As horns are odious, they are + necessary. It is said, 'many a man knows no end of + his goods:' right; many a man has good horns, and + knows no end of them. Well, that is the dowry of + his wife; 'tis none of his own getting. Horns? + Even so. Poor men alone? No, no; the noblest deer + hath them as huge as the rascal. Is the single man + therefore blessed? No: as a walled town is more + worthier than a village, so is the forehead of a + married man more honourable than the bare brow of a + bachelor; and by how much defence is better than no + skill, by so much is a horn more precious than to + want. Here comes Sir Oliver. + + [Enter SIR OLIVER MARTEXT] + + Sir Oliver Martext, you are well met: will you + dispatch us here under this tree, or shall we go + with you to your chapel? + +SIR OLIVER MARTEXT Is there none here to give the woman? + +TOUCHSTONE I will not take her on gift of any man. + +SIR OLIVER MARTEXT Truly, she must be given, or the marriage is not lawful. + +JAQUES [Advancing] + + Proceed, proceed I'll give her. + +TOUCHSTONE Good even, good Master What-ye-call't: how do you, + sir? You are very well met: God 'ild you for your + last company: I am very glad to see you: even a + toy in hand here, sir: nay, pray be covered. + +JAQUES Will you be married, motley? + +TOUCHSTONE As the ox hath his bow, sir, the horse his curb and + the falcon her bells, so man hath his desires; and + as pigeons bill, so wedlock would be nibbling. + +JAQUES And will you, being a man of your breeding, be + married under a bush like a beggar? Get you to + church, and have a good priest that can tell you + what marriage is: this fellow will but join you + together as they join wainscot; then one of you will + prove a shrunk panel and, like green timber, warp, warp. + +TOUCHSTONE [Aside] I am not in the mind but I were better to be + married of him than of another: for he is not like + to marry me well; and not being well married, it + will be a good excuse for me hereafter to leave my wife. + +JAQUES Go thou with me, and let me counsel thee. + +TOUCHSTONE 'Come, sweet Audrey: + We must be married, or we must live in bawdry. + Farewell, good Master Oliver: not,-- + O sweet Oliver, + O brave Oliver, + Leave me not behind thee: but,-- + Wind away, + Begone, I say, + I will not to wedding with thee. + + [Exeunt JAQUES, TOUCHSTONE and AUDREY] + +SIR OLIVER MARTEXT 'Tis no matter: ne'er a fantastical knave of them + all shall flout me out of my calling. + + [Exit] + + + + + AS YOU LIKE IT + + +ACT III + + + +SCENE IV The forest. + + + [Enter ROSALIND and CELIA] + +ROSALIND Never talk to me; I will weep. + +CELIA Do, I prithee; but yet have the grace to consider + that tears do not become a man. + +ROSALIND But have I not cause to weep? + +CELIA As good cause as one would desire; therefore weep. + +ROSALIND His very hair is of the dissembling colour. + +CELIA Something browner than Judas's marry, his kisses are + Judas's own children. + +ROSALIND I' faith, his hair is of a good colour. + +CELIA An excellent colour: your chestnut was ever the only colour. + +ROSALIND And his kissing is as full of sanctity as the touch + of holy bread. + +CELIA He hath bought a pair of cast lips of Diana: a nun + of winter's sisterhood kisses not more religiously; + the very ice of chastity is in them. + +ROSALIND But why did he swear he would come this morning, and + comes not? + +CELIA Nay, certainly, there is no truth in him. + +ROSALIND Do you think so? + +CELIA Yes; I think he is not a pick-purse nor a + horse-stealer, but for his verity in love, I do + think him as concave as a covered goblet or a + worm-eaten nut. + +ROSALIND Not true in love? + +CELIA Yes, when he is in; but I think he is not in. + +ROSALIND You have heard him swear downright he was. + +CELIA 'Was' is not 'is:' besides, the oath of a lover is + no stronger than the word of a tapster; they are + both the confirmer of false reckonings. He attends + here in the forest on the duke your father. + +ROSALIND I met the duke yesterday and had much question with + him: he asked me of what parentage I was; I told + him, of as good as he; so he laughed and let me go. + But what talk we of fathers, when there is such a + man as Orlando? + +CELIA O, that's a brave man! he writes brave verses, + speaks brave words, swears brave oaths and breaks + them bravely, quite traverse, athwart the heart of + his lover; as a puisny tilter, that spurs his horse + but on one side, breaks his staff like a noble + goose: but all's brave that youth mounts and folly + guides. Who comes here? + + [Enter CORIN] + +CORIN Mistress and master, you have oft inquired + After the shepherd that complain'd of love, + Who you saw sitting by me on the turf, + Praising the proud disdainful shepherdess + That was his mistress. + +CELIA Well, and what of him? + +CORIN If you will see a pageant truly play'd, + Between the pale complexion of true love + And the red glow of scorn and proud disdain, + Go hence a little and I shall conduct you, + If you will mark it. + +ROSALIND O, come, let us remove: + The sight of lovers feedeth those in love. + Bring us to this sight, and you shall say + I'll prove a busy actor in their play. + + [Exeunt] + + + + + AS YOU LIKE IT + + +ACT III + + + +SCENE V Another part of the forest. + + + [Enter SILVIUS and PHEBE] + +SILVIUS Sweet Phebe, do not scorn me; do not, Phebe; + Say that you love me not, but say not so + In bitterness. The common executioner, + Whose heart the accustom'd sight of death makes hard, + Falls not the axe upon the humbled neck + But first begs pardon: will you sterner be + Than he that dies and lives by bloody drops? + + [Enter ROSALIND, CELIA, and CORIN, behind] + +PHEBE I would not be thy executioner: + I fly thee, for I would not injure thee. + Thou tell'st me there is murder in mine eye: + 'Tis pretty, sure, and very probable, + That eyes, that are the frail'st and softest things, + Who shut their coward gates on atomies, + Should be call'd tyrants, butchers, murderers! + Now I do frown on thee with all my heart; + And if mine eyes can wound, now let them kill thee: + Now counterfeit to swoon; why now fall down; + Or if thou canst not, O, for shame, for shame, + Lie not, to say mine eyes are murderers! + Now show the wound mine eye hath made in thee: + Scratch thee but with a pin, and there remains + Some scar of it; lean but upon a rush, + The cicatrice and capable impressure + Thy palm some moment keeps; but now mine eyes, + Which I have darted at thee, hurt thee not, + Nor, I am sure, there is no force in eyes + That can do hurt. + +SILVIUS O dear Phebe, + If ever,--as that ever may be near,-- + You meet in some fresh cheek the power of fancy, + Then shall you know the wounds invisible + That love's keen arrows make. + +PHEBE But till that time + Come not thou near me: and when that time comes, + Afflict me with thy mocks, pity me not; + As till that time I shall not pity thee. + +ROSALIND And why, I pray you? Who might be your mother, + That you insult, exult, and all at once, + Over the wretched? What though you have no beauty,-- + As, by my faith, I see no more in you + Than without candle may go dark to bed-- + Must you be therefore proud and pitiless? + Why, what means this? Why do you look on me? + I see no more in you than in the ordinary + Of nature's sale-work. 'Od's my little life, + I think she means to tangle my eyes too! + No, faith, proud mistress, hope not after it: + 'Tis not your inky brows, your black silk hair, + Your bugle eyeballs, nor your cheek of cream, + That can entame my spirits to your worship. + You foolish shepherd, wherefore do you follow her, + Like foggy south puffing with wind and rain? + You are a thousand times a properer man + Than she a woman: 'tis such fools as you + That makes the world full of ill-favour'd children: + 'Tis not her glass, but you, that flatters her; + And out of you she sees herself more proper + Than any of her lineaments can show her. + But, mistress, know yourself: down on your knees, + And thank heaven, fasting, for a good man's love: + For I must tell you friendly in your ear, + Sell when you can: you are not for all markets: + Cry the man mercy; love him; take his offer: + Foul is most foul, being foul to be a scoffer. + So take her to thee, shepherd: fare you well. + +PHEBE Sweet youth, I pray you, chide a year together: + I had rather hear you chide than this man woo. + +ROSALIND He's fallen in love with your foulness and she'll + fall in love with my anger. If it be so, as fast as + she answers thee with frowning looks, I'll sauce her + with bitter words. Why look you so upon me? + +PHEBE For no ill will I bear you. + +ROSALIND I pray you, do not fall in love with me, + For I am falser than vows made in wine: + Besides, I like you not. If you will know my house, + 'Tis at the tuft of olives here hard by. + Will you go, sister? Shepherd, ply her hard. + Come, sister. Shepherdess, look on him better, + And be not proud: though all the world could see, + None could be so abused in sight as he. + Come, to our flock. + + [Exeunt ROSALIND, CELIA and CORIN] + +PHEBE Dead Shepherd, now I find thy saw of might, + 'Who ever loved that loved not at first sight?' + +SILVIUS Sweet Phebe,-- + +PHEBE Ha, what say'st thou, Silvius? + +SILVIUS Sweet Phebe, pity me. + +PHEBE Why, I am sorry for thee, gentle Silvius. + +SILVIUS Wherever sorrow is, relief would be: + If you do sorrow at my grief in love, + By giving love your sorrow and my grief + Were both extermined. + +PHEBE Thou hast my love: is not that neighbourly? + +SILVIUS I would have you. + +PHEBE Why, that were covetousness. + Silvius, the time was that I hated thee, + And yet it is not that I bear thee love; + But since that thou canst talk of love so well, + Thy company, which erst was irksome to me, + I will endure, and I'll employ thee too: + But do not look for further recompense + Than thine own gladness that thou art employ'd. + +SILVIUS So holy and so perfect is my love, + And I in such a poverty of grace, + That I shall think it a most plenteous crop + To glean the broken ears after the man + That the main harvest reaps: loose now and then + A scatter'd smile, and that I'll live upon. + +PHEBE Know'st now the youth that spoke to me erewhile? + +SILVIUS Not very well, but I have met him oft; + And he hath bought the cottage and the bounds + That the old carlot once was master of. + +PHEBE Think not I love him, though I ask for him: + 'Tis but a peevish boy; yet he talks well; + But what care I for words? yet words do well + When he that speaks them pleases those that hear. + It is a pretty youth: not very pretty: + But, sure, he's proud, and yet his pride becomes him: + He'll make a proper man: the best thing in him + Is his complexion; and faster than his tongue + Did make offence his eye did heal it up. + He is not very tall; yet for his years he's tall: + His leg is but so so; and yet 'tis well: + There was a pretty redness in his lip, + A little riper and more lusty red + Than that mix'd in his cheek; 'twas just the difference + Between the constant red and mingled damask. + There be some women, Silvius, had they mark'd him + In parcels as I did, would have gone near + To fall in love with him; but, for my part, + I love him not nor hate him not; and yet + I have more cause to hate him than to love him: + For what had he to do to chide at me? + He said mine eyes were black and my hair black: + And, now I am remember'd, scorn'd at me: + I marvel why I answer'd not again: + But that's all one; omittance is no quittance. + I'll write to him a very taunting letter, + And thou shalt bear it: wilt thou, Silvius? + +SILVIUS Phebe, with all my heart. + +PHEBE I'll write it straight; + The matter's in my head and in my heart: + I will be bitter with him and passing short. + Go with me, Silvius. + + [Exeunt] + + + + + AS YOU LIKE IT + + +ACT IV + + + +SCENE I The forest. + + + [Enter ROSALIND, CELIA, and JAQUES] + +JAQUES I prithee, pretty youth, let me be better acquainted + with thee. + +ROSALIND They say you are a melancholy fellow. + +JAQUES I am so; I do love it better than laughing. + +ROSALIND Those that are in extremity of either are abominable + fellows and betray themselves to every modern + censure worse than drunkards. + +JAQUES Why, 'tis good to be sad and say nothing. + +ROSALIND Why then, 'tis good to be a post. + +JAQUES I have neither the scholar's melancholy, which is + emulation, nor the musician's, which is fantastical, + nor the courtier's, which is proud, nor the + soldier's, which is ambitious, nor the lawyer's, + which is politic, nor the lady's, which is nice, nor + the lover's, which is all these: but it is a + melancholy of mine own, compounded of many simples, + extracted from many objects, and indeed the sundry's + contemplation of my travels, in which my often + rumination wraps me m a most humorous sadness. + +ROSALIND A traveller! By my faith, you have great reason to + be sad: I fear you have sold your own lands to see + other men's; then, to have seen much and to have + nothing, is to have rich eyes and poor hands. + +JAQUES Yes, I have gained my experience. + +ROSALIND And your experience makes you sad: I had rather have + a fool to make me merry than experience to make me + sad; and to travel for it too! + + [Enter ORLANDO] + +ORLANDO Good day and happiness, dear Rosalind! + +JAQUES Nay, then, God be wi' you, an you talk in blank verse. + + [Exit] + +ROSALIND Farewell, Monsieur Traveller: look you lisp and + wear strange suits, disable all the benefits of your + own country, be out of love with your nativity and + almost chide God for making you that countenance you + are, or I will scarce think you have swam in a + gondola. Why, how now, Orlando! where have you been + all this while? You a lover! An you serve me such + another trick, never come in my sight more. + +ORLANDO My fair Rosalind, I come within an hour of my promise. + +ROSALIND Break an hour's promise in love! He that will + divide a minute into a thousand parts and break but + a part of the thousandth part of a minute in the + affairs of love, it may be said of him that Cupid + hath clapped him o' the shoulder, but I'll warrant + him heart-whole. + +ORLANDO Pardon me, dear Rosalind. + +ROSALIND Nay, an you be so tardy, come no more in my sight: I + had as lief be wooed of a snail. + +ORLANDO Of a snail? + +ROSALIND Ay, of a snail; for though he comes slowly, he + carries his house on his head; a better jointure, + I think, than you make a woman: besides he brings + his destiny with him. + +ORLANDO What's that? + +ROSALIND Why, horns, which such as you are fain to be + beholding to your wives for: but he comes armed in + his fortune and prevents the slander of his wife. + +ORLANDO Virtue is no horn-maker; and my Rosalind is virtuous. + +ROSALIND And I am your Rosalind. + +CELIA It pleases him to call you so; but he hath a + Rosalind of a better leer than you. + +ROSALIND Come, woo me, woo me, for now I am in a holiday + humour and like enough to consent. What would you + say to me now, an I were your very very Rosalind? + +ORLANDO I would kiss before I spoke. + +ROSALIND Nay, you were better speak first, and when you were + gravelled for lack of matter, you might take + occasion to kiss. Very good orators, when they are + out, they will spit; and for lovers lacking--God + warn us!--matter, the cleanliest shift is to kiss. + +ORLANDO How if the kiss be denied? + +ROSALIND Then she puts you to entreaty, and there begins new matter. + +ORLANDO Who could be out, being before his beloved mistress? + +ROSALIND Marry, that should you, if I were your mistress, or + I should think my honesty ranker than my wit. + +ORLANDO What, of my suit? + +ROSALIND Not out of your apparel, and yet out of your suit. + Am not I your Rosalind? + +ORLANDO I take some joy to say you are, because I would be + talking of her. + +ROSALIND Well in her person I say I will not have you. + +ORLANDO Then in mine own person I die. + +ROSALIND No, faith, die by attorney. The poor world is + almost six thousand years old, and in all this time + there was not any man died in his own person, + videlicit, in a love-cause. Troilus had his brains + dashed out with a Grecian club; yet he did what he + could to die before, and he is one of the patterns + of love. Leander, he would have lived many a fair + year, though Hero had turned nun, if it had not been + for a hot midsummer night; for, good youth, he went + but forth to wash him in the Hellespont and being + taken with the cramp was drowned and the foolish + coroners of that age found it was 'Hero of Sestos.' + But these are all lies: men have died from time to + time and worms have eaten them, but not for love. + +ORLANDO I would not have my right Rosalind of this mind, + for, I protest, her frown might kill me. + +ROSALIND By this hand, it will not kill a fly. But come, now + I will be your Rosalind in a more coming-on + disposition, and ask me what you will. I will grant + it. + +ORLANDO Then love me, Rosalind. + +ROSALIND Yes, faith, will I, Fridays and Saturdays and all. + +ORLANDO And wilt thou have me? + +ROSALIND Ay, and twenty such. + +ORLANDO What sayest thou? + +ROSALIND Are you not good? + +ORLANDO I hope so. + +ROSALIND Why then, can one desire too much of a good thing? + Come, sister, you shall be the priest and marry us. + Give me your hand, Orlando. What do you say, sister? + +ORLANDO Pray thee, marry us. + +CELIA I cannot say the words. + +ROSALIND You must begin, 'Will you, Orlando--' + +CELIA Go to. Will you, Orlando, have to wife this Rosalind? + +ORLANDO I will. + +ROSALIND Ay, but when? + +ORLANDO Why now; as fast as she can marry us. + +ROSALIND Then you must say 'I take thee, Rosalind, for wife.' + +ORLANDO I take thee, Rosalind, for wife. + +ROSALIND I might ask you for your commission; but I do take + thee, Orlando, for my husband: there's a girl goes + before the priest; and certainly a woman's thought + runs before her actions. + +ORLANDO So do all thoughts; they are winged. + +ROSALIND Now tell me how long you would have her after you + have possessed her. + +ORLANDO For ever and a day. + +ROSALIND Say 'a day,' without the 'ever.' No, no, Orlando; + men are April when they woo, December when they wed: + maids are May when they are maids, but the sky + changes when they are wives. I will be more jealous + of thee than a Barbary cock-pigeon over his hen, + more clamorous than a parrot against rain, more + new-fangled than an ape, more giddy in my desires + than a monkey: I will weep for nothing, like Diana + in the fountain, and I will do that when you are + disposed to be merry; I will laugh like a hyen, and + that when thou art inclined to sleep. + +ORLANDO But will my Rosalind do so? + +ROSALIND By my life, she will do as I do. + +ORLANDO O, but she is wise. + +ROSALIND Or else she could not have the wit to do this: the + wiser, the waywarder: make the doors upon a woman's + wit and it will out at the casement; shut that and + 'twill out at the key-hole; stop that, 'twill fly + with the smoke out at the chimney. + +ORLANDO A man that had a wife with such a wit, he might say + 'Wit, whither wilt?' + +ROSALIND Nay, you might keep that cheque for it till you met + your wife's wit going to your neighbour's bed. + +ORLANDO And what wit could wit have to excuse that? + +ROSALIND Marry, to say she came to seek you there. You shall + never take her without her answer, unless you take + her without her tongue. O, that woman that cannot + make her fault her husband's occasion, let her + never nurse her child herself, for she will breed + it like a fool! + +ORLANDO For these two hours, Rosalind, I will leave thee. + +ROSALIND Alas! dear love, I cannot lack thee two hours. + +ORLANDO I must attend the duke at dinner: by two o'clock I + will be with thee again. + +ROSALIND Ay, go your ways, go your ways; I knew what you + would prove: my friends told me as much, and I + thought no less: that flattering tongue of yours + won me: 'tis but one cast away, and so, come, + death! Two o'clock is your hour? + +ORLANDO Ay, sweet Rosalind. + +ROSALIND By my troth, and in good earnest, and so God mend + me, and by all pretty oaths that are not dangerous, + if you break one jot of your promise or come one + minute behind your hour, I will think you the most + pathetical break-promise and the most hollow lover + and the most unworthy of her you call Rosalind that + may be chosen out of the gross band of the + unfaithful: therefore beware my censure and keep + your promise. + +ORLANDO With no less religion than if thou wert indeed my + Rosalind: so adieu. + +ROSALIND Well, Time is the old justice that examines all such + offenders, and let Time try: adieu. + + [Exit ORLANDO] + +CELIA You have simply misused our sex in your love-prate: + we must have your doublet and hose plucked over your + head, and show the world what the bird hath done to + her own nest. + +ROSALIND O coz, coz, coz, my pretty little coz, that thou + didst know how many fathom deep I am in love! But + it cannot be sounded: my affection hath an unknown + bottom, like the bay of Portugal. + +CELIA Or rather, bottomless, that as fast as you pour + affection in, it runs out. + +ROSALIND No, that same wicked bastard of Venus that was begot + of thought, conceived of spleen and born of madness, + that blind rascally boy that abuses every one's eyes + because his own are out, let him be judge how deep I + am in love. I'll tell thee, Aliena, I cannot be out + of the sight of Orlando: I'll go find a shadow and + sigh till he come. + +CELIA And I'll sleep. + + [Exeunt] + + + + + AS YOU LIKE IT + + +ACT IV + + + +SCENE II The forest. + + + [Enter JAQUES, Lords, and Foresters] + +JAQUES Which is he that killed the deer? + +A Lord Sir, it was I. + +JAQUES Let's present him to the duke, like a Roman + conqueror; and it would do well to set the deer's + horns upon his head, for a branch of victory. Have + you no song, forester, for this purpose? + +Forester Yes, sir. + +JAQUES Sing it: 'tis no matter how it be in tune, so it + make noise enough. + + SONG. +Forester What shall he have that kill'd the deer? + His leather skin and horns to wear. + Then sing him home; + + [The rest shall bear this burden] + + Take thou no scorn to wear the horn; + It was a crest ere thou wast born: + Thy father's father wore it, + And thy father bore it: + The horn, the horn, the lusty horn + Is not a thing to laugh to scorn. + + [Exeunt] + + + + + AS YOU LIKE IT + + +ACT IV + + + +SCENE III The forest. + + + [Enter ROSALIND and CELIA] + +ROSALIND How say you now? Is it not past two o'clock? and + here much Orlando! + +CELIA I warrant you, with pure love and troubled brain, he + hath ta'en his bow and arrows and is gone forth to + sleep. Look, who comes here. + + [Enter SILVIUS] + +SILVIUS My errand is to you, fair youth; + My gentle Phebe bid me give you this: + I know not the contents; but, as I guess + By the stern brow and waspish action + Which she did use as she was writing of it, + It bears an angry tenor: pardon me: + I am but as a guiltless messenger. + +ROSALIND Patience herself would startle at this letter + And play the swaggerer; bear this, bear all: + She says I am not fair, that I lack manners; + She calls me proud, and that she could not love me, + Were man as rare as phoenix. 'Od's my will! + Her love is not the hare that I do hunt: + Why writes she so to me? Well, shepherd, well, + This is a letter of your own device. + +SILVIUS No, I protest, I know not the contents: + Phebe did write it. + +ROSALIND Come, come, you are a fool + And turn'd into the extremity of love. + I saw her hand: she has a leathern hand. + A freestone-colour'd hand; I verily did think + That her old gloves were on, but 'twas her hands: + She has a huswife's hand; but that's no matter: + I say she never did invent this letter; + This is a man's invention and his hand. + +SILVIUS Sure, it is hers. + +ROSALIND Why, 'tis a boisterous and a cruel style. + A style for-challengers; why, she defies me, + Like Turk to Christian: women's gentle brain + Could not drop forth such giant-rude invention + Such Ethiope words, blacker in their effect + Than in their countenance. Will you hear the letter? + +SILVIUS So please you, for I never heard it yet; + Yet heard too much of Phebe's cruelty. + +ROSALIND She Phebes me: mark how the tyrant writes. + + [Reads] + + Art thou god to shepherd turn'd, + That a maiden's heart hath burn'd? + Can a woman rail thus? + +SILVIUS Call you this railing? + +ROSALIND [Reads] + + Why, thy godhead laid apart, + Warr'st thou with a woman's heart? + Did you ever hear such railing? + Whiles the eye of man did woo me, + That could do no vengeance to me. + Meaning me a beast. + If the scorn of your bright eyne + Have power to raise such love in mine, + Alack, in me what strange effect + Would they work in mild aspect! + Whiles you chid me, I did love; + How then might your prayers move! + He that brings this love to thee + Little knows this love in me: + And by him seal up thy mind; + Whether that thy youth and kind + Will the faithful offer take + Of me and all that I can make; + Or else by him my love deny, + And then I'll study how to die. + +SILVIUS Call you this chiding? + +CELIA Alas, poor shepherd! + +ROSALIND Do you pity him? no, he deserves no pity. Wilt + thou love such a woman? What, to make thee an + instrument and play false strains upon thee! not to + be endured! Well, go your way to her, for I see + love hath made thee a tame snake, and say this to + her: that if she love me, I charge her to love + thee; if she will not, I will never have her unless + thou entreat for her. If you be a true lover, + hence, and not a word; for here comes more company. + + [Exit SILVIUS] + + [Enter OLIVER] + +OLIVER Good morrow, fair ones: pray you, if you know, + Where in the purlieus of this forest stands + A sheep-cote fenced about with olive trees? + +CELIA West of this place, down in the neighbour bottom: + The rank of osiers by the murmuring stream + Left on your right hand brings you to the place. + But at this hour the house doth keep itself; + There's none within. + +OLIVER If that an eye may profit by a tongue, + Then should I know you by description; + Such garments and such years: 'The boy is fair, + Of female favour, and bestows himself + Like a ripe sister: the woman low + And browner than her brother.' Are not you + The owner of the house I did inquire for? + +CELIA It is no boast, being ask'd, to say we are. + +OLIVER Orlando doth commend him to you both, + And to that youth he calls his Rosalind + He sends this bloody napkin. Are you he? + +ROSALIND I am: what must we understand by this? + +OLIVER Some of my shame; if you will know of me + What man I am, and how, and why, and where + This handkercher was stain'd. + +CELIA I pray you, tell it. + +OLIVER When last the young Orlando parted from you + He left a promise to return again + Within an hour, and pacing through the forest, + Chewing the food of sweet and bitter fancy, + Lo, what befell! he threw his eye aside, + And mark what object did present itself: + Under an oak, whose boughs were moss'd with age + And high top bald with dry antiquity, + A wretched ragged man, o'ergrown with hair, + Lay sleeping on his back: about his neck + A green and gilded snake had wreathed itself, + Who with her head nimble in threats approach'd + The opening of his mouth; but suddenly, + Seeing Orlando, it unlink'd itself, + And with indented glides did slip away + Into a bush: under which bush's shade + A lioness, with udders all drawn dry, + Lay couching, head on ground, with catlike watch, + When that the sleeping man should stir; for 'tis + The royal disposition of that beast + To prey on nothing that doth seem as dead: + This seen, Orlando did approach the man + And found it was his brother, his elder brother. + +CELIA O, I have heard him speak of that same brother; + And he did render him the most unnatural + That lived amongst men. + +OLIVER And well he might so do, + For well I know he was unnatural. + +ROSALIND But, to Orlando: did he leave him there, + Food to the suck'd and hungry lioness? + +OLIVER Twice did he turn his back and purposed so; + But kindness, nobler ever than revenge, + And nature, stronger than his just occasion, + Made him give battle to the lioness, + Who quickly fell before him: in which hurtling + From miserable slumber I awaked. + +CELIA Are you his brother? + +ROSALIND Wast you he rescued? + +CELIA Was't you that did so oft contrive to kill him? + +OLIVER 'Twas I; but 'tis not I I do not shame + To tell you what I was, since my conversion + So sweetly tastes, being the thing I am. + +ROSALIND But, for the bloody napkin? + +OLIVER By and by. + When from the first to last betwixt us two + Tears our recountments had most kindly bathed, + As how I came into that desert place:-- + In brief, he led me to the gentle duke, + Who gave me fresh array and entertainment, + Committing me unto my brother's love; + Who led me instantly unto his cave, + There stripp'd himself, and here upon his arm + The lioness had torn some flesh away, + Which all this while had bled; and now he fainted + And cried, in fainting, upon Rosalind. + Brief, I recover'd him, bound up his wound; + And, after some small space, being strong at heart, + He sent me hither, stranger as I am, + To tell this story, that you might excuse + His broken promise, and to give this napkin + Dyed in his blood unto the shepherd youth + That he in sport doth call his Rosalind. + + [ROSALIND swoons] + +CELIA Why, how now, Ganymede! sweet Ganymede! + +OLIVER Many will swoon when they do look on blood. + +CELIA There is more in it. Cousin Ganymede! + +OLIVER Look, he recovers. + +ROSALIND I would I were at home. + +CELIA We'll lead you thither. + I pray you, will you take him by the arm? + +OLIVER Be of good cheer, youth: you a man! you lack a + man's heart. + +ROSALIND I do so, I confess it. Ah, sirrah, a body would + think this was well counterfeited! I pray you, tell + your brother how well I counterfeited. Heigh-ho! + +OLIVER This was not counterfeit: there is too great + testimony in your complexion that it was a passion + of earnest. + +ROSALIND Counterfeit, I assure you. + +OLIVER Well then, take a good heart and counterfeit to be a man. + +ROSALIND So I do: but, i' faith, I should have been a woman by right. + +CELIA Come, you look paler and paler: pray you, draw + homewards. Good sir, go with us. + +OLIVER That will I, for I must bear answer back + How you excuse my brother, Rosalind. + +ROSALIND I shall devise something: but, I pray you, commend + my counterfeiting to him. Will you go? + + [Exeunt] + + + + + AS YOU LIKE IT + + +ACT V + + + +SCENE I The forest. + + + [Enter TOUCHSTONE and AUDREY] + +TOUCHSTONE We shall find a time, Audrey; patience, gentle Audrey. + +AUDREY Faith, the priest was good enough, for all the old + gentleman's saying. + +TOUCHSTONE A most wicked Sir Oliver, Audrey, a most vile + Martext. But, Audrey, there is a youth here in the + forest lays claim to you. + +AUDREY Ay, I know who 'tis; he hath no interest in me in + the world: here comes the man you mean. + +TOUCHSTONE It is meat and drink to me to see a clown: by my + troth, we that have good wits have much to answer + for; we shall be flouting; we cannot hold. + + [Enter WILLIAM] + +WILLIAM Good even, Audrey. + +AUDREY God ye good even, William. + +WILLIAM And good even to you, sir. + +TOUCHSTONE Good even, gentle friend. Cover thy head, cover thy + head; nay, prithee, be covered. How old are you, friend? + +WILLIAM Five and twenty, sir. + +TOUCHSTONE A ripe age. Is thy name William? + +WILLIAM William, sir. + +TOUCHSTONE A fair name. Wast born i' the forest here? + +WILLIAM Ay, sir, I thank God. + +TOUCHSTONE 'Thank God;' a good answer. Art rich? + +WILLIAM Faith, sir, so so. + +TOUCHSTONE 'So so' is good, very good, very excellent good; and + yet it is not; it is but so so. Art thou wise? + +WILLIAM Ay, sir, I have a pretty wit. + +TOUCHSTONE Why, thou sayest well. I do now remember a saying, + 'The fool doth think he is wise, but the wise man + knows himself to be a fool.' The heathen + philosopher, when he had a desire to eat a grape, + would open his lips when he put it into his mouth; + meaning thereby that grapes were made to eat and + lips to open. You do love this maid? + +WILLIAM I do, sir. + +TOUCHSTONE Give me your hand. Art thou learned? + +WILLIAM No, sir. + +TOUCHSTONE Then learn this of me: to have, is to have; for it + is a figure in rhetoric that drink, being poured out + of a cup into a glass, by filling the one doth empty + the other; for all your writers do consent that ipse + is he: now, you are not ipse, for I am he. + +WILLIAM Which he, sir? + +TOUCHSTONE He, sir, that must marry this woman. Therefore, you + clown, abandon,--which is in the vulgar leave,--the + society,--which in the boorish is company,--of this + female,--which in the common is woman; which + together is, abandon the society of this female, or, + clown, thou perishest; or, to thy better + understanding, diest; or, to wit I kill thee, make + thee away, translate thy life into death, thy + liberty into bondage: I will deal in poison with + thee, or in bastinado, or in steel; I will bandy + with thee in faction; I will o'errun thee with + policy; I will kill thee a hundred and fifty ways: + therefore tremble and depart. + +AUDREY Do, good William. + +WILLIAM God rest you merry, sir. + + [Exit] + + [Enter CORIN] + +CORIN Our master and mistress seeks you; come, away, away! + +TOUCHSTONE Trip, Audrey! trip, Audrey! I attend, I attend. + + [Exeunt] + + + + + AS YOU LIKE IT + + +ACT V + + + +SCENE II The forest. + + + [Enter ORLANDO and OLIVER] + +ORLANDO Is't possible that on so little acquaintance you + should like her? that but seeing you should love + her? and loving woo? and, wooing, she should + grant? and will you persever to enjoy her? + +OLIVER Neither call the giddiness of it in question, the + poverty of her, the small acquaintance, my sudden + wooing, nor her sudden consenting; but say with me, + I love Aliena; say with her that she loves me; + consent with both that we may enjoy each other: it + shall be to your good; for my father's house and all + the revenue that was old Sir Rowland's will I + estate upon you, and here live and die a shepherd. + +ORLANDO You have my consent. Let your wedding be to-morrow: + thither will I invite the duke and all's contented + followers. Go you and prepare Aliena; for look + you, here comes my Rosalind. + + [Enter ROSALIND] + +ROSALIND God save you, brother. + +OLIVER And you, fair sister. + + [Exit] + +ROSALIND O, my dear Orlando, how it grieves me to see thee + wear thy heart in a scarf! + +ORLANDO It is my arm. + +ROSALIND I thought thy heart had been wounded with the claws + of a lion. + +ORLANDO Wounded it is, but with the eyes of a lady. + +ROSALIND Did your brother tell you how I counterfeited to + swoon when he showed me your handkerchief? + +ORLANDO Ay, and greater wonders than that. + +ROSALIND O, I know where you are: nay, 'tis true: there was + never any thing so sudden but the fight of two rams + and Caesar's thrasonical brag of 'I came, saw, and + overcame:' for your brother and my sister no sooner + met but they looked, no sooner looked but they + loved, no sooner loved but they sighed, no sooner + sighed but they asked one another the reason, no + sooner knew the reason but they sought the remedy; + and in these degrees have they made a pair of stairs + to marriage which they will climb incontinent, or + else be incontinent before marriage: they are in + the very wrath of love and they will together; clubs + cannot part them. + +ORLANDO They shall be married to-morrow, and I will bid the + duke to the nuptial. But, O, how bitter a thing it + is to look into happiness through another man's + eyes! By so much the more shall I to-morrow be at + the height of heart-heaviness, by how much I shall + think my brother happy in having what he wishes for. + +ROSALIND Why then, to-morrow I cannot serve your turn for Rosalind? + +ORLANDO I can live no longer by thinking. + +ROSALIND I will weary you then no longer with idle talking. + Know of me then, for now I speak to some purpose, + that I know you are a gentleman of good conceit: I + speak not this that you should bear a good opinion + of my knowledge, insomuch I say I know you are; + neither do I labour for a greater esteem than may in + some little measure draw a belief from you, to do + yourself good and not to grace me. Believe then, if + you please, that I can do strange things: I have, + since I was three year old, conversed with a + magician, most profound in his art and yet not + damnable. If you do love Rosalind so near the heart + as your gesture cries it out, when your brother + marries Aliena, shall you marry her: I know into + what straits of fortune she is driven; and it is + not impossible to me, if it appear not inconvenient + to you, to set her before your eyes tomorrow human + as she is and without any danger. + +ORLANDO Speakest thou in sober meanings? + +ROSALIND By my life, I do; which I tender dearly, though I + say I am a magician. Therefore, put you in your + best array: bid your friends; for if you will be + married to-morrow, you shall, and to Rosalind, if you will. + + [Enter SILVIUS and PHEBE] + + Look, here comes a lover of mine and a lover of hers. + +PHEBE Youth, you have done me much ungentleness, + To show the letter that I writ to you. + +ROSALIND I care not if I have: it is my study + To seem despiteful and ungentle to you: + You are there followed by a faithful shepherd; + Look upon him, love him; he worships you. + +PHEBE Good shepherd, tell this youth what 'tis to love. + +SILVIUS It is to be all made of sighs and tears; + And so am I for Phebe. + +PHEBE And I for Ganymede. + +ORLANDO And I for Rosalind. + +ROSALIND And I for no woman. + +SILVIUS It is to be all made of faith and service; + And so am I for Phebe. + +PHEBE And I for Ganymede. + +ORLANDO And I for Rosalind. + +ROSALIND And I for no woman. + +SILVIUS It is to be all made of fantasy, + All made of passion and all made of wishes, + All adoration, duty, and observance, + All humbleness, all patience and impatience, + All purity, all trial, all observance; + And so am I for Phebe. + +PHEBE And so am I for Ganymede. + +ORLANDO And so am I for Rosalind. + +ROSALIND And so am I for no woman. + +PHEBE If this be so, why blame you me to love you? + +SILVIUS If this be so, why blame you me to love you? + +ORLANDO If this be so, why blame you me to love you? + +ROSALIND Who do you speak to, 'Why blame you me to love you?' + +ORLANDO To her that is not here, nor doth not hear. + +ROSALIND Pray you, no more of this; 'tis like the howling + of Irish wolves against the moon. + + [To SILVIUS] + + I will help you, if I can: + + [To PHEBE] + + I would love you, if I could. To-morrow meet me all together. + + [To PHEBE] + + I will marry you, if ever I marry woman, and I'll be + married to-morrow: + + [To ORLANDO] + + I will satisfy you, if ever I satisfied man, and you + shall be married to-morrow: + + [To SILVIUS] + + I will content you, if what pleases you contents + you, and you shall be married to-morrow. + + [To ORLANDO] + + As you love Rosalind, meet: + + [To SILVIUS] + + as you love Phebe, meet: and as I love no woman, + I'll meet. So fare you well: I have left you commands. + +SILVIUS I'll not fail, if I live. + +PHEBE Nor I. + +ORLANDO Nor I. + + [Exeunt] + + + + + AS YOU LIKE IT + + +ACT V + + + +SCENE III The forest. + + + [Enter TOUCHSTONE and AUDREY] + +TOUCHSTONE To-morrow is the joyful day, Audrey; to-morrow will + we be married. + +AUDREY I do desire it with all my heart; and I hope it is + no dishonest desire to desire to be a woman of the + world. Here comes two of the banished duke's pages. + + [Enter two Pages] + +First Page Well met, honest gentleman. + +TOUCHSTONE By my troth, well met. Come, sit, sit, and a song. + +Second Page We are for you: sit i' the middle. + +First Page Shall we clap into't roundly, without hawking or + spitting or saying we are hoarse, which are the only + prologues to a bad voice? + +Second Page I'faith, i'faith; and both in a tune, like two + gipsies on a horse. + + SONG. + It was a lover and his lass, + With a hey, and a ho, and a hey nonino, + That o'er the green corn-field did pass + In the spring time, the only pretty ring time, + When birds do sing, hey ding a ding, ding: + Sweet lovers love the spring. + + Between the acres of the rye, + With a hey, and a ho, and a hey nonino + These pretty country folks would lie, + In spring time, &c. + + This carol they began that hour, + With a hey, and a ho, and a hey nonino, + How that a life was but a flower + In spring time, &c. + + And therefore take the present time, + With a hey, and a ho, and a hey nonino; + For love is crowned with the prime + In spring time, &c. + +TOUCHSTONE Truly, young gentlemen, though there was no great + matter in the ditty, yet the note was very + untuneable. + +First Page You are deceived, sir: we kept time, we lost not our time. + +TOUCHSTONE By my troth, yes; I count it but time lost to hear + such a foolish song. God be wi' you; and God mend + your voices! Come, Audrey. + + [Exeunt] + + + + + AS YOU LIKE IT + + +ACT V + + + +SCENE IV The forest. + + + [Enter DUKE SENIOR, AMIENS, JAQUES, ORLANDO, OLIVER, + and CELIA] + +DUKE SENIOR Dost thou believe, Orlando, that the boy + Can do all this that he hath promised? + +ORLANDO I sometimes do believe, and sometimes do not; + As those that fear they hope, and know they fear. + + [Enter ROSALIND, SILVIUS, and PHEBE] + +ROSALIND Patience once more, whiles our compact is urged: + You say, if I bring in your Rosalind, + You will bestow her on Orlando here? + +DUKE SENIOR That would I, had I kingdoms to give with her. + +ROSALIND And you say, you will have her, when I bring her? + +ORLANDO That would I, were I of all kingdoms king. + +ROSALIND You say, you'll marry me, if I be willing? + +PHEBE That will I, should I die the hour after. + +ROSALIND But if you do refuse to marry me, + You'll give yourself to this most faithful shepherd? + +PHEBE So is the bargain. + +ROSALIND You say, that you'll have Phebe, if she will? + +SILVIUS Though to have her and death were both one thing. + +ROSALIND I have promised to make all this matter even. + Keep you your word, O duke, to give your daughter; + You yours, Orlando, to receive his daughter: + Keep your word, Phebe, that you'll marry me, + Or else refusing me, to wed this shepherd: + Keep your word, Silvius, that you'll marry her. + If she refuse me: and from hence I go, + To make these doubts all even. + + [Exeunt ROSALIND and CELIA] + +DUKE SENIOR I do remember in this shepherd boy + Some lively touches of my daughter's favour. + +ORLANDO My lord, the first time that I ever saw him + Methought he was a brother to your daughter: + But, my good lord, this boy is forest-born, + And hath been tutor'd in the rudiments + Of many desperate studies by his uncle, + Whom he reports to be a great magician, + Obscured in the circle of this forest. + + [Enter TOUCHSTONE and AUDREY] + +JAQUES There is, sure, another flood toward, and these + couples are coming to the ark. Here comes a pair of + very strange beasts, which in all tongues are called fools. + +TOUCHSTONE Salutation and greeting to you all! + +JAQUES Good my lord, bid him welcome: this is the + motley-minded gentleman that I have so often met in + the forest: he hath been a courtier, he swears. + +TOUCHSTONE If any man doubt that, let him put me to my + purgation. I have trod a measure; I have flattered + a lady; I have been politic with my friend, smooth + with mine enemy; I have undone three tailors; I have + had four quarrels, and like to have fought one. + +JAQUES And how was that ta'en up? + +TOUCHSTONE Faith, we met, and found the quarrel was upon the + seventh cause. + +JAQUES How seventh cause? Good my lord, like this fellow. + +DUKE SENIOR I like him very well. + +TOUCHSTONE God 'ild you, sir; I desire you of the like. I + press in here, sir, amongst the rest of the country + copulatives, to swear and to forswear: according as + marriage binds and blood breaks: a poor virgin, + sir, an ill-favoured thing, sir, but mine own; a poor + humour of mine, sir, to take that that no man else + will: rich honesty dwells like a miser, sir, in a + poor house; as your pearl in your foul oyster. + +DUKE SENIOR By my faith, he is very swift and sententious. + +TOUCHSTONE According to the fool's bolt, sir, and such dulcet diseases. + +JAQUES But, for the seventh cause; how did you find the + quarrel on the seventh cause? + +TOUCHSTONE Upon a lie seven times removed:--bear your body more + seeming, Audrey:--as thus, sir. I did dislike the + cut of a certain courtier's beard: he sent me word, + if I said his beard was not cut well, he was in the + mind it was: this is called the Retort Courteous. + If I sent him word again 'it was not well cut,' he + would send me word, he cut it to please himself: + this is called the Quip Modest. If again 'it was + not well cut,' he disabled my judgment: this is + called the Reply Churlish. If again 'it was not + well cut,' he would answer, I spake not true: this + is called the Reproof Valiant. If again 'it was not + well cut,' he would say I lied: this is called the + Counter-cheque Quarrelsome: and so to the Lie + Circumstantial and the Lie Direct. + +JAQUES And how oft did you say his beard was not well cut? + +TOUCHSTONE I durst go no further than the Lie Circumstantial, + nor he durst not give me the Lie Direct; and so we + measured swords and parted. + +JAQUES Can you nominate in order now the degrees of the lie? + +TOUCHSTONE O sir, we quarrel in print, by the book; as you have + books for good manners: I will name you the degrees. + The first, the Retort Courteous; the second, the + Quip Modest; the third, the Reply Churlish; the + fourth, the Reproof Valiant; the fifth, the + Countercheque Quarrelsome; the sixth, the Lie with + Circumstance; the seventh, the Lie Direct. All + these you may avoid but the Lie Direct; and you may + avoid that too, with an If. I knew when seven + justices could not take up a quarrel, but when the + parties were met themselves, one of them thought but + of an If, as, 'If you said so, then I said so;' and + they shook hands and swore brothers. Your If is the + only peacemaker; much virtue in If. + +JAQUES Is not this a rare fellow, my lord? he's as good at + any thing and yet a fool. + +DUKE SENIOR He uses his folly like a stalking-horse and under + the presentation of that he shoots his wit. + + [Enter HYMEN, ROSALIND, and CELIA] + + [Still Music] + +HYMEN Then is there mirth in heaven, + When earthly things made even + Atone together. + Good duke, receive thy daughter + Hymen from heaven brought her, + Yea, brought her hither, + That thou mightst join her hand with his + Whose heart within his bosom is. + +ROSALIND [To DUKE SENIOR] To you I give myself, for I am yours. + + [To ORLANDO] + + To you I give myself, for I am yours. + +DUKE SENIOR If there be truth in sight, you are my daughter. + +ORLANDO If there be truth in sight, you are my Rosalind. + +PHEBE If sight and shape be true, + Why then, my love adieu! + +ROSALIND I'll have no father, if you be not he: + I'll have no husband, if you be not he: + Nor ne'er wed woman, if you be not she. + +HYMEN Peace, ho! I bar confusion: + 'Tis I must make conclusion + Of these most strange events: + Here's eight that must take hands + To join in Hymen's bands, + If truth holds true contents. + You and you no cross shall part: + You and you are heart in heart + You to his love must accord, + Or have a woman to your lord: + You and you are sure together, + As the winter to foul weather. + Whiles a wedlock-hymn we sing, + Feed yourselves with questioning; + That reason wonder may diminish, + How thus we met, and these things finish. + + SONG. + Wedding is great Juno's crown: + O blessed bond of board and bed! + 'Tis Hymen peoples every town; + High wedlock then be honoured: + Honour, high honour and renown, + To Hymen, god of every town! + +DUKE SENIOR O my dear niece, welcome thou art to me! + Even daughter, welcome, in no less degree. + +PHEBE I will not eat my word, now thou art mine; + Thy faith my fancy to thee doth combine. + + [Enter JAQUES DE BOYS] + +JAQUES DE BOYS Let me have audience for a word or two: + I am the second son of old Sir Rowland, + That bring these tidings to this fair assembly. + Duke Frederick, hearing how that every day + Men of great worth resorted to this forest, + Address'd a mighty power; which were on foot, + In his own conduct, purposely to take + His brother here and put him to the sword: + And to the skirts of this wild wood he came; + Where meeting with an old religious man, + After some question with him, was converted + Both from his enterprise and from the world, + His crown bequeathing to his banish'd brother, + And all their lands restored to them again + That were with him exiled. This to be true, + I do engage my life. + +DUKE SENIOR Welcome, young man; + Thou offer'st fairly to thy brothers' wedding: + To one his lands withheld, and to the other + A land itself at large, a potent dukedom. + First, in this forest, let us do those ends + That here were well begun and well begot: + And after, every of this happy number + That have endured shrewd days and nights with us + Shall share the good of our returned fortune, + According to the measure of their states. + Meantime, forget this new-fall'n dignity + And fall into our rustic revelry. + Play, music! And you, brides and bridegrooms all, + With measure heap'd in joy, to the measures fall. + +JAQUES Sir, by your patience. If I heard you rightly, + The duke hath put on a religious life + And thrown into neglect the pompous court? + +JAQUES DE BOYS He hath. + +JAQUES To him will I : out of these convertites + There is much matter to be heard and learn'd. + + [To DUKE SENIOR] + + You to your former honour I bequeath; + Your patience and your virtue well deserves it: + + [To ORLANDO] + + You to a love that your true faith doth merit: + + [To OLIVER] + + You to your land and love and great allies: + + [To SILVIUS] + + You to a long and well-deserved bed: + + [To TOUCHSTONE] + + And you to wrangling; for thy loving voyage + Is but for two months victuall'd. So, to your pleasures: + I am for other than for dancing measures. + +DUKE SENIOR Stay, Jaques, stay. + +JAQUES To see no pastime I what you would have + I'll stay to know at your abandon'd cave. + + [Exit] + +DUKE SENIOR Proceed, proceed: we will begin these rites, + As we do trust they'll end, in true delights. + + [A dance] + + + + + AS YOU LIKE IT + + EPILOGUE + + +ROSALIND It is not the fashion to see the lady the epilogue; + but it is no more unhandsome than to see the lord + the prologue. If it be true that good wine needs + no bush, 'tis true that a good play needs no + epilogue; yet to good wine they do use good bushes, + and good plays prove the better by the help of good + epilogues. What a case am I in then, that am + neither a good epilogue nor cannot insinuate with + you in the behalf of a good play! I am not + furnished like a beggar, therefore to beg will not + become me: my way is to conjure you; and I'll begin + with the women. I charge you, O women, for the love + you bear to men, to like as much of this play as + please you: and I charge you, O men, for the love + you bear to women--as I perceive by your simpering, + none of you hates them--that between you and the + women the play may please. If I were a woman I + would kiss as many of you as had beards that pleased + me, complexions that liked me and breaths that I + defied not: and, I am sure, as many as have good + beards or good faces or sweet breaths will, for my + kind offer, when I make curtsy, bid me farewell. + + [Exeunt] diff --git a/test/canterbury-corpus/canterbury/cp.html b/test/canterbury-corpus/canterbury/cp.html new file mode 100644 index 0000000..1d0ca37 --- /dev/null +++ b/test/canterbury-corpus/canterbury/cp.html @@ -0,0 +1,645 @@ + +Compression Pointers + + + + + +

+

Compression Pointers

+ + + +
+ +

+Compression resources, conferences, and some research +groups and companies, are listed towards the end of this page.

+ +Use this handy form to add something to this page, or to simply say you liked this page +

+ + + + + +

+ +

What's New?

+ + +Jean-loup Gailly -- Mr. gzip, +PNG, CCR (1996-06-10) + +
+ +MPEG Pointers and Resources + +
+ +Robert M. Gray -- Signal +compression, VQ, image quality evaluation (1996-04-22) +
+ +Compression and +Classification Group -- ISL,EE,Stanford (1996-04-22) +
+ +Signal Processing +and the International Information Infrastructure -- Web sites (1996-04-22) +
+ +Valenta, Vladimir -- (1996-04-22) +
+ + +Jordan, Frederic -- Parallel Image Compression (1996-04-12) +
+Electro-Optical Technologies, Inc. -- Consultant (1996-04-12) +
+quicktime.apple.com -- Quicktime site (1996-03-11) +
+IBM Hardware -- Compression chips (1996-03-11) +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +

+ + +

+ + +

People

+

A

+ +Adler, Mark -- Info-ZIP; Zip, UnZip, gzip and zlib co-author; PNG group +

+ +

B

+ +Baker, Matthew -- Region based video compression +

+Bamberger, Roberto H. +

+Bell, Daniel -- Region based image compression +

+Bell, Tim -- compression, computer science for children, and computers and music. +

+Bellard, Fabrice -- Author of LZEXE +

+Berghorn, Willy +

+Bhaskaran, Vasudev -- Image and Video compression +

+Bloom, Charles -- text compression, LZ methods, PPM methods... +

+Brito, Roger -- Arithmetic Coding, LZW, Text Compression +

+Budge, Scott E. -- medical/lossy image compression +

+Burnett, Ian -- Speech coding, prototype waveform techniques +

+ + +

C

+ +Chan, Christopher -- universal lossy source coding, adaptive VQ +

+Chao, Hong-yang -- Lightning strike image compressor +

+Chao, Stewart +

+Cherriman, Peter +

+Cheung, S.C. -- Scalable video compression algorithms (18th Feb 1996) +

+ +Christopoulos, Charilaos -- Image and Video compression +

+Chrysafis, Christos +

+Chung, Wilson C. -- R-D image and video coding, subband/wavelet, filter banks +

+Clark, Alan -- primary contact for V.42bis. Developed BTLZ variant of LZW +

+Cleary, John -- PPM, PPM*, K* +

+Cohn, Martin +

+ +Cormack, Gordon V. -- DMC +

+Cramer, Chris -- neural network image compression +

+ +

D

+Danskin, John -- Protocol compression, document compression (9th Feb 1996) +

+Davis, Geoff -- wavelets, image compression, medical +

+Dilger, Andreas -- fractal block coding of video sequences +

+ + +

E

+Estes, Robert +

+ + + +

F

+Fisher, Yuval -- Fractal Image Compression +

+Ford, Adrian -- Subjective and Objective Compression quality (5th Mar 1996) +

+ +

G

+Jean-loup Gailly -- +Mr. gzip, PNG, CCR (1996-06-10) +

+ +Gersho, Allen -- Vector Quantisation, Image Compression +

+Goertzel, Ben +

+Gooch, Mark -- High Performance Hardware Compression (7th Feb 1996) +

+Goyal, Vivek -- overcomplete representations, adaptive transform coding, VQ +

+Robert M. Gray -- Signal +compression, VQ, image quality evaluation +

+ +

H

+Hafner, Ullrich -- WFA image compression +

+Hirschberg, Dan -- algorithm theory, compression +

+Holland, Scott +

+Horspool, R. Nigel -- text compression, ECG compression + +

I

+Inglis, Stuart -- image compression, OCR, lossy/lossless document compression +

+ +

J

+Jones, Douglas -- splay-tree based compression and encryption +

+Jones, Simon -- Lossless compression, High Performance Hardware (7th Feb 1996) +

+Jordan, Frederic -- Parallel Image Compression (12th April 1996) +

+Jung, Robert K. -- ARJ +

+jutta +

+ + + +

K

+Kominek, John -- Fractal and spline based compression +

+Kjelso, Morten -- Main memory compression, High performance hardware +

+Kuhn, Markus -- JBIG implementation +

+Kuo, C.-C. Jay +

+Kuru, Esa +

+Kyfonidis, Theodoros +

+ +

L

+Lamparter, Bernd +

+Langdon, Glen +

+Larsson, Jesper -- algorithms and data structures, text compression +

+ + +

M

+Manber, Udi +

+Mangen, Jean-Michel -- image compression, wavelets, satellite +

+Moffat, Alistair -- text and index compression, coding methods, information retrieval, document databases +

+Montgomery, Christopher -- OggSquish, audio compression +

+Mueller, Urban Dominik -- XPK system +

+

N

+Neal, Radford +

+Nevill-Manning, Craig +

+Nicholls, Jeremy +

+Noah, Matt -- speech, ATC, ACELP and IMBE +

+Nuri, Veyis -- wavelets, data compression, DSP (speech & image) + +

O

+Oleg -- Lots of code +

+Ortega, Antonio -- Video compression, Packet video, Adaptive quantization +

+Owen, Charles +

+ +

P

+Provine, +Joseph -- Model based coding +

+ +

R

+Robinson, John -- Binary Tree Predictive Coding +

+Roelofs, Greg -- Info-ZIP; primary UnZip author; PNG group +

+Rose, Kenneth +

+Russo, Roberto Maria -- Multiplatform Data Compression +

+ +

S

+Schmidt, Bill +

+Shaw, Sandy C. +

+Sharifi, Kamran -- Video over ATM networks +

+Shende, Sunil M. +

+Silverstein, D. Amnon +

+Smoot, Steve -- MPEG +

+Storer, James A. +

+Streit, Jurgen -- Low bitrate coding +

+Strutz, Tilo -- Wavelet image compressor, demonstration execs +

+ + +

T

+Tate, Steve +

+Teahan, Bill -- PPM, PPM*, master of the Calgary Corpus +

+Thomson, Duncan -- ECG compression with ANNs +

+Tilton, James C. +

+Tomczyk, Marek +

+Turpin, Andrew -- Prefix Codes +

+ +

V

+Vetterli, Martin -- wavelets, subband coding, video compression, computational complexity +

+Vitter, Jeff +

+Voukelatos, Stathis +

+de Vries, Nico -- AIP-NL, UltraCompressor II development +

+ +

W

+ +Wareham, Paul -- Region-oriented video coding +

+Wegener, Al -- DSP, lossless audio compression and AC-2 +

+Wei, Dong -- Wavelet compression +

+Williams, Ross +

+Witten, Ian -- PPM, mg, arithmetic coding +

+Wolff, Gerry +

+Woo, Woon-Tack -- stereo image and video compression (12th Feb 1996) +

+Wu, Xiaolin -- CALIC +

+ + +

Z

+Zobel, Justin -- index compression, database compression +

+ +
+
+ + + + +

Conferences

+Data Compression Conference (DCC), Snowbird, Utah, USA.
+

+ + + +

Resources

+
+Where to get answers... +
+
International Telecommunication Union (ITU) -- standards documents (CCITT) +
+
comp.compression -- Frequently Asked Questions -- Come here 1st! +
+JPEG - Frequently Asked Questions +
+MPEG - Frequently Asked Questions +
+Standards - Frequenty Asked Questions +
+usenet newsgroup: comp.compression.research +
+
+Archive Compression Test -- Summary of all archivers +
+
+Fractal compression bibliography -- bibtex file +
+
+LZ/Complexity Seminars -- (in German) +
+
+Comparitive Compression Ratios -- Sofar...B&W, Gray Scale, Text Compression +
+
+VCN (Video, Compression, Networking) +Glossary +
+
+Digital Library -- search for compression +
+ + +
+
+Reports/Ph.D. Theses +
+Paul Howards Ph.D. thesis
+
The Design and Analysis of Efficient Lossless Data Compression Systems +
+ + + + +
+
+Source code +
+Arithmetic coding routines +
        (from Moffat, Neal and Witten, Proc. DCC, April 1995) +
+
+CACM Arithmetic coding package +
        (Witten, Neal and Cleary, CACM 30:520-541, June 1987) +
+
+JBIG Source code Includes a Q-coder +
+
Markus Kuhn's JBIG implementation +
+
+k-arithmetic coder +
+
+Lossless Data Compression toolkit 1.1 +
+
+Splay Trees Code -- by Douglas W. Jones +
+
Block compression code -- Excellent text compressor +
+ + + +
+
+Test Files +
+Test Images -- CCITT images (pbm), Lena etc. (Sun raster) +
+
+Stockholm test images -- You have to buy a CDROM, thats all I know! :-( +
         mail me at singlis@cs.waikato.ac.nz if you know anything about them. +
+
+Calgary Text Compression Corpus (Text Compression, Bell, Cleary and Witten, 1990) +
+ + +
+ + + + +

Research Projects, Standards & Companies

+ +

+

+Research/Free software Groups +
Compression and +Classification Group -- ISL,EE,Stanford (22th April 1996) + +
Voice email -- Lossless audio compression (18th Feb 1996) + + +
Electro-Optical Technologies, Inc. -- Consultant (12th April 1996) + +
quicktime.apple.com -- Quicktime site (11th Mar 1996) + +
IMAGE etc. -- Commercial image compression software (Fractals/Wavelets) (29th Feb 1996) + +
NCAR CCM Compression and Visualisation -- (18th Feb 1996) +
+
SPIHT -- Wavelet Natural Image Compressor (12th Feb 1996) +
+
Real-Time Lossless Compression Systems -- Loughborough University +
+
Web site for Multirate Signal Processing -- University of Wisconsin, Madison +
+
Info-ZIP -- free, +portable Zip and UnZip utilities +
+
CEDIS -- NASA, Maryland, Image/data compression +
+
CIC-3 Image Compression -- FBI Fingerprints +
+
Signal Compression Lab at UCSB +
+
University of +Washington compression lab -- VQ, Wavelets, Shlomo +
+ + + +

+

+Snippets +
Signal Processing +and the International Information Infrastructure -- Web sites (22th April 1996) +
Increasing Web bandwith -- comparing GIF, JPEG, Fractal compression +
+
Fractal Links on Yahoo +
+
Digital Speech Compression GSM 06.10 RPE-LTP -- DDJ +
+
CREW -- Continuous tone loss(y/less) wavelet compression +
+
CALIC -- Context-based adaptive lossless image compressor +
+
Berkeley MPEG -- MPEG tools +
+
MPEG Pointers and Resources +
+ + + + + + +

+

+Wavelets +
+ + EPIC (Efficient Pyramid Image Coder) -- by Eero Simoncelli +
+
+Tucker, Michael -- FASTWAVE, audio/image compression +
+
+HARC -- Lossy Wavelet Compression technology +
+
+UC Berkeley Wavelet Group +
+
+Khoros Wavetlet and Compression Toolbox +
+
+The Wavelet Digest +
+
+Rice DSP Publications Archive -- Wavelets, Time Frequency/Scale +
+ + +

+

+Fractals +
+Fractal Image Compression -- Software, Pointers, Conferences +
+
+Fractal Design Corporation +
+
+New Fractal Image Compression program +
+ + +

+

+Companies +
IBM Hardware -- Compression chips (11th Mar 1996) + +
Summus Wavelet Technology -- Wavelet image and video compressors (11th Mar 1996) +
Fractal Image Compression -- Mitsubishi (18th Feb 1996) + +
Terran Interactive -- Video compression for the Mac (1st Feb 1996) +
+ +
DV Mpeg -- Windows drivers (18th Feb 1996) +
+ +
Crawford Compression Services -- MPEG post-production (18th Feb 1996) +
+ +
Intelligent Compression Technologies (18th Feb 1996) +
+ +
Pegasus Imaging -- Compression software/dev. kits (12th Feb 1996) +
+
Aladdin Systems -- StuffIt compression products +
+
Stac Electronics +
+
DCP Research -- Hardware solutions +
+
Aware Inc. -- Specialised compression company +
+
IVS - INRIA Videoconferencing System +
+
Telvox Teleinformatica -- Multiplatform Data Compressor +
+
Compression Technologies, +Inc -- Canada +
+
Optivision -- MPEG +
+
PKWARE -- Makers of PKZIP +
+
Multimedia Imaging Services +
+ + +

+

+Audio compression +
Fraunhofer Institut für Integrierte Schaltungen +
+
Shorten +
+
digital speech compression +
+
Audio compression references +
+
SpeakFreely - compression +
+
SpeakFreely - Contents +
diff --git a/test/canterbury-corpus/canterbury/fields.c b/test/canterbury-corpus/canterbury/fields.c new file mode 100644 index 0000000..63cdc03 --- /dev/null +++ b/test/canterbury-corpus/canterbury/fields.c @@ -0,0 +1,431 @@ +#ifndef lint +static char Rcs_Id[] = + "$Id: fields.c,v 1.7 1994/01/06 05:26:37 geoff Exp $"; +#endif + +/* + * $Log: fields.c,v $ + * Revision 1.7 1994/01/06 05:26:37 geoff + * Get rid of all references to System V string routines, for portability + * (sigh). + * + * Revision 1.6 1994/01/05 20:13:43 geoff + * Add the maxf parameter + * + * Revision 1.5 1994/01/04 02:40:21 geoff + * Make the increments settable (field_line_inc and field_field_inc). + * Add support for the FLD_NOSHRINK flag. + * + * Revision 1.4 1993/09/27 17:48:02 geoff + * Fix some lint complaints and some parenthesization errors. + * + * Revision 1.3 1993/09/09 01:11:11 geoff + * Add a return value to fieldwrite. Add support for backquotes and for + * unstripped backslashes. + * + * Revision 1.2 1993/08/26 00:02:50 geoff + * Fix a stupid null-pointer bug + * + * Revision 1.1 1993/08/25 21:32:05 geoff + * Initial revision + * + */ + +#include +#include "config.h" +#include "fields.h" + +field_t * fieldread P ((FILE * file, char * delims, + int flags, int maxf)); + /* Read a line with fields from a file */ +field_t * fieldmake P ((char * line, int allocated, char * delims, + int flags, int maxf)); + /* Make a field structure from a line */ +static field_t * fieldparse P ((field_t * fieldp, char * line, char * delims, + int flags, int maxf)); + /* Parse the fields in a line */ +static int fieldbackch P ((char * str, char ** out, int strip)); + /* Process backslash sequences */ +int fieldwrite P ((FILE * file, field_t * fieldp, int delim)); + /* Write a line with fields to a file */ +void fieldfree P ((field_t * fieldp)); + /* Free a field returned by fieldread */ + +unsigned int field_field_inc = 20; /* Increment to increase # fields by */ +unsigned int field_line_inc = 512; /* Incr to increase line length by */ + +#ifndef USG +#define strchr index +#endif /* USG */ + +extern void free (); +extern char * malloc (); +extern char * realloc (); +extern char * strchr (); +extern int strlen (); + +/* + * Read one line of the given file into a buffer, break it up into + * fields, and return them to the caller. The field_t structure + * returned must eventually be freed with fieldfree. + */ +field_t * fieldread (file, delims, flags, maxf) + FILE * file; /* File to read lines from */ + char * delims; /* Characters to use for field delimiters */ + int flags; /* Option flags; see fields.h */ + int maxf; /* Maximum number of fields to parse */ + { + register char * linebuf; /* Buffer to hold the line read in */ + int linemax; /* Maximum line buffer size */ + int linesize; /* Current line buffer size */ + + linebuf = (char *) malloc (field_line_inc); + if (linebuf == NULL) + return NULL; + linemax = field_line_inc; + linesize = 0; + /* + * Read in the line. + */ + while (fgets (&linebuf[linesize], linemax - linesize, file) + != NULL) + { + linesize += strlen (&linebuf[linesize]); + if (linebuf[linesize - 1] == '\n') + break; + else + { + linemax += field_line_inc; + linebuf = (char *) realloc (linebuf, linemax); + if (linebuf == NULL) + return NULL; + } + } + if (linesize == 0) + { + free (linebuf); + return NULL; + } + return fieldmake (linebuf, 1, delims, flags, maxf); + } + +field_t * fieldmake (line, allocated, delims, flags, maxf) + char * line; /* Line to make into a field structure */ + int allocated; /* NZ if line allocated with malloc */ + char * delims; /* Characters to use for field delimiters */ + int flags; /* Option flags; see fields.h */ + int maxf; /* Maximum number of fields to parse */ + { + register field_t * fieldp; /* Structure describing the fields */ + int linesize; /* Current line buffer size */ + + fieldp = (field_t *) malloc (sizeof (field_t)); + if (fieldp == NULL) + return NULL; + fieldp->nfields = 0; + fieldp->linebuf = allocated ? line : NULL; + fieldp->fields = NULL; + fieldp->hadnl = 0; + linesize = strlen (line); + if (line[linesize - 1] == '\n') + { + line[--linesize] = '\0'; + fieldp->hadnl = 1; + } + /* + * Shrink the line buffer if necessary. + */ + if (allocated && (flags & FLD_NOSHRINK) == 0) + { + line = fieldp->linebuf = + (char *) realloc (fieldp->linebuf, linesize + 1); + if (fieldp->linebuf == NULL) + { + fieldfree (fieldp); + return NULL; + } + } + return fieldparse (fieldp, line, delims, flags, maxf); + } + +static field_t * fieldparse (fieldp, line, delims, flags, maxf) + register field_t * fieldp; /* Field structure to parse into */ + register char * line; /* Line to be parsed */ + char * delims; /* Characters to use for field delimiters */ + int flags; /* Option flags; see fields.h */ + int maxf; /* Maximum number of fields to parse */ + { + int fieldmax; /* Max size of fields array */ + char * lineout; /* Where to store xlated char in line */ + char quote; /* Quote character in use */ + + fieldp->nfields = 0; + fieldmax = + (maxf != 0 && maxf < field_field_inc) ? maxf + 2 : field_field_inc; + fieldp->fields = (char **) malloc (fieldmax * sizeof (char *)); + if (fieldp->fields == NULL) + { + fieldfree (fieldp); + return NULL; + } + if ((flags + & (FLD_SHQUOTES | FLD_SNGLQUOTES | FLD_BACKQUOTES | FLD_DBLQUOTES)) + == FLD_SHQUOTES) + flags |= FLD_SNGLQUOTES | FLD_BACKQUOTES | FLD_DBLQUOTES; + while (1) + { + if (flags & FLD_RUNS) + { + while (*line != '\0' && strchr (delims, *line) != NULL) + line++; /* Skip runs of delimiters */ + if (*line == '\0') + break; + } + fieldp->fields[fieldp->nfields] = lineout = line; + /* + * Skip to the next delimiter. At the end of skipping, "line" will + * point to either a delimiter or a null byte. + */ + if (flags + & (FLD_SHQUOTES | FLD_SNGLQUOTES | FLD_BACKQUOTES + | FLD_DBLQUOTES | FLD_BACKSLASH)) + { + while (*line != '\0') + { + if (strchr (delims, *line) != NULL) + break; + else if (((flags & FLD_SNGLQUOTES) && *line == '\'') + || ((flags & FLD_BACKQUOTES) && *line == '`') + || ((flags & FLD_DBLQUOTES) && *line == '"')) + { + if ((flags & FLD_SHQUOTES) == 0 + && line != fieldp->fields[fieldp->nfields]) + quote = '\0'; + else + quote = *line; + } + else + quote = '\0'; + if (quote == '\0') + { + if (*line == '\\' && (flags & FLD_BACKSLASH)) + { + line++; + if (*line == '\0') + break; + line += fieldbackch (line, &lineout, + flags & FLD_STRIPQUOTES); + } + else + *lineout++ = *line++; + } + else + { + /* Process quoted string */ + if ((flags & FLD_STRIPQUOTES) == 0) + *lineout++ = quote; + ++line; + while (*line != '\0') + { + if (*line == quote) + { + if ((flags & FLD_STRIPQUOTES) == 0) + *lineout++ = quote; + line++; /* Go on past quote */ + if ((flags & FLD_SHQUOTES) == 0) + { + while (*line != '\0' + && strchr (delims, *line) == NULL) + line++; /* Skip to delimiter */ + } + break; + } + else if (*line == '\\') + { + if (flags & FLD_BACKSLASH) + { + line++; + if (*line == '\0') + break; + else + line += fieldbackch (line, &lineout, + flags & FLD_STRIPQUOTES); + } + else + { + *lineout++ = '\\'; + if (*++line == '\0') + break; + *lineout++ = *line; + } + } + else + *lineout++ = *line++; + } + } + } + } + else + { + while (*line != '\0' && strchr (delims, *line) == NULL) + line++; /* Skip to delimiter */ + lineout = line; + } + fieldp->nfields++; + if (*line++ == '\0') + break; + if (maxf != 0 && fieldp->nfields > maxf) + break; + *lineout = '\0'; + if (fieldp->nfields >= fieldmax) + { + fieldmax += field_field_inc; + fieldp->fields = + (char **) realloc (fieldp->fields, fieldmax * sizeof (char *)); + if (fieldp->fields == NULL) + { + fieldfree (fieldp); + return NULL; + } + } + } + /* + * Shrink the field pointers and return the field structure. + */ + if ((flags & FLD_NOSHRINK) == 0 && fieldp->nfields >= fieldmax) + { + fieldp->fields = (char **) realloc (fieldp->fields, + (fieldp->nfields + 1) * sizeof (char *)); + if (fieldp->fields == NULL) + { + fieldfree (fieldp); + return NULL; + } + } + fieldp->fields[fieldp->nfields] = NULL; + return fieldp; + } + +static int fieldbackch (str, out, strip) + register char * str; /* First char of backslash sequence */ + register char ** out; /* Where to store result */ + int strip; /* NZ to convert the sequence */ + { + register int ch; /* Character being developed */ + char * origstr; /* Original value of str */ + + if (!strip) + { + *(*out)++ = '\\'; + if (*str != 'x' && *str != 'X' && (*str < '0' || *str > '7')) + { + *(*out)++ = *str; + return *str != '\0'; + } + } + switch (*str) + { + case '\0': + *(*out)++ = '\0'; + return 0; + case 'a': + *(*out)++ = '\007'; + return 1; + case 'b': + *(*out)++ = '\b'; + return 1; + case 'f': + *(*out)++ = '\f'; + return 1; + case 'n': + *(*out)++ = '\n'; + return 1; + case 'r': + *(*out)++ = '\r'; + return 1; + case 'v': + *(*out)++ = '\v'; + return 1; + case 'X': + case 'x': + /* Hexadecimal sequence */ + origstr = str++; + ch = 0; + if (*str >= '0' && *str <= '9') + ch = *str++ - '0'; + else if (*str >= 'a' && *str <= 'f') + ch = *str++ - 'a' + 0xa; + else if (*str >= 'A' && *str <= 'F') + ch = *str++ - 'A' + 0xa; + if (*str >= '0' && *str <= '9') + ch = (ch << 4) | (*str++ - '0'); + else if (*str >= 'a' && *str <= 'f') + ch = (ch << 4) | (*str++ - 'a' + 0xa); + else if (*str >= 'A' && *str <= 'F') + ch = (ch << 4) | (*str++ - 'A' + 0xa); + break; + case '0': + case '1': + case '2': + case '3': + case '4': + case '5': + case '6': + case '7': + /* Octal sequence */ + origstr = str; + ch = *str++ - '0'; + if (*str >= '0' && *str <= '7') + ch = (ch << 3) | (*str++ - '0'); + if (*str >= '0' && *str <= '7') + ch = (ch << 3) | (*str++ - '0'); + break; + default: + *(*out)++ = *str; + return 1; + } + if (strip) + { + *(*out)++ = ch; + return str - origstr; + } + else + { + for (ch = 0; origstr < str; ch++) + *(*out)++ = *origstr++; + return ch; + } + } + +int fieldwrite (file, fieldp, delim) + FILE * file; /* File to write to */ + register field_t * fieldp; /* Field structure to write */ + int delim; /* Delimiter to place between fields */ + { + int error; /* NZ if an error occurs */ + register int fieldno; /* Number of field being written */ + + error = 0; + for (fieldno = 0; fieldno < fieldp->nfields; fieldno++) + { + if (fieldno != 0) + error |= putc (delim, file) == EOF; + error |= fputs (fieldp->fields[fieldno], file) == EOF; + } + if (fieldp->hadnl) + error |= putc ('\n', file) == EOF; + return error; + } + +void fieldfree (fieldp) + register field_t * fieldp; /* Field structure to free */ + { + + if (fieldp == NULL) + return; + if (fieldp->linebuf != NULL) + free ((char *) fieldp->linebuf); + if (fieldp->fields != NULL) + free ((char *) fieldp->fields); + free ((char *) fieldp); + } diff --git a/test/canterbury-corpus/canterbury/grammar.lsp b/test/canterbury-corpus/canterbury/grammar.lsp new file mode 100644 index 0000000..c60a993 --- /dev/null +++ b/test/canterbury-corpus/canterbury/grammar.lsp @@ -0,0 +1,94 @@ +;;; -*- Mode: Lisp; Syntax: Common-Lisp; -*- + +(define-language + :grammar + '(((S $any) -> (S1 $any)) + ((S (Compound $s1 $s2)) -> (S1 $s1) (Conjunction) (S1 $s2)) + + ((S1 (Statement $v)) -> (NP $subj) (VP $subj $tense $v)) + ((S1 (Acknowledge $a)) -> (Acknowledge $a)) + ((S1 (Command $v)) -> (VP Self present $v)) + ((S1 (Question $v)) -> (Aux $tense) (NP $subj) (VP $subj $tense $v)) + ((S1 (Question $v)) -> (Be $tense) (NP $subj) (Be-Arg $subj $tense $v)) + + ((Be-Arg $subj $tense (Occur $tense (loc $subj $loc))) -> + (Loc-Adjunct $tense (loc $subj $loc))) + + ((VP $subj $tense (Occur $tense $v)) -> (VP1 $subj $tense $v)) + ((VP $subj $tense (Occur $tense $v)) -> (Aux $tense)(VP1 $subj present $v)) + + ((VP1 $subj $tense $v) -> (VP2 $subj $tense $v) (Adjunct? $v)) + + ((VP2 $subj $tense ($rel $subj $loc)) -> + (Verb/in $rel $tense)) + ((VP2 $subj $tense ($rel $subj $loc $obj)) -> + (Verb/tr $rel $tense) (NP $obj)) + ((VP2 $subj $tense ($rel $subj $loc $obj $obj2)) -> + (Verb/di $rel $tense) (NP $obj) (NP $obj2)) + ((VP2 $subj $tense (loc $subj $loc)) -> + (Be $tense) (Loc-Adjunct $tense (loc $subj $loc))) + + ((NP $n) -> (Pronoun $n)) + ((NP $n) -> (Article) (Noun $n)) + ((NP $n) -> (Noun $n)) + ((NP ($x $y)) -> (Number $x) (Number $y)) + + ((PP ($prep $n)) -> (Prep $prep) (NP $n)) + ((Adjunct? $v) ->) + ((Adjunct? $v) -> (Loc-Adjunct $tense $v)) + #+Allegro ((Loc-Adjunct $tense ($rel $subj $loc @rest)) -> (PP $loc)) + #+Allegro ((Loc-Adjunct $tense ($rel $subj $loc @rest)) -> (Adjunct $loc)) + #+Lucid ((Loc-Adjunct $tense ($rel $subj $loc . $rest)) -> (PP $loc)) + #+Lucid ((Loc-Adjunct $tense ($rel $subj $loc . $rest)) -> (Adjunct $loc)) + + ) + :lexicon + '( + ((Acknowledge $a) -> (yes true) (no false) (maybe unknown) (huh unparsed)) + ((Adjunct $loc) -> here there (nearby near) near left right up down) + ((Article) -> a an the) + ((Aux $tense) -> (will future) (did past) (do $finite)) + ((Be $tense) -> (am present) (are present) (is present) (be $finite) + (was past) (were past)) + ((Conjunction) -> and --) + ((Noun $n) -> gold Wumpus pit breeze stench glitter nothing) + ((Number $n) -> 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9) + ((Prep $prep) -> in at to near) + ((Pronoun $n) -> (you self) (me master) (I master)) + + ((Verb/in $rel $tense) -> (go move $finite) (went move past) + (move move $finite) (move move past) (shoot shoot $finite)) + ((Verb/tr $rel $tense) -> (move carry $finite) (moved carry past) + (carry carry $finite) (carry carried past) + (grab grab $finite) (grab grabbed past) (get grab $finite) + (got grab past) (release release $finite) (release release past) + (drop release $finite) (dropped release past) (shoot shoot-at $finite) + (shot shoot-at past) (kill shoot-at $finite) (killed shoot-at past) + (smell perceive $finite) (feel perceive $finite) (felt perceive past)) + ((Verb/di $rel $tense) -> (bring bring $finite) (brought bring past) + (get bring $finite) (got bring past)) + )) + +(defparameter *sentences* + '((I will shoot the wumpus at 4 4) + (yes) + (You went right -- I will go left) + (carry the gold) + (yes and no) + (did you bring me the gold) + (a breeze is here -- I am near 5 3) + (a stench is in 3 5) + (a pit is nearby) + (is the wumpus near) + (Did you go to 3 8) + (Yes -- Nothing is there) + (Shoot -- Shoot left) + (Kill the wumpus -- shoot up))) + +(defun ss (&optional (sentences *sentences*)) + "Run some test sentences, and count how many were not parsed." + (count-if-not + #'(lambda (s) + (format t "~2&>>> ~(~{~a ~}~)~%" s) + (write (second (parse s)) :pretty t)) + *sentences*)) diff --git a/test/canterbury-corpus/canterbury/kennedy.xls b/test/canterbury-corpus/canterbury/kennedy.xls new file mode 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z$;X+Jk5kFVspR8Qa{2iyNl$XP9-0glI!Q~xRl&M&wPx! zSjMH~Zl)QSin|!c4QPHGXG%WKlzd!DuD@T6OUX44j}PBYKD=V)o2|LZ0>VPV6ND!T eiwKJeO9)E|%LvN}D+ntIs|c$JPZ91Z`Tqg@Rm>>> literal 0 HcmV?d00001 diff --git a/test/canterbury-corpus/canterbury/lcet10.txt b/test/canterbury-corpus/canterbury/lcet10.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..25dda6b --- /dev/null +++ b/test/canterbury-corpus/canterbury/lcet10.txt @@ -0,0 +1,7519 @@ + + +The Project Gutenberg Etext of LOC WORKSHOP ON ELECTRONIC TEXTS + + + + + WORKSHOP ON ELECTRONIC TEXTS + + PROCEEDINGS + + + + Edited by James Daly + + + + + + + + 9-10 June 1992 + + + Library of Congress + Washington, D.C. + + + + Supported by a Grant from the David and Lucile Packard Foundation + + + *** *** *** ****** *** *** *** + + + TABLE OF CONTENTS + + +Acknowledgements + +Introduction + +Proceedings + Welcome + Prosser Gifford and Carl Fleischhauer + + Session I. Content in a New Form: Who Will Use It and What Will They Do? + James Daly (Moderator) + Avra Michelson, Overview + Susan H. Veccia, User Evaluation + Joanne Freeman, Beyond the Scholar + Discussion + + Session II. Show and Tell + Jacqueline Hess (Moderator) + Elli Mylonas, Perseus Project + Discussion + Eric M. Calaluca, Patrologia Latina Database + Carl Fleischhauer and Ricky Erway, American Memory + Discussion + Dorothy Twohig, The Papers of George Washington + Discussion + Maria L. Lebron, The Online Journal of Current Clinical Trials + Discussion + Lynne K. Personius, Cornell mathematics books + Discussion + + Session III. Distribution, Networks, and Networking: + Options for Dissemination + Robert G. Zich (Moderator) + Clifford A. Lynch + Discussion + Howard Besser + Discussion + Ronald L. Larsen + Edwin B. Brownrigg + Discussion + + Session IV. Image Capture, Text Capture, Overview of Text and + Image Storage Formats + William L. Hooton (Moderator) + A) Principal Methods for Image Capture of Text: + direct scanning, use of microform + Anne R. Kenney + Pamela Q.J. Andre + Judith A. Zidar + Donald J. Waters + Discussion + B) Special Problems: bound volumes, conservation, + reproducing printed halftones + George Thoma + Carl Fleischhauer + Discussion + C) Image Standards and Implications for Preservation + Jean Baronas + Patricia Battin + Discussion + D) Text Conversion: OCR vs. rekeying, standards of accuracy + and use of imperfect texts, service bureaus + Michael Lesk + Ricky Erway + Judith A. Zidar + Discussion + + Session V. Approaches to Preparing Electronic Texts + Susan Hockey (Moderator) + Stuart Weibel + Discussion + C.M. Sperberg-McQueen + Discussion + Eric M. Calaluca + Discussion + + Session VI. Copyright Issues + Marybeth Peters + + Session VII. Conclusion + Prosser Gifford (Moderator) + General discussion + +Appendix I: Program + +Appendix II: Abstracts + +Appendix III: Directory of Participants + + + *** *** *** ****** *** *** *** + + + Acknowledgements + +I would like to thank Carl Fleischhauer and Prosser Gifford for the +opportunity to learn about areas of human activity unknown to me a scant +ten months ago, and the David and Lucile Packard Foundation for +supporting that opportunity. The help given by others is acknowledged on +a separate page. + + 19 October 1992 + + + *** *** *** ****** *** *** *** + + + INTRODUCTION + +The Workshop on Electronic Texts (1) drew together representatives of +various projects and interest groups to compare ideas, beliefs, +experiences, and, in particular, methods of placing and presenting +historical textual materials in computerized form. Most attendees gained +much in insight and outlook from the event. But the assembly did not +form a new nation, or, to put it another way, the diversity of projects +and interests was too great to draw the representatives into a cohesive, +action-oriented body.(2) + +Everyone attending the Workshop shared an interest in preserving and +providing access to historical texts. But within this broad field the +attendees represented a variety of formal, informal, figurative, and +literal groups, with many individuals belonging to more than one. These +groups may be defined roughly according to the following topics or +activities: + +* Imaging +* Searchable coded texts +* National and international computer networks +* CD-ROM production and dissemination +* Methods and technology for converting older paper materials into +electronic form +* Study of the use of digital materials by scholars and others + +This summary is arranged thematically and does not follow the actual +sequence of presentations. + +NOTES: + (1) In this document, the phrase electronic text is used to mean + any computerized reproduction or version of a document, book, + article, or manuscript (including images), and not merely a machine- + readable or machine-searchable text. + + (2) The Workshop was held at the Library of Congress on 9-10 June + 1992, with funding from the David and Lucile Packard Foundation. + The document that follows represents a summary of the presentations + made at the Workshop and was compiled by James DALY. This + introduction was written by DALY and Carl FLEISCHHAUER. + + +PRESERVATION AND IMAGING + +Preservation, as that term is used by archivists,(3) was most explicitly +discussed in the context of imaging. Anne KENNEY and Lynne PERSONIUS +explained how the concept of a faithful copy and the user-friendliness of +the traditional book have guided their project at Cornell University.(4) +Although interested in computerized dissemination, participants in the +Cornell project are creating digital image sets of older books in the +public domain as a source for a fresh paper facsimile or, in a future +phase, microfilm. The books returned to the library shelves are +high-quality and useful replacements on acid-free paper that should last +a long time. To date, the Cornell project has placed little or no +emphasis on creating searchable texts; one would not be surprised to find +that the project participants view such texts as new editions, and thus +not as faithful reproductions. + +In her talk on preservation, Patricia BATTIN struck an ecumenical and +flexible note as she endorsed the creation and dissemination of a variety +of types of digital copies. Do not be too narrow in defining what counts +as a preservation element, BATTIN counseled; for the present, at least, +digital copies made with preservation in mind cannot be as narrowly +standardized as, say, microfilm copies with the same objective. Setting +standards precipitously can inhibit creativity, but delay can result in +chaos, she advised. + +In part, BATTIN's position reflected the unsettled nature of image-format +standards, and attendees could hear echoes of this unsettledness in the +comments of various speakers. For example, Jean BARONAS reviewed the +status of several formal standards moving through committees of experts; +and Clifford LYNCH encouraged the use of a new guideline for transmitting +document images on Internet. Testimony from participants in the National +Agricultural Library's (NAL) Text Digitization Program and LC's American +Memory project highlighted some of the challenges to the actual creation +or interchange of images, including difficulties in converting +preservation microfilm to digital form. Donald WATERS reported on the +progress of a master plan for a project at Yale University to convert +books on microfilm to digital image sets, Project Open Book (POB). + +The Workshop offered rather less of an imaging practicum than planned, +but "how-to" hints emerge at various points, for example, throughout +KENNEY's presentation and in the discussion of arcana such as +thresholding and dithering offered by George THOMA and FLEISCHHAUER. + +NOTES: + (3) Although there is a sense in which any reproductions of + historical materials preserve the human record, specialists in the + field have developed particular guidelines for the creation of + acceptable preservation copies. + + (4) Titles and affiliations of presenters are given at the + beginning of their respective talks and in the Directory of + Participants (Appendix III). + + +THE MACHINE-READABLE TEXT: MARKUP AND USE + +The sections of the Workshop that dealt with machine-readable text tended +to be more concerned with access and use than with preservation, at least +in the narrow technical sense. Michael SPERBERG-McQUEEN made a forceful +presentation on the Text Encoding Initiative's (TEI) implementation of +the Standard Generalized Markup Language (SGML). His ideas were echoed +by Susan HOCKEY, Elli MYLONAS, and Stuart WEIBEL. While the +presentations made by the TEI advocates contained no practicum, their +discussion focused on the value of the finished product, what the +European Community calls reusability, but what may also be termed +durability. They argued that marking up--that is, coding--a text in a +well-conceived way will permit it to be moved from one computer +environment to another, as well as to be used by various users. Two +kinds of markup were distinguished: 1) procedural markup, which +describes the features of a text (e.g., dots on a page), and 2) +descriptive markup, which describes the structure or elements of a +document (e.g., chapters, paragraphs, and front matter). + +The TEI proponents emphasized the importance of texts to scholarship. +They explained how heavily coded (and thus analyzed and annotated) texts +can underlie research, play a role in scholarly communication, and +facilitate classroom teaching. SPERBERG-McQUEEN reminded listeners that +a written or printed item (e.g., a particular edition of a book) is +merely a representation of the abstraction we call a text. To concern +ourselves with faithfully reproducing a printed instance of the text, +SPERBERG-McQUEEN argued, is to concern ourselves with the representation +of a representation ("images as simulacra for the text"). The TEI proponents' +interest in images tends to focus on corollary materials for use in teaching, +for example, photographs of the Acropolis to accompany a Greek text. + +By the end of the Workshop, SPERBERG-McQUEEN confessed to having been +converted to a limited extent to the view that electronic images +constitute a promising alternative to microfilming; indeed, an +alternative probably superior to microfilming. But he was not convinced +that electronic images constitute a serious attempt to represent text in +electronic form. HOCKEY and MYLONAS also conceded that their experience +at the Pierce Symposium the previous week at Georgetown University and +the present conference at the Library of Congress had compelled them to +reevaluate their perspective on the usefulness of text as images. +Attendees could see that the text and image advocates were in +constructive tension, so to say. + +Three nonTEI presentations described approaches to preparing +machine-readable text that are less rigorous and thus less expensive. In +the case of the Papers of George Washington, Dorothy TWOHIG explained +that the digital version will provide a not-quite-perfect rendering of +the transcribed text--some 135,000 documents, available for research +during the decades while the perfect or print version is completed. +Members of the American Memory team and the staff of NAL's Text +Digitization Program (see below) also outlined a middle ground concerning +searchable texts. In the case of American Memory, contractors produce +texts with about 99-percent accuracy that serve as "browse" or +"reference" versions of written or printed originals. End users who need +faithful copies or perfect renditions must refer to accompanying sets of +digital facsimile images or consult copies of the originals in a nearby +library or archive. American Memory staff argued that the high cost of +producing 100-percent accurate copies would prevent LC from offering +access to large parts of its collections. + + +THE MACHINE-READABLE TEXT: METHODS OF CONVERSION + +Although the Workshop did not include a systematic examination of the +methods for converting texts from paper (or from facsimile images) into +machine-readable form, nevertheless, various speakers touched upon this +matter. For example, WEIBEL reported that OCLC has experimented with a +merging of multiple optical character recognition systems that will +reduce errors from an unacceptable rate of 5 characters out of every +l,000 to an unacceptable rate of 2 characters out of every l,000. + +Pamela ANDRE presented an overview of NAL's Text Digitization Program and +Judith ZIDAR discussed the technical details. ZIDAR explained how NAL +purchased hardware and software capable of performing optical character +recognition (OCR) and text conversion and used its own staff to convert +texts. The process, ZIDAR said, required extensive editing and project +staff found themselves considering alternatives, including rekeying +and/or creating abstracts or summaries of texts. NAL reckoned costs at +$7 per page. By way of contrast, Ricky ERWAY explained that American +Memory had decided from the start to contract out conversion to external +service bureaus. The criteria used to select these contractors were cost +and quality of results, as opposed to methods of conversion. ERWAY noted +that historical documents or books often do not lend themselves to OCR. +Bound materials represent a special problem. In her experience, quality +control--inspecting incoming materials, counting errors in samples--posed +the most time-consuming aspect of contracting out conversion. ERWAY +reckoned American Memory's costs at $4 per page, but cautioned that fewer +cost-elements had been included than in NAL's figure. + + +OPTIONS FOR DISSEMINATION + +The topic of dissemination proper emerged at various points during the +Workshop. At the session devoted to national and international computer +networks, LYNCH, Howard BESSER, Ronald LARSEN, and Edwin BROWNRIGG +highlighted the virtues of Internet today and of the network that will +evolve from Internet. Listeners could discern in these narratives a +vision of an information democracy in which millions of citizens freely +find and use what they need. LYNCH noted that a lack of standards +inhibits disseminating multimedia on the network, a topic also discussed +by BESSER. LARSEN addressed the issues of network scalability and +modularity and commented upon the difficulty of anticipating the effects +of growth in orders of magnitude. BROWNRIGG talked about the ability of +packet radio to provide certain links in a network without the need for +wiring. However, the presenters also called attention to the +shortcomings and incongruities of present-day computer networks. For +example: 1) Network use is growing dramatically, but much network +traffic consists of personal communication (E-mail). 2) Large bodies of +information are available, but a user's ability to search across their +entirety is limited. 3) There are significant resources for science and +technology, but few network sources provide content in the humanities. +4) Machine-readable texts are commonplace, but the capability of the +system to deal with images (let alone other media formats) lags behind. +A glimpse of a multimedia future for networks, however, was provided by +Maria LEBRON in her overview of the Online Journal of Current Clinical +Trials (OJCCT), and the process of scholarly publishing on-line. + +The contrasting form of the CD-ROM disk was never systematically +analyzed, but attendees could glean an impression from several of the +show-and-tell presentations. The Perseus and American Memory examples +demonstrated recently published disks, while the descriptions of the +IBYCUS version of the Papers of George Washington and Chadwyck-Healey's +Patrologia Latina Database (PLD) told of disks to come. According to +Eric CALALUCA, PLD's principal focus has been on converting Jacques-Paul +Migne's definitive collection of Latin texts to machine-readable form. +Although everyone could share the network advocates' enthusiasm for an +on-line future, the possibility of rolling up one's sleeves for a session +with a CD-ROM containing both textual materials and a powerful retrieval +engine made the disk seem an appealing vessel indeed. The overall +discussion suggested that the transition from CD-ROM to on-line networked +access may prove far slower and more difficult than has been anticipated. + + +WHO ARE THE USERS AND WHAT DO THEY DO? + +Although concerned with the technicalities of production, the Workshop +never lost sight of the purposes and uses of electronic versions of +textual materials. As noted above, those interested in imaging discussed +the problematical matter of digital preservation, while the TEI proponents +described how machine-readable texts can be used in research. This latter +topic received thorough treatment in the paper read by Avra MICHELSON. +She placed the phenomenon of electronic texts within the context of +broader trends in information technology and scholarly communication. + +Among other things, MICHELSON described on-line conferences that +represent a vigorous and important intellectual forum for certain +disciplines. Internet now carries more than 700 conferences, with about +80 percent of these devoted to topics in the social sciences and the +humanities. Other scholars use on-line networks for "distance learning." +Meanwhile, there has been a tremendous growth in end-user computing; +professors today are less likely than their predecessors to ask the +campus computer center to process their data. Electronic texts are one +key to these sophisticated applications, MICHELSON reported, and more and +more scholars in the humanities now work in an on-line environment. +Toward the end of the Workshop, Michael LESK presented a corollary to +MICHELSON's talk, reporting the results of an experiment that compared +the work of one group of chemistry students using traditional printed +texts and two groups using electronic sources. The experiment +demonstrated that in the event one does not know what to read, one needs +the electronic systems; the electronic systems hold no advantage at the +moment if one knows what to read, but neither do they impose a penalty. + +DALY provided an anecdotal account of the revolutionizing impact of the +new technology on his previous methods of research in the field of classics. +His account, by extrapolation, served to illustrate in part the arguments +made by MICHELSON concerning the positive effects of the sudden and radical +transformation being wrought in the ways scholars work. + +Susan VECCIA and Joanne FREEMAN delineated the use of electronic +materials outside the university. The most interesting aspect of their +use, FREEMAN said, could be seen as a paradox: teachers in elementary +and secondary schools requested access to primary source materials but, +at the same time, found that "primariness" itself made these materials +difficult for their students to use. + + +OTHER TOPICS + +Marybeth PETERS reviewed copyright law in the United States and offered +advice during a lively discussion of this subject. But uncertainty +remains concerning the price of copyright in a digital medium, because a +solution remains to be worked out concerning management and synthesis of +copyrighted and out-of-copyright pieces of a database. + +As moderator of the final session of the Workshop, Prosser GIFFORD directed +discussion to future courses of action and the potential role of LC in +advancing them. Among the recommendations that emerged were the following: + + * Workshop participants should 1) begin to think about working + with image material, but structure and digitize it in such a + way that at a later stage it can be interpreted into text, and + 2) find a common way to build text and images together so that + they can be used jointly at some stage in the future, with + appropriate network support, because that is how users will want + to access these materials. The Library might encourage attempts + to bring together people who are working on texts and images. + + * A network version of American Memory should be developed or + consideration should be given to making the data in it + available to people interested in doing network multimedia. + Given the current dearth of digital data that is appealing and + unencumbered by extremely complex rights problems, developing a + network version of American Memory could do much to help make + network multimedia a reality. + + * Concerning the thorny issue of electronic deposit, LC should + initiate a catalytic process in terms of distributed + responsibility, that is, bring together the distributed + organizations and set up a study group to look at all the + issues related to electronic deposit and see where we as a + nation should move. For example, LC might attempt to persuade + one major library in each state to deal with its state + equivalent publisher, which might produce a cooperative project + that would be equitably distributed around the country, and one + in which LC would be dealing with a minimal number of publishers + and minimal copyright problems. LC must also deal with the + concept of on-line publishing, determining, among other things, + how serials such as OJCCT might be deposited for copyright. + + * Since a number of projects are planning to carry out + preservation by creating digital images that will end up in + on-line or near-line storage at some institution, LC might play + a helpful role, at least in the near term, by accelerating how + to catalog that information into the Research Library Information + Network (RLIN) and then into OCLC, so that it would be accessible. + This would reduce the possibility of multiple institutions digitizing + the same work. + + +CONCLUSION + +The Workshop was valuable because it brought together partisans from +various groups and provided an occasion to compare goals and methods. +The more committed partisans frequently communicate with others in their +groups, but less often across group boundaries. The Workshop was also +valuable to attendees--including those involved with American Memory--who +came less committed to particular approaches or concepts. These +attendees learned a great deal, and plan to select and employ elements of +imaging, text-coding, and networked distribution that suit their +respective projects and purposes. + +Still, reality rears its ugly head: no breakthrough has been achieved. +On the imaging side, one confronts a proliferation of competing +data-interchange standards and a lack of consensus on the role of digital +facsimiles in preservation. In the realm of machine-readable texts, one +encounters a reasonably mature standard but methodological difficulties +and high costs. These latter problems, of course, represent a special +impediment to the desire, as it is sometimes expressed in the popular +press, "to put the [contents of the] Library of Congress on line." In +the words of one participant, there was "no solution to the economic +problems--the projects that are out there are surviving, but it is going +to be a lot of work to transform the information industry, and so far the +investment to do that is not forthcoming" (LESK, per litteras). + + + *** *** *** ****** *** *** *** + + + PROCEEDINGS + + +WELCOME + ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ +GIFFORD * Origin of Workshop in current Librarian's desire to make LC's +collections more widely available * Desiderata arising from the prospect +of greater interconnectedness * ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ + +After welcoming participants on behalf of the Library of Congress, +American Memory (AM), and the National Demonstration Lab, Prosser +GIFFORD, director for scholarly programs, Library of Congress, located +the origin of the Workshop on Electronic Texts in a conversation he had +had considerably more than a year ago with Carl FLEISCHHAUER concerning +some of the issues faced by AM. On the assumption that numerous other +people were asking the same questions, the decision was made to bring +together as many of these people as possible to ask the same questions +together. In a deeper sense, GIFFORD said, the origin of the Workshop +lay in the desire of the current Librarian of Congress, James H. +Billington, to make the collections of the Library, especially those +offering unique or unusual testimony on aspects of the American +experience, available to a much wider circle of users than those few +people who can come to Washington to use them. This meant that the +emphasis of AM, from the outset, has been on archival collections of the +basic material, and on making these collections themselves available, +rather than selected or heavily edited products. + +From AM's emphasis followed the questions with which the Workshop began: +who will use these materials, and in what form will they wish to use +them. But an even larger issue deserving mention, in GIFFORD's view, was +the phenomenal growth in Internet connectivity. He expressed the hope +that the prospect of greater interconnectedness than ever before would +lead to: 1) much more cooperative and mutually supportive endeavors; 2) +development of systems of shared and distributed responsibilities to +avoid duplication and to ensure accuracy and preservation of unique +materials; and 3) agreement on the necessary standards and development of +the appropriate directories and indices to make navigation +straightforward among the varied resources that are, and increasingly +will be, available. In this connection, GIFFORD requested that +participants reflect from the outset upon the sorts of outcomes they +thought the Workshop might have. Did those present constitute a group +with sufficient common interests to propose a next step or next steps, +and if so, what might those be? They would return to these questions the +following afternoon. + + ****** + ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ +FLEISCHHAUER * Core of Workshop concerns preparation and production of +materials * Special challenge in conversion of textual materials * +Quality versus quantity * Do the several groups represented share common +interests? * ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ + +Carl FLEISCHHAUER, coordinator, American Memory, Library of Congress, +emphasized that he would attempt to represent the people who perform some +of the work of converting or preparing materials and that the core of +the Workshop had to do with preparation and production. FLEISCHHAUER +then drew a distinction between the long term, when many things would be +available and connected in the ways that GIFFORD described, and the short +term, in which AM not only has wrestled with the issue of what is the +best course to pursue but also has faced a variety of technical +challenges. + +FLEISCHHAUER remarked AM's endeavors to deal with a wide range of library +formats, such as motion picture collections, sound-recording collections, +and pictorial collections of various sorts, especially collections of +photographs. In the course of these efforts, AM kept coming back to +textual materials--manuscripts or rare printed matter, bound materials, +etc. Text posed the greatest conversion challenge of all. Thus, the +genesis of the Workshop, which reflects the problems faced by AM. These +problems include physical problems. For example, those in the library +and archive business deal with collections made up of fragile and rare +manuscript items, bound materials, especially the notoriously brittle +bound materials of the late nineteenth century. These are precious +cultural artifacts, however, as well as interesting sources of +information, and LC desires to retain and conserve them. AM needs to +handle things without damaging them. Guillotining a book to run it +through a sheet feeder must be avoided at all costs. + +Beyond physical problems, issues pertaining to quality arose. For +example, the desire to provide users with a searchable text is affected +by the question of acceptable level of accuracy. One hundred percent +accuracy is tremendously expensive. On the other hand, the output of +optical character recognition (OCR) can be tremendously inaccurate. +Although AM has attempted to find a middle ground, uncertainty persists +as to whether or not it has discovered the right solution. + +Questions of quality arose concerning images as well. FLEISCHHAUER +contrasted the extremely high level of quality of the digital images in +the Cornell Xerox Project with AM's efforts to provide a browse-quality +or access-quality image, as opposed to an archival or preservation image. +FLEISCHHAUER therefore welcomed the opportunity to compare notes. + +FLEISCHHAUER observed in passing that conversations he had had about +networks have begun to signal that for various forms of media a +determination may be made that there is a browse-quality item, or a +distribution-and-access-quality item that may coexist in some systems +with a higher quality archival item that would be inconvenient to send +through the network because of its size. FLEISCHHAUER referred, of +course, to images more than to searchable text. + +As AM considered those questions, several conceptual issues arose: ought +AM occasionally to reproduce materials entirely through an image set, at +other times, entirely through a text set, and in some cases, a mix? +There probably would be times when the historical authenticity of an +artifact would require that its image be used. An image might be +desirable as a recourse for users if one could not provide 100-percent +accurate text. Again, AM wondered, as a practical matter, if a +distinction could be drawn between rare printed matter that might exist +in multiple collections--that is, in ten or fifteen libraries. In such +cases, the need for perfect reproduction would be less than for unique +items. Implicit in his remarks, FLEISCHHAUER conceded, was the admission +that AM has been tilting strongly towards quantity and drawing back a +little from perfect quality. That is, it seemed to AM that society would +be better served if more things were distributed by LC--even if they were +not quite perfect--than if fewer things, perfectly represented, were +distributed. This was stated as a proposition to be tested, with +responses to be gathered from users. + +In thinking about issues related to reproduction of materials and seeing +other people engaged in parallel activities, AM deemed it useful to +convene a conference. Hence, the Workshop. FLEISCHHAUER thereupon +surveyed the several groups represented: 1) the world of images (image +users and image makers); 2) the world of text and scholarship and, within +this group, those concerned with language--FLEISCHHAUER confessed to finding +delightful irony in the fact that some of the most advanced thinkers on +computerized texts are those dealing with ancient Greek and Roman materials; +3) the network world; and 4) the general world of library science, which +includes people interested in preservation and cataloging. + +FLEISCHHAUER concluded his remarks with special thanks to the David and +Lucile Packard Foundation for its support of the meeting, the American +Memory group, the Office for Scholarly Programs, the National +Demonstration Lab, and the Office of Special Events. He expressed the +hope that David Woodley Packard might be able to attend, noting that +Packard's work and the work of the foundation had sponsored a number of +projects in the text area. + + ****** + +SESSION I. CONTENT IN A NEW FORM: WHO WILL USE IT AND WHAT WILL THEY DO? + ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ +DALY * Acknowledgements * A new Latin authors disk * Effects of the new +technology on previous methods of research * ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ + +Serving as moderator, James DALY acknowledged the generosity of all the +presenters for giving of their time, counsel, and patience in planning +the Workshop, as well as of members of the American Memory project and +other Library of Congress staff, and the David and Lucile Packard +Foundation and its executive director, Colburn S. Wilbur. + +DALY then recounted his visit in March to the Center for Electronic Texts +in the Humanities (CETH) and the Department of Classics at Rutgers +University, where an old friend, Lowell Edmunds, introduced him to the +department's IBYCUS scholarly personal computer, and, in particular, the +new Latin CD-ROM, containing, among other things, almost all classical +Latin literary texts through A.D. 200. Packard Humanities Institute +(PHI), Los Altos, California, released this disk late in 1991, with a +nominal triennial licensing fee. + +Playing with the disk for an hour or so at Rutgers brought home to DALY +at once the revolutionizing impact of the new technology on his previous +methods of research. Had this disk been available two or three years +earlier, DALY contended, when he was engaged in preparing a commentary on +Book 10 of Virgil's Aeneid for Cambridge University Press, he would not +have required a forty-eight-square-foot table on which to spread the +numerous, most frequently consulted items, including some ten or twelve +concordances to key Latin authors, an almost equal number of lexica to +authors who lacked concordances, and where either lexica or concordances +were lacking, numerous editions of authors antedating and postdating Virgil. + +Nor, when checking each of the average six to seven words contained in +the Virgilian hexameter for its usage elsewhere in Virgil's works or +other Latin authors, would DALY have had to maintain the laborious +mechanical process of flipping through these concordances, lexica, and +editions each time. Nor would he have had to frequent as often the +Milton S. Eisenhower Library at the Johns Hopkins University to consult +the Thesaurus Linguae Latinae. Instead of devoting countless hours, or +the bulk of his research time, to gathering data concerning Virgil's use +of words, DALY--now freed by PHI's Latin authors disk from the +tyrannical, yet in some ways paradoxically happy scholarly drudgery-- +would have been able to devote that same bulk of time to analyzing and +interpreting Virgilian verbal usage. + +Citing Theodore Brunner, Gregory Crane, Elli MYLONAS, and Avra MICHELSON, +DALY argued that this reversal in his style of work, made possible by the +new technology, would perhaps have resulted in better, more productive +research. Indeed, even in the course of his browsing the Latin authors +disk at Rutgers, its powerful search, retrieval, and highlighting +capabilities suggested to him several new avenues of research into +Virgil's use of sound effects. This anecdotal account, DALY maintained, +may serve to illustrate in part the sudden and radical transformation +being wrought in the ways scholars work. + + ****** + +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ +MICHELSON * Elements related to scholarship and technology * Electronic +texts within the context of broader trends within information technology +and scholarly communication * Evaluation of the prospects for the use of +electronic texts * Relationship of electronic texts to processes of +scholarly communication in humanities research * New exchange formats +created by scholars * Projects initiated to increase scholarly access to +converted text * Trend toward making electronic resources available +through research and education networks * Changes taking place in +scholarly communication among humanities scholars * Network-mediated +scholarship transforming traditional scholarly practices * Key +information technology trends affecting the conduct of scholarly +communication over the next decade * The trend toward end-user computing +* The trend toward greater connectivity * Effects of these trends * Key +transformations taking place * Summary of principal arguments * +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ + +Avra MICHELSON, Archival Research and Evaluation Staff, National Archives +and Records Administration (NARA), argued that establishing who will use +electronic texts and what they will use them for involves a consideration +of both information technology and scholarship trends. This +consideration includes several elements related to scholarship and +technology: 1) the key trends in information technology that are most +relevant to scholarship; 2) the key trends in the use of currently +available technology by scholars in the nonscientific community; and 3) +the relationship between these two very distinct but interrelated trends. +The investment in understanding this relationship being made by +information providers, technologists, and public policy developers, as +well as by scholars themselves, seems to be pervasive and growing, +MICHELSON contended. She drew on collaborative work with Jeff Rothenberg +on the scholarly use of technology. + +MICHELSON sought to place the phenomenon of electronic texts within the +context of broader trends within information technology and scholarly +communication. She argued that electronic texts are of most use to +researchers to the extent that the researchers' working context (i.e., +their relevant bibliographic sources, collegial feedback, analytic tools, +notes, drafts, etc.), along with their field's primary and secondary +sources, also is accessible in electronic form and can be integrated in +ways that are unique to the on-line environment. + +Evaluation of the prospects for the use of electronic texts includes two +elements: 1) an examination of the ways in which researchers currently +are using electronic texts along with other electronic resources, and 2) +an analysis of key information technology trends that are affecting the +long-term conduct of scholarly communication. MICHELSON limited her +discussion of the use of electronic texts to the practices of humanists +and noted that the scientific community was outside the panel's overview. + +MICHELSON examined the nature of the current relationship of electronic +texts in particular, and electronic resources in general, to what she +maintained were, essentially, five processes of scholarly communication +in humanities research. Researchers 1) identify sources, 2) communicate +with their colleagues, 3) interpret and analyze data, 4) disseminate +their research findings, and 5) prepare curricula to instruct the next +generation of scholars and students. This examination would produce a +clearer understanding of the synergy among these five processes that +fuels the tendency of the use of electronic resources for one process to +stimulate its use for other processes of scholarly communication. + +For the first process of scholarly communication, the identification of +sources, MICHELSON remarked the opportunity scholars now enjoy to +supplement traditional word-of-mouth searches for sources among their +colleagues with new forms of electronic searching. So, for example, +instead of having to visit the library, researchers are able to explore +descriptions of holdings in their offices. Furthermore, if their own +institutions' holdings prove insufficient, scholars can access more than +200 major American library catalogues over Internet, including the +universities of California, Michigan, Pennsylvania, and Wisconsin. +Direct access to the bibliographic databases offers intellectual +empowerment to scholars by presenting a comprehensive means of browsing +through libraries from their homes and offices at their convenience. + +The second process of communication involves communication among +scholars. Beyond the most common methods of communication, scholars are +using E-mail and a variety of new electronic communications formats +derived from it for further academic interchange. E-mail exchanges are +growing at an astonishing rate, reportedly 15 percent a month. They +currently constitute approximately half the traffic on research and +education networks. Moreover, the global spread of E-mail has been so +rapid that it is now possible for American scholars to use it to +communicate with colleagues in close to 140 other countries. + +Other new exchange formats created by scholars and operating on Internet +include more than 700 conferences, with about 80 percent of these devoted +to topics in the social sciences and humanities. The rate of growth of +these scholarly electronic conferences also is astonishing. From l990 to +l991, 200 new conferences were identified on Internet. From October 1991 +to June 1992, an additional 150 conferences in the social sciences and +humanities were added to this directory of listings. Scholars have +established conferences in virtually every field, within every different +discipline. For example, there are currently close to 600 active social +science and humanities conferences on topics such as art and +architecture, ethnomusicology, folklore, Japanese culture, medical +education, and gifted and talented education. The appeal to scholars of +communicating through these conferences is that, unlike any other medium, +electronic conferences today provide a forum for global communication +with peers at the front end of the research process. + +Interpretation and analysis of sources constitutes the third process of +scholarly communication that MICHELSON discussed in terms of texts and +textual resources. The methods used to analyze sources fall somewhere on +a continuum from quantitative analysis to qualitative analysis. +Typically, evidence is culled and evaluated using methods drawn from both +ends of this continuum. At one end, quantitative analysis involves the +use of mathematical processes such as a count of frequencies and +distributions of occurrences or, on a higher level, regression analysis. +At the other end of the continuum, qualitative analysis typically +involves nonmathematical processes oriented toward language +interpretation or the building of theory. Aspects of this work involve +the processing--either manual or computational--of large and sometimes +massive amounts of textual sources, although the use of nontextual +sources as evidence, such as photographs, sound recordings, film footage, +and artifacts, is significant as well. + +Scholars have discovered that many of the methods of interpretation and +analysis that are related to both quantitative and qualitative methods +are processes that can be performed by computers. For example, computers +can count. They can count brush strokes used in a Rembrandt painting or +perform regression analysis for understanding cause and effect. By means +of advanced technologies, computers can recognize patterns, analyze text, +and model concepts. Furthermore, computers can complete these processes +faster with more sources and with greater precision than scholars who +must rely on manual interpretation of data. But if scholars are to use +computers for these processes, source materials must be in a form +amenable to computer-assisted analysis. For this reason many scholars, +once they have identified the sources that are key to their research, are +converting them to machine-readable form. Thus, a representative example +of the numerous textual conversion projects organized by scholars around +the world in recent years to support computational text analysis is the +TLG, the Thesaurus Linguae Graecae. This project is devoted to +converting the extant ancient texts of classical Greece. (Editor's note: +according to the TLG Newsletter of May l992, TLG was in use in thirty-two +different countries. This figure updates MICHELSON's previous count by one.) + +The scholars performing these conversions have been asked to recognize +that the electronic sources they are converting for one use possess value +for other research purposes as well. As a result, during the past few +years, humanities scholars have initiated a number of projects to +increase scholarly access to converted text. So, for example, the Text +Encoding Initiative (TEI), about which more is said later in the program, +was established as an effort by scholars to determine standard elements +and methods for encoding machine-readable text for electronic exchange. +In a second effort to facilitate the sharing of converted text, scholars +have created a new institution, the Center for Electronic Texts in the +Humanities (CETH). The center estimates that there are 8,000 series of +source texts in the humanities that have been converted to +machine-readable form worldwide. CETH is undertaking an international +search for converted text in the humanities, compiling it into an +electronic library, and preparing bibliographic descriptions of the +sources for the Research Libraries Information Network's (RLIN) +machine-readable data file. The library profession has begun to initiate +large conversion projects as well, such as American Memory. + +While scholars have been making converted text available to one another, +typically on disk or on CD-ROM, the clear trend is toward making these +resources available through research and education networks. Thus, the +American and French Research on the Treasury of the French Language +(ARTFL) and the Dante Project are already available on Internet. +MICHELSON summarized this section on interpretation and analysis by +noting that: 1) increasing numbers of humanities scholars in the library +community are recognizing the importance to the advancement of +scholarship of retrospective conversion of source materials in the arts +and humanities; and 2) there is a growing realization that making the +sources available on research and education networks maximizes their +usefulness for the analysis performed by humanities scholars. + +The fourth process of scholarly communication is dissemination of +research findings, that is, publication. Scholars are using existing +research and education networks to engineer a new type of publication: +scholarly-controlled journals that are electronically produced and +disseminated. Although such journals are still emerging as a +communication format, their number has grown, from approximately twelve +to thirty-six during the past year (July 1991 to June 1992). Most of +these electronic scholarly journals are devoted to topics in the +humanities. As with network conferences, scholarly enthusiasm for these +electronic journals stems from the medium's unique ability to advance +scholarship in a way that no other medium can do by supporting global +feedback and interchange, practically in real time, early in the research +process. Beyond scholarly journals, MICHELSON remarked the delivery of +commercial full-text products, such as articles in professional journals, +newsletters, magazines, wire services, and reference sources. These are +being delivered via on-line local library catalogues, especially through +CD-ROMs. Furthermore, according to MICHELSON, there is general optimism +that the copyright and fees issues impeding the delivery of full text on +existing research and education networks soon will be resolved. + +The final process of scholarly communication is curriculum development +and instruction, and this involves the use of computer information +technologies in two areas. The first is the development of +computer-oriented instructional tools, which includes simulations, +multimedia applications, and computer tools that are used to assist in +the analysis of sources in the classroom, etc. The Perseus Project, a +database that provides a multimedia curriculum on classical Greek +civilization, is a good example of the way in which entire curricula are +being recast using information technologies. It is anticipated that the +current difficulty in exchanging electronically computer-based +instructional software, which in turn makes it difficult for one scholar +to build upon the work of others, will be resolved before too long. +Stand-alone curricular applications that involve electronic text will be +sharable through networks, reinforcing their significance as intellectual +products as well as instructional tools. + +The second aspect of electronic learning involves the use of research and +education networks for distance education programs. Such programs +interactively link teachers with students in geographically scattered +locations and rely on the availability of electronic instructional +resources. Distance education programs are gaining wide appeal among +state departments of education because of their demonstrated capacity to +bring advanced specialized course work and an array of experts to many +classrooms. A recent report found that at least 32 states operated at +least one statewide network for education in 1991, with networks under +development in many of the remaining states. + +MICHELSON summarized this section by noting two striking changes taking +place in scholarly communication among humanities scholars. First is the +extent to which electronic text in particular, and electronic resources +in general, are being infused into each of the five processes described +above. As mentioned earlier, there is a certain synergy at work here. +The use of electronic resources for one process tends to stimulate its +use for other processes, because the chief course of movement is toward a +comprehensive on-line working context for humanities scholars that +includes on-line availability of key bibliographies, scholarly feedback, +sources, analytical tools, and publications. MICHELSON noted further +that the movement toward a comprehensive on-line working context for +humanities scholars is not new. In fact, it has been underway for more +than forty years in the humanities, since Father Roberto Busa began +developing an electronic concordance of the works of Saint Thomas Aquinas +in 1949. What we are witnessing today, MICHELSON contended, is not the +beginning of this on-line transition but, for at least some humanities +scholars, the turning point in the transition from a print to an +electronic working context. Coinciding with the on-line transition, the +second striking change is the extent to which research and education +networks are becoming the new medium of scholarly communication. The +existing Internet and the pending National Education and Research Network +(NREN) represent the new meeting ground where scholars are going for +bibliographic information, scholarly dialogue and feedback, the most +current publications in their field, and high-level educational +offerings. Traditional scholarly practices are undergoing tremendous +transformations as a result of the emergence and growing prominence of +what is called network-mediated scholarship. + +MICHELSON next turned to the second element of the framework she proposed +at the outset of her talk for evaluating the prospects for electronic +text, namely the key information technology trends affecting the conduct +of scholarly communication over the next decade: 1) end-user computing +and 2) connectivity. + +End-user computing means that the person touching the keyboard, or +performing computations, is the same as the person who initiates or +consumes the computation. The emergence of personal computers, along +with a host of other forces, such as ubiquitous computing, advances in +interface design, and the on-line transition, is prompting the consumers +of computation to do their own computing, and is thus rendering obsolete +the traditional distinction between end users and ultimate users. + +The trend toward end-user computing is significant to consideration of +the prospects for electronic texts because it means that researchers are +becoming more adept at doing their own computations and, thus, more +competent in the use of electronic media. By avoiding programmer +intermediaries, computation is becoming central to the researcher's +thought process. This direct involvement in computing is changing the +researcher's perspective on the nature of research itself, that is, the +kinds of questions that can be posed, the analytical methodologies that +can be used, the types and amount of sources that are appropriate for +analyses, and the form in which findings are presented. The trend toward +end-user computing means that, increasingly, electronic media and +computation are being infused into all processes of humanities +scholarship, inspiring remarkable transformations in scholarly +communication. + +The trend toward greater connectivity suggests that researchers are using +computation increasingly in network environments. Connectivity is +important to scholarship because it erases the distance that separates +students from teachers and scholars from their colleagues, while allowing +users to access remote databases, share information in many different +media, connect to their working context wherever they are, and +collaborate in all phases of research. + +The combination of the trend toward end-user computing and the trend +toward connectivity suggests that the scholarly use of electronic +resources, already evident among some researchers, will soon become an +established feature of scholarship. The effects of these trends, along +with ongoing changes in scholarly practices, point to a future in which +humanities researchers will use computation and electronic communication +to help them formulate ideas, access sources, perform research, +collaborate with colleagues, seek peer review, publish and disseminate +results, and engage in many other professional and educational activities. + +In summary, MICHELSON emphasized four points: 1) A portion of humanities +scholars already consider electronic texts the preferred format for +analysis and dissemination. 2) Scholars are using these electronic +texts, in conjunction with other electronic resources, in all the +processes of scholarly communication. 3) The humanities scholars' +working context is in the process of changing from print technology to +electronic technology, in many ways mirroring transformations that have +occurred or are occurring within the scientific community. 4) These +changes are occurring in conjunction with the development of a new +communication medium: research and education networks that are +characterized by their capacity to advance scholarship in a wholly unique +way. + +MICHELSON also reiterated her three principal arguments: l) Electronic +texts are best understood in terms of the relationship to other +electronic resources and the growing prominence of network-mediated +scholarship. 2) The prospects for electronic texts lie in their capacity +to be integrated into the on-line network of electronic resources that +comprise the new working context for scholars. 3) Retrospective conversion +of portions of the scholarly record should be a key strategy as information +providers respond to changes in scholarly communication practices. + + ****** + ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ +VECCIA * AM's evaluation project and public users of electronic resources +* AM and its design * Site selection and evaluating the Macintosh +implementation of AM * Characteristics of the six public libraries +selected * Characteristics of AM's users in these libraries * Principal +ways AM is being used * ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ + +Susan VECCIA, team leader, and Joanne FREEMAN, associate coordinator, +American Memory, Library of Congress, gave a joint presentation. First, +by way of introduction, VECCIA explained her and FREEMAN's roles in +American Memory (AM). Serving principally as an observer, VECCIA has +assisted with the evaluation project of AM, placing AM collections in a +variety of different sites around the country and helping to organize and +implement that project. FREEMAN has been an associate coordinator of AM +and has been involved principally with the interpretative materials, +preparing some of the electronic exhibits and printed historical +information that accompanies AM and that is requested by users. VECCIA +and FREEMAN shared anecdotal observations concerning AM with public users +of electronic resources. Notwithstanding a fairly structured evaluation +in progress, both VECCIA and FREEMAN chose not to report on specifics in +terms of numbers, etc., because they felt it was too early in the +evaluation project to do so. + +AM is an electronic archive of primary source materials from the Library +of Congress, selected collections representing a variety of formats-- +photographs, graphic arts, recorded sound, motion pictures, broadsides, +and soon, pamphlets and books. In terms of the design of this system, +the interpretative exhibits have been kept separate from the primary +resources, with good reason. Accompanying this collection are printed +documentation and user guides, as well as guides that FREEMAN prepared for +teachers so that they may begin using the content of the system at once. + +VECCIA described the evaluation project before talking about the public +users of AM, limiting her remarks to public libraries, because FREEMAN +would talk more specifically about schools from kindergarten to twelfth +grade (K-12). Having started in spring 1991, the evaluation currently +involves testing of the Macintosh implementation of AM. Since the +primary goal of this evaluation is to determine the most appropriate +audience or audiences for AM, very different sites were selected. This +makes evaluation difficult because of the varying degrees of technology +literacy among the sites. AM is situated in forty-four locations, of +which six are public libraries and sixteen are schools. Represented +among the schools are elementary, junior high, and high schools. +District offices also are involved in the evaluation, which will +conclude in summer 1993. + +VECCIA focused the remainder of her talk on the six public libraries, one +of which doubles as a state library. They represent a range of +geographic areas and a range of demographic characteristics. For +example, three are located in urban settings, two in rural settings, and +one in a suburban setting. A range of technical expertise is to be found +among these facilities as well. For example, one is an "Apple library of +the future," while two others are rural one-room libraries--in one, AM +sits at the front desk next to a tractor manual. + +All public libraries have been extremely enthusiastic, supportive, and +appreciative of the work that AM has been doing. VECCIA characterized +various users: Most users in public libraries describe themselves as +general readers; of the students who use AM in the public libraries, +those in fourth grade and above seem most interested. Public libraries +in rural sites tend to attract retired people, who have been highly +receptive to AM. Users tend to fall into two additional categories: +people interested in the content and historical connotations of these +primary resources, and those fascinated by the technology. The format +receiving the most comments has been motion pictures. The adult users in +public libraries are more comfortable with IBM computers, whereas young +people seem comfortable with either IBM or Macintosh, although most of +them seem to come from a Macintosh background. This same tendency is +found in the schools. + +What kinds of things do users do with AM? In a public library there are +two main goals or ways that AM is being used: as an individual learning +tool, and as a leisure activity. Adult learning was one area that VECCIA +would highlight as a possible application for a tool such as AM. She +described a patron of a rural public library who comes in every day on +his lunch hour and literally reads AM, methodically going through the +collection image by image. At the end of his hour he makes an electronic +bookmark, puts it in his pocket, and returns to work. The next day he +comes in and resumes where he left off. Interestingly, this man had +never been in the library before he used AM. In another small, rural +library, the coordinator reports that AM is a popular activity for some +of the older, retired people in the community, who ordinarily would not +use "those things,"--computers. Another example of adult learning in +public libraries is book groups, one of which, in particular, is using AM +as part of its reading on industrialization, integration, and urbanization +in the early 1900s. + +One library reports that a family is using AM to help educate their +children. In another instance, individuals from a local museum came in +to use AM to prepare an exhibit on toys of the past. These two examples +emphasize the mission of the public library as a cultural institution, +reaching out to people who do not have the same resources available to +those who live in a metropolitan area or have access to a major library. +One rural library reports that junior high school students in large +numbers came in one afternoon to use AM for entertainment. A number of +public libraries reported great interest among postcard collectors in the +Detroit collection, which was essentially a collection of images used on +postcards around the turn of the century. Train buffs are similarly +interested because that was a time of great interest in railroading. +People, it was found, relate to things that they know of firsthand. For +example, in both rural public libraries where AM was made available, +observers reported that the older people with personal remembrances of +the turn of the century were gravitating to the Detroit collection. +These examples served to underscore MICHELSON's observation re the +integration of electronic tools and ideas--that people learn best when +the material relates to something they know. + +VECCIA made the final point that in many cases AM serves as a +public-relations tool for the public libraries that are testing it. In +one case, AM is being used as a vehicle to secure additional funding for +the library. In another case, AM has served as an inspiration to the +staff of a major local public library in the South to think about ways to +make its own collection of photographs more accessible to the public. + + ****** + ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ +FREEMAN * AM and archival electronic resources in a school environment * +Questions concerning context * Questions concerning the electronic format +itself * Computer anxiety * Access and availability of the system * +Hardware * Strengths gained through the use of archival resources in +schools * ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ + +Reiterating an observation made by VECCIA, that AM is an archival +resource made up of primary materials with very little interpretation, +FREEMAN stated that the project has attempted to bridge the gap between +these bare primary materials and a school environment, and in that cause +has created guided introductions to AM collections. Loud demand from the +educational community, chiefly from teachers working with the upper +grades of elementary school through high school, greeted the announcement +that AM would be tested around the country. + +FREEMAN reported not only on what was learned about AM in a school +environment, but also on several universal questions that were raised +concerning archival electronic resources in schools. She discussed +several strengths of this type of material in a school environment as +opposed to a highly structured resource that offers a limited number of +paths to follow. + +FREEMAN first raised several questions about using AM in a school +environment. There is often some difficulty in developing a sense of +what the system contains. Many students sit down at a computer resource +and assume that, because AM comes from the Library of Congress, all of +American history is now at their fingertips. As a result of that sort of +mistaken judgment, some students are known to conclude that AM contains +nothing of use to them when they look for one or two things and do not +find them. It is difficult to discover that middle ground where one has +a sense of what the system contains. Some students grope toward the idea +of an archive, a new idea to them, since they have not previously +experienced what it means to have access to a vast body of somewhat +random information. + +Other questions raised by FREEMAN concerned the electronic format itself. +For instance, in a school environment it is often difficult both for +teachers and students to gain a sense of what it is they are viewing. +They understand that it is a visual image, but they do not necessarily +know that it is a postcard from the turn of the century, a panoramic +photograph, or even machine-readable text of an eighteenth-century +broadside, a twentieth-century printed book, or a nineteenth-century +diary. That distinction is often difficult for people in a school +environment to grasp. Because of that, it occasionally becomes difficult +to draw conclusions from what one is viewing. + +FREEMAN also noted the obvious fear of the computer, which constitutes a +difficulty in using an electronic resource. Though students in general +did not suffer from this anxiety, several older students feared that they +were computer-illiterate, an assumption that became self-fulfilling when +they searched for something but failed to find it. FREEMAN said she +believed that some teachers also fear computer resources, because they +believe they lack complete control. FREEMAN related the example of +teachers shooing away students because it was not their time to use the +system. This was a case in which the situation had to be extremely +structured so that the teachers would not feel that they had lost their +grasp on what the system contained. + +A final question raised by FREEMAN concerned access and availability of +the system. She noted the occasional existence of a gap in communication +between school librarians and teachers. Often AM sits in a school +library and the librarian is the person responsible for monitoring the +system. Teachers do not always take into their world new library +resources about which the librarian is excited. Indeed, at the sites +where AM had been used most effectively within a library, the librarian +was required to go to specific teachers and instruct them in its use. As +a result, several AM sites will have in-service sessions over a summer, +in the hope that perhaps, with a more individualized link, teachers will +be more likely to use the resource. + +A related issue in the school context concerned the number of +workstations available at any one location. Centralization of equipment +at the district level, with teachers invited to download things and walk +away with them, proved unsuccessful because the hours these offices were +open were also school hours. + +Another issue was hardware. As VECCIA observed, a range of sites exists, +some technologically advanced and others essentially acquiring their +first computer for the primary purpose of using it in conjunction with +AM's testing. Users at technologically sophisticated sites want even +more sophisticated hardware, so that they can perform even more +sophisticated tasks with the materials in AM. But once they acquire a +newer piece of hardware, they must learn how to use that also; at an +unsophisticated site it takes an extremely long time simply to become +accustomed to the computer, not to mention the program offered with the +computer. All of these small issues raise one large question, namely, +are systems like AM truly rewarding in a school environment, or do they +simply act as innovative toys that do little more than spark interest? + +FREEMAN contended that the evaluation project has revealed several strengths +that were gained through the use of archival resources in schools, including: + + * Psychic rewards from using AM as a vast, rich database, with + teachers assigning various projects to students--oral presentations, + written reports, a documentary, a turn-of-the-century newspaper-- + projects that start with the materials in AM but are completed using + other resources; AM thus is used as a research tool in conjunction + with other electronic resources, as well as with books and items in + the library where the system is set up. + + * Students are acquiring computer literacy in a humanities context. + + * This sort of system is overcoming the isolation between disciplines + that often exists in schools. For example, many English teachers are + requiring their students to write papers on historical topics + represented in AM. Numerous teachers have reported that their + students are learning critical thinking skills using the system. + + * On a broader level, AM is introducing primary materials, not only + to students but also to teachers, in an environment where often + simply none exist--an exciting thing for the students because it + helps them learn to conduct research, to interpret, and to draw + their own conclusions. In learning to conduct research and what it + means, students are motivated to seek knowledge. That relates to + another positive outcome--a high level of personal involvement of + students with the materials in this system and greater motivation to + conduct their own research and draw their own conclusions. + + * Perhaps the most ironic strength of these kinds of archival + electronic resources is that many of the teachers AM interviewed + were desperate, it is no exaggeration to say, not only for primary + materials but for unstructured primary materials. These would, they + thought, foster personally motivated research, exploration, and + excitement in their students. Indeed, these materials have done + just that. Ironically, however, this lack of structure produces + some of the confusion to which the newness of these kinds of + resources may also contribute. The key to effective use of archival + products in a school environment is a clear, effective introduction + to the system and to what it contains. + + ****** + ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ +DISCUSSION * Nothing known, quantitatively, about the number of +humanities scholars who must see the original versus those who would +settle for an edited transcript, or about the ways in which humanities +scholars are using information technology * Firm conclusions concerning +the manner and extent of the use of supporting materials in print +provided by AM to await completion of evaluative study * A listener's +reflections on additional applications of electronic texts * Role of +electronic resources in teaching elementary research skills to students * ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ + +During the discussion that followed the presentations by MICHELSON, +VECCIA, and FREEMAN, additional points emerged. + +LESK asked if MICHELSON could give any quantitative estimate of the +number of humanities scholars who must see or want to see the original, +or the best possible version of the material, versus those who typically +would settle for an edited transcript. While unable to provide a figure, +she offered her impressions as an archivist who has done some reference +work and has discussed this issue with other archivists who perform +reference, that those who use archives and those who use primary sources +for what would be considered very high-level scholarly research, as +opposed to, say, undergraduate papers, were few in number, especially +given the public interest in using primary sources to conduct +genealogical or avocational research and the kind of professional +research done by people in private industry or the federal government. +More important in MICHELSON's view was that, quantitatively, nothing is +known about the ways in which, for example, humanities scholars are using +information technology. No studies exist to offer guidance in creating +strategies. The most recent study was conducted in 1985 by the American +Council of Learned Societies (ACLS), and what it showed was that 50 +percent of humanities scholars at that time were using computers. That +constitutes the extent of our knowledge. + +Concerning AM's strategy for orienting people toward the scope of +electronic resources, FREEMAN could offer no hard conclusions at this +point, because she and her colleagues were still waiting to see, +particularly in the schools, what has been made of their efforts. Within +the system, however, AM has provided what are called electronic exhibits- +-such as introductions to time periods and materials--and these are +intended to offer a student user a sense of what a broadside is and what +it might tell her or him. But FREEMAN conceded that the project staff +would have to talk with students next year, after teachers have had a +summer to use the materials, and attempt to discover what the students +were learning from the materials. In addition, FREEMAN described +supporting materials in print provided by AM at the request of local +teachers during a meeting held at LC. These included time lines, +bibliographies, and other materials that could be reproduced on a +photocopier in a classroom. Teachers could walk away with and use these, +and in this way gain a better understanding of the contents. But again, +reaching firm conclusions concerning the manner and extent of their use +would have to wait until next year. + +As to the changes she saw occurring at the National Archives and Records +Administration (NARA) as a result of the increasing emphasis on +technology in scholarly research, MICHELSON stated that NARA at this +point was absorbing the report by her and Jeff Rothenberg addressing +strategies for the archival profession in general, although not for the +National Archives specifically. NARA is just beginning to establish its +role and what it can do. In terms of changes and initiatives that NARA +can take, no clear response could be given at this time. + +GREENFIELD remarked two trends mentioned in the session. Reflecting on +DALY's opening comments on how he could have used a Latin collection of +text in an electronic form, he said that at first he thought most scholars +would be unwilling to do that. But as he thought of that in terms of the +original meaning of research--that is, having already mastered these texts, +researching them for critical and comparative purposes--for the first time, +the electronic format made a lot of sense. GREENFIELD could envision +growing numbers of scholars learning the new technologies for that very +aspect of their scholarship and for convenience's sake. + +Listening to VECCIA and FREEMAN, GREENFIELD thought of an additional +application of electronic texts. He realized that AM could be used as a +guide to lead someone to original sources. Students cannot be expected +to have mastered these sources, things they have never known about +before. Thus, AM is leading them, in theory, to a vast body of +information and giving them a superficial overview of it, enabling them +to select parts of it. GREENFIELD asked if any evidence exists that this +resource will indeed teach the new user, the K-12 students, how to do +research. Scholars already know how to do research and are applying +these new tools. But he wondered why students would go beyond picking +out things that were most exciting to them. + +FREEMAN conceded the correctness of GREENFIELD's observation as applied +to a school environment. The risk is that a student would sit down at a +system, play with it, find some things of interest, and then walk away. +But in the relatively controlled situation of a school library, much will +depend on the instructions a teacher or a librarian gives a student. She +viewed the situation not as one of fine-tuning research skills but of +involving students at a personal level in understanding and researching +things. Given the guidance one can receive at school, it then becomes +possible to teach elementary research skills to students, which in fact +one particular librarian said she was teaching her fifth graders. +FREEMAN concluded that introducing the idea of following one's own path +of inquiry, which is essentially what research entails, involves more +than teaching specific skills. To these comments VECCIA added the +observation that the individual teacher and the use of a creative +resource, rather than AM itself, seemed to make the key difference. +Some schools and some teachers are making excellent use of the nature +of critical thinking and teaching skills, she said. + +Concurring with these remarks, DALY closed the session with the thought that +the more that producers produced for teachers and for scholars to use with +their students, the more successful their electronic products would prove. + + ****** + +SESSION II. SHOW AND TELL + +Jacqueline HESS, director, National Demonstration Laboratory, served as +moderator of the "show-and-tell" session. She noted that a +question-and-answer period would follow each presentation. + ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ +MYLONAS * Overview and content of Perseus * Perseus' primary materials +exist in a system-independent, archival form * A concession * Textual +aspects of Perseus * Tools to use with the Greek text * Prepared indices +and full-text searches in Perseus * English-Greek word search leads to +close study of words and concepts * Navigating Perseus by tracing down +indices * Using the iconography to perform research * ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ + +Elli MYLONAS, managing editor, Perseus Project, Harvard University, first +gave an overview of Perseus, a large, collaborative effort based at +Harvard University but with contributors and collaborators located at +numerous universities and colleges in the United States (e.g., Bowdoin, +Maryland, Pomona, Chicago, Virginia). Funded primarily by the +Annenberg/CPB Project, with additional funding from Apple, Harvard, and +the Packard Humanities Institute, among others, Perseus is a multimedia, +hypertextual database for teaching and research on classical Greek +civilization, which was released in February 1992 in version 1.0 and +distributed by Yale University Press. + +Consisting entirely of primary materials, Perseus includes ancient Greek +texts and translations of those texts; catalog entries--that is, museum +catalog entries, not library catalog entries--on vases, sites, coins, +sculpture, and archaeological objects; maps; and a dictionary, among +other sources. The number of objects and the objects for which catalog +entries exist are accompanied by thousands of color images, which +constitute a major feature of the database. Perseus contains +approximately 30 megabytes of text, an amount that will double in +subsequent versions. In addition to these primary materials, the Perseus +Project has been building tools for using them, making access and +navigation easier, the goal being to build part of the electronic +environment discussed earlier in the morning in which students or +scholars can work with their sources. + +The demonstration of Perseus will show only a fraction of the real work +that has gone into it, because the project had to face the dilemma of +what to enter when putting something into machine-readable form: should +one aim for very high quality or make concessions in order to get the +material in? Since Perseus decided to opt for very high quality, all of +its primary materials exist in a system-independent--insofar as it is +possible to be system-independent--archival form. Deciding what that +archival form would be and attaining it required much work and thought. +For example, all the texts are marked up in SGML, which will be made +compatible with the guidelines of the Text Encoding Initiative (TEI) when +they are issued. + +Drawings are postscript files, not meeting international standards, but +at least designed to go across platforms. Images, or rather the real +archival forms, consist of the best available slides, which are being +digitized. Much of the catalog material exists in database form--a form +that the average user could use, manipulate, and display on a personal +computer, but only at great cost. Thus, this is where the concession +comes in: All of this rich, well-marked-up information is stripped of +much of its content; the images are converted into bit-maps and the text +into small formatted chunks. All this information can then be imported +into HyperCard and run on a mid-range Macintosh, which is what Perseus +users have. This fact has made it possible for Perseus to attain wide +use fairly rapidly. Without those archival forms the HyperCard version +being demonstrated could not be made easily, and the project could not +have the potential to move to other forms and machines and software as +they appear, none of which information is in Perseus on the CD. + +Of the numerous multimedia aspects of Perseus, MYLONAS focused on the +textual. Part of what makes Perseus such a pleasure to use, MYLONAS +said, is this effort at seamless integration and the ability to move +around both visual and textual material. Perseus also made the decision +not to attempt to interpret its material any more than one interprets by +selecting. But, MYLONAS emphasized, Perseus is not courseware: No +syllabus exists. There is no effort to define how one teaches a topic +using Perseus, although the project may eventually collect papers by +people who have used it to teach. Rather, Perseus aims to provide +primary material in a kind of electronic library, an electronic sandbox, +so to say, in which students and scholars who are working on this +material can explore by themselves. With that, MYLONAS demonstrated +Perseus, beginning with the Perseus gateway, the first thing one sees +upon opening Perseus--an effort in part to solve the contextualizing +problem--which tells the user what the system contains. + +MYLONAS demonstrated only a very small portion, beginning with primary +texts and running off the CD-ROM. Having selected Aeschylus' Prometheus +Bound, which was viewable in Greek and English pretty much in the same +segments together, MYLONAS demonstrated tools to use with the Greek text, +something not possible with a book: looking up the dictionary entry form +of an unfamiliar word in Greek after subjecting it to Perseus' +morphological analysis for all the texts. After finding out about a +word, a user may then decide to see if it is used anywhere else in Greek. +Because vast amounts of indexing support all of the primary material, one +can find out where else all forms of a particular Greek word appear-- +often not a trivial matter because Greek is highly inflected. Further, +since the story of Prometheus has to do with the origins of sacrifice, a +user may wish to study and explore sacrifice in Greek literature; by +typing sacrifice into a small window, a user goes to the English-Greek +word list--something one cannot do without the computer (Perseus has +indexed the definitions of its dictionary)--the string sacrifice appears +in the definitions of these sixty-five words. One may then find out +where any of those words is used in the work(s) of a particular author. +The English definitions are not lemmatized. + +All of the indices driving this kind of usage were originally devised for +speed, MYLONAS observed; in other words, all that kind of information-- +all forms of all words, where they exist, the dictionary form they belong +to--were collected into databases, which will expedite searching. Then +it was discovered that one can do things searching in these databases +that could not be done searching in the full texts. Thus, although there +are full-text searches in Perseus, much of the work is done behind the +scenes, using prepared indices. Re the indexing that is done behind the +scenes, MYLONAS pointed out that without the SGML forms of the text, it +could not be done effectively. Much of this indexing is based on the +structures that are made explicit by the SGML tagging. + +It was found that one of the things many of Perseus' non-Greek-reading +users do is start from the dictionary and then move into the close study +of words and concepts via this kind of English-Greek word search, by which +means they might select a concept. This exercise has been assigned to +students in core courses at Harvard--to study a concept by looking for the +English word in the dictionary, finding the Greek words, and then finding +the words in the Greek but, of course, reading across in the English. +That tells them a great deal about what a translation means as well. + +Should one also wish to see images that have to do with sacrifice, that +person would go to the object key word search, which allows one to +perform a similar kind of index retrieval on the database of +archaeological objects. Without words, pictures are useless; Perseus has +not reached the point where it can do much with images that are not +cataloged. Thus, although it is possible in Perseus with text and images +to navigate by knowing where one wants to end up--for example, a +red-figure vase from the Boston Museum of Fine Arts--one can perform this +kind of navigation very easily by tracing down indices. MYLONAS +illustrated several generic scenes of sacrifice on vases. The features +demonstrated derived from Perseus 1.0; version 2.0 will implement even +better means of retrieval. + +MYLONAS closed by looking at one of the pictures and noting again that +one can do a great deal of research using the iconography as well as the +texts. For instance, students in a core course at Harvard this year were +highly interested in Greek concepts of foreigners and representations of +non-Greeks. So they performed a great deal of research, both with texts +(e.g., Herodotus) and with iconography on vases and coins, on how the +Greeks portrayed non-Greeks. At the same time, art historians who study +iconography were also interested, and were able to use this material. + + ****** + ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ +DISCUSSION * Indexing and searchability of all English words in Perseus * +Several features of Perseus 1.0 * Several levels of customization +possible * Perseus used for general education * Perseus' effects on +education * Contextual information in Perseus * Main challenge and +emphasis of Perseus * ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ + +Several points emerged in the discussion that followed MYLONAS's presentation. + +Although MYLONAS had not demonstrated Perseus' ability to cross-search +documents, she confirmed that all English words in Perseus are indexed +and can be searched. So, for example, sacrifice could have been searched +in all texts, the historical essay, and all the catalogue entries with +their descriptions--in short, in all of Perseus. + +Boolean logic is not in Perseus 1.0 but will be added to the next +version, although an effort is being made not to restrict Perseus to a +database in which one just performs searching, Boolean or otherwise. It +is possible to move laterally through the documents by selecting a word +one is interested in and selecting an area of information one is +interested in and trying to look that word up in that area. + +Since Perseus was developed in HyperCard, several levels of customization +are possible. Simple authoring tools exist that allow one to create +annotated paths through the information, which are useful for note-taking +and for guided tours for teaching purposes and for expository writing. +With a little more ingenuity it is possible to begin to add or substitute +material in Perseus. + +Perseus has not been used so much for classics education as for general +education, where it seemed to have an impact on the students in the core +course at Harvard (a general required course that students must take in +certain areas). Students were able to use primary material much more. + +The Perseus Project has an evaluation team at the University of Maryland +that has been documenting Perseus' effects on education. Perseus is very +popular, and anecdotal evidence indicates that it is having an effect at +places other than Harvard, for example, test sites at Ball State +University, Drury College, and numerous small places where opportunities +to use vast amounts of primary data may not exist. One documented effect +is that archaeological, anthropological, and philological research is +being done by the same person instead of by three different people. + +The contextual information in Perseus includes an overview essay, a +fairly linear historical essay on the fifth century B.C. that provides +links into the primary material (e.g., Herodotus, Thucydides, and +Plutarch), via small gray underscoring (on the screen) of linked +passages. These are handmade links into other material. + +To different extents, most of the production work was done at Harvard, +where the people and the equipment are located. Much of the +collaborative activity involved data collection and structuring, because +the main challenge and the emphasis of Perseus is the gathering of +primary material, that is, building a useful environment for studying +classical Greece, collecting data, and making it useful. +Systems-building is definitely not the main concern. Thus, much of the +work has involved writing essays, collecting information, rewriting it, +and tagging it. That can be done off site. The creative link for the +overview essay as well as for both systems and data was collaborative, +and was forged via E-mail and paper mail with professors at Pomona and +Bowdoin. + + ****** + ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ +CALALUCA * PLD's principal focus and contribution to scholarship * +Various questions preparatory to beginning the project * Basis for +project * Basic rule in converting PLD * Concerning the images in PLD * +Running PLD under a variety of retrieval softwares * Encoding the +database a hard-fought issue * Various features demonstrated * Importance +of user documentation * Limitations of the CD-ROM version * ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ + +Eric CALALUCA, vice president, Chadwyck-Healey, Inc., demonstrated a +software interpretation of the Patrologia Latina Database (PLD). PLD's +principal focus from the beginning of the project about three-and-a-half +years ago was on converting Migne's Latin series, and in the end, +CALALUCA suggested, conversion of the text will be the major contribution +to scholarship. CALALUCA stressed that, as possibly the only private +publishing organization at the Workshop, Chadwyck-Healey had sought no +federal funds or national foundation support before embarking upon the +project, but instead had relied upon a great deal of homework and +marketing to accomplish the task of conversion. + +Ever since the possibilities of computer-searching have emerged, scholars +in the field of late ancient and early medieval studies (philosophers, +theologians, classicists, and those studying the history of natural law +and the history of the legal development of Western civilization) have +been longing for a fully searchable version of Western literature, for +example, all the texts of Augustine and Bernard of Clairvaux and +Boethius, not to mention all the secondary and tertiary authors. + +Various questions arose, CALALUCA said. Should one convert Migne? +Should the database be encoded? Is it necessary to do that? How should +it be delivered? What about CD-ROM? Since this is a transitional +medium, why even bother to create software to run on a CD-ROM? Since +everybody knows people will be networking information, why go to the +trouble--which is far greater with CD-ROM than with the production of +magnetic data? Finally, how does one make the data available? Can many +of the hurdles to using electronic information that some publishers have +imposed upon databases be eliminated? + +The PLD project was based on the principle that computer-searching of +texts is most effective when it is done with a large database. Because +PLD represented a collection that serves so many disciplines across so +many periods, it was irresistible. + +The basic rule in converting PLD was to do no harm, to avoid the sins of +intrusion in such a database: no introduction of newer editions, no +on-the-spot changes, no eradicating of all possible falsehoods from an +edition. Thus, PLD is not the final act in electronic publishing for +this discipline, but simply the beginning. The conversion of PLD has +evoked numerous unanticipated questions: How will information be used? +What about networking? Can the rights of a database be protected? +Should one protect the rights of a database? How can it be made +available? + +Those converting PLD also tried to avoid the sins of omission, that is, +excluding portions of the collections or whole sections. What about the +images? PLD is full of images, some are extremely pious +nineteenth-century representations of the Fathers, while others contain +highly interesting elements. The goal was to cover all the text of Migne +(including notes, in Greek and in Hebrew, the latter of which, in +particular, causes problems in creating a search structure), all the +indices, and even the images, which are being scanned in separately +searchable files. + +Several North American institutions that have placed acquisition requests +for the PLD database have requested it in magnetic form without software, +which means they are already running it without software, without +anything demonstrated at the Workshop. + +What cannot practically be done is go back and reconvert and re-encode +data, a time-consuming and extremely costly enterprise. CALALUCA sees +PLD as a database that can, and should, be run under a variety of +retrieval softwares. This will permit the widest possible searches. +Consequently, the need to produce a CD-ROM of PLD, as well as to develop +software that could handle some 1.3 gigabyte of heavily encoded text, +developed out of conversations with collection development and reference +librarians who wanted software both compassionate enough for the +pedestrian but also capable of incorporating the most detailed +lexicographical studies that a user desires to conduct. In the end, the +encoding and conversion of the data will prove the most enduring +testament to the value of the project. + +The encoding of the database was also a hard-fought issue: Did the +database need to be encoded? Were there normative structures for encoding +humanist texts? Should it be SGML? What about the TEI--will it last, +will it prove useful? CALALUCA expressed some minor doubts as to whether +a data bank can be fully TEI-conformant. Every effort can be made, but +in the end to be TEI-conformant means to accept the need to make some +firm encoding decisions that can, indeed, be disputed. The TEI points +the publisher in a proper direction but does not presume to make all the +decisions for him or her. Essentially, the goal of encoding was to +eliminate, as much as possible, the hindrances to information-networking, +so that if an institution acquires a database, everybody associated with +the institution can have access to it. + +CALALUCA demonstrated a portion of Volume 160, because it had the most +anomalies in it. The software was created by Electronic Book +Technologies of Providence, RI, and is called Dynatext. The software +works only with SGML-coded data. + +Viewing a table of contents on the screen, the audience saw how Dynatext +treats each element as a book and attempts to simplify movement through a +volume. Familiarity with the Patrologia in print (i.e., the text, its +source, and the editions) will make the machine-readable versions highly +useful. (Software with a Windows application was sought for PLD, +CALALUCA said, because this was the main trend for scholarly use.) + +CALALUCA also demonstrated how a user can perform a variety of searches +and quickly move to any part of a volume; the look-up screen provides +some basic, simple word-searching. + +CALALUCA argued that one of the major difficulties is not the software. +Rather, in creating a product that will be used by scholars representing +a broad spectrum of computer sophistication, user documentation proves +to be the most important service one can provide. + +CALALUCA next illustrated a truncated search under mysterium within ten +words of virtus and how one would be able to find its contents throughout +the entire database. He said that the exciting thing about PLD is that +many of the applications in the retrieval software being written for it +will exceed the capabilities of the software employed now for the CD-ROM +version. The CD-ROM faces genuine limitations, in terms of speed and +comprehensiveness, in the creation of a retrieval software to run it. +CALALUCA said he hoped that individual scholars will download the data, +if they wish, to their personal computers, and have ready access to +important texts on a constant basis, which they will be able to use in +their research and from which they might even be able to publish. + +(CALALUCA explained that the blue numbers represented Migne's column numbers, +which are the standard scholarly references. Pulling up a note, he stated +that these texts were heavily edited and the image files would appear simply +as a note as well, so that one could quickly access an image.) + + ****** + ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ +FLEISCHHAUER/ERWAY * Several problems with which AM is still wrestling * +Various search and retrieval capabilities * Illustration of automatic +stemming and a truncated search * AM's attempt to find ways to connect +cataloging to the texts * AM's gravitation towards SGML * Striking a +balance between quantity and quality * How AM furnishes users recourse to +images * Conducting a search in a full-text environment * Macintosh and +IBM prototypes of AM * Multimedia aspects of AM * ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ + +A demonstration of American Memory by its coordinator, Carl FLEISCHHAUER, +and Ricky ERWAY, associate coordinator, Library of Congress, concluded +the morning session. Beginning with a collection of broadsides from the +Continental Congress and the Constitutional Convention, the only text +collection in a presentable form at the time of the Workshop, FLEISCHHAUER +highlighted several of the problems with which AM is still wrestling. +(In its final form, the disk will contain two collections, not only the +broadsides but also the full text with illustrations of a set of +approximately 300 African-American pamphlets from the period 1870 to 1910.) + +As FREEMAN had explained earlier, AM has attempted to use a small amount +of interpretation to introduce collections. In the present case, the +contractor, a company named Quick Source, in Silver Spring, MD., used +software called Toolbook and put together a modestly interactive +introduction to the collection. Like the two preceding speakers, +FLEISCHHAUER argued that the real asset was the underlying collection. + +FLEISCHHAUER proceeded to describe various search and retrieval +capabilities while ERWAY worked the computer. In this particular package +the "go to" pull-down allowed the user in effect to jump out of Toolbook, +where the interactive program was located, and enter the third-party +software used by AM for this text collection, which is called Personal +Librarian. This was the Windows version of Personal Librarian, a +software application put together by a company in Rockville, Md. + +Since the broadsides came from the Revolutionary War period, a search was +conducted using the words British or war, with the default operator reset +as or. FLEISCHHAUER demonstrated both automatic stemming (which finds +other forms of the same root) and a truncated search. One of Personal +Librarian's strongest features, the relevance ranking, was represented by +a chart that indicated how often words being sought appeared in +documents, with the one receiving the most "hits" obtaining the highest +score. The "hit list" that is supplied takes the relevance ranking into +account, making the first hit, in effect, the one the software has +selected as the most relevant example. + +While in the text of one of the broadside documents, FLEISCHHAUER +remarked AM's attempt to find ways to connect cataloging to the texts, +which it does in different ways in different manifestations. In the case +shown, the cataloging was pasted on: AM took MARC records that were +written as on-line records right into one of the Library's mainframe +retrieval programs, pulled them out, and handed them off to the contractor, +who massaged them somewhat to display them in the manner shown. One of +AM's questions is, Does the cataloguing normally performed in the mainframe +work in this context, or had AM ought to think through adjustments? + +FLEISCHHAUER made the additional point that, as far as the text goes, AM +has gravitated towards SGML (he pointed to the boldface in the upper part +of the screen). Although extremely limited in its ability to translate +or interpret SGML, Personal Librarian will furnish both bold and italics +on screen; a fairly easy thing to do, but it is one of the ways in which +SGML is useful. + +Striking a balance between quantity and quality has been a major concern +of AM, with accuracy being one of the places where project staff have +felt that less than 100-percent accuracy was not unacceptable. +FLEISCHHAUER cited the example of the standard of the rekeying industry, +namely 99.95 percent; as one service bureau informed him, to go from +99.95 to 100 percent would double the cost. + +FLEISCHHAUER next demonstrated how AM furnishes users recourse to images, +and at the same time recalled LESK's pointed question concerning the +number of people who would look at those images and the number who would +work only with the text. If the implication of LESK's question was +sound, FLEISCHHAUER said, it raised the stakes for text accuracy and +reduced the value of the strategy for images. + +Contending that preservation is always a bugaboo, FLEISCHHAUER +demonstrated several images derived from a scan of a preservation +microfilm that AM had made. He awarded a grade of C at best, perhaps a +C minus or a C plus, for how well it worked out. Indeed, the matter of +learning if other people had better ideas about scanning in general, and, +in particular, scanning from microfilm, was one of the factors that drove +AM to attempt to think through the agenda for the Workshop. Skew, for +example, was one of the issues that AM in its ignorance had not reckoned +would prove so difficult. + +Further, the handling of images of the sort shown, in a desktop computer +environment, involved a considerable amount of zooming and scrolling. +Ultimately, AM staff feel that perhaps the paper copy that is printed out +might be the most useful one, but they remain uncertain as to how much +on-screen reading users will do. + +Returning to the text, FLEISCHHAUER asked viewers to imagine a person who +might be conducting a search in a full-text environment. With this +scenario, he proceeded to illustrate other features of Personal Librarian +that he considered helpful; for example, it provides the ability to +notice words as one reads. Clicking the "include" button on the bottom +of the search window pops the words that have been highlighted into the +search. Thus, a user can refine the search as he or she reads, +re-executing the search and continuing to find things in the quest for +materials. This software not only contains relevance ranking, Boolean +operators, and truncation, it also permits one to perform word algebra, +so to say, where one puts two or three words in parentheses and links +them with one Boolean operator and then a couple of words in another set +of parentheses and asks for things within so many words of others. + +Until they became acquainted recently with some of the work being done in +classics, the AM staff had not realized that a large number of the +projects that involve electronic texts were being done by people with a +profound interest in language and linguistics. Their search strategies +and thinking are oriented to those fields, as is shown in particular by +the Perseus example. As amateur historians, the AM staff were thinking +more of searching for concepts and ideas than for particular words. +Obviously, FLEISCHHAUER conceded, searching for concepts and ideas and +searching for words may be two rather closely related things. + +While displaying several images, FLEISCHHAUER observed that the Macintosh +prototype built by AM contains a greater diversity of formats. Echoing a +previous speaker, he said that it was easier to stitch things together in +the Macintosh, though it tended to be a little more anemic in search and +retrieval. AM, therefore, increasingly has been investigating +sophisticated retrieval engines in the IBM format. + +FLEISCHHAUER demonstrated several additional examples of the prototype +interfaces: One was AM's metaphor for the network future, in which a +kind of reading-room graphic suggests how one would be able to go around +to different materials. AM contains a large number of photographs in +analog video form worked up from a videodisc, which enable users to make +copies to print or incorporate in digital documents. A frame-grabber is +built into the system, making it possible to bring an image into a window +and digitize or print it out. + +FLEISCHHAUER next demonstrated sound recording, which included texts. +Recycled from a previous project, the collection included sixty 78-rpm +phonograph records of political speeches that were made during and +immediately after World War I. These constituted approximately three +hours of audio, as AM has digitized it, which occupy 150 megabytes on a +CD. Thus, they are considerably compressed. From the catalogue card, +FLEISCHHAUER proceeded to a transcript of a speech with the audio +available and with highlighted text following it as it played. +A photograph has been added and a transcription made. + +Considerable value has been added beyond what the Library of Congress +normally would do in cataloguing a sound recording, which raises several +questions for AM concerning where to draw lines about how much value it can +afford to add and at what point, perhaps, this becomes more than AM could +reasonably do or reasonably wish to do. FLEISCHHAUER also demonstrated +a motion picture. As FREEMAN had reported earlier, the motion picture +materials have proved the most popular, not surprisingly. This says more +about the medium, he thought, than about AM's presentation of it. + +Because AM's goal was to bring together things that could be used by +historians or by people who were curious about history, +turn-of-the-century footage seemed to represent the most appropriate +collections from the Library of Congress in motion pictures. These were +the very first films made by Thomas Edison's company and some others at +that time. The particular example illustrated was a Biograph film, +brought in with a frame-grabber into a window. A single videodisc +contains about fifty titles and pieces of film from that period, all of +New York City. Taken together, AM believes, they provide an interesting +documentary resource. + + ****** + ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ +DISCUSSION * Using the frame-grabber in AM * Volume of material processed +and to be processed * Purpose of AM within LC * Cataloguing and the +nature of AM's material * SGML coding and the question of quality versus +quantity * ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ + +During the question-and-answer period that followed FLEISCHHAUER's +presentation, several clarifications were made. + +AM is bringing in motion pictures from a videodisc. The frame-grabber +devices create a window on a computer screen, which permits users to +digitize a single frame of the movie or one of the photographs. It +produces a crude, rough-and-ready image that high school students can +incorporate into papers, and that has worked very nicely in this way. + +Commenting on FLEISCHHAUER's assertion that AM was looking more at +searching ideas than words, MYLONAS argued that without words an idea +does not exist. FLEISCHHAUER conceded that he ought to have articulated +his point more clearly. MYLONAS stated that they were in fact both +talking about the same thing. By searching for words and by forcing +people to focus on the word, the Perseus Project felt that they would get +them to the idea. The way one reviews results is tailored more to one +kind of user than another. + +Concerning the total volume of material that has been processed in this +way, AM at this point has in retrievable form seven or eight collections, +all of them photographic. In the Macintosh environment, for example, +there probably are 35,000-40,000 photographs. The sound recordings +number sixty items. The broadsides number about 300 items. There are +500 political cartoons in the form of drawings. The motion pictures, as +individual items, number sixty to seventy. + +AM also has a manuscript collection, the life history portion of one of +the federal project series, which will contain 2,900 individual +documents, all first-person narratives. AM has in process about 350 +African-American pamphlets, or about 12,000 printed pages for the period +1870-1910. Also in the works are some 4,000 panoramic photographs. AM +has recycled a fair amount of the work done by LC's Prints and +Photographs Division during the Library's optical disk pilot project in +the 1980s. For example, a special division of LC has tooled up and +thought through all the ramifications of electronic presentation of +photographs. Indeed, they are wheeling them out in great barrel loads. +The purpose of AM within the Library, it is hoped, is to catalyze several +of the other special collection divisions which have no particular +experience with, in some cases, mixed feelings about, an activity such as +AM. Moreover, in many cases the divisions may be characterized as not +only lacking experience in "electronifying" things but also in automated +cataloguing. MARC cataloguing as practiced in the United States is +heavily weighted toward the description of monograph and serial +materials, but is much thinner when one enters the world of manuscripts +and things that are held in the Library's music collection and other +units. In response to a comment by LESK, that AM's material is very +heavily photographic, and is so primarily because individual records have +been made for each photograph, FLEISCHHAUER observed that an item-level +catalog record exists, for example, for each photograph in the Detroit +Publishing collection of 25,000 pictures. In the case of the Federal +Writers Project, for which nearly 3,000 documents exist, representing +information from twenty-six different states, AM with the assistance of +Karen STUART of the Manuscript Division will attempt to find some way not +only to have a collection-level record but perhaps a MARC record for each +state, which will then serve as an umbrella for the 100-200 documents +that come under it. But that drama remains to be enacted. The AM staff +is conservative and clings to cataloguing, though of course visitors tout +artificial intelligence and neural networks in a manner that suggests that +perhaps one need not have cataloguing or that much of it could be put aside. + +The matter of SGML coding, FLEISCHHAUER conceded, returned the discussion +to the earlier treated question of quality versus quantity in the Library +of Congress. Of course, text conversion can be done with 100-percent +accuracy, but it means that when one's holdings are as vast as LC's only +a tiny amount will be exposed, whereas permitting lower levels of +accuracy can lead to exposing or sharing larger amounts, but with the +quality correspondingly impaired. + + ****** + ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ +TWOHIG * A contrary experience concerning electronic options * Volume of +material in the Washington papers and a suggestion of David Packard * +Implications of Packard's suggestion * Transcribing the documents for the +CD-ROM * Accuracy of transcriptions * The CD-ROM edition of the Founding +Fathers documents * ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ + +Finding encouragement in a comment of MICHELSON's from the morning +session--that numerous people in the humanities were choosing electronic +options to do their work--Dorothy TWOHIG, editor, The Papers of George +Washington, opened her illustrated talk by noting that her experience +with literary scholars and numerous people in editing was contrary to +MICHELSON's. TWOHIG emphasized literary scholars' complete ignorance of +the technological options available to them or their reluctance or, in +some cases, their downright hostility toward these options. + +After providing an overview of the five Founding Fathers projects +(Jefferson at Princeton, Franklin at Yale, John Adams at the +Massachusetts Historical Society, and Madison down the hall from her at +the University of Virginia), TWOHIG observed that the Washington papers, +like all of the projects, include both sides of the Washington +correspondence and deal with some 135,000 documents to be published with +extensive annotation in eighty to eighty-five volumes, a project that +will not be completed until well into the next century. Thus, it was +with considerable enthusiasm several years ago that the Washington Papers +Project (WPP) greeted David Packard's suggestion that the papers of the +Founding Fathers could be published easily and inexpensively, and to the +great benefit of American scholarship, via CD-ROM. + +In pragmatic terms, funding from the Packard Foundation would expedite +the transcription of thousands of documents waiting to be put on disk in +the WPP offices. Further, since the costs of collecting, editing, and +converting the Founding Fathers documents into letterpress editions were +running into the millions of dollars, and the considerable staffs +involved in all of these projects were devoting their careers to +producing the work, the Packard Foundation's suggestion had a +revolutionary aspect: Transcriptions of the entire corpus of the +Founding Fathers papers would be available on CD-ROM to public and +college libraries, even high schools, at a fraction of the cost-- +$100-$150 for the annual license fee--to produce a limited university +press run of 1,000 of each volume of the published papers at $45-$150 per +printed volume. Given the current budget crunch in educational systems +and the corresponding constraints on librarians in smaller institutions +who wish to add these volumes to their collections, producing the +documents on CD-ROM would likely open a greatly expanded audience for the +papers. TWOHIG stressed, however, that development of the Founding +Fathers CD-ROM is still in its infancy. Serious software problems remain +to be resolved before the material can be put into readable form. + +Funding from the Packard Foundation resulted in a major push to +transcribe the 75,000 or so documents of the Washington papers remaining +to be transcribed onto computer disks. Slides illustrated several of the +problems encountered, for example, the present inability of CD-ROM to +indicate the cross-outs (deleted material) in eighteenth century +documents. TWOHIG next described documents from various periods in the +eighteenth century that have been transcribed in chronological order and +delivered to the Packard offices in California, where they are converted +to the CD-ROM, a process that is expected to consume five years to +complete (that is, reckoning from David Packard's suggestion made several +years ago, until about July 1994). TWOHIG found an encouraging +indication of the project's benefits in the ongoing use made by scholars +of the search functions of the CD-ROM, particularly in reducing the time +spent in manually turning the pages of the Washington papers. + +TWOHIG next furnished details concerning the accuracy of transcriptions. +For instance, the insertion of thousands of documents on the CD-ROM +currently does not permit each document to be verified against the +original manuscript several times as in the case of documents that appear +in the published edition. However, the transcriptions receive a cursory +check for obvious typos, the misspellings of proper names, and other +errors from the WPP CD-ROM editor. Eventually, all documents that appear +in the electronic version will be checked by project editors. Although +this process has met with opposition from some of the editors on the +grounds that imperfect work may leave their offices, the advantages in +making this material available as a research tool outweigh fears about the +misspelling of proper names and other relatively minor editorial matters. + +Completion of all five Founding Fathers projects (i.e., retrievability +and searchability of all of the documents by proper names, alternate +spellings, or varieties of subjects) will provide one of the richest +sources of this size for the history of the United States in the latter +part of the eighteenth century. Further, publication on CD-ROM will +allow editors to include even minutiae, such as laundry lists, not +included in the printed volumes. + +It seems possible that the extensive annotation provided in the printed +volumes eventually will be added to the CD-ROM edition, pending +negotiations with the publishers of the papers. At the moment, the +Founding Fathers CD-ROM is accessible only on the IBYCUS, a computer +developed out of the Thesaurus Linguae Graecae project and designed for +the use of classical scholars. There are perhaps 400 IBYCUS computers in +the country, most of which are in university classics departments. +Ultimately, it is anticipated that the CD-ROM edition of the Founding +Fathers documents will run on any IBM-compatible or Macintosh computer +with a CD-ROM drive. Numerous changes in the software will also occur +before the project is completed. (Editor's note: an IBYCUS was +unavailable to demonstrate the CD-ROM.) + + ****** + ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ +DISCUSSION * Several additional features of WPP clarified * ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ + +Discussion following TWOHIG's presentation served to clarify several +additional features, including (1) that the project's primary +intellectual product consists in the electronic transcription of the +material; (2) that the text transmitted to the CD-ROM people is not +marked up; (3) that cataloging and subject-indexing of the material +remain to be worked out (though at this point material can be retrieved +by name); and (4) that because all the searching is done in the hardware, +the IBYCUS is designed to read a CD-ROM which contains only sequential +text files. Technically, it then becomes very easy to read the material +off and put it on another device. + + ****** + ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ +LEBRON * Overview of the history of the joint project between AAAS and +OCLC * Several practices the on-line environment shares with traditional +publishing on hard copy * Several technical and behavioral barriers to +electronic publishing * How AAAS and OCLC arrived at the subject of +clinical trials * Advantages of the electronic format and other features +of OJCCT * An illustrated tour of the journal * ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ + +Maria LEBRON, managing editor, The Online Journal of Current Clinical +Trials (OJCCT), presented an illustrated overview of the history of the +joint project between the American Association for the Advancement of +Science (AAAS) and the Online Computer Library Center, Inc. (OCLC). The +joint venture between AAAS and OCLC owes its beginning to a +reorganization launched by the new chief executive officer at OCLC about +three years ago and combines the strengths of these two disparate +organizations. In short, OJCCT represents the process of scholarly +publishing on line. + +LEBRON next discussed several practices the on-line environment shares +with traditional publishing on hard copy--for example, peer review of +manuscripts--that are highly important in the academic world. LEBRON +noted in particular the implications of citation counts for tenure +committees and grants committees. In the traditional hard-copy +environment, citation counts are readily demonstrable, whereas the +on-line environment represents an ethereal medium to most academics. + +LEBRON remarked several technical and behavioral barriers to electronic +publishing, for instance, the problems in transmission created by special +characters or by complex graphics and halftones. In addition, she noted +economic limitations such as the storage costs of maintaining back issues +and market or audience education. + +Manuscripts cannot be uploaded to OJCCT, LEBRON explained, because it is +not a bulletin board or E-mail, forms of electronic transmission of +information that have created an ambience clouding people's understanding +of what the journal is attempting to do. OJCCT, which publishes +peer-reviewed medical articles dealing with the subject of clinical +trials, includes text, tabular material, and graphics, although at this +time it can transmit only line illustrations. + +Next, LEBRON described how AAAS and OCLC arrived at the subject of +clinical trials: It is 1) a highly statistical discipline that 2) does +not require halftones but can satisfy the needs of its audience with line +illustrations and graphic material, and 3) there is a need for the speedy +dissemination of high-quality research results. Clinical trials are +research activities that involve the administration of a test treatment +to some experimental unit in order to test its usefulness before it is +made available to the general population. LEBRON proceeded to give +additional information on OJCCT concerning its editor-in-chief, editorial +board, editorial content, and the types of articles it publishes +(including peer-reviewed research reports and reviews), as well as +features shared by other traditional hard-copy journals. + +Among the advantages of the electronic format are faster dissemination of +information, including raw data, and the absence of space constraints +because pages do not exist. (This latter fact creates an interesting +situation when it comes to citations.) Nor are there any issues. AAAS's +capacity to download materials directly from the journal to a +subscriber's printer, hard drive, or floppy disk helps ensure highly +accurate transcription. Other features of OJCCT include on-screen alerts +that allow linkage of subsequently published documents to the original +documents; on-line searching by subject, author, title, etc.; indexing of +every single word that appears in an article; viewing access to an +article by component (abstract, full text, or graphs); numbered +paragraphs to replace page counts; publication in Science every thirty +days of indexing of all articles published in the journal; +typeset-quality screens; and Hypertext links that enable subscribers to +bring up Medline abstracts directly without leaving the journal. + +After detailing the two primary ways to gain access to the journal, +through the OCLC network and Compuserv if one desires graphics or through +the Internet if just an ASCII file is desired, LEBRON illustrated the +speedy editorial process and the coding of the document using SGML tags +after it has been accepted for publication. She also gave an illustrated +tour of the journal, its search-and-retrieval capabilities in particular, +but also including problems associated with scanning in illustrations, +and the importance of on-screen alerts to the medical profession re +retractions or corrections, or more frequently, editorials, letters to +the editors, or follow-up reports. She closed by inviting the audience +to join AAAS on 1 July, when OJCCT was scheduled to go on-line. + + ****** + ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ +DISCUSSION * Additional features of OJCCT * ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ + +In the lengthy discussion that followed LEBRON's presentation, these +points emerged: + + * The SGML text can be tailored as users wish. + + * All these articles have a fairly simple document definition. + + * Document-type definitions (DTDs) were developed and given to OJCCT + for coding. + + * No articles will be removed from the journal. (Because there are + no back issues, there are no lost issues either. Once a subscriber + logs onto the journal he or she has access not only to the currently + published materials, but retrospectively to everything that has been + published in it. Thus the table of contents grows bigger. The date + of publication serves to distinguish between currently published + materials and older materials.) + + * The pricing system for the journal resembles that for most medical + journals: for 1992, $95 for a year, plus telecommunications charges + (there are no connect time charges); for 1993, $110 for the + entire year for single users, though the journal can be put on a + local area network (LAN). However, only one person can access the + journal at a time. Site licenses may come in the future. + + * AAAS is working closely with colleagues at OCLC to display + mathematical equations on screen. + + * Without compromising any steps in the editorial process, the + technology has reduced the time lag between when a manuscript is + originally submitted and the time it is accepted; the review process + does not differ greatly from the standard six-to-eight weeks + employed by many of the hard-copy journals. The process still + depends on people. + + * As far as a preservation copy is concerned, articles will be + maintained on the computer permanently and subscribers, as part of + their subscription, will receive a microfiche-quality archival copy + of everything published during that year; in addition, reprints can + be purchased in much the same way as in a hard-copy environment. + Hard copies are prepared but are not the primary medium for the + dissemination of the information. + + * Because OJCCT is not yet on line, it is difficult to know how many + people would simply browse through the journal on the screen as + opposed to downloading the whole thing and printing it out; a mix of + both types of users likely will result. + + ****** + ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ +PERSONIUS * Developments in technology over the past decade * The CLASS +Project * Advantages for technology and for the CLASS Project * +Developing a network application an underlying assumption of the project +* Details of the scanning process * Print-on-demand copies of books * +Future plans include development of a browsing tool * ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ + +Lynne PERSONIUS, assistant director, Cornell Information Technologies for +Scholarly Information Services, Cornell University, first commented on +the tremendous impact that developments in technology over the past ten +years--networking, in particular--have had on the way information is +handled, and how, in her own case, these developments have counterbalanced +Cornell's relative geographical isolation. Other significant technologies +include scanners, which are much more sophisticated than they were ten years +ago; mass storage and the dramatic savings that result from it in terms of +both space and money relative to twenty or thirty years ago; new and +improved printing technologies, which have greatly affected the distribution +of information; and, of course, digital technologies, whose applicability to +library preservation remains at issue. + +Given that context, PERSONIUS described the College Library Access and +Storage System (CLASS) Project, a library preservation project, +primarily, and what has been accomplished. Directly funded by the +Commission on Preservation and Access and by the Xerox Corporation, which +has provided a significant amount of hardware, the CLASS Project has been +working with a development team at Xerox to develop a software +application tailored to library preservation requirements. Within +Cornell, participants in the project have been working jointly with both +library and information technologies. The focus of the project has been +on reformatting and saving books that are in brittle condition. +PERSONIUS showed Workshop participants a brittle book, and described how +such books were the result of developments in papermaking around the +beginning of the Industrial Revolution. The papermaking process was +changed so that a significant amount of acid was introduced into the +actual paper itself, which deteriorates as it sits on library shelves. + +One of the advantages for technology and for the CLASS Project is that +the information in brittle books is mostly out of copyright and thus +offers an opportunity to work with material that requires library +preservation, and to create and work on an infrastructure to save the +material. Acknowledging the familiarity of those working in preservation +with this information, PERSONIUS noted that several things are being +done: the primary preservation technology used today is photocopying of +brittle material. Saving the intellectual content of the material is the +main goal. With microfilm copy, the intellectual content is preserved on +the assumption that in the future the image can be reformatted in any +other way that then exists. + +An underlying assumption of the CLASS Project from the beginning was +that it would develop a network application. Project staff scan books +at a workstation located in the library, near the brittle material. +An image-server filing system is located at a distance from that +workstation, and a printer is located in another building. All of the +materials digitized and stored on the image-filing system are cataloged +in the on-line catalogue. In fact, a record for each of these electronic +books is stored in the RLIN database so that a record exists of what is +in the digital library throughout standard catalogue procedures. In the +future, researchers working from their own workstations in their offices, +or their networks, will have access--wherever they might be--through a +request server being built into the new digital library. A second +assumption is that the preferred means of finding the material will be by +looking through a catalogue. PERSONIUS described the scanning process, +which uses a prototype scanner being developed by Xerox and which scans a +very high resolution image at great speed. Another significant feature, +because this is a preservation application, is the placing of the pages +that fall apart one for one on the platen. Ordinarily, a scanner could +be used with some sort of a document feeder, but because of this +application that is not feasible. Further, because CLASS is a +preservation application, after the paper replacement is made there, a +very careful quality control check is performed. An original book is +compared to the printed copy and verification is made, before proceeding, +that all of the image, all of the information, has been captured. Then, +a new library book is produced: The printed images are rebound by a +commercial binder and a new book is returned to the shelf. +Significantly, the books returned to the library shelves are beautiful +and useful replacements on acid-free paper that should last a long time, +in effect, the equivalent of preservation photocopies. Thus, the project +has a library of digital books. In essence, CLASS is scanning and +storing books as 600 dot-per-inch bit-mapped images, compressed using +Group 4 CCITT (i.e., the French acronym for International Consultative +Committee for Telegraph and Telephone) compression. They are stored as +TIFF files on an optical filing system that is composed of a database +used for searching and locating the books and an optical jukebox that +stores 64 twelve-inch platters. A very-high-resolution printed copy of +these books at 600 dots per inch is created, using a Xerox DocuTech +printer to make the paper replacements on acid-free paper. + +PERSONIUS maintained that the CLASS Project presents an opportunity to +introduce people to books as digital images by using a paper medium. +Books are returned to the shelves while people are also given the ability +to print on demand--to make their own copies of books. (PERSONIUS +distributed copies of an engineering journal published by engineering +students at Cornell around 1900 as an example of what a print-on-demand +copy of material might be like. This very cheap copy would be available +to people to use for their own research purposes and would bridge the gap +between an electronic work and the paper that readers like to have.) +PERSONIUS then attempted to illustrate a very early prototype of +networked access to this digital library. Xerox Corporation has +developed a prototype of a view station that can send images across the +network to be viewed. + +The particular library brought down for demonstration contained two +mathematics books. CLASS is developing and will spend the next year +developing an application that allows people at workstations to browse +the books. Thus, CLASS is developing a browsing tool, on the assumption +that users do not want to read an entire book from a workstation, but +would prefer to be able to look through and decide if they would like to +have a printed copy of it. + + ****** + ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ +DISCUSSION * Re retrieval software * "Digital file copyright" * Scanning +rate during production * Autosegmentation * Criteria employed in +selecting books for scanning * Compression and decompression of images * +OCR not precluded * ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ + +During the question-and-answer period that followed her presentation, +PERSONIUS made these additional points: + + * Re retrieval software, Cornell is developing a Unix-based server + as well as clients for the server that support multiple platforms + (Macintosh, IBM and Sun workstations), in the hope that people from + any of those platforms will retrieve books; a further operating + assumption is that standard interfaces will be used as much as + possible, where standards can be put in place, because CLASS + considers this retrieval software a library application and would + like to be able to look at material not only at Cornell but at other + institutions. + + * The phrase "digital file copyright by Cornell University" was + added at the advice of Cornell's legal staff with the caveat that it + probably would not hold up in court. Cornell does not want people + to copy its books and sell them but would like to keep them + available for use in a library environment for library purposes. + + * In production the scanner can scan about 300 pages per hour, + capturing 600 dots per inch. + + * The Xerox software has filters to scan halftone material and avoid + the moire patterns that occur when halftone material is scanned. + Xerox has been working on hardware and software that would enable + the scanner itself to recognize this situation and deal with it + appropriately--a kind of autosegmentation that would enable the + scanner to handle halftone material as well as text on a single page. + + * The books subjected to the elaborate process described above were + selected because CLASS is a preservation project, with the first 500 + books selected coming from Cornell's mathematics collection, because + they were still being heavily used and because, although they were + in need of preservation, the mathematics library and the mathematics + faculty were uncomfortable having them microfilmed. (They wanted a + printed copy.) Thus, these books became a logical choice for this + project. Other books were chosen by the project's selection committees + for experiments with the technology, as well as to meet a demand or need. + + * Images will be decompressed before they are sent over the line; at + this time they are compressed and sent to the image filing system + and then sent to the printer as compressed images; they are returned + to the workstation as compressed 600-dpi images and the workstation + decompresses and scales them for display--an inefficient way to + access the material though it works quite well for printing and + other purposes. + + * CLASS is also decompressing on Macintosh and IBM, a slow process + right now. Eventually, compression and decompression will take + place on an image conversion server. Trade-offs will be made, based + on future performance testing, concerning where the file is + compressed and what resolution image is sent. + + * OCR has not been precluded; images are being stored that have been + scanned at a high resolution, which presumably would suit them well + to an OCR process. Because the material being scanned is about 100 + years old and was printed with less-than-ideal technologies, very + early and preliminary tests have not produced good results. But the + project is capturing an image that is of sufficient resolution to be + subjected to OCR in the future. Moreover, the system architecture + and the system plan have a logical place to store an OCR image if it + has been captured. But that is not being done now. + + ****** + +SESSION III. DISTRIBUTION, NETWORKS, AND NETWORKING: OPTIONS FOR +DISSEMINATION + ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ +ZICH * Issues pertaining to CD-ROMs * Options for publishing in CD-ROM * ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ + +Robert ZICH, special assistant to the associate librarian for special +projects, Library of Congress, and moderator of this session, first noted +the blessed but somewhat awkward circumstance of having four very +distinguished people representing networks and networking or at least +leaning in that direction, while lacking anyone to speak from the +strongest possible background in CD-ROMs. ZICH expressed the hope that +members of the audience would join the discussion. He stressed the +subtitle of this particular session, "Options for Dissemination," and, +concerning CD-ROMs, the importance of determining when it would be wise +to consider dissemination in CD-ROM versus networks. A shopping list of +issues pertaining to CD-ROMs included: the grounds for selecting +commercial publishers, and in-house publication where possible versus +nonprofit or government publication. A similar list for networks +included: determining when one should consider dissemination through a +network, identifying the mechanisms or entities that exist to place items +on networks, identifying the pool of existing networks, determining how a +producer would choose between networks, and identifying the elements of +a business arrangement in a network. + +Options for publishing in CD-ROM: an outside publisher versus +self-publication. If an outside publisher is used, it can be nonprofit, +such as the Government Printing Office (GPO) or the National Technical +Information Service (NTIS), in the case of government. The pros and cons +associated with employing an outside publisher are obvious. Among the +pros, there is no trouble getting accepted. One pays the bill and, in +effect, goes one's way. Among the cons, when one pays an outside +publisher to perform the work, that publisher will perform the work it is +obliged to do, but perhaps without the production expertise and skill in +marketing and dissemination that some would seek. There is the body of +commercial publishers that do possess that kind of expertise in +distribution and marketing but that obviously are selective. In +self-publication, one exercises full control, but then one must handle +matters such as distribution and marketing. Such are some of the options +for publishing in the case of CD-ROM. + +In the case of technical and design issues, which are also important, +there are many matters which many at the Workshop already knew a good +deal about: retrieval system requirements and costs, what to do about +images, the various capabilities and platforms, the trade-offs between +cost and performance, concerns about local-area networkability, +interoperability, etc. + + ****** + ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ +LYNCH * Creating networked information is different from using networks +as an access or dissemination vehicle * Networked multimedia on a large +scale does not yet work * Typical CD-ROM publication model a two-edged +sword * Publishing information on a CD-ROM in the present world of +immature standards * Contrast between CD-ROM and network pricing * +Examples demonstrated earlier in the day as a set of insular information +gems * Paramount need to link databases * Layering to become increasingly +necessary * Project NEEDS and the issues of information reuse and active +versus passive use * X-Windows as a way of differentiating between +network access and networked information * Barriers to the distribution +of networked multimedia information * Need for good, real-time delivery +protocols * The question of presentation integrity in client-server +computing in the academic world * Recommendations for producing multimedia ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ + +Clifford LYNCH, director, Library Automation, University of California, +opened his talk with the general observation that networked information +constituted a difficult and elusive topic because it is something just +starting to develop and not yet fully understood. LYNCH contended that +creating genuinely networked information was different from using +networks as an access or dissemination vehicle and was more sophisticated +and more subtle. He invited the members of the audience to extrapolate, +from what they heard about the preceding demonstration projects, to what +sort of a world of electronics information--scholarly, archival, +cultural, etc.--they wished to end up with ten or fifteen years from now. +LYNCH suggested that to extrapolate directly from these projects would +produce unpleasant results. + +Putting the issue of CD-ROM in perspective before getting into +generalities on networked information, LYNCH observed that those engaged +in multimedia today who wish to ship a product, so to say, probably do +not have much choice except to use CD-ROM: networked multimedia on a +large scale basically does not yet work because the technology does not +exist. For example, anybody who has tried moving images around over the +Internet knows that this is an exciting touch-and-go process, a +fascinating and fertile area for experimentation, research, and +development, but not something that one can become deeply enthusiastic +about committing to production systems at this time. + +This situation will change, LYNCH said. He differentiated CD-ROM from +the practices that have been followed up to now in distributing data on +CD-ROM. For LYNCH the problem with CD-ROM is not its portability or its +slowness but the two-edged sword of having the retrieval application and +the user interface inextricably bound up with the data, which is the +typical CD-ROM publication model. It is not a case of publishing data +but of distributing a typically stand-alone, typically closed system, +all--software, user interface, and data--on a little disk. Hence, all +the between-disk navigational issues as well as the impossibility in most +cases of integrating data on one disk with that on another. Most CD-ROM +retrieval software does not network very gracefully at present. However, +in the present world of immature standards and lack of understanding of +what network information is or what the ground rules are for creating or +using it, publishing information on a CD-ROM does add value in a very +real sense. + +LYNCH drew a contrast between CD-ROM and network pricing and in doing so +highlighted something bizarre in information pricing. A large +institution such as the University of California has vendors who will +offer to sell information on CD-ROM for a price per year in four digits, +but for the same data (e.g., an abstracting and indexing database) on +magnetic tape, regardless of how many people may use it concurrently, +will quote a price in six digits. + +What is packaged with the CD-ROM in one sense adds value--a complete +access system, not just raw, unrefined information--although it is not +generally perceived that way. This is because the access software, +although it adds value, is viewed by some people, particularly in the +university environment where there is a very heavy commitment to +networking, as being developed in the wrong direction. + +Given that context, LYNCH described the examples demonstrated as a set of +insular information gems--Perseus, for example, offers nicely linked +information, but would be very difficult to integrate with other +databases, that is, to link together seamlessly with other source files +from other sources. It resembles an island, and in this respect is +similar to numerous stand-alone projects that are based on videodiscs, +that is, on the single-workstation concept. + +As scholarship evolves in a network environment, the paramount need will +be to link databases. We must link personal databases to public +databases, to group databases, in fairly seamless ways--which is +extremely difficult in the environments under discussion with copies of +databases proliferating all over the place. + +The notion of layering also struck LYNCH as lurking in several of the +projects demonstrated. Several databases in a sense constitute +information archives without a significant amount of navigation built in. +Educators, critics, and others will want a layered structure--one that +defines or links paths through the layers to allow users to reach +specific points. In LYNCH's view, layering will become increasingly +necessary, and not just within a single resource but across resources +(e.g., tracing mythology and cultural themes across several classics +databases as well as a database of Renaissance culture). This ability to +organize resources, to build things out of multiple other things on the +network or select pieces of it, represented for LYNCH one of the key +aspects of network information. + +Contending that information reuse constituted another significant issue, +LYNCH commended to the audience's attention Project NEEDS (i.e., National +Engineering Education Delivery System). This project's objective is to +produce a database of engineering courseware as well as the components +that can be used to develop new courseware. In a number of the existing +applications, LYNCH said, the issue of reuse (how much one can take apart +and reuse in other applications) was not being well considered. He also +raised the issue of active versus passive use, one aspect of which is +how much information will be manipulated locally by users. Most people, +he argued, may do a little browsing and then will wish to print. LYNCH +was uncertain how these resources would be used by the vast majority of +users in the network environment. + +LYNCH next said a few words about X-Windows as a way of differentiating +between network access and networked information. A number of the +applications demonstrated at the Workshop could be rewritten to use X +across the network, so that one could run them from any X-capable device- +-a workstation, an X terminal--and transact with a database across the +network. Although this opens up access a little, assuming one has enough +network to handle it, it does not provide an interface to develop a +program that conveniently integrates information from multiple databases. +X is a viewing technology that has limits. In a real sense, it is just a +graphical version of remote log-in across the network. X-type applications +represent only one step in the progression towards real access. + +LYNCH next discussed barriers to the distribution of networked multimedia +information. The heart of the problem is a lack of standards to provide +the ability for computers to talk to each other, retrieve information, +and shuffle it around fairly casually. At the moment, little progress is +being made on standards for networked information; for example, present +standards do not cover images, digital voice, and digital video. A +useful tool kit of exchange formats for basic texts is only now being +assembled. The synchronization of content streams (i.e., synchronizing a +voice track to a video track, establishing temporal relations between +different components in a multimedia object) constitutes another issue +for networked multimedia that is just beginning to receive attention. + +Underlying network protocols also need some work; good, real-time +delivery protocols on the Internet do not yet exist. In LYNCH's view, +highly important in this context is the notion of networked digital +object IDs, the ability of one object on the network to point to another +object (or component thereof) on the network. Serious bandwidth issues +also exist. LYNCH was uncertain if billion-bit-per-second networks would +prove sufficient if numerous people ran video in parallel. + +LYNCH concluded by offering an issue for database creators to consider, +as well as several comments about what might constitute good trial +multimedia experiments. In a networked information world the database +builder or service builder (publisher) does not exercise the same +extensive control over the integrity of the presentation; strange +programs "munge" with one's data before the user sees it. Serious +thought must be given to what guarantees integrity of presentation. Part +of that is related to where one draws the boundaries around a networked +information service. This question of presentation integrity in +client-server computing has not been stressed enough in the academic +world, LYNCH argued, though commercial service providers deal with it +regularly. + +Concerning multimedia, LYNCH observed that good multimedia at the moment +is hideously expensive to produce. He recommended producing multimedia +with either very high sale value, or multimedia with a very long life +span, or multimedia that will have a very broad usage base and whose +costs therefore can be amortized among large numbers of users. In this +connection, historical and humanistically oriented material may be a good +place to start, because it tends to have a longer life span than much of +the scientific material, as well as a wider user base. LYNCH noted, for +example, that American Memory fits many of the criteria outlined. He +remarked the extensive discussion about bringing the Internet or the +National Research and Education Network (NREN) into the K-12 environment +as a way of helping the American educational system. + +LYNCH closed by noting that the kinds of applications demonstrated struck +him as excellent justifications of broad-scale networking for K-12, but +that at this time no "killer" application exists to mobilize the K-12 +community to obtain connectivity. + + ****** + ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ +DISCUSSION * Dearth of genuinely interesting applications on the network +a slow-changing situation * The issue of the integrity of presentation in +a networked environment * Several reasons why CD-ROM software does not +network * ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ + +During the discussion period that followed LYNCH's presentation, several +additional points were made. + +LYNCH reiterated even more strongly his contention that, historically, +once one goes outside high-end science and the group of those who need +access to supercomputers, there is a great dearth of genuinely +interesting applications on the network. He saw this situation changing +slowly, with some of the scientific databases and scholarly discussion +groups and electronic journals coming on as well as with the availability +of Wide Area Information Servers (WAIS) and some of the databases that +are being mounted there. However, many of those things do not seem to +have piqued great popular interest. For instance, most high school +students of LYNCH's acquaintance would not qualify as devotees of serious +molecular biology. + +Concerning the issue of the integrity of presentation, LYNCH believed +that a couple of information providers have laid down the law at least on +certain things. For example, his recollection was that the National +Library of Medicine feels strongly that one needs to employ the +identifier field if he or she is to mount a database commercially. The +problem with a real networked environment is that one does not know who +is reformatting and reprocessing one's data when one enters a client +server mode. It becomes anybody's guess, for example, if the network +uses a Z39.50 server, or what clients are doing with one's data. A data +provider can say that his contract will only permit clients to have +access to his data after he vets them and their presentation and makes +certain it suits him. But LYNCH held out little expectation that the +network marketplace would evolve in that way, because it required too +much prior negotiation. + +CD-ROM software does not network for a variety of reasons, LYNCH said. +He speculated that CD-ROM publishers are not eager to have their products +really hook into wide area networks, because they fear it will make their +data suppliers nervous. Moreover, until relatively recently, one had to +be rather adroit to run a full TCP/IP stack plus applications on a +PC-size machine, whereas nowadays it is becoming easier as PCs grow +bigger and faster. LYNCH also speculated that software providers had not +heard from their customers until the last year or so, or had not heard +from enough of their customers. + + ****** + ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ +BESSER * Implications of disseminating images on the network; planning +the distribution of multimedia documents poses two critical +implementation problems * Layered approach represents the way to deal +with users' capabilities * Problems in platform design; file size and its +implications for networking * Transmission of megabyte size images +impractical * Compression and decompression at the user's end * Promising +trends for compression * A disadvantage of using X-Windows * A project at +the Smithsonian that mounts images on several networks * ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ + +Howard BESSER, School of Library and Information Science, University of +Pittsburgh, spoke primarily about multimedia, focusing on images and the +broad implications of disseminating them on the network. He argued that +planning the distribution of multimedia documents posed two critical +implementation problems, which he framed in the form of two questions: +1) What platform will one use and what hardware and software will users +have for viewing of the material? and 2) How can one deliver a +sufficiently robust set of information in an accessible format in a +reasonable amount of time? Depending on whether network or CD-ROM is the +medium used, this question raises different issues of storage, +compression, and transmission. + +Concerning the design of platforms (e.g., sound, gray scale, simple +color, etc.) and the various capabilities users may have, BESSER +maintained that a layered approach was the way to deal with users' +capabilities. A result would be that users with less powerful +workstations would simply have less functionality. He urged members of +the audience to advocate standards and accompanying software that handle +layered functionality across a wide variety of platforms. + +BESSER also addressed problems in platform design, namely, deciding how +large a machine to design for situations when the largest number of users +have the lowest level of the machine, and one desires higher +functionality. BESSER then proceeded to the question of file size and +its implications for networking. He discussed still images in the main. +For example, a digital color image that fills the screen of a standard +mega-pel workstation (Sun or Next) will require one megabyte of storage +for an eight-bit image or three megabytes of storage for a true color or +twenty-four-bit image. Lossless compression algorithms (that is, +computational procedures in which no data is lost in the process of +compressing [and decompressing] an image--the exact bit-representation is +maintained) might bring storage down to a third of a megabyte per image, +but not much further than that. The question of size makes it difficult +to fit an appropriately sized set of these images on a single disk or to +transmit them quickly enough on a network. + +With these full screen mega-pel images that constitute a third of a +megabyte, one gets 1,000-3,000 full-screen images on a one-gigabyte disk; +a standard CD-ROM represents approximately 60 percent of that. Storing +images the size of a PC screen (just 8 bit color) increases storage +capacity to 4,000-12,000 images per gigabyte; 60 percent of that gives +one the size of a CD-ROM, which in turn creates a major problem. One +cannot have full-screen, full-color images with lossless compression; one +must compress them or use a lower resolution. For megabyte-size images, +anything slower than a T-1 speed is impractical. For example, on a +fifty-six-kilobaud line, it takes three minutes to transfer a +one-megabyte file, if it is not compressed; and this speed assumes ideal +circumstances (no other user contending for network bandwidth). Thus, +questions of disk access, remote display, and current telephone +connection speed make transmission of megabyte-size images impractical. + +BESSER then discussed ways to deal with these large images, for example, +compression and decompression at the user's end. In this connection, the +issues of how much one is willing to lose in the compression process and +what image quality one needs in the first place are unknown. But what is +known is that compression entails some loss of data. BESSER urged that +more studies be conducted on image quality in different situations, for +example, what kind of images are needed for what kind of disciplines, and +what kind of image quality is needed for a browsing tool, an intermediate +viewing tool, and archiving. + +BESSER remarked two promising trends for compression: from a technical +perspective, algorithms that use what is called subjective redundancy +employ principles from visual psycho-physics to identify and remove +information from the image that the human eye cannot perceive; from an +interchange and interoperability perspective, the JPEG (i.e., Joint +Photographic Experts Group, an ISO standard) compression algorithms also +offer promise. These issues of compression and decompression, BESSER +argued, resembled those raised earlier concerning the design of different +platforms. Gauging the capabilities of potential users constitutes a +primary goal. BESSER advocated layering or separating the images from +the applications that retrieve and display them, to avoid tying them to +particular software. + +BESSER detailed several lessons learned from his work at Berkeley with +Imagequery, especially the advantages and disadvantages of using +X-Windows. In the latter category, for example, retrieval is tied +directly to one's data, an intolerable situation in the long run on a +networked system. Finally, BESSER described a project of Jim Wallace at +the Smithsonian Institution, who is mounting images in a extremely +rudimentary way on the Compuserv and Genie networks and is preparing to +mount them on America On Line. Although the average user takes over +thirty minutes to download these images (assuming a fairly fast modem), +nevertheless, images have been downloaded 25,000 times. + +BESSER concluded his talk with several comments on the business +arrangement between the Smithsonian and Compuserv. He contended that not +enough is known concerning the value of images. + + ****** + ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ +DISCUSSION * Creating digitized photographic collections nearly +impossible except with large organizations like museums * Need for study +to determine quality of images users will tolerate * ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ + +During the brief exchange between LESK and BESSER that followed, several +clarifications emerged. + +LESK argued that the photographers were far ahead of BESSER: It is +almost impossible to create such digitized photographic collections +except with large organizations like museums, because all the +photographic agencies have been going crazy about this and will not sign +licensing agreements on any sort of reasonable terms. LESK had heard +that National Geographic, for example, had tried to buy the right to use +some image in some kind of educational production for $100 per image, but +the photographers will not touch it. They want accounting and payment +for each use, which cannot be accomplished within the system. BESSER +responded that a consortium of photographers, headed by a former National +Geographic photographer, had started assembling its own collection of +electronic reproductions of images, with the money going back to the +cooperative. + +LESK contended that BESSER was unnecessarily pessimistic about multimedia +images, because people are accustomed to low-quality images, particularly +from video. BESSER urged the launching of a study to determine what +users would tolerate, what they would feel comfortable with, and what +absolutely is the highest quality they would ever need. Conceding that +he had adopted a dire tone in order to arouse people about the issue, +BESSER closed on a sanguine note by saying that he would not be in this +business if he did not think that things could be accomplished. + + ****** + ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ +LARSEN * Issues of scalability and modularity * Geometric growth of the +Internet and the role played by layering * Basic functions sustaining +this growth * A library's roles and functions in a network environment * +Effects of implementation of the Z39.50 protocol for information +retrieval on the library system * The trade-off between volumes of data +and its potential usage * A snapshot of current trends * ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ + +Ronald LARSEN, associate director for information technology, University +of Maryland at College Park, first addressed the issues of scalability +and modularity. He noted the difficulty of anticipating the effects of +orders-of-magnitude growth, reflecting on the twenty years of experience +with the Arpanet and Internet. Recalling the day's demonstrations of +CD-ROM and optical disk material, he went on to ask if the field has yet +learned how to scale new systems to enable delivery and dissemination +across large-scale networks. + +LARSEN focused on the geometric growth of the Internet from its inception +circa 1969 to the present, and the adjustments required to respond to +that rapid growth. To illustrate the issue of scalability, LARSEN +considered computer networks as including three generic components: +computers, network communication nodes, and communication media. Each +component scales (e.g., computers range from PCs to supercomputers; +network nodes scale from interface cards in a PC through sophisticated +routers and gateways; and communication media range from 2,400-baud +dial-up facilities through 4.5-Mbps backbone links, and eventually to +multigigabit-per-second communication lines), and architecturally, the +components are organized to scale hierarchically from local area networks +to international-scale networks. Such growth is made possible by +building layers of communication protocols, as BESSER pointed out. +By layering both physically and logically, a sense of scalability is +maintained from local area networks in offices, across campuses, through +bridges, routers, campus backbones, fiber-optic links, etc., up into +regional networks and ultimately into national and international +networks. + +LARSEN then illustrated the geometric growth over a two-year period-- +through September 1991--of the number of networks that comprise the +Internet. This growth has been sustained largely by the availability of +three basic functions: electronic mail, file transfer (ftp), and remote +log-on (telnet). LARSEN also reviewed the growth in the kind of traffic +that occurs on the network. Network traffic reflects the joint contributions +of a larger population of users and increasing use per user. Today one sees +serious applications involving moving images across the network--a rarity +ten years ago. LARSEN recalled and concurred with BESSER's main point +that the interesting problems occur at the application level. + +LARSEN then illustrated a model of a library's roles and functions in a +network environment. He noted, in particular, the placement of on-line +catalogues onto the network and patrons obtaining access to the library +increasingly through local networks, campus networks, and the Internet. +LARSEN supported LYNCH's earlier suggestion that we need to address +fundamental questions of networked information in order to build +environments that scale in the information sense as well as in the +physical sense. + +LARSEN supported the role of the library system as the access point into +the nation's electronic collections. Implementation of the Z39.50 +protocol for information retrieval would make such access practical and +feasible. For example, this would enable patrons in Maryland to search +California libraries, or other libraries around the world that are +conformant with Z39.50 in a manner that is familiar to University of +Maryland patrons. This client-server model also supports moving beyond +secondary content into primary content. (The notion of how one links +from secondary content to primary content, LARSEN said, represents a +fundamental problem that requires rigorous thought.) After noting +numerous network experiments in accessing full-text materials, including +projects supporting the ordering of materials across the network, LARSEN +revisited the issue of transmitting high-density, high-resolution color +images across the network and the large amounts of bandwidth they +require. He went on to address the bandwidth and synchronization +problems inherent in sending full-motion video across the network. + +LARSEN illustrated the trade-off between volumes of data in bytes or +orders of magnitude and the potential usage of that data. He discussed +transmission rates (particularly, the time it takes to move various forms +of information), and what one could do with a network supporting +multigigabit-per-second transmission. At the moment, the network +environment includes a composite of data-transmission requirements, +volumes and forms, going from steady to bursty (high-volume) and from +very slow to very fast. This aggregate must be considered in the design, +construction, and operation of multigigabyte networks. + +LARSEN's objective is to use the networks and library systems now being +constructed to increase access to resources wherever they exist, and +thus, to evolve toward an on-line electronic virtual library. + +LARSEN concluded by offering a snapshot of current trends: continuing +geometric growth in network capacity and number of users; slower +development of applications; and glacial development and adoption of +standards. The challenge is to design and develop each new application +system with network access and scalability in mind. + + ****** + ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ +BROWNRIGG * Access to the Internet cannot be taken for granted * Packet +radio and the development of MELVYL in 1980-81 in the Division of Library +Automation at the University of California * Design criteria for packet +radio * A demonstration project in San Diego and future plans * Spread +spectrum * Frequencies at which the radios will run and plans to +reimplement the WAIS server software in the public domain * Need for an +infrastructure of radios that do not move around * ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ + +Edwin BROWNRIGG, executive director, Memex Research Institute, first +polled the audience in order to seek out regular users of the Internet as +well as those planning to use it some time in the future. With nearly +everybody in the room falling into one category or the other, BROWNRIGG +made a point re access, namely that numerous individuals, especially those +who use the Internet every day, take for granted their access to it, the +speeds with which they are connected, and how well it all works. +However, as BROWNRIGG discovered between 1987 and 1989 in Australia, +if one wants access to the Internet but cannot afford it or has some +physical boundary that prevents her or him from gaining access, it can +be extremely frustrating. He suggested that because of economics and +physical barriers we were beginning to create a world of haves and have-nots +in the process of scholarly communication, even in the United States. + +BROWNRIGG detailed the development of MELVYL in academic year 1980-81 in +the Division of Library Automation at the University of California, in +order to underscore the issue of access to the system, which at the +outset was extremely limited. In short, the project needed to build a +network, which at that time entailed use of satellite technology, that is, +putting earth stations on campus and also acquiring some terrestrial links +from the State of California's microwave system. The installation of +satellite links, however, did not solve the problem (which actually +formed part of a larger problem involving politics and financial resources). +For while the project team could get a signal onto a campus, it had no means +of distributing the signal throughout the campus. The solution involved +adopting a recent development in wireless communication called packet radio, +which combined the basic notion of packet-switching with radio. The project +used this technology to get the signal from a point on campus where it +came down, an earth station for example, into the libraries, because it +found that wiring the libraries, especially the older marble buildings, +would cost $2,000-$5,000 per terminal. + +BROWNRIGG noted that, ten years ago, the project had neither the public +policy nor the technology that would have allowed it to use packet radio +in any meaningful way. Since then much had changed. He proceeded to +detail research and development of the technology, how it is being +deployed in California, and what direction he thought it would take. +The design criteria are to produce a high-speed, one-time, low-cost, +high-quality, secure, license-free device (packet radio) that one can +plug in and play today, forget about it, and have access to the Internet. +By high speed, BROWNRIGG meant 1 megabyte and 1.5 megabytes. Those units +have been built, he continued, and are in the process of being +type-certified by an independent underwriting laboratory so that they can +be type-licensed by the Federal Communications Commission. As is the +case with citizens band, one will be able to purchase a unit and not have +to worry about applying for a license. + +The basic idea, BROWNRIGG elaborated, is to take high-speed radio data +transmission and create a backbone network that at certain strategic +points in the network will "gateway" into a medium-speed packet radio +(i.e., one that runs at 38.4 kilobytes), so that perhaps by 1994-1995 +people, like those in the audience for the price of a VCR could purchase +a medium-speed radio for the office or home, have full network connectivity +to the Internet, and partake of all its services, with no need for an FCC +license and no regular bill from the local common carrier. BROWNRIGG +presented several details of a demonstration project currently taking +place in San Diego and described plans, pending funding, to install a +full-bore network in the San Francisco area. This network will have 600 +nodes running at backbone speeds, and 100 of these nodes will be libraries, +which in turn will be the gateway ports to the 38.4 kilobyte radios that +will give coverage for the neighborhoods surrounding the libraries. + +BROWNRIGG next explained Part 15.247, a new rule within Title 47 of the +Code of Federal Regulations enacted by the FCC in 1985. This rule +challenged the industry, which has only now risen to the occasion, to +build a radio that would run at no more than one watt of output power and +use a fairly exotic method of modulating the radio wave called spread +spectrum. Spread spectrum in fact permits the building of networks so +that numerous data communications can occur simultaneously, without +interfering with each other, within the same wide radio channel. + +BROWNRIGG explained that the frequencies at which the radios would run +are very short wave signals. They are well above standard microwave and +radar. With a radio wave that small, one watt becomes a tremendous punch +per bit and thus makes transmission at reasonable speed possible. In +order to minimize the potential for congestion, the project is +undertaking to reimplement software which has been available in the +networking business and is taken for granted now, for example, TCP/IP, +routing algorithms, bridges, and gateways. In addition, the project +plans to take the WAIS server software in the public domain and +reimplement it so that one can have a WAIS server on a Mac instead of a +Unix machine. The Memex Research Institute believes that libraries, in +particular, will want to use the WAIS servers with packet radio. This +project, which has a team of about twelve people, will run through 1993 +and will include the 100 libraries already mentioned as well as other +professionals such as those in the medical profession, engineering, and +law. Thus, the need is to create an infrastructure of radios that do not +move around, which, BROWNRIGG hopes, will solve a problem not only for +libraries but for individuals who, by and large today, do not have access +to the Internet from their homes and offices. + + ****** + ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ +DISCUSSION * Project operating frequencies * ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ + +During a brief discussion period, which also concluded the day's +proceedings, BROWNRIGG stated that the project was operating in four +frequencies. The slow speed is operating at 435 megahertz, and it would +later go up to 920 megahertz. With the high-speed frequency, the +one-megabyte radios will run at 2.4 gigabits, and 1.5 will run at 5.7. +At 5.7, rain can be a factor, but it would have to be tropical rain, +unlike what falls in most parts of the United States. + + ****** + +SESSION IV. IMAGE CAPTURE, TEXT CAPTURE, OVERVIEW OF TEXT AND + IMAGE STORAGE FORMATS + +William HOOTON, vice president of operations, I-NET, moderated this session. + ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ +KENNEY * Factors influencing development of CXP * Advantages of using +digital technology versus photocopy and microfilm * A primary goal of +CXP; publishing challenges * Characteristics of copies printed * Quality +of samples achieved in image capture * Several factors to be considered +in choosing scanning * Emphasis of CXP on timely and cost-effective +production of black-and-white printed facsimiles * Results of producing +microfilm from digital files * Advantages of creating microfilm * Details +concerning production * Costs * Role of digital technology in library +preservation * ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ + +Anne KENNEY, associate director, Department of Preservation and +Conservation, Cornell University, opened her talk by observing that the +Cornell Xerox Project (CXP) has been guided by the assumption that the +ability to produce printed facsimiles or to replace paper with paper +would be important, at least for the present generation of users and +equipment. She described three factors that influenced development of +the project: 1) Because the project has emphasized the preservation of +deteriorating brittle books, the quality of what was produced had to be +sufficiently high to return a paper replacement to the shelf. CXP was +only interested in using: 2) a system that was cost-effective, which +meant that it had to be cost-competitive with the processes currently +available, principally photocopy and microfilm, and 3) new or currently +available product hardware and software. + +KENNEY described the advantages that using digital technology offers over +both photocopy and microfilm: 1) The potential exists to create a higher +quality reproduction of a deteriorating original than conventional +light-lens technology. 2) Because a digital image is an encoded +representation, it can be reproduced again and again with no resulting +loss of quality, as opposed to the situation with light-lens processes, +in which there is discernible difference between a second and a +subsequent generation of an image. 3) A digital image can be manipulated +in a number of ways to improve image capture; for example, Xerox has +developed a windowing application that enables one to capture a page +containing both text and illustrations in a manner that optimizes the +reproduction of both. (With light-lens technology, one must choose which +to optimize, text or the illustration; in preservation microfilming, the +current practice is to shoot an illustrated page twice, once to highlight +the text and the second time to provide the best capture for the +illustration.) 4) A digital image can also be edited, density levels +adjusted to remove underlining and stains, and to increase legibility for +faint documents. 5) On-screen inspection can take place at the time of +initial setup and adjustments made prior to scanning, factors that +substantially reduce the number of retakes required in quality control. + +A primary goal of CXP has been to evaluate the paper output printed on +the Xerox DocuTech, a high-speed printer that produces 600-dpi pages from +scanned images at a rate of 135 pages a minute. KENNEY recounted several +publishing challenges to represent faithful and legible reproductions of +the originals that the 600-dpi copy for the most part successfully +captured. For example, many of the deteriorating volumes in the project +were heavily illustrated with fine line drawings or halftones or came in +languages such as Japanese, in which the buildup of characters comprised +of varying strokes is difficult to reproduce at lower resolutions; a +surprising number of them came with annotations and mathematical +formulas, which it was critical to be able to duplicate exactly. + +KENNEY noted that 1) the copies are being printed on paper that meets the +ANSI standards for performance, 2) the DocuTech printer meets the machine +and toner requirements for proper adhesion of print to page, as described +by the National Archives, and thus 3) paper product is considered to be +the archival equivalent of preservation photocopy. + +KENNEY then discussed several samples of the quality achieved in the +project that had been distributed in a handout, for example, a copy of a +print-on-demand version of the 1911 Reed lecture on the steam turbine, +which contains halftones, line drawings, and illustrations embedded in +text; the first four loose pages in the volume compared the capture +capabilities of scanning to photocopy for a standard test target, the +IEEE standard 167A 1987 test chart. In all instances scanning proved +superior to photocopy, though only slightly more so in one. + +Conceding the simplistic nature of her review of the quality of scanning +to photocopy, KENNEY described it as one representation of the kinds of +settings that could be used with scanning capabilities on the equipment +CXP uses. KENNEY also pointed out that CXP investigated the quality +achieved with binary scanning only, and noted the great promise in gray +scale and color scanning, whose advantages and disadvantages need to be +examined. She argued further that scanning resolutions and file formats +can represent a complex trade-off between the time it takes to capture +material, file size, fidelity to the original, and on-screen display; and +printing and equipment availability. All these factors must be taken +into consideration. + +CXP placed primary emphasis on the production in a timely and +cost-effective manner of printed facsimiles that consisted largely of +black-and-white text. With binary scanning, large files may be +compressed efficiently and in a lossless manner (i.e., no data is lost in +the process of compressing [and decompressing] an image--the exact +bit-representation is maintained) using Group 4 CCITT (i.e., the French +acronym for International Consultative Committee for Telegraph and +Telephone) compression. CXP was getting compression ratios of about +forty to one. Gray-scale compression, which primarily uses JPEG, is much +less economical and can represent a lossy compression (i.e., not +lossless), so that as one compresses and decompresses, the illustration +is subtly changed. While binary files produce a high-quality printed +version, it appears 1) that other combinations of spatial resolution with +gray and/or color hold great promise as well, and 2) that gray scale can +represent a tremendous advantage for on-screen viewing. The quality +associated with binary and gray scale also depends on the equipment used. +For instance, binary scanning produces a much better copy on a binary +printer. + +Among CXP's findings concerning the production of microfilm from digital +files, KENNEY reported that the digital files for the same Reed lecture +were used to produce sample film using an electron beam recorder. The +resulting film was faithful to the image capture of the digital files, +and while CXP felt that the text and image pages represented in the Reed +lecture were superior to that of the light-lens film, the resolution +readings for the 600 dpi were not as high as standard microfilming. +KENNEY argued that the standards defined for light-lens technology are +not totally transferable to a digital environment. Moreover, they are +based on definition of quality for a preservation copy. Although making +this case will prove to be a long, uphill struggle, CXP plans to continue +to investigate the issue over the course of the next year. + +KENNEY concluded this portion of her talk with a discussion of the +advantages of creating film: it can serve as a primary backup and as a +preservation master to the digital file; it could then become the print +or production master and service copies could be paper, film, optical +disks, magnetic media, or on-screen display. + +Finally, KENNEY presented details re production: + + * Development and testing of a moderately-high resolution production + scanning workstation represented a third goal of CXP; to date, 1,000 + volumes have been scanned, or about 300,000 images. + + * The resulting digital files are stored and used to produce + hard-copy replacements for the originals and additional prints on + demand; although the initial costs are high, scanning technology + offers an affordable means for reformatting brittle material. + + * A technician in production mode can scan 300 pages per hour when + performing single-sheet scanning, which is a necessity when working + with truly brittle paper; this figure is expected to increase + significantly with subsequent iterations of the software from Xerox; + a three-month time-and-cost study of scanning found that the average + 300-page book would take about an hour and forty minutes to scan + (this figure included the time for setup, which involves keying in + primary bibliographic data, going into quality control mode to + define page size, establishing front-to-back registration, and + scanning sample pages to identify a default range of settings for + the entire book--functions not dissimilar to those performed by + filmers or those preparing a book for photocopy). + + * The final step in the scanning process involved rescans, which + happily were few and far between, representing well under 1 percent + of the total pages scanned. + +In addition to technician time, CXP costed out equipment, amortized over +four years, the cost of storing and refreshing the digital files every +four years, and the cost of printing and binding, book-cloth binding, a +paper reproduction. The total amounted to a little under $65 per single +300-page volume, with 30 percent overhead included--a figure competitive +with the prices currently charged by photocopy vendors. + +Of course, with scanning, in addition to the paper facsimile, one is left +with a digital file from which subsequent copies of the book can be +produced for a fraction of the cost of photocopy, with readers afforded +choices in the form of these copies. + +KENNEY concluded that digital technology offers an electronic means for a +library preservation effort to pay for itself. If a brittle-book program +included the means of disseminating reprints of books that are in demand +by libraries and researchers alike, the initial investment in capture +could be recovered and used to preserve additional but less popular +books. She disclosed that an economic model for a self-sustaining +program could be developed for CXP's report to the Commission on +Preservation and Access (CPA). + +KENNEY stressed that the focus of CXP has been on obtaining high quality +in a production environment. The use of digital technology is viewed as +an affordable alternative to other reformatting options. + + ****** + ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ +ANDRE * Overview and history of NATDP * Various agricultural CD-ROM +products created inhouse and by service bureaus * Pilot project on +Internet transmission * Additional products in progress * ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ + +Pamela ANDRE, associate director for automation, National Agricultural +Text Digitizing Program (NATDP), National Agricultural Library (NAL), +presented an overview of NATDP, which has been underway at NAL the last +four years, before Judith ZIDAR discussed the technical details. ANDRE +defined agricultural information as a broad range of material going from +basic and applied research in the hard sciences to the one-page pamphlets +that are distributed by the cooperative state extension services on such +things as how to grow blueberries. + +NATDP began in late 1986 with a meeting of representatives from the +land-grant library community to deal with the issue of electronic +information. NAL and forty-five of these libraries banded together to +establish this project--to evaluate the technology for converting what +were then source documents in paper form into electronic form, to provide +access to that digital information, and then to distribute it. +Distributing that material to the community--the university community as +well as the extension service community, potentially down to the county +level--constituted the group's chief concern. + +Since January 1988 (when the microcomputer-based scanning system was +installed at NAL), NATDP has done a variety of things, concerning which +ZIDAR would provide further details. For example, the first technology +considered in the project's discussion phase was digital videodisc, which +indicates how long ago it was conceived. + +Over the four years of this project, four separate CD-ROM products on +four different agricultural topics were created, two at a +scanning-and-OCR station installed at NAL, and two by service bureaus. +Thus, NATDP has gained comparative information in terms of those relative +costs. Each of these products contained the full ASCII text as well as +page images of the material, or between 4,000 and 6,000 pages of material +on these disks. Topics included aquaculture, food, agriculture and +science (i.e., international agriculture and research), acid rain, and +Agent Orange, which was the final product distributed (approximately +eighteen months before the Workshop). + +The third phase of NATDP focused on delivery mechanisms other than +CD-ROM. At the suggestion of Clifford LYNCH, who was a technical +consultant to the project at this point, NATDP became involved with the +Internet and initiated a project with the help of North Carolina State +University, in which fourteen of the land-grant university libraries are +transmitting digital images over the Internet in response to interlibrary +loan requests--a topic for another meeting. At this point, the pilot +project had been completed for about a year and the final report would be +available shortly after the Workshop. In the meantime, the project's +success had led to its extension. (ANDRE noted that one of the first +things done under the program title was to select a retrieval package to +use with subsequent products; Windows Personal Librarian was the package +of choice after a lengthy evaluation.) + +Three additional products had been planned and were in progress: + + 1) An arrangement with the American Society of Agronomy--a + professional society that has published the Agronomy Journal since + about 1908--to scan and create bit-mapped images of its journal. + ASA granted permission first to put and then to distribute this + material in electronic form, to hold it at NAL, and to use these + electronic images as a mechanism to deliver documents or print out + material for patrons, among other uses. Effectively, NAL has the + right to use this material in support of its program. + (Significantly, this arrangement offers a potential cooperative + model for working with other professional societies in agriculture + to try to do the same thing--put the journals of particular interest + to agriculture research into electronic form.) + + 2) An extension of the earlier product on aquaculture. + + 3) The George Washington Carver Papers--a joint project with + Tuskegee University to scan and convert from microfilm some 3,500 + images of Carver's papers, letters, and drawings. + +It was anticipated that all of these products would appear no more than +six months after the Workshop. + + ****** + ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ +ZIDAR * (A separate arena for scanning) * Steps in creating a database * +Image capture, with and without performing OCR * Keying in tracking data +* Scanning, with electronic and manual tracking * Adjustments during +scanning process * Scanning resolutions * Compression * De-skewing and +filtering * Image capture from microform: the papers and letters of +George Washington Carver * Equipment used for a scanning system * ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ + +Judith ZIDAR, coordinator, National Agricultural Text Digitizing Program +(NATDP), National Agricultural Library (NAL), illustrated the technical +details of NATDP, including her primary responsibility, scanning and +creating databases on a topic and putting them on CD-ROM. + +(ZIDAR remarked a separate arena from the CD-ROM projects, although the +processing of the material is nearly identical, in which NATDP is also +scanning material and loading it on a Next microcomputer, which in turn +is linked to NAL's integrated library system. Thus, searches in NAL's +bibliographic database will enable people to pull up actual page images +and text for any documents that have been entered.) + +In accordance with the session's topic, ZIDAR focused her illustrated +talk on image capture, offering a primer on the three main steps in the +process: 1) assemble the printed publications; 2) design the database +(database design occurs in the process of preparing the material for +scanning; this step entails reviewing and organizing the material, +defining the contents--what will constitute a record, what kinds of +fields will be captured in terms of author, title, etc.); 3) perform a +certain amount of markup on the paper publications. NAL performs this +task record by record, preparing work sheets or some other sort of +tracking material and designing descriptors and other enhancements to be +added to the data that will not be captured from the printed publication. +Part of this process also involves determining NATDP's file and directory +structure: NATDP attempts to avoid putting more than approximately 100 +images in a directory, because placing more than that on a CD-ROM would +reduce the access speed. + +This up-front process takes approximately two weeks for a +6,000-7,000-page database. The next step is to capture the page images. +How long this process takes is determined by the decision whether or not +to perform OCR. Not performing OCR speeds the process, whereas text +capture requires greater care because of the quality of the image: it +has to be straighter and allowance must be made for text on a page, not +just for the capture of photographs. + +NATDP keys in tracking data, that is, a standard bibliographic record +including the title of the book and the title of the chapter, which will +later either become the access information or will be attached to the +front of a full-text record so that it is searchable. + +Images are scanned from a bound or unbound publication, chiefly from +bound publications in the case of NATDP, however, because often they are +the only copies and the publications are returned to the shelves. NATDP +usually scans one record at a time, because its database tracking system +tracks the document in that way and does not require further logical +separating of the images. After performing optical character +recognition, NATDP moves the images off the hard disk and maintains a +volume sheet. Though the system tracks electronically, all the +processing steps are also tracked manually with a log sheet. + +ZIDAR next illustrated the kinds of adjustments that one can make when +scanning from paper and microfilm, for example, redoing images that need +special handling, setting for dithering or gray scale, and adjusting for +brightness or for the whole book at one time. + +NATDP is scanning at 300 dots per inch, a standard scanning resolution. +Though adequate for capturing text that is all of a standard size, 300 +dpi is unsuitable for any kind of photographic material or for very small +text. Many scanners allow for different image formats, TIFF, of course, +being a de facto standard. But if one intends to exchange images with +other people, the ability to scan other image formats, even if they are +less common, becomes highly desirable. + +CCITT Group 4 is the standard compression for normal black-and-white +images, JPEG for gray scale or color. ZIDAR recommended 1) using the +standard compressions, particularly if one attempts to make material +available and to allow users to download images and reuse them from +CD-ROMs; and 2) maintaining the ability to output an uncompressed image, +because in image exchange uncompressed images are more likely to be able +to cross platforms. + +ZIDAR emphasized the importance of de-skewing and filtering as +requirements on NATDP's upgraded system. For instance, scanning bound +books, particularly books published by the federal government whose pages +are skewed, and trying to scan them straight if OCR is to be performed, +is extremely time-consuming. The same holds for filtering of +poor-quality or older materials. + +ZIDAR described image capture from microform, using as an example three +reels from a sixty-seven-reel set of the papers and letters of George +Washington Carver that had been produced by Tuskegee University. These +resulted in approximately 3,500 images, which NATDP had had scanned by +its service contractor, Science Applications International Corporation +(SAIC). NATDP also created bibliographic records for access. (NATDP did +not have such specialized equipment as a microfilm scanner. + +Unfortunately, the process of scanning from microfilm was not an +unqualified success, ZIDAR reported: because microfilm frame sizes vary, +occasionally some frames were missed, which without spending much time +and money could not be recaptured. + +OCR could not be performed from the scanned images of the frames. The +bleeding in the text simply output text, when OCR was run, that could not +even be edited. NATDP tested for negative versus positive images, +landscape versus portrait orientation, and single- versus dual-page +microfilm, none of which seemed to affect the quality of the image; but +also on none of them could OCR be performed. + +In selecting the microfilm they would use, therefore, NATDP had other +factors in mind. ZIDAR noted two factors that influenced the quality of +the images: 1) the inherent quality of the original and 2) the amount of +size reduction on the pages. + +The Carver papers were selected because they are informative and visually +interesting, treat a single subject, and are valuable in their own right. +The images were scanned and divided into logical records by SAIC, then +delivered, and loaded onto NATDP's system, where bibliographic +information taken directly from the images was added. Scanning was +completed in summer 1991 and by the end of summer 1992 the disk was +scheduled to be published. + +Problems encountered during processing included the following: Because +the microfilm scanning had to be done in a batch, adjustment for +individual page variations was not possible. The frame size varied on +account of the nature of the material, and therefore some of the frames +were missed while others were just partial frames. The only way to go +back and capture this material was to print out the page with the +microfilm reader from the missing frame and then scan it in from the +page, which was extremely time-consuming. The quality of the images +scanned from the printout of the microfilm compared unfavorably with that +of the original images captured directly from the microfilm. The +inability to perform OCR also was a major disappointment. At the time, +computer output microfilm was unavailable to test. + +The equipment used for a scanning system was the last topic addressed by +ZIDAR. The type of equipment that one would purchase for a scanning +system included: a microcomputer, at least a 386, but preferably a 486; +a large hard disk, 380 megabyte at minimum; a multi-tasking operating +system that allows one to run some things in batch in the background +while scanning or doing text editing, for example, Unix or OS/2 and, +theoretically, Windows; a high-speed scanner and scanning software that +allows one to make the various adjustments mentioned earlier; a +high-resolution monitor (150 dpi ); OCR software and hardware to perform +text recognition; an optical disk subsystem on which to archive all the +images as the processing is done; file management and tracking software. + +ZIDAR opined that the software one purchases was more important than the +hardware and might also cost more than the hardware, but it was likely to +prove critical to the success or failure of one's system. In addition to +a stand-alone scanning workstation for image capture, then, text capture +requires one or two editing stations networked to this scanning station +to perform editing. Editing the text takes two or three times as long as +capturing the images. + +Finally, ZIDAR stressed the importance of buying an open system that allows +for more than one vendor, complies with standards, and can be upgraded. + + ****** + ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ +WATERS *Yale University Library's master plan to convert microfilm to +digital imagery (POB) * The place of electronic tools in the library of +the future * The uses of images and an image library * Primary input from +preservation microfilm * Features distinguishing POB from CXP and key +hypotheses guiding POB * Use of vendor selection process to facilitate +organizational work * Criteria for selecting vendor * Finalists and +results of process for Yale * Key factor distinguishing vendors * +Components, design principles, and some estimated costs of POB * Role of +preservation materials in developing imaging market * Factors affecting +quality and cost * Factors affecting the usability of complex documents +in image form * ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ + +Donald WATERS, head of the Systems Office, Yale University Library, +reported on the progress of a master plan for a project at Yale to +convert microfilm to digital imagery, Project Open Book (POB). Stating +that POB was in an advanced stage of planning, WATERS detailed, in +particular, the process of selecting a vendor partner and several key +issues under discussion as Yale prepares to move into the project itself. +He commented first on the vision that serves as the context of POB and +then described its purpose and scope. + +WATERS sees the library of the future not necessarily as an electronic +library but as a place that generates, preserves, and improves for its +clients ready access to both intellectual and physical recorded +knowledge. Electronic tools must find a place in the library in the +context of this vision. Several roles for electronic tools include +serving as: indirect sources of electronic knowledge or as "finding" +aids (the on-line catalogues, the article-level indices, registers for +documents and archives); direct sources of recorded knowledge; full-text +images; and various kinds of compound sources of recorded knowledge (the +so-called compound documents of Hypertext, mixed text and image, +mixed-text image format, and multimedia). + +POB is looking particularly at images and an image library, the uses to +which images will be put (e.g., storage, printing, browsing, and then use +as input for other processes), OCR as a subsequent process to image +capture, or creating an image library, and also possibly generating +microfilm. + +While input will come from a variety of sources, POB is considering +especially input from preservation microfilm. A possible outcome is that +the film and paper which provide the input for the image library +eventually may go off into remote storage, and that the image library may +be the primary access tool. + +The purpose and scope of POB focus on imaging. Though related to CXP, +POB has two features which distinguish it: 1) scale--conversion of +10,000 volumes into digital image form; and 2) source--conversion from +microfilm. Given these features, several key working hypotheses guide +POB, including: 1) Since POB is using microfilm, it is not concerned with +the image library as a preservation medium. 2) Digital imagery can improve +access to recorded knowledge through printing and network distribution at +a modest incremental cost of microfilm. 3) Capturing and storing documents +in a digital image form is necessary to further improvements in access. +(POB distinguishes between the imaging, digitizing process and OCR, +which at this stage it does not plan to perform.) + +Currently in its first or organizational phase, POB found that it could +use a vendor selection process to facilitate a good deal of the +organizational work (e.g., creating a project team and advisory board, +confirming the validity of the plan, establishing the cost of the project +and a budget, selecting the materials to convert, and then raising the +necessary funds). + +POB developed numerous selection criteria, including: a firm committed +to image-document management, the ability to serve as systems integrator +in a large-scale project over several years, interest in developing the +requisite software as a standard rather than a custom product, and a +willingness to invest substantial resources in the project itself. + +Two vendors, DEC and Xerox, were selected as finalists in October 1991, +and with the support of the Commission on Preservation and Access, each +was commissioned to generate a detailed requirements analysis for the +project and then to submit a formal proposal for the completion of the +project, which included a budget and costs. The terms were that POB would +pay the loser. The results for Yale of involving a vendor included: +broad involvement of Yale staff across the board at a relatively low +cost, which may have long-term significance in carrying out the project +(twenty-five to thirty university people are engaged in POB); better +understanding of the factors that affect corporate response to markets +for imaging products; a competitive proposal; and a more sophisticated +view of the imaging markets. + +The most important factor that distinguished the vendors under +consideration was their identification with the customer. The size and +internal complexity of the company also was an important factor. POB was +looking at large companies that had substantial resources. In the end, +the process generated for Yale two competitive proposals, with Xerox's +the clear winner. WATERS then described the components of the proposal, +the design principles, and some of the costs estimated for the process. + +Components are essentially four: a conversion subsystem, a +network-accessible storage subsystem for 10,000 books (and POB expects +200 to 600 dpi storage), browsing stations distributed on the campus +network, and network access to the image printers. + +Among the design principles, POB wanted conversion at the highest +possible resolution. Assuming TIFF files, TIFF files with Group 4 +compression, TCP/IP, and ethernet network on campus, POB wanted a +client-server approach with image documents distributed to the +workstations and made accessible through native workstation interfaces +such as Windows. POB also insisted on a phased approach to +implementation: 1) a stand-alone, single-user, low-cost entry into the +business with a workstation focused on conversion and allowing POB to +explore user access; 2) movement into a higher-volume conversion with +network-accessible storage and multiple access stations; and 3) a +high-volume conversion, full-capacity storage, and multiple browsing +stations distributed throughout the campus. + +The costs proposed for start-up assumed the existence of the Yale network +and its two DocuTech image printers. Other start-up costs are estimated +at $1 million over the three phases. At the end of the project, the annual +operating costs estimated primarily for the software and hardware proposed +come to about $60,000, but these exclude costs for labor needed in the +conversion process, network and printer usage, and facilities management. + +Finally, the selection process produced for Yale a more sophisticated +view of the imaging markets: the management of complex documents in +image form is not a preservation problem, not a library problem, but a +general problem in a broad, general industry. Preservation materials are +useful for developing that market because of the qualities of the +material. For example, much of it is out of copyright. The resolution +of key issues such as the quality of scanning and image browsing also +will affect development of that market. + +The technology is readily available but changing rapidly. In this +context of rapid change, several factors affect quality and cost, to +which POB intends to pay particular attention, for example, the various +levels of resolution that can be achieved. POB believes it can bring +resolution up to 600 dpi, but an interpolation process from 400 to 600 is +more likely. The variation quality in microfilm will prove to be a +highly important factor. POB may reexamine the standards used to film in +the first place by looking at this process as a follow-on to microfilming. + +Other important factors include: the techniques available to the +operator for handling material, the ways of integrating quality control +into the digitizing work flow, and a work flow that includes indexing and +storage. POB's requirement was to be able to deal with quality control +at the point of scanning. Thus, thanks to Xerox, POB anticipates having +a mechanism which will allow it not only to scan in batch form, but to +review the material as it goes through the scanner and control quality +from the outset. + +The standards for measuring quality and costs depend greatly on the uses +of the material, including subsequent OCR, storage, printing, and +browsing. But especially at issue for POB is the facility for browsing. +This facility, WATERS said, is perhaps the weakest aspect of imaging +technology and the most in need of development. + +A variety of factors affect the usability of complex documents in image +form, among them: 1) the ability of the system to handle the full range +of document types, not just monographs but serials, multi-part +monographs, and manuscripts; 2) the location of the database of record +for bibliographic information about the image document, which POB wants +to enter once and in the most useful place, the on-line catalog; 3) a +document identifier for referencing the bibliographic information in one +place and the images in another; 4) the technique for making the basic +internal structure of the document accessible to the reader; and finally, +5) the physical presentation on the CRT of those documents. POB is ready +to complete this phase now. One last decision involves deciding which +material to scan. + + ****** + ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ +DISCUSSION * TIFF files constitute de facto standard * NARA's experience +with image conversion software and text conversion * RFC 1314 * +Considerable flux concerning available hardware and software solutions * +NAL through-put rate during scanning * Window management questions * ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ + +In the question-and-answer period that followed WATERS's presentation, +the following points emerged: + + * ZIDAR's statement about using TIFF files as a standard meant de + facto standard. This is what most people use and typically exchange + with other groups, across platforms, or even occasionally across + display software. + + * HOLMES commented on the unsuccessful experience of NARA in + attempting to run image-conversion software or to exchange between + applications: What are supposedly TIFF files go into other software + that is supposed to be able to accept TIFF but cannot recognize the + format and cannot deal with it, and thus renders the exchange + useless. Re text conversion, he noted the different recognition + rates obtained by substituting the make and model of scanners in + NARA's recent test of an "intelligent" character-recognition product + for a new company. In the selection of hardware and software, + HOLMES argued, software no longer constitutes the overriding factor + it did until about a year ago; rather it is perhaps important to + look at both now. + + * Danny Cohen and Alan Katz of the University of Southern California + Information Sciences Institute began circulating as an Internet RFC + (RFC 1314) about a month ago a standard for a TIFF interchange + format for Internet distribution of monochrome bit-mapped images, + which LYNCH said he believed would be used as a de facto standard. + + * FLEISCHHAUER's impression from hearing these reports and thinking + about AM's experience was that there is considerable flux concerning + available hardware and software solutions. HOOTON agreed and + commented at the same time on ZIDAR's statement that the equipment + employed affects the results produced. One cannot draw a complete + conclusion by saying it is difficult or impossible to perform OCR + from scanning microfilm, for example, with that device, that set of + parameters, and system requirements, because numerous other people + are accomplishing just that, using other components, perhaps. + HOOTON opined that both the hardware and the software were highly + important. Most of the problems discussed today have been solved in + numerous different ways by other people. Though it is good to be + cognizant of various experiences, this is not to say that it will + always be thus. + + * At NAL, the through-put rate of the scanning process for paper, + page by page, performing OCR, ranges from 300 to 600 pages per day; + not performing OCR is considerably faster, although how much faster + is not known. This is for scanning from bound books, which is much + slower. + + * WATERS commented on window management questions: DEC proposed an + X-Windows solution which was problematical for two reasons. One was + POB's requirement to be able to manipulate images on the workstation + and bring them down to the workstation itself and the other was + network usage. + + ****** + ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ +THOMA * Illustration of deficiencies in scanning and storage process * +Image quality in this process * Different costs entailed by better image +quality * Techniques for overcoming various de-ficiencies: fixed +thresholding, dynamic thresholding, dithering, image merge * Page edge +effects * ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ + +George THOMA, chief, Communications Engineering Branch, National Library +of Medicine (NLM), illustrated several of the deficiencies discussed by +the previous speakers. He introduced the topic of special problems by +noting the advantages of electronic imaging. For example, it is regenerable +because it is a coded file, and real-time quality control is possible with +electronic capture, whereas in photographic capture it is not. + +One of the difficulties discussed in the scanning and storage process was +image quality which, without belaboring the obvious, means different +things for maps, medical X-rays, or broadcast television. In the case of +documents, THOMA said, image quality boils down to legibility of the +textual parts, and fidelity in the case of gray or color photo print-type +material. Legibility boils down to scan density, the standard in most +cases being 300 dpi. Increasing the resolution with scanners that +perform 600 or 1200 dpi, however, comes at a cost. + +Better image quality entails at least four different kinds of costs: 1) +equipment costs, because the CCD (i.e., charge-couple device) with +greater number of elements costs more; 2) time costs that translate to +the actual capture costs, because manual labor is involved (the time is +also dependent on the fact that more data has to be moved around in the +machine in the scanning or network devices that perform the scanning as +well as the storage); 3) media costs, because at high resolutions larger +files have to be stored; and 4) transmission costs, because there is just +more data to be transmitted. + +But while resolution takes care of the issue of legibility in image +quality, other deficiencies have to do with contrast and elements on the +page scanned or the image that needed to be removed or clarified. Thus, +THOMA proceeded to illustrate various deficiencies, how they are +manifested, and several techniques to overcome them. + +Fixed thresholding was the first technique described, suitable for +black-and-white text, when the contrast does not vary over the page. One +can have many different threshold levels in scanning devices. Thus, +THOMA offered an example of extremely poor contrast, which resulted from +the fact that the stock was a heavy red. This is the sort of image that +when microfilmed fails to provide any legibility whatsoever. Fixed +thresholding is the way to change the black-to-red contrast to the +desired black-to-white contrast. + +Other examples included material that had been browned or yellowed by +age. This was also a case of contrast deficiency, and correction was +done by fixed thresholding. A final example boils down to the same +thing, slight variability, but it is not significant. Fixed thresholding +solves this problem as well. The microfilm equivalent is certainly legible, +but it comes with dark areas. Though THOMA did not have a slide of the +microfilm in this case, he did show the reproduced electronic image. + +When one has variable contrast over a page or the lighting over the page +area varies, especially in the case where a bound volume has light +shining on it, the image must be processed by a dynamic thresholding +scheme. One scheme, dynamic averaging, allows the threshold level not to +be fixed but to be recomputed for every pixel from the neighboring +characteristics. The neighbors of a pixel determine where the threshold +should be set for that pixel. + +THOMA showed an example of a page that had been made deficient by a +variety of techniques, including a burn mark, coffee stains, and a yellow +marker. Application of a fixed-thresholding scheme, THOMA argued, might +take care of several deficiencies on the page but not all of them. +Performing the calculation for a dynamic threshold setting, however, +removes most of the deficiencies so that at least the text is legible. + +Another problem is representing a gray level with black-and-white pixels +by a process known as dithering or electronic screening. But dithering +does not provide good image quality for pure black-and-white textual +material. THOMA illustrated this point with examples. Although its +suitability for photoprint is the reason for electronic screening or +dithering, it cannot be used for every compound image. In the document +that was distributed by CXP, THOMA noticed that the dithered image of the +IEEE test chart evinced some deterioration in the text. He presented an +extreme example of deterioration in the text in which compounded +documents had to be set right by other techniques. The technique +illustrated by the present example was an image merge in which the page +is scanned twice and the settings go from fixed threshold to the +dithering matrix; the resulting images are merged to give the best +results with each technique. + +THOMA illustrated how dithering is also used in nonphotographic or +nonprint materials with an example of a grayish page from a medical text, +which was reproduced to show all of the gray that appeared in the +original. Dithering provided a reproduction of all the gray in the +original of another example from the same text. + +THOMA finally illustrated the problem of bordering, or page-edge, +effects. Books and bound volumes that are placed on a photocopy machine +or a scanner produce page-edge effects that are undesirable for two +reasons: 1) the aesthetics of the image; after all, if the image is to +be preserved, one does not necessarily want to keep all of its +deficiencies; 2) compression (with the bordering problem THOMA +illustrated, the compression ratio deteriorated tremendously). One way +to eliminate this more serious problem is to have the operator at the +point of scanning window the part of the image that is desirable and +automatically turn all of the pixels out of that picture to white. + + ****** + ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ +FLEISCHHAUER * AM's experience with scanning bound materials * Dithering +* ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ + +Carl FLEISCHHAUER, coordinator, American Memory, Library of Congress, +reported AM's experience with scanning bound materials, which he likened +to the problems involved in using photocopying machines. Very few +devices in the industry offer book-edge scanning, let alone book cradles. +The problem may be unsolvable, FLEISCHHAUER said, because a large enough +market does not exist for a preservation-quality scanner. AM is using a +Kurzweil scanner, which is a book-edge scanner now sold by Xerox. + +Devoting the remainder of his brief presentation to dithering, +FLEISCHHAUER related AM's experience with a contractor who was using +unsophisticated equipment and software to reduce moire patterns from +printed halftones. AM took the same image and used the dithering +algorithm that forms part of the same Kurzweil Xerox scanner; it +disguised moire patterns much more effectively. + +FLEISCHHAUER also observed that dithering produces a binary file which is +useful for numerous purposes, for example, printing it on a laser printer +without having to "re-halftone" it. But it tends to defeat efficient +compression, because the very thing that dithers to reduce moire patterns +also tends to work against compression schemes. AM thought the +difference in image quality was worth it. + + ****** + ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ +DISCUSSION * Relative use as a criterion for POB's selection of books to +be converted into digital form * ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ + +During the discussion period, WATERS noted that one of the criteria for +selecting books among the 10,000 to be converted into digital image form +would be how much relative use they would receive--a subject still +requiring evaluation. The challenge will be to understand whether +coherent bodies of material will increase usage or whether POB should +seek material that is being used, scan that, and make it more accessible. +POB might decide to digitize materials that are already heavily used, in +order to make them more accessible and decrease wear on them. Another +approach would be to provide a large body of intellectually coherent +material that may be used more in digital form than it is currently used +in microfilm. POB would seek material that was out of copyright. + + ****** + ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ +BARONAS * Origin and scope of AIIM * Types of documents produced in +AIIM's standards program * Domain of AIIM's standardization work * AIIM's +structure * TC 171 and MS23 * Electronic image management standards * +Categories of EIM standardization where AIIM standards are being +developed * ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ + +Jean BARONAS, senior manager, Department of Standards and Technology, +Association for Information and Image Management (AIIM), described the +not-for-profit association and the national and international programs +for standardization in which AIIM is active. + +Accredited for twenty-five years as the nation's standards development +organization for document image management, AIIM began life in a library +community developing microfilm standards. Today the association +maintains both its library and business-image management standardization +activities--and has moved into electronic image-management +standardization (EIM). + +BARONAS defined the program's scope. AIIM deals with: 1) the +terminology of standards and of the technology it uses; 2) methods of +measurement for the systems, as well as quality; 3) methodologies for +users to evaluate and measure quality; 4) the features of apparatus used +to manage and edit images; and 5) the procedures used to manage images. + +BARONAS noted that three types of documents are produced in the AIIM +standards program: the first two, accredited by the American National +Standards Institute (ANSI), are standards and standard recommended +practices. Recommended practices differ from standards in that they +contain more tutorial information. A technical report is not an ANSI +standard. Because AIIM's policies and procedures for developing +standards are approved by ANSI, its standards are labeled ANSI/AIIM, +followed by the number and title of the standard. + +BARONAS then illustrated the domain of AIIM's standardization work. For +example, AIIM is the administrator of the U.S. Technical Advisory Group +(TAG) to the International Standards Organization's (ISO) technical +committee, TC l7l Micrographics and Optical Memories for Document and +Image Recording, Storage, and Use. AIIM officially works through ANSI in +the international standardization process. + +BARONAS described AIIM's structure, including its board of directors, its +standards board of twelve individuals active in the image-management +industry, its strategic planning and legal admissibility task forces, and +its National Standards Council, which is comprised of the members of a +number of organizations who vote on every AIIM standard before it is +published. BARONAS pointed out that AIIM's liaisons deal with numerous +other standards developers, including the optical disk community, office +and publishing systems, image-codes-and-character set committees, and the +National Information Standards Organization (NISO). + +BARONAS illustrated the procedures of TC l7l, which covers all aspects of +image management. When AIIM's national program has conceptualized a new +project, it is usually submitted to the international level, so that the +member countries of TC l7l can simultaneously work on the development of +the standard or the technical report. BARONAS also illustrated a classic +microfilm standard, MS23, which deals with numerous imaging concepts that +apply to electronic imaging. Originally developed in the l970s, revised +in the l980s, and revised again in l991, this standard is scheduled for +another revision. MS23 is an active standard whereby users may propose +new density ranges and new methods of evaluating film images in the +standard's revision. + +BARONAS detailed several electronic image-management standards, for +instance, ANSI/AIIM MS44, a quality-control guideline for scanning 8.5" +by 11" black-and-white office documents. This standard is used with the +IEEE fax image--a continuous tone photographic image with gray scales, +text, and several continuous tone pictures--and AIIM test target number +2, a representative document used in office document management. + +BARONAS next outlined the four categories of EIM standardization in which +AIIM standards are being developed: transfer and retrieval, evaluation, +optical disc and document scanning applications, and design and +conversion of documents. She detailed several of the main projects of +each: 1) in the category of image transfer and retrieval, a bi-level +image transfer format, ANSI/AIIM MS53, which is a proposed standard that +describes a file header for image transfer between unlike systems when +the images are compressed using G3 and G4 compression; 2) the category of +image evaluation, which includes the AIIM-proposed TR26 tutorial on image +resolution (this technical report will treat the differences and +similarities between classical or photographic and electronic imaging); +3) design and conversion, which includes a proposed technical report +called "Forms Design Optimization for EIM" (this report considers how +general-purpose business forms can be best designed so that scanning is +optimized; reprographic characteristics such as type, rules, background, +tint, and color will likewise be treated in the technical report); 4) +disk and document scanning applications includes a project a) on planning +platters and disk management, b) on generating an application profile for +EIM when images are stored and distributed on CD-ROM, and c) on +evaluating SCSI2, and how a common command set can be generated for SCSI2 +so that document scanners are more easily integrated. (ANSI/AIIM MS53 +will also apply to compressed images.) + + ****** + ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ +BATTIN * The implications of standards for preservation * A major +obstacle to successful cooperation * A hindrance to access in the digital +environment * Standards a double-edged sword for those concerned with the +preservation of the human record * Near-term prognosis for reliable +archival standards * Preservation concerns for electronic media * Need +for reconceptualizing our preservation principles * Standards in the real +world and the politics of reproduction * Need to redefine the concept of +archival and to begin to think in terms of life cycles * Cooperation and +the La Guardia Eight * Concerns generated by discussions on the problems +of preserving text and image * General principles to be adopted in a +world without standards * ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ + +Patricia BATTIN, president, the Commission on Preservation and Access +(CPA), addressed the implications of standards for preservation. She +listed several areas where the library profession and the analog world of +the printed book had made enormous contributions over the past hundred +years--for example, in bibliographic formats, binding standards, and, most +important, in determining what constitutes longevity or archival quality. + +Although standards have lightened the preservation burden through the +development of national and international collaborative programs, +nevertheless, a pervasive mistrust of other people's standards remains a +major obstacle to successful cooperation, BATTIN said. + +The zeal to achieve perfection, regardless of the cost, has hindered +rather than facilitated access in some instances, and in the digital +environment, where no real standards exist, has brought an ironically +just reward. + +BATTIN argued that standards are a double-edged sword for those concerned +with the preservation of the human record, that is, the provision of +access to recorded knowledge in a multitude of media as far into the +future as possible. Standards are essential to facilitate +interconnectivity and access, but, BATTIN said, as LYNCH pointed out +yesterday, if set too soon they can hinder creativity, expansion of +capability, and the broadening of access. The characteristics of +standards for digital imagery differ radically from those for analog +imagery. And the nature of digital technology implies continuing +volatility and change. To reiterate, precipitous standard-setting can +inhibit creativity, but delayed standard-setting results in chaos. + +Since in BATTIN'S opinion the near-term prognosis for reliable archival +standards, as defined by librarians in the analog world, is poor, two +alternatives remain: standing pat with the old technology, or +reconceptualizing. + +Preservation concerns for electronic media fall into two general domains. +One is the continuing assurance of access to knowledge originally +generated, stored, disseminated, and used in electronic form. This +domain contains several subdivisions, including 1) the closed, +proprietary systems discussed the previous day, bundled information such +as electronic journals and government agency records, and electronically +produced or captured raw data; and 2) the application of digital +technologies to the reformatting of materials originally published on a +deteriorating analog medium such as acid paper or videotape. + +The preservation of electronic media requires a reconceptualizing of our +preservation principles during a volatile, standardless transition which +may last far longer than any of us envision today. BATTIN urged the +necessity of shifting focus from assessing, measuring, and setting +standards for the permanence of the medium to the concept of managing +continuing access to information stored on a variety of media and +requiring a variety of ever-changing hardware and software for access--a +fundamental shift for the library profession. + +BATTIN offered a primer on how to move forward with reasonable confidence +in a world without standards. Her comments fell roughly into two sections: +1) standards in the real world and 2) the politics of reproduction. + +In regard to real-world standards, BATTIN argued the need to redefine the +concept of archive and to begin to think in terms of life cycles. In +the past, the naive assumption that paper would last forever produced a +cavalier attitude toward life cycles. The transient nature of the +electronic media has compelled people to recognize and accept upfront the +concept of life cycles in place of permanency. + +Digital standards have to be developed and set in a cooperative context +to ensure efficient exchange of information. Moreover, during this +transition period, greater flexibility concerning how concepts such as +backup copies and archival copies in the CXP are defined is necessary, +or the opportunity to move forward will be lost. + +In terms of cooperation, particularly in the university setting, BATTIN +also argued the need to avoid going off in a hundred different +directions. The CPA has catalyzed a small group of universities called +the La Guardia Eight--because La Guardia Airport is where meetings take +place--Harvard, Yale, Cornell, Princeton, Penn State, Tennessee, +Stanford, and USC, to develop a digital preservation consortium to look +at all these issues and develop de facto standards as we move along, +instead of waiting for something that is officially blessed. Continuing +to apply analog values and definitions of standards to the digital +environment, BATTIN said, will effectively lead to forfeiture of the +benefits of digital technology to research and scholarship. + +Under the second rubric, the politics of reproduction, BATTIN reiterated +an oft-made argument concerning the electronic library, namely, that it +is more difficult to transform than to create, and nowhere is that belief +expressed more dramatically than in the conversion of brittle books to +new media. Preserving information published in electronic media involves +making sure the information remains accessible and that digital +information is not lost through reproduction. In the analog world of +photocopies and microfilm, the issue of fidelity to the original becomes +paramount, as do issues of "Whose fidelity?" and "Whose original?" + +BATTIN elaborated these arguments with a few examples from a recent study +conducted by the CPA on the problems of preserving text and image. +Discussions with scholars, librarians, and curators in a variety of +disciplines dependent on text and image generated a variety of concerns, +for example: 1) Copy what is, not what the technology is capable of. +This is very important for the history of ideas. Scholars wish to know +what the author saw and worked from. And make available at the +workstation the opportunity to erase all the defects and enhance the +presentation. 2) The fidelity of reproduction--what is good enough, what +can we afford, and the difference it makes--issues of subjective versus +objective resolution. 3) The differences between primary and secondary +users. Restricting the definition of primary user to the one in whose +discipline the material has been published runs one headlong into the +reality that these printed books have had a host of other users from a +host of other disciplines, who not only were looking for very different +things, but who also shared values very different from those of the +primary user. 4) The relationship of the standard of reproduction to new +capabilities of scholarship--the browsing standard versus an archival +standard. How good must the archival standard be? Can a distinction be +drawn between potential users in setting standards for reproduction? +Archival storage, use copies, browsing copies--ought an attempt to set +standards even be made? 5) Finally, costs. How much are we prepared to +pay to capture absolute fidelity? What are the trade-offs between vastly +enhanced access, degrees of fidelity, and costs? + +These standards, BATTIN concluded, serve to complicate further the +reproduction process, and add to the long list of technical standards +that are necessary to ensure widespread access. Ways to articulate and +analyze the costs that are attached to the different levels of standards +must be found. + +Given the chaos concerning standards, which promises to linger for the +foreseeable future, BATTIN urged adoption of the following general +principles: + + * Strive to understand the changing information requirements of + scholarly disciplines as more and more technology is integrated into + the process of research and scholarly communication in order to meet + future scholarly needs, not to build for the past. Capture + deteriorating information at the highest affordable resolution, even + though the dissemination and display technologies will lag. + + * Develop cooperative mechanisms to foster agreement on protocols + for document structure and other interchange mechanisms necessary + for widespread dissemination and use before official standards are + set. + + * Accept that, in a transition period, de facto standards will have + to be developed. + + * Capture information in a way that keeps all options open and + provides for total convertibility: OCR, scanning of microfilm, + producing microfilm from scanned documents, etc. + + * Work closely with the generators of information and the builders + of networks and databases to ensure that continuing accessibility is + a primary concern from the beginning. + + * Piggyback on standards under development for the broad market, and + avoid library-specific standards; work with the vendors, in order to + take advantage of that which is being standardized for the rest of + the world. + + * Concentrate efforts on managing permanence in the digital world, + rather than perfecting the longevity of a particular medium. + + ****** + ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ +DISCUSSION * Additional comments on TIFF * ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ + +During the brief discussion period that followed BATTIN's presentation, +BARONAS explained that TIFF was not developed in collaboration with or +under the auspices of AIIM. TIFF is a company product, not a standard, +is owned by two corporations, and is always changing. BARONAS also +observed that ANSI/AIIM MS53, a bi-level image file transfer format that +allows unlike systems to exchange images, is compatible with TIFF as well +as with DEC's architecture and IBM's MODCA/IOCA. + + ****** + ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ +HOOTON * Several questions to be considered in discussing text conversion +* ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ + +HOOTON introduced the final topic, text conversion, by noting that it is +becoming an increasingly important part of the imaging business. Many +people now realize that it enhances their system to be able to have more +and more character data as part of their imaging system. Re the issue of +OCR versus rekeying, HOOTON posed several questions: How does one get +text into computer-readable form? Does one use automated processes? +Does one attempt to eliminate the use of operators where possible? +Standards for accuracy, he said, are extremely important: it makes a +major difference in cost and time whether one sets as a standard 98.5 +percent acceptance or 99.5 percent. He mentioned outsourcing as a +possibility for converting text. Finally, what one does with the image +to prepare it for the recognition process is also important, he said, +because such preparation changes how recognition is viewed, as well as +facilitates recognition itself. + + ****** + ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ +LESK * Roles of participants in CORE * Data flow * The scanning process * +The image interface * Results of experiments involving the use of +electronic resources and traditional paper copies * Testing the issue of +serendipity * Conclusions * ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ + +Michael LESK, executive director, Computer Science Research, Bell +Communications Research, Inc. (Bellcore), discussed the Chemical Online +Retrieval Experiment (CORE), a cooperative project involving Cornell +University, OCLC, Bellcore, and the American Chemical Society (ACS). + +LESK spoke on 1) how the scanning was performed, including the unusual +feature of page segmentation, and 2) the use made of the text and the +image in experiments. + +Working with the chemistry journals (because ACS has been saving its +typesetting tapes since the mid-1970s and thus has a significant back-run +of the most important chemistry journals in the United States), CORE is +attempting to create an automated chemical library. Approximately a +quarter of the pages by square inch are made up of images of +quasi-pictorial material; dealing with the graphic components of the +pages is extremely important. LESK described the roles of participants +in CORE: 1) ACS provides copyright permission, journals on paper, +journals on microfilm, and some of the definitions of the files; 2) at +Bellcore, LESK chiefly performs the data preparation, while Dennis Egan +performs experiments on the users of chemical abstracts, and supplies the +indexing and numerous magnetic tapes; 3) Cornell provides the site of the +experiment; 4) OCLC develops retrieval software and other user interfaces. +Various manufacturers and publishers have furnished other help. + +Concerning data flow, Bellcore receives microfilm and paper from ACS; the +microfilm is scanned by outside vendors, while the paper is scanned +inhouse on an Improvision scanner, twenty pages per minute at 300 dpi, +which provides sufficient quality for all practical uses. LESK would +prefer to have more gray level, because one of the ACS journals prints on +some colored pages, which creates a problem. + +Bellcore performs all this scanning, creates a page-image file, and also +selects from the pages the graphics, to mix with the text file (which is +discussed later in the Workshop). The user is always searching the ASCII +file, but she or he may see a display based on the ASCII or a display +based on the images. + +LESK illustrated how the program performs page analysis, and the image +interface. (The user types several words, is presented with a list-- +usually of the titles of articles contained in an issue--that derives +from the ASCII, clicks on an icon and receives an image that mirrors an +ACS page.) LESK also illustrated an alternative interface, based on text +on the ASCII, the so-called SuperBook interface from Bellcore. + +LESK next presented the results of an experiment conducted by Dennis Egan +and involving thirty-six students at Cornell, one third of them +undergraduate chemistry majors, one third senior undergraduate chemistry +majors, and one third graduate chemistry students. A third of them +received the paper journals, the traditional paper copies and chemical +abstracts on paper. A third received image displays of the pictures of +the pages, and a third received the text display with pop-up graphics. + +The students were given several questions made up by some chemistry +professors. The questions fell into five classes, ranging from very easy +to very difficult, and included questions designed to simulate browsing +as well as a traditional information retrieval-type task. + +LESK furnished the following results. In the straightforward question +search--the question being, what is the phosphorus oxygen bond distance +and hydroxy phosphate?--the students were told that they could take +fifteen minutes and, then, if they wished, give up. The students with +paper took more than fifteen minutes on average, and yet most of them +gave up. The students with either electronic format, text or image, +received good scores in reasonable time, hardly ever had to give up, and +usually found the right answer. + +In the browsing study, the students were given a list of eight topics, +told to imagine that an issue of the Journal of the American Chemical +Society had just appeared on their desks, and were also told to flip +through it and to find topics mentioned in the issue. The average scores +were about the same. (The students were told to answer yes or no about +whether or not particular topics appeared.) The errors, however, were +quite different. The students with paper rarely said that something +appeared when it had not. But they often failed to find something +actually mentioned in the issue. The computer people found numerous +things, but they also frequently said that a topic was mentioned when it +was not. (The reason, of course, was that they were performing word +searches. They were finding that words were mentioned and they were +concluding that they had accomplished their task.) + +This question also contained a trick to test the issue of serendipity. +The students were given another list of eight topics and instructed, +without taking a second look at the journal, to recall how many of this +new list of eight topics were in this particular issue. This was an +attempt to see if they performed better at remembering what they were not +looking for. They all performed about the same, paper or electronics, +about 62 percent accurate. In short, LESK said, people were not very +good when it came to serendipity, but they were no worse at it with +computers than they were with paper. + +(LESK gave a parenthetical illustration of the learning curve of students +who used SuperBook.) + +The students using the electronic systems started off worse than the ones +using print, but by the third of the three sessions in the series had +caught up to print. As one might expect, electronics provide a much +better means of finding what one wants to read; reading speeds, once the +object of the search has been found, are about the same. + +Almost none of the students could perform the hard task--the analogous +transformation. (It would require the expertise of organic chemists to +complete.) But an interesting result was that the students using the text +search performed terribly, while those using the image system did best. +That the text search system is driven by text offers the explanation. +Everything is focused on the text; to see the pictures, one must press +on an icon. Many students found the right article containing the answer +to the question, but they did not click on the icon to bring up the right +figure and see it. They did not know that they had found the right place, +and thus got it wrong. + +The short answer demonstrated by this experiment was that in the event +one does not know what to read, one needs the electronic systems; the +electronic systems hold no advantage at the moment if one knows what to +read, but neither do they impose a penalty. + +LESK concluded by commenting that, on one hand, the image system was easy +to use. On the other hand, the text display system, which represented +twenty man-years of work in programming and polishing, was not winning, +because the text was not being read, just searched. The much easier +system is highly competitive as well as remarkably effective for the +actual chemists. + + ****** + ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ +ERWAY * Most challenging aspect of working on AM * Assumptions guiding +AM's approach * Testing different types of service bureaus * AM's +requirement for 99.95 percent accuracy * Requirements for text-coding * +Additional factors influencing AM's approach to coding * Results of AM's +experience with rekeying * Other problems in dealing with service bureaus +* Quality control the most time-consuming aspect of contracting out +conversion * Long-term outlook uncertain * ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ + +To Ricky ERWAY, associate coordinator, American Memory, Library of +Congress, the constant variety of conversion projects taking place +simultaneously represented perhaps the most challenging aspect of working +on AM. Thus, the challenge was not to find a solution for text +conversion but a tool kit of solutions to apply to LC's varied +collections that need to be converted. ERWAY limited her remarks to the +process of converting text to machine-readable form, and the variety of +LC's text collections, for example, bound volumes, microfilm, and +handwritten manuscripts. + +Two assumptions have guided AM's approach, ERWAY said: 1) A desire not +to perform the conversion inhouse. Because of the variety of formats and +types of texts, to capitalize the equipment and have the talents and +skills to operate them at LC would be extremely expensive. Further, the +natural inclination to upgrade to newer and better equipment each year +made it reasonable for AM to focus on what it did best and seek external +conversion services. Using service bureaus also allowed AM to have +several types of operations take place at the same time. 2) AM was not a +technology project, but an effort to improve access to library +collections. Hence, whether text was converted using OCR or rekeying +mattered little to AM. What mattered were cost and accuracy of results. + +AM considered different types of service bureaus and selected three to +perform several small tests in order to acquire a sense of the field. +The sample collections with which they worked included handwritten +correspondence, typewritten manuscripts from the 1940s, and +eighteenth-century printed broadsides on microfilm. On none of these +samples was OCR performed; they were all rekeyed. AM had several special +requirements for the three service bureaus it had engaged. For instance, +any errors in the original text were to be retained. Working from bound +volumes or anything that could not be sheet-fed also constituted a factor +eliminating companies that would have performed OCR. + +AM requires 99.95 percent accuracy, which, though it sounds high, often +means one or two errors per page. The initial batch of test samples +contained several handwritten materials for which AM did not require +text-coding. The results, ERWAY reported, were in all cases fairly +comparable: for the most part, all three service bureaus achieved 99.95 +percent accuracy. AM was satisfied with the work but surprised at the cost. + +As AM began converting whole collections, it retained the requirement for +99.95 percent accuracy and added requirements for text-coding. AM needed +to begin performing work more than three years ago before LC requirements +for SGML applications had been established. Since AM's goal was simply +to retain any of the intellectual content represented by the formatting +of the document (which would be lost if one performed a straight ASCII +conversion), AM used "SGML-like" codes. These codes resembled SGML tags +but were used without the benefit of document-type definitions. AM found +that many service bureaus were not yet SGML-proficient. + +Additional factors influencing the approach AM took with respect to +coding included: 1) the inability of any known microcomputer-based +user-retrieval software to take advantage of SGML coding; and 2) the +multiple inconsistencies in format of the older documents, which +confirmed AM in its desire not to attempt to force the different formats +to conform to a single document-type definition (DTD) and thus create the +need for a separate DTD for each document. + +The five text collections that AM has converted or is in the process of +converting include a collection of eighteenth-century broadsides, a +collection of pamphlets, two typescript document collections, and a +collection of 150 books. + +ERWAY next reviewed the results of AM's experience with rekeying, noting +again that because the bulk of AM's materials are historical, the quality +of the text often does not lend itself to OCR. While non-English +speakers are less likely to guess or elaborate or correct typos in the +original text, they are also less able to infer what we would; they also +are nearly incapable of converting handwritten text. Another +disadvantage of working with overseas keyers is that they are much less +likely to telephone with questions, especially on the coding, with the +result that they develop their own rules as they encounter new +situations. + +Government contracting procedures and time frames posed a major challenge +to performing the conversion. Many service bureaus are not accustomed to +retaining the image, even if they perform OCR. Thus, questions of image +format and storage media were somewhat novel to many of them. ERWAY also +remarked other problems in dealing with service bureaus, for example, +their inability to perform text conversion from the kind of microfilm +that LC uses for preservation purposes. + +But quality control, in ERWAY's experience, was the most time-consuming +aspect of contracting out conversion. AM has been attempting to perform +a 10-percent quality review, looking at either every tenth document or +every tenth page to make certain that the service bureaus are maintaining +99.95 percent accuracy. But even if they are complying with the +requirement for accuracy, finding errors produces a desire to correct +them and, in turn, to clean up the whole collection, which defeats the +purpose to some extent. Even a double entry requires a +character-by-character comparison to the original to meet the accuracy +requirement. LC is not accustomed to publish imperfect texts, which +makes attempting to deal with the industry standard an emotionally +fraught issue for AM. As was mentioned in the previous day's discussion, +going from 99.95 to 99.99 percent accuracy usually doubles costs and +means a third keying or another complete run-through of the text. + +Although AM has learned much from its experiences with various collections +and various service bureaus, ERWAY concluded pessimistically that no +breakthrough has been achieved. Incremental improvements have occurred +in some of the OCR technology, some of the processes, and some of the +standards acceptances, which, though they may lead to somewhat lower costs, +do not offer much encouragement to many people who are anxiously awaiting +the day that the entire contents of LC are available on-line. + + ****** + ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ +ZIDAR * Several answers to why one attempts to perform full-text +conversion * Per page cost of performing OCR * Typical problems +encountered during editing * Editing poor copy OCR vs. rekeying * ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ + +Judith ZIDAR, coordinator, National Agricultural Text Digitizing Program +(NATDP), National Agricultural Library (NAL), offered several answers to +the question of why one attempts to perform full-text conversion: 1) +Text in an image can be read by a human but not by a computer, so of +course it is not searchable and there is not much one can do with it. 2) +Some material simply requires word-level access. For instance, the legal +profession insists on full-text access to its material; with taxonomic or +geographic material, which entails numerous names, one virtually requires +word-level access. 3) Full text permits rapid browsing and searching, +something that cannot be achieved in an image with today's technology. +4) Text stored as ASCII and delivered in ASCII is standardized and highly +portable. 5) People just want full-text searching, even those who do not +know how to do it. NAL, for the most part, is performing OCR at an +actual cost per average-size page of approximately $7. NAL scans the +page to create the electronic image and passes it through the OCR device. + +ZIDAR next rehearsed several typical problems encountered during editing. +Praising the celerity of her student workers, ZIDAR observed that editing +requires approximately five to ten minutes per page, assuming that there +are no large tables to audit. Confusion among the three characters I, 1, +and l, constitutes perhaps the most common problem encountered. Zeroes +and O's also are frequently confused. Double M's create a particular +problem, even on clean pages. They are so wide in most fonts that they +touch, and the system simply cannot tell where one letter ends and the +other begins. Complex page formats occasionally fail to columnate +properly, which entails rescanning as though one were working with a +single column, entering the ASCII, and decolumnating for better +searching. With proportionally spaced text, OCR can have difficulty +discerning what is a space and what are merely spaces between letters, as +opposed to spaces between words, and therefore will merge text or break +up words where it should not. + +ZIDAR said that it can often take longer to edit a poor-copy OCR than to +key it from scratch. NAL has also experimented with partial editing of +text, whereby project workers go into and clean up the format, removing +stray characters but not running a spell-check. NAL corrects typos in +the title and authors' names, which provides a foothold for searching and +browsing. Even extremely poor-quality OCR (e.g., 60-percent accuracy) +can still be searched, because numerous words are correct, while the +important words are probably repeated often enough that they are likely +to be found correct somewhere. Librarians, however, cannot tolerate this +situation, though end users seem more willing to use this text for +searching, provided that NAL indicates that it is unedited. ZIDAR +concluded that rekeying of text may be the best route to take, in spite +of numerous problems with quality control and cost. + + ****** + ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ +DISCUSSION * Modifying an image before performing OCR * NAL's costs per +page *AM's costs per page and experience with Federal Prison Industries * +Elements comprising NATDP's costs per page * OCR and structured markup * +Distinction between the structure of a document and its representation +when put on the screen or printed * ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ + +HOOTON prefaced the lengthy discussion that followed with several +comments about modifying an image before one reaches the point of +performing OCR. For example, in regard to an application containing a +significant amount of redundant data, such as form-type data, numerous +companies today are working on various kinds of form renewal, prior to +going through a recognition process, by using dropout colors. Thus, +acquiring access to form design or using electronic means are worth +considering. HOOTON also noted that conversion usually makes or breaks +one's imaging system. It is extremely important, extremely costly in +terms of either capital investment or service, and determines the quality +of the remainder of one's system, because it determines the character of +the raw material used by the system. + +Concerning the four projects undertaken by NAL, two inside and two +performed by outside contractors, ZIDAR revealed that an in-house service +bureau executed the first at a cost between $8 and $10 per page for +everything, including building of the database. The project undertaken +by the Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research (CGIAR) +cost approximately $10 per page for the conversion, plus some expenses +for the software and building of the database. The Acid Rain Project--a +two-disk set produced by the University of Vermont, consisting of +Canadian publications on acid rain--cost $6.70 per page for everything, +including keying of the text, which was double keyed, scanning of the +images, and building of the database. The in-house project offered +considerable ease of convenience and greater control of the process. On +the other hand, the service bureaus know their job and perform it +expeditiously, because they have more people. + +As a useful comparison, ERWAY revealed AM's costs as follows: $0.75 +cents to $0.85 cents per thousand characters, with an average page +containing 2,700 characters. Requirements for coding and imaging +increase the costs. Thus, conversion of the text, including the coding, +costs approximately $3 per page. (This figure does not include the +imaging and database-building included in the NAL costs.) AM also +enjoyed a happy experience with Federal Prison Industries, which +precluded the necessity of going through the request-for-proposal process +to award a contract, because it is another government agency. The +prisoners performed AM's rekeying just as well as other service bureaus +and proved handy as well. AM shipped them the books, which they would +photocopy on a book-edge scanner. They would perform the markup on +photocopies, return the books as soon as they were done with them, +perform the keying, and return the material to AM on WORM disks. + +ZIDAR detailed the elements that constitute the previously noted cost of +approximately $7 per page. Most significant is the editing, correction +of errors, and spell-checkings, which though they may sound easy to +perform require, in fact, a great deal of time. Reformatting text also +takes a while, but a significant amount of NAL's expenses are for equipment, +which was extremely expensive when purchased because it was one of the few +systems on the market. The costs of equipment are being amortized over +five years but are still quite high, nearly $2,000 per month. + +HOCKEY raised a general question concerning OCR and the amount of editing +required (substantial in her experience) to generate the kind of +structured markup necessary for manipulating the text on the computer or +loading it into any retrieval system. She wondered if the speakers could +extend the previous question about the cost-benefit of adding or exerting +structured markup. ERWAY noted that several OCR systems retain italics, +bolding, and other spatial formatting. While the material may not be in +the format desired, these systems possess the ability to remove the +original materials quickly from the hands of the people performing the +conversion, as well as to retain that information so that users can work +with it. HOCKEY rejoined that the current thinking on markup is that one +should not say that something is italic or bold so much as why it is that +way. To be sure, one needs to know that something was italicized, but +how can one get from one to the other? One can map from the structure to +the typographic representation. + +FLEISCHHAUER suggested that, given the 100 million items the Library +holds, it may not be possible for LC to do more than report that a thing +was in italics as opposed to why it was italics, although that may be +desirable in some contexts. Promising to talk a bit during the afternoon +session about several experiments OCLC performed on automatic recognition +of document elements, and which they hoped to extend, WEIBEL said that in +fact one can recognize the major elements of a document with a fairly +high degree of reliability, at least as good as OCR. STEVENS drew a +useful distinction between standard, generalized markup (i.e., defining +for a document-type definition the structure of the document), and what +he termed a style sheet, which had to do with italics, bolding, and other +forms of emphasis. Thus, two different components are at work, one being +the structure of the document itself (its logic), and the other being its +representation when it is put on the screen or printed. + + ****** + +SESSION V. APPROACHES TO PREPARING ELECTRONIC TEXTS + ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ +HOCKEY * Text in ASCII and the representation of electronic text versus +an image * The need to look at ways of using markup to assist retrieval * +The need for an encoding format that will be reusable and multifunctional ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ + +Susan HOCKEY, director, Center for Electronic Texts in the Humanities +(CETH), Rutgers and Princeton Universities, announced that one talk +(WEIBEL's) was moved into this session from the morning and that David +Packard was unable to attend. The session would attempt to focus more on +what one can do with a text in ASCII and the representation of electronic +text rather than just an image, what one can do with a computer that +cannot be done with a book or an image. It would be argued that one can +do much more than just read a text, and from that starting point one can +use markup and methods of preparing the text to take full advantage of +the capability of the computer. That would lead to a discussion of what +the European Community calls REUSABILITY, what may better be termed +DURABILITY, that is, how to prepare or make a text that will last a long +time and that can be used for as many applications as possible, which +would lead to issues of improving intellectual access. + +HOCKEY urged the need to look at ways of using markup to facilitate retrieval, +not just for referencing or to help locate an item that is retrieved, but also to put markup tags in +a text to help retrieve the thing sought either with linguistic tagging or +interpretation. HOCKEY also argued that little advancement had occurred in +the software tools currently available for retrieving and searching text. +She pressed the desideratum of going beyond Boolean searches and performing +more sophisticated searching, which the insertion of more markup in the text +would facilitate. Thinking about electronic texts as opposed to images means +considering material that will never appear in print form, or print will not +be its primary form, that is, material which only appears in electronic form. +HOCKEY alluded to the history and the need for markup and tagging and +electronic text, which was developed through the use of computers in the +humanities; as MICHELSON had observed, Father Busa had started in 1949 +to prepare the first-ever text on the computer. + +HOCKEY remarked several large projects, particularly in Europe, for the +compilation of dictionaries, language studies, and language analysis, in +which people have built up archives of text and have begun to recognize +the need for an encoding format that will be reusable and multifunctional, +that can be used not just to print the text, which may be assumed to be a +byproduct of what one wants to do, but to structure it inside the computer +so that it can be searched, built into a Hypertext system, etc. + + ****** + ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ +WEIBEL * OCLC's approach to preparing electronic text: retroconversion, +keying of texts, more automated ways of developing data * Project ADAPT +and the CORE Project * Intelligent character recognition does not exist * +Advantages of SGML * Data should be free of procedural markup; +descriptive markup strongly advocated * OCLC's interface illustrated * +Storage requirements and costs for putting a lot of information on line * ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ + +Stuart WEIBEL, senior research scientist, Online Computer Library Center, +Inc. (OCLC), described OCLC's approach to preparing electronic text. He +argued that the electronic world into which we are moving must +accommodate not only the future but the past as well, and to some degree +even the present. Thus, starting out at one end with retroconversion and +keying of texts, one would like to move toward much more automated ways +of developing data. + +For example, Project ADAPT had to do with automatically converting +document images into a structured document database with OCR text as +indexing and also a little bit of automatic formatting and tagging of +that text. The CORE project hosted by Cornell University, Bellcore, +OCLC, the American Chemical Society, and Chemical Abstracts, constitutes +WEIBEL's principal concern at the moment. This project is an example of +converting text for which one already has a machine-readable version into +a format more suitable for electronic delivery and database searching. +(Since Michael LESK had previously described CORE, WEIBEL would say +little concerning it.) Borrowing a chemical phrase, de novo synthesis, +WEIBEL cited the Online Journal of Current Clinical Trials as an example +of de novo electronic publishing, that is, a form in which the primary +form of the information is electronic. + +Project ADAPT, then, which OCLC completed a couple of years ago and in +fact is about to resume, is a model in which one takes page images either +in paper or microfilm and converts them automatically to a searchable +electronic database, either on-line or local. The operating assumption +is that accepting some blemishes in the data, especially for +retroconversion of materials, will make it possible to accomplish more. +Not enough money is available to support perfect conversion. + +WEIBEL related several steps taken to perform image preprocessing +(processing on the image before performing optical character +recognition), as well as image postprocessing. He denied the existence +of intelligent character recognition and asserted that what is wanted is +page recognition, which is a long way off. OCLC has experimented with +merging of multiple optical character recognition systems that will +reduce errors from an unacceptable rate of 5 characters out of every +l,000 to an unacceptable rate of 2 characters out of every l,000, but it +is not good enough. It will never be perfect. + +Concerning the CORE Project, WEIBEL observed that Bellcore is taking the +topography files, extracting the page images, and converting those +topography files to SGML markup. LESK hands that data off to OCLC, which +builds that data into a Newton database, the same system that underlies +the on-line system in virtually all of the reference products at OCLC. +The long-term goal is to make the systems interoperable so that not just +Bellcore's system and OCLC's system can access this data, but other +systems can as well, and the key to that is the Z39.50 common command +language and the full-text extension. Z39.50 is fine for MARC records, +but is not enough to do it for full text (that is, make full texts +interoperable). + +WEIBEL next outlined the critical role of SGML for a variety of purposes, +for example, as noted by HOCKEY, in the world of extremely large +databases, using highly structured data to perform field searches. +WEIBEL argued that by building the structure of the data in (i.e., the +structure of the data originally on a printed page), it becomes easy to +look at a journal article even if one cannot read the characters and know +where the title or author is, or what the sections of that document would be. +OCLC wants to make that structure explicit in the database, because it will +be important for retrieval purposes. + +The second big advantage of SGML is that it gives one the ability to +build structure into the database that can be used for display purposes +without contaminating the data with instructions about how to format +things. The distinction lies between procedural markup, which tells one +where to put dots on the page, and descriptive markup, which describes +the elements of a document. + +WEIBEL believes that there should be no procedural markup in the data at +all, that the data should be completely unsullied by information about +italics or boldness. That should be left up to the display device, +whether that display device is a page printer or a screen display device. +By keeping one's database free of that kind of contamination, one can +make decisions down the road, for example, reorganize the data in ways +that are not cramped by built-in notions of what should be italic and +what should be bold. WEIBEL strongly advocated descriptive markup. As +an example, he illustrated the index structure in the CORE data. With +subsequent illustrated examples of markup, WEIBEL acknowledged the common +complaint that SGML is hard to read in its native form, although markup +decreases considerably once one gets into the body. Without the markup, +however, one would not have the structure in the data. One can pass +markup through a LaTeX processor and convert it relatively easily to a +printed version of the document. + +WEIBEL next illustrated an extremely cluttered screen dump of OCLC's +system, in order to show as much as possible the inherent capability on +the screen. (He noted parenthetically that he had become a supporter of +X-Windows as a result of the progress of the CORE Project.) WEIBEL also +illustrated the two major parts of the interface: l) a control box that +allows one to generate lists of items, which resembles a small table of +contents based on key words one wishes to search, and 2) a document +viewer, which is a separate process in and of itself. He demonstrated +how to follow links through the electronic database simply by selecting +the appropriate button and bringing them up. He also noted problems that +remain to be accommodated in the interface (e.g., as pointed out by LESK, +what happens when users do not click on the icon for the figure). + +Given the constraints of time, WEIBEL omitted a large number of ancillary +items in order to say a few words concerning storage requirements and +what will be required to put a lot of things on line. Since it is +extremely expensive to reconvert all of this data, especially if it is +just in paper form (and even if it is in electronic form in typesetting +tapes), he advocated building journals electronically from the start. In +that case, if one only has text graphics and indexing (which is all that +one needs with de novo electronic publishing, because there is no need to +go back and look at bit-maps of pages), one can get 10,000 journals of +full text, or almost 6 million pages per year. These pages can be put in +approximately 135 gigabytes of storage, which is not all that much, +WEIBEL said. For twenty years, something less than three terabytes would +be required. WEIBEL calculated the costs of storing this information as +follows: If a gigabyte costs approximately $1,000, then a terabyte costs +approximately $1 million to buy in terms of hardware. One also needs a +building to put it in and a staff like OCLC to handle that information. +So, to support a terabyte, multiply by five, which gives $5 million per +year for a supported terabyte of data. + + ****** + ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ +DISCUSSION * Tapes saved by ACS are the typography files originally +supporting publication of the journal * Cost of building tagged text into +the database * ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ + +During the question-and-answer period that followed WEIBEL's +presentation, these clarifications emerged. The tapes saved by the +American Chemical Society are the typography files that originally +supported the publication of the journal. Although they are not tagged +in SGML, they are tagged in very fine detail. Every single sentence is +marked, all the registry numbers, all the publications issues, dates, and +volumes. No cost figures on tagging material on a per-megabyte basis +were available. Because ACS's typesetting system runs from tagged text, +there is no extra cost per article. It was unknown what it costs ACS to +keyboard the tagged text rather than just keyboard the text in the +cheapest process. In other words, since one intends to publish things +and will need to build tagged text into a typography system in any case, +if one does that in such a way that it can drive not only typography but +an electronic system (which is what ACS intends to do--move to SGML +publishing), the marginal cost is zero. The marginal cost represents the +cost of building tagged text into the database, which is small. + + ****** + ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ +SPERBERG-McQUEEN * Distinction between texts and computers * Implications +of recognizing that all representation is encoding * Dealing with +complicated representations of text entails the need for a grammar of +documents * Variety of forms of formal grammars * Text as a bit-mapped +image does not represent a serious attempt to represent text in +electronic form * SGML, the TEI, document-type declarations, and the +reusability and longevity of data * TEI conformance explicitly allows +extension or modification of the TEI tag set * Administrative background +of the TEI * Several design goals for the TEI tag set * An absolutely +fixed requirement of the TEI Guidelines * Challenges the TEI has +attempted to face * Good texts not beyond economic feasibility * The +issue of reproducibility or processability * The issue of mages as +simulacra for the text redux * One's model of text determines what one's +software can do with a text and has economic consequences * ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ + +Prior to speaking about SGML and markup, Michael SPERBERG-McQUEEN, editor, +Text Encoding Initiative (TEI), University of Illinois-Chicago, first drew +a distinction between texts and computers: Texts are abstract cultural +and linguistic objects while computers are complicated physical devices, +he said. Abstract objects cannot be placed inside physical devices; with +computers one can only represent text and act upon those representations. + +The recognition that all representation is encoding, SPERBERG-McQUEEN +argued, leads to the recognition of two things: 1) The topic description +for this session is slightly misleading, because there can be no discussion +of pros and cons of text-coding unless what one means is pros and cons of +working with text with computers. 2) No text can be represented in a +computer without some sort of encoding; images are one way of encoding text, +ASCII is another, SGML yet another. There is no encoding without some +information loss, that is, there is no perfect reproduction of a text that +allows one to do away with the original. Thus, the question becomes, +What is the most useful representation of text for a serious work? +This depends on what kind of serious work one is talking about. + +The projects demonstrated the previous day all involved highly complex +information and fairly complex manipulation of the textual material. +In order to use that complicated information, one has to calculate it +slowly or manually and store the result. It needs to be stored, therefore, +as part of one's representation of the text. Thus, one needs to store the +structure in the text. To deal with complicated representations of text, +one needs somehow to control the complexity of the representation of a text; +that means one needs a way of finding out whether a document and an +electronic representation of a document is legal or not; and that +means one needs a grammar of documents. + +SPERBERG-McQUEEN discussed the variety of forms of formal grammars, +implicit and explicit, as applied to text, and their capabilities. He +argued that these grammars correspond to different models of text that +different developers have. For example, one implicit model of the text +is that there is no internal structure, but just one thing after another, +a few characters and then perhaps a start-title command, and then a few +more characters and an end-title command. SPERBERG-McQUEEN also +distinguished several kinds of text that have a sort of hierarchical +structure that is not very well defined, which, typically, corresponds +to grammars that are not very well defined, as well as hierarchies that +are very well defined (e.g., the Thesaurus Linguae Graecae) and extremely +complicated things such as SGML, which handle strictly hierarchical data +very nicely. + +SPERBERG-McQUEEN conceded that one other model not illustrated on his two +displays was the model of text as a bit-mapped image, an image of a page, +and confessed to having been converted to a limited extent by the +Workshop to the view that electronic images constitute a promising, +probably superior alternative to microfilming. But he was not convinced +that electronic images represent a serious attempt to represent text in +electronic form. Many of their problems stem from the fact that they are +not direct attempts to represent the text but attempts to represent the +page, thus making them representations of representations. + +In this situation of increasingly complicated textual information and the +need to control that complexity in a useful way (which begs the question +of the need for good textual grammars), one has the introduction of SGML. +With SGML, one can develop specific document-type declarations +for specific text types or, as with the TEI, attempts to generate +general document-type declarations that can handle all sorts of text. +The TEI is an attempt to develop formats for text representation that +will ensure the kind of reusability and longevity of data discussed earlier. +It offers a way to stay alive in the state of permanent technological +revolution. + +It has been a continuing challenge in the TEI to create document grammars +that do some work in controlling the complexity of the textual object but +also allowing one to represent the real text that one will find. +Fundamental to the notion of the TEI is that TEI conformance allows one +the ability to extend or modify the TEI tag set so that it fits the text +that one is attempting to represent. + +SPERBERG-McQUEEN next outlined the administrative background of the TEI. +The TEI is an international project to develop and disseminate guidelines +for the encoding and interchange of machine-readable text. It is +sponsored by the Association for Computers in the Humanities, the +Association for Computational Linguistics, and the Association for +Literary and Linguistic Computing. Representatives of numerous other +professional societies sit on its advisory board. The TEI has a number +of affiliated projects that have provided assistance by testing drafts of +the guidelines. + +Among the design goals for the TEI tag set, the scheme first of all must +meet the needs of research, because the TEI came out of the research +community, which did not feel adequately served by existing tag sets. +The tag set must be extensive as well as compatible with existing and +emerging standards. In 1990, version 1.0 of the Guidelines was released +(SPERBERG-McQUEEN illustrated their contents). + +SPERBERG-McQUEEN noted that one problem besetting electronic text has +been the lack of adequate internal or external documentation for many +existing electronic texts. The TEI guidelines as currently formulated +contain few fixed requirements, but one of them is this: There must +always be a document header, an in-file SGML tag that provides +1) a bibliographic description of the electronic object one is talking +about (that is, who included it, when, what for, and under which title); +and 2) the copy text from which it was derived, if any. If there was +no copy text or if the copy text is unknown, then one states as much. +Version 2.0 of the Guidelines was scheduled to be completed in fall 1992 +and a revised third version is to be presented to the TEI advisory board +for its endorsement this coming winter. The TEI itself exists to provide +a markup language, not a marked-up text. + +Among the challenges the TEI has attempted to face is the need for a +markup language that will work for existing projects, that is, handle the +level of markup that people are using now to tag only chapter, section, +and paragraph divisions and not much else. At the same time, such a +language also will be able to scale up gracefully to handle the highly +detailed markup which many people foresee as the future destination of +much electronic text, and which is not the future destination but the +present home of numerous electronic texts in specialized areas. + +SPERBERG-McQUEEN dismissed the lowest-common-denominator approach as +unable to support the kind of applications that draw people who have +never been in the public library regularly before, and make them come +back. He advocated more interesting text and more intelligent text. +Asserting that it is not beyond economic feasibility to have good texts, +SPERBERG-McQUEEN noted that the TEI Guidelines listing 200-odd tags +contains tags that one is expected to enter every time the relevant +textual feature occurs. It contains all the tags that people need now, +and it is not expected that everyone will tag things in the same way. + +The question of how people will tag the text is in large part a function +of their reaction to what SPERBERG-McQUEEN termed the issue of +reproducibility. What one needs to be able to reproduce are the things +one wants to work with. Perhaps a more useful concept than that of +reproducibility or recoverability is that of processability, that is, +what can one get from an electronic text without reading it again +in the original. He illustrated this contention with a page from +Jan Comenius's bilingual Introduction to Latin. + +SPERBERG-McQUEEN returned at length to the issue of images as simulacra +for the text, in order to reiterate his belief that in the long run more +than images of pages of particular editions of the text are needed, +because just as second-generation photocopies and second-generation +microfilm degenerate, so second-generation representations tend to +degenerate, and one tends to overstress some relatively trivial aspects +of the text such as its layout on the page, which is not always +significant, despite what the text critics might say, and slight other +pieces of information such as the very important lexical ties between the +English and Latin versions of Comenius's bilingual text, for example. +Moreover, in many crucial respects it is easy to fool oneself concerning +what a scanned image of the text will accomplish. For example, in order +to study the transmission of texts, information concerning the text +carrier is necessary, which scanned images simply do not always handle. +Further, even the high-quality materials being produced at Cornell use +much of the information that one would need if studying those books as +physical objects. It is a choice that has been made. It is an arguably +justifiable choice, but one does not know what color those pen strokes in +the margin are or whether there was a stain on the page, because it has +been filtered out. One does not know whether there were rips in the page +because they do not show up, and on a couple of the marginal marks one +loses half of the mark because the pen is very light and the scanner +failed to pick it up, and so what is clearly a checkmark in the margin of +the original becomes a little scoop in the margin of the facsimile. +Standard problems for facsimile editions, not new to electronics, but +also true of light-lens photography, and are remarked here because it is +important that we not fool ourselves that even if we produce a very nice +image of this page with good contrast, we are not replacing the +manuscript any more than microfilm has replaced the manuscript. + +The TEI comes from the research community, where its first allegiance +lies, but it is not just an academic exercise. It has relevance far +beyond those who spend all of their time studying text, because one's +model of text determines what one's software can do with a text. Good +models lead to good software. Bad models lead to bad software. That has +economic consequences, and it is these economic consequences that have +led the European Community to help support the TEI, and that will lead, +SPERBERG-McQUEEN hoped, some software vendors to realize that if they +provide software with a better model of the text they can make a killing. + + ****** + ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ +DISCUSSION * Implications of different DTDs and tag sets * ODA versus SGML * ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ + +During the discussion that followed, several additional points were made. +Neither AAP (i.e., Association of American Publishers) nor CALS (i.e., +Computer-aided Acquisition and Logistics Support) has a document-type +definition for ancient Greek drama, although the TEI will be able to +handle that. Given this state of affairs and assuming that the +technical-journal producers and the commercial vendors decide to use the +other two types, then an institution like the Library of Congress, which +might receive all of their publications, would have to be able to handle +three different types of document definitions and tag sets and be able to +distinguish among them. + +Office Document Architecture (ODA) has some advantages that flow from its +tight focus on office documents and clear directions for implementation. +Much of the ODA standard is easier to read and clearer at first reading +than the SGML standard, which is extremely general. What that means is +that if one wants to use graphics in TIFF and ODA, one is stuck, because +ODA defines graphics formats while TIFF does not, whereas SGML says the +world is not waiting for this work group to create another graphics format. +What is needed is an ability to use whatever graphics format one wants. + +The TEI provides a socket that allows one to connect the SGML document to +the graphics. The notation that the graphics are in is clearly a choice +that one needs to make based on her or his environment, and that is one +advantage. SGML is less megalomaniacal in attempting to define formats +for all kinds of information, though more megalomaniacal in attempting to +cover all sorts of documents. The other advantage is that the model of +text represented by SGML is simply an order of magnitude richer and more +flexible than the model of text offered by ODA. Both offer hierarchical +structures, but SGML recognizes that the hierarchical model of the text +that one is looking at may not have been in the minds of the designers, +whereas ODA does not. + +ODA is not really aiming for the kind of document that the TEI wants to +encompass. The TEI can handle the kind of material ODA has, as well as a +significantly broader range of material. ODA seems to be very much +focused on office documents, which is what it started out being called-- +office document architecture. + + ****** + ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ +CALALUCA * Text-encoding from a publisher's perspective * +Responsibilities of a publisher * Reproduction of Migne's Latin series +whole and complete with SGML tags based on perceived need and expected +use * Particular decisions arising from the general decision to produce +and publish PLD * ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ + +The final speaker in this session, Eric CALALUCA, vice president, +Chadwyck-Healey, Inc., spoke from the perspective of a publisher re +text-encoding, rather than as one qualified to discuss methods of +encoding data, and observed that the presenters sitting in the room, +whether they had chosen to or not, were acting as publishers: making +choices, gathering data, gathering information, and making assessments. +CALALUCA offered the hard-won conviction that in publishing very large +text files (such as PLD), one cannot avoid making personal judgments of +appropriateness and structure. + +In CALALUCA's view, encoding decisions stem from prior judgments. Two +notions have become axioms for him in the consideration of future sources +for electronic publication: 1) electronic text publishing is as personal +as any other kind of publishing, and questions of if and how to encode +the data are simply a consequence of that prior decision; 2) all +personal decisions are open to criticism, which is unavoidable. + +CALALUCA rehearsed his role as a publisher or, better, as an intermediary +between what is viewed as a sound idea and the people who would make use +of it. Finding the specialist to advise in this process is the core of +that function. The publisher must monitor and hug the fine line between +giving users what they want and suggesting what they might need. One +responsibility of a publisher is to represent the desires of scholars and +research librarians as opposed to bullheadedly forcing them into areas +they would not choose to enter. + +CALALUCA likened the questions being raised today about data structure +and standards to the decisions faced by the Abbe Migne himself during +production of the Patrologia series in the mid-nineteenth century. +Chadwyck-Healey's decision to reproduce Migne's Latin series whole and +complete with SGML tags was also based upon a perceived need and an +expected use. In the same way that Migne's work came to be far more than +a simple handbook for clerics, PLD is already far more than a database +for theologians. It is a bedrock source for the study of Western +civilization, CALALUCA asserted. + +In regard to the decision to produce and publish PLD, the editorial board +offered direct judgments on the question of appropriateness of these +texts for conversion, their encoding and their distribution, and +concluded that the best possible project was one that avoided overt +intrusions or exclusions in so important a resource. Thus, the general +decision to transmit the original collection as clearly as possible with +the widest possible avenues for use led to other decisions: 1) To encode +the data or not, SGML or not, TEI or not. Again, the expected user +community asserted the need for normative tagging structures of important +humanities texts, and the TEI seemed the most appropriate structure for +that purpose. Research librarians, who are trained to view the larger +impact of electronic text sources on 80 or 90 or 100 doctoral +disciplines, loudly approved the decision to include tagging. They see +what is coming better than the specialist who is completely focused on +one edition of Ambrose's De Anima, and they also understand that the +potential uses exceed present expectations. 2) What will be tagged and +what will not. Once again, the board realized that one must tag the +obvious. But in no way should one attempt to identify through encoding +schemes every single discrete area of a text that might someday be +searched. That was another decision. Searching by a column number, an +author, a word, a volume, permitting combination searches, and tagging +notations seemed logical choices as core elements. 3) How does one make +the data available? Tieing it to a CD-ROM edition creates limitations, +but a magnetic tape file that is very large, is accompanied by the +encoding specifications, and that allows one to make local modifications +also allows one to incorporate any changes one may desire within the +bounds of private research, though exporting tag files from a CD-ROM +could serve just as well. Since no one on the board could possibly +anticipate each and every way in which a scholar might choose to mine +this data bank, it was decided to satisfy the basics and make some +provisions for what might come. 4) Not to encode the database would rob +it of the interchangeability and portability these important texts should +accommodate. For CALALUCA, the extensive options presented by full-text +searching require care in text selection and strongly support encoding of +data to facilitate the widest possible search strategies. Better +software can always be created, but summoning the resources, the people, +and the energy to reconvert the text is another matter. + +PLD is being encoded, captured, and distributed, because to +Chadwyck-Healey and the board it offers the widest possible array of +future research applications that can be seen today. CALALUCA concluded +by urging the encoding of all important text sources in whatever way +seems most appropriate and durable at the time, without blanching at the +thought that one's work may require emendation in the future. (Thus, +Chadwyck-Healey produced a very large humanities text database before the +final release of the TEI Guidelines.) + + ****** + ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ +DISCUSSION * Creating texts with markup advocated * Trends in encoding * +The TEI and the issue of interchangeability of standards * A +misconception concerning the TEI * Implications for an institution like +LC in the event that a multiplicity of DTDs develops * Producing images +as a first step towards possible conversion to full text through +character recognition * The AAP tag sets as a common starting point and +the need for caution * ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ + +HOCKEY prefaced the discussion that followed with several comments in +favor of creating texts with markup and on trends in encoding. In the +future, when many more texts are available for on-line searching, real +problems in finding what is wanted will develop, if one is faced with +millions of words of data. It therefore becomes important to consider +putting markup in texts to help searchers home in on the actual things +they wish to retrieve. Various approaches to refining retrieval methods +toward this end include building on a computer version of a dictionary +and letting the computer look up words in it to obtain more information +about the semantic structure or semantic field of a word, its grammatical +structure, and syntactic structure. + +HOCKEY commented on the present keen interest in the encoding world +in creating: 1) machine-readable versions of dictionaries that can be +initially tagged in SGML, which gives a structure to the dictionary entry; +these entries can then be converted into a more rigid or otherwise +different database structure inside the computer, which can be treated as +a dynamic tool for searching mechanisms; 2) large bodies of text to study +the language. In order to incorporate more sophisticated mechanisms, +more about how words behave needs to be known, which can be learned in +part from information in dictionaries. However, the last ten years have +seen much interest in studying the structure of printed dictionaries +converted into computer-readable form. The information one derives about +many words from those is only partial, one or two definitions of the +common or the usual meaning of a word, and then numerous definitions of +unusual usages. If the computer is using a dictionary to help retrieve +words in a text, it needs much more information about the common usages, +because those are the ones that occur over and over again. Hence the +current interest in developing large bodies of text in computer-readable +form in order to study the language. Several projects are engaged in +compiling, for example, 100 million words. HOCKEY described one with +which she was associated briefly at Oxford University involving +compilation of 100 million words of British English: about 10 percent of +that will contain detailed linguistic tagging encoded in SGML; it will +have word class taggings, with words identified as nouns, verbs, +adjectives, or other parts of speech. This tagging can then be used by +programs which will begin to learn a bit more about the structure of the +language, and then, can go to tag more text. + +HOCKEY said that the more that is tagged accurately, the more one can +refine the tagging process and thus the bigger body of text one can build +up with linguistic tagging incorporated into it. Hence, the more tagging +or annotation there is in the text, the more one may begin to learn about +language and the more it will help accomplish more intelligent OCR. She +recommended the development of software tools that will help one begin to +understand more about a text, which can then be applied to scanning +images of that text in that format and to using more intelligence to help +one interpret or understand the text. + +HOCKEY posited the need to think about common methods of text-encoding +for a long time to come, because building these large bodies of text is +extremely expensive and will only be done once. + +In the more general discussion on approaches to encoding that followed, +these points were made: + +BESSER identified the underlying problem with standards that all have to +struggle with in adopting a standard, namely, the tension between a very +highly defined standard that is very interchangeable but does not work +for everyone because something is lacking, and a standard that is less +defined, more open, more adaptable, but less interchangeable. Contending +that the way in which people use SGML is not sufficiently defined, BESSER +wondered 1) if people resist the TEI because they think it is too defined +in certain things they do not fit into, and 2) how progress with +interchangeability can be made without frightening people away. + +SPERBERG-McQUEEN replied that the published drafts of the TEI had met +with surprisingly little objection on the grounds that they do not allow +one to handle X or Y or Z. Particular concerns of the affiliated +projects have led, in practice, to discussions of how extensions are to +be made; the primary concern of any project has to be how it can be +represented locally, thus making interchange secondary. The TEI has +received much criticism based on the notion that everything in it is +required or even recommended, which, as it happens, is a misconception +from the beginning, because none of it is required and very little is +actually actively recommended for all cases, except that one document +one's source. + +SPERBERG-McQUEEN agreed with BESSER about this trade-off: all the +projects in a set of twenty TEI-conformant projects will not necessarily +tag the material in the same way. One result of the TEI will be that the +easiest problems will be solved--those dealing with the external form of +the information; but the problem that is hardest in interchange is that +one is not encoding what another wants, and vice versa. Thus, after +the adoption of a common notation, the differences in the underlying +conceptions of what is interesting about texts become more visible. +The success of a standard like the TEI will lie in the ability of +the recipient of interchanged texts to use some of what it contains +and to add the information that was not encoded that one wants, in a +layered way, so that texts can be gradually enriched and one does not +have to put in everything all at once. Hence, having a well-behaved +markup scheme is important. + +STEVENS followed up on the paradoxical analogy that BESSER alluded to in +the example of the MARC records, namely, the formats that are the same +except that they are different. STEVENS drew a parallel between +document-type definitions and MARC records for books and serials and maps, +where one has a tagging structure and there is a text-interchange. +STEVENS opined that the producers of the information will set the terms +for the standard (i.e., develop document-type definitions for the users +of their products), creating a situation that will be problematical for +an institution like the Library of Congress, which will have to deal with +the DTDs in the event that a multiplicity of them develops. Thus, +numerous people are seeking a standard but cannot find the tag set that +will be acceptable to them and their clients. SPERBERG-McQUEEN agreed +with this view, and said that the situation was in a way worse: attempting +to unify arbitrary DTDs resembled attempting to unify a MARC record with a +bibliographic record done according to the Prussian instructions. +According to STEVENS, this situation occurred very early in the process. + +WATERS recalled from early discussions on Project Open Book the concern +of many people that merely by producing images, POB was not really +enhancing intellectual access to the material. Nevertheless, not wishing +to overemphasize the opposition between imaging and full text, WATERS +stated that POB views getting the images as a first step toward possibly +converting to full text through character recognition, if the technology +is appropriate. WATERS also emphasized that encoding is involved even +with a set of images. + +SPERBERG-McQUEEN agreed with WATERS that one can create an SGML document +consisting wholly of images. At first sight, organizing graphic images +with an SGML document may not seem to offer great advantages, but the +advantages of the scheme WATERS described would be precisely that +ability to move into something that is more of a multimedia document: +a combination of transcribed text and page images. WEIBEL concurred in +this judgment, offering evidence from Project ADAPT, where a page is +divided into text elements and graphic elements, and in fact the text +elements are organized by columns and lines. These lines may be used as +the basis for distributing documents in a network environment. As one +develops software intelligent enough to recognize what those elements +are, it makes sense to apply SGML to an image initially, that may, in +fact, ultimately become more and more text, either through OCR or edited +OCR or even just through keying. For WATERS, the labor of composing the +document and saying this set of documents or this set of images belongs +to this document constitutes a significant investment. + +WEIBEL also made the point that the AAP tag sets, while not excessively +prescriptive, offer a common starting point; they do not define the +structure of the documents, though. They have some recommendations about +DTDs one could use as examples, but they do just suggest tag sets. For +example, the CORE project attempts to use the AAP markup as much as +possible, but there are clearly areas where structure must be added. +That in no way contradicts the use of AAP tag sets. + +SPERBERG-McQUEEN noted that the TEI prepared a long working paper early +on about the AAP tag set and what it lacked that the TEI thought it +needed, and a fairly long critique of the naming conventions, which has +led to a very different style of naming in the TEI. He stressed the +importance of the opposition between prescriptive markup, the kind that a +publisher or anybody can do when producing documents de novo, and +descriptive markup, in which one has to take what the text carrier +provides. In these particular tag sets it is easy to overemphasize this +opposition, because the AAP tag set is extremely flexible. Even if one +just used the DTDs, they allow almost anything to appear almost anywhere. + + ****** + +SESSION VI. COPYRIGHT ISSUES + ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ +PETERS * Several cautions concerning copyright in an electronic +environment * Review of copyright law in the United States * The notion +of the public good and the desirability of incentives to promote it * +What copyright protects * Works not protected by copyright * The rights +of copyright holders * Publishers' concerns in today's electronic +environment * Compulsory licenses * The price of copyright in a digital +medium and the need for cooperation * Additional clarifications * Rough +justice oftentimes the outcome in numerous copyright matters * Copyright +in an electronic society * Copyright law always only sets up the +boundaries; anything can be changed by contract * ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ + +Marybeth PETERS, policy planning adviser to the Register of Copyrights, +Library of Congress, made several general comments and then opened the +floor to discussion of subjects of interest to the audience. + +Having attended several sessions in an effort to gain a sense of what +people did and where copyright would affect their lives, PETERS expressed +the following cautions: + + * If one takes and converts materials and puts them in new forms, + then, from a copyright point of view, one is creating something and + will receive some rights. + + * However, if what one is converting already exists, a question + immediately arises about the status of the materials in question. + + * Putting something in the public domain in the United States offers + some freedom from anxiety, but distributing it throughout the world + on a network is another matter, even if one has put it in the public + domain in the United States. Re foreign laws, very frequently a + work can be in the public domain in the United States but protected + in other countries. Thus, one must consider all of the places a + work may reach, lest one unwittingly become liable to being faced + with a suit for copyright infringement, or at least a letter + demanding discussion of what one is doing. + +PETERS reviewed copyright law in the United States. The U.S. +Constitution effectively states that Congress has the power to enact +copyright laws for two purposes: 1) to encourage the creation and +dissemination of intellectual works for the good of society as a whole; +and, significantly, 2) to give creators and those who package and +disseminate materials the economic rewards that are due them. + +Congress strives to strike a balance, which at times can become an +emotional issue. The United States has never accepted the notion of the +natural right of an author so much as it has accepted the notion of the +public good and the desirability of incentives to promote it. This state +of affairs, however, has created strains on the international level and +is the reason for several of the differences in the laws that we have. +Today the United States protects almost every kind of work that can be +called an expression of an author. The standard for gaining copyright +protection is simply originality. This is a low standard and means that +a work is not copied from something else, as well as shows a certain +minimal amount of authorship. One can also acquire copyright protection +for making a new version of preexisting material, provided it manifests +some spark of creativity. + +However, copyright does not protect ideas, methods, systems--only the way +that one expresses those things. Nor does copyright protect anything +that is mechanical, anything that does not involve choice, or criteria +concerning whether or not one should do a thing. For example, the +results of a process called declicking, in which one mechanically removes +impure sounds from old recordings, are not copyrightable. On the other +hand, the choice to record a song digitally and to increase the sound of +violins or to bring up the tympani constitutes the results of conversion +that are copyrightable. Moreover, if a work is protected by copyright in +the United States, one generally needs the permission of the copyright +owner to convert it. Normally, who will own the new--that is, converted- +-material is a matter of contract. In the absence of a contract, the +person who creates the new material is the author and owner. But people +do not generally think about the copyright implications until after the +fact. PETERS stressed the need when dealing with copyrighted works to +think about copyright in advance. One's bargaining power is much greater +up front than it is down the road. + +PETERS next discussed works not protected by copyright, for example, any +work done by a federal employee as part of his or her official duties is +in the public domain in the United States. The issue is not wholly free +of doubt concerning whether or not the work is in the public domain +outside the United States. Other materials in the public domain include: +any works published more than seventy-five years ago, and any work +published in the United States more than twenty-eight years ago, whose +copyright was not renewed. In talking about the new technology and +putting material in a digital form to send all over the world, PETERS +cautioned, one must keep in mind that while the rights may not be an +issue in the United States, they may be in different parts of the world, +where most countries previously employed a copyright term of the life of +the author plus fifty years. + +PETERS next reviewed the economics of copyright holding. Simply, +economic rights are the rights to control the reproduction of a work in +any form. They belong to the author, or in the case of a work made for +hire, the employer. The second right, which is critical to conversion, +is the right to change a work. The right to make new versions is perhaps +one of the most significant rights of authors, particularly in an +electronic world. The third right is the right to publish the work and +the right to disseminate it, something that everyone who deals in an +electronic medium needs to know. The basic rule is if a copy is sold, +all rights of distribution are extinguished with the sale of that copy. +The key is that it must be sold. A number of companies overcome this +obstacle by leasing or renting their product. These companies argue that +if the material is rented or leased and not sold, they control the uses +of a work. The fourth right, and one very important in a digital world, +is a right of public performance, which means the right to show the work +sequentially. For example, copyright owners control the showing of a +CD-ROM product in a public place such as a public library. The reverse +side of public performance is something called the right of public +display. Moral rights also exist, which at the federal level apply only +to very limited visual works of art, but in theory may apply under +contract and other principles. Moral rights may include the right of an +author to have his or her name on a work, the right of attribution, and +the right to object to distortion or mutilation--the right of integrity. + +The way copyright law is worded gives much latitude to activities such as +preservation; to use of material for scholarly and research purposes when +the user does not make multiple copies; and to the generation of +facsimile copies of unpublished works by libraries for themselves and +other libraries. But the law does not allow anyone to become the +distributor of the product for the entire world. In today's electronic +environment, publishers are extremely concerned that the entire world is +networked and can obtain the information desired from a single copy in a +single library. Hence, if there is to be only one sale, which publishers +may choose to live with, they will obtain their money in other ways, for +example, from access and use. Hence, the development of site licenses +and other kinds of agreements to cover what publishers believe they +should be compensated for. Any solution that the United States takes +today has to consider the international arena. + +Noting that the United States is a member of the Berne Convention and +subscribes to its provisions, PETERS described the permissions process. +She also defined compulsory licenses. A compulsory license, of which the +United States has had a few, builds into the law the right to use a work +subject to certain terms and conditions. In the international arena, +however, the ability to use compulsory licenses is extremely limited. +Thus, clearinghouses and other collectives comprise one option that has +succeeded in providing for use of a work. Often overlooked when one +begins to use copyrighted material and put products together is how +expensive the permissions process and managing it is. According to +PETERS, the price of copyright in a digital medium, whatever solution is +worked out, will include managing and assembling the database. She +strongly recommended that publishers and librarians or people with +various backgrounds cooperate to work out administratively feasible +systems, in order to produce better results. + +In the lengthy question-and-answer period that followed PETERS's +presentation, the following points emerged: + + * The Copyright Office maintains that anything mechanical and + totally exhaustive probably is not protected. In the event that + what an individual did in developing potentially copyrightable + material is not understood, the Copyright Office will ask about the + creative choices the applicant chose to make or not to make. As a + practical matter, if one believes she or he has made enough of those + choices, that person has a right to assert a copyright and someone + else must assert that the work is not copyrightable. The more + mechanical, the more automatic, a thing is, the less likely it is to + be copyrightable. + + * Nearly all photographs are deemed to be copyrightable, but no one + worries about them much, because everyone is free to take the same + image. Thus, a photographic copyright represents what is called a + "thin" copyright. The photograph itself must be duplicated, in + order for copyright to be violated. + + * The Copyright Office takes the position that X-rays are not + copyrightable because they are mechanical. It can be argued + whether or not image enhancement in scanning can be protected. One + must exercise care with material created with public funds and + generally in the public domain. An article written by a federal + employee, if written as part of official duties, is not + copyrightable. However, control over a scientific article written + by a National Institutes of Health grantee (i.e., someone who + receives money from the U.S. government), depends on NIH policy. If + the government agency has no policy (and that policy can be + contained in its regulations, the contract, or the grant), the + author retains copyright. If a provision of the contract, grant, or + regulation states that there will be no copyright, then it does not + exist. When a work is created, copyright automatically comes into + existence unless something exists that says it does not. + + * An enhanced electronic copy of a print copy of an older reference + work in the public domain that does not contain copyrightable new + material is a purely mechanical rendition of the original work, and + is not copyrightable. + + * Usually, when a work enters the public domain, nothing can remove + it. For example, Congress recently passed into law the concept of + automatic renewal, which means that copyright on any work published + between l964 and l978 does not have to be renewed in order to + receive a seventy-five-year term. But any work not renewed before + 1964 is in the public domain. + + * Concerning whether or not the United States keeps track of when + authors die, nothing was ever done, nor is anything being done at + the moment by the Copyright Office. + + * Software that drives a mechanical process is itself copyrightable. + If one changes platforms, the software itself has a copyright. The + World Intellectual Property Organization will hold a symposium 28 + March through 2 April l993, at Harvard University, on digital + technology, and will study this entire issue. If one purchases a + computer software package, such as MacPaint, and creates something + new, one receives protection only for that which has been added. + +PETERS added that often in copyright matters, rough justice is the +outcome, for example, in collective licensing, ASCAP (i.e., American +Society of Composers, Authors, and Publishers), and BMI (i.e., Broadcast +Music, Inc.), where it may seem that the big guys receive more than their +due. Of course, people ought not to copy a creative product without +paying for it; there should be some compensation. But the truth of the +world, and it is not a great truth, is that the big guy gets played on +the radio more frequently than the little guy, who has to do much more +until he becomes a big guy. That is true of every author, every +composer, everyone, and, unfortunately, is part of life. + +Copyright always originates with the author, except in cases of works +made for hire. (Most software falls into this category.) When an author +sends his article to a journal, he has not relinquished copyright, though +he retains the right to relinquish it. The author receives absolutely +everything. The less prominent the author, the more leverage the +publisher will have in contract negotiations. In order to transfer the +rights, the author must sign an agreement giving them away. + +In an electronic society, it is important to be able to license a writer +and work out deals. With regard to use of a work, it usually is much +easier when a publisher holds the rights. In an electronic era, a real +problem arises when one is digitizing and making information available. +PETERS referred again to electronic licensing clearinghouses. Copyright +ought to remain with the author, but as one moves forward globally in the +electronic arena, a middleman who can handle the various rights becomes +increasingly necessary. + +The notion of copyright law is that it resides with the individual, but +in an on-line environment, where a work can be adapted and tinkered with +by many individuals, there is concern. If changes are authorized and +there is no agreement to the contrary, the person who changes a work owns +the changes. To put it another way, the person who acquires permission +to change a work technically will become the author and the owner, unless +some agreement to the contrary has been made. It is typical for the +original publisher to try to control all of the versions and all of the +uses. Copyright law always only sets up the boundaries. Anything can be +changed by contract. + + ****** + +SESSION VII. CONCLUSION + ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ +GENERAL DISCUSSION * Two questions for discussion * Different emphases in +the Workshop * Bringing the text and image partisans together * +Desiderata in planning the long-term development of something * Questions +surrounding the issue of electronic deposit * Discussion of electronic +deposit as an allusion to the issue of standards * Need for a directory +of preservation projects in digital form and for access to their +digitized files * CETH's catalogue of machine-readable texts in the +humanities * What constitutes a publication in the electronic world? * +Need for LC to deal with the concept of on-line publishing * LC's Network +Development Office exploring the limits of MARC as a standard in terms +of handling electronic information * Magnitude of the problem and the +need for distributed responsibility in order to maintain and store +electronic information * Workshop participants to be viewed as a starting +point * Development of a network version of AM urged * A step toward AM's +construction of some sort of apparatus for network access * A delicate +and agonizing policy question for LC * Re the issue of electronic +deposit, LC urged to initiate a catalytic process in terms of distributed +responsibility * Suggestions for cooperative ventures * Commercial +publishers' fears * Strategic questions for getting the image and text +people to think through long-term cooperation * Clarification of the +driving force behind both the Perseus and the Cornell Xerox projects * ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ + +In his role as moderator of the concluding session, GIFFORD raised two +questions he believed would benefit from discussion: 1) Are there enough +commonalities among those of us that have been here for two days so that +we can see courses of action that should be taken in the future? And, if +so, what are they and who might take them? 2) Partly derivative from +that, but obviously very dangerous to LC as host, do you see a role for +the Library of Congress in all this? Of course, the Library of Congress +holds a rather special status in a number of these matters, because it is +not perceived as a player with an economic stake in them, but are there +roles that LC can play that can help advance us toward where we are heading? + +Describing himself as an uninformed observer of the technicalities of the +last two days, GIFFORD detected three different emphases in the Workshop: +1) people who are very deeply committed to text; 2) people who are almost +passionate about images; and 3) a few people who are very committed to +what happens to the networks. In other words, the new networking +dimension, the accessibility of the processability, the portability of +all this across the networks. How do we pull those three together? + +Adding a question that reflected HOCKEY's comment that this was the +fourth workshop she had attended in the previous thirty days, FLEISCHHAUER +wondered to what extent this meeting had reinvented the wheel, or if it +had contributed anything in the way of bringing together a different group +of people from those who normally appear on the workshop circuit. + +HOCKEY confessed to being struck at this meeting and the one the +Electronic Pierce Consortium organized the previous week that this was a +coming together of people working on texts and not images. Attempting to +bring the two together is something we ought to be thinking about for the +future: How one can think about working with image material to begin +with, but structuring it and digitizing it in such a way that at a later +stage it can be interpreted into text, and find a common way of building +text and images together so that they can be used jointly in the future, +with the network support to begin there because that is how people will +want to access it. + +In planning the long-term development of something, which is what is +being done in electronic text, HOCKEY stressed the importance not only +of discussing the technical aspects of how one does it but particularly +of thinking about what the people who use the stuff will want to do. +But conversely, there are numerous things that people start to do with +electronic text or material that nobody ever thought of in the beginning. + +LESK, in response to the question concerning the role of the Library of +Congress, remarked the often suggested desideratum of having electronic +deposit: Since everything is now computer-typeset, an entire decade of +material that was machine-readable exists, but the publishers frequently +did not save it; has LC taken any action to have its copyright deposit +operation start collecting these machine-readable versions? In the +absence of PETERS, GIFFORD replied that the question was being +actively considered but that that was only one dimension of the problem. +Another dimension is the whole question of the integrity of the original +electronic document. It becomes highly important in science to prove +authorship. How will that be done? + +ERWAY explained that, under the old policy, to make a claim for a +copyright for works that were published in electronic form, including +software, one had to submit a paper copy of the first and last twenty +pages of code--something that represented the work but did not include +the entire work itself and had little value to anyone. As a temporary +measure, LC has claimed the right to demand electronic versions of +electronic publications. This measure entails a proactive role for the +Library to say that it wants a particular electronic version. Publishers +then have perhaps a year to submit it. But the real problem for LC is +what to do with all this material in all these different formats. Will +the Library mount it? How will it give people access to it? How does LC +keep track of the appropriate computers, software, and media? The situation +is so hard to control, ERWAY said, that it makes sense for each publishing +house to maintain its own archive. But LC cannot enforce that either. + +GIFFORD acknowledged LESK's suggestion that establishing a priority +offered the solution, albeit a fairly complicated one. But who maintains +that register?, he asked. GRABER noted that LC does attempt to collect a +Macintosh version and the IBM-compatible version of software. It does +not collect other versions. But while true for software, BYRUM observed, +this reply does not speak to materials, that is, all the materials that +were published that were on somebody's microcomputer or driver tapes +at a publishing office across the country. LC does well to acquire +specific machine-readable products selectively that were intended to be +machine-readable. Materials that were in machine-readable form at one time, +BYRUM said, would be beyond LC's capability at the moment, insofar as +attempting to acquire, organize, and preserve them are concerned--and +preservation would be the most important consideration. In this +connection, GIFFORD reiterated the need to work out some sense of +distributive responsibility for a number of these issues, which +inevitably will require significant cooperation and discussion. +Nobody can do it all. + +LESK suggested that some publishers may look with favor on LC beginning +to serve as a depository of tapes in an electronic manuscript standard. +Publishers may view this as a service that they did not have to perform +and they might send in tapes. However, SPERBERG-McQUEEN countered, +although publishers have had equivalent services available to them for a +long time, the electronic text archive has never turned away or been +flooded with tapes and is forever sending feedback to the depositor. +Some publishers do send in tapes. + +ANDRE viewed this discussion as an allusion to the issue of standards. +She recommended that the AAP standard and the TEI, which has already been +somewhat harmonized internationally and which also shares several +compatibilities with the AAP, be harmonized to ensure sufficient +compatibility in the software. She drew the line at saying LC ought to +be the locus or forum for such harmonization. + +Taking the group in a slightly different direction, but one where at +least in the near term LC might play a helpful role, LYNCH remarked the +plans of a number of projects to carry out preservation by creating +digital images that will end up in on-line or near-line storage at some +institution. Presumably, LC will link this material somehow to its +on-line catalog in most cases. Thus, it is in a digital form. LYNCH had +the impression that many of these institutions would be willing to make +those files accessible to other people outside the institution, provided +that there is no copyright problem. This desideratum will require +propagating the knowledge that those digitized files exist, so that they +can end up in other on-line catalogs. Although uncertain about the +mechanism for achieving this result, LYNCH said that it warranted +scrutiny because it seemed to be connected to some of the basic issues of +cataloging and distribution of records. It would be foolish, given the +amount of work that all of us have to do and our meager resources, to +discover multiple institutions digitizing the same work. Re microforms, +LYNCH said, we are in pretty good shape. + +BATTIN called this a big problem and noted that the Cornell people (who +had already departed) were working on it. At issue from the beginning +was to learn how to catalog that information into RLIN and then into +OCLC, so that it would be accessible. That issue remains to be resolved. +LYNCH rejoined that putting it into OCLC or RLIN was helpful insofar as +somebody who is thinking of performing preservation activity on that work +could learn about it. It is not necessarily helpful for institutions to +make that available. BATTIN opined that the idea was that it not only be +for preservation purposes but for the convenience of people looking for +this material. She endorsed LYNCH's dictum that duplication of this +effort was to be avoided by every means. + +HOCKEY informed the Workshop about one major current activity of CETH, +namely a catalogue of machine-readable texts in the humanities. Held on +RLIN at present, the catalogue has been concentrated on ASCII as opposed +to digitized images of text. She is exploring ways to improve the +catalogue and make it more widely available, and welcomed suggestions +about these concerns. CETH owns the records, which are not just +restricted to RLIN, and can distribute them however it wishes. + +Taking up LESK's earlier question, BATTIN inquired whether LC, since it +is accepting electronic files and designing a mechanism for dealing with +that rather than putting books on shelves, would become responsible for +the National Copyright Depository of Electronic Materials. Of course +that could not be accomplished overnight, but it would be something LC +could plan for. GIFFORD acknowledged that much thought was being devoted +to that set of problems and returned the discussion to the issue raised +by LYNCH--whether or not putting the kind of records that both BATTIN and +HOCKEY have been talking about in RLIN is not a satisfactory solution. +It seemed to him that RLIN answered LYNCH's original point concerning +some kind of directory for these kinds of materials. In a situation +where somebody is attempting to decide whether or not to scan this or +film that or to learn whether or not someone has already done so, LYNCH +suggested, RLIN is helpful, but it is not helpful in the case of a local, +on-line catalogue. Further, one would like to have her or his system be +aware that that exists in digital form, so that one can present it to a +patron, even though one did not digitize it, if it is out of copyright. +The only way to make those linkages would be to perform a tremendous +amount of real-time look-up, which would be awkward at best, or +periodically to yank the whole file from RLIN and match it against one's +own stuff, which is a nuisance. + +But where, ERWAY inquired, does one stop including things that are +available with Internet, for instance, in one's local catalogue? +It almost seems that that is LC's means to acquire access to them. +That represents LC's new form of library loan. Perhaps LC's new on-line +catalogue is an amalgamation of all these catalogues on line. LYNCH +conceded that perhaps that was true in the very long term, but was not +applicable to scanning in the short term. In his view, the totals cited +by Yale, 10,000 books over perhaps a four-year period, and 1,000-1,500 +books from Cornell, were not big numbers, while searching all over +creation for relatively rare occurrences will prove to be less efficient. +As GIFFORD wondered if this would not be a separable file on RLIN and +could be requested from them, BATTIN interjected that it was easily +accessible to an institution. SEVERTSON pointed out that that file, cum +enhancements, was available with reference information on CD-ROM, which +makes it a little more available. + +In HOCKEY's view, the real question facing the Workshop is what to put in +this catalogue, because that raises the question of what constitutes a +publication in the electronic world. (WEIBEL interjected that Eric Joule +in OCLC's Office of Research is also wrestling with this particular +problem, while GIFFORD thought it sounded fairly generic.) HOCKEY +contended that a majority of texts in the humanities are in the hands +of either a small number of large research institutions or individuals +and are not generally available for anyone else to access at all. +She wondered if these texts ought to be catalogued. + +After argument proceeded back and forth for several minutes over why +cataloguing might be a necessary service, LEBRON suggested that this +issue involved the responsibility of a publisher. The fact that someone +has created something electronically and keeps it under his or her +control does not constitute publication. Publication implies +dissemination. While it would be important for a scholar to let other +people know that this creation exists, in many respects this is no +different from an unpublished manuscript. That is what is being accessed +in there, except that now one is not looking at it in the hard-copy but +in the electronic environment. + +LEBRON expressed puzzlement at the variety of ways electronic publishing +has been viewed. Much of what has been discussed throughout these two +days has concerned CD-ROM publishing, whereas in the on-line environment +that she confronts, the constraints and challenges are very different. +Sooner or later LC will have to deal with the concept of on-line +publishing. Taking up the comment ERWAY made earlier about storing +copies, LEBRON gave her own journal as an example. How would she deposit +OJCCT for copyright?, she asked, because the journal will exist in the +mainframe at OCLC and people will be able to access it. Here the +situation is different, ownership versus access, and is something that +arises with publication in the on-line environment, faster than is +sometimes realized. Lacking clear answers to all of these questions +herself, LEBRON did not anticipate that LC would be able to take a role +in helping to define some of them for quite a while. + +GREENFIELD observed that LC's Network Development Office is attempting, +among other things, to explore the limits of MARC as a standard in terms +of handling electronic information. GREENFIELD also noted that Rebecca +GUENTHER from that office gave a paper to the American Society for +Information Science (ASIS) summarizing several of the discussion papers +that were coming out of the Network Development Office. GREENFIELD said +he understood that that office had a list-server soliciting just the kind +of feedback received today concerning the difficulties of identifying and +cataloguing electronic information. GREENFIELD hoped that everybody +would be aware of that and somehow contribute to that conversation. + +Noting two of LC's roles, first, to act as a repository of record for +material that is copyrighted in this country, and second, to make +materials it holds available in some limited form to a clientele that +goes beyond Congress, BESSER suggested that it was incumbent on LC to +extend those responsibilities to all the things being published in +electronic form. This would mean eventually accepting electronic +formats. LC could require that at some point they be in a certain +limited set of formats, and then develop mechanisms for allowing people +to access those in the same way that other things are accessed. This +does not imply that they are on the network and available to everyone. +LC does that with most of its bibliographic records, BESSER said, which +end up migrating to the utility (e.g., OCLC) or somewhere else. But just +as most of LC's books are available in some form through interlibrary +loan or some other mechanism, so in the same way electronic formats ought +to be available to others in some format, though with some copyright +considerations. BESSER was not suggesting that these mechanisms be +established tomorrow, only that they seemed to fall within LC's purview, +and that there should be long-range plans to establish them. + +Acknowledging that those from LC in the room agreed with BESSER +concerning the need to confront difficult questions, GIFFORD underscored +the magnitude of the problem of what to keep and what to select. GIFFORD +noted that LC currently receives some 31,000 items per day, not counting +electronic materials, and argued for much more distributed responsibility +in order to maintain and store electronic information. + +BESSER responded that the assembled group could be viewed as a starting +point, whose initial operating premise could be helping to move in this +direction and defining how LC could do so, for example, in areas of +standardization or distribution of responsibility. + +FLEISCHHAUER added that AM was fully engaged, wrestling with some of the +questions that pertain to the conversion of older historical materials, +which would be one thing that the Library of Congress might do. Several +points mentioned by BESSER and several others on this question have a +much greater impact on those who are concerned with cataloguing and the +networking of bibliographic information, as well as preservation itself. + +Speaking directly to AM, which he considered was a largely uncopyrighted +database, LYNCH urged development of a network version of AM, or +consideration of making the data in it available to people interested in +doing network multimedia. On account of the current great shortage of +digital data that is both appealing and unencumbered by complex rights +problems, this course of action could have a significant effect on making +network multimedia a reality. + +In this connection, FLEISCHHAUER reported on a fragmentary prototype in +LC's Office of Information Technology Services that attempts to associate +digital images of photographs with cataloguing information in ways that +work within a local area network--a step, so to say, toward AM's +construction of some sort of apparatus for access. Further, AM has +attempted to use standard data forms in order to help make that +distinction between the access tools and the underlying data, and thus +believes that the database is networkable. + +A delicate and agonizing policy question for LC, however, which comes +back to resources and unfortunately has an impact on this, is to find +some appropriate, honorable, and legal cost-recovery possibilities. A +certain skittishness concerning cost-recovery has made people unsure +exactly what to do. AM would be highly receptive to discussing further +LYNCH's offer to test or demonstrate its database in a network +environment, FLEISCHHAUER said. + +Returning the discussion to what she viewed as the vital issue of +electronic deposit, BATTIN recommended that LC initiate a catalytic +process in terms of distributed responsibility, that is, bring together +the distributed organizations and set up a study group to look at all +these issues and see where we as a nation should move. The broader +issues of how we deal with the management of electronic information will +not disappear, but only grow worse. + +LESK took up this theme and suggested that LC attempt to persuade one +major library in each state to deal with its state equivalent publisher, +which might produce a cooperative project that would be equitably +distributed around the country, and one in which LC would be dealing with +a minimal number of publishers and minimal copyright problems. + +GRABER remarked the recent development in the scientific community of a +willingness to use SGML and either deposit or interchange on a fairly +standardized format. He wondered if a similar movement was taking place +in the humanities. Although the National Library of Medicine found only +a few publishers to cooperate in a like venture two or three years ago, a +new effort might generate a much larger number willing to cooperate. + +KIMBALL recounted his unit's (Machine-Readable Collections Reading Room) +troubles with the commercial publishers of electronic media in acquiring +materials for LC's collections, in particular the publishers' fear that +they would not be able to cover their costs and would lose control of +their products, that LC would give them away or sell them and make +profits from them. He doubted that the publishing industry was prepared +to move into this area at the moment, given its resistance to allowing LC +to use its machine-readable materials as the Library would like. + +The copyright law now addresses compact disk as a medium, and LC can +request one copy of that, or two copies if it is the only version, and +can request copies of software, but that fails to address magazines or +books or anything like that which is in machine-readable form. + +GIFFORD acknowledged the thorny nature of this issue, which he illustrated +with the example of the cumbersome process involved in putting a copy of a +scientific database on a LAN in LC's science reading room. He also +acknowledged that LC needs help and could enlist the energies and talents +of Workshop participants in thinking through a number of these problems. + +GIFFORD returned the discussion to getting the image and text people to +think through together where they want to go in the long term. MYLONAS +conceded that her experience at the Pierce Symposium the previous week at +Georgetown University and this week at LC had forced her to reevaluate +her perspective on the usefulness of text as images. MYLONAS framed the +issues in a series of questions: How do we acquire machine-readable +text? Do we take pictures of it and perform OCR on it later? Is it +important to obtain very high-quality images and text, etc.? +FLEISCHHAUER agreed with MYLONAS's framing of strategic questions, adding +that a large institution such as LC probably has to do all of those +things at different times. Thus, the trick is to exercise judgment. The +Workshop had added to his and AM's considerations in making those +judgments. Concerning future meetings or discussions, MYLONAS suggested +that screening priorities would be helpful. + +WEIBEL opined that the diversity reflected in this group was a sign both +of the health and of the immaturity of the field, and more time would +have to pass before we convince one another concerning standards. + +An exchange between MYLONAS and BATTIN clarified the point that the +driving force behind both the Perseus and the Cornell Xerox projects was +the preservation of knowledge for the future, not simply for particular +research use. In the case of Perseus, MYLONAS said, the assumption was +that the texts would not be entered again into electronically readable +form. SPERBERG-McQUEEN added that a scanned image would not serve as an +archival copy for purposes of preservation in the case of, say, the Bill +of Rights, in the sense that the scanned images are effectively the +archival copies for the Cornell mathematics books. + + + *** *** *** ****** *** *** *** + + + Appendix I: PROGRAM + + + + WORKSHOP + ON + ELECTRONIC + TEXTS + + + + 9-10 June 1992 + + Library of Congress + Washington, D.C. + + + + Supported by a Grant from the David and Lucile Packard Foundation + + +Tuesday, 9 June 1992 + +NATIONAL DEMONSTRATION LAB, ATRIUM, LIBRARY MADISON + +8:30 AM Coffee and Danish, registration + +9:00 AM Welcome + + Prosser Gifford, Director for Scholarly Programs, and Carl + Fleischhauer, Coordinator, American Memory, Library of + Congress + +9:l5 AM Session I. Content in a New Form: Who Will Use It and What + Will They Do? + + Broad description of the range of electronic information. + Characterization of who uses it and how it is or may be used. + In addition to a look at scholarly uses, this session will + include a presentation on use by students (K-12 and college) + and the general public. + + Moderator: James Daly + Avra Michelson, Archival Research and Evaluation Staff, + National Archives and Records Administration (Overview) + Susan H. Veccia, Team Leader, American Memory, User Evaluation, + and + Joanne Freeman, Associate Coordinator, American Memory, Library + of Congress (Beyond the scholar) + +10:30- +11:00 AM Break + +11:00 AM Session II. Show and Tell. + + Each presentation to consist of a fifteen-minute + statement/show; group discussion will follow lunch. + + Moderator: Jacqueline Hess, Director, National Demonstration + Lab + + 1. A classics project, stressing texts and text retrieval + more than multimedia: Perseus Project, Harvard + University + Elli Mylonas, Managing Editor + + 2. Other humanities projects employing the emerging norms of + the Text Encoding Initiative (TEI): Chadwyck-Healey's + The English Poetry Full Text Database and/or Patrologia + Latina Database + Eric M. Calaluca, Vice President, Chadwyck-Healey, Inc. + + 3. American Memory + Carl Fleischhauer, Coordinator, and + Ricky Erway, Associate Coordinator, Library of Congress + + 4. Founding Fathers example from Packard Humanities + Institute: The Papers of George Washington, University + of Virginia + Dorothy Twohig, Managing Editor, and/or + David Woodley Packard + + 5. An electronic medical journal offering graphics and + full-text searchability: The Online Journal of Current + Clinical Trials, American Association for the Advancement + of Science + Maria L. Lebron, Managing Editor + + 6. A project that offers facsimile images of pages but omits + searchable text: Cornell math books + Lynne K. Personius, Assistant Director, Cornell + Information Technologies for Scholarly Information + Sources, Cornell University + +12:30 PM Lunch (Dining Room A, Library Madison 620. Exhibits + available.) + +1:30 PM Session II. Show and Tell (Cont'd.). + +3:00- +3:30 PM Break + +3:30- +5:30 PM Session III. Distribution, Networks, and Networking: Options + for Dissemination. + + Published disks: University presses and public-sector + publishers, private-sector publishers + Computer networks + + Moderator: Robert G. Zich, Special Assistant to the Associate + Librarian for Special Projects, Library of Congress + Clifford A. Lynch, Director, Library Automation, University of + California + Howard Besser, School of Library and Information Science, + University of Pittsburgh + Ronald L. Larsen, Associate Director of Libraries for + Information Technology, University of Maryland at College + Park + Edwin B. Brownrigg, Executive Director, Memex Research + Institute + +6:30 PM Reception (Montpelier Room, Library Madison 619.) + + ****** + +Wednesday, 10 June 1992 + +DINING ROOM A, LIBRARY MADISON 620 + +8:30 AM Coffee and Danish + +9:00 AM Session IV. Image Capture, Text Capture, Overview of Text and + Image Storage Formats. + + Moderator: William L. Hooton, Vice President of Operations, + I-NET + + A) Principal Methods for Image Capture of Text: + Direct scanning + Use of microform + + Anne R. Kenney, Assistant Director, Department of Preservation + and Conservation, Cornell University + Pamela Q.J. Andre, Associate Director, Automation, and + Judith A. Zidar, Coordinator, National Agricultural Text + Digitizing Program (NATDP), National Agricultural Library + (NAL) + Donald J. Waters, Head, Systems Office, Yale University Library + + B) Special Problems: + Bound volumes + Conservation + Reproducing printed halftones + + Carl Fleischhauer, Coordinator, American Memory, Library of + Congress + George Thoma, Chief, Communications Engineering Branch, + National Library of Medicine (NLM) + +10:30- +11:00 AM Break + +11:00 AM Session IV. Image Capture, Text Capture, Overview of Text and + Image Storage Formats (Cont'd.). + + C) Image Standards and Implications for Preservation + + Jean Baronas, Senior Manager, Department of Standards and + Technology, Association for Information and Image Management + (AIIM) + Patricia Battin, President, The Commission on Preservation and + Access (CPA) + + D) Text Conversion: + OCR vs. rekeying + Standards of accuracy and use of imperfect texts + Service bureaus + + Stuart Weibel, Senior Research Specialist, Online Computer + Library Center, Inc. (OCLC) + Michael Lesk, Executive Director, Computer Science Research, + Bellcore + Ricky Erway, Associate Coordinator, American Memory, Library of + Congress + Pamela Q.J. Andre, Associate Director, Automation, and + Judith A. Zidar, Coordinator, National Agricultural Text + Digitizing Program (NATDP), National Agricultural Library + (NAL) + +12:30- +1:30 PM Lunch + +1:30 PM Session V. Approaches to Preparing Electronic Texts. + + Discussion of approaches to structuring text for the computer; + pros and cons of text coding, description of methods in + practice, and comparison of text-coding methods. + + Moderator: Susan Hockey, Director, Center for Electronic Texts + in the Humanities (CETH), Rutgers and Princeton Universities + David Woodley Packard + C.M. Sperberg-McQueen, Editor, Text Encoding Initiative (TEI), + University of Illinois-Chicago + Eric M. Calaluca, Vice President, Chadwyck-Healey, Inc. + +3:30- +4:00 PM Break + +4:00 PM Session VI. Copyright Issues. + + Marybeth Peters, Policy Planning Adviser to the Register of + Copyrights, Library of Congress + +5:00 PM Session VII. Conclusion. + + General discussion. + What topics were omitted or given short shrift that anyone + would like to talk about now? + Is there a "group" here? What should the group do next, if + anything? What should the Library of Congress do next, if + anything? + Moderator: Prosser Gifford, Director for Scholarly Programs, + Library of Congress + +6:00 PM Adjourn + + + *** *** *** ****** *** *** *** + + + Appendix II: ABSTRACTS + + +SESSION I + +Avra MICHELSON Forecasting the Use of Electronic Texts by + Social Sciences and Humanities Scholars + +This presentation explores the ways in which electronic texts are likely +to be used by the non-scientific scholarly community. Many of the +remarks are drawn from a report the speaker coauthored with Jeff +Rothenberg, a computer scientist at The RAND Corporation. + +The speaker assesses 1) current scholarly use of information technology +and 2) the key trends in information technology most relevant to the +research process, in order to predict how social sciences and humanities +scholars are apt to use electronic texts. In introducing the topic, +current use of electronic texts is explored broadly within the context of +scholarly communication. From the perspective of scholarly +communication, the work of humanities and social sciences scholars +involves five processes: 1) identification of sources, 2) communication +with colleagues, 3) interpretation and analysis of data, 4) dissemination +of research findings, and 5) curriculum development and instruction. The +extent to which computation currently permeates aspects of scholarly +communication represents a viable indicator of the prospects for +electronic texts. + +The discussion of current practice is balanced by an analysis of key +trends in the scholarly use of information technology. These include the +trends toward end-user computing and connectivity, which provide a +framework for forecasting the use of electronic texts through this +millennium. The presentation concludes with a summary of the ways in +which the nonscientific scholarly community can be expected to use +electronic texts, and the implications of that use for information +providers. + +Susan VECCIA and Joanne FREEMAN Electronic Archives for the Public: + Use of American Memory in Public and + School Libraries + +This joint discussion focuses on nonscholarly applications of electronic +library materials, specifically addressing use of the Library of Congress +American Memory (AM) program in a small number of public and school +libraries throughout the United States. AM consists of selected Library +of Congress primary archival materials, stored on optical media +(CD-ROM/videodisc), and presented with little or no editing. Many +collections are accompanied by electronic introductions and user's guides +offering background information and historical context. Collections +represent a variety of formats including photographs, graphic arts, +motion pictures, recorded sound, music, broadsides and manuscripts, +books, and pamphlets. + +In 1991, the Library of Congress began a nationwide evaluation of AM in +different types of institutions. Test sites include public libraries, +elementary and secondary school libraries, college and university +libraries, state libraries, and special libraries. Susan VECCIA and +Joanne FREEMAN will discuss their observations on the use of AM by the +nonscholarly community, using evidence gleaned from this ongoing +evaluation effort. + +VECCIA will comment on the overall goals of the evaluation project, and +the types of public and school libraries included in this study. Her +comments on nonscholarly use of AM will focus on the public library as a +cultural and community institution, often bridging the gap between formal +and informal education. FREEMAN will discuss the use of AM in school +libraries. Use by students and teachers has revealed some broad +questions about the use of electronic resources, as well as definite +benefits gained by the "nonscholar." Topics will include the problem of +grasping content and context in an electronic environment, the stumbling +blocks created by "new" technologies, and the unique skills and interests +awakened through use of electronic resources. + +SESSION II + +Elli MYLONAS The Perseus Project: Interactive Sources and + Studies in Classical Greece + +The Perseus Project (5) has just released Perseus 1.0, the first publicly +available version of its hypertextual database of multimedia materials on +classical Greece. Perseus is designed to be used by a wide audience, +comprised of readers at the student and scholar levels. As such, it must +be able to locate information using different strategies, and it must +contain enough detail to serve the different needs of its users. In +addition, it must be delivered so that it is affordable to its target +audience. [These problems and the solutions we chose are described in +Mylonas, "An Interface to Classical Greek Civilization," JASIS 43:2, +March 1992.] + +In order to achieve its objective, the project staff decided to make a +conscious separation between selecting and converting textual, database, +and image data on the one hand, and putting it into a delivery system on +the other. That way, it is possible to create the electronic data +without thinking about the restrictions of the delivery system. We have +made a great effort to choose system-independent formats for our data, +and to put as much thought and work as possible into structuring it so +that the translation from paper to electronic form will enhance the value +of the data. [A discussion of these solutions as of two years ago is in +Elli Mylonas, Gregory Crane, Kenneth Morrell, and D. Neel Smith, "The +Perseus Project: Data in the Electronic Age," in Accessing Antiquity: +The Computerization of Classical Databases, J. Solomon and T. Worthen +(eds.), University of Arizona Press, in press.] + +Much of the work on Perseus is focused on collecting and converting the +data on which the project is based. At the same time, it is necessary to +provide means of access to the information, in order to make it usable, +and them to investigate how it is used. As we learn more about what +students and scholars from different backgrounds do with Perseus, we can +adjust our data collection, and also modify the system to accommodate +them. In creating a delivery system for general use, we have tried to +avoid favoring any one type of use by allowing multiple forms of access +to and navigation through the system. + +The way text is handled exemplifies some of these principles. All text +in Perseus is tagged using SGML, following the guidelines of the Text +Encoding Initiative (TEI). This markup is used to index the text, and +process it so that it can be imported into HyperCard. No SGML markup +remains in the text that reaches the user, because currently it would be +too expensive to create a system that acts on SGML in real time. +However, the regularity provided by SGML is essential for verifying the +content of the texts, and greatly speeds all the processing performed on +them. The fact that the texts exist in SGML ensures that they will be +relatively easy to port to different hardware and software, and so will +outlast the current delivery platform. Finally, the SGML markup +incorporates existing canonical reference systems (chapter, verse, line, +etc.); indexing and navigation are based on these features. This ensures +that the same canonical reference will always resolve to the same point +within a text, and that all versions of our texts, regardless of delivery +platform (even paper printouts) will function the same way. + +In order to provide tools for users, the text is processed by a +morphological analyzer, and the results are stored in a database. +Together with the index, the Greek-English Lexicon, and the index of all +the English words in the definitions of the lexicon, the morphological +analyses comprise a set of linguistic tools that allow users of all +levels to work with the textual information, and to accomplish different +tasks. For example, students who read no Greek may explore a concept as +it appears in Greek texts by using the English-Greek index, and then +looking up works in the texts and translations, or scholars may do +detailed morphological studies of word use by using the morphological +analyses of the texts. Because these tools were not designed for any one +use, the same tools and the same data can be used by both students and +scholars. + +NOTES: + (5) Perseus is based at Harvard University, with collaborators at + several other universities. The project has been funded primarily + by the Annenberg/CPB Project, as well as by Harvard University, + Apple Computer, and others. It is published by Yale University + Press. Perseus runs on Macintosh computers, under the HyperCard + program. + +Eric CALALUCA + +Chadwyck-Healey embarked last year on two distinct yet related full-text +humanities database projects. + +The English Poetry Full-Text Database and the Patrologia Latina Database +represent new approaches to linguistic research resources. The size and +complexity of the projects present problems for electronic publishers, +but surmountable ones if they remain abreast of the latest possibilities +in data capture and retrieval software techniques. + +The issues which required address prior to the commencement of the +projects were legion: + + 1. Editorial selection (or exclusion) of materials in each + database + + 2. Deciding whether or not to incorporate a normative encoding + structure into the databases? + A. If one is selected, should it be SGML? + B. If SGML, then the TEI? + + 3. Deliver as CD-ROM, magnetic tape, or both? + + 4. Can one produce retrieval software advanced enough for the + postdoctoral linguist, yet accessible enough for unattended + general use? Should one try? + + 5. Re fair and liberal networking policies, what are the risks to + an electronic publisher? + + 6. How does the emergence of national and international education + networks affect the use and viability of research projects + requiring high investment? Do the new European Community + directives concerning database protection necessitate two + distinct publishing projects, one for North America and one for + overseas? + +From new notions of "scholarly fair use" to the future of optical media, +virtually every issue related to electronic publishing was aired. The +result is two projects which have been constructed to provide the quality +research resources with the fewest encumbrances to use by teachers and +private scholars. + +Dorothy TWOHIG + +In spring 1988 the editors of the papers of George Washington, John +Adams, Thomas Jefferson, James Madison, and Benjamin Franklin were +approached by classics scholar David Packard on behalf of the Packard +Humanities Foundation with a proposal to produce a CD-ROM edition of the +complete papers of each of the Founding Fathers. This electronic edition +will supplement the published volumes, making the documents widely +available to students and researchers at reasonable cost. We estimate +that our CD-ROM edition of Washington's Papers will be substantially +completed within the next two years and ready for publication. Within +the next ten years or so, similar CD-ROM editions of the Franklin, Adams, +Jefferson, and Madison papers also will be available. At the Library of +Congress's session on technology, I would like to discuss not only the +experience of the Washington Papers in producing the CD-ROM edition, but +the impact technology has had on these major editorial projects. +Already, we are editing our volumes with an eye to the material that will +be readily available in the CD-ROM edition. The completed electronic +edition will provide immense possibilities for the searching of documents +for information in a way never possible before. The kind of technical +innovations that are currently available and on the drawing board will +soon revolutionize historical research and the production of historical +documents. Unfortunately, much of this new technology is not being used +in the planning stages of historical projects, simply because many +historians are aware only in the vaguest way of its existence. At least +two major new historical editing projects are considering microfilm +editions, simply because they are not aware of the possibilities of +electronic alternatives and the advantages of the new technology in terms +of flexibility and research potential compared to microfilm. In fact, +too many of us in history and literature are still at the stage of +struggling with our PCs. There are many historical editorial projects in +progress presently, and an equal number of literary projects. While the +two fields have somewhat different approaches to textual editing, there +are ways in which electronic technology can be of service to both. + +Since few of the editors involved in the Founding Fathers CD-ROM editions +are technical experts in any sense, I hope to point out in my discussion +of our experience how many of these electronic innovations can be used +successfully by scholars who are novices in the world of new technology. +One of the major concerns of the sponsors of the multitude of new +scholarly editions is the limited audience reached by the published +volumes. Most of these editions are being published in small quantities +and the publishers' price for them puts them out of the reach not only of +individual scholars but of most public libraries and all but the largest +educational institutions. However, little attention is being given to +ways in which technology can bypass conventional publication to make +historical and literary documents more widely available. + +What attracted us most to the CD-ROM edition of The Papers of George +Washington was the fact that David Packard's aim was to make a complete +edition of all of the 135,000 documents we have collected available in an +inexpensive format that would be placed in public libraries, small +colleges, and even high schools. This would provide an audience far +beyond our present 1,000-copy, $45 published edition. Since the CD-ROM +edition will carry none of the explanatory annotation that appears in the +published volumes, we also feel that the use of the CD-ROM will lead many +researchers to seek out the published volumes. + +In addition to ignorance of new technical advances, I have found that too +many editors--and historians and literary scholars--are resistant and +even hostile to suggestions that electronic technology may enhance their +work. I intend to discuss some of the arguments traditionalists are +advancing to resist technology, ranging from distrust of the speed with +which it changes (we are already wondering what is out there that is +better than CD-ROM) to suspicion of the technical language used to +describe electronic developments. + +Maria LEBRON + +The Online Journal of Current Clinical Trials, a joint venture of the +American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS) and the Online +Computer Library Center, Inc. (OCLC), is the first peer-reviewed journal +to provide full text, tabular material, and line illustrations on line. +This presentation will discuss the genesis and start-up period of the +journal. Topics of discussion will include historical overview, +day-to-day management of the editorial peer review, and manuscript +tagging and publication. A demonstration of the journal and its features +will accompany the presentation. + +Lynne PERSONIUS + +Cornell University Library, Cornell Information Technologies, and Xerox +Corporation, with the support of the Commission on Preservation and +Access, and Sun Microsystems, Inc., have been collaborating in a project +to test a prototype system for recording brittle books as digital images +and producing, on demand, high-quality archival paper replacements. The +project goes beyond that, however, to investigate some of the issues +surrounding scanning, storing, retrieving, and providing access to +digital images in a network environment. + +The Joint Study in Digital Preservation began in January 1990. Xerox +provided the College Library Access and Storage System (CLASS) software, +a prototype 600-dots-per-inch (dpi) scanner, and the hardware necessary +to support network printing on the DocuTech printer housed in Cornell's +Computing and Communications Center (CCC). + +The Cornell staff using the hardware and software became an integral part +of the development and testing process for enhancements to the CLASS +software system. The collaborative nature of this relationship is +resulting in a system that is specifically tailored to the preservation +application. + +A digital library of 1,000 volumes (or approximately 300,000 images) has +been created and is stored on an optical jukebox that resides in CCC. +The library includes a collection of select mathematics monographs that +provides mathematics faculty with an opportunity to use the electronic +library. The remaining volumes were chosen for the library to test the +various capabilities of the scanning system. + +One project objective is to provide users of the Cornell library and the +library staff with the ability to request facsimiles of digitized images +or to retrieve the actual electronic image for browsing. A prototype +viewing workstation has been created by Xerox, with input into the design +by a committee of Cornell librarians and computer professionals. This +will allow us to experiment with patron access to the images that make up +the digital library. The viewing station provides search, retrieval, and +(ultimately) printing functions with enhancements to facilitate +navigation through multiple documents. + +Cornell currently is working to extend access to the digital library to +readers using workstations from their offices. This year is devoted to +the development of a network resident image conversion and delivery +server, and client software that will support readers who use Apple +Macintosh computers, IBM windows platforms, and Sun workstations. +Equipment for this development was provided by Sun Microsystems with +support from the Commission on Preservation and Access. + +During the show-and-tell session of the Workshop on Electronic Texts, a +prototype view station will be demonstrated. In addition, a display of +original library books that have been digitized will be available for +review with associated printed copies for comparison. The fifteen-minute +overview of the project will include a slide presentation that +constitutes a "tour" of the preservation digitizing process. + +The final network-connected version of the viewing station will provide +library users with another mechanism for accessing the digital library, +and will also provide the capability of viewing images directly. This +will not require special software, although a powerful computer with good +graphics will be needed. + +The Joint Study in Digital Preservation has generated a great deal of +interest in the library community. Unfortunately, or perhaps +fortunately, this project serves to raise a vast number of other issues +surrounding the use of digital technology for the preservation and use of +deteriorating library materials, which subsequent projects will need to +examine. Much work remains. + +SESSION III + +Howard BESSER Networking Multimedia Databases + +What do we have to consider in building and distributing databases of +visual materials in a multi-user environment? This presentation examines +a variety of concerns that need to be addressed before a multimedia +database can be set up in a networked environment. + +In the past it has not been feasible to implement databases of visual +materials in shared-user environments because of technological barriers. +Each of the two basic models for multi-user multimedia databases has +posed its own problem. The analog multimedia storage model (represented +by Project Athena's parallel analog and digital networks) has required an +incredibly complex (and expensive) infrastructure. The economies of +scale that make multi-user setups cheaper per user served do not operate +in an environment that requires a computer workstation, videodisc player, +and two display devices for each user. + +The digital multimedia storage model has required vast amounts of storage +space (as much as one gigabyte per thirty still images). In the past the +cost of such a large amount of storage space made this model a +prohibitive choice as well. But plunging storage costs are finally +making this second alternative viable. + +If storage no longer poses such an impediment, what do we need to +consider in building digitally stored multi-user databases of visual +materials? This presentation will examine the networking and +telecommunication constraints that must be overcome before such databases +can become commonplace and useful to a large number of people. + +The key problem is the vast size of multimedia documents, and how this +affects not only storage but telecommunications transmission time. +Anything slower than T-1 speed is impractical for files of 1 megabyte or +larger (which is likely to be small for a multimedia document). For +instance, even on a 56 Kb line it would take three minutes to transfer a +1-megabyte file. And these figures assume ideal circumstances, and do +not take into consideration other users contending for network bandwidth, +disk access time, or the time needed for remote display. Current common +telephone transmission rates would be completely impractical; few users +would be willing to wait the hour necessary to transmit a single image at +2400 baud. + +This necessitates compression, which itself raises a number of other +issues. In order to decrease file sizes significantly, we must employ +lossy compression algorithms. But how much quality can we afford to +lose? To date there has been only one significant study done of +image-quality needs for a particular user group, and this study did not +look at loss resulting from compression. Only after identifying +image-quality needs can we begin to address storage and network bandwidth +needs. + +Experience with X-Windows-based applications (such as Imagequery, the +University of California at Berkeley image database) demonstrates the +utility of a client-server topology, but also points to the limitation of +current software for a distributed environment. For example, +applications like Imagequery can incorporate compression, but current X +implementations do not permit decompression at the end user's +workstation. Such decompression at the host computer alleviates storage +capacity problems while doing nothing to address problems of +telecommunications bandwidth. + +We need to examine the effects on network through-put of moving +multimedia documents around on a network. We need to examine various +topologies that will help us avoid bottlenecks around servers and +gateways. Experience with applications such as these raise still broader +questions. How closely is the multimedia document tied to the software +for viewing it? Can it be accessed and viewed from other applications? +Experience with the MARC format (and more recently with the Z39.50 +protocols) shows how useful it can be to store documents in a form in +which they can be accessed by a variety of application software. + +Finally, from an intellectual-access standpoint, we need to address the +issue of providing access to these multimedia documents in +interdisciplinary environments. We need to examine terminology and +indexing strategies that will allow us to provide access to this material +in a cross-disciplinary way. + +Ronald LARSEN Directions in High-Performance Networking for + Libraries + +The pace at which computing technology has advanced over the past forty +years shows no sign of abating. Roughly speaking, each five-year period +has yielded an order-of-magnitude improvement in price and performance of +computing equipment. No fundamental hurdles are likely to prevent this +pace from continuing for at least the next decade. It is only in the +past five years, though, that computing has become ubiquitous in +libraries, affecting all staff and patrons, directly or indirectly. + +During these same five years, communications rates on the Internet, the +principal academic computing network, have grown from 56 kbps to 1.5 +Mbps, and the NSFNet backbone is now running 45 Mbps. Over the next five +years, communication rates on the backbone are expected to exceed 1 Gbps. +Growth in both the population of network users and the volume of network +traffic has continued to grow geometrically, at rates approaching 15 +percent per month. This flood of capacity and use, likened by some to +"drinking from a firehose," creates immense opportunities and challenges +for libraries. Libraries must anticipate the future implications of this +technology, participate in its development, and deploy it to ensure +access to the world's information resources. + +The infrastructure for the information age is being put in place. +Libraries face strategic decisions about their role in the development, +deployment, and use of this infrastructure. The emerging infrastructure +is much more than computers and communication lines. It is more than the +ability to compute at a remote site, send electronic mail to a peer +across the country, or move a file from one library to another. The next +five years will witness substantial development of the information +infrastructure of the network. + +In order to provide appropriate leadership, library professionals must +have a fundamental understanding of and appreciation for computer +networking, from local area networks to the National Research and +Education Network (NREN). This presentation addresses these +fundamentals, and how they relate to libraries today and in the near +future. + +Edwin BROWNRIGG Electronic Library Visions and Realities + +The electronic library has been a vision desired by many--and rejected by +some--since Vannevar Bush coined the term memex to describe an automated, +intelligent, personal information system. Variations on this vision have +included Ted Nelson's Xanadau, Alan Kay's Dynabook, and Lancaster's +"paperless library," with the most recent incarnation being the +"Knowledge Navigator" described by John Scully of Apple. But the reality +of library service has been less visionary and the leap to the electronic +library has eluded universities, publishers, and information technology +files. + +The Memex Research Institute (MemRI), an independent, nonprofit research +and development organization, has created an Electronic Library Program +of shared research and development in order to make the collective vision +more concrete. The program is working toward the creation of large, +indexed publicly available electronic image collections of published +documents in academic, special, and public libraries. This strategic +plan is the result of the first stage of the program, which has been an +investigation of the information technologies available to support such +an effort, the economic parameters of electronic service compared to +traditional library operations, and the business and political factors +affecting the shift from print distribution to electronic networked +access. + +The strategic plan envisions a combination of publicly searchable access +databases, image (and text) document collections stored on network "file +servers," local and remote network access, and an intellectual property +management-control system. This combination of technology and +information content is defined in this plan as an E-library or E-library +collection. Some participating sponsors are already developing projects +based on MemRI's recommended directions. + +The E-library strategy projected in this plan is a visionary one that can +enable major changes and improvements in academic, public, and special +library service. This vision is, though, one that can be realized with +today's technology. At the same time, it will challenge the political +and social structure within which libraries operate: in academic +libraries, the traditional emphasis on local collections, extending to +accreditation issues; in public libraries, the potential of electronic +branch and central libraries fully available to the public; and for +special libraries, new opportunities for shared collections and networks. + +The environment in which this strategic plan has been developed is, at +the moment, dominated by a sense of library limits. The continued +expansion and rapid growth of local academic library collections is now +clearly at an end. Corporate libraries, and even law libraries, are +faced with operating within a difficult economic climate, as well as with +very active competition from commercial information sources. For +example, public libraries may be seen as a desirable but not critical +municipal service in a time when the budgets of safety and health +agencies are being cut back. + +Further, libraries in general have a very high labor-to-cost ratio in +their budgets, and labor costs are still increasing, notwithstanding +automation investments. It is difficult for libraries to obtain capital, +startup, or seed funding for innovative activities, and those +technology-intensive initiatives that offer the potential of decreased +labor costs can provoke the opposition of library staff. + +However, libraries have achieved some considerable successes in the past +two decades by improving both their service and their credibility within +their organizations--and these positive changes have been accomplished +mostly with judicious use of information technologies. The advances in +computing and information technology have been well-chronicled: the +continuing precipitous drop in computing costs, the growth of the +Internet and private networks, and the explosive increase in publicly +available information databases. + +For example, OCLC has become one of the largest computer network +organizations in the world by creating a cooperative cataloging network +of more than 6,000 libraries worldwide. On-line public access catalogs +now serve millions of users on more than 50,000 dedicated terminals in +the United States alone. The University of California MELVYL on-line +catalog system has now expanded into an index database reference service +and supports more than six million searches a year. And, libraries have +become the largest group of customers of CD-ROM publishing technology; +more than 30,000 optical media publications such as those offered by +InfoTrac and Silver Platter are subscribed to by U.S. libraries. + +This march of technology continues and in the next decade will result in +further innovations that are extremely difficult to predict. What is +clear is that libraries can now go beyond automation of their order files +and catalogs to automation of their collections themselves--and it is +possible to circumvent the fiscal limitations that appear to obtain +today. + +This Electronic Library Strategic Plan recommends a paradigm shift in +library service, and demonstrates the steps necessary to provide improved +library services with limited capacities and operating investments. + +SESSION IV-A + +Anne KENNEY + +The Cornell/Xerox Joint Study in Digital Preservation resulted in the +recording of 1,000 brittle books as 600-dpi digital images and the +production, on demand, of high-quality and archivally sound paper +replacements. The project, which was supported by the Commission on +Preservation and Access, also investigated some of the issues surrounding +scanning, storing, retrieving, and providing access to digital images in +a network environment. + +Anne Kenney will focus on some of the issues surrounding direct scanning +as identified in the Cornell Xerox Project. Among those to be discussed +are: image versus text capture; indexing and access; image-capture +capabilities; a comparison to photocopy and microfilm; production and +cost analysis; storage formats, protocols, and standards; and the use of +this scanning technology for preservation purposes. + +The 600-dpi digital images produced in the Cornell Xerox Project proved +highly acceptable for creating paper replacements of deteriorating +originals. The 1,000 scanned volumes provided an array of image-capture +challenges that are common to nineteenth-century printing techniques and +embrittled material, and that defy the use of text-conversion processes. +These challenges include diminished contrast between text and background, +fragile and deteriorated pages, uneven printing, elaborate type faces, +faint and bold text adjacency, handwritten text and annotations, nonRoman +languages, and a proliferation of illustrated material embedded in text. +The latter category included high-frequency and low-frequency halftones, +continuous tone photographs, intricate mathematical drawings, maps, +etchings, reverse-polarity drawings, and engravings. + +The Xerox prototype scanning system provided a number of important +features for capturing this diverse material. Technicians used multiple +threshold settings, filters, line art and halftone definitions, +autosegmentation, windowing, and software-editing programs to optimize +image capture. At the same time, this project focused on production. +The goal was to make scanning as affordable and acceptable as +photocopying and microfilming for preservation reformatting. A +time-and-cost study conducted during the last three months of this +project confirmed the economic viability of digital scanning, and these +findings will be discussed here. + +From the outset, the Cornell Xerox Project was predicated on the use of +nonproprietary standards and the use of common protocols when standards +did not exist. Digital files were created as TIFF images which were +compressed prior to storage using Group 4 CCITT compression. The Xerox +software is MS DOS based and utilizes off-the shelf programs such as +Microsoft Windows and Wang Image Wizard. The digital library is designed +to be hardware-independent and to provide interchangeability with other +institutions through network connections. Access to the digital files +themselves is two-tiered: Bibliographic records for the computer files +are created in RLIN and Cornell's local system and access into the actual +digital images comprising a book is provided through a document control +structure and a networked image file-server, both of which will be +described. + +The presentation will conclude with a discussion of some of the issues +surrounding the use of this technology as a preservation tool (storage, +refreshing, backup). + +Pamela ANDRE and Judith ZIDAR + +The National Agricultural Library (NAL) has had extensive experience with +raster scanning of printed materials. Since 1987, the Library has +participated in the National Agricultural Text Digitizing Project (NATDP) +a cooperative effort between NAL and forty-five land grant university +libraries. An overview of the project will be presented, giving its +history and NAL's strategy for the future. + +An in-depth discussion of NATDP will follow, including a description of +the scanning process, from the gathering of the printed materials to the +archiving of the electronic pages. The type of equipment required for a +stand-alone scanning workstation and the importance of file management +software will be discussed. Issues concerning the images themselves will +be addressed briefly, such as image format; black and white versus color; +gray scale versus dithering; and resolution. + +Also described will be a study currently in progress by NAL to evaluate +the usefulness of converting microfilm to electronic images in order to +improve access. With the cooperation of Tuskegee University, NAL has +selected three reels of microfilm from a collection of sixty-seven reels +containing the papers, letters, and drawings of George Washington Carver. +The three reels were converted into 3,500 electronic images using a +specialized microfilm scanner. The selection, filming, and indexing of +this material will be discussed. + +Donald WATERS + +Project Open Book, the Yale University Library's effort to convert 10, +000 books from microfilm to digital imagery, is currently in an advanced +state of planning and organization. The Yale Library has selected a +major vendor to serve as a partner in the project and as systems +integrator. In its proposal, the successful vendor helped isolate areas +of risk and uncertainty as well as key issues to be addressed during the +life of the project. The Yale Library is now poised to decide what +material it will convert to digital image form and to seek funding, +initially for the first phase and then for the entire project. + +The proposal that Yale accepted for the implementation of Project Open +Book will provide at the end of three phases a conversion subsystem, +browsing stations distributed on the campus network within the Yale +Library, a subsystem for storing 10,000 books at 200 and 600 dots per +inch, and network access to the image printers. Pricing for the system +implementation assumes the existence of Yale's campus ethernet network +and its high-speed image printers, and includes other requisite hardware +and software, as well as system integration services. Proposed operating +costs include hardware and software maintenance, but do not include +estimates for the facilities management of the storage devices and image +servers. + +Yale selected its vendor partner in a formal process, partly funded by +the Commission for Preservation and Access. Following a request for +proposal, the Yale Library selected two vendors as finalists to work with +Yale staff to generate a detailed analysis of requirements for Project +Open Book. Each vendor used the results of the requirements analysis to +generate and submit a formal proposal for the entire project. This +competitive process not only enabled the Yale Library to select its +primary vendor partner but also revealed much about the state of the +imaging industry, about the varying, corporate commitments to the markets +for imaging technology, and about the varying organizational dynamics +through which major companies are responding to and seeking to develop +these markets. + +Project Open Book is focused specifically on the conversion of images +from microfilm to digital form. The technology for scanning microfilm is +readily available but is changing rapidly. In its project requirements, +the Yale Library emphasized features of the technology that affect the +technical quality of digital image production and the costs of creating +and storing the image library: What levels of digital resolution can be +achieved by scanning microfilm? How does variation in the quality of +microfilm, particularly in film produced to preservation standards, +affect the quality of the digital images? What technologies can an +operator effectively and economically apply when scanning film to +separate two-up images and to control for and correct image +imperfections? How can quality control best be integrated into +digitizing work flow that includes document indexing and storage? + +The actual and expected uses of digital images--storage, browsing, +printing, and OCR--help determine the standards for measuring their +quality. Browsing is especially important, but the facilities available +for readers to browse image documents is perhaps the weakest aspect of +imaging technology and most in need of development. As it defined its +requirements, the Yale Library concentrated on some fundamental aspects +of usability for image documents: Does the system have sufficient +flexibility to handle the full range of document types, including +monographs, multi-part and multivolume sets, and serials, as well as +manuscript collections? What conventions are necessary to identify a +document uniquely for storage and retrieval? Where is the database of +record for storing bibliographic information about the image document? +How are basic internal structures of documents, such as pagination, made +accessible to the reader? How are the image documents physically +presented on the screen to the reader? + +The Yale Library designed Project Open Book on the assumption that +microfilm is more than adequate as a medium for preserving the content of +deteriorated library materials. As planning in the project has advanced, +it is increasingly clear that the challenge of digital image technology +and the key to the success of efforts like Project Open Book is to +provide a means of both preserving and improving access to those +deteriorated materials. + +SESSION IV-B + +George THOMA + +In the use of electronic imaging for document preservation, there are +several issues to consider, such as: ensuring adequate image quality, +maintaining substantial conversion rates (through-put), providing unique +identification for automated access and retrieval, and accommodating +bound volumes and fragile material. + +To maintain high image quality, image processing functions are required +to correct the deficiencies in the scanned image. Some commercially +available systems include these functions, while some do not. The +scanned raw image must be processed to correct contrast deficiencies-- +both poor overall contrast resulting from light print and/or dark +background, and variable contrast resulting from stains and +bleed-through. Furthermore, the scan density must be adequate to allow +legibility of print and sufficient fidelity in the pseudo-halftoned gray +material. Borders or page-edge effects must be removed for both +compactibility and aesthetics. Page skew must be corrected for aesthetic +reasons and to enable accurate character recognition if desired. +Compound images consisting of both two-toned text and gray-scale +illustrations must be processed appropriately to retain the quality of +each. + +SESSION IV-C + +Jean BARONAS + +Standards publications being developed by scientists, engineers, and +business managers in Association for Information and Image Management +(AIIM) standards committees can be applied to electronic image management +(EIM) processes including: document (image) transfer, retrieval and +evaluation; optical disk and document scanning; and document design and +conversion. When combined with EIM system planning and operations, +standards can assist in generating image databases that are +interchangeable among a variety of systems. The applications of +different approaches for image-tagging, indexing, compression, and +transfer often cause uncertainty concerning EIM system compatibility, +calibration, performance, and upward compatibility, until standard +implementation parameters are established. The AIIM standards that are +being developed for these applications can be used to decrease the +uncertainty, successfully integrate imaging processes, and promote "open +systems." AIIM is an accredited American National Standards Institute +(ANSI) standards developer with more than twenty committees comprised of +300 volunteers representing users, vendors, and manufacturers. The +standards publications that are developed in these committees have +national acceptance and provide the basis for international harmonization +in the development of new International Organization for Standardization +(ISO) standards. + +This presentation describes the development of AIIM's EIM standards and a +new effort at AIIM, a database on standards projects in a wide framework +of imaging industries including capture, recording, processing, +duplication, distribution, display, evaluation, and preservation. The +AIIM Imagery Database will cover imaging standards being developed by +many organizations in many different countries. It will contain +standards publications' dates, origins, related national and +international projects, status, key words, and abstracts. The ANSI Image +Technology Standards Board requested that such a database be established, +as did the ISO/International Electrotechnical Commission Joint Task Force +on Imagery. AIIM will take on the leadership role for the database and +coordinate its development with several standards developers. + +Patricia BATTIN + + Characteristics of standards for digital imagery: + + * Nature of digital technology implies continuing volatility. + + * Precipitous standard-setting not possible and probably not + desirable. + + * Standards are a complex issue involving the medium, the + hardware, the software, and the technical capacity for + reproductive fidelity and clarity. + + * The prognosis for reliable archival standards (as defined by + librarians) in the foreseeable future is poor. + + Significant potential and attractiveness of digital technology as a + preservation medium and access mechanism. + + Productive use of digital imagery for preservation requires a + reconceptualizing of preservation principles in a volatile, + standardless world. + + Concept of managing continuing access in the digital environment + rather than focusing on the permanence of the medium and long-term + archival standards developed for the analog world. + + Transition period: How long and what to do? + + * Redefine "archival." + + * Remove the burden of "archival copy" from paper artifacts. + + * Use digital technology for storage, develop management + strategies for refreshing medium, hardware and software. + + * Create acid-free paper copies for transition period backup + until we develop reliable procedures for ensuring continuing + access to digital files. + +SESSION IV-D + +Stuart WEIBEL The Role of SGML Markup in the CORE Project (6) + +The emergence of high-speed telecommunications networks as a basic +feature of the scholarly workplace is driving the demand for electronic +document delivery. Three distinct categories of electronic +publishing/republishing are necessary to support access demands in this +emerging environment: + + 1.) Conversion of paper or microfilm archives to electronic format + 2.) Conversion of electronic files to formats tailored to + electronic retrieval and display + 3.) Primary electronic publishing (materials for which the + electronic version is the primary format) + +OCLC has experimental or product development activities in each of these +areas. Among the challenges that lie ahead is the integration of these +three types of information stores in coherent distributed systems. + +The CORE (Chemistry Online Retrieval Experiment) Project is a model for +the conversion of large text and graphics collections for which +electronic typesetting files are available (category 2). The American +Chemical Society has made available computer typography files dating from +1980 for its twenty journals. This collection of some 250 journal-years +is being converted to an electronic format that will be accessible +through several end-user applications. + +The use of Standard Generalized Markup Language (SGML) offers the means +to capture the structural richness of the original articles in a way that +will support a variety of retrieval, navigation, and display options +necessary to navigate effectively in very large text databases. + +An SGML document consists of text that is marked up with descriptive tags +that specify the function of a given element within the document. As a +formal language construct, an SGML document can be parsed against a +document-type definition (DTD) that unambiguously defines what elements +are allowed and where in the document they can (or must) occur. This +formalized map of article structure allows the user interface design to +be uncoupled from the underlying database system, an important step +toward interoperability. Demonstration of this separability is a part of +the CORE project, wherein user interface designs born of very different +philosophies will access the same database. + +NOTES: + (6) The CORE project is a collaboration among Cornell University's + Mann Library, Bell Communications Research (Bellcore), the American + Chemical Society (ACS), the Chemical Abstracts Service (CAS), and + OCLC. + +Michael LESK The CORE Electronic Chemistry Library + +A major on-line file of chemical journal literature complete with +graphics is being developed to test the usability of fully electronic +access to documents, as a joint project of Cornell University, the +American Chemical Society, the Chemical Abstracts Service, OCLC, and +Bellcore (with additional support from Sun Microsystems, Springer-Verlag, +DigitaI Equipment Corporation, Sony Corporation of America, and Apple +Computers). Our file contains the American Chemical Society's on-line +journals, supplemented with the graphics from the paper publication. The +indexing of the articles from Chemical Abstracts Documents is available +in both image and text format, and several different interfaces can be +used. Our goals are (1) to assess the effectiveness and acceptability of +electronic access to primary journals as compared with paper, and (2) to +identify the most desirable functions of the user interface to an +electronic system of journals, including in particular a comparison of +page-image display with ASCII display interfaces. Early experiments with +chemistry students on a variety of tasks suggest that searching tasks are +completed much faster with any electronic system than with paper, but +that for reading all versions of the articles are roughly equivalent. + +Pamela ANDRE and Judith ZIDAR + +Text conversion is far more expensive and time-consuming than image +capture alone. NAL's experience with optical character recognition (OCR) +will be related and compared with the experience of having text rekeyed. +What factors affect OCR accuracy? How accurate does full text have to be +in order to be useful? How do different users react to imperfect text? +These are questions that will be explored. For many, a service bureau +may be a better solution than performing the work inhouse; this will also +be discussed. + +SESSION VI + +Marybeth PETERS + +Copyright law protects creative works. Protection granted by the law to +authors and disseminators of works includes the right to do or authorize +the following: reproduce the work, prepare derivative works, distribute +the work to the public, and publicly perform or display the work. In +addition, copyright owners of sound recordings and computer programs have +the right to control rental of their works. These rights are not +unlimited; there are a number of exceptions and limitations. + +An electronic environment places strains on the copyright system. +Copyright owners want to control uses of their work and be paid for any +use; the public wants quick and easy access at little or no cost. The +marketplace is working in this area. Contracts, guidelines on electronic +use, and collective licensing are in use and being refined. + +Issues concerning the ability to change works without detection are more +difficult to deal with. Questions concerning the integrity of the work +and the status of the changed version under the copyright law are to be +addressed. These are public policy issues which require informed +dialogue. + + + *** *** *** ****** *** *** *** + + + Appendix III: DIRECTORY OF PARTICIPANTS + + +PRESENTERS: + + Pamela Q.J. Andre + Associate Director, Automation + National Agricultural Library + 10301 Baltimore Boulevard + Beltsville, MD 20705-2351 + Phone: (301) 504-6813 + Fax: (301) 504-7473 + E-mail: INTERNET: PANDRE@ASRR.ARSUSDA.GOV + + Jean Baronas, Senior Manager + Department of Standards and Technology + Association for Information and Image Management (AIIM) + 1100 Wayne Avenue, Suite 1100 + Silver Spring, MD 20910 + Phone: (301) 587-8202 + Fax: (301) 587-2711 + + Patricia Battin, President + The Commission on Preservation and Access + 1400 16th Street, N.W. + Suite 740 + Washington, DC 20036-2217 + Phone: (202) 939-3400 + Fax: (202) 939-3407 + E-mail: CPA@GWUVM.BITNET + + Howard Besser + Centre Canadien d'Architecture + (Canadian Center for Architecture) + 1920, rue Baile + Montreal, Quebec H3H 2S6 + CANADA + Phone: (514) 939-7001 + Fax: (514) 939-7020 + E-mail: howard@lis.pitt.edu + + Edwin B. Brownrigg, Executive Director + Memex Research Institute + 422 Bonita Avenue + Roseville, CA 95678 + Phone: (916) 784-2298 + Fax: (916) 786-7559 + E-mail: BITNET: MEMEX@CALSTATE.2 + + Eric M. Calaluca, Vice President + Chadwyck-Healey, Inc. + 1101 King Street + Alexandria, VA 223l4 + Phone: (800) 752-05l5 + Fax: (703) 683-7589 + + James Daly + 4015 Deepwood Road + Baltimore, MD 21218-1404 + Phone: (410) 235-0763 + + Ricky Erway, Associate Coordinator + American Memory + Library of Congress + Phone: (202) 707-6233 + Fax: (202) 707-3764 + + Carl Fleischhauer, Coordinator + American Memory + Library of Congress + Phone: (202) 707-6233 + Fax: (202) 707-3764 + + Joanne Freeman + 2000 Jefferson Park Avenue, No. 7 + Charlottesville, VA 22903 + + Prosser Gifford + Director for Scholarly Programs + Library of Congress + Phone: (202) 707-1517 + Fax: (202) 707-9898 + E-mail: pgif@seq1.loc.gov + + Jacqueline Hess, Director + National Demonstration Laboratory + for Interactive Information Technologies + Library of Congress + Phone: (202) 707-4157 + Fax: (202) 707-2829 + + Susan Hockey, Director + Center for Electronic Texts in the Humanities (CETH) + Alexander Library + Rutgers University + 169 College Avenue + New Brunswick, NJ 08903 + Phone: (908) 932-1384 + Fax: (908) 932-1386 + E-mail: hockey@zodiac.rutgers.edu + + William L. 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This +editing required the removal of diacritics, underlining, and fonts such +as italics and bold. + +kde 11/92 + +[A few of the italics (when used for emphasis) were replaced by CAPS mh] + +*End of The Project Gutenberg Etext of LOC WORKSHOP ON ELECTRONIC ETEXTS + diff --git a/test/canterbury-corpus/canterbury/plrabn12.txt b/test/canterbury-corpus/canterbury/plrabn12.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..34088b8 --- /dev/null +++ b/test/canterbury-corpus/canterbury/plrabn12.txt @@ -0,0 +1,10699 @@ + +This is the February 1992 Project Gutenberg release of: + +Paradise Lost by John Milton + +The oldest etext known to Project Gutenberg (ca. 1964-1965) +(If you know of any older ones, please let us know.) + + +Introduction (one page) + +This etext was originally created in 1964-1965 according to Dr. +Joseph Raben of Queens College, NY, to whom it is attributed by +Project Gutenberg. We had heard of this etext for years but it +was not until 1991 that we actually managed to track it down to +a specific location, and then it took months to convince people +to let us have a copy, then more months for them actually to do +the copying and get it to us. Then another month to convert to +something we could massage with our favorite 486 in DOS. After +that is was only a matter of days to get it into this shape you +will see below. The original was, of course, in CAPS only, and +so were all the other etexts of the 60's and early 70's. Don't +let anyone fool you into thinking any etext with both upper and +lower case is an original; all those original Project Gutenberg +etexts were also in upper case and were translated or rewritten +many times to get them into their current condition. They have +been worked on by many people throughout the world. + +In the course of our searches for Professor Raben and his etext +we were never able to determine where copies were or which of a +variety of editions he may have used as a source. We did get a +little information here and there, but even after we received a +copy of the etext we were unwilling to release it without first +determining that it was in fact Public Domain and finding Raben +to verify this and get his permission. Interested enough, in a +totally unrelated action to our searches for him, the professor +subscribed to the Project Gutenberg listserver and we happened, +by accident, to notice his name. (We don't really look at every +subscription request as the computers usually handle them.) The +etext was then properly identified, copyright analyzed, and the +current edition prepared. + +To give you an estimation of the difference in the original and +what we have today: the original was probably entered on cards +commonly known at the time as "IBM cards" (Do Not Fold, Spindle +or Mutilate) and probably took in excess of 100,000 of them. A +single card could hold 80 characters (hence 80 characters is an +accepted standard for so many computer margins), and the entire +original edition we received in all caps was over 800,000 chars +in length, including line enumeration, symbols for caps and the +punctuation marks, etc., since they were not available keyboard +characters at the time (probably the keyboards operated at baud +rates of around 113, meaning the typists had to type slowly for +the keyboard to keep up). + +This is the second version of Paradise Lost released by Project +Gutenberg. The first was released as our October, 1991 etext. + + + + + +Paradise Lost + + + + +Book I + + +Of Man's first disobedience, and the fruit +Of that forbidden tree whose mortal taste +Brought death into the World, and all our woe, +With loss of Eden, till one greater Man +Restore us, and regain the blissful seat, +Sing, Heavenly Muse, that, on the secret top +Of Oreb, or of Sinai, didst inspire +That shepherd who first taught the chosen seed +In the beginning how the heavens and earth +Rose out of Chaos: or, if Sion hill +Delight thee more, and Siloa's brook that flowed +Fast by the oracle of God, I thence +Invoke thy aid to my adventurous song, +That with no middle flight intends to soar +Above th' Aonian mount, while it pursues +Things unattempted yet in prose or rhyme. +And chiefly thou, O Spirit, that dost prefer +Before all temples th' upright heart and pure, +Instruct me, for thou know'st; thou from the first +Wast present, and, with mighty wings outspread, +Dove-like sat'st brooding on the vast Abyss, +And mad'st it pregnant: what in me is dark +Illumine, what is low raise and support; +That, to the height of this great argument, +I may assert Eternal Providence, +And justify the ways of God to men. + Say first--for Heaven hides nothing from thy view, +Nor the deep tract of Hell--say first what cause +Moved our grand parents, in that happy state, +Favoured of Heaven so highly, to fall off +From their Creator, and transgress his will +For one restraint, lords of the World besides. +Who first seduced them to that foul revolt? + Th' infernal Serpent; he it was whose guile, +Stirred up with envy and revenge, deceived +The mother of mankind, what time his pride +Had cast him out from Heaven, with all his host +Of rebel Angels, by whose aid, aspiring +To set himself in glory above his peers, +He trusted to have equalled the Most High, +If he opposed, and with ambitious aim +Against the throne and monarchy of God, +Raised impious war in Heaven and battle proud, +With vain attempt. Him the Almighty Power +Hurled headlong flaming from th' ethereal sky, +With hideous ruin and combustion, down +To bottomless perdition, there to dwell +In adamantine chains and penal fire, +Who durst defy th' Omnipotent to arms. + Nine times the space that measures day and night +To mortal men, he, with his horrid crew, +Lay vanquished, rolling in the fiery gulf, +Confounded, though immortal. But his doom +Reserved him to more wrath; for now the thought +Both of lost happiness and lasting pain +Torments him: round he throws his baleful eyes, +That witnessed huge affliction and dismay, +Mixed with obdurate pride and steadfast hate. +At once, as far as Angels ken, he views +The dismal situation waste and wild. +A dungeon horrible, on all sides round, +As one great furnace flamed; yet from those flames +No light; but rather darkness visible +Served only to discover sights of woe, +Regions of sorrow, doleful shades, where peace +And rest can never dwell, hope never comes +That comes to all, but torture without end +Still urges, and a fiery deluge, fed +With ever-burning sulphur unconsumed. +Such place Eternal Justice has prepared +For those rebellious; here their prison ordained +In utter darkness, and their portion set, +As far removed from God and light of Heaven +As from the centre thrice to th' utmost pole. +Oh how unlike the place from whence they fell! +There the companions of his fall, o'erwhelmed +With floods and whirlwinds of tempestuous fire, +He soon discerns; and, weltering by his side, +One next himself in power, and next in crime, +Long after known in Palestine, and named +Beelzebub. To whom th' Arch-Enemy, +And thence in Heaven called Satan, with bold words +Breaking the horrid silence, thus began:-- + "If thou beest he--but O how fallen! how changed +From him who, in the happy realms of light +Clothed with transcendent brightness, didst outshine +Myriads, though bright!--if he whom mutual league, +United thoughts and counsels, equal hope +And hazard in the glorious enterprise +Joined with me once, now misery hath joined +In equal ruin; into what pit thou seest +From what height fallen: so much the stronger proved +He with his thunder; and till then who knew +The force of those dire arms? Yet not for those, +Nor what the potent Victor in his rage +Can else inflict, do I repent, or change, +Though changed in outward lustre, that fixed mind, +And high disdain from sense of injured merit, +That with the Mightiest raised me to contend, +And to the fierce contentions brought along +Innumerable force of Spirits armed, +That durst dislike his reign, and, me preferring, +His utmost power with adverse power opposed +In dubious battle on the plains of Heaven, +And shook his throne. What though the field be lost? +All is not lost--the unconquerable will, +And study of revenge, immortal hate, +And courage never to submit or yield: +And what is else not to be overcome? +That glory never shall his wrath or might +Extort from me. To bow and sue for grace +With suppliant knee, and deify his power +Who, from the terror of this arm, so late +Doubted his empire--that were low indeed; +That were an ignominy and shame beneath +This downfall; since, by fate, the strength of Gods, +And this empyreal sybstance, cannot fail; +Since, through experience of this great event, +In arms not worse, in foresight much advanced, +We may with more successful hope resolve +To wage by force or guile eternal war, +Irreconcilable to our grand Foe, +Who now triumphs, and in th' excess of joy +Sole reigning holds the tyranny of Heaven." + So spake th' apostate Angel, though in pain, +Vaunting aloud, but racked with deep despair; +And him thus answered soon his bold compeer:-- + "O Prince, O Chief of many throned Powers +That led th' embattled Seraphim to war +Under thy conduct, and, in dreadful deeds +Fearless, endangered Heaven's perpetual King, +And put to proof his high supremacy, +Whether upheld by strength, or chance, or fate, +Too well I see and rue the dire event +That, with sad overthrow and foul defeat, +Hath lost us Heaven, and all this mighty host +In horrible destruction laid thus low, +As far as Gods and heavenly Essences +Can perish: for the mind and spirit remains +Invincible, and vigour soon returns, +Though all our glory extinct, and happy state +Here swallowed up in endless misery. +But what if he our Conqueror (whom I now +Of force believe almighty, since no less +Than such could have o'erpowered such force as ours) +Have left us this our spirit and strength entire, +Strongly to suffer and support our pains, +That we may so suffice his vengeful ire, +Or do him mightier service as his thralls +By right of war, whate'er his business be, +Here in the heart of Hell to work in fire, +Or do his errands in the gloomy Deep? +What can it the avail though yet we feel +Strength undiminished, or eternal being +To undergo eternal punishment?" + Whereto with speedy words th' Arch-Fiend replied:-- +"Fallen Cherub, to be weak is miserable, +Doing or suffering: but of this be sure-- +To do aught good never will be our task, +But ever to do ill our sole delight, +As being the contrary to his high will +Whom we resist. If then his providence +Out of our evil seek to bring forth good, +Our labour must be to pervert that end, +And out of good still to find means of evil; +Which ofttimes may succeed so as perhaps +Shall grieve him, if I fail not, and disturb +His inmost counsels from their destined aim. +But see! the angry Victor hath recalled +His ministers of vengeance and pursuit +Back to the gates of Heaven: the sulphurous hail, +Shot after us in storm, o'erblown hath laid +The fiery surge that from the precipice +Of Heaven received us falling; and the thunder, +Winged with red lightning and impetuous rage, +Perhaps hath spent his shafts, and ceases now +To bellow through the vast and boundless Deep. +Let us not slip th' occasion, whether scorn +Or satiate fury yield it from our Foe. +Seest thou yon dreary plain, forlorn and wild, +The seat of desolation, void of light, +Save what the glimmering of these livid flames +Casts pale and dreadful? Thither let us tend +From off the tossing of these fiery waves; +There rest, if any rest can harbour there; +And, re-assembling our afflicted powers, +Consult how we may henceforth most offend +Our enemy, our own loss how repair, +How overcome this dire calamity, +What reinforcement we may gain from hope, +If not, what resolution from despair." + Thus Satan, talking to his nearest mate, +With head uplift above the wave, and eyes +That sparkling blazed; his other parts besides +Prone on the flood, extended long and large, +Lay floating many a rood, in bulk as huge +As whom the fables name of monstrous size, +Titanian or Earth-born, that warred on Jove, +Briareos or Typhon, whom the den +By ancient Tarsus held, or that sea-beast +Leviathan, which God of all his works +Created hugest that swim th' ocean-stream. +Him, haply slumbering on the Norway foam, +The pilot of some small night-foundered skiff, +Deeming some island, oft, as seamen tell, +With fixed anchor in his scaly rind, +Moors by his side under the lee, while night +Invests the sea, and wished morn delays. +So stretched out huge in length the Arch-fiend lay, +Chained on the burning lake; nor ever thence +Had risen, or heaved his head, but that the will +And high permission of all-ruling Heaven +Left him at large to his own dark designs, +That with reiterated crimes he might +Heap on himself damnation, while he sought +Evil to others, and enraged might see +How all his malice served but to bring forth +Infinite goodness, grace, and mercy, shewn +On Man by him seduced, but on himself +Treble confusion, wrath, and vengeance poured. + Forthwith upright he rears from off the pool +His mighty stature; on each hand the flames +Driven backward slope their pointing spires, and,rolled +In billows, leave i' th' midst a horrid vale. +Then with expanded wings he steers his flight +Aloft, incumbent on the dusky air, +That felt unusual weight; till on dry land +He lights--if it were land that ever burned +With solid, as the lake with liquid fire, +And such appeared in hue as when the force +Of subterranean wind transprots a hill +Torn from Pelorus, or the shattered side +Of thundering Etna, whose combustible +And fuelled entrails, thence conceiving fire, +Sublimed with mineral fury, aid the winds, +And leave a singed bottom all involved +With stench and smoke. Such resting found the sole +Of unblest feet. Him followed his next mate; +Both glorying to have scaped the Stygian flood +As gods, and by their own recovered strength, +Not by the sufferance of supernal Power. + "Is this the region, this the soil, the clime," +Said then the lost Archangel, "this the seat +That we must change for Heaven?--this mournful gloom +For that celestial light? Be it so, since he +Who now is sovereign can dispose and bid +What shall be right: farthest from him is best +Whom reason hath equalled, force hath made supreme +Above his equals. Farewell, happy fields, +Where joy for ever dwells! Hail, horrors! hail, +Infernal world! and thou, profoundest Hell, +Receive thy new possessor--one who brings +A mind not to be changed by place or time. +The mind is its own place, and in itself +Can make a Heaven of Hell, a Hell of Heaven. +What matter where, if I be still the same, +And what I should be, all but less than he +Whom thunder hath made greater? Here at least +We shall be free; th' Almighty hath not built +Here for his envy, will not drive us hence: +Here we may reigh secure; and, in my choice, +To reign is worth ambition, though in Hell: +Better to reign in Hell than serve in Heaven. +But wherefore let we then our faithful friends, +Th' associates and co-partners of our loss, +Lie thus astonished on th' oblivious pool, +And call them not to share with us their part +In this unhappy mansion, or once more +With rallied arms to try what may be yet +Regained in Heaven, or what more lost in Hell?" + So Satan spake; and him Beelzebub +Thus answered:--"Leader of those armies bright +Which, but th' Omnipotent, none could have foiled! +If once they hear that voice, their liveliest pledge +Of hope in fears and dangers--heard so oft +In worst extremes, and on the perilous edge +Of battle, when it raged, in all assaults +Their surest signal--they will soon resume +New courage and revive, though now they lie +Grovelling and prostrate on yon lake of fire, +As we erewhile, astounded and amazed; +No wonder, fallen such a pernicious height!" + He scare had ceased when the superior Fiend +Was moving toward the shore; his ponderous shield, +Ethereal temper, massy, large, and round, +Behind him cast. The broad circumference +Hung on his shoulders like the moon, whose orb +Through optic glass the Tuscan artist views +At evening, from the top of Fesole, +Or in Valdarno, to descry new lands, +Rivers, or mountains, in her spotty globe. +His spear--to equal which the tallest pine +Hewn on Norwegian hills, to be the mast +Of some great ammiral, were but a wand-- +He walked with, to support uneasy steps +Over the burning marl, not like those steps +On Heaven's azure; and the torrid clime +Smote on him sore besides, vaulted with fire. +Nathless he so endured, till on the beach +Of that inflamed sea he stood, and called +His legions--Angel Forms, who lay entranced +Thick as autumnal leaves that strow the brooks +In Vallombrosa, where th' Etrurian shades +High over-arched embower; or scattered sedge +Afloat, when with fierce winds Orion armed +Hath vexed the Red-Sea coast, whose waves o'erthrew +Busiris and his Memphian chivalry, +While with perfidious hatred they pursued +The sojourners of Goshen, who beheld +From the safe shore their floating carcases +And broken chariot-wheels. So thick bestrown, +Abject and lost, lay these, covering the flood, +Under amazement of their hideous change. +He called so loud that all the hollow deep +Of Hell resounded:--"Princes, Potentates, +Warriors, the Flower of Heaven--once yours; now lost, +If such astonishment as this can seize +Eternal Spirits! Or have ye chosen this place +After the toil of battle to repose +Your wearied virtue, for the ease you find +To slumber here, as in the vales of Heaven? +Or in this abject posture have ye sworn +To adore the Conqueror, who now beholds +Cherub and Seraph rolling in the flood +With scattered arms and ensigns, till anon +His swift pursuers from Heaven-gates discern +Th' advantage, and, descending, tread us down +Thus drooping, or with linked thunderbolts +Transfix us to the bottom of this gulf? +Awake, arise, or be for ever fallen!" + They heard, and were abashed, and up they sprung +Upon the wing, as when men wont to watch +On duty, sleeping found by whom they dread, +Rouse and bestir themselves ere well awake. +Nor did they not perceive the evil plight +In which they were, or the fierce pains not feel; +Yet to their General's voice they soon obeyed +Innumerable. As when the potent rod +Of Amram's son, in Egypt's evil day, +Waved round the coast, up-called a pitchy cloud +Of locusts, warping on the eastern wind, +That o'er the realm of impious Pharaoh hung +Like Night, and darkened all the land of Nile; +So numberless were those bad Angels seen +Hovering on wing under the cope of Hell, +'Twixt upper, nether, and surrounding fires; +Till, as a signal given, th' uplifted spear +Of their great Sultan waving to direct +Their course, in even balance down they light +On the firm brimstone, and fill all the plain: +A multitude like which the populous North +Poured never from her frozen loins to pass +Rhene or the Danaw, when her barbarous sons +Came like a deluge on the South, and spread +Beneath Gibraltar to the Libyan sands. +Forthwith, form every squadron and each band, +The heads and leaders thither haste where stood +Their great Commander--godlike Shapes, and Forms +Excelling human; princely Dignities; +And Powers that erst in Heaven sat on thrones, +Though on their names in Heavenly records now +Be no memorial, blotted out and rased +By their rebellion from the Books of Life. +Nor had they yet among the sons of Eve +Got them new names, till, wandering o'er the earth, +Through God's high sufferance for the trial of man, +By falsities and lies the greatest part +Of mankind they corrupted to forsake +God their Creator, and th' invisible +Glory of him that made them to transform +Oft to the image of a brute, adorned +With gay religions full of pomp and gold, +And devils to adore for deities: +Then were they known to men by various names, +And various idols through the heathen world. + Say, Muse, their names then known, who first, who last, +Roused from the slumber on that fiery couch, +At their great Emperor's call, as next in worth +Came singly where he stood on the bare strand, +While the promiscuous crowd stood yet aloof? + The chief were those who, from the pit of Hell +Roaming to seek their prey on Earth, durst fix +Their seats, long after, next the seat of God, +Their altars by his altar, gods adored +Among the nations round, and durst abide +Jehovah thundering out of Sion, throned +Between the Cherubim; yea, often placed +Within his sanctuary itself their shrines, +Abominations; and with cursed things +His holy rites and solemn feasts profaned, +And with their darkness durst affront his light. +First, Moloch, horrid king, besmeared with blood +Of human sacrifice, and parents' tears; +Though, for the noise of drums and timbrels loud, +Their children's cries unheard that passed through fire +To his grim idol. Him the Ammonite +Worshiped in Rabba and her watery plain, +In Argob and in Basan, to the stream +Of utmost Arnon. Nor content with such +Audacious neighbourhood, the wisest heart +Of Solomon he led by fraoud to build +His temple right against the temple of God +On that opprobrious hill, and made his grove +The pleasant valley of Hinnom, Tophet thence +And black Gehenna called, the type of Hell. +Next Chemos, th' obscene dread of Moab's sons, +From Aroar to Nebo and the wild +Of southmost Abarim; in Hesebon +And Horonaim, Seon's real, beyond +The flowery dale of Sibma clad with vines, +And Eleale to th' Asphaltic Pool: +Peor his other name, when he enticed +Israel in Sittim, on their march from Nile, +To do him wanton rites, which cost them woe. +Yet thence his lustful orgies he enlarged +Even to that hill of scandal, by the grove +Of Moloch homicide, lust hard by hate, +Till good Josiah drove them thence to Hell. +With these came they who, from the bordering flood +Of old Euphrates to the brook that parts +Egypt from Syrian ground, had general names +Of Baalim and Ashtaroth--those male, +These feminine. For Spirits, when they please, +Can either sex assume, or both; so soft +And uncompounded is their essence pure, +Not tried or manacled with joint or limb, +Nor founded on the brittle strength of bones, +Like cumbrous flesh; but, in what shape they choose, +Dilated or condensed, bright or obscure, +Can execute their airy purposes, +And works of love or enmity fulfil. +For those the race of Israel oft forsook +Their Living Strength, and unfrequented left +His righteous altar, bowing lowly down +To bestial gods; for which their heads as low +Bowed down in battle, sunk before the spear +Of despicable foes. With these in troop +Came Astoreth, whom the Phoenicians called +Astarte, queen of heaven, with crescent horns; +To whose bright image nigntly by the moon +Sidonian virgins paid their vows and songs; +In Sion also not unsung, where stood +Her temple on th' offensive mountain, built +By that uxorious king whose heart, though large, +Beguiled by fair idolatresses, fell +To idols foul. Thammuz came next behind, +Whose annual wound in Lebanon allured +The Syrian damsels to lament his fate +In amorous ditties all a summer's day, +While smooth Adonis from his native rock +Ran purple to the sea, supposed with blood +Of Thammuz yearly wounded: the love-tale +Infected Sion's daughters with like heat, +Whose wanton passions in the sacred proch +Ezekiel saw, when, by the vision led, +His eye surveyed the dark idolatries +Of alienated Judah. Next came one +Who mourned in earnest, when the captive ark +Maimed his brute image, head and hands lopt off, +In his own temple, on the grunsel-edge, +Where he fell flat and shamed his worshippers: +Dagon his name, sea-monster,upward man +And downward fish; yet had his temple high +Reared in Azotus, dreaded through the coast +Of Palestine, in Gath and Ascalon, +And Accaron and Gaza's frontier bounds. +Him followed Rimmon, whose delightful seat +Was fair Damascus, on the fertile banks +Of Abbana and Pharphar, lucid streams. +He also against the house of God was bold: +A leper once he lost, and gained a king-- +Ahaz, his sottish conqueror, whom he drew +God's altar to disparage and displace +For one of Syrian mode, whereon to burn +His odious offerings, and adore the gods +Whom he had vanquished. After these appeared +A crew who, under names of old renown-- +Osiris, Isis, Orus, and their train-- +With monstrous shapes and sorceries abused +Fanatic Egypt and her priests to seek +Their wandering gods disguised in brutish forms +Rather than human. Nor did Israel scape +Th' infection, when their borrowed gold composed +The calf in Oreb; and the rebel king +Doubled that sin in Bethel and in Dan, +Likening his Maker to the grazed ox-- +Jehovah, who, in one night, when he passed +From Egypt marching, equalled with one stroke +Both her first-born and all her bleating gods. +Belial came last; than whom a Spirit more lewd +Fell not from Heaven, or more gross to love +Vice for itself. To him no temple stood +Or altar smoked; yet who more oft than he +In temples and at altars, when the priest +Turns atheist, as did Eli's sons, who filled +With lust and violence the house of God? +In courts and palaces he also reigns, +And in luxurious cities, where the noise +Of riot ascends above their loftiest towers, +And injury and outrage; and, when night +Darkens the streets, then wander forth the sons +Of Belial, flown with insolence and wine. +Witness the streets of Sodom, and that night +In Gibeah, when the hospitable door +Exposed a matron, to avoid worse rape. + These were the prime in order and in might: +The rest were long to tell; though far renowned +Th' Ionian gods--of Javan's issue held +Gods, yet confessed later than Heaven and Earth, +Their boasted parents;--Titan, Heaven's first-born, +With his enormous brood, and birthright seized +By younger Saturn: he from mightier Jove, +His own and Rhea's son, like measure found; +So Jove usurping reigned. These, first in Crete +And Ida known, thence on the snowy top +Of cold Olympus ruled the middle air, +Their highest heaven; or on the Delphian cliff, +Or in Dodona, and through all the bounds +Of Doric land; or who with Saturn old +Fled over Adria to th' Hesperian fields, +And o'er the Celtic roamed the utmost Isles. + All these and more came flocking; but with looks +Downcast and damp; yet such wherein appeared +Obscure some glimpse of joy to have found their Chief +Not in despair, to have found themselves not lost +In loss itself; which on his countenance cast +Like doubtful hue. But he, his wonted pride +Soon recollecting, with high words, that bore +Semblance of worth, not substance, gently raised +Their fainting courage, and dispelled their fears. +Then straight commands that, at the warlike sound +Of trumpets loud and clarions, be upreared +His mighty standard. That proud honour claimed +Azazel as his right, a Cherub tall: +Who forthwith from the glittering staff unfurled +Th' imperial ensign; which, full high advanced, +Shone like a meteor streaming to the wind, +With gems and golden lustre rich emblazed, +Seraphic arms and trophies; all the while +Sonorous metal blowing martial sounds: +At which the universal host up-sent +A shout that tore Hell's concave, and beyond +Frighted the reign of Chaos and old Night. +All in a moment through the gloom were seen +Ten thousand banners rise into the air, +With orient colours waving: with them rose +A forest huge of spears; and thronging helms +Appeared, and serried shields in thick array +Of depth immeasurable. Anon they move +In perfect phalanx to the Dorian mood +Of flutes and soft recorders--such as raised +To height of noblest temper heroes old +Arming to battle, and instead of rage +Deliberate valour breathed, firm, and unmoved +With dread of death to flight or foul retreat; +Nor wanting power to mitigate and swage +With solemn touches troubled thoughts, and chase +Anguish and doubt and fear and sorrow and pain +From mortal or immortal minds. Thus they, +Breathing united force with fixed thought, +Moved on in silence to soft pipes that charmed +Their painful steps o'er the burnt soil. And now +Advanced in view they stand--a horrid front +Of dreadful length and dazzling arms, in guise +Of warriors old, with ordered spear and shield, +Awaiting what command their mighty Chief +Had to impose. He through the armed files +Darts his experienced eye, and soon traverse +The whole battalion views--their order due, +Their visages and stature as of gods; +Their number last he sums. And now his heart +Distends with pride, and, hardening in his strength, +Glories: for never, since created Man, +Met such embodied force as, named with these, +Could merit more than that small infantry +Warred on by cranes--though all the giant brood +Of Phlegra with th' heroic race were joined +That fought at Thebes and Ilium, on each side +Mixed with auxiliar gods; and what resounds +In fable or romance of Uther's son, +Begirt with British and Armoric knights; +And all who since, baptized or infidel, +Jousted in Aspramont, or Montalban, +Damasco, or Marocco, or Trebisond, +Or whom Biserta sent from Afric shore +When Charlemain with all his peerage fell +By Fontarabbia. Thus far these beyond +Compare of mortal prowess, yet observed +Their dread Commander. He, above the rest +In shape and gesture proudly eminent, +Stood like a tower. His form had yet not lost +All her original brightness, nor appeared +Less than Archangel ruined, and th' excess +Of glory obscured: as when the sun new-risen +Looks through the horizontal misty air +Shorn of his beams, or, from behind the moon, +In dim eclipse, disastrous twilight sheds +On half the nations, and with fear of change +Perplexes monarchs. Darkened so, yet shone +Above them all th' Archangel: but his face +Deep scars of thunder had intrenched, and care +Sat on his faded cheek, but under brows +Of dauntless courage, and considerate pride +Waiting revenge. Cruel his eye, but cast +Signs of remorse and passion, to behold +The fellows of his crime, the followers rather +(Far other once beheld in bliss), condemned +For ever now to have their lot in pain-- +Millions of Spirits for his fault amerced +Of Heaven, and from eteranl splendours flung +For his revolt--yet faithful how they stood, +Their glory withered; as, when heaven's fire +Hath scathed the forest oaks or mountain pines, +With singed top their stately growth, though bare, +Stands on the blasted heath. He now prepared +To speak; whereat their doubled ranks they bend +From wing to wing, and half enclose him round +With all his peers: attention held them mute. +Thrice he assayed, and thrice, in spite of scorn, +Tears, such as Angels weep, burst forth: at last +Words interwove with sighs found out their way:-- + "O myriads of immortal Spirits! O Powers +Matchless, but with th' Almighth!--and that strife +Was not inglorious, though th' event was dire, +As this place testifies, and this dire change, +Hateful to utter. But what power of mind, +Forseeing or presaging, from the depth +Of knowledge past or present, could have feared +How such united force of gods, how such +As stood like these, could ever know repulse? +For who can yet believe, though after loss, +That all these puissant legions, whose exile +Hath emptied Heaven, shall fail to re-ascend, +Self-raised, and repossess their native seat? +For me, be witness all the host of Heaven, +If counsels different, or danger shunned +By me, have lost our hopes. But he who reigns +Monarch in Heaven till then as one secure +Sat on his throne, upheld by old repute, +Consent or custom, and his regal state +Put forth at full, but still his strength concealed-- +Which tempted our attempt, and wrought our fall. +Henceforth his might we know, and know our own, +So as not either to provoke, or dread +New war provoked: our better part remains +To work in close design, by fraud or guile, +What force effected not; that he no less +At length from us may find, who overcomes +By force hath overcome but half his foe. +Space may produce new Worlds; whereof so rife +There went a fame in Heaven that he ere long +Intended to create, and therein plant +A generation whom his choice regard +Should favour equal to the Sons of Heaven. +Thither, if but to pry, shall be perhaps +Our first eruption--thither, or elsewhere; +For this infernal pit shall never hold +Celestial Spirits in bondage, nor th' Abyss +Long under darkness cover. But these thoughts +Full counsel must mature. Peace is despaired; +For who can think submission? War, then, war +Open or understood, must be resolved." + He spake; and, to confirm his words, outflew +Millions of flaming swords, drawn from the thighs +Of mighty Cherubim; the sudden blaze +Far round illumined Hell. Highly they raged +Against the Highest, and fierce with grasped arms +Clashed on their sounding shields the din of war, +Hurling defiance toward the vault of Heaven. + There stood a hill not far, whose grisly top +Belched fire and rolling smoke; the rest entire +Shone with a glossy scurf--undoubted sign +That in his womb was hid metallic ore, +The work of sulphur. Thither, winged with speed, +A numerous brigade hastened: as when bands +Of pioneers, with spade and pickaxe armed, +Forerun the royal camp, to trench a field, +Or cast a rampart. Mammon led them on-- +Mammon, the least erected Spirit that fell +From Heaven; for even in Heaven his looks and thoughts +Were always downward bent, admiring more +The riches of heaven's pavement, trodden gold, +Than aught divine or holy else enjoyed +In vision beatific. By him first +Men also, and by his suggestion taught, +Ransacked the centre, and with impious hands +Rifled the bowels of their mother Earth +For treasures better hid. Soon had his crew +Opened into the hill a spacious wound, +And digged out ribs of gold. Let none admire +That riches grow in Hell; that soil may best +Deserve the precious bane. And here let those +Who boast in mortal things, and wondering tell +Of Babel, and the works of Memphian kings, +Learn how their greatest monuments of fame +And strength, and art, are easily outdone +By Spirits reprobate, and in an hour +What in an age they, with incessant toil +And hands innumerable, scarce perform. +Nigh on the plain, in many cells prepared, +That underneath had veins of liquid fire +Sluiced from the lake, a second multitude +With wondrous art founded the massy ore, +Severing each kind, and scummed the bullion-dross. +A third as soon had formed within the ground +A various mould, and from the boiling cells +By strange conveyance filled each hollow nook; +As in an organ, from one blast of wind, +To many a row of pipes the sound-board breathes. +Anon out of the earth a fabric huge +Rose like an exhalation, with the sound +Of dulcet symphonies and voices sweet-- +Built like a temple, where pilasters round +Were set, and Doric pillars overlaid +With golden architrave; nor did there want +Cornice or frieze, with bossy sculptures graven; +The roof was fretted gold. Not Babylon +Nor great Alcairo such magnificence +Equalled in all their glories, to enshrine +Belus or Serapis their gods, or seat +Their kings, when Egypt with Assyria strove +In wealth and luxury. Th' ascending pile +Stood fixed her stately height, and straight the doors, +Opening their brazen folds, discover, wide +Within, her ample spaces o'er the smooth +And level pavement: from the arched roof, +Pendent by subtle magic, many a row +Of starry lamps and blazing cressets, fed +With naptha and asphaltus, yielded light +As from a sky. The hasty multitude +Admiring entered; and the work some praise, +And some the architect. His hand was known +In Heaven by many a towered structure high, +Where sceptred Angels held their residence, +And sat as Princes, whom the supreme King +Exalted to such power, and gave to rule, +Each in his Hierarchy, the Orders bright. +Nor was his name unheard or unadored +In ancient Greece; and in Ausonian land +Men called him Mulciber; and how he fell +From Heaven they fabled, thrown by angry Jove +Sheer o'er the crystal battlements: from morn +To noon he fell, from noon to dewy eve, +A summer's day, and with the setting sun +Dropt from the zenith, like a falling star, +On Lemnos, th' Aegaean isle. Thus they relate, +Erring; for he with this rebellious rout +Fell long before; nor aught aviled him now +To have built in Heaven high towers; nor did he scape +By all his engines, but was headlong sent, +With his industrious crew, to build in Hell. + Meanwhile the winged Heralds, by command +Of sovereign power, with awful ceremony +And trumpet's sound, throughout the host proclaim +A solemn council forthwith to be held +At Pandemonium, the high capital +Of Satan and his peers. Their summons called +From every band and squared regiment +By place or choice the worthiest: they anon +With hundreds and with thousands trooping came +Attended. All access was thronged; the gates +And porches wide, but chief the spacious hall +(Though like a covered field, where champions bold +Wont ride in armed, and at the Soldan's chair +Defied the best of Paynim chivalry +To mortal combat, or career with lance), +Thick swarmed, both on the ground and in the air, +Brushed with the hiss of rustling wings. As bees +In spring-time, when the Sun with Taurus rides. +Pour forth their populous youth about the hive +In clusters; they among fresh dews and flowers +Fly to and fro, or on the smoothed plank, +The suburb of their straw-built citadel, +New rubbed with balm, expatiate, and confer +Their state-affairs: so thick the airy crowd +Swarmed and were straitened; till, the signal given, +Behold a wonder! They but now who seemed +In bigness to surpass Earth's giant sons, +Now less than smallest dwarfs, in narrow room +Throng numberless--like that pygmean race +Beyond the Indian mount; or faery elves, +Whose midnight revels, by a forest-side +Or fountain, some belated peasant sees, +Or dreams he sees, while overhead the Moon +Sits arbitress, and nearer to the Earth +Wheels her pale course: they, on their mirth and dance +Intent, with jocund music charm his ear; +At once with joy and fear his heart rebounds. +Thus incorporeal Spirits to smallest forms +Reduced their shapes immense, and were at large, +Though without number still, amidst the hall +Of that infernal court. But far within, +And in their own dimensions like themselves, +The great Seraphic Lords and Cherubim +In close recess and secret conclave sat, +A thousand demi-gods on golden seats, +Frequent and full. After short silence then, +And summons read, the great consult began. + + + +Book II + + +High on a throne of royal state, which far +Outshone the wealth or Ormus and of Ind, +Or where the gorgeous East with richest hand +Showers on her kings barbaric pearl and gold, +Satan exalted sat, by merit raised +To that bad eminence; and, from despair +Thus high uplifted beyond hope, aspires +Beyond thus high, insatiate to pursue +Vain war with Heaven; and, by success untaught, +His proud imaginations thus displayed:-- + "Powers and Dominions, Deities of Heaven!-- +For, since no deep within her gulf can hold +Immortal vigour, though oppressed and fallen, +I give not Heaven for lost: from this descent +Celestial Virtues rising will appear +More glorious and more dread than from no fall, +And trust themselves to fear no second fate!-- +Me though just right, and the fixed laws of Heaven, +Did first create your leader--next, free choice +With what besides in council or in fight +Hath been achieved of merit--yet this loss, +Thus far at least recovered, hath much more +Established in a safe, unenvied throne, +Yielded with full consent. The happier state +In Heaven, which follows dignity, might draw +Envy from each inferior; but who here +Will envy whom the highest place exposes +Foremost to stand against the Thunderer's aim +Your bulwark, and condemns to greatest share +Of endless pain? Where there is, then, no good +For which to strive, no strife can grow up there +From faction: for none sure will claim in Hell +Precedence; none whose portion is so small +Of present pain that with ambitious mind +Will covet more! With this advantage, then, +To union, and firm faith, and firm accord, +More than can be in Heaven, we now return +To claim our just inheritance of old, +Surer to prosper than prosperity +Could have assured us; and by what best way, +Whether of open war or covert guile, +We now debate. Who can advise may speak." + He ceased; and next him Moloch, sceptred king, +Stood up--the strongest and the fiercest Spirit +That fought in Heaven, now fiercer by despair. +His trust was with th' Eternal to be deemed +Equal in strength, and rather than be less +Cared not to be at all; with that care lost +Went all his fear: of God, or Hell, or worse, +He recked not, and these words thereafter spake:-- + "My sentence is for open war. Of wiles, +More unexpert, I boast not: them let those +Contrive who need, or when they need; not now. +For, while they sit contriving, shall the rest-- +Millions that stand in arms, and longing wait +The signal to ascend--sit lingering here, +Heaven's fugitives, and for their dwelling-place +Accept this dark opprobrious den of shame, +The prison of his ryranny who reigns +By our delay? No! let us rather choose, +Armed with Hell-flames and fury, all at once +O'er Heaven's high towers to force resistless way, +Turning our tortures into horrid arms +Against the Torturer; when, to meet the noise +Of his almighty engine, he shall hear +Infernal thunder, and, for lightning, see +Black fire and horror shot with equal rage +Among his Angels, and his throne itself +Mixed with Tartarean sulphur and strange fire, +His own invented torments. But perhaps +The way seems difficult, and steep to scale +With upright wing against a higher foe! +Let such bethink them, if the sleepy drench +Of that forgetful lake benumb not still, +That in our porper motion we ascend +Up to our native seat; descent and fall +To us is adverse. Who but felt of late, +When the fierce foe hung on our broken rear +Insulting, and pursued us through the Deep, +With what compulsion and laborious flight +We sunk thus low? Th' ascent is easy, then; +Th' event is feared! Should we again provoke +Our stronger, some worse way his wrath may find +To our destruction, if there be in Hell +Fear to be worse destroyed! What can be worse +Than to dwell here, driven out from bliss, condemned +In this abhorred deep to utter woe! +Where pain of unextinguishable fire +Must exercise us without hope of end +The vassals of his anger, when the scourge +Inexorably, and the torturing hour, +Calls us to penance? More destroyed than thus, +We should be quite abolished, and expire. +What fear we then? what doubt we to incense +His utmost ire? which, to the height enraged, +Will either quite consume us, and reduce +To nothing this essential--happier far +Than miserable to have eternal being!-- +Or, if our substance be indeed divine, +And cannot cease to be, we are at worst +On this side nothing; and by proof we feel +Our power sufficient to disturb his Heaven, +And with perpetual inroads to alarm, +Though inaccessible, his fatal throne: +Which, if not victory, is yet revenge." + He ended frowning, and his look denounced +Desperate revenge, and battle dangerous +To less than gods. On th' other side up rose +Belial, in act more graceful and humane. +A fairer person lost not Heaven; he seemed +For dignity composed, and high exploit. +But all was false and hollow; though his tongue +Dropped manna, and could make the worse appear +The better reason, to perplex and dash +Maturest counsels: for his thoughts were low-- + To vice industrious, but to nobler deeds +Timorous and slothful. Yet he pleased the ear, +And with persuasive accent thus began:-- + "I should be much for open war, O Peers, +As not behind in hate, if what was urged +Main reason to persuade immediate war +Did not dissuade me most, and seem to cast +Ominous conjecture on the whole success; +When he who most excels in fact of arms, +In what he counsels and in what excels +Mistrustful, grounds his courage on despair +And utter dissolution, as the scope +Of all his aim, after some dire revenge. +First, what revenge? The towers of Heaven are filled +With armed watch, that render all access +Impregnable: oft on the bodering Deep +Encamp their legions, or with obscure wing +Scout far and wide into the realm of Night, +Scorning surprise. Or, could we break our way +By force, and at our heels all Hell should rise +With blackest insurrection to confound +Heaven's purest light, yet our great Enemy, +All incorruptible, would on his throne +Sit unpolluted, and th' ethereal mould, +Incapable of stain, would soon expel +Her mischief, and purge off the baser fire, +Victorious. Thus repulsed, our final hope +Is flat despair: we must exasperate +Th' Almighty Victor to spend all his rage; +And that must end us; that must be our cure-- +To be no more. Sad cure! for who would lose, +Though full of pain, this intellectual being, +Those thoughts that wander through eternity, +To perish rather, swallowed up and lost +In the wide womb of uncreated Night, +Devoid of sense and motion? And who knows, +Let this be good, whether our angry Foe +Can give it, or will ever? How he can +Is doubtful; that he never will is sure. +Will he, so wise, let loose at once his ire, +Belike through impotence or unaware, +To give his enemies their wish, and end +Them in his anger whom his anger saves +To punish endless? 'Wherefore cease we, then?' +Say they who counsel war; 'we are decreed, +Reserved, and destined to eternal woe; +Whatever doing, what can we suffer more, +What can we suffer worse?' Is this, then, worst-- +Thus sitting, thus consulting, thus in arms? +What when we fled amain, pursued and struck +With Heaven's afflicting thunder, and besought +The Deep to shelter us? This Hell then seemed +A refuge from those wounds. Or when we lay +Chained on the burning lake? That sure was worse. +What if the breath that kindled those grim fires, +Awaked, should blow them into sevenfold rage, +And plunge us in the flames; or from above +Should intermitted vengeance arm again +His red right hand to plague us? What if all +Her stores were opened, and this firmament +Of Hell should spout her cataracts of fire, +Impendent horrors, threatening hideous fall +One day upon our heads; while we perhaps, +Designing or exhorting glorious war, +Caught in a fiery tempest, shall be hurled, +Each on his rock transfixed, the sport and prey +Or racking whirlwinds, or for ever sunk +Under yon boiling ocean, wrapt in chains, +There to converse with everlasting groans, +Unrespited, unpitied, unreprieved, +Ages of hopeless end? This would be worse. +War, therefore, open or concealed, alike +My voice dissuades; for what can force or guile +With him, or who deceive his mind, whose eye +Views all things at one view? He from Heaven's height +All these our motions vain sees and derides, +Not more almighty to resist our might +Than wise to frustrate all our plots and wiles. +Shall we, then, live thus vile--the race of Heaven +Thus trampled, thus expelled, to suffer here +Chains and these torments? Better these than worse, +By my advice; since fate inevitable +Subdues us, and omnipotent decree, +The Victor's will. To suffer, as to do, +Our strength is equal; nor the law unjust +That so ordains. This was at first resolved, +If we were wise, against so great a foe +Contending, and so doubtful what might fall. +I laugh when those who at the spear are bold +And venturous, if that fail them, shrink, and fear +What yet they know must follow--to endure +Exile, or igominy, or bonds, or pain, +The sentence of their Conqueror. This is now +Our doom; which if we can sustain and bear, +Our Supreme Foe in time may much remit +His anger, and perhaps, thus far removed, +Not mind us not offending, satisfied +With what is punished; whence these raging fires +Will slacken, if his breath stir not their flames. +Our purer essence then will overcome +Their noxious vapour; or, inured, not feel; +Or, changed at length, and to the place conformed +In temper and in nature, will receive +Familiar the fierce heat; and, void of pain, +This horror will grow mild, this darkness light; +Besides what hope the never-ending flight +Of future days may bring, what chance, what change +Worth waiting--since our present lot appears +For happy though but ill, for ill not worst, +If we procure not to ourselves more woe." + Thus Belial, with words clothed in reason's garb, +Counselled ignoble ease and peaceful sloth, +Not peace; and after him thus Mammon spake:-- + "Either to disenthrone the King of Heaven +We war, if war be best, or to regain +Our own right lost. Him to unthrone we then +May hope, when everlasting Fate shall yield +To fickle Chance, and Chaos judge the strife. +The former, vain to hope, argues as vain +The latter; for what place can be for us +Within Heaven's bound, unless Heaven's Lord supreme +We overpower? Suppose he should relent +And publish grace to all, on promise made +Of new subjection; with what eyes could we +Stand in his presence humble, and receive +Strict laws imposed, to celebrate his throne +With warbled hyms, and to his Godhead sing +Forced hallelujahs, while he lordly sits +Our envied sovereign, and his altar breathes +Ambrosial odours and ambrosial flowers, +Our servile offerings? This must be our task +In Heaven, this our delight. How wearisome +Eternity so spent in worship paid +To whom we hate! Let us not then pursue, +By force impossible, by leave obtained +Unacceptable, though in Heaven, our state +Of splendid vassalage; but rather seek +Our own good from ourselves, and from our own +Live to ourselves, though in this vast recess, +Free and to none accountable, preferring +Hard liberty before the easy yoke +Of servile pomp. Our greatness will appear +Then most conspicuous when great things of small, +Useful of hurtful, prosperous of adverse, +We can create, and in what place soe'er +Thrive under evil, and work ease out of pain +Through labour and endurance. This deep world +Of darkness do we dread? How oft amidst +Thick clouds and dark doth Heaven's all-ruling Sire +Choose to reside, his glory unobscured, +And with the majesty of darkness round +Covers his throne, from whence deep thunders roar. +Mustering their rage, and Heaven resembles Hell! +As he our darkness, cannot we his light +Imitate when we please? This desert soil +Wants not her hidden lustre, gems and gold; +Nor want we skill or art from whence to raise +Magnificence; and what can Heaven show more? +Our torments also may, in length of time, +Become our elements, these piercing fires +As soft as now severe, our temper changed +Into their temper; which must needs remove +The sensible of pain. All things invite +To peaceful counsels, and the settled state +Of order, how in safety best we may +Compose our present evils, with regard +Of what we are and where, dismissing quite +All thoughts of war. Ye have what I advise." + He scarce had finished, when such murmur filled +Th' assembly as when hollow rocks retain +The sound of blustering winds, which all night long +Had roused the sea, now with hoarse cadence lull +Seafaring men o'erwatched, whose bark by chance +Or pinnace, anchors in a craggy bay +After the tempest. Such applause was heard +As Mammon ended, and his sentence pleased, +Advising peace: for such another field +They dreaded worse than Hell; so much the fear +Of thunder and the sword of Michael +Wrought still within them; and no less desire +To found this nether empire, which might rise, +By policy and long process of time, +In emulation opposite to Heaven. +Which when Beelzebub perceived--than whom, +Satan except, none higher sat--with grave +Aspect he rose, and in his rising seemed +A pillar of state. Deep on his front engraven +Deliberation sat, and public care; +And princely counsel in his face yet shone, +Majestic, though in ruin. Sage he stood +With Atlantean shoulders, fit to bear +The weight of mightiest monarchies; his look +Drew audience and attention still as night +Or summer's noontide air, while thus he spake:-- + "Thrones and Imperial Powers, Offspring of Heaven, +Ethereal Virtues! or these titles now +Must we renounce, and, changing style, be called +Princes of Hell? for so the popular vote +Inclines--here to continue, and build up here +A growing empire; doubtless! while we dream, +And know not that the King of Heaven hath doomed +This place our dungeon, not our safe retreat +Beyond his potent arm, to live exempt +From Heaven's high jurisdiction, in new league +Banded against his throne, but to remain +In strictest bondage, though thus far removed, +Under th' inevitable curb, reserved +His captive multitude. For he, to be sure, +In height or depth, still first and last will reign +Sole king, and of his kingdom lose no part +By our revolt, but over Hell extend +His empire, and with iron sceptre rule +Us here, as with his golden those in Heaven. +What sit we then projecting peace and war? +War hath determined us and foiled with loss +Irreparable; terms of peace yet none +Vouchsafed or sought; for what peace will be given +To us enslaved, but custody severe, +And stripes and arbitrary punishment +Inflicted? and what peace can we return, +But, to our power, hostility and hate, +Untamed reluctance, and revenge, though slow, +Yet ever plotting how the Conqueror least +May reap his conquest, and may least rejoice +In doing what we most in suffering feel? +Nor will occasion want, nor shall we need +With dangerous expedition to invade +Heaven, whose high walls fear no assault or siege, +Or ambush from the Deep. What if we find +Some easier enterprise? There is a place +(If ancient and prophetic fame in Heaven +Err not)--another World, the happy seat +Of some new race, called Man, about this time +To be created like to us, though less +In power and excellence, but favoured more +Of him who rules above; so was his will +Pronounced among the Gods, and by an oath +That shook Heaven's whole circumference confirmed. +Thither let us bend all our thoughts, to learn +What creatures there inhabit, of what mould +Or substance, how endued, and what their power +And where their weakness: how attempted best, +By force of subtlety. Though Heaven be shut, +And Heaven's high Arbitrator sit secure +In his own strength, this place may lie exposed, +The utmost border of his kingdom, left +To their defence who hold it: here, perhaps, +Some advantageous act may be achieved +By sudden onset--either with Hell-fire +To waste his whole creation, or possess +All as our own, and drive, as we were driven, +The puny habitants; or, if not drive, +Seduce them to our party, that their God +May prove their foe, and with repenting hand +Abolish his own works. This would surpass +Common revenge, and interrupt his joy +In our confusion, and our joy upraise +In his disturbance; when his darling sons, +Hurled headlong to partake with us, shall curse +Their frail original, and faded bliss-- +Faded so soon! Advise if this be worth +Attempting, or to sit in darkness here +Hatching vain empires." Thus beelzebub +Pleaded his devilish counsel--first devised +By Satan, and in part proposed: for whence, +But from the author of all ill, could spring +So deep a malice, to confound the race +Of mankind in one root, and Earth with Hell +To mingle and involve, done all to spite +The great Creator? But their spite still serves +His glory to augment. The bold design +Pleased highly those infernal States, and joy +Sparkled in all their eyes: with full assent +They vote: whereat his speech he thus renews:-- +"Well have ye judged, well ended long debate, +Synod of Gods, and, like to what ye are, +Great things resolved, which from the lowest deep +Will once more lift us up, in spite of fate, +Nearer our ancient seat--perhaps in view +Of those bright confines, whence, with neighbouring arms, +And opportune excursion, we may chance +Re-enter Heaven; or else in some mild zone +Dwell, not unvisited of Heaven's fair light, +Secure, and at the brightening orient beam +Purge off this gloom: the soft delicious air, +To heal the scar of these corrosive fires, +Shall breathe her balm. But, first, whom shall we send +In search of this new World? whom shall we find +Sufficient? who shall tempt with wandering feet +The dark, unbottomed, infinite Abyss, +And through the palpable obscure find out +His uncouth way, or spread his airy flight, +Upborne with indefatigable wings +Over the vast abrupt, ere he arrive +The happy Isle? What strength, what art, can then +Suffice, or what evasion bear him safe, +Through the strict senteries and stations thick +Of Angels watching round? Here he had need +All circumspection: and we now no less +Choice in our suffrage; for on whom we send +The weight of all, and our last hope, relies." + This said, he sat; and expectation held +His look suspense, awaiting who appeared +To second, or oppose, or undertake +The perilous attempt. But all sat mute, +Pondering the danger with deep thoughts; and each +In other's countenance read his own dismay, +Astonished. None among the choice and prime +Of those Heaven-warring champions could be found +So hardy as to proffer or accept, +Alone, the dreadful voyage; till, at last, +Satan, whom now transcendent glory raised +Above his fellows, with monarchal pride +Conscious of highest worth, unmoved thus spake:-- + "O Progeny of Heaven! Empyreal Thrones! +With reason hath deep silence and demur +Seized us, though undismayed. Long is the way +And hard, that out of Hell leads up to light. +Our prison strong, this huge convex of fire, +Outrageous to devour, immures us round +Ninefold; and gates of burning adamant, +Barred over us, prohibit all egress. +These passed, if any pass, the void profound +Of unessential Night receives him next, +Wide-gaping, and with utter loss of being +Threatens him, plunged in that abortive gulf. +If thence he scape, into whatever world, +Or unknown region, what remains him less +Than unknown dangers, and as hard escape? +But I should ill become this throne, O Peers, +And this imperial sovereignty, adorned +With splendour, armed with power, if aught proposed +And judged of public moment in the shape +Of difficulty or danger, could deter +Me from attempting. Wherefore do I assume +These royalties, and not refuse to reign, +Refusing to accept as great a share +Of hazard as of honour, due alike +To him who reigns, and so much to him due +Of hazard more as he above the rest +High honoured sits? Go, therefore, mighty Powers, +Terror of Heaven, though fallen; intend at home, +While here shall be our home, what best may ease +The present misery, and render Hell +More tolerable; if there be cure or charm +To respite, or deceive, or slack the pain +Of this ill mansion: intermit no watch +Against a wakeful foe, while I abroad +Through all the coasts of dark destruction seek +Deliverance for us all. This enterprise +None shall partake with me." Thus saying, rose +The Monarch, and prevented all reply; +Prudent lest, from his resolution raised, +Others among the chief might offer now, +Certain to be refused, what erst they feared, +And, so refused, might in opinion stand +His rivals, winning cheap the high repute +Which he through hazard huge must earn. But they +Dreaded not more th' adventure than his voice +Forbidding; and at once with him they rose. +Their rising all at once was as the sound +Of thunder heard remote. Towards him they bend +With awful reverence prone, and as a God +Extol him equal to the Highest in Heaven. +Nor failed they to express how much they praised +That for the general safety he despised +His own: for neither do the Spirits damned +Lose all their virtue; lest bad men should boast +Their specious deeds on earth, which glory excites, +Or close ambition varnished o'er with zeal. + Thus they their doubtful consultations dark +Ended, rejoicing in their matchless Chief: +As, when from mountain-tops the dusky clouds +Ascending, while the north wind sleeps, o'erspread +Heaven's cheerful face, the louring element +Scowls o'er the darkened landscape snow or shower, +If chance the radiant sun, with farewell sweet, +Extend his evening beam, the fields revive, +The birds their notes renew, and bleating herds +Attest their joy, that hill and valley rings. +O shame to men! Devil with devil damned +Firm concord holds; men only disagree +Of creatures rational, though under hope +Of heavenly grace, and, God proclaiming peace, +Yet live in hatred, enmity, and strife +Among themselves, and levy cruel wars +Wasting the earth, each other to destroy: +As if (which might induce us to accord) +Man had not hellish foes enow besides, +That day and night for his destruction wait! + The Stygian council thus dissolved; and forth +In order came the grand infernal Peers: +Midst came their mighty Paramount, and seemed +Alone th' antagonist of Heaven, nor less +Than Hell's dread Emperor, with pomp supreme, +And god-like imitated state: him round +A globe of fiery Seraphim enclosed +With bright emblazonry, and horrent arms. +Then of their session ended they bid cry +With trumpet's regal sound the great result: +Toward the four winds four speedy Cherubim +Put to their mouths the sounding alchemy, +By herald's voice explained; the hollow Abyss +Heard far adn wide, and all the host of Hell +With deafening shout returned them loud acclaim. +Thence more at ease their minds, and somewhat raised +By false presumptuous hope, the ranged Powers +Disband; and, wandering, each his several way +Pursues, as inclination or sad choice +Leads him perplexed, where he may likeliest find +Truce to his restless thoughts, and entertain +The irksome hours, till his great Chief return. +Part on the plain, or in the air sublime, +Upon the wing or in swift race contend, +As at th' Olympian games or Pythian fields; +Part curb their fiery steeds, or shun the goal +With rapid wheels, or fronted brigades form: +As when, to warn proud cities, war appears +Waged in the troubled sky, and armies rush +To battle in the clouds; before each van +Prick forth the airy knights, and couch their spears, +Till thickest legions close; with feats of arms +From either end of heaven the welkin burns. +Others, with vast Typhoean rage, more fell, +Rend up both rocks and hills, and ride the air +In whirlwind; Hell scarce holds the wild uproar:-- +As when Alcides, from Oechalia crowned +With conquest, felt th' envenomed robe, and tore +Through pain up by the roots Thessalian pines, +And Lichas from the top of Oeta threw +Into th' Euboic sea. Others, more mild, +Retreated in a silent valley, sing +With notes angelical to many a harp +Their own heroic deeds, and hapless fall +By doom of battle, and complain that Fate +Free Virtue should enthrall to Force or Chance. +Their song was partial; but the harmony +(What could it less when Spirits immortal sing?) +Suspended Hell, and took with ravishment +The thronging audience. In discourse more sweet +(For Eloquence the Soul, Song charms the Sense) +Others apart sat on a hill retired, +In thoughts more elevate, and reasoned high +Of Providence, Foreknowledge, Will, and Fate-- +Fixed fate, free will, foreknowledge absolute, +And found no end, in wandering mazes lost. +Of good and evil much they argued then, +Of happiness and final misery, +Passion and apathy, and glory and shame: +Vain wisdom all, and false philosophy!-- +Yet, with a pleasing sorcery, could charm +Pain for a while or anguish, and excite +Fallacious hope, or arm th' obdured breast +With stubborn patience as with triple steel. +Another part, in squadrons and gross bands, +On bold adventure to discover wide +That dismal world, if any clime perhaps +Might yield them easier habitation, bend +Four ways their flying march, along the banks +Of four infernal rivers, that disgorge +Into the burning lake their baleful streams-- +Abhorred Styx, the flood of deadly hate; +Sad Acheron of sorrow, black and deep; +Cocytus, named of lamentation loud +Heard on the rueful stream; fierce Phlegeton, +Whose waves of torrent fire inflame with rage. +Far off from these, a slow and silent stream, +Lethe, the river of oblivion, rolls +Her watery labyrinth, whereof who drinks +Forthwith his former state and being forgets-- +Forgets both joy and grief, pleasure and pain. +Beyond this flood a frozen continent +Lies dark and wild, beat with perpetual storms +Of whirlwind and dire hail, which on firm land +Thaws not, but gathers heap, and ruin seems +Of ancient pile; all else deep snow and ice, +A gulf profound as that Serbonian bog +Betwixt Damiata and Mount Casius old, +Where armies whole have sunk: the parching air +Burns frore, and cold performs th' effect of fire. +Thither, by harpy-footed Furies haled, +At certain revolutions all the damned +Are brought; and feel by turns the bitter change +Of fierce extremes, extremes by change more fierce, +From beds of raging fire to starve in ice +Their soft ethereal warmth, and there to pine +Immovable, infixed, and frozen round +Periods of time,--thence hurried back to fire. +They ferry over this Lethean sound +Both to and fro, their sorrow to augment, +And wish and struggle, as they pass, to reach +The tempting stream, with one small drop to lose +In sweet forgetfulness all pain and woe, +All in one moment, and so near the brink; +But Fate withstands, and, to oppose th' attempt, +Medusa with Gorgonian terror guards +The ford, and of itself the water flies +All taste of living wight, as once it fled +The lip of Tantalus. Thus roving on +In confused march forlorn, th' adventurous bands, +With shuddering horror pale, and eyes aghast, +Viewed first their lamentable lot, and found +No rest. Through many a dark and dreary vale +They passed, and many a region dolorous, +O'er many a frozen, many a fiery alp, +Rocks, caves, lakes, fens, bogs, dens, and shades of death-- +A universe of death, which God by curse +Created evil, for evil only good; +Where all life dies, death lives, and Nature breeds, +Perverse, all monstrous, all prodigious things, +Obominable, inutterable, and worse +Than fables yet have feigned or fear conceived, +Gorgons, and Hydras, and Chimeras dire. + Meanwhile the Adversary of God and Man, +Satan, with thoughts inflamed of highest design, +Puts on swift wings, and toward the gates of Hell +Explores his solitary flight: sometimes +He scours the right hand coast, sometimes the left; +Now shaves with level wing the deep, then soars +Up to the fiery concave towering high. +As when far off at sea a fleet descried +Hangs in the clouds, by equinoctial winds +Close sailing from Bengala, or the isles +Of Ternate and Tidore, whence merchants bring +Their spicy drugs; they on the trading flood, +Through the wide Ethiopian to the Cape, +Ply stemming nightly toward the pole: so seemed +Far off the flying Fiend. At last appear +Hell-bounds, high reaching to the horrid roof, +And thrice threefold the gates; three folds were brass, +Three iron, three of adamantine rock, +Impenetrable, impaled with circling fire, +Yet unconsumed. Before the gates there sat +On either side a formidable Shape. +The one seemed woman to the waist, and fair, +But ended foul in many a scaly fold, +Voluminous and vast--a serpent armed +With mortal sting. About her middle round +A cry of Hell-hounds never-ceasing barked +With wide Cerberean mouths full loud, and rung +A hideous peal; yet, when they list, would creep, +If aught disturbed their noise, into her womb, +And kennel there; yet there still barked and howled +Within unseen. Far less abhorred than these +Vexed Scylla, bathing in the sea that parts +Calabria from the hoarse Trinacrian shore; +Nor uglier follow the night-hag, when, called +In secret, riding through the air she comes, +Lured with the smell of infant blood, to dance +With Lapland witches, while the labouring moon +Eclipses at their charms. The other Shape-- +If shape it might be called that shape had none +Distinguishable in member, joint, or limb; +Or substance might be called that shadow seemed, +For each seemed either--black it stood as Night, +Fierce as ten Furies, terrible as Hell, +And shook a dreadful dart: what seemed his head +The likeness of a kingly crown had on. +Satan was now at hand, and from his seat +The monster moving onward came as fast +With horrid strides; Hell trembled as he strode. +Th' undaunted Fiend what this might be admired-- +Admired, not feared (God and his Son except, +Created thing naught valued he nor shunned), +And with disdainful look thus first began:-- + "Whence and what art thou, execrable Shape, +That dar'st, though grim and terrible, advance +Thy miscreated front athwart my way +To yonder gates? Through them I mean to pass, +That be assured, without leave asked of thee. +Retire; or taste thy folly, and learn by proof, +Hell-born, not to contend with Spirits of Heaven." + To whom the Goblin, full of wrath, replied:-- +"Art thou that traitor Angel? art thou he, +Who first broke peace in Heaven and faith, till then +Unbroken, and in proud rebellious arms +Drew after him the third part of Heaven's sons, +Conjured against the Highest--for which both thou +And they, outcast from God, are here condemned +To waste eternal days in woe and pain? +And reckon'st thou thyself with Spirits of Heaven +Hell-doomed, and breath'st defiance here and scorn, +Where I reign king, and, to enrage thee more, +Thy king and lord? Back to thy punishment, +False fugitive; and to thy speed add wings, +Lest with a whip of scorpions I pursue +Thy lingering, or with one stroke of this dart +Strange horror seize thee, and pangs unfelt before." + So spake the grisly Terror, and in shape, +So speaking and so threatening, grew tenfold, +More dreadful and deform. On th' other side, +Incensed with indignation, Satan stood +Unterrified, and like a comet burned, +That fires the length of Ophiuchus huge +In th' arctic sky, and from his horrid hair +Shakes pestilence and war. Each at the head +Levelled his deadly aim; their fatal hands +No second stroke intend; and such a frown +Each cast at th' other as when two black clouds, +With heaven's artillery fraught, came rattling on +Over the Caspian,--then stand front to front +Hovering a space, till winds the signal blow +To join their dark encounter in mid-air. +So frowned the mighty combatants that Hell +Grew darker at their frown; so matched they stood; +For never but once more was wither like +To meet so great a foe. And now great deeds +Had been achieved, whereof all Hell had rung, +Had not the snaky Sorceress, that sat +Fast by Hell-gate and kept the fatal key, +Risen, and with hideous outcry rushed between. + "O father, what intends thy hand," she cried, +"Against thy only son? What fury, O son, +Possesses thee to bend that mortal dart +Against thy father's head? And know'st for whom? +For him who sits above, and laughs the while +At thee, ordained his drudge to execute +Whate'er his wrath, which he calls justice, bids-- +His wrath, which one day will destroy ye both!" + She spake, and at her words the hellish Pest +Forbore: then these to her Satan returned:-- + "So strange thy outcry, and thy words so strange +Thou interposest, that my sudden hand, +Prevented, spares to tell thee yet by deeds +What it intends, till first I know of thee +What thing thou art, thus double-formed, and why, +In this infernal vale first met, thou call'st +Me father, and that phantasm call'st my son. +I know thee not, nor ever saw till now +Sight more detestable than him and thee." + T' whom thus the Portress of Hell-gate replied:-- +"Hast thou forgot me, then; and do I seem +Now in thine eye so foul?--once deemed so fair +In Heaven, when at th' assembly, and in sight +Of all the Seraphim with thee combined +In bold conspiracy against Heaven's King, +All on a sudden miserable pain +Surprised thee, dim thine eyes and dizzy swum +In darkness, while thy head flames thick and fast +Threw forth, till on the left side opening wide, +Likest to thee in shape and countenance bright, +Then shining heavenly fair, a goddess armed, +Out of thy head I sprung. Amazement seized +All th' host of Heaven; back they recoiled afraid +At first, and called me Sin, and for a sign +Portentous held me; but, familiar grown, +I pleased, and with attractive graces won +The most averse--thee chiefly, who, full oft +Thyself in me thy perfect image viewing, +Becam'st enamoured; and such joy thou took'st +With me in secret that my womb conceived +A growing burden. Meanwhile war arose, +And fields were fought in Heaven: wherein remained +(For what could else?) to our Almighty Foe +Clear victory; to our part loss and rout +Through all the Empyrean. Down they fell, +Driven headlong from the pitch of Heaven, down +Into this Deep; and in the general fall +I also: at which time this powerful key +Into my hands was given, with charge to keep +These gates for ever shut, which none can pass +Without my opening. Pensive here I sat +Alone; but long I sat not, till my womb, +Pregnant by thee, and now excessive grown, +Prodigious motion felt and rueful throes. +At last this odious offspring whom thou seest, +Thine own begotten, breaking violent way, +Tore through my entrails, that, with fear and pain +Distorted, all my nether shape thus grew +Transformed: but he my inbred enemy +Forth issued, brandishing his fatal dart, +Made to destroy. I fled, and cried out Death! +Hell trembled at the hideous name, and sighed +From all her caves, and back resounded Death! +I fled; but he pursued (though more, it seems, +Inflamed with lust than rage), and, swifter far, +Me overtook, his mother, all dismayed, +And, in embraces forcible and foul +Engendering with me, of that rape begot +These yelling monsters, that with ceaseless cry +Surround me, as thou saw'st--hourly conceived +And hourly born, with sorrow infinite +To me; for, when they list, into the womb +That bred them they return, and howl, and gnaw +My bowels, their repast; then, bursting forth +Afresh, with conscious terrors vex me round, +That rest or intermission none I find. +Before mine eyes in opposition sits +Grim Death, my son and foe, who set them on, +And me, his parent, would full soon devour +For want of other prey, but that he knows +His end with mine involved, and knows that I +Should prove a bitter morsel, and his bane, +Whenever that shall be: so Fate pronounced. +But thou, O father, I forewarn thee, shun +His deadly arrow; neither vainly hope +To be invulnerable in those bright arms, +Through tempered heavenly; for that mortal dint, +Save he who reigns above, none can resist." + She finished; and the subtle Fiend his lore +Soon learned, now milder, and thus answered smooth:-- + "Dear daughter--since thou claim'st me for thy sire, +And my fair son here show'st me, the dear pledge +Of dalliance had with thee in Heaven, and joys +Then sweet, now sad to mention, through dire change +Befallen us unforeseen, unthought-of--know, +I come no enemy, but to set free +From out this dark and dismal house of pain +Both him and thee, and all the heavenly host +Of Spirits that, in our just pretences armed, +Fell with us from on high. From them I go +This uncouth errand sole, and one for all +Myself expose, with lonely steps to tread +Th' unfounded Deep, and through the void immense +To search, with wandering quest, a place foretold +Should be--and, by concurring signs, ere now +Created vast and round--a place of bliss +In the purlieus of Heaven; and therein placed +A race of upstart creatures, to supply +Perhaps our vacant room, though more removed, +Lest Heaven, surcharged with potent multitude, +Might hap to move new broils. Be this, or aught +Than this more secret, now designed, I haste +To know; and, this once known, shall soon return, +And bring ye to the place where thou and Death +Shall dwell at ease, and up and down unseen +Wing silently the buxom air, embalmed +With odours. There ye shall be fed and filled +Immeasurably; all things shall be your prey." + He ceased; for both seemed highly pleased, and Death +Grinned horrible a ghastly smile, to hear +His famine should be filled, and blessed his maw +Destined to that good hour. No less rejoiced +His mother bad, and thus bespake her sire:-- + "The key of this infernal Pit, by due +And by command of Heaven's all-powerful King, +I keep, by him forbidden to unlock +These adamantine gates; against all force +Death ready stands to interpose his dart, +Fearless to be o'ermatched by living might. +But what owe I to his commands above, +Who hates me, and hath hither thrust me down +Into this gloom of Tartarus profound, +To sit in hateful office here confined, +Inhabitant of Heaven and heavenly born-- +Here in perpetual agony and pain, +With terrors and with clamours compassed round +Of mine own brood, that on my bowels feed? +Thou art my father, thou my author, thou +My being gav'st me; whom should I obey +But thee? whom follow? Thou wilt bring me soon +To that new world of light and bliss, among +The gods who live at ease, where I shall reign +At thy right hand voluptuous, as beseems +Thy daughter and thy darling, without end." + Thus saying, from her side the fatal key, +Sad instrument of all our woe, she took; +And, towards the gate rolling her bestial train, +Forthwith the huge portcullis high up-drew, +Which, but herself, not all the Stygian Powers +Could once have moved; then in the key-hole turns +Th' intricate wards, and every bolt and bar +Of massy iron or solid rock with ease +Unfastens. On a sudden open fly, +With impetuous recoil and jarring sound, +Th' infernal doors, and on their hinges grate +Harsh thunder, that the lowest bottom shook +Of Erebus. She opened; but to shut +Excelled her power: the gates wide open stood, +That with extended wings a bannered host, +Under spread ensigns marching, mibht pass through +With horse and chariots ranked in loose array; +So wide they stood, and like a furnace-mouth +Cast forth redounding smoke and ruddy flame. +Before their eyes in sudden view appear +The secrets of the hoary Deep--a dark +Illimitable ocean, without bound, +Without dimension; where length, breadth, and height, +And time, and place, are lost; where eldest Night +And Chaos, ancestors of Nature, hold +Eternal anarchy, amidst the noise +Of endless wars, and by confusion stand. +For Hot, Cold, Moist, and Dry, four champions fierce, +Strive here for mastery, and to battle bring +Their embryon atoms: they around the flag +Of each his faction, in their several clans, +Light-armed or heavy, sharp, smooth, swift, or slow, +Swarm populous, unnumbered as the sands +Of Barca or Cyrene's torrid soil, +Levied to side with warring winds, and poise +Their lighter wings. To whom these most adhere +He rules a moment: Chaos umpire sits, +And by decision more embroils the fray +By which he reigns: next him, high arbiter, +Chance governs all. Into this wild Abyss, +The womb of Nature, and perhaps her grave, +Of neither sea, nor shore, nor air, nor fire, +But all these in their pregnant causes mixed +Confusedly, and which thus must ever fight, +Unless th' Almighty Maker them ordain +His dark materials to create more worlds-- +Into this wild Abyss the wary Fiend +Stood on the brink of Hell and looked a while, +Pondering his voyage; for no narrow frith +He had to cross. Nor was his ear less pealed +With noises loud and ruinous (to compare +Great things with small) than when Bellona storms +With all her battering engines, bent to rase +Some capital city; or less than if this frame +Of Heaven were falling, and these elements +In mutiny had from her axle torn +The steadfast Earth. At last his sail-broad vans +He spread for flight, and, in the surging smoke +Uplifted, spurns the ground; thence many a league, +As in a cloudy chair, ascending rides +Audacious; but, that seat soon failing, meets +A vast vacuity. All unawares, +Fluttering his pennons vain, plumb-down he drops +Ten thousand fathom deep, and to this hour +Down had been falling, had not, by ill chance, +The strong rebuff of some tumultuous cloud, +Instinct with fire and nitre, hurried him +As many miles aloft. That fury stayed-- +Quenched in a boggy Syrtis, neither sea, +Nor good dry land--nigh foundered, on he fares, +Treading the crude consistence, half on foot, +Half flying; behoves him now both oar and sail. +As when a gryphon through the wilderness +With winged course, o'er hill or moory dale, +Pursues the Arimaspian, who by stealth +Had from his wakeful custody purloined +The guarded gold; so eagerly the Fiend +O'er bog or steep, through strait, rough, dense, or rare, +With head, hands, wings, or feet, pursues his way, +And swims, or sinks, or wades, or creeps, or flies. +At length a universal hubbub wild +Of stunning sounds, and voices all confused, +Borne through the hollow dark, assaults his ear +With loudest vehemence. Thither he plies +Undaunted, to meet there whatever Power +Or Spirit of the nethermost Abyss +Might in that noise reside, of whom to ask +Which way the nearest coast of darkness lies +Bordering on light; when straight behold the throne +Of Chaos, and his dark pavilion spread +Wide on the wasteful Deep! With him enthroned +Sat sable-vested Night, eldest of things, +The consort of his reign; and by them stood +Orcus and Ades, and the dreaded name +Of Demogorgon; Rumour next, and Chance, +And Tumult, and Confusion, all embroiled, +And Discord with a thousand various mouths. + T' whom Satan, turning boldly, thus:--"Ye Powers +And Spirtis of this nethermost Abyss, +Chaos and ancient Night, I come no spy +With purpose to explore or to disturb +The secrets of your realm; but, by constraint +Wandering this darksome desert, as my way +Lies through your spacious empire up to light, +Alone and without guide, half lost, I seek, +What readiest path leads where your gloomy bounds +Confine with Heaven; or, if some other place, +From your dominion won, th' Ethereal King +Possesses lately, thither to arrive +I travel this profound. Direct my course: +Directed, no mean recompense it brings +To your behoof, if I that region lost, +All usurpation thence expelled, reduce +To her original darkness and your sway +(Which is my present journey), and once more +Erect the standard there of ancient Night. +Yours be th' advantage all, mine the revenge!" + Thus Satan; and him thus the Anarch old, +With faltering speech and visage incomposed, +Answered: "I know thee, stranger, who thou art-- *** +That mighty leading Angel, who of late +Made head against Heaven's King, though overthrown. +I saw and heard; for such a numerous host +Fled not in silence through the frighted Deep, +With ruin upon ruin, rout on rout, +Confusion worse confounded; and Heaven-gates +Poured out by millions her victorious bands, +Pursuing. I upon my frontiers here +Keep residence; if all I can will serve +That little which is left so to defend, +Encroached on still through our intestine broils +Weakening the sceptre of old Night: first, Hell, +Your dungeon, stretching far and wide beneath; +Now lately Heaven and Earth, another world +Hung o'er my realm, linked in a golden chain +To that side Heaven from whence your legions fell! +If that way be your walk, you have not far; +So much the nearer danger. Go, and speed; +Havoc, and spoil, and ruin, are my gain." + He ceased; and Satan stayed not to reply, +But, glad that now his sea should find a shore, +With fresh alacrity and force renewed +Springs upward, like a pyramid of fire, +Into the wild expanse, and through the shock +Of fighting elements, on all sides round +Environed, wins his way; harder beset +And more endangered than when Argo passed +Through Bosporus betwixt the justling rocks, +Or when Ulysses on the larboard shunned +Charybdis, and by th' other whirlpool steered. +So he with difficulty and labour hard +Moved on, with difficulty and labour he; +But, he once passed, soon after, when Man fell, +Strange alteration! Sin and Death amain, +Following his track (such was the will of Heaven) +Paved after him a broad and beaten way +Over the dark Abyss, whose boiling gulf +Tamely endured a bridge of wondrous length, +From Hell continued, reaching th' utmost orb +Of this frail World; by which the Spirits perverse +With easy intercourse pass to and fro +To tempt or punish mortals, except whom +God and good Angels guard by special grace. + But now at last the sacred influence +Of light appears, and from the walls of Heaven +Shoots far into the bosom of dim Night +A glimmering dawn. Here Nature first begins +Her farthest verge, and Chaos to retire, +As from her outmost works, a broken foe, +With tumult less and with less hostile din; +That Satan with less toil, and now with ease, +Wafts on the calmer wave by dubious light, +And, like a weather-beaten vessel, holds +Gladly the port, though shrouds and tackle torn; +Or in the emptier waste, resembling air, +Weighs his spread wings, at leisure to behold +Far off th' empyreal Heaven, extended wide +In circuit, undetermined square or round, +With opal towers and battlements adorned +Of living sapphire, once his native seat; +And, fast by, hanging in a golden chain, +This pendent World, in bigness as a star +Of smallest magnitude close by the moon. +Thither, full fraught with mischievous revenge, +Accursed, and in a cursed hour, he hies. + + + +Book III + + +Hail, holy Light, offspring of Heaven firstborn, +Or of the Eternal coeternal beam +May I express thee unblam'd? since God is light, +And never but in unapproached light +Dwelt from eternity, dwelt then in thee +Bright effluence of bright essence increate. +Or hear"st thou rather pure ethereal stream, +Whose fountain who shall tell? before the sun, +Before the Heavens thou wert, and at the voice +Of God, as with a mantle, didst invest *** +The rising world of waters dark and deep, +Won from the void and formless infinite. +Thee I re-visit now with bolder wing, +Escap'd the Stygian pool, though long detain'd +In that obscure sojourn, while in my flight +Through utter and through middle darkness borne, +With other notes than to the Orphean lyre +I sung of Chaos and eternal Night; +Taught by the heavenly Muse to venture down +The dark descent, and up to re-ascend, +Though hard and rare: Thee I revisit safe, +And feel thy sovran vital lamp; but thou +Revisit'st not these eyes, that roll in vain +To find thy piercing ray, and find no dawn; +So thick a drop serene hath quench'd their orbs, +Or dim suffusion veil'd. Yet not the more +Cease I to wander, where the Muses haunt, +Clear spring, or shady grove, or sunny hill, +Smit with the love of sacred song; but chief +Thee, Sion, and the flowery brooks beneath, +That wash thy hallow'd feet, and warbling flow, +Nightly I visit: nor sometimes forget +So were I equall'd with them in renown, +Thy sovran command, that Man should find grace; +Blind Thamyris, and blind Maeonides, +And Tiresias, and Phineus, prophets old: +Then feed on thoughts, that voluntary move +Harmonious numbers; as the wakeful bird +Sings darkling, and in shadiest covert hid +Tunes her nocturnal note. Thus with the year +Seasons return; but not to me returns +Day, or the sweet approach of even or morn, +Or sight of vernal bloom, or summer's rose, +Or flocks, or herds, or human face divine; +But cloud instead, and ever-during dark +Surrounds me, from the cheerful ways of men +Cut off, and for the book of knowledge fair +Presented with a universal blank +Of nature's works to me expung'd and ras'd, +And wisdom at one entrance quite shut out. +So much the rather thou, celestial Light, +Shine inward, and the mind through all her powers +Irradiate; there plant eyes, all mist from thence +Purge and disperse, that I may see and tell +Of things invisible to mortal sight. +Now had the Almighty Father from above, +From the pure empyrean where he sits +High thron'd above all highth, bent down his eye +His own works and their works at once to view: +About him all the Sanctities of Heaven +Stood thick as stars, and from his sight receiv'd +Beatitude past utterance; on his right +The radiant image of his glory sat, +His only son; on earth he first beheld +Our two first parents, yet the only two +Of mankind in the happy garden plac'd +Reaping immortal fruits of joy and love, +Uninterrupted joy, unrivall'd love, +In blissful solitude; he then survey'd +Hell and the gulf between, and Satan there +Coasting the wall of Heaven on this side Night +In the dun air sublime, and ready now +To stoop with wearied wings, and willing feet, +On the bare outside of this world, that seem'd +Firm land imbosom'd, without firmament, +Uncertain which, in ocean or in air. +Him God beholding from his prospect high, +Wherein past, present, future, he beholds, +Thus to his only Son foreseeing spake. +Only begotten Son, seest thou what rage +Transports our Adversary? whom no bounds +Prescrib'd no bars of Hell, nor all the chains +Heap'd on him there, nor yet the main abyss +Wide interrupt, can hold; so bent he seems +On desperate revenge, that shall redound +Upon his own rebellious head. And now, +Through all restraint broke loose, he wings his way +Not far off Heaven, in the precincts of light, +Directly towards the new created world, +And man there plac'd, with purpose to assay +If him by force he can destroy, or, worse, +By some false guile pervert; and shall pervert; +For man will hearken to his glozing lies, +And easily transgress the sole command, +Sole pledge of his obedience: So will fall +He and his faithless progeny: Whose fault? +Whose but his own? ingrate, he had of me +All he could have; I made him just and right, +Sufficient to have stood, though free to fall. +Such I created all the ethereal Powers +And Spirits, both them who stood, and them who fail'd; +Freely they stood who stood, and fell who fell. +Not free, what proof could they have given sincere +Of true allegiance, constant faith or love, +Where only what they needs must do appear'd, +Not what they would? what praise could they receive? +What pleasure I from such obedience paid, +When will and reason (reason also is choice) +Useless and vain, of freedom both despoil'd, +Made passive both, had serv'd necessity, +Not me? they therefore, as to right belong$ 'd, +So were created, nor can justly accuse +Their Maker, or their making, or their fate, +As if predestination over-rul'd +Their will dispos'd by absolute decree +Or high foreknowledge they themselves decreed +Their own revolt, not I; if I foreknew, +Foreknowledge had no influence on their fault, +Which had no less proved certain unforeknown. +So without least impulse or shadow of fate, +Or aught by me immutably foreseen, +They trespass, authors to themselves in all +Both what they judge, and what they choose; for so +I form'd them free: and free they must remain, +Till they enthrall themselves; I else must change +Their nature, and revoke the high decree +Unchangeable, eternal, which ordain'd +$THeir freedom: they themselves ordain'd their fall. +The first sort by their own suggestion fell, +Self-tempted, self-deprav'd: Man falls, deceiv'd +By the other first: Man therefore shall find grace, +The other none: In mercy and justice both, +Through Heaven and Earth, so shall my glory excel; +But Mercy, first and last, shall brightest shine. +Thus while God spake, ambrosial fragrance fill'd +All Heaven, and in the blessed Spirits elect +Sense of new joy ineffable diffus'd. +Beyond compare the Son of God was seen +Most glorious; in him all his Father shone +Substantially express'd; and in his face +Divine compassion visibly appear'd, +Love without end, and without measure grace, +Which uttering, thus he to his Father spake. +O Father, gracious was that word which clos'd +Thy sovran command, that Man should find grace; +, that Man should find grace; +For which both Heaven and earth shall high extol +Thy praises, with the innumerable sound +Of hymns and sacred songs, wherewith thy throne +Encompass'd shall resound thee ever blest. +For should Man finally be lost, should Man, +Thy creature late so lov'd, thy youngest son, +Fall circumvented thus by fraud, though join'd +With his own folly? that be from thee far, +That far be from thee, Father, who art judge +Of all things made, and judgest only right. +Or shall the Adversary thus obtain +His end, and frustrate thine? shall he fulfill +His malice, and thy goodness bring to nought, +Or proud return, though to his heavier doom, +Yet with revenge accomplish'd, and to Hell +Draw after him the whole race of mankind, +By him corrupted? or wilt thou thyself +Abolish thy creation, and unmake +For him, what for thy glory thou hast made? +So should thy goodness and thy greatness both +Be question'd and blasphem'd without defence. +To whom the great Creator thus replied. +O son, in whom my soul hath chief delight, +Son of my bosom, Son who art alone. +My word, my wisdom, and effectual might, +All hast thou spoken as my thoughts are, all +As my eternal purpose hath decreed; +Man shall not quite be lost, but sav'd who will; +Yet not of will in him, but grace in me +Freely vouchsaf'd; once more I will renew +His lapsed powers, though forfeit; and enthrall'd +By sin to foul exorbitant desires; +Upheld by me, yet once more he shall stand +On even ground against his mortal foe; +By me upheld, that he may know how frail +His fallen condition is, and to me owe +All his deliverance, and to none but me. +Some I have chosen of peculiar grace, +Elect above the rest; so is my will: +The rest shall hear me call, and oft be warn'd +Their sinful state, and to appease betimes +The incensed Deity, while offer'd grace +Invites; for I will clear their senses dark, +What may suffice, and soften stony hearts +To pray, repent, and bring obedience due. +To prayer, repentance, and obedience due, +Though but endeavour'd with sincere intent, +Mine ear shall not be slow, mine eye not shut. +And I will place within them as a guide, +My umpire Conscience; whom if they will hear, +Light after light, well us'd, they shall attain, +And to the end, persisting, safe arrive. +This my long sufferance, and my day of grace, +They who neglect and scorn, shall never taste; +But hard be harden'd, blind be blinded more, +That they may stumble on, and deeper fall; +And none but such from mercy I exclude. +But yet all is not done; Man disobeying, +Disloyal, breaks his fealty, and sins +Against the high supremacy of Heaven, +Affecting God-head, and, so losing all, +To expiate his treason hath nought left, +But to destruction sacred and devote, +He, with his whole posterity, must die, +Die he or justice must; unless for him +Some other able, and as willing, pay +The rigid satisfaction, death for death. +Say, heavenly Powers, where shall we find such love? +Which of you will be mortal, to redeem +Man's mortal crime, and just the unjust to save? +Dwells in all Heaven charity so dear? +And silence was in Heaven: $ on Man's behalf +He ask'd, but all the heavenly quire stood mute, +Patron or intercessour none appear'd, +Much less that durst upon his own head draw +The deadly forfeiture, and ransom set. +And now without redemption all mankind +Must have been lost, adjudg'd to Death and Hell +By doom severe, had not the Son of God, +In whom the fulness dwells of love divine, +His dearest mediation thus renew'd. +Father, thy word is past, Man shall find grace; +And shall grace not find means, that finds her way, +The speediest of thy winged messengers, +To visit all thy creatures, and to all +Comes unprevented, unimplor'd, unsought? +Happy for Man, so coming; he her aid +Can never seek, once dead in sins, and lost; +Atonement for himself, or offering meet, +Indebted and undone, hath none to bring; +Behold me then: me for him, life for life +I offer: on me let thine anger fall; +Account me Man; I for his sake will leave + Thy bosom, and this glory next to thee + Freely put off, and for him lastly die + Well pleased; on me let Death wreak all his rage. + Under his gloomy power I shall not long + Lie vanquished. Thou hast given me to possess + Life in myself for ever; by thee I live; + Though now to Death I yield, and am his due, + All that of me can die, yet, that debt paid, + $ thou wilt not leave me in the loathsome grave + His prey, nor suffer my unspotted soul + For ever with corruption there to dwell; + But I shall rise victorious, and subdue + My vanquisher, spoiled of his vaunted spoil. + Death his death's wound shall then receive, and stoop + Inglorious, of his mortal sting disarmed; + I through the ample air in triumph high + Shall lead Hell captive maugre Hell, and show +The powers of darkness bound. Thou, at the sight + Pleased, out of Heaven shalt look down and smile, + While, by thee raised, I ruin all my foes; + Death last, and with his carcase glut the grave; + Then, with the multitude of my redeemed, + Shall enter Heaven, long absent, and return, + Father, to see thy face, wherein no cloud + Of anger shall remain, but peace assured + And reconcilement: wrath shall be no more + Thenceforth, but in thy presence joy entire. + His words here ended; but his meek aspect + Silent yet spake, and breathed immortal love + To mortal men, above which only shone + Filial obedience: as a sacrifice + Glad to be offered, he attends the will + Of his great Father. Admiration seized + All Heaven, what this might mean, and whither tend, + Wondering; but soon th' Almighty thus replied. + O thou in Heaven and Earth the only peace + Found out for mankind under wrath, O thou + My sole complacence! Well thou know'st how dear + To me are all my works; nor Man the least, + Though last created, that for him I spare + Thee from my bosom and right hand, to save, + By losing thee a while, the whole race lost. + + 00021053 + Thou, therefore, whom thou only canst redeem, + Their nature also to thy nature join; + And be thyself Man among men on Earth, + Made flesh, when time shall be, of virgin seed, + By wondrous birth; be thou in Adam's room +The head of all mankind, though Adam's son. +As in him perish all men, so in thee, +As from a second root, shall be restored +As many as are restored, without thee none. +His crime makes guilty all his sons; thy merit, +Imputed, shall absolve them who renounce +Their own both righteous and unrighteous deeds, +And live in thee transplanted, and from thee +Receive new life. So Man, as is most just, +Shall satisfy for Man, be judged and die, +And dying rise, and rising with him raise +His brethren, ransomed with his own dear life. +So heavenly love shall outdo hellish hate, +Giving to death, and dying to redeem, +So dearly to redeem what hellish hate +So easily destroyed, and still destroys +In those who, when they may, accept not grace. +Nor shalt thou, by descending to assume +Man's nature, lessen or degrade thine own. +Because thou hast, though throned in highest bliss +Equal to God, and equally enjoying +God-like fruition, quitted all, to save +A world from utter loss, and hast been found +By merit more than birthright Son of God, +Found worthiest to be so by being good, +Far more than great or high; because in thee +Love hath abounded more than glory abounds; +Therefore thy humiliation shall exalt +With thee thy manhood also to this throne: +Here shalt thou sit incarnate, here shalt reign +Both God and Man, Son both of God and Man, +Anointed universal King; all power +I give thee; reign for ever, and assume +Thy merits; under thee, as head supreme, +Thrones, Princedoms, Powers, Dominions, I reduce: +All knees to thee shall bow, of them that bide +In Heaven, or Earth, or under Earth in Hell. +When thou, attended gloriously from Heaven, +Shalt in the sky appear, and from thee send +The summoning Arch-Angels to proclaim +Thy dread tribunal; forthwith from all winds, +The living, and forthwith the cited dead +Of all past ages, to the general doom +Shall hasten; such a peal shall rouse their sleep. +Then, all thy saints assembled, thou shalt judge +Bad Men and Angels; they, arraigned, shall sink +Beneath thy sentence; Hell, her numbers full, +Thenceforth shall be for ever shut. Mean while +The world shall burn, and from her ashes spring +New Heaven and Earth, wherein the just shall dwell, +And, after all their tribulations long, +See golden days, fruitful of golden deeds, +With joy and peace triumphing, and fair truth. +Then thou thy regal scepter shalt lay by, +For regal scepter then no more shall need, +God shall be all in all. But, all ye Gods, +Adore him, who to compass all this dies; +Adore the Son, and honour him as me. +No sooner had the Almighty ceased, but all +The multitude of Angels, with a shout +Loud as from numbers without number, sweet +As from blest voices, uttering joy, Heaven rung +With jubilee, and loud Hosannas filled +The eternal regions: Lowly reverent +Towards either throne they bow, and to the ground +With solemn adoration down they cast +Their crowns inwove with amarant and gold; +Immortal amarant, a flower which once +In Paradise, fast by the tree of life, +Began to bloom; but soon for man's offence +To Heaven removed, where first it grew, there grows, +And flowers aloft shading the fount of life, +And where the river of bliss through midst of Heaven +Rolls o'er Elysian flowers her amber stream; +With these that never fade the Spirits elect +Bind their resplendent locks inwreathed with beams; +Now in loose garlands thick thrown off, the bright +Pavement, that like a sea of jasper shone, +Impurpled with celestial roses smiled. +Then, crowned again, their golden harps they took, +Harps ever tuned, that glittering by their side +Like quivers hung, and with preamble sweet +Of charming symphony they introduce +Their sacred song, and waken raptures high; +No voice exempt, no voice but well could join +Melodious part, such concord is in Heaven. +Thee, Father, first they sung Omnipotent, +Immutable, Immortal, Infinite, +Eternal King; the Author of all being, +Fonntain of light, thyself invisible +Amidst the glorious brightness where thou sit'st +Throned inaccessible, but when thou shadest +The full blaze of thy beams, and, through a cloud +Drawn round about thee like a radiant shrine, +Dark with excessive bright thy skirts appear, +Yet dazzle Heaven, that brightest Seraphim +Approach not, but with both wings veil their eyes. +Thee next they sang of all creation first, +Begotten Son, Divine Similitude, +In whose conspicuous countenance, without cloud +Made visible, the Almighty Father shines, +Whom else no creature can behold; on thee +Impressed the effulgence of his glory abides, +Transfused on thee his ample Spirit rests. +He Heaven of Heavens and all the Powers therein +By thee created; and by thee threw down +The aspiring Dominations: Thou that day +Thy Father's dreadful thunder didst not spare, +Nor stop thy flaming chariot-wheels, that shook +Heaven's everlasting frame, while o'er the necks +Thou drovest of warring Angels disarrayed. +Back from pursuit thy Powers with loud acclaim +Thee only extolled, Son of thy Father's might, +To execute fierce vengeance on his foes, +Not so on Man: Him through their malice fallen, +Father of mercy and grace, thou didst not doom +So strictly, but much more to pity incline: +No sooner did thy dear and only Son +Perceive thee purposed not to doom frail Man +So strictly, but much more to pity inclined, +He to appease thy wrath, and end the strife +Of mercy and justice in thy face discerned, +Regardless of the bliss wherein he sat +Second to thee, offered himself to die +For Man's offence. O unexampled love, +Love no where to be found less than Divine! +Hail, Son of God, Saviour of Men! Thy name +Shall be the copious matter of my song +Henceforth, and never shall my heart thy praise +Forget, nor from thy Father's praise disjoin. +Thus they in Heaven, above the starry sphere, +Their happy hours in joy and hymning spent. +Mean while upon the firm opacous globe +Of this round world, whose first convex divides +The luminous inferiour orbs, enclosed +From Chaos, and the inroad of Darkness old, +Satan alighted walks: A globe far off +It seemed, now seems a boundless continent +Dark, waste, and wild, under the frown of Night +Starless exposed, and ever-threatening storms +Of Chaos blustering round, inclement sky; +Save on that side which from the wall of Heaven, +Though distant far, some small reflection gains +Of glimmering air less vexed with tempest loud: +Here walked the Fiend at large in spacious field. +As when a vultur on Imaus bred, +Whose snowy ridge the roving Tartar bounds, +Dislodging from a region scarce of prey +To gorge the flesh of lambs or yeanling kids, +On hills where flocks are fed, flies toward the springs +Of Ganges or Hydaspes, Indian streams; +But in his way lights on the barren plains +Of Sericana, where Chineses drive +With sails and wind their cany waggons light: +So, on this windy sea of land, the Fiend +Walked up and down alone, bent on his prey; +Alone, for other creature in this place, +Living or lifeless, to be found was none; +None yet, but store hereafter from the earth +Up hither like aereal vapours flew +Of all things transitory and vain, when sin +With vanity had filled the works of men: +Both all things vain, and all who in vain things +Built their fond hopes of glory or lasting fame, +Or happiness in this or the other life; +All who have their reward on earth, the fruits +Of painful superstition and blind zeal, +Nought seeking but the praise of men, here find +Fit retribution, empty as their deeds; +All the unaccomplished works of Nature's hand, +Abortive, monstrous, or unkindly mixed, +Dissolved on earth, fleet hither, and in vain, +Till final dissolution, wander here; +Not in the neighbouring moon as some have dreamed; +Those argent fields more likely habitants, +Translated Saints, or middle Spirits hold +Betwixt the angelical and human kind. +Hither of ill-joined sons and daughters born +First from the ancient world those giants came +With many a vain exploit, though then renowned: +The builders next of Babel on the plain +Of Sennaar, and still with vain design, +New Babels, had they wherewithal, would build: +Others came single; he, who, to be deemed +A God, leaped fondly into Aetna flames, +Empedocles; and he, who, to enjoy +Plato's Elysium, leaped into the sea, +Cleombrotus; and many more too long, +Embryos, and idiots, eremites, and friars +White, black, and gray, with all their trumpery. +Here pilgrims roam, that strayed so far to seek +In Golgotha him dead, who lives in Heaven; +And they, who to be sure of Paradise, +Dying, put on the weeds of Dominick, +Or in Franciscan think to pass disguised; +They pass the planets seven, and pass the fixed, +And that crystalling sphere whose balance weighs +The trepidation talked, and that first moved; +And now Saint Peter at Heaven's wicket seems +To wait them with his keys, and now at foot +Of Heaven's ascent they lift their feet, when lo +A violent cross wind from either coast +Blows them transverse, ten thousand leagues awry +Into the devious air: Then might ye see +Cowls, hoods, and habits, with their wearers, tost +And fluttered into rags; then reliques, beads, +Indulgences, dispenses, pardons, bulls, +The sport of winds: All these, upwhirled aloft, +Fly o'er the backside of the world far off +Into a Limbo large and broad, since called +The Paradise of Fools, to few unknown +Long after; now unpeopled, and untrod. +All this dark globe the Fiend found as he passed, +And long he wandered, till at last a gleam +Of dawning light turned thither-ward in haste +His travelled steps: far distant he descries +Ascending by degrees magnificent +Up to the wall of Heaven a structure high; +At top whereof, but far more rich, appeared +The work as of a kingly palace-gate, +With frontispiece of diamond and gold +Embellished; thick with sparkling orient gems +The portal shone, inimitable on earth +By model, or by shading pencil, drawn. +These stairs were such as whereon Jacob saw +Angels ascending and descending, bands +Of guardians bright, when he from Esau fled +To Padan-Aram, in the field of Luz +Dreaming by night under the open sky +And waking cried, This is the gate of Heaven. +Each stair mysteriously was meant, nor stood +There always, but drawn up to Heaven sometimes +Viewless; and underneath a bright sea flowed +Of jasper, or of liquid pearl, whereon +Who after came from earth, failing arrived +Wafted by Angels, or flew o'er the lake +Rapt in a chariot drawn by fiery steeds. +The stairs were then let down, whether to dare +The Fiend by easy ascent, or aggravate +His sad exclusion from the doors of bliss: +Direct against which opened from beneath, +Just o'er the blissful seat of Paradise, +A passage down to the Earth, a passage wide, +Wider by far than that of after-times +Over mount Sion, and, though that were large, +Over the Promised Land to God so dear; +By which, to visit oft those happy tribes, +On high behests his angels to and fro +Passed frequent, and his eye with choice regard +From Paneas, the fount of Jordan's flood, +To Beersaba, where the Holy Land +Borders on Egypt and the Arabian shore; +So wide the opening seemed, where bounds were set +To darkness, such as bound the ocean wave. +Satan from hence, now on the lower stair, +That scaled by steps of gold to Heaven-gate, +Looks down with wonder at the sudden view +Of all this world at once. As when a scout, +Through dark?;nd desart ways with?oeril gone +All?might,?;t?kast by break of cheerful dawn +Obtains the brow of some high-climbing hill, +Which to his eye discovers unaware +The goodly prospect of some foreign land +First seen, or some renowned metropolis +With glistering spires and pinnacles adorned, +Which now the rising sun gilds with his beams: +Such wonder seised, though after Heaven seen, +The Spirit malign, but much more envy seised, +At sight of all this world beheld so fair. +Round he surveys (and well might, where he stood +So high above the circling canopy +Of night's extended shade,) from eastern point +Of Libra to the fleecy star that bears +Andromeda far off Atlantick seas +Beyond the horizon; then from pole to pole +He views in breadth, and without longer pause +Down right into the world's first region throws +His flight precipitant, and winds with ease +Through the pure marble air his oblique way +Amongst innumerable stars, that shone +Stars distant, but nigh hand seemed other worlds; +Or other worlds they seemed, or happy isles, +Like those Hesperian gardens famed of old, +Fortunate fields, and groves, and flowery vales, +Thrice happy isles; but who dwelt happy there +He staid not to inquire: Above them all +The golden sun, in splendour likest Heaven, +Allured his eye; thither his course he bends +Through the calm firmament, (but up or down, +By center, or eccentrick, hard to tell, +Or longitude,) where the great luminary +Aloof the vulgar constellations thick, +That from his lordly eye keep distance due, +Dispenses light from far; they, as they move +Their starry dance in numbers that compute +Days, months, and years, towards his all-cheering lamp +Turn swift their various motions, or are turned +By his magnetick beam, that gently warms +The universe, and to each inward part +With gentle penetration, though unseen, +Shoots invisible virtue even to the deep; +So wonderously was set his station bright. +There lands the Fiend, a spot like which perhaps +Astronomer in the sun's lucent orb +Through his glazed optick tube yet never saw. +The place he found beyond expression bright, +Compared with aught on earth, metal or stone; +Not all parts like, but all alike informed +With radiant light, as glowing iron with fire; +If metal, part seemed gold, part silver clear; +If stone, carbuncle most or chrysolite, +Ruby or topaz, to the twelve that shone +In Aaron's breast-plate, and a stone besides +Imagined rather oft than elsewhere seen, +That stone, or like to that which here below +Philosophers in vain so long have sought, +In vain, though by their powerful art they bind +Volatile Hermes, and call up unbound +In various shapes old Proteus from the sea, +Drained through a limbeck to his native form. +What wonder then if fields and regions here +Breathe forth Elixir pure, and rivers run +Potable gold, when with one virtuous touch +The arch-chemick sun, so far from us remote, +Produces, with terrestrial humour mixed, +Here in the dark so many precious things +Of colour glorious, and effect so rare? +Here matter new to gaze the Devil met +Undazzled; far and wide his eye commands; +For sight no obstacle found here, nor shade, +But all sun-shine, as when his beams at noon +Culminate from the equator, as they now +Shot upward still direct, whence no way round +Shadow from body opaque can fall; and the air, +No where so clear, sharpened his visual ray +To objects distant far, whereby he soon +Saw within ken a glorious Angel stand, +The same whom John saw also in the sun: +His back was turned, but not his brightness hid; +Of beaming sunny rays a golden tiar +Circled his head, nor less his locks behind +Illustrious on his shoulders fledge with wings +Lay waving round; on some great charge employed +He seemed, or fixed in cogitation deep. +Glad was the Spirit impure, as now in hope +To find who might direct his wandering flight +To Paradise, the happy seat of Man, +His journey's end and our beginning woe. +But first he casts to change his proper shape, +Which else might work him danger or delay: +And now a stripling Cherub he appears, +Not of the prime, yet such as in his face +Youth smiled celestial, and to every limb +Suitable grace diffused, so well he feigned: +Under a coronet his flowing hair +In curls on either cheek played; wings he wore +Of many a coloured plume, sprinkled with gold; +His habit fit for speed succinct, and held +Before his decent steps a silver wand. +He drew not nigh unheard; the Angel bright, +Ere he drew nigh, his radiant visage turned, +Admonished by his ear, and straight was known +The Arch-Angel Uriel, one of the seven +Who in God's presence, nearest to his throne, +Stand ready at command, and are his eyes +That run through all the Heavens, or down to the Earth +Bear his swift errands over moist and dry, +O'er sea and land: him Satan thus accosts. +Uriel, for thou of those seven Spirits that stand +In sight of God's high throne, gloriously bright, +The first art wont his great authentick will +Interpreter through highest Heaven to bring, +Where all his sons thy embassy attend; +And here art likeliest by supreme decree +Like honour to obtain, and as his eye +To visit oft this new creation round; +Unspeakable desire to see, and know +All these his wonderous works, but chiefly Man, +His chief delight and favour, him for whom +All these his works so wonderous he ordained, +Hath brought me from the quires of Cherubim +Alone thus wandering. Brightest Seraph, tell +In which of all these shining orbs hath Man +His fixed seat, or fixed seat hath none, +But all these shining orbs his choice to dwell; +That I may find him, and with secret gaze +Or open admiration him behold, +On whom the great Creator hath bestowed +Worlds, and on whom hath all these graces poured; +That both in him and all things, as is meet, +The universal Maker we may praise; +Who justly hath driven out his rebel foes +To deepest Hell, and, to repair that loss, +Created this new happy race of Men +To serve him better: Wise are all his ways. +So spake the false dissembler unperceived; +For neither Man nor Angel can discern +Hypocrisy, the only evil that walks +Invisible, except to God alone, +By his permissive will, through Heaven and Earth: +And oft, though wisdom wake, suspicion sleeps +At wisdom's gate, and to simplicity +Resigns her charge, while goodness thinks no ill +Where no ill seems: Which now for once beguiled +Uriel, though regent of the sun, and held +The sharpest-sighted Spirit of all in Heaven; +Who to the fraudulent impostor foul, +In his uprightness, answer thus returned. +Fair Angel, thy desire, which tends to know +The works of God, thereby to glorify +The great Work-master, leads to no excess +That reaches blame, but rather merits praise +The more it seems excess, that led thee hither +From thy empyreal mansion thus alone, +To witness with thine eyes what some perhaps, +Contented with report, hear only in Heaven: +For wonderful indeed are all his works, +Pleasant to know, and worthiest to be all +Had in remembrance always with delight; +But what created mind can comprehend +Their number, or the wisdom infinite +That brought them forth, but hid their causes deep? +I saw when at his word the formless mass, +This world's material mould, came to a heap: +Confusion heard his voice, and wild uproar +Stood ruled, stood vast infinitude confined; +Till at his second bidding Darkness fled, +Light shone, and order from disorder sprung: +Swift to their several quarters hasted then +The cumbrous elements, earth, flood, air, fire; +And this ethereal quintessence of Heaven +Flew upward, spirited with various forms, +That rolled orbicular, and turned to stars +Numberless, as thou seest, and how they move; +Each had his place appointed, each his course; +The rest in circuit walls this universe. +Look downward on that globe, whose hither side +With light from hence, though but reflected, shines; +That place is Earth, the seat of Man; that light +His day, which else, as the other hemisphere, +Night would invade; but there the neighbouring moon +So call that opposite fair star) her aid +Timely interposes, and her monthly round +Still ending, still renewing, through mid Heaven, +With borrowed light her countenance triform +Hence fills and empties to enlighten the Earth, +And in her pale dominion checks the night. +That spot, to which I point, is Paradise, +Adam's abode; those lofty shades, his bower. +Thy way thou canst not miss, me mine requires. +Thus said, he turned; and Satan, bowing low, +As to superiour Spirits is wont in Heaven, +Where honour due and reverence none neglects, +Took leave, and toward the coast of earth beneath, +Down from the ecliptick, sped with hoped success, +Throws his steep flight in many an aery wheel; +Nor staid, till on Niphates' top he lights. + + + +Book IV + + +O, for that warning voice, which he, who saw +The Apocalypse, heard cry in Heaven aloud, +Then when the Dragon, put to second rout, +Came furious down to be revenged on men, +Woe to the inhabitants on earth! that now, +While time was, our first parents had been warned +The coming of their secret foe, and 'scaped, +Haply so 'scaped his mortal snare: For now +Satan, now first inflamed with rage, came down, +The tempter ere the accuser of mankind, +To wreak on innocent frail Man his loss +Of that first battle, and his flight to Hell: +Yet, not rejoicing in his speed, though bold +Far off and fearless, nor with cause to boast, +Begins his dire attempt; which nigh the birth +Now rolling boils in his tumultuous breast, +And like a devilish engine back recoils +Upon himself; horrour and doubt distract +His troubled thoughts, and from the bottom stir +The Hell within him; for within him Hell +He brings, and round about him, nor from Hell +One step, no more than from himself, can fly +By change of place: Now conscience wakes despair, +That slumbered; wakes the bitter memory +Of what he was, what is, and what must be +Worse; of worse deeds worse sufferings must ensue. +Sometimes towards Eden, which now in his view +Lay pleasant, his grieved look he fixes sad; +Sometimes towards Heaven, and the full-blazing sun, +Which now sat high in his meridian tower: +Then, much revolving, thus in sighs began. +O thou, that, with surpassing glory crowned, +Lookest from thy sole dominion like the God +Of this new world; at whose sight all the stars +Hide their diminished heads; to thee I call, +But with no friendly voice, and add thy name, +Of Sun! to tell thee how I hate thy beams, +That bring to my remembrance from what state +I fell, how glorious once above thy sphere; +Till pride and worse ambition threw me down +Warring in Heaven against Heaven's matchless King: +Ah, wherefore! he deserved no such return +From me, whom he created what I was +In that bright eminence, and with his good +Upbraided none; nor was his service hard. +What could be less than to afford him praise, +The easiest recompence, and pay him thanks, +How due! yet all his good proved ill in me, +And wrought but malice; lifted up so high +I sdeined subjection, and thought one step higher +Would set me highest, and in a moment quit +The debt immense of endless gratitude, +So burdensome still paying, still to owe, +Forgetful what from him I still received, +And understood not that a grateful mind +By owing owes not, but still pays, at once +Indebted and discharged; what burden then +O, had his powerful destiny ordained +Me some inferiour Angel, I had stood +Then happy; no unbounded hope had raised +Ambition! Yet why not some other Power +As great might have aspired, and me, though mean, +Drawn to his part; but other Powers as great +Fell not, but stand unshaken, from within +Or from without, to all temptations armed. +Hadst thou the same free will and power to stand? +Thou hadst: whom hast thou then or what to accuse, +But Heaven's free love dealt equally to all? +Be then his love accursed, since love or hate, +To me alike, it deals eternal woe. +Nay, cursed be thou; since against his thy will +Chose freely what it now so justly rues. +Me miserable! which way shall I fly +Infinite wrath, and infinite despair? +Which way I fly is Hell; myself am Hell; +And, in the lowest deep, a lower deep +Still threatening to devour me opens wide, +To which the Hell I suffer seems a Heaven. +O, then, at last relent: Is there no place +Left for repentance, none for pardon left? +None left but by submission; and that word +Disdain forbids me, and my dread of shame +Among the Spirits beneath, whom I seduced +With other promises and other vaunts +Than to submit, boasting I could subdue +The Omnipotent. Ay me! they little know +How dearly I abide that boast so vain, +Under what torments inwardly I groan, +While they adore me on the throne of Hell. +With diadem and scepter high advanced, +The lower still I fall, only supreme +In misery: Such joy ambition finds. +But say I could repent, and could obtain, +By act of grace, my former state; how soon +Would highth recall high thoughts, how soon unsay +What feigned submission swore? Ease would recant +Vows made in pain, as violent and void. +For never can true reconcilement grow, +Where wounds of deadly hate have pierced so deep: +Which would but lead me to a worse relapse +And heavier fall: so should I purchase dear +Short intermission bought with double smart. +This knows my Punisher; therefore as far +From granting he, as I from begging, peace; +All hope excluded thus, behold, in stead +Mankind created, and for him this world. +So farewell, hope; and with hope farewell, fear; +Farewell, remorse! all good to me is lost; +Evil, be thou my good; by thee at least +Divided empire with Heaven's King I hold, +By thee, and more than half perhaps will reign; +As Man ere long, and this new world, shall know. +Thus while he spake, each passion dimmed his face +Thrice changed with pale, ire, envy, and despair; +Which marred his borrowed visage, and betrayed +Him counterfeit, if any eye beheld. +For heavenly minds from such distempers foul +Are ever clear. Whereof he soon aware, +Each perturbation smoothed with outward calm, +Artificer of fraud; and was the first +That practised falsehood under saintly show, +Deep malice to conceal, couched with revenge: +Yet not enough had practised to deceive +Uriel once warned; whose eye pursued him down + The way he went, and on the Assyrian mount + Saw him disfigured, more than could befall + Spirit of happy sort; his gestures fierce + He marked and mad demeanour, then alone, + As he supposed, all unobserved, unseen. + So on he fares, and to the border comes + Of Eden, where delicious Paradise, + Now nearer, crowns with her enclosure green, + As with a rural mound, the champaign head + Of a steep wilderness, whose hairy sides +Access denied; and overhead upgrew + Insuperable height of loftiest shade, + Cedar, and pine, and fir, and branching palm, + A sylvan scene, and, as the ranks ascend, + Shade above shade, a woody theatre + Of stateliest view. Yet higher than their tops + The verdurous wall of Paradise upsprung; + + 00081429 +Which to our general sire gave prospect large +Into his nether empire neighbouring round. +And higher than that wall a circling row +Of goodliest trees, loaden with fairest fruit, +Blossoms and fruits at once of golden hue, +Appeared, with gay enamelled colours mixed: +On which the sun more glad impressed his beams +Than in fair evening cloud, or humid bow, +When God hath showered the earth; so lovely seemed +That landskip: And of pure now purer air +Meets his approach, and to the heart inspires +Vernal delight and joy, able to drive +All sadness but despair: Now gentle gales, +Fanning their odoriferous wings, dispense +Native perfumes, and whisper whence they stole +Those balmy spoils. As when to them who fail +Beyond the Cape of Hope, and now are past +Mozambick, off at sea north-east winds blow +Sabean odours from the spicy shore +Of Araby the blest; with such delay +Well pleased they slack their course, and many a league +Cheered with the grateful smell old Ocean smiles: +So entertained those odorous sweets the Fiend, +Who came their bane; though with them better pleased +Than Asmodeus with the fishy fume +That drove him, though enamoured, from the spouse +Of Tobit's son, and with a vengeance sent +From Media post to Egypt, there fast bound. +Now to the ascent of that steep savage hill +Satan had journeyed on, pensive and slow; +But further way found none, so thick entwined, +As one continued brake, the undergrowth +Of shrubs and tangling bushes had perplexed +All path of man or beast that passed that way. +One gate there only was, and that looked east +On the other side: which when the arch-felon saw, +Due entrance he disdained; and, in contempt, +At one flight bound high over-leaped all bound +Of hill or highest wall, and sheer within +Lights on his feet. As when a prowling wolf, +Whom hunger drives to seek new haunt for prey, +Watching where shepherds pen their flocks at eve +In hurdled cotes amid the field secure, +Leaps o'er the fence with ease into the fold: +Or as a thief, bent to unhoard the cash +Of some rich burgher, whose substantial doors, +Cross-barred and bolted fast, fear no assault, +In at the window climbs, or o'er the tiles: +So clomb this first grand thief into God's fold; +So since into his church lewd hirelings climb. +Thence up he flew, and on the tree of life, +The middle tree and highest there that grew, +Sat like a cormorant; yet not true life +Thereby regained, but sat devising death +To them who lived; nor on the virtue thought +Of that life-giving plant, but only used +For prospect, what well used had been the pledge +Of immortality. So little knows +Any, but God alone, to value right +The good before him, but perverts best things +To worst abuse, or to their meanest use. +Beneath him with new wonder now he views, +To all delight of human sense exposed, +In narrow room, Nature's whole wealth, yea more, +A Heaven on Earth: For blissful Paradise +Of God the garden was, by him in the east +Of Eden planted; Eden stretched her line +From Auran eastward to the royal towers +Of great Seleucia, built by Grecian kings, +Of where the sons of Eden long before +Dwelt in Telassar: In this pleasant soil +His far more pleasant garden God ordained; +Out of the fertile ground he caused to grow +All trees of noblest kind for sight, smell, taste; +And all amid them stood the tree of life, +High eminent, blooming ambrosial fruit +Of vegetable gold; and next to life, +Our death, the tree of knowledge, grew fast by, +Knowledge of good bought dear by knowing ill. +Southward through Eden went a river large, +Nor changed his course, but through the shaggy hill +Passed underneath ingulfed; for God had thrown +That mountain as his garden-mould high raised +Upon the rapid current, which, through veins +Of porous earth with kindly thirst up-drawn, +Rose a fresh fountain, and with many a rill +Watered the garden; thence united fell +Down the steep glade, and met the nether flood, +Which from his darksome passage now appears, +And now, divided into four main streams, +Runs diverse, wandering many a famous realm +And country, whereof here needs no account; +But rather to tell how, if Art could tell, +How from that sapphire fount the crisped brooks, +Rolling on orient pearl and sands of gold, +With mazy errour under pendant shades +Ran nectar, visiting each plant, and fed +Flowers worthy of Paradise, which not nice Art +In beds and curious knots, but Nature boon +Poured forth profuse on hill, and dale, and plain, +Both where the morning sun first warmly smote +The open field, and where the unpierced shade +Imbrowned the noontide bowers: Thus was this place +A happy rural seat of various view; +Groves whose rich trees wept odorous gums and balm, +Others whose fruit, burnished with golden rind, +Hung amiable, Hesperian fables true, +If true, here only, and of delicious taste: +Betwixt them lawns, or level downs, and flocks +Grazing the tender herb, were interposed, +Or palmy hillock; or the flowery lap +Of some irriguous valley spread her store, +Flowers of all hue, and without thorn the rose: +Another side, umbrageous grots and caves +Of cool recess, o'er which the mantling vine +Lays forth her purple grape, and gently creeps +Luxuriant; mean while murmuring waters fall +Down the slope hills, dispersed, or in a lake, +That to the fringed bank with myrtle crowned +Her crystal mirrour holds, unite their streams. +The birds their quire apply; airs, vernal airs, +Breathing the smell of field and grove, attune +The trembling leaves, while universal Pan, +Knit with the Graces and the Hours in dance, +Led on the eternal Spring. Not that fair field +Of Enna, where Proserpine gathering flowers, +Herself a fairer flower by gloomy Dis +Was gathered, which cost Ceres all that pain +To seek her through the world; nor that sweet grove +Of Daphne by Orontes, and the inspired +Castalian spring, might with this Paradise +Of Eden strive; nor that Nyseian isle +Girt with the river Triton, where old Cham, +Whom Gentiles Ammon call and Libyan Jove, +Hid Amalthea, and her florid son +Young Bacchus, from his stepdame Rhea's eye; +Nor where Abassin kings their issue guard, +Mount Amara, though this by some supposed +True Paradise under the Ethiop line +By Nilus' head, enclosed with shining rock, +A whole day's journey high, but wide remote +From this Assyrian garden, where the Fiend +Saw, undelighted, all delight, all kind +Of living creatures, new to sight, and strange +Two of far nobler shape, erect and tall, +Godlike erect, with native honour clad +In naked majesty seemed lords of all: +And worthy seemed; for in their looks divine +The image of their glorious Maker shone, +Truth, wisdom, sanctitude severe and pure, +(Severe, but in true filial freedom placed,) +Whence true authority in men; though both +Not equal, as their sex not equal seemed; +For contemplation he and valour formed; +For softness she and sweet attractive grace; +He for God only, she for God in him: +His fair large front and eye sublime declared +Absolute rule; and hyacinthine locks +Round from his parted forelock manly hung +Clustering, but not beneath his shoulders broad: +She, as a veil, down to the slender waist +Her unadorned golden tresses wore +Dishevelled, but in wanton ringlets waved +As the vine curls her tendrils, which implied +Subjection, but required with gentle sway, +And by her yielded, by him best received, +Yielded with coy submission, modest pride, +And sweet, reluctant, amorous delay. +Nor those mysterious parts were then concealed; +Then was not guilty shame, dishonest shame +Of nature's works, honour dishonourable, +Sin-bred, how have ye troubled all mankind +With shows instead, mere shows of seeming pure, +And banished from man's life his happiest life, +Simplicity and spotless innocence! +So passed they naked on, nor shunned the sight +Of God or Angel; for they thought no ill: +So hand in hand they passed, the loveliest pair, +That ever since in love's embraces met; +Adam the goodliest man of men since born +His sons, the fairest of her daughters Eve. +Under a tuft of shade that on a green +Stood whispering soft, by a fresh fountain side +They sat them down; and, after no more toil +Of their sweet gardening labour than sufficed +To recommend cool Zephyr, and made ease +More easy, wholesome thirst and appetite +More grateful, to their supper-fruits they fell, +Nectarine fruits which the compliant boughs +Yielded them, side-long as they sat recline +On the soft downy bank damasked with flowers: +The savoury pulp they chew, and in the rind, +Still as they thirsted, scoop the brimming stream; +Nor gentle purpose, nor endearing smiles +Wanted, nor youthful dalliance, as beseems +Fair couple, linked in happy nuptial league, +Alone as they. About them frisking played +All beasts of the earth, since wild, and of all chase +In wood or wilderness, forest or den; +Sporting the lion ramped, and in his paw +Dandled the kid; bears, tigers, ounces, pards, +Gambolled before them; the unwieldy elephant, +To make them mirth, used all his might, and wreathed +His?kithetmroboscis; close the serpent sly, +Insinuating, wove with Gordian twine +His braided train, and of his fatal guile +Gave proof unheeded; others on the grass +Couched, and now filled with pasture gazing sat, +Or bedward ruminating; for the sun, +Declined, was hasting now with prone career +To the ocean isles, and in the ascending scale +Of Heaven the stars that usher evening rose: +When Satan still in gaze, as first he stood, +Scarce thus at length failed speech recovered sad. +O Hell! what do mine eyes with grief behold! +Into our room of bliss thus high advanced +Creatures of other mould, earth-born perhaps, +Not Spirits, yet to heavenly Spirits bright +Little inferiour; whom my thoughts pursue +With wonder, and could love, so lively shines +In them divine resemblance, and such grace +The hand that formed them on their shape hath poured. +Ah! gentle pair, ye little think how nigh +Your change approaches, when all these delights +Will vanish, and deliver ye to woe; +More woe, the more your taste is now of joy; +Happy, but for so happy ill secured +Long to continue, and this high seat your Heaven +Ill fenced for Heaven to keep out such a foe +As now is entered; yet no purposed foe +To you, whom I could pity thus forlorn, +Though I unpitied: League with you I seek, +And mutual amity, so strait, so close, +That I with you must dwell, or you with me +Henceforth; my dwelling haply may not please, +Like this fair Paradise, your sense; yet such +Accept your Maker's work; he gave it me, +Which I as freely give: Hell shall unfold, +To entertain you two, her widest gates, +And send forth all her kings; there will be room, +Not like these narrow limits, to receive +Your numerous offspring; if no better place, +Thank him who puts me loth to this revenge +On you who wrong me not for him who wronged. +And should I at your harmless innocence +Melt, as I do, yet publick reason just, +Honour and empire with revenge enlarged, +By conquering this new world, compels me now +To do what else, though damned, I should abhor. +So spake the Fiend, and with necessity, +The tyrant's plea, excused his devilish deeds. +Then from his lofty stand on that high tree +Down he alights among the sportful herd +Of those four-footed kinds, himself now one, +Now other, as their shape served best his end +Nearer to view his prey, and, unespied, +To mark what of their state he more might learn, +By word or action marked. About them round +A lion now he stalks with fiery glare; +Then as a tiger, who by chance hath spied +In some purlieu two gentle fawns at play, +Straight couches close, then, rising, changes oft +His couchant watch, as one who chose his ground, +Whence rushing, he might surest seize them both, +Griped in each paw: when, Adam first of men +To first of women Eve thus moving speech, +Turned him, all ear to hear new utterance flow. +Sole partner, and sole part, of all these joys, +Dearer thyself than all; needs must the Power +That made us, and for us this ample world, +Be infinitely good, and of his good +As liberal and free as infinite; +That raised us from the dust, and placed us here +In all this happiness, who at his hand +Have nothing merited, nor can perform +Aught whereof he hath need; he who requires +From us no other service than to keep +This one, this easy charge, of all the trees +In Paradise that bear delicious fruit +So various, not to taste that only tree +Of knowledge, planted by the tree of life; +So near grows death to life, whate'er death is, +Some dreadful thing no doubt; for well thou knowest +God hath pronounced it death to taste that tree, +The only sign of our obedience left, +Among so many signs of power and rule +Conferred upon us, and dominion given +Over all other creatures that possess +Earth, air, and sea. Then let us not think hard +One easy prohibition, who enjoy +Free leave so large to all things else, and choice +Unlimited of manifold delights: +But let us ever praise him, and extol +His bounty, following our delightful task, +To prune these growing plants, and tend these flowers, +Which were it toilsome, yet with thee were sweet. +To whom thus Eve replied. O thou for whom +And from whom I was formed, flesh of thy flesh, +And without whom am to no end, my guide +And head! what thou hast said is just and right. +For we to him indeed all praises owe, +And daily thanks; I chiefly, who enjoy +So far the happier lot, enjoying thee +Pre-eminent by so much odds, while thou +Like consort to thyself canst no where find. +That day I oft remember, when from sleep +I first awaked, and found myself reposed +Under a shade on flowers, much wondering where +And what I was, whence thither brought, and how. +Not distant far from thence a murmuring sound +Of waters issued from a cave, and spread +Into a liquid plain, then stood unmoved +Pure as the expanse of Heaven; I thither went +With unexperienced thought, and laid me down +On the green bank, to look into the clear +Smooth lake, that to me seemed another sky. +As I bent down to look, just opposite +A shape within the watery gleam appeared, +Bending to look on me: I started back, +It started back; but pleased I soon returned, +Pleased it returned as soon with answering looks +Of sympathy and love: There I had fixed +Mine eyes till now, and pined with vain desire, +Had not a voice thus warned me; 'What thou seest, +'What there thou seest, fair Creature, is thyself; +'With thee it came and goes: but follow me, +'And I will bring thee where no shadow stays +'Thy coming, and thy soft embraces, he +'Whose image thou art; him thou shalt enjoy +'Inseparably thine, to him shalt bear +'Multitudes like thyself, and thence be called +'Mother of human race.' What could I do, +But follow straight, invisibly thus led? +Till I espied thee, fair indeed and tall, +Under a platane; yet methought less fair, +Less winning soft, less amiably mild, +Than that smooth watery image: Back I turned; +Thou following cryedst aloud, 'Return, fair Eve; +'Whom flyest thou? whom thou flyest, of him thou art, +'His flesh, his bone; to give thee being I lent +'Out of my side to thee, nearest my heart, +'Substantial life, to have thee by my side +'Henceforth an individual solace dear; +'Part of my soul I seek thee, and thee claim +'My other half:' With that thy gentle hand +Seised mine: I yielded;and from that time see +How beauty is excelled by manly grace, +And wisdom, which alone is truly fair. +So spake our general mother, and with eyes +Of conjugal attraction unreproved, +And meek surrender, half-embracing leaned +On our first father; half her swelling breast +Naked met his, under the flowing gold +Of her loose tresses hid: he in delight +Both of her beauty, and submissive charms, +Smiled with superiour love, as Jupiter +On Juno smiles, when he impregns the clouds +That shed Mayflowers; and pressed her matron lip +With kisses pure: Aside the Devil turned +For envy; yet with jealous leer malign +Eyed them askance, and to himself thus plained. +Sight hateful, sight tormenting! thus these two, +Imparadised in one another's arms, +The happier Eden, shall enjoy their fill +Of bliss on bliss; while I to Hell am thrust, +Where neither joy nor love, but fierce desire, +Among our other torments not the least, +Still unfulfilled with pain of longing pines. +Yet let me not forget what I have gained +From their own mouths: All is not theirs, it seems; +One fatal tree there stands, of knowledge called, +Forbidden them to taste: Knowledge forbidden +Suspicious, reasonless. Why should their Lord +Envy them that? Can it be sin to know? +Can it be death? And do they only stand +By ignorance? Is that their happy state, +The proof of their obedience and their faith? +O fair foundation laid whereon to build +Their ruin! hence I will excite their minds +With more desire to know, and to reject +Envious commands, invented with design +To keep them low, whom knowledge might exalt +Equal with Gods: aspiring to be such, +They taste and die: What likelier can ensue +But first with narrow search I must walk round +This garden, and no corner leave unspied; +A chance but chance may lead where I may meet +Some wandering Spirit of Heaven by fountain side, +Or in thick shade retired, from him to draw +What further would be learned. Live while ye may, +Yet happy pair; enjoy, till I return, +Short pleasures, for long woes are to succeed! +So saying, his proud step he scornful turned, +But with sly circumspection, and began +Through wood, through waste, o'er hill, o'er dale, his roam +Mean while in utmost longitude, where Heaven +With earth and ocean meets, the setting sun +Slowly descended, and with right aspect +Against the eastern gate of Paradise +Levelled his evening rays: It was a rock +Of alabaster, piled up to the clouds, +Conspicuous far, winding with one ascent +Accessible from earth, one entrance high; +The rest was craggy cliff, that overhung +Still as it rose, impossible to climb. +Betwixt these rocky pillars Gabriel sat, +Chief of the angelick guards, awaiting night; +About him exercised heroick games +The unarmed youth of Heaven, but nigh at hand +Celestial armoury, shields, helms, and spears, +Hung high with diamond flaming, and with gold. +Thither came Uriel, gliding through the even +On a sun-beam, swift as a shooting star +In autumn thwarts the night, when vapours fired +Impress the air, and shows the mariner +From what point of his compass to beware +Impetuous winds: He thus began in haste. +Gabriel, to thee thy course by lot hath given +Charge and strict watch, that to this happy place +No evil thing approach or enter in. +This day at highth of noon came to my sphere +A Spirit, zealous, as he seemed, to know +More of the Almighty's works, and chiefly Man, +God's latest image: I described his way +Bent all on speed, and marked his aery gait; +But in the mount that lies from Eden north, +Where he first lighted, soon discerned his looks +Alien from Heaven, with passions foul obscured: +Mine eye pursued him still, but under shade +Lost sight of him: One of the banished crew, +I fear, hath ventured from the deep, to raise +New troubles; him thy care must be to find. +To whom the winged warriour thus returned. +Uriel, no wonder if thy perfect sight, +Amid the sun's bright circle where thou sitst, +See far and wide: In at this gate none pass +The vigilance here placed, but such as come +Well known from Heaven; and since meridian hour +No creature thence: If Spirit of other sort, +So minded, have o'er-leaped these earthly bounds +On purpose, hard thou knowest it to exclude +Spiritual substance with corporeal bar. +But if within the circuit of these walks, +In whatsoever shape he lurk, of whom +Thou tellest, by morrow dawning I shall know. +So promised he; and Uriel to his charge +Returned on that bright beam, whose point now raised +Bore him slope downward to the sun now fallen +Beneath the Azores; whether the prime orb, +Incredible how swift, had thither rolled +Diurnal, or this less volubil earth, +By shorter flight to the east, had left him there +Arraying with reflected purple and gold +The clouds that on his western throne attend. +Now came still Evening on, and Twilight gray +Had in her sober livery all things clad; +Silence accompanied; for beast and bird, +They to their grassy couch, these to their nests +Were slunk, all but the wakeful nightingale; +She all night long her amorous descant sung; +Silence was pleased: Now glowed the firmament +With living sapphires: Hesperus, that led +The starry host, rode brightest, till the moon, +Rising in clouded majesty, at length +Apparent queen unveiled her peerless light, +And o'er the dark her silver mantle threw. +When Adam thus to Eve. Fair Consort, the hour +Of night, and all things now retired to rest, +Mind us of like repose; since God hath set +Labour and rest, as day and night, to men +Successive; and the timely dew of sleep, +Now falling with soft slumbrous weight, inclines +Our eye-lids: Other creatures all day long +Rove idle, unemployed, and less need rest; +Man hath his daily work of body or mind +Appointed, which declares his dignity, +And the regard of Heaven on all his ways; +While other animals unactive range, +And of their doings God takes no account. +To-morrow, ere fresh morning streak the east +With first approach of light, we must be risen, +And at our pleasant labour, to reform +Yon flowery arbours, yonder alleys green, +Our walk at noon, with branches overgrown, +That mock our scant manuring, and require +More hands than ours to lop their wanton growth: +Those blossoms also, and those dropping gums, +That lie bestrown, unsightly and unsmooth, +Ask riddance, if we mean to tread with ease; +Mean while, as Nature wills, night bids us rest. +To whom thus Eve, with perfect beauty adorned +My Author and Disposer, what thou bidst +Unargued I obey: So God ordains; +God is thy law, thou mine: To know no more +Is woman's happiest knowledge, and her praise. +With thee conversing I forget all time; +All seasons, and their change, all please alike. +Sweet is the breath of Morn, her rising sweet, +With charm of earliest birds: pleasant the sun, +When first on this delightful land he spreads +His orient beams, on herb, tree, fruit, and flower, +Glistering with dew; fragrant the fertile earth +After soft showers; and sweet the coming on +Of grateful Evening mild; then silent Night, +With this her solemn bird, and this fair moon, +And these the gems of Heaven, her starry train: +But neither breath of Morn, when she ascends +With charm of earliest birds; nor rising sun +On this delightful land; nor herb, fruit, flower, +Glistering with dew; nor fragrance after showers; +Nor grateful Evening mild; nor silent Night, +With this her solemn bird, nor walk by moon, +Or glittering star-light, without thee is sweet. +But wherefore all night long shine these? for whom +This glorious sight, when sleep hath shut all eyes? +To whom our general ancestor replied. +Daughter of God and Man, accomplished Eve, +These have their course to finish round the earth, +By morrow evening, and from land to land +In order, though to nations yet unborn, +Ministring light prepared, they set and rise; +Lest total Darkness should by night regain +Her old possession, and extinguish life +In Nature and all things; which these soft fires +Not only enlighten, but with kindly heat +Of various influence foment and warm, +Temper or nourish, or in part shed down +Their stellar virtue on all kinds that grow +On earth, made hereby apter to receive +Perfection from the sun's more potent ray. +These then, though unbeheld in deep of night, +Shine not in vain; nor think, though men were none, +That Heaven would want spectators, God want praise: +Millions of spiritual creatures walk the earth +Unseen, both when we wake, and when we sleep: +All these with ceaseless praise his works behold +Both day and night: How often from the steep +Of echoing hill or thicket have we heard +Celestial voices to the midnight air, +Sole, or responsive each to others note, +Singing their great Creator? oft in bands +While they keep watch, or nightly rounding walk, +With heavenly touch of instrumental sounds +In full harmonick number joined, their songs +Divide the night, and lift our thoughts to Heaven. +Thus talking, hand in hand alone they passed +On to their blissful bower: it was a place +Chosen by the sovran Planter, when he framed +All things to Man's delightful use; the roof +Of thickest covert was inwoven shade +Laurel and myrtle, and what higher grew +Of firm and fragrant leaf; on either side +Acanthus, and each odorous bushy shrub, +Fenced up the verdant wall; each beauteous flower, +Iris all hues, roses, and jessamin, +Reared high their flourished heads between, and wrought +Mosaick; underfoot the violet, +Crocus, and hyacinth, with rich inlay +Broidered the ground, more coloured than with stone +Of costliest emblem: Other creature here, +Bird, beast, insect, or worm, durst enter none, +Such was their awe of Man. In shadier bower +More sacred and sequestered, though but feigned, +Pan or Sylvanus never slept, nor Nymph +Nor Faunus haunted. Here, in close recess, +With flowers, garlands, and sweet-smelling herbs, +Espoused Eve decked first her nuptial bed; +And heavenly quires the hymenaean sung, +What day the genial Angel to our sire +Brought her in naked beauty more adorned, +More lovely, than Pandora, whom the Gods +Endowed with all their gifts, and O! too like +In sad event, when to the unwiser son +Of Japhet brought by Hermes, she ensnared +Mankind with her fair looks, to be avenged +On him who had stole Jove's authentick fire. +Thus, at their shady lodge arrived, both stood, +Both turned, and under open sky adored +The God that made both sky, air, earth, and heaven, +Which they beheld, the moon's resplendent globe, +And starry pole: Thou also madest the night, +Maker Omnipotent, and thou the day, +Which we, in our appointed work employed, +Have finished, happy in our mutual help +And mutual love, the crown of all our bliss +Ordained by thee; and this delicious place +For us too large, where thy abundance wants +Partakers, and uncropt falls to the ground. +But thou hast promised from us two a race +To fill the earth, who shall with us extol +Thy goodness infinite, both when we wake, +And when we seek, as now, thy gift of sleep. +This said unanimous, and other rites +Observing none, but adoration pure +Which God likes best, into their inmost bower +Handed they went; and, eased the putting off +These troublesome disguises which we wear, +Straight side by side were laid; nor turned, I ween, +Adam from his fair spouse, nor Eve the rites +Mysterious of connubial love refused: +Whatever hypocrites austerely talk +Of purity, and place, and innocence, +Defaming as impure what God declares +Pure, and commands to some, leaves free to all. +Our Maker bids encrease; who bids abstain +But our Destroyer, foe to God and Man? +Hail, wedded Love, mysterious law, true source +Of human offspring, sole propriety +In Paradise of all things common else! +By thee adulterous Lust was driven from men +Among the bestial herds to range; by thee +Founded in reason, loyal, just, and pure, +Relations dear, and all the charities +Of father, son, and brother, first were known. +Far be it, that I should write thee sin or blame, +Or think thee unbefitting holiest place, +Perpetual fountain of domestick sweets, +Whose bed is undefiled and chaste pronounced, +Present, or past, as saints and patriarchs used. +Here Love his golden shafts employs, here lights +His constant lamp, and waves his purple wings, +Reigns here and revels; not in the bought smile +Of harlots, loveless, joyless, unendeared, +Casual fruition; nor in court-amours, +Mixed dance, or wanton mask, or midnight ball, +Or serenate, which the starved lover sings +To his proud fair, best quitted with disdain. +These, lulled by nightingales, embracing slept, +And on their naked limbs the flowery roof +Showered roses, which the morn repaired. Sleep on, +Blest pair; and O!yet happiest, if ye seek +No happier state, and know to know no more. +Now had night measured with her shadowy cone +Half way up hill this vast sublunar vault, +And from their ivory port the Cherubim, +Forth issuing at the accustomed hour, stood armed +To their night watches in warlike parade; +When Gabriel to his next in power thus spake. +Uzziel, half these draw off, and coast the south +With strictest watch; these other wheel the north; +Our circuit meets full west. As flame they part, +Half wheeling to the shield, half to the spear. +From these, two strong and subtle Spirits he called +That near him stood, and gave them thus in charge. +Ithuriel and Zephon, with winged speed +Search through this garden, leave unsearched no nook; +But chiefly where those two fair creatures lodge, +Now laid perhaps asleep, secure of harm. +This evening from the sun's decline arrived, +Who tells of some infernal Spirit seen +Hitherward bent (who could have thought?) escaped +The bars of Hell, on errand bad no doubt: +Such, where ye find, seise fast, and hither bring. +So saying, on he led his radiant files, +Dazzling the moon; these to the bower direct +In search of whom they sought: Him there they found +Squat like a toad, close at the ear of Eve, +Assaying by his devilish art to reach +The organs of her fancy, and with them forge +Illusions, as he list, phantasms and dreams; +Or if, inspiring venom, he might taint +The animal spirits, that from pure blood arise +Like gentle breaths from rivers pure, thence raise +At least distempered, discontented thoughts, +Vain hopes, vain aims, inordinate desires, +Blown up with high conceits ingendering pride. +Him thus intent Ithuriel with his spear +Touched lightly; for no falshood can endure +Touch of celestial temper, but returns +Of force to its own likeness: Up he starts +Discovered and surprised. As when a spark +Lights on a heap of nitrous powder, laid +Fit for the tun some magazine to store +Against a rumoured war, the smutty grain, +With sudden blaze diffused, inflames the air; +So started up in his own shape the Fiend. +Back stept those two fair Angels, half amazed +So sudden to behold the grisly king; +Yet thus, unmoved with fear, accost him soon. +Which of those rebel Spirits adjudged to Hell +Comest thou, escaped thy prison? and, transformed, +Why sat'st thou like an enemy in wait, +Here watching at the head of these that sleep? +Know ye not then said Satan, filled with scorn, +Know ye not me? ye knew me once no mate +For you, there sitting where ye durst not soar: +Not to know me argues yourselves unknown, +The lowest of your throng; or, if ye know, +Why ask ye, and superfluous begin +Your message, like to end as much in vain? +To whom thus Zephon, answering scorn with scorn. +Think not, revolted Spirit, thy shape the same, +Or undiminished brightness to be known, +As when thou stoodest in Heaven upright and pure; +That glory then, when thou no more wast good, +Departed from thee; and thou resemblest now +Thy sin and place of doom obscure and foul. +But come, for thou, be sure, shalt give account +To him who sent us, whose charge is to keep +This place inviolable, and these from harm. +So spake the Cherub; and his grave rebuke, +Severe in youthful beauty, added grace +Invincible: Abashed the Devil stood, +And felt how awful goodness is, and saw +Virtue in her shape how lovely; saw, and pined +His loss; but chiefly to find here observed +His lustre visibly impaired; yet seemed +Undaunted. If I must contend, said he, +Best with the best, the sender, not the sent, +Or all at once; more glory will be won, +Or less be lost. Thy fear, said Zephon bold, +Will save us trial what the least can do +Single against thee wicked, and thence weak. +The Fiend replied not, overcome with rage; +But, like a proud steed reined, went haughty on, +Champing his iron curb: To strive or fly +He held it vain; awe from above had quelled +His heart, not else dismayed. Now drew they nigh +The western point, where those half-rounding guards +Just met, and closing stood in squadron joined, +A waiting next command. To whom their Chief, +Gabriel, from the front thus called aloud. +O friends! I hear the tread of nimble feet +Hasting this way, and now by glimpse discern +Ithuriel and Zephon through the shade; +And with them comes a third of regal port, +But faded splendour wan; who by his gait +And fierce demeanour seems the Prince of Hell, +Not likely to part hence without contest; +Stand firm, for in his look defiance lours. +He scarce had ended, when those two approached, +And brief related whom they brought, where found, +How busied, in what form and posture couched. +To whom with stern regard thus Gabriel spake. +Why hast thou, Satan, broke the bounds prescribed +To thy transgressions, and disturbed the charge +Of others, who approve not to transgress +By thy example, but have power and right +To question thy bold entrance on this place; +Employed, it seems, to violate sleep, and those +Whose dwelling God hath planted here in bliss! +To whom thus Satan with contemptuous brow. +Gabriel? thou hadst in Heaven the esteem of wise, +And such I held thee; but this question asked +Puts me in doubt. Lives there who loves his pain! +Who would not, finding way, break loose from Hell, +Though thither doomed! Thou wouldst thyself, no doubt +And boldly venture to whatever place +Farthest from pain, where thou mightst hope to change +Torment with ease, and soonest recompense +Dole with delight, which in this place I sought; +To thee no reason, who knowest only good, +But evil hast not tried: and wilt object +His will who bounds us! Let him surer bar +His iron gates, if he intends our stay +In that dark durance: Thus much what was asked. +The rest is true, they found me where they say; +But that implies not violence or harm. +Thus he in scorn. The warlike Angel moved, +Disdainfully half smiling, thus replied. +O loss of one in Heaven to judge of wise +Since Satan fell, whom folly overthrew, +And now returns him from his prison 'scaped, +Gravely in doubt whether to hold them wise +Or not, who ask what boldness brought him hither +Unlicensed from his bounds in Hell prescribed; +So wise he judges it to fly from pain +However, and to 'scape his punishment! +So judge thou still, presumptuous! till the wrath, +Which thou incurrest by flying, meet thy flight +Sevenfold, and scourge that wisdom back to Hell, +Which taught thee yet no better, that no pain +Can equal anger infinite provoked. +But wherefore thou alone? wherefore with thee +Came not all hell broke loose? or thou than they +Less hardy to endure? Courageous Chief! +The first in flight from pain! hadst thou alleged +To thy deserted host this cause of flight, +Thou surely hadst not come sole fugitive. +To which the Fiend thus answered, frowning stern. +Not that I less endure, or shrink from pain, +Insulting Angel! well thou knowest I stood +Thy fiercest, when in battle to thy aid +The blasting vollied thunder made all speed, +And seconded thy else not dreaded spear. +But still thy words at random, as before, +Argue thy inexperience what behoves +From hard assays and ill successes past +A faithful leader, not to hazard all +Through ways of danger by himself untried: +I, therefore, I alone first undertook +To wing the desolate abyss, and spy +This new created world, whereof in Hell +Fame is not silent, here in hope to find +Better abode, and my afflicted Powers +To settle here on earth, or in mid air; +Though for possession put to try once more +What thou and thy gay legions dare against; +Whose easier business were to serve their Lord +High up in Heaven, with songs to hymn his throne, +And practised distances to cringe, not fight, +To whom the warriour Angel soon replied. +To say and straight unsay, pretending first +Wise to fly pain, professing next the spy, +Argues no leader but a liear traced, +Satan, and couldst thou faithful add? O name, +O sacred name of faithfulness profaned! +Faithful to whom? to thy rebellious crew? +Army of Fiends, fit body to fit head. +Was this your discipline and faith engaged, +Your military obedience, to dissolve +Allegiance to the acknowledged Power supreme? +And thou, sly hypocrite, who now wouldst seem +Patron of liberty, who more than thou +Once fawned, and cringed, and servily adored +Heaven's awful Monarch? wherefore, but in hope +To dispossess him, and thyself to reign? +But mark what I arreed thee now, Avant; +Fly neither whence thou fledst! If from this hour +Within these hallowed limits thou appear, +Back to the infernal pit I drag thee chained, +And seal thee so, as henceforth not to scorn +The facile gates of Hell too slightly barred. +So threatened he; but Satan to no threats +Gave heed, but waxing more in rage replied. +Then when I am thy captive talk of chains, +Proud limitary Cherub! but ere then +Far heavier load thyself expect to feel +From my prevailing arm, though Heaven's King +Ride on thy wings, and thou with thy compeers, +Us'd to the yoke, drawest his triumphant wheels +In progress through the road of Heaven star-paved. +While thus he spake, the angelick squadron bright +Turned fiery red, sharpening in mooned horns +Their phalanx, and began to hem him round +With ported spears, as thick as when a field +Of Ceres ripe for harvest waving bends +Her bearded grove of ears, which way the wind +Sways them; the careful plowman doubting stands, +Left on the threshing floor his hopeless sheaves +Prove chaff. On the other side, Satan, alarmed, +Collecting all his might, dilated stood, +Like Teneriff or Atlas, unremoved: +His stature reached the sky, and on his crest +Sat Horrour plumed; nor wanted in his grasp +What seemed both spear and shield: Now dreadful deeds +Might have ensued, nor only Paradise +In this commotion, but the starry cope +Of Heaven perhaps, or all the elements +At least had gone to wrack, disturbed and torn +With violence of this conflict, had not soon +The Eternal, to prevent such horrid fray, +Hung forth in Heaven his golden scales, yet seen +Betwixt Astrea and the Scorpion sign, +Wherein all things created first he weighed, +The pendulous round earth with balanced air +In counterpoise, now ponders all events, +Battles and realms: In these he put two weights, +The sequel each of parting and of fight: +The latter quick up flew, and kicked the beam, +Which Gabriel spying, thus bespake the Fiend. +Satan, I know thy strength, and thou knowest mine; +Neither our own, but given: What folly then +To boast what arms can do? since thine no more +Than Heaven permits, nor mine, though doubled now +To trample thee as mire: For proof look up, +And read thy lot in yon celestial sign; +Where thou art weighed, and shown how light, how weak, +If thou resist. The Fiend looked up, and knew +His mounted scale aloft: Nor more;but fled +Murmuring, and with him fled the shades of night. + + + +Book V + + +Now Morn, her rosy steps in the eastern clime +Advancing, sowed the earth with orient pearl, +When Adam waked, so customed; for his sleep +Was aery-light, from pure digestion bred, +And temperate vapours bland, which the only sound +Of leaves and fuming rills, Aurora's fan, +Lightly dispersed, and the shrill matin song +Of birds on every bough; so much the more +His wonder was to find unwakened Eve +With tresses discomposed, and glowing cheek, +As through unquiet rest: He, on his side +Leaning half raised, with looks of cordial love +Hung over her enamoured, and beheld +Beauty, which, whether waking or asleep, +Shot forth peculiar graces; then with voice +Mild, as when Zephyrus on Flora breathes, +Her hand soft touching, whispered thus. Awake, +My fairest, my espoused, my latest found, +Heaven's last best gift, my ever new delight! +Awake: The morning shines, and the fresh field +Calls us; we lose the prime, to mark how spring +Our tender plants, how blows the citron grove, +What drops the myrrh, and what the balmy reed, +How nature paints her colours, how the bee +Sits on the bloom extracting liquid sweet. +Such whispering waked her, but with startled eye +On Adam, whom embracing, thus she spake. +O sole in whom my thoughts find all repose, +My glory, my perfection! glad I see +Thy face, and morn returned; for I this night +(Such night till this I never passed) have dreamed, +If dreamed, not, as I oft am wont, of thee, +Works of day past, or morrow's next design, +But of offence and trouble, which my mind +Knew never till this irksome night: Methought, +Close at mine ear one called me forth to walk +With gentle voice; I thought it thine: It said, +'Why sleepest thou, Eve? now is the pleasant time, +'The cool, the silent, save where silence yields +'To the night-warbling bird, that now awake +'Tunes sweetest his love-laboured song; now reigns +'Full-orbed the moon, and with more pleasing light +'Shadowy sets off the face of things; in vain, +'If none regard; Heaven wakes with all his eyes, +'Whom to behold but thee, Nature's desire? +'In whose sight all things joy, with ravishment +'Attracted by thy beauty still to gaze.' +I rose as at thy call, but found thee not; +To find thee I directed then my walk; +And on, methought, alone I passed through ways +That brought me on a sudden to the tree +Of interdicted knowledge: fair it seemed, +Much fairer to my fancy than by day: +And, as I wondering looked, beside it stood +One shaped and winged like one of those from Heaven +By us oft seen; his dewy locks distilled +Ambrosia; on that tree he also gazed; +And 'O fair plant,' said he, 'with fruit surcharged, +'Deigns none to ease thy load, and taste thy sweet, +'Nor God, nor Man? Is knowledge so despised? +'Or envy, or what reserve forbids to taste? +'Forbid who will, none shall from me withhold +'Longer thy offered good; why else set here? +This said, he paused not, but with venturous arm +He plucked, he tasted; me damp horrour chilled +At such bold words vouched with a deed so bold: +But he thus, overjoyed; 'O fruit divine, +'Sweet of thyself, but much more sweet thus cropt, +'Forbidden here, it seems, as only fit +'For Gods, yet able to make Gods of Men: +'And why not Gods of Men; since good, the more +'Communicated, more abundant grows, +'The author not impaired, but honoured more? +'Here, happy creature, fair angelick Eve! +'Partake thou also; happy though thou art, +'Happier thou mayest be, worthier canst not be: +'Taste this, and be henceforth among the Gods +'Thyself a Goddess, not to earth confined, +'But sometimes in the air, as we, sometimes +'Ascend to Heaven, by merit thine, and see +'What life the Gods live there, and such live thou!' +So saying, he drew nigh, and to me held, +Even to my mouth of that same fruit held part +Which he had plucked; the pleasant savoury smell +So quickened appetite, that I, methought, +Could not but taste. Forthwith up to the clouds +With him I flew, and underneath beheld +The earth outstretched immense, a prospect wide +And various: Wondering at my flight and change +To this high exaltation; suddenly +My guide was gone, and I, methought, sunk down, +And fell asleep; but O, how glad I waked +To find this but a dream! Thus Eve her night +Related, and thus Adam answered sad. +Best image of myself, and dearer half, +The trouble of thy thoughts this night in sleep +Affects me equally; nor can I like +This uncouth dream, of evil sprung, I fear; +Yet evil whence? in thee can harbour none, +Created pure. But know that in the soul +Are many lesser faculties, that serve +Reason as chief; among these Fancy next +Her office holds; of all external things +Which the five watchful senses represent, +She forms imaginations, aery shapes, +Which Reason, joining or disjoining, frames +All what we affirm or what deny, and call +Our knowledge or opinion; then retires +Into her private cell, when nature rests. +Oft in her absence mimick Fancy wakes +To imitate her; but, misjoining shapes, +Wild work produces oft, and most in dreams; +Ill matching words and deeds long past or late. +Some such resemblances, methinks, I find +Of our last evening's talk, in this thy dream, +But with addition strange; yet be not sad. +Evil into the mind of God or Man +May come and go, so unreproved, and leave +No spot or blame behind: Which gives me hope +That what in sleep thou didst abhor to dream, +Waking thou never will consent to do. +Be not disheartened then, nor cloud those looks, +That wont to be more cheerful and serene, +Than when fair morning first smiles on the world; +And let us to our fresh employments rise +Among the groves, the fountains, and the flowers +That open now their choisest bosomed smells, +Reserved from night, and kept for thee in store. +So cheered he his fair spouse, and she was cheered; +But silently a gentle tear let fall +From either eye, and wiped them with her hair; +Two other precious drops that ready stood, +Each in their crystal sluice, he ere they fell +Kissed, as the gracious signs of sweet remorse +And pious awe, that feared to have offended. +So all was cleared, and to the field they haste. +But first, from under shady arborous roof +Soon as they forth were come to open sight +Of day-spring, and the sun, who, scarce up-risen, +With wheels yet hovering o'er the ocean-brim, +Shot parallel to the earth his dewy ray, +Discovering in wide landskip all the east +Of Paradise and Eden's happy plains, +Lowly they bowed adoring, and began +Their orisons, each morning duly paid +In various style; for neither various style +Nor holy rapture wanted they to praise +Their Maker, in fit strains pronounced, or sung +Unmeditated; such prompt eloquence +Flowed from their lips, in prose or numerous verse, +More tuneable than needed lute or harp +To add more sweetness; and they thus began. +These are thy glorious works, Parent of good, +Almighty! Thine this universal frame, +Thus wonderous fair; Thyself how wonderous then! +Unspeakable, who sitst above these heavens +To us invisible, or dimly seen +In these thy lowest works; yet these declare +Thy goodness beyond thought, and power divine. +Speak, ye who best can tell, ye sons of light, +Angels; for ye behold him, and with songs +And choral symphonies, day without night, +Circle his throne rejoicing; ye in Heaven +On Earth join all ye Creatures to extol +Him first, him last, him midst, and without end. +Fairest of stars, last in the train of night, +If better thou belong not to the dawn, +Sure pledge of day, that crownest the smiling morn +With thy bright circlet, praise him in thy sphere, +While day arises, that sweet hour of prime. +Thou Sun, of this great world both eye and soul, +Acknowledge him thy greater; sound his praise +In thy eternal course, both when thou climbest, +And when high noon hast gained, and when thou fallest. +Moon, that now meetest the orient sun, now flyest, +With the fixed Stars, fixed in their orb that flies; +And ye five other wandering Fires, that move +In mystick dance not without song, resound +His praise, who out of darkness called up light. +Air, and ye Elements, the eldest birth +Of Nature's womb, that in quaternion run +Perpetual circle, multiform; and mix +And nourish all things; let your ceaseless change +Vary to our great Maker still new praise. +Ye Mists and Exhalations, that now rise +From hill or steaming lake, dusky or gray, +Till the sun paint your fleecy skirts with gold, +In honour to the world's great Author rise; +Whether to deck with clouds the uncoloured sky, +Or wet the thirsty earth with falling showers, +Rising or falling still advance his praise. +His praise, ye Winds, that from four quarters blow, +Breathe soft or loud; and, wave your tops, ye Pines, +With every plant, in sign of worship wave. +Fountains, and ye that warble, as ye flow, +Melodious murmurs, warbling tune his praise. +Join voices, all ye living Souls: Ye Birds, +That singing up to Heaven-gate ascend, +Bear on your wings and in your notes his praise. +Ye that in waters glide, and ye that walk +The earth, and stately tread, or lowly creep; +Witness if I be silent, morn or even, +To hill, or valley, fountain, or fresh shade, +Made vocal by my song, and taught his praise. +Hail, universal Lord, be bounteous still +To give us only good; and if the night +Have gathered aught of evil, or concealed, +Disperse it, as now light dispels the dark! +So prayed they innocent, and to their thoughts +Firm peace recovered soon, and wonted calm. +On to their morning's rural work they haste, +Among sweet dews and flowers; where any row +Of fruit-trees over-woody reached too far +Their pampered boughs, and needed hands to check +Fruitless embraces: or they led the vine +To wed her elm; she, spoused, about him twines +Her marriageable arms, and with him brings +Her dower, the adopted clusters, to adorn +His barren leaves. Them thus employed beheld +With pity Heaven's high King, and to him called +Raphael, the sociable Spirit, that deigned +To travel with Tobias, and secured +His marriage with the seventimes-wedded maid. +Raphael, said he, thou hearest what stir on Earth +Satan, from Hell 'scaped through the darksome gulf, +Hath raised in Paradise; and how disturbed +This night the human pair; how he designs +In them at once to ruin all mankind. +Go therefore, half this day as friend with friend +Converse with Adam, in what bower or shade +Thou findest him from the heat of noon retired, +To respite his day-labour with repast, +Or with repose; and such discourse bring on, +As may advise him of his happy state, +Happiness in his power left free to will, +Left to his own free will, his will though free, +Yet mutable; whence warn him to beware +He swerve not, too secure: Tell him withal +His danger, and from whom; what enemy, +Late fallen himself from Heaven, is plotting now +The fall of others from like state of bliss; +By violence? no, for that shall be withstood; +But by deceit and lies: This let him know, +Lest, wilfully transgressing, he pretend +Surprisal, unadmonished, unforewarned. +So spake the Eternal Father, and fulfilled +All justice: Nor delayed the winged Saint +After his charge received; but from among +Thousand celestial Ardours, where he stood +Veiled with his gorgeous wings, up springing light, +Flew through the midst of Heaven; the angelick quires, +On each hand parting, to his speed gave way +Through all the empyreal road; till, at the gate +Of Heaven arrived, the gate self-opened wide +On golden hinges turning, as by work +Divine the sovran Architect had framed. +From hence no cloud, or, to obstruct his sight, +Star interposed, however small he sees, +Not unconformed to other shining globes, +Earth, and the garden of God, with cedars crowned +Above all hills. As when by night the glass +Of Galileo, less assured, observes +Imagined lands and regions in the moon: +Or pilot, from amidst the Cyclades +Delos or Samos first appearing, kens +A cloudy spot. Down thither prone in flight +He speeds, and through the vast ethereal sky +Sails between worlds and worlds, with steady wing +Now on the polar winds, then with quick fan +Winnows the buxom air; till, within soar +Of towering eagles, to all the fowls he seems +A phoenix, gazed by all as that sole bird, +When, to enshrine his reliques in the Sun's +Bright temple, to Egyptian Thebes he flies. +At once on the eastern cliff of Paradise +He lights, and to his proper shape returns +A Seraph winged: Six wings he wore, to shade +His lineaments divine; the pair that clad +Each shoulder broad, came mantling o'er his breast +With regal ornament; the middle pair +Girt like a starry zone his waist, and round +Skirted his loins and thighs with downy gold +And colours dipt in Heaven; the third his feet +Shadowed from either heel with feathered mail, +Sky-tinctured grain. Like Maia's son he stood, +And shook his plumes, that heavenly fragrance filled +The circuit wide. Straight knew him all the bands +Of Angels under watch; and to his state, +And to his message high, in honour rise; +For on some message high they guessed him bound. +Their glittering tents he passed, and now is come +Into the blissful field, through groves of myrrh, +And flowering odours, cassia, nard, and balm; +A wilderness of sweets; for Nature here +Wantoned as in her prime, and played at will +Her virgin fancies pouring forth more sweet, +Wild above rule or art, enormous bliss. +Him through the spicy forest onward come +Adam discerned, as in the door he sat +Of his cool bower, while now the mounted sun +Shot down direct his fervid rays to warm +Earth's inmost womb, more warmth than Adam needs: +And Eve within, due at her hour prepared +For dinner savoury fruits, of taste to please +True appetite, and not disrelish thirst +Of nectarous draughts between, from milky stream, +Berry or grape: To whom thus Adam called. +Haste hither, Eve, and worth thy sight behold +Eastward among those trees, what glorious shape +Comes this way moving; seems another morn +Risen on mid-noon; some great behest from Heaven +To us perhaps he brings, and will vouchsafe +This day to be our guest. But go with speed, +And, what thy stores contain, bring forth, and pour +Abundance, fit to honour and receive +Our heavenly stranger: Well we may afford +Our givers their own gifts, and large bestow +From large bestowed, where Nature multiplies +Her fertile growth, and by disburthening grows +More fruitful, which instructs us not to spare. +To whom thus Eve. Adam, earth's hallowed mould, +Of God inspired! small store will serve, where store, +All seasons, ripe for use hangs on the stalk; +Save what by frugal storing firmness gains +To nourish, and superfluous moist consumes: +But I will haste, and from each bough and brake, +Each plant and juciest gourd, will pluck such choice +To entertain our Angel-guest, as he +Beholding shall confess, that here on Earth +God hath dispensed his bounties as in Heaven. +So saying, with dispatchful looks in haste +She turns, on hospitable thoughts intent +What choice to choose for delicacy best, +What order, so contrived as not to mix +Tastes, not well joined, inelegant, but bring +Taste after taste upheld with kindliest change; +Bestirs her then, and from each tender stalk +Whatever Earth, all-bearing mother, yields +In India East or West, or middle shore +In Pontus or the Punick coast, or where +Alcinous reigned, fruit of all kinds, in coat +Rough, or smooth rind, or bearded husk, or shell, +She gathers, tribute large, and on the board +Heaps with unsparing hand; for drink the grape +She crushes, inoffensive must, and meaths +From many a berry, and from sweet kernels pressed +She tempers dulcet creams; nor these to hold +Wants her fit vessels pure; then strows the ground +With rose and odours from the shrub unfumed. +Mean while our primitive great sire, to meet +His God-like guest, walks forth, without more train +Accompanied than with his own complete +Perfections; in himself was all his state, +More solemn than the tedious pomp that waits +On princes, when their rich retinue long +Of horses led, and grooms besmeared with gold, +Dazzles the croud, and sets them all agape. +Nearer his presence Adam, though not awed, +Yet with submiss approach and reverence meek, +As to a superiour nature bowing low, +Thus said. Native of Heaven, for other place +None can than Heaven such glorious shape contain; +Since, by descending from the thrones above, +Those happy places thou hast deigned a while +To want, and honour these, vouchsafe with us +Two only, who yet by sovran gift possess +This spacious ground, in yonder shady bower +To rest; and what the garden choicest bears +To sit and taste, till this meridian heat +Be over, and the sun more cool decline. +Whom thus the angelick Virtue answered mild. +Adam, I therefore came; nor art thou such +Created, or such place hast here to dwell, +As may not oft invite, though Spirits of Heaven, +To visit thee; lead on then where thy bower +O'ershades; for these mid-hours, till evening rise, +I have at will. So to the sylvan lodge +They came, that like Pomona's arbour smiled, +With flowerets decked, and fragrant smells; but Eve, +Undecked save with herself, more lovely fair +Than Wood-Nymph, or the fairest Goddess feigned +Of three that in mount Ida naked strove, +Stood to entertain her guest from Heaven; no veil +She needed, virtue-proof; no thought infirm +Altered her cheek. On whom the Angel Hail +Bestowed, the holy salutation used +Long after to blest Mary, second Eve. +Hail, Mother of Mankind, whose fruitful womb +Shall fill the world more numerous with thy sons, +Than with these various fruits the trees of God +Have heaped this table!--Raised of grassy turf +Their table was, and mossy seats had round, +And on her ample square from side to side +All autumn piled, though spring and autumn here +Danced hand in hand. A while discourse they hold; +No fear lest dinner cool; when thus began +Our author. Heavenly stranger, please to taste +These bounties, which our Nourisher, from whom +All perfect good, unmeasured out, descends, +To us for food and for delight hath caused +The earth to yield; unsavoury food perhaps +To spiritual natures; only this I know, +That one celestial Father gives to all. +To whom the Angel. Therefore what he gives +(Whose praise be ever sung) to Man in part +Spiritual, may of purest Spirits be found +No ingrateful food: And food alike those pure +Intelligential substances require, +As doth your rational; and both contain +Within them every lower faculty +Of sense, whereby they hear, see, smell, touch, taste, +Tasting concoct, digest, assimilate, +And corporeal to incorporeal turn. +For know, whatever was created, needs +To be sustained and fed: Of elements +The grosser feeds the purer, earth the sea, +Earth and the sea feed air, the air those fires +Ethereal, and as lowest first the moon; +Whence in her visage round those spots, unpurged +Vapours not yet into her substance turned. +Nor doth the moon no nourishment exhale +From her moist continent to higher orbs. +The sun that light imparts to all, receives +From all his alimental recompence +In humid exhalations, and at even +Sups with the ocean. Though in Heaven the trees +Of life ambrosial fruitage bear, and vines +Yield nectar; though from off the boughs each morn +We brush mellifluous dews, and find the ground +Covered with pearly grain: Yet God hath here +Varied his bounty so with new delights, +As may compare with Heaven; and to taste +Think not I shall be nice. So down they sat, +And to their viands fell; nor seemingly +The Angel, nor in mist, the common gloss +Of Theologians; but with keen dispatch +Of real hunger, and concoctive heat +To transubstantiate: What redounds, transpires +Through Spirits with ease; nor wonder;if by fire +Of sooty coal the empirick alchemist +Can turn, or holds it possible to turn, +Metals of drossiest ore to perfect gold, +As from the mine. Mean while at table Eve +Ministered naked, and their flowing cups +With pleasant liquours crowned: O innocence +Deserving Paradise! if ever, then, +Then had the sons of God excuse to have been +Enamoured at that sight; but in those hearts +Love unlibidinous reigned, nor jealousy +Was understood, the injured lover's hell. +Thus when with meats and drinks they had sufficed, +Not burdened nature, sudden mind arose +In Adam, not to let the occasion pass +Given him by this great conference to know +Of things above his world, and of their being +Who dwell in Heaven, whose excellence he saw +Transcend his own so far; whose radiant forms, +Divine effulgence, whose high power, so far +Exceeded human; and his wary speech +Thus to the empyreal minister he framed. +Inhabitant with God, now know I well +Thy favour, in this honour done to Man; +Under whose lowly roof thou hast vouchsafed +To enter, and these earthly fruits to taste, +Food not of Angels, yet accepted so, +As that more willingly thou couldst not seem +At Heaven's high feasts to have fed: yet what compare +To whom the winged Hierarch replied. +O Adam, One Almighty is, from whom +All things proceed, and up to him return, +If not depraved from good, created all +Such to perfection, one first matter all, +Endued with various forms, various degrees +Of substance, and, in things that live, of life; +But more refined, more spiritous, and pure, +As nearer to him placed, or nearer tending +Each in their several active spheres assigned, +Till body up to spirit work, in bounds +Proportioned to each kind. So from the root +Springs lighter the green stalk, from thence the leaves +More aery, last the bright consummate flower +Spirits odorous breathes: flowers and their fruit, +Man's nourishment, by gradual scale sublimed, +To vital spirits aspire, to animal, +To intellectual; give both life and sense, +Fancy and understanding; whence the soul +Reason receives, and reason is her being, +Discursive, or intuitive; discourse +Is oftest yours, the latter most is ours, +Differing but in degree, of kind the same. +Wonder not then, what God for you saw good +If I refuse not, but convert, as you +To proper substance. Time may come, when Men +With Angels may participate, and find +No inconvenient diet, nor too light fare; +And from these corporal nutriments perhaps +Your bodies may at last turn all to spirit, +Improved by tract of time, and, winged, ascend +Ethereal, as we; or may, at choice, +Here or in heavenly Paradises dwell; +If ye be found obedient, and retain +Unalterably firm his love entire, +Whose progeny you are. Mean while enjoy +Your fill what happiness this happy state +Can comprehend, incapable of more. +To whom the patriarch of mankind replied. +O favourable Spirit, propitious guest, +Well hast thou taught the way that might direct +Our knowledge, and the scale of nature set +From center to circumference; whereon, +In contemplation of created things, +By steps we may ascend to God. But say, +What meant that caution joined, If ye be found +Obedient? Can we want obedience then +To him, or possibly his love desert, +Who formed us from the dust and placed us here +Full to the utmost measure of what bliss +Human desires can seek or apprehend? +To whom the Angel. Son of Heaven and Earth, +Attend! That thou art happy, owe to God; +That thou continuest such, owe to thyself, +That is, to thy obedience; therein stand. +This was that caution given thee; be advised. +God made thee perfect, not immutable; +And good he made thee, but to persevere +He left it in thy power; ordained thy will +By nature free, not over-ruled by fate +Inextricable, or strict necessity: +Our voluntary service he requires, +Not our necessitated; such with him +Finds no acceptance, nor can find; for how +Can hearts, not free, be tried whether they serve +Willing or no, who will but what they must +By destiny, and can no other choose? +Myself, and all the angelick host, that stand +In sight of God, enthroned, our happy state +Hold, as you yours, while our obedience holds; +On other surety none: Freely we serve, +Because we freely love, as in our will +To love or not; in this we stand or fall: +And some are fallen, to disobedience fallen, +And so from Heaven to deepest Hell; O fall +From what high state of bliss, into what woe! +To whom our great progenitor. Thy words +Attentive, and with more delighted ear, +Divine instructer, I have heard, than when +Cherubick songs by night from neighbouring hills +Aereal musick send: Nor knew I not +To be both will and deed created free; +Yet that we never shall forget to love +Our Maker, and obey him whose command +Single is yet so just, my constant thoughts +Assured me, and still assure: Though what thou tellest +Hath passed in Heaven, some doubt within me move, +But more desire to hear, if thou consent, +The full relation, which must needs be strange, +Worthy of sacred silence to be heard; +And we have yet large day, for scarce the sun +Hath finished half his journey, and scarce begins +His other half in the great zone of Heaven. +Thus Adam made request; and Raphael, +After short pause assenting, thus began. +High matter thou enjoinest me, O prime of men, +Sad task and hard: For how shall I relate +To human sense the invisible exploits +Of warring Spirits? how, without remorse, +The ruin of so many glorious once +And perfect while they stood? how last unfold +The secrets of another world, perhaps +Not lawful to reveal? yet for thy good +This is dispensed; and what surmounts the reach +Of human sense, I shall delineate so, +By likening spiritual to corporal forms, +As may express them best; though what if Earth +Be but a shadow of Heaven, and things therein +Each to other like, more than on earth is thought? +As yet this world was not, and Chaos wild +Reigned where these Heavens now roll, where Earth now rests +Upon her center poised; when on a day +(For time, though in eternity, applied +To motion, measures all things durable +By present, past, and future,) on such day +As Heaven's great year brings forth, the empyreal host +Of Angels by imperial summons called, +Innumerable before the Almighty's throne +Forthwith, from all the ends of Heaven, appeared +Under their Hierarchs in orders bright: +Ten thousand thousand ensigns high advanced, +Standards and gonfalons 'twixt van and rear +Stream in the air, and for distinction serve +Of hierarchies, of orders, and degrees; +Or in their glittering tissues bear imblazed +Holy memorials, acts of zeal and love +Recorded eminent. Thus when in orbs +Of circuit inexpressible they stood, +Orb within orb, the Father Infinite, +By whom in bliss imbosomed sat the Son, +Amidst as from a flaming mount, whose top +Brightness had made invisible, thus spake. +Hear, all ye Angels, progeny of light, +Thrones, Dominations, Princedoms, Virtues, Powers; +Hear my decree, which unrevoked shall stand. +This day I have begot whom I declare +My only Son, and on this holy hill +Him have anointed, whom ye now behold +At my right hand; your head I him appoint; +And by myself have sworn, to him shall bow +All knees in Heaven, and shall confess him Lord: +Under his great vice-gerent reign abide +United, as one individual soul, +For ever happy: Him who disobeys, +Me disobeys, breaks union, and that day, +Cast out from God and blessed vision, falls +Into utter darkness, deep ingulfed, his place +Ordained without redemption, without end. +So spake the Omnipotent, and with his words +All seemed well pleased; all seemed, but were not all. +That day, as other solemn days, they spent +In song and dance about the sacred hill; +Mystical dance, which yonder starry sphere +Of planets, and of fixed, in all her wheels +Resembles nearest, mazes intricate, +Eccentrick, intervolved, yet regular +Then most, when most irregular they seem; +And in their motions harmony divine +So smooths her charming tones, that God's own ear +Listens delighted. Evening now approached, +(For we have also our evening and our morn, +We ours for change delectable, not need;) +Forthwith from dance to sweet repast they turn +Desirous; all in circles as they stood, +Tables are set, and on a sudden piled +With Angels food, and rubied nectar flows +In pearl, in diamond, and massy gold, +Fruit of delicious vines, the growth of Heaven. +On flowers reposed, and with fresh flowerets crowned, +They eat, they drink, and in communion sweet +Quaff immortality and joy, secure +Of surfeit, where full measure only bounds +Excess, before the all-bounteous King, who showered +With copious hand, rejoicing in their joy. +Now when ambrosial night with clouds exhaled +From that high mount of God, whence light and shade +Spring both, the face of brightest Heaven had changed +To grateful twilight, (for night comes not there +In darker veil,) and roseat dews disposed +All but the unsleeping eyes of God to rest; +Wide over all the plain, and wider far +Than all this globous earth in plain outspread, +(Such are the courts of God) the angelick throng, +Dispersed in bands and files, their camp extend +By living streams among the trees of life, +Pavilions numberless, and sudden reared, +Celestial tabernacles, where they slept +Fanned with cool winds; save those, who, in their course, +Melodious hymns about the sovran throne +Alternate all night long: but not so waked +Satan; so call him now, his former name +Is heard no more in Heaven; he of the first, +If not the first Arch-Angel, great in power, +In favour and pre-eminence, yet fraught +With envy against the Son of God, that day +Honoured by his great Father, and proclaimed +Messiah King anointed, could not bear +Through pride that sight, and thought himself impaired. +Deep malice thence conceiving and disdain, +Soon as midnight brought on the dusky hour +Friendliest to sleep and silence, he resolved +With all his legions to dislodge, and leave +Unworshipt, unobeyed, the throne supreme, +Contemptuous; and his next subordinate +Awakening, thus to him in secret spake. +Sleepest thou, Companion dear? What sleep can close +Thy eye-lids? and rememberest what decree +Of yesterday, so late hath passed the lips +Of Heaven's Almighty. Thou to me thy thoughts +Wast wont, I mine to thee was wont to impart; +Both waking we were one; how then can now +Thy sleep dissent? New laws thou seest imposed; +New laws from him who reigns, new minds may raise +In us who serve, new counsels to debate +What doubtful may ensue: More in this place +To utter is not safe. Assemble thou +Of all those myriads which we lead the chief; +Tell them, that by command, ere yet dim night +Her shadowy cloud withdraws, I am to haste, +And all who under me their banners wave, +Homeward, with flying march, where we possess +The quarters of the north; there to prepare +Fit entertainment to receive our King, +The great Messiah, and his new commands, +Who speedily through all the hierarchies +Intends to pass triumphant, and give laws. +So spake the false Arch-Angel, and infused +Bad influence into the unwary breast +Of his associate: He together calls, +Or several one by one, the regent Powers, +Under him Regent; tells, as he was taught, +That the Most High commanding, now ere night, +Now ere dim night had disincumbered Heaven, +The great hierarchal standard was to move; +Tells the suggested cause, and casts between +Ambiguous words and jealousies, to sound +Or taint integrity: But all obeyed +The wonted signal, and superiour voice +Of their great Potentate; for great indeed +His name, and high was his degree in Heaven; +His countenance, as the morning-star that guides +The starry flock, allured them, and with lies +Drew after him the third part of Heaven's host. +Mean while the Eternal eye, whose sight discerns +Abstrusest thoughts, from forth his holy mount, +And from within the golden lamps that burn +Nightly before him, saw without their light +Rebellion rising; saw in whom, how spread +Among the sons of morn, what multitudes +Were banded to oppose his high decree; +And, smiling, to his only Son thus said. +Son, thou in whom my glory I behold +In full resplendence, Heir of all my might, +Nearly it now concerns us to be sure +Of our Omnipotence, and with what arms +We mean to hold what anciently we claim +Of deity or empire: Such a foe +Is rising, who intends to erect his throne +Equal to ours, throughout the spacious north; +Nor so content, hath in his thought to try +In battle, what our power is, or our right. +Let us advise, and to this hazard draw +With speed what force is left, and all employ +In our defence; lest unawares we lose +This our high place, our sanctuary, our hill. +To whom the Son with calm aspect and clear, +Lightning divine, ineffable, serene, +Made answer. Mighty Father, thou thy foes +Justly hast in derision, and, secure, +Laughest at their vain designs and tumults vain, +Matter to me of glory, whom their hate +Illustrates, when they see all regal power +Given me to quell their pride, and in event +Know whether I be dextrous to subdue +Thy rebels, or be found the worst in Heaven. +So spake the Son; but Satan, with his Powers, +Far was advanced on winged speed; an host +Innumerable as the stars of night, +Or stars of morning, dew-drops, which the sun +Impearls on every leaf and every flower. +Regions they passed, the mighty regencies +Of Seraphim, and Potentates, and Thrones, +In their triple degrees; regions to which +All thy dominion, Adam, is no more +Than what this garden is to all the earth, +And all the sea, from one entire globose +Stretched into longitude; which having passed, +At length into the limits of the north +They came; and Satan to his royal seat +High on a hill, far blazing, as a mount +Raised on a mount, with pyramids and towers +From diamond quarries hewn, and rocks of gold; +The palace of great Lucifer, (so call +That structure in the dialect of men +Interpreted,) which not long after, he +Affecting all equality with God, +In imitation of that mount whereon +Messiah was declared in sight of Heaven, +The Mountain of the Congregation called; +For thither he assembled all his train, +Pretending so commanded to consult +About the great reception of their King, +Thither to come, and with calumnious art +Of counterfeited truth thus held their ears. +Thrones, Dominations, Princedoms, Virtues, Powers; +If these magnifick titles yet remain +Not merely titular, since by decree +Another now hath to himself engrossed +All power, and us eclipsed under the name +Of King anointed, for whom all this haste +Of midnight-march, and hurried meeting here, +This only to consult how we may best, +With what may be devised of honours new, +Receive him coming to receive from us +Knee-tribute yet unpaid, prostration vile! +Too much to one! but double how endured, +To one, and to his image now proclaimed? +But what if better counsels might erect +Our minds, and teach us to cast off this yoke? +Will ye submit your necks, and choose to bend +The supple knee? Ye will not, if I trust +To know ye right, or if ye know yourselves +Natives and sons of Heaven possessed before +By none; and if not equal all, yet free, +Equally free; for orders and degrees +Jar not with liberty, but well consist. +Who can in reason then, or right, assume +Monarchy over such as live by right +His equals, if in power and splendour less, +In freedom equal? or can introduce +Law and edict on us, who without law +Err not? much less for this to be our Lord, +And look for adoration, to the abuse +Of those imperial titles, which assert +Our being ordained to govern, not to serve. +Thus far his bold discourse without controul +Had audience; when among the Seraphim +Abdiel, than whom none with more zeal adored +The Deity, and divine commands obeyed, +Stood up, and in a flame of zeal severe +The current of his fury thus opposed. +O argument blasphemous, false, and proud! +Words which no ear ever to hear in Heaven +Expected, least of all from thee, Ingrate, +In place thyself so high above thy peers. +Canst thou with impious obloquy condemn +The just decree of God, pronounced and sworn, +That to his only Son, by right endued +With regal scepter, every soul in Heaven +Shall bend the knee, and in that honour due +Confess him rightful King? unjust, thou sayest, +Flatly unjust, to bind with laws the free, +And equal over equals to let reign, +One over all with unsucceeded power. +Shalt thou give law to God? shalt thou dispute +With him the points of liberty, who made +Thee what thou art, and formed the Powers of Heaven +Such as he pleased, and circumscribed their being? +Yet, by experience taught, we know how good, +And of our good and of our dignity +How provident he is; how far from thought +To make us less, bent rather to exalt +Our happy state, under one head more near +United. But to grant it thee unjust, +That equal over equals monarch reign: +Thyself, though great and glorious, dost thou count, +Or all angelick nature joined in one, +Equal to him begotten Son? by whom, +As by his Word, the Mighty Father made +All things, even thee; and all the Spirits of Heaven +By him created in their bright degrees, +Crowned them with glory, and to their glory named +Thrones, Dominations, Princedoms, Virtues, Powers, +Essential Powers; nor by his reign obscured, +But more illustrious made; since he the head +One of our number thus reduced becomes; +His laws our laws; all honour to him done +Returns our own. Cease then this impious rage, +And tempt not these; but hasten to appease +The incensed Father, and the incensed Son, +While pardon may be found in time besought. +So spake the fervent Angel; but his zeal +None seconded, as out of season judged, +Or singular and rash: Whereat rejoiced +The Apostate, and, more haughty, thus replied. +That we were formed then sayest thou? and the work +Of secondary hands, by task transferred +From Father to his Son? strange point and new! +Doctrine which we would know whence learned: who saw +When this creation was? rememberest thou +Thy making, while the Maker gave thee being? +We know no time when we were not as now; +Know none before us, self-begot, self-raised +By our own quickening power, when fatal course +Had circled his full orb, the birth mature +Of this our native Heaven, ethereal sons. +Our puissance is our own; our own right hand +Shall teach us highest deeds, by proof to try +Who is our equal: Then thou shalt behold +Whether by supplication we intend +Address, and to begirt the almighty throne +Beseeching or besieging. This report, +These tidings carry to the anointed King; +And fly, ere evil intercept thy flight. +He said; and, as the sound of waters deep, +Hoarse murmur echoed to his words applause +Through the infinite host; nor less for that +The flaming Seraph fearless, though alone +Encompassed round with foes, thus answered bold. +O alienate from God, O Spirit accursed, +Forsaken of all good! I see thy fall +Determined, and thy hapless crew involved +In this perfidious fraud, contagion spread +Both of thy crime and punishment: Henceforth +No more be troubled how to quit the yoke +Of God's Messiah; those indulgent laws +Will not be now vouchsafed; other decrees +Against thee are gone forth without recall; +That golden scepter, which thou didst reject, +Is now an iron rod to bruise and break +Thy disobedience. Well thou didst advise; +Yet not for thy advice or threats I fly +These wicked tents devoted, lest the wrath +Impendent, raging into sudden flame, +Distinguish not: For soon expect to feel +His thunder on thy head, devouring fire. +Then who created thee lamenting learn, +When who can uncreate thee thou shalt know. +So spake the Seraph Abdiel, faithful found +Among the faithless, faithful only he; +Among innumerable false, unmoved, +Unshaken, unseduced, unterrified, +His loyalty he kept, his love, his zeal; +Nor number, nor example, with him wrought +To swerve from truth, or change his constant mind, +Though single. From amidst them forth he passed, +Long way through hostile scorn, which he sustained +Superiour, nor of violence feared aught; +And, with retorted scorn, his back he turned +On those proud towers to swift destruction doomed. + + + +Book VI + + +All night the dreadless Angel, unpursued, +Through Heaven's wide champain held his way; till Morn, +Waked by the circling Hours, with rosy hand +Unbarred the gates of light. There is a cave +Within the mount of God, fast by his throne, +Where light and darkness in perpetual round +Lodge and dislodge by turns, which makes through Heaven +Grateful vicissitude, like day and night; +Light issues forth, and at the other door +Obsequious darkness enters, till her hour +To veil the Heaven, though darkness there might well +Seem twilight here: And now went forth the Morn +Such as in highest Heaven arrayed in gold +Empyreal; from before her vanished Night, +Shot through with orient beams; when all the plain +Covered with thick embattled squadrons bright, +Chariots, and flaming arms, and fiery steeds, +Reflecting blaze on blaze, first met his view: +War he perceived, war in procinct; and found +Already known what he for news had thought +To have reported: Gladly then he mixed +Among those friendly Powers, who him received +With joy and acclamations loud, that one, +That of so many myriads fallen, yet one +Returned not lost. On to the sacred hill +They led him high applauded, and present +Before the seat supreme; from whence a voice, +From midst a golden cloud, thus mild was heard. +Servant of God. Well done; well hast thou fought +The better fight, who single hast maintained +Against revolted multitudes the cause +Of truth, in word mightier than they in arms; +And for the testimony of truth hast borne +Universal reproach, far worse to bear +Than violence; for this was all thy care +To stand approved in sight of God, though worlds +Judged thee perverse: The easier conquest now +Remains thee, aided by this host of friends, +Back on thy foes more glorious to return, +Than scorned thou didst depart; and to subdue +By force, who reason for their law refuse, +Right reason for their law, and for their King +Messiah, who by right of merit reigns. +Go, Michael, of celestial armies prince, +And thou, in military prowess next, +Gabriel, lead forth to battle these my sons +Invincible; lead forth my armed Saints, +By thousands and by millions, ranged for fight, +Equal in number to that Godless crew +Rebellious: Them with fire and hostile arms +Fearless assault; and, to the brow of Heaven +Pursuing, drive them out from God and bliss, +Into their place of punishment, the gulf +Of Tartarus, which ready opens wide +His fiery Chaos to receive their fall. +So spake the Sovran Voice, and clouds began +To darken all the hill, and smoke to roll +In dusky wreaths, reluctant flames, the sign +Of wrath awaked; nor with less dread the loud +Ethereal trumpet from on high 'gan blow: +At which command the Powers militant, +That stood for Heaven, in mighty quadrate joined +Of union irresistible, moved on +In silence their bright legions, to the sound +Of instrumental harmony, that breathed +Heroick ardour to adventurous deeds +Under their God-like leaders, in the cause +Of God and his Messiah. On they move +Indissolubly firm; nor obvious hill, +Nor straitening vale, nor wood, nor stream, divides +Their perfect ranks; for high above the ground +Their march was, and the passive air upbore +Their nimble tread; as when the total kind +Of birds, in orderly array on wing, +Came summoned over Eden to receive +Their names of thee; so over many a tract +Of Heaven they marched, and many a province wide, +Tenfold the length of this terrene: At last, +Far in the horizon to the north appeared +From skirt to skirt a fiery region, stretched +In battailous aspect, and nearer view +Bristled with upright beams innumerable +Of rigid spears, and helmets thronged, and shields +Various, with boastful argument portrayed, +The banded Powers of Satan hasting on +With furious expedition; for they weened +That self-same day, by fight or by surprise, +To win the mount of God, and on his throne +To set the Envier of his state, the proud +Aspirer; but their thoughts proved fond and vain +In the mid way: Though strange to us it seemed +At first, that Angel should with Angel war, +And in fierce hosting meet, who wont to meet +So oft in festivals of joy and love +Unanimous, as sons of one great Sire, +Hymning the Eternal Father: But the shout +Of battle now began, and rushing sound +Of onset ended soon each milder thought. +High in the midst, exalted as a God, +The Apostate in his sun-bright chariot sat, +Idol of majesty divine, enclosed +With flaming Cherubim, and golden shields; +Then lighted from his gorgeous throne, for now +"twixt host and host but narrow space was left, +A dreadful interval, and front to front +Presented stood in terrible array +Of hideous length: Before the cloudy van, +On the rough edge of battle ere it joined, +Satan, with vast and haughty strides advanced, +Came towering, armed in adamant and gold; +Abdiel that sight endured not, where he stood +Among the mightiest, bent on highest deeds, +And thus his own undaunted heart explores. +O Heaven! that such resemblance of the Highest +Should yet remain, where faith and realty +Remain not: Wherefore should not strength and might +There fail where virtue fails, or weakest prove +Where boldest, though to fight unconquerable? +His puissance, trusting in the Almighty's aid, +I mean to try, whose reason I have tried +Unsound and false; nor is it aught but just, +That he, who in debate of truth hath won, +Should win in arms, in both disputes alike +Victor; though brutish that contest and foul, +When reason hath to deal with force, yet so +Most reason is that reason overcome. +So pondering, and from his armed peers +Forth stepping opposite, half-way he met +His daring foe, at this prevention more +Incensed, and thus securely him defied. +Proud, art thou met? thy hope was to have reached +The highth of thy aspiring unopposed, +The throne of God unguarded, and his side +Abandoned, at the terrour of thy power +Or potent tongue: Fool!not to think how vain +Against the Omnipotent to rise in arms; +Who out of smallest things could, without end, +Have raised incessant armies to defeat +Thy folly; or with solitary hand +Reaching beyond all limit, at one blow, +Unaided, could have finished thee, and whelmed +Thy legions under darkness: But thou seest +All are not of thy train; there be, who faith +Prefer, and piety to God, though then +To thee not visible, when I alone +Seemed in thy world erroneous to dissent +From all: My sect thou seest;now learn too late +How few sometimes may know, when thousands err. +Whom the grand foe, with scornful eye askance, +Thus answered. Ill for thee, but in wished hour +Of my revenge, first sought for, thou returnest +From flight, seditious Angel! to receive +Thy merited reward, the first assay +Of this right hand provoked, since first that tongue, +Inspired with contradiction, durst oppose +A third part of the Gods, in synod met +Their deities to assert; who, while they feel +Vigour divine within them, can allow +Omnipotence to none. But well thou comest +Before thy fellows, ambitious to win +From me some plume, that thy success may show +Destruction to the rest: This pause between, +(Unanswered lest thou boast) to let thee know, +At first I thought that Liberty and Heaven +To heavenly souls had been all one; but now +I see that most through sloth had rather serve, +Ministring Spirits, trained up in feast and song! +Such hast thou armed, the minstrelsy of Heaven, +Servility with freedom to contend, +As both their deeds compared this day shall prove. +To whom in brief thus Abdiel stern replied. +Apostate! still thou errest, nor end wilt find +Of erring, from the path of truth remote: +Unjustly thou depravest it with the name +Of servitude, to serve whom God ordains, +Or Nature: God and Nature bid the same, +When he who rules is worthiest, and excels +Them whom he governs. This is servitude, +To serve the unwise, or him who hath rebelled +Against his worthier, as thine now serve thee, +Thyself not free, but to thyself enthralled; +Yet lewdly darest our ministring upbraid. +Reign thou in Hell, thy kingdom; let me serve +In Heaven God ever blest, and his divine +Behests obey, worthiest to be obeyed; +Yet chains in Hell, not realms, expect: Mean while +From me returned, as erst thou saidst, from flight, +This greeting on thy impious crest receive. +So saying, a noble stroke he lifted high, +Which hung not, but so swift with tempest fell +On the proud crest of Satan, that no sight, +Nor motion of swift thought, less could his shield, +Such ruin intercept: Ten paces huge +He back recoiled; the tenth on bended knee +His massy spear upstaid; as if on earth +Winds under ground, or waters forcing way, +Sidelong had pushed a mountain from his seat, +Half sunk with all his pines. Amazement seised +The rebel Thrones, but greater rage, to see +Thus foiled their mightiest; ours joy filled, and shout, +Presage of victory, and fierce desire +Of battle: Whereat Michael bid sound +The Arch-Angel trumpet; through the vast of Heaven +It sounded, and the faithful armies rung +Hosanna to the Highest: Nor stood at gaze +The adverse legions, nor less hideous joined +The horrid shock. Now storming fury rose, +And clamour such as heard in Heaven till now +Was never; arms on armour clashing brayed +Horrible discord, and the madding wheels +Of brazen chariots raged; dire was the noise +Of conflict; over head the dismal hiss +Of fiery darts in flaming vollies flew, +And flying vaulted either host with fire. +So under fiery cope together rushed +Both battles main, with ruinous assault +And inextinguishable rage. All Heaven +Resounded; and had Earth been then, all Earth +Had to her center shook. What wonder? when +Millions of fierce encountering Angels fought +On either side, the least of whom could wield +These elements, and arm him with the force +Of all their regions: How much more of power +Army against army numberless to raise +Dreadful combustion warring, and disturb, +Though not destroy, their happy native seat; +Had not the Eternal King Omnipotent, +From his strong hold of Heaven, high over-ruled +And limited their might; though numbered such +As each divided legion might have seemed +A numerous host; in strength each armed hand +A legion; led in fight, yet leader seemed +Each warriour single as in chief, expert +When to advance, or stand, or turn the sway +Of battle, open when, and when to close +The ridges of grim war: No thought of flight, +None of retreat, no unbecoming deed +That argued fear; each on himself relied, +As only in his arm the moment lay +Of victory: Deeds of eternal fame +Were done, but infinite; for wide was spread +That war and various; sometimes on firm ground +A standing fight, then, soaring on main wing, +Tormented all the air; all air seemed then +Conflicting fire. Long time in even scale +The battle hung; till Satan, who that day +Prodigious power had shown, and met in arms +No equal, ranging through the dire attack +Of fighting Seraphim confused, at length +Saw where the sword of Michael smote, and felled +Squadrons at once; with huge two-handed sway +Brandished aloft, the horrid edge came down +Wide-wasting; such destruction to withstand +He hasted, and opposed the rocky orb +Of tenfold adamant, his ample shield, +A vast circumference. At his approach +The great Arch-Angel from his warlike toil +Surceased, and glad, as hoping here to end +Intestine war in Heaven, the arch-foe subdued +Or captive dragged in chains, with hostile frown +And visage all inflamed first thus began. +Author of evil, unknown till thy revolt, +Unnamed in Heaven, now plenteous as thou seest +These acts of hateful strife, hateful to all, +Though heaviest by just measure on thyself, +And thy adherents: How hast thou disturbed +Heaven's blessed peace, and into nature brought +Misery, uncreated till the crime +Of thy rebellion! how hast thou instilled +Thy malice into thousands, once upright +And faithful, now proved false! But think not here +To trouble holy rest; Heaven casts thee out +From all her confines. Heaven, the seat of bliss, +Brooks not the works of violence and war. +Hence then, and evil go with thee along, +Thy offspring, to the place of evil, Hell; +Thou and thy wicked crew! there mingle broils, +Ere this avenging sword begin thy doom, +Or some more sudden vengeance, winged from God, +Precipitate thee with augmented pain. +So spake the Prince of Angels; to whom thus +The Adversary. Nor think thou with wind +Of aery threats to awe whom yet with deeds +Thou canst not. Hast thou turned the least of these +To flight, or if to fall, but that they rise +Unvanquished, easier to transact with me +That thou shouldst hope, imperious, and with threats +To chase me hence? err not, that so shall end +The strife which thou callest evil, but we style +The strife of glory; which we mean to win, +Or turn this Heaven itself into the Hell +Thou fablest; here however to dwell free, +If not to reign: Mean while thy utmost force, +And join him named Almighty to thy aid, +I fly not, but have sought thee far and nigh. +They ended parle, and both addressed for fight +Unspeakable; for who, though with the tongue +Of Angels, can relate, or to what things +Liken on earth conspicuous, that may lift +Human imagination to such highth +Of Godlike power? for likest Gods they seemed, +Stood they or moved, in stature, motion, arms, +Fit to decide the empire of great Heaven. +Now waved their fiery swords, and in the air +Made horrid circles; two broad suns their shields +Blazed opposite, while Expectation stood +In horrour: From each hand with speed retired, +Where erst was thickest fight, the angelick throng, +And left large field, unsafe within the wind +Of such commotion; such as, to set forth +Great things by small, if, nature's concord broke, +Among the constellations war were sprung, +Two planets, rushing from aspect malign +Of fiercest opposition, in mid sky +Should combat, and their jarring spheres confound. +Together both with next to almighty arm +Up-lifted imminent, one stroke they aimed +That might determine, and not need repeat, +As not of power at once; nor odds appeared +In might or swift prevention: But the sword +Of Michael from the armoury of God +Was given him tempered so, that neither keen +Nor solid might resist that edge: it met +The sword of Satan, with steep force to smite +Descending, and in half cut sheer; nor staid, +But with swift wheel reverse, deep entering, shared +All his right side: Then Satan first knew pain, +And writhed him to and fro convolved; so sore +The griding sword with discontinuous wound +Passed through him: But the ethereal substance closed, +Not long divisible; and from the gash +A stream of necturous humour issuing flowed +Sanguine, such as celestial Spirits may bleed, +And all his armour stained, ere while so bright. +Forthwith on all sides to his aid was run +By Angels many and strong, who interposed +Defence, while others bore him on their shields +Back to his chariot, where it stood retired +From off the files of war: There they him laid +Gnashing for anguish, and despite, and shame, +To find himself not matchless, and his pride +Humbled by such rebuke, so far beneath +His confidence to equal God in power. +Yet soon he healed; for Spirits that live throughout +Vital in every part, not as frail man +In entrails, heart of head, liver or reins, +Cannot but by annihilating die; +Nor in their liquid texture mortal wound +Receive, no more than can the fluid air: +All heart they live, all head, all eye, all ear, +All intellect, all sense; and, as they please, +They limb themselves, and colour, shape, or size +Assume, as?kikes them best, condense or rare. +Mean while in other parts like deeds deserved +Memorial, where the might of Gabriel fought, +And with fierce ensigns pierced the deep array +Of Moloch, furious king; who him defied, +And at his chariot-wheels to drag him bound +Threatened, nor from the Holy One of Heaven +Refrained his tongue blasphemous; but anon +Down cloven to the waist, with shattered arms +And uncouth pain fled bellowing. On each wing +Uriel, and Raphael, his vaunting foe, +Though huge, and in a rock of diamond armed, +Vanquished Adramelech, and Asmadai, +Two potent Thrones, that to be less than Gods +Disdained, but meaner thoughts learned in their flight, +Mangled with ghastly wounds through plate and mail. +Nor stood unmindful Abdiel to annoy +The atheist crew, but with redoubled blow +Ariel, and Arioch, and the violence +Of Ramiel scorched and blasted, overthrew. +I might relate of thousands, and their names +Eternize here on earth; but those elect +Angels, contented with their fame in Heaven, +Seek not the praise of men: The other sort, +In might though wonderous and in acts of war, +Nor of renown less eager, yet by doom +Cancelled from Heaven and sacred memory, +Nameless in dark oblivion let them dwell. +For strength from truth divided, and from just, +Illaudable, nought merits but dispraise +And ignominy; yet to glory aspires +Vain-glorious, and through infamy seeks fame: +Therefore eternal silence be their doom. +And now, their mightiest quelled, the battle swerved, +With many an inroad gored; deformed rout +Entered, and foul disorder; all the ground +With shivered armour strown, and on a heap +Chariot and charioteer lay overturned, +And fiery-foaming steeds; what stood, recoiled +O'er-wearied, through the faint Satanick host +Defensive scarce, or with pale fear surprised, +Then first with fear surprised, and sense of pain, +Fled ignominious, to such evil brought +By sin of disobedience; till that hour +Not liable to fear, or flight, or pain. +Far otherwise the inviolable Saints, +In cubick phalanx firm, advanced entire, +Invulnerable, impenetrably armed; +Such high advantages their innocence +Gave them above their foes; not to have sinned, +Not to have disobeyed; in fight they stood +Unwearied, unobnoxious to be pained +By wound, though from their place by violence moved, +Now Night her course began, and, over Heaven +Inducing darkness, grateful truce imposed, +And silence on the odious din of war: +Under her cloudy covert both retired, +Victor and vanquished: On the foughten field +Michael and his Angels prevalent +Encamping, placed in guard their watches round, +Cherubick waving fires: On the other part, +Satan with his rebellious disappeared, +Far in the dark dislodged; and, void of rest, +His potentates to council called by night; +And in the midst thus undismayed began. +O now in danger tried, now known in arms +Not to be overpowered, Companions dear, +Found worthy not of liberty alone, +Too mean pretence! but what we more affect, +Honour, dominion, glory, and renown; +Who have sustained one day in doubtful fight, +(And if one day, why not eternal days?) +What Heaven's Lord had powerfullest to send +Against us from about his throne, and judged +Sufficient to subdue us to his will, +But proves not so: Then fallible, it seems, +Of future we may deem him, though till now +Omniscient thought. True is, less firmly armed, +Some disadvantage we endured and pain, +Till now not known, but, known, as soon contemned; +Since now we find this our empyreal form +Incapable of mortal injury, +Imperishable, and, though pierced with wound, +Soon closing, and by native vigour healed. +Of evil then so small as easy think +The remedy; perhaps more valid arms, +Weapons more violent, when next we meet, +May serve to better us, and worse our foes, +Or equal what between us made the odds, +In nature none: If other hidden cause +Left them superiour, while we can preserve +Unhurt our minds, and understanding sound, +Due search and consultation will disclose. +He sat; and in the assembly next upstood +Nisroch, of Principalities the prime; +As one he stood escaped from cruel fight, +Sore toiled, his riven arms to havock hewn, +And cloudy in aspect thus answering spake. +Deliverer from new Lords, leader to free +Enjoyment of our right as Gods; yet hard +For Gods, and too unequal work we find, +Against unequal arms to fight in pain, +Against unpained, impassive; from which evil +Ruin must needs ensue; for what avails +Valour or strength, though matchless, quelled with pain +Which all subdues, and makes remiss the hands +Of mightiest? Sense of pleasure we may well +Spare out of life perhaps, and not repine, +But live content, which is the calmest life: +But pain is perfect misery, the worst +Of evils, and, excessive, overturns +All patience. He, who therefore can invent +With what more forcible we may offend +Our yet unwounded enemies, or arm +Ourselves with like defence, to me deserves +No less than for deliverance what we owe. +Whereto with look composed Satan replied. +Not uninvented that, which thou aright +Believest so main to our success, I bring. +Which of us who beholds the bright surface +Of this ethereous mould whereon we stand, +This continent of spacious Heaven, adorned +With plant, fruit, flower ambrosial, gems, and gold; +Whose eye so superficially surveys +These things, as not to mind from whence they grow +Deep under ground, materials dark and crude, +Of spiritous and fiery spume, till touched +With Heaven's ray, and tempered, they shoot forth +So beauteous, opening to the ambient light? +These in their dark nativity the deep +Shall yield us, pregnant with infernal flame; +Which, into hollow engines, long and round, +Thick rammed, at the other bore with touch of fire +Dilated and infuriate, shall send forth +From far, with thundering noise, among our foes +Such implements of mischief, as shall dash +To pieces, and o'erwhelm whatever stands +Adverse, that they shall fear we have disarmed +The Thunderer of his only dreaded bolt. +Nor long shall be our labour; yet ere dawn, +Effect shall end our wish. Mean while revive; +Abandon fear; to strength and counsel joined +Think nothing hard, much less to be despaired. +He ended, and his words their drooping cheer +Enlightened, and their languished hope revived. +The invention all admired, and each, how he +To be the inventer missed; so easy it seemed +Once found, which yet unfound most would have thought +Impossible: Yet, haply, of thy race +In future days, if malice should abound, +Some one intent on mischief, or inspired +With devilish machination, might devise +Like instrument to plague the sons of men +For sin, on war and mutual slaughter bent. +Forthwith from council to the work they flew; +None arguing stood; innumerable hands +Were ready; in a moment up they turned +Wide the celestial soil, and saw beneath +The originals of nature in their crude +Conception; sulphurous and nitrous foam +They found, they mingled, and, with subtle art, +Concocted and adusted they reduced +To blackest grain, and into store conveyed: +Part hidden veins digged up (nor hath this earth +Entrails unlike) of mineral and stone, +Whereof to found their engines and their balls +Of missive ruin; part incentive reed +Provide, pernicious with one touch to fire. +So all ere day-spring, under conscious night, +Secret they finished, and in order set, +With silent circumspection, unespied. +Now when fair morn orient in Heaven appeared, +Up rose the victor-Angels, and to arms +The matin trumpet sung: In arms they stood +Of golden panoply, refulgent host, +Soon banded; others from the dawning hills +Look round, and scouts each coast light-armed scour, +Each quarter to descry the distant foe, +Where lodged, or whither fled, or if for fight, +In motion or in halt: Him soon they met +Under spread ensigns moving nigh, in slow +But firm battalion; back with speediest sail +Zophiel, of Cherubim the swiftest wing, +Came flying, and in mid air aloud thus cried. +Arm, Warriours, arm for fight; the foe at hand, +Whom fled we thought, will save us long pursuit +This day; fear not his flight;so thick a cloud +He comes, and settled in his face I see +Sad resolution, and secure: Let each +His adamantine coat gird well, and each +Fit well his helm, gripe fast his orbed shield, +Borne even or high; for this day will pour down, +If I conjecture aught, no drizzling shower, +But rattling storm of arrows barbed with fire. +So warned he them, aware themselves, and soon +In order, quit of all impediment; +Instant without disturb they took alarm, +And onward moved embattled: When behold! +Not distant far with heavy pace the foe +Approaching gross and huge, in hollow cube +Training his devilish enginery, impaled +On every side with shadowing squadrons deep, +To hide the fraud. At interview both stood +A while; but suddenly at head appeared +Satan, and thus was heard commanding loud. +Vanguard, to right and left the front unfold; +That all may see who hate us, how we seek +Peace and composure, and with open breast +Stand ready to receive them, if they like +Our overture; and turn not back perverse: +But that I doubt; however witness, Heaven! +Heaven, witness thou anon! while we discharge +Freely our part: ye, who appointed stand +Do as you have in charge, and briefly touch +What we propound, and loud that all may hear! +So scoffing in ambiguous words, he scarce +Had ended; when to right and left the front +Divided, and to either flank retired: +Which to our eyes discovered, new and strange, +A triple mounted row of pillars laid +On wheels (for like to pillars most they seemed, +Or hollowed bodies made of oak or fir, +With branches lopt, in wood or mountain felled,) +Brass, iron, stony mould, had not their mouths +With hideous orifice gaped on us wide, +Portending hollow truce: At each behind +A Seraph stood, and in his hand a reed +Stood waving tipt with fire; while we, suspense, +Collected stood within our thoughts amused, +Not long; for sudden all at once their reeds +Put forth, and to a narrow vent applied +With nicest touch. Immediate in a flame, +But soon obscured with smoke, all Heaven appeared, +From those deep-throated engines belched, whose roar +Embowelled with outrageous noise the air, +And all her entrails tore, disgorging foul +Their devilish glut, chained thunderbolts and hail +Of iron globes; which, on the victor host +Levelled, with such impetuous fury smote, +That, whom they hit, none on their feet might stand, +Though standing else as rocks, but down they fell +By thousands, Angel on Arch-Angel rolled; +The sooner for their arms; unarmed, they might +Have easily, as Spirits, evaded swift +By quick contraction or remove; but now +Foul dissipation followed, and forced rout; +Nor served it to relax their serried files. +What should they do? if on they rushed, repulse +Repeated, and indecent overthrow +Doubled, would render them yet more despised, +And to their foes a laughter; for in view +Stood ranked of Seraphim another row, +In posture to displode their second tire +Of thunder: Back defeated to return +They worse abhorred. Satan beheld their plight, +And to his mates thus in derision called. +O Friends! why come not on these victors proud +Ere while they fierce were coming; and when we, +To entertain them fair with open front +And breast, (what could we more?) propounded terms +Of composition, straight they changed their minds, +Flew off, and into strange vagaries fell, +As they would dance; yet for a dance they seemed +Somewhat extravagant and wild; perhaps +For joy of offered peace: But I suppose, +If our proposals once again were heard, +We should compel them to a quick result. +To whom thus Belial, in like gamesome mood. +Leader! the terms we sent were terms of weight, +Of hard contents, and full of force urged home; +Such as we might perceive amused them all, +And stumbled many: Who receives them right, +Had need from head to foot well understand; +Not understood, this gift they have besides, +They show us when our foes walk not upright. +So they among themselves in pleasant vein +Stood scoffing, hightened in their thoughts beyond +All doubt of victory: Eternal Might +To match with their inventions they presumed +So easy, and of his thunder made a scorn, +And all his host derided, while they stood +A while in trouble: But they stood not long; +Rage prompted them at length, and found them arms +Against such hellish mischief fit to oppose. +Forthwith (behold the excellence, the power, +Which God hath in his mighty Angels placed!) +Their arms away they threw, and to the hills +(For Earth hath this variety from Heaven +Of pleasure situate in hill and dale,) +Light as the lightning glimpse they ran, they flew; +From their foundations loosening to and fro, +They plucked the seated hills, with all their load, +Rocks, waters, woods, and by the shaggy tops +Up-lifting bore them in their hands: Amaze, +Be sure, and terrour, seized the rebel host, +When coming towards them so dread they saw +The bottom of the mountains upward turned; +Till on those cursed engines' triple-row +They saw them whelmed, and all their confidence +Under the weight of mountains buried deep; +Themselves invaded next, and on their heads +Main promontories flung, which in the air +Came shadowing, and oppressed whole legions armed; +Their armour helped their harm, crushed in and bruised +Into their substance pent, which wrought them pain +Implacable, and many a dolorous groan; +Long struggling underneath, ere they could wind +Out of such prison, though Spirits of purest light, +Purest at first, now gross by sinning grown. +The rest, in imitation, to like arms +Betook them, and the neighbouring hills uptore: +So hills amid the air encountered hills, +Hurled to and fro with jaculation dire; +That under ground they fought in dismal shade; +Infernal noise! war seemed a civil game +To this uproar; horrid confusion heaped +Upon confusion rose: And now all Heaven +Had gone to wrack, with ruin overspread; +Had not the Almighty Father, where he sits +Shrined in his sanctuary of Heaven secure, +Consulting on the sum of things, foreseen +This tumult, and permitted all, advised: +That his great purpose he might so fulfil, +To honour his anointed Son avenged +Upon his enemies, and to declare +All power on him transferred: Whence to his Son, +The Assessour of his throne, he thus began. +Effulgence of my glory, Son beloved, +Son, in whose face invisible is beheld +Visibly, what by Deity I am; +And in whose hand what by decree I do, +Second Omnipotence! two days are past, +Two days, as we compute the days of Heaven, +Since Michael and his Powers went forth to tame +These disobedient: Sore hath been their fight, +As likeliest was, when two such foes met armed; +For to themselves I left them; and thou knowest, +Equal in their creation they were formed, +Save what sin hath impaired; which yet hath wrought +Insensibly, for I suspend their doom; +Whence in perpetual fight they needs must last +Endless, and no solution will be found: +War wearied hath performed what war can do, +And to disordered rage let loose the reins +With mountains, as with weapons, armed; which makes +Wild work in Heaven, and dangerous to the main. +Two days are therefore past, the third is thine; +For thee I have ordained it; and thus far +Have suffered, that the glory may be thine +Of ending this great war, since none but Thou +Can end it. Into thee such virtue and grace +Immense I have transfused, that all may know +In Heaven and Hell thy power above compare; +And, this perverse commotion governed thus, +To manifest thee worthiest to be Heir +Of all things; to be Heir, and to be King +By sacred unction, thy deserved right. +Go then, Thou Mightiest, in thy Father's might; +Ascend my chariot, guide the rapid wheels +That shake Heaven's basis, bring forth all my war, +My bow and thunder, my almighty arms +Gird on, and sword upon thy puissant thigh; +Pursue these sons of darkness, drive them out +From all Heaven's bounds into the utter deep: +There let them learn, as likes them, to despise +God, and Messiah his anointed King. +He said, and on his Son with rays direct +Shone full; he all his Father full expressed +Ineffably into his face received; +And thus the Filial Godhead answering spake. +O Father, O Supreme of heavenly Thrones, +First, Highest, Holiest, Best; thou always seek'st +To glorify thy Son, I always thee, +As is most just: This I my glory account, +My exaltation, and my whole delight, +That thou, in me well pleased, declarest thy will +Fulfilled, which to fulfil is all my bliss. +Scepter and power, thy giving, I assume, +And gladlier shall resign, when in the end +Thou shalt be all in all, and I in thee +For ever; and in me all whom thou lovest: +But whom thou hatest, I hate, and can put on +Thy terrours, as I put thy mildness on, +Image of thee in all things; and shall soon, +Armed with thy might, rid Heaven of these rebelled; +To their prepared ill mansion driven down, +To chains of darkness, and the undying worm; +That from thy just obedience could revolt, +Whom to obey is happiness entire. +Then shall thy Saints unmixed, and from the impure +Far separate, circling thy holy mount, +Unfeigned Halleluiahs to thee sing, +Hymns of high praise, and I among them Chief. +So said, he, o'er his scepter bowing, rose +From the right hand of Glory where he sat; +And the third sacred morn began to shine, +Dawning through Heaven. Forth rushed with whirlwind sound +The chariot of Paternal Deity, +Flashing thick flames, wheel within wheel undrawn, +Itself instinct with Spirit, but convoyed +By four Cherubick shapes; four faces each +Had wonderous; as with stars, their bodies all +And wings were set with eyes; with eyes the wheels +Of beryl, and careering fires between; +Over their heads a crystal firmament, +Whereon a sapphire throne, inlaid with pure +Amber, and colours of the showery arch. +He, in celestial panoply all armed +Of radiant Urim, work divinely wrought, +Ascended; at his right hand Victory +Sat eagle-winged; beside him hung his bow +And quiver with three-bolted thunder stored; +And from about him fierce effusion rolled +Of smoke, and bickering flame, and sparkles dire: +Attended with ten thousand thousand Saints, +He onward came; far off his coming shone; +And twenty thousand (I their number heard) +Chariots of God, half on each hand, were seen; +He on the wings of Cherub rode sublime +On the crystalline sky, in sapphire throned, +Illustrious far and wide; but by his own +First seen: Them unexpected joy surprised, +When the great ensign of Messiah blazed +Aloft by Angels borne, his sign in Heaven; +Under whose conduct Michael soon reduced +His army, circumfused on either wing, +Under their Head imbodied all in one. +Before him Power Divine his way prepared; +At his command the uprooted hills retired +Each to his place; they heard his voice, and went +Obsequious; Heaven his wonted face renewed, +And with fresh flowerets hill and valley smiled. +This saw his hapless foes, but stood obdured, +And to rebellious fight rallied their Powers, +Insensate, hope conceiving from despair. +In heavenly Spirits could such perverseness dwell? +But to convince the proud what signs avail, +Or wonders move the obdurate to relent? +They, hardened more by what might most reclaim, +Grieving to see his glory, at the sight +Took envy; and, aspiring to his highth, +Stood re-embattled fierce, by force or fraud +Weening to prosper, and at length prevail +Against God and Messiah, or to fall +In universal ruin last; and now +To final battle drew, disdaining flight, +Or faint retreat; when the great Son of God +To all his host on either hand thus spake. +Stand still in bright array, ye Saints; here stand, +Ye Angels armed; this day from battle rest: +Faithful hath been your warfare, and of God +Accepted, fearless in his righteous cause; +And as ye have received, so have ye done, +Invincibly: But of this cursed crew +The punishment to other hand belongs; +Vengeance is his, or whose he sole appoints: +Number to this day's work is not ordained, +Nor multitude; stand only, and behold +God's indignation on these godless poured +By me; not you, but me, they have despised, +Yet envied; against me is all their rage, +Because the Father, to whom in Heaven s'preme +Kingdom, and power, and glory appertains, +Hath honoured me, according to his will. +Therefore to me their doom he hath assigned; +That they may have their wish, to try with me +In battle which the stronger proves; they all, +Or I alone against them; since by strength +They measure all, of other excellence +Not emulous, nor care who them excels; +Nor other strife with them do I vouchsafe. +So spake the Son, and into terrour changed +His countenance too severe to be beheld, +And full of wrath bent on his enemies. +At once the Four spread out their starry wings +With dreadful shade contiguous, and the orbs +Of his fierce chariot rolled, as with the sound +Of torrent floods, or of a numerous host. +He on his impious foes right onward drove, +Gloomy as night; under his burning wheels +The stedfast empyrean shook throughout, +All but the throne itself of God. Full soon +Among them he arrived; in his right hand +Grasping ten thousand thunders, which he sent +Before him, such as in their souls infixed +Plagues: They, astonished, all resistance lost, +All courage; down their idle weapons dropt: +O'er shields, and helms, and helmed heads he rode +Of Thrones and mighty Seraphim prostrate, +That wished the mountains now might be again +Thrown on them, as a shelter from his ire. +Nor less on either side tempestuous fell +His arrows, from the fourfold-visaged Four +Distinct with eyes, and from the living wheels +Distinct alike with multitude of eyes; +One Spirit in them ruled; and every eye +Glared lightning, and shot forth pernicious fire +Among the accursed, that withered all their strength, +And of their wonted vigour left them drained, +Exhausted, spiritless, afflicted, fallen. +Yet half his strength he put not forth, but checked +His thunder in mid volley; for he meant +Not to destroy, but root them out of Heaven: +The overthrown he raised, and as a herd +Of goats or timorous flock together thronged +Drove them before him thunder-struck, pursued +With terrours, and with furies, to the bounds +And crystal wall of Heaven; which, opening wide, +Rolled inward, and a spacious gap disclosed +Into the wasteful deep: The monstrous sight +Struck them with horrour backward, but far worse +Urged them behind: Headlong themselves they threw +Down from the verge of Heaven; eternal wrath +Burnt after them to the bottomless pit. +Hell heard the unsufferable noise, Hell saw +Heaven ruining from Heaven, and would have fled +Affrighted; but strict Fate had cast too deep +Her dark foundations, and too fast had bound. +Nine days they fell: Confounded Chaos roared, +And felt tenfold confusion in their fall +Through his wild anarchy, so huge a rout +Incumbered him with ruin: Hell at last +Yawning received them whole, and on them closed; +Hell, their fit habitation, fraught with fire +Unquenchable, the house of woe and pain. +Disburdened Heaven rejoiced, and soon repaired +Her mural breach, returning whence it rolled. +Sole victor, from the expulsion of his foes, +Messiah his triumphal chariot turned: +To meet him all his Saints, who silent stood +Eye-witnesses of his almighty acts, +With jubilee advanced; and, as they went, +Shaded with branching palm, each Order bright, +Sung triumph, and him sung victorious King, +Son, Heir, and Lord, to him dominion given, +Worthiest to reign: He, celebrated, rode +Triumphant through mid Heaven, into the courts +And temple of his Mighty Father throned +On high; who into glory him received, +Where now he sits at the right hand of bliss. +Thus, measuring things in Heaven by things on Earth, +At thy request, and that thou mayest beware +By what is past, to thee I have revealed +What might have else to human race been hid; +The discord which befel, and war in Heaven +Among the angelick Powers, and the deep fall +Of those too high aspiring, who rebelled +With Satan; he who envies now thy state, +Who now is plotting how he may seduce +Thee also from obedience, that, with him +Bereaved of happiness, thou mayest partake +His punishment, eternal misery; +Which would be all his solace and revenge, +As a despite done against the Most High, +Thee once to gain companion of his woe. +But listen not to his temptations, warn +Thy weaker; let it profit thee to have heard, +By terrible example, the reward +Of disobedience; firm they might have stood, +Yet fell; remember, and fear to transgress. + + + +Book VII + + +Descend from Heaven, Urania, by that name +If rightly thou art called, whose voice divine +Following, above the Olympian hill I soar, +Above the flight of Pegasean wing! +The meaning, not the name, I call: for thou +Nor of the Muses nine, nor on the top +Of old Olympus dwellest; but, heavenly-born, +Before the hills appeared, or fountain flowed, +Thou with eternal Wisdom didst converse, +Wisdom thy sister, and with her didst play +In presence of the Almighty Father, pleased +With thy celestial song. Up led by thee +Into the Heaven of Heavens I have presumed, +An earthly guest, and drawn empyreal air, +Thy tempering: with like safety guided down +Return me to my native element: +Lest from this flying steed unreined, (as once +Bellerophon, though from a lower clime,) +Dismounted, on the Aleian field I fall, +Erroneous there to wander, and forlorn. +Half yet remains unsung, but narrower bound +Within the visible diurnal sphere; +Standing on earth, not rapt above the pole, +More safe I sing with mortal voice, unchanged +To hoarse or mute, though fallen on evil days, +On evil days though fallen, and evil tongues; +In darkness, and with dangers compassed round, +And solitude; yet not alone, while thou +Visitest my slumbers nightly, or when morn +Purples the east: still govern thou my song, +Urania, and fit audience find, though few. +But drive far off the barbarous dissonance +Of Bacchus and his revellers, the race +Of that wild rout that tore the Thracian bard +In Rhodope, where woods and rocks had ears +To rapture, till the savage clamour drowned +Both harp and voice; nor could the Muse defend +Her son. So fail not thou, who thee implores: +For thou art heavenly, she an empty dream. +Say, Goddess, what ensued when Raphael, +The affable Arch-Angel, had forewarned +Adam, by dire example, to beware +Apostasy, by what befel in Heaven +To those apostates; lest the like befall +In Paradise to Adam or his race, +Charged not to touch the interdicted tree, +If they transgress, and slight that sole command, +So easily obeyed amid the choice +Of all tastes else to please their appetite, +Though wandering. He, with his consorted Eve, +The story heard attentive, and was filled +With admiration and deep muse, to hear +Of things so high and strange; things, to their thought +So unimaginable, as hate in Heaven, +And war so near the peace of God in bliss, +With such confusion: but the evil, soon +Driven back, redounded as a flood on those +From whom it sprung; impossible to mix +With blessedness. Whence Adam soon repealed +The doubts that in his heart arose: and now +Led on, yet sinless, with desire to know +What nearer might concern him, how this world +Of Heaven and Earth conspicuous first began; +When, and whereof created; for what cause; +What within Eden, or without, was done +Before his memory; as one whose drouth +Yet scarce allayed still eyes the current stream, +Whose liquid murmur heard new thirst excites, +Proceeded thus to ask his heavenly guest. +Great things, and full of wonder in our ears, +Far differing from this world, thou hast revealed, +Divine interpreter! by favour sent +Down from the empyrean, to forewarn +Us timely of what might else have been our loss, +Unknown, which human knowledge could not reach; +For which to the infinitely Good we owe +Immortal thanks, and his admonishment +Receive, with solemn purpose to observe +Immutably his sovran will, the end +Of what we are. But since thou hast vouchsafed +Gently, for our instruction, to impart +Things above earthly thought, which yet concerned +Our knowing, as to highest wisdom seemed, +Deign to descend now lower, and relate +What may no less perhaps avail us known, +How first began this Heaven which we behold +Distant so high, with moving fires adorned +Innumerable; and this which yields or fills +All space, the ambient air wide interfused +Embracing round this floried Earth; what cause +Moved the Creator, in his holy rest +Through all eternity, so late to build +In Chaos; and the work begun, how soon +Absolved; if unforbid thou mayest unfold +What we, not to explore the secrets ask +Of his eternal empire, but the more +To magnify his works, the more we know. +And the great light of day yet wants to run +Much of his race though steep; suspense in Heaven, +Held by thy voice, thy potent voice, he hears, +And longer will delay to hear thee tell +His generation, and the rising birth +Of Nature from the unapparent Deep: +Or if the star of evening and the moon +Haste to thy audience, Night with her will bring, +Silence; and Sleep, listening to thee, will watch; +Or we can bid his absence, till thy song +End, and dismiss thee ere the morning shine. +Thus Adam his illustrious guest besought: +And thus the Godlike Angel answered mild. +This also thy request, with caution asked, +Obtain; though to recount almighty works +What words or tongue of Seraph can suffice, +Or heart of man suffice to comprehend? +Yet what thou canst attain, which best may serve +To glorify the Maker, and infer +Thee also happier, shall not be withheld +Thy hearing; such commission from above +I have received, to answer thy desire +Of knowledge within bounds; beyond, abstain +To ask; nor let thine own inventions hope +Things not revealed, which the invisible King, +Only Omniscient, hath suppressed in night; +To none communicable in Earth or Heaven: +Enough is left besides to search and know. +But knowledge is as food, and needs no less +Her temperance over appetite, to know +In measure what the mind may well contain; +Oppresses else with surfeit, and soon turns +Wisdom to folly, as nourishment to wind. +Know then, that, after Lucifer from Heaven +(So call him, brighter once amidst the host +Of Angels, than that star the stars among,) +Fell with his flaming legions through the deep +Into his place, and the great Son returned +Victorious with his Saints, the Omnipotent +Eternal Father from his throne beheld +Their multitude, and to his Son thus spake. +At least our envious Foe hath failed, who thought +All like himself rebellious, by whose aid +This inaccessible high strength, the seat +Of Deity supreme, us dispossessed, +He trusted to have seised, and into fraud +Drew many, whom their place knows here no more: +Yet far the greater part have kept, I see, +Their station; Heaven, yet populous, retains +Number sufficient to possess her realms +Though wide, and this high temple to frequent +With ministeries due, and solemn rites: +But, lest his heart exalt him in the harm +Already done, to have dispeopled Heaven, +My damage fondly deemed, I can repair +That detriment, if such it be to lose +Self-lost; and in a moment will create +Another world, out of one man a race +Of men innumerable, there to dwell, +Not here; till, by degrees of merit raised, +They open to themselves at length the way +Up hither, under long obedience tried; +And Earth be changed to Heaven, and Heaven to Earth, +One kingdom, joy and union without end. +Mean while inhabit lax, ye Powers of Heaven; +And thou my Word, begotten Son, by thee +This I perform; speak thou, and be it done! +My overshadowing Spirit and Might with thee +I send along; ride forth, and bid the Deep +Within appointed bounds be Heaven and Earth; +Boundless the Deep, because I Am who fill +Infinitude, nor vacuous the space. +Though I, uncircumscribed myself, retire, +And put not forth my goodness, which is free +To act or not, Necessity and Chance +Approach not me, and what I will is Fate. +So spake the Almighty, and to what he spake +His Word, the Filial Godhead, gave effect. +Immediate are the acts of God, more swift +Than time or motion, but to human ears +Cannot without process of speech be told, +So told as earthly notion can receive. +Great triumph and rejoicing was in Heaven, +When such was heard declared the Almighty's will; +Glory they sung to the Most High, good will +To future men, and in their dwellings peace; +Glory to Him, whose just avenging ire +Had driven out the ungodly from his sight +And the habitations of the just; to Him +Glory and praise, whose wisdom had ordained +Good out of evil to create; instead +Of Spirits malign, a better race to bring +Into their vacant room, and thence diffuse +His good to worlds and ages infinite. +So sang the Hierarchies: Mean while the Son +On his great expedition now appeared, +Girt with Omnipotence, with radiance crowned +Of Majesty Divine; sapience and love +Immense, and all his Father in him shone. +About his chariot numberless were poured +Cherub, and Seraph, Potentates, and Thrones, +And Virtues, winged Spirits, and chariots winged +From the armoury of God; where stand of old +Myriads, between two brazen mountains lodged +Against a solemn day, harnessed at hand, +Celestial equipage; and now came forth +Spontaneous, for within them Spirit lived, +Attendant on their Lord: Heaven opened wide +Her ever-during gates, harmonious sound +On golden hinges moving, to let forth +The King of Glory, in his powerful Word +And Spirit, coming to create new worlds. +On heavenly ground they stood; and from the shore +They viewed the vast immeasurable abyss +Outrageous as a sea, dark, wasteful, wild, +Up from the bottom turned by furious winds +And surging waves, as mountains, to assault +Heaven's highth, and with the center mix the pole. +Silence, ye troubled Waves, and thou Deep, peace, +Said then the Omnifick Word; your discord end! +Nor staid; but, on the wings of Cherubim +Uplifted, in paternal glory rode +Far into Chaos, and the world unborn; +For Chaos heard his voice: Him all his train +Followed in bright procession, to behold +Creation, and the wonders of his might. +Then staid the fervid wheels, and in his hand +He took the golden compasses, prepared +In God's eternal store, to circumscribe +This universe, and all created things: +One foot he centered, and the other turned +Round through the vast profundity obscure; +And said, Thus far extend, thus far thy bounds, +This be thy just circumference, O World! +Thus God the Heaven created, thus the Earth, +Matter unformed and void: Darkness profound +Covered the abyss: but on the watery calm +His brooding wings the Spirit of God outspread, +And vital virtue infused, and vital warmth +Throughout the fluid mass; but downward purged +The black tartareous cold infernal dregs, +Adverse to life: then founded, then conglobed +Like things to like; the rest to several place +Disparted, and between spun out the air; +And Earth self-balanced on her center hung. +Let there be light, said God; and forthwith Light +Ethereal, first of things, quintessence pure, +Sprung from the deep; and from her native east +To journey through the aery gloom began, +Sphered in a radiant cloud, for yet the sun +Was not; she in a cloudy tabernacle +Sojourned the while. God saw the light was good; +And light from darkness by the hemisphere +Divided: light the Day, and darkness Night, +He named. Thus was the first day even and morn: +Nor past uncelebrated, nor unsung +By the celestial quires, when orient light +Exhaling first from darkness they beheld; +Birth-day of Heaven and Earth; with joy and shout +The hollow universal orb they filled, +And touched their golden harps, and hymning praised +God and his works; Creator him they sung, +Both when first evening was, and when first morn. +Again, God said, Let there be firmament +Amid the waters, and let it divide +The waters from the waters; and God made +The firmament, expanse of liquid, pure, +Transparent, elemental air, diffused +In circuit to the uttermost convex +Of this great round; partition firm and sure, +The waters underneath from those above +Dividing: for as earth, so he the world +Built on circumfluous waters calm, in wide +Crystalline ocean, and the loud misrule +Of Chaos far removed; lest fierce extremes +Contiguous might distemper the whole frame: +And Heaven he named the Firmament: So even +And morning chorus sung the second day. +The Earth was formed, but in the womb as yet +Of waters, embryon immature involved, +Appeared not: over all the face of Earth +Main ocean flowed, not idle; but, with warm +Prolifick humour softening all her globe, +Fermented the great mother to conceive, +Satiate with genial moisture; when God said, +Be gathered now ye waters under Heaven +Into one place, and let dry land appear. +Immediately the mountains huge appear +Emergent, and their broad bare backs upheave +Into the clouds; their tops ascend the sky: +So high as heaved the tumid hills, so low +Down sunk a hollow bottom broad and deep, +Capacious bed of waters: Thither they +Hasted with glad precipitance, uprolled, +As drops on dust conglobing from the dry: +Part rise in crystal wall, or ridge direct, +For haste; such flight the great command impressed +On the swift floods: As armies at the call +Of trumpet (for of armies thou hast heard) +Troop to their standard; so the watery throng, +Wave rolling after wave, where way they found, +If steep, with torrent rapture, if through plain, +Soft-ebbing; nor withstood them rock or hill; +But they, or under ground, or circuit wide +With serpent errour wandering, found their way, +And on the washy oose deep channels wore; +Easy, ere God had bid the ground be dry, +All but within those banks, where rivers now +Stream, and perpetual draw their humid train. +The dry land, Earth; and the great receptacle +Of congregated waters, he called Seas: +And saw that it was good; and said, Let the Earth +Put forth the verdant grass, herb yielding seed, +And fruit-tree yielding fruit after her kind, +Whose seed is in herself upon the Earth. +He scarce had said, when the bare Earth, till then +Desart and bare, unsightly, unadorned, +Brought forth the tender grass, whose verdure clad +Her universal face with pleasant green; +Then herbs of every leaf, that sudden flowered +Opening their various colours, and made gay +Her bosom, smelling sweet: and, these scarce blown, +Forth flourished thick the clustering vine, forth crept +The swelling gourd, up stood the corny reed +Embattled in her field, and the humble shrub, +And bush with frizzled hair implicit: Last +Rose, as in dance, the stately trees, and spread +Their branches hung with copious fruit, or gemmed +Their blossoms: With high woods the hills were crowned; +With tufts the valleys, and each fountain side; +With borders long the rivers: that Earth now +Seemed like to Heaven, a seat where Gods might dwell, +Or wander with delight, and love to haunt +Her sacred shades: though God had yet not rained +Upon the Earth, and man to till the ground +None was; but from the Earth a dewy mist +Went up, and watered all the ground, and each +Plant of the field; which, ere it was in the Earth, +God made, and every herb, before it grew +On the green stem: God saw that it was good: +So even and morn recorded the third day. +Again the Almighty spake, Let there be lights +High in the expanse of Heaven, to divide +The day from night; and let them be for signs, +For seasons, and for days, and circling years; +And let them be for lights, as I ordain +Their office in the firmament of Heaven, +To give light on the Earth; and it was so. +And God made two great lights, great for their use +To Man, the greater to have rule by day, +The less by night, altern; and made the stars, +And set them in the firmament of Heaven +To illuminate the Earth, and rule the day +In their vicissitude, and rule the night, +And light from darkness to divide. God saw, +Surveying his great work, that it was good: +For of celestial bodies first the sun +A mighty sphere he framed, unlightsome first, +Though of ethereal mould: then formed the moon +Globose, and every magnitude of stars, +And sowed with stars the Heaven, thick as a field: +Of light by far the greater part he took, +Transplanted from her cloudy shrine, and placed +In the sun's orb, made porous to receive +And drink the liquid light; firm to retain +Her gathered beams, great palace now of light. +Hither, as to their fountain, other stars +Repairing, in their golden urns draw light, +And hence the morning-planet gilds her horns; +By tincture or reflection they augment +Their small peculiar, though from human sight +So far remote, with diminution seen, +First in his east the glorious lamp was seen, +Regent of day, and all the horizon round +Invested with bright rays, jocund to run +His longitude through Heaven's high road; the gray +Dawn, and the Pleiades, before him danced, +Shedding sweet influence: Less bright the moon, +But opposite in levelled west was set, +His mirrour, with full face borrowing her light +From him; for other light she needed none +In that aspect, and still that distance keeps +Till night; then in the east her turn she shines, +Revolved on Heaven's great axle, and her reign +With thousand lesser lights dividual holds, +With thousand thousand stars, that then appeared +Spangling the hemisphere: Then first adorned +With their bright luminaries that set and rose, +Glad evening and glad morn crowned the fourth day. +And God said, Let the waters generate +Reptile with spawn abundant, living soul: +And let fowl fly above the Earth, with wings +Displayed on the open firmament of Heaven. +And God created the great whales, and each +Soul living, each that crept, which plenteously +The waters generated by their kinds; +And every bird of wing after his kind; +And saw that it was good, and blessed them, saying. +Be fruitful, multiply, and in the seas, +And lakes, and running streams, the waters fill; +And let the fowl be multiplied, on the Earth. +Forthwith the sounds and seas, each creek and bay, +With fry innumerable swarm, and shoals +Of fish that with their fins, and shining scales, +Glide under the green wave, in sculls that oft +Bank the mid sea: part single, or with mate, +Graze the sea-weed their pasture, and through groves +Of coral stray; or, sporting with quick glance, +Show to the sun their waved coats dropt with gold; +Or, in their pearly shells at ease, attend +Moist nutriment; or under rocks their food +In jointed armour watch: on smooth the seal +And bended dolphins play: part huge of bulk +Wallowing unwieldy, enormous in their gait, +Tempest the ocean: there leviathan, +Hugest of living creatures, on the deep +Stretched like a promontory sleeps or swims, +And seems a moving land; and at his gills +Draws in, and at his trunk spouts out, a sea. +Mean while the tepid caves, and fens, and shores, +Their brood as numerous hatch, from the egg that soon +Bursting with kindly rupture forth disclosed +Their callow young; but feathered soon and fledge +They summed their pens; and, soaring the air sublime, +With clang despised the ground, under a cloud +In prospect; there the eagle and the stork +On cliffs and cedar tops their eyries build: +Part loosely wing the region, part more wise +In common, ranged in figure, wedge their way, +Intelligent of seasons, and set forth +Their aery caravan, high over seas +Flying, and over lands, with mutual wing +Easing their flight; so steers the prudent crane +Her annual voyage, borne on winds; the air +Floats as they pass, fanned with unnumbered plumes: +From branch to branch the smaller birds with song +Solaced the woods, and spread their painted wings +Till even; nor then the solemn nightingale +Ceased warbling, but all night tun'd her soft lays: +Others, on silver lakes and rivers, bathed +Their downy breast; the swan with arched neck, +Between her white wings mantling proudly, rows +Her state with oary feet; yet oft they quit +The dank, and, rising on stiff pennons, tower +The mid aereal sky: Others on ground +Walked firm; the crested cock whose clarion sounds +The silent hours, and the other whose gay train +Adorns him, coloured with the florid hue +Of rainbows and starry eyes. The waters thus +With fish replenished, and the air with fowl, +Evening and morn solemnized the fifth day. +The sixth, and of creation last, arose +With evening harps and matin; when God said, +Let the Earth bring forth soul living in her kind, +Cattle, and creeping things, and beast of the Earth, +Each in their kind. The Earth obeyed, and straight +Opening her fertile womb teemed at a birth +Innumerous living creatures, perfect forms, +Limbed and full grown: Out of the ground up rose, +As from his lair, the wild beast where he wons +In forest wild, in thicket, brake, or den; +Among the trees in pairs they rose, they walked: +The cattle in the fields and meadows green: +Those rare and solitary, these in flocks +Pasturing at once, and in broad herds upsprung. +The grassy clods now calved; now half appeared +The tawny lion, pawing to get free +His hinder parts, then springs as broke from bonds, +And rampant shakes his brinded mane; the ounce, +The libbard, and the tiger, as the mole +Rising, the crumbled earth above them threw +In hillocks: The swift stag from under ground +Bore up his branching head: Scarce from his mould +Behemoth biggest born of earth upheaved +His vastness: Fleeced the flocks and bleating rose, +As plants: Ambiguous between sea and land +The river-horse, and scaly crocodile. +At once came forth whatever creeps the ground, +Insect or worm: those waved their limber fans +For wings, and smallest lineaments exact +In all the liveries decked of summer's pride +With spots of gold and purple, azure and green: +These, as a line, their long dimension drew, +Streaking the ground with sinuous trace; not all +Minims of nature; some of serpent-kind, +Wonderous in length and corpulence, involved +Their snaky folds, and added wings. First crept +The parsimonious emmet, provident +Of future; in small room large heart enclosed; +Pattern of just equality perhaps +Hereafter, joined in her popular tribes +Of commonalty: Swarming next appeared +The female bee, that feeds her husband drone +Deliciously, and builds her waxen cells +With honey stored: The rest are numberless, +And thou their natures knowest, and gavest them names, +Needless to thee repeated; nor unknown +The serpent, subtlest beast of all the field, +Of huge extent sometimes, with brazen eyes +And hairy mane terrifick, though to thee +Not noxious, but obedient at thy call. +Now Heaven in all her glory shone, and rolled +Her motions, as the great first Mover's hand +First wheeled their course: Earth in her rich attire +Consummate lovely smiled; air, water, earth, +By fowl, fish, beast, was flown, was swum, was walked, +Frequent; and of the sixth day yet remained: +There wanted yet the master-work, the end +Of all yet done; a creature, who, not prone +And brute as other creatures, but endued +With sanctity of reason, might erect +His stature, and upright with front serene +Govern the rest, self-knowing; and from thence +Magnanimous to correspond with Heaven, +But grateful to acknowledge whence his good +Descends, thither with heart, and voice, and eyes +Directed in devotion, to adore +And worship God Supreme, who made him chief +Of all his works: therefore the Omnipotent +Eternal Father (for where is not he +Present?) thus to his Son audibly spake. +Let us make now Man in our image, Man +In our similitude, and let them rule +Over the fish and fowl of sea and air, +Beast of the field, and over all the Earth, +And every creeping thing that creeps the ground. +This said, he formed thee, Adam, thee, O Man, +Dust of the ground, and in thy nostrils breathed +The breath of life; in his own image he +Created thee, in the image of God +Express; and thou becamest a living soul. +Male he created thee; but thy consort +Female, for race; then blessed mankind, and said, +Be fruitful, multiply, and fill the Earth; +Subdue it, and throughout dominion hold +Over fish of the sea, and fowl of the air, +And every living thing that moves on the Earth. +Wherever thus created, for no place +Is yet distinct by name, thence, as thou knowest, +He brought thee into this delicious grove, +This garden, planted with the trees of God, +Delectable both to behold and taste; +And freely all their pleasant fruit for food +Gave thee; all sorts are here that all the Earth yields, +Variety without end; but of the tree, +Which, tasted, works knowledge of good and evil, +Thou mayest not; in the day thou eatest, thou diest; +Death is the penalty imposed; beware, +And govern well thy appetite; lest Sin +Surprise thee, and her black attendant Death. +Here finished he, and all that he had made +Viewed, and behold all was entirely good; +So even and morn accomplished the sixth day: +Yet not till the Creator from his work +Desisting, though unwearied, up returned, +Up to the Heaven of Heavens, his high abode; +Thence to behold this new created world, +The addition of his empire, how it showed +In prospect from his throne, how good, how fair, +Answering his great idea. Up he rode +Followed with acclamation, and the sound +Symphonious of ten thousand harps, that tuned +Angelick harmonies: The earth, the air +Resounded, (thou rememberest, for thou heardst,) +The heavens and all the constellations rung, +The planets in their station listening stood, +While the bright pomp ascended jubilant. +Open, ye everlasting gates! they sung, +Open, ye Heavens! your living doors;let in +The great Creator from his work returned +Magnificent, his six days work, a World; +Open, and henceforth oft; for God will deign +To visit oft the dwellings of just men, +Delighted; and with frequent intercourse +Thither will send his winged messengers +On errands of supernal grace. So sung +The glorious train ascending: He through Heaven, +That opened wide her blazing portals, led +To God's eternal house direct the way; +A broad and ample road, whose dust is gold +And pavement stars, as stars to thee appear, +Seen in the galaxy, that milky way, +Which nightly, as a circling zone, thou seest +Powdered with stars. And now on Earth the seventh +Evening arose in Eden, for the sun +Was set, and twilight from the east came on, +Forerunning night; when at the holy mount +Of Heaven's high-seated top, the imperial throne +Of Godhead, fixed for ever firm and sure, +The Filial Power arrived, and sat him down +With his great Father; for he also went +Invisible, yet staid, (such privilege +Hath Omnipresence) and the work ordained, +Author and End of all things; and, from work +Now resting, blessed and hallowed the seventh day, +As resting on that day from all his work, +But not in silence holy kept: the harp +Had work and rested not; the solemn pipe, +And dulcimer, all organs of sweet stop, +All sounds on fret by string or golden wire, +Tempered soft tunings, intermixed with voice +Choral or unison: of incense clouds, +Fuming from golden censers, hid the mount. +Creation and the six days acts they sung: +Great are thy works, Jehovah! infinite +Thy power! what thought can measure thee, or tongue +Relate thee! Greater now in thy return +Than from the giant Angels: Thee that day +Thy thunders magnified; but to create +Is greater than created to destroy. +Who can impair thee, Mighty King, or bound +Thy empire! Easily the proud attempt +Of Spirits apostate, and their counsels vain, +Thou hast repelled; while impiously they thought +Thee to diminish, and from thee withdraw +The number of thy worshippers. Who seeks +To lessen thee, against his purpose serves +To manifest the more thy might: his evil +Thou usest, and from thence createst more good. +Witness this new-made world, another Heaven +From Heaven-gate not far, founded in view +On the clear hyaline, the glassy sea; +Of amplitude almost immense, with stars +Numerous, and every star perhaps a world +Of destined habitation; but thou knowest +Their seasons: among these the seat of Men, +Earth, with her nether ocean circumfused, +Their pleasant dwelling-place. Thrice happy Men, +And sons of Men, whom God hath thus advanced! +Created in his image, there to dwell +And worship him; and in reward to rule +Over his works, on earth, in sea, or air, +And multiply a race of worshippers +Holy and just: Thrice happy, if they know +Their happiness, and persevere upright! +So sung they, and the empyrean rung +With halleluiahs: Thus was sabbath kept. +And thy request think now fulfilled, that asked +How first this world and face of things began, +And what before thy memory was done +From the beginning; that posterity, +Informed by thee, might know: If else thou seekest +Aught, not surpassing human measure, say. + + + +Book VIII + + +The Angel ended, and in Adam's ear +So charming left his voice, that he a while +Thought him still speaking, still stood fixed to hear; +Then, as new waked, thus gratefully replied. +What thanks sufficient, or what recompence +Equal, have I to render thee, divine +Historian, who thus largely hast allayed +The thirst I had of knowledge, and vouchsafed +This friendly condescension to relate +Things, else by me unsearchable; now heard +With wonder, but delight, and, as is due, +With glory attributed to the high +Creator! Something yet of doubt remains, +Which only thy solution can resolve. +When I behold this goodly frame, this world, +Of Heaven and Earth consisting; and compute +Their magnitudes; this Earth, a spot, a grain, +An atom, with the firmament compared +And all her numbered stars, that seem to roll +Spaces incomprehensible, (for such +Their distance argues, and their swift return +Diurnal,) merely to officiate light +Round this opacous Earth, this punctual spot, +One day and night; in all her vast survey +Useless besides; reasoning I oft admire, +How Nature wise and frugal could commit +Such disproportions, with superfluous hand +So many nobler bodies to create, +Greater so manifold, to this one use, +For aught appears, and on their orbs impose +Such restless revolution day by day +Repeated; while the sedentary Earth, +That better might with far less compass move, +Served by more noble than herself, attains +Her end without least motion, and receives, +As tribute, such a sumless journey brought +Of incorporeal speed, her warmth and light; +Speed, to describe whose swiftness number fails. +So spake our sire, and by his countenance seemed +Entering on studious thoughts abstruse; which Eve +Perceiving, where she sat retired in sight, +With lowliness majestick from her seat, +And grace that won who saw to wish her stay, +Rose, and went forth among her fruits and flowers, +To visit how they prospered, bud and bloom, +Her nursery; they at her coming sprung, +And, touched by her fair tendance, gladlier grew. +Yet went she not, as not with such discourse +Delighted, or not capable her ear +Of what was high: such pleasure she reserved, +Adam relating, she sole auditress; +Her husband the relater she preferred +Before the Angel, and of him to ask +Chose rather; he, she knew, would intermix +Grateful digressions, and solve high dispute +With conjugal caresses: from his lip +Not words alone pleased her. O! when meet now +Such pairs, in love and mutual honour joined? +With Goddess-like demeanour forth she went, +Not unattended; for on her, as Queen, +A pomp of winning Graces waited still, +And from about her shot darts of desire +Into all eyes, to wish her still in sight. +And Raphael now, to Adam's doubt proposed, +Benevolent and facile thus replied. +To ask or search, I blame thee not; for Heaven +Is as the book of God before thee set, +Wherein to read his wonderous works, and learn +His seasons, hours, or days, or months, or years: +This to attain, whether Heaven move or Earth, +Imports not, if thou reckon right; the rest +From Man or Angel the great Architect +Did wisely to conceal, and not divulge +His secrets to be scanned by them who ought +Rather admire; or, if they list to try +Conjecture, he his fabrick of the Heavens +Hath left to their disputes, perhaps to move +His laughter at their quaint opinions wide +Hereafter; when they come to model Heaven +And calculate the stars, how they will wield +The mighty frame; how build, unbuild, contrive +To save appearances; how gird the sphere +With centrick and eccentrick scribbled o'er, +Cycle and epicycle, orb in orb: +Already by thy reasoning this I guess, +Who art to lead thy offspring, and supposest +That bodies bright and greater should not serve +The less not bright, nor Heaven such journeys run, +Earth sitting still, when she alone receives +The benefit: Consider first, that great +Or bright infers not excellence: the Earth +Though, in comparison of Heaven, so small, +Nor glistering, may of solid good contain +More plenty than the sun that barren shines; +Whose virtue on itself works no effect, +But in the fruitful Earth; there first received, +His beams, unactive else, their vigour find. +Yet not to Earth are those bright luminaries +Officious; but to thee, Earth's habitant. +And for the Heaven's wide circuit, let it speak +The Maker's high magnificence, who built +So spacious, and his line stretched out so far; +That Man may know he dwells not in his own; +An edifice too large for him to fill, +Lodged in a small partition; and the rest +Ordained for uses to his Lord best known. +The swiftness of those circles attribute, +Though numberless, to his Omnipotence, +That to corporeal substances could add +Speed almost spiritual: Me thou thinkest not slow, +Who since the morning-hour set out from Heaven +Where God resides, and ere mid-day arrived +In Eden; distance inexpressible +By numbers that have name. But this I urge, +Admitting motion in the Heavens, to show +Invalid that which thee to doubt it moved; +Not that I so affirm, though so it seem +To thee who hast thy dwelling here on Earth. +God, to remove his ways from human sense, +Placed Heaven from Earth so far, that earthly sight, +If it presume, might err in things too high, +And no advantage gain. What if the sun +Be center to the world; and other stars, +By his attractive virtue and their own +Incited, dance about him various rounds? +Their wandering course now high, now low, then hid, +Progressive, retrograde, or standing still, +In six thou seest; and what if seventh to these +The planet earth, so stedfast though she seem, +Insensibly three different motions move? +Which else to several spheres thou must ascribe, +Moved contrary with thwart obliquities; +Or save the sun his labour, and that swift +Nocturnal and diurnal rhomb supposed, +Invisible else above all stars, the wheel +Of day and night; which needs not thy belief, +If earth, industrious of herself, fetch day +Travelling east, and with her part averse +From the sun's beam meet night, her other part +Still luminous by his ray. What if that light, +Sent from her through the wide transpicuous air, +To the terrestrial moon be as a star, +Enlightening her by day, as she by night +This earth? reciprocal, if land be there, +Fields and inhabitants: Her spots thou seest +As clouds, and clouds may rain, and rain produce +Fruits in her softened soil for some to eat +Allotted there; and other suns perhaps, +With their attendant moons, thou wilt descry, +Communicating male and female light; +Which two great sexes animate the world, +Stored in each orb perhaps with some that live. +For such vast room in Nature unpossessed +By living soul, desart and desolate, +Only to shine, yet scarce to contribute +Each orb a glimpse of light, conveyed so far +Down to this habitable, which returns +Light back to them, is obvious to dispute. +But whether thus these things, or whether not; +But whether the sun, predominant in Heaven, +Rise on the earth; or earth rise on the sun; +He from the east his flaming road begin; +Or she from west her silent course advance, +With inoffensive pace that spinning sleeps +On her soft axle, while she paces even, +And bears thee soft with the smooth hair along; +Sollicit not thy thoughts with matters hid; +Leave them to God above; him serve, and fear! +Of other creatures, as him pleases best, +Wherever placed, let him dispose; joy thou +In what he gives to thee, this Paradise +And thy fair Eve; Heaven is for thee too high +To know what passes there; be lowly wise: +Think only what concerns thee, and thy being; +Dream not of other worlds, what creatures there +Live, in what state, condition, or degree; +Contented that thus far hath been revealed +Not of Earth only, but of highest Heaven. +To whom thus Adam, cleared of doubt, replied. +How fully hast thou satisfied me, pure +Intelligence of Heaven, Angel serene! +And, freed from intricacies, taught to live +The easiest way; nor with perplexing thoughts +To interrupt the sweet of life, from which +God hath bid dwell far off all anxious cares, +And not molest us; unless we ourselves +Seek them with wandering thoughts, and notions vain. +But apt the mind or fancy is to rove +Unchecked, and of her roving is no end; +Till warned, or by experience taught, she learn, +That, not to know at large of things remote +From use, obscure and subtle; but, to know +That which before us lies in daily life, +Is the prime wisdom: What is more, is fume, +Or emptiness, or fond impertinence: +And renders us, in things that most concern, +Unpractised, unprepared, and still to seek. +Therefore from this high pitch let us descend +A lower flight, and speak of things at hand +Useful; whence, haply, mention may arise +Of something not unseasonable to ask, +By sufferance, and thy wonted favour, deigned. +Thee I have heard relating what was done +Ere my remembrance: now, hear me relate +My story, which perhaps thou hast not heard; +And day is not yet spent; till then thou seest +How subtly to detain thee I devise; +Inviting thee to hear while I relate; +Fond! were it not in hope of thy reply: +For, while I sit with thee, I seem in Heaven; +And sweeter thy discourse is to my ear +Than fruits of palm-tree pleasantest to thirst +And hunger both, from labour, at the hour +Of sweet repast; they satiate, and soon fill, +Though pleasant; but thy words, with grace divine +Imbued, bring to their sweetness no satiety. +To whom thus Raphael answered heavenly meek. +Nor are thy lips ungraceful, Sire of men, +Nor tongue ineloquent; for God on thee +Abundantly his gifts hath also poured +Inward and outward both, his image fair: +Speaking, or mute, all comeliness and grace +Attends thee; and each word, each motion, forms; +Nor less think we in Heaven of thee on Earth +Than of our fellow-servant, and inquire +Gladly into the ways of God with Man: +For God, we see, hath honoured thee, and set +On Man his equal love: Say therefore on; +For I that day was absent, as befel, +Bound on a voyage uncouth and obscure, +Far on excursion toward the gates of Hell; +Squared in full legion (such command we had) +To see that none thence issued forth a spy, +Or enemy, while God was in his work; +Lest he, incensed at such eruption bold, +Destruction with creation might have mixed. +Not that they durst without his leave attempt; +But us he sends upon his high behests +For state, as Sovran King; and to inure +Our prompt obedience. Fast we found, fast shut, +The dismal gates, and barricadoed strong; +But long ere our approaching heard within +Noise, other than the sound of dance or song, +Torment, and loud lament, and furious rage. +Glad we returned up to the coasts of light +Ere sabbath-evening: so we had in charge. +But thy relation now; for I attend, +Pleased with thy words no less than thou with mine. +So spake the Godlike Power, and thus our Sire. +For Man to tell how human life began +Is hard; for who himself beginning knew +Desire with thee still longer to converse +Induced me. As new waked from soundest sleep, +Soft on the flowery herb I found me laid, +In balmy sweat; which with his beams the sun +Soon dried, and on the reeking moisture fed. +Straight toward Heaven my wondering eyes I turned, +And gazed a while the ample sky; till, raised +By quick instinctive motion, up I sprung, +As thitherward endeavouring, and upright +Stood on my feet: about me round I saw +Hill, dale, and shady woods, and sunny plains, +And liquid lapse of murmuring streams; by these, +Creatures that lived and moved, and walked, or flew; +Birds on the branches warbling; all things smiled; +With fragrance and with joy my heart o'erflowed. +Myself I then perused, and limb by limb +Surveyed, and sometimes went, and sometimes ran +With supple joints, as lively vigour led: +But who I was, or where, or from what cause, +Knew not; to speak I tried, and forthwith spake; +My tongue obeyed, and readily could name +Whate'er I saw. Thou Sun, said I, fair light, +And thou enlightened Earth, so fresh and gay, +Ye Hills, and Dales, ye Rivers, Woods, and Plains, +And ye that live and move, fair Creatures, tell, +Tell, if ye saw, how I came thus, how here?-- +Not of myself;--by some great Maker then, +In goodness and in power pre-eminent: +Tell me, how may I know him, how adore, +From whom I have that thus I move and live, +And feel that I am happier than I know.-- +While thus I called, and strayed I knew not whither, +From where I first drew air, and first beheld +This happy light; when, answer none returned, +On a green shady bank, profuse of flowers, +Pensive I sat me down: There gentle sleep +First found me, and with soft oppression seised +My droused sense, untroubled, though I thought +I then was passing to my former state +Insensible, and forthwith to dissolve: +When suddenly stood at my head a dream, +Whose inward apparition gently moved +My fancy to believe I yet had being, +And lived: One came, methought, of shape divine, +And said, 'Thy mansion wants thee, Adam; rise, +'First Man, of men innumerable ordained +'First Father! called by thee, I come thy guide +'To the garden of bliss, thy seat prepared.' +So saying, by the hand he took me raised, +And over fields and waters, as in air +Smooth-sliding without step, last led me up +A woody mountain; whose high top was plain, +A circuit wide, enclosed, with goodliest trees +Planted, with walks, and bowers; that what I saw +Of Earth before scarce pleasant seemed. Each tree, +Loaden with fairest fruit that hung to the eye +Tempting, stirred in me sudden appetite +To pluck and eat; whereat I waked, and found +Before mine eyes all real, as the dream +Had lively shadowed: Here had new begun +My wandering, had not he, who was my guide +Up hither, from among the trees appeared, +Presence Divine. Rejoicing, but with awe, +In adoration at his feet I fell +Submiss: He reared me, and 'Whom thou soughtest I am,' +Said mildly, 'Author of all this thou seest +'Above, or round about thee, or beneath. +'This Paradise I give thee, count it thine +'To till and keep, and of the fruit to eat: +'Of every tree that in the garden grows +'Eat freely with glad heart; fear here no dearth: +'But of the tree whose operation brings +'Knowledge of good and ill, which I have set +'The pledge of thy obedience and thy faith, +'Amid the garden by the tree of life, +'Remember what I warn thee, shun to taste, +'And shun the bitter consequence: for know, +'The day thou eatest thereof, my sole command +'Transgressed, inevitably thou shalt die, +'From that day mortal; and this happy state +'Shalt lose, expelled from hence into a world +'Of woe and sorrow.' Sternly he pronounced +The rigid interdiction, which resounds +Yet dreadful in mine ear, though in my choice +Not to incur; but soon his clear aspect +Returned, and gracious purpose thus renewed. +'Not only these fair bounds, but all the Earth +'To thee and to thy race I give; as lords +'Possess it, and all things that therein live, +'Or live in sea, or air; beast, fish, and fowl. +'In sign whereof, each bird and beast behold +'After their kinds; I bring them to receive +'From thee their names, and pay thee fealty +'With low subjection; understand the same +'Of fish within their watery residence, +'Not hither summoned, since they cannot change +'Their element, to draw the thinner air.' +As thus he spake, each bird and beast behold +Approaching two and two; these cowering low +With blandishment; each bird stooped on his wing. +I named them, as they passed, and understood +Their nature, with such knowledge God endued +My sudden apprehension: But in these +I found not what methought I wanted still; +And to the heavenly Vision thus presumed. +O, by what name, for thou above all these, +Above mankind, or aught than mankind higher, +Surpassest far my naming; how may I +Adore thee, Author of this universe, +And all this good to man? for whose well being +So amply, and with hands so liberal, +Thou hast provided all things: But with me +I see not who partakes. In solitude +What happiness, who can enjoy alone, +Or, all enjoying, what contentment find? +Thus I presumptuous; and the Vision bright, +As with a smile more brightened, thus replied. +What callest thou solitude? Is not the Earth +With various living creatures, and the air +Replenished, and all these at thy command +To come and play before thee? Knowest thou not +Their language and their ways? They also know, +And reason not contemptibly: With these +Find pastime, and bear rule; thy realm is large. +So spake the Universal Lord, and seemed +So ordering: I, with leave of speech implored, +And humble deprecation, thus replied. +Let not my words offend thee, Heavenly Power; +My Maker, be propitious while I speak. +Hast thou not made me here thy substitute, +And these inferiour far beneath me set? +Among unequals what society +Can sort, what harmony, or true delight? +Which must be mutual, in proportion due +Given and received; but, in disparity +The one intense, the other still remiss, +Cannot well suit with either, but soon prove +Tedious alike: Of fellowship I speak +Such as I seek, fit to participate +All rational delight: wherein the brute +Cannot be human consort: They rejoice +Each with their kind, lion with lioness; +So fitly them in pairs thou hast combined: +Much less can bird with beast, or fish with fowl +So well converse, nor with the ox the ape; +Worse then can man with beast, and least of all. +Whereto the Almighty answered, not displeased. +A nice and subtle happiness, I see, +Thou to thyself proposest, in the choice +Of thy associates, Adam! and wilt taste +No pleasure, though in pleasure, solitary. +What thinkest thou then of me, and this my state? +Seem I to thee sufficiently possessed +Of happiness, or not? who am alone +From all eternity; for none I know +Second to me or like, equal much less. +How have I then with whom to hold converse, +Save with the creatures which I made, and those +To me inferiour, infinite descents +Beneath what other creatures are to thee? +He ceased; I lowly answered. To attain +The highth and depth of thy eternal ways +All human thoughts come short, Supreme of things! +Thou in thyself art perfect, and in thee +Is no deficience found: Not so is Man, +But in degree; the cause of his desire +By conversation with his like to help +Or solace his defects. No need that thou +Shouldst propagate, already Infinite; +And through all numbers absolute, though One: +But Man by number is to manifest +His single imperfection, and beget +Like of his like, his image multiplied, +In unity defective; which requires +Collateral love, and dearest amity. +Thou in thy secresy although alone, +Best with thyself accompanied, seekest not +Social communication; yet, so pleased, +Canst raise thy creature to what highth thou wilt +Of union or communion, deified: +I, by conversing, cannot these erect +From prone; nor in their ways complacence find. +Thus I emboldened spake, and freedom used +Permissive, and acceptance found; which gained +This answer from the gracious Voice Divine. +Thus far to try thee, Adam, I was pleased; +And find thee knowing, not of beasts alone, +Which thou hast rightly named, but of thyself; +Expressing well the spirit within thee free, +My image, not imparted to the brute; +Whose fellowship therefore unmeet for thee +Good reason was thou freely shouldst dislike; +And be so minded still: I, ere thou spakest, +Knew it not good for Man to be alone; +And no such company as then thou sawest +Intended thee; for trial only brought, +To see how thou couldest judge of fit and meet: +What next I bring shall please thee, be assured, +Thy likeness, thy fit help, thy other self, +Thy wish exactly to thy heart's desire. +He ended, or I heard no more; for now +My earthly by his heavenly overpowered, +Which it had long stood under, strained to the highth +In that celestial colloquy sublime, +As with an object that excels the sense +Dazzled and spent, sunk down; and sought repair +Of sleep, which instantly fell on me, called +By Nature as in aid, and closed mine eyes. +Mine eyes he closed, but open left the cell +Of fancy, my internal sight; by which, +Abstract as in a trance, methought I saw, +Though sleeping, where I lay, and saw the shape +Still glorious before whom awake I stood: +Who stooping opened my left side, and took +From thence a rib, with cordial spirits warm, +And life-blood streaming fresh; wide was the wound, +But suddenly with flesh filled up and healed: +The rib he formed and fashioned with his hands; +Under his forming hands a creature grew, +Man-like, but different sex; so lovely fair, +That what seemed fair in all the world, seemed now +Mean, or in her summed up, in her contained +And in her looks; which from that time infused +Sweetness into my heart, unfelt before, +And into all things from her air inspired +The spirit of love and amorous delight. +She disappeared, and left me dark; I waked +To find her, or for ever to deplore +Her loss, and other pleasures all abjure: +When out of hope, behold her, not far off, +Such as I saw her in my dream, adorned +With what all Earth or Heaven could bestow +To make her amiable: On she came, +Led by her heavenly Maker, though unseen, +And guided by his voice; nor uninformed +Of nuptial sanctity, and marriage rites: +Grace was in all her steps, Heaven in her eye, +In every gesture dignity and love. +I, overjoyed, could not forbear aloud. +This turn hath made amends; thou hast fulfilled +Thy words, Creator bounteous and benign, +Giver of all things fair! but fairest this +Of all thy gifts! nor enviest. I now see +Bone of my bone, flesh of my flesh, myself +Before me: Woman is her name;of Man +Extracted: for this cause he shall forego +Father and mother, and to his wife adhere; +And they shall be one flesh, one heart, one soul. +She heard me thus; and though divinely brought, +Yet innocence, and virgin modesty, +Her virtue, and the conscience of her worth, +That would be wooed, and not unsought be won, +Not obvious, not obtrusive, but, retired, +The more desirable; or, to say all, +Nature herself, though pure of sinful thought, +Wrought in her so, that, seeing me, she turned: +I followed her; she what was honour knew, +And with obsequious majesty approved +My pleaded reason. To the nuptial bower +I led her blushing like the morn: All Heaven, +And happy constellations, on that hour +Shed their selectest influence; the Earth +Gave sign of gratulation, and each hill; +Joyous the birds; fresh gales and gentle airs +Whispered it to the woods, and from their wings +Flung rose, flung odours from the spicy shrub, +Disporting, till the amorous bird of night +Sung spousal, and bid haste the evening-star +On his hill top, to light the bridal lamp. +Thus have I told thee all my state, and brought +My story to the sum of earthly bliss, +Which I enjoy; and must confess to find +In all things else delight indeed, but such +As, used or not, works in the mind no change, +Nor vehement desire; these delicacies +I mean of taste, sight, smell, herbs, fruits, and flowers, +Walks, and the melody of birds: but here +Far otherwise, transported I behold, +Transported touch; here passion first I felt, +Commotion strange! in all enjoyments else +Superiour and unmoved; here only weak +Against the charm of Beauty's powerful glance. +Or Nature failed in me, and left some part +Not proof enough such object to sustain; +Or, from my side subducting, took perhaps +More than enough; at least on her bestowed +Too much of ornament, in outward show +Elaborate, of inward less exact. +For well I understand in the prime end +Of Nature her the inferiour, in the mind +And inward faculties, which most excel; +In outward also her resembling less +His image who made both, and less expressing +The character of that dominion given +O'er other creatures: Yet when I approach +Her loveliness, so absolute she seems +And in herself complete, so well to know +Her own, that what she wills to do or say, +Seems wisest, virtuousest, discreetest, best: +All higher knowledge in her presence falls +Degraded; Wisdom in discourse with her +Loses discountenanced, and like Folly shows; +Authority and Reason on her wait, +As one intended first, not after made +Occasionally; and, to consummate all, +Greatness of mind and Nobleness their seat +Build in her loveliest, and create an awe +About her, as a guard angelick placed. +To whom the Angel with contracted brow. +Accuse not Nature, she hath done her part; +Do thou but thine; and be not diffident +Of Wisdom; she deserts thee not, if thou +Dismiss not her, when most thou needest her nigh, +By attributing overmuch to things +Less excellent, as thou thyself perceivest. +For, what admirest thou, what transports thee so, +An outside? fair, no doubt, and worthy well +Thy cherishing, thy honouring, and thy love; +Not thy subjection: Weigh with her thyself; +Then value: Oft-times nothing profits more +Than self-esteem, grounded on just and right +Well managed; of that skill the more thou knowest, +The more she will acknowledge thee her head, +And to realities yield all her shows: +Made so adorn for thy delight the more, +So awful, that with honour thou mayest love +Thy mate, who sees when thou art seen least wise. +But if the sense of touch, whereby mankind +Is propagated, seem such dear delight +Beyond all other; think the same vouchsafed +To cattle and each beast; which would not be +To them made common and divulged, if aught +Therein enjoyed were worthy to subdue +The soul of man, or passion in him move. +What higher in her society thou findest +Attractive, human, rational, love still; +In loving thou dost well, in passion not, +Wherein true love consists not: Love refines +The thoughts, and heart enlarges; hath his seat +In reason, and is judicious; is the scale +By which to heavenly love thou mayest ascend, +Not sunk in carnal pleasure; for which cause, +Among the beasts no mate for thee was found. +To whom thus, half abashed, Adam replied. +Neither her outside formed so fair, nor aught +In procreation common to all kinds, +(Though higher of the genial bed by far, +And with mysterious reverence I deem,) +So much delights me, as those graceful acts, +Those thousand decencies, that daily flow +From all her words and actions mixed with love +And sweet compliance, which declare unfeigned +Union of mind, or in us both one soul; +Harmony to behold in wedded pair +More grateful than harmonious sound to the ear. +Yet these subject not; I to thee disclose +What inward thence I feel, not therefore foiled, +Who meet with various objects, from the sense +Variously representing; yet, still free, +Approve the best, and follow what I approve. +To love, thou blamest me not; for Love, thou sayest, +Leads up to Heaven, is both the way and guide; +Bear with me then, if lawful what I ask: +Love not the heavenly Spirits, and how their love +Express they? by looks only? or do they mix +Irradiance, virtual or immediate touch? +To whom the Angel, with a smile that glowed +Celestial rosy red, Love's proper hue, +Answered. Let it suffice thee that thou knowest +Us happy, and without love no happiness. +Whatever pure thou in the body enjoyest, +(And pure thou wert created) we enjoy +In eminence; and obstacle find none +Of membrane, joint, or limb, exclusive bars; +Easier than air with air, if Spirits embrace, +Total they mix, union of pure with pure +Desiring, nor restrained conveyance need, +As flesh to mix with flesh, or soul with soul. +But I can now no more; the parting sun +Beyond the Earth's green Cape and verdant Isles +Hesperian sets, my signal to depart. +Be strong, live happy, and love! But, first of all, +Him, whom to love is to obey, and keep +His great command; take heed lest passion sway +Thy judgement to do aught, which else free will +Would not admit: thine, and of all thy sons, +The weal or woe in thee is placed; beware! +I in thy persevering shall rejoice, +And all the Blest: Stand fast;to stand or fall +Free in thine own arbitrement it lies. +Perfect within, no outward aid require; +And all temptation to transgress repel. +So saying, he arose; whom Adam thus +Followed with benediction. Since to part, +Go, heavenly guest, ethereal Messenger, +Sent from whose sovran goodness I adore! +Gentle to me and affable hath been +Thy condescension, and shall be honoured ever +With grateful memory: Thou to mankind +Be good and friendly still, and oft return! +So parted they; the Angel up to Heaven +From the thick shade, and Adam to his bower. + + + +Book IX + + +No more of talk where God or Angel guest +With Man, as with his friend, familiar us'd, +To sit indulgent, and with him partake +Rural repast; permitting him the while +Venial discourse unblam'd. I now must change +Those notes to tragick; foul distrust, and breach +Disloyal on the part of Man, revolt, +And disobedience: on the part of Heaven +Now alienated, distance and distaste, +Anger and just rebuke, and judgement given, +That brought into this world a world of woe, +Sin and her shadow Death, and Misery +Death's harbinger: Sad talk!yet argument +Not less but more heroick than the wrath +Of stern Achilles on his foe pursued +Thrice fugitive about Troy wall; or rage +Of Turnus for Lavinia disespous'd; +Or Neptune's ire, or Juno's, that so long +Perplexed the Greek, and Cytherea's son: + + 00482129 +If answerable style I can obtain +Of my celestial patroness, who deigns +Her nightly visitation unimplor'd, +And dictates to me slumbering; or inspires +Easy my unpremeditated verse: +Since first this subject for heroick song +Pleas'd me long choosing, and beginning late; +Not sedulous by nature to indite +Wars, hitherto the only argument +Heroick deem'd chief mastery to dissect +With long and tedious havock fabled knights +In battles feign'd; the better fortitude +Of patience and heroick martyrdom +Unsung; or to describe races and games, +Or tilting furniture, imblazon'd shields, +Impresses quaint, caparisons and steeds, +Bases and tinsel trappings, gorgeous knights +At joust and tournament; then marshall'd feast +Serv'd up in hall with sewers and seneshals; +The skill of artifice or office mean, +Not that which justly gives heroick name +To person, or to poem. Me, of these +Nor skill'd nor studious, higher argument +Remains; sufficient of itself to raise +That name, unless an age too late, or cold +Climate, or years, damp my intended wing +Depress'd; and much they may, if all be mine, +Not hers, who brings it nightly to my ear. +The sun was sunk, and after him the star +Of Hesperus, whose office is to bring +Twilight upon the earth, short arbiter +"twixt day and night, and now from end to end +Night's hemisphere had veil'd the horizon round: +When satan, who late fled before the threats +Of Gabriel out of Eden, now improv'd +In meditated fraud and malice, bent +On Man's destruction, maugre what might hap +Of heavier on himself, fearless returned +From compassing the earth; cautious of day, +Since Uriel, regent of the sun, descried +His entrance, and foreworned the Cherubim +That kept their watch; thence full of anguish driven, +The space of seven continued nights he rode +With darkness; thrice the equinoctial line +He circled; four times crossed the car of night +From pole to pole, traversing each colure; +On the eighth returned; and, on the coast averse +From entrance or Cherubick watch, by stealth +Found unsuspected way. There was a place, +Now not, though sin, not time, first wrought the change, +Where Tigris, at the foot of Paradise, +Into a gulf shot under ground, till part +Rose up a fountain by the tree of life: +In with the river sunk, and with it rose +Satan, involved in rising mist; then sought +Where to lie hid; sea he had searched, and land, +From Eden over Pontus and the pool +Maeotis, up beyond the river Ob; +Downward as far antarctick; and in length, +West from Orontes to the ocean barred +At Darien ; thence to the land where flows +Ganges and Indus: Thus the orb he roamed +With narrow search; and with inspection deep +Considered every creature, which of all +Most opportune might serve his wiles; and found +The Serpent subtlest beast of all the field. +Him after long debate, irresolute +Of thoughts revolved, his final sentence chose +Fit vessel, fittest imp of fraud, in whom +To enter, and his dark suggestions hide +From sharpest sight: for, in the wily snake +Whatever sleights, none would suspicious mark, +As from his wit and native subtlety +Proceeding; which, in other beasts observed, +Doubt might beget of diabolick power +Active within, beyond the sense of brute. +Thus he resolved, but first from inward grief +His bursting passion into plaints thus poured. +More justly, seat worthier of Gods, as built +With second thoughts, reforming what was old! +O Earth, how like to Heaven, if not preferred +For what God, after better, worse would build? +Terrestrial Heaven, danced round by other Heavens +That shine, yet bear their bright officious lamps, +Light above light, for thee alone, as seems, +In thee concentring all their precious beams +Of sacred influence! As God in Heaven +Is center, yet extends to all; so thou, +Centring, receivest from all those orbs: in thee, +Not in themselves, all their known virtue appears +Productive in herb, plant, and nobler birth +Of creatures animate with gradual life +Of growth, sense, reason, all summed up in Man. +With what delight could I have walked thee round, +If I could joy in aught, sweet interchange +Of hill, and valley, rivers, woods, and plains, +Now land, now sea and shores with forest crowned, +Rocks, dens, and caves! But I in none of these +Find place or refuge; and the more I see +Pleasures about me, so much more I feel +Torment within me, as from the hateful siege +Of contraries: all good to me becomes +Bane, and in Heaven much worse would be my state. +But neither here seek I, no nor in Heaven +To dwell, unless by mastering Heaven's Supreme; +Nor hope to be myself less miserable +By what I seek, but others to make such +As I, though thereby worse to me redound: +For only in destroying I find ease +To my relentless thoughts; and, him destroyed, +Or won to what may work his utter loss, +For whom all this was made, all this will soon +Follow, as to him linked in weal or woe; +In woe then; that destruction wide may range: +To me shall be the glory sole among +The infernal Powers, in one day to have marred +What he, Almighty styled, six nights and days +Continued making; and who knows how long +Before had been contriving? though perhaps +Not longer than since I, in one night, freed +From servitude inglorious well nigh half +The angelick name, and thinner left the throng +Of his adorers: He, to be avenged, +And to repair his numbers thus impaired, +Whether such virtue spent of old now failed +More Angels to create, if they at least +Are his created, or, to spite us more, +Determined to advance into our room +A creature formed of earth, and him endow, +Exalted from so base original, +With heavenly spoils, our spoils: What he decreed, +He effected; Man he made, and for him built +Magnificent this world, and earth his seat, +Him lord pronounced; and, O indignity! +Subjected to his service angel-wings, +And flaming ministers to watch and tend +Their earthly charge: Of these the vigilance +I dread; and, to elude, thus wrapt in mist +Of midnight vapour glide obscure, and pry +In every bush and brake, where hap may find +The serpent sleeping; in whose mazy folds +To hide me, and the dark intent I bring. +O foul descent! that I, who erst contended +With Gods to sit the highest, am now constrained +Into a beast; and, mixed with bestial slime, +This essence to incarnate and imbrute, +That to the highth of Deity aspired! +But what will not ambition and revenge +Descend to? Who aspires, must down as low +As high he soared; obnoxious, first or last, +To basest things. Revenge, at first though sweet, +Bitter ere long, back on itself recoils: +Let it; I reck not, so it light well aimed, +Since higher I fall short, on him who next +Provokes my envy, this new favourite +Of Heaven, this man of clay, son of despite, +Whom, us the more to spite, his Maker raised +From dust: Spite then with spite is best repaid. +So saying, through each thicket dank or dry, +Like a black mist low-creeping, he held on +His midnight-search, where soonest he might find +The serpent; him fast-sleeping soon he found +In labyrinth of many a round self-rolled, +His head the midst, well stored with subtile wiles: +Not yet in horrid shade or dismal den, +Nor nocent yet; but, on the grassy herb, +Fearless unfeared he slept: in at his mouth +The Devil entered; and his brutal sense, +In heart or head, possessing, soon inspired +With act intelligential; but his sleep +Disturbed not, waiting close the approach of morn. +Now, when as sacred light began to dawn +In Eden on the humid flowers, that breathed +Their morning incense, when all things, that breathe, +From the Earth's great altar send up silent praise +To the Creator, and his nostrils fill +With grateful smell, forth came the human pair, +And joined their vocal worship to the quire +Of creatures wanting voice; that done, partake +The season prime for sweetest scents and airs: +Then commune, how that day they best may ply +Their growing work: for much their work out-grew +The hands' dispatch of two gardening so wide, +And Eve first to her husband thus began. +Adam, well may we labour still to dress +This garden, still to tend plant, herb, and flower, +Our pleasant task enjoined; but, till more hands +Aid us, the work under our labour grows, +Luxurious by restraint; what we by day +Lop overgrown, or prune, or prop, or bind, +One night or two with wanton growth derides +Tending to wild. Thou therefore now advise, +Or bear what to my mind first thoughts present: +Let us divide our labours; thou, where choice +Leads thee, or where most needs, whether to wind +The woodbine round this arbour, or direct +The clasping ivy where to climb; while I, +In yonder spring of roses intermixed +With myrtle, find what to redress till noon: +For, while so near each other thus all day +Our task we choose, what wonder if so near +Looks intervene and smiles, or object new +Casual discourse draw on; which intermits +Our day's work, brought to little, though begun +Early, and the hour of supper comes unearned? +To whom mild answer Adam thus returned. +Sole Eve, associate sole, to me beyond +Compare above all living creatures dear! +Well hast thou motioned, well thy thoughts employed, +How we might best fulfil the work which here +God hath assigned us; nor of me shalt pass +Unpraised: for nothing lovelier can be found +In woman, than to study houshold good, +And good works in her husband to promote. +Yet not so strictly hath our Lord imposed +Labour, as to debar us when we need +Refreshment, whether food, or talk between, +Food of the mind, or this sweet intercourse +Of looks and smiles; for smiles from reason flow, +To brute denied, and are of love the food; +Love, not the lowest end of human life. +For not to irksome toil, but to delight, +He made us, and delight to reason joined. +These paths and bowers doubt not but our joint hands +Will keep from wilderness with ease, as wide +As we need walk, till younger hands ere long +Assist us; But, if much converse perhaps +Thee satiate, to short absence I could yield: +For solitude sometimes is best society, +And short retirement urges sweet return. +But other doubt possesses me, lest harm +Befall thee severed from me; for thou knowest +What hath been warned us, what malicious foe +Envying our happiness, and of his own +Despairing, seeks to work us woe and shame +By sly assault; and somewhere nigh at hand +Watches, no doubt, with greedy hope to find +His wish and best advantage, us asunder; +Hopeless to circumvent us joined, where each +To other speedy aid might lend at need: +Whether his first design be to withdraw +Our fealty from God, or to disturb +Conjugal love, than which perhaps no bliss +Enjoyed by us excites his envy more; +Or this, or worse, leave not the faithful side +That gave thee being, still shades thee, and protects. +The wife, where danger or dishonour lurks, +Safest and seemliest by her husband stays, +Who guards her, or with her the worst endures. +To whom the virgin majesty of Eve, +As one who loves, and some unkindness meets, +With sweet austere composure thus replied. +Offspring of Heaven and Earth, and all Earth's Lord! +That such an enemy we have, who seeks +Our ruin, both by thee informed I learn, +And from the parting Angel over-heard, +As in a shady nook I stood behind, +Just then returned at shut of evening flowers. +But, that thou shouldst my firmness therefore doubt +To God or thee, because we have a foe +May tempt it, I expected not to hear. +His violence thou fearest not, being such +As we, not capable of death or pain, +Can either not receive, or can repel. +His fraud is then thy fear; which plain infers +Thy equal fear, that my firm faith and love +Can by his fraud be shaken or seduced; +Thoughts, which how found they harbour in thy breast, +Adam, mis-thought of her to thee so dear? +To whom with healing words Adam replied. +Daughter of God and Man, immortal Eve! +For such thou art; from sin and blame entire: +Not diffident of thee do I dissuade +Thy absence from my sight, but to avoid +The attempt itself, intended by our foe. +For he who tempts, though in vain, at least asperses +The tempted with dishonour foul; supposed +Not incorruptible of faith, not proof +Against temptation: Thou thyself with scorn +And anger wouldst resent the offered wrong, +Though ineffectual found: misdeem not then, +If such affront I labour to avert +From thee alone, which on us both at once +The enemy, though bold, will hardly dare; +Or daring, first on me the assault shall light. +Nor thou his malice and false guile contemn; +Subtle he needs must be, who could seduce +Angels; nor think superfluous other's aid. +I, from the influence of thy looks, receive +Access in every virtue; in thy sight +More wise, more watchful, stronger, if need were +Of outward strength; while shame, thou looking on, +Shame to be overcome or over-reached, +Would utmost vigour raise, and raised unite. +Why shouldst not thou like sense within thee feel +When I am present, and thy trial choose +With me, best witness of thy virtue tried? +So spake domestick Adam in his care +And matrimonial love; but Eve, who thought +Less attributed to her faith sincere, +Thus her reply with accent sweet renewed. +If this be our condition, thus to dwell +In narrow circuit straitened by a foe, +Subtle or violent, we not endued +Single with like defence, wherever met; +How are we happy, still in fear of harm? +But harm precedes not sin: only our foe, +Tempting, affronts us with his foul esteem +Of our integrity: his foul esteem +Sticks no dishonour on our front, but turns +Foul on himself; then wherefore shunned or feared +By us? who rather double honour gain +From his surmise proved false; find peace within, +Favour from Heaven, our witness, from the event. +And what is faith, love, virtue, unassayed +Alone, without exteriour help sustained? +Let us not then suspect our happy state +Left so imperfect by the Maker wise, +As not secure to single or combined. +Frail is our happiness, if this be so, +And Eden were no Eden, thus exposed. +To whom thus Adam fervently replied. +O Woman, best are all things as the will +Of God ordained them: His creating hand +Nothing imperfect or deficient left +Of all that he created, much less Man, +Or aught that might his happy state secure, +Secure from outward force; within himself +The danger lies, yet lies within his power: +Against his will he can receive no harm. +But God left free the will; for what obeys +Reason, is free; and Reason he made right, +But bid her well be ware, and still erect; +Lest, by some fair-appearing good surprised, +She dictate false; and mis-inform the will +To do what God expressly hath forbid. +Not then mistrust, but tender love, enjoins, +That I should mind thee oft; and mind thou me. +Firm we subsist, yet possible to swerve; +Since Reason not impossibly may meet +Some specious object by the foe suborned, +And fall into deception unaware, +Not keeping strictest watch, as she was warned. +Seek not temptation then, which to avoid +Were better, and most likely if from me +Thou sever not: Trial will come unsought. +Wouldst thou approve thy constancy, approve +First thy obedience; the other who can know, +Not seeing thee attempted, who attest? +But, if thou think, trial unsought may find +Us both securer than thus warned thou seemest, +Go; for thy stay, not free, absents thee more; +Go in thy native innocence, rely +On what thou hast of virtue; summon all! +For God towards thee hath done his part, do thine. +So spake the patriarch of mankind; but Eve +Persisted; yet submiss, though last, replied. +With thy permission then, and thus forewarned +Chiefly by what thy own last reasoning words +Touched only; that our trial, when least sought, +May find us both perhaps far less prepared, +The willinger I go, nor much expect +A foe so proud will first the weaker seek; +So bent, the more shall shame him his repulse. +Thus saying, from her husband's hand her hand +Soft she withdrew; and, like a Wood-Nymph light, +Oread or Dryad, or of Delia's train, +Betook her to the groves; but Delia's self +In gait surpassed, and Goddess-like deport, +Though not as she with bow and quiver armed, +But with such gardening tools as Art yet rude, +Guiltless of fire, had formed, or Angels brought. +To Pales, or Pomona, thus adorned, +Likest she seemed, Pomona when she fled +Vertumnus, or to Ceres in her prime, +Yet virgin of Proserpina from Jove. +Her long with ardent look his eye pursued +Delighted, but desiring more her stay. +Oft he to her his charge of quick return +Repeated; she to him as oft engaged +To be returned by noon amid the bower, +And all things in best order to invite +Noontide repast, or afternoon's repose. +O much deceived, much failing, hapless Eve, +Of thy presumed return! event perverse! +Thou never from that hour in Paradise +Foundst either sweet repast, or sound repose; +Such ambush, hid among sweet flowers and shades, +Waited with hellish rancour imminent +To intercept thy way, or send thee back +Despoiled of innocence, of faith, of bliss! +For now, and since first break of dawn, the Fiend, +Mere serpent in appearance, forth was come; +And on his quest, where likeliest he might find +The only two of mankind, but in them +The whole included race, his purposed prey. +In bower and field he sought, where any tuft +Of grove or garden-plot more pleasant lay, +Their tendance, or plantation for delight; +By fountain or by shady rivulet +He sought them both, but wished his hap might find +Eve separate; he wished, but not with hope +Of what so seldom chanced; when to his wish, +Beyond his hope, Eve separate he spies, +Veiled in a cloud of fragrance, where she stood, +Half spied, so thick the roses blushing round +About her glowed, oft stooping to support +Each flower of slender stalk, whose head, though gay +Carnation, purple, azure, or specked with gold, +Hung drooping unsustained; them she upstays +Gently with myrtle band, mindless the while +Herself, though fairest unsupported flower, +From her best prop so far, and storm so nigh. +Nearer he drew, and many a walk traversed +Of stateliest covert, cedar, pine, or palm; +Then voluble and bold, now hid, now seen, +Among thick-woven arborets, and flowers +Imbordered on each bank, the hand of Eve: +Spot more delicious than those gardens feigned +Or of revived Adonis, or renowned +Alcinous, host of old Laertes' son; +Or that, not mystick, where the sapient king +Held dalliance with his fair Egyptian spouse. +Much he the place admired, the person more. +As one who long in populous city pent, +Where houses thick and sewers annoy the air, +Forth issuing on a summer's morn, to breathe +Among the pleasant villages and farms +Adjoined, from each thing met conceives delight; +The smell of grain, or tedded grass, or kine, +Or dairy, each rural sight, each rural sound; +If chance, with nymph-like step, fair virgin pass, +What pleasing seemed, for her now pleases more; +She most, and in her look sums all delight: +Such pleasure took the Serpent to behold +This flowery plat, the sweet recess of Eve +Thus early, thus alone: Her heavenly form +Angelick, but more soft, and feminine, +Her graceful innocence, her every air +Of gesture, or least action, overawed +His malice, and with rapine sweet bereaved +His fierceness of the fierce intent it brought: +That space the Evil-one abstracted stood +From his own evil, and for the time remained +Stupidly good; of enmity disarmed, +Of guile, of hate, of envy, of revenge: +But the hot Hell that always in him burns, +Though in mid Heaven, soon ended his delight, +And tortures him now more, the more he sees +Of pleasure, not for him ordained: then soon +Fierce hate he recollects, and all his thoughts +Of mischief, gratulating, thus excites. +Thoughts, whither have ye led me! with what sweet +Compulsion thus transported, to forget +What hither brought us! hate, not love;nor hope +Of Paradise for Hell, hope here to taste +Of pleasure; but all pleasure to destroy, +Save what is in destroying; other joy +To me is lost. Then, let me not let pass +Occasion which now smiles; behold alone +The woman, opportune to all attempts, +Her husband, for I view far round, not nigh, +Whose higher intellectual more I shun, +And strength, of courage haughty, and of limb +Heroick built, though of terrestrial mould; +Foe not informidable! exempt from wound, +I not; so much hath Hell debased, and pain +Enfeebled me, to what I was in Heaven. +She fair, divinely fair, fit love for Gods! +Not terrible, though terrour be in love +And beauty, not approached by stronger hate, +Hate stronger, under show of love well feigned; +The way which to her ruin now I tend. +So spake the enemy of mankind, enclosed +In serpent, inmate bad! and toward Eve +Addressed his way: not with indented wave, +Prone on the ground, as since; but on his rear, +Circular base of rising folds, that towered +Fold above fold, a surging maze! his head +Crested aloft, and carbuncle his eyes; +With burnished neck of verdant gold, erect +Amidst his circling spires, that on the grass +Floated redundant: pleasing was his shape +And lovely; never since of serpent-kind +Lovelier, not those that in Illyria changed, +Hermione and Cadmus, or the god +In Epidaurus; nor to which transformed +Ammonian Jove, or Capitoline, was seen; +He with Olympias; this with her who bore +Scipio, the highth of Rome. With tract oblique +At first, as one who sought access, but feared +To interrupt, side-long he works his way. +As when a ship, by skilful steersmen wrought +Nigh river's mouth or foreland, where the wind +Veers oft, as oft so steers, and shifts her sail: +So varied he, and of his tortuous train +Curled many a wanton wreath in sight of Eve, +To lure her eye; she, busied, heard the sound +Of rusling leaves, but minded not, as used +To such disport before her through the field, +From every beast; more duteous at her call, +Than at Circean call the herd disguised. +He, bolder now, uncalled before her stood, +But as in gaze admiring: oft he bowed +His turret crest, and sleek enamelled neck, +Fawning; and licked the ground whereon she trod. +His gentle dumb expression turned at length +The eye of Eve to mark his play; he, glad +Of her attention gained, with serpent-tongue +Organick, or impulse of vocal air, +His fraudulent temptation thus began. +Wonder not, sovran Mistress, if perhaps +Thou canst, who art sole wonder! much less arm +Thy looks, the Heaven of mildness, with disdain, +Displeased that I approach thee thus, and gaze +Insatiate; I thus single;nor have feared +Thy awful brow, more awful thus retired. +Fairest resemblance of thy Maker fair, +Thee all things living gaze on, all things thine +By gift, and thy celestial beauty adore +With ravishment beheld! there best beheld, +Where universally admired; but here +In this enclosure wild, these beasts among, +Beholders rude, and shallow to discern +Half what in thee is fair, one man except, +Who sees thee? and what is one? who should be seen +A Goddess among Gods, adored and served +By Angels numberless, thy daily train. +So glozed the Tempter, and his proem tuned: +Into the heart of Eve his words made way, +Though at the voice much marvelling; at length, +Not unamazed, she thus in answer spake. +What may this mean? language of man pronounced +By tongue of brute, and human sense expressed? +The first, at least, of these I thought denied +To beasts; whom God, on their creation-day, +Created mute to all articulate sound: +The latter I demur; for in their looks +Much reason, and in their actions, oft appears. +Thee, Serpent, subtlest beast of all the field +I knew, but not with human voice endued; +Redouble then this miracle, and say, +How camest thou speakable of mute, and how +To me so friendly grown above the rest +Of brutal kind, that daily are in sight? +Say, for such wonder claims attention due. +To whom the guileful Tempter thus replied. +Empress of this fair world, resplendent Eve! +Easy to me it is to tell thee all +What thou commandest; and right thou shouldst be obeyed: +I was at first as other beasts that graze +The trodden herb, of abject thoughts and low, +As was my food; nor aught but food discerned +Or sex, and apprehended nothing high: +Till, on a day roving the field, I chanced +A goodly tree far distant to behold +Loaden with fruit of fairest colours mixed, +Ruddy and gold: I nearer drew to gaze; +When from the boughs a savoury odour blown, +Grateful to appetite, more pleased my sense +Than smell of sweetest fennel, or the teats +Of ewe or goat dropping with milk at even, +Unsucked of lamb or kid, that tend their play. +To satisfy the sharp desire I had +Of tasting those fair apples, I resolved +Not to defer; hunger and thirst at once, +Powerful persuaders, quickened at the scent +Of that alluring fruit, urged me so keen. +About the mossy trunk I wound me soon; +For, high from ground, the branches would require +Thy utmost reach or Adam's: Round the tree +All other beasts that saw, with like desire +Longing and envying stood, but could not reach. +Amid the tree now got, where plenty hung +Tempting so nigh, to pluck and eat my fill +I spared not; for, such pleasure till that hour, +At feed or fountain, never had I found. +Sated at length, ere long I might perceive +Strange alteration in me, to degree +Of reason in my inward powers; and speech +Wanted not long; though to this shape retained. +Thenceforth to speculations high or deep +I turned my thoughts, and with capacious mind +Considered all things visible in Heaven, +Or Earth, or Middle; all things fair and good: +But all that fair and good in thy divine +Semblance, and in thy beauty's heavenly ray, +United I beheld; no fair to thine +Equivalent or second! which compelled +Me thus, though importune perhaps, to come +And gaze, and worship thee of right declared +Sovran of creatures, universal Dame! +So talked the spirited sly Snake; and Eve, +Yet more amazed, unwary thus replied. +Serpent, thy overpraising leaves in doubt +The virtue of that fruit, in thee first proved: +But say, where grows the tree? from hence how far? +For many are the trees of God that grow +In Paradise, and various, yet unknown +To us; in such abundance lies our choice, +As leaves a greater store of fruit untouched, +Still hanging incorruptible, till men +Grow up to their provision, and more hands +Help to disburden Nature of her birth. +To whom the wily Adder, blithe and glad. +Empress, the way is ready, and not long; +Beyond a row of myrtles, on a flat, +Fast by a fountain, one small thicket past +Of blowing myrrh and balm: if thou accept +My conduct, I can bring thee thither soon +Lead then, said Eve. He, leading, swiftly rolled +In tangles, and made intricate seem straight, +To mischief swift. Hope elevates, and joy +Brightens his crest; as when a wandering fire, +Compact of unctuous vapour, which the night +Condenses, and the cold environs round, +Kindled through agitation to a flame, +Which oft, they say, some evil Spirit attends, +Hovering and blazing with delusive light, +Misleads the amazed night-wanderer from his way +To bogs and mires, and oft through pond or pool; +There swallowed up and lost, from succour far. +So glistered the dire Snake, and into fraud +Led Eve, our credulous mother, to the tree +Of prohibition, root of all our woe; +Which when she saw, thus to her guide she spake. +Serpent, we might have spared our coming hither, +Fruitless to me, though fruit be here to excess, +The credit of whose virtue rest with thee; +Wonderous indeed, if cause of such effects. +But of this tree we may not taste nor touch; +God so commanded, and left that command +Sole daughter of his voice; the rest, we live +Law to ourselves; our reason is our law. +To whom the Tempter guilefully replied. +Indeed! hath God then said that of the fruit +Of all these garden-trees ye shall not eat, +Yet Lords declared of all in earth or air$? +To whom thus Eve, yet sinless. Of the fruit +Of each tree in the garden we may eat; +But of the fruit of this fair tree amidst +The garden, God hath said, Ye shall not eat +Thereof, nor shall ye touch it, lest ye die. +She scarce had said, though brief, when now more bold +The Tempter, but with show of zeal and love +To Man, and indignation at his wrong, +New part puts on; and, as to passion moved, +Fluctuates disturbed, yet comely and in act +Raised, as of some great matter to begin. +As when of old some orator renowned, +In Athens or free Rome, where eloquence +Flourished, since mute! to some great cause addressed, +Stood in himself collected; while each part, +Motion, each act, won audience ere the tongue; +Sometimes in highth began, as no delay +Of preface brooking, through his zeal of right: +So standing, moving, or to highth up grown, +The Tempter, all impassioned, thus began. +O sacred, wise, and wisdom-giving Plant, +Mother of science! now I feel thy power +Within me clear; not only to discern +Things in their causes, but to trace the ways +Of highest agents, deemed however wise. +Queen of this universe! do not believe +Those rigid threats of death: ye shall not die: +How should you? by the fruit? it gives you life +To knowledge; by the threatener? look on me, +Me, who have touched and tasted; yet both live, +And life more perfect have attained than Fate +Meant me, by venturing higher than my lot. +Shall that be shut to Man, which to the Beast +Is open? or will God incense his ire +For such a petty trespass? and not praise +Rather your dauntless virtue, whom the pain +Of death denounced, whatever thing death be, +Deterred not from achieving what might lead +To happier life, knowledge of good and evil; +Of good, how just? of evil, if what is evil +Be real, why not known, since easier shunned? +God therefore cannot hurt ye, and be just; +Not just, not God; not feared then, nor obeyed: +Your fear itself of death removes the fear. +Why then was this forbid? Why, but to awe; +Why, but to keep ye low and ignorant, +His worshippers? He knows that in the day +Ye eat thereof, your eyes that seem so clear, +Yet are but dim, shall perfectly be then +Opened and cleared, and ye shall be as Gods, +Knowing both good and evil, as they know. +That ye shall be as Gods, since I as Man, +Internal Man, is but proportion meet; +I, of brute, human; ye, of human, Gods. +So ye shall die perhaps, by putting off +Human, to put on Gods; death to be wished, +Though threatened, which no worse than this can bring. +And what are Gods, that Man may not become +As they, participating God-like food? +The Gods are first, and that advantage use +On our belief, that all from them proceeds: +I question it; for this fair earth I see, +Warmed by the sun, producing every kind; +Them, nothing: if they all things, who enclosed +Knowledge of good and evil in this tree, +That whoso eats thereof, forthwith attains +Wisdom without their leave? and wherein lies +The offence, that Man should thus attain to know? +What can your knowledge hurt him, or this tree +Impart against his will, if all be his? +Or is it envy? and can envy dwell +In heavenly breasts? These, these, and many more +Causes import your need of this fair fruit. +Goddess humane, reach then, and freely taste! +He ended; and his words, replete with guile, +Into her heart too easy entrance won: +Fixed on the fruit she gazed, which to behold +Might tempt alone; and in her ears the sound +Yet rung of his persuasive words, impregned +With reason, to her seeming, and with truth: +Mean while the hour of noon drew on, and waked +An eager appetite, raised by the smell +So savoury of that fruit, which with desire, +Inclinable now grown to touch or taste, +Solicited her longing eye; yet first +Pausing a while, thus to herself she mused. +Great are thy virtues, doubtless, best of fruits, +Though kept from man, and worthy to be admired; +Whose taste, too long forborn, at first assay +Gave elocution to the mute, and taught +The tongue not made for speech to speak thy praise: +Thy praise he also, who forbids thy use, +Conceals not from us, naming thee the tree +Of knowledge, knowledge both of good and evil; +Forbids us then to taste! but his forbidding +Commends thee more, while it infers the good +By thee communicated, and our want: +For good unknown sure is not had; or, had +And yet unknown, is as not had at all. +In plain then, what forbids he but to know, +Forbids us good, forbids us to be wise? +Such prohibitions bind not. But, if death +Bind us with after-bands, what profits then +Our inward freedom? In the day we eat +Of this fair fruit, our doom is, we shall die! +How dies the Serpent? he hath eaten and lives, +And knows, and speaks, and reasons, and discerns, +Irrational till then. For us alone +Was death invented? or to us denied +This intellectual food, for beasts reserved? +For beasts it seems: yet that one beast which first +Hath tasted envies not, but brings with joy +The good befallen him, author unsuspect, +Friendly to man, far from deceit or guile. +What fear I then? rather, what know to fear +Under this ignorance of good and evil, +Of God or death, of law or penalty? +Here grows the cure of all, this fruit divine, +Fair to the eye, inviting to the taste, +Of virtue to make wise: What hinders then +To reach, and feed at once both body and mind? +So saying, her rash hand in evil hour +Forth reaching to the fruit, she plucked, she eat! +Earth felt the wound; and Nature from her seat, +Sighing through all her works, gave signs of woe, +That all was lost. Back to the thicket slunk +The guilty Serpent; and well might;for Eve, +Intent now wholly on her taste, nought else +Regarded; such delight till then, as seemed, +In fruit she never tasted, whether true +Or fancied so, through expectation high +Of knowledge; not was Godhead from her thought. +Greedily she ingorged without restraint, +And knew not eating death: Satiate at length, +And hightened as with wine, jocund and boon, +Thus to herself she pleasingly began. +O sovran, virtuous, precious of all trees +In Paradise! of operation blest +To sapience, hitherto obscured, infamed. +And thy fair fruit let hang, as to no end +Created; but henceforth my early care, +Not without song, each morning, and due praise, +Shall tend thee, and the fertile burden ease +Of thy full branches offered free to all; +Till, dieted by thee, I grow mature +In knowledge, as the Gods, who all things know; +Though others envy what they cannot give: +For, had the gift been theirs, it had not here +Thus grown. Experience, next, to thee I owe, +Best guide; not following thee, I had remained +In ignorance; thou openest wisdom's way, +And givest access, though secret she retire. +And I perhaps am secret: Heaven is high, +High, and remote to see from thence distinct +Each thing on Earth; and other care perhaps +May have diverted from continual watch +Our great Forbidder, safe with all his spies +About him. But to Adam in what sort +Shall I appear? shall I to him make known +As yet my change, and give him to partake +Full happiness with me, or rather not, +But keeps the odds of knowledge in my power +Without copartner? so to add what wants +In female sex, the more to draw his love, +And render me more equal; and perhaps, +A thing not undesirable, sometime +Superiour; for, inferiour, who is free +This may be well: But what if God have seen, +And death ensue? then I shall be no more! +And Adam, wedded to another Eve, +Shall live with her enjoying, I extinct; +A death to think! Confirmed then I resolve, +Adam shall share with me in bliss or woe: +So dear I love him, that with him all deaths +I could endure, without him live no life. +So saying, from the tree her step she turned; +But first low reverence done, as to the Power +That dwelt within, whose presence had infused +Into the plant sciential sap, derived +From nectar, drink of Gods. Adam the while, +Waiting desirous her return, had wove +Of choicest flowers a garland, to adorn +Her tresses, and her rural labours crown; +As reapers oft are wont their harvest-queen. +Great joy he promised to his thoughts, and new +Solace in her return, so long delayed: +Yet oft his heart, divine of something ill, +Misgave him; he the faltering measure felt; +And forth to meet her went, the way she took +That morn when first they parted: by the tree +Of knowledge he must pass; there he her met, +Scarce from the tree returning; in her hand +A bough of fairest fruit, that downy smiled, +New gathered, and ambrosial smell diffused. +To him she hasted; in her face excuse +Came prologue, and apology too prompt; +Which, with bland words at will, she thus addressed. +Hast thou not wondered, Adam, at my stay? +Thee I have missed, and thought it long, deprived +Thy presence; agony of love till now +Not felt, nor shall be twice; for never more +Mean I to try, what rash untried I sought, +The pain of absence from thy sight. But strange +Hath been the cause, and wonderful to hear: +This tree is not, as we are told, a tree +Of danger tasted, nor to evil unknown +Opening the way, but of divine effect +To open eyes, and make them Gods who taste; +And hath been tasted such: The serpent wise, +Or not restrained as we, or not obeying, +Hath eaten of the fruit; and is become, +Not dead, as we are threatened, but thenceforth +Endued with human voice and human sense, +Reasoning to admiration; and with me +Persuasively hath so prevailed, that I +Have also tasted, and have also found +The effects to correspond; opener mine eyes, +Dim erst, dilated spirits, ampler heart, +And growing up to Godhead; which for thee +Chiefly I sought, without thee can despise. +For bliss, as thou hast part, to me is bliss; +Tedious, unshared with thee, and odious soon. +Thou therefore also taste, that equal lot +May join us, equal joy, as equal love; +Lest, thou not tasting, different degree +Disjoin us, and I then too late renounce +Deity for thee, when Fate will not permit. +Thus Eve with countenance blithe her story told; +But in her cheek distemper flushing glowed. +On the other side Adam, soon as he heard +The fatal trespass done by Eve, amazed, +Astonied stood and blank, while horrour chill +Ran through his veins, and all his joints relaxed; +From his slack hand the garland wreathed for Eve +Down dropt, and all the faded roses shed: +Speechless he stood and pale, till thus at length +First to himself he inward silence broke. +O fairest of Creation, last and best +Of all God's works, Creature in whom excelled +Whatever can to sight or thought be formed, +Holy, divine, good, amiable, or sweet! +How art thou lost! how on a sudden lost, +Defaced, deflowered, and now to death devote! +Rather, how hast thou yielded to transgress +The strict forbiddance, how to violate +The sacred fruit forbidden! Some cursed fraud +Of enemy hath beguiled thee, yet unknown, +And me with thee hath ruined; for with thee +Certain my resolution is to die: +How can I live without thee! how forego +Thy sweet converse, and love so dearly joined, +To live again in these wild woods forlorn! +Should God create another Eve, and I +Another rib afford, yet loss of thee +Would never from my heart: no, no!I feel +The link of Nature draw me: flesh of flesh, +Bone of my bone thou art, and from thy state +Mine never shall be parted, bliss or woe. +So having said, as one from sad dismay +Recomforted, and after thoughts disturbed +Submitting to what seemed remediless, +Thus in calm mood his words to Eve he turned. +Bold deed thou hast presumed, adventurous Eve, +And peril great provoked, who thus hast dared, +Had it been only coveting to eye +That sacred fruit, sacred to abstinence, +Much more to taste it under ban to touch. +But past who can recall, or done undo? +Not God Omnipotent, nor Fate; yet so +Perhaps thou shalt not die, perhaps the fact +Is not so heinous now, foretasted fruit, +Profaned first by the serpent, by him first +Made common, and unhallowed, ere our taste; +Nor yet on him found deadly; yet he lives; +Lives, as thou saidst, and gains to live, as Man, +Higher degree of life; inducement strong +To us, as likely tasting to attain +Proportional ascent; which cannot be +But to be Gods, or Angels, demi-Gods. +Nor can I think that God, Creator wise, +Though threatening, will in earnest so destroy +Us his prime creatures, dignified so high, +Set over all his works; which in our fall, +For us created, needs with us must fail, +Dependant made; so God shall uncreate, +Be frustrate, do, undo, and labour lose; +Not well conceived of God, who, though his power +Creation could repeat, yet would be loth +Us to abolish, lest the Adversary +Triumph, and say; "Fickle their state whom God +"Most favours; who can please him long? Me first +"He ruined, now Mankind; whom will he next?" +Matter of scorn, not to be given the Foe. +However I with thee have fixed my lot, +Certain to undergo like doom: If death +Consort with thee, death is to me as life; +So forcible within my heart I feel +The bond of Nature draw me to my own; +My own in thee, for what thou art is mine; +Our state cannot be severed; we are one, +One flesh; to lose thee were to lose myself. +So Adam; and thus Eve to him replied. +O glorious trial of exceeding love, +Illustrious evidence, example high! +Engaging me to emulate; but, short +Of thy perfection, how shall I attain, +Adam, from whose dear side I boast me sprung, +And gladly of our union hear thee speak, +One heart, one soul in both; whereof good proof +This day affords, declaring thee resolved, +Rather than death, or aught than death more dread, +Shall separate us, linked in love so dear, +To undergo with me one guilt, one crime, +If any be, of tasting this fair fruit; +Whose virtue for of good still good proceeds, +Direct, or by occasion, hath presented +This happy trial of thy love, which else +So eminently never had been known? +Were it I thought death menaced would ensue +This my attempt, I would sustain alone +The worst, and not persuade thee, rather die +Deserted, than oblige thee with a fact +Pernicious to thy peace; chiefly assured +Remarkably so late of thy so true, +So faithful, love unequalled: but I feel +Far otherwise the event; not death, but life +Augmented, opened eyes, new hopes, new joys, +Taste so divine, that what of sweet before +Hath touched my sense, flat seems to this, and harsh. +On my experience, Adam, freely taste, +And fear of death deliver to the winds. +So saying, she embraced him, and for joy +Tenderly wept; much won, that he his love +Had so ennobled, as of choice to incur +Divine displeasure for her sake, or death. +In recompence for such compliance bad +Such recompence best merits from the bough +She gave him of that fair enticing fruit +With liberal hand: he scrupled not to eat, +Against his better knowledge; not deceived, +But fondly overcome with female charm. +Earth trembled from her entrails, as again +In pangs; and Nature gave a second groan; +Sky loured; and, muttering thunder, some sad drops +Wept at completing of the mortal sin +Original: while Adam took no thought, +Eating his fill; nor Eve to iterate +Her former trespass feared, the more to sooth +Him with her loved society; that now, +As with new wine intoxicated both, +They swim in mirth, and fancy that they feel +Divinity within them breeding wings, +Wherewith to scorn the earth: But that false fruit +Far other operation first displayed, +Carnal desire inflaming; he on Eve +Began to cast lascivious eyes; she him +As wantonly repaid; in lust they burn: +Till Adam thus 'gan Eve to dalliance move. +Eve, now I see thou art exact of taste, +And elegant, of sapience no small part; +Since to each meaning savour we apply, +And palate call judicious; I the praise +Yield thee, so well this day thou hast purveyed. +Much pleasure we have lost, while we abstained +From this delightful fruit, nor known till now +True relish, tasting; if such pleasure be +In things to us forbidden, it might be wished, +For this one tree had been forbidden ten. +But come, so well refreshed, now let us play, +As meet is, after such delicious fare; +For never did thy beauty, since the day +I saw thee first and wedded thee, adorned +With all perfections, so inflame my sense +With ardour to enjoy thee, fairer now +Than ever; bounty of this virtuous tree! +So said he, and forbore not glance or toy +Of amorous intent; well understood +Of Eve, whose eye darted contagious fire. +Her hand he seised; and to a shady bank, +Thick over-head with verdant roof imbowered, +He led her nothing loth; flowers were the couch, +Pansies, and violets, and asphodel, +And hyacinth; Earth's freshest softest lap. +There they their fill of love and love's disport +Took largely, of their mutual guilt the seal, +The solace of their sin; till dewy sleep +Oppressed them, wearied with their amorous play, +Soon as the force of that fallacious fruit, +That with exhilarating vapour bland +About their spirits had played, and inmost powers +Made err, was now exhaled; and grosser sleep, +Bred of unkindly fumes, with conscious dreams +Incumbered, now had left them; up they rose +As from unrest; and, each the other viewing, +Soon found their eyes how opened, and their minds +How darkened; innocence, that as a veil +Had shadowed them from knowing ill, was gone; +Just confidence, and native righteousness, +And honour, from about them, naked left +To guilty Shame; he covered, but his robe +Uncovered more. So rose the Danite strong, +Herculean Samson, from the harlot-lap +Of Philistean Dalilah, and waked +Shorn of his strength. They destitute and bare +Of all their virtue: Silent, and in face +Confounded, long they sat, as strucken mute: +Till Adam, though not less than Eve abashed, +At length gave utterance to these words constrained. +O Eve, in evil hour thou didst give ear +To that false worm, of whomsoever taught +To counterfeit Man's voice; true in our fall, +False in our promised rising; since our eyes +Opened we find indeed, and find we know +Both good and evil; good lost, and evil got; +Bad fruit of knowledge, if this be to know; +Which leaves us naked thus, of honour void, +Of innocence, of faith, of purity, +Our wonted ornaments now soiled and stained, +And in our faces evident the signs +Of foul concupiscence; whence evil store; +Even shame, the last of evils; of the first +Be sure then.--How shall I behold the face +Henceforth of God or Angel, erst with joy +And rapture so oft beheld? Those heavenly shapes +Will dazzle now this earthly with their blaze +Insufferably bright. O! might I here +In solitude live savage; in some glade +Obscured, where highest woods, impenetrable +To star or sun-light, spread their umbrage broad +And brown as evening: Cover me, ye Pines! +Ye Cedars, with innumerable boughs +Hide me, where I may never see them more!-- +But let us now, as in bad plight, devise +What best may for the present serve to hide +The parts of each from other, that seem most +To shame obnoxious, and unseemliest seen; +Some tree, whose broad smooth leaves together sewed, +And girded on our loins, may cover round +Those middle parts; that this new comer, Shame, +There sit not, and reproach us as unclean. +So counselled he, and both together went +Into the thickest wood; there soon they chose +The fig-tree; not that kind for fruit renowned, +But such as at this day, to Indians known, +In Malabar or Decan spreads her arms +Branching so broad and long, that in the ground +The bended twigs take root, and daughters grow +About the mother tree, a pillared shade +High over-arched, and echoing walks between: +There oft the Indian herdsman, shunning heat, +Shelters in cool, and tends his pasturing herds +At loop-holes cut through thickest shade: Those leaves +They gathered, broad as Amazonian targe; +And, with what skill they had, together sewed, +To gird their waist; vain covering, if to hide +Their guilt and dreaded shame! O, how unlike +To that first naked glory! Such of late +Columbus found the American, so girt +With feathered cincture; naked else, and wild +Among the trees on isles and woody shores. +Thus fenced, and, as they thought, their shame in part +Covered, but not at rest or ease of mind, +They sat them down to weep; nor only tears +Rained at their eyes, but high winds worse within +Began to rise, high passions, anger, hate, +Mistrust, suspicion, discord; and shook sore +Their inward state of mind, calm region once +And full of peace, now tost and turbulent: +For Understanding ruled not, and the Will +Heard not her lore; both in subjection now +To sensual Appetite, who from beneath +Usurping over sovran Reason claimed +Superiour sway: From thus distempered breast, +Adam, estranged in look and altered style, +Speech intermitted thus to Eve renewed. +Would thou hadst hearkened to my words, and staid +With me, as I besought thee, when that strange +Desire of wandering, this unhappy morn, +I know not whence possessed thee; we had then +Remained still happy; not, as now, despoiled +Of all our good; shamed, naked, miserable! +Let none henceforth seek needless cause to approve +The faith they owe; when earnestly they seek +Such proof, conclude, they then begin to fail. +To whom, soon moved with touch of blame, thus Eve. +What words have passed thy lips, Adam severe! +Imputest thou that to my default, or will +Of wandering, as thou callest it, which who knows +But might as ill have happened thou being by, +Or to thyself perhaps? Hadst thou been there, +Or here the attempt, thou couldst not have discerned +Fraud in the Serpent, speaking as he spake; +No ground of enmity between us known, +Why he should mean me ill, or seek to harm. +Was I to have never parted from thy side? +As good have grown there still a lifeless rib. +Being as I am, why didst not thou, the head, +Command me absolutely not to go, +Going into such danger, as thou saidst? +Too facile then, thou didst not much gainsay; +Nay, didst permit, approve, and fair dismiss. +Hadst thou been firm and fixed in thy dissent, +Neither had I transgressed, nor thou with me. +To whom, then first incensed, Adam replied. +Is this the love, is this the recompence +Of mine to thee, ingrateful Eve! expressed +Immutable, when thou wert lost, not I; +Who might have lived, and joyed immortal bliss, +Yet willingly chose rather death with thee? +And am I now upbraided as the cause +Of thy transgressing? Not enough severe, +It seems, in thy restraint: What could I more +I warned thee, I admonished thee, foretold +The danger, and the lurking enemy +That lay in wait; beyond this, had been force; +And force upon free will hath here no place. +But confidence then bore thee on; secure +Either to meet no danger, or to find +Matter of glorious trial; and perhaps +I also erred, in overmuch admiring +What seemed in thee so perfect, that I thought +No evil durst attempt thee; but I rue +The errour now, which is become my crime, +And thou the accuser. Thus it shall befall +Him, who, to worth in women overtrusting, +Lets her will rule: restraint she will not brook; +And, left to herself, if evil thence ensue, +She first his weak indulgence will accuse. +Thus they in mutual accusation spent +The fruitless hours, but neither self-condemning; +And of their vain contest appeared no end. + + + +Book X + + +Mean while the heinous and despiteful act +Of Satan, done in Paradise; and how +He, in the serpent, had perverted Eve, +Her husband she, to taste the fatal fruit, +Was known in Heaven; for what can 'scape the eye +Of God all-seeing, or deceive his heart +Omniscient? who, in all things wise and just, +Hindered not Satan to attempt the mind +Of Man, with strength entire and free will armed, +Complete to have discovered and repulsed +Whatever wiles of foe or seeming friend. +For still they knew, and ought to have still remembered, +The high injunction, not to taste that fruit, +Whoever tempted; which they not obeying, +(Incurred what could they less?) the penalty; +And, manifold in sin, deserved to fall. +Up into Heaven from Paradise in haste +The angelick guards ascended, mute, and sad, +For Man; for of his state by this they knew, +Much wondering how the subtle Fiend had stolen +Entrance unseen. Soon as the unwelcome news +From Earth arrived at Heaven-gate, displeased +All were who heard; dim sadness did not spare +That time celestial visages, yet, mixed +With pity, violated not their bliss. +About the new-arrived, in multitudes +The ethereal people ran, to hear and know +How all befel: They towards the throne supreme, +Accountable, made haste, to make appear, +With righteous plea, their utmost vigilance +And easily approved; when the Most High +Eternal Father, from his secret cloud, +Amidst in thunder uttered thus his voice. +Assembled Angels, and ye Powers returned +From unsuccessful charge; be not dismayed, +Nor troubled at these tidings from the earth, +Which your sincerest care could not prevent; +Foretold so lately what would come to pass, +When first this tempter crossed the gulf from Hell. +I told ye then he should prevail, and speed +On his bad errand; Man should be seduced, +And flattered out of all, believing lies +Against his Maker; no decree of mine +Concurring to necessitate his fall, +Or touch with lightest moment of impulse +His free will, to her own inclining left +In even scale. But fallen he is; and now +What rests, but that the mortal sentence pass +On his transgression,--death denounced that day? +Which he presumes already vain and void, +Because not yet inflicted, as he feared, +By some immediate stroke; but soon shall find +Forbearance no acquittance, ere day end. +Justice shall not return as bounty scorned. +But whom send I to judge them? whom but thee, +Vicegerent Son? To thee I have transferred +All judgement, whether in Heaven, or Earth, or Hell. +Easy it may be seen that I intend +Mercy colleague with justice, sending thee +Man's friend, his Mediator, his designed +Both ransom and Redeemer voluntary, +And destined Man himself to judge Man fallen. +So spake the Father; and, unfolding bright +Toward the right hand his glory, on the Son +Blazed forth unclouded Deity: He full +Resplendent all his Father manifest +Expressed, and thus divinely answered mild. +Father Eternal, thine is to decree; +Mine, both in Heaven and Earth, to do thy will +Supreme; that thou in me, thy Son beloved, +Mayest ever rest well pleased. I go to judge +On earth these thy transgressours; but thou knowest, +Whoever judged, the worst on me must light, +When time shall be; for so I undertook +Before thee; and, not repenting, this obtain +Of right, that I may mitigate their doom +On me derived; yet I shall temper so +Justice with mercy, as may illustrate most +Them fully satisfied, and thee appease. +Attendance none shall need, nor train, where none +Are to behold the judgement, but the judged, +Those two; the third best absent is condemned, +Convict by flight, and rebel to all law: +Conviction to the serpent none belongs. +Thus saying, from his radiant seat he rose +Of high collateral glory: Him Thrones, and Powers, +Princedoms, and Dominations ministrant, +Accompanied to Heaven-gate; from whence +Eden, and all the coast, in prospect lay. +Down he descended straight; the speed of Gods +Time counts not, though with swiftest minutes winged. +Now was the sun in western cadence low +From noon, and gentle airs, due at their hour, +To fan the earth now waked, and usher in +The evening cool; when he, from wrath more cool, +Came the mild Judge, and Intercessour both, +To sentence Man: The voice of God they heard +Now walking in the garden, by soft winds +Brought to their ears, while day declined; they heard, +And from his presence hid themselves among +The thickest trees, both man and wife; till God, +Approaching, thus to Adam called aloud. +Where art thou, Adam, wont with joy to meet +My coming seen far off? I miss thee here, +Not pleased, thus entertained with solitude, +Where obvious duty ere while appeared unsought: +Or come I less conspicuous, or what change +Absents thee, or what chance detains?--Come forth! +He came; and with him Eve, more loth, though first +To offend; discountenanced both, and discomposed; +Love was not in their looks, either to God, +Or to each other; but apparent guilt, +And shame, and perturbation, and despair, +Anger, and obstinacy, and hate, and guile. +Whence Adam, faltering long, thus answered brief. +I heard thee in the garden, and of thy voice +Afraid, being naked, hid myself. To whom +The gracious Judge without revile replied. +My voice thou oft hast heard, and hast not feared, +But still rejoiced; how is it now become +So dreadful to thee? That thou art naked, who +Hath told thee? Hast thou eaten of the tree, +Whereof I gave thee charge thou shouldst not eat? +To whom thus Adam sore beset replied. +O Heaven! in evil strait this day I stand +Before my Judge; either to undergo +Myself the total crime, or to accuse +My other self, the partner of my life; +Whose failing, while her faith to me remains, +I should conceal, and not expose to blame +By my complaint: but strict necessity +Subdues me, and calamitous constraint; +Lest on my head both sin and punishment, +However insupportable, be all +Devolved; though should I hold my peace, yet thou +Wouldst easily detect what I conceal.-- +This Woman, whom thou madest to be my help, +And gavest me as thy perfect gift, so good, +So fit, so acceptable, so divine, +That from her hand I could suspect no ill, +And what she did, whatever in itself, +Her doing seemed to justify the deed; +She gave me of the tree, and I did eat. +To whom the Sovran Presence thus replied. +Was she thy God, that her thou didst obey +Before his voice? or was she made thy guide, +Superiour, or but equal, that to her +Thou didst resign thy manhood, and the place +Wherein God set thee above her made of thee, +And for thee, whose perfection far excelled +Hers in all real dignity? Adorned +She was indeed, and lovely, to attract +Thy love, not thy subjection; and her gifts +Were such, as under government well seemed; +Unseemly to bear rule; which was thy part +And person, hadst thou known thyself aright. +So having said, he thus to Eve in few. +Say, Woman, what is this which thou hast done? +To whom sad Eve, with shame nigh overwhelmed, +Confessing soon, yet not before her Judge +Bold or loquacious, thus abashed replied. +The Serpent me beguiled, and I did eat. +Which when the Lord God heard, without delay +To judgement he proceeded on the accused +Serpent, though brute; unable to transfer +The guilt on him, who made him instrument +Of mischief, and polluted from the end +Of his creation; justly then accursed, +As vitiated in nature: More to know +Concerned not Man, (since he no further knew) +Nor altered his offence; yet God at last +To Satan first in sin his doom applied, +Though in mysterious terms, judged as then best: +And on the Serpent thus his curse let fall. +Because thou hast done this, thou art accursed +Above all cattle, each beast of the field; +Upon thy belly groveling thou shalt go, +And dust shalt eat all the days of thy life. +Between thee and the woman I will put +Enmity, and between thine and her seed; +Her seed shall bruise thy head, thou bruise his heel. +So spake this oracle, then verified +When Jesus, Son of Mary, second Eve, +Saw Satan fall, like lightning, down from Heaven, +Prince of the air; then, rising from his grave +Spoiled Principalities and Powers, triumphed +In open show; and, with ascension bright, +Captivity led captive through the air, +The realm itself of Satan, long usurped; +Whom he shall tread at last under our feet; +Even he, who now foretold his fatal bruise; +And to the Woman thus his sentence turned. +Thy sorrow I will greatly multiply +By thy conception; children thou shalt bring +In sorrow forth; and to thy husband's will +Thine shall submit; he over thee shall rule. +On Adam last thus judgement he pronounced. +Because thou hast hearkened to the voice of thy wife, +And eaten of the tree, concerning which +I charged thee, saying, Thou shalt not eat thereof: +Cursed is the ground for thy sake; thou in sorrow +Shalt eat thereof, all the days of thy life; +Thorns also and thistles it shall bring thee forth +Unbid; and thou shalt eat the herb of the field; +In the sweat of thy face shalt thou eat bread, +Till thou return unto the ground; for thou +Out of the ground wast taken, know thy birth, +For dust thou art, and shalt to dust return. +So judged he Man, both Judge and Saviour sent; +And the instant stroke of death, denounced that day, +Removed far off; then, pitying how they stood +Before him naked to the air, that now +Must suffer change, disdained not to begin +Thenceforth the form of servant to assume; +As when he washed his servants feet; so now, +As father of his family, he clad +Their nakedness with skins of beasts, or slain, +Or as the snake with youthful coat repaid; +And thought not much to clothe his enemies; +Nor he their outward only with the skins +Of beasts, but inward nakedness, much more. +Opprobrious, with his robe of righteousness, +Arraying, covered from his Father's sight. +To him with swift ascent he up returned, +Into his blissful bosom reassumed +In glory, as of old; to him appeased +All, though all-knowing, what had passed with Man +Recounted, mixing intercession sweet. +Mean while, ere thus was sinned and judged on Earth, +Within the gates of Hell sat Sin and Death, +In counterview within the gates, that now +Stood open wide, belching outrageous flame +Far into Chaos, since the Fiend passed through, +Sin opening; who thus now to Death began. +O Son, why sit we here each other viewing +Idly, while Satan, our great author, thrives +In other worlds, and happier seat provides +For us, his offspring dear? It cannot be +But that success attends him; if mishap, +Ere this he had returned, with fury driven +By his avengers; since no place like this +Can fit his punishment, or their revenge. +Methinks I feel new strength within me rise, +Wings growing, and dominion given me large +Beyond this deep; whatever draws me on, +Or sympathy, or some connatural force, +Powerful at greatest distance to unite, +With secret amity, things of like kind, +By secretest conveyance. Thou, my shade +Inseparable, must with me along; +For Death from Sin no power can separate. +But, lest the difficulty of passing back +Stay his return perhaps over this gulf +Impassable, impervious; let us try +Adventurous work, yet to thy power and mine +Not unagreeable, to found a path +Over this main from Hell to that new world, +Where Satan now prevails; a monument +Of merit high to all the infernal host, +Easing their passage hence, for intercourse, +Or transmigration, as their lot shall lead. +Nor can I miss the way, so strongly drawn +By this new-felt attraction and instinct. +Whom thus the meager Shadow answered soon. +Go, whither Fate, and inclination strong, +Leads thee; I shall not lag behind, nor err +The way, thou leading; such a scent I draw +Of carnage, prey innumerable, and taste +The savour of death from all things there that live: +Nor shall I to the work thou enterprisest +Be wanting, but afford thee equal aid. +So saying, with delight he snuffed the smell +Of mortal change on earth. As when a flock +Of ravenous fowl, though many a league remote, +Against the day of battle, to a field, +Where armies lie encamped, come flying, lured +With scent of living carcasses designed +For death, the following day, in bloody fight: +So scented the grim Feature, and upturned +His nostril wide into the murky air; +Sagacious of his quarry from so far. +Then both from out Hell-gates, into the waste +Wide anarchy of Chaos, damp and dark, +Flew diverse; and with power (their power was great) +Hovering upon the waters, what they met +Solid or slimy, as in raging sea +Tost up and down, together crouded drove, +From each side shoaling towards the mouth of Hell; +As when two polar winds, blowing adverse +Upon the Cronian sea, together drive +Mountains of ice, that stop the imagined way +Beyond Petsora eastward, to the rich +Cathaian coast. The aggregated soil +Death with his mace petrifick, cold and dry, +As with a trident, smote; and fixed as firm +As Delos, floating once; the rest his look +Bound with Gorgonian rigour not to move; +And with Asphaltick slime, broad as the gate, +Deep to the roots of Hell the gathered beach +They fastened, and the mole immense wrought on +Over the foaming deep high-arched, a bridge +Of length prodigious, joining to the wall +Immoveable of this now fenceless world, +Forfeit to Death; from hence a passage broad, +Smooth, easy, inoffensive, down to Hell. +So, if great things to small may be compared, +Xerxes, the liberty of Greece to yoke, +From Susa, his Memnonian palace high, +Came to the sea: and, over Hellespont +Bridging his way, Europe with Asia joined, +And scourged with many a stroke the indignant waves. +Now had they brought the work by wonderous art +Pontifical, a ridge of pendant rock, +Over the vexed abyss, following the track +Of Satan to the self-same place where he +First lighted from his wing, and landed safe +From out of Chaos, to the outside bare +Of this round world: With pins of adamant +And chains they made all fast, too fast they made +And durable! And now in little space +The confines met of empyrean Heaven, +And of this World; and, on the left hand, Hell +With long reach interposed; three several ways +In sight, to each of these three places led. +And now their way to Earth they had descried, +To Paradise first tending; when, behold! +Satan, in likeness of an Angel bright, +Betwixt the Centaur and the Scorpion steering +His zenith, while the sun in Aries rose: +Disguised he came; but those his children dear +Their parent soon discerned, though in disguise. +He, after Eve seduced, unminded slunk +Into the wood fast by; and, changing shape, +To observe the sequel, saw his guileful act +By Eve, though all unweeting, seconded +Upon her husband; saw their shame that sought +Vain covertures; but when he saw descend +The Son of God to judge them, terrified +He fled; not hoping to escape, but shun +The present; fearing, guilty, what his wrath +Might suddenly inflict; that past, returned +By night, and listening where the hapless pair +Sat in their sad discourse, and various plaint, +Thence gathered his own doom; which understood +Not instant, but of future time, with joy +And tidings fraught, to Hell he now returned; +And at the brink of Chaos, near the foot +Of this new wonderous pontifice, unhoped +Met, who to meet him came, his offspring dear. +Great joy was at their meeting, and at sight +Of that stupendious bridge his joy encreased. +Long he admiring stood, till Sin, his fair +Enchanting daughter, thus the silence broke. +O Parent, these are thy magnifick deeds, +Thy trophies! which thou viewest as not thine own; +Thou art their author, and prime architect: +For I no sooner in my heart divined, +My heart, which by a secret harmony +Still moves with thine, joined in connexion sweet, +That thou on earth hadst prospered, which thy looks +Now also evidence, but straight I felt, +Though distant from thee worlds between, yet felt, +That I must after thee, with this thy son; +Such fatal consequence unites us three! +Hell could no longer hold us in our bounds, +Nor this unvoyageable gulf obscure +Detain from following thy illustrious track. +Thou hast achieved our liberty, confined +Within Hell-gates till now; thou us impowered +To fortify thus far, and overlay, +With this portentous bridge, the dark abyss. +Thine now is all this world; thy virtue hath won +What thy hands builded not; thy wisdom gained +With odds what war hath lost, and fully avenged +Our foil in Heaven; here thou shalt monarch reign, +There didst not; there let him still victor sway, +As battle hath adjudged; from this new world +Retiring, by his own doom alienated; +And henceforth monarchy with thee divide +Of all things, parted by the empyreal bounds, +His quadrature, from thy orbicular world; +Or try thee now more dangerous to his throne. +Whom thus the Prince of darkness answered glad. +Fair Daughter, and thou Son and Grandchild both; +High proof ye now have given to be the race +Of Satan (for I glory in the name, +Antagonist of Heaven's Almighty King,) +Amply have merited of me, of all +The infernal empire, that so near Heaven's door +Triumphal with triumphal act have met, +Mine, with this glorious work; and made one realm, +Hell and this world, one realm, one continent +Of easy thorough-fare. Therefore, while I +Descend through darkness, on your road with ease, +To my associate Powers, them to acquaint +With these successes, and with them rejoice; +You two this way, among these numerous orbs, +All yours, right down to Paradise descend; +There dwell, and reign in bliss; thence on the earth +Dominion exercise and in the air, +Chiefly on Man, sole lord of all declared; +Him first make sure your thrall, and lastly kill. +My substitutes I send ye, and create +Plenipotent on earth, of matchless might +Issuing from me: on your joint vigour now +My hold of this new kingdom all depends, +Through Sin to Death exposed by my exploit. +If your joint power prevail, the affairs of Hell +No detriment need fear; go, and be strong! +So saying he dismissed them; they with speed +Their course through thickest constellations held, +Spreading their bane; the blasted stars looked wan, +And planets, planet-struck, real eclipse +Then suffered. The other way Satan went down +The causey to Hell-gate: On either side +Disparted Chaos overbuilt exclaimed, +And with rebounding surge the bars assailed, +That scorned his indignation: Through the gate, +Wide open and unguarded, Satan passed, +And all about found desolate; for those, +Appointed to sit there, had left their charge, +Flown to the upper world; the rest were all +Far to the inland retired, about the walls +Of Pandemonium; city and proud seat +Of Lucifer, so by allusion called +Of that bright star to Satan paragoned; +There kept their watch the legions, while the Grand +In council sat, solicitous what chance +Might intercept their emperour sent; so he +Departing gave command, and they observed. +As when the Tartar from his Russian foe, +By Astracan, over the snowy plains, +Retires; or Bactrin Sophi, from the horns +Of Turkish crescent, leaves all waste beyond +The realm of Aladule, in his retreat +To Tauris or Casbeen: So these, the late +Heaven-banished host, left desart utmost Hell +Many a dark league, reduced in careful watch +Round their metropolis; and now expecting +Each hour their great adventurer, from the search +Of foreign worlds: He through the midst unmarked, +In show plebeian Angel militant +Of lowest order, passed; and from the door +Of that Plutonian hall, invisible +Ascended his high throne; which, under state +Of richest texture spread, at the upper end +Was placed in regal lustre. Down a while +He sat, and round about him saw unseen: +At last, as from a cloud, his fulgent head +And shape star-bright appeared, or brighter; clad +With what permissive glory since his fall +Was left him, or false glitter: All amazed +At that so sudden blaze the Stygian throng +Bent their aspect, and whom they wished beheld, +Their mighty Chief returned: loud was the acclaim: +Forth rushed in haste the great consulting peers, +Raised from their dark Divan, and with like joy +Congratulant approached him; who with hand +Silence, and with these words attention, won. +Thrones, Dominations, Princedoms, Virtues, Powers; +For in possession such, not only of right, +I call ye, and declare ye now; returned +Successful beyond hope, to lead ye forth +Triumphant out of this infernal pit +Abominable, accursed, the house of woe, +And dungeon of our tyrant: Now possess, +As Lords, a spacious world, to our native Heaven +Little inferiour, by my adventure hard +With peril great achieved. Long were to tell +What I have done; what suffered;with what pain +Voyaged th' unreal, vast, unbounded deep +Of horrible confusion; over which +By Sin and Death a broad way now is paved, +To expedite your glorious march; but I +Toiled out my uncouth passage, forced to ride +The untractable abyss, plunged in the womb +Of unoriginal Night and Chaos wild; +That, jealous of their secrets, fiercely opposed +My journey strange, with clamorous uproar +Protesting Fate supreme; thence how I found +The new created world, which fame in Heaven +Long had foretold, a fabrick wonderful +Of absolute perfection! therein Man +Placed in a Paradise, by our exile +Made happy: Him by fraud I have seduced +From his Creator; and, the more to encrease +Your wonder, with an apple; he, thereat +Offended, worth your laughter! hath given up +Both his beloved Man, and all his world, +To Sin and Death a prey, and so to us, +Without our hazard, labour, or alarm; +To range in, and to dwell, and over Man +To rule, as over all he should have ruled. +True is, me also he hath judged, or rather +Me not, but the brute serpent in whose shape +Man I deceived: that which to me belongs, +Is enmity which he will put between +Me and mankind; I am to bruise his heel; +His seed, when is not set, shall bruise my head: +A world who would not purchase with a bruise, +Or much more grievous pain?--Ye have the account +Of my performance: What remains, ye Gods, +But up, and enter now into full bliss? +So having said, a while he stood, expecting +Their universal shout, and high applause, +To fill his ear; when, contrary, he hears +On all sides, from innumerable tongues, +A dismal universal hiss, the sound +Of publick scorn; he wondered, but not long +Had leisure, wondering at himself now more, +His visage drawn he felt to sharp and spare; +His arms clung to his ribs; his legs entwining +Each other, till supplanted down he fell +A monstrous serpent on his belly prone, +Reluctant, but in vain; a greater power +Now ruled him, punished in the shape he sinned, +According to his doom: he would have spoke, +But hiss for hiss returned with forked tongue +To forked tongue; for now were all transformed +Alike, to serpents all, as accessories +To his bold riot: Dreadful was the din +Of hissing through the hall, thick swarming now +With complicated monsters head and tail, +Scorpion, and Asp, and Amphisbaena dire, +Cerastes horned, Hydrus, and Elops drear, +And Dipsas; (not so thick swarmed once the soil +Bedropt with blood of Gorgon, or the isle +Ophiusa,) but still greatest he the midst, +Now Dragon grown, larger than whom the sun +Ingendered in the Pythian vale or slime, +Huge Python, and his power no less he seemed +Above the rest still to retain; they all +Him followed, issuing forth to the open field, +Where all yet left of that revolted rout, +Heaven-fallen, in station stood or just array; +Sublime with expectation when to see +In triumph issuing forth their glorious Chief; +They saw, but other sight instead! a croud +Of ugly serpents; horrour on them fell, +And horrid sympathy; for, what they saw, +They felt themselves, now changing; down their arms, +Down fell both spear and shield; down they as fast; +And the dire hiss renewed, and the dire form +Catched, by contagion; like in punishment, +As in their crime. Thus was the applause they meant, +Turned to exploding hiss, triumph to shame +Cast on themselves from their own mouths. There stood +A grove hard by, sprung up with this their change, +His will who reigns above, to aggravate +Their penance, laden with fair fruit, like that +Which grew in Paradise, the bait of Eve +Used by the Tempter: on that prospect strange +Their earnest eyes they fixed, imagining +For one forbidden tree a multitude +Now risen, to work them further woe or shame; +Yet, parched with scalding thirst and hunger fierce, +Though to delude them sent, could not abstain; +But on they rolled in heaps, and, up the trees +Climbing, sat thicker than the snaky locks +That curled Megaera: greedily they plucked +The fruitage fair to sight, like that which grew +Near that bituminous lake where Sodom flamed; +This more delusive, not the touch, but taste +Deceived; they, fondly thinking to allay +Their appetite with gust, instead of fruit +Chewed bitter ashes, which the offended taste +With spattering noise rejected: oft they assayed, +Hunger and thirst constraining; drugged as oft, +With hatefullest disrelish writhed their jaws, +With soot and cinders filled; so oft they fell +Into the same illusion, not as Man +Whom they triumphed once lapsed. Thus were they plagued +And worn with famine, long and ceaseless hiss, +Till their lost shape, permitted, they resumed; +Yearly enjoined, some say, to undergo, +This annual humbling certain numbered days, +To dash their pride, and joy, for Man seduced. +However, some tradition they dispersed +Among the Heathen, of their purchase got, +And fabled how the Serpent, whom they called +Ophion, with Eurynome, the wide-- +Encroaching Eve perhaps, had first the rule +Of high Olympus; thence by Saturn driven +And Ops, ere yet Dictaean Jove was born. +Mean while in Paradise the hellish pair +Too soon arrived; Sin, there in power before, +Once actual; now in body, and to dwell +Habitual habitant; behind her Death, +Close following pace for pace, not mounted yet +On his pale horse: to whom Sin thus began. +Second of Satan sprung, all-conquering Death! +What thinkest thou of our empire now, though earned +With travel difficult, not better far +Than still at Hell's dark threshold to have sat watch, +Unnamed, undreaded, and thyself half starved? +Whom thus the Sin-born monster answered soon. +To me, who with eternal famine pine, +Alike is Hell, or Paradise, or Heaven; +There best, where most with ravine I may meet; +Which here, though plenteous, all too little seems +To stuff this maw, this vast unhide-bound corps. +To whom the incestuous mother thus replied. +Thou therefore on these herbs, and fruits, and flowers, +Feed first; on each beast next, and fish, and fowl; +No homely morsels! and, whatever thing +The sithe of Time mows down, devour unspared; +Till I, in Man residing, through the race, +His thoughts, his looks, words, actions, all infect; +And season him thy last and sweetest prey. +This said, they both betook them several ways, +Both to destroy, or unimmortal make +All kinds, and for destruction to mature +Sooner or later; which the Almighty seeing, +From his transcendent seat the Saints among, +To those bright Orders uttered thus his voice. +See, with what heat these dogs of Hell advance +To waste and havock yonder world, which I +So fair and good created; and had still +Kept in that state, had not the folly of Man +Let in these wasteful furies, who impute +Folly to me; so doth the Prince of Hell +And his adherents, that with so much ease +I suffer them to enter and possess +A place so heavenly; and, conniving, seem +To gratify my scornful enemies, +That laugh, as if, transported with some fit +Of passion, I to them had quitted all, +At random yielded up to their misrule; +And know not that I called, and drew them thither, +My Hell-hounds, to lick up the draff and filth +Which Man's polluting sin with taint hath shed +On what was pure; til, crammed and gorged, nigh burst +With sucked and glutted offal, at one sling +Of thy victorious arm, well-pleasing Son, +Both Sin, and Death, and yawning Grave, at last, +Through Chaos hurled, obstruct the mouth of Hell +For ever, and seal up his ravenous jaws. +Then Heaven and Earth renewed shall be made pure +To sanctity, that shall receive no stain: +Till then, the curse pronounced on both precedes. +He ended, and the heavenly audience loud +Sung Halleluiah, as the sound of seas, +Through multitude that sung: Just are thy ways, +Righteous are thy decrees on all thy works; +Who can extenuate thee? Next, to the Son, +Destined Restorer of mankind, by whom +New Heaven and Earth shall to the ages rise, +Or down from Heaven descend.--Such was their song; +While the Creator, calling forth by name +His mighty Angels, gave them several charge, +As sorted best with present things. The sun +Had first his precept so to move, so shine, +As might affect the earth with cold and heat +Scarce tolerable; and from the north to call +Decrepit winter; from the south to bring +Solstitial summer's heat. To the blanc moon +Her office they prescribed; to the other five +Their planetary motions, and aspects, +In sextile, square, and trine, and opposite, +Of noxious efficacy, and when to join +In synod unbenign; and taught the fixed +Their influence malignant when to shower, +Which of them rising with the sun, or falling, +Should prove tempestuous: To the winds they set +Their corners, when with bluster to confound +Sea, air, and shore; the thunder when to roll +With terrour through the dark aereal hall. +Some say, he bid his Angels turn ascanse +The poles of earth, twice ten degrees and more, +From the sun's axle; they with labour pushed +Oblique the centrick globe: Some say, the sun +Was bid turn reins from the equinoctial road +Like distant breadth to Taurus with the seven +Atlantick Sisters, and the Spartan Twins, +Up to the Tropick Crab: thence down amain +By Leo, and the Virgin, and the Scales, +As deep as Capricorn; to bring in change +Of seasons to each clime; else had the spring +Perpetual smiled on earth with vernant flowers, +Equal in days and nights, except to those +Beyond the polar circles; to them day +Had unbenighted shone, while the low sun, +To recompense his distance, in their sight +Had rounded still the horizon, and not known +Or east or west; which had forbid the snow +From cold Estotiland, and south as far +Beneath Magellan. At that tasted fruit +The sun, as from Thyestean banquet, turned +His course intended; else, how had the world +Inhabited, though sinless, more than now, +Avoided pinching cold and scorching heat? +These changes in the Heavens, though slow, produced +Like change on sea and land; sideral blast, +Vapour, and mist, and exhalation hot, +Corrupt and pestilent: Now from the north +Of Norumbega, and the Samoed shore, +Bursting their brazen dungeon, armed with ice, +And snow, and hail, and stormy gust and flaw, +Boreas, and Caecias, and Argestes loud, +And Thrascias, rend the woods, and seas upturn; +With adverse blast upturns them from the south +Notus, and Afer black with thunderous clouds +From Serraliona; thwart of these, as fierce, +Forth rush the Levant and the Ponent winds, +Eurus and Zephyr, with their lateral noise, +Sirocco and Libecchio. Thus began +Outrage from lifeless things; but Discord first, +Daughter of Sin, among the irrational +Death introduced, through fierce antipathy: +Beast now with beast 'gan war, and fowl with fowl, +And fish with fish; to graze the herb all leaving, +Devoured each other; nor stood much in awe +Of Man, but fled him; or, with countenance grim, +Glared on him passing. These were from without +The growing miseries, which Adam saw +Already in part, though hid in gloomiest shade, +To sorrow abandoned, but worse felt within; +And, in a troubled sea of passion tost, +Thus to disburden sought with sad complaint. +O miserable of happy! Is this the end +Of this new glorious world, and me so late +The glory of that glory, who now become +Accursed, of blessed? hide me from the face +Of God, whom to behold was then my highth +Of happiness!--Yet well, if here would end +The misery; I deserved it, and would bear +My own deservings; but this will not serve: +All that I eat or drink, or shall beget, +Is propagated curse. O voice, once heard +Delightfully, Encrease and multiply; +Now death to hear! for what can I encrease, +Or multiply, but curses on my head? +Who of all ages to succeed, but, feeling +The evil on him brought by me, will curse +My head? Ill fare our ancestor impure, +For this we may thank Adam! but his thanks +Shall be the execration: so, besides +Mine own that bide upon me, all from me +Shall with a fierce reflux on me rebound; +On me, as on their natural center, light +Heavy, though in their place. O fleeting joys +Of Paradise, dear bought with lasting woes! +Did I request thee, Maker, from my clay +To mould me Man? did I solicit thee +From darkness to promote me, or here place +In this delicious garden? As my will +Concurred not to my being, it were but right +And equal to reduce me to my dust; +Desirous to resign and render back +All I received; unable to perform +Thy terms too hard, by which I was to hold +The good I sought not. To the loss of that, +Sufficient penalty, why hast thou added +The sense of endless woes? Inexplicable +Why am I mocked with death, and lengthened out +To deathless pain? How gladly would I meet +Mortality my sentence, and be earth +Insensible! How glad would lay me down +As in my mother's lap! There I should rest, +And sleep secure; his dreadful voice no more +Would thunder in my ears; no fear of worse +To me, and to my offspring, would torment me +With cruel expectation. Yet one doubt +Pursues me still, lest all I cannot die; +Lest that pure breath of life, the spirit of Man +Which God inspired, cannot together perish +With this corporeal clod; then, in the grave, +Or in some other dismal place, who knows +But I shall die a living death? O thought +Horrid, if true! Yet why? It was but breath +Of life that sinned; what dies but what had life +And sin? The body properly had neither, +All of me then shall die: let this appease +The doubt, since human reach no further knows. +For though the Lord of all be infinite, +Is his wrath also? Be it, Man is not so, +But mortal doomed. How can he exercise +Wrath without end on Man, whom death must end? +Can he make deathless death? That were to make +Strange contradiction, which to God himself +Impossible is held; as argument +Of weakness, not of power. Will he draw out, +For anger's sake, finite to infinite, +In punished Man, to satisfy his rigour, +Satisfied never? That were to extend +His sentence beyond dust and Nature's law; +By which all causes else, according still +To the reception of their matter, act; +Not to the extent of their own sphere. But say +That death be not one stroke, as I supposed, +Bereaving sense, but endless misery +From this day onward; which I feel begun +Both in me, and without me; and so last +To perpetuity;--Ay me!that fear +Comes thundering back with dreadful revolution +On my defenceless head; both Death and I +Am found eternal, and incorporate both; +Nor I on my part single; in me all +Posterity stands cursed: Fair patrimony +That I must leave ye, Sons! O, were I able +To waste it all myself, and leave ye none! +So disinherited, how would you bless +Me, now your curse! Ah, why should all mankind, +For one man's fault, thus guiltless be condemned, +It guiltless? But from me what can proceed, +But all corrupt; both mind and will depraved +Not to do only, but to will the same +With me? How can they then acquitted stand +In sight of God? Him, after all disputes, +Forced I absolve: all my evasions vain, +And reasonings, though through mazes, lead me still +But to my own conviction: first and last +On me, me only, as the source and spring +Of all corruption, all the blame lights due; +So might the wrath! Fond wish!couldst thou support +That burden, heavier than the earth to bear; +Than all the world much heavier, though divided +With that bad Woman? Thus, what thou desirest, +And what thou fearest, alike destroys all hope +Of refuge, and concludes thee miserable +Beyond all past example and future; +To Satan only like both crime and doom. +O Conscience! into what abyss of fears +And horrours hast thou driven me; out of which +I find no way, from deep to deeper plunged! +Thus Adam to himself lamented loud, +Through the still night; not now, as ere Man fell, +Wholesome, and cool, and mild, but with black air +Accompanied; with damps, and dreadful gloom; +Which to his evil conscience represented +All things with double terrour: On the ground +Outstretched he lay, on the cold ground; and oft +Cursed his creation; Death as oft accused +Of tardy execution, since denounced +The day of his offence. Why comes not Death, +Said he, with one thrice-acceptable stroke +To end me? Shall Truth fail to keep her word, +Justice Divine not hasten to be just? +But Death comes not at call; Justice Divine +Mends not her slowest pace for prayers or cries, +O woods, O fountains, hillocks, dales, and bowers! +With other echo late I taught your shades +To answer, and resound far other song.-- +Whom thus afflicted when sad Eve beheld, +Desolate where she sat, approaching nigh, +Soft words to his fierce passion she assayed: +But her with stern regard he thus repelled. +Out of my sight, thou Serpent! That name best +Befits thee with him leagued, thyself as false +And hateful; nothing wants, but that thy shape, +Like his, and colour serpentine, may show +Thy inward fraud; to warn all creatures from thee +Henceforth; lest that too heavenly form, pretended +To hellish falshood, snare them! But for thee +I had persisted happy; had not thy pride +And wandering vanity, when least was safe, +Rejected my forewarning, and disdained +Not to be trusted; longing to be seen, +Though by the Devil himself; him overweening +To over-reach; but, with the serpent meeting, +Fooled and beguiled; by him thou, I by thee +To trust thee from my side; imagined wise, +Constant, mature, proof against all assaults; +And understood not all was but a show, +Rather than solid virtue; all but a rib +Crooked by nature, bent, as now appears, +More to the part sinister, from me drawn; +Well if thrown out, as supernumerary +To my just number found. O! why did God, +Creator wise, that peopled highest Heaven +With Spirits masculine, create at last +This novelty on earth, this fair defect +Of nature, and not fill the world at once +With Men, as Angels, without feminine; +Or find some other way to generate +Mankind? This mischief had not been befallen, +And more that shall befall; innumerable +Disturbances on earth through female snares, +And strait conjunction with this sex: for either +He never shall find out fit mate, but such +As some misfortune brings him, or mistake; +Or whom he wishes most shall seldom gain +Through her perverseness, but shall see her gained +By a far worse; or, if she love, withheld +By parents; or his happiest choice too late +Shall meet, already linked and wedlock-bound +To a fell adversary, his hate or shame: +Which infinite calamity shall cause +To human life, and houshold peace confound. +He added not, and from her turned; but Eve, +Not so repulsed, with tears that ceased not flowing +And tresses all disordered, at his feet +Fell humble; and, embracing them, besought +His peace, and thus proceeded in her plaint. +Forsake me not thus, Adam! witness Heaven +What love sincere, and reverence in my heart +I bear thee, and unweeting have offended, +Unhappily deceived! Thy suppliant +I beg, and clasp thy knees; bereave me not, +Whereon I live, thy gentle looks, thy aid, +Thy counsel, in this uttermost distress, +My only strength and stay: Forlorn of thee, +Whither shall I betake me, where subsist? +While yet we live, scarce one short hour perhaps, +Between us two let there be peace; both joining, +As joined in injuries, one enmity +Against a foe by doom express assigned us, +That cruel Serpent: On me exercise not +Thy hatred for this misery befallen; +On me already lost, me than thyself +More miserable! Both have sinned;but thou +Against God only; I against God and thee; +And to the place of judgement will return, +There with my cries importune Heaven; that all +The sentence, from thy head removed, may light +On me, sole cause to thee of all this woe; +Me, me only, just object of his ire! +She ended weeping; and her lowly plight, +Immoveable, till peace obtained from fault +Acknowledged and deplored, in Adam wrought +Commiseration: Soon his heart relented +Towards her, his life so late, and sole delight, +Now at his feet submissive in distress; +Creature so fair his reconcilement seeking, +His counsel, whom she had displeased, his aid: +As one disarmed, his anger all he lost, +And thus with peaceful words upraised her soon. +Unwary, and too desirous, as before, +So now of what thou knowest not, who desirest +The punishment all on thyself; alas! +Bear thine own first, ill able to sustain +His full wrath, whose thou feelest as yet least part, +And my displeasure bearest so ill. If prayers +Could alter high decrees, I to that place +Would speed before thee, and be louder heard, +That on my head all might be visited; +Thy frailty and infirmer sex forgiven, +To me committed, and by me exposed. +But rise;--let us no more contend, nor blame +Each other, blamed enough elsewhere; but strive +In offices of love, how we may lighten +Each other's burden, in our share of woe; +Since this day's death denounced, if aught I see, +Will prove no sudden, but a slow-paced evil; +A long day's dying, to augment our pain; +And to our seed (O hapless seed!) derived. +To whom thus Eve, recovering heart, replied. +Adam, by sad experiment I know +How little weight my words with thee can find, +Found so erroneous; thence by just event +Found so unfortunate: Nevertheless, +Restored by thee, vile as I am, to place +Of new acceptance, hopeful to regain +Thy love, the sole contentment of my heart +Living or dying, from thee I will not hide +What thoughts in my unquiet breast are risen, +Tending to some relief of our extremes, +Or end; though sharp and sad, yet tolerable, +As in our evils, and of easier choice. +If care of our descent perplex us most, +Which must be born to certain woe, devoured +By Death at last; and miserable it is +To be to others cause of misery, +Our own begotten, and of our loins to bring +Into this cursed world a woeful race, +That after wretched life must be at last +Food for so foul a monster; in thy power +It lies, yet ere conception to prevent +The race unblest, to being yet unbegot. +Childless thou art, childless remain: so Death +Shall be deceived his glut, and with us two +Be forced to satisfy his ravenous maw. +But if thou judge it hard and difficult, +Conversing, looking, loving, to abstain +From love's due rights, nuptial embraces sweet; +And with desire to languish without hope, +Before the present object languishing +With like desire; which would be misery +And torment less than none of what we dread; +Then, both ourselves and seed at once to free +From what we fear for both, let us make short, -- +Let us seek Death; -- or, he not found, supply +With our own hands his office on ourselves: +Why stand we longer shivering under fears, +That show no end but death, and have the power, +Of many ways to die the shortest choosing, +Destruction with destruction to destroy? -- +She ended here, or vehement despair +Broke off the rest: so much of death her thoughts +Had entertained, as dyed her cheeks with pale. +But Adam, with such counsel nothing swayed, +To better hopes his more attentive mind +Labouring had raised; and thus to Eve replied. +Eve, thy contempt of life and pleasure seems +To argue in thee something more sublime +And excellent, than what thy mind contemns; +But self-destruction therefore sought, refutes +That excellence thought in thee; and implies, +Not thy contempt, but anguish and regret +For loss of life and pleasure overloved. +Or if thou covet death, as utmost end +Of misery, so thinking to evade +The penalty pronounced; doubt not but God +Hath wiselier armed his vengeful ire, than so +To be forestalled; much more I fear lest death, +So snatched, will not exempt us from the pain +We are by doom to pay; rather, such acts +Of contumacy will provoke the Highest +To make death in us live: Then let us seek +Some safer resolution, which methinks +I have in view, calling to mind with heed +Part of our sentence, that thy seed shall bruise +The Serpent's head; piteous amends! unless +Be meant, whom I conjecture, our grand foe, +Satan; who, in the serpent, hath contrived +Against us this deceit: To crush his head +Would be revenge indeed! which will be lost +By death brought on ourselves, or childless days +Resolved, as thou proposest; so our foe +Shal 'scape his punishment ordained, and we +Instead shall double ours upon our heads. +No more be mentioned then of violence +Against ourselves; and wilful barrenness, +That cuts us off from hope; and savours only +Rancour and pride, impatience and despite, +Reluctance against God and his just yoke +Laid on our necks. Remember with what mild +And gracious temper he both heard, and judged, +Without wrath or reviling; we expected +Immediate dissolution, which we thought +Was meant by death that day; when lo!to thee +Pains only in child-bearing were foretold, +And bringing forth; soon recompensed with joy, +Fruit of thy womb: On me the curse aslope +Glanced on the ground; with labour I must earn +My bread; what harm? Idleness had been worse; +My labour will sustain me; and, lest cold +Or heat should injure us, his timely care +Hath, unbesought, provided; and his hands +Clothed us unworthy, pitying while he judged; +How much more, if we pray him, will his ear +Be open, and his heart to pity incline, +And teach us further by what means to shun +The inclement seasons, rain, ice, hail, and snow! +Which now the sky, with various face, begins +To show us in this mountain; while the winds +Blow moist and keen, shattering the graceful locks +Of these fair spreading trees; which bids us seek +Some better shroud, some better warmth to cherish +Our limbs benummed, ere this diurnal star +Leave cold the night, how we his gathered beams +Reflected may with matter sere foment; +Or, by collision of two bodies, grind +The air attrite to fire; as late the clouds +Justling, or pushed with winds, rude in their shock, +Tine the slant lightning; whose thwart flame, driven down +Kindles the gummy bark of fir or pine; +And sends a comfortable heat from far, +Which might supply the sun: Such fire to use, +And what may else be remedy or cure +To evils which our own misdeeds have wrought, +He will instruct us praying, and of grace +Beseeching him; so as we need not fear +To pass commodiously this life, sustained +By him with many comforts, till we end +In dust, our final rest and native home. +What better can we do, than, to the place +Repairing where he judged us, prostrate fall +Before him reverent; and there confess +Humbly our faults, and pardon beg; with tears +Watering the ground, and with our sighs the air +Frequenting, sent from hearts contrite, in sign +Of sorrow unfeigned, and humiliation meek + + + +Book XI + + +Undoubtedly he will relent, and turn +From his displeasure; in whose look serene, +When angry most he seemed and most severe, +What else but favour, grace, and mercy, shone? +So spake our father penitent; nor Eve +Felt less remorse: they, forthwith to the place +Repairing where he judged them, prostrate fell +Before him reverent; and both confessed +Humbly their faults, and pardon begged; with tears +Watering the ground, and with their sighs the air +Frequenting, sent from hearts contrite, in sign +Of sorrow unfeigned, and humiliation meek. +Thus they, in lowliest plight, repentant stood +Praying; for from the mercy-seat above +Prevenient grace descending had removed +The stony from their hearts, and made new flesh +Regenerate grow instead; that sighs now breathed +Unutterable; which the Spirit of prayer +Inspired, and winged for Heaven with speedier flight +Than loudest oratory: Yet their port +Not of mean suitors; nor important less +Seemed their petition, than when the ancient pair +In fables old, less ancient yet than these, +Deucalion and chaste Pyrrha, to restore +The race of mankind drowned, before the shrine +Of Themis stood devout. To Heaven their prayers +Flew up, nor missed the way, by envious winds +Blown vagabond or frustrate: in they passed +Dimensionless through heavenly doors; then clad +With incense, where the golden altar fumed, +By their great intercessour, came in sight +Before the Father's throne: them the glad Son +Presenting, thus to intercede began. +See$ Father, what first-fruits on earth are sprung +From thy implanted grace in Man; these sighs +And prayers, which in this golden censer mixed +With incense, I thy priest before thee bring; +Fruits of more pleasing savour, from thy seed +Sown with contrition in his heart, than those +Which, his own hand manuring, all the trees +Of Paradise could have produced, ere fallen +From innocence. Now therefore, bend thine ear +To supplication; hear his sighs, though mute; +Unskilful with what words to pray, let me +Interpret for him; me, his advocate +And propitiation; all his works on me, +Good, or not good, ingraft; my merit those +Shall perfect, and for these my death shall pay. +Accept me; and, in me, from these receive +The smell of peace toward mankind: let him live +Before thee reconciled, at least his days +Numbered, though sad; till death, his doom, (which I +To mitigate thus plead, not to reverse,) +To better life shall yield him: where with me +All my redeemed may dwell in joy and bliss; +Made one with me, as I with thee am one. +To whom the Father, without cloud, serene. +All thy request for Man, accepted Son, +Obtain; all thy request was my decree: +But, longer in that Paradise to dwell, +The law I gave to Nature him forbids: +Those pure immortal elements, that know, +No gross, no unharmonious mixture foul, +Eject him, tainted now; and purge him off, +As a distemper, gross, to air as gross, +And mortal food; as may dispose him best +For dissolution wrought by sin, that first +Distempered all things, and of incorrupt +Corrupted. I, at first, with two fair gifts +Created him endowed; with happiness, +And immortality: that fondly lost, +This other served but to eternize woe; +Till I provided death: so death becomes +His final remedy; and, after life, +Tried in sharp tribulation, and refined +By faith and faithful works, to second life, +Waked in the renovation of the just, +Resigns him up with Heaven and Earth renewed. +But let us call to synod all the Blest, +Through Heaven's wide bounds: from them I will not hide +My judgements; how with mankind I proceed, +As how with peccant Angels late they saw, +And in their state, though firm, stood more confirmed. +He ended, and the Son gave signal high +To the bright minister that watched; he blew +His trumpet, heard in Oreb since perhaps +When God descended, and perhaps once more +To sound at general doom. The angelick blast +Filled all the regions: from their blisful bowers +Of amarantine shade, fountain or spring, +By the waters of life, where'er they sat +In fellowships of joy, the sons of light +Hasted, resorting to the summons high; +And took their seats; till from his throne supreme +The Almighty thus pronounced his sovran will. +O Sons, like one of us Man is become +To know both good and evil, since his taste +Of that defended fruit; but let him boast +His knowledge of good lost, and evil got; +Happier! had it sufficed him to have known +Good by itself, and evil not at all. +He sorrows now, repents, and prays contrite, +My motions in him; longer than they move, +His heart I know, how variable and vain, +Self-left. Lest therefore his now bolder hand +Reach also of the tree of life, and eat, +And live for ever, dream at least to live +For ever, to remove him I decree, +And send him from the garden forth to till +The ground whence he was taken, fitter soil. +Michael, this my behest have thou in charge; +Take to thee from among the Cherubim +Thy choice of flaming warriours, lest the Fiend, +Or in behalf of Man, or to invade +Vacant possession, some new trouble raise: +Haste thee, and from the Paradise of God +Without remorse drive out the sinful pair; +From hallowed ground the unholy; and denounce +To them, and to their progeny, from thence +Perpetual banishment. Yet, lest they faint +At the sad sentence rigorously urged, +(For I behold them softened, and with tears +Bewailing their excess,) all terrour hide. +If patiently thy bidding they obey, +Dismiss them not disconsolate; reveal +To Adam what shall come in future days, +As I shall thee enlighten; intermix +My covenant in the Woman's seed renewed; +So send them forth, though sorrowing, yet in peace: +And on the east side of the garden place, +Where entrance up from Eden easiest climbs, +Cherubick watch; and of a sword the flame +Wide-waving; all approach far off to fright, +And guard all passage to the tree of life: +Lest Paradise a receptacle prove +To Spirits foul, and all my trees their prey; +With whose stolen fruit Man once more to delude. +He ceased; and the arch-angelick Power prepared +For swift descent; with him the cohort bright +Of watchful Cherubim: four faces each +Had, like a double Janus; all their shape +Spangled with eyes more numerous than those +Of Argus, and more wakeful than to drouse, +Charmed with Arcadian pipe, the pastoral reed +Of Hermes, or his opiate rod. Mean while, +To re-salute the world with sacred light, +Leucothea waked; and with fresh dews imbalmed +The earth; when Adam and first matron Eve +Had ended now their orisons, and found +Strength added from above; new hope to spring +Out of despair; joy, but with fear yet linked; +Which thus to Eve his welcome words renewed. +Eve, easily my faith admit, that all +The good which we enjoy from Heaven descends; +But, that from us aught should ascend to Heaven +So prevalent as to concern the mind +Of God high-blest, or to incline his will, +Hard to belief may seem; yet this will prayer +Or one short sigh of human breath, upborne +Even to the seat of God. For since I sought +By prayer the offended Deity to appease; +Kneeled, and before him humbled all my heart; +Methought I saw him placable and mild, +Bending his ear; persuasion in me grew +That I was heard with favour; peace returned +Home to my breast, and to my memory +His promise, that thy seed shall bruise our foe; +Which, then not minded in dismay, yet now +Assures me that the bitterness of death +Is past, and we shall live. Whence hail to thee, +Eve rightly called, mother of all mankind, +Mother of all things living, since by thee +Man is to live; and all things live for Man. +To whom thus Eve with sad demeanour meek. +Ill-worthy I such title should belong +To me transgressour; who, for thee ordained +A help, became thy snare; to me reproach +Rather belongs, distrust, and all dispraise: +But infinite in pardon was my Judge, +That I, who first brought death on all, am graced +The source of life; next favourable thou, +Who highly thus to entitle me vouchsaf'st, +Far other name deserving. But the field +To labour calls us, now with sweat imposed, +Though after sleepless night; for see!the morn, +All unconcerned with our unrest, begins +Her rosy progress smiling: let us forth; +I never from thy side henceforth to stray, +Where'er our day's work lies, though now enjoined +Laborious, till day droop; while here we dwell, +What can be toilsome in these pleasant walks? +Here let us live, though in fallen state, content. +So spake, so wished much humbled Eve; but Fate +Subscribed not: Nature first gave signs, impressed +On bird, beast, air; air suddenly eclipsed, +After short blush of morn; nigh in her sight +The bird of Jove, stooped from his aery tour, +Two birds of gayest plume before him drove; +Down from a hill the beast that reigns in woods, +First hunter then, pursued a gentle brace, +Goodliest of all the forest, hart and hind; +Direct to the eastern gate was bent their flight. +Adam observed, and with his eye the chase +Pursuing, not unmoved, to Eve thus spake. +O Eve, some further change awaits us nigh, +Which Heaven, by these mute signs in Nature, shows +Forerunners of his purpose; or to warn +Us, haply too secure, of our discharge +From penalty, because from death released +Some days: how long, and what till then our life, +Who knows? or more than this, that we are dust, +And thither must return, and be no more? +Why else this double object in our sight +Of flight pursued in the air, and o'er the ground, +One way the self-same hour? why in the east +Darkness ere day's mid-course, and morning-light +More orient in yon western cloud, that draws +O'er the blue firmament a radiant white, +And slow descends with something heavenly fraught? +He erred not; for by this the heavenly bands +Down from a sky of jasper lighted now +In Paradise, and on a hill made halt; +A glorious apparition, had not doubt +And carnal fear that day dimmed Adam's eye. +Not that more glorious, when the Angels met +Jacob in Mahanaim, where he saw +The field pavilioned with his guardians bright; +Nor that, which on the flaming mount appeared +In Dothan, covered with a camp of fire, +Against the Syrian king, who to surprise +One man, assassin-like, had levied war, +War unproclaimed. The princely Hierarch +In their bright stand there left his Powers, to seise +Possession of the garden; he alone, +To find where Adam sheltered, took his way, +Not unperceived of Adam; who to Eve, +While the great visitant approached, thus spake. +Eve$ now expect great tidings, which perhaps +Of us will soon determine, or impose +New laws to be observed; for I descry, +From yonder blazing cloud that veils the hill, +One of the heavenly host; and, by his gait, +None of the meanest; some great Potentate +Or of the Thrones above; such majesty +Invests him coming! yet not terrible, +That I should fear; nor sociably mild, +As Raphael, that I should much confide; +But solemn and sublime; whom not to offend, +With reverence I must meet, and thou retire. +He ended: and the Arch-Angel soon drew nigh, +Not in his shape celestial, but as man +Clad to meet man; over his lucid arms +A military vest of purple flowed, +Livelier than Meliboean, or the grain +Of Sarra, worn by kings and heroes old +In time of truce; Iris had dipt the woof; +His starry helm unbuckled showed him prime +In manhood where youth ended; by his side, +As in a glistering zodiack, hung the sword, +Satan's dire dread; and in his hand the spear. +Adam bowed low; he, kingly, from his state +Inclined not, but his coming thus declared. +Adam, Heaven's high behest no preface needs: +Sufficient that thy prayers are heard; and Death, +Then due by sentence when thou didst transgress, +Defeated of his seisure many days +Given thee of grace; wherein thou mayest repent, +And one bad act with many deeds well done +Mayest cover: Well may then thy Lord, appeased, +Redeem thee quite from Death's rapacious claim; +But longer in this Paradise to dwell +Permits not: to remove thee I am come, +And send thee from the garden forth to till +The ground whence thou wast taken, fitter soil. +He added not; for Adam at the news +Heart-struck with chilling gripe of sorrow stood, +That all his senses bound; Eve, who unseen +Yet all had heard, with audible lament +Discovered soon the place of her retire. +O unexpected stroke, worse than of Death! +Must I thus leave thee$ Paradise? thus leave +Thee, native soil! these happy walks and shades, +Fit haunt of Gods? where I had hope to spend, +Quiet though sad, the respite of that day +That must be mortal to us both. O flowers, +That never will in other climate grow, +My early visitation, and my last + ;t even, which I bred up with tender hand +From the first opening bud, and gave ye names! +Who now shall rear ye to the sun, or rank +Your tribes, and water from the ambrosial fount? +Thee lastly, nuptial bower! by me adorned +With what to sight or smell was sweet! from thee +How shall I part, and whither wander down +Into a lower world; to this obscure +And wild? how shall we breathe in other air +Less pure, accustomed to immortal fruits? +Whom thus the Angel interrupted mild. +Lament not, Eve, but patiently resign +What justly thou hast lost, nor set thy heart, +Thus over-fond, on that which is not thine: +Thy going is not lonely; with thee goes +Thy husband; whom to follow thou art bound; +Where he abides, think there thy native soil. +Adam, by this from the cold sudden damp +Recovering, and his scattered spirits returned, +To Michael thus his humble words addressed. +Celestial, whether among the Thrones, or named +Of them the highest; for such of shape may seem +Prince above princes! gently hast thou told +Thy message, which might else in telling wound, +And in performing end us; what besides +Of sorrow, and dejection, and despair, +Our frailty can sustain, thy tidings bring, +Departure from this happy place, our sweet +Recess, and only consolation left +Familiar to our eyes! all places else +Inhospitable appear, and desolate; +Nor knowing us, nor known: And, if by prayer +Incessant I could hope to change the will +Of Him who all things can, I would not cease +To weary him with my assiduous cries: +But prayer against his absolute decree +No more avails than breath against the wind, +Blown stifling back on him that breathes it forth: +Therefore to his great bidding I submit. +This most afflicts me, that, departing hence, +As from his face I shall be hid, deprived +His blessed countenance: Here I could frequent +With worship place by place where he vouchsafed +Presence Divine; and to my sons relate, +'On this mount he appeared; under this tree +'Stood visible; among these pines his voice +'I heard; here with him at this fountain talked: +So many grateful altars I would rear +Of grassy turf, and pile up every stone +Of lustre from the brook, in memory, +Or monument to ages; and theron +Offer sweet-smelling gums, and fruits, and flowers: +In yonder nether world where shall I seek +His bright appearances, or foot-step trace? +For though I fled him angry, yet recalled +To life prolonged and promised race, I now +Gladly behold though but his utmost skirts +Of glory; and far off his steps adore. +To whom thus Michael with regard benign. +Adam, thou knowest Heaven his, and all the Earth; +Not this rock only; his Omnipresence fills +Land, sea, and air, and every kind that lives, +Fomented by his virtual power and warmed: +All the earth he gave thee to possess and rule, +No despicable gift; surmise not then +His presence to these narrow bounds confined +Of Paradise, or Eden: this had been +Perhaps thy capital seat, from whence had spread +All generations; and had hither come +From all the ends of the earth, to celebrate +And reverence thee, their great progenitor. +But this pre-eminence thou hast lost, brought down +To dwell on even ground now with thy sons: +Yet doubt not but in valley, and in plain, +God is, as here; and will be found alike +Present; and of his presence many a sign +Still following thee, still compassing thee round +With goodness and paternal love, his face +Express, and of his steps the track divine. +Which that thou mayest believe, and be confirmed +Ere thou from hence depart; know, I am sent +To show thee what shall come in future days +To thee, and to thy offspring: good with bad +Expect to hear; supernal grace contending +With sinfulness of men; thereby to learn +True patience, and to temper joy with fear +And pious sorrow; equally inured +By moderation either state to bear, +Prosperous or adverse: so shalt thou lead +Safest thy life, and best prepared endure +Thy mortal passage when it comes.--Ascend +This hill; let Eve (for I have drenched her eyes) +Here sleep below; while thou to foresight wakest; +As once thou sleptst, while she to life was formed. +To whom thus Adam gratefully replied. +Ascend, I follow thee, safe Guide, the path +Thou leadest me; and to the hand of Heaven submit, +However chastening; to the evil turn +My obvious breast; arming to overcome +By suffering, and earn rest from labour won, +If so I may attain. -- So both ascend +In the visions of God. It was a hill, +Of Paradise the highest; from whose top +The hemisphere of earth, in clearest ken, +Stretched out to the amplest reach of prospect lay. +Not higher that hill, nor wider looking round, +Whereon, for different cause, the Tempter set +Our second Adam, in the wilderness; +To show him all Earth's kingdoms, and their glory. +His eye might there command wherever stood +City of old or modern fame, the seat +Of mightiest empire, from the destined walls +Of Cambalu, seat of Cathaian Can, +And Samarchand by Oxus, Temir's throne, +To Paquin of Sinaean kings; and thence +To Agra and Lahor of great Mogul, +Down to the golden Chersonese; or where +The Persian in Ecbatan sat, or since +In Hispahan; or where the Russian Ksar +In Mosco; or the Sultan in Bizance, +Turchestan-born; nor could his eye not ken +The empire of Negus to his utmost port +Ercoco, and the less maritim kings +Mombaza, and Quiloa, and Melind, +And Sofala, thought Ophir, to the realm +Of Congo, and Angola farthest south; +Or thence from Niger flood to Atlas mount +The kingdoms of Almansor, Fez and Sus, +Morocco, and Algiers, and Tremisen; +On Europe thence, and where Rome was to sway +The world: in spirit perhaps he also saw +Rich Mexico, the seat of Montezume, +And Cusco in Peru, the richer seat +Of Atabalipa; and yet unspoiled +Guiana, whose great city Geryon's sons +Call El Dorado. But to nobler sights +Michael from Adam's eyes the film removed, +Which that false fruit that promised clearer sight +Had bred; then purged with euphrasy and rue +The visual nerve, for he had much to see; +And from the well of life three drops instilled. +So deep the power of these ingredients pierced, +Even to the inmost seat of mental sight, +That Adam, now enforced to close his eyes, +Sunk down, and all his spirits became entranced; +But him the gentle Angel by the hand +Soon raised, and his attention thus recalled. +Adam, now ope thine eyes; and first behold +The effects, which thy original crime hath wrought +In some to spring from thee; who never touched +The excepted tree; nor with the snake conspired; +Nor sinned thy sin; yet from that sin derive +Corruption, to bring forth more violent deeds. +His eyes he opened, and beheld a field, +Part arable and tilth, whereon were sheaves +New reaped; the other part sheep-walks and folds; +I' the midst an altar as the land-mark stood, +Rustick, of grassy sord; thither anon +A sweaty reaper from his tillage brought +First fruits, the green ear, and the yellow sheaf, +Unculled, as came to hand; a shepherd next, +More meek, came with the firstlings of his flock, +Choicest and best; then, sacrificing, laid +The inwards and their fat, with incense strowed, +On the cleft wood, and all due rights performed: +His offering soon propitious fire from Heaven +Consumed with nimble glance, and grateful steam; +The other's not, for his was not sincere; +Whereat he inly raged, and, as they talked, +Smote him into the midriff with a stone +That beat out life; he fell;and, deadly pale, +Groaned out his soul with gushing blood effused. +Much at that sight was Adam in his heart +Dismayed, and thus in haste to the Angel cried. +O Teacher, some great mischief hath befallen +To that meek man, who well had sacrificed; +Is piety thus and pure devotion paid? +To whom Michael thus, he also moved, replied. +These two are brethren, Adam, and to come +Out of thy loins; the unjust the just hath slain, +For envy that his brother's offering found +From Heaven acceptance; but the bloody fact +Will be avenged; and the other's faith, approved, +Lose no reward; though here thou see him die, +Rolling in dust and gore. To which our sire. +Alas! both for the deed, and for the cause! +But have I now seen Death? Is this the way +I must return to native dust? O sight +Of terrour, foul and ugly to behold, +Horrid to think, how horrible to feel! +To whom thus Michael. Death thou hast seen +In his first shape on Man; but many shapes +Of Death, and many are the ways that lead +To his grim cave, all dismal; yet to sense +More terrible at the entrance, than within. +Some, as thou sawest, by violent stroke shall die; +By fire, flood, famine, by intemperance more +In meats and drinks, which on the earth shall bring +Diseases dire, of which a monstrous crew +Before thee shall appear; that thou mayest know +What misery the inabstinence of Eve +Shall bring on Men. Immediately a place +Before his eyes appeared, sad, noisome, dark; +A lazar-house it seemed; wherein were laid +Numbers of all diseased; all maladies +Of ghastly spasm, or racking torture, qualms +Of heart-sick agony, all feverous kinds, +Convulsions, epilepsies, fierce catarrhs, +Intestine stone and ulcer, colick-pangs, +Demoniack phrenzy, moaping melancholy, +And moon-struck madness, pining atrophy, +Marasmus, and wide-wasting pestilence, +Dropsies, and asthmas, and joint-racking rheums. +Dire was the tossing, deep the groans; Despair +Tended the sick busiest from couch to couch; +And over them triumphant Death his dart +Shook, but delayed to strike, though oft invoked +With vows, as their chief good, and final hope. +Sight so deform what heart of rock could long +Dry-eyed behold? Adam could not, but wept, +Though not of woman born; compassion quelled +His best of man, and gave him up to tears +A space, till firmer thoughts restrained excess; +And, scarce recovering words, his plaint renewed. +O miserable mankind, to what fall +Degraded, to what wretched state reserved! +Better end here unborn. Why is life given +To be thus wrested from us? rather, why +Obtruded on us thus? who, if we knew +What we receive, would either no accept +Life offered, or soon beg to lay it down; +Glad to be so dismissed in peace. Can thus +The image of God in Man, created once +So goodly and erect, though faulty since, +To such unsightly sufferings be debased +Under inhuman pains? Why should not Man, +Retaining still divine similitude +In part, from such deformities be free, +And, for his Maker's image sake, exempt? +Their Maker's image, answered Michael, then +Forsook them, when themselves they vilified +To serve ungoverned Appetite; and took +His image whom they served, a brutish vice, +Inductive mainly to the sin of Eve. +Therefore so abject is their punishment, +Disfiguring not God's likeness, but their own; +Or if his likeness, by themselves defaced; +While they pervert pure Nature's healthful rules +To loathsome sickness; worthily, since they +God's image did not reverence in themselves. +I yield it just, said Adam, and submit. +But is there yet no other way, besides +These painful passages, how we may come +To death, and mix with our connatural dust? +There is, said Michael, if thou well observe +The rule of Not too much; by temperance taught, +In what thou eatest and drinkest; seeking from thence +Due nourishment, not gluttonous delight, +Till many years over thy head return: +So mayest thou live; till, like ripe fruit, thou drop +Into thy mother's lap; or be with ease +Gathered, nor harshly plucked; for death mature: +This is Old Age; but then, thou must outlive +Thy youth, thy strength, thy beauty; which will change +To withered, weak, and gray; thy senses then, +Obtuse, all taste of pleasure must forego, +To what thou hast; and, for the air of youth, +Hopeful and cheerful, in thy blood will reign +A melancholy damp of cold and dry +To weigh thy spirits down, and last consume +The balm of life. To whom our ancestor. +Henceforth I fly not death, nor would prolong +Life much; bent rather, how I may be quit, +Fairest and easiest, of this cumbrous charge; +Which I must keep till my appointed day +Of rendering up, and patiently attend +My dissolution. Michael replied. +Nor love thy life, nor hate; but what thou livest +Live well; how long, or short, permit to Heaven: +And now prepare thee for another sight. +He looked, and saw a spacious plain, whereon +Were tents of various hue; by some, were herds +Of cattle grazing; others, whence the sound +Of instruments, that made melodious chime, +Was heard, of harp and organ; and, who moved +Their stops and chords, was seen; his volant touch, +Instinct through all proportions, low and high, +Fled and pursued transverse the resonant fugue. +In other part stood one who, at the forge +Labouring, two massy clods of iron and brass +Had melted, (whether found where casual fire +Had wasted woods on mountain or in vale, +Down to the veins of earth; thence gliding hot +To some cave's mouth; or whether washed by stream +From underground;) the liquid ore he drained +Into fit moulds prepared; from which he formed +First his own tools; then, what might else be wrought +Fusil or graven in metal. After these, +But on the hither side, a different sort +From the high neighbouring hills, which was their seat, +Down to the plain descended; by their guise +Just men they seemed, and all their study bent +To worship God aright, and know his works +Not hid; nor those things last, which might preserve +Freedom and peace to Men; they on the plain +Long had not walked, when from the tents, behold! +A bevy of fair women, richly gay +In gems and wanton dress; to the harp they sung +Soft amorous ditties, and in dance came on: +The men, though grave, eyed them; and let their eyes +Rove without rein; till, in the amorous net +Fast caught, they liked; and each his liking chose; +And now of love they treat, till the evening-star, +Love's harbinger, appeared; then, all in heat +They light the nuptial torch, and bid invoke +Hymen, then first to marriage rites invoked: +With feast and musick all the tents resound. +Such happy interview, and fair event +Of love and youth not lost, songs, garlands, flowers, +And charming symphonies, attached the heart +Of Adam, soon inclined to admit delight, +The bent of nature; which he thus expressed. +True opener of mine eyes, prime Angel blest; +Much better seems this vision, and more hope +Of peaceful days portends, than those two past; +Those were of hate and death, or pain much worse; +Here Nature seems fulfilled in all her ends. +To whom thus Michael. Judge not what is best +By pleasure, though to nature seeming meet; +Created, as thou art, to nobler end +Holy and pure, conformity divine. +Those tents thou sawest so pleasant, were the tents +Of wickedness, wherein shall dwell his race +Who slew his brother; studious they appear +Of arts that polish life, inventers rare; +Unmindful of their Maker, though his Spirit +Taught them; but they his gifts acknowledged none. +Yet they a beauteous offspring shall beget; +For that fair female troop thou sawest, that seemed +Of Goddesses, so blithe, so smooth, so gay, +Yet empty of all good wherein consists +Woman's domestick honour and chief praise; +Bred only and completed to the taste +Of lustful appetence, to sing, to dance, +To dress, and troll the tongue, and roll the eye: +To these that sober race of men, whose lives +Religious titled them the sons of God, +Shall yield up all their virtue, all their fame +Ignobly, to the trains and to the smiles +Of these fair atheists; and now swim in joy, +Erelong to swim at large; and laugh, for which +The world erelong a world of tears must weep. +To whom thus Adam, of short joy bereft. +O pity and shame, that they, who to live well +Entered so fair, should turn aside to tread +Paths indirect, or in the mid way faint! +But still I see the tenour of Man's woe +Holds on the same, from Woman to begin. +From Man's effeminate slackness it begins, +Said the Angel, who should better hold his place +By wisdom, and superiour gifts received. +But now prepare thee for another scene. +He looked, and saw wide territory spread +Before him, towns, and rural works between; +Cities of men with lofty gates and towers, +Concourse in arms, fierce faces threatening war, +Giants of mighty bone and bold emprise; +Part wield their arms, part curb the foaming steed, +Single or in array of battle ranged +Both horse and foot, nor idly mustering stood; +One way a band select from forage drives +A herd of beeves, fair oxen and fair kine, +From a fat meadow ground; or fleecy flock, +Ewes and their bleating lambs over the plain, +Their booty; scarce with life the shepherds fly, +But call in aid, which makes a bloody fray; +With cruel tournament the squadrons join; +Where cattle pastured late, now scattered lies +With carcasses and arms the ensanguined field, +Deserted: Others to a city strong +Lay siege, encamped; by battery, scale, and mine, +Assaulting; others from the wall defend +With dart and javelin, stones, and sulphurous fire; +On each hand slaughter, and gigantick deeds. +In other part the sceptered heralds call +To council, in the city-gates; anon +Gray-headed men and grave, with warriours mixed, +Assemble, and harangues are heard; but soon, +In factious opposition; till at last, +Of middle age one rising, eminent +In wise deport, spake much of right and wrong, +Of justice, or religion, truth, and peace, +And judgement from above: him old and young +Exploded, and had seized with violent hands, +Had not a cloud descending snatched him thence +Unseen amid the throng: so violence +Proceeded, and oppression, and sword-law, +Through all the plain, and refuge none was found. +Adam was all in tears, and to his guide +Lamenting turned full sad; O!what are these, +Death's ministers, not men? who thus deal death +Inhumanly to men, and multiply +Ten thousandfold the sin of him who slew +His brother: for of whom such massacre +Make they, but of their brethren; men of men +But who was that just man, whom had not Heaven +Rescued, had in his righteousness been lost? +To whom thus Michael. These are the product +Of those ill-mated marriages thou sawest; +Where good with bad were matched, who of themselves +Abhor to join; and, by imprudence mixed, +Produce prodigious births of body or mind. +Such were these giants, men of high renown; +For in those days might only shall be admired, +And valour and heroick virtue called; +To overcome in battle, and subdue +Nations, and bring home spoils with infinite +Man-slaughter, shall be held the highest pitch +Of human glory; and for glory done +Of triumph, to be styled great conquerours +Patrons of mankind, Gods, and sons of Gods; +Destroyers rightlier called, and plagues of men. +Thus fame shall be achieved, renown on earth; +And what most merits fame, in silence hid. +But he, the seventh from thee, whom thou beheldst +The only righteous in a world preverse, +And therefore hated, therefore so beset +With foes, for daring single to be just, +And utter odious truth, that God would come +To judge them with his Saints; him the Most High +Rapt in a balmy cloud with winged steeds +Did, as thou sawest, receive, to walk with God +High in salvation and the climes of bliss, +Exempt from death; to show thee what reward +Awaits the good; the rest what punishment; +Which now direct thine eyes and soon behold. +He looked, and saw the face of things quite changed; +The brazen throat of war had ceased to roar; +All now was turned to jollity and game, +To luxury and riot, feast and dance; +Marrying or prostituting, as befel, +Rape or adultery, where passing fair +Allured them; thence from cups to civil broils. +At length a reverend sire among them came, +And of their doings great dislike declared, +And testified against their ways; he oft +Frequented their assemblies, whereso met, +Triumphs or festivals; and to them preached +Conversion and repentance, as to souls +In prison, under judgements imminent: +But all in vain: which when he saw, he ceased +Contending, and removed his tents far off; +Then, from the mountain hewing timber tall, +Began to build a vessel of huge bulk; +Measured by cubit, length, and breadth, and highth; +Smeared round with pitch; and in the side a door +Contrived; and of provisions laid in large, +For man and beast: when lo, a wonder strange! +Of every beast, and bird, and insect small, +Came sevens, and pairs; and entered in as taught +Their order: last the sire and his three sons, +With their four wives; and God made fast the door. +Mean while the south-wind rose, and, with black wings +Wide-hovering, all the clouds together drove +From under Heaven; the hills to their supply +Vapour, and exhalation dusk and moist, +Sent up amain; and now the thickened sky +Like a dark cieling stood; down rushed the rain +Impetuous; and continued, till the earth +No more was seen: the floating vessel swum +Uplifted, and secure with beaked prow +Rode tilting o'er the waves; all dwellings else +Flood overwhelmed, and them with all their pomp +Deep under water rolled; sea covered sea, +Sea without shore; and in their palaces, +Where luxury late reigned, sea-monsters whelped +And stabled; of mankind, so numerous late, +All left, in one small bottom swum imbarked. +How didst thou grieve then, Adam, to behold +The end of all thy offspring, end so sad, +Depopulation! Thee another flood, +Of tears and sorrow a flood, thee also drowned, +And sunk thee as thy sons; till, gently reared +By the Angel, on thy feet thou stoodest at last, +Though comfortless; as when a father mourns +His children, all in view destroyed at once; +And scarce to the Angel utter'dst thus thy plaint. +O visions ill foreseen! Better had I +Lived ignorant of future! so had borne +My part of evil only, each day's lot +Enough to bear; those now, that were dispensed +The burden of many ages, on me light +At once, by my foreknowledge gaining birth +Abortive, to torment me ere their being, +With thought that they must be. Let no man seek +Henceforth to be foretold, what shall befall +Him or his children; evil he may be sure, +Which neither his foreknowing can prevent; +And he the future evil shall no less +In apprehension than in substance feel, +Grievous to bear: but that care now is past, +Man is not whom to warn: those few escaped +Famine and anguish will at last consume, +Wandering that watery desart: I had hope, +When violence was ceased, and war on earth, +All would have then gone well; peace would have crowned +With length of happy days the race of Man; +But I was far deceived; for now I see +Peace to corrupt no less than war to waste. +How comes it thus? unfold, celestial Guide, +And whether here the race of Man will end. +To whom thus Michael. Those, whom last thou sawest +In triumph and luxurious wealth, are they +First seen in acts of prowess eminent +And great exploits, but of true virtue void; +Who, having spilt much blood, and done much wast +Subduing nations, and achieved thereby +Fame in the world, high titles, and rich prey; +Shall change their course to pleasure, ease, and sloth, +Surfeit, and lust; till wantonness and pride +Raise out of friendship hostile deeds in peace. +The conquered also, and enslaved by war, +Shall, with their freedom lost, all virtue lose +And fear of God; from whom their piety feigned +In sharp contest of battle found no aid +Against invaders; therefore, cooled in zeal, +Thenceforth shall practice how to live secure, +Worldly or dissolute, on what their lords +Shall leave them to enjoy; for the earth shall bear +More than enough, that temperance may be tried: +So all shall turn degenerate, all depraved; +Justice and temperance, truth and faith, forgot; +One man except, the only son of light +In a dark age, against example good, +Against allurement, custom, and a world +Offended: fearless of reproach and scorn, +The grand-child, with twelve sons encreased, departs +From Canaan, to a land hereafter called +Egypt, divided by the river Nile; +See where it flows, disgorging at seven mouths +Into the sea: To sojourn in that land +He comes, invited by a younger son +In time of dearth; a son, whose worthy deeds +Raise him to be the second in that realm +Of Pharaoh: There he dies, and leaves his race +Growing into a nation, and now grown +Suspected to a sequent king, who seeks +To stop their overgrowth, as inmate guests +Or violence, he of their wicked ways +Shall them admonish; and before them set +The paths of righteousness, how much more safe +And full of peace; denouncing wrath to come +On their impenitence; and shall return +Of them derided, but of God observed +The one just man alive; by his command +Shall build a wonderous ark, as thou beheldst, +To save himself, and houshold, from amidst +A world devote to universal wrack. +No sooner he, with them of man and beast +Select for life, shall in the ark be lodged, +And sheltered round; but all the cataracts +Of Heaven set open on the Earth shall pour +Rain, day and night; all fountains of the deep, +Broke up, shall heave the ocean to usurp +Beyond all bounds; till inundation rise +Above the highest hills: Then shall this mount +Of Paradise by might of waves be moved +Out of his place, pushed by the horned flood, +With all his verdure spoiled, and trees adrift, +Down the great river to the opening gulf, +And there take root an island salt and bare, +The haunt of seals, and orcs, and sea-mews' clang: +To teach thee that God attributes to place +No sanctity, if none be thither brought +By men who there frequent, or therein dwell. +And now, what further shall ensue, behold. +He looked, and saw the ark hull on the flood, +Which now abated; for the clouds were fled, +Driven by a keen north-wind, that, blowing dry, +Wrinkled the face of deluge, as decayed; +And the clear sun on his wide watery glass +Gazed hot, and of the fresh wave largely drew, +As after thirst; which made their flowing shrink +From standing lake to tripping ebb, that stole +With soft foot towards the deep; who now had stopt +His sluces, as the Heaven his windows shut. +The ark no more now floats, but seems on ground, +Fast on the top of some high mountain fixed. +And now the tops of hills, as rocks, appear; +With clamour thence the rapid currents drive, +Towards the retreating sea, their furious tide. +Forthwith from out the ark a raven flies, +And after him, the surer messenger, +A dove sent forth once and again to spy +Green tree or ground, whereon his foot may light: +The second time returning, in his bill +An olive-leaf he brings, pacifick sign: +Anon dry ground appears, and from his ark +The ancient sire descends, with all his train; +Then with uplifted hands, and eyes devout, +Grateful to Heaven, over his head beholds +A dewy cloud, and in the cloud a bow +Conspicuous with three lifted colours gay, +Betokening peace from God, and covenant new. +Whereat the heart of Adam, erst so sad, +Greatly rejoiced; and thus his joy broke forth. +O thou, who future things canst represent +As present, heavenly Instructer! I revive +At this last sight; assured that Man shall live, +With all the creatures, and their seed preserve. +Far less I now lament for one whole world +Of wicked sons destroyed, than I rejoice +For one man found so perfect, and so just, +That God vouchsafes to raise another world +From him, and all his anger to forget. +But say, what mean those coloured streaks in Heaven +Distended, as the brow of God appeased? +Or serve they, as a flowery verge, to bind +The fluid skirts of that same watery cloud, +Lest it again dissolve, and shower the earth? +To whom the Arch-Angel. Dextrously thou aimest; +So willingly doth God remit his ire, +Though late repenting him of Man depraved; +Grieved at his heart, when looking down he saw +The whole earth filled with violence, and all flesh +Corrupting each their way; yet, those removed, +Such grace shall one just man find in his sight, +That he relents, not to blot out mankind; +And makes a covenant never to destroy +The earth again by flood; nor let the sea +Surpass his bounds; nor rain to drown the world, +With man therein or beast; but, when he brings +Over the earth a cloud, will therein set +His triple-coloured bow, whereon to look, +And call to mind his covenant: Day and night, +Seed-time and harvest, heat and hoary frost, +Shall hold their course; till fire purge all things new, +Both Heaven and Earth, wherein the just shall dwell. + + + +Book XII + + +As one who in his journey bates at noon, +Though bent on speed; so here the Arch-Angel paused +Betwixt the world destroyed and world restored, +If Adam aught perhaps might interpose; +Then, with transition sweet, new speech resumes. +Thus thou hast seen one world begin, and end; +And Man, as from a second stock, proceed. +Much thou hast yet to see; but I perceive +Thy mortal sight to fail; objects divine +Must needs impair and weary human sense: +Henceforth what is to come I will relate; +Thou therefore give due audience, and attend. +This second source of Men, while yet but few, +And while the dread of judgement past remains +Fresh in their minds, fearing the Deity, +With some regard to what is just and right +Shall lead their lives, and multiply apace; +Labouring the soil, and reaping plenteous crop, +Corn, wine, and oil; and, from the herd or flock, +Oft sacrificing bullock, lamb, or kid, +With large wine-offerings poured, and sacred feast, +Shall spend their days in joy unblamed; and dwell +Long time in peace, by families and tribes, +Under paternal rule: till one shall rise +Of proud ambitious heart; who, not content +With fair equality, fraternal state, +Will arrogate dominion undeserved +Over his brethren, and quite dispossess +Concord and law of nature from the earth; +Hunting (and men not beasts shall be his game) +With war, and hostile snare, such as refuse +Subjection to his empire tyrannous: +A mighty hunter thence he shall be styled +Before the Lord; as in despite of Heaven, +Or from Heaven, claiming second sovranty; +And from rebellion shall derive his name, +Though of rebellion others he accuse. +He with a crew, whom like ambition joins +With him or under him to tyrannize, +Marching from Eden towards the west, shall find +The plain, wherein a black bituminous gurge +Boils out from under ground, the mouth of Hell: +Of brick, and of that stuff, they cast to build +A city and tower, whose top may reach to Heaven; +And get themselves a name; lest, far dispersed +In foreign lands, their memory be lost; +Regardless whether good or evil fame. +But God, who oft descends to visit men +Unseen, and through their habitations walks +To mark their doings, them beholding soon, +Comes down to see their city, ere the tower +Obstruct Heaven-towers, and in derision sets +Upon their tongues a various spirit, to rase +Quite out their native language; and, instead, +To sow a jangling noise of words unknown: +Forthwith a hideous gabble rises loud, +Among the builders; each to other calls +Not understood; till hoarse, and all in rage, +As mocked they storm: great laughter was in Heaven, +And looking down, to see the hubbub strange, +And hear the din: Thus was the building left +Ridiculous, and the work Confusion named. +Whereto thus Adam, fatherly displeased. +O execrable son! so to aspire +Above his brethren; to himself assuming +Authority usurped, from God not given: +He gave us only over beast, fish, fowl, +Dominion absolute; that right we hold +By his donation; but man over men +He made not lord; such title to himself +Reserving, human left from human free. +But this usurper his encroachment proud +Stays not on Man; to God his tower intends +Siege and defiance: Wretched man!what food +Will he convey up thither, to sustain +Himself and his rash army; where thin air +Above the clouds will pine his entrails gross, +And famish him of breath, if not of bread? +To whom thus Michael. Justly thou abhorrest +That son, who on the quiet state of men +Such trouble brought, affecting to subdue +Rational liberty; yet know withal, +Since thy original lapse, true liberty +Is lost, which always with right reason dwells +Twinned, and from her hath no dividual being: +Reason in man obscured, or not obeyed, +Immediately inordinate desires, +And upstart passions, catch the government +From reason; and to servitude reduce +Man, till then free. Therefore, since he permits +Within himself unworthy powers to reign +Over free reason, God, in judgement just, +Subjects him from without to violent lords; +Who oft as undeservedly enthrall +His outward freedom: Tyranny must be; +Though to the tyrant thereby no excuse. +Yet sometimes nations will decline so low +From virtue, which is reason, that no wrong, +But justice, and some fatal curse annexed, +Deprives them of their outward liberty; +Their inward lost: Witness the irreverent son +Of him who built the ark; who, for the shame +Done to his father, heard this heavy curse, +Servant of servants, on his vicious race. +Thus will this latter, as the former world, +Still tend from bad to worse; till God at last, +Wearied with their iniquities, withdraw +His presence from among them, and avert +His holy eyes; resolving from thenceforth +To leave them to their own polluted ways; +And one peculiar nation to select +From all the rest, of whom to be invoked, +A nation from one faithful man to spring: +Him on this side Euphrates yet residing, +Bred up in idol-worship: O, that men +(Canst thou believe?) should be so stupid grown, +While yet the patriarch lived, who 'scaped the flood, +As to forsake the living God, and fall +To worship their own work in wood and stone +For Gods! Yet him God the Most High vouchsafes +To call by vision, from his father's house, +His kindred, and false Gods, into a land +Which he will show him; and from him will raise +A mighty nation; and upon him shower +His benediction so, that in his seed +All nations shall be blest: he straight obeys; +Not knowing to what land, yet firm believes: +I see him, but thou canst not, with what faith +He leaves his Gods, his friends, and native soil, +Ur of Chaldaea, passing now the ford +To Haran; after him a cumbrous train +Of herds and flocks, and numerous servitude; +Not wandering poor, but trusting all his wealth +With God, who called him, in a land unknown. +Canaan he now attains; I see his tents +Pitched about Sechem, and the neighbouring plain +Of Moreh; there by promise he receives +Gift to his progeny of all that land, +From Hameth northward to the Desart south; +(Things by their names I call, though yet unnamed;) +From Hermon east to the great western Sea; +Mount Hermon, yonder sea; each place behold +In prospect, as I point them; on the shore +Mount Carmel; here, the double-founted stream, +Jordan, true limit eastward; but his sons +Shall dwell to Senir, that long ridge of hills. +This ponder, that all nations of the earth +Shall in his seed be blessed: By that seed +Is meant thy great Deliverer, who shall bruise +The Serpent's head; whereof to thee anon +Plainlier shall be revealed. This patriarch blest, +Whom faithful Abraham due time shall call, +A son, and of his son a grand-child, leaves; +Like him in faith, in wisdom, and renown: +The grandchild, with twelve sons increased, departs +From Canaan to a land hereafter called +Egypt, divided by the river Nile +See where it flows, disgorging at seven mouths +Into the sea. To sojourn in that land +He comes, invited by a younger son +In time of dearth, a son whose worthy deeds +Raise him to be the second in that realm +Of Pharaoh. There he dies, and leaves his race +Growing into a nation, and now grown +Suspected to a sequent king, who seeks +To stop their overgrowth, as inmate guests +Too numerous; whence of guests he makes them slaves +Inhospitably, and kills their infant males: +Till by two brethren (these two brethren call +Moses and Aaron) sent from God to claim +His people from enthralment, they return, +With glory and spoil, back to their promised land. +But first, the lawless tyrant, who denies +To know their God, or message to regard, +Must be compelled by signs and judgements dire; +To blood unshed the rivers must be turned; +Frogs, lice, and flies, must all his palace fill +With loathed intrusion, and fill all the land; +His cattle must of rot and murren die; +Botches and blains must all his flesh emboss, +And all his people; thunder mixed with hail, +Hail mixed with fire, must rend the Egyptians sky, +And wheel on the earth, devouring where it rolls; +What it devours not, herb, or fruit, or grain, +A darksome cloud of locusts swarming down +Must eat, and on the ground leave nothing green; +Darkness must overshadow all his bounds, +Palpable darkness, and blot out three days; +Last, with one midnight stroke, all the first-born +Of Egypt must lie dead. Thus with ten wounds +The river-dragon tamed at length submits +To let his sojourners depart, and oft +Humbles his stubborn heart; but still, as ice +More hardened after thaw; till, in his rage +Pursuing whom he late dismissed, the sea +Swallows him with his host; but them lets pass, +As on dry land, between two crystal walls; +Awed by the rod of Moses so to stand +Divided, till his rescued gain their shore: +Such wondrous power God to his saint will lend, +Though present in his Angel; who shall go +Before them in a cloud, and pillar of fire; +By day a cloud, by night a pillar of fire; +To guide them in their journey, and remove +Behind them, while the obdurate king pursues: +All night he will pursue; but his approach +Darkness defends between till morning watch; +Then through the fiery pillar, and the cloud, +God looking forth will trouble all his host, +And craze their chariot-wheels: when by command +Moses once more his potent rod extends +Over the sea; the sea his rod obeys; +On their embattled ranks the waves return, +And overwhelm their war: The race elect +Safe toward Canaan from the shore advance +Through the wild Desart, not the readiest way; +Lest, entering on the Canaanite alarmed, +War terrify them inexpert, and fear +Return them back to Egypt, choosing rather +Inglorious life with servitude; for life +To noble and ignoble is more sweet +Untrained in arms, where rashness leads not on. +This also shall they gain by their delay +In the wide wilderness; there they shall found +Their government, and their great senate choose +Through the twelve tribes, to rule by laws ordained: +God from the mount of Sinai, whose gray top +Shall tremble, he descending, will himself +In thunder, lightning, and loud trumpets' sound, +Ordain them laws; part, such as appertain +To civil justice; part, religious rites +Of sacrifice; informing them, by types +And shadows, of that destined Seed to bruise +The Serpent, by what means he shall achieve +Mankind's deliverance. But the voice of God +To mortal ear is dreadful: They beseech +That Moses might report to them his will, +And terrour cease; he grants what they besought, +Instructed that to God is no access +Without Mediator, whose high office now +Moses in figure bears; to introduce +One greater, of whose day he shall foretel, +And all the Prophets in their age the times +Of great Messiah shall sing. Thus, laws and rites +Established, such delight hath God in Men +Obedient to his will, that he vouchsafes +Among them to set up his tabernacle; +The Holy One with mortal Men to dwell: +By his prescript a sanctuary is framed +Of cedar, overlaid with gold; therein +An ark, and in the ark his testimony, +The records of his covenant; over these +A mercy-seat of gold, between the wings +Of two bright Cherubim; before him burn +Seven lamps as in a zodiack representing +The heavenly fires; over the tent a cloud +Shall rest by day, a fiery gleam by night; +Save when they journey, and at length they come, +Conducted by his Angel, to the land +Promised to Abraham and his seed:--The rest +Were long to tell; how many battles fought +How many kings destroyed; and kingdoms won; +Or how the sun shall in mid Heaven stand still +A day entire, and night's due course adjourn, +Man's voice commanding, 'Sun, in Gibeon stand, +'And thou moon in the vale of Aialon, +'Till Israel overcome! so call the third +From Abraham, son of Isaac; and from him +His whole descent, who thus shall Canaan win. +Here Adam interposed. O sent from Heaven, +Enlightener of my darkness, gracious things +Thou hast revealed; those chiefly, which concern +Just Abraham and his seed: now first I find +Mine eyes true-opening, and my heart much eased; +Erewhile perplexed with thoughts, what would become +Of me and all mankind: But now I see +His day, in whom all nations shall be blest; +Favour unmerited by me, who sought +Forbidden knowledge by forbidden means. +This yet I apprehend not, why to those +Among whom God will deign to dwell on earth +So many and so various laws are given; +So many laws argue so many sins +Among them; how can God with such reside? +To whom thus Michael. Doubt not but that sin +Will reign among them, as of thee begot; +And therefore was law given them, to evince +Their natural pravity, by stirring up +Sin against law to fight: that when they see +Law can discover sin, but not remove, +Save by those shadowy expiations weak, +The blood of bulls and goats, they may conclude +Some blood more precious must be paid for Man; +Just for unjust; that, in such righteousness +To them by faith imputed, they may find +Justification towards God, and peace +Of conscience; which the law by ceremonies +Cannot appease; nor Man the mortal part +Perform; and, not performing, cannot live. +So law appears imperfect; and but given +With purpose to resign them, in full time, +Up to a better covenant; disciplined +From shadowy types to truth; from flesh to spirit; +From imposition of strict laws to free +Acceptance of large grace; from servile fear +To filial; works of law to works of faith. +And therefore shall not Moses, though of God +Highly beloved, being but the minister +Of law, his people into Canaan lead; +But Joshua, whom the Gentiles Jesus call, +His name and office bearing, who shall quell +The adversary-Serpent, and bring back +Through the world's wilderness long-wandered Man +Safe to eternal Paradise of rest. +Mean while they, in their earthly Canaan placed, +Long time shall dwell and prosper, but when sins +National interrupt their publick peace, +Provoking God to raise them enemies; +From whom as oft he saves them penitent +By Judges first, then under Kings; of whom +The second, both for piety renowned +And puissant deeds, a promise shall receive +Irrevocable, that his regal throne +For ever shall endure; the like shall sing +All Prophecy, that of the royal stock +Of David (so I name this king) shall rise +A Son, the Woman's seed to thee foretold, +Foretold to Abraham, as in whom shall trust +All nations; and to kings foretold, of kings +The last; for of his reign shall be no end. +But first, a long succession must ensue; +And his next son, for wealth and wisdom famed, +The clouded ark of God, till then in tents +Wandering, shall in a glorious temple enshrine. +Such follow him, as shall be registered +Part good, part bad; of bad the longer scroll; +Whose foul idolatries, and other faults +Heaped to the popular sum, will so incense +God, as to leave them, and expose their land, +Their city, his temple, and his holy ark, +With all his sacred things, a scorn and prey +To that proud city, whose high walls thou sawest +Left in confusion; Babylon thence called. +There in captivity he lets them dwell +The space of seventy years; then brings them back, +Remembering mercy, and his covenant sworn +To David, stablished as the days of Heaven. +Returned from Babylon by leave of kings +Their lords, whom God disposed, the house of God +They first re-edify; and for a while +In mean estate live moderate; till, grown +In wealth and multitude, factious they grow; +But first among the priests dissention springs, +Men who attend the altar, and should most +Endeavour peace: their strife pollution brings +Upon the temple itself: at last they seise +The scepter, and regard not David's sons; +Then lose it to a stranger, that the true +Anointed King Messiah might be born +Barred of his right; yet at his birth a star, +Unseen before in Heaven, proclaims him come; +And guides the eastern sages, who inquire +His place, to offer incense, myrrh, and gold: +His place of birth a solemn Angel tells +To simple shepherds, keeping watch by night; +They gladly thither haste, and by a quire +Of squadroned Angels hear his carol sung. +A virgin is his mother, but his sire +The power of the Most High: He shall ascend +The throne hereditary, and bound his reign +With Earth's wide bounds, his glory with the Heavens. +He ceased, discerning Adam with such joy +Surcharged, as had like grief been dewed in tears, +Without the vent of words; which these he breathed. +O prophet of glad tidings, finisher +Of utmost hope! now clear I understand +What oft my steadiest thoughts have searched in vain; +Why our great Expectation should be called +The seed of Woman: Virgin Mother, hail, +High in the love of Heaven; yet from my loins +Thou shalt proceed, and from thy womb the Son +Of God Most High: so God with Man unites! +Needs must the Serpent now his capital bruise +Expect with mortal pain: Say where and when +Their fight, what stroke shall bruise the victor's heel. +To whom thus Michael. Dream not of their fight, +As of a duel, or the local wounds +Of head or heel: Not therefore joins the Son +Manhood to Godhead, with more strength to foil +Thy enemy; nor so is overcome +Satan, whose fall from Heaven, a deadlier bruise, +Disabled, not to give thee thy death's wound: +Which he, who comes thy Saviour, shall recure, +Not by destroying Satan, but his works +In thee, and in thy seed: Nor can this be, +But by fulfilling that which thou didst want, +Obedience to the law of God, imposed +On penalty of death, and suffering death; +The penalty to thy transgression due, +And due to theirs which out of thine will grow: +So only can high Justice rest appaid. +The law of God exact he shall fulfil +Both by obedience and by love, though love +Alone fulfil the law; thy punishment +He shall endure, by coming in the flesh +To a reproachful life, and cursed death; +Proclaiming life to all who shall believe +In his redemption; and that his obedience, +Imputed, becomes theirs by faith; his merits +To save them, not their own, though legal, works. +For this he shall live hated, be blasphemed, +Seised on by force, judged, and to death condemned +A shameful and accursed, nailed to the cross +By his own nation; slain for bringing life: +But to the cross he nails thy enemies, +The law that is against thee, and the sins +Of all mankind, with him there crucified, +Never to hurt them more who rightly trust +In this his satisfaction; so he dies, +But soon revives; Death over him no power +Shall long usurp; ere the third dawning light +Return, the stars of morn shall see him rise +Out of his grave, fresh as the dawning light, +Thy ransom paid, which Man from death redeems, +His death for Man, as many as offered life +Neglect not, and the benefit embrace +By faith not void of works: This God-like act +Annuls thy doom, the death thou shouldest have died, +In sin for ever lost from life; this act +Shall bruise the head of Satan, crush his strength, +Defeating Sin and Death, his two main arms; +And fix far deeper in his head their stings +Than temporal death shall bruise the victor's heel, +Or theirs whom he redeems; a death, like sleep, +A gentle wafting to immortal life. +Nor after resurrection shall he stay +Longer on earth, than certain times to appear +To his disciples, men who in his life +Still followed him; to them shall leave in charge +To teach all nations what of him they learned +And his salvation; them who shall believe +Baptizing in the profluent stream, the sign +Of washing them from guilt of sin to life +Pure, and in mind prepared, if so befall, +For death, like that which the Redeemer died. +All nations they shall teach; for, from that day, +Not only to the sons of Abraham's loins +Salvation shall be preached, but to the sons +Of Abraham's faith wherever through the world; +So in his seed all nations shall be blest. +Then to the Heaven of Heavens he shall ascend +With victory, triumphing through the air +Over his foes and thine; there shall surprise +The Serpent, prince of air, and drag in chains +Through all his realm, and there confounded leave; +Then enter into glory, and resume +His seat at God's right hand, exalted high +Above all names in Heaven; and thence shall come, +When this world's dissolution shall be ripe, +With glory and power to judge both quick and dead; +To judge the unfaithful dead, but to reward +His faithful, and receive them into bliss, +Whether in Heaven or Earth; for then the Earth +Shall all be Paradise, far happier place +Than this of Eden, and far happier days. +So spake the Arch-Angel Michael; then paused, +As at the world's great period; and our sire, +Replete with joy and wonder, thus replied. +O Goodness infinite, Goodness immense! +That all this good of evil shall produce, +And evil turn to good; more wonderful +Than that which by creation first brought forth +Light out of darkness! Full of doubt I stand, +Whether I should repent me now of sin +By me done, and occasioned; or rejoice +Much more, that much more good thereof shall spring; +To God more glory, more good-will to Men +From God, and over wrath grace shall abound. +But say, if our Deliverer up to Heaven +Must re-ascend, what will betide the few +His faithful, left among the unfaithful herd, +The enemies of truth? Who then shall guide +His people, who defend? Will they not deal +Worse with his followers than with him they dealt? +Be sure they will, said the Angel; but from Heaven +He to his own a Comforter will send, +The promise of the Father, who shall dwell +His Spirit within them; and the law of faith, +Working through love, upon their hearts shall write, +To guide them in all truth; and also arm +With spiritual armour, able to resist +Satan's assaults, and quench his fiery darts; +What man can do against them, not afraid, +Though to the death; against such cruelties +With inward consolations recompensed, +And oft supported so as shall amaze +Their proudest persecutors: For the Spirit, +Poured first on his Apostles, whom he sends +To evangelize the nations, then on all +Baptized, shall them with wonderous gifts endue +To speak all tongues, and do all miracles, +As did their Lord before them. Thus they win +Great numbers of each nation to receive +With joy the tidings brought from Heaven: At length +Their ministry performed, and race well run, +Their doctrine and their story written left, +They die; but in their room, as they forewarn, +Wolves shall succeed for teachers, grievous wolves, +Who all the sacred mysteries of Heaven +To their own vile advantages shall turn +Of lucre and ambition; and the truth +With superstitions and traditions taint, +Left only in those written records pure, +Though not but by the Spirit understood. +Then shall they seek to avail themselves of names, +Places, and titles, and with these to join +Secular power; though feigning still to act +By spiritual, to themselves appropriating +The Spirit of God, promised alike and given +To all believers; and, from that pretence, +Spiritual laws by carnal power shall force +On every conscience; laws which none shall find +Left them inrolled, or what the Spirit within +Shall on the heart engrave. What will they then +But force the Spirit of Grace itself, and bind +His consort Liberty? what, but unbuild +His living temples, built by faith to stand, +Their own faith, not another's? for, on earth, +Who against faith and conscience can be heard +Infallible? yet many will presume: +Whence heavy persecution shall arise +On all, who in the worship persevere +Of spirit and truth; the rest, far greater part, +Will deem in outward rites and specious forms +Religion satisfied; Truth shall retire +Bestuck with slanderous darts, and works of faith +Rarely be found: So shall the world go on, +To good malignant, to bad men benign; +Under her own weight groaning; till the day +Appear of respiration to the just, +And vengeance to the wicked, at return +Of him so lately promised to thy aid, +The Woman's Seed; obscurely then foretold, +Now ampler known thy Saviour and thy Lord; +Last, in the clouds, from Heaven to be revealed +In glory of the Father, to dissolve +Satan with his perverted world; then raise +From the conflagrant mass, purged and refined, +New Heavens, new Earth, ages of endless date, +Founded in righteousness, and peace, and love; +To bring forth fruits, joy and eternal bliss. +He ended; and thus Adam last replied. +How soon hath thy prediction, Seer blest, +Measured this transient world, the race of time, +Till time stand fixed! Beyond is all abyss, +Eternity, whose end no eye can reach. +Greatly-instructed I shall hence depart; +Greatly in peace of thought; and have my fill +Of knowledge, what this vessel can contain; +Beyond which was my folly to aspire. +Henceforth I learn, that to obey is best, +And love with fear the only God; to walk +As in his presence; ever to observe +His providence; and on him sole depend, +Merciful over all his works, with good +Still overcoming evil, and by small +Accomplishing great things, by things deemed weak +Subverting worldly strong, and worldly wise +By simply meek: that suffering for truth's sake +Is fortitude to highest victory, +And, to the faithful, death the gate of life; +Taught this by his example, whom I now +Acknowledge my Redeemer ever blest. +To whom thus also the Angel last replied. +This having learned, thou hast attained the sum +Of wisdom; hope no higher, though all the stars +Thou knewest by name, and all the ethereal powers, +All secrets of the deep, all Nature's works, +Or works of God in Heaven, air, earth, or sea, +And all the riches of this world enjoyedst, +And all the rule, one empire; only add +Deeds to thy knowledge answerable; add faith, +Add virtue, patience, temperance; add love, +By name to come called charity, the soul +Of all the rest: then wilt thou not be loth +To leave this Paradise, but shalt possess +A Paradise within thee, happier far.-- +Let us descend now therefore from this top +Of speculation; for the hour precise +Exacts our parting hence; and see!the guards, +By me encamped on yonder hill, expect +Their motion; at whose front a flaming sword, +In signal of remove, waves fiercely round: +We may no longer stay: go, waken Eve; +Her also I with gentle dreams have calmed +Portending good, and all her spirits composed +To meek submission: thou, at season fit, +Let her with thee partake what thou hast heard; +Chiefly what may concern her faith to know, +The great deliverance by her seed to come +(For by the Woman's seed) on all mankind: +That ye may live, which will be many days, +Both in one faith unanimous, though sad, +With cause, for evils past; yet much more cheered +With meditation on the happy end. +He ended, and they both descend the hill; +Descended, Adam to the bower, where Eve +Lay sleeping, ran before; but found her waked; +And thus with words not sad she him received. +Whence thou returnest, and whither wentest, I know; +For God is also in sleep; and dreams advise, +Which he hath sent propitious, some great good +Presaging, since with sorrow and heart's distress +Wearied I fell asleep: But now lead on; +In me is no delay; with thee to go, +Is to stay here; without thee here to stay, +Is to go hence unwilling; thou to me +Art all things under $Heaven, all places thou, +Who for my wilful crime art banished hence. +This further consolation yet secure +I carry hence; though all by me is lost, +Such favour I unworthy am vouchsafed, +By me the Promised Seed shall all restore. +So spake our mother Eve; and Adam heard +Well pleased, but answered not: For now, too nigh +The Arch-Angel stood; and, from the other hill +To their fixed station, all in bright array +The Cherubim descended; on the ground +Gliding meteorous, as evening-mist +Risen from a river o'er the marish glides, +And gathers ground fast at the labourer's heel +Homeward returning. High in front advanced, +The brandished sword of God before them blazed, +Fierce as a comet; which with torrid heat, +And vapour as the Libyan air adust, +Began to parch that temperate clime; whereat +In either hand the hastening Angel caught +Our lingering parents, and to the eastern gate +Led them direct, and down the cliff as fast +To the subjected plain; then disappeared. +They, looking back, all the eastern side beheld +Of Paradise, so late their happy seat, +Waved over by that flaming brand; the gate +With dreadful faces thronged, and fiery arms: +Some natural tears they dropt, but wiped them soon; +The world was all before them, where to choose +Their place of rest, and Providence their guide: +They, hand in hand, with wandering steps and slow, +Through Eden took their solitary way. + +[The End] diff --git a/test/canterbury-corpus/canterbury/ptt5 b/test/canterbury-corpus/canterbury/ptt5 new file mode 100644 index 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zJh?TvJ-M04ahy_agUX>7$3c!G^nLt1$x|<#T+6>Tsh3G z9A3G^7Qb!|NpBKzw1pgja@?K~IjLJ8hvqx~0H568aNpU-7UQLxg(Y3`oj-~kN1$H> z)JT|^?HoZ%_DAF<#lf>U>?_~f9>V=q5m4i$@fqAcxsANC Z?0tX3N_ui%8ZY;D`b&fF^?SEW{}(2xSpfh5 literal 0 HcmV?d00001 diff --git a/test/canterbury-corpus/canterbury/xargs.1 b/test/canterbury-corpus/canterbury/xargs.1 new file mode 100644 index 0000000..a9f39a7 --- /dev/null +++ b/test/canterbury-corpus/canterbury/xargs.1 @@ -0,0 +1,112 @@ +.TH XARGS 1L \" -*- nroff -*- +.SH NAME +xargs \- build and execute command lines from standard input +.SH SYNOPSIS +.B xargs +[\-0prtx] [\-e[eof-str]] [\-i[replace-str]] [\-l[max-lines]] +[\-n max-args] [\-s max-chars] [\-P max-procs] [\-\-null] [\-\-eof[=eof-str]] +[\-\-replace[=replace-str]] [\-\-max-lines[=max-lines]] [\-\-interactive] +[\-\-max-chars=max-chars] [\-\-verbose] [\-\-exit] [\-\-max-procs=max-procs] +[\-\-max-args=max-args] [\-\-no-run-if-empty] [\-\-version] [\-\-help] +[command [initial-arguments]] +.SH DESCRIPTION +This manual page +documents the GNU version of +.BR xargs . +.B xargs +reads arguments from the standard input, delimited by blanks (which can be +protected with double or single quotes or a backslash) or newlines, +and executes the +.I command +(default is /bin/echo) one or more times with any +.I initial-arguments +followed by arguments read from standard input. Blank lines on the +standard input are ignored. +.P +.B xargs +exits with the following status: +.nf +0 if it succeeds +123 if any invocation of the command exited with status 1-125 +124 if the command exited with status 255 +125 if the command is killed by a signal +126 if the command cannot be run +127 if the command is not found +1 if some other error occurred. +.fi +.SS OPTIONS +.TP +.I "\-\-null, \-0" +Input filenames are terminated by a null character instead of by +whitespace, and the quotes and backslash are not special (every +character is taken literally). Disables the end of file string, which +is treated like any other argument. Useful when arguments might +contain white space, quote marks, or backslashes. The GNU find +\-print0 option produces input suitable for this mode. +.TP +.I "\-\-eof[=eof-str], \-e[eof-str]" +Set the end of file string to \fIeof-str\fR. If the end of file +string occurs as a line of input, the rest of the input is ignored. +If \fIeof-str\fR is omitted, there is no end of file string. If this +option is not given, the end of file string defaults to "_". +.TP +.I "\-\-help" +Print a summary of the options to +.B xargs +and exit. +.TP +.I "\-\-replace[=replace-str], \-i[replace-str]" +Replace occurences of \fIreplace-str\fR in the initial arguments with +names read from standard input. +Also, unquoted blanks do not terminate arguments. +If \fIreplace-str\fR is omitted, it +defaults to "{}" (like for `find \-exec'). Implies \fI\-x\fP and +\fI\-l 1\fP. +.TP +.I "\-\-max-lines[=max-lines], -l[max-lines]" +Use at most \fImax-lines\fR nonblank input lines per command line; +\fImax-lines\fR defaults to 1 if omitted. Trailing blanks cause an +input line to be logically continued on the next input line. Implies +\fI\-x\fR. +.TP +.I "\-\-max-args=max-args, \-n max-args" +Use at most \fImax-args\fR arguments per command line. Fewer than +\fImax-args\fR arguments will be used if the size (see the \-s option) +is exceeded, unless the \-x option is given, in which case \fBxargs\fR +will exit. +.TP +.I "\-\-interactive, \-p" +Prompt the user about whether to run each command line and read a line +from the terminal. Only run the command line if the response starts +with `y' or `Y'. Implies \fI\-t\fR. +.TP +.I "\-\-no-run-if-empty, \-r" +If the standard input does not contain any nonblanks, do not run the +command. Normally, the command is run once even if there is no input. +.TP +.I "\-\-max-chars=max-chars, \-s max-chars" +Use at most \fImax-chars\fR characters per command line, including the +command and initial arguments and the terminating nulls at the ends of +the argument strings. The default is as large as possible, up to 20k +characters. +.TP +.I "\-\-verbose, \-t" +Print the command line on the standard error output before executing +it. +.TP +.I "\-\-version" +Print the version number of +.B xargs +and exit. +.TP +.I "\-\-exit, \-x" +Exit if the size (see the \fI\-s\fR option) is exceeded. +.TP +.I "\-\-max-procs=max-procs, \-P max-procs" +Run up to \fImax-procs\fR processes at a time; the default is 1. If +\fImax-procs\fR is 0, \fBxargs\fR will run as many processes as +possible at a time. Use the \fI\-n\fR option with \fI\-P\fR; +otherwise chances are that only one exec will be done. +.SH "SEE ALSO" +\fBfind\fP(1L), \fBlocate\fP(1L), \fBlocatedb\fP(5L), \fBupdatedb\fP(1) +\fBFinding Files\fP (on-line in Info, or printed) diff --git a/test/canterbury-corpus/large/E.coli b/test/canterbury-corpus/large/E.coli new file mode 100644 index 0000000..63b1f27 --- /dev/null +++ b/test/canterbury-corpus/large/E.coli @@ -0,0 +1 @@ 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\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/test/canterbury-corpus/large/SHA1SUM b/test/canterbury-corpus/large/SHA1SUM new file mode 100644 index 0000000..43af4a2 --- /dev/null +++ b/test/canterbury-corpus/large/SHA1SUM @@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ +e8302ab252ebf3d391d7072cf8957a6cd77667d9 bible.txt +bea54298e17d5ef86ddb75ac71b5b74fadf2cb7d E.coli +fe5b97b714b2abe91a5e64f4e9b4589f61a6a45e world192.txt diff --git a/test/canterbury-corpus/large/bible.txt b/test/canterbury-corpus/large/bible.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..4f86979 --- /dev/null +++ b/test/canterbury-corpus/large/bible.txt @@ -0,0 +1,30383 @@ +In the beginning God created the heaven and the earth. And the earth was without form, and void; and darkness was upon the face of the deep. And the Spirit of God moved upon the face of the waters. +And God said, Let there be light: and there was light. +And God saw the light, that it was good: and God divided the light from the darkness. +And God called the light Day, and the darkness he called Night. And the evening and the morning were the first day. +And God said, Let there be a firmament in the midst of the waters, and let it divide the waters from the waters. +And God made the firmament, and divided the waters which were under the firmament from the waters which were above the firmament: and it was so. +And God called the firmament Heaven. And the evening and the morning were the second day. +And God said, Let the waters under the heaven be gathered together unto one place, and let the dry land appear: and it was so. +And God called the dry land Earth; and the gathering together of the waters called he Seas: and God saw that it was good. +And God said, Let the earth bring forth grass, the herb yielding seed, and the fruit tree yielding fruit after his kind, whose seed is in itself, upon the earth: and it was so. +And the earth brought forth grass, and herb yielding seed after his kind, and the tree yielding fruit, whose seed was in itself, after his kind: and God saw that it was good. +And the evening and the morning were the third day. +And God said, Let there be lights in the firmament of the heaven to divide the day from the night; and let them be for signs, and for seasons, and for days, and years: +And let them be for lights in the firmament of the heaven to give light upon the earth: and it was so. +And God made two great lights; the greater light to rule the day, and the lesser light to rule the night: he made the stars also. +And God set them in the firmament of the heaven to give light upon the earth, +And to rule over the day and over the night, and to divide the light from the darkness: and God saw that it was good. +And the evening and the morning were the fourth day. +And God said, Let the waters bring forth abundantly the moving creature that hath life, and fowl that may fly above the earth in the open firmament of heaven. +And God created great whales, and every living creature that moveth, which the waters brought forth abundantly, after their kind, and every winged fowl after his kind: and God saw that it was good. +And God blessed them, saying, Be fruitful, and multiply, and fill the waters in the seas, and let fowl multiply in the earth. +And the evening and the morning were the fifth day. +And God said, Let the earth bring forth the living creature after his kind, cattle, and creeping thing, and beast of the earth after his kind: and it was so. +And God made the beast of the earth after his kind, and cattle after their kind, and every thing that creepeth upon the earth after his kind: and God saw that it was good. +And God said, Let us make man in our image, after our likeness: and let them have dominion over the fish of the sea, and over the fowl of the air, and over the cattle, and over all the earth, and over every creeping thing that creepeth upon the earth. +So God created man in his own image, in the image of God created he him; male and female created he them. +And God blessed them, and God said unto them, Be fruitful, and multiply, and replenish the earth, and subdue it: and have dominion over the fish of the sea, and over the fowl of the air, and over every living thing that moveth upon the earth. +And God said, Behold, I have given you every herb bearing seed, which is upon the face of all the earth, and every tree, in the which is the fruit of a tree yielding seed; to you it shall be for meat. +And to every beast of the earth, and to every fowl of the air, and to every thing that creepeth upon the earth, wherein there is life, I have given every green herb for meat: and it was so. +And God saw every thing that he had made, and, behold, it was very good. And the evening and the morning were the sixth day. +Thus the heavens and the earth were finished, and all the host of them. +And on the seventh day God ended his work which he had made; and he rested on the seventh day from all his work which he had made. +And God blessed the seventh day, and sanctified it: because that in it he had rested from all his work which God created and made. +These are the generations of the heavens and of the earth when they were created, in the day that the LORD God made the earth and the heavens, +And every plant of the field before it was in the earth, and every herb of the field before it grew: for the LORD God had not caused it to rain upon the earth, and there was not a man to till the ground. +But there went up a mist from the earth, and watered the whole face of the ground. +And the LORD God formed man of the dust of the ground, and breathed into his nostrils the breath of life; and man became a living soul. +And the LORD God planted a garden eastward in Eden; and there he put the man whom he had formed. +And out of the ground made the LORD God to grow every tree that is pleasant to the sight, and good for food; the tree of life also in the midst of the garden, and the tree of knowledge of good and evil. +And a river went out of Eden to water the garden; and from thence it was parted, and became into four heads. +The name of the first is Pison: that is it which compasseth the whole land of Havilah, where there is gold; +And the gold of that land is good: there is bdellium and the onyx stone. +And the name of the second river is Gihon: the same is it that compasseth the whole land of Ethiopia. +And the name of the third river is Hiddekel: that is it which goeth toward the east of Assyria. And the fourth river is Euphrates. +And the LORD God took the man, and put him into the garden of Eden to dress it and to keep it. +And the LORD God commanded the man, saying, Of every tree of the garden thou mayest freely eat: +But of the tree of the knowledge of good and evil, thou shalt not eat of it: for in the day that thou eatest thereof thou shalt surely die. +And the LORD God said, It is not good that the man should be alone; I will make him an help meet for him. +And out of the ground the LORD God formed every beast of the field, and every fowl of the air; and brought them unto Adam to see what he would call them: and whatsoever Adam called every living creature, that was the name thereof. +And Adam gave names to all cattle, and to the fowl of the air, and to every beast of the field; but for Adam there was not found an help meet for him. +And the LORD God caused a deep sleep to fall upon Adam, and he slept: and he took one of his ribs, and closed up the flesh instead thereof; +And the rib, which the LORD God had taken from man, made he a woman, and brought her unto the man. +And Adam said, This is now bone of my bones, and flesh of my flesh: she shall be called Woman, because she was taken out of Man. +Therefore shall a man leave his father and his mother, and shall cleave unto his wife: and they shall be one flesh. +And they were both naked, the man and his wife, and were not ashamed. +Now the serpent was more subtil than any beast of the field which the LORD God had made. And he said unto the woman, Yea, hath God said, Ye shall not eat of every tree of the garden? +And the woman said unto the serpent, We may eat of the fruit of the trees of the garden: +But of the fruit of the tree which is in the midst of the garden, God hath said, Ye shall not eat of it, neither shall ye touch it, lest ye die. +And the serpent said unto the woman, Ye shall not surely die: +For God doth know that in the day ye eat thereof, then your eyes shall be opened, and ye shall be as gods, knowing good and evil. +And when the woman saw that the tree was good for food, and that it was pleasant to the eyes, and a tree to be desired to make one wise, she took of the fruit thereof, and did eat, and gave also unto her husband with her; and he did eat. +And the eyes of them both were opened, and they knew that they were naked; and they sewed fig leaves together, and made themselves aprons. +And they heard the voice of the LORD God walking in the garden in the cool of the day: and Adam and his wife hid themselves from the presence of the LORD God amongst the trees of the garden. +And the LORD God called unto Adam, and said unto him, Where art thou? +And he said, I heard thy voice in the garden, and I was afraid, because I was naked; and I hid myself. +And he said, Who told thee that thou wast naked? Hast thou eaten of the tree, whereof I commanded thee that thou shouldest not eat? +And the man said, The woman whom thou gavest to be with me, she gave me of the tree, and I did eat. +And the LORD God said unto the woman, What is this that thou hast done? And the woman said, The serpent beguiled me, and I did eat. +And the LORD God said unto the serpent, Because thou hast done this, thou art cursed above all cattle, and above every beast of the field; upon thy belly shalt thou go, and dust shalt thou eat all the days of thy life: +And I will put enmity between thee and the woman, and between thy seed and her seed; it shall bruise thy head, and thou shalt bruise his heel. +Unto the woman he said, I will greatly multiply thy sorrow and thy conception; in sorrow thou shalt bring forth children; and thy desire shall be to thy husband, and he shall rule over thee. +And unto Adam he said, Because thou hast hearkened unto the voice of thy wife, and hast eaten of the tree, of which I commanded thee, saying, Thou shalt not eat of it: cursed is the ground for thy sake; in sorrow shalt thou eat of it all the days of thy life; +Thorns also and thistles shall it bring forth to thee; and thou shalt eat the herb of the field; +In the sweat of thy face shalt thou eat bread, till thou return unto the ground; for out of it wast thou taken: for dust thou art, and unto dust shalt thou return. +And Adam called his wife's name Eve; because she was the mother of all living. +Unto Adam also and to his wife did the LORD God make coats of skins, and clothed them. +And the LORD God said, Behold, the man is become as one of us, to know good and evil: and now, lest he put forth his hand, and take also of the tree of life, and eat, and live for ever: +Therefore the LORD God sent him forth from the garden of Eden, to till the ground from whence he was taken. +So he drove out the man; and he placed at the east of the garden of Eden Cherubims, and a flaming sword which turned every way, to keep the way of the tree of life. +And Adam knew Eve his wife; and she conceived, and bare Cain, and said, I have gotten a man from the LORD. +And she again bare his brother Abel. And Abel was a keeper of sheep, but Cain was a tiller of the ground. +And in process of time it came to pass, that Cain brought of the fruit of the ground an offering unto the LORD. +And Abel, he also brought of the firstlings of his flock and of the fat thereof. And the LORD had respect unto Abel and to his offering: +But unto Cain and to his offering he had not respect. And Cain was very wroth, and his countenance fell. +And the LORD said unto Cain, Why art thou wroth? and why is thy countenance fallen? +If thou doest well, shalt thou not be accepted? and if thou doest not well, sin lieth at the door. And unto thee shall be his desire, and thou shalt rule over him. +And Cain talked with Abel his brother: and it came to pass, when they were in the field, that Cain rose up against Abel his brother, and slew him. +And the LORD said unto Cain, Where is Abel thy brother? And he said, I know not: Am I my brother's keeper? +And he said, What hast thou done? the voice of thy brother's blood crieth unto me from the ground. +And now art thou cursed from the earth, which hath opened her mouth to receive thy brother's blood from thy hand; +When thou tillest the ground, it shall not henceforth yield unto thee her strength; a fugitive and a vagabond shalt thou be in the earth. +And Cain said unto the LORD, My punishment is greater than I can bear. +Behold, thou hast driven me out this day from the face of the earth; and from thy face shall I be hid; and I shall be a fugitive and a vagabond in the earth; and it shall come to pass, that every one that findeth me shall slay me. +And the LORD said unto him, Therefore whosoever slayeth Cain, vengeance shall be taken on him sevenfold. And the LORD set a mark upon Cain, lest any finding him should kill him. +And Cain went out from the presence of the LORD, and dwelt in the land of Nod, on the east of Eden. +And Cain knew his wife; and she conceived, and bare Enoch: and he builded a city, and called the name of the city, after the name of his son, Enoch. +And unto Enoch was born Irad: and Irad begat Mehujael: and Mehujael begat Methusael: and Methusael begat Lamech. +And Lamech took unto him two wives: the name of the one was Adah, and the name of the other Zillah. +And Adah bare Jabal: he was the father of such as dwell in tents, and of such as have cattle. +And his brother's name was Jubal: he was the father of all such as handle the harp and organ. +And Zillah, she also bare Tubalcain, an instructer of every artificer in brass and iron: and the sister of Tubalcain was Naamah. +And Lamech said unto his wives, Adah and Zillah, Hear my voice; ye wives of Lamech, hearken unto my speech: for I have slain a man to my wounding, and a young man to my hurt. +If Cain shall be avenged sevenfold, truly Lamech seventy and sevenfold. +And Adam knew his wife again; and she bare a son, and called his name Seth: For God, said she, hath appointed me another seed instead of Abel, whom Cain slew. +And to Seth, to him also there was born a son; and he called his name Enos: then began men to call upon the name of the LORD. +This is the book of the generations of Adam. In the day that God created man, in the likeness of God made he him; +Male and female created he them; and blessed them, and called their name Adam, in the day when they were created. +And Adam lived an hundred and thirty years, and begat a son in his own likeness, and after his image; and called his name Seth: +And the days of Adam after he had begotten Seth were eight hundred years: and he begat sons and daughters: +And all the days that Adam lived were nine hundred and thirty years: and he died. +And Seth lived an hundred and five years, and begat Enos: +And Seth lived after he begat Enos eight hundred and seven years, and begat sons and daughters: +And all the days of Seth were nine hundred and twelve years: and he died. +And Enos lived ninety years, and begat Cainan: +And Enos lived after he begat Cainan eight hundred and fifteen years, and begat sons and daughters: +And all the days of Enos were nine hundred and five years: and he died. +And Cainan lived seventy years and begat Mahalaleel: +And Cainan lived after he begat Mahalaleel eight hundred and forty years, and begat sons and daughters: +And all the days of Cainan were nine hundred and ten years: and he died. +And Mahalaleel lived sixty and five years, and begat Jared: +And Mahalaleel lived after he begat Jared eight hundred and thirty years, and begat sons and daughters: +And all the days of Mahalaleel were eight hundred ninety and five years: and he died. +And Jared lived an hundred sixty and two years, and he begat Enoch: +And Jared lived after he begat Enoch eight hundred years, and begat sons and daughters: +And all the days of Jared were nine hundred sixty and two years: and he died. +And Enoch lived sixty and five years, and begat Methuselah: +And Enoch walked with God after he begat Methuselah three hundred years, and begat sons and daughters: +And all the days of Enoch were three hundred sixty and five years: +And Enoch walked with God: and he was not; for God took him. +And Methuselah lived an hundred eighty and seven years, and begat Lamech. +And Methuselah lived after he begat Lamech seven hundred eighty and two years, and begat sons and daughters: +And all the days of Methuselah were nine hundred sixty and nine years: and he died. +And Lamech lived an hundred eighty and two years, and begat a son: +And he called his name Noah, saying, This same shall comfort us concerning our work and toil of our hands, because of the ground which the LORD hath cursed. +And Lamech lived after he begat Noah five hundred ninety and five years, and begat sons and daughters: +And all the days of Lamech were seven hundred seventy and seven years: and he died. +And Noah was five hundred years old: and Noah begat Shem, Ham, and Japheth. +And it came to pass, when men began to multiply on the face of the earth, and daughters were born unto them, +That the sons of God saw the daughters of men that they were fair; and they took them wives of all which they chose. +And the LORD said, My spirit shall not always strive with man, for that he also is flesh: yet his days shall be an hundred and twenty years. +There were giants in the earth in those days; and also after that, when the sons of God came in unto the daughters of men, and they bare children to them, the same became mighty men which were of old, men of renown. +And God saw that the wickedness of man was great in the earth, and that every imagination of the thoughts of his heart was only evil continually. +And it repented the LORD that he had made man on the earth, and it grieved him at his heart. +And the LORD said, I will destroy man whom I have created from the face of the earth; both man, and beast, and the creeping thing, and the fowls of the air; for it repenteth me that I have made them. +But Noah found grace in the eyes of the LORD. +These are the generations of Noah: Noah was a just man and perfect in his generations, and Noah walked with God. +And Noah begat three sons, Shem, Ham, and Japheth. +The earth also was corrupt before God, and the earth was filled with violence. +And God looked upon the earth, and, behold, it was corrupt; for all flesh had corrupted his way upon the earth. +And God said unto Noah, The end of all flesh is come before me; for the earth is filled with violence through them; and, behold, I will destroy them with the earth. +Make thee an ark of gopher wood; rooms shalt thou make in the ark, and shalt pitch it within and without with pitch. +And this is the fashion which thou shalt make it of: The length of the ark shall be three hundred cubits, the breadth of it fifty cubits, and the height of it thirty cubits. +A window shalt thou make to the ark, and in a cubit shalt thou finish it above; and the door of the ark shalt thou set in the side thereof; with lower, second, and third stories shalt thou make it. +And, behold, I, even I, do bring a flood of waters upon the earth, to destroy all flesh, wherein is the breath of life, from under heaven; and every thing that is in the earth shall die. +But with thee will I establish my covenant; and thou shalt come into the ark, thou, and thy sons, and thy wife, and thy sons' wives with thee. +And of every living thing of all flesh, two of every sort shalt thou bring into the ark, to keep them alive with thee; they shall be male and female. +Of fowls after their kind, and of cattle after their kind, of every creeping thing of the earth after his kind, two of every sort shall come unto thee, to keep them alive. +And take thou unto thee of all food that is eaten, and thou shalt gather it to thee; and it shall be for food for thee, and for them. +Thus did Noah; according to all that God commanded him, so did he. +And the LORD said unto Noah, Come thou and all thy house into the ark; for thee have I seen righteous before me in this generation. +Of every clean beast thou shalt take to thee by sevens, the male and his female: and of beasts that are not clean by two, the male and his female. +Of fowls also of the air by sevens, the male and the female; to keep seed alive upon the face of all the earth. +For yet seven days, and I will cause it to rain upon the earth forty days and forty nights; and every living substance that I have made will I destroy from off the face of the earth. +And Noah did according unto all that the LORD commanded him. +And Noah was six hundred years old when the flood of waters was upon the earth. +And Noah went in, and his sons, and his wife, and his sons' wives with him, into the ark, because of the waters of the flood. +Of clean beasts, and of beasts that are not clean, and of fowls, and of every thing that creepeth upon the earth, +There went in two and two unto Noah into the ark, the male and the female, as God had commanded Noah. +And it came to pass after seven days, that the waters of the flood were upon the earth. +In the six hundredth year of Noah's life, in the second month, the seventeenth day of the month, the same day were all the fountains of the great deep broken up, and the windows of heaven were opened. +And the rain was upon the earth forty days and forty nights. +In the selfsame day entered Noah, and Shem, and Ham, and Japheth, the sons of Noah, and Noah's wife, and the three wives of his sons with them, into the ark; +They, and every beast after his kind, and all the cattle after their kind, and every creeping thing that creepeth upon the earth after his kind, and every fowl after his kind, every bird of every sort. +And they went in unto Noah into the ark, two and two of all flesh, wherein is the breath of life. +And they that went in, went in male and female of all flesh, as God had commanded him: and the LORD shut him in. +And the flood was forty days upon the earth; and the waters increased, and bare up the ark, and it was lift up above the earth. +And the waters prevailed, and were increased greatly upon the earth; and the ark went upon the face of the waters. +And the waters prevailed exceedingly upon the earth; and all the high hills, that were under the whole heaven, were covered. +Fifteen cubits upward did the waters prevail; and the mountains were covered. +And all flesh died that moved upon the earth, both of fowl, and of cattle, and of beast, and of every creeping thing that creepeth upon the earth, and every man: +All in whose nostrils was the breath of life, of all that was in the dry land, died. +And every living substance was destroyed which was upon the face of the ground, both man, and cattle, and the creeping things, and the fowl of the heaven; and they were destroyed from the earth: and Noah only remained alive, and they that were with him in the ark. +And the waters prevailed upon the earth an hundred and fifty days. +And God remembered Noah, and every living thing, and all the cattle that was with him in the ark: and God made a wind to pass over the earth, and the waters asswaged; +The fountains also of the deep and the windows of heaven were stopped, and the rain from heaven was restrained; +And the waters returned from off the earth continually: and after the end of the hundred and fifty days the waters were abated. +And the ark rested in the seventh month, on the seventeenth day of the month, upon the mountains of Ararat. +And the waters decreased continually until the tenth month: in the tenth month, on the first day of the month, were the tops of the mountains seen. +And it came to pass at the end of forty days, that Noah opened the window of the ark which he had made: +And he sent forth a raven, which went forth to and fro, until the waters were dried up from off the earth. +Also he sent forth a dove from him, to see if the waters were abated from off the face of the ground; +But the dove found no rest for the sole of her foot, and she returned unto him into the ark, for the waters were on the face of the whole earth: then he put forth his hand, and took her, and pulled her in unto him into the ark. +And he stayed yet other seven days; and again he sent forth the dove out of the ark; +And the dove came in to him in the evening; and, lo, in her mouth was an olive leaf pluckt off: so Noah knew that the waters were abated from off the earth. +And he stayed yet other seven days; and sent forth the dove; which returned not again unto him any more. +And it came to pass in the six hundredth and first year, in the first month, the first day of the month, the waters were dried up from off the earth: and Noah removed the covering of the ark, and looked, and, behold, the face of the ground was dry. +And in the second month, on the seven and twentieth day of the month, was the earth dried. +And God spake unto Noah, saying, +Go forth of the ark, thou, and thy wife, and thy sons, and thy sons' wives with thee. +Bring forth with thee every living thing that is with thee, of all flesh, both of fowl, and of cattle, and of every creeping thing that creepeth upon the earth; that they may breed abundantly in the earth, and be fruitful, and multiply upon the earth. +And Noah went forth, and his sons, and his wife, and his sons' wives with him: +Every beast, every creeping thing, and every fowl, and whatsoever creepeth upon the earth, after their kinds, went forth out of the ark. +And Noah builded an altar unto the LORD; and took of every clean beast, and of every clean fowl, and offered burnt offerings on the altar. +And the LORD smelled a sweet savour; and the LORD said in his heart, I will not again curse the ground any more for man's sake; for the imagination of man's heart is evil from his youth; neither will I again smite any more every thing living, as I have done. +While the earth remaineth, seedtime and harvest, and cold and heat, and summer and winter, and day and night shall not cease. +And God blessed Noah and his sons, and said unto them, Be fruitful, and multiply, and replenish the earth. +And the fear of you and the dread of you shall be upon every beast of the earth, and upon every fowl of the air, upon all that moveth upon the earth, and upon all the fishes of the sea; into your hand are they delivered. +Every moving thing that liveth shall be meat for you; even as the green herb have I given you all things. +But flesh with the life thereof, which is the blood thereof, shall ye not eat. +And surely your blood of your lives will I require; at the hand of every beast will I require it, and at the hand of man; at the hand of every man's brother will I require the life of man. +Whoso sheddeth man's blood, by man shall his blood be shed: for in the image of God made he man. +And you, be ye fruitful, and multiply; bring forth abundantly in the earth, and multiply therein. +And God spake unto Noah, and to his sons with him, saying, +And I, behold, I establish my covenant with you, and with your seed after you; +And with every living creature that is with you, of the fowl, of the cattle, and of every beast of the earth with you; from all that go out of the ark, to every beast of the earth. +And I will establish my covenant with you, neither shall all flesh be cut off any more by the waters of a flood; neither shall there any more be a flood to destroy the earth. +And God said, This is the token of the covenant which I make between me and you and every living creature that is with you, for perpetual generations: +I do set my bow in the cloud, and it shall be for a token of a covenant between me and the earth. +And it shall come to pass, when I bring a cloud over the earth, that the bow shall be seen in the cloud: +And I will remember my covenant, which is between me and you and every living creature of all flesh; and the waters shall no more become a flood to destroy all flesh. +And the bow shall be in the cloud; and I will look upon it, that I may remember the everlasting covenant between God and every living creature of all flesh that is upon the earth. +And God said unto Noah, This is the token of the covenant, which I have established between me and all flesh that is upon the earth. +And the sons of Noah, that went forth of the ark, were Shem, and Ham, and Japheth: and Ham is the father of Canaan. +These are the three sons of Noah: and of them was the whole earth overspread. +And Noah began to be an husbandman, and he planted a vineyard: +And he drank of the wine, and was drunken; and he was uncovered within his tent. +And Ham, the father of Canaan, saw the nakedness of his father, and told his two brethren without. +And Shem and Japheth took a garment, and laid it upon both their shoulders, and went backward, and covered the nakedness of their father; and their faces were backward, and they saw not their father's nakedness. +And Noah awoke from his wine, and knew what his younger son had done unto him. +And he said, Cursed be Canaan; a servant of servants shall he be unto his brethren. +And he said, Blessed be the LORD God of Shem; and Canaan shall be his servant. +God shall enlarge Japheth, and he shall dwell in the tents of Shem; and Canaan shall be his servant. +And Noah lived after the flood three hundred and fifty years. +And all the days of Noah were nine hundred and fifty years: and he died. +Now these are the generations of the sons of Noah, Shem, Ham, and Japheth: and unto them were sons born after the flood. +The sons of Japheth; Gomer, and Magog, and Madai, and Javan, and Tubal, and Meshech, and Tiras. +And the sons of Gomer; Ashkenaz, and Riphath, and Togarmah. +And the sons of Javan; Elishah, and Tarshish, Kittim, and Dodanim. +By these were the isles of the Gentiles divided in their lands; every one after his tongue, after their families, in their nations. +And the sons of Ham; Cush, and Mizraim, and Phut, and Canaan. +And the sons of Cush; Seba, and Havilah, and Sabtah, and Raamah, and Sabtechah: and the sons of Raamah; Sheba, and Dedan. +And Cush begat Nimrod: he began to be a mighty one in the earth. +He was a mighty hunter before the LORD: wherefore it is said, Even as Nimrod the mighty hunter before the LORD. +And the beginning of his kingdom was Babel, and Erech, and Accad, and Calneh, in the land of Shinar. +Out of that land went forth Asshur, and builded Nineveh, and the city Rehoboth, and Calah, +And Resen between Nineveh and Calah: the same is a great city. +And Mizraim begat Ludim, and Anamim, and Lehabim, and Naphtuhim, +And Pathrusim, and Casluhim, (out of whom came Philistim,) and Caphtorim. +And Canaan begat Sidon his first born, and Heth, +And the Jebusite, and the Amorite, and the Girgasite, +And the Hivite, and the Arkite, and the Sinite, +And the Arvadite, and the Zemarite, and the Hamathite: and afterward were the families of the Canaanites spread abroad. +And the border of the Canaanites was from Sidon, as thou comest to Gerar, unto Gaza; as thou goest, unto Sodom, and Gomorrah, and Admah, and Zeboim, even unto Lasha. +These are the sons of Ham, after their families, after their tongues, in their countries, and in their nations. +Unto Shem also, the father of all the children of Eber, the brother of Japheth the elder, even to him were children born. +The children of Shem; Elam, and Asshur, and Arphaxad, and Lud, and Aram. +And the children of Aram; Uz, and Hul, and Gether, and Mash. +And Arphaxad begat Salah; and Salah begat Eber. +And unto Eber were born two sons: the name of one was Peleg; for in his days was the earth divided; and his brother's name was Joktan. +And Joktan begat Almodad, and Sheleph, and Hazarmaveth, and Jerah, +And Hadoram, and Uzal, and Diklah, +And Obal, and Abimael, and Sheba, +And Ophir, and Havilah, and Jobab: all these were the sons of Joktan. +And their dwelling was from Mesha, as thou goest unto Sephar a mount of the east. +These are the sons of Shem, after their families, after their tongues, in their lands, after their nations. +These are the families of the sons of Noah, after their generations, in their nations: and by these were the nations divided in the earth after the flood. +And the whole earth was of one language, and of one speech. +And it came to pass, as they journeyed from the east, that they found a plain in the land of Shinar; and they dwelt there. +And they said one to another, Go to, let us make brick, and burn them thoroughly. And they had brick for stone, and slime had they for morter. +And they said, Go to, let us build us a city and a tower, whose top may reach unto heaven; and let us make us a name, lest we be scattered abroad upon the face of the whole earth. +And the LORD came down to see the city and the tower, which the children of men builded. +And the LORD said, Behold, the people is one, and they have all one language; and this they begin to do: and now nothing will be restrained from them, which they have imagined to do. +Go to, let us go down, and there confound their language, that they may not understand one another's speech. +So the LORD scattered them abroad from thence upon the face of all the earth: and they left off to build the city. +Therefore is the name of it called Babel; because the LORD did there confound the language of all the earth: and from thence did the LORD scatter them abroad upon the face of all the earth. +These are the generations of Shem: Shem was an hundred years old, and begat Arphaxad two years after the flood: +And Shem lived after he begat Arphaxad five hundred years, and begat sons and daughters. +And Arphaxad lived five and thirty years, and begat Salah: +And Arphaxad lived after he begat Salah four hundred and three years, and begat sons and daughters. +And Salah lived thirty years, and begat Eber: +And Salah lived after he begat Eber four hundred and three years, and begat sons and daughters. +And Eber lived four and thirty years, and begat Peleg: +And Eber lived after he begat Peleg four hundred and thirty years, and begat sons and daughters. +And Peleg lived thirty years, and begat Reu: +And Peleg lived after he begat Reu two hundred and nine years, and begat sons and daughters. +And Reu lived two and thirty years, and begat Serug: +And Reu lived after he begat Serug two hundred and seven years, and begat sons and daughters. +And Serug lived thirty years, and begat Nahor: +And Serug lived after he begat Nahor two hundred years, and begat sons and daughters. +And Nahor lived nine and twenty years, and begat Terah: +And Nahor lived after he begat Terah an hundred and nineteen years, and begat sons and daughters. +And Terah lived seventy years, and begat Abram, Nahor, and Haran. +Now these are the generations of Terah: Terah begat Abram, Nahor, and Haran; and Haran begat Lot. +And Haran died before his father Terah in the land of his nativity, in Ur of the Chaldees. +And Abram and Nahor took them wives: the name of Abram's wife was Sarai; and the name of Nahor's wife, Milcah, the daughter of Haran, the father of Milcah, and the father of Iscah. +But Sarai was barren; she had no child. +And Terah took Abram his son, and Lot the son of Haran his son's son, and Sarai his daughter in law, his son Abram's wife; and they went forth with them from Ur of the Chaldees, to go into the land of Canaan; and they came unto Haran, and dwelt there. +And the days of Terah were two hundred and five years: and Terah died in Haran. +Now the LORD had said unto Abram, Get thee out of thy country, and from thy kindred, and from thy father's house, unto a land that I will shew thee: +And I will make of thee a great nation, and I will bless thee, and make thy name great; and thou shalt be a blessing: +And I will bless them that bless thee, and curse him that curseth thee: and in thee shall all families of the earth be blessed. +So Abram departed, as the LORD had spoken unto him; and Lot went with him: and Abram was seventy and five years old when he departed out of Haran. +And Abram took Sarai his wife, and Lot his brother's son, and all their substance that they had gathered, and the souls that they had gotten in Haran; and they went forth to go into the land of Canaan; and into the land of Canaan they came. +And Abram passed through the land unto the place of Sichem, unto the plain of Moreh. And the Canaanite was then in the land. +And the LORD appeared unto Abram, and said, Unto thy seed will I give this land: and there builded he an altar unto the LORD, who appeared unto him. +And he removed from thence unto a mountain on the east of Bethel, and pitched his tent, having Bethel on the west, and Hai on the east: and there he builded an altar unto the LORD, and called upon the name of the LORD. +And Abram journeyed, going on still toward the south. +And there was a famine in the land: and Abram went down into Egypt to sojourn there; for the famine was grievous in the land. +And it came to pass, when he was come near to enter into Egypt, that he said unto Sarai his wife, Behold now, I know that thou art a fair woman to look upon: +Therefore it shall come to pass, when the Egyptians shall see thee, that they shall say, This is his wife: and they will kill me, but they will save thee alive. +Say, I pray thee, thou art my sister: that it may be well with me for thy sake; and my soul shall live because of thee. +And it came to pass, that, when Abram was come into Egypt, the Egyptians beheld the woman that she was very fair. +The princes also of Pharaoh saw her, and commended her before Pharaoh: and the woman was taken into Pharaoh's house. +And he entreated Abram well for her sake: and he had sheep, and oxen, and he asses, and menservants, and maidservants, and she asses, and camels. +And the LORD plagued Pharaoh and his house with great plagues because of Sarai Abram's wife. +And Pharaoh called Abram and said, What is this that thou hast done unto me? why didst thou not tell me that she was thy wife? +Why saidst thou, She is my sister? so I might have taken her to me to wife: now therefore behold thy wife, take her, and go thy way. +And Pharaoh commanded his men concerning him: and they sent him away, and his wife, and all that he had. +And Abram went up out of Egypt, he, and his wife, and all that he had, and Lot with him, into the south. +And Abram was very rich in cattle, in silver, and in gold. +And he went on his journeys from the south even to Bethel, unto the place where his tent had been at the beginning, between Bethel and Hai; +Unto the place of the altar, which he had make there at the first: and there Abram called on the name of the LORD. +And Lot also, which went with Abram, had flocks, and herds, and tents. +And the land was not able to bear them, that they might dwell together: for their substance was great, so that they could not dwell together. +And there was a strife between the herdmen of Abram's cattle and the herdmen of Lot's cattle: and the Canaanite and the Perizzite dwelled then in the land. +And Abram said unto Lot, Let there be no strife, I pray thee, between me and thee, and between my herdmen and thy herdmen; for we be brethren. +Is not the whole land before thee? separate thyself, I pray thee, from me: if thou wilt take the left hand, then I will go to the right; or if thou depart to the right hand, then I will go to the left. +And Lot lifted up his eyes, and beheld all the plain of Jordan, that it was well watered every where, before the LORD destroyed Sodom and Gomorrah, even as the garden of the LORD, like the land of Egypt, as thou comest unto Zoar. +Then Lot chose him all the plain of Jordan; and Lot journeyed east: and they separated themselves the one from the other. +Abram dwelled in the land of Canaan, and Lot dwelled in the cities of the plain, and pitched his tent toward Sodom. +But the men of Sodom were wicked and sinners before the LORD exceedingly. +And the LORD said unto Abram, after that Lot was separated from him, Lift up now thine eyes, and look from the place where thou art northward, and southward, and eastward, and westward: +For all the land which thou seest, to thee will I give it, and to thy seed for ever. +And I will make thy seed as the dust of the earth: so that if a man can number the dust of the earth, then shall thy seed also be numbered. +Arise, walk through the land in the length of it and in the breadth of it; for I will give it unto thee. +Then Abram removed his tent, and came and dwelt in the plain of Mamre, which is in Hebron, and built there an altar unto the LORD. +And it came to pass in the days of Amraphel king of Shinar, Arioch king of Ellasar, Chedorlaomer king of Elam, and Tidal king of nations; +That these made war with Bera king of Sodom, and with Birsha king of Gomorrah, Shinab king of Admah, and Shemeber king of Zeboiim, and the king of Bela, which is Zoar. +All these were joined together in the vale of Siddim, which is the salt sea. +Twelve years they served Chedorlaomer, and in the thirteenth year they rebelled. +And in the fourteenth year came Chedorlaomer, and the kings that were with him, and smote the Rephaims in Ashteroth Karnaim, and the Zuzims in Ham, and the Emins in Shaveh Kiriathaim, +And the Horites in their mount Seir, unto Elparan, which is by the wilderness. +And they returned, and came to Enmishpat, which is Kadesh, and smote all the country of the Amalekites, and also the Amorites, that dwelt in Hazezontamar. +And there went out the king of Sodom, and the king of Gomorrah, and the king of Admah, and the king of Zeboiim, and the king of Bela (the same is Zoar;) and they joined battle with them in the vale of Siddim; +With Chedorlaomer the king of Elam, and with Tidal king of nations, and Amraphel king of Shinar, and Arioch king of Ellasar; four kings with five. +And the vale of Siddim was full of slimepits; and the kings of Sodom and Gomorrah fled, and fell there; and they that remained fled to the mountain. +And they took all the goods of Sodom and Gomorrah, and all their victuals, and went their way. +And they took Lot, Abram's brother's son, who dwelt in Sodom, and his goods, and departed. +And there came one that had escaped, and told Abram the Hebrew; for he dwelt in the plain of Mamre the Amorite, brother of Eshcol, and brother of Aner: and these were confederate with Abram. +And when Abram heard that his brother was taken captive, he armed his trained servants, born in his own house, three hundred and eighteen, and pursued them unto Dan. +And he divided himself against them, he and his servants, by night, and smote them, and pursued them unto Hobah, which is on the left hand of Damascus. +And he brought back all the goods, and also brought again his brother Lot, and his goods, and the women also, and the people. +And the king of Sodom went out to meet him after his return from the slaughter of Chedorlaomer, and of the kings that were with him, at the valley of Shaveh, which is the king's dale. +And Melchizedek king of Salem brought forth bread and wine: and he was the priest of the most high God. +And he blessed him, and said, Blessed be Abram of the most high God, possessor of heaven and earth: +And blessed be the most high God, which hath delivered thine enemies into thy hand. And he gave him tithes of all. +And the king of Sodom said unto Abram, Give me the persons, and take the goods to thyself. +And Abram said to the king of Sodom, I have lift up mine hand unto the LORD, the most high God, the possessor of heaven and earth, +That I will not take from a thread even to a shoelatchet, and that I will not take any thing that is thine, lest thou shouldest say, I have made Abram rich: +Save only that which the young men have eaten, and the portion of the men which went with me, Aner, Eshcol, and Mamre; let them take their portion. +After these things the word of the LORD came unto Abram in a vision, saying, Fear not, Abram: I am thy shield, and thy exceeding great reward. +And Abram said, LORD God, what wilt thou give me, seeing I go childless, and the steward of my house is this Eliezer of Damascus? +And Abram said, Behold, to me thou hast given no seed: and, lo, one born in my house is mine heir. +And, behold, the word of the LORD came unto him, saying, This shall not be thine heir; but he that shall come forth out of thine own bowels shall be thine heir. +And he brought him forth abroad, and said, Look now toward heaven, and tell the stars, if thou be able to number them: and he said unto him, So shall thy seed be. +And he believed in the LORD; and he counted it to him for righteousness. +And he said unto him, I am the LORD that brought thee out of Ur of the Chaldees, to give thee this land to inherit it. +And he said, LORD God, whereby shall I know that I shall inherit it? +And he said unto him, Take me an heifer of three years old, and a she goat of three years old, and a ram of three years old, and a turtledove, and a young pigeon. +And he took unto him all these, and divided them in the midst, and laid each piece one against another: but the birds divided he not. +And when the fowls came down upon the carcases, Abram drove them away. +And when the sun was going down, a deep sleep fell upon Abram; and, lo, an horror of great darkness fell upon him. +And he said unto Abram, Know of a surety that thy seed shall be a stranger in a land that is not their's, and shall serve them; and they shall afflict them four hundred years; +And also that nation, whom they shall serve, will I judge: and afterward shall they come out with great substance. +And thou shalt go to thy fathers in peace; thou shalt be buried in a good old age. +But in the fourth generation they shall come hither again: for the iniquity of the Amorites is not yet full. +And it came to pass, that, when the sun went down, and it was dark, behold a smoking furnace, and a burning lamp that passed between those pieces. +In the same day the LORD made a covenant with Abram, saying, Unto thy seed have I given this land, from the river of Egypt unto the great river, the river Euphrates: +The Kenites, and the Kenizzites, and the Kadmonites, +And the Hittites, and the Perizzites, and the Rephaims, +And the Amorites, and the Canaanites, and the Girgashites, and the Jebusites. +Now Sarai Abram's wife bare him no children: and she had an handmaid, an Egyptian, whose name was Hagar. +And Sarai said unto Abram, Behold now, the LORD hath restrained me from bearing: I pray thee, go in unto my maid; it may be that I may obtain children by her. And Abram hearkened to the voice of Sarai. +And Sarai Abram's wife took Hagar her maid the Egyptian, after Abram had dwelt ten years in the land of Canaan, and gave her to her husband Abram to be his wife. +And he went in unto Hagar, and she conceived: and when she saw that she had conceived, her mistress was despised in her eyes. +And Sarai said unto Abram, My wrong be upon thee: I have given my maid into thy bosom; and when she saw that she had conceived, I was despised in her eyes: the LORD judge between me and thee. +But Abram said unto Sarai, Behold, thy maid is in thine hand; do to her as it pleaseth thee. And when Sarai dealt hardly with her, she fled from her face. +And the angel of the LORD found her by a fountain of water in the wilderness, by the fountain in the way to Shur. +And he said, Hagar, Sarai's maid, whence camest thou? and whither wilt thou go? And she said, I flee from the face of my mistress Sarai. +And the angel of the LORD said unto her, Return to thy mistress, and submit thyself under her hands. +And the angel of the LORD said unto her, I will multiply thy seed exceedingly, that it shall not be numbered for multitude. +And the angel of the LORD said unto her, Behold, thou art with child and shalt bear a son, and shalt call his name Ishmael; because the LORD hath heard thy affliction. +And he will be a wild man; his hand will be against every man, and every man's hand against him; and he shall dwell in the presence of all his brethren. +And she called the name of the LORD that spake unto her, Thou God seest me: for she said, Have I also here looked after him that seeth me? +Wherefore the well was called Beerlahairoi; behold, it is between Kadesh and Bered. +And Hagar bare Abram a son: and Abram called his son's name, which Hagar bare, Ishmael. +And Abram was fourscore and six years old, when Hagar bare Ishmael to Abram. +And when Abram was ninety years old and nine, the LORD appeared to Abram, and said unto him, I am the Almighty God; walk before me, and be thou perfect. +And I will make my covenant between me and thee, and will multiply thee exceedingly. +And Abram fell on his face: and God talked with him, saying, +As for me, behold, my covenant is with thee, and thou shalt be a father of many nations. +Neither shall thy name any more be called Abram, but thy name shall be Abraham; for a father of many nations have I made thee. +And I will make thee exceeding fruitful, and I will make nations of thee, and kings shall come out of thee. +And I will establish my covenant between me and thee and thy seed after thee in their generations for an everlasting covenant, to be a God unto thee, and to thy seed after thee. +And I will give unto thee, and to thy seed after thee, the land wherein thou art a stranger, all the land of Canaan, for an everlasting possession; and I will be their God. +And God said unto Abraham, Thou shalt keep my covenant therefore, thou, and thy seed after thee in their generations. +This is my covenant, which ye shall keep, between me and you and thy seed after thee; Every man child among you shall be circumcised. +And ye shall circumcise the flesh of your foreskin; and it shall be a token of the covenant betwixt me and you. +And he that is eight days old shall be circumcised among you, every man child in your generations, he that is born in the house, or bought with money of any stranger, which is not of thy seed. +He that is born in thy house, and he that is bought with thy money, must needs be circumcised: and my covenant shall be in your flesh for an everlasting covenant. +And the uncircumcised man child whose flesh of his foreskin is not circumcised, that soul shall be cut off from his people; he hath broken my covenant. +And God said unto Abraham, As for Sarai thy wife, thou shalt not call her name Sarai, but Sarah shall her name be. +And I will bless her, and give thee a son also of her: yea, I will bless her, and she shall be a mother of nations; kings of people shall be of her. +Then Abraham fell upon his face, and laughed, and said in his heart, Shall a child be born unto him that is an hundred years old? and shall Sarah, that is ninety years old, bear? +And Abraham said unto God, O that Ishmael might live before thee! +And God said, Sarah thy wife shall bear thee a son indeed; and thou shalt call his name Isaac: and I will establish my covenant with him for an everlasting covenant, and with his seed after him. +And as for Ishmael, I have heard thee: Behold, I have blessed him, and will make him fruitful, and will multiply him exceedingly; twelve princes shall he beget, and I will make him a great nation. +But my covenant will I establish with Isaac, which Sarah shall bear unto thee at this set time in the next year. +And he left off talking with him, and God went up from Abraham. +And Abraham took Ishmael his son, and all that were born in his house, and all that were bought with his money, every male among the men of Abraham's house; and circumcised the flesh of their foreskin in the selfsame day, as God had said unto him. +And Abraham was ninety years old and nine, when he was circumcised in the flesh of his foreskin. +And Ishmael his son was thirteen years old, when he was circumcised in the flesh of his foreskin. +In the selfsame day was Abraham circumcised, and Ishmael his son. +And all the men of his house, born in the house, and bought with money of the stranger, were circumcised with him. +And the LORD appeared unto him in the plains of Mamre: and he sat in the tent door in the heat of the day; +And he lift up his eyes and looked, and, lo, three men stood by him: and when he saw them, he ran to meet them from the tent door, and bowed himself toward the ground, +And said, My LORD, if now I have found favour in thy sight, pass not away, I pray thee, from thy servant: +Let a little water, I pray you, be fetched, and wash your feet, and rest yourselves under the tree: +And I will fetch a morsel of bread, and comfort ye your hearts; after that ye shall pass on: for therefore are ye come to your servant. And they said, So do, as thou hast said. +And Abraham hastened into the tent unto Sarah, and said, Make ready quickly three measures of fine meal, knead it, and make cakes upon the hearth. +And Abraham ran unto the herd, and fetcht a calf tender and good, and gave it unto a young man; and he hasted to dress it. +And he took butter, and milk, and the calf which he had dressed, and set it before them; and he stood by them under the tree, and they did eat. +And they said unto him, Where is Sarah thy wife? And he said, Behold, in the tent. +And he said, I will certainly return unto thee according to the time of life; and, lo, Sarah thy wife shall have a son. And Sarah heard it in the tent door, which was behind him. +Now Abraham and Sarah were old and well stricken in age; and it ceased to be with Sarah after the manner of women. +Therefore Sarah laughed within herself, saying, After I am waxed old shall I have pleasure, my lord being old also? +And the LORD said unto Abraham, Wherefore did Sarah laugh, saying, Shall I of a surety bear a child, which am old? +Is any thing too hard for the LORD? At the time appointed I will return unto thee, according to the time of life, and Sarah shall have a son. +Then Sarah denied, saying, I laughed not; for she was afraid. And he said, Nay; but thou didst laugh. +And the men rose up from thence, and looked toward Sodom: and Abraham went with them to bring them on the way. +And the LORD said, Shall I hide from Abraham that thing which I do; +Seeing that Abraham shall surely become a great and mighty nation, and all the nations of the earth shall be blessed in him? +For I know him, that he will command his children and his household after him, and they shall keep the way of the LORD, to do justice and judgment; that the LORD may bring upon Abraham that which he hath spoken of him. +And the LORD said, Because the cry of Sodom and Gomorrah is great, and because their sin is very grievous; +I will go down now, and see whether they have done altogether according to the cry of it, which is come unto me; and if not, I will know. +And the men turned their faces from thence, and went toward Sodom: but Abraham stood yet before the LORD. +And Abraham drew near, and said, Wilt thou also destroy the righteous with the wicked? +Peradventure there be fifty righteous within the city: wilt thou also destroy and not spare the place for the fifty righteous that are therein? +That be far from thee to do after this manner, to slay the righteous with the wicked: and that the righteous should be as the wicked, that be far from thee: Shall not the Judge of all the earth do right? +And the LORD said, If I find in Sodom fifty righteous within the city, then I will spare all the place for their sakes. +And Abraham answered and said, Behold now, I have taken upon me to speak unto the LORD, which am but dust and ashes: +Peradventure there shall lack five of the fifty righteous: wilt thou destroy all the city for lack of five? And he said, If I find there forty and five, I will not destroy it. +And he spake unto him yet again, and said, Peradventure there shall be forty found there. And he said, I will not do it for forty's sake. +And he said unto him, Oh let not the LORD be angry, and I will speak: Peradventure there shall thirty be found there. And he said, I will not do it, if I find thirty there. +And he said, Behold now, I have taken upon me to speak unto the LORD: Peradventure there shall be twenty found there. And he said, I will not destroy it for twenty's sake. +And he said, Oh let not the LORD be angry, and I will speak yet but this once: Peradventure ten shall be found there. And he said, I will not destroy it for ten's sake. +And the LORD went his way, as soon as he had left communing with Abraham: and Abraham returned unto his place. +And there came two angels to Sodom at even; and Lot sat in the gate of Sodom: and Lot seeing them rose up to meet them; and he bowed himself with his face toward the ground; +And he said, Behold now, my lords, turn in, I pray you, into your servant's house, and tarry all night, and wash your feet, and ye shall rise up early, and go on your ways. And they said, Nay; but we will abide in the street all night. +And he pressed upon them greatly; and they turned in unto him, and entered into his house; and he made them a feast, and did bake unleavened bread, and they did eat. +But before they lay down, the men of the city, even the men of Sodom, compassed the house round, both old and young, all the people from every quarter: +And they called unto Lot, and said unto him, Where are the men which came in to thee this night? bring them out unto us, that we may know them. +And Lot went out at the door unto them, and shut the door after him, +And said, I pray you, brethren, do not so wickedly. +Behold now, I have two daughters which have not known man; let me, I pray you, bring them out unto you, and do ye to them as is good in your eyes: only unto these men do nothing; for therefore came they under the shadow of my roof. +And they said, Stand back. And they said again, This one fellow came in to sojourn, and he will needs be a judge: now will we deal worse with thee, than with them. And they pressed sore upon the man, even Lot, and came near to break the door. +But the men put forth their hand, and pulled Lot into the house to them, and shut to the door. +And they smote the men that were at the door of the house with blindness, both small and great: so that they wearied themselves to find the door. +And the men said unto Lot, Hast thou here any besides? son in law, and thy sons, and thy daughters, and whatsoever thou hast in the city, bring them out of this place: +For we will destroy this place, because the cry of them is waxen great before the face of the LORD; and the LORD hath sent us to destroy it. +And Lot went out, and spake unto his sons in law, which married his daughters, and said, Up, get you out of this place; for the LORD will destroy this city. But he seemed as one that mocked unto his sons in law. +And when the morning arose, then the angels hastened Lot, saying, Arise, take thy wife, and thy two daughters, which are here; lest thou be consumed in the iniquity of the city. +And while he lingered, the men laid hold upon his hand, and upon the hand of his wife, and upon the hand of his two daughters; the LORD being merciful unto him: and they brought him forth, and set him without the city. +And it came to pass, when they had brought them forth abroad, that he said, Escape for thy life; look not behind thee, neither stay thou in all the plain; escape to the mountain, lest thou be consumed. +And Lot said unto them, Oh, not so, my LORD: +Behold now, thy servant hath found grace in thy sight, and thou hast magnified thy mercy, which thou hast shewed unto me in saving my life; and I cannot escape to the mountain, lest some evil take me, and I die: +Behold now, this city is near to flee unto, and it is a little one: Oh, let me escape thither, (is it not a little one?) and my soul shall live. +And he said unto him, See, I have accepted thee concerning this thing also, that I will not overthrow this city, for the which thou hast spoken. +Haste thee, escape thither; for I cannot do anything till thou be come thither. Therefore the name of the city was called Zoar. +The sun was risen upon the earth when Lot entered into Zoar. +Then the LORD rained upon Sodom and upon Gomorrah brimstone and fire from the LORD out of heaven; +And he overthrew those cities, and all the plain, and all the inhabitants of the cities, and that which grew upon the ground. +But his wife looked back from behind him, and she became a pillar of salt. +And Abraham gat up early in the morning to the place where he stood before the LORD: +And he looked toward Sodom and Gomorrah, and toward all the land of the plain, and beheld, and, lo, the smoke of the country went up as the smoke of a furnace. +And it came to pass, when God destroyed the cities of the plain, that God remembered Abraham, and sent Lot out of the midst of the overthrow, when he overthrew the cities in the which Lot dwelt. +And Lot went up out of Zoar, and dwelt in the mountain, and his two daughters with him; for he feared to dwell in Zoar: and he dwelt in a cave, he and his two daughters. +And the firstborn said unto the younger, Our father is old, and there is not a man in the earth to come in unto us after the manner of all the earth: +Come, let us make our father drink wine, and we will lie with him, that we may preserve seed of our father. +And they made their father drink wine that night: and the firstborn went in, and lay with her father; and he perceived not when she lay down, nor when she arose. +And it came to pass on the morrow, that the firstborn said unto the younger, Behold, I lay yesternight with my father: let us make him drink wine this night also; and go thou in, and lie with him, that we may preserve seed of our father. +And they made their father drink wine that night also: and the younger arose, and lay with him; and he perceived not when she lay down, nor when she arose. +Thus were both the daughters of Lot with child by their father. +And the first born bare a son, and called his name Moab: the same is the father of the Moabites unto this day. +And the younger, she also bare a son, and called his name Benammi: the same is the father of the children of Ammon unto this day. +And Abraham journeyed from thence toward the south country, and dwelled between Kadesh and Shur, and sojourned in Gerar. +And Abraham said of Sarah his wife, She is my sister: and Abimelech king of Gerar sent, and took Sarah. +But God came to Abimelech in a dream by night, and said to him, Behold, thou art but a dead man, for the woman which thou hast taken; for she is a man's wife. +But Abimelech had not come near her: and he said, LORD, wilt thou slay also a righteous nation? +Said he not unto me, She is my sister? and she, even she herself said, He is my brother: in the integrity of my heart and innocency of my hands have I done this. +And God said unto him in a dream, Yea, I know that thou didst this in the integrity of thy heart; for I also withheld thee from sinning against me: therefore suffered I thee not to touch her. +Now therefore restore the man his wife; for he is a prophet, and he shall pray for thee, and thou shalt live: and if thou restore her not, know thou that thou shalt surely die, thou, and all that are thine. +Therefore Abimelech rose early in the morning, and called all his servants, and told all these things in their ears: and the men were sore afraid. +Then Abimelech called Abraham, and said unto him, What hast thou done unto us? and what have I offended thee, that thou hast brought on me and on my kingdom a great sin? thou hast done deeds unto me that ought not to be done. +And Abimelech said unto Abraham, What sawest thou, that thou hast done this thing? +And Abraham said, Because I thought, Surely the fear of God is not in this place; and they will slay me for my wife's sake. +And yet indeed she is my sister; she is the daughter of my father, but not the daughter of my mother; and she became my wife. +And it came to pass, when God caused me to wander from my father's house, that I said unto her, This is thy kindness which thou shalt shew unto me; at every place whither we shall come, say of me, He is my brother. +And Abimelech took sheep, and oxen, and menservants, and womenservants, and gave them unto Abraham, and restored him Sarah his wife. +And Abimelech said, Behold, my land is before thee: dwell where it pleaseth thee. +And unto Sarah he said, Behold, I have given thy brother a thousand pieces of silver: behold, he is to thee a covering of the eyes, unto all that are with thee, and with all other: thus she was reproved. +So Abraham prayed unto God: and God healed Abimelech, and his wife, and his maidservants; and they bare children. +For the LORD had fast closed up all the wombs of the house of Abimelech, because of Sarah Abraham's wife. +And the LORD visited Sarah as he had said, and the LORD did unto Sarah as he had spoken. +For Sarah conceived, and bare Abraham a son in his old age, at the set time of which God had spoken to him. +And Abraham called the name of his son that was born unto him, whom Sarah bare to him, Isaac. +And Abraham circumcised his son Isaac being eight days old, as God had commanded him. +And Abraham was an hundred years old, when his son Isaac was born unto him. +And Sarah said, God hath made me to laugh, so that all that hear will laugh with me. +And she said, Who would have said unto Abraham, that Sarah should have given children suck? for I have born him a son in his old age. +And the child grew, and was weaned: and Abraham made a great feast the same day that Isaac was weaned. +And Sarah saw the son of Hagar the Egyptian, which she had born unto Abraham, mocking. +Wherefore she said unto Abraham, Cast out this bondwoman and her son: for the son of this bondwoman shall not be heir with my son, even with Isaac. +And the thing was very grievous in Abraham's sight because of his son. +And God said unto Abraham, Let it not be grievous in thy sight because of the lad, and because of thy bondwoman; in all that Sarah hath said unto thee, hearken unto her voice; for in Isaac shall thy seed be called. +And also of the son of the bondwoman will I make a nation, because he is thy seed. +And Abraham rose up early in the morning, and took bread, and a bottle of water, and gave it unto Hagar, putting it on her shoulder, and the child, and sent her away: and she departed, and wandered in the wilderness of Beersheba. +And the water was spent in the bottle, and she cast the child under one of the shrubs. +And she went, and sat her down over against him a good way off, as it were a bow shot: for she said, Let me not see the death of the child. And she sat over against him, and lift up her voice, and wept. +And God heard the voice of the lad; and the angel of God called to Hagar out of heaven, and said unto her, What aileth thee, Hagar? fear not; for God hath heard the voice of the lad where he is. +Arise, lift up the lad, and hold him in thine hand; for I will make him a great nation. +And God opened her eyes, and she saw a well of water; and she went, and filled the bottle with water, and gave the lad drink. +And God was with the lad; and he grew, and dwelt in the wilderness, and became an archer. +And he dwelt in the wilderness of Paran: and his mother took him a wife out of the land of Egypt. +And it came to pass at that time, that Abimelech and Phichol the chief captain of his host spake unto Abraham, saying, God is with thee in all that thou doest: +Now therefore swear unto me here by God that thou wilt not deal falsely with me, nor with my son, nor with my son's son: but according to the kindness that I have done unto thee, thou shalt do unto me, and to the land wherein thou hast sojourned. +And Abraham said, I will swear. +And Abraham reproved Abimelech because of a well of water, which Abimelech's servants had violently taken away. +And Abimelech said, I wot not who hath done this thing; neither didst thou tell me, neither yet heard I of it, but to day. +And Abraham took sheep and oxen, and gave them unto Abimelech; and both of them made a covenant. +And Abraham set seven ewe lambs of the flock by themselves. +And Abimelech said unto Abraham, What mean these seven ewe lambs which thou hast set by themselves? +And he said, For these seven ewe lambs shalt thou take of my hand, that they may be a witness unto me, that I have digged this well. +Wherefore he called that place Beersheba; because there they sware both of them. +Thus they made a covenant at Beersheba: then Abimelech rose up, and Phichol the chief captain of his host, and they returned into the land of the Philistines. +And Abraham planted a grove in Beersheba, and called there on the name of the LORD, the everlasting God. +And Abraham sojourned in the Philistines' land many days. +And it came to pass after these things, that God did tempt Abraham, and said unto him, Abraham: and he said, Behold, here I am. +And he said, Take now thy son, thine only son Isaac, whom thou lovest, and get thee into the land of Moriah; and offer him there for a burnt offering upon one of the mountains which I will tell thee of. +And Abraham rose up early in the morning, and saddled his ass, and took two of his young men with him, and Isaac his son, and clave the wood for the burnt offering, and rose up, and went unto the place of which God had told him. +Then on the third day Abraham lifted up his eyes, and saw the place afar off. +And Abraham said unto his young men, Abide ye here with the ass; and I and the lad will go yonder and worship, and come again to you. +And Abraham took the wood of the burnt offering, and laid it upon Isaac his son; and he took the fire in his hand, and a knife; and they went both of them together. +And Isaac spake unto Abraham his father, and said, My father: and he said, Here am I, my son. And he said, Behold the fire and the wood: but where is the lamb for a burnt offering? +And Abraham said, My son, God will provide himself a lamb for a burnt offering: so they went both of them together. +And they came to the place which God had told him of; and Abraham built an altar there, and laid the wood in order, and bound Isaac his son, and laid him on the altar upon the wood. +And Abraham stretched forth his hand, and took the knife to slay his son. +And the angel of the LORD called unto him out of heaven, and said, Abraham, Abraham: and he said, Here am I. +And he said, Lay not thine hand upon the lad, neither do thou any thing unto him: for now I know that thou fearest God, seeing thou hast not withheld thy son, thine only son from me. +And Abraham lifted up his eyes, and looked, and behold behind him a ram caught in a thicket by his horns: and Abraham went and took the ram, and offered him up for a burnt offering in the stead of his son. +And Abraham called the name of that place Jehovahjireh: as it is said to this day, In the mount of the LORD it shall be seen. +And the angel of the LORD called unto Abraham out of heaven the second time, +And said, By myself have I sworn, saith the LORD, for because thou hast done this thing, and hast not withheld thy son, thine only son: +That in blessing I will bless thee, and in multiplying I will multiply thy seed as the stars of the heaven, and as the sand which is upon the sea shore; and thy seed shall possess the gate of his enemies; +And in thy seed shall all the nations of the earth be blessed; because thou hast obeyed my voice. +So Abraham returned unto his young men, and they rose up and went together to Beersheba; and Abraham dwelt at Beersheba. +And it came to pass after these things, that it was told Abraham, saying, Behold, Milcah, she hath also born children unto thy brother Nahor; +Huz his firstborn, and Buz his brother, and Kemuel the father of Aram, +And Chesed, and Hazo, and Pildash, and Jidlaph, and Bethuel. +And Bethuel begat Rebekah: these eight Milcah did bear to Nahor, Abraham's brother. +And his concubine, whose name was Reumah, she bare also Tebah, and Gaham, and Thahash, and Maachah. +And Sarah was an hundred and seven and twenty years old: these were the years of the life of Sarah. +And Sarah died in Kirjatharba; the same is Hebron in the land of Canaan: and Abraham came to mourn for Sarah, and to weep for her. +And Abraham stood up from before his dead, and spake unto the sons of Heth, saying, +I am a stranger and a sojourner with you: give me a possession of a buryingplace with you, that I may bury my dead out of my sight. +And the children of Heth answered Abraham, saying unto him, +Hear us, my lord: thou art a mighty prince among us: in the choice of our sepulchres bury thy dead; none of us shall withhold from thee his sepulchre, but that thou mayest bury thy dead. +And Abraham stood up, and bowed himself to the people of the land, even to the children of Heth. +And he communed with them, saying, If it be your mind that I should bury my dead out of my sight; hear me, and intreat for me to Ephron the son of Zohar, +That he may give me the cave of Machpelah, which he hath, which is in the end of his field; for as much money as it is worth he shall give it me for a possession of a buryingplace amongst you. +And Ephron dwelt among the children of Heth: and Ephron the Hittite answered Abraham in the audience of the children of Heth, even of all that went in at the gate of his city, saying, +Nay, my lord, hear me: the field give I thee, and the cave that is therein, I give it thee; in the presence of the sons of my people give I it thee: bury thy dead. +And Abraham bowed down himself before the people of the land. +And he spake unto Ephron in the audience of the people of the land, saying, But if thou wilt give it, I pray thee, hear me: I will give thee money for the field; take it of me, and I will bury my dead there. +And Ephron answered Abraham, saying unto him, +My lord, hearken unto me: the land is worth four hundred shekels of silver; what is that betwixt me and thee? bury therefore thy dead. +And Abraham hearkened unto Ephron; and Abraham weighed to Ephron the silver, which he had named in the audience of the sons of Heth, four hundred shekels of silver, current money with the merchant. +And the field of Ephron which was in Machpelah, which was before Mamre, the field, and the cave which was therein, and all the trees that were in the field, that were in all the borders round about, were made sure +Unto Abraham for a possession in the presence of the children of Heth, before all that went in at the gate of his city. +And after this, Abraham buried Sarah his wife in the cave of the field of Machpelah before Mamre: the same is Hebron in the land of Canaan. +And the field, and the cave that is therein, were made sure unto Abraham for a possession of a buryingplace by the sons of Heth. +And Abraham was old, and well stricken in age: and the LORD had blessed Abraham in all things. +And Abraham said unto his eldest servant of his house, that ruled over all that he had, Put, I pray thee, thy hand under my thigh: +And I will make thee swear by the LORD, the God of heaven, and the God of the earth, that thou shalt not take a wife unto my son of the daughters of the Canaanites, among whom I dwell: +But thou shalt go unto my country, and to my kindred, and take a wife unto my son Isaac. +And the servant said unto him, Peradventure the woman will not be willing to follow me unto this land: must I needs bring thy son again unto the land from whence thou camest? +And Abraham said unto him, Beware thou that thou bring not my son thither again. +The LORD God of heaven, which took me from my father's house, and from the land of my kindred, and which spake unto me, and that sware unto me, saying, Unto thy seed will I give this land; he shall send his angel before thee, and thou shalt take a wife unto my son from thence. +And if the woman will not be willing to follow thee, then thou shalt be clear from this my oath: only bring not my son thither again. +And the servant put his hand under the thigh of Abraham his master, and sware to him concerning that matter. +And the servant took ten camels of the camels of his master, and departed; for all the goods of his master were in his hand: and he arose, and went to Mesopotamia, unto the city of Nahor. +And he made his camels to kneel down without the city by a well of water at the time of the evening, even the time that women go out to draw water. +And he said O LORD God of my master Abraham, I pray thee, send me good speed this day, and shew kindness unto my master Abraham. +Behold, I stand here by the well of water; and the daughters of the men of the city come out to draw water: +And let it come to pass, that the damsel to whom I shall say, Let down thy pitcher, I pray thee, that I may drink; and she shall say, Drink, and I will give thy camels drink also: let the same be she that thou hast appointed for thy servant Isaac; and thereby shall I know that thou hast shewed kindness unto my master. +And it came to pass, before he had done speaking, that, behold, Rebekah came out, who was born to Bethuel, son of Milcah, the wife of Nahor, Abraham's brother, with her pitcher upon her shoulder. +And the damsel was very fair to look upon, a virgin, neither had any man known her: and she went down to the well, and filled her pitcher, and came up. +And the servant ran to meet her, and said, Let me, I pray thee, drink a little water of thy pitcher. +And she said, Drink, my lord: and she hasted, and let down her pitcher upon her hand, and gave him drink. +And when she had done giving him drink, she said, I will draw water for thy camels also, until they have done drinking. +And she hasted, and emptied her pitcher into the trough, and ran again unto the well to draw water, and drew for all his camels. +And the man wondering at her held his peace, to wit whether the LORD had made his journey prosperous or not. +And it came to pass, as the camels had done drinking, that the man took a golden earring of half a shekel weight, and two bracelets for her hands of ten shekels weight of gold; +And said, Whose daughter art thou? tell me, I pray thee: is there room in thy father's house for us to lodge in? +And she said unto him, I am the daughter of Bethuel the son of Milcah, which she bare unto Nahor. +She said moreover unto him, We have both straw and provender enough, and room to lodge in. +And the man bowed down his head, and worshipped the LORD. +And he said, Blessed be the LORD God of my master Abraham, who hath not left destitute my master of his mercy and his truth: I being in the way, the LORD led me to the house of my master's brethren. +And the damsel ran, and told them of her mother's house these things. +And Rebekah had a brother, and his name was Laban: and Laban ran out unto the man, unto the well. +And it came to pass, when he saw the earring and bracelets upon his sister's hands, and when he heard the words of Rebekah his sister, saying, Thus spake the man unto me; that he came unto the man; and, behold, he stood by the camels at the well. +And he said, Come in, thou blessed of the LORD; wherefore standest thou without? for I have prepared the house, and room for the camels. +And the man came into the house: and he ungirded his camels, and gave straw and provender for the camels, and water to wash his feet, and the men's feet that were with him. +And there was set meat before him to eat: but he said, I will not eat, until I have told mine errand. And he said, Speak on. +And he said, I am Abraham's servant. +And the LORD hath blessed my master greatly; and he is become great: and he hath given him flocks, and herds, and silver, and gold, and menservants, and maidservants, and camels, and asses. +And Sarah my master's wife bare a son to my master when she was old: and unto him hath he given all that he hath. +And my master made me swear, saying, Thou shalt not take a wife to my son of the daughters of the Canaanites, in whose land I dwell: +But thou shalt go unto my father's house, and to my kindred, and take a wife unto my son. +And I said unto my master, Peradventure the woman will not follow me. +And he said unto me, The LORD, before whom I walk, will send his angel with thee, and prosper thy way; and thou shalt take a wife for my son of my kindred, and of my father's house: +Then shalt thou be clear from this my oath, when thou comest to my kindred; and if they give not thee one, thou shalt be clear from my oath. +And I came this day unto the well, and said, O LORD God of my master Abraham, if now thou do prosper my way which I go: +Behold, I stand by the well of water; and it shall come to pass, that when the virgin cometh forth to draw water, and I say to her, Give me, I pray thee, a little water of thy pitcher to drink; +And she say to me, Both drink thou, and I will also draw for thy camels: let the same be the woman whom the LORD hath appointed out for my master's son. +And before I had done speaking in mine heart, behold, Rebekah came forth with her pitcher on her shoulder; and she went down unto the well, and drew water: and I said unto her, Let me drink, I pray thee. +And she made haste, and let down her pitcher from her shoulder, and said, Drink, and I will give thy camels drink also: so I drank, and she made the camels drink also. +And I asked her, and said, Whose daughter art thou? And she said, the daughter of Bethuel, Nahor's son, whom Milcah bare unto him: and I put the earring upon her face, and the bracelets upon her hands. +And I bowed down my head, and worshipped the LORD, and blessed the LORD God of my master Abraham, which had led me in the right way to take my master's brother's daughter unto his son. +And now if ye will deal kindly and truly with my master, tell me: and if not, tell me; that I may turn to the right hand, or to the left. +Then Laban and Bethuel answered and said, The thing proceedeth from the LORD: we cannot speak unto thee bad or good. +Behold, Rebekah is before thee, take her, and go, and let her be thy master's son's wife, as the LORD hath spoken. +And it came to pass, that, when Abraham's servant heard their words, he worshipped the LORD, bowing himself to the earth. +And the servant brought forth jewels of silver, and jewels of gold, and raiment, and gave them to Rebekah: he gave also to her brother and to her mother precious things. +And they did eat and drink, he and the men that were with him, and tarried all night; and they rose up in the morning, and he said, Send me away unto my master. +And her brother and her mother said, Let the damsel abide with us a few days, at the least ten; after that she shall go. +And he said unto them, Hinder me not, seeing the LORD hath prospered my way; send me away that I may go to my master. +And they said, We will call the damsel, and enquire at her mouth. +And they called Rebekah, and said unto her, Wilt thou go with this man? And she said, I will go. +And they sent away Rebekah their sister, and her nurse, and Abraham's servant, and his men. +And they blessed Rebekah, and said unto her, Thou art our sister, be thou the mother of thousands of millions, and let thy seed possess the gate of those which hate them. +And Rebekah arose, and her damsels, and they rode upon the camels, and followed the man: and the servant took Rebekah, and went his way. +And Isaac came from the way of the well Lahairoi; for he dwelt in the south country. +And Isaac went out to meditate in the field at the eventide: and he lifted up his eyes, and saw, and, behold, the camels were coming. +And Rebekah lifted up her eyes, and when she saw Isaac, she lighted off the camel. +For she had said unto the servant, What man is this that walketh in the field to meet us? And the servant had said, It is my master: therefore she took a vail, and covered herself. +And the servant told Isaac all things that he had done. +And Isaac brought her into his mother Sarah's tent, and took Rebekah, and she became his wife; and he loved her: and Isaac was comforted after his mother's death. +Then again Abraham took a wife, and her name was Keturah. +And she bare him Zimran, and Jokshan, and Medan, and Midian, and Ishbak, and Shuah. +And Jokshan begat Sheba, and Dedan. And the sons of Dedan were Asshurim, and Letushim, and Leummim. +And the sons of Midian; Ephah, and Epher, and Hanoch, and Abidah, and Eldaah. All these were the children of Keturah. +And Abraham gave all that he had unto Isaac. +But unto the sons of the concubines, which Abraham had, Abraham gave gifts, and sent them away from Isaac his son, while he yet lived, eastward, unto the east country. +And these are the days of the years of Abraham's life which he lived, an hundred threescore and fifteen years. +Then Abraham gave up the ghost, and died in a good old age, an old man, and full of years; and was gathered to his people. +And his sons Isaac and Ishmael buried him in the cave of Machpelah, in the field of Ephron the son of Zohar the Hittite, which is before Mamre; +The field which Abraham purchased of the sons of Heth: there was Abraham buried, and Sarah his wife. +And it came to pass after the death of Abraham, that God blessed his son Isaac; and Isaac dwelt by the well Lahairoi. +Now these are the generations of Ishmael, Abraham's son, whom Hagar the Egyptian, Sarah's handmaid, bare unto Abraham: +And these are the names of the sons of Ishmael, by their names, according to their generations: the firstborn of Ishmael, Nebajoth; and Kedar, and Adbeel, and Mibsam, +And Mishma, and Dumah, and Massa, +Hadar, and Tema, Jetur, Naphish, and Kedemah: +These are the sons of Ishmael, and these are their names, by their towns, and by their castles; twelve princes according to their nations. +And these are the years of the life of Ishmael, an hundred and thirty and seven years: and he gave up the ghost and died; and was gathered unto his people. +And they dwelt from Havilah unto Shur, that is before Egypt, as thou goest toward Assyria: and he died in the presence of all his brethren. +And these are the generations of Isaac, Abraham's son: Abraham begat Isaac: +And Isaac was forty years old when he took Rebekah to wife, the daughter of Bethuel the Syrian of Padanaram, the sister to Laban the Syrian. +And Isaac intreated the LORD for his wife, because she was barren: and the LORD was intreated of him, and Rebekah his wife conceived. +And the children struggled together within her; and she said, If it be so, why am I thus? And she went to enquire of the LORD. +And the LORD said unto her, Two nations are in thy womb, and two manner of people shall be separated from thy bowels; and the one people shall be stronger than the other people; and the elder shall serve the younger. +And when her days to be delivered were fulfilled, behold, there were twins in her womb. +And the first came out red, all over like an hairy garment; and they called his name Esau. +And after that came his brother out, and his hand took hold on Esau's heel; and his name was called Jacob: and Isaac was threescore years old when she bare them. +And the boys grew: and Esau was a cunning hunter, a man of the field; and Jacob was a plain man, dwelling in tents. +And Isaac loved Esau, because he did eat of his venison: but Rebekah loved Jacob. +And Jacob sod pottage: and Esau came from the field, and he was faint: +And Esau said to Jacob, Feed me, I pray thee, with that same red pottage; for I am faint: therefore was his name called Edom. +And Jacob said, Sell me this day thy birthright. +And Esau said, Behold, I am at the point to die: and what profit shall this birthright do to me? +And Jacob said, Swear to me this day; and he sware unto him: and he sold his birthright unto Jacob. +Then Jacob gave Esau bread and pottage of lentiles; and he did eat and drink, and rose up, and went his way: thus Esau despised his birthright. +And there was a famine in the land, beside the first famine that was in the days of Abraham. And Isaac went unto Abimelech king of the Philistines unto Gerar. +And the LORD appeared unto him, and said, Go not down into Egypt; dwell in the land which I shall tell thee of: +Sojourn in this land, and I will be with thee, and will bless thee; for unto thee, and unto thy seed, I will give all these countries, and I will perform the oath which I sware unto Abraham thy father; +And I will make thy seed to multiply as the stars of heaven, and will give unto thy seed all these countries; and in thy seed shall all the nations of the earth be blessed; +Because that Abraham obeyed my voice, and kept my charge, my commandments, my statutes, and my laws. +And Isaac dwelt in Gerar: +And the men of the place asked him of his wife; and he said, She is my sister: for he feared to say, She is my wife; lest, said he, the men of the place should kill me for Rebekah; because she was fair to look upon. +And it came to pass, when he had been there a long time, that Abimelech king of the Philistines looked out at a window, and saw, and, behold, Isaac was sporting with Rebekah his wife. +And Abimelech called Isaac, and said, Behold, of a surety she is thy wife; and how saidst thou, She is my sister? And Isaac said unto him, Because I said, Lest I die for her. +And Abimelech said, What is this thou hast done unto us? one of the people might lightly have lien with thy wife, and thou shouldest have brought guiltiness upon us. +And Abimelech charged all his people, saying, He that toucheth this man or his wife shall surely be put to death. +Then Isaac sowed in that land, and received in the same year an hundredfold: and the LORD blessed him. +And the man waxed great, and went forward, and grew until he became very great: +For he had possession of flocks, and possession of herds, and great store of servants: and the Philistines envied him. +For all the wells which his father's servants had digged in the days of Abraham his father, the Philistines had stopped them, and filled them with earth. +And Abimelech said unto Isaac, Go from us; for thou art much mightier than we. +And Isaac departed thence, and pitched his tent in the valley of Gerar, and dwelt there. +And Isaac digged again the wells of water, which they had digged in the days of Abraham his father; for the Philistines had stopped them after the death of Abraham: and he called their names after the names by which his father had called them. +And Isaac's servants digged in the valley, and found there a well of springing water. +And the herdmen of Gerar did strive with Isaac's herdmen, saying, The water is ours: and he called the name of the well Esek; because they strove with him. +And they digged another well, and strove for that also: and he called the name of it Sitnah. +And he removed from thence, and digged another well; and for that they strove not: and he called the name of it Rehoboth; and he said, For now the LORD hath made room for us, and we shall be fruitful in the land. +And he went up from thence to Beersheba. +And the LORD appeared unto him the same night, and said, I am the God of Abraham thy father: fear not, for I am with thee, and will bless thee, and multiply thy seed for my servant Abraham's sake. +And he builded an altar there, and called upon the name of the LORD, and pitched his tent there: and there Isaac's servants digged a well. +Then Abimelech went to him from Gerar, and Ahuzzath one of his friends, and Phichol the chief captain of his army. +And Isaac said unto them, Wherefore come ye to me, seeing ye hate me, and have sent me away from you? +And they said, We saw certainly that the LORD was with thee: and we said, Let there be now an oath betwixt us, even betwixt us and thee, and let us make a covenant with thee; +That thou wilt do us no hurt, as we have not touched thee, and as we have done unto thee nothing but good, and have sent thee away in peace: thou art now the blessed of the LORD. +And he made them a feast, and they did eat and drink. +And they rose up betimes in the morning, and sware one to another: and Isaac sent them away, and they departed from him in peace. +And it came to pass the same day, that Isaac's servants came, and told him concerning the well which they had digged, and said unto him, We have found water. +And he called it Shebah: therefore the name of the city is Beersheba unto this day. +And Esau was forty years old when he took to wife Judith the daughter of Beeri the Hittite, and Bashemath the daughter of Elon the Hittite: +Which were a grief of mind unto Isaac and to Rebekah. +And it came to pass, that when Isaac was old, and his eyes were dim, so that he could not see, he called Esau his eldest son, and said unto him, My son: and he said unto him, Behold, here am I. +And he said, Behold now, I am old, I know not the day of my death: +Now therefore take, I pray thee, thy weapons, thy quiver and thy bow, and go out to the field, and take me some venison; +And make me savoury meat, such as I love, and bring it to me, that I may eat; that my soul may bless thee before I die. +And Rebekah heard when Isaac spake to Esau his son. And Esau went to the field to hunt for venison, and to bring it. +And Rebekah spake unto Jacob her son, saying, Behold, I heard thy father speak unto Esau thy brother, saying, +Bring me venison, and make me savoury meat, that I may eat, and bless thee before the LORD before my death. +Now therefore, my son, obey my voice according to that which I command thee. +Go now to the flock, and fetch me from thence two good kids of the goats; and I will make them savoury meat for thy father, such as he loveth: +And thou shalt bring it to thy father, that he may eat, and that he may bless thee before his death. +And Jacob said to Rebekah his mother, Behold, Esau my brother is a hairy man, and I am a smooth man: +My father peradventure will feel me, and I shall seem to him as a deceiver; and I shall bring a curse upon me, and not a blessing. +And his mother said unto him, Upon me be thy curse, my son: only obey my voice, and go fetch me them. +And he went, and fetched, and brought them to his mother: and his mother made savoury meat, such as his father loved. +And Rebekah took goodly raiment of her eldest son Esau, which were with her in the house, and put them upon Jacob her younger son: +And she put the skins of the kids of the goats upon his hands, and upon the smooth of his neck: +And she gave the savoury meat and the bread, which she had prepared, into the hand of her son Jacob. +And he came unto his father, and said, My father: and he said, Here am I; who art thou, my son? +And Jacob said unto his father, I am Esau thy first born; I have done according as thou badest me: arise, I pray thee, sit and eat of my venison, that thy soul may bless me. +And Isaac said unto his son, How is it that thou hast found it so quickly, my son? And he said, Because the LORD thy God brought it to me. +And Isaac said unto Jacob, Come near, I pray thee, that I may feel thee, my son, whether thou be my very son Esau or not. +And Jacob went near unto Isaac his father; and he felt him, and said, The voice is Jacob's voice, but the hands are the hands of Esau. +And he discerned him not, because his hands were hairy, as his brother Esau's hands: so he blessed him. +And he said, Art thou my very son Esau? And he said, I am. +And he said, Bring it near to me, and I will eat of my son's venison, that my soul may bless thee. And he brought it near to him, and he did eat: and he brought him wine and he drank. +And his father Isaac said unto him, Come near now, and kiss me, my son. +And he came near, and kissed him: and he smelled the smell of his raiment, and blessed him, and said, See, the smell of my son is as the smell of a field which the LORD hath blessed: +Therefore God give thee of the dew of heaven, and the fatness of the earth, and plenty of corn and wine: +Let people serve thee, and nations bow down to thee: be lord over thy brethren, and let thy mother's sons bow down to thee: cursed be every one that curseth thee, and blessed be he that blesseth thee. +And it came to pass, as soon as Isaac had made an end of blessing Jacob, and Jacob was yet scarce gone out from the presence of Isaac his father, that Esau his brother came in from his hunting. +And he also had made savoury meat, and brought it unto his father, and said unto his father, Let my father arise, and eat of his son's venison, that thy soul may bless me. +And Isaac his father said unto him, Who art thou? And he said, I am thy son, thy firstborn Esau. +And Isaac trembled very exceedingly, and said, Who? where is he that hath taken venison, and brought it me, and I have eaten of all before thou camest, and have blessed him? yea, and he shall be blessed. +And when Esau heard the words of his father, he cried with a great and exceeding bitter cry, and said unto his father, Bless me, even me also, O my father. +And he said, Thy brother came with subtilty, and hath taken away thy blessing. +And he said, Is not he rightly named Jacob? for he hath supplanted me these two times: he took away my birthright; and, behold, now he hath taken away my blessing. And he said, Hast thou not reserved a blessing for me? +And Isaac answered and said unto Esau, Behold, I have made him thy lord, and all his brethren have I given to him for servants; and with corn and wine have I sustained him: and what shall I do now unto thee, my son? +And Esau said unto his father, Hast thou but one blessing, my father? bless me, even me also, O my father. And Esau lifted up his voice, and wept. +And Isaac his father answered and said unto him, Behold, thy dwelling shall be the fatness of the earth, and of the dew of heaven from above; +And by thy sword shalt thou live, and shalt serve thy brother; and it shall come to pass when thou shalt have the dominion, that thou shalt break his yoke from off thy neck. +And Esau hated Jacob because of the blessing wherewith his father blessed him: and Esau said in his heart, The days of mourning for my father are at hand; then will I slay my brother Jacob. +And these words of Esau her elder son were told to Rebekah: and she sent and called Jacob her younger son, and said unto him, Behold, thy brother Esau, as touching thee, doth comfort himself, purposing to kill thee. +Now therefore, my son, obey my voice; arise, flee thou to Laban my brother to Haran; +And tarry with him a few days, until thy brother's fury turn away; +Until thy brother's anger turn away from thee, and he forget that which thou hast done to him: then I will send, and fetch thee from thence: why should I be deprived also of you both in one day? +And Rebekah said to Isaac, I am weary of my life because of the daughters of Heth: if Jacob take a wife of the daughters of Heth, such as these which are of the daughters of the land, what good shall my life do me? +And Isaac called Jacob, and blessed him, and charged him, and said unto him, Thou shalt not take a wife of the daughters of Canaan. +Arise, go to Padanaram, to the house of Bethuel thy mother's father; and take thee a wife from thence of the daughers of Laban thy mother's brother. +And God Almighty bless thee, and make thee fruitful, and multiply thee, that thou mayest be a multitude of people; +And give thee the blessing of Abraham, to thee, and to thy seed with thee; that thou mayest inherit the land wherein thou art a stranger, which God gave unto Abraham. +And Isaac sent away Jacob: and he went to Padanaram unto Laban, son of Bethuel the Syrian, the brother of Rebekah, Jacob's and Esau's mother. +When Esau saw that Isaac had blessed Jacob, and sent him away to Padanaram, to take him a wife from thence; and that as he blessed him he gave him a charge, saying, Thou shalt not take a wife of the daughers of Canaan; +And that Jacob obeyed his father and his mother, and was gone to Padanaram; +And Esau seeing that the daughters of Canaan pleased not Isaac his father; +Then went Esau unto Ishmael, and took unto the wives which he had Mahalath the daughter of Ishmael Abraham's son, the sister of Nebajoth, to be his wife. +And Jacob went out from Beersheba, and went toward Haran. +And he lighted upon a certain place, and tarried there all night, because the sun was set; and he took of the stones of that place, and put them for his pillows, and lay down in that place to sleep. +And he dreamed, and behold a ladder set up on the earth, and the top of it reached to heaven: and behold the angels of God ascending and descending on it. +And, behold, the LORD stood above it, and said, I am the LORD God of Abraham thy father, and the God of Isaac: the land whereon thou liest, to thee will I give it, and to thy seed; +And thy seed shall be as the dust of the earth, and thou shalt spread abroad to the west, and to the east, and to the north, and to the south: and in thee and in thy seed shall all the families of the earth be blessed. +And, behold, I am with thee, and will keep thee in all places whither thou goest, and will bring thee again into this land; for I will not leave thee, until I have done that which I have spoken to thee of. +And Jacob awaked out of his sleep, and he said, Surely the LORD is in this place; and I knew it not. +And he was afraid, and said, How dreadful is this place! this is none other but the house of God, and this is the gate of heaven. +And Jacob rose up early in the morning, and took the stone that he had put for his pillows, and set it up for a pillar, and poured oil upon the top of it. +And he called the name of that place Bethel: but the name of that city was called Luz at the first. +And Jacob vowed a vow, saying, If God will be with me, and will keep me in this way that I go, and will give me bread to eat, and raiment to put on, +So that I come again to my father's house in peace; then shall the LORD be my God: +And this stone, which I have set for a pillar, shall be God's house: and of all that thou shalt give me I will surely give the tenth unto thee. +Then Jacob went on his journey, and came into the land of the people of the east. +And he looked, and behold a well in the field, and, lo, there were three flocks of sheep lying by it; for out of that well they watered the flocks: and a great stone was upon the well's mouth. +And thither were all the flocks gathered: and they rolled the stone from the well's mouth, and watered the sheep, and put the stone again upon the well's mouth in his place. +And Jacob said unto them, My brethren, whence be ye? And they said, Of Haran are we. +And he said unto them, Know ye Laban the son of Nahor? And they said, We know him. +And he said unto them, Is he well? And they said, He is well: and, behold, Rachel his daughter cometh with the sheep. +And he said, Lo, it is yet high day, neither is it time that the cattle should be gathered together: water ye the sheep, and go and feed them. +And they said, We cannot, until all the flocks be gathered together, and till they roll the stone from the well's mouth; then we water the sheep. +And while he yet spake with them, Rachel came with her father's sheep; for she kept them. +And it came to pass, when Jacob saw Rachel the daughter of Laban his mother's brother, and the sheep of Laban his mother's brother, that Jacob went near, and rolled the stone from the well's mouth, and watered the flock of Laban his mother's brother. +And Jacob kissed Rachel, and lifted up his voice, and wept. +And Jacob told Rachel that he was her father's brother, and that he was Rebekah's son: and she ran and told her father. +And it came to pass, when Laban heard the tidings of Jacob his sister's son, that he ran to meet him, and embraced him, and kissed him, and brought him to his house. And he told Laban all these things. +And Laban said to him, Surely thou art my bone and my flesh. And he abode with him the space of a month. +And Laban said unto Jacob, Because thou art my brother, shouldest thou therefore serve me for nought? tell me, what shall thy wages be? +And Laban had two daughters: the name of the elder was Leah, and the name of the younger was Rachel. +Leah was tender eyed; but Rachel was beautiful and well favoured. +And Jacob loved Rachel; and said, I will serve thee seven years for Rachel thy younger daughter. +And Laban said, It is better that I give her to thee, than that I should give her to another man: abide with me. +And Jacob served seven years for Rachel; and they seemed unto him but a few days, for the love he had to her. +And Jacob said unto Laban, Give me my wife, for my days are fulfilled, that I may go in unto her. +And Laban gathered together all the men of the place, and made a feast. +And it came to pass in the evening, that he took Leah his daughter, and brought her to him; and he went in unto her. +And Laban gave unto his daughter Leah Zilpah his maid for an handmaid. +And it came to pass, that in the morning, behold, it was Leah: and he said to Laban, What is this thou hast done unto me? did not I serve with thee for Rachel? wherefore then hast thou beguiled me? +And Laban said, It must not be so done in our country, to give the younger before the firstborn. +Fulfil her week, and we will give thee this also for the service which thou shalt serve with me yet seven other years. +And Jacob did so, and fulfilled her week: and he gave him Rachel his daughter to wife also. +And Laban gave to Rachel his daughter Bilhah his handmaid to be her maid. +And he went in also unto Rachel, and he loved also Rachel more than Leah, and served with him yet seven other years. +And when the LORD saw that Leah was hated, he opened her womb: but Rachel was barren. +And Leah conceived, and bare a son, and she called his name Reuben: for she said, Surely the LORD hath looked upon my affliction; now therefore my husband will love me. +And she conceived again, and bare a son; and said, Because the LORD hath heard I was hated, he hath therefore given me this son also: and she called his name Simeon. +And she conceived again, and bare a son; and said, Now this time will my husband be joined unto me, because I have born him three sons: therefore was his name called Levi. +And she conceived again, and bare a son: and she said, Now will I praise the LORD: therefore she called his name Judah; and left bearing. +And when Rachel saw that she bare Jacob no children, Rachel envied her sister; and said unto Jacob, Give me children, or else I die. +And Jacob's anger was kindled against Rachel: and he said, Am I in God's stead, who hath withheld from thee the fruit of the womb? +And she said, Behold my maid Bilhah, go in unto her; and she shall bear upon my knees, that I may also have children by her. +And she gave him Bilhah her handmaid to wife: and Jacob went in unto her. +And Bilhah conceived, and bare Jacob a son. +And Rachel said, God hath judged me, and hath also heard my voice, and hath given me a son: therefore called she his name Dan. +And Bilhah Rachel's maid conceived again, and bare Jacob a second son. +And Rachel said, With great wrestlings have I wrestled with my sister, and I have prevailed: and she called his name Naphtali. +When Leah saw that she had left bearing, she took Zilpah her maid, and gave her Jacob to wife. +And Zilpah Leah's maid bare Jacob a son. +And Leah said, A troop cometh: and she called his name Gad. +And Zilpah Leah's maid bare Jacob a second son. +And Leah said, Happy am I, for the daughters will call me blessed: and she called his name Asher. +And Reuben went in the days of wheat harvest, and found mandrakes in the field, and brought them unto his mother Leah. Then Rachel said to Leah, Give me, I pray thee, of thy son's mandrakes. +And she said unto her, Is it a small matter that thou hast taken my husband? and wouldest thou take away my son's mandrakes also? And Rachel said, Therefore he shall lie with thee to night for thy son's mandrakes. +And Jacob came out of the field in the evening, and Leah went out to meet him, and said, Thou must come in unto me; for surely I have hired thee with my son's mandrakes. And he lay with her that night. +And God hearkened unto Leah, and she conceived, and bare Jacob the fifth son. +And Leah said, God hath given me my hire, because I have given my maiden to my husband: and she called his name Issachar. +And Leah conceived again, and bare Jacob the sixth son. +And Leah said, God hath endued me with a good dowry; now will my husband dwell with me, because I have born him six sons: and she called his name Zebulun. +And afterwards she bare a daughter, and called her name Dinah. +And God remembered Rachel, and God hearkened to her, and opened her womb. +And she conceived, and bare a son; and said, God hath taken away my reproach: +And she called his name Joseph; and said, The LORD shall add to me another son. +And it came to pass, when Rachel had born Joseph, that Jacob said unto Laban, Send me away, that I may go unto mine own place, and to my country. +Give me my wives and my children, for whom I have served thee, and let me go: for thou knowest my service which I have done thee. +And Laban said unto him, I pray thee, if I have found favour in thine eyes, tarry: for I have learned by experience that the LORD hath blessed me for thy sake. +And he said, Appoint me thy wages, and I will give it. +And he said unto him, Thou knowest how I have served thee, and how thy cattle was with me. +For it was little which thou hadst before I came, and it is now increased unto a multitude; and the LORD hath blessed thee since my coming: and now when shall I provide for mine own house also? +And he said, What shall I give thee? And Jacob said, Thou shalt not give me any thing: if thou wilt do this thing for me, I will again feed and keep thy flock. +I will pass through all thy flock to day, removing from thence all the speckled and spotted cattle, and all the brown cattle among the sheep, and the spotted and speckled among the goats: and of such shall be my hire. +So shall my righteousness answer for me in time to come, when it shall come for my hire before thy face: every one that is not speckled and spotted among the goats, and brown among the sheep, that shall be counted stolen with me. +And Laban said, Behold, I would it might be according to thy word. +And he removed that day the he goats that were ringstraked and spotted, and all the she goats that were speckled and spotted, and every one that had some white in it, and all the brown among the sheep, and gave them into the hand of his sons. +And he set three days' journey betwixt himself and Jacob: and Jacob fed the rest of Laban's flocks. +And Jacob took him rods of green poplar, and of the hazel and chesnut tree; and pilled white strakes in them, and made the white appear which was in the rods. +And he set the rods which he had pilled before the flocks in the gutters in the watering troughs when the flocks came to drink, that they should conceive when they came to drink. +And the flocks conceived before the rods, and brought forth cattle ringstraked, speckled, and spotted. +And Jacob did separate the lambs, and set the faces of the flocks toward the ringstraked, and all the brown in the flock of Laban; and he put his own flocks by themselves, and put them not unto Laban's cattle. +And it came to pass, whensoever the stronger cattle did conceive, that Jacob laid the rods before the eyes of the cattle in the gutters, that they might conceive among the rods. +But when the cattle were feeble, he put them not in: so the feebler were Laban's, and the stronger Jacob's. +And the man increased exceedingly, and had much cattle, and maidservants, and menservants, and camels, and asses. +And he heard the words of Laban's sons, saying, Jacob hath taken away all that was our father's; and of that which was our father's hath he gotten all this glory. +And Jacob beheld the countenance of Laban, and, behold, it was not toward him as before. +And the LORD said unto Jacob, Return unto the land of thy fathers, and to thy kindred; and I will be with thee. +And Jacob sent and called Rachel and Leah to the field unto his flock, +And said unto them, I see your father's countenance, that it is not toward me as before; but the God of my father hath been with me. +And ye know that with all my power I have served your father. +And your father hath deceived me, and changed my wages ten times; but God suffered him not to hurt me. +If he said thus, The speckled shall be thy wages; then all the cattle bare speckled: and if he said thus, The ringstraked shall be thy hire; then bare all the cattle ringstraked. +Thus God hath taken away the cattle of your father, and given them to me. +And it came to pass at the time that the cattle conceived, that I lifted up mine eyes, and saw in a dream, and, behold, the rams which leaped upon the cattle were ringstraked, speckled, and grisled. +And the angel of God spake unto me in a dream, saying, Jacob: And I said, Here am I. +And he said, Lift up now thine eyes, and see, all the rams which leap upon the cattle are ringstraked, speckled, and grisled: for I have seen all that Laban doeth unto thee. +I am the God of Bethel, where thou anointedst the pillar, and where thou vowedst a vow unto me: now arise, get thee out from this land, and return unto the land of thy kindred. +And Rachel and Leah answered and said unto him, Is there yet any portion or inheritance for us in our father's house? +Are we not counted of him strangers? for he hath sold us, and hath quite devoured also our money. +For all the riches which God hath taken from our father, that is ours, and our children's: now then, whatsoever God hath said unto thee, do. +Then Jacob rose up, and set his sons and his wives upon camels; +And he carried away all his cattle, and all his goods which he had gotten, the cattle of his getting, which he had gotten in Padanaram, for to go to Isaac his father in the land of Canaan. +And Laban went to shear his sheep: and Rachel had stolen the images that were her father's. +And Jacob stole away unawares to Laban the Syrian, in that he told him not that he fled. +So he fled with all that he had; and he rose up, and passed over the river, and set his face toward the mount Gilead. +And it was told Laban on the third day that Jacob was fled. +And he took his brethren with him, and pursued after him seven days' journey; and they overtook him in the mount Gilead. +And God came to Laban the Syrian in a dream by night, and said unto him, Take heed that thou speak not to Jacob either good or bad. +Then Laban overtook Jacob. Now Jacob had pitched his tent in the mount: and Laban with his brethren pitched in the mount of Gilead. +And Laban said to Jacob, What hast thou done, that thou hast stolen away unawares to me, and carried away my daughters, as captives taken with the sword? +Wherefore didst thou flee away secretly, and steal away from me; and didst not tell me, that I might have sent thee away with mirth, and with songs, with tabret, and with harp? +And hast not suffered me to kiss my sons and my daughters? thou hast now done foolishly in so doing. +It is in the power of my hand to do you hurt: but the God of your father spake unto me yesternight, saying, Take thou heed that thou speak not to Jacob either good or bad. +And now, though thou wouldest needs be gone, because thou sore longedst after thy father's house, yet wherefore hast thou stolen my gods? +And Jacob answered and said to Laban, Because I was afraid: for I said, Peradventure thou wouldest take by force thy daughters from me. +With whomsoever thou findest thy gods, let him not live: before our brethren discern thou what is thine with me, and take it to thee. For Jacob knew not that Rachel had stolen them. +And Laban went into Jacob's tent, and into Leah's tent, and into the two maidservants' tents; but he found them not. Then went he out of Leah's tent, and entered into Rachel's tent. +Now Rachel had taken the images, and put them in the camel's furniture, and sat upon them. And Laban searched all the tent, but found them not. +And she said to her father, Let it not displease my lord that I cannot rise up before thee; for the custom of women is upon me. And he searched but found not the images. +And Jacob was wroth, and chode with Laban: and Jacob answered and said to Laban, What is my trespass? what is my sin, that thou hast so hotly pursued after me? +Whereas thou hast searched all my stuff, what hast thou found of all thy household stuff? set it here before my brethren and thy brethren, that they may judge betwixt us both. +This twenty years have I been with thee; thy ewes and thy she goats have not cast their young, and the rams of thy flock have I not eaten. +That which was torn of beasts I brought not unto thee; I bare the loss of it; of my hand didst thou require it, whether stolen by day, or stolen by night. +Thus I was; in the day the drought consumed me, and the frost by night; and my sleep departed from mine eyes. +Thus have I been twenty years in thy house; I served thee fourteen years for thy two daughters, and six years for thy cattle: and thou hast changed my wages ten times. +Except the God of my father, the God of Abraham, and the fear of Isaac, had been with me, surely thou hadst sent me away now empty. God hath seen mine affliction and the labour of my hands, and rebuked thee yesternight. +And Laban answered and said unto Jacob, These daughters are my daughters, and these children are my children, and these cattle are my cattle, and all that thou seest is mine: and what can I do this day unto these my daughters, or unto their children which they have born? +Now therefore come thou, let us make a covenant, I and thou; and let it be for a witness between me and thee. +And Jacob took a stone, and set it up for a pillar. +And Jacob said unto his brethren, Gather stones; and they took stones, and made an heap: and they did eat there upon the heap. +And Laban called it Jegarsahadutha: but Jacob called it Galeed. +And Laban said, This heap is a witness between me and thee this day. Therefore was the name of it called Galeed; +And Mizpah; for he said, The LORD watch between me and thee, when we are absent one from another. +If thou shalt afflict my daughters, or if thou shalt take other wives beside my daughters, no man is with us; see, God is witness betwixt me and thee. +And Laban said to Jacob, Behold this heap, and behold this pillar, which I have cast betwixt me and thee: +This heap be witness, and this pillar be witness, that I will not pass over this heap to thee, and that thou shalt not pass over this heap and this pillar unto me, for harm. +The God of Abraham, and the God of Nahor, the God of their father, judge betwixt us. And Jacob sware by the fear of his father Isaac. +Then Jacob offered sacrifice upon the mount, and called his brethren to eat bread: and they did eat bread, and tarried all night in the mount. +And early in the morning Laban rose up, and kissed his sons and his daughters, and blessed them: and Laban departed, and returned unto his place. +And Jacob went on his way, and the angels of God met him. +And when Jacob saw them, he said, This is God's host: and he called the name of that place Mahanaim. +And Jacob sent messengers before him to Esau his brother unto the land of Seir, the country of Edom. +And he commanded them, saying, Thus shall ye speak unto my lord Esau; Thy servant Jacob saith thus, I have sojourned with Laban, and stayed there until now: +And I have oxen, and asses, flocks, and menservants, and womenservants: and I have sent to tell my lord, that I may find grace in thy sight. +And the messengers returned to Jacob, saying, We came to thy brother Esau, and also he cometh to meet thee, and four hundred men with him. +Then Jacob was greatly afraid and distressed: and he divided the people that was with him, and the flocks, and herds, and the camels, into two bands; +And said, If Esau come to the one company, and smite it, then the other company which is left shall escape. +And Jacob said, O God of my father Abraham, and God of my father Isaac, the LORD which saidst unto me, Return unto thy country, and to thy kindred, and I will deal well with thee: +I am not worthy of the least of all the mercies, and of all the truth, which thou hast shewed unto thy servant; for with my staff I passed over this Jordan; and now I am become two bands. +Deliver me, I pray thee, from the hand of my brother, from the hand of Esau: for I fear him, lest he will come and smite me, and the mother with the children. +And thou saidst, I will surely do thee good, and make thy seed as the sand of the sea, which cannot be numbered for multitude. +And he lodged there that same night; and took of that which came to his hand a present for Esau his brother; +Two hundred she goats, and twenty he goats, two hundred ewes, and twenty rams, +Thirty milch camels with their colts, forty kine, and ten bulls, twenty she asses, and ten foals. +And he delivered them into the hand of his servants, every drove by themselves; and said unto his servants, Pass over before me, and put a space betwixt drove and drove. +And he commanded the foremost, saying, When Esau my brother meeteth thee, and asketh thee, saying, Whose art thou? and whither goest thou? and whose are these before thee? +Then thou shalt say, They be thy servant Jacob's; it is a present sent unto my lord Esau: and, behold, also he is behind us. +And so commanded he the second, and the third, and all that followed the droves, saying, On this manner shall ye speak unto Esau, when ye find him. +And say ye moreover, Behold, thy servant Jacob is behind us. For he said, I will appease him with the present that goeth before me, and afterward I will see his face; peradventure he will accept of me. +So went the present over before him: and himself lodged that night in the company. +And he rose up that night, and took his two wives, and his two womenservants, and his eleven sons, and passed over the ford Jabbok. +And he took them, and sent them over the brook, and sent over that he had. +And Jacob was left alone; and there wrestled a man with him until the breaking of the day. +And when he saw that he prevailed not against him, he touched the hollow of his thigh; and the hollow of Jacob's thigh was out of joint, as he wrestled with him. +And he said, Let me go, for the day breaketh. And he said, I will not let thee go, except thou bless me. +And he said unto him, What is thy name? And he said, Jacob. +And he said, Thy name shall be called no more Jacob, but Israel: for as a prince hast thou power with God and with men, and hast prevailed. +And Jacob asked him, and said, Tell me, I pray thee, thy name. And he said, Wherefore is it that thou dost ask after my name? And he blessed him there. +And Jacob called the name of the place Peniel: for I have seen God face to face, and my life is preserved. +And as he passed over Penuel the sun rose upon him, and he halted upon his thigh. +Therefore the children of Israel eat not of the sinew which shrank, which is upon the hollow of the thigh, unto this day: because he touched the hollow of Jacob's thigh in the sinew that shrank. +And Jacob lifted up his eyes, and looked, and, behold, Esau came, and with him four hundred men. And he divided the children unto Leah, and unto Rachel, and unto the two handmaids. +And he put the handmaids and their children foremost, and Leah and her children after, and Rachel and Joseph hindermost. +And he passed over before them, and bowed himself to the ground seven times, until he came near to his brother. +And Esau ran to meet him, and embraced him, and fell on his neck, and kissed him: and they wept. +And he lifted up his eyes, and saw the women and the children; and said, Who are those with thee? And he said, The children which God hath graciously given thy servant. +Then the handmaidens came near, they and their children, and they bowed themselves. +And Leah also with her children came near, and bowed themselves: and after came Joseph near and Rachel, and they bowed themselves. +And he said, What meanest thou by all this drove which I met? And he said, These are to find grace in the sight of my lord. +And Esau said, I have enough, my brother; keep that thou hast unto thyself. +And Jacob said, Nay, I pray thee, if now I have found grace in thy sight, then receive my present at my hand: for therefore I have seen thy face, as though I had seen the face of God, and thou wast pleased with me. +Take, I pray thee, my blessing that is brought to thee; because God hath dealt graciously with me, and because I have enough. And he urged him, and he took it. +And he said, Let us take our journey, and let us go, and I will go before thee. +And he said unto him, My lord knoweth that the children are tender, and the flocks and herds with young are with me: and if men should overdrive them one day, all the flock will die. +Let my lord, I pray thee, pass over before his servant: and I will lead on softly, according as the cattle that goeth before me and the children be able to endure, until I come unto my lord unto Seir. +And Esau said, Let me now leave with thee some of the folk that are with me. And he said, What needeth it? let me find grace in the sight of my lord. +So Esau returned that day on his way unto Seir. +And Jacob journeyed to Succoth, and built him an house, and made booths for his cattle: therefore the name of the place is called Succoth. +And Jacob came to Shalem, a city of Shechem, which is in the land of Canaan, when he came from Padanaram; and pitched his tent before the city. +And he bought a parcel of a field, where he had spread his tent, at the hand of the children of Hamor, Shechem's father, for an hundred pieces of money. +And he erected there an altar, and called it EleloheIsrael. +And Dinah the daughter of Leah, which she bare unto Jacob, went out to see the daughters of the land. +And when Shechem the son of Hamor the Hivite, prince of the country, saw her, he took her, and lay with her, and defiled her. +And his soul clave unto Dinah the daughter of Jacob, and he loved the damsel, and spake kindly unto the damsel. +And Shechem spake unto his father Hamor, saying, Get me this damsel to wife. +And Jacob heard that he had defiled Dinah his daughter: now his sons were with his cattle in the field: and Jacob held his peace until they were come. +And Hamor the father of Shechem went out unto Jacob to commune with him. +And the sons of Jacob came out of the field when they heard it: and the men were grieved, and they were very wroth, because he had wrought folly in Israel in lying with Jacob's daughter: which thing ought not to be done. +And Hamor communed with them, saying, The soul of my son Shechem longeth for your daughter: I pray you give her him to wife. +And make ye marriages with us, and give your daughters unto us, and take our daughters unto you. +And ye shall dwell with us: and the land shall be before you; dwell and trade ye therein, and get you possessions therein. +And Shechem said unto her father and unto her brethren, Let me find grace in your eyes, and what ye shall say unto me I will give. +Ask me never so much dowry and gift, and I will give according as ye shall say unto me: but give me the damsel to wife. +And the sons of Jacob answered Shechem and Hamor his father deceitfully, and said, because he had defiled Dinah their sister: +And they said unto them, We cannot do this thing, to give our sister to one that is uncircumcised; for that were a reproach unto us: +But in this will we consent unto you: If ye will be as we be, that every male of you be circumcised; +Then will we give our daughters unto you, and we will take your daughters to us, and we will dwell with you, and we will become one people. +But if ye will not hearken unto us, to be circumcised; then will we take our daughter, and we will be gone. +And their words pleased Hamor, and Shechem Hamor's son. +And the young man deferred not to do the thing, because he had delight in Jacob's daughter: and he was more honourable than all the house of his father. +And Hamor and Shechem his son came unto the gate of their city, and communed with the men of their city, saying, +These men are peaceable with us; therefore let them dwell in the land, and trade therein; for the land, behold, it is large enough for them; let us take their daughters to us for wives, and let us give them our daughters. +Only herein will the men consent unto us for to dwell with us, to be one people, if every male among us be circumcised, as they are circumcised. +Shall not their cattle and their substance and every beast of their's be our's? only let us consent unto them, and they will dwell with us. +And unto Hamor and unto Shechem his son hearkened all that went out of the gate of his city; and every male was circumcised, all that went out of the gate of his city. +And it came to pass on the third day, when they were sore, that two of the sons of Jacob, Simeon and Levi, Dinah's brethren, took each man his sword, and came upon the city boldly, and slew all the males. +And they slew Hamor and Shechem his son with the edge of the sword, and took Dinah out of Shechem's house, and went out. +The sons of Jacob came upon the slain, and spoiled the city, because they had defiled their sister. +They took their sheep, and their oxen, and their asses, and that which was in the city, and that which was in the field, +And all their wealth, and all their little ones, and their wives took they captive, and spoiled even all that was in the house. +And Jacob said to Simeon and Levi, Ye have troubled me to make me to stink among the inhabitants of the land, among the Canaanites and the Perizzites: and I being few in number, they shall gather themselves together against me, and slay me; and I shall be destroyed, I and my house. +And they said, Should he deal with our sister as with an harlot? +And God said unto Jacob, Arise, go up to Bethel, and dwell there: and make there an altar unto God, that appeared unto thee when thou fleddest from the face of Esau thy brother. +Then Jacob said unto his household, and to all that were with him, Put away the strange gods that are among you, and be clean, and change your garments: +And let us arise, and go up to Bethel; and I will make there an altar unto God, who answered me in the day of my distress, and was with me in the way which I went. +And they gave unto Jacob all the strange gods which were in their hand, and all their earrings which were in their ears; and Jacob hid them under the oak which was by Shechem. +And they journeyed: and the terror of God was upon the cities that were round about them, and they did not pursue after the sons of Jacob. +So Jacob came to Luz, which is in the land of Canaan, that is, Bethel, he and all the people that were with him. +And he built there an altar, and called the place Elbethel: because there God appeared unto him, when he fled from the face of his brother. +But Deborah Rebekah's nurse died, and she was buried beneath Bethel under an oak: and the name of it was called Allonbachuth. +And God appeared unto Jacob again, when he came out of Padanaram, and blessed him. +And God said unto him, Thy name is Jacob: thy name shall not be called any more Jacob, but Israel shall be thy name: and he called his name Israel. +And God said unto him, I am God Almighty: be fruitful and multiply; a nation and a company of nations shall be of thee, and kings shall come out of thy loins; +And the land which I gave Abraham and Isaac, to thee I will give it, and to thy seed after thee will I give the land. +And God went up from him in the place where he talked with him. +And Jacob set up a pillar in the place where he talked with him, even a pillar of stone: and he poured a drink offering thereon, and he poured oil thereon. +And Jacob called the name of the place where God spake with him, Bethel. +And they journeyed from Bethel; and there was but a little way to come to Ephrath: and Rachel travailed, and she had hard labour. +And it came to pass, when she was in hard labour, that the midwife said unto her, Fear not; thou shalt have this son also. +And it came to pass, as her soul was in departing, (for she died) that she called his name Benoni: but his father called him Benjamin. +And Rachel died, and was buried in the way to Ephrath, which is Bethlehem. +And Jacob set a pillar upon her grave: that is the pillar of Rachel's grave unto this day. +And Israel journeyed, and spread his tent beyond the tower of Edar. +And it came to pass, when Israel dwelt in that land, that Reuben went and lay with Bilhah his father's concubine: and Israel heard it. Now the sons of Jacob were twelve: +The sons of Leah; Reuben, Jacob's firstborn, and Simeon, and Levi, and Judah, and Issachar, and Zebulun: +The sons of Rachel; Joseph, and Benjamin: +And the sons of Bilhah, Rachel's handmaid; Dan, and Naphtali: +And the sons of Zilpah, Leah's handmaid: Gad, and Asher: these are the sons of Jacob, which were born to him in Padanaram. +And Jacob came unto Isaac his father unto Mamre, unto the city of Arbah, which is Hebron, where Abraham and Isaac sojourned. +And the days of Isaac were an hundred and fourscore years. +And Isaac gave up the ghost, and died, and was gathered unto his people, being old and full of days: and his sons Esau and Jacob buried him. +Now these are the generations of Esau, who is Edom. +Esau took his wives of the daughters of Canaan; Adah the daughter of Elon the Hittite, and Aholibamah the daughter of Anah the daughter of Zibeon the Hivite; +And Bashemath Ishmael's daughter, sister of Nebajoth. +And Adah bare to Esau Eliphaz; and Bashemath bare Reuel; +And Aholibamah bare Jeush, and Jaalam, and Korah: these are the sons of Esau, which were born unto him in the land of Canaan. +And Esau took his wives, and his sons, and his daughters, and all the persons of his house, and his cattle, and all his beasts, and all his substance, which he had got in the land of Canaan; and went into the country from the face of his brother Jacob. +For their riches were more than that they might dwell together; and the land wherein they were strangers could not bear them because of their cattle. +Thus dwelt Esau in mount Seir: Esau is Edom. +And these are the generations of Esau the father of the Edomites in mount Seir: +These are the names of Esau's sons; Eliphaz the son of Adah the wife of Esau, Reuel the son of Bashemath the wife of Esau. +And the sons of Eliphaz were Teman, Omar, Zepho, and Gatam, and Kenaz. +And Timna was concubine to Eliphaz Esau's son; and she bare to Eliphaz Amalek: these were the sons of Adah Esau's wife. +And these are the sons of Reuel; Nahath, and Zerah, Shammah, and Mizzah: these were the sons of Bashemath Esau's wife. +And these were the sons of Aholibamah, the daughter of Anah the daughter of Zibeon, Esau's wife: and she bare to Esau Jeush, and Jaalam, and Korah. +These were dukes of the sons of Esau: the sons of Eliphaz the firstborn son of Esau; duke Teman, duke Omar, duke Zepho, duke Kenaz, +Duke Korah, duke Gatam, and duke Amalek: these are the dukes that came of Eliphaz in the land of Edom; these were the sons of Adah. +And these are the sons of Reuel Esau's son; duke Nahath, duke Zerah, duke Shammah, duke Mizzah: these are the dukes that came of Reuel in the land of Edom; these are the sons of Bashemath Esau's wife. +And these are the sons of Aholibamah Esau's wife; duke Jeush, duke Jaalam, duke Korah: these were the dukes that came of Aholibamah the daughter of Anah, Esau's wife. +These are the sons of Esau, who is Edom, and these are their dukes. +These are the sons of Seir the Horite, who inhabited the land; Lotan, and Shobal, and Zibeon, and Anah, +And Dishon, and Ezer, and Dishan: these are the dukes of the Horites, the children of Seir in the land of Edom. +And the children of Lotan were Hori and Hemam; and Lotan's sister was Timna. +And the children of Shobal were these; Alvan, and Manahath, and Ebal, Shepho, and Onam. +And these are the children of Zibeon; both Ajah, and Anah: this was that Anah that found the mules in the wilderness, as he fed the asses of Zibeon his father. +And the children of Anah were these; Dishon, and Aholibamah the daughter of Anah. +And these are the children of Dishon; Hemdan, and Eshban, and Ithran, and Cheran. +The children of Ezer are these; Bilhan, and Zaavan, and Akan. +The children of Dishan are these; Uz, and Aran. +These are the dukes that came of the Horites; duke Lotan, duke Shobal, duke Zibeon, duke Anah, +Duke Dishon, duke Ezer, duke Dishan: these are the dukes that came of Hori, among their dukes in the land of Seir. +And these are the kings that reigned in the land of Edom, before there reigned any king over the children of Israel. +And Bela the son of Beor reigned in Edom: and the name of his city was Dinhabah. +And Bela died, and Jobab the son of Zerah of Bozrah reigned in his stead. +And Jobab died, and Husham of the land of Temani reigned in his stead. +And Husham died, and Hadad the son of Bedad, who smote Midian in the field of Moab, reigned in his stead: and the name of his city was Avith. +And Hadad died, and Samlah of Masrekah reigned in his stead. +And Samlah died, and Saul of Rehoboth by the river reigned in his stead. +And Saul died, and Baalhanan the son of Achbor reigned in his stead. +And Baalhanan the son of Achbor died, and Hadar reigned in his stead: and the name of his city was Pau; and his wife's name was Mehetabel, the daughter of Matred, the daughter of Mezahab. +And these are the names of the dukes that came of Esau, according to their families, after their places, by their names; duke Timnah, duke Alvah, duke Jetheth, +Duke Aholibamah, duke Elah, duke Pinon, +Duke Kenaz, duke Teman, duke Mibzar, +Duke Magdiel, duke Iram: these be the dukes of Edom, according to their habitations in the land of their possession: he is Esau the father of the Edomites. +And Jacob dwelt in the land wherein his father was a stranger, in the land of Canaan. +These are the generations of Jacob. Joseph, being seventeen years old, was feeding the flock with his brethren; and the lad was with the sons of Bilhah, and with the sons of Zilpah, his father's wives: and Joseph brought unto his father their evil report. +Now Israel loved Joseph more than all his children, because he was the son of his old age: and he made him a coat of many colours. +And when his brethren saw that their father loved him more than all his brethren, they hated him, and could not speak peaceably unto him. +And Joseph dreamed a dream, and he told it his brethren: and they hated him yet the more. +And he said unto them, Hear, I pray you, this dream which I have dreamed: +For, behold, we were binding sheaves in the field, and, lo, my sheaf arose, and also stood upright; and, behold, your sheaves stood round about, and made obeisance to my sheaf. +And his brethren said to him, Shalt thou indeed reign over us? or shalt thou indeed have dominion over us? And they hated him yet the more for his dreams, and for his words. +And he dreamed yet another dream, and told it his brethren, and said, Behold, I have dreamed a dream more; and, behold, the sun and the moon and the eleven stars made obeisance to me. +And he told it to his father, and to his brethren: and his father rebuked him, and said unto him, What is this dream that thou hast dreamed? Shall I and thy mother and thy brethren indeed come to bow down ourselves to thee to the earth? +And his brethren envied him; but his father observed the saying. +And his brethren went to feed their father's flock in Shechem. +And Israel said unto Joseph, Do not thy brethren feed the flock in Shechem? come, and I will send thee unto them. And he said to him, Here am I. +And he said to him, Go, I pray thee, see whether it be well with thy brethren, and well with the flocks; and bring me word again. So he sent him out of the vale of Hebron, and he came to Shechem. +And a certain man found him, and, behold, he was wandering in the field: and the man asked him, saying, What seekest thou? +And he said, I seek my brethren: tell me, I pray thee, where they feed their flocks. +And the man said, They are departed hence; for I heard them say, Let us go to Dothan. And Joseph went after his brethren, and found them in Dothan. +And when they saw him afar off, even before he came near unto them, they conspired against him to slay him. +And they said one to another, Behold, this dreamer cometh. +Come now therefore, and let us slay him, and cast him into some pit, and we will say, Some evil beast hath devoured him: and we shall see what will become of his dreams. +And Reuben heard it, and he delivered him out of their hands; and said, Let us not kill him. +And Reuben said unto them, Shed no blood, but cast him into this pit that is in the wilderness, and lay no hand upon him; that he might rid him out of their hands, to deliver him to his father again. +And it came to pass, when Joseph was come unto his brethren, that they stript Joseph out of his coat, his coat of many colours that was on him; +And they took him, and cast him into a pit: and the pit was empty, there was no water in it. +And they sat down to eat bread: and they lifted up their eyes and looked, and, behold, a company of Ishmeelites came from Gilead with their camels bearing spicery and balm and myrrh, going to carry it down to Egypt. +And Judah said unto his brethren, What profit is it if we slay our brother, and conceal his blood? +Come, and let us sell him to the Ishmeelites, and let not our hand be upon him; for he is our brother and our flesh. And his brethren were content. +Then there passed by Midianites merchantmen; and they drew and lifted up Joseph out of the pit, and sold Joseph to the Ishmeelites for twenty pieces of silver: and they brought Joseph into Egypt. +And Reuben returned unto the pit; and, behold, Joseph was not in the pit; and he rent his clothes. +And he returned unto his brethren, and said, The child is not; and I, whither shall I go? +And they took Joseph's coat, and killed a kid of the goats, and dipped the coat in the blood; +And they sent the coat of many colours, and they brought it to their father; and said, This have we found: know now whether it be thy son's coat or no. +And he knew it, and said, It is my son's coat; an evil beast hath devoured him; Joseph is without doubt rent in pieces. +And Jacob rent his clothes, and put sackcloth upon his loins, and mourned for his son many days. +And all his sons and all his daughters rose up to comfort him; but he refused to be comforted; and he said, For I will go down into the grave unto my son mourning. Thus his father wept for him. +And the Midianites sold him into Egypt unto Potiphar, an officer of Pharaoh's, and captain of the guard. +And it came to pass at that time, that Judah went down from his brethren, and turned in to a certain Adullamite, whose name was Hirah. +And Judah saw there a daughter of a certain Canaanite, whose name was Shuah; and he took her, and went in unto her. +And she conceived, and bare a son; and he called his name Er. +And she conceived again, and bare a son; and she called his name Onan. +And she yet again conceived, and bare a son; and called his name Shelah: and he was at Chezib, when she bare him. +And Judah took a wife for Er his firstborn, whose name was Tamar. +And Er, Judah's firstborn, was wicked in the sight of the LORD; and the LORD slew him. +And Judah said unto Onan, Go in unto thy brother's wife, and marry her, and raise up seed to thy brother. +And Onan knew that the seed should not be his; and it came to pass, when he went in unto his brother's wife, that he spilled it on the ground, lest that he should give seed to his brother. +And the thing which he did displeased the LORD: wherefore he slew him also. +Then said Judah to Tamar his daughter in law, Remain a widow at thy father's house, till Shelah my son be grown: for he said, Lest peradventure he die also, as his brethren did. And Tamar went and dwelt in her father's house. +And in process of time the daughter of Shuah Judah's wife died; and Judah was comforted, and went up unto his sheepshearers to Timnath, he and his friend Hirah the Adullamite. +And it was told Tamar, saying, Behold thy father in law goeth up to Timnath to shear his sheep. +And she put her widow's garments off from her, and covered her with a vail, and wrapped herself, and sat in an open place, which is by the way to Timnath; for she saw that Shelah was grown, and she was not given unto him to wife. +When Judah saw her, he thought her to be an harlot; because she had covered her face. +And he turned unto her by the way, and said, Go to, I pray thee, let me come in unto thee; (for he knew not that she was his daughter in law.) And she said, What wilt thou give me, that thou mayest come in unto me? +And he said, I will send thee a kid from the flock. And she said, Wilt thou give me a pledge, till thou send it? +And he said, What pledge shall I give thee? And she said, Thy signet, and thy bracelets, and thy staff that is in thine hand. And he gave it her, and came in unto her, and she conceived by him. +And she arose, and went away, and laid by her vail from her, and put on the garments of her widowhood. +And Judah sent the kid by the hand of his friend the Adullamite, to receive his pledge from the woman's hand: but he found her not. +Then he asked the men of that place, saying, Where is the harlot, that was openly by the way side? And they said, There was no harlot in this place. +And he returned to Judah, and said, I cannot find her; and also the men of the place said, that there was no harlot in this place. +And Judah said, Let her take it to her, lest we be shamed: behold, I sent this kid, and thou hast not found her. +And it came to pass about three months after, that it was told Judah, saying, Tamar thy daughter in law hath played the harlot; and also, behold, she is with child by whoredom. And Judah said, Bring her forth, and let her be burnt. +When she was brought forth, she sent to her father in law, saying, By the man, whose these are, am I with child: and she said, Discern, I pray thee, whose are these, the signet, and bracelets, and staff. +And Judah acknowledged them, and said, She hath been more righteous than I; because that I gave her not to Shelah my son. And he knew her again no more. +And it came to pass in the time of her travail, that, behold, twins were in her womb. +And it came to pass, when she travailed, that the one put out his hand: and the midwife took and bound upon his hand a scarlet thread, saying, This came out first. +And it came to pass, as he drew back his hand, that, behold, his brother came out: and she said, How hast thou broken forth? this breach be upon thee: therefore his name was called Pharez. +And afterward came out his brother, that had the scarlet thread upon his hand: and his name was called Zarah. +And Joseph was brought down to Egypt; and Potiphar, an officer of Pharaoh, captain of the guard, an Egyptian, bought him of the hands of the Ishmeelites, which had brought him down thither. +And the LORD was with Joseph, and he was a prosperous man; and he was in the house of his master the Egyptian. +And his master saw that the LORD was with him, and that the LORD made all that he did to prosper in his hand. +And Joseph found grace in his sight, and he served him: and he made him overseer over his house, and all that he had he put into his hand. +And it came to pass from the time that he had made him overseer in his house, and over all that he had, that the LORD blessed the Egyptian's house for Joseph's sake; and the blessing of the LORD was upon all that he had in the house, and in the field. +And he left all that he had in Joseph's hand; and he knew not ought he had, save the bread which he did eat. And Joseph was a goodly person, and well favoured. +And it came to pass after these things, that his master's wife cast her eyes upon Joseph; and she said, Lie with me. +But he refused, and said unto his master's wife, Behold, my master wotteth not what is with me in the house, and he hath committed all that he hath to my hand; +There is none greater in this house than I; neither hath he kept back any thing from me but thee, because thou art his wife: how then can I do this great wickedness, and sin against God? +And it came to pass, as she spake to Joseph day by day, that he hearkened not unto her, to lie by her, or to be with her. +And it came to pass about this time, that Joseph went into the house to do his business; and there was none of the men of the house there within. +And she caught him by his garment, saying, Lie with me: and he left his garment in her hand, and fled, and got him out. +And it came to pass, when she saw that he had left his garment in her hand, and was fled forth, +That she called unto the men of her house, and spake unto them, saying, See, he hath brought in an Hebrew unto us to mock us; he came in unto me to lie with me, and I cried with a loud voice: +And it came to pass, when he heard that I lifted up my voice and cried, that he left his garment with me, and fled, and got him out. +And she laid up his garment by her, until his lord came home. +And she spake unto him according to these words, saying, The Hebrew servant, which thou hast brought unto us, came in unto me to mock me: +And it came to pass, as I lifted up my voice and cried, that he left his garment with me, and fled out. +And it came to pass, when his master heard the words of his wife, which she spake unto him, saying, After this manner did thy servant to me; that his wrath was kindled. +And Joseph's master took him, and put him into the prison, a place where the king's prisoners were bound: and he was there in the prison. +But the LORD was with Joseph, and shewed him mercy, and gave him favour in the sight of the keeper of the prison. +And the keeper of the prison committed to Joseph's hand all the prisoners that were in the prison; and whatsoever they did there, he was the doer of it. +The keeper of the prison looked not to any thing that was under his hand; because the LORD was with him, and that which he did, the LORD made it to prosper. +And it came to pass after these things, that the butler of the king of Egypt and his baker had offended their lord the king of Egypt. +And Pharaoh was wroth against two of his officers, against the chief of the butlers, and against the chief of the bakers. +And he put them in ward in the house of the captain of the guard, into the prison, the place where Joseph was bound. +And the captain of the guard charged Joseph with them, and he served them: and they continued a season in ward. +And they dreamed a dream both of them, each man his dream in one night, each man according to the interpretation of his dream, the butler and the baker of the king of Egypt, which were bound in the prison. +And Joseph came in unto them in the morning, and looked upon them, and, behold, they were sad. +And he asked Pharaoh's officers that were with him in the ward of his lord's house, saying, Wherefore look ye so sadly to day? +And they said unto him, We have dreamed a dream, and there is no interpreter of it. And Joseph said unto them, Do not interpretations belong to God? tell me them, I pray you. +And the chief butler told his dream to Joseph, and said to him, In my dream, behold, a vine was before me; +And in the vine were three branches: and it was as though it budded, and her blossoms shot forth; and the clusters thereof brought forth ripe grapes: +And Pharaoh's cup was in my hand: and I took the grapes, and pressed them into Pharaoh's cup, and I gave the cup into Pharaoh's hand. +And Joseph said unto him, This is the interpretation of it: The three branches are three days: +Yet within three days shall Pharaoh lift up thine head, and restore thee unto thy place: and thou shalt deliver Pharaoh's cup into his hand, after the former manner when thou wast his butler. +But think on me when it shall be well with thee, and shew kindness, I pray thee, unto me, and make mention of me unto Pharaoh, and bring me out of this house: +For indeed I was stolen away out of the land of the Hebrews: and here also have I done nothing that they should put me into the dungeon. +When the chief baker saw that the interpretation was good, he said unto Joseph, I also was in my dream, and, behold, I had three white baskets on my head: +And in the uppermost basket there was of all manner of bakemeats for Pharaoh; and the birds did eat them out of the basket upon my head. +And Joseph answered and said, This is the interpretation thereof: The three baskets are three days: +Yet within three days shall Pharaoh lift up thy head from off thee, and shall hang thee on a tree; and the birds shall eat thy flesh from off thee. +And it came to pass the third day, which was Pharaoh's birthday, that he made a feast unto all his servants: and he lifted up the head of the chief butler and of the chief baker among his servants. +And he restored the chief butler unto his butlership again; and he gave the cup into Pharaoh's hand: +But he hanged the chief baker: as Joseph had interpreted to them. +Yet did not the chief butler remember Joseph, but forgat him. +And it came to pass at the end of two full years, that Pharaoh dreamed: and, behold, he stood by the river. +And, behold, there came up out of the river seven well favoured kine and fatfleshed; and they fed in a meadow. +And, behold, seven other kine came up after them out of the river, ill favoured and leanfleshed; and stood by the other kine upon the brink of the river. +And the ill favoured and leanfleshed kine did eat up the seven well favoured and fat kine. So Pharaoh awoke. +And he slept and dreamed the second time: and, behold, seven ears of corn came up upon one stalk, rank and good. +And, behold, seven thin ears and blasted with the east wind sprung up after them. +And the seven thin ears devoured the seven rank and full ears. And Pharaoh awoke, and, behold, it was a dream. +And it came to pass in the morning that his spirit was troubled; and he sent and called for all the magicians of Egypt, and all the wise men thereof: and Pharaoh told them his dream; but there was none that could interpret them unto Pharaoh. +Then spake the chief butler unto Pharaoh, saying, I do remember my faults this day: +Pharaoh was wroth with his servants, and put me in ward in the captain of the guard's house, both me and the chief baker: +And we dreamed a dream in one night, I and he; we dreamed each man according to the interpretation of his dream. +And there was there with us a young man, an Hebrew, servant to the captain of the guard; and we told him, and he interpreted to us our dreams; to each man according to his dream he did interpret. +And it came to pass, as he interpreted to us, so it was; me he restored unto mine office, and him he hanged. +Then Pharaoh sent and called Joseph, and they brought him hastily out of the dungeon: and he shaved himself, and changed his raiment, and came in unto Pharaoh. +And Pharaoh said unto Joseph, I have dreamed a dream, and there is none that can interpret it: and I have heard say of thee, that thou canst understand a dream to interpret it. +And Joseph answered Pharaoh, saying, It is not in me: God shall give Pharaoh an answer of peace. +And Pharaoh said unto Joseph, In my dream, behold, I stood upon the bank of the river: +And, behold, there came up out of the river seven kine, fatfleshed and well favoured; and they fed in a meadow: +And, behold, seven other kine came up after them, poor and very ill favoured and leanfleshed, such as I never saw in all the land of Egypt for badness: +And the lean and the ill favoured kine did eat up the first seven fat kine: +And when they had eaten them up, it could not be known that they had eaten them; but they were still ill favoured, as at the beginning. So I awoke. +And I saw in my dream, and, behold, seven ears came up in one stalk, full and good: +And, behold, seven ears, withered, thin, and blasted with the east wind, sprung up after them: +And the thin ears devoured the seven good ears: and I told this unto the magicians; but there was none that could declare it to me. +And Joseph said unto Pharaoh, The dream of Pharaoh is one: God hath shewed Pharaoh what he is about to do. +The seven good kine are seven years; and the seven good ears are seven years: the dream is one. +And the seven thin and ill favoured kine that came up after them are seven years; and the seven empty ears blasted with the east wind shall be seven years of famine. +This is the thing which I have spoken unto Pharaoh: What God is about to do he sheweth unto Pharaoh. +Behold, there come seven years of great plenty throughout all the land of Egypt: +And there shall arise after them seven years of famine; and all the plenty shall be forgotten in the land of Egypt; and the famine shall consume the land; +And the plenty shall not be known in the land by reason of that famine following; for it shall be very grievous. +And for that the dream was doubled unto Pharaoh twice; it is because the thing is established by God, and God will shortly bring it to pass. +Now therefore let Pharaoh look out a man discreet and wise, and set him over the land of Egypt. +Let Pharaoh do this, and let him appoint officers over the land, and take up the fifth part of the land of Egypt in the seven plenteous years. +And let them gather all the food of those good years that come, and lay up corn under the hand of Pharaoh, and let them keep food in the cities. +And that food shall be for store to the land against the seven years of famine, which shall be in the land of Egypt; that the land perish not through the famine. +And the thing was good in the eyes of Pharaoh, and in the eyes of all his servants. +And Pharaoh said unto his servants, Can we find such a one as this is, a man in whom the Spirit of God is? +And Pharaoh said unto Joseph, Forasmuch as God hath shewed thee all this, there is none so discreet and wise as thou art: +Thou shalt be over my house, and according unto thy word shall all my people be ruled: only in the throne will I be greater than thou. +And Pharaoh said unto Joseph, See, I have set thee over all the land of Egypt. +And Pharaoh took off his ring from his hand, and put it upon Joseph's hand, and arrayed him in vestures of fine linen, and put a gold chain about his neck; +And he made him to ride in the second chariot which he had; and they cried before him, Bow the knee: and he made him ruler over all the land of Egypt. +And Pharaoh said unto Joseph, I am Pharaoh, and without thee shall no man lift up his hand or foot in all the land of Egypt. +And Pharaoh called Joseph's name Zaphnathpaaneah; and he gave him to wife Asenath the daughter of Potipherah priest of On. And Joseph went out over all the land of Egypt. +And Joseph was thirty years old when he stood before Pharaoh king of Egypt. And Joseph went out from the presence of Pharaoh, and went throughout all the land of Egypt. +And in the seven plenteous years the earth brought forth by handfuls. +And he gathered up all the food of the seven years, which were in the land of Egypt, and laid up the food in the cities: the food of the field, which was round about every city, laid he up in the same. +And Joseph gathered corn as the sand of the sea, very much, until he left numbering; for it was without number. +And unto Joseph were born two sons before the years of famine came, which Asenath the daughter of Potipherah priest of On bare unto him. +And Joseph called the name of the firstborn Manasseh: For God, said he, hath made me forget all my toil, and all my father's house. +And the name of the second called he Ephraim: For God hath caused me to be fruitful in the land of my affliction. +And the seven years of plenteousness, that was in the land of Egypt, were ended. +And the seven years of dearth began to come, according as Joseph had said: and the dearth was in all lands; but in all the land of Egypt there was bread. +And when all the land of Egypt was famished, the people cried to Pharaoh for bread: and Pharaoh said unto all the Egyptians, Go unto Joseph; what he saith to you, do. +And the famine was over all the face of the earth: and Joseph opened all the storehouses, and sold unto the Egyptians; and the famine waxed sore in the land of Egypt. +And all countries came into Egypt to Joseph for to buy corn; because that the famine was so sore in all lands. +Now when Jacob saw that there was corn in Egypt, Jacob said unto his sons, Why do ye look one upon another? +And he said, Behold, I have heard that there is corn in Egypt: get you down thither, and buy for us from thence; that we may live, and not die. +And Joseph's ten brethren went down to buy corn in Egypt. +But Benjamin, Joseph's brother, Jacob sent not with his brethren; for he said, Lest peradventure mischief befall him. +And the sons of Israel came to buy corn among those that came: for the famine was in the land of Canaan. +And Joseph was the governor over the land, and he it was that sold to all the people of the land: and Joseph's brethren came, and bowed down themselves before him with their faces to the earth. +And Joseph saw his brethren, and he knew them, but made himself strange unto them, and spake roughly unto them; and he said unto them, Whence come ye? And they said, From the land of Canaan to buy food. +And Joseph knew his brethren, but they knew not him. +And Joseph remembered the dreams which he dreamed of them, and said unto them, Ye are spies; to see the nakedness of the land ye are come. +And they said unto him, Nay, my lord, but to buy food are thy servants come. +We are all one man's sons; we are true men, thy servants are no spies. +And he said unto them, Nay, but to see the nakedness of the land ye are come. +And they said, Thy servants are twelve brethren, the sons of one man in the land of Canaan; and, behold, the youngest is this day with our father, and one is not. +And Joseph said unto them, That is it that I spake unto you, saying, Ye are spies: +Hereby ye shall be proved: By the life of Pharaoh ye shall not go forth hence, except your youngest brother come hither. +Send one of you, and let him fetch your brother, and ye shall be kept in prison, that your words may be proved, whether there be any truth in you: or else by the life of Pharaoh surely ye are spies. +And he put them all together into ward three days. +And Joseph said unto them the third day, This do, and live; for I fear God: +If ye be true men, let one of your brethren be bound in the house of your prison: go ye, carry corn for the famine of your houses: +But bring your youngest brother unto me; so shall your words be verified, and ye shall not die. And they did so. +And they said one to another, We are verily guilty concerning our brother, in that we saw the anguish of his soul, when he besought us, and we would not hear; therefore is this distress come upon us. +And Reuben answered them, saying, Spake I not unto you, saying, Do not sin against the child; and ye would not hear? therefore, behold, also his blood is required. +And they knew not that Joseph understood them; for he spake unto them by an interpreter. +And he turned himself about from them, and wept; and returned to them again, and communed with them, and took from them Simeon, and bound him before their eyes. +Then Joseph commanded to fill their sacks with corn, and to restore every man's money into his sack, and to give them provision for the way: and thus did he unto them. +And they laded their asses with the corn, and departed thence. +And as one of them opened his sack to give his ass provender in the inn, he espied his money; for, behold, it was in his sack's mouth. +And he said unto his brethren, My money is restored; and, lo, it is even in my sack: and their heart failed them, and they were afraid, saying one to another, What is this that God hath done unto us? +And they came unto Jacob their father unto the land of Canaan, and told him all that befell unto them; saying, +The man, who is the lord of the land, spake roughly to us, and took us for spies of the country. +And we said unto him, We are true men; we are no spies: +We be twelve brethren, sons of our father; one is not, and the youngest is this day with our father in the land of Canaan. +And the man, the lord of the country, said unto us, Hereby shall I know that ye are true men; leave one of your brethren here with me, and take food for the famine of your households, and be gone: +And bring your youngest brother unto me: then shall I know that ye are no spies, but that ye are true men: so will I deliver you your brother, and ye shall traffick in the land. +And it came to pass as they emptied their sacks, that, behold, every man's bundle of money was in his sack: and when both they and their father saw the bundles of money, they were afraid. +And Jacob their father said unto them, Me have ye bereaved of my children: Joseph is not, and Simeon is not, and ye will take Benjamin away: all these things are against me. +And Reuben spake unto his father, saying, Slay my two sons, if I bring him not to thee: deliver him into my hand, and I will bring him to thee again. +And he said, My son shall not go down with you; for his brother is dead, and he is left alone: if mischief befall him by the way in the which ye go, then shall ye bring down my gray hairs with sorrow to the grave. +And the famine was sore in the land. +And it came to pass, when they had eaten up the corn which they had brought out of Egypt, their father said unto them, Go again, buy us a little food. +And Judah spake unto him, saying, The man did solemnly protest unto us, saying, Ye shall not see my face, except your brother be with you. +If thou wilt send our brother with us, we will go down and buy thee food: +But if thou wilt not send him, we will not go down: for the man said unto us, Ye shall not see my face, except your brother be with you. +And Israel said, Wherefore dealt ye so ill with me, as to tell the man whether ye had yet a brother? +And they said, The man asked us straitly of our state, and of our kindred, saying, Is your father yet alive? have ye another brother? and we told him according to the tenor of these words: could we certainly know that he would say, Bring your brother down? +And Judah said unto Israel his father, Send the lad with me, and we will arise and go; that we may live, and not die, both we, and thou, and also our little ones. +I will be surety for him; of my hand shalt thou require him: if I bring him not unto thee, and set him before thee, then let me bear the blame for ever: +For except we had lingered, surely now we had returned this second time. +And their father Israel said unto them, If it must be so now, do this; take of the best fruits in the land in your vessels, and carry down the man a present, a little balm, and a little honey, spices, and myrrh, nuts, and almonds: +And take double money in your hand; and the money that was brought again in the mouth of your sacks, carry it again in your hand; peradventure it was an oversight: +Take also your brother, and arise, go again unto the man: +And God Almighty give you mercy before the man, that he may send away your other brother, and Benjamin. If I be bereaved of my children, I am bereaved. +And the men took that present, and they took double money in their hand and Benjamin; and rose up, and went down to Egypt, and stood before Joseph. +And when Joseph saw Benjamin with them, he said to the ruler of his house, Bring these men home, and slay, and make ready; for these men shall dine with me at noon. +And the man did as Joseph bade; and the man brought the men into Joseph's house. +And the men were afraid, because they were brought into Joseph's house; and they said, Because of the money that was returned in our sacks at the first time are we brought in; that he may seek occasion against us, and fall upon us, and take us for bondmen, and our asses. +And they came near to the steward of Joseph's house, and they communed with him at the door of the house, +And said, O sir, we came indeed down at the first time to buy food: +And it came to pass, when we came to the inn, that we opened our sacks, and, behold, every man's money was in the mouth of his sack, our money in full weight: and we have brought it again in our hand. +And other money have we brought down in our hands to buy food: we cannot tell who put our money in our sacks. +And he said, Peace be to you, fear not: your God, and the God of your father, hath given you treasure in your sacks: I had your money. And he brought Simeon out unto them. +And the man brought the men into Joseph's house, and gave them water, and they washed their feet; and he gave their asses provender. +And they made ready the present against Joseph came at noon: for they heard that they should eat bread there. +And when Joseph came home, they brought him the present which was in their hand into the house, and bowed themselves to him to the earth. +And he asked them of their welfare, and said, Is your father well, the old man of whom ye spake? Is he yet alive? +And they answered, Thy servant our father is in good health, he is yet alive. And they bowed down their heads, and made obeisance. +And he lifted up his eyes, and saw his brother Benjamin, his mother's son, and said, Is this your younger brother, of whom ye spake unto me? And he said, God be gracious unto thee, my son. +And Joseph made haste; for his bowels did yearn upon his brother: and he sought where to weep; and he entered into his chamber, and wept there. +And he washed his face, and went out, and refrained himself, and said, Set on bread. +And they set on for him by himself, and for them by themselves, and for the Egyptians, which did eat with him, by themselves: because the Egyptians might not eat bread with the Hebrews; for that is an abomination unto the Egyptians. +And they sat before him, the firstborn according to his birthright, and the youngest according to his youth: and the men marvelled one at another. +And he took and sent messes unto them from before him: but Benjamin's mess was five times so much as any of their's. And they drank, and were merry with him. +And he commanded the steward of his house, saying, Fill the men's sacks with food, as much as they can carry, and put every man's money in his sack's mouth. +And put my cup, the silver cup, in the sack's mouth of the youngest, and his corn money. And he did according to the word that Joseph had spoken. +As soon as the morning was light, the men were sent away, they and their asses. +And when they were gone out of the city, and not yet far off, Joseph said unto his steward, Up, follow after the men; and when thou dost overtake them, say unto them, Wherefore have ye rewarded evil for good? +Is not this it in which my lord drinketh, and whereby indeed he divineth? ye have done evil in so doing. +And he overtook them, and he spake unto them these same words. +And they said unto him, Wherefore saith my lord these words? God forbid that thy servants should do according to this thing: +Behold, the money, which we found in our sacks' mouths, we brought again unto thee out of the land of Canaan: how then should we steal out of thy lord's house silver or gold? +With whomsoever of thy servants it be found, both let him die, and we also will be my lord's bondmen. +And he said, Now also let it be according unto your words: he with whom it is found shall be my servant; and ye shall be blameless. +Then they speedily took down every man his sack to the ground, and opened every man his sack. +And he searched, and began at the eldest, and left at the youngest: and the cup was found in Benjamin's sack. +Then they rent their clothes, and laded every man his ass, and returned to the city. +And Judah and his brethren came to Joseph's house; for he was yet there: and they fell before him on the ground. +And Joseph said unto them, What deed is this that ye have done? wot ye not that such a man as I can certainly divine? +And Judah said, What shall we say unto my lord? what shall we speak? or how shall we clear ourselves? God hath found out the iniquity of thy servants: behold, we are my lord's servants, both we, and he also with whom the cup is found. +And he said, God forbid that I should do so: but the man in whose hand the cup is found, he shall be my servant; and as for you, get you up in peace unto your father. +Then Judah came near unto him, and said, Oh my lord, let thy servant, I pray thee, speak a word in my lord's ears, and let not thine anger burn against thy servant: for thou art even as Pharaoh. +My lord asked his servants, saying, Have ye a father, or a brother? +And we said unto my lord, We have a father, an old man, and a child of his old age, a little one; and his brother is dead, and he alone is left of his mother, and his father loveth him. +And thou saidst unto thy servants, Bring him down unto me, that I may set mine eyes upon him. +And we said unto my lord, The lad cannot leave his father: for if he should leave his father, his father would die. +And thou saidst unto thy servants, Except your youngest brother come down with you, ye shall see my face no more. +And it came to pass when we came up unto thy servant my father, we told him the words of my lord. +And our father said, Go again, and buy us a little food. +And we said, We cannot go down: if our youngest brother be with us, then will we go down: for we may not see the man's face, except our youngest brother be with us. +And thy servant my father said unto us, Ye know that my wife bare me two sons: +And the one went out from me, and I said, Surely he is torn in pieces; and I saw him not since: +And if ye take this also from me, and mischief befall him, ye shall bring down my gray hairs with sorrow to the grave. +Now therefore when I come to thy servant my father, and the lad be not with us; seeing that his life is bound up in the lad's life; +It shall come to pass, when he seeth that the lad is not with us, that he will die: and thy servants shall bring down the gray hairs of thy servant our father with sorrow to the grave. +For thy servant became surety for the lad unto my father, saying, If I bring him not unto thee, then I shall bear the blame to my father for ever. +Now therefore, I pray thee, let thy servant abide instead of the lad a bondman to my lord; and let the lad go up with his brethren. +For how shall I go up to my father, and the lad be not with me? lest peradventure I see the evil that shall come on my father. +Then Joseph could not refrain himself before all them that stood by him; and he cried, Cause every man to go out from me. And there stood no man with him, while Joseph made himself known unto his brethren. +And he wept aloud: and the Egyptians and the house of Pharaoh heard. +And Joseph said unto his brethren, I am Joseph; doth my father yet live? And his brethren could not answer him; for they were troubled at his presence. +And Joseph said unto his brethren, Come near to me, I pray you. And they came near. And he said, I am Joseph your brother, whom ye sold into Egypt. +Now therefore be not grieved, nor angry with yourselves, that ye sold me hither: for God did send me before you to preserve life. +For these two years hath the famine been in the land: and yet there are five years, in the which there shall neither be earing nor harvest. +And God sent me before you to preserve you a posterity in the earth, and to save your lives by a great deliverance. +So now it was not you that sent me hither, but God: and he hath made me a father to Pharaoh, and lord of all his house, and a ruler throughout all the land of Egypt. +Haste ye, and go up to my father, and say unto him, Thus saith thy son Joseph, God hath made me lord of all Egypt: come down unto me, tarry not: +And thou shalt dwell in the land of Goshen, and thou shalt be near unto me, thou, and thy children, and thy children's children, and thy flocks, and thy herds, and all that thou hast: +And there will I nourish thee; for yet there are five years of famine; lest thou, and thy household, and all that thou hast, come to poverty. +And, behold, your eyes see, and the eyes of my brother Benjamin, that it is my mouth that speaketh unto you. +And ye shall tell my father of all my glory in Egypt, and of all that ye have seen; and ye shall haste and bring down my father hither. +And he fell upon his brother Benjamin's neck, and wept; and Benjamin wept upon his neck. +Moreover he kissed all his brethren, and wept upon them: and after that his brethren talked with him. +And the fame thereof was heard in Pharaoh's house, saying, Joseph's brethren are come: and it pleased Pharaoh well, and his servants. +And Pharaoh said unto Joseph, Say unto thy brethren, This do ye; lade your beasts, and go, get you unto the land of Canaan; +And take your father and your households, and come unto me: and I will give you the good of the land of Egypt, and ye shall eat the fat of the land. +Now thou art commanded, this do ye; take you wagons out of the land of Egypt for your little ones, and for your wives, and bring your father, and come. +Also regard not your stuff; for the good of all the land of Egypt is your's. +And the children of Israel did so: and Joseph gave them wagons, according to the commandment of Pharaoh, and gave them provision for the way. +To all of them he gave each man changes of raiment; but to Benjamin he gave three hundred pieces of silver, and five changes of raiment. +And to his father he sent after this manner; ten asses laden with the good things of Egypt, and ten she asses laden with corn and bread and meat for his father by the way. +So he sent his brethren away, and they departed: and he said unto them, See that ye fall not out by the way. +And they went up out of Egypt, and came into the land of Canaan unto Jacob their father, +And told him, saying, Joseph is yet alive, and he is governor over all the land of Egypt. And Jacob's heart fainted, for he believed them not. +And they told him all the words of Joseph, which he had said unto them: and when he saw the wagons which Joseph had sent to carry him, the spirit of Jacob their father revived: +And Israel said, It is enough; Joseph my son is yet alive: I will go and see him before I die. +And Israel took his journey with all that he had, and came to Beersheba, and offered sacrifices unto the God of his father Isaac. +And God spake unto Israel in the visions of the night, and said, Jacob, Jacob. And he said, Here am I. +And he said, I am God, the God of thy father: fear not to go down into Egypt; for I will there make of thee a great nation: +I will go down with thee into Egypt; and I will also surely bring thee up again: and Joseph shall put his hand upon thine eyes. +And Jacob rose up from Beersheba: and the sons of Israel carried Jacob their father, and their little ones, and their wives, in the wagons which Pharaoh had sent to carry him. +And they took their cattle, and their goods, which they had gotten in the land of Canaan, and came into Egypt, Jacob, and all his seed with him: +His sons, and his sons' sons with him, his daughters, and his sons' daughters, and all his seed brought he with him into Egypt. +And these are the names of the children of Israel, which came into Egypt, Jacob and his sons: Reuben, Jacob's firstborn. +And the sons of Reuben; Hanoch, and Phallu, and Hezron, and Carmi. +And the sons of Simeon; Jemuel, and Jamin, and Ohad, and Jachin, and Zohar, and Shaul the son of a Canaanitish woman. +And the sons of Levi; Gershon, Kohath, and Merari. +And the sons of Judah; Er, and Onan, and Shelah, and Pharez, and Zarah: but Er and Onan died in the land of Canaan. And the sons of Pharez were Hezron and Hamul. +And the sons of Issachar; Tola, and Phuvah, and Job, and Shimron. +And the sons of Zebulun; Sered, and Elon, and Jahleel. +These be the sons of Leah, which she bare unto Jacob in Padanaram, with his daughter Dinah: all the souls of his sons and his daughters were thirty and three. +And the sons of Gad; Ziphion, and Haggi, Shuni, and Ezbon, Eri, and Arodi, and Areli. +And the sons of Asher; Jimnah, and Ishuah, and Isui, and Beriah, and Serah their sister: and the sons of Beriah; Heber, and Malchiel. +These are the sons of Zilpah, whom Laban gave to Leah his daughter, and these she bare unto Jacob, even sixteen souls. +The sons of Rachel Jacob's wife; Joseph, and Benjamin. +And unto Joseph in the land of Egypt were born Manasseh and Ephraim, which Asenath the daughter of Potipherah priest of On bare unto him. +And the sons of Benjamin were Belah, and Becher, and Ashbel, Gera, and Naaman, Ehi, and Rosh, Muppim, and Huppim, and Ard. +These are the sons of Rachel, which were born to Jacob: all the souls were fourteen. +And the sons of Dan; Hushim. +And the sons of Naphtali; Jahzeel, and Guni, and Jezer, and Shillem. +These are the sons of Bilhah, which Laban gave unto Rachel his daughter, and she bare these unto Jacob: all the souls were seven. +All the souls that came with Jacob into Egypt, which came out of his loins, besides Jacob's sons' wives, all the souls were threescore and six; +And the sons of Joseph, which were born him in Egypt, were two souls: all the souls of the house of Jacob, which came into Egypt, were threescore and ten. +And he sent Judah before him unto Joseph, to direct his face unto Goshen; and they came into the land of Goshen. +And Joseph made ready his chariot, and went up to meet Israel his father, to Goshen, and presented himself unto him; and he fell on his neck, and wept on his neck a good while. +And Israel said unto Joseph, Now let me die, since I have seen thy face, because thou art yet alive. +And Joseph said unto his brethren, and unto his father's house, I will go up, and shew Pharaoh, and say unto him, My brethren, and my father's house, which were in the land of Canaan, are come unto me; +And the men are shepherds, for their trade hath been to feed cattle; and they have brought their flocks, and their herds, and all that they have. +And it shall come to pass, when Pharaoh shall call you, and shall say, What is your occupation? +That ye shall say, Thy servants' trade hath been about cattle from our youth even until now, both we, and also our fathers: that ye may dwell in the land of Goshen; for every shepherd is an abomination unto the Egyptians. +Then Joseph came and told Pharaoh, and said, My father and my brethren, and their flocks, and their herds, and all that they have, are come out of the land of Canaan; and, behold, they are in the land of Goshen. +And he took some of his brethren, even five men, and presented them unto Pharaoh. +And Pharaoh said unto his brethren, What is your occupation? And they said unto Pharaoh, Thy servants are shepherds, both we, and also our fathers. +They said morever unto Pharaoh, For to sojourn in the land are we come; for thy servants have no pasture for their flocks; for the famine is sore in the land of Canaan: now therefore, we pray thee, let thy servants dwell in the land of Goshen. +And Pharaoh spake unto Joseph, saying, Thy father and thy brethren are come unto thee: +The land of Egypt is before thee; in the best of the land make thy father and brethren to dwell; in the land of Goshen let them dwell: and if thou knowest any men of activity among them, then make them rulers over my cattle. +And Joseph brought in Jacob his father, and set him before Pharaoh: and Jacob blessed Pharaoh. +And Pharaoh said unto Jacob, How old art thou? +And Jacob said unto Pharaoh, The days of the years of my pilgrimage are an hundred and thirty years: few and evil have the days of the years of my life been, and have not attained unto the days of the years of the life of my fathers in the days of their pilgrimage. +And Jacob blessed Pharaoh, and went out from before Pharaoh. +And Joseph placed his father and his brethren, and gave them a possession in the land of Egypt, in the best of the land, in the land of Rameses, as Pharaoh had commanded. +And Joseph nourished his father, and his brethren, and all his father's household, with bread, according to their families. +And there was no bread in all the land; for the famine was very sore, so that the land of Egypt and all the land of Canaan fainted by reason of the famine. +And Joseph gathered up all the money that was found in the land of Egypt, and in the land of Canaan, for the corn which they bought: and Joseph brought the money into Pharaoh's house. +And when money failed in the land of Egypt, and in the land of Canaan, all the Egyptians came unto Joseph, and said, Give us bread: for why should we die in thy presence? for the money faileth. +And Joseph said, Give your cattle; and I will give you for your cattle, if money fail. +And they brought their cattle unto Joseph: and Joseph gave them bread in exchange for horses, and for the flocks, and for the cattle of the herds, and for the asses: and he fed them with bread for all their cattle for that year. +When that year was ended, they came unto him the second year, and said unto him, We will not hide it from my lord, how that our money is spent; my lord also hath our herds of cattle; there is not ought left in the sight of my lord, but our bodies, and our lands: +Wherefore shall we die before thine eyes, both we and our land? buy us and our land for bread, and we and our land will be servants unto Pharaoh: and give us seed, that we may live, and not die, that the land be not desolate. +And Joseph bought all the land of Egypt for Pharaoh; for the Egyptians sold every man his field, because the famine prevailed over them: so the land became Pharaoh's. +And as for the people, he removed them to cities from one end of the borders of Egypt even to the other end thereof. +Only the land of the priests bought he not; for the priests had a portion assigned them of Pharaoh, and did eat their portion which Pharaoh gave them: wherefore they sold not their lands. +Then Joseph said unto the people, Behold, I have bought you this day and your land for Pharaoh: lo, here is seed for you, and ye shall sow the land. +And it shall come to pass in the increase, that ye shall give the fifth part unto Pharaoh, and four parts shall be your own, for seed of the field, and for your food, and for them of your households, and for food for your little ones. +And they said, Thou hast saved our lives: let us find grace in the sight of my lord, and we will be Pharaoh's servants. +And Joseph made it a law over the land of Egypt unto this day, that Pharaoh should have the fifth part, except the land of the priests only, which became not Pharaoh's. +And Israel dwelt in the land of Egypt, in the country of Goshen; and they had possessions therein, and grew, and multiplied exceedingly. +And Jacob lived in the land of Egypt seventeen years: so the whole age of Jacob was an hundred forty and seven years. +And the time drew nigh that Israel must die: and he called his son Joseph, and said unto him, If now I have found grace in thy sight, put, I pray thee, thy hand under my thigh, and deal kindly and truly with me; bury me not, I pray thee, in Egypt: +But I will lie with my fathers, and thou shalt carry me out of Egypt, and bury me in their buryingplace. And he said, I will do as thou hast said. +And he said, Swear unto me. And he sware unto him. And Israel bowed himself upon the bed's head. +And it came to pass after these things, that one told Joseph, Behold, thy father is sick: and he took with him his two sons, Manasseh and Ephraim. +And one told Jacob, and said, Behold, thy son Joseph cometh unto thee: and Israel strengthened himself, and sat upon the bed. +And Jacob said unto Joseph, God Almighty appeared unto me at Luz in the land of Canaan, and blessed me, +And said unto me, Behold, I will make thee fruitful, and multiply thee, and I will make of thee a multitude of people; and will give this land to thy seed after thee for an everlasting possession. +And now thy two sons, Ephraim and Manasseh, which were born unto thee in the land of Egypt before I came unto thee into Egypt, are mine; as Reuben and Simeon, they shall be mine. +And thy issue, which thou begettest after them, shall be thine, and shall be called after the name of their brethren in their inheritance. +And as for me, when I came from Padan, Rachel died by me in the land of Canaan in the way, when yet there was but a little way to come unto Ephrath: and I buried her there in the way of Ephrath; the same is Bethlehem. +And Israel beheld Joseph's sons, and said, Who are these? +And Joseph said unto his father, They are my sons, whom God hath given me in this place. And he said, Bring them, I pray thee, unto me, and I will bless them. +Now the eyes of Israel were dim for age, so that he could not see. And he brought them near unto him; and he kissed them, and embraced them. +And Israel said unto Joseph, I had not thought to see thy face: and, lo, God hath shewed me also thy seed. +And Joseph brought them out from between his knees, and he bowed himself with his face to the earth. +And Joseph took them both, Ephraim in his right hand toward Israel's left hand, and Manasseh in his left hand toward Israel's right hand, and brought them near unto him. +And Israel stretched out his right hand, and laid it upon Ephraim's head, who was the younger, and his left hand upon Manasseh's head, guiding his hands wittingly; for Manasseh was the firstborn. +And he blessed Joseph, and said, God, before whom my fathers Abraham and Isaac did walk, the God which fed me all my life long unto this day, +The Angel which redeemed me from all evil, bless the lads; and let my name be named on them, and the name of my fathers Abraham and Isaac; and let them grow into a multitude in the midst of the earth. +And when Joseph saw that his father laid his right hand upon the head of Ephraim, it displeased him: and he held up his father's hand, to remove it from Ephraim's head unto Manasseh's head. +And Joseph said unto his father, Not so, my father: for this is the firstborn; put thy right hand upon his head. +And his father refused, and said, I know it, my son, I know it: he also shall become a people, and he also shall be great: but truly his younger brother shall be greater than he, and his seed shall become a multitude of nations. +And he blessed them that day, saying, In thee shall Israel bless, saying, God make thee as Ephraim and as Manasseh: and he set Ephraim before Manasseh. +And Israel said unto Joseph, Behold, I die: but God shall be with you, and bring you again unto the land of your fathers. +Moreover I have given to thee one portion above thy brethren, which I took out of the hand of the Amorite with my sword and with my bow. +And Jacob called unto his sons, and said, Gather yourselves together, that I may tell you that which shall befall you in the last days. +Gather yourselves together, and hear, ye sons of Jacob; and hearken unto Israel your father. +Reuben, thou art my firstborn, my might, and the beginning of my strength, the excellency of dignity, and the excellency of power: +Unstable as water, thou shalt not excel; because thou wentest up to thy father's bed; then defiledst thou it: he went up to my couch. +Simeon and Levi are brethren; instruments of cruelty are in their habitations. +O my soul, come not thou into their secret; unto their assembly, mine honour, be not thou united: for in their anger they slew a man, and in their selfwill they digged down a wall. +Cursed be their anger, for it was fierce; and their wrath, for it was cruel: I will divide them in Jacob, and scatter them in Israel. +Judah, thou art he whom thy brethren shall praise: thy hand shall be in the neck of thine enemies; thy father's children shall bow down before thee. +Judah is a lion's whelp: from the prey, my son, thou art gone up: he stooped down, he couched as a lion, and as an old lion; who shall rouse him up? +The sceptre shall not depart from Judah, nor a lawgiver from between his feet, until Shiloh come; and unto him shall the gathering of the people be. +Binding his foal unto the vine, and his ass's colt unto the choice vine; he washed his garments in wine, and his clothes in the blood of grapes: +His eyes shall be red with wine, and his teeth white with milk. +Zebulun shall dwell at the haven of the sea; and he shall be for an haven of ships; and his border shall be unto Zidon. +Issachar is a strong ass couching down between two burdens: +And he saw that rest was good, and the land that it was pleasant; and bowed his shoulder to bear, and became a servant unto tribute. +Dan shall judge his people, as one of the tribes of Israel. +Dan shall be a serpent by the way, an adder in the path, that biteth the horse heels, so that his rider shall fall backward. +I have waited for thy salvation, O LORD. +Gad, a troop shall overcome him: but he shall overcome at the last. +Out of Asher his bread shall be fat, and he shall yield royal dainties. +Naphtali is a hind let loose: he giveth goodly words. +Joseph is a fruitful bough, even a fruitful bough by a well; whose branches run over the wall: +The archers have sorely grieved him, and shot at him, and hated him: +But his bow abode in strength, and the arms of his hands were made strong by the hands of the mighty God of Jacob; (from thence is the shepherd, the stone of Israel:) +Even by the God of thy father, who shall help thee; and by the Almighty, who shall bless thee with blessings of heaven above, blessings of the deep that lieth under, blessings of the breasts, and of the womb: +The blessings of thy father have prevailed above the blessings of my progenitors unto the utmost bound of the everlasting hills: they shall be on the head of Joseph, and on the crown of the head of him that was separate from his brethren. +Benjamin shall ravin as a wolf: in the morning he shall devour the prey, and at night he shall divide the spoil. +All these are the twelve tribes of Israel: and this is it that their father spake unto them, and blessed them; every one according to his blessing he blessed them. +And he charged them, and said unto them, I am to be gathered unto my people: bury me with my fathers in the cave that is in the field of Ephron the Hittite, +In the cave that is in the field of Machpelah, which is before Mamre, in the land of Canaan, which Abraham bought with the field of Ephron the Hittite for a possession of a buryingplace. +There they buried Abraham and Sarah his wife; there they buried Isaac and Rebekah his wife; and there I buried Leah. +The purchase of the field and of the cave that is therein was from the children of Heth. +And when Jacob had made an end of commanding his sons, he gathered up his feet into the bed, and yielded up the ghost, and was gathered unto his people. +And Joseph fell upon his father's face, and wept upon him, and kissed him. +And Joseph commanded his servants the physicians to embalm his father: and the physicians embalmed Israel. +And forty days were fulfilled for him; for so are fulfilled the days of those which are embalmed: and the Egyptians mourned for him threescore and ten days. +And when the days of his mourning were past, Joseph spake unto the house of Pharaoh, saying, If now I have found grace in your eyes, speak, I pray you, in the ears of Pharaoh, saying, +My father made me swear, saying, Lo, I die: in my grave which I have digged for me in the land of Canaan, there shalt thou bury me. Now therefore let me go up, I pray thee, and bury my father, and I will come again. +And Pharaoh said, Go up, and bury thy father, according as he made thee swear. +And Joseph went up to bury his father: and with him went up all the servants of Pharaoh, the elders of his house, and all the elders of the land of Egypt, +And all the house of Joseph, and his brethren, and his father's house: only their little ones, and their flocks, and their herds, they left in the land of Goshen. +And there went up with him both chariots and horsemen: and it was a very great company. +And they came to the threshingfloor of Atad, which is beyond Jordan, and there they mourned with a great and very sore lamentation: and he made a mourning for his father seven days. +And when the inhabitants of the land, the Canaanites, saw the mourning in the floor of Atad, they said, This is a grievous mourning to the Egyptians: wherefore the name of it was called Abelmizraim, which is beyond Jordan. +And his sons did unto him according as he commanded them: +For his sons carried him into the land of Canaan, and buried him in the cave of the field of Machpelah, which Abraham bought with the field for a possession of a buryingplace of Ephron the Hittite, before Mamre. +And Joseph returned into Egypt, he, and his brethren, and all that went up with him to bury his father, after he had buried his father. +And when Joseph's brethren saw that their father was dead, they said, Joseph will peradventure hate us, and will certainly requite us all the evil which we did unto him. +And they sent a messenger unto Joseph, saying, Thy father did command before he died, saying, +So shall ye say unto Joseph, Forgive, I pray thee now, the trespass of thy brethren, and their sin; for they did unto thee evil: and now, we pray thee, forgive the trespass of the servants of the God of thy father. And Joseph wept when they spake unto him. +And his brethren also went and fell down before his face; and they said, Behold, we be thy servants. +And Joseph said unto them, Fear not: for am I in the place of God? +But as for you, ye thought evil against me; but God meant it unto good, to bring to pass, as it is this day, to save much people alive. +Now therefore fear ye not: I will nourish you, and your little ones. And he comforted them, and spake kindly unto them. +And Joseph dwelt in Egypt, he, and his father's house: and Joseph lived an hundred and ten years. +And Joseph saw Ephraim's children of the third generation: the children also of Machir the son of Manasseh were brought up upon Joseph's knees. +And Joseph said unto his brethren, I die: and God will surely visit you, and bring you out of this land unto the land which he sware to Abraham, to Isaac, and to Jacob. +And Joseph took an oath of the children of Israel, saying, God will surely visit you, and ye shall carry up my bones from hence. +So Joseph died, being an hundred and ten years old: and they embalmed him, and he was put in a coffin in Egypt. +Now these are the names of the children of Israel, which came into Egypt; every man and his household came with Jacob. +Reuben, Simeon, Levi, and Judah, +Issachar, Zebulun, and Benjamin, +Dan, and Naphtali, Gad, and Asher. +And all the souls that came out of the loins of Jacob were seventy souls: for Joseph was in Egypt already. +And Joseph died, and all his brethren, and all that generation. +And the children of Israel were fruitful, and increased abundantly, and multiplied, and waxed exceeding mighty; and the land was filled with them. +Now there arose up a new king over Egypt, which knew not Joseph. +And he said unto his people, Behold, the people of the children of Israel are more and mightier than we: +Come on, let us deal wisely with them; lest they multiply, and it come to pass, that, when there falleth out any war, they join also unto our enemies, and fight against us, and so get them up out of the land. +Therefore they did set over them taskmasters to afflict them with their burdens. And they built for Pharaoh treasure cities, Pithom and Raamses. +But the more they afflicted them, the more they multiplied and grew. And they were grieved because of the children of Israel. +And the Egyptians made the children of Israel to serve with rigour: +And they made their lives bitter with hard bondage, in morter, and in brick, and in all manner of service in the field: all their service, wherein they made them serve, was with rigour. +And the king of Egypt spake to the Hebrew midwives, of which the name of the one was Shiphrah, and the name of the other Puah: +And he said, When ye do the office of a midwife to the Hebrew women, and see them upon the stools; if it be a son, then ye shall kill him: but if it be a daughter, then she shall live. +But the midwives feared God, and did not as the king of Egypt commanded them, but saved the men children alive. +And the king of Egypt called for the midwives, and said unto them, Why have ye done this thing, and have saved the men children alive? +And the midwives said unto Pharaoh, Because the Hebrew women are not as the Egyptian women; for they are lively, and are delivered ere the midwives come in unto them. +Therefore God dealt well with the midwives: and the people multiplied, and waxed very mighty. +And it came to pass, because the midwives feared God, that he made them houses. +And Pharaoh charged all his people, saying, Every son that is born ye shall cast into the river, and every daughter ye shall save alive. +And there went a man of the house of Levi, and took to wife a daughter of Levi. +And the woman conceived, and bare a son: and when she saw him that he was a goodly child, she hid him three months. +And when she could not longer hide him, she took for him an ark of bulrushes, and daubed it with slime and with pitch, and put the child therein; and she laid it in the flags by the river's brink. +And his sister stood afar off, to wit what would be done to him. +And the daughter of Pharaoh came down to wash herself at the river; and her maidens walked along by the river's side; and when she saw the ark among the flags, she sent her maid to fetch it. +And when she had opened it, she saw the child: and, behold, the babe wept. And she had compassion on him, and said, This is one of the Hebrews' children. +Then said his sister to Pharaoh's daughter, Shall I go and call to thee a nurse of the Hebrew women, that she may nurse the child for thee? +And Pharaoh's daughter said to her, Go. And the maid went and called the child's mother. +And Pharaoh's daughter said unto her, Take this child away, and nurse it for me, and I will give thee thy wages. And the women took the child, and nursed it. +And the child grew, and she brought him unto Pharaoh's daughter, and he became her son. And she called his name Moses: and she said, Because I drew him out of the water. +And it came to pass in those days, when Moses was grown, that he went out unto his brethren, and looked on their burdens: and he spied an Egyptian smiting an Hebrew, one of his brethren. +And he looked this way and that way, and when he saw that there was no man, he slew the Egyptian, and hid him in the sand. +And when he went out the second day, behold, two men of the Hebrews strove together: and he said to him that did the wrong, Wherefore smitest thou thy fellow? +And he said, Who made thee a prince and a judge over us? intendest thou to kill me, as thou killedst the Egyptian? And Moses feared, and said, Surely this thing is known. +Now when Pharaoh heard this thing, he sought to slay Moses. But Moses fled from the face of Pharaoh, and dwelt in the land of Midian: and he sat down by a well. +Now the priest of Midian had seven daughters: and they came and drew water, and filled the troughs to water their father's flock. +And the shepherds came and drove them away: but Moses stood up and helped them, and watered their flock. +And when they came to Reuel their father, he said, How is it that ye are come so soon to day? +And they said, An Egyptian delivered us out of the hand of the shepherds, and also drew water enough for us, and watered the flock. +And he said unto his daughters, And where is he? why is it that ye have left the man? call him, that he may eat bread. +And Moses was content to dwell with the man: and he gave Moses Zipporah his daughter. +And she bare him a son, and he called his name Gershom: for he said, I have been a stranger in a strange land. +And it came to pass in process of time, that the king of Egypt died: and the children of Israel sighed by reason of the bondage, and they cried, and their cry came up unto God by reason of the bondage. +And God heard their groaning, and God remembered his covenant with Abraham, with Isaac, and with Jacob. +And God looked upon the children of Israel, and God had respect unto them. +Now Moses kept the flock of Jethro his father in law, the priest of Midian: and he led the flock to the backside of the desert, and came to the mountain of God, even to Horeb. +And the angel of the LORD appeared unto him in a flame of fire out of the midst of a bush: and he looked, and, behold, the bush burned with fire, and the bush was not consumed. +And Moses said, I will now turn aside, and see this great sight, why the bush is not burnt. +And when the LORD saw that he turned aside to see, God called unto him out of the midst of the bush, and said, Moses, Moses. And he said, Here am I. +And he said, Draw not nigh hither: put off thy shoes from off thy feet, for the place whereon thou standest is holy ground. +Moreover he said, I am the God of thy father, the God of Abraham, the God of Isaac, and the God of Jacob. And Moses hid his face; for he was afraid to look upon God. +And the LORD said, I have surely seen the affliction of my people which are in Egypt, and have heard their cry by reason of their taskmasters; for I know their sorrows; +And I am come down to deliver them out of the hand of the Egyptians, and to bring them up out of that land unto a good land and a large, unto a land flowing with milk and honey; unto the place of the Canaanites, and the Hittites, and the Amorites, and the Perizzites, and the Hivites, and the Jebusites. +Now therefore, behold, the cry of the children of Israel is come unto me: and I have also seen the oppression wherewith the Egyptians oppress them. +Come now therefore, and I will send thee unto Pharaoh, that thou mayest bring forth my people the children of Israel out of Egypt. +And Moses said unto God, Who am I, that I should go unto Pharaoh, and that I should bring forth the children of Israel out of Egypt? +And he said, Certainly I will be with thee; and this shall be a token unto thee, that I have sent thee: When thou hast brought forth the people out of Egypt, ye shall serve God upon this mountain. +And Moses said unto God, Behold, when I come unto the children of Israel, and shall say unto them, The God of your fathers hath sent me unto you; and they shall say to me, What is his name? what shall I say unto them? +And God said unto Moses, I AM THAT I AM: and he said, Thus shalt thou say unto the children of Israel, I AM hath sent me unto you. +And God said moreover unto Moses, Thus shalt thou say unto the children of Israel, the LORD God of your fathers, the God of Abraham, the God of Isaac, and the God of Jacob, hath sent me unto you: this is my name for ever, and this is my memorial unto all generations. +Go, and gather the elders of Israel together, and say unto them, The LORD God of your fathers, the God of Abraham, of Isaac, and of Jacob, appeared unto me, saying, I have surely visited you, and seen that which is done to you in Egypt: +And I have said, I will bring you up out of the affliction of Egypt unto the land of the Canaanites, and the Hittites, and the Amorites, and the Perizzites, and the Hivites, and the Jebusites, unto a land flowing with milk and honey. +And they shall hearken to thy voice: and thou shalt come, thou and the elders of Israel, unto the king of Egypt, and ye shall say unto him, The LORD God of the Hebrews hath met with us: and now let us go, we beseech thee, three days' journey into the wilderness, that we may sacrifice to the LORD our God. +And I am sure that the king of Egypt will not let you go, no, not by a mighty hand. +And I will stretch out my hand, and smite Egypt with all my wonders which I will do in the midst thereof: and after that he will let you go. +And I will give this people favour in the sight of the Egyptians: and it shall come to pass, that, when ye go, ye shall not go empty. +But every woman shall borrow of her neighbour, and of her that sojourneth in her house, jewels of silver, and jewels of gold, and raiment: and ye shall put them upon your sons, and upon your daughters; and ye shall spoil the Egyptians. +And Moses answered and said, But, behold, they will not believe me, nor hearken unto my voice: for they will say, The LORD hath not appeared unto thee. +And the LORD said unto him, What is that in thine hand? And he said, A rod. +And he said, Cast it on the ground. And he cast it on the ground, and it became a serpent; and Moses fled from before it. +And the LORD said unto Moses, Put forth thine hand, and take it by the tail. And he put forth his hand, and caught it, and it became a rod in his hand: +That they may believe that the LORD God of their fathers, the God of Abraham, the God of Isaac, and the God of Jacob, hath appeared unto thee. +And the LORD said furthermore unto him, Put now thine hand into thy bosom. And he put his hand into his bosom: and when he took it out, behold, his hand was leprous as snow. +And he said, Put thine hand into thy bosom again. And he put his hand into his bosom again; and plucked it out of his bosom, and, behold, it was turned again as his other flesh. +And it shall come to pass, if they will not believe thee, neither hearken to the voice of the first sign, that they will believe the voice of the latter sign. +And it shall come to pass, if they will not believe also these two signs, neither hearken unto thy voice, that thou shalt take of the water of the river, and pour it upon the dry land: and the water which thou takest out of the river shall become blood upon the dry land. +And Moses said unto the LORD, O my LORD, I am not eloquent, neither heretofore, nor since thou hast spoken unto thy servant: but I am slow of speech, and of a slow tongue. +And the LORD said unto him, Who hath made man's mouth? or who maketh the dumb, or deaf, or the seeing, or the blind? have not I the LORD? +Now therefore go, and I will be with thy mouth, and teach thee what thou shalt say. +And he said, O my LORD, send, I pray thee, by the hand of him whom thou wilt send. +And the anger of the LORD was kindled against Moses, and he said, Is not Aaron the Levite thy brother? I know that he can speak well. And also, behold, he cometh forth to meet thee: and when he seeth thee, he will be glad in his heart. +And thou shalt speak unto him, and put words in his mouth: and I will be with thy mouth, and with his mouth, and will teach you what ye shall do. +And he shall be thy spokesman unto the people: and he shall be, even he shall be to thee instead of a mouth, and thou shalt be to him instead of God. +And thou shalt take this rod in thine hand, wherewith thou shalt do signs. +And Moses went and returned to Jethro his father in law, and said unto him, Let me go, I pray thee, and return unto my brethren which are in Egypt, and see whether they be yet alive. And Jethro said to Moses, Go in peace. +And the LORD said unto Moses in Midian, Go, return into Egypt: for all the men are dead which sought thy life. +And Moses took his wife and his sons, and set them upon an ass, and he returned to the land of Egypt: and Moses took the rod of God in his hand. +And the LORD said unto Moses, When thou goest to return into Egypt, see that thou do all those wonders before Pharaoh, which I have put in thine hand: but I will harden his heart, that he shall not let the people go. +And thou shalt say unto Pharaoh, Thus saith the LORD, Israel is my son, even my firstborn: +And I say unto thee, Let my son go, that he may serve me: and if thou refuse to let him go, behold, I will slay thy son, even thy firstborn. +And it came to pass by the way in the inn, that the LORD met him, and sought to kill him. +Then Zipporah took a sharp stone, and cut off the foreskin of her son, and cast it at his feet, and said, Surely a bloody husband art thou to me. +So he let him go: then she said, A bloody husband thou art, because of the circumcision. +And the LORD said to Aaron, Go into the wilderness to meet Moses. And he went, and met him in the mount of God, and kissed him. +And Moses told Aaron all the words of the LORD who had sent him, and all the signs which he had commanded him. +And Moses and Aaron went and gathered together all the elders of the children of Israel: +And Aaron spake all the words which the LORD had spoken unto Moses, and did the signs in the sight of the people. +And the people believed: and when they heard that the LORD had visited the children of Israel, and that he had looked upon their affliction, then they bowed their heads and worshipped. +And afterward Moses and Aaron went in, and told Pharaoh, Thus saith the LORD God of Israel, Let my people go, that they may hold a feast unto me in the wilderness. +And Pharaoh said, Who is the LORD, that I should obey his voice to let Israel go? I know not the LORD, neither will I let Israel go. +And they said, The God of the Hebrews hath met with us: let us go, we pray thee, three days' journey into the desert, and sacrifice unto the LORD our God; lest he fall upon us with pestilence, or with the sword. +And the king of Egypt said unto them, Wherefore do ye, Moses and Aaron, let the people from their works? get you unto your burdens. +And Pharaoh said, Behold, the people of the land now are many, and ye make them rest from their burdens. +And Pharaoh commanded the same day the taskmasters of the people, and their officers, saying, +Ye shall no more give the people straw to make brick, as heretofore: let them go and gather straw for themselves. +And the tale of the bricks, which they did make heretofore, ye shall lay upon them; ye shall not diminish ought thereof: for they be idle; therefore they cry, saying, Let us go and sacrifice to our God. +Let there more work be laid upon the men, that they may labour therein; and let them not regard vain words. +And the taskmasters of the people went out, and their officers, and they spake to the people, saying, Thus saith Pharaoh, I will not give you straw. +Go ye, get you straw where ye can find it: yet not ought of your work shall be diminished. +So the people were scattered abroad throughout all the land of Egypt to gather stubble instead of straw. +And the taskmasters hasted them, saying, Fulfil your works, your daily tasks, as when there was straw. +And the officers of the children of Israel, which Pharaoh's taskmasters had set over them, were beaten, and demanded, Wherefore have ye not fulfilled your task in making brick both yesterday and to day, as heretofore? +Then the officers of the children of Israel came and cried unto Pharaoh, saying, Wherefore dealest thou thus with thy servants? +There is no straw given unto thy servants, and they say to us, Make brick: and, behold, thy servants are beaten; but the fault is in thine own people. +But he said, Ye are idle, ye are idle: therefore ye say, Let us go and do sacrifice to the LORD. +Go therefore now, and work; for there shall no straw be given you, yet shall ye deliver the tale of bricks. +And the officers of the children of Israel did see that they were in evil case, after it was said, Ye shall not minish ought from your bricks of your daily task. +And they met Moses and Aaron, who stood in the way, as they came forth from Pharaoh: +And they said unto them, The LORD look upon you, and judge; because ye have made our savour to be abhorred in the eyes of Pharaoh, and in the eyes of his servants, to put a sword in their hand to slay us. +And Moses returned unto the LORD, and said, LORD, wherefore hast thou so evil entreated this people? why is it that thou hast sent me? +For since I came to Pharaoh to speak in thy name, he hath done evil to this people; neither hast thou delivered thy people at all. +Then the LORD said unto Moses, Now shalt thou see what I will do to Pharaoh: for with a strong hand shall he let them go, and with a strong hand shall he drive them out of his land. +And God spake unto Moses, and said unto him, I am the LORD: +And I appeared unto Abraham, unto Isaac, and unto Jacob, by the name of God Almighty, but by my name JEHOVAH was I not known to them. +And I have also established my covenant with them, to give them the land of Canaan, the land of their pilgrimage, wherein they were strangers. +And I have also heard the groaning of the children of Israel, whom the Egyptians keep in bondage; and I have remembered my covenant. +Wherefore say unto the children of Israel, I am the LORD, and I will bring you out from under the burdens of the Egyptians, and I will rid you out of their bondage, and I will redeem you with a stretched out arm, and with great judgments: +And I will take you to me for a people, and I will be to you a God: and ye shall know that I am the LORD your God, which bringeth you out from under the burdens of the Egyptians. +And I will bring you in unto the land, concerning the which I did swear to give it to Abraham, to Isaac, and to Jacob; and I will give it you for an heritage: I am the LORD. +And Moses spake so unto the children of Israel: but they hearkened not unto Moses for anguish of spirit, and for cruel bondage. +And the LORD spake unto Moses, saying, +Go in, speak unto Pharaoh king of Egypt, that he let the children of Israel go out of his land. +And Moses spake before the LORD, saying, Behold, the children of Israel have not hearkened unto me; how then shall Pharaoh hear me, who am of uncircumcised lips? +And the LORD spake unto Moses and unto Aaron, and gave them a charge unto the children of Israel, and unto Pharaoh king of Egypt, to bring the children of Israel out of the land of Egypt. +These be the heads of their fathers' houses: The sons of Reuben the firstborn of Israel; Hanoch, and Pallu, Hezron, and Carmi: these be the families of Reuben. +And the sons of Simeon; Jemuel, and Jamin, and Ohad, and Jachin, and Zohar, and Shaul the son of a Canaanitish woman: these are the families of Simeon. +And these are the names of the sons of Levi according to their generations; Gershon, and Kohath, and Merari: and the years of the life of Levi were an hundred thirty and seven years. +The sons of Gershon; Libni, and Shimi, according to their families. +And the sons of Kohath; Amram, and Izhar, and Hebron, and Uzziel: and the years of the life of Kohath were an hundred thirty and three years. +And the sons of Merari; Mahali and Mushi: these are the families of Levi according to their generations. +And Amram took him Jochebed his father's sister to wife; and she bare him Aaron and Moses: and the years of the life of Amram were an hundred and thirty and seven years. +And the sons of Izhar; Korah, and Nepheg, and Zichri. +And the sons of Uzziel; Mishael, and Elzaphan, and Zithri. +And Aaron took him Elisheba, daughter of Amminadab, sister of Naashon, to wife; and she bare him Nadab, and Abihu, Eleazar, and Ithamar. +And the sons of Korah; Assir, and Elkanah, and Abiasaph: these are the families of the Korhites. +And Eleazar Aaron's son took him one of the daughters of Putiel to wife; and she bare him Phinehas: these are the heads of the fathers of the Levites according to their families. +These are that Aaron and Moses, to whom the LORD said, Bring out the children of Israel from the land of Egypt according to their armies. +These are they which spake to Pharaoh king of Egypt, to bring out the children of Israel from Egypt: these are that Moses and Aaron. +And it came to pass on the day when the LORD spake unto Moses in the land of Egypt, +That the LORD spake unto Moses, saying, I am the LORD: speak thou unto Pharaoh king of Egypt all that I say unto thee. +And Moses said before the LORD, Behold, I am of uncircumcised lips, and how shall Pharaoh hearken unto me? +And the LORD said unto Moses, See, I have made thee a god to Pharaoh: and Aaron thy brother shall be thy prophet. +Thou shalt speak all that I command thee: and Aaron thy brother shall speak unto Pharaoh, that he send the children of Israel out of his land. +And I will harden Pharaoh's heart, and multiply my signs and my wonders in the land of Egypt. +But Pharaoh shall not hearken unto you, that I may lay my hand upon Egypt, and bring forth mine armies, and my people the children of Israel, out of the land of Egypt by great judgments. +And the Egyptians shall know that I am the LORD, when I stretch forth mine hand upon Egypt, and bring out the children of Israel from among them. +And Moses and Aaron did as the LORD commanded them, so did they. +And Moses was fourscore years old, and Aaron fourscore and three years old, when they spake unto Pharaoh. +And the LORD spake unto Moses and unto Aaron, saying, +When Pharaoh shall speak unto you, saying, Shew a miracle for you: then thou shalt say unto Aaron, Take thy rod, and cast it before Pharaoh, and it shall become a serpent. +And Moses and Aaron went in unto Pharaoh, and they did so as the LORD had commanded: and Aaron cast down his rod before Pharaoh, and before his servants, and it became a serpent. +Then Pharaoh also called the wise men and the sorcerers: now the magicians of Egypt, they also did in like manner with their enchantments. +For they cast down every man his rod, and they became serpents: but Aaron's rod swallowed up their rods. +And he hardened Pharaoh's heart, that he hearkened not unto them; as the LORD had said. +And the LORD said unto Moses, Pharaoh's heart is hardened, he refuseth to let the people go. +Get thee unto Pharaoh in the morning; lo, he goeth out unto the water; and thou shalt stand by the river's brink against he come; and the rod which was turned to a serpent shalt thou take in thine hand. +And thou shalt say unto him, The LORD God of the Hebrews hath sent me unto thee, saying, Let my people go, that they may serve me in the wilderness: and, behold, hitherto thou wouldest not hear. +Thus saith the LORD, In this thou shalt know that I am the LORD: behold, I will smite with the rod that is in mine hand upon the waters which are in the river, and they shall be turned to blood. +And the fish that is in the river shall die, and the river shall stink; and the Egyptians shall lothe to drink of the water of the river. +And the LORD spake unto Moses, Say unto Aaron, Take thy rod, and stretch out thine hand upon the waters of Egypt, upon their streams, upon their rivers, and upon their ponds, and upon all their pools of water, that they may become blood; and that there may be blood throughout all the land of Egypt, both in vessels of wood, and in vessels of stone. +And Moses and Aaron did so, as the LORD commanded; and he lifted up the rod, and smote the waters that were in the river, in the sight of Pharaoh, and in the sight of his servants; and all the waters that were in the river were turned to blood. +And the fish that was in the river died; and the river stank, and the Egyptians could not drink of the water of the river; and there was blood throughout all the land of Egypt. +And the magicians of Egypt did so with their enchantments: and Pharaoh's heart was hardened, neither did he hearken unto them; as the LORD had said. +And Pharaoh turned and went into his house, neither did he set his heart to this also. +And all the Egyptians digged round about the river for water to drink; for they could not drink of the water of the river. +And seven days were fulfilled, after that the LORD had smitten the river. +And the LORD spake unto Moses, Go unto Pharaoh, and say unto him, Thus saith the LORD, Let my people go, that they may serve me. +And if thou refuse to let them go, behold, I will smite all thy borders with frogs: +And the river shall bring forth frogs abundantly, which shall go up and come into thine house, and into thy bedchamber, and upon thy bed, and into the house of thy servants, and upon thy people, and into thine ovens, and into thy kneadingtroughs: +And the frogs shall come up both on thee, and upon thy people, and upon all thy servants. +And the LORD spake unto Moses, Say unto Aaron, Stretch forth thine hand with thy rod over the streams, over the rivers, and over the ponds, and cause frogs to come up upon the land of Egypt. +And Aaron stretched out his hand over the waters of Egypt; and the frogs came up, and covered the land of Egypt. +And the magicians did so with their enchantments, and brought up frogs upon the land of Egypt. +Then Pharaoh called for Moses and Aaron, and said, Intreat the LORD, that he may take away the frogs from me, and from my people; and I will let the people go, that they may do sacrifice unto the LORD. +And Moses said unto Pharaoh, Glory over me: when shall I intreat for thee, and for thy servants, and for thy people, to destroy the frogs from thee and thy houses, that they may remain in the river only? +And he said, To morrow. And he said, Be it according to thy word: that thou mayest know that there is none like unto the LORD our God. +And the frogs shall depart from thee, and from thy houses, and from thy servants, and from thy people; they shall remain in the river only. +And Moses and Aaron went out from Pharaoh: and Moses cried unto the LORD because of the frogs which he had brought against Pharaoh. +And the LORD did according to the word of Moses; and the frogs died out of the houses, out of the villages, and out of the fields. +And they gathered them together upon heaps: and the land stank. +But when Pharaoh saw that there was respite, he hardened his heart, and hearkened not unto them; as the LORD had said. +And the LORD said unto Moses, Say unto Aaron, Stretch out thy rod, and smite the dust of the land, that it may become lice throughout all the land of Egypt. +And they did so; for Aaron stretched out his hand with his rod, and smote the dust of the earth, and it became lice in man, and in beast; all the dust of the land became lice throughout all the land of Egypt. +And the magicians did so with their enchantments to bring forth lice, but they could not: so there were lice upon man, and upon beast. +Then the magicians said unto Pharaoh, This is the finger of God: and Pharaoh's heart was hardened, and he hearkened not unto them; as the LORD had said. +And the LORD said unto Moses, Rise up early in the morning, and stand before Pharaoh; lo, he cometh forth to the water; and say unto him, Thus saith the LORD, Let my people go, that they may serve me. +Else, if thou wilt not let my people go, behold, I will send swarms of flies upon thee, and upon thy servants, and upon thy people, and into thy houses: and the houses of the Egyptians shall be full of swarms of flies, and also the ground whereon they are. +And I will sever in that day the land of Goshen, in which my people dwell, that no swarms of flies shall be there; to the end thou mayest know that I am the LORD in the midst of the earth. +And I will put a division between my people and thy people: to morrow shall this sign be. +And the LORD did so; and there came a grievous swarm of flies into the house of Pharaoh, and into his servants' houses, and into all the land of Egypt: the land was corrupted by reason of the swarm of flies. +And Pharaoh called for Moses and for Aaron, and said, Go ye, sacrifice to your God in the land. +And Moses said, It is not meet so to do; for we shall sacrifice the abomination of the Egyptians to the LORD our God: lo, shall we sacrifice the abomination of the Egyptians before their eyes, and will they not stone us? +We will go three days' journey into the wilderness, and sacrifice to the LORD our God, as he shall command us. +And Pharaoh said, I will let you go, that ye may sacrifice to the LORD your God in the wilderness; only ye shall not go very far away: intreat for me. +And Moses said, Behold, I go out from thee, and I will intreat the LORD that the swarms of flies may depart from Pharaoh, from his servants, and from his people, to morrow: but let not Pharaoh deal deceitfully any more in not letting the people go to sacrifice to the LORD. +And Moses went out from Pharaoh, and intreated the LORD. +And the LORD did according to the word of Moses; and he removed the swarms of flies from Pharaoh, from his servants, and from his people; there remained not one. +And Pharaoh hardened his heart at this time also, neither would he let the people go. +Then the LORD said unto Moses, Go in unto Pharaoh, and tell him, Thus saith the LORD God of the Hebrews, Let my people go, that they may serve me. +For if thou refuse to let them go, and wilt hold them still, +Behold, the hand of the LORD is upon thy cattle which is in the field, upon the horses, upon the asses, upon the camels, upon the oxen, and upon the sheep: there shall be a very grievous murrain. +And the LORD shall sever between the cattle of Israel and the cattle of Egypt: and there shall nothing die of all that is the children's of Israel. +And the LORD appointed a set time, saying, To morrow the LORD shall do this thing in the land. +And the LORD did that thing on the morrow, and all the cattle of Egypt died: but of the cattle of the children of Israel died not one. +And Pharaoh sent, and, behold, there was not one of the cattle of the Israelites dead. And the heart of Pharaoh was hardened, and he did not let the people go. +And the LORD said unto Moses and unto Aaron, Take to you handfuls of ashes of the furnace, and let Moses sprinkle it toward the heaven in the sight of Pharaoh. +And it shall become small dust in all the land of Egypt, and shall be a boil breaking forth with blains upon man, and upon beast, throughout all the land of Egypt. +And they took ashes of the furnace, and stood before Pharaoh; and Moses sprinkled it up toward heaven; and it became a boil breaking forth with blains upon man, and upon beast. +And the magicians could not stand before Moses because of the boils; for the boil was upon the magicians, and upon all the Egyptians. +And the LORD hardened the heart of Pharaoh, and he hearkened not unto them; as the LORD had spoken unto Moses. +And the LORD said unto Moses, Rise up early in the morning, and stand before Pharaoh, and say unto him, Thus saith the LORD God of the Hebrews, Let my people go, that they may serve me. +For I will at this time send all my plagues upon thine heart, and upon thy servants, and upon thy people; that thou mayest know that there is none like me in all the earth. +For now I will stretch out my hand, that I may smite thee and thy people with pestilence; and thou shalt be cut off from the earth. +And in very deed for this cause have I raised thee up, for to shew in thee my power; and that my name may be declared throughout all the earth. +As yet exaltest thou thyself against my people, that thou wilt not let them go? +Behold, to morrow about this time I will cause it to rain a very grievous hail, such as hath not been in Egypt since the foundation thereof even until now. +Send therefore now, and gather thy cattle, and all that thou hast in the field; for upon every man and beast which shall be found in the field, and shall not be brought home, the hail shall come down upon them, and they shall die. +He that feared the word of the LORD among the servants of Pharaoh made his servants and his cattle flee into the houses: +And he that regarded not the word of the LORD left his servants and his cattle in the field. +And the LORD said unto Moses, Stretch forth thine hand toward heaven, that there may be hail in all the land of Egypt, upon man, and upon beast, and upon every herb of the field, throughout the land of Egypt. +And Moses stretched forth his rod toward heaven: and the LORD sent thunder and hail, and the fire ran along upon the ground; and the LORD rained hail upon the land of Egypt. +So there was hail, and fire mingled with the hail, very grievous, such as there was none like it in all the land of Egypt since it became a nation. +And the hail smote throughout all the land of Egypt all that was in the field, both man and beast; and the hail smote every herb of the field, and brake every tree of the field. +Only in the land of Goshen, where the children of Israel were, was there no hail. +And Pharaoh sent, and called for Moses and Aaron, and said unto them, I have sinned this time: the LORD is righteous, and I and my people are wicked. +Intreat the LORD (for it is enough) that there be no more mighty thunderings and hail; and I will let you go, and ye shall stay no longer. +And Moses said unto him, As soon as I am gone out of the city, I will spread abroad my hands unto the LORD; and the thunder shall cease, neither shall there be any more hail; that thou mayest know how that the earth is the LORD's. +But as for thee and thy servants, I know that ye will not yet fear the LORD God. +And the flax and the barley was smitten: for the barley was in the ear, and the flax was bolled. +But the wheat and the rie were not smitten: for they were not grown up. +And Moses went out of the city from Pharaoh, and spread abroad his hands unto the LORD: and the thunders and hail ceased, and the rain was not poured upon the earth. +And when Pharaoh saw that the rain and the hail and the thunders were ceased, he sinned yet more, and hardened his heart, he and his servants. +And the heart of Pharaoh was hardened, neither would he let the children of Israel go; as the LORD had spoken by Moses. +And the LORD said unto Moses, Go in unto Pharaoh: for I have hardened his heart, and the heart of his servants, that I might shew these my signs before him: +And that thou mayest tell in the ears of thy son, and of thy son's son, what things I have wrought in Egypt, and my signs which I have done among them; that ye may know how that I am the LORD. +And Moses and Aaron came in unto Pharaoh, and said unto him, Thus saith the LORD God of the Hebrews, How long wilt thou refuse to humble thyself before me? let my people go, that they may serve me. +Else, if thou refuse to let my people go, behold, to morrow will I bring the locusts into thy coast: +And they shall cover the face of the earth, that one cannot be able to see the earth: and they shall eat the residue of that which is escaped, which remaineth unto you from the hail, and shall eat every tree which groweth for you out of the field: +And they shall fill thy houses, and the houses of all thy servants, and the houses of all the Egyptians; which neither thy fathers, nor thy fathers' fathers have seen, since the day that they were upon the earth unto this day. And he turned himself, and went out from Pharaoh. +And Pharaoh's servants said unto him, How long shall this man be a snare unto us? let the men go, that they may serve the LORD their God: knowest thou not yet that Egypt is destroyed? +And Moses and Aaron were brought again unto Pharaoh: and he said unto them, Go, serve the LORD your God: but who are they that shall go? +And Moses said, We will go with our young and with our old, with our sons and with our daughters, with our flocks and with our herds will we go; for we must hold a feast unto the LORD. +And he said unto them, Let the LORD be so with you, as I will let you go, and your little ones: look to it; for evil is before you. +Not so: go now ye that are men, and serve the LORD; for that ye did desire. And they were driven out from Pharaoh's presence. +And the LORD said unto Moses, Stretch out thine hand over the land of Egypt for the locusts, that they may come up upon the land of Egypt, and eat every herb of the land, even all that the hail hath left. +And Moses stretched forth his rod over the land of Egypt, and the LORD brought an east wind upon the land all that day, and all that night; and when it was morning, the east wind brought the locusts. +And the locust went up over all the land of Egypt, and rested in all the coasts of Egypt: very grievous were they; before them there were no such locusts as they, neither after them shall be such. +For they covered the face of the whole earth, so that the land was darkened; and they did eat every herb of the land, and all the fruit of the trees which the hail had left: and there remained not any green thing in the trees, or in the herbs of the field, through all the land of Egypt. +Then Pharaoh called for Moses and Aaron in haste; and he said, I have sinned against the LORD your God, and against you. +Now therefore forgive, I pray thee, my sin only this once, and intreat the LORD your God, that he may take away from me this death only. +And he went out from Pharaoh, and intreated the LORD. +And the LORD turned a mighty strong west wind, which took away the locusts, and cast them into the Red sea; there remained not one locust in all the coasts of Egypt. +But the LORD hardened Pharaoh's heart, so that he would not let the children of Israel go. +And the LORD said unto Moses, Stretch out thine hand toward heaven, that there may be darkness over the land of Egypt, even darkness which may be felt. +And Moses stretched forth his hand toward heaven; and there was a thick darkness in all the land of Egypt three days: +They saw not one another, neither rose any from his place for three days: but all the children of Israel had light in their dwellings. +And Pharaoh called unto Moses, and said, Go ye, serve the LORD; only let your flocks and your herds be stayed: let your little ones also go with you. +And Moses said, Thou must give us also sacrifices and burnt offerings, that we may sacrifice unto the LORD our God. +Our cattle also shall go with us; there shall not an hoof be left behind; for thereof must we take to serve the LORD our God; and we know not with what we must serve the LORD, until we come thither. +But the LORD hardened Pharaoh's heart, and he would not let them go. +And Pharaoh said unto him, Get thee from me, take heed to thyself, see my face no more; for in that day thou seest my face thou shalt die. +And Moses said, Thou hast spoken well, I will see thy face again no more. +And the LORD said unto Moses, Yet will I bring one plague more upon Pharaoh, and upon Egypt; afterwards he will let you go hence: when he shall let you go, he shall surely thrust you out hence altogether. +Speak now in the ears of the people, and let every man borrow of his neighbour, and every woman of her neighbour, jewels of silver and jewels of gold. +And the LORD gave the people favour in the sight of the Egyptians. Moreover the man Moses was very great in the land of Egypt, in the sight of Pharaoh's servants, and in the sight of the people. +And Moses said, Thus saith the LORD, About midnight will I go out into the midst of Egypt: +And all the firstborn in the land of Egypt shall die, from the first born of Pharaoh that sitteth upon his throne, even unto the firstborn of the maidservant that is behind the mill; and all the firstborn of beasts. +And there shall be a great cry throughout all the land of Egypt, such as there was none like it, nor shall be like it any more. +But against any of the children of Israel shall not a dog move his tongue, against man or beast: that ye may know how that the LORD doth put a difference between the Egyptians and Israel. +And all these thy servants shall come down unto me, and bow down themselves unto me, saying, Get thee out, and all the people that follow thee: and after that I will go out. And he went out from Pharaoh in a great anger. +And the LORD said unto Moses, Pharaoh shall not hearken unto you; that my wonders may be multiplied in the land of Egypt. +And Moses and Aaron did all these wonders before Pharaoh: and the LORD hardened Pharaoh's heart, so that he would not let the children of Israel go out of his land. +And the LORD spake unto Moses and Aaron in the land of Egypt saying, +This month shall be unto you the beginning of months: it shall be the first month of the year to you. +Speak ye unto all the congregation of Israel, saying, In the tenth day of this month they shall take to them every man a lamb, according to the house of their fathers, a lamb for an house: +And if the household be too little for the lamb, let him and his neighbour next unto his house take it according to the number of the souls; every man according to his eating shall make your count for the lamb. +Your lamb shall be without blemish, a male of the first year: ye shall take it out from the sheep, or from the goats: +And ye shall keep it up until the fourteenth day of the same month: and the whole assembly of the congregation of Israel shall kill it in the evening. +And they shall take of the blood, and strike it on the two side posts and on the upper door post of the houses, wherein they shall eat it. +And they shall eat the flesh in that night, roast with fire, and unleavened bread; and with bitter herbs they shall eat it. +Eat not of it raw, nor sodden at all with water, but roast with fire; his head with his legs, and with the purtenance thereof. +And ye shall let nothing of it remain until the morning; and that which remaineth of it until the morning ye shall burn with fire. +And thus shall ye eat it; with your loins girded, your shoes on your feet, and your staff in your hand; and ye shall eat it in haste: it is the LORD's passover. +For I will pass through the land of Egypt this night, and will smite all the firstborn in the land of Egypt, both man and beast; and against all the gods of Egypt I will execute judgment: I am the LORD. +And the blood shall be to you for a token upon the houses where ye are: and when I see the blood, I will pass over you, and the plague shall not be upon you to destroy you, when I smite the land of Egypt. +And this day shall be unto you for a memorial; and ye shall keep it a feast to the LORD throughout your generations; ye shall keep it a feast by an ordinance for ever. +Seven days shall ye eat unleavened bread; even the first day ye shall put away leaven out of your houses: for whosoever eateth leavened bread from the first day until the seventh day, that soul shall be cut off from Israel. +And in the first day there shall be an holy convocation, and in the seventh day there shall be an holy convocation to you; no manner of work shall be done in them, save that which every man must eat, that only may be done of you. +And ye shall observe the feast of unleavened bread; for in this selfsame day have I brought your armies out of the land of Egypt: therefore shall ye observe this day in your generations by an ordinance for ever. +In the first month, on the fourteenth day of the month at even, ye shall eat unleavened bread, until the one and twentieth day of the month at even. +Seven days shall there be no leaven found in your houses: for whosoever eateth that which is leavened, even that soul shall be cut off from the congregation of Israel, whether he be a stranger, or born in the land. +Ye shall eat nothing leavened; in all your habitations shall ye eat unleavened bread. +Then Moses called for all the elders of Israel, and said unto them, Draw out and take you a lamb according to your families, and kill the passover. +And ye shall take a bunch of hyssop, and dip it in the blood that is in the bason, and strike the lintel and the two side posts with the blood that is in the bason; and none of you shall go out at the door of his house until the morning. +For the LORD will pass through to smite the Egyptians; and when he seeth the blood upon the lintel, and on the two side posts, the LORD will pass over the door, and will not suffer the destroyer to come in unto your houses to smite you. +And ye shall observe this thing for an ordinance to thee and to thy sons for ever. +And it shall come to pass, when ye be come to the land which the LORD will give you, according as he hath promised, that ye shall keep this service. +And it shall come to pass, when your children shall say unto you, What mean ye by this service? +That ye shall say, It is the sacrifice of the LORD's passover, who passed over the houses of the children of Israel in Egypt, when he smote the Egyptians, and delivered our houses. And the people bowed the head and worshipped. +And the children of Israel went away, and did as the LORD had commanded Moses and Aaron, so did they. +And it came to pass, that at midnight the LORD smote all the firstborn in the land of Egypt, from the firstborn of Pharaoh that sat on his throne unto the firstborn of the captive that was in the dungeon; and all the firstborn of cattle. +And Pharaoh rose up in the night, he, and all his servants, and all the Egyptians; and there was a great cry in Egypt; for there was not a house where there was not one dead. +And he called for Moses and Aaron by night, and said, Rise up, and get you forth from among my people, both ye and the children of Israel; and go, serve the LORD, as ye have said. +Also take your flocks and your herds, as ye have said, and be gone; and bless me also. +And the Egyptians were urgent upon the people, that they might send them out of the land in haste; for they said, We be all dead men. +And the people took their dough before it was leavened, their kneadingtroughs being bound up in their clothes upon their shoulders. +And the children of Israel did according to the word of Moses; and they borrowed of the Egyptians jewels of silver, and jewels of gold, and raiment: +And the LORD gave the people favour in the sight of the Egyptians, so that they lent unto them such things as they required. And they spoiled the Egyptians. +And the children of Israel journeyed from Rameses to Succoth, about six hundred thousand on foot that were men, beside children. +And a mixed multitude went up also with them; and flocks, and herds, even very much cattle. +And they baked unleavened cakes of the dough which they brought forth out of Egypt, for it was not leavened; because they were thrust out of Egypt, and could not tarry, neither had they prepared for themselves any victual. +Now the sojourning of the children of Israel, who dwelt in Egypt, was four hundred and thirty years. +And it came to pass at the end of the four hundred and thirty years, even the selfsame day it came to pass, that all the hosts of the LORD went out from the land of Egypt. +It is a night to be much observed unto the LORD for bringing them out from the land of Egypt: this is that night of the LORD to be observed of all the children of Israel in their generations. +And the LORD said unto Moses and Aaron, This is the ordinance of the passover: There shall no stranger eat thereof: +But every man's servant that is bought for money, when thou hast circumcised him, then shall he eat thereof. +A foreigner and an hired servant shall not eat thereof. +In one house shall it be eaten; thou shalt not carry forth ought of the flesh abroad out of the house; neither shall ye break a bone thereof. +All the congregation of Israel shall keep it. +And when a stranger shall sojourn with thee, and will keep the passover to the LORD, let all his males be circumcised, and then let him come near and keep it; and he shall be as one that is born in the land: for no uncircumcised person shall eat thereof. +One law shall be to him that is homeborn, and unto the stranger that sojourneth among you. +Thus did all the children of Israel; as the LORD commanded Moses and Aaron, so did they. +And it came to pass the selfsame day, that the LORD did bring the children of Israel out of the land of Egypt by their armies. +And the LORD spake unto Moses, saying, +Sanctify unto me all the firstborn, whatsoever openeth the womb among the children of Israel, both of man and of beast: it is mine. +And Moses said unto the people, Remember this day, in which ye came out from Egypt, out of the house of bondage; for by strength of hand the LORD brought you out from this place: there shall no leavened bread be eaten. +This day came ye out in the month Abib. +And it shall be when the LORD shall bring thee into the land of the Canaanites, and the Hittites, and the Amorites, and the Hivites, and the Jebusites, which he sware unto thy fathers to give thee, a land flowing with milk and honey, that thou shalt keep this service in this month. +Seven days thou shalt eat unleavened bread, and in the seventh day shall be a feast to the LORD. +Unleavened bread shall be eaten seven days; and there shall no leavened bread be seen with thee, neither shall there be leaven seen with thee in all thy quarters. +And thou shalt shew thy son in that day, saying, This is done because of that which the LORD did unto me when I came forth out of Egypt. +And it shall be for a sign unto thee upon thine hand, and for a memorial between thine eyes, that the LORD's law may be in thy mouth: for with a strong hand hath the LORD brought thee out of Egypt. +Thou shalt therefore keep this ordinance in his season from year to year. +And it shall be when the LORD shall bring thee into the land of the Canaanites, as he sware unto thee and to thy fathers, and shall give it thee, +That thou shalt set apart unto the LORD all that openeth the matrix, and every firstling that cometh of a beast which thou hast; the males shall be the LORD's. +And every firstling of an ass thou shalt redeem with a lamb; and if thou wilt not redeem it, then thou shalt break his neck: and all the firstborn of man among thy children shalt thou redeem. +And it shall be when thy son asketh thee in time to come, saying, What is this? that thou shalt say unto him, By strength of hand the LORD brought us out from Egypt, from the house of bondage: +And it came to pass, when Pharaoh would hardly let us go, that the LORD slew all the firstborn in the land of Egypt, both the firstborn of man, and the firstborn of beast: therefore I sacrifice to the LORD all that openeth the matrix, being males; but all the firstborn of my children I redeem. +And it shall be for a token upon thine hand, and for frontlets between thine eyes: for by strength of hand the LORD brought us forth out of Egypt. +And it came to pass, when Pharaoh had let the people go, that God led them not through the way of the land of the Philistines, although that was near; for God said, Lest peradventure the people repent when they see war, and they return to Egypt: +But God led the people about, through the way of the wilderness of the Red sea: and the children of Israel went up harnessed out of the land of Egypt. +And Moses took the bones of Joseph with him: for he had straitly sworn the children of Israel, saying, God will surely visit you; and ye shall carry up my bones away hence with you. +And they took their journey from Succoth, and encamped in Etham, in the edge of the wilderness. +And the LORD went before them by day in a pillar of a cloud, to lead them the way; and by night in a pillar of fire, to give them light; to go by day and night: +He took not away the pillar of the cloud by day, nor the pillar of fire by night, from before the people. +And the LORD spake unto Moses, saying, +Speak unto the children of Israel, that they turn and encamp before Pihahiroth, between Migdol and the sea, over against Baalzephon: before it shall ye encamp by the sea. +For Pharaoh will say of the children of Israel, They are entangled in the land, the wilderness hath shut them in. +And I will harden Pharaoh's heart, that he shall follow after them; and I will be honoured upon Pharaoh, and upon all his host; that the Egyptians may know that I am the LORD. And they did so. +And it was told the king of Egypt that the people fled: and the heart of Pharaoh and of his servants was turned against the people, and they said, Why have we done this, that we have let Israel go from serving us? +And he made ready his chariot, and took his people with him: +And he took six hundred chosen chariots, and all the chariots of Egypt, and captains over every one of them. +And the LORD hardened the heart of Pharaoh king of Egypt, and he pursued after the children of Israel: and the children of Israel went out with an high hand. +But the Egyptians pursued after them, all the horses and chariots of Pharaoh, and his horsemen, and his army, and overtook them encamping by the sea, beside Pihahiroth, before Baalzephon. +And when Pharaoh drew nigh, the children of Israel lifted up their eyes, and, behold, the Egyptians marched after them; and they were sore afraid: and the children of Israel cried out unto the LORD. +And they said unto Moses, Because there were no graves in Egypt, hast thou taken us away to die in the wilderness? wherefore hast thou dealt thus with us, to carry us forth out of Egypt? +Is not this the word that we did tell thee in Egypt, saying, Let us alone, that we may serve the Egyptians? For it had been better for us to serve the Egyptians, than that we should die in the wilderness. +And Moses said unto the people, Fear ye not, stand still, and see the salvation of the LORD, which he will shew to you to day: for the Egyptians whom ye have seen to day, ye shall see them again no more for ever. +The LORD shall fight for you, and ye shall hold your peace. +And the LORD said unto Moses, Wherefore criest thou unto me? speak unto the children of Israel, that they go forward: +But lift thou up thy rod, and stretch out thine hand over the sea, and divide it: and the children of Israel shall go on dry ground through the midst of the sea. +And I, behold, I will harden the hearts of the Egyptians, and they shall follow them: and I will get me honour upon Pharaoh, and upon all his host, upon his chariots, and upon his horsemen. +And the Egyptians shall know that I am the LORD, when I have gotten me honour upon Pharaoh, upon his chariots, and upon his horsemen. +And the angel of God, which went before the camp of Israel, removed and went behind them; and the pillar of the cloud went from before their face, and stood behind them: +And it came between the camp of the Egyptians and the camp of Israel; and it was a cloud and darkness to them, but it gave light by night to these: so that the one came not near the other all the night. +And Moses stretched out his hand over the sea; and the LORD caused the sea to go back by a strong east wind all that night, and made the sea dry land, and the waters were divided. +And the children of Israel went into the midst of the sea upon the dry ground: and the waters were a wall unto them on their right hand, and on their left. +And the Egyptians pursued, and went in after them to the midst of the sea, even all Pharaoh's horses, his chariots, and his horsemen. +And it came to pass, that in the morning watch the LORD looked unto the host of the Egyptians through the pillar of fire and of the cloud, and troubled the host of the Egyptians, +And took off their chariot wheels, that they drave them heavily: so that the Egyptians said, Let us flee from the face of Israel; for the LORD fighteth for them against the Egyptians. +And the LORD said unto Moses, Stretch out thine hand over the sea, that the waters may come again upon the Egyptians, upon their chariots, and upon their horsemen. +And Moses stretched forth his hand over the sea, and the sea returned to his strength when the morning appeared; and the Egyptians fled against it; and the LORD overthrew the Egyptians in the midst of the sea. +And the waters returned, and covered the chariots, and the horsemen, and all the host of Pharaoh that came into the sea after them; there remained not so much as one of them. +But the children of Israel walked upon dry land in the midst of the sea; and the waters were a wall unto them on their right hand, and on their left. +Thus the LORD saved Israel that day out of the hand of the Egyptians; and Israel saw the Egyptians dead upon the sea shore. +And Israel saw that great work which the LORD did upon the Egyptians: and the people feared the LORD, and believed the LORD, and his servant Moses. +Then sang Moses and the children of Israel this song unto the LORD, and spake, saying, I will sing unto the LORD, for he hath triumphed gloriously: the horse and his rider hath he thrown into the sea. +The LORD is my strength and song, and he is become my salvation: he is my God, and I will prepare him an habitation; my father's God, and I will exalt him. +The LORD is a man of war: the LORD is his name. +Pharaoh's chariots and his host hath he cast into the sea: his chosen captains also are drowned in the Red sea. +The depths have covered them: they sank into the bottom as a stone. +Thy right hand, O LORD, is become glorious in power: thy right hand, O LORD, hath dashed in pieces the enemy. +And in the greatness of thine excellency thou hast overthrown them that rose up against thee: thou sentest forth thy wrath, which consumed them as stubble. +And with the blast of thy nostrils the waters were gathered together, the floods stood upright as an heap, and the depths were congealed in the heart of the sea. +The enemy said, I will pursue, I will overtake, I will divide the spoil; my lust shall be satisfied upon them; I will draw my sword, my hand shall destroy them. +Thou didst blow with thy wind, the sea covered them: they sank as lead in the mighty waters. +Who is like unto thee, O LORD, among the gods? who is like thee, glorious in holiness, fearful in praises, doing wonders? +Thou stretchedst out thy right hand, the earth swallowed them. +Thou in thy mercy hast led forth the people which thou hast redeemed: thou hast guided them in thy strength unto thy holy habitation. +The people shall hear, and be afraid: sorrow shall take hold on the inhabitants of Palestina. +Then the dukes of Edom shall be amazed; the mighty men of Moab, trembling shall take hold upon them; all the inhabitants of Canaan shall melt away. +Fear and dread shall fall upon them; by the greatness of thine arm they shall be as still as a stone; till thy people pass over, O LORD, till the people pass over, which thou hast purchased. +Thou shalt bring them in, and plant them in the mountain of thine inheritance, in the place, O LORD, which thou hast made for thee to dwell in, in the Sanctuary, O LORD, which thy hands have established. +The LORD shall reign for ever and ever. +For the horse of Pharaoh went in with his chariots and with his horsemen into the sea, and the LORD brought again the waters of the sea upon them; but the children of Israel went on dry land in the midst of the sea. +And Miriam the prophetess, the sister of Aaron, took a timbrel in her hand; and all the women went out after her with timbrels and with dances. +And Miriam answered them, Sing ye to the LORD, for he hath triumphed gloriously; the horse and his rider hath he thrown into the sea. +So Moses brought Israel from the Red sea, and they went out into the wilderness of Shur; and they went three days in the wilderness, and found no water. +And when they came to Marah, they could not drink of the waters of Marah, for they were bitter: therefore the name of it was called Marah. +And the people murmured against Moses, saying, What shall we drink? +And he cried unto the LORD; and the LORD shewed him a tree, which when he had cast into the waters, the waters were made sweet: there he made for them a statute and an ordinance, and there he proved them, +And said, If thou wilt diligently hearken to the voice of the LORD thy God, and wilt do that which is right in his sight, and wilt give ear to his commandments, and keep all his statutes, I will put none of these diseases upon thee, which I have brought upon the Egyptians: for I am the LORD that healeth thee. +And they came to Elim, where were twelve wells of water, and threescore and ten palm trees: and they encamped there by the waters. +And they took their journey from Elim, and all the congregation of the children of Israel came unto the wilderness of Sin, which is between Elim and Sinai, on the fifteenth day of the second month after their departing out of the land of Egypt. +And the whole congregation of the children of Israel murmured against Moses and Aaron in the wilderness: +And the children of Israel said unto them, Would to God we had died by the hand of the LORD in the land of Egypt, when we sat by the flesh pots, and when we did eat bread to the full; for ye have brought us forth into this wilderness, to kill this whole assembly with hunger. +Then said the LORD unto Moses, Behold, I will rain bread from heaven for you; and the people shall go out and gather a certain rate every day, that I may prove them, whether they will walk in my law, or no. +And it shall come to pass, that on the sixth day they shall prepare that which they bring in; and it shall be twice as much as they gather daily. +And Moses and Aaron said unto all the children of Israel, At even, then ye shall know that the LORD hath brought you out from the land of Egypt: +And in the morning, then ye shall see the glory of the LORD; for that he heareth your murmurings against the LORD: and what are we, that ye murmur against us? +And Moses said, This shall be, when the LORD shall give you in the evening flesh to eat, and in the morning bread to the full; for that the LORD heareth your murmurings which ye murmur against him: and what are we? your murmurings are not against us, but against the LORD. +And Moses spake unto Aaron, Say unto all the congregation of the children of Israel, Come near before the LORD: for he hath heard your murmurings. +And it came to pass, as Aaron spake unto the whole congregation of the children of Israel, that they looked toward the wilderness, and, behold, the glory of the LORD appeared in the cloud. +And the LORD spake unto Moses, saying, +I have heard the murmurings of the children of Israel: speak unto them, saying, At even ye shall eat flesh, and in the morning ye shall be filled with bread; and ye shall know that I am the LORD your God. +And it came to pass, that at even the quails came up, and covered the camp: and in the morning the dew lay round about the host. +And when the dew that lay was gone up, behold, upon the face of the wilderness there lay a small round thing, as small as the hoar frost on the ground. +And when the children of Israel saw it, they said one to another, It is manna: for they wist not what it was. And Moses said unto them, This is the bread which the LORD hath given you to eat. +This is the thing which the LORD hath commanded, Gather of it every man according to his eating, an omer for every man, according to the number of your persons; take ye every man for them which are in his tents. +And the children of Israel did so, and gathered, some more, some less. +And when they did mete it with an omer, he that gathered much had nothing over, and he that gathered little had no lack; they gathered every man according to his eating. +And Moses said, Let no man leave of it till the morning. +Notwithstanding they hearkened not unto Moses; but some of them left of it until the morning, and it bred worms, and stank: and Moses was wroth with them. +And they gathered it every morning, every man according to his eating: and when the sun waxed hot, it melted. +And it came to pass, that on the sixth day they gathered twice as much bread, two omers for one man: and all the rulers of the congregation came and told Moses. +And he said unto them, This is that which the LORD hath said, To morrow is the rest of the holy sabbath unto the LORD: bake that which ye will bake to day, and seethe that ye will seethe; and that which remaineth over lay up for you to be kept until the morning. +And they laid it up till the morning, as Moses bade: and it did not stink, neither was there any worm therein. +And Moses said, Eat that to day; for to day is a sabbath unto the LORD: to day ye shall not find it in the field. +Six days ye shall gather it; but on the seventh day, which is the sabbath, in it there shall be none. +And it came to pass, that there went out some of the people on the seventh day for to gather, and they found none. +And the LORD said unto Moses, How long refuse ye to keep my commandments and my laws? +See, for that the LORD hath given you the sabbath, therefore he giveth you on the sixth day the bread of two days; abide ye every man in his place, let no man go out of his place on the seventh day. +So the people rested on the seventh day. +And the house of Israel called the name thereof Manna: and it was like coriander seed, white; and the taste of it was like wafers made with honey. +And Moses said, This is the thing which the LORD commandeth, Fill an omer of it to be kept for your generations; that they may see the bread wherewith I have fed you in the wilderness, when I brought you forth from the land of Egypt. +And Moses said unto Aaron, Take a pot, and put an omer full of manna therein, and lay it up before the LORD, to be kept for your generations. +As the LORD commanded Moses, so Aaron laid it up before the Testimony, to be kept. +And the children of Israel did eat manna forty years, until they came to a land inhabited; they did eat manna, until they came unto the borders of the land of Canaan. +Now an omer is the tenth part of an ephah. +And all the congregation of the children of Israel journeyed from the wilderness of Sin, after their journeys, according to the commandment of the LORD, and pitched in Rephidim: and there was no water for the people to drink. +Wherefore the people did chide with Moses, and said, Give us water that we may drink. And Moses said unto them, Why chide ye with me? wherefore do ye tempt the LORD? +And the people thirsted there for water; and the people murmured against Moses, and said, Wherefore is this that thou hast brought us up out of Egypt, to kill us and our children and our cattle with thirst? +And Moses cried unto the LORD, saying, What shall I do unto this people? they be almost ready to stone me. +And the LORD said unto Moses, Go on before the people, and take with thee of the elders of Israel; and thy rod, wherewith thou smotest the river, take in thine hand, and go. +Behold, I will stand before thee there upon the rock in Horeb; and thou shalt smite the rock, and there shall come water out of it, that the people may drink. And Moses did so in the sight of the elders of Israel. +And he called the name of the place Massah, and Meribah, because of the chiding of the children of Israel, and because they tempted the LORD, saying, Is the LORD among us, or not? +Then came Amalek, and fought with Israel in Rephidim. +And Moses said unto Joshua, Choose us out men, and go out, fight with Amalek: to morrow I will stand on the top of the hill with the rod of God in mine hand. +So Joshua did as Moses had said to him, and fought with Amalek: and Moses, Aaron, and Hur went up to the top of the hill. +And it came to pass, when Moses held up his hand, that Israel prevailed: and when he let down his hand, Amalek prevailed. +But Moses hands were heavy; and they took a stone, and put it under him, and he sat thereon; and Aaron and Hur stayed up his hands, the one on the one side, and the other on the other side; and his hands were steady until the going down of the sun. +And Joshua discomfited Amalek and his people with the edge of the sword. +And the LORD said unto Moses, Write this for a memorial in a book, and rehearse it in the ears of Joshua: for I will utterly put out the remembrance of Amalek from under heaven. +And Moses built an altar, and called the name of it Jehovahnissi: +For he said, Because the LORD hath sworn that the LORD will have war with Amalek from generation to generation. +When Jethro, the priest of Midian, Moses' father in law, heard of all that God had done for Moses, and for Israel his people, and that the LORD had brought Israel out of Egypt; +Then Jethro, Moses' father in law, took Zipporah, Moses' wife, after he had sent her back, +And her two sons; of which the name of the one was Gershom; for he said, I have been an alien in a strange land: +And the name of the other was Eliezer; for the God of my father, said he, was mine help, and delivered me from the sword of Pharaoh: +And Jethro, Moses' father in law, came with his sons and his wife unto Moses into the wilderness, where he encamped at the mount of God: +And he said unto Moses, I thy father in law Jethro am come unto thee, and thy wife, and her two sons with her. +And Moses went out to meet his father in law, and did obeisance, and kissed him; and they asked each other of their welfare; and they came into the tent. +And Moses told his father in law all that the LORD had done unto Pharaoh and to the Egyptians for Israel's sake, and all the travail that had come upon them by the way, and how the LORD delivered them. +And Jethro rejoiced for all the goodness which the LORD had done to Israel, whom he had delivered out of the hand of the Egyptians. +And Jethro said, Blessed be the LORD, who hath delivered you out of the hand of the Egyptians, and out of the hand of Pharaoh, who hath delivered the people from under the hand of the Egyptians. +Now I know that the LORD is greater than all gods: for in the thing wherein they dealt proudly he was above them. +And Jethro, Moses' father in law, took a burnt offering and sacrifices for God: and Aaron came, and all the elders of Israel, to eat bread with Moses' father in law before God. +And it came to pass on the morrow, that Moses sat to judge the people: and the people stood by Moses from the morning unto the evening. +And when Moses' father in law saw all that he did to the people, he said, What is this thing that thou doest to the people? why sittest thou thyself alone, and all the people stand by thee from morning unto even? +And Moses said unto his father in law, Because the people come unto me to enquire of God: +When they have a matter, they come unto me; and I judge between one and another, and I do make them know the statutes of God, and his laws. +And Moses' father in law said unto him, The thing that thou doest is not good. +Thou wilt surely wear away, both thou, and this people that is with thee: for this thing is too heavy for thee; thou art not able to perform it thyself alone. +Hearken now unto my voice, I will give thee counsel, and God shall be with thee: Be thou for the people to God-ward, that thou mayest bring the causes unto God: +And thou shalt teach them ordinances and laws, and shalt shew them the way wherein they must walk, and the work that they must do. +Moreover thou shalt provide out of all the people able men, such as fear God, men of truth, hating covetousness; and place such over them, to be rulers of thousands, and rulers of hundreds, rulers of fifties, and rulers of tens: +And let them judge the people at all seasons: and it shall be, that every great matter they shall bring unto thee, but every small matter they shall judge: so shall it be easier for thyself, and they shall bear the burden with thee. +If thou shalt do this thing, and God command thee so, then thou shalt be able to endure, and all this people shall also go to their place in peace. +So Moses hearkened to the voice of his father in law, and did all that he had said. +And Moses chose able men out of all Israel, and made them heads over the people, rulers of thousands, rulers of hundreds, rulers of fifties, and rulers of tens. +And they judged the people at all seasons: the hard causes they brought unto Moses, but every small matter they judged themselves. +And Moses let his father in law depart; and he went his way into his own land. +In the third month, when the children of Israel were gone forth out of the land of Egypt, the same day came they into the wilderness of Sinai. +For they were departed from Rephidim, and were come to the desert of Sinai, and had pitched in the wilderness; and there Israel camped before the mount. +And Moses went up unto God, and the LORD called unto him out of the mountain, saying, Thus shalt thou say to the house of Jacob, and tell the children of Israel; +Ye have seen what I did unto the Egyptians, and how I bare you on eagles' wings, and brought you unto myself. +Now therefore, if ye will obey my voice indeed, and keep my covenant, then ye shall be a peculiar treasure unto me above all people: for all the earth is mine: +And ye shall be unto me a kingdom of priests, and an holy nation. These are the words which thou shalt speak unto the children of Israel. +And Moses came and called for the elders of the people, and laid before their faces all these words which the LORD commanded him. +And all the people answered together, and said, All that the LORD hath spoken we will do. And Moses returned the words of the people unto the LORD. +And the LORD said unto Moses, Lo, I come unto thee in a thick cloud, that the people may hear when I speak with thee, and believe thee for ever. And Moses told the words of the people unto the LORD. +And the LORD said unto Moses, Go unto the people, and sanctify them to day and to morrow, and let them wash their clothes, +And be ready against the third day: for the third day the LORD will come down in the sight of all the people upon mount Sinai. +And thou shalt set bounds unto the people round about, saying, Take heed to yourselves, that ye go not up into the mount, or touch the border of it: whosoever toucheth the mount shall be surely put to death: +There shall not an hand touch it, but he shall surely be stoned, or shot through; whether it be beast or man, it shall not live: when the trumpet soundeth long, they shall come up to the mount. +And Moses went down from the mount unto the people, and sanctified the people; and they washed their clothes. +And he said unto the people, Be ready against the third day: come not at your wives. +And it came to pass on the third day in the morning, that there were thunders and lightnings, and a thick cloud upon the mount, and the voice of the trumpet exceeding loud; so that all the people that was in the camp trembled. +And Moses brought forth the people out of the camp to meet with God; and they stood at the nether part of the mount. +And mount Sinai was altogether on a smoke, because the LORD descended upon it in fire: and the smoke thereof ascended as the smoke of a furnace, and the whole mount quaked greatly. +And when the voice of the trumpet sounded long, and waxed louder and louder, Moses spake, and God answered him by a voice. +And the LORD came down upon mount Sinai, on the top of the mount: and the LORD called Moses up to the top of the mount; and Moses went up. +And the LORD said unto Moses, Go down, charge the people, lest they break through unto the LORD to gaze, and many of them perish. +And let the priests also, which come near to the LORD, sanctify themselves, lest the LORD break forth upon them. +And Moses said unto the LORD, The people cannot come up to mount Sinai: for thou chargedst us, saying, Set bounds about the mount, and sanctify it. +And the LORD said unto him, Away, get thee down, and thou shalt come up, thou, and Aaron with thee: but let not the priests and the people break through to come up unto the LORD, lest he break forth upon them. +So Moses went down unto the people, and spake unto them. +And God spake all these words, saying, +I am the LORD thy God, which have brought thee out of the land of Egypt, out of the house of bondage. +Thou shalt have no other gods before me. +Thou shalt not make unto thee any graven image, or any likeness of any thing that is in heaven above, or that is in the earth beneath, or that is in the water under the earth. +Thou shalt not bow down thyself to them, nor serve them: for I the LORD thy God am a jealous God, visiting the iniquity of the fathers upon the children unto the third and fourth generation of them that hate me; +And shewing mercy unto thousands of them that love me, and keep my commandments. +Thou shalt not take the name of the LORD thy God in vain; for the LORD will not hold him guiltless that taketh his name in vain. +Remember the sabbath day, to keep it holy. +Six days shalt thou labour, and do all thy work: +But the seventh day is the sabbath of the LORD thy God: in it thou shalt not do any work, thou, nor thy son, nor thy daughter, thy manservant, nor thy maidservant, nor thy cattle, nor thy stranger that is within thy gates: +For in six days the LORD made heaven and earth, the sea, and all that in them is, and rested the seventh day: wherefore the LORD blessed the sabbath day, and hallowed it. +Honour thy father and thy mother: that thy days may be long upon the land which the LORD thy God giveth thee. +Thou shalt not kill. +Thou shalt not commit adultery. +Thou shalt not steal. +Thou shalt not bear false witness against thy neighbour. +Thou shalt not covet thy neighbour's house, thou shalt not covet thy neighbour's wife, nor his manservant, nor his maidservant, nor his ox, nor his ass, nor any thing that is thy neighbour's. +And all the people saw the thunderings, and the lightnings, and the noise of the trumpet, and the mountain smoking: and when the people saw it, they removed, and stood afar off. +And they said unto Moses, Speak thou with us, and we will hear: but let not God speak with us, lest we die. +And Moses said unto the people, Fear not: for God is come to prove you, and that his fear may be before your faces, that ye sin not. +And the people stood afar off, and Moses drew near unto the thick darkness where God was. +And the LORD said unto Moses, Thus thou shalt say unto the children of Israel, Ye have seen that I have talked with you from heaven. +Ye shall not make with me gods of silver, neither shall ye make unto you gods of gold. +An altar of earth thou shalt make unto me, and shalt sacrifice thereon thy burnt offerings, and thy peace offerings, thy sheep, and thine oxen: in all places where I record my name I will come unto thee, and I will bless thee. +And if thou wilt make me an altar of stone, thou shalt not build it of hewn stone: for if thou lift up thy tool upon it, thou hast polluted it. +Neither shalt thou go up by steps unto mine altar, that thy nakedness be not discovered thereon. +Now these are the judgments which thou shalt set before them. +If thou buy an Hebrew servant, six years he shall serve: and in the seventh he shall go out free for nothing. +If he came in by himself, he shall go out by himself: if he were married, then his wife shall go out with him. +If his master have given him a wife, and she have born him sons or daughters; the wife and her children shall be her master's, and he shall go out by himself. +And if the servant shall plainly say, I love my master, my wife, and my children; I will not go out free: +Then his master shall bring him unto the judges; he shall also bring him to the door, or unto the door post; and his master shall bore his ear through with an aul; and he shall serve him for ever. +And if a man sell his daughter to be a maidservant, she shall not go out as the menservants do. +If she please not her master, who hath betrothed her to himself, then shall he let her be redeemed: to sell her unto a strange nation he shall have no power, seeing he hath dealt deceitfully with her. +And if he have betrothed her unto his son, he shall deal with her after the manner of daughters. +If he take him another wife; her food, her raiment, and her duty of marriage, shall he not diminish. +And if he do not these three unto her, then shall she go out free without money. +He that smiteth a man, so that he die, shall be surely put to death. +And if a man lie not in wait, but God deliver him into his hand; then I will appoint thee a place whither he shall flee. +But if a man come presumptuously upon his neighbour, to slay him with guile; thou shalt take him from mine altar, that he may die. +And he that smiteth his father, or his mother, shall be surely put to death. +And he that stealeth a man, and selleth him, or if he be found in his hand, he shall surely be put to death. +And he that curseth his father, or his mother, shall surely be put to death. +And if men strive together, and one smite another with a stone, or with his fist, and he die not, but keepeth his bed: +If he rise again, and walk abroad upon his staff, then shall he that smote him be quit: only he shall pay for the loss of his time, and shall cause him to be thoroughly healed. +And if a man smite his servant, or his maid, with a rod, and he die under his hand; he shall be surely punished. +Notwithstanding, if he continue a day or two, he shall not be punished: for he is his money. +If men strive, and hurt a woman with child, so that her fruit depart from her, and yet no mischief follow: he shall be surely punished, according as the woman's husband will lay upon him; and he shall pay as the judges determine. +And if any mischief follow, then thou shalt give life for life, +Eye for eye, tooth for tooth, hand for hand, foot for foot, +Burning for burning, wound for wound, stripe for stripe. +And if a man smite the eye of his servant, or the eye of his maid, that it perish; he shall let him go free for his eye's sake. +And if he smite out his manservant's tooth, or his maidservant's tooth; he shall let him go free for his tooth's sake. +If an ox gore a man or a woman, that they die: then the ox shall be surely stoned, and his flesh shall not be eaten; but the owner of the ox shall be quit. +But if the ox were wont to push with his horn in time past, and it hath been testified to his owner, and he hath not kept him in, but that he hath killed a man or a woman; the ox shall be stoned, and his owner also shall be put to death. +If there be laid on him a sum of money, then he shall give for the ransom of his life whatsoever is laid upon him. +Whether he have gored a son, or have gored a daughter, according to this judgment shall it be done unto him. +If the ox shall push a manservant or a maidservant; he shall give unto their master thirty shekels of silver, and the ox shall be stoned. +And if a man shall open a pit, or if a man shall dig a pit, and not cover it, and an ox or an ass fall therein; +The owner of the pit shall make it good, and give money unto the owner of them; and the dead beast shall be his. +And if one man's ox hurt another's, that he die; then they shall sell the live ox, and divide the money of it; and the dead ox also they shall divide. +Or if it be known that the ox hath used to push in time past, and his owner hath not kept him in; he shall surely pay ox for ox; and the dead shall be his own. +If a man shall steal an ox, or a sheep, and kill it, or sell it; he shall restore five oxen for an ox, and four sheep for a sheep. +If a thief be found breaking up, and be smitten that he die, there shall no blood be shed for him. +If the sun be risen upon him, there shall be blood shed for him; for he should make full restitution; if he have nothing, then he shall be sold for his theft. +If the theft be certainly found in his hand alive, whether it be ox, or ass, or sheep; he shall restore double. +If a man shall cause a field or vineyard to be eaten, and shall put in his beast, and shall feed in another man's field; of the best of his own field, and of the best of his own vineyard, shall he make restitution. +If fire break out, and catch in thorns, so that the stacks of corn, or the standing corn, or the field, be consumed therewith; he that kindled the fire shall surely make restitution. +If a man shall deliver unto his neighbour money or stuff to keep, and it be stolen out of the man's house; if the thief be found, let him pay double. +If the thief be not found, then the master of the house shall be brought unto the judges, to see whether he have put his hand unto his neighbour's goods. +For all manner of trespass, whether it be for ox, for ass, for sheep, for raiment, or for any manner of lost thing which another challengeth to be his, the cause of both parties shall come before the judges; and whom the judges shall condemn, he shall pay double unto his neighbour. +If a man deliver unto his neighbour an ass, or an ox, or a sheep, or any beast, to keep; and it die, or be hurt, or driven away, no man seeing it: +Then shall an oath of the LORD be between them both, that he hath not put his hand unto his neighbour's goods; and the owner of it shall accept thereof, and he shall not make it good. +And if it be stolen from him, he shall make restitution unto the owner thereof. +If it be torn in pieces, then let him bring it for witness, and he shall not make good that which was torn. +And if a man borrow ought of his neighbour, and it be hurt, or die, the owner thereof being not with it, he shall surely make it good. +But if the owner thereof be with it, he shall not make it good: if it be an hired thing, it came for his hire. +And if a man entice a maid that is not betrothed, and lie with her, he shall surely endow her to be his wife. +If her father utterly refuse to give her unto him, he shall pay money according to the dowry of virgins. +Thou shalt not suffer a witch to live. +Whosoever lieth with a beast shall surely be put to death. +He that sacrificeth unto any god, save unto the LORD only, he shall be utterly destroyed. +Thou shalt neither vex a stranger, nor oppress him: for ye were strangers in the land of Egypt. +Ye shall not afflict any widow, or fatherless child. +If thou afflict them in any wise, and they cry at all unto me, I will surely hear their cry; +And my wrath shall wax hot, and I will kill you with the sword; and your wives shall be widows, and your children fatherless. +If thou lend money to any of my people that is poor by thee, thou shalt not be to him as an usurer, neither shalt thou lay upon him usury. +If thou at all take thy neighbour's raiment to pledge, thou shalt deliver it unto him by that the sun goeth down: +For that is his covering only, it is his raiment for his skin: wherein shall he sleep? and it shall come to pass, when he crieth unto me, that I will hear; for I am gracious. +Thou shalt not revile the gods, nor curse the ruler of thy people. +Thou shalt not delay to offer the first of thy ripe fruits, and of thy liquors: the firstborn of thy sons shalt thou give unto me. +Likewise shalt thou do with thine oxen, and with thy sheep: seven days it shall be with his dam; on the eighth day thou shalt give it me. +And ye shall be holy men unto me: neither shall ye eat any flesh that is torn of beasts in the field; ye shall cast it to the dogs. +Thou shalt not raise a false report: put not thine hand with the wicked to be an unrighteous witness. +Thou shalt not follow a multitude to do evil; neither shalt thou speak in a cause to decline after many to wrest judgment: +Neither shalt thou countenance a poor man in his cause. +If thou meet thine enemy's ox or his ass going astray, thou shalt surely bring it back to him again. +If thou see the ass of him that hateth thee lying under his burden, and wouldest forbear to help him, thou shalt surely help with him. +Thou shalt not wrest the judgment of thy poor in his cause. +Keep thee far from a false matter; and the innocent and righteous slay thou not: for I will not justify the wicked. +And thou shalt take no gift: for the gift blindeth the wise, and perverteth the words of the righteous. +Also thou shalt not oppress a stranger: for ye know the heart of a stranger, seeing ye were strangers in the land of Egypt. +And six years thou shalt sow thy land, and shalt gather in the fruits thereof: +But the seventh year thou shalt let it rest and lie still; that the poor of thy people may eat: and what they leave the beasts of the field shall eat. In like manner thou shalt deal with thy vineyard, and with thy oliveyard. +Six days thou shalt do thy work, and on the seventh day thou shalt rest: that thine ox and thine ass may rest, and the son of thy handmaid, and the stranger, may be refreshed. +And in all things that I have said unto you be circumspect: and make no mention of the name of other gods, neither let it be heard out of thy mouth. +Three times thou shalt keep a feast unto me in the year. +Thou shalt keep the feast of unleavened bread: (thou shalt eat unleavened bread seven days, as I commanded thee, in the time appointed of the month Abib; for in it thou camest out from Egypt: and none shall appear before me empty:) +And the feast of harvest, the firstfruits of thy labours, which thou hast sown in the field: and the feast of ingathering, which is in the end of the year, when thou hast gathered in thy labours out of the field. +Three items in the year all thy males shall appear before the LORD God. +Thou shalt not offer the blood of my sacrifice with leavened bread; neither shall the fat of my sacrifice remain until the morning. +The first of the firstfruits of thy land thou shalt bring into the house of the LORD thy God. Thou shalt not seethe a kid in his mother's milk. +Behold, I send an Angel before thee, to keep thee in the way, and to bring thee into the place which I have prepared. +Beware of him, and obey his voice, provoke him not; for he will not pardon your transgressions: for my name is in him. +But if thou shalt indeed obey his voice, and do all that I speak; then I will be an enemy unto thine enemies, and an adversary unto thine adversaries. +For mine Angel shall go before thee, and bring thee in unto the Amorites, and the Hittites, and the Perizzites, and the Canaanites, the Hivites, and the Jebusites: and I will cut them off. +Thou shalt not bow down to their gods, nor serve them, nor do after their works: but thou shalt utterly overthrow them, and quite break down their images. +And ye shall serve the LORD your God, and he shall bless thy bread, and thy water; and I will take sickness away from the midst of thee. +There shall nothing cast their young, nor be barren, in thy land: the number of thy days I will fulfil. +I will send my fear before thee, and will destroy all the people to whom thou shalt come, and I will make all thine enemies turn their backs unto thee. +And I will send hornets before thee, which shall drive out the Hivite, the Canaanite, and the Hittite, from before thee. +I will not drive them out from before thee in one year; lest the land become desolate, and the beast of the field multiply against thee. +By little and little I will drive them out from before thee, until thou be increased, and inherit the land. +And I will set thy bounds from the Red sea even unto the sea of the Philistines, and from the desert unto the river: for I will deliver the inhabitants of the land into your hand; and thou shalt drive them out before thee. +Thou shalt make no covenant with them, nor with their gods. +They shall not dwell in thy land, lest they make thee sin against me: for if thou serve their gods, it will surely be a snare unto thee. +And he said unto Moses, Come up unto the LORD, thou, and Aaron, Nadab, and Abihu, and seventy of the elders of Israel; and worship ye afar off. +And Moses alone shall come near the LORD: but they shall not come nigh; neither shall the people go up with him. +And Moses came and told the people all the words of the LORD, and all the judgments: and all the people answered with one voice, and said, All the words which the LORD hath said will we do. +And Moses wrote all the words of the LORD, and rose up early in the morning, and builded an altar under the hill, and twelve pillars, according to the twelve tribes of Israel. +And he sent young men of the children of Israel, which offered burnt offerings, and sacrificed peace offerings of oxen unto the LORD. +And Moses took half of the blood, and put it in basons; and half of the blood he sprinkled on the altar. +And he took the book of the covenant, and read in the audience of the people: and they said, All that the LORD hath said will we do, and be obedient. +And Moses took the blood, and sprinkled it on the people, and said, Behold the blood of the covenant, which the LORD hath made with you concerning all these words. +Then went up Moses, and Aaron, Nadab, and Abihu, and seventy of the elders of Israel: +And they saw the God of Israel: and there was under his feet as it were a paved work of a sapphire stone, and as it were the body of heaven in his clearness. +And upon the nobles of the children of Israel he laid not his hand: also they saw God, and did eat and drink. +And the LORD said unto Moses, Come up to me into the mount, and be there: and I will give thee tables of stone, and a law, and commandments which I have written; that thou mayest teach them. +And Moses rose up, and his minister Joshua: and Moses went up into the mount of God. +And he said unto the elders, Tarry ye here for us, until we come again unto you: and, behold, Aaron and Hur are with you: if any man have any matters to do, let him come unto them. +And Moses went up into the mount, and a cloud covered the mount. +And the glory of the LORD abode upon mount Sinai, and the cloud covered it six days: and the seventh day he called unto Moses out of the midst of the cloud. +And the sight of the glory of the LORD was like devouring fire on the top of the mount in the eyes of the children of Israel. +And Moses went into the midst of the cloud, and gat him up into the mount: and Moses was in the mount forty days and forty nights. +And the LORD spake unto Moses, saying, +Speak unto the children of Israel, that they bring me an offering: of every man that giveth it willingly with his heart ye shall take my offering. +And this is the offering which ye shall take of them; gold, and silver, and brass, +And blue, and purple, and scarlet, and fine linen, and goats' hair, +And rams' skins dyed red, and badgers' skins, and shittim wood, +Oil for the light, spices for anointing oil, and for sweet incense, +Onyx stones, and stones to be set in the ephod, and in the breastplate. +And let them make me a sanctuary; that I may dwell among them. +According to all that I shew thee, after the pattern of the tabernacle, and the pattern of all the instruments thereof, even so shall ye make it. +And they shall make an ark of shittim wood: two cubits and a half shall be the length thereof, and a cubit and a half the breadth thereof, and a cubit and a half the height thereof. +And thou shalt overlay it with pure gold, within and without shalt thou overlay it, and shalt make upon it a crown of gold round about. +And thou shalt cast four rings of gold for it, and put them in the four corners thereof; and two rings shall be in the one side of it, and two rings in the other side of it. +And thou shalt make staves of shittim wood, and overlay them with gold. +And thou shalt put the staves into the rings by the sides of the ark, that the ark may be borne with them. +The staves shall be in the rings of the ark: they shall not be taken from it. +And thou shalt put into the ark the testimony which I shall give thee. +And thou shalt make a mercy seat of pure gold: two cubits and a half shall be the length thereof, and a cubit and a half the breadth thereof. +And thou shalt make two cherubims of gold, of beaten work shalt thou make them, in the two ends of the mercy seat. +And make one cherub on the one end, and the other cherub on the other end: even of the mercy seat shall ye make the cherubims on the two ends thereof. +And the cherubims shall stretch forth their wings on high, covering the mercy seat with their wings, and their faces shall look one to another; toward the mercy seat shall the faces of the cherubims be. +And thou shalt put the mercy seat above upon the ark; and in the ark thou shalt put the testimony that I shall give thee. +And there I will meet with thee, and I will commune with thee from above the mercy seat, from between the two cherubims which are upon the ark of the testimony, of all things which I will give thee in commandment unto the children of Israel. +Thou shalt also make a table of shittim wood: two cubits shall be the length thereof, and a cubit the breadth thereof, and a cubit and a half the height thereof. +And thou shalt overlay it with pure gold, and make thereto a crown of gold round about. +And thou shalt make unto it a border of an hand breadth round about, and thou shalt make a golden crown to the border thereof round about. +And thou shalt make for it four rings of gold, and put the rings in the four corners that are on the four feet thereof. +Over against the border shall the rings be for places of the staves to bear the table. +And thou shalt make the staves of shittim wood, and overlay them with gold, that the table may be borne with them. +And thou shalt make the dishes thereof, and spoons thereof, and covers thereof, and bowls thereof, to cover withal: of pure gold shalt thou make them. +And thou shalt set upon the table shewbread before me alway. +And thou shalt make a candlestick of pure gold: of beaten work shall the candlestick be made: his shaft, and his branches, his bowls, his knops, and his flowers, shall be of the same. +And six branches shall come out of the sides of it; three branches of the candlestick out of the one side, and three branches of the candlestick out of the other side: +Three bowls made like unto almonds, with a knop and a flower in one branch; and three bowls made like almonds in the other branch, with a knop and a flower: so in the six branches that come out of the candlestick. +And in the candlesticks shall be four bowls made like unto almonds, with their knops and their flowers. +And there shall be a knop under two branches of the same, and a knop under two branches of the same, and a knop under two branches of the same, according to the six branches that proceed out of the candlestick. +Their knops and their branches shall be of the same: all it shall be one beaten work of pure gold. +And thou shalt make the seven lamps thereof: and they shall light the lamps thereof, that they may give light over against it. +And the tongs thereof, and the snuffdishes thereof, shall be of pure gold. +Of a talent of pure gold shall he make it, with all these vessels. +And look that thou make them after their pattern, which was shewed thee in the mount. +Moreover thou shalt make the tabernacle with ten curtains of fine twined linen, and blue, and purple, and scarlet: with cherubims of cunning work shalt thou make them. +The length of one curtain shall be eight and twenty cubits, and the breadth of one curtain four cubits: and every one of the curtains shall have one measure. +The five curtains shall be coupled together one to another; and other five curtains shall be coupled one to another. +And thou shalt make loops of blue upon the edge of the one curtain from the selvedge in the coupling; and likewise shalt thou make in the uttermost edge of another curtain, in the coupling of the second. +Fifty loops shalt thou make in the one curtain, and fifty loops shalt thou make in the edge of the curtain that is in the coupling of the second; that the loops may take hold one of another. +And thou shalt make fifty taches of gold, and couple the curtains together with the taches: and it shall be one tabernacle. +And thou shalt make curtains of goats' hair to be a covering upon the tabernacle: eleven curtains shalt thou make. +The length of one curtain shall be thirty cubits, and the breadth of one curtain four cubits: and the eleven curtains shall be all of one measure. +And thou shalt couple five curtains by themselves, and six curtains by themselves, and shalt double the sixth curtain in the forefront of the tabernacle. +And thou shalt make fifty loops on the edge of the one curtain that is outmost in the coupling, and fifty loops in the edge of the curtain which coupleth the second. +And thou shalt make fifty taches of brass, and put the taches into the loops, and couple the tent together, that it may be one. +And the remnant that remaineth of the curtains of the tent, the half curtain that remaineth, shall hang over the backside of the tabernacle. +And a cubit on the one side, and a cubit on the other side of that which remaineth in the length of the curtains of the tent, it shall hang over the sides of the tabernacle on this side and on that side, to cover it. +And thou shalt make a covering for the tent of rams' skins dyed red, and a covering above of badgers' skins. +And thou shalt make boards for the tabernacle of shittim wood standing up. +Ten cubits shall be the length of a board, and a cubit and a half shall be the breadth of one board. +Two tenons shall there be in one board, set in order one against another: thus shalt thou make for all the boards of the tabernacle. +And thou shalt make the boards for the tabernacle, twenty boards on the south side southward. +And thou shalt make forty sockets of silver under the twenty boards; two sockets under one board for his two tenons, and two sockets under another board for his two tenons. +And for the second side of the tabernacle on the north side there shall be twenty boards: +And their forty sockets of silver; two sockets under one board, and two sockets under another board. +And for the sides of the tabernacle westward thou shalt make six boards. +And two boards shalt thou make for the corners of the tabernacle in the two sides. +And they shall be coupled together beneath, and they shall be coupled together above the head of it unto one ring: thus shall it be for them both; they shall be for the two corners. +And they shall be eight boards, and their sockets of silver, sixteen sockets; two sockets under one board, and two sockets under another board. +And thou shalt make bars of shittim wood; five for the boards of the one side of the tabernacle, +And five bars for the boards of the other side of the tabernacle, and five bars for the boards of the side of the tabernacle, for the two sides westward. +And the middle bar in the midst of the boards shall reach from end to end. +And thou shalt overlay the boards with gold, and make their rings of gold for places for the bars: and thou shalt overlay the bars with gold. +And thou shalt rear up the tabernacle according to the fashion thereof which was shewed thee in the mount. +And thou shalt make a vail of blue, and purple, and scarlet, and fine twined linen of cunning work: with cherubims shall it be made: +And thou shalt hang it upon four pillars of shittim wood overlaid with gold: their hooks shall be of gold, upon the four sockets of silver. +And thou shalt hang up the vail under the taches, that thou mayest bring in thither within the vail the ark of the testimony: and the vail shall divide unto you between the holy place and the most holy. +And thou shalt put the mercy seat upon the ark of the testimony in the most holy place. +And thou shalt set the table without the vail, and the candlestick over against the table on the side of the tabernacle toward the south: and thou shalt put the table on the north side. +And thou shalt make an hanging for the door of the tent, of blue, and purple, and scarlet, and fine twined linen, wrought with needlework. +And thou shalt make for the hanging five pillars of shittim wood, and overlay them with gold, and their hooks shall be of gold: and thou shalt cast five sockets of brass for them. +And thou shalt make an altar of shittim wood, five cubits long, and five cubits broad; the altar shall be foursquare: and the height thereof shall be three cubits. +And thou shalt make the horns of it upon the four corners thereof: his horns shall be of the same: and thou shalt overlay it with brass. +And thou shalt make his pans to receive his ashes, and his shovels, and his basons, and his fleshhooks, and his firepans: all the vessels thereof thou shalt make of brass. +And thou shalt make for it a grate of network of brass; and upon the net shalt thou make four brasen rings in the four corners thereof. +And thou shalt put it under the compass of the altar beneath, that the net may be even to the midst of the altar. +And thou shalt make staves for the altar, staves of shittim wood, and overlay them with brass. +And the staves shall be put into the rings, and the staves shall be upon the two sides of the altar, to bear it. +Hollow with boards shalt thou make it: as it was shewed thee in the mount, so shall they make it. +And thou shalt make the court of the tabernacle: for the south side southward there shall be hangings for the court of fine twined linen of an hundred cubits long for one side: +And the twenty pillars thereof and their twenty sockets shall be of brass; the hooks of the pillars and their fillets shall be of silver. +And likewise for the north side in length there shall be hangings of an hundred cubits long, and his twenty pillars and their twenty sockets of brass; the hooks of the pillars and their fillets of silver. +And for the breadth of the court on the west side shall be hangings of fifty cubits: their pillars ten, and their sockets ten. +And the breadth of the court on the east side eastward shall be fifty cubits. +The hangings of one side of the gate shall be fifteen cubits: their pillars three, and their sockets three. +And on the other side shall be hangings fifteen cubits: their pillars three, and their sockets three. +And for the gate of the court shall be an hanging of twenty cubits, of blue, and purple, and scarlet, and fine twined linen, wrought with needlework: and their pillars shall be four, and their sockets four. +All the pillars round about the court shall be filleted with silver; their hooks shall be of silver, and their sockets of brass. +The length of the court shall be an hundred cubits, and the breadth fifty every where, and the height five cubits of fine twined linen, and their sockets of brass. +All the vessels of the tabernacle in all the service thereof, and all the pins thereof, and all the pins of the court, shall be of brass. +And thou shalt command the children of Israel, that they bring thee pure oil olive beaten for the light, to cause the lamp to burn always. +In the tabernacle of the congregation without the vail, which is before the testimony, Aaron and his sons shall order it from evening to morning before the LORD: it shall be a statute for ever unto their generations on the behalf of the children of Israel. +And take thou unto thee Aaron thy brother, and his sons with him, from among the children of Israel, that he may minister unto me in the priest's office, even Aaron, Nadab and Abihu, Eleazar and Ithamar, Aaron's sons. +And thou shalt make holy garments for Aaron thy brother for glory and for beauty. +And thou shalt speak unto all that are wise hearted, whom I have filled with the spirit of wisdom, that they may make Aaron's garments to consecrate him, that he may minister unto me in the priest's office. +And these are the garments which they shall make; a breastplate, and an ephod, and a robe, and a broidered coat, a mitre, and a girdle: and they shall make holy garments for Aaron thy brother, and his sons, that he may minister unto me in the priest's office. +And they shall take gold, and blue, and purple, and scarlet, and fine linen. +And they shall make the ephod of gold, of blue, and of purple, of scarlet, and fine twined linen, with cunning work. +It shall have the two shoulderpieces thereof joined at the two edges thereof; and so it shall be joined together. +And the curious girdle of the ephod, which is upon it, shall be of the same, according to the work thereof; even of gold, of blue, and purple, and scarlet, and fine twined linen. +And thou shalt take two onyx stones, and grave on them the names of the children of Israel: +Six of their names on one stone, and the other six names of the rest on the other stone, according to their birth. +With the work of an engraver in stone, like the engravings of a signet, shalt thou engrave the two stones with the names of the children of Israel: thou shalt make them to be set in ouches of gold. +And thou shalt put the two stones upon the shoulders of the ephod for stones of memorial unto the children of Israel: and Aaron shall bear their names before the LORD upon his two shoulders for a memorial. +And thou shalt make ouches of gold; +And two chains of pure gold at the ends; of wreathen work shalt thou make them, and fasten the wreathen chains to the ouches. +And thou shalt make the breastplate of judgment with cunning work; after the work of the ephod thou shalt make it; of gold, of blue, and of purple, and of scarlet, and of fine twined linen, shalt thou make it. +Foursquare it shall be being doubled; a span shall be the length thereof, and a span shall be the breadth thereof. +And thou shalt set in it settings of stones, even four rows of stones: the first row shall be a sardius, a topaz, and a carbuncle: this shall be the first row. +And the second row shall be an emerald, a sapphire, and a diamond. +And the third row a ligure, an agate, and an amethyst. +And the fourth row a beryl, and an onyx, and a jasper: they shall be set in gold in their inclosings. +And the stones shall be with the names of the children of Israel, twelve, according to their names, like the engravings of a signet; every one with his name shall they be according to the twelve tribes. +And thou shalt make upon the breastplate chains at the ends of wreathen work of pure gold. +And thou shalt make upon the breastplate two rings of gold, and shalt put the two rings on the two ends of the breastplate. +And thou shalt put the two wreathen chains of gold in the two rings which are on the ends of the breastplate. +And the other two ends of the two wreathen chains thou shalt fasten in the two ouches, and put them on the shoulderpieces of the ephod before it. +And thou shalt make two rings of gold, and thou shalt put them upon the two ends of the breastplate in the border thereof, which is in the side of the ephod inward. +And two other rings of gold thou shalt make, and shalt put them on the two sides of the ephod underneath, toward the forepart thereof, over against the other coupling thereof, above the curious girdle of the ephod. +And they shall bind the breastplate by the rings thereof unto the rings of the ephod with a lace of blue, that it may be above the curious girdle of the ephod, and that the breastplate be not loosed from the ephod. +And Aaron shall bear the names of the children of Israel in the breastplate of judgment upon his heart, when he goeth in unto the holy place, for a memorial before the LORD continually. +And thou shalt put in the breastplate of judgment the Urim and the Thummim; and they shall be upon Aaron's heart, when he goeth in before the LORD: and Aaron shall bear the judgment of the children of Israel upon his heart before the LORD continually. +And thou shalt make the robe of the ephod all of blue. +And there shall be an hole in the top of it, in the midst thereof: it shall have a binding of woven work round about the hole of it, as it were the hole of an habergeon, that it be not rent. +And beneath upon the hem of it thou shalt make pomegranates of blue, and of purple, and of scarlet, round about the hem thereof; and bells of gold between them round about: +A golden bell and a pomegranate, a golden bell and a pomegranate, upon the hem of the robe round about. +And it shall be upon Aaron to minister: and his sound shall be heard when he goeth in unto the holy place before the LORD, and when he cometh out, that he die not. +And thou shalt make a plate of pure gold, and grave upon it, like the engravings of a signet, HOLINESS TO THE LORD. +And thou shalt put it on a blue lace, that it may be upon the mitre; upon the forefront of the mitre it shall be. +And it shall be upon Aaron's forehead, that Aaron may bear the iniquity of the holy things, which the children of Israel shall hallow in all their holy gifts; and it shall be always upon his forehead, that they may be accepted before the LORD. +And thou shalt embroider the coat of fine linen, and thou shalt make the mitre of fine linen, and thou shalt make the girdle of needlework. +And for Aaron's sons thou shalt make coats, and thou shalt make for them girdles, and bonnets shalt thou make for them, for glory and for beauty. +And thou shalt put them upon Aaron thy brother, and his sons with him; and shalt anoint them, and consecrate them, and sanctify them, that they may minister unto me in the priest's office. +And thou shalt make them linen breeches to cover their nakedness; from the loins even unto the thighs they shall reach: +And they shall be upon Aaron, and upon his sons, when they come in unto the tabernacle of the congregation, or when they come near unto the altar to minister in the holy place; that they bear not iniquity, and die: it shall be a statute for ever unto him and his seed after him. +And this is the thing that thou shalt do unto them to hallow them, to minister unto me in the priest's office: Take one young bullock, and two rams without blemish, +And unleavened bread, and cakes unleavened tempered with oil, and wafers unleavened anointed with oil: of wheaten flour shalt thou make them. +And thou shalt put them into one basket, and bring them in the basket, with the bullock and the two rams. +And Aaron and his sons thou shalt bring unto the door of the tabernacle of the congregation, and shalt wash them with water. +And thou shalt take the garments, and put upon Aaron the coat, and the robe of the ephod, and the ephod, and the breastplate, and gird him with the curious girdle of the ephod: +And thou shalt put the mitre upon his head, and put the holy crown upon the mitre. +Then shalt thou take the anointing oil, and pour it upon his head, and anoint him. +And thou shalt bring his sons, and put coats upon them. +And thou shalt gird them with girdles, Aaron and his sons, and put the bonnets on them: and the priest's office shall be theirs for a perpetual statute: and thou shalt consecrate Aaron and his sons. +And thou shalt cause a bullock to be brought before the tabernacle of the congregation: and Aaron and his sons shall put their hands upon the head of the bullock. +And thou shalt kill the bullock before the LORD, by the door of the tabernacle of the congregation. +And thou shalt take of the blood of the bullock, and put it upon the horns of the altar with thy finger, and pour all the blood beside the bottom of the altar. +And thou shalt take all the fat that covereth the inwards, and the caul that is above the liver, and the two kidneys, and the fat that is upon them, and burn them upon the altar. +But the flesh of the bullock, and his skin, and his dung, shalt thou burn with fire without the camp: it is a sin offering. +Thou shalt also take one ram; and Aaron and his sons shall put their hands upon the head of the ram. +And thou shalt slay the ram, and thou shalt take his blood, and sprinkle it round about upon the altar. +And thou shalt cut the ram in pieces, and wash the inwards of him, and his legs, and put them unto his pieces, and unto his head. +And thou shalt burn the whole ram upon the altar: it is a burnt offering unto the LORD: it is a sweet savour, an offering made by fire unto the LORD. +And thou shalt take the other ram; and Aaron and his sons shall put their hands upon the head of the ram. +Then shalt thou kill the ram, and take of his blood, and put it upon the tip of the right ear of Aaron, and upon the tip of the right ear of his sons, and upon the thumb of their right hand, and upon the great toe of their right foot, and sprinkle the blood upon the altar round about. +And thou shalt take of the blood that is upon the altar, and of the anointing oil, and sprinkle it upon Aaron, and upon his garments, and upon his sons, and upon the garments of his sons with him: and he shall be hallowed, and his garments, and his sons, and his sons' garments with him. +Also thou shalt take of the ram the fat and the rump, and the fat that covereth the inwards, and the caul above the liver, and the two kidneys, and the fat that is upon them, and the right shoulder; for it is a ram of consecration: +And one loaf of bread, and one cake of oiled bread, and one wafer out of the basket of the unleavened bread that is before the LORD: +And thou shalt put all in the hands of Aaron, and in the hands of his sons; and shalt wave them for a wave offering before the LORD. +And thou shalt receive them of their hands, and burn them upon the altar for a burnt offering, for a sweet savour before the LORD: it is an offering made by fire unto the LORD. +And thou shalt take the breast of the ram of Aaron's consecration, and wave it for a wave offering before the LORD: and it shall be thy part. +And thou shalt sanctify the breast of the wave offering, and the shoulder of the heave offering, which is waved, and which is heaved up, of the ram of the consecration, even of that which is for Aaron, and of that which is for his sons: +And it shall be Aaron's and his sons' by a statute for ever from the children of Israel: for it is an heave offering: and it shall be an heave offering from the children of Israel of the sacrifice of their peace offerings, even their heave offering unto the LORD. +And the holy garments of Aaron shall be his sons' after him, to be anointed therein, and to be consecrated in them. +And that son that is priest in his stead shall put them on seven days, when he cometh into the tabernacle of the congregation to minister in the holy place. +And thou shalt take the ram of the consecration, and seethe his flesh in the holy place. +And Aaron and his sons shall eat the flesh of the ram, and the bread that is in the basket by the door of the tabernacle of the congregation. +And they shall eat those things wherewith the atonement was made, to consecrate and to sanctify them: but a stranger shall not eat thereof, because they are holy. +And if ought of the flesh of the consecrations, or of the bread, remain unto the morning, then thou shalt burn the remainder with fire: it shall not be eaten, because it is holy. +And thus shalt thou do unto Aaron, and to his sons, according to all things which I have commanded thee: seven days shalt thou consecrate them. +And thou shalt offer every day a bullock for a sin offering for atonement: and thou shalt cleanse the altar, when thou hast made an atonement for it, and thou shalt anoint it, to sanctify it. +Seven days thou shalt make an atonement for the altar, and sanctify it; and it shall be an altar most holy: whatsoever toucheth the altar shall be holy. +Now this is that which thou shalt offer upon the altar; two lambs of the first year day by day continually. +The one lamb thou shalt offer in the morning; and the other lamb thou shalt offer at even: +And with the one lamb a tenth deal of flour mingled with the fourth part of an hin of beaten oil; and the fourth part of an hin of wine for a drink offering. +And the other lamb thou shalt offer at even, and shalt do thereto according to the meat offering of the morning, and according to the drink offering thereof, for a sweet savour, an offering made by fire unto the LORD. +This shall be a continual burnt offering throughout your generations at the door of the tabernacle of the congregation before the LORD: where I will meet you, to speak there unto thee. +And there I will meet with the children of Israel, and the tabernacle shall be sanctified by my glory. +And I will sanctify the tabernacle of the congregation, and the altar: I will sanctify also both Aaron and his sons, to minister to me in the priest's office. +And I will dwell among the children of Israel, and will be their God. +And they shall know that I am the LORD their God, that brought them forth out of the land of Egypt, that I may dwell among them: I am the LORD their God. +And thou shalt make an altar to burn incense upon: of shittim wood shalt thou make it. +A cubit shall be the length thereof, and a cubit the breadth thereof; foursquare shall it be: and two cubits shall be the height thereof: the horns thereof shall be of the same. +And thou shalt overlay it with pure gold, the top thereof, and the sides thereof round about, and the horns thereof; and thou shalt make unto it a crown of gold round about. +And two golden rings shalt thou make to it under the crown of it, by the two corners thereof, upon the two sides of it shalt thou make it; and they shall be for places for the staves to bear it withal. +And thou shalt make the staves of shittim wood, and overlay them with gold. +And thou shalt put it before the vail that is by the ark of the testimony, before the mercy seat that is over the testimony, where I will meet with thee. +And Aaron shall burn thereon sweet incense every morning: when he dresseth the lamps, he shall burn incense upon it. +And when Aaron lighteth the lamps at even, he shall burn incense upon it, a perpetual incense before the LORD throughout your generations. +Ye shall offer no strange incense thereon, nor burnt sacrifice, nor meat offering; neither shall ye pour drink offering thereon. +And Aaron shall make an atonement upon the horns of it once in a year with the blood of the sin offering of atonements: once in the year shall he make atonement upon it throughout your generations: it is most holy unto the LORD. +And the LORD spake unto Moses, saying, +When thou takest the sum of the children of Israel after their number, then shall they give every man a ransom for his soul unto the LORD, when thou numberest them; that there be no plague among them, when thou numberest them. +This they shall give, every one that passeth among them that are numbered, half a shekel after the shekel of the sanctuary: (a shekel is twenty gerahs:) an half shekel shall be the offering of the LORD. +Every one that passeth among them that are numbered, from twenty years old and above, shall give an offering unto the LORD. +The rich shall not give more, and the poor shall not give less than half a shekel, when they give an offering unto the LORD, to make an atonement for your souls. +And thou shalt take the atonement money of the children of Israel, and shalt appoint it for the service of the tabernacle of the congregation; that it may be a memorial unto the children of Israel before the LORD, to make an atonement for your souls. +And the LORD spake unto Moses, saying, +Thou shalt also make a laver of brass, and his foot also of brass, to wash withal: and thou shalt put it between the tabernacle of the congregation and the altar, and thou shalt put water therein. +For Aaron and his sons shall wash their hands and their feet thereat: +When they go into the tabernacle of the congregation, they shall wash with water, that they die not; or when they come near to the altar to minister, to burn offering made by fire unto the LORD: +So they shall wash their hands and their feet, that they die not: and it shall be a statute for ever to them, even to him and to his seed throughout their generations. +Moreover the LORD spake unto Moses, saying, +Take thou also unto thee principal spices, of pure myrrh five hundred shekels, and of sweet cinnamon half so much, even two hundred and fifty shekels, and of sweet calamus two hundred and fifty shekels, +And of cassia five hundred shekels, after the shekel of the sanctuary, and of oil olive an hin: +And thou shalt make it an oil of holy ointment, an ointment compound after the art of the apothecary: it shall be an holy anointing oil. +And thou shalt anoint the tabernacle of the congregation therewith, and the ark of the testimony, +And the table and all his vessels, and the candlestick and his vessels, and the altar of incense, +And the altar of burnt offering with all his vessels, and the laver and his foot. +And thou shalt sanctify them, that they may be most holy: whatsoever toucheth them shall be holy. +And thou shalt anoint Aaron and his sons, and consecrate them, that they may minister unto me in the priest's office. +And thou shalt speak unto the children of Israel, saying, This shall be an holy anointing oil unto me throughout your generations. +Upon man's flesh shall it not be poured, neither shall ye make any other like it, after the composition of it: it is holy, and it shall be holy unto you. +Whosoever compoundeth any like it, or whosoever putteth any of it upon a stranger, shall even be cut off from his people. +And the LORD said unto Moses, Take unto thee sweet spices, stacte, and onycha, and galbanum; these sweet spices with pure frankincense: of each shall there be a like weight: +And thou shalt make it a perfume, a confection after the art of the apothecary, tempered together, pure and holy: +And thou shalt beat some of it very small, and put of it before the testimony in the tabernacle of the congregation, where I will meet with thee: it shall be unto you most holy. +And as for the perfume which thou shalt make, ye shall not make to yourselves according to the composition thereof: it shall be unto thee holy for the LORD. +Whosoever shall make like unto that, to smell thereto, shall even be cut off from his people. +And the LORD spake unto Moses, saying, +See, I have called by name Bezaleel the son of Uri, the son of Hur, of the tribe of Judah: +And I have filled him with the spirit of God, in wisdom, and in understanding, and in knowledge, and in all manner of workmanship, +To devise cunning works, to work in gold, and in silver, and in brass, +And in cutting of stones, to set them, and in carving of timber, to work in all manner of workmanship. +And I, behold, I have given with him Aholiab, the son of Ahisamach, of the tribe of Dan: and in the hearts of all that are wise hearted I have put wisdom, that they may make all that I have commanded thee; +The tabernacle of the congregation, and the ark of the testimony, and the mercy seat that is thereupon, and all the furniture of the tabernacle, +And the table and his furniture, and the pure candlestick with all his furniture, and the altar of incense, +And the altar of burnt offering with all his furniture, and the laver and his foot, +And the cloths of service, and the holy garments for Aaron the priest, and the garments of his sons, to minister in the priest's office, +And the anointing oil, and sweet incense for the holy place: according to all that I have commanded thee shall they do. +And the LORD spake unto Moses, saying, +Speak thou also unto the children of Israel, saying, Verily my sabbaths ye shall keep: for it is a sign between me and you throughout your generations; that ye may know that I am the LORD that doth sanctify you. +Ye shall keep the sabbath therefore; for it is holy unto you: every one that defileth it shall surely be put to death: for whosoever doeth any work therein, that soul shall be cut off from among his people. +Six days may work be done; but in the seventh is the sabbath of rest, holy to the LORD: whosoever doeth any work in the sabbath day, he shall surely be put to death. +Wherefore the children of Israel shall keep the sabbath, to observe the sabbath throughout their generations, for a perpetual covenant. +It is a sign between me and the children of Israel for ever: for in six days the LORD made heaven and earth, and on the seventh day he rested, and was refreshed. +And he gave unto Moses, when he had made an end of communing with him upon mount Sinai, two tables of testimony, tables of stone, written with the finger of God. +And when the people saw that Moses delayed to come down out of the mount, the people gathered themselves together unto Aaron, and said unto him, Up, make us gods, which shall go before us; for as for this Moses, the man that brought us up out of the land of Egypt, we wot not what is become of him. +And Aaron said unto them, Break off the golden earrings, which are in the ears of your wives, of your sons, and of your daughters, and bring them unto me. +And all the people brake off the golden earrings which were in their ears, and brought them unto Aaron. +And he received them at their hand, and fashioned it with a graving tool, after he had made it a molten calf: and they said, These be thy gods, O Israel, which brought thee up out of the land of Egypt. +And when Aaron saw it, he built an altar before it; and Aaron made proclamation, and said, To morrow is a feast to the LORD. +And they rose up early on the morrow, and offered burnt offerings, and brought peace offerings; and the people sat down to eat and to drink, and rose up to play. +And the LORD said unto Moses, Go, get thee down; for thy people, which thou broughtest out of the land of Egypt, have corrupted themselves: +They have turned aside quickly out of the way which I commanded them: they have made them a molten calf, and have worshipped it, and have sacrificed thereunto, and said, These be thy gods, O Israel, which have brought thee up out of the land of Egypt. +And the LORD said unto Moses, I have seen this people, and, behold, it is a stiffnecked people: +Now therefore let me alone, that my wrath may wax hot against them, and that I may consume them: and I will make of thee a great nation. +And Moses besought the LORD his God, and said, LORD, why doth thy wrath wax hot against thy people, which thou hast brought forth out of the land of Egypt with great power, and with a mighty hand? +Wherefore should the Egyptians speak, and say, For mischief did he bring them out, to slay them in the mountains, and to consume them from the face of the earth? Turn from thy fierce wrath, and repent of this evil against thy people. +Remember Abraham, Isaac, and Israel, thy servants, to whom thou swarest by thine own self, and saidst unto them, I will multiply your seed as the stars of heaven, and all this land that I have spoken of will I give unto your seed, and they shall inherit it for ever. +And the LORD repented of the evil which he thought to do unto his people. +And Moses turned, and went down from the mount, and the two tables of the testimony were in his hand: the tables were written on both their sides; on the one side and on the other were they written. +And the tables were the work of God, and the writing was the writing of God, graven upon the tables. +And when Joshua heard the noise of the people as they shouted, he said unto Moses, There is a noise of war in the camp. +And he said, It is not the voice of them that shout for mastery, neither is it the voice of them that cry for being overcome: but the noise of them that sing do I hear. +And it came to pass, as soon as he came nigh unto the camp, that he saw the calf, and the dancing: and Moses' anger waxed hot, and he cast the tables out of his hands, and brake them beneath the mount. +And he took the calf which they had made, and burnt it in the fire, and ground it to powder, and strawed it upon the water, and made the children of Israel drink of it. +And Moses said unto Aaron, What did this people unto thee, that thou hast brought so great a sin upon them? +And Aaron said, Let not the anger of my lord wax hot: thou knowest the people, that they are set on mischief. +For they said unto me, Make us gods, which shall go before us: for as for this Moses, the man that brought us up out of the land of Egypt, we wot not what is become of him. +And I said unto them, Whosoever hath any gold, let them break it off. So they gave it me: then I cast it into the fire, and there came out this calf. +And when Moses saw that the people were naked; (for Aaron had made them naked unto their shame among their enemies:) +Then Moses stood in the gate of the camp, and said, Who is on the LORD's side? let him come unto me. And all the sons of Levi gathered themselves together unto him. +And he said unto them, Thus saith the LORD God of Israel, Put every man his sword by his side, and go in and out from gate to gate throughout the camp, and slay every man his brother, and every man his companion, and every man his neighbour. +And the children of Levi did according to the word of Moses: and there fell of the people that day about three thousand men. +For Moses had said, Consecrate yourselves today to the LORD, even every man upon his son, and upon his brother; that he may bestow upon you a blessing this day. +And it came to pass on the morrow, that Moses said unto the people, Ye have sinned a great sin: and now I will go up unto the LORD; peradventure I shall make an atonement for your sin. +And Moses returned unto the LORD, and said, Oh, this people have sinned a great sin, and have made them gods of gold. +Yet now, if thou wilt forgive their sin--; and if not, blot me, I pray thee, out of thy book which thou hast written. +And the LORD said unto Moses, Whosoever hath sinned against me, him will I blot out of my book. +Therefore now go, lead the people unto the place of which I have spoken unto thee: behold, mine Angel shall go before thee: nevertheless in the day when I visit I will visit their sin upon them. +And the LORD plagued the people, because they made the calf, which Aaron made. +And the LORD said unto Moses, Depart, and go up hence, thou and the people which thou hast brought up out of the land of Egypt, unto the land which I sware unto Abraham, to Isaac, and to Jacob, saying, Unto thy seed will I give it: +And I will send an angel before thee; and I will drive out the Canaanite, the Amorite, and the Hittite, and the Perizzite, the Hivite, and the Jebusite: +Unto a land flowing with milk and honey: for I will not go up in the midst of thee; for thou art a stiffnecked people: lest I consume thee in the way. +And when the people heard these evil tidings, they mourned: and no man did put on him his ornaments. +For the LORD had said unto Moses, Say unto the children of Israel, Ye are a stiffnecked people: I will come up into the midst of thee in a moment, and consume thee: therefore now put off thy ornaments from thee, that I may know what to do unto thee. +And the children of Israel stripped themselves of their ornaments by the mount Horeb. +And Moses took the tabernacle, and pitched it without the camp, afar off from the camp, and called it the Tabernacle of the congregation. And it came to pass, that every one which sought the LORD went out unto the tabernacle of the congregation, which was without the camp. +And it came to pass, when Moses went out unto the tabernacle, that all the people rose up, and stood every man at his tent door, and looked after Moses, until he was gone into the tabernacle. +And it came to pass, as Moses entered into the tabernacle, the cloudy pillar descended, and stood at the door of the tabernacle, and the Lord talked with Moses. +And all the people saw the cloudy pillar stand at the tabernacle door: and all the people rose up and worshipped, every man in his tent door. +And the LORD spake unto Moses face to face, as a man speaketh unto his friend. And he turned again into the camp: but his servant Joshua, the son of Nun, a young man, departed not out of the tabernacle. +And Moses said unto the LORD, See, thou sayest unto me, Bring up this people: and thou hast not let me know whom thou wilt send with me. Yet thou hast said, I know thee by name, and thou hast also found grace in my sight. +Now therefore, I pray thee, if I have found grace in thy sight, shew me now thy way, that I may know thee, that I may find grace in thy sight: and consider that this nation is thy people. +And he said, My presence shall go with thee, and I will give thee rest. +And he said unto him, If thy presence go not with me, carry us not up hence. +For wherein shall it be known here that I and thy people have found grace in thy sight? is it not in that thou goest with us? so shall we be separated, I and thy people, from all the people that are upon the face of the earth. +And the LORD said unto Moses, I will do this thing also that thou hast spoken: for thou hast found grace in my sight, and I know thee by name. +And he said, I beseech thee, shew me thy glory. +And he said, I will make all my goodness pass before thee, and I will proclaim the name of the LORD before thee; and will be gracious to whom I will be gracious, and will shew mercy on whom I will shew mercy. +And he said, Thou canst not see my face: for there shall no man see me, and live. +And the LORD said, Behold, there is a place by me, and thou shalt stand upon a rock: +And it shall come to pass, while my glory passeth by, that I will put thee in a clift of the rock, and will cover thee with my hand while I pass by: +And I will take away mine hand, and thou shalt see my back parts: but my face shall not be seen. +And the LORD said unto Moses, Hew thee two tables of stone like unto the first: and I will write upon these tables the words that were in the first tables, which thou brakest. +And be ready in the morning, and come up in the morning unto mount Sinai, and present thyself there to me in the top of the mount. +And no man shall come up with thee, neither let any man be seen throughout all the mount; neither let the flocks nor herds feed before that mount. +And he hewed two tables of stone like unto the first; and Moses rose up early in the morning, and went up unto mount Sinai, as the LORD had commanded him, and took in his hand the two tables of stone. +And the LORD descended in the cloud, and stood with him there, and proclaimed the name of the LORD. +And the LORD passed by before him, and proclaimed, The LORD, The LORD God, merciful and gracious, longsuffering, and abundant in goodness and truth, +Keeping mercy for thousands, forgiving iniquity and transgression and sin, and that will by no means clear the guilty; visiting the iniquity of the fathers upon the children, and upon the children's children, unto the third and to the fourth generation. +And Moses made haste, and bowed his head toward the earth, and worshipped. +And he said, If now I have found grace in thy sight, O LORD, let my LORD, I pray thee, go among us; for it is a stiffnecked people; and pardon our iniquity and our sin, and take us for thine inheritance. +And he said, Behold, I make a covenant: before all thy people I will do marvels, such as have not been done in all the earth, nor in any nation: and all the people among which thou art shall see the work of the LORD: for it is a terrible thing that I will do with thee. +Observe thou that which I command thee this day: behold, I drive out before thee the Amorite, and the Canaanite, and the Hittite, and the Perizzite, and the Hivite, and the Jebusite. +Take heed to thyself, lest thou make a covenant with the inhabitants of the land whither thou goest, lest it be for a snare in the midst of thee: +But ye shall destroy their altars, break their images, and cut down their groves: +For thou shalt worship no other god: for the LORD, whose name is Jealous, is a jealous God: +Lest thou make a covenant with the inhabitants of the land, and they go a whoring after their gods, and do sacrifice unto their gods, and one call thee, and thou eat of his sacrifice; +And thou take of their daughters unto thy sons, and their daughters go a whoring after their gods, and make thy sons go a whoring after their gods. +Thou shalt make thee no molten gods. +The feast of unleavened bread shalt thou keep. Seven days thou shalt eat unleavened bread, as I commanded thee, in the time of the month Abib: for in the month Abib thou camest out from Egypt. +All that openeth the matrix is mine; and every firstling among thy cattle, whether ox or sheep, that is male. +But the firstling of an ass thou shalt redeem with a lamb: and if thou redeem him not, then shalt thou break his neck. All the firstborn of thy sons thou shalt redeem. And none shall appear before me empty. +Six days thou shalt work, but on the seventh day thou shalt rest: in earing time and in harvest thou shalt rest. +And thou shalt observe the feast of weeks, of the firstfruits of wheat harvest, and the feast of ingathering at the year's end. +Thrice in the year shall all your menchildren appear before the LORD God, the God of Israel. +For I will cast out the nations before thee, and enlarge thy borders: neither shall any man desire thy land, when thou shalt go up to appear before the LORD thy God thrice in the year. +Thou shalt not offer the blood of my sacrifice with leaven; neither shall the sacrifice of the feast of the passover be left unto the morning. +The first of the firstfruits of thy land thou shalt bring unto the house of the LORD thy God. Thou shalt not seethe a kid in his mother's milk. +And the LORD said unto Moses, Write thou these words: for after the tenor of these words I have made a covenant with thee and with Israel. +And he was there with the LORD forty days and forty nights; he did neither eat bread, nor drink water. And he wrote upon the tables the words of the covenant, the ten commandments. +And it came to pass, when Moses came down from mount Sinai with the two tables of testimony in Moses' hand, when he came down from the mount, that Moses wist not that the skin of his face shone while he talked with him. +And when Aaron and all the children of Israel saw Moses, behold, the skin of his face shone; and they were afraid to come nigh him. +And Moses called unto them; and Aaron and all the rulers of the congregation returned unto him: and Moses talked with them. +And afterward all the children of Israel came nigh: and he gave them in commandment all that the LORD had spoken with him in mount Sinai. +And till Moses had done speaking with them, he put a vail on his face. +But when Moses went in before the LORD to speak with him, he took the vail off, until he came out. And he came out, and spake unto the children of Israel that which he was commanded. +And the children of Israel saw the face of Moses, that the skin of Moses' face shone: and Moses put the vail upon his face again, until he went in to speak with him. +And Moses gathered all the congregation of the children of Israel together, and said unto them, These are the words which the LORD hath commanded, that ye should do them. +Six days shall work be done, but on the seventh day there shall be to you an holy day, a sabbath of rest to the LORD: whosoever doeth work therein shall be put to death. +Ye shall kindle no fire throughout your habitations upon the sabbath day. +And Moses spake unto all the congregation of the children of Israel, saying, This is the thing which the LORD commanded, saying, +Take ye from among you an offering unto the LORD: whosoever is of a willing heart, let him bring it, an offering of the LORD; gold, and silver, and brass, +And blue, and purple, and scarlet, and fine linen, and goats' hair, +And rams' skins dyed red, and badgers' skins, and shittim wood, +And oil for the light, and spices for anointing oil, and for the sweet incense, +And onyx stones, and stones to be set for the ephod, and for the breastplate. +And every wise hearted among you shall come, and make all that the LORD hath commanded; +The tabernacle, his tent, and his covering, his taches, and his boards, his bars, his pillars, and his sockets, +The ark, and the staves thereof, with the mercy seat, and the vail of the covering, +The table, and his staves, and all his vessels, and the shewbread, +The candlestick also for the light, and his furniture, and his lamps, with the oil for the light, +And the incense altar, and his staves, and the anointing oil, and the sweet incense, and the hanging for the door at the entering in of the tabernacle, +The altar of burnt offering, with his brasen grate, his staves, and all his vessels, the laver and his foot, +The hangings of the court, his pillars, and their sockets, and the hanging for the door of the court, +The pins of the tabernacle, and the pins of the court, and their cords, +The cloths of service, to do service in the holy place, the holy garments for Aaron the priest, and the garments of his sons, to minister in the priest's office. +And all the congregation of the children of Israel departed from the presence of Moses. +And they came, every one whose heart stirred him up, and every one whom his spirit made willing, and they brought the LORD's offering to the work of the tabernacle of the congregation, and for all his service, and for the holy garments. +And they came, both men and women, as many as were willing hearted, and brought bracelets, and earrings, and rings, and tablets, all jewels of gold: and every man that offered offered an offering of gold unto the LORD. +And every man, with whom was found blue, and purple, and scarlet, and fine linen, and goats' hair, and red skins of rams, and badgers' skins, brought them. +Every one that did offer an offering of silver and brass brought the LORD's offering: and every man, with whom was found shittim wood for any work of the service, brought it. +And all the women that were wise hearted did spin with their hands, and brought that which they had spun, both of blue, and of purple, and of scarlet, and of fine linen. +And all the women whose heart stirred them up in wisdom spun goats' hair. +And the rulers brought onyx stones, and stones to be set, for the ephod, and for the breastplate; +And spice, and oil for the light, and for the anointing oil, and for the sweet incense. +The children of Israel brought a willing offering unto the LORD, every man and woman, whose heart made them willing to bring for all manner of work, which the LORD had commanded to be made by the hand of Moses. +And Moses said unto the children of Israel, See, the LORD hath called by name Bezaleel the son of Uri, the son of Hur, of the tribe of Judah; +And he hath filled him with the spirit of God, in wisdom, in understanding, and in knowledge, and in all manner of workmanship; +And to devise curious works, to work in gold, and in silver, and in brass, +And in the cutting of stones, to set them, and in carving of wood, to make any manner of cunning work. +And he hath put in his heart that he may teach, both he, and Aholiab, the son of Ahisamach, of the tribe of Dan. +Them hath he filled with wisdom of heart, to work all manner of work, of the engraver, and of the cunning workman, and of the embroiderer, in blue, and in purple, in scarlet, and in fine linen, and of the weaver, even of them that do any work, and of those that devise cunning work. +Then wrought Bezaleel and Aholiab, and every wise hearted man, in whom the LORD put wisdom and understanding to know how to work all manner of work for the service of the sanctuary, according to all that the LORD had commanded. +And Moses called Bezaleel and Aholiab, and every wise hearted man, in whose heart the LORD had put wisdom, even every one whose heart stirred him up to come unto the work to do it: +And they received of Moses all the offering, which the children of Israel had brought for the work of the service of the sanctuary, to make it withal. And they brought yet unto him free offerings every morning. +And all the wise men, that wrought all the work of the sanctuary, came every man from his work which they made; +And they spake unto Moses, saying, The people bring much more than enough for the service of the work, which the LORD commanded to make. +And Moses gave commandment, and they caused it to be proclaimed throughout the camp, saying, Let neither man nor woman make any more work for the offering of the sanctuary. So the people were restrained from bringing. +For the stuff they had was sufficient for all the work to make it, and too much. +And every wise hearted man among them that wrought the work of the tabernacle made ten curtains of fine twined linen, and blue, and purple, and scarlet: with cherubims of cunning work made he them. +The length of one curtain was twenty and eight cubits, and the breadth of one curtain four cubits: the curtains were all of one size. +And he coupled the five curtains one unto another: and the other five curtains he coupled one unto another. +And he made loops of blue on the edge of one curtain from the selvedge in the coupling: likewise he made in the uttermost side of another curtain, in the coupling of the second. +Fifty loops made he in one curtain, and fifty loops made he in the edge of the curtain which was in the coupling of the second: the loops held one curtain to another. +And he made fifty taches of gold, and coupled the curtains one unto another with the taches: so it became one tabernacle. +And he made curtains of goats' hair for the tent over the tabernacle: eleven curtains he made them. +The length of one curtain was thirty cubits, and four cubits was the breadth of one curtain: the eleven curtains were of one size. +And he coupled five curtains by themselves, and six curtains by themselves. +And he made fifty loops upon the uttermost edge of the curtain in the coupling, and fifty loops made he upon the edge of the curtain which coupleth the second. +And he made fifty taches of brass to couple the tent together, that it might be one. +And he made a covering for the tent of rams' skins dyed red, and a covering of badgers' skins above that. +And he made boards for the tabernacle of shittim wood, standing up. +The length of a board was ten cubits, and the breadth of a board one cubit and a half. +One board had two tenons, equally distant one from another: thus did he make for all the boards of the tabernacle. +And he made boards for the tabernacle; twenty boards for the south side southward: +And forty sockets of silver he made under the twenty boards; two sockets under one board for his two tenons, and two sockets under another board for his two tenons. +And for the other side of the tabernacle, which is toward the north corner, he made twenty boards, +And their forty sockets of silver; two sockets under one board, and two sockets under another board. +And for the sides of the tabernacle westward he made six boards. +And two boards made he for the corners of the tabernacle in the two sides. +And they were coupled beneath, and coupled together at the head thereof, to one ring: thus he did to both of them in both the corners. +And there were eight boards; and their sockets were sixteen sockets of silver, under every board two sockets. +And he made bars of shittim wood; five for the boards of the one side of the tabernacle, +And five bars for the boards of the other side of the tabernacle, and five bars for the boards of the tabernacle for the sides westward. +And he made the middle bar to shoot through the boards from the one end to the other. +And he overlaid the boards with gold, and made their rings of gold to be places for the bars, and overlaid the bars with gold. +And he made a vail of blue, and purple, and scarlet, and fine twined linen: with cherubims made he it of cunning work. +And he made thereunto four pillars of shittim wood, and overlaid them with gold: their hooks were of gold; and he cast for them four sockets of silver. +And he made an hanging for the tabernacle door of blue, and purple, and scarlet, and fine twined linen, of needlework; +And the five pillars of it with their hooks: and he overlaid their chapiters and their fillets with gold: but their five sockets were of brass. +And Bezaleel made the ark of shittim wood: two cubits and a half was the length of it, and a cubit and a half the breadth of it, and a cubit and a half the height of it: +And he overlaid it with pure gold within and without, and made a crown of gold to it round about. +And he cast for it four rings of gold, to be set by the four corners of it; even two rings upon the one side of it, and two rings upon the other side of it. +And he made staves of shittim wood, and overlaid them with gold. +And he put the staves into the rings by the sides of the ark, to bear the ark. +And he made the mercy seat of pure gold: two cubits and a half was the length thereof, and one cubit and a half the breadth thereof. +And he made two cherubims of gold, beaten out of one piece made he them, on the two ends of the mercy seat; +One cherub on the end on this side, and another cherub on the other end on that side: out of the mercy seat made he the cherubims on the two ends thereof. +And the cherubims spread out their wings on high, and covered with their wings over the mercy seat, with their faces one to another; even to the mercy seatward were the faces of the cherubims. +And he made the table of shittim wood: two cubits was the length thereof, and a cubit the breadth thereof, and a cubit and a half the height thereof: +And he overlaid it with pure gold, and made thereunto a crown of gold round about. +Also he made thereunto a border of an handbreadth round about; and made a crown of gold for the border thereof round about. +And he cast for it four rings of gold, and put the rings upon the four corners that were in the four feet thereof. +Over against the border were the rings, the places for the staves to bear the table. +And he made the staves of shittim wood, and overlaid them with gold, to bear the table. +And he made the vessels which were upon the table, his dishes, and his spoons, and his bowls, and his covers to cover withal, of pure gold. +And he made the candlestick of pure gold: of beaten work made he the candlestick; his shaft, and his branch, his bowls, his knops, and his flowers, were of the same: +And six branches going out of the sides thereof; three branches of the candlestick out of the one side thereof, and three branches of the candlestick out of the other side thereof: +Three bowls made after the fashion of almonds in one branch, a knop and a flower; and three bowls made like almonds in another branch, a knop and a flower: so throughout the six branches going out of the candlestick. +And in the candlestick were four bowls made like almonds, his knops, and his flowers: +And a knop under two branches of the same, and a knop under two branches of the same, and a knop under two branches of the same, according to the six branches going out of it. +Their knops and their branches were of the same: all of it was one beaten work of pure gold. +And he made his seven lamps, and his snuffers, and his snuffdishes, of pure gold. +Of a talent of pure gold made he it, and all the vessels thereof. +And he made the incense altar of shittim wood: the length of it was a cubit, and the breadth of it a cubit; it was foursquare; and two cubits was the height of it; the horns thereof were of the same. +And he overlaid it with pure gold, both the top of it, and the sides thereof round about, and the horns of it: also he made unto it a crown of gold round about. +And he made two rings of gold for it under the crown thereof, by the two corners of it, upon the two sides thereof, to be places for the staves to bear it withal. +And he made the staves of shittim wood, and overlaid them with gold. +And he made the holy anointing oil, and the pure incense of sweet spices, according to the work of the apothecary. +And he made the altar of burnt offering of shittim wood: five cubits was the length thereof, and five cubits the breadth thereof; it was foursquare; and three cubits the height thereof. +And he made the horns thereof on the four corners of it; the horns thereof were of the same: and he overlaid it with brass. +And he made all the vessels of the altar, the pots, and the shovels, and the basons, and the fleshhooks, and the firepans: all the vessels thereof made he of brass. +And he made for the altar a brasen grate of network under the compass thereof beneath unto the midst of it. +And he cast four rings for the four ends of the grate of brass, to be places for the staves. +And he made the staves of shittim wood, and overlaid them with brass. +And he put the staves into the rings on the sides of the altar, to bear it withal; he made the altar hollow with boards. +And he made the laver of brass, and the foot of it of brass, of the lookingglasses of the women assembling, which assembled at the door of the tabernacle of the congregation. +And he made the court: on the south side southward the hangings of the court were of fine twined linen, an hundred cubits: +Their pillars were twenty, and their brasen sockets twenty; the hooks of the pillars and their fillets were of silver. +And for the north side the hangings were an hundred cubits, their pillars were twenty, and their sockets of brass twenty; the hooks of the pillars and their fillets of silver. +And for the west side were hangings of fifty cubits, their pillars ten, and their sockets ten; the hooks of the pillars and their fillets of silver. +And for the east side eastward fifty cubits. +The hangings of the one side of the gate were fifteen cubits; their pillars three, and their sockets three. +And for the other side of the court gate, on this hand and that hand, were hangings of fifteen cubits; their pillars three, and their sockets three. +All the hangings of the court round about were of fine twined linen. +And the sockets for the pillars were of brass; the hooks of the pillars and their fillets of silver; and the overlaying of their chapiters of silver; and all the pillars of the court were filleted with silver. +And the hanging for the gate of the court was needlework, of blue, and purple, and scarlet, and fine twined linen: and twenty cubits was the length, and the height in the breadth was five cubits, answerable to the hangings of the court. +And their pillars were four, and their sockets of brass four; their hooks of silver, and the overlaying of their chapiters and their fillets of silver. +And all the pins of the tabernacle, and of the court round about, were of brass. +This is the sum of the tabernacle, even of the tabernacle of testimony, as it was counted, according to the commandment of Moses, for the service of the Levites, by the hand of Ithamar, son to Aaron the priest. +And Bezaleel the son Uri, the son of Hur, of the tribe of Judah, made all that the LORD commanded Moses. +And with him was Aholiab, son of Ahisamach, of the tribe of Dan, an engraver, and a cunning workman, and an embroiderer in blue, and in purple, and in scarlet, and fine linen. +All the gold that was occupied for the work in all the work of the holy place, even the gold of the offering, was twenty and nine talents, and seven hundred and thirty shekels, after the shekel of the sanctuary. +And the silver of them that were numbered of the congregation was an hundred talents, and a thousand seven hundred and threescore and fifteen shekels, after the shekel of the sanctuary: +A bekah for every man, that is, half a shekel, after the shekel of the sanctuary, for every one that went to be numbered, from twenty years old and upward, for six hundred thousand and three thousand and five hundred and fifty men. +And of the hundred talents of silver were cast the sockets of the sanctuary, and the sockets of the vail; an hundred sockets of the hundred talents, a talent for a socket. +And of the thousand seven hundred seventy and five shekels he made hooks for the pillars, and overlaid their chapiters, and filleted them. +And the brass of the offering was seventy talents, and two thousand and four hundred shekels. +And therewith he made the sockets to the door of the tabernacle of the congregation, and the brasen altar, and the brasen grate for it, and all the vessels of the altar, +And the sockets of the court round about, and the sockets of the court gate, and all the pins of the tabernacle, and all the pins of the court round about. +And of the blue, and purple, and scarlet, they made cloths of service, to do service in the holy place, and made the holy garments for Aaron; as the LORD commanded Moses. +And he made the ephod of gold, blue, and purple, and scarlet, and fine twined linen. +And they did beat the gold into thin plates, and cut it into wires, to work it in the blue, and in the purple, and in the scarlet, and in the fine linen, with cunning work. +They made shoulderpieces for it, to couple it together: by the two edges was it coupled together. +And the curious girdle of his ephod, that was upon it, was of the same, according to the work thereof; of gold, blue, and purple, and scarlet, and fine twined linen; as the LORD commanded Moses. +And they wrought onyx stones inclosed in ouches of gold, graven, as signets are graven, with the names of the children of Israel. +And he put them on the shoulders of the ephod, that they should be stones for a memorial to the children of Israel; as the LORD commanded Moses. +And he made the breastplate of cunning work, like the work of the ephod; of gold, blue, and purple, and scarlet, and fine twined linen. +It was foursquare; they made the breastplate double: a span was the length thereof, and a span the breadth thereof, being doubled. +And they set in it four rows of stones: the first row was a sardius, a topaz, and a carbuncle: this was the first row. +And the second row, an emerald, a sapphire, and a diamond. +And the third row, a ligure, an agate, and an amethyst. +And the fourth row, a beryl, an onyx, and a jasper: they were inclosed in ouches of gold in their inclosings. +And the stones were according to the names of the children of Israel, twelve, according to their names, like the engravings of a signet, every one with his name, according to the twelve tribes. +And they made upon the breastplate chains at the ends, of wreathen work of pure gold. +And they made two ouches of gold, and two gold rings; and put the two rings in the two ends of the breastplate. +And they put the two wreathen chains of gold in the two rings on the ends of the breastplate. +And the two ends of the two wreathen chains they fastened in the two ouches, and put them on the shoulderpieces of the ephod, before it. +And they made two rings of gold, and put them on the two ends of the breastplate, upon the border of it, which was on the side of the ephod inward. +And they made two other golden rings, and put them on the two sides of the ephod underneath, toward the forepart of it, over against the other coupling thereof, above the curious girdle of the ephod. +And they did bind the breastplate by his rings unto the rings of the ephod with a lace of blue, that it might be above the curious girdle of the ephod, and that the breastplate might not be loosed from the ephod; as the LORD commanded Moses. +And he made the robe of the ephod of woven work, all of blue. +And there was an hole in the midst of the robe, as the hole of an habergeon, with a band round about the hole, that it should not rend. +And they made upon the hems of the robe pomegranates of blue, and purple, and scarlet, and twined linen. +And they made bells of pure gold, and put the bells between the pomegranates upon the hem of the robe, round about between the pomegranates; +A bell and a pomegranate, a bell and a pomegranate, round about the hem of the robe to minister in; as the LORD commanded Moses. +And they made coats of fine linen of woven work for Aaron, and for his sons, +And a mitre of fine linen, and goodly bonnets of fine linen, and linen breeches of fine twined linen, +And a girdle of fine twined linen, and blue, and purple, and scarlet, of needlework; as the LORD commanded Moses. +And they made the plate of the holy crown of pure gold, and wrote upon it a writing, like to the engravings of a signet, HOLINESS TO THE LORD. +And they tied unto it a lace of blue, to fasten it on high upon the mitre; as the LORD commanded Moses. +Thus was all the work of the tabernacle of the tent of the congregation finished: and the children of Israel did according to all that the LORD commanded Moses, so did they. +And they brought the tabernacle unto Moses, the tent, and all his furniture, his taches, his boards, his bars, and his pillars, and his sockets, +And the covering of rams' skins dyed red, and the covering of badgers' skins, and the vail of the covering, +The ark of the testimony, and the staves thereof, and the mercy seat, +The table, and all the vessels thereof, and the shewbread, +The pure candlestick, with the lamps thereof, even with the lamps to be set in order, and all the vessels thereof, and the oil for light, +And the golden altar, and the anointing oil, and the sweet incense, and the hanging for the tabernacle door, +The brasen altar, and his grate of brass, his staves, and all his vessels, the laver and his foot, +The hangings of the court, his pillars, and his sockets, and the hanging for the court gate, his cords, and his pins, and all the vessels of the service of the tabernacle, for the tent of the congregation, +The cloths of service to do service in the holy place, and the holy garments for Aaron the priest, and his sons' garments, to minister in the priest's office. +According to all that the LORD commanded Moses, so the children of Israel made all the work. +And Moses did look upon all the work, and, behold, they had done it as the LORD had commanded, even so had they done it: and Moses blessed them. +And the LORD spake unto Moses, saying, +On the first day of the first month shalt thou set up the tabernacle of the tent of the congregation. +And thou shalt put therein the ark of the testimony, and cover the ark with the vail. +And thou shalt bring in the table, and set in order the things that are to be set in order upon it; and thou shalt bring in the candlestick, and light the lamps thereof. +And thou shalt set the altar of gold for the incense before the ark of the testimony, and put the hanging of the door to the tabernacle. +And thou shalt set the altar of the burnt offering before the door of the tabernacle of the tent of the congregation. +And thou shalt set the laver between the tent of the congregation and the altar, and shalt put water therein. +And thou shalt set up the court round about, and hang up the hanging at the court gate. +And thou shalt take the anointing oil, and anoint the tabernacle, and all that is therein, and shalt hallow it, and all the vessels thereof: and it shall be holy. +And thou shalt anoint the altar of the burnt offering, and all his vessels, and sanctify the altar: and it shall be an altar most holy. +And thou shalt anoint the laver and his foot, and sanctify it. +And thou shalt bring Aaron and his sons unto the door of the tabernacle of the congregation, and wash them with water. +And thou shalt put upon Aaron the holy garments, and anoint him, and sanctify him; that he may minister unto me in the priest's office. +And thou shalt bring his sons, and clothe them with coats: +And thou shalt anoint them, as thou didst anoint their father, that they may minister unto me in the priest's office: for their anointing shall surely be an everlasting priesthood throughout their generations. +Thus did Moses: according to all that the LORD commanded him, so did he. +And it came to pass in the first month in the second year, on the first day of the month, that the tabernacle was reared up. +And Moses reared up the tabernacle, and fastened his sockets, and set up the boards thereof, and put in the bars thereof, and reared up his pillars. +And he spread abroad the tent over the tabernacle, and put the covering of the tent above upon it; as the LORD commanded Moses. +And he took and put the testimony into the ark, and set the staves on the ark, and put the mercy seat above upon the ark: +And he brought the ark into the tabernacle, and set up the vail of the covering, and covered the ark of the testimony; as the LORD commanded Moses. +And he put the table in the tent of the congregation, upon the side of the tabernacle northward, without the vail. +And he set the bread in order upon it before the LORD; as the LORD had commanded Moses. +And he put the candlestick in the tent of the congregation, over against the table, on the side of the tabernacle southward. +And he lighted the lamps before the LORD; as the LORD commanded Moses. +And he put the golden altar in the tent of the congregation before the vail: +And he burnt sweet incense thereon; as the LORD commanded Moses. +And he set up the hanging at the door of the tabernacle. +And he put the altar of burnt offering by the door of the tabernacle of the tent of the congregation, and offered upon it the burnt offering and the meat offering; as the LORD commanded Moses. +And he set the laver between the tent of the congregation and the altar, and put water there, to wash withal. +And Moses and Aaron and his sons washed their hands and their feet thereat: +When they went into the tent of the congregation, and when they came near unto the altar, they washed; as the LORD commanded Moses. +And he reared up the court round about the tabernacle and the altar, and set up the hanging of the court gate. So Moses finished the work. +Then a cloud covered the tent of the congregation, and the glory of the LORD filled the tabernacle. +And Moses was not able to enter into the tent of the congregation, because the cloud abode thereon, and the glory of the LORD filled the tabernacle. +And when the cloud was taken up from over the tabernacle, the children of Israel went onward in all their journeys: +But if the cloud were not taken up, then they journeyed not till the day that it was taken up. +For the cloud of the LORD was upon the tabernacle by day, and fire was on it by night, in the sight of all the house of Israel, throughout all their journeys. +And the LORD called unto Moses, and spake unto him out of the tabernacle of the congregation, saying, +Speak unto the children of Israel, and say unto them, If any man of you bring an offering unto the LORD, ye shall bring your offering of the cattle, even of the herd, and of the flock. +If his offering be a burnt sacrifice of the herd, let him offer a male without blemish: he shall offer it of his own voluntary will at the door of the tabernacle of the congregation before the LORD. +And he shall put his hand upon the head of the burnt offering; and it shall be accepted for him to make atonement for him. +And he shall kill the bullock before the LORD: and the priests, Aaron's sons, shall bring the blood, and sprinkle the blood round about upon the altar that is by the door of the tabernacle of the congregation. +And he shall flay the burnt offering, and cut it into his pieces. +And the sons of Aaron the priest shall put fire upon the altar, and lay the wood in order upon the fire: +And the priests, Aaron's sons, shall lay the parts, the head, and the fat, in order upon the wood that is on the fire which is upon the altar: +But his inwards and his legs shall he wash in water: and the priest shall burn all on the altar, to be a burnt sacrifice, an offering made by fire, of a sweet savour unto the LORD. +And if his offering be of the flocks, namely, of the sheep, or of the goats, for a burnt sacrifice; he shall bring it a male without blemish. +And he shall kill it on the side of the altar northward before the LORD: and the priests, Aaron's sons, shall sprinkle his blood round about upon the altar. +And he shall cut it into his pieces, with his head and his fat: and the priest shall lay them in order on the wood that is on the fire which is upon the altar: +But he shall wash the inwards and the legs with water: and the priest shall bring it all, and burn it upon the altar: it is a burnt sacrifice, an offering made by fire, of a sweet savour unto the LORD. +And if the burnt sacrifice for his offering to the LORD be of fowls, then he shall bring his offering of turtledoves, or of young pigeons. +And the priest shall bring it unto the altar, and wring off his head, and burn it on the altar; and the blood thereof shall be wrung out at the side of the altar: +And he shall pluck away his crop with his feathers, and cast it beside the altar on the east part, by the place of the ashes: +And he shall cleave it with the wings thereof, but shall not divide it asunder: and the priest shall burn it upon the altar, upon the wood that is upon the fire: it is a burnt sacrifice, an offering made by fire, of a sweet savour unto the LORD. +And when any will offer a meat offering unto the LORD, his offering shall be of fine flour; and he shall pour oil upon it, and put frankincense thereon: +And he shall bring it to Aaron's sons the priests: and he shall take thereout his handful of the flour thereof, and of the oil thereof, with all the frankincense thereof; and the priest shall burn the memorial of it upon the altar, to be an offering made by fire, of a sweet savour unto the LORD: +And the remnant of the meat offering shall be Aaron's and his sons': it is a thing most holy of the offerings of the LORD made by fire. +And if thou bring an oblation of a meat offering baken in the oven, it shall be unleavened cakes of fine flour mingled with oil, or unleavened wafers anointed with oil. +And if thy oblation be a meat offering baken in a pan, it shall be of fine flour unleavened, mingled with oil. +Thou shalt part it in pieces, and pour oil thereon: it is a meat offering. +And if thy oblation be a meat offering baken in the fryingpan, it shall be made of fine flour with oil. +And thou shalt bring the meat offering that is made of these things unto the LORD: and when it is presented unto the priest, he shall bring it unto the altar. +And the priest shall take from the meat offering a memorial thereof, and shall burn it upon the altar: it is an offering made by fire, of a sweet savour unto the LORD. +And that which is left of the meat offering shall be Aaron's and his sons': it is a thing most holy of the offerings of the LORD made by fire. +No meat offering, which ye shall bring unto the LORD, shall be made with leaven: for ye shall burn no leaven, nor any honey, in any offering of the LORD made by fire. +As for the oblation of the firstfruits, ye shall offer them unto the LORD: but they shall not be burnt on the altar for a sweet savour. +And every oblation of thy meat offering shalt thou season with salt; neither shalt thou suffer the salt of the covenant of thy God to be lacking from thy meat offering: with all thine offerings thou shalt offer salt. +And if thou offer a meat offering of thy firstfruits unto the LORD, thou shalt offer for the meat offering of thy firstfruits green ears of corn dried by the fire, even corn beaten out of full ears. +And thou shalt put oil upon it, and lay frankincense thereon: it is a meat offering. +And the priest shall burn the memorial of it, part of the beaten corn thereof, and part of the oil thereof, with all the frankincense thereof: it is an offering made by fire unto the LORD. +And if his oblation be a sacrifice of peace offering, if he offer it of the herd; whether it be a male or female, he shall offer it without blemish before the LORD. +And he shall lay his hand upon the head of his offering, and kill it at the door of the tabernacle of the congregation: and Aaron's sons the priests shall sprinkle the blood upon the altar round about. +And he shall offer of the sacrifice of the peace offering an offering made by fire unto the LORD; the fat that covereth the inwards, and all the fat that is upon the inwards, +And the two kidneys, and the fat that is on them, which is by the flanks, and the caul above the liver, with the kidneys, it shall he take away. +And Aaron's sons shall burn it on the altar upon the burnt sacrifice, which is upon the wood that is on the fire: it is an offering made by fire, of a sweet savour unto the LORD. +And if his offering for a sacrifice of peace offering unto the LORD be of the flock; male or female, he shall offer it without blemish. +If he offer a lamb for his offering, then shall he offer it before the LORD. +And he shall lay his hand upon the head of his offering, and kill it before the tabernacle of the congregation: and Aaron's sons shall sprinkle the blood thereof round about upon the altar. +And he shall offer of the sacrifice of the peace offering an offering made by fire unto the LORD; the fat thereof, and the whole rump, it shall he take off hard by the backbone; and the fat that covereth the inwards, and all the fat that is upon the inwards, +And the two kidneys, and the fat that is upon them, which is by the flanks, and the caul above the liver, with the kidneys, it shall he take away. +And the priest shall burn it upon the altar: it is the food of the offering made by fire unto the LORD. +And if his offering be a goat, then he shall offer it before the LORD. +And he shall lay his hand upon the head of it, and kill it before the tabernacle of the congregation: and the sons of Aaron shall sprinkle the blood thereof upon the altar round about. +And he shall offer thereof his offering, even an offering made by fire unto the LORD; the fat that covereth the inwards, and all the fat that is upon the inwards, +And the two kidneys, and the fat that is upon them, which is by the flanks, and the caul above the liver, with the kidneys, it shall he take away. +And the priest shall burn them upon the altar: it is the food of the offering made by fire for a sweet savour: all the fat is the LORD's. +It shall be a perpetual statute for your generations throughout all your dwellings, that ye eat neither fat nor blood. +And the LORD spake unto Moses, saying, +Speak unto the children of Israel, saying, If a soul shall sin through ignorance against any of the commandments of the LORD concerning things which ought not to be done, and shall do against any of them: +If the priest that is anointed do sin according to the sin of the people; then let him bring for his sin, which he hath sinned, a young bullock without blemish unto the LORD for a sin offering. +And he shall bring the bullock unto the door of the tabernacle of the congregation before the LORD; and shall lay his hand upon the bullock's head, and kill the bullock before the LORD. +And the priest that is anointed shall take of the bullock's blood, and bring it to the tabernacle of the congregation: +And the priest shall dip his finger in the blood, and sprinkle of the blood seven times before the LORD, before the vail of the sanctuary. +And the priest shall put some of the blood upon the horns of the altar of sweet incense before the LORD, which is in the tabernacle of the congregation; and shall pour all the blood of the bullock at the bottom of the altar of the burnt offering, which is at the door of the tabernacle of the congregation. +And he shall take off from it all the fat of the bullock for the sin offering; the fat that covereth the inwards, and all the fat that is upon the inwards, +And the two kidneys, and the fat that is upon them, which is by the flanks, and the caul above the liver, with the kidneys, it shall he take away, +As it was taken off from the bullock of the sacrifice of peace offerings: and the priest shall burn them upon the altar of the burnt offering. +And the skin of the bullock, and all his flesh, with his head, and with his legs, and his inwards, and his dung, +Even the whole bullock shall he carry forth without the camp unto a clean place, where the ashes are poured out, and burn him on the wood with fire: where the ashes are poured out shall he be burnt. +And if the whole congregation of Israel sin through ignorance, and the thing be hid from the eyes of the assembly, and they have done somewhat against any of the commandments of the LORD concerning things which should not be done, and are guilty; +When the sin, which they have sinned against it, is known, then the congregation shall offer a young bullock for the sin, and bring him before the tabernacle of the congregation. +And the elders of the congregation shall lay their hands upon the head of the bullock before the LORD: and the bullock shall be killed before the LORD. +And the priest that is anointed shall bring of the bullock's blood to the tabernacle of the congregation: +And the priest shall dip his finger in some of the blood, and sprinkle it seven times before the LORD, even before the vail. +And he shall put some of the blood upon the horns of the altar which is before the LORD, that is in the tabernacle of the congregation, and shall pour out all the blood at the bottom of the altar of the burnt offering, which is at the door of the tabernacle of the congregation. +And he shall take all his fat from him, and burn it upon the altar. +And he shall do with the bullock as he did with the bullock for a sin offering, so shall he do with this: and the priest shall make an atonement for them, and it shall be forgiven them. +And he shall carry forth the bullock without the camp, and burn him as he burned the first bullock: it is a sin offering for the congregation. +When a ruler hath sinned, and done somewhat through ignorance against any of the commandments of the LORD his God concerning things which should not be done, and is guilty; +Or if his sin, wherein he hath sinned, come to his knowledge; he shall bring his offering, a kid of the goats, a male without blemish: +And he shall lay his hand upon the head of the goat, and kill it in the place where they kill the burnt offering before the LORD: it is a sin offering. +And the priest shall take of the blood of the sin offering with his finger, and put it upon the horns of the altar of burnt offering, and shall pour out his blood at the bottom of the altar of burnt offering. +And he shall burn all his fat upon the altar, as the fat of the sacrifice of peace offerings: and the priest shall make an atonement for him as concerning his sin, and it shall be forgiven him. +And if any one of the common people sin through ignorance, while he doeth somewhat against any of the commandments of the LORD concerning things which ought not to be done, and be guilty; +Or if his sin, which he hath sinned, come to his knowledge: then he shall bring his offering, a kid of the goats, a female without blemish, for his sin which he hath sinned. +And he shall lay his hand upon the head of the sin offering, and slay the sin offering in the place of the burnt offering. +And the priest shall take of the blood thereof with his finger, and put it upon the horns of the altar of burnt offering, and shall pour out all the blood thereof at the bottom of the altar. +And he shall take away all the fat thereof, as the fat is taken away from off the sacrifice of peace offerings; and the priest shall burn it upon the altar for a sweet savour unto the LORD; and the priest shall make an atonement for him, and it shall be forgiven him. +And if he bring a lamb for a sin offering, he shall bring it a female without blemish. +And he shall lay his hand upon the head of the sin offering, and slay it for a sin offering in the place where they kill the burnt offering. +And the priest shall take of the blood of the sin offering with his finger, and put it upon the horns of the altar of burnt offering, and shall pour out all the blood thereof at the bottom of the altar: +And he shall take away all the fat thereof, as the fat of the lamb is taken away from the sacrifice of the peace offerings; and the priest shall burn them upon the altar, according to the offerings made by fire unto the LORD: and the priest shall make an atonement for his sin that he hath committed, and it shall be forgiven him. +And if a soul sin, and hear the voice of swearing, and is a witness, whether he hath seen or known of it; if he do not utter it, then he shall bear his iniquity. +Or if a soul touch any unclean thing, whether it be a carcase of an unclean beast, or a carcase of unclean cattle, or the carcase of unclean creeping things, and if it be hidden from him; he also shall be unclean, and guilty. +Or if he touch the uncleanness of man, whatsoever uncleanness it be that a man shall be defiled withal, and it be hid from him; when he knoweth of it, then he shall be guilty. +Or if a soul swear, pronouncing with his lips to do evil, or to do good, whatsoever it be that a man shall pronounce with an oath, and it be hid from him; when he knoweth of it, then he shall be guilty in one of these. +And it shall be, when he shall be guilty in one of these things, that he shall confess that he hath sinned in that thing: +And he shall bring his trespass offering unto the LORD for his sin which he hath sinned, a female from the flock, a lamb or a kid of the goats, for a sin offering; and the priest shall make an atonement for him concerning his sin. +And if he be not able to bring a lamb, then he shall bring for his trespass, which he hath committed, two turtledoves, or two young pigeons, unto the LORD; one for a sin offering, and the other for a burnt offering. +And he shall bring them unto the priest, who shall offer that which is for the sin offering first, and wring off his head from his neck, but shall not divide it asunder: +And he shall sprinkle of the blood of the sin offering upon the side of the altar; and the rest of the blood shall be wrung out at the bottom of the altar: it is a sin offering. +And he shall offer the second for a burnt offering, according to the manner: and the priest shall make an atonement for him for his sin which he hath sinned, and it shall be forgiven him. +But if he be not able to bring two turtledoves, or two young pigeons, then he that sinned shall bring for his offering the tenth part of an ephah of fine flour for a sin offering; he shall put no oil upon it, neither shall he put any frankincense thereon: for it is a sin offering. +Then shall he bring it to the priest, and the priest shall take his handful of it, even a memorial thereof, and burn it on the altar, according to the offerings made by fire unto the LORD: it is a sin offering. +And the priest shall make an atonement for him as touching his sin that he hath sinned in one of these, and it shall be forgiven him: and the remnant shall be the priest's, as a meat offering. +And the LORD spake unto Moses, saying, +If a soul commit a trespass, and sin through ignorance, in the holy things of the LORD; then he shall bring for his trespass unto the LORD a ram without blemish out of the flocks, with thy estimation by shekels of silver, after the shekel of the sanctuary, for a trespass offering. +And he shall make amends for the harm that he hath done in the holy thing, and shall add the fifth part thereto, and give it unto the priest: and the priest shall make an atonement for him with the ram of the trespass offering, and it shall be forgiven him. +And if a soul sin, and commit any of these things which are forbidden to be done by the commandments of the LORD; though he wist it not, yet is he guilty, and shall bear his iniquity. +And he shall bring a ram without blemish out of the flock, with thy estimation, for a trespass offering, unto the priest: and the priest shall make an atonement for him concerning his ignorance wherein he erred and wist it not, and it shall be forgiven him. +It is a trespass offering: he hath certainly trespassed against the LORD. +And the LORD spake unto Moses, saying, +If a soul sin, and commit a trespass against the LORD, and lie unto his neighbour in that which was delivered him to keep, or in fellowship, or in a thing taken away by violence, or hath deceived his neighbour; +Or have found that which was lost, and lieth concerning it, and sweareth falsely; in any of all these that a man doeth, sinning therein: +Then it shall be, because he hath sinned, and is guilty, that he shall restore that which he took violently away, or the thing which he hath deceitfully gotten, or that which was delivered him to keep, or the lost thing which he found, +Or all that about which he hath sworn falsely; he shall even restore it in the principal, and shall add the fifth part more thereto, and give it unto him to whom it appertaineth, in the day of his trespass offering. +And he shall bring his trespass offering unto the LORD, a ram without blemish out of the flock, with thy estimation, for a trespass offering, unto the priest: +And the priest shall make an atonement for him before the LORD: and it shall be forgiven him for any thing of all that he hath done in trespassing therein. +And the LORD spake unto Moses, saying, +Command Aaron and his sons, saying, This is the law of the burnt offering: It is the burnt offering, because of the burning upon the altar all night unto the morning, and the fire of the altar shall be burning in it. +And the priest shall put on his linen garment, and his linen breeches shall he put upon his flesh, and take up the ashes which the fire hath consumed with the burnt offering on the altar, and he shall put them beside the altar. +And he shall put off his garments, and put on other garments, and carry forth the ashes without the camp unto a clean place. +And the fire upon the altar shall be burning in it; it shall not be put out: and the priest shall burn wood on it every morning, and lay the burnt offering in order upon it; and he shall burn thereon the fat of the peace offerings. +The fire shall ever be burning upon the altar; it shall never go out. +And this is the law of the meat offering: the sons of Aaron shall offer it before the LORD, before the altar. +And he shall take of it his handful, of the flour of the meat offering, and of the oil thereof, and all the frankincense which is upon the meat offering, and shall burn it upon the altar for a sweet savour, even the memorial of it, unto the LORD. +And the remainder thereof shall Aaron and his sons eat: with unleavened bread shall it be eaten in the holy place; in the court of the tabernacle of the congregation they shall eat it. +It shall not be baken with leaven. I have given it unto them for their portion of my offerings made by fire; it is most holy, as is the sin offering, and as the trespass offering. +All the males among the children of Aaron shall eat of it. It shall be a statute for ever in your generations concerning the offerings of the LORD made by fire: every one that toucheth them shall be holy. +And the LORD spake unto Moses, saying, +This is the offering of Aaron and of his sons, which they shall offer unto the LORD in the day when he is anointed; the tenth part of an ephah of fine flour for a meat offering perpetual, half of it in the morning, and half thereof at night. +In a pan it shall be made with oil; and when it is baken, thou shalt bring it in: and the baken pieces of the meat offering shalt thou offer for a sweet savour unto the LORD. +And the priest of his sons that is anointed in his stead shall offer it: it is a statute for ever unto the LORD; it shall be wholly burnt. +For every meat offering for the priest shall be wholly burnt: it shall not be eaten. +And the LORD spake unto Moses, saying, +Speak unto Aaron and to his sons, saying, This is the law of the sin offering: In the place where the burnt offering is killed shall the sin offering be killed before the LORD: it is most holy. +The priest that offereth it for sin shall eat it: in the holy place shall it be eaten, in the court of the tabernacle of the congregation. +Whatsoever shall touch the flesh thereof shall be holy: and when there is sprinkled of the blood thereof upon any garment, thou shalt wash that whereon it was sprinkled in the holy place. +But the earthen vessel wherein it is sodden shall be broken: and if it be sodden in a brasen pot, it shall be both scoured, and rinsed in water. +All the males among the priests shall eat thereof: it is most holy. +And no sin offering, whereof any of the blood is brought into the tabernacle of the congregation to reconcile withal in the holy place, shall be eaten: it shall be burnt in the fire. +Likewise this is the law of the trespass offering: it is most holy. +In the place where they kill the burnt offering shall they kill the trespass offering: and the blood thereof shall he sprinkle round about upon the altar. +And he shall offer of it all the fat thereof; the rump, and the fat that covereth the inwards, +And the two kidneys, and the fat that is on them, which is by the flanks, and the caul that is above the liver, with the kidneys, it shall he take away: +And the priest shall burn them upon the altar for an offering made by fire unto the LORD: it is a trespass offering. +Every male among the priests shall eat thereof: it shall be eaten in the holy place: it is most holy. +As the sin offering is, so is the trespass offering: there is one law for them: the priest that maketh atonement therewith shall have it. +And the priest that offereth any man's burnt offering, even the priest shall have to himself the skin of the burnt offering which he hath offered. +And all the meat offering that is baken in the oven, and all that is dressed in the fryingpan, and in the pan, shall be the priest's that offereth it. +And every meat offering, mingled with oil, and dry, shall all the sons of Aaron have, one as much as another. +And this is the law of the sacrifice of peace offerings, which he shall offer unto the LORD. +If he offer it for a thanksgiving, then he shall offer with the sacrifice of thanksgiving unleavened cakes mingled with oil, and unleavened wafers anointed with oil, and cakes mingled with oil, of fine flour, fried. +Besides the cakes, he shall offer for his offering leavened bread with the sacrifice of thanksgiving of his peace offerings. +And of it he shall offer one out of the whole oblation for an heave offering unto the LORD, and it shall be the priest's that sprinkleth the blood of the peace offerings. +And the flesh of the sacrifice of his peace offerings for thanksgiving shall be eaten the same day that it is offered; he shall not leave any of it until the morning. +But if the sacrifice of his offering be a vow, or a voluntary offering, it shall be eaten the same day that he offereth his sacrifice: and on the morrow also the remainder of it shall be eaten: +But the remainder of the flesh of the sacrifice on the third day shall be burnt with fire. +And if any of the flesh of the sacrifice of his peace offerings be eaten at all on the third day, it shall not be accepted, neither shall it be imputed unto him that offereth it: it shall be an abomination, and the soul that eateth of it shall bear his iniquity. +And the flesh that toucheth any unclean thing shall not be eaten; it shall be burnt with fire: and as for the flesh, all that be clean shall eat thereof. +But the soul that eateth of the flesh of the sacrifice of peace offerings, that pertain unto the LORD, having his uncleanness upon him, even that soul shall be cut off from his people. +Moreover the soul that shall touch any unclean thing, as the uncleanness of man, or any unclean beast, or any abominable unclean thing, and eat of the flesh of the sacrifice of peace offerings, which pertain unto the LORD, even that soul shall be cut off from his people. +And the LORD spake unto Moses, saying, +Speak unto the children of Israel, saying, Ye shall eat no manner of fat, of ox, or of sheep, or of goat. +And the fat of the beast that dieth of itself, and the fat of that which is torn with beasts, may be used in any other use: but ye shall in no wise eat of it. +For whosoever eateth the fat of the beast, of which men offer an offering made by fire unto the LORD, even the soul that eateth it shall be cut off from his people. +Moreover ye shall eat no manner of blood, whether it be of fowl or of beast, in any of your dwellings. +Whatsoever soul it be that eateth any manner of blood, even that soul shall be cut off from his people. +And the LORD spake unto Moses, saying, +Speak unto the children of Israel, saying, He that offereth the sacrifice of his peace offerings unto the LORD shall bring his oblation unto the LORD of the sacrifice of his peace offerings. +His own hands shall bring the offerings of the LORD made by fire, the fat with the breast, it shall he bring, that the breast may be waved for a wave offering before the LORD. +And the priest shall burn the fat upon the altar: but the breast shall be Aaron's and his sons'. +And the right shoulder shall ye give unto the priest for an heave offering of the sacrifices of your peace offerings. +He among the sons of Aaron, that offereth the blood of the peace offerings, and the fat, shall have the right shoulder for his part. +For the wave breast and the heave shoulder have I taken of the children of Israel from off the sacrifices of their peace offerings, and have given them unto Aaron the priest and unto his sons by a statute for ever from among the children of Israel. +This is the portion of the anointing of Aaron, and of the anointing of his sons, out of the offerings of the LORD made by fire, in the day when he presented them to minister unto the LORD in the priest's office; +Which the LORD commanded to be given them of the children of Israel, in the day that he anointed them, by a statute for ever throughout their generations. +This is the law of the burnt offering, of the meat offering, and of the sin offering, and of the trespass offering, and of the consecrations, and of the sacrifice of the peace offerings; +Which the LORD commanded Moses in mount Sinai, in the day that he commanded the children of Israel to offer their oblations unto the LORD, in the wilderness of Sinai. +And the LORD spake unto Moses, saying, +Take Aaron and his sons with him, and the garments, and the anointing oil, and a bullock for the sin offering, and two rams, and a basket of unleavened bread; +And gather thou all the congregation together unto the door of the tabernacle of the congregation. +And Moses did as the LORD commanded him; and the assembly was gathered together unto the door of the tabernacle of the congregation. +And Moses said unto the congregation, This is the thing which the LORD commanded to be done. +And Moses brought Aaron and his sons, and washed them with water. +And he put upon him the coat, and girded him with the girdle, and clothed him with the robe, and put the ephod upon him, and he girded him with the curious girdle of the ephod, and bound it unto him therewith. +And he put the breastplate upon him: also he put in the breastplate the Urim and the Thummim. +And he put the mitre upon his head; also upon the mitre, even upon his forefront, did he put the golden plate, the holy crown; as the LORD commanded Moses. +And Moses took the anointing oil, and anointed the tabernacle and all that was therein, and sanctified them. +And he sprinkled thereof upon the altar seven times, and anointed the altar and all his vessels, both the laver and his foot, to sanctify them. +And he poured of the anointing oil upon Aaron's head, and anointed him, to sanctify him. +And Moses brought Aaron's sons, and put coats upon them, and girded them with girdles, and put bonnets upon them; as the LORD commanded Moses. +And he brought the bullock for the sin offering: and Aaron and his sons laid their hands upon the head of the bullock for the sin offering. +And he slew it; and Moses took the blood, and put it upon the horns of the altar round about with his finger, and purified the altar, and poured the blood at the bottom of the altar, and sanctified it, to make reconciliation upon it. +And he took all the fat that was upon the inwards, and the caul above the liver, and the two kidneys, and their fat, and Moses burned it upon the altar. +But the bullock, and his hide, his flesh, and his dung, he burnt with fire without the camp; as the LORD commanded Moses. +And he brought the ram for the burnt offering: and Aaron and his sons laid their hands upon the head of the ram. +And he killed it; and Moses sprinkled the blood upon the altar round about. +And he cut the ram into pieces; and Moses burnt the head, and the pieces, and the fat. +And he washed the inwards and the legs in water; and Moses burnt the whole ram upon the altar: it was a burnt sacrifice for a sweet savour, and an offering made by fire unto the LORD; as the LORD commanded Moses. +And he brought the other ram, the ram of consecration: and Aaron and his sons laid their hands upon the head of the ram. +And he slew it; and Moses took of the blood of it, and put it upon the tip of Aaron's right ear, and upon the thumb of his right hand, and upon the great toe of his right foot. +And he brought Aaron's sons, and Moses put of the blood upon the tip of their right ear, and upon the thumbs of their right hands, and upon the great toes of their right feet: and Moses sprinkled the blood upon the altar round about. +And he took the fat, and the rump, and all the fat that was upon the inwards, and the caul above the liver, and the two kidneys, and their fat, and the right shoulder: +And out of the basket of unleavened bread, that was before the LORD, he took one unleavened cake, and a cake of oiled bread, and one wafer, and put them on the fat, and upon the right shoulder: +And he put all upon Aaron's hands, and upon his sons' hands, and waved them for a wave offering before the LORD. +And Moses took them from off their hands, and burnt them on the altar upon the burnt offering: they were consecrations for a sweet savour: it is an offering made by fire unto the LORD. +And Moses took the breast, and waved it for a wave offering before the LORD: for of the ram of consecration it was Moses' part; as the LORD commanded Moses. +And Moses took of the anointing oil, and of the blood which was upon the altar, and sprinkled it upon Aaron, and upon his garments, and upon his sons, and upon his sons' garments with him; and sanctified Aaron, and his garments, and his sons, and his sons' garments with him. +And Moses said unto Aaron and to his sons, Boil the flesh at the door of the tabernacle of the congregation: and there eat it with the bread that is in the basket of consecrations, as I commanded, saying, Aaron and his sons shall eat it. +And that which remaineth of the flesh and of the bread shall ye burn with fire. +And ye shall not go out of the door of the tabernacle of the congregation in seven days, until the days of your consecration be at an end: for seven days shall he consecrate you. +As he hath done this day, so the LORD hath commanded to do, to make an atonement for you. +Therefore shall ye abide at the door of the tabernacle of the congregation day and night seven days, and keep the charge of the LORD, that ye die not: for so I am commanded. +So Aaron and his sons did all things which the LORD commanded by the hand of Moses. +And it came to pass on the eighth day, that Moses called Aaron and his sons, and the elders of Israel; +And he said unto Aaron, Take thee a young calf for a sin offering, and a ram for a burnt offering, without blemish, and offer them before the LORD. +And unto the children of Israel thou shalt speak, saying, Take ye a kid of the goats for a sin offering; and a calf and a lamb, both of the first year, without blemish, for a burnt offering; +Also a bullock and a ram for peace offerings, to sacrifice before the LORD; and a meat offering mingled with oil: for to day the LORD will appear unto you. +And they brought that which Moses commanded before the tabernacle of the congregation: and all the congregation drew near and stood before the LORD. +And Moses said, This is the thing which the LORD commanded that ye should do: and the glory of the LORD shall appear unto you. +And Moses said unto Aaron, Go unto the altar, and offer thy sin offering, and thy burnt offering, and make an atonement for thyself, and for the people: and offer the offering of the people, and make an atonement for them; as the LORD commanded. +Aaron therefore went unto the altar, and slew the calf of the sin offering, which was for himself. +And the sons of Aaron brought the blood unto him: and he dipped his finger in the blood, and put it upon the horns of the altar, and poured out the blood at the bottom of the altar: +But the fat, and the kidneys, and the caul above the liver of the sin offering, he burnt upon the altar; as the LORD commanded Moses. +And the flesh and the hide he burnt with fire without the camp. +And he slew the burnt offering; and Aaron's sons presented unto him the blood, which he sprinkled round about upon the altar. +And they presented the burnt offering unto him, with the pieces thereof, and the head: and he burnt them upon the altar. +And he did wash the inwards and the legs, and burnt them upon the burnt offering on the altar. +And he brought the people's offering, and took the goat, which was the sin offering for the people, and slew it, and offered it for sin, as the first. +And he brought the burnt offering, and offered it according to the manner. +And he brought the meat offering, and took an handful thereof, and burnt it upon the altar, beside the burnt sacrifice of the morning. +He slew also the bullock and the ram for a sacrifice of peace offerings, which was for the people: and Aaron's sons presented unto him the blood, which he sprinkled upon the altar round about, +And the fat of the bullock and of the ram, the rump, and that which covereth the inwards, and the kidneys, and the caul above the liver: +And they put the fat upon the breasts, and he burnt the fat upon the altar: +And the breasts and the right shoulder Aaron waved for a wave offering before the LORD; as Moses commanded. +And Aaron lifted up his hand toward the people, and blessed them, and came down from offering of the sin offering, and the burnt offering, and peace offerings. +And Moses and Aaron went into the tabernacle of the congregation, and came out, and blessed the people: and the glory of the LORD appeared unto all the people. +And there came a fire out from before the LORD, and consumed upon the altar the burnt offering and the fat: which when all the people saw, they shouted, and fell on their faces. +And Nadab and Abihu, the sons of Aaron, took either of them his censer, and put fire therein, and put incense thereon, and offered strange fire before the LORD, which he commanded them not. +And there went out fire from the LORD, and devoured them, and they died before the LORD. +Then Moses said unto Aaron, This is it that the LORD spake, saying, I will be sanctified in them that come nigh me, and before all the people I will be glorified. And Aaron held his peace. +And Moses called Mishael and Elzaphan, the sons of Uzziel the uncle of Aaron, and said unto them, Come near, carry your brethren from before the sanctuary out of the camp. +So they went near, and carried them in their coats out of the camp; as Moses had said. +And Moses said unto Aaron, and unto Eleazar and unto Ithamar, his sons, Uncover not your heads, neither rend your clothes; lest ye die, and lest wrath come upon all the people: but let your brethren, the whole house of Israel, bewail the burning which the LORD hath kindled. +And ye shall not go out from the door of the tabernacle of the congregation, lest ye die: for the anointing oil of the LORD is upon you. And they did according to the word of Moses. +And the LORD spake unto Aaron, saying, +Do not drink wine nor strong drink, thou, nor thy sons with thee, when ye go into the tabernacle of the congregation, lest ye die: it shall be a statute for ever throughout your generations: +And that ye may put difference between holy and unholy, and between unclean and clean; +And that ye may teach the children of Israel all the statutes which the LORD hath spoken unto them by the hand of Moses. +And Moses spake unto Aaron, and unto Eleazar and unto Ithamar, his sons that were left, Take the meat offering that remaineth of the offerings of the LORD made by fire, and eat it without leaven beside the altar: for it is most holy: +And ye shall eat it in the holy place, because it is thy due, and thy sons' due, of the sacrifices of the LORD made by fire: for so I am commanded. +And the wave breast and heave shoulder shall ye eat in a clean place; thou, and thy sons, and thy daughters with thee: for they be thy due, and thy sons' due, which are given out of the sacrifices of peace offerings of the children of Israel. +The heave shoulder and the wave breast shall they bring with the offerings made by fire of the fat, to wave it for a wave offering before the LORD; and it shall be thine, and thy sons' with thee, by a statute for ever; as the LORD hath commanded. +And Moses diligently sought the goat of the sin offering, and, behold, it was burnt: and he was angry with Eleazar and Ithamar, the sons of Aaron which were left alive, saying, +Wherefore have ye not eaten the sin offering in the holy place, seeing it is most holy, and God hath given it you to bear the iniquity of the congregation, to make atonement for them before the LORD? +Behold, the blood of it was not brought in within the holy place: ye should indeed have eaten it in the holy place, as I commanded. +And Aaron said unto Moses, Behold, this day have they offered their sin offering and their burnt offering before the LORD; and such things have befallen me: and if I had eaten the sin offering to day, should it have been accepted in the sight of the LORD? +And when Moses heard that, he was content. +And the LORD spake unto Moses and to Aaron, saying unto them, +Speak unto the children of Israel, saying, These are the beasts which ye shall eat among all the beasts that are on the earth. +Whatsoever parteth the hoof, and is clovenfooted, and cheweth the cud, among the beasts, that shall ye eat. +Nevertheless these shall ye not eat of them that chew the cud, or of them that divide the hoof: as the camel, because he cheweth the cud, but divideth not the hoof; he is unclean unto you. +And the coney, because he cheweth the cud, but divideth not the hoof; he is unclean unto you. +And the hare, because he cheweth the cud, but divideth not the hoof; he is unclean unto you. +And the swine, though he divide the hoof, and be clovenfooted, yet he cheweth not the cud; he is unclean to you. +Of their flesh shall ye not eat, and their carcase shall ye not touch; they are unclean to you. +These shall ye eat of all that are in the waters: whatsoever hath fins and scales in the waters, in the seas, and in the rivers, them shall ye eat. +And all that have not fins and scales in the seas, and in the rivers, of all that move in the waters, and of any living thing which is in the waters, they shall be an abomination unto you: +They shall be even an abomination unto you; ye shall not eat of their flesh, but ye shall have their carcases in abomination. +Whatsoever hath no fins nor scales in the waters, that shall be an abomination unto you. +And these are they which ye shall have in abomination among the fowls; they shall not be eaten, they are an abomination: the eagle, and the ossifrage, and the ospray, +And the vulture, and the kite after his kind; +Every raven after his kind; +And the owl, and the night hawk, and the cuckow, and the hawk after his kind, +And the little owl, and the cormorant, and the great owl, +And the swan, and the pelican, and the gier eagle, +And the stork, the heron after her kind, and the lapwing, and the bat. +All fowls that creep, going upon all four, shall be an abomination unto you. +Yet these may ye eat of every flying creeping thing that goeth upon all four, which have legs above their feet, to leap withal upon the earth; +Even these of them ye may eat; the locust after his kind, and the bald locust after his kind, and the beetle after his kind, and the grasshopper after his kind. +But all other flying creeping things, which have four feet, shall be an abomination unto you. +And for these ye shall be unclean: whosoever toucheth the carcase of them shall be unclean until the even. +And whosoever beareth ought of the carcase of them shall wash his clothes, and be unclean until the even. +The carcases of every beast which divideth the hoof, and is not clovenfooted, nor cheweth the cud, are unclean unto you: every one that toucheth them shall be unclean. +And whatsoever goeth upon his paws, among all manner of beasts that go on all four, those are unclean unto you: whoso toucheth their carcase shall be unclean until the even. +And he that beareth the carcase of them shall wash his clothes, and be unclean until the even: they are unclean unto you. +These also shall be unclean unto you among the creeping things that creep upon the earth; the weasel, and the mouse, and the tortoise after his kind, +And the ferret, and the chameleon, and the lizard, and the snail, and the mole. +These are unclean to you among all that creep: whosoever doth touch them, when they be dead, shall be unclean until the even. +And upon whatsoever any of them, when they are dead, doth fall, it shall be unclean; whether it be any vessel of wood, or raiment, or skin, or sack, whatsoever vessel it be, wherein any work is done, it must be put into water, and it shall be unclean until the even; so it shall be cleansed. +And every earthen vessel, whereinto any of them falleth, whatsoever is in it shall be unclean; and ye shall break it. +Of all meat which may be eaten, that on which such water cometh shall be unclean: and all drink that may be drunk in every such vessel shall be unclean. +And every thing whereupon any part of their carcase falleth shall be unclean; whether it be oven, or ranges for pots, they shall be broken down: for they are unclean and shall be unclean unto you. +Nevertheless a fountain or pit, wherein there is plenty of water, shall be clean: but that which toucheth their carcase shall be unclean. +And if any part of their carcase fall upon any sowing seed which is to be sown, it shall be clean. +But if any water be put upon the seed, and any part of their carcase fall thereon, it shall be unclean unto you. +And if any beast, of which ye may eat, die; he that toucheth the carcase thereof shall be unclean until the even. +And he that eateth of the carcase of it shall wash his clothes, and be unclean until the even: he also that beareth the carcase of it shall wash his clothes, and be unclean until the even. +And every creeping thing that creepeth upon the earth shall be an abomination; it shall not be eaten. +Whatsoever goeth upon the belly, and whatsoever goeth upon all four, or whatsoever hath more feet among all creeping things that creep upon the earth, them ye shall not eat; for they are an abomination. +Ye shall not make yourselves abominable with any creeping thing that creepeth, neither shall ye make yourselves unclean with them, that ye should be defiled thereby. +For I am the LORD your God: ye shall therefore sanctify yourselves, and ye shall be holy; for I am holy: neither shall ye defile yourselves with any manner of creeping thing that creepeth upon the earth. +For I am the LORD that bringeth you up out of the land of Egypt, to be your God: ye shall therefore be holy, for I am holy. +This is the law of the beasts, and of the fowl, and of every living creature that moveth in the waters, and of every creature that creepeth upon the earth: +To make a difference between the unclean and the clean, and between the beast that may be eaten and the beast that may not be eaten. +And the LORD spake unto Moses, saying, +Speak unto the children of Israel, saying, If a woman have conceived seed, and born a man child: then she shall be unclean seven days; according to the days of the separation for her infirmity shall she be unclean. +And in the eighth day the flesh of his foreskin shall be circumcised. +And she shall then continue in the blood of her purifying three and thirty days; she shall touch no hallowed thing, nor come into the sanctuary, until the days of her purifying be fulfilled. +But if she bear a maid child, then she shall be unclean two weeks, as in her separation: and she shall continue in the blood of her purifying threescore and six days. +And when the days of her purifying are fulfilled, for a son, or for a daughter, she shall bring a lamb of the first year for a burnt offering, and a young pigeon, or a turtledove, for a sin offering, unto the door of the tabernacle of the congregation, unto the priest: +Who shall offer it before the LORD, and make an atonement for her; and she shall be cleansed from the issue of her blood. This is the law for her that hath born a male or a female. +And if she be not able to bring a lamb, then she shall bring two turtles, or two young pigeons; the one for the burnt offering, and the other for a sin offering: and the priest shall make an atonement for her, and she shall be clean. +And the LORD spake unto Moses and Aaron, saying, +When a man shall have in the skin of his flesh a rising, a scab, or bright spot, and it be in the skin of his flesh like the plague of leprosy; then he shall be brought unto Aaron the priest, or unto one of his sons the priests: +And the priest shall look on the plague in the skin of the flesh: and when the hair in the plague is turned white, and the plague in sight be deeper than the skin of his flesh, it is a plague of leprosy: and the priest shall look on him, and pronounce him unclean. +If the bright spot be white in the skin of his flesh, and in sight be not deeper than the skin, and the hair thereof be not turned white; then the priest shall shut up him that hath the plague seven days: +And the priest shall look on him the seventh day: and, behold, if the plague in his sight be at a stay, and the plague spread not in the skin; then the priest shall shut him up seven days more: +And the priest shall look on him again the seventh day: and, behold, if the plague be somewhat dark, and the plague spread not in the skin, the priest shall pronounce him clean: it is but a scab: and he shall wash his clothes, and be clean. +But if the scab spread much abroad in the skin, after that he hath been seen of the priest for his cleansing, he shall be seen of the priest again. +And if the priest see that, behold, the scab spreadeth in the skin, then the priest shall pronounce him unclean: it is a leprosy. +When the plague of leprosy is in a man, then he shall be brought unto the priest; +And the priest shall see him: and, behold, if the rising be white in the skin, and it have turned the hair white, and there be quick raw flesh in the rising; +It is an old leprosy in the skin of his flesh, and the priest shall pronounce him unclean, and shall not shut him up: for he is unclean. +And if a leprosy break out abroad in the skin, and the leprosy cover all the skin of him that hath the plague from his head even to his foot, wheresoever the priest looketh; +Then the priest shall consider: and, behold, if the leprosy have covered all his flesh, he shall pronounce him clean that hath the plague: it is all turned white: he is clean. +But when raw flesh appeareth in him, he shall be unclean. +And the priest shall see the raw flesh, and pronounce him to be unclean: for the raw flesh is unclean: it is a leprosy. +Or if the raw flesh turn again, and be changed unto white, he shall come unto the priest; +And the priest shall see him: and, behold, if the plague be turned into white; then the priest shall pronounce him clean that hath the plague: he is clean. +The flesh also, in which, even in the skin thereof, was a boil, and is healed, +And in the place of the boil there be a white rising, or a bright spot, white, and somewhat reddish, and it be shewed to the priest; +And if, when the priest seeth it, behold, it be in sight lower than the skin, and the hair thereof be turned white; the priest shall pronounce him unclean: it is a plague of leprosy broken out of the boil. +But if the priest look on it, and, behold, there be no white hairs therein, and if it be not lower than the skin, but be somewhat dark; then the priest shall shut him up seven days: +And if it spread much abroad in the skin, then the priest shall pronounce him unclean: it is a plague. +But if the bright spot stay in his place, and spread not, it is a burning boil; and the priest shall pronounce him clean. +Or if there be any flesh, in the skin whereof there is a hot burning, and the quick flesh that burneth have a white bright spot, somewhat reddish, or white; +Then the priest shall look upon it: and, behold, if the hair in the bright spot be turned white, and it be in sight deeper than the skin; it is a leprosy broken out of the burning: wherefore the priest shall pronounce him unclean: it is the plague of leprosy. +But if the priest look on it, and, behold, there be no white hair in the bright spot, and it be no lower than the other skin, but be somewhat dark; then the priest shall shut him up seven days: +And the priest shall look upon him the seventh day: and if it be spread much abroad in the skin, then the priest shall pronounce him unclean: it is the plague of leprosy. +And if the bright spot stay in his place, and spread not in the skin, but it be somewhat dark; it is a rising of the burning, and the priest shall pronounce him clean: for it is an inflammation of the burning. +If a man or woman have a plague upon the head or the beard; +Then the priest shall see the plague: and, behold, if it be in sight deeper than the skin; and there be in it a yellow thin hair; then the priest shall pronounce him unclean: it is a dry scall, even a leprosy upon the head or beard. +And if the priest look on the plague of the scall, and, behold, it be not in sight deeper than the skin, and that there is no black hair in it; then the priest shall shut up him that hath the plague of the scall seven days: +And in the seventh day the priest shall look on the plague: and, behold, if the scall spread not, and there be in it no yellow hair, and the scall be not in sight deeper than the skin; +He shall be shaven, but the scall shall he not shave; and the priest shall shut up him that hath the scall seven days more: +And in the seventh day the priest shall look on the scall: and, behold, if the scall be not spread in the skin, nor be in sight deeper than the skin; then the priest shall pronounce him clean: and he shall wash his clothes, and be clean. +But if the scall spread much in the skin after his cleansing; +Then the priest shall look on him: and, behold, if the scall be spread in the skin, the priest shall not seek for yellow hair; he is unclean. +But if the scall be in his sight at a stay, and that there is black hair grown up therein; the scall is healed, he is clean: and the priest shall pronounce him clean. +If a man also or a woman have in the skin of their flesh bright spots, even white bright spots; +Then the priest shall look: and, behold, if the bright spots in the skin of their flesh be darkish white; it is a freckled spot that groweth in the skin; he is clean. +And the man whose hair is fallen off his head, he is bald; yet is he clean. +And he that hath his hair fallen off from the part of his head toward his face, he is forehead bald: yet is he clean. +And if there be in the bald head, or bald forehead, a white reddish sore; it is a leprosy sprung up in his bald head, or his bald forehead. +Then the priest shall look upon it: and, behold, if the rising of the sore be white reddish in his bald head, or in his bald forehead, as the leprosy appeareth in the skin of the flesh; +He is a leprous man, he is unclean: the priest shall pronounce him utterly unclean; his plague is in his head. +And the leper in whom the plague is, his clothes shall be rent, and his head bare, and he shall put a covering upon his upper lip, and shall cry, Unclean, unclean. +All the days wherein the plague shall be in him he shall be defiled; he is unclean: he shall dwell alone; without the camp shall his habitation be. +The garment also that the plague of leprosy is in, whether it be a woollen garment, or a linen garment; +Whether it be in the warp, or woof; of linen, or of woollen; whether in a skin, or in any thing made of skin; +And if the plague be greenish or reddish in the garment, or in the skin, either in the warp, or in the woof, or in any thing of skin; it is a plague of leprosy, and shall be shewed unto the priest: +And the priest shall look upon the plague, and shut up it that hath the plague seven days: +And he shall look on the plague on the seventh day: if the plague be spread in the garment, either in the warp, or in the woof, or in a skin, or in any work that is made of skin; the plague is a fretting leprosy; it is unclean. +He shall therefore burn that garment, whether warp or woof, in woollen or in linen, or any thing of skin, wherein the plague is: for it is a fretting leprosy; it shall be burnt in the fire. +And if the priest shall look, and, behold, the plague be not spread in the garment, either in the warp, or in the woof, or in any thing of skin; +Then the priest shall command that they wash the thing wherein the plague is, and he shall shut it up seven days more: +And the priest shall look on the plague, after that it is washed: and, behold, if the plague have not changed his colour, and the plague be not spread; it is unclean; thou shalt burn it in the fire; it is fret inward, whether it be bare within or without. +And if the priest look, and, behold, the plague be somewhat dark after the washing of it; then he shall rend it out of the garment, or out of the skin, or out of the warp, or out of the woof: +And if it appear still in the garment, either in the warp, or in the woof, or in any thing of skin; it is a spreading plague: thou shalt burn that wherein the plague is with fire. +And the garment, either warp, or woof, or whatsoever thing of skin it be, which thou shalt wash, if the plague be departed from them, then it shall be washed the second time, and shall be clean. +This is the law of the plague of leprosy in a garment of woollen or linen, either in the warp, or woof, or any thing of skins, to pronounce it clean, or to pronounce it unclean. +And the LORD spake unto Moses, saying, +This shall be the law of the leper in the day of his cleansing: He shall be brought unto the priest: +And the priest shall go forth out of the camp; and the priest shall look, and, behold, if the plague of leprosy be healed in the leper; +Then shall the priest command to take for him that is to be cleansed two birds alive and clean, and cedar wood, and scarlet, and hyssop: +And the priest shall command that one of the birds be killed in an earthen vessel over running water: +As for the living bird, he shall take it, and the cedar wood, and the scarlet, and the hyssop, and shall dip them and the living bird in the blood of the bird that was killed over the running water: +And he shall sprinkle upon him that is to be cleansed from the leprosy seven times, and shall pronounce him clean, and shall let the living bird loose into the open field. +And he that is to be cleansed shall wash his clothes, and shave off all his hair, and wash himself in water, that he may be clean: and after that he shall come into the camp, and shall tarry abroad out of his tent seven days. +But it shall be on the seventh day, that he shall shave all his hair off his head and his beard and his eyebrows, even all his hair he shall shave off: and he shall wash his clothes, also he shall wash his flesh in water, and he shall be clean. +And on the eighth day he shall take two he lambs without blemish, and one ewe lamb of the first year without blemish, and three tenth deals of fine flour for a meat offering, mingled with oil, and one log of oil. +And the priest that maketh him clean shall present the man that is to be made clean, and those things, before the LORD, at the door of the tabernacle of the congregation: +And the priest shall take one he lamb, and offer him for a trespass offering, and the log of oil, and wave them for a wave offering before the LORD: +And he shall slay the lamb in the place where he shall kill the sin offering and the burnt offering, in the holy place: for as the sin offering is the priest's, so is the trespass offering: it is most holy: +And the priest shall take some of the blood of the trespass offering, and the priest shall put it upon the tip of the right ear of him that is to be cleansed, and upon the thumb of his right hand, and upon the great toe of his right foot: +And the priest shall take some of the log of oil, and pour it into the palm of his own left hand: +And the priest shall dip his right finger in the oil that is in his left hand, and shall sprinkle of the oil with his finger seven times before the LORD: +And of the rest of the oil that is in his hand shall the priest put upon the tip of the right ear of him that is to be cleansed, and upon the thumb of his right hand, and upon the great toe of his right foot, upon the blood of the trespass offering: +And the remnant of the oil that is in the priest's hand he shall pour upon the head of him that is to be cleansed: and the priest shall make an atonement for him before the LORD. +And the priest shall offer the sin offering, and make an atonement for him that is to be cleansed from his uncleanness; and afterward he shall kill the burnt offering: +And the priest shall offer the burnt offering and the meat offering upon the altar: and the priest shall make an atonement for him, and he shall be clean. +And if he be poor, and cannot get so much; then he shall take one lamb for a trespass offering to be waved, to make an atonement for him, and one tenth deal of fine flour mingled with oil for a meat offering, and a log of oil; +And two turtledoves, or two young pigeons, such as he is able to get; and the one shall be a sin offering, and the other a burnt offering. +And he shall bring them on the eighth day for his cleansing unto the priest, unto the door of the tabernacle of the congregation, before the LORD. +And the priest shall take the lamb of the trespass offering, and the log of oil, and the priest shall wave them for a wave offering before the LORD: +And he shall kill the lamb of the trespass offering, and the priest shall take some of the blood of the trespass offering, and put it upon the tip of the right ear of him that is to be cleansed, and upon the thumb of his right hand, and upon the great toe of his right foot: +And the priest shall pour of the oil into the palm of his own left hand: +And the priest shall sprinkle with his right finger some of the oil that is in his left hand seven times before the LORD: +And the priest shall put of the oil that is in his hand upon the tip of the right ear of him that is to be cleansed, and upon the thumb of his right hand, and upon the great toe of his right foot, upon the place of the blood of the trespass offering: +And the rest of the oil that is in the priest's hand he shall put upon the head of him that is to be cleansed, to make an atonement for him before the LORD. +And he shall offer the one of the turtledoves, or of the young pigeons, such as he can get; +Even such as he is able to get, the one for a sin offering, and the other for a burnt offering, with the meat offering: and the priest shall make an atonement for him that is to be cleansed before the LORD. +This is the law of him in whom is the plague of leprosy, whose hand is not able to get that which pertaineth to his cleansing. +And the LORD spake unto Moses and unto Aaron, saying, +When ye be come into the land of Canaan, which I give to you for a possession, and I put the plague of leprosy in a house of the land of your possession; +And he that owneth the house shall come and tell the priest, saying, It seemeth to me there is as it were a plague in the house: +Then the priest shall command that they empty the house, before the priest go into it to see the plague, that all that is in the house be not made unclean: and afterward the priest shall go in to see the house: +And he shall look on the plague, and, behold, if the plague be in the walls of the house with hollow strakes, greenish or reddish, which in sight are lower than the wall; +Then the priest shall go out of the house to the door of the house, and shut up the house seven days: +And the priest shall come again the seventh day, and shall look: and, behold, if the plague be spread in the walls of the house; +Then the priest shall command that they take away the stones in which the plague is, and they shall cast them into an unclean place without the city: +And he shall cause the house to be scraped within round about, and they shall pour out the dust that they scrape off without the city into an unclean place: +And they shall take other stones, and put them in the place of those stones; and he shall take other morter, and shall plaister the house. +And if the plague come again, and break out in the house, after that he hath taken away the stones, and after he hath scraped the house, and after it is plaistered; +Then the priest shall come and look, and, behold, if the plague be spread in the house, it is a fretting leprosy in the house; it is unclean. +And he shall break down the house, the stones of it, and the timber thereof, and all the morter of the house; and he shall carry them forth out of the city into an unclean place. +Moreover he that goeth into the house all the while that it is shut up shall be unclean until the even. +And he that lieth in the house shall wash his clothes; and he that eateth in the house shall wash his clothes. +And if the priest shall come in, and look upon it, and, behold, the plague hath not spread in the house, after the house was plaistered: then the priest shall pronounce the house clean, because the plague is healed. +And he shall take to cleanse the house two birds, and cedar wood, and scarlet, and hyssop: +And he shall kill the one of the birds in an earthen vessel over running water: +And he shall take the cedar wood, and the hyssop, and the scarlet, and the living bird, and dip them in the blood of the slain bird, and in the running water, and sprinkle the house seven times: +And he shall cleanse the house with the blood of the bird, and with the running water, and with the living bird, and with the cedar wood, and with the hyssop, and with the scarlet: +But he shall let go the living bird out of the city into the open fields, and make an atonement for the house: and it shall be clean. +This is the law for all manner of plague of leprosy, and scall, +And for the leprosy of a garment, and of a house, +And for a rising, and for a scab, and for a bright spot: +To teach when it is unclean, and when it is clean: this is the law of leprosy. +And the LORD spake unto Moses and to Aaron, saying, +Speak unto the children of Israel, and say unto them, When any man hath a running issue out of his flesh, because of his issue he is unclean. +And this shall be his uncleanness in his issue: whether his flesh run with his issue, or his flesh be stopped from his issue, it is his uncleanness. +Every bed, whereon he lieth that hath the issue, is unclean: and every thing, whereon he sitteth, shall be unclean. +And whosoever toucheth his bed shall wash his clothes, and bathe himself in water, and be unclean until the even. +And he that sitteth on any thing whereon he sat that hath the issue shall wash his clothes, and bathe himself in water, and be unclean until the even. +And he that toucheth the flesh of him that hath the issue shall wash his clothes, and bathe himself in water, and be unclean until the even. +And if he that hath the issue spit upon him that is clean; then he shall wash his clothes, and bathe himself in water, and be unclean until the even. +And what saddle soever he rideth upon that hath the issue shall be unclean. +And whosoever toucheth any thing that was under him shall be unclean until the even: and he that beareth any of those things shall wash his clothes, and bathe himself in water, and be unclean until the even. +And whomsoever he toucheth that hath the issue, and hath not rinsed his hands in water, he shall wash his clothes, and bathe himself in water, and be unclean until the even. +And the vessel of earth, that he toucheth which hath the issue, shall be broken: and every vessel of wood shall be rinsed in water. +And when he that hath an issue is cleansed of his issue; then he shall number to himself seven days for his cleansing, and wash his clothes, and bathe his flesh in running water, and shall be clean. +And on the eighth day he shall take to him two turtledoves, or two young pigeons, and come before the LORD unto the door of the tabernacle of the congregation, and give them unto the priest: +And the priest shall offer them, the one for a sin offering, and the other for a burnt offering; and the priest shall make an atonement for him before the LORD for his issue. +And if any man's seed of copulation go out from him, then he shall wash all his flesh in water, and be unclean until the even. +And every garment, and every skin, whereon is the seed of copulation, shall be washed with water, and be unclean until the even. +The woman also with whom man shall lie with seed of copulation, they shall both bathe themselves in water, and be unclean until the even. +And if a woman have an issue, and her issue in her flesh be blood, she shall be put apart seven days: and whosoever toucheth her shall be unclean until the even. +And every thing that she lieth upon in her separation shall be unclean: every thing also that she sitteth upon shall be unclean. +And whosoever toucheth her bed shall wash his clothes, and bathe himself in water, and be unclean until the even. +And whosoever toucheth any thing that she sat upon shall wash his clothes, and bathe himself in water, and be unclean until the even. +And if it be on her bed, or on any thing whereon she sitteth, when he toucheth it, he shall be unclean until the even. +And if any man lie with her at all, and her flowers be upon him, he shall be unclean seven days; and all the bed whereon he lieth shall be unclean. +And if a woman have an issue of her blood many days out of the time of her separation, or if it run beyond the time of her separation; all the days of the issue of her uncleanness shall be as the days of her separation: she shall be unclean. +Every bed whereon she lieth all the days of her issue shall be unto her as the bed of her separation: and whatsoever she sitteth upon shall be unclean, as the uncleanness of her separation. +And whosoever toucheth those things shall be unclean, and shall wash his clothes, and bathe himself in water, and be unclean until the even. +But if she be cleansed of her issue, then she shall number to herself seven days, and after that she shall be clean. +And on the eighth day she shall take unto her two turtles, or two young pigeons, and bring them unto the priest, to the door of the tabernacle of the congregation. +And the priest shall offer the one for a sin offering, and the other for a burnt offering; and the priest shall make an atonement for her before the LORD for the issue of her uncleanness. +Thus shall ye separate the children of Israel from their uncleanness; that they die not in their uncleanness, when they defile my tabernacle that is among them. +This is the law of him that hath an issue, and of him whose seed goeth from him, and is defiled therewith; +And of her that is sick of her flowers, and of him that hath an issue, of the man, and of the woman, and of him that lieth with her that is unclean. +And the LORD spake unto Moses after the death of the two sons of Aaron, when they offered before the LORD, and died; +And the LORD said unto Moses, Speak unto Aaron thy brother, that he come not at all times into the holy place within the vail before the mercy seat, which is upon the ark; that he die not: for I will appear in the cloud upon the mercy seat. +Thus shall Aaron come into the holy place: with a young bullock for a sin offering, and a ram for a burnt offering. +He shall put on the holy linen coat, and he shall have the linen breeches upon his flesh, and shall be girded with a linen girdle, and with the linen mitre shall he be attired: these are holy garments; therefore shall he wash his flesh in water, and so put them on. +And he shall take of the congregation of the children of Israel two kids of the goats for a sin offering, and one ram for a burnt offering. +And Aaron shall offer his bullock of the sin offering, which is for himself, and make an atonement for himself, and for his house. +And he shall take the two goats, and present them before the LORD at the door of the tabernacle of the congregation. +And Aaron shall cast lots upon the two goats; one lot for the LORD, and the other lot for the scapegoat. +And Aaron shall bring the goat upon which the LORD's lot fell, and offer him for a sin offering. +But the goat, on which the lot fell to be the scapegoat, shall be presented alive before the LORD, to make an atonement with him, and to let him go for a scapegoat into the wilderness. +And Aaron shall bring the bullock of the sin offering, which is for himself, and shall make an atonement for himself, and for his house, and shall kill the bullock of the sin offering which is for himself: +And he shall take a censer full of burning coals of fire from off the altar before the LORD, and his hands full of sweet incense beaten small, and bring it within the vail: +And he shall put the incense upon the fire before the LORD, that the cloud of the incense may cover the mercy seat that is upon the testimony, that he die not: +And he shall take of the blood of the bullock, and sprinkle it with his finger upon the mercy seat eastward; and before the mercy seat shall he sprinkle of the blood with his finger seven times. +Then shall he kill the goat of the sin offering, that is for the people, and bring his blood within the vail, and do with that blood as he did with the blood of the bullock, and sprinkle it upon the mercy seat, and before the mercy seat: +And he shall make an atonement for the holy place, because of the uncleanness of the children of Israel, and because of their transgressions in all their sins: and so shall he do for the tabernacle of the congregation, that remaineth among them in the midst of their uncleanness. +And there shall be no man in the tabernacle of the congregation when he goeth in to make an atonement in the holy place, until he come out, and have made an atonement for himself, and for his household, and for all the congregation of Israel. +And he shall go out unto the altar that is before the LORD, and make an atonement for it; and shall take of the blood of the bullock, and of the blood of the goat, and put it upon the horns of the altar round about. +And he shall sprinkle of the blood upon it with his finger seven times, and cleanse it, and hallow it from the uncleanness of the children of Israel. +And when he hath made an end of reconciling the holy place, and the tabernacle of the congregation, and the altar, he shall bring the live goat: +And Aaron shall lay both his hands upon the head of the live goat, and confess over him all the iniquities of the children of Israel, and all their transgressions in all their sins, putting them upon the head of the goat, and shall send him away by the hand of a fit man into the wilderness: +And the goat shall bear upon him all their iniquities unto a land not inhabited: and he shall let go the goat in the wilderness. +And Aaron shall come into the tabernacle of the congregation, and shall put off the linen garments, which he put on when he went into the holy place, and shall leave them there: +And he shall wash his flesh with water in the holy place, and put on his garments, and come forth, and offer his burnt offering, and the burnt offering of the people, and make an atonement for himself, and for the people. +And the fat of the sin offering shall he burn upon the altar. +And he that let go the goat for the scapegoat shall wash his clothes, and bathe his flesh in water, and afterward come into the camp. +And the bullock for the sin offering, and the goat for the sin offering, whose blood was brought in to make atonement in the holy place, shall one carry forth without the camp; and they shall burn in the fire their skins, and their flesh, and their dung. +And he that burneth them shall wash his clothes, and bathe his flesh in water, and afterward he shall come into the camp. +And this shall be a statute for ever unto you: that in the seventh month, on the tenth day of the month, ye shall afflict your souls, and do no work at all, whether it be one of your own country, or a stranger that sojourneth among you: +For on that day shall the priest make an atonement for you, to cleanse you, that ye may be clean from all your sins before the LORD. +It shall be a sabbath of rest unto you, and ye shall afflict your souls, by a statute for ever. +And the priest, whom he shall anoint, and whom he shall consecrate to minister in the priest's office in his father's stead, shall make the atonement, and shall put on the linen clothes, even the holy garments: +And he shall make an atonement for the holy sanctuary, and he shall make an atonement for the tabernacle of the congregation, and for the altar, and he shall make an atonement for the priests, and for all the people of the congregation. +And this shall be an everlasting statute unto you, to make an atonement for the children of Israel for all their sins once a year. And he did as the LORD commanded Moses. +And the LORD spake unto Moses, saying, +Speak unto Aaron, and unto his sons, and unto all the children of Israel, and say unto them; This is the thing which the LORD hath commanded, saying, +What man soever there be of the house of Israel, that killeth an ox, or lamb, or goat, in the camp, or that killeth it out of the camp, +And bringeth it not unto the door of the tabernacle of the congregation, to offer an offering unto the LORD before the tabernacle of the LORD; blood shall be imputed unto that man; he hath shed blood; and that man shall be cut off from among his people: +To the end that the children of Israel may bring their sacrifices, which they offer in the open field, even that they may bring them unto the LORD, unto the door of the tabernacle of the congregation, unto the priest, and offer them for peace offerings unto the LORD. +And the priest shall sprinkle the blood upon the altar of the LORD at the door of the tabernacle of the congregation, and burn the fat for a sweet savour unto the LORD. +And they shall no more offer their sacrifices unto devils, after whom they have gone a whoring. This shall be a statute for ever unto them throughout their generations. +And thou shalt say unto them, Whatsoever man there be of the house of Israel, or of the strangers which sojourn among you, that offereth a burnt offering or sacrifice, +And bringeth it not unto the door of the tabernacle of the congregation, to offer it unto the LORD; even that man shall be cut off from among his people. +And whatsoever man there be of the house of Israel, or of the strangers that sojourn among you, that eateth any manner of blood; I will even set my face against that soul that eateth blood, and will cut him off from among his people. +For the life of the flesh is in the blood: and I have given it to you upon the altar to make an atonement for your souls: for it is the blood that maketh an atonement for the soul. +Therefore I said unto the children of Israel, No soul of you shall eat blood, neither shall any stranger that sojourneth among you eat blood. +And whatsoever man there be of the children of Israel, or of the strangers that sojourn among you, which hunteth and catcheth any beast or fowl that may be eaten; he shall even pour out the blood thereof, and cover it with dust. +For it is the life of all flesh; the blood of it is for the life thereof: therefore I said unto the children of Israel, Ye shall eat the blood of no manner of flesh: for the life of all flesh is the blood thereof: whosoever eateth it shall be cut off. +And every soul that eateth that which died of itself, or that which was torn with beasts, whether it be one of your own country, or a stranger, he shall both wash his clothes, and bathe himself in water, and be unclean until the even: then shall he be clean. +But if he wash them not, nor bathe his flesh; then he shall bear his iniquity. +And the LORD spake unto Moses, saying, +Speak unto the children of Israel, and say unto them, I am the LORD your God. +After the doings of the land of Egypt, wherein ye dwelt, shall ye not do: and after the doings of the land of Canaan, whither I bring you, shall ye not do: neither shall ye walk in their ordinances. +Ye shall do my judgments, and keep mine ordinances, to walk therein: I am the LORD your God. +Ye shall therefore keep my statutes, and my judgments: which if a man do, he shall live in them: I am the LORD. +None of you shall approach to any that is near of kin to him, to uncover their nakedness: I am the LORD. +The nakedness of thy father, or the nakedness of thy mother, shalt thou not uncover: she is thy mother; thou shalt not uncover her nakedness. +The nakedness of thy father's wife shalt thou not uncover: it is thy father's nakedness. +The nakedness of thy sister, the daughter of thy father, or daughter of thy mother, whether she be born at home, or born abroad, even their nakedness thou shalt not uncover. +The nakedness of thy son's daughter, or of thy daughter's daughter, even their nakedness thou shalt not uncover: for theirs is thine own nakedness. +The nakedness of thy father's wife's daughter, begotten of thy father, she is thy sister, thou shalt not uncover her nakedness. +Thou shalt not uncover the nakedness of thy father's sister: she is thy father's near kinswoman. +Thou shalt not uncover the nakedness of thy mother's sister: for she is thy mother's near kinswoman. +Thou shalt not uncover the nakedness of thy father's brother, thou shalt not approach to his wife: she is thine aunt. +Thou shalt not uncover the nakedness of thy daughter in law: she is thy son's wife; thou shalt not uncover her nakedness. +Thou shalt not uncover the nakedness of thy brother's wife: it is thy brother's nakedness. +Thou shalt not uncover the nakedness of a woman and her daughter, neither shalt thou take her son's daughter, or her daughter's daughter, to uncover her nakedness; for they are her near kinswomen: it is wickedness. +Neither shalt thou take a wife to her sister, to vex her, to uncover her nakedness, beside the other in her life time. +Also thou shalt not approach unto a woman to uncover her nakedness, as long as she is put apart for her uncleanness. +Moreover thou shalt not lie carnally with thy neighbour's wife, to defile thyself with her. +And thou shalt not let any of thy seed pass through the fire to Molech, neither shalt thou profane the name of thy God: I am the LORD. +Thou shalt not lie with mankind, as with womankind: it is abomination. +Neither shalt thou lie with any beast to defile thyself therewith: neither shall any woman stand before a beast to lie down thereto: it is confusion. +Defile not ye yourselves in any of these things: for in all these the nations are defiled which I cast out before you: +And the land is defiled: therefore I do visit the iniquity thereof upon it, and the land itself vomiteth out her inhabitants. +Ye shall therefore keep my statutes and my judgments, and shall not commit any of these abominations; neither any of your own nation, nor any stranger that sojourneth among you: +(For all these abominations have the men of the land done, which were before you, and the land is defiled;) +That the land spue not you out also, when ye defile it, as it spued out the nations that were before you. +For whosoever shall commit any of these abominations, even the souls that commit them shall be cut off from among their people. +Therefore shall ye keep mine ordinance, that ye commit not any one of these abominable customs, which were committed before you, and that ye defile not yourselves therein: I am the LORD your God. +And the LORD spake unto Moses, saying, +Speak unto all the congregation of the children of Israel, and say unto them, Ye shall be holy: for I the LORD your God am holy. +Ye shall fear every man his mother, and his father, and keep my sabbaths: I am the LORD your God. +Turn ye not unto idols, nor make to yourselves molten gods: I am the LORD your God. +And if ye offer a sacrifice of peace offerings unto the LORD, ye shall offer it at your own will. +It shall be eaten the same day ye offer it, and on the morrow: and if ought remain until the third day, it shall be burnt in the fire. +And if it be eaten at all on the third day, it is abominable; it shall not be accepted. +Therefore every one that eateth it shall bear his iniquity, because he hath profaned the hallowed thing of the LORD: and that soul shall be cut off from among his people. +And when ye reap the harvest of your land, thou shalt not wholly reap the corners of thy field, neither shalt thou gather the gleanings of thy harvest. +And thou shalt not glean thy vineyard, neither shalt thou gather every grape of thy vineyard; thou shalt leave them for the poor and stranger: I am the LORD your God. +Ye shall not steal, neither deal falsely, neither lie one to another. +And ye shall not swear by my name falsely, neither shalt thou profane the name of thy God: I am the LORD. +Thou shalt not defraud thy neighbour, neither rob him: the wages of him that is hired shall not abide with thee all night until the morning. +Thou shalt not curse the deaf, nor put a stumblingblock before the blind, but shalt fear thy God: I am the LORD. +Ye shall do no unrighteousness in judgment: thou shalt not respect the person of the poor, nor honor the person of the mighty: but in righteousness shalt thou judge thy neighbour. +Thou shalt not go up and down as a talebearer among thy people: neither shalt thou stand against the blood of thy neighbour; I am the LORD. +Thou shalt not hate thy brother in thine heart: thou shalt in any wise rebuke thy neighbour, and not suffer sin upon him. +Thou shalt not avenge, nor bear any grudge against the children of thy people, but thou shalt love thy neighbour as thyself: I am the LORD. +Ye shall keep my statutes. Thou shalt not let thy cattle gender with a diverse kind: thou shalt not sow thy field with mingled seed: neither shall a garment mingled of linen and woollen come upon thee. +And whosoever lieth carnally with a woman, that is a bondmaid, betrothed to an husband, and not at all redeemed, nor freedom given her; she shall be scourged; they shall not be put to death, because she was not free. +And he shall bring his trespass offering unto the LORD, unto the door of the tabernacle of the congregation, even a ram for a trespass offering. +And the priest shall make an atonement for him with the ram of the trespass offering before the LORD for his sin which he hath done: and the sin which he hath done shall be forgiven him. +And when ye shall come into the land, and shall have planted all manner of trees for food, then ye shall count the fruit thereof as uncircumcised: three years shall it be as uncircumcised unto you: it shall not be eaten of. +But in the fourth year all the fruit thereof shall be holy to praise the LORD withal. +And in the fifth year shall ye eat of the fruit thereof, that it may yield unto you the increase thereof: I am the LORD your God. +Ye shall not eat any thing with the blood: neither shall ye use enchantment, nor observe times. +Ye shall not round the corners of your heads, neither shalt thou mar the corners of thy beard. +Ye shall not make any cuttings in your flesh for the dead, nor print any marks upon you: I am the LORD. +Do not prostitute thy daughter, to cause her to be a whore; lest the land fall to whoredom, and the land become full of wickedness. +Ye shall keep my sabbaths, and reverence my sanctuary: I am the LORD. +Regard not them that have familiar spirits, neither seek after wizards, to be defiled by them: I am the LORD your God. +Thou shalt rise up before the hoary head, and honour the face of the old man, and fear thy God: I am the LORD. +And if a stranger sojourn with thee in your land, ye shall not vex him. +But the stranger that dwelleth with you shall be unto you as one born among you, and thou shalt love him as thyself; for ye were strangers in the land of Egypt: I am the LORD your God. +Ye shall do no unrighteousness in judgment, in meteyard, in weight, or in measure. +Just balances, just weights, a just ephah, and a just hin, shall ye have: I am the LORD your God, which brought you out of the land of Egypt. +Therefore shall ye observe all my statutes, and all my judgments, and do them: I am the LORD. +And the LORD spake unto Moses, saying, +Again, thou shalt say to the children of Israel, Whosoever he be of the children of Israel, or of the strangers that sojourn in Israel, that giveth any of his seed unto Molech; he shall surely be put to death: the people of the land shall stone him with stones. +And I will set my face against that man, and will cut him off from among his people; because he hath given of his seed unto Molech, to defile my sanctuary, and to profane my holy name. +And if the people of the land do any ways hide their eyes from the man, when he giveth of his seed unto Molech, and kill him not: +Then I will set my face against that man, and against his family, and will cut him off, and all that go a whoring after him, to commit whoredom with Molech, from among their people. +And the soul that turneth after such as have familiar spirits, and after wizards, to go a whoring after them, I will even set my face against that soul, and will cut him off from among his people. +Sanctify yourselves therefore, and be ye holy: for I am the LORD your God. +And ye shall keep my statutes, and do them: I am the LORD which sanctify you. +For every one that curseth his father or his mother shall be surely put to death: he hath cursed his father or his mother; his blood shall be upon him. +And the man that committeth adultery with another man's wife, even he that committeth adultery with his neighbour's wife, the adulterer and the adulteress shall surely be put to death. +And the man that lieth with his father's wife hath uncovered his father's nakedness: both of them shall surely be put to death; their blood shall be upon them. +And if a man lie with his daughter in law, both of them shall surely be put to death: they have wrought confusion; their blood shall be upon them. +If a man also lie with mankind, as he lieth with a woman, both of them have committed an abomination: they shall surely be put to death; their blood shall be upon them. +And if a man take a wife and her mother, it is wickedness: they shall be burnt with fire, both he and they; that there be no wickedness among you. +And if a man lie with a beast, he shall surely be put to death: and ye shall slay the beast. +And if a woman approach unto any beast, and lie down thereto, thou shalt kill the woman, and the beast: they shall surely be put to death; their blood shall be upon them. +And if a man shall take his sister, his father's daughter, or his mother's daughter, and see her nakedness, and she see his nakedness; it is a wicked thing; and they shall be cut off in the sight of their people: he hath uncovered his sister's nakedness; he shall bear his iniquity. +And if a man shall lie with a woman having her sickness, and shall uncover her nakedness; he hath discovered her fountain, and she hath uncovered the fountain of her blood: and both of them shall be cut off from among their people. +And thou shalt not uncover the nakedness of thy mother's sister, nor of thy father's sister: for he uncovereth his near kin: they shall bear their iniquity. +And if a man shall lie with his uncle's wife, he hath uncovered his uncle's nakedness: they shall bear their sin; they shall die childless. +And if a man shall take his brother's wife, it is an unclean thing: he hath uncovered his brother's nakedness; they shall be childless. +Ye shall therefore keep all my statutes, and all my judgments, and do them: that the land, whither I bring you to dwell therein, spue you not out. +And ye shall not walk in the manners of the nation, which I cast out before you: for they committed all these things, and therefore I abhorred them. +But I have said unto you, Ye shall inherit their land, and I will give it unto you to possess it, a land that floweth with milk and honey: I am the LORD your God, which have separated you from other people. +Ye shall therefore put difference between clean beasts and unclean, and between unclean fowls and clean: and ye shall not make your souls abominable by beast, or by fowl, or by any manner of living thing that creepeth on the ground, which I have separated from you as unclean. +And ye shall be holy unto me: for I the LORD am holy, and have severed you from other people, that ye should be mine. +A man also or woman that hath a familiar spirit, or that is a wizard, shall surely be put to death: they shall stone them with stones: their blood shall be upon them. +And the LORD said unto Moses, Speak unto the priests the sons of Aaron, and say unto them, There shall none be defiled for the dead among his people: +But for his kin, that is near unto him, that is, for his mother, and for his father, and for his son, and for his daughter, and for his brother. +And for his sister a virgin, that is nigh unto him, which hath had no husband; for her may he be defiled. +But he shall not defile himself, being a chief man among his people, to profane himself. +They shall not make baldness upon their head, neither shall they shave off the corner of their beard, nor make any cuttings in their flesh. +They shall be holy unto their God, and not profane the name of their God: for the offerings of the LORD made by fire, and the bread of their God, they do offer: therefore they shall be holy. +They shall not take a wife that is a whore, or profane; neither shall they take a woman put away from her husband: for he is holy unto his God. +Thou shalt sanctify him therefore; for he offereth the bread of thy God: he shall be holy unto thee: for I the LORD, which sanctify you, am holy. +And the daughter of any priest, if she profane herself by playing the whore, she profaneth her father: she shall be burnt with fire. +And he that is the high priest among his brethren, upon whose head the anointing oil was poured, and that is consecrated to put on the garments, shall not uncover his head, nor rend his clothes; +Neither shall he go in to any dead body, nor defile himself for his father, or for his mother; +Neither shall he go out of the sanctuary, nor profane the sanctuary of his God; for the crown of the anointing oil of his God is upon him: I am the LORD. +And he shall take a wife in her virginity. +A widow, or a divorced woman, or profane, or an harlot, these shall he not take: but he shall take a virgin of his own people to wife. +Neither shall he profane his seed among his people: for I the LORD do sanctify him. +And the LORD spake unto Moses, saying, +Speak unto Aaron, saying, Whosoever he be of thy seed in their generations that hath any blemish, let him not approach to offer the bread of his God. +For whatsoever man he be that hath a blemish, he shall not approach: a blind man, or a lame, or he that hath a flat nose, or any thing superfluous, +Or a man that is brokenfooted, or brokenhanded, +Or crookbackt, or a dwarf, or that hath a blemish in his eye, or be scurvy, or scabbed, or hath his stones broken; +No man that hath a blemish of the seed of Aaron the priest shall come nigh to offer the offerings of the LORD made by fire: he hath a blemish; he shall not come nigh to offer the bread of his God. +He shall eat the bread of his God, both of the most holy, and of the holy. +Only he shall not go in unto the vail, nor come nigh unto the altar, because he hath a blemish; that he profane not my sanctuaries: for I the LORD do sanctify them. +And Moses told it unto Aaron, and to his sons, and unto all the children of Israel. +And the LORD spake unto Moses, saying, +Speak unto Aaron and to his sons, that they separate themselves from the holy things of the children of Israel, and that they profane not my holy name in those things which they hallow unto me: I am the LORD. +Say unto them, Whosoever he be of all your seed among your generations, that goeth unto the holy things, which the children of Israel hallow unto the LORD, having his uncleanness upon him, that soul shall be cut off from my presence: I am the LORD. +What man soever of the seed of Aaron is a leper, or hath a running issue; he shall not eat of the holy things, until he be clean. And whoso toucheth any thing that is unclean by the dead, or a man whose seed goeth from him; +Or whosoever toucheth any creeping thing, whereby he may be made unclean, or a man of whom he may take uncleanness, whatsoever uncleanness he hath; +The soul which hath touched any such shall be unclean until even, and shall not eat of the holy things, unless he wash his flesh with water. +And when the sun is down, he shall be clean, and shall afterward eat of the holy things; because it is his food. +That which dieth of itself, or is torn with beasts, he shall not eat to defile himself therewith; I am the LORD. +They shall therefore keep mine ordinance, lest they bear sin for it, and die therefore, if they profane it: I the LORD do sanctify them. +There shall no stranger eat of the holy thing: a sojourner of the priest, or an hired servant, shall not eat of the holy thing. +But if the priest buy any soul with his money, he shall eat of it, and he that is born in his house: they shall eat of his meat. +If the priest's daughter also be married unto a stranger, she may not eat of an offering of the holy things. +But if the priest's daughter be a widow, or divorced, and have no child, and is returned unto her father's house, as in her youth, she shall eat of her father's meat: but there shall be no stranger eat thereof. +And if a man eat of the holy thing unwittingly, then he shall put the fifth part thereof unto it, and shall give it unto the priest with the holy thing. +And they shall not profane the holy things of the children of Israel, which they offer unto the LORD; +Or suffer them to bear the iniquity of trespass, when they eat their holy things: for I the LORD do sanctify them. +And the LORD spake unto Moses, saying, +Speak unto Aaron, and to his sons, and unto all the children of Israel, and say unto them, Whatsoever he be of the house of Israel, or of the strangers in Israel, that will offer his oblation for all his vows, and for all his freewill offerings, which they will offer unto the LORD for a burnt offering; +Ye shall offer at your own will a male without blemish, of the beeves, of the sheep, or of the goats. +But whatsoever hath a blemish, that shall ye not offer: for it shall not be acceptable for you. +And whosoever offereth a sacrifice of peace offerings unto the LORD to accomplish his vow, or a freewill offering in beeves or sheep, it shall be perfect to be accepted; there shall be no blemish therein. +Blind, or broken, or maimed, or having a wen, or scurvy, or scabbed, ye shall not offer these unto the LORD, nor make an offering by fire of them upon the altar unto the LORD. +Either a bullock or a lamb that hath any thing superfluous or lacking in his parts, that mayest thou offer for a freewill offering; but for a vow it shall not be accepted. +Ye shall not offer unto the LORD that which is bruised, or crushed, or broken, or cut; neither shall ye make any offering thereof in your land. +Neither from a stranger's hand shall ye offer the bread of your God of any of these; because their corruption is in them, and blemishes be in them: they shall not be accepted for you. +And the LORD spake unto Moses, saying, +When a bullock, or a sheep, or a goat, is brought forth, then it shall be seven days under the dam; and from the eighth day and thenceforth it shall be accepted for an offering made by fire unto the LORD. +And whether it be cow, or ewe, ye shall not kill it and her young both in one day. +And when ye will offer a sacrifice of thanksgiving unto the LORD, offer it at your own will. +On the same day it shall be eaten up; ye shall leave none of it until the morrow: I am the LORD. +Therefore shall ye keep my commandments, and do them: I am the LORD. +Neither shall ye profane my holy name; but I will be hallowed among the children of Israel: I am the LORD which hallow you, +That brought you out of the land of Egypt, to be your God: I am the LORD. +And the LORD spake unto Moses, saying, +Speak unto the children of Israel, and say unto them, Concerning the feasts of the LORD, which ye shall proclaim to be holy convocations, even these are my feasts. +Six days shall work be done: but the seventh day is the sabbath of rest, an holy convocation; ye shall do no work therein: it is the sabbath of the LORD in all your dwellings. +These are the feasts of the LORD, even holy convocations, which ye shall proclaim in their seasons. +In the fourteenth day of the first month at even is the LORD's passover. +And on the fifteenth day of the same month is the feast of unleavened bread unto the LORD: seven days ye must eat unleavened bread. +In the first day ye shall have an holy convocation: ye shall do no servile work therein. +But ye shall offer an offering made by fire unto the LORD seven days: in the seventh day is an holy convocation: ye shall do no servile work therein. +And the LORD spake unto Moses, saying, +Speak unto the children of Israel, and say unto them, When ye be come into the land which I give unto you, and shall reap the harvest thereof, then ye shall bring a sheaf of the firstfruits of your harvest unto the priest: +And he shall wave the sheaf before the LORD, to be accepted for you: on the morrow after the sabbath the priest shall wave it. +And ye shall offer that day when ye wave the sheaf an he lamb without blemish of the first year for a burnt offering unto the LORD. +And the meat offering thereof shall be two tenth deals of fine flour mingled with oil, an offering made by fire unto the LORD for a sweet savour: and the drink offering thereof shall be of wine, the fourth part of an hin. +And ye shall eat neither bread, nor parched corn, nor green ears, until the selfsame day that ye have brought an offering unto your God: it shall be a statute for ever throughout your generations in all your dwellings. +And ye shall count unto you from the morrow after the sabbath, from the day that ye brought the sheaf of the wave offering; seven sabbaths shall be complete: +Even unto the morrow after the seventh sabbath shall ye number fifty days; and ye shall offer a new meat offering unto the LORD. +Ye shall bring out of your habitations two wave loaves of two tenth deals; they shall be of fine flour; they shall be baken with leaven; they are the firstfruits unto the LORD. +And ye shall offer with the bread seven lambs without blemish of the first year, and one young bullock, and two rams: they shall be for a burnt offering unto the LORD, with their meat offering, and their drink offerings, even an offering made by fire, of sweet savour unto the LORD. +Then ye shall sacrifice one kid of the goats for a sin offering, and two lambs of the first year for a sacrifice of peace offerings. +And the priest shall wave them with the bread of the firstfruits for a wave offering before the LORD, with the two lambs: they shall be holy to the LORD for the priest. +And ye shall proclaim on the selfsame day, that it may be an holy convocation unto you: ye shall do no servile work therein: it shall be a statute for ever in all your dwellings throughout your generations. +And when ye reap the harvest of your land, thou shalt not make clean riddance of the corners of thy field when thou reapest, neither shalt thou gather any gleaning of thy harvest: thou shalt leave them unto the poor, and to the stranger: I am the LORD your God. +And the LORD spake unto Moses, saying, +Speak unto the children of Israel, saying, In the seventh month, in the first day of the month, shall ye have a sabbath, a memorial of blowing of trumpets, an holy convocation. +Ye shall do no servile work therein: but ye shall offer an offering made by fire unto the LORD. +And the LORD spake unto Moses, saying, +Also on the tenth day of this seventh month there shall be a day of atonement: it shall be an holy convocation unto you; and ye shall afflict your souls, and offer an offering made by fire unto the LORD. +And ye shall do no work in that same day: for it is a day of atonement, to make an atonement for you before the LORD your God. +For whatsoever soul it be that shall not be afflicted in that same day, he shall be cut off from among his people. +And whatsoever soul it be that doeth any work in that same day, the same soul will I destroy from among his people. +Ye shall do no manner of work: it shall be a statute for ever throughout your generations in all your dwellings. +It shall be unto you a sabbath of rest, and ye shall afflict your souls: in the ninth day of the month at even, from even unto even, shall ye celebrate your sabbath. +And the LORD spake unto Moses, saying, +Speak unto the children of Israel, saying, The fifteenth day of this seventh month shall be the feast of tabernacles for seven days unto the LORD. +On the first day shall be an holy convocation: ye shall do no servile work therein. +Seven days ye shall offer an offering made by fire unto the LORD: on the eighth day shall be an holy convocation unto you; and ye shall offer an offering made by fire unto the LORD: it is a solemn assembly; and ye shall do no servile work therein. +These are the feasts of the LORD, which ye shall proclaim to be holy convocations, to offer an offering made by fire unto the LORD, a burnt offering, and a meat offering, a sacrifice, and drink offerings, every thing upon his day: +Beside the sabbaths of the LORD, and beside your gifts, and beside all your vows, and beside all your freewill offerings, which ye give unto the LORD. +Also in the fifteenth day of the seventh month, when ye have gathered in the fruit of the land, ye shall keep a feast unto the LORD seven days: on the first day shall be a sabbath, and on the eighth day shall be a sabbath. +And ye shall take you on the first day the boughs of goodly trees, branches of palm trees, and the boughs of thick trees, and willows of the brook; and ye shall rejoice before the LORD your God seven days. +And ye shall keep it a feast unto the LORD seven days in the year. It shall be a statute for ever in your generations: ye shall celebrate it in the seventh month. +Ye shall dwell in booths seven days; all that are Israelites born shall dwell in booths: +That your generations may know that I made the children of Israel to dwell in booths, when I brought them out of the land of Egypt: I am the LORD your God. +And Moses declared unto the children of Israel the feasts of the LORD. +And the LORD spake unto Moses, saying, +Command the children of Israel, that they bring unto thee pure oil olive beaten for the light, to cause the lamps to burn continually. +Without the vail of the testimony, in the tabernacle of the congregation, shall Aaron order it from the evening unto the morning before the LORD continually: it shall be a statute for ever in your generations. +He shall order the lamps upon the pure candlestick before the LORD continually. +And thou shalt take fine flour, and bake twelve cakes thereof: two tenth deals shall be in one cake. +And thou shalt set them in two rows, six on a row, upon the pure table before the LORD. +And thou shalt put pure frankincense upon each row, that it may be on the bread for a memorial, even an offering made by fire unto the LORD. +Every sabbath he shall set it in order before the LORD continually, being taken from the children of Israel by an everlasting covenant. +And it shall be Aaron's and his sons'; and they shall eat it in the holy place: for it is most holy unto him of the offerings of the LORD made by fire by a perpetual statute. +And the son of an Israelitish woman, whose father was an Egyptian, went out among the children of Israel: and this son of the Israelitish woman and a man of Israel strove together in the camp; +And the Israelitish woman's son blasphemed the name of the Lord, and cursed. And they brought him unto Moses: (and his mother's name was Shelomith, the daughter of Dibri, of the tribe of Dan:) +And they put him in ward, that the mind of the LORD might be shewed them. +And the LORD spake unto Moses, saying, +Bring forth him that hath cursed without the camp; and let all that heard him lay their hands upon his head, and let all the congregation stone him. +And thou shalt speak unto the children of Israel, saying, Whosoever curseth his God shall bear his sin. +And he that blasphemeth the name of the LORD, he shall surely be put to death, and all the congregation shall certainly stone him: as well the stranger, as he that is born in the land, when he blasphemeth the name of the Lord, shall be put to death. +And he that killeth any man shall surely be put to death. +And he that killeth a beast shall make it good; beast for beast. +And if a man cause a blemish in his neighbour; as he hath done, so shall it be done to him; +Breach for breach, eye for eye, tooth for tooth: as he hath caused a blemish in a man, so shall it be done to him again. +And he that killeth a beast, he shall restore it: and he that killeth a man, he shall be put to death. +Ye shall have one manner of law, as well for the stranger, as for one of your own country: for I am the LORD your God. +And Moses spake to the children of Israel, that they should bring forth him that had cursed out of the camp, and stone him with stones. And the children of Israel did as the LORD commanded Moses. +And the LORD spake unto Moses in mount Sinai, saying, +Speak unto the children of Israel, and say unto them, When ye come into the land which I give you, then shall the land keep a sabbath unto the LORD. +Six years thou shalt sow thy field, and six years thou shalt prune thy vineyard, and gather in the fruit thereof; +But in the seventh year shall be a sabbath of rest unto the land, a sabbath for the LORD: thou shalt neither sow thy field, nor prune thy vineyard. +That which groweth of its own accord of thy harvest thou shalt not reap, neither gather the grapes of thy vine undressed: for it is a year of rest unto the land. +And the sabbath of the land shall be meat for you; for thee, and for thy servant, and for thy maid, and for thy hired servant, and for thy stranger that sojourneth with thee. +And for thy cattle, and for the beast that are in thy land, shall all the increase thereof be meat. +And thou shalt number seven sabbaths of years unto thee, seven times seven years; and the space of the seven sabbaths of years shall be unto thee forty and nine years. +Then shalt thou cause the trumpet of the jubile to sound on the tenth day of the seventh month, in the day of atonement shall ye make the trumpet sound throughout all your land. +And ye shall hallow the fiftieth year, and proclaim liberty throughout all the land unto all the inhabitants thereof: it shall be a jubile unto you; and ye shall return every man unto his possession, and ye shall return every man unto his family. +A jubile shall that fiftieth year be unto you: ye shall not sow, neither reap that which groweth of itself in it, nor gather the grapes in it of thy vine undressed. +For it is the jubile; it shall be holy unto you: ye shall eat the increase thereof out of the field. +In the year of this jubile ye shall return every man unto his possession. +And if thou sell ought unto thy neighbour, or buyest ought of thy neighbour's hand, ye shall not oppress one another: +According to the number of years after the jubile thou shalt buy of thy neighbour, and according unto the number of years of the fruits he shall sell unto thee: +According to the multitude of years thou shalt increase the price thereof, and according to the fewness of years thou shalt diminish the price of it: for according to the number of the years of the fruits doth he sell unto thee. +Ye shall not therefore oppress one another; but thou shalt fear thy God:for I am the LORD your God. +Wherefore ye shall do my statutes, and keep my judgments, and do them; and ye shall dwell in the land in safety. +And the land shall yield her fruit, and ye shall eat your fill, and dwell therein in safety. +And if ye shall say, What shall we eat the seventh year? behold, we shall not sow, nor gather in our increase: +Then I will command my blessing upon you in the sixth year, and it shall bring forth fruit for three years. +And ye shall sow the eighth year, and eat yet of old fruit until the ninth year; until her fruits come in ye shall eat of the old store. +The land shall not be sold for ever: for the land is mine, for ye are strangers and sojourners with me. +And in all the land of your possession ye shall grant a redemption for the land. +If thy brother be waxen poor, and hath sold away some of his possession, and if any of his kin come to redeem it, then shall he redeem that which his brother sold. +And if the man have none to redeem it, and himself be able to redeem it; +Then let him count the years of the sale thereof, and restore the overplus unto the man to whom he sold it; that he may return unto his possession. +But if he be not able to restore it to him, then that which is sold shall remain in the hand of him that hath bought it until the year of jubile: and in the jubile it shall go out, and he shall return unto his possession. +And if a man sell a dwelling house in a walled city, then he may redeem it within a whole year after it is sold; within a full year may he redeem it. +And if it be not redeemed within the space of a full year, then the house that is in the walled city shall be established for ever to him that bought it throughout his generations: it shall not go out in the jubile. +But the houses of the villages which have no wall round about them shall be counted as the fields of the country: they may be redeemed, and they shall go out in the jubile. +Notwithstanding the cities of the Levites, and the houses of the cities of their possession, may the Levites redeem at any time. +And if a man purchase of the Levites, then the house that was sold, and the city of his possession, shall go out in the year of jubile: for the houses of the cities of the Levites are their possession among the children of Israel. +But the field of the suburbs of their cities may not be sold; for it is their perpetual possession. +And if thy brother be waxen poor, and fallen in decay with thee; then thou shalt relieve him: yea, though he be a stranger, or a sojourner; that he may live with thee. +Take thou no usury of him, or increase: but fear thy God; that thy brother may live with thee. +Thou shalt not give him thy money upon usury, nor lend him thy victuals for increase. +I am the LORD your God, which brought you forth out of the land of Egypt, to give you the land of Canaan, and to be your God. +And if thy brother that dwelleth by thee be waxen poor, and be sold unto thee; thou shalt not compel him to serve as a bondservant: +But as an hired servant, and as a sojourner, he shall be with thee, and shall serve thee unto the year of jubile. +And then shall he depart from thee, both he and his children with him, and shall return unto his own family, and unto the possession of his fathers shall he return. +For they are my servants, which I brought forth out of the land of Egypt: they shall not be sold as bondmen. +Thou shalt not rule over him with rigour; but shalt fear thy God. +Both thy bondmen, and thy bondmaids, which thou shalt have, shall be of the heathen that are round about you; of them shall ye buy bondmen and bondmaids. +Moreover of the children of the strangers that do sojourn among you, of them shall ye buy, and of their families that are with you, which they begat in your land: and they shall be your possession. +And ye shall take them as an inheritance for your children after you, to inherit them for a possession; they shall be your bondmen for ever: but over your brethren the children of Israel, ye shall not rule one over another with rigour. +And if a sojourner or stranger wax rich by thee, and thy brother that dwelleth by him wax poor, and sell himself unto the stranger or sojourner by thee, or to the stock of the stranger's family: +After that he is sold he may be redeemed again; one of his brethren may redeem him: +Either his uncle, or his uncle's son, may redeem him, or any that is nigh of kin unto him of his family may redeem him; or if he be able, he may redeem himself. +And he shall reckon with him that bought him from the year that he was sold to him unto the year of jubile: and the price of his sale shall be according unto the number of years, according to the time of an hired servant shall it be with him. +If there be yet many years behind, according unto them he shall give again the price of his redemption out of the money that he was bought for. +And if there remain but few years unto the year of jubile, then he shall count with him, and according unto his years shall he give him again the price of his redemption. +And as a yearly hired servant shall he be with him: and the other shall not rule with rigour over him in thy sight. +And if he be not redeemed in these years, then he shall go out in the year of jubile, both he, and his children with him. +For unto me the children of Israel are servants; they are my servants whom I brought forth out of the land of Egypt: I am the LORD your God. +Ye shall make you no idols nor graven image, neither rear you up a standing image, neither shall ye set up any image of stone in your land, to bow down unto it: for I am the LORD your God. +Ye shall keep my sabbaths, and reverence my sanctuary: I am the LORD. +If ye walk in my statutes, and keep my commandments, and do them; +Then I will give you rain in due season, and the land shall yield her increase, and the trees of the field shall yield their fruit. +And your threshing shall reach unto the vintage, and the vintage shall reach unto the sowing time: and ye shall eat your bread to the full, and dwell in your land safely. +And I will give peace in the land, and ye shall lie down, and none shall make you afraid: and I will rid evil beasts out of the land, neither shall the sword go through your land. +And ye shall chase your enemies, and they shall fall before you by the sword. +And five of you shall chase an hundred, and an hundred of you shall put ten thousand to flight: and your enemies shall fall before you by the sword. +For I will have respect unto you, and make you fruitful, and multiply you, and establish my covenant with you. +And ye shall eat old store, and bring forth the old because of the new. +And I set my tabernacle among you: and my soul shall not abhor you. +And I will walk among you, and will be your God, and ye shall be my people. +I am the LORD your God, which brought you forth out of the land of Egypt, that ye should not be their bondmen; and I have broken the bands of your yoke, and made you go upright. +But if ye will not hearken unto me, and will not do all these commandments; +And if ye shall despise my statutes, or if your soul abhor my judgments, so that ye will not do all my commandments, but that ye break my covenant: +I also will do this unto you; I will even appoint over you terror, consumption, and the burning ague, that shall consume the eyes, and cause sorrow of heart: and ye shall sow your seed in vain, for your enemies shall eat it. +And I will set my face against you, and ye shall be slain before your enemies: they that hate you shall reign over you; and ye shall flee when none pursueth you. +And if ye will not yet for all this hearken unto me, then I will punish you seven times more for your sins. +And I will break the pride of your power; and I will make your heaven as iron, and your earth as brass: +And your strength shall be spent in vain: for your land shall not yield her increase, neither shall the trees of the land yield their fruits. +And if ye walk contrary unto me, and will not hearken unto me; I will bring seven times more plagues upon you according to your sins. +I will also send wild beasts among you, which shall rob you of your children, and destroy your cattle, and make you few in number; and your high ways shall be desolate. +And if ye will not be reformed by me by these things, but will walk contrary unto me; +Then will I also walk contrary unto you, and will punish you yet seven times for your sins. +And I will bring a sword upon you, that shall avenge the quarrel of my covenant: and when ye are gathered together within your cities, I will send the pestilence among you; and ye shall be delivered into the hand of the enemy. +And when I have broken the staff of your bread, ten women shall bake your bread in one oven, and they shall deliver you your bread again by weight: and ye shall eat, and not be satisfied. +And if ye will not for all this hearken unto me, but walk contrary unto me; +Then I will walk contrary unto you also in fury; and I, even I, will chastise you seven times for your sins. +And ye shall eat the flesh of your sons, and the flesh of your daughters shall ye eat. +And I will destroy your high places, and cut down your images, and cast your carcases upon the carcases of your idols, and my soul shall abhor you. +And I will make your cities waste, and bring your sanctuaries unto desolation, and I will not smell the savour of your sweet odours. +And I will bring the land into desolation: and your enemies which dwell therein shall be astonished at it. +And I will scatter you among the heathen, and will draw out a sword after you: and your land shall be desolate, and your cities waste. +Then shall the land enjoy her sabbaths, as long as it lieth desolate, and ye be in your enemies' land; even then shall the land rest, and enjoy her sabbaths. +As long as it lieth desolate it shall rest; because it did not rest in your sabbaths, when ye dwelt upon it. +And upon them that are left alive of you I will send a faintness into their hearts in the lands of their enemies; and the sound of a shaken leaf shall chase them; and they shall flee, as fleeing from a sword; and they shall fall when none pursueth. +And they shall fall one upon another, as it were before a sword, when none pursueth: and ye shall have no power to stand before your enemies. +And ye shall perish among the heathen, and the land of your enemies shall eat you up. +And they that are left of you shall pine away in their iniquity in your enemies' lands; and also in the iniquities of their fathers shall they pine away with them. +If they shall confess their iniquity, and the iniquity of their fathers, with their trespass which they trespassed against me, and that also they have walked contrary unto me; +And that I also have walked contrary unto them, and have brought them into the land of their enemies; if then their uncircumcised hearts be humbled, and they then accept of the punishment of their iniquity: +Then will I remember my covenant with Jacob, and also my covenant with Isaac, and also my covenant with Abraham will I remember; and I will remember the land. +The land also shall be left of them, and shall enjoy her sabbaths, while she lieth desolate without them: and they shall accept of the punishment of their iniquity: because, even because they despised my judgments, and because their soul abhorred my statutes. +And yet for all that, when they be in the land of their enemies, I will not cast them away, neither will I abhor them, to destroy them utterly, and to break my covenant with them: for I am the LORD their God. +But I will for their sakes remember the covenant of their ancestors, whom I brought forth out of the land of Egypt in the sight of the heathen, that I might be their God: I am the LORD. +These are the statutes and judgments and laws, which the LORD made between him and the children of Israel in mount Sinai by the hand of Moses. +And the LORD spake unto Moses, saying, +Speak unto the children of Israel, and say unto them, When a man shall make a singular vow, the persons shall be for the LORD by thy estimation. +And thy estimation shall be of the male from twenty years old even unto sixty years old, even thy estimation shall be fifty shekels of silver, after the shekel of the sanctuary. +And if it be a female, then thy estimation shall be thirty shekels. +And if it be from five years old even unto twenty years old, then thy estimation shall be of the male twenty shekels, and for the female ten shekels. +And if it be from a month old even unto five years old, then thy estimation shall be of the male five shekels of silver, and for the female thy estimation shall be three shekels of silver. +And if it be from sixty years old and above; if it be a male, then thy estimation shall be fifteen shekels, and for the female ten shekels. +But if he be poorer than thy estimation, then he shall present himself before the priest, and the priest shall value him; according to his ability that vowed shall the priest value him. +And if it be a beast, whereof men bring an offering unto the LORD, all that any man giveth of such unto the LORD shall be holy. +He shall not alter it, nor change it, a good for a bad, or a bad for a good: and if he shall at all change beast for beast, then it and the exchange thereof shall be holy. +And if it be any unclean beast, of which they do not offer a sacrifice unto the LORD, then he shall present the beast before the priest: +And the priest shall value it, whether it be good or bad: as thou valuest it, who art the priest, so shall it be. +But if he will at all redeem it, then he shall add a fifth part thereof unto thy estimation. +And when a man shall sanctify his house to be holy unto the LORD, then the priest shall estimate it, whether it be good or bad: as the priest shall estimate it, so shall it stand. +And if he that sanctified it will redeem his house, then he shall add the fifth part of the money of thy estimation unto it, and it shall be his. +And if a man shall sanctify unto the LORD some part of a field of his possession, then thy estimation shall be according to the seed thereof: an homer of barley seed shall be valued at fifty shekels of silver. +If he sanctify his field from the year of jubile, according to thy estimation it shall stand. +But if he sanctify his field after the jubile, then the priest shall reckon unto him the money according to the years that remain, even unto the year of the jubile, and it shall be abated from thy estimation. +And if he that sanctified the field will in any wise redeem it, then he shall add the fifth part of the money of thy estimation unto it, and it shall be assured to him. +And if he will not redeem the field, or if he have sold the field to another man, it shall not be redeemed any more. +But the field, when it goeth out in the jubile, shall be holy unto the LORD, as a field devoted; the possession thereof shall be the priest's. +And if a man sanctify unto the LORD a field which he hath bought, which is not of the fields of his possession; +Then the priest shall reckon unto him the worth of thy estimation, even unto the year of the jubile: and he shall give thine estimation in that day, as a holy thing unto the LORD. +In the year of the jubile the field shall return unto him of whom it was bought, even to him to whom the possession of the land did belong. +And all thy estimations shall be according to the shekel of the sanctuary: twenty gerahs shall be the shekel. +Only the firstling of the beasts, which should be the LORD's firstling, no man shall sanctify it; whether it be ox, or sheep: it is the LORD's. +And if it be of an unclean beast, then he shall redeem it according to thine estimation, and shall add a fifth part of it thereto: or if it be not redeemed, then it shall be sold according to thy estimation. +Notwithstanding no devoted thing, that a man shall devote unto the LORD of all that he hath, both of man and beast, and of the field of his possession, shall be sold or redeemed: every devoted thing is most holy unto the LORD. +None devoted, which shall be devoted of men, shall be redeemed; but shall surely be put to death. +And all the tithe of the land, whether of the seed of the land, or of the fruit of the tree, is the LORD's: it is holy unto the LORD. +And if a man will at all redeem ought of his tithes, he shall add thereto the fifth part thereof. +And concerning the tithe of the herd, or of the flock, even of whatsoever passeth under the rod, the tenth shall be holy unto the LORD. +He shall not search whether it be good or bad, neither shall he change it: and if he change it at all, then both it and the change thereof shall be holy; it shall not be redeemed. +These are the commandments, which the LORD commanded Moses for the children of Israel in mount Sinai. +And the LORD spake unto Moses in the wilderness of Sinai, in the tabernacle of the congregation, on the first day of the second month, in the second year after they were come out of the land of Egypt, saying, +Take ye the sum of all the congregation of the children of Israel, after their families, by the house of their fathers, with the number of their names, every male by their polls; +From twenty years old and upward, all that are able to go forth to war in Israel: thou and Aaron shall number them by their armies. +And with you there shall be a man of every tribe; every one head of the house of his fathers. +And these are the names of the men that shall stand with you: of the tribe of Reuben; Elizur the son of Shedeur. +Of Simeon; Shelumiel the son of Zurishaddai. +Of Judah; Nahshon the son of Amminadab. +Of Issachar; Nethaneel the son of Zuar. +Of Zebulun; Eliab the son of Helon. +Of the children of Joseph: of Ephraim; Elishama the son of Ammihud: of Manasseh; Gamaliel the son of Pedahzur. +Of Benjamin; Abidan the son of Gideoni. +Of Dan; Ahiezer the son of Ammishaddai. +Of Asher; Pagiel the son of Ocran. +Of Gad; Eliasaph the son of Deuel. +Of Naphtali; Ahira the son of Enan. +These were the renowned of the congregation, princes of the tribes of their fathers, heads of thousands in Israel. +And Moses and Aaron took these men which are expressed by their names: +And they assembled all the congregation together on the first day of the second month, and they declared their pedigrees after their families, by the house of their fathers, according to the number of the names, from twenty years old and upward, by their polls. +As the LORD commanded Moses, so he numbered them in the wilderness of Sinai. +And the children of Reuben, Israel's eldest son, by their generations, after their families, by the house of their fathers, according to the number of the names, by their polls, every male from twenty years old and upward, all that were able to go forth to war; +Those that were numbered of them, even of the tribe of Reuben, were forty and six thousand and five hundred. +Of the children of Simeon, by their generations, after their families, by the house of their fathers, those that were numbered of them, according to the number of the names, by their polls, every male from twenty years old and upward, all that were able to go forth to war; +Those that were numbered of them, even of the tribe of Simeon, were fifty and nine thousand and three hundred. +Of the children of Gad, by their generations, after their families, by the house of their fathers, according to the number of the names, from twenty years old and upward, all that were able to go forth to war; +Those that were numbered of them, even of the tribe of Gad, were forty and five thousand six hundred and fifty. +Of the children of Judah, by their generations, after their families, by the house of their fathers, according to the number of the names, from twenty years old and upward, all that were able to go forth to war; +Those that were numbered of them, even of the tribe of Judah, were threescore and fourteen thousand and six hundred. +Of the children of Issachar, by their generations, after their families, by the house of their fathers, according to the number of the names, from twenty years old and upward, all that were able to go forth to war; +Those that were numbered of them, even of the tribe of Issachar, were fifty and four thousand and four hundred. +Of the children of Zebulun, by their generations, after their families, by the house of their fathers, according to the number of the names, from twenty years old and upward, all that were able to go forth to war; +Those that were numbered of them, even of the tribe of Zebulun, were fifty and seven thousand and four hundred. +Of the children of Joseph, namely, of the children of Ephraim, by their generations, after their families, by the house of their fathers, according to the number of the names, from twenty years old and upward, all that were able to go forth to war; +Those that were numbered of them, even of the tribe of Ephraim, were forty thousand and five hundred. +Of the children of Manasseh, by their generations, after their families, by the house of their fathers, according to the number of the names, from twenty years old and upward, all that were able to go forth to war; +Those that were numbered of them, even of the tribe of Manasseh, were thirty and two thousand and two hundred. +Of the children of Benjamin, by their generations, after their families, by the house of their fathers, according to the number of the names, from twenty years old and upward, all that were able to go forth to war; +Those that were numbered of them, even of the tribe of Benjamin, were thirty and five thousand and four hundred. +Of the children of Dan, by their generations, after their families, by the house of their fathers, according to the number of the names, from twenty years old and upward, all that were able to go forth to war; +Those that were numbered of them, even of the tribe of Dan, were threescore and two thousand and seven hundred. +Of the children of Asher, by their generations, after their families, by the house of their fathers, according to the number of the names, from twenty years old and upward, all that were able to go forth to war; +Those that were numbered of them, even of the tribe of Asher, were forty and one thousand and five hundred. +Of the children of Naphtali, throughout their generations, after their families, by the house of their fathers, according to the number of the names, from twenty years old and upward, all that were able to go forth to war; +Those that were numbered of them, even of the tribe of Naphtali, were fifty and three thousand and four hundred. +These are those that were numbered, which Moses and Aaron numbered, and the princes of Israel, being twelve men: each one was for the house of his fathers. +So were all those that were numbered of the children of Israel, by the house of their fathers, from twenty years old and upward, all that were able to go forth to war in Israel; +Even all they that were numbered were six hundred thousand and three thousand and five hundred and fifty. +But the Levites after the tribe of their fathers were not numbered among them. +For the LORD had spoken unto Moses, saying, +Only thou shalt not number the tribe of Levi, neither take the sum of them among the children of Israel: +But thou shalt appoint the Levites over the tabernacle of testimony, and over all the vessels thereof, and over all things that belong to it: they shall bear the tabernacle, and all the vessels thereof; and they shall minister unto it, and shall encamp round about the tabernacle. +And when the tabernacle setteth forward, the Levites shall take it down: and when the tabernacle is to be pitched, the Levites shall set it up: and the stranger that cometh nigh shall be put to death. +And the children of Israel shall pitch their tents, every man by his own camp, and every man by his own standard, throughout their hosts. +But the Levites shall pitch round about the tabernacle of testimony, that there be no wrath upon the congregation of the children of Israel: and the Levites shall keep the charge of the tabernacle of testimony. +And the children of Israel did according to all that the LORD commanded Moses, so did they. +And the LORD spake unto Moses and unto Aaron, saying, +Every man of the children of Israel shall pitch by his own standard, with the ensign of their father's house: far off about the tabernacle of the congregation shall they pitch. +And on the east side toward the rising of the sun shall they of the standard of the camp of Judah pitch throughout their armies: and Nahshon the son of Amminadab shall be captain of the children of Judah. +And his host, and those that were numbered of them, were threescore and fourteen thousand and six hundred. +And those that do pitch next unto him shall be the tribe of Issachar: and Nethaneel the son of Zuar shall be captain of the children of Issachar. +And his host, and those that were numbered thereof, were fifty and four thousand and four hundred. +Then the tribe of Zebulun: and Eliab the son of Helon shall be captain of the children of Zebulun. +And his host, and those that were numbered thereof, were fifty and seven thousand and four hundred. +All that were numbered in the camp of Judah were an hundred thousand and fourscore thousand and six thousand and four hundred, throughout their armies. These shall first set forth. +On the south side shall be the standard of the camp of Reuben according to their armies: and the captain of the children of Reuben shall be Elizur the son of Shedeur. +And his host, and those that were numbered thereof, were forty and six thousand and five hundred. +And those which pitch by him shall be the tribe of Simeon: and the captain of the children of Simeon shall be Shelumiel the son of Zurishaddai. +And his host, and those that were numbered of them, were fifty and nine thousand and three hundred. +Then the tribe of Gad: and the captain of the sons of Gad shall be Eliasaph the son of Reuel. +And his host, and those that were numbered of them, were forty and five thousand and six hundred and fifty. +All that were numbered in the camp of Reuben were an hundred thousand and fifty and one thousand and four hundred and fifty, throughout their armies. And they shall set forth in the second rank. +Then the tabernacle of the congregation shall set forward with the camp of the Levites in the midst of the camp: as they encamp, so shall they set forward, every man in his place by their standards. +On the west side shall be the standard of the camp of Ephraim according to their armies: and the captain of the sons of Ephraim shall be Elishama the son of Ammihud. +And his host, and those that were numbered of them, were forty thousand and five hundred. +And by him shall be the tribe of Manasseh: and the captain of the children of Manasseh shall be Gamaliel the son of Pedahzur. +And his host, and those that were numbered of them, were thirty and two thousand and two hundred. +Then the tribe of Benjamin: and the captain of the sons of Benjamin shall be Abidan the son of Gideoni. +And his host, and those that were numbered of them, were thirty and five thousand and four hundred. +All that were numbered of the camp of Ephraim were an hundred thousand and eight thousand and an hundred, throughout their armies. And they shall go forward in the third rank. +The standard of the camp of Dan shall be on the north side by their armies: and the captain of the children of Dan shall be Ahiezer the son of Ammishaddai. +And his host, and those that were numbered of them, were threescore and two thousand and seven hundred. +And those that encamp by him shall be the tribe of Asher: and the captain of the children of Asher shall be Pagiel the son of Ocran. +And his host, and those that were numbered of them, were forty and one thousand and five hundred. +Then the tribe of Naphtali: and the captain of the children of Naphtali shall be Ahira the son of Enan. +And his host, and those that were numbered of them, were fifty and three thousand and four hundred. +All they that were numbered in the camp of Dan were an hundred thousand and fifty and seven thousand and six hundred. They shall go hindmost with their standards. +These are those which were numbered of the children of Israel by the house of their fathers: all those that were numbered of the camps throughout their hosts were six hundred thousand and three thousand and five hundred and fifty. +But the Levites were not numbered among the children of Israel; as the LORD commanded Moses. +And the children of Israel did according to all that the LORD commanded Moses: so they pitched by their standards, and so they set forward, every one after their families, according to the house of their fathers. +These also are the generations of Aaron and Moses in the day that the LORD spake with Moses in mount Sinai. +And these are the names of the sons of Aaron; Nadab the firstborn, and Abihu, Eleazar, and Ithamar. +These are the names of the sons of Aaron, the priests which were anointed, whom he consecrated to minister in the priest's office. +And Nadab and Abihu died before the LORD, when they offered strange fire before the LORD, in the wilderness of Sinai, and they had no children: and Eleazar and Ithamar ministered in the priest's office in the sight of Aaron their father. +And the LORD spake unto Moses, saying, +Bring the tribe of Levi near, and present them before Aaron the priest, that they may minister unto him. +And they shall keep his charge, and the charge of the whole congregation before the tabernacle of the congregation, to do the service of the tabernacle. +And they shall keep all the instruments of the tabernacle of the congregation, and the charge of the children of Israel, to do the service of the tabernacle. +And thou shalt give the Levites unto Aaron and to his sons: they are wholly given unto him out of the children of Israel. +And thou shalt appoint Aaron and his sons, and they shall wait on their priest's office: and the stranger that cometh nigh shall be put to death. +And the LORD spake unto Moses, saying, +And I, behold, I have taken the Levites from among the children of Israel instead of all the firstborn that openeth the matrix among the children of Israel: therefore the Levites shall be mine; +Because all the firstborn are mine; for on the day that I smote all the firstborn in the land of Egypt I hallowed unto me all the firstborn in Israel, both man and beast: mine shall they be: I am the LORD. +And the LORD spake unto Moses in the wilderness of Sinai, saying, +Number the children of Levi after the house of their fathers, by their families: every male from a month old and upward shalt thou number them. +And Moses numbered them according to the word of the LORD, as he was commanded. +And these were the sons of Levi by their names; Gershon, and Kohath, and Merari. +And these are the names of the sons of Gershon by their families; Libni, and Shimei. +And the sons of Kohath by their families; Amram, and Izehar, Hebron, and Uzziel. +And the sons of Merari by their families; Mahli, and Mushi. These are the families of the Levites according to the house of their fathers. +Of Gershon was the family of the Libnites, and the family of the Shimites: these are the families of the Gershonites. +Those that were numbered of them, according to the number of all the males, from a month old and upward, even those that were numbered of them were seven thousand and five hundred. +The families of the Gershonites shall pitch behind the tabernacle westward. +And the chief of the house of the father of the Gershonites shall be Eliasaph the son of Lael. +And the charge of the sons of Gershon in the tabernacle of the congregation shall be the tabernacle, and the tent, the covering thereof, and the hanging for the door of the tabernacle of the congregation, +And the hangings of the court, and the curtain for the door of the court, which is by the tabernacle, and by the altar round about, and the cords of it for all the service thereof. +And of Kohath was the family of the Amramites, and the family of the Izeharites, and the family of the Hebronites, and the family of the Uzzielites: these are the families of the Kohathites. +In the number of all the males, from a month old and upward, were eight thousand and six hundred, keeping the charge of the sanctuary. +The families of the sons of Kohath shall pitch on the side of the tabernacle southward. +And the chief of the house of the father of the families of the Kohathites shall be Elizaphan the son of Uzziel. +And their charge shall be the ark, and the table, and the candlestick, and the altars, and the vessels of the sanctuary wherewith they minister, and the hanging, and all the service thereof. +And Eleazar the son of Aaron the priest shall be chief over the chief of the Levites, and have the oversight of them that keep the charge of the sanctuary. +Of Merari was the family of the Mahlites, and the family of the Mushites: these are the families of Merari. +And those that were numbered of them, according to the number of all the males, from a month old and upward, were six thousand and two hundred. +And the chief of the house of the father of the families of Merari was Zuriel the son of Abihail: these shall pitch on the side of the tabernacle northward. +And under the custody and charge of the sons of Merari shall be the boards of the tabernacle, and the bars thereof, and the pillars thereof, and the sockets thereof, and all the vessels thereof, and all that serveth thereto, +And the pillars of the court round about, and their sockets, and their pins, and their cords. +But those that encamp before the tabernacle toward the east, even before the tabernacle of the congregation eastward, shall be Moses, and Aaron and his sons, keeping the charge of the sanctuary for the charge of the children of Israel; and the stranger that cometh nigh shall be put to death. +All that were numbered of the Levites, which Moses and Aaron numbered at the commandment of the LORD, throughout their families, all the males from a month old and upward, were twenty and two thousand. +And the LORD said unto Moses, Number all the firstborn of the males of the children of Israel from a month old and upward, and take the number of their names. +And thou shalt take the Levites for me (I am the LORD) instead of all the firstborn among the children of Israel; and the cattle of the Levites instead of all the firstlings among the cattle of the children of Israel. +And Moses numbered, as the LORD commanded him, all the firstborn among the children of Israel. +And all the firstborn males by the number of names, from a month old and upward, of those that were numbered of them, were twenty and two thousand two hundred and threescore and thirteen. +And the LORD spake unto Moses, saying, +Take the Levites instead of all the firstborn among the children of Israel, and the cattle of the Levites instead of their cattle; and the Levites shall be mine: I am the LORD. +And for those that are to be redeemed of the two hundred and threescore and thirteen of the firstborn of the children of Israel, which are more than the Levites; +Thou shalt even take five shekels apiece by the poll, after the shekel of the sanctuary shalt thou take them: (the shekel is twenty gerahs:) +And thou shalt give the money, wherewith the odd number of them is to be redeemed, unto Aaron and to his sons. +And Moses took the redemption money of them that were over and above them that were redeemed by the Levites: +Of the firstborn of the children of Israel took he the money; a thousand three hundred and threescore and five shekels, after the shekel of the sanctuary: +And Moses gave the money of them that were redeemed unto Aaron and to his sons, according to the word of the LORD, as the LORD commanded Moses. +And the LORD spake unto Moses and unto Aaron, saying, +Take the sum of the sons of Kohath from among the sons of Levi, after their families, by the house of their fathers, +From thirty years old and upward even until fifty years old, all that enter into the host, to do the work in the tabernacle of the congregation. +This shall be the service of the sons of Kohath in the tabernacle of the congregation, about the most holy things: +And when the camp setteth forward, Aaron shall come, and his sons, and they shall take down the covering vail, and cover the ark of testimony with it: +And shall put thereon the covering of badgers' skins, and shall spread over it a cloth wholly of blue, and shall put in the staves thereof. +And upon the table of shewbread they shall spread a cloth of blue, and put thereon the dishes, and the spoons, and the bowls, and covers to cover withal: and the continual bread shall be thereon: +And they shall spread upon them a cloth of scarlet, and cover the same with a covering of badgers' skins, and shall put in the staves thereof. +And they shall take a cloth of blue, and cover the candlestick of the light, and his lamps, and his tongs, and his snuffdishes, and all the oil vessels thereof, wherewith they minister unto it: +And they shall put it and all the vessels thereof within a covering of badgers' skins, and shall put it upon a bar. +And upon the golden altar they shall spread a cloth of blue, and cover it with a covering of badgers' skins, and shall put to the staves thereof: +And they shall take all the instruments of ministry, wherewith they minister in the sanctuary, and put them in a cloth of blue, and cover them with a covering of badgers' skins, and shall put them on a bar: +And they shall take away the ashes from the altar, and spread a purple cloth thereon: +And they shall put upon it all the vessels thereof, wherewith they minister about it, even the censers, the fleshhooks, and the shovels, and the basons, all the vessels of the altar; and they shall spread upon it a covering of badgers' skins, and put to the staves of it. +And when Aaron and his sons have made an end of covering the sanctuary, and all the vessels of the sanctuary, as the camp is to set forward; after that, the sons of Kohath shall come to bear it: but they shall not touch any holy thing, lest they die. These things are the burden of the sons of Kohath in the tabernacle of the congregation. +And to the office of Eleazar the son of Aaron the priest pertaineth the oil for the light, and the sweet incense, and the daily meat offering, and the anointing oil, and the oversight of all the tabernacle, and of all that therein is, in the sanctuary, and in the vessels thereof. +And the LORD spake unto Moses and unto Aaron saying, +Cut ye not off the tribe of the families of the Kohathites from among the Levites: +But thus do unto them, that they may live, and not die, when they approach unto the most holy things: Aaron and his sons shall go in, and appoint them every one to his service and to his burden: +But they shall not go in to see when the holy things are covered, lest they die. +And the LORD spake unto Moses, saying, +Take also the sum of the sons of Gershon, throughout the houses of their fathers, by their families; +From thirty years old and upward until fifty years old shalt thou number them; all that enter in to perform the service, to do the work in the tabernacle of the congregation. +This is the service of the families of the Gershonites, to serve, and for burdens: +And they shall bear the curtains of the tabernacle, and the tabernacle of the congregation, his covering, and the covering of the badgers' skins that is above upon it, and the hanging for the door of the tabernacle of the congregation, +And the hangings of the court, and the hanging for the door of the gate of the court, which is by the tabernacle and by the altar round about, and their cords, and all the instruments of their service, and all that is made for them: so shall they serve. +At the appointment of Aaron and his sons shall be all the service of the sons of the Gershonites, in all their burdens, and in all their service: and ye shall appoint unto them in charge all their burdens. +This is the service of the families of the sons of Gershon in the tabernacle of the congregation: and their charge shall be under the hand of Ithamar the son of Aaron the priest. +As for the sons of Merari, thou shalt number them after their families, by the house of their fathers; +From thirty years old and upward even unto fifty years old shalt thou number them, every one that entereth into the service, to do the work of the tabernacle of the congregation. +And this is the charge of their burden, according to all their service in the tabernacle of the congregation; the boards of the tabernacle, and the bars thereof, and the pillars thereof, and sockets thereof, +And the pillars of the court round about, and their sockets, and their pins, and their cords, with all their instruments, and with all their service: and by name ye shall reckon the instruments of the charge of their burden. +This is the service of the families of the sons of Merari, according to all their service, in the tabernacle of the congregation, under the hand of Ithamar the son of Aaron the priest. +And Moses and Aaron and the chief of the congregation numbered the sons of the Kohathites after their families, and after the house of their fathers, +From thirty years old and upward even unto fifty years old, every one that entereth into the service, for the work in the tabernacle of the congregation: +And those that were numbered of them by their families were two thousand seven hundred and fifty. +These were they that were numbered of the families of the Kohathites, all that might do service in the tabernacle of the congregation, which Moses and Aaron did number according to the commandment of the LORD by the hand of Moses. +And those that were numbered of the sons of Gershon, throughout their families, and by the house of their fathers, +From thirty years old and upward even unto fifty years old, every one that entereth into the service, for the work in the tabernacle of the congregation, +Even those that were numbered of them, throughout their families, by the house of their fathers, were two thousand and six hundred and thirty. +These are they that were numbered of the families of the sons of Gershon, of all that might do service in the tabernacle of the congregation, whom Moses and Aaron did number according to the commandment of the LORD. +And those that were numbered of the families of the sons of Merari, throughout their families, by the house of their fathers, +From thirty years old and upward even unto fifty years old, every one that entereth into the service, for the work in the tabernacle of the congregation, +Even those that were numbered of them after their families, were three thousand and two hundred. +These be those that were numbered of the families of the sons of Merari, whom Moses and Aaron numbered according to the word of the LORD by the hand of Moses. +All those that were numbered of the Levites, whom Moses and Aaron and the chief of Israel numbered, after their families, and after the house of their fathers, +From thirty years old and upward even unto fifty years old, every one that came to do the service of the ministry, and the service of the burden in the tabernacle of the congregation. +Even those that were numbered of them, were eight thousand and five hundred and fourscore, +According to the commandment of the LORD they were numbered by the hand of Moses, every one according to his service, and according to his burden: thus were they numbered of him, as the LORD commanded Moses. +And the LORD spake unto Moses, saying, +Command the children of Israel, that they put out of the camp every leper, and every one that hath an issue, and whosoever is defiled by the dead: +Both male and female shall ye put out, without the camp shall ye put them; that they defile not their camps, in the midst whereof I dwell. +And the children of Israel did so, and put them out without the camp: as the LORD spake unto Moses, so did the children of Israel. +And the LORD spake unto Moses, saying, +Speak unto the children of Israel, When a man or woman shall commit any sin that men commit, to do a trespass against the LORD, and that person be guilty; +Then they shall confess their sin which they have done: and he shall recompense his trespass with the principal thereof, and add unto it the fifth part thereof, and give it unto him against whom he hath trespassed. +But if the man have no kinsman to recompense the trespass unto, let the trespass be recompensed unto the LORD, even to the priest; beside the ram of the atonement, whereby an atonement shall be made for him. +And every offering of all the holy things of the children of Israel, which they bring unto the priest, shall be his. +And every man's hallowed things shall be his: whatsoever any man giveth the priest, it shall be his. +And the LORD spake unto Moses, saying, +Speak unto the children of Israel, and say unto them, If any man's wife go aside, and commit a trespass against him, +And a man lie with her carnally, and it be hid from the eyes of her husband, and be kept close, and she be defiled, and there be no witness against her, neither she be taken with the manner; +And the spirit of jealousy come upon him, and he be jealous of his wife, and she be defiled: or if the spirit of jealousy come upon him, and he be jealous of his wife, and she be not defiled: +Then shall the man bring his wife unto the priest, and he shall bring her offering for her, the tenth part of an ephah of barley meal; he shall pour no oil upon it, nor put frankincense thereon; for it is an offering of jealousy, an offering of memorial, bringing iniquity to remembrance. +And the priest shall bring her near, and set her before the LORD: +And the priest shall take holy water in an earthen vessel; and of the dust that is in the floor of the tabernacle the priest shall take, and put it into the water: +And the priest shall set the woman before the LORD, and uncover the woman's head, and put the offering of memorial in her hands, which is the jealousy offering: and the priest shall have in his hand the bitter water that causeth the curse: +And the priest shall charge her by an oath, and say unto the woman, If no man have lain with thee, and if thou hast not gone aside to uncleanness with another instead of thy husband, be thou free from this bitter water that causeth the curse: +But if thou hast gone aside to another instead of thy husband, and if thou be defiled, and some man have lain with thee beside thine husband: +Then the priest shall charge the woman with an oath of cursing, and the priest shall say unto the woman, The LORD make thee a curse and an oath among thy people, when the LORD doth make thy thigh to rot, and thy belly to swell; +And this water that causeth the curse shall go into thy bowels, to make thy belly to swell, and thy thigh to rot: And the woman shall say, Amen, amen. +And the priest shall write these curses in a book, and he shall blot them out with the bitter water: +And he shall cause the woman to drink the bitter water that causeth the curse: and the water that causeth the curse shall enter into her, and become bitter. +Then the priest shall take the jealousy offering out of the woman's hand, and shall wave the offering before the LORD, and offer it upon the altar: +And the priest shall take an handful of the offering, even the memorial thereof, and burn it upon the altar, and afterward shall cause the woman to drink the water. +And when he hath made her to drink the water, then it shall come to pass, that, if she be defiled, and have done trespass against her husband, that the water that causeth the curse shall enter into her, and become bitter, and her belly shall swell, and her thigh shall rot: and the woman shall be a curse among her people. +And if the woman be not defiled, but be clean; then she shall be free, and shall conceive seed. +This is the law of jealousies, when a wife goeth aside to another instead of her husband, and is defiled; +Or when the spirit of jealousy cometh upon him, and he be jealous over his wife, and shall set the woman before the LORD, and the priest shall execute upon her all this law. +Then shall the man be guiltless from iniquity, and this woman shall bear her iniquity. +And the LORD spake unto Moses, saying, +Speak unto the children of Israel, and say unto them, When either man or woman shall separate themselves to vow a vow of a Nazarite, to separate themselves unto the LORD: +He shall separate himself from wine and strong drink, and shall drink no vinegar of wine, or vinegar of strong drink, neither shall he drink any liquor of grapes, nor eat moist grapes, or dried. +All the days of his separation shall he eat nothing that is made of the vine tree, from the kernels even to the husk. +All the days of the vow of his separation there shall no razor come upon his head: until the days be fulfilled, in the which he separateth himself unto the LORD, he shall be holy, and shall let the locks of the hair of his head grow. +All the days that he separateth himself unto the LORD he shall come at no dead body. +He shall not make himself unclean for his father, or for his mother, for his brother, or for his sister, when they die: because the consecration of his God is upon his head. +All the days of his separation he is holy unto the LORD. +And if any man die very suddenly by him, and he hath defiled the head of his consecration; then he shall shave his head in the day of his cleansing, on the seventh day shall he shave it. +And on the eighth day he shall bring two turtles, or two young pigeons, to the priest, to the door of the tabernacle of the congregation: +And the priest shall offer the one for a sin offering, and the other for a burnt offering, and make an atonement for him, for that he sinned by the dead, and shall hallow his head that same day. +And he shall consecrate unto the LORD the days of his separation, and shall bring a lamb of the first year for a trespass offering: but the days that were before shall be lost, because his separation was defiled. +And this is the law of the Nazarite, when the days of his separation are fulfilled: he shall be brought unto the door of the tabernacle of the congregation: +And he shall offer his offering unto the LORD, one he lamb of the first year without blemish for a burnt offering, and one ewe lamb of the first year without blemish for a sin offering, and one ram without blemish for peace offerings, +And a basket of unleavened bread, cakes of fine flour mingled with oil, and wafers of unleavened bread anointed with oil, and their meat offering, and their drink offerings. +And the priest shall bring them before the LORD, and shall offer his sin offering, and his burnt offering: +And he shall offer the ram for a sacrifice of peace offerings unto the LORD, with the basket of unleavened bread: the priest shall offer also his meat offering, and his drink offering. +And the Nazarite shall shave the head of his separation at the door of the tabernacle of the congregation, and shall take the hair of the head of his separation, and put it in the fire which is under the sacrifice of the peace offerings. +And the priest shall take the sodden shoulder of the ram, and one unleavened cake out of the basket, and one unleavened wafer, and shall put them upon the hands of the Nazarite, after the hair of his separation is shaven: +And the priest shall wave them for a wave offering before the LORD: this is holy for the priest, with the wave breast and heave shoulder: and after that the Nazarite may drink wine. +This is the law of the Nazarite who hath vowed, and of his offering unto the LORD for his separation, beside that that his hand shall get: according to the vow which he vowed, so he must do after the law of his separation. +And the LORD spake unto Moses, saying, +Speak unto Aaron and unto his sons, saying, On this wise ye shall bless the children of Israel, saying unto them, +The LORD bless thee, and keep thee: +The LORD make his face shine upon thee, and be gracious unto thee: +The LORD lift up his countenance upon thee, and give thee peace. +And they shall put my name upon the children of Israel, and I will bless them. +And it came to pass on the day that Moses had fully set up the tabernacle, and had anointed it, and sanctified it, and all the instruments thereof, both the altar and all the vessels thereof, and had anointed them, and sanctified them; +That the princes of Israel, heads of the house of their fathers, who were the princes of the tribes, and were over them that were numbered, offered: +And they brought their offering before the LORD, six covered wagons, and twelve oxen; a wagon for two of the princes, and for each one an ox: and they brought them before the tabernacle. +And the LORD spake unto Moses, saying, +Take it of them, that they may be to do the service of the tabernacle of the congregation; and thou shalt give them unto the Levites, to every man according to his service. +And Moses took the wagons and the oxen, and gave them unto the Levites. +Two wagons and four oxen he gave unto the sons of Gershon, according to their service: +And four wagons and eight oxen he gave unto the sons of Merari, according unto their service, under the hand of Ithamar the son of Aaron the priest. +But unto the sons of Kohath he gave none: because the service of the sanctuary belonging unto them was that they should bear upon their shoulders. +And the princes offered for dedicating of the altar in the day that it was anointed, even the princes offered their offering before the altar. +And the LORD said unto Moses, They shall offer their offering, each prince on his day, for the dedicating of the altar. +And he that offered his offering the first day was Nahshon the son of Amminadab, of the tribe of Judah: +And his offering was one silver charger, the weight thereof was an hundred and thirty shekels, one silver bowl of seventy shekels, after the shekel of the sanctuary; both of them were full of fine flour mingled with oil for a meat offering: +One spoon of ten shekels of gold, full of incense: +One young bullock, one ram, one lamb of the first year, for a burnt offering: +One kid of the goats for a sin offering: +And for a sacrifice of peace offerings, two oxen, five rams, five he goats, five lambs of the first year: this was the offering of Nahshon the son of Amminadab. +On the second day Nethaneel the son of Zuar, prince of Issachar, did offer: +He offered for his offering one silver charger, the weight whereof was an hundred and thirty shekels, one silver bowl of seventy shekels, after the shekel of the sanctuary; both of them full of fine flour mingled with oil for a meat offering: +One spoon of gold of ten shekels, full of incense: +One young bullock, one ram, one lamb of the first year, for a burnt offering: +One kid of the goats for a sin offering: +And for a sacrifice of peace offerings, two oxen, five rams, five he goats, five lambs of the first year: this was the offering of Nethaneel the son of Zuar. +On the third day Eliab the son of Helon, prince of the children of Zebulun, did offer: +His offering was one silver charger, the weight whereof was an hundred and thirty shekels, one silver bowl of seventy shekels, after the shekel of the sanctuary; both of them full of fine flour mingled with oil for a meat offering: +One golden spoon of ten shekels, full of incense: +One young bullock, one ram, one lamb of the first year, for a burnt offering: +One kid of the goats for a sin offering: +And for a sacrifice of peace offerings, two oxen, five rams, five he goats, five lambs of the first year: this was the offering of Eliab the son of Helon. +On the fourth day Elizur the son of Shedeur, prince of the children of Reuben, did offer: +His offering was one silver charger of the weight of an hundred and thirty shekels, one silver bowl of seventy shekels, after the shekel of the sanctuary; both of them full of fine flour mingled with oil for a meat offering: +One golden spoon of ten shekels, full of incense: +One young bullock, one ram, one lamb of the first year, for a burnt offering: +One kid of the goats for a sin offering: +And for a sacrifice of peace offerings, two oxen, five rams, five he goats, five lambs of the first year: this was the offering of Elizur the son of Shedeur. +On the fifth day Shelumiel the son of Zurishaddai, prince of the children of Simeon, did offer: +His offering was one silver charger, the weight whereof was an hundred and thirty shekels, one silver bowl of seventy shekels, after the shekel of the sanctuary; both of them full of fine flour mingled with oil for a meat offering: +One golden spoon of ten shekels, full of incense: +One young bullock, one ram, one lamb of the first year, for a burnt offering: +One kid of the goats for a sin offering: +And for a sacrifice of peace offerings, two oxen, five rams, five he goats, five lambs of the first year: this was the offering of Shelumiel the son of Zurishaddai. +On the sixth day Eliasaph the son of Deuel, prince of the children of Gad, offered: +His offering was one silver charger of the weight of an hundred and thirty shekels, a silver bowl of seventy shekels, after the shekel of the sanctuary; both of them full of fine flour mingled with oil for a meat offering: +One golden spoon of ten shekels, full of incense: +One young bullock, one ram, one lamb of the first year, for a burnt offering: +One kid of the goats for a sin offering: +And for a sacrifice of peace offerings, two oxen, five rams, five he goats, five lambs of the first year: this was the offering of Eliasaph the son of Deuel. +On the seventh day Elishama the son of Ammihud, prince of the children of Ephraim, offered: +His offering was one silver charger, the weight whereof was an hundred and thirty shekels, one silver bowl of seventy shekels, after the shekel of the sanctuary; both of them full of fine flour mingled with oil for a meat offering: +One golden spoon of ten shekels, full of incense: +One young bullock, one ram, one lamb of the first year, for a burnt offering: +One kid of the goats for a sin offering: +And for a sacrifice of peace offerings, two oxen, five rams, five he goats, five lambs of the first year: this was the offering of Elishama the son of Ammihud. +On the eighth day offered Gamaliel the son of Pedahzur, prince of the children of Manasseh: +His offering was one silver charger of the weight of an hundred and thirty shekels, one silver bowl of seventy shekels, after the shekel of the sanctuary; both of them full of fine flour mingled with oil for a meat offering: +One golden spoon of ten shekels, full of incense: +One young bullock, one ram, one lamb of the first year, for a burnt offering: +One kid of the goats for a sin offering: +And for a sacrifice of peace offerings, two oxen, five rams, five he goats, five lambs of the first year: this was the offering of Gamaliel the son of Pedahzur. +On the ninth day Abidan the son of Gideoni, prince of the children of Benjamin, offered: +His offering was one silver charger, the weight whereof was an hundred and thirty shekels, one silver bowl of seventy shekels, after the shekel of the sanctuary; both of them full of fine flour mingled with oil for a meat offering: +One golden spoon of ten shekels, full of incense: +One young bullock, one ram, one lamb of the first year, for a burnt offering: +One kid of the goats for a sin offering: +And for a sacrifice of peace offerings, two oxen, five rams, five he goats, five lambs of the first year: this was the offering of Abidan the son of Gideoni. +On the tenth day Ahiezer the son of Ammishaddai, prince of the children of Dan, offered: +His offering was one silver charger, the weight whereof was an hundred and thirty shekels, one silver bowl of seventy shekels, after the shekel of the sanctuary; both of them full of fine flour mingled with oil for a meat offering: +One golden spoon of ten shekels, full of incense: +One young bullock, one ram, one lamb of the first year, for a burnt offering: +One kid of the goats for a sin offering: +And for a sacrifice of peace offerings, two oxen, five rams, five he goats, five lambs of the first year: this was the offering of Ahiezer the son of Ammishaddai. +On the eleventh day Pagiel the son of Ocran, prince of the children of Asher, offered: +His offering was one silver charger, the weight whereof was an hundred and thirty shekels, one silver bowl of seventy shekels, after the shekel of the sanctuary; both of them full of fine flour mingled with oil for a meat offering: +One golden spoon of ten shekels, full of incense: +One young bullock, one ram, one lamb of the first year, for a burnt offering: +One kid of the goats for a sin offering: +And for a sacrifice of peace offerings, two oxen, five rams, five he goats, five lambs of the first year: this was the offering of Pagiel the son of Ocran. +On the twelfth day Ahira the son of Enan, prince of the children of Naphtali, offered: +His offering was one silver charger, the weight whereof was an hundred and thirty shekels, one silver bowl of seventy shekels, after the shekel of the sanctuary; both of them full of fine flour mingled with oil for a meat offering: +One golden spoon of ten shekels, full of incense: +One young bullock, one ram, one lamb of the first year, for a burnt offering: +One kid of the goats for a sin offering: +And for a sacrifice of peace offerings, two oxen, five rams, five he goats, five lambs of the first year: this was the offering of Ahira the son of Enan. +This was the dedication of the altar, in the day when it was anointed, by the princes of Israel: twelve chargers of silver, twelve silver bowls, twelve spoons of gold: +Each charger of silver weighing an hundred and thirty shekels, each bowl seventy: all the silver vessels weighed two thousand and four hundred shekels, after the shekel of the sanctuary: +The golden spoons were twelve, full of incense, weighing ten shekels apiece, after the shekel of the sanctuary: all the gold of the spoons was an hundred and twenty shekels. +All the oxen for the burnt offering were twelve bullocks, the rams twelve, the lambs of the first year twelve, with their meat offering: and the kids of the goats for sin offering twelve. +And all the oxen for the sacrifice of the peace offerings were twenty and four bullocks, the rams sixty, the he goats sixty, the lambs of the first year sixty. This was the dedication of the altar, after that it was anointed. +And when Moses was gone into the tabernacle of the congregation to speak with him, then he heard the voice of one speaking unto him from off the mercy seat that was upon the ark of testimony, from between the two cherubims: and he spake unto him. +And the LORD spake unto Moses, saying, +Speak unto Aaron and say unto him, When thou lightest the lamps, the seven lamps shall give light over against the candlestick. +And Aaron did so; he lighted the lamps thereof over against the candlestick, as the LORD commanded Moses. +And this work of the candlestick was of beaten gold, unto the shaft thereof, unto the flowers thereof, was beaten work: according unto the pattern which the LORD had shewed Moses, so he made the candlestick. +And the LORD spake unto Moses, saying, +Take the Levites from among the children of Israel, and cleanse them. +And thus shalt thou do unto them, to cleanse them: Sprinkle water of purifying upon them, and let them shave all their flesh, and let them wash their clothes, and so make themselves clean. +Then let them take a young bullock with his meat offering, even fine flour mingled with oil, and another young bullock shalt thou take for a sin offering. +And thou shalt bring the Levites before the tabernacle of the congregation: and thou shalt gather the whole assembly of the children of Israel together: +And thou shalt bring the Levites before the LORD: and the children of Israel shall put their hands upon the Levites: +And Aaron shall offer the Levites before the LORD for an offering of the children of Israel, that they may execute the service of the LORD. +And the Levites shall lay their hands upon the heads of the bullocks: and thou shalt offer the one for a sin offering, and the other for a burnt offering, unto the LORD, to make an atonement for the Levites. +And thou shalt set the Levites before Aaron, and before his sons, and offer them for an offering unto the LORD. +Thus shalt thou separate the Levites from among the children of Israel: and the Levites shall be mine. +And after that shall the Levites go in to do the service of the tabernacle of the congregation: and thou shalt cleanse them, and offer them for an offering. +For they are wholly given unto me from among the children of Israel; instead of such as open every womb, even instead of the firstborn of all the children of Israel, have I taken them unto me. +For all the firstborn of the children of Israel are mine, both man and beast: on the day that I smote every firstborn in the land of Egypt I sanctified them for myself. +And I have taken the Levites for all the firstborn of the children of Israel. +And I have given the Levites as a gift to Aaron and to his sons from among the children of Israel, to do the service of the children of Israel in the tabernacle of the congregation, and to make an atonement for the children of Israel: that there be no plague among the children of Israel, when the children of Israel come nigh unto the sanctuary. +And Moses, and Aaron, and all the congregation of the children of Israel, did to the Levites according unto all that the LORD commanded Moses concerning the Levites, so did the children of Israel unto them. +And the Levites were purified, and they washed their clothes; and Aaron offered them as an offering before the LORD; and Aaron made an atonement for them to cleanse them. +And after that went the Levites in to do their service in the tabernacle of the congregation before Aaron, and before his sons: as the LORD had commanded Moses concerning the Levites, so did they unto them. +And the LORD spake unto Moses, saying, +This is it that belongeth unto the Levites: from twenty and five years old and upward they shall go in to wait upon the service of the tabernacle of the congregation: +And from the age of fifty years they shall cease waiting upon the service thereof, and shall serve no more: +But shall minister with their brethren in the tabernacle of the congregation, to keep the charge, and shall do no service. Thus shalt thou do unto the Levites touching their charge. +And the LORD spake unto Moses in the wilderness of Sinai, in the first month of the second year after they were come out of the land of Egypt, saying, +Let the children of Israel also keep the passover at his appointed season. +In the fourteenth day of this month, at even, ye shall keep it in his appointed season: according to all the rites of it, and according to all the ceremonies thereof, shall ye keep it. +And Moses spake unto the children of Israel, that they should keep the passover. +And they kept the passover on the fourteenth day of the first month at even in the wilderness of Sinai: according to all that the LORD commanded Moses, so did the children of Israel. +And there were certain men, who were defiled by the dead body of a man, that they could not keep the passover on that day: and they came before Moses and before Aaron on that day: +And those men said unto him, We are defiled by the dead body of a man: wherefore are we kept back, that we may not offer an offering of the LORD in his appointed season among the children of Israel? +And Moses said unto them, Stand still, and I will hear what the LORD will command concerning you. +And the LORD spake unto Moses, saying, +Speak unto the children of Israel, saying, If any man of you or of your posterity shall be unclean by reason of a dead body, or be in a journey afar off, yet he shall keep the passover unto the LORD. +The fourteenth day of the second month at even they shall keep it, and eat it with unleavened bread and bitter herbs. +They shall leave none of it unto the morning, nor break any bone of it: according to all the ordinances of the passover they shall keep it. +But the man that is clean, and is not in a journey, and forbeareth to keep the passover, even the same soul shall be cut off from among his people: because he brought not the offering of the LORD in his appointed season, that man shall bear his sin. +And if a stranger shall sojourn among you, and will keep the passover unto the LORD; according to the ordinance of the passover, and according to the manner thereof, so shall he do: ye shall have one ordinance, both for the stranger, and for him that was born in the land. +And on the day that the tabernacle was reared up the cloud covered the tabernacle, namely, the tent of the testimony: and at even there was upon the tabernacle as it were the appearance of fire, until the morning. +So it was alway: the cloud covered it by day, and the appearance of fire by night. +And when the cloud was taken up from the tabernacle, then after that the children of Israel journeyed: and in the place where the cloud abode, there the children of Israel pitched their tents. +At the commandment of the LORD the children of Israel journeyed, and at the commandment of the LORD they pitched: as long as the cloud abode upon the tabernacle they rested in their tents. +And when the cloud tarried long upon the tabernacle many days, then the children of Israel kept the charge of the LORD, and journeyed not. +And so it was, when the cloud was a few days upon the tabernacle; according to the commandment of the LORD they abode in their tents, and according to the commandment of the LORD they journeyed. +And so it was, when the cloud abode from even unto the morning, and that the cloud was taken up in the morning, then they journeyed: whether it was by day or by night that the cloud was taken up, they journeyed. +Or whether it were two days, or a month, or a year, that the cloud tarried upon the tabernacle, remaining thereon, the children of Israel abode in their tents, and journeyed not: but when it was taken up, they journeyed. +At the commandment of the LORD they rested in the tents, and at the commandment of the LORD they journeyed: they kept the charge of the LORD, at the commandment of the LORD by the hand of Moses. +And the LORD spake unto Moses, saying, +Make thee two trumpets of silver; of a whole piece shalt thou make them: that thou mayest use them for the calling of the assembly, and for the journeying of the camps. +And when they shall blow with them, all the assembly shall assemble themselves to thee at the door of the tabernacle of the congregation. +And if they blow but with one trumpet, then the princes, which are heads of the thousands of Israel, shall gather themselves unto thee. +When ye blow an alarm, then the camps that lie on the east parts shall go forward. +When ye blow an alarm the second time, then the camps that lie on the south side shall take their journey: they shall blow an alarm for their journeys. +But when the congregation is to be gathered together, ye shall blow, but ye shall not sound an alarm. +And the sons of Aaron, the priests, shall blow with the trumpets; and they shall be to you for an ordinance for ever throughout your generations. +And if ye go to war in your land against the enemy that oppresseth you, then ye shall blow an alarm with the trumpets; and ye shall be remembered before the LORD your God, and ye shall be saved from your enemies. +Also in the day of your gladness, and in your solemn days, and in the beginnings of your months, ye shall blow with the trumpets over your burnt offerings, and over the sacrifices of your peace offerings; that they may be to you for a memorial before your God: I am the LORD your God. +And it came to pass on the twentieth day of the second month, in the second year, that the cloud was taken up from off the tabernacle of the testimony. +And the children of Israel took their journeys out of the wilderness of Sinai; and the cloud rested in the wilderness of Paran. +And they first took their journey according to the commandment of the LORD by the hand of Moses. +In the first place went the standard of the camp of the children of Judah according to their armies: and over his host was Nahshon the son of Amminadab. +And over the host of the tribe of the children of Issachar was Nethaneel the son of Zuar. +And over the host of the tribe of the children of Zebulun was Eliab the son of Helon. +And the tabernacle was taken down; and the sons of Gershon and the sons of Merari set forward, bearing the tabernacle. +And the standard of the camp of Reuben set forward according to their armies: and over his host was Elizur the son of Shedeur. +And over the host of the tribe of the children of Simeon was Shelumiel the son of Zurishaddai. +And over the host of the tribe of the children of Gad was Eliasaph the son of Deuel. +And the Kohathites set forward, bearing the sanctuary: and the other did set up the tabernacle against they came. +And the standard of the camp of the children of Ephraim set forward according to their armies: and over his host was Elishama the son of Ammihud. +And over the host of the tribe of the children of Manasseh was Gamaliel the son of Pedahzur. +And over the host of the tribe of the children of Benjamin was Abidan the son of Gideoni. +And the standard of the camp of the children of Dan set forward, which was the rereward of all the camps throughout their hosts: and over his host was Ahiezer the son of Ammishaddai. +And over the host of the tribe of the children of Asher was Pagiel the son of Ocran. +And over the host of the tribe of the children of Naphtali was Ahira the son of Enan. +Thus were the journeyings of the children of Israel according to their armies, when they set forward. +And Moses said unto Hobab, the son of Raguel the Midianite, Moses' father in law, We are journeying unto the place of which the LORD said, I will give it you: come thou with us, and we will do thee good: for the LORD hath spoken good concerning Israel. +And he said unto him, I will not go; but I will depart to mine own land, and to my kindred. +And he said, Leave us not, I pray thee; forasmuch as thou knowest how we are to encamp in the wilderness, and thou mayest be to us instead of eyes. +And it shall be, if thou go with us, yea, it shall be, that what goodness the LORD shall do unto us, the same will we do unto thee. +And they departed from the mount of the LORD three days' journey: and the ark of the covenant of the LORD went before them in the three days' journey, to search out a resting place for them. +And the cloud of the LORD was upon them by day, when they went out of the camp. +And it came to pass, when the ark set forward, that Moses said, Rise up, LORD, and let thine enemies be scattered; and let them that hate thee flee before thee. +And when it rested, he said, Return, O LORD, unto the many thousands of Israel. +And when the people complained, it displeased the LORD: and the LORD heard it; and his anger was kindled; and the fire of the LORD burnt among them, and consumed them that were in the uttermost parts of the camp. +And the people cried unto Moses; and when Moses prayed unto the LORD, the fire was quenched. +And he called the name of the place Taberah: because the fire of the LORD burnt among them. +And the mixt multitude that was among them fell a lusting: and the children of Israel also wept again, and said, Who shall give us flesh to eat? +We remember the fish, which we did eat in Egypt freely; the cucumbers, and the melons, and the leeks, and the onions, and the garlick: +But now our soul is dried away: there is nothing at all, beside this manna, before our eyes. +And the manna was as coriander seed, and the colour thereof as the colour of bdellium. +And the people went about, and gathered it, and ground it in mills, or beat it in a mortar, and baked it in pans, and made cakes of it: and the taste of it was as the taste of fresh oil. +And when the dew fell upon the camp in the night, the manna fell upon it. +Then Moses heard the people weep throughout their families, every man in the door of his tent: and the anger of the LORD was kindled greatly; Moses also was displeased. +And Moses said unto the LORD, Wherefore hast thou afflicted thy servant? and wherefore have I not found favour in thy sight, that thou layest the burden of all this people upon me? +Have I conceived all this people? have I begotten them, that thou shouldest say unto me, Carry them in thy bosom, as a nursing father beareth the sucking child, unto the land which thou swarest unto their fathers? +Whence should I have flesh to give unto all this people? for they weep unto me, saying, Give us flesh, that we may eat. +I am not able to bear all this people alone, because it is too heavy for me. +And if thou deal thus with me, kill me, I pray thee, out of hand, if I have found favour in thy sight; and let me not see my wretchedness. +And the LORD said unto Moses, Gather unto me seventy men of the elders of Israel, whom thou knowest to be the elders of the people, and officers over them; and bring them unto the tabernacle of the congregation, that they may stand there with thee. +And I will come down and talk with thee there: and I will take of the spirit which is upon thee, and will put it upon them; and they shall bear the burden of the people with thee, that thou bear it not thyself alone. +And say thou unto the people, Sanctify yourselves against to morrow, and ye shall eat flesh: for ye have wept in the ears of the LORD, saying, Who shall give us flesh to eat? for it was well with us in Egypt: therefore the LORD will give you flesh, and ye shall eat. +Ye shall not eat one day, nor two days, nor five days, neither ten days, nor twenty days; +But even a whole month, until it come out at your nostrils, and it be loathsome unto you: because that ye have despised the LORD which is among you, and have wept before him, saying, Why came we forth out of Egypt? +And Moses said, The people, among whom I am, are six hundred thousand footmen; and thou hast said, I will give them flesh, that they may eat a whole month. +Shall the flocks and the herds be slain for them, to suffice them? or shall all the fish of the sea be gathered together for them, to suffice them? +And the LORD said unto Moses, Is the LORD'S hand waxed short? thou shalt see now whether my word shall come to pass unto thee or not. +And Moses went out, and told the people the words of the LORD, and gathered the seventy men of the elders of the people, and set them round about the tabernacle. +And the LORD came down in a cloud, and spake unto him, and took of the spirit that was upon him, and gave it unto the seventy elders: and it came to pass, that, when the spirit rested upon them, they prophesied, and did not cease. +But there remained two of the men in the camp, the name of the one was Eldad, and the name of the other Medad: and the spirit rested upon them; and they were of them that were written, but went not out unto the tabernacle: and they prophesied in the camp. +And there ran a young man, and told Moses, and said, Eldad and Medad do prophesy in the camp. +And Joshua the son of Nun, the servant of Moses, one of his young men, answered and said, My lord Moses, forbid them. +And Moses said unto him, Enviest thou for my sake? would God that all the LORD'S people were prophets, and that the LORD would put his spirit upon them! +And Moses gat him into the camp, he and the elders of Israel. +And there went forth a wind from the LORD, and brought quails from the sea, and let them fall by the camp, as it were a day's journey on this side, and as it were a day's journey on the other side, round about the camp, and as it were two cubits high upon the face of the earth. +And the people stood up all that day, and all that night, and all the next day, and they gathered the quails: he that gathered least gathered ten homers: and they spread them all abroad for themselves round about the camp. +And while the flesh was yet between their teeth, ere it was chewed, the wrath of the LORD was kindled against the people, and the LORD smote the people with a very great plague. +And he called the name of that place Kibrothhattaavah: because there they buried the people that lusted. +And the people journeyed from Kibrothhattaavah unto Hazeroth; and abode at Hazeroth. +And Miriam and Aaron spake against Moses because of the Ethiopian woman whom he had married: for he had married an Ethiopian woman. +And they said, Hath the LORD indeed spoken only by Moses? hath he not spoken also by us? And the LORD heard it. +(Now the man Moses was very meek, above all the men which were upon the face of the earth.) +And the LORD spake suddenly unto Moses, and unto Aaron, and unto Miriam, Come out ye three unto the tabernacle of the congregation. And they three came out. +And the LORD came down in the pillar of the cloud, and stood in the door of the tabernacle, and called Aaron and Miriam: and they both came forth. +And he said, Hear now my words: If there be a prophet among you, I the LORD will make myself known unto him in a vision, and will speak unto him in a dream. +My servant Moses is not so, who is faithful in all mine house. +With him will I speak mouth to mouth, even apparently, and not in dark speeches; and the similitude of the LORD shall he behold: wherefore then were ye not afraid to speak against my servant Moses? +And the anger of the LORD was kindled against them; and he departed. +And the cloud departed from off the tabernacle; and, behold, Miriam became leprous, white as snow: and Aaron looked upon Miriam, and, behold, she was leprous. +And Aaron said unto Moses, Alas, my lord, I beseech thee, lay not the sin upon us, wherein we have done foolishly, and wherein we have sinned. +Let her not be as one dead, of whom the flesh is half consumed when he cometh out of his mother's womb. +And Moses cried unto the LORD, saying, Heal her now, O God, I beseech thee. +And the LORD said unto Moses, If her father had but spit in her face, should she not be ashamed seven days? let her be shut out from the camp seven days, and after that let her be received in again. +And Miriam was shut out from the camp seven days: and the people journeyed not till Miriam was brought in again. +And afterward the people removed from Hazeroth, and pitched in the wilderness of Paran. +And the LORD spake unto Moses, saying, +Send thou men, that they may search the land of Canaan, which I give unto the children of Israel: of every tribe of their fathers shall ye send a man, every one a ruler among them. +And Moses by the commandment of the LORD sent them from the wilderness of Paran: all those men were heads of the children of Israel. +And these were their names: of the tribe of Reuben, Shammua the son of Zaccur. +Of the tribe of Simeon, Shaphat the son of Hori. +Of the tribe of Judah, Caleb the son of Jephunneh. +Of the tribe of Issachar, Igal the son of Joseph. +Of the tribe of Ephraim, Oshea the son of Nun. +Of the tribe of Benjamin, Palti the son of Raphu. +Of the tribe of Zebulun, Gaddiel the son of Sodi. +Of the tribe of Joseph, namely, of the tribe of Manasseh, Gaddi the son of Susi. +Of the tribe of Dan, Ammiel the son of Gemalli. +Of the tribe of Asher, Sethur the son of Michael. +Of the tribe of Naphtali, Nahbi the son of Vophsi. +Of the tribe of Gad, Geuel the son of Machi. +These are the names of the men which Moses sent to spy out the land. And Moses called Oshea the son of Nun Jehoshua. +And Moses sent them to spy out the land of Canaan, and said unto them, Get you up this way southward, and go up into the mountain: +And see the land, what it is, and the people that dwelleth therein, whether they be strong or weak, few or many; +And what the land is that they dwell in, whether it be good or bad; and what cities they be that they dwell in, whether in tents, or in strong holds; +And what the land is, whether it be fat or lean, whether there be wood therein, or not. And be ye of good courage, and bring of the fruit of the land. Now the time was the time of the firstripe grapes. +So they went up, and searched the land from the wilderness of Zin unto Rehob, as men come to Hamath. +And they ascended by the south, and came unto Hebron; where Ahiman, Sheshai, and Talmai, the children of Anak, were. (Now Hebron was built seven years before Zoan in Egypt.) +And they came unto the brook of Eshcol, and cut down from thence a branch with one cluster of grapes, and they bare it between two upon a staff; and they brought of the pomegranates, and of the figs. +The place was called the brook Eshcol, because of the cluster of grapes which the children of Israel cut down from thence. +And they returned from searching of the land after forty days. +And they went and came to Moses, and to Aaron, and to all the congregation of the children of Israel, unto the wilderness of Paran, to Kadesh; and brought back word unto them, and unto all the congregation, and shewed them the fruit of the land. +And they told him, and said, We came unto the land whither thou sentest us, and surely it floweth with milk and honey; and this is the fruit of it. +Nevertheless the people be strong that dwell in the land, and the cities are walled, and very great: and moreover we saw the children of Anak there. +The Amalekites dwell in the land of the south: and the Hittites, and the Jebusites, and the Amorites, dwell in the mountains: and the Canaanites dwell by the sea, and by the coast of Jordan. +And Caleb stilled the people before Moses, and said, Let us go up at once, and possess it; for we are well able to overcome it. +But the men that went up with him said, We be not able to go up against the people; for they are stronger than we. +And they brought up an evil report of the land which they had searched unto the children of Israel, saying, The land, through which we have gone to search it, is a land that eateth up the inhabitants thereof; and all the people that we saw in it are men of a great stature. +And there we saw the giants, the sons of Anak, which come of the giants: and we were in our own sight as grasshoppers, and so we were in their sight. +And all the congregation lifted up their voice, and cried; and the people wept that night. +And all the children of Israel murmured against Moses and against Aaron: and the whole congregation said unto them, Would God that we had died in the land of Egypt! or would God we had died in this wilderness! +And wherefore hath the LORD brought us unto this land, to fall by the sword, that our wives and our children should be a prey? were it not better for us to return into Egypt? +And they said one to another, Let us make a captain, and let us return into Egypt. +Then Moses and Aaron fell on their faces before all the assembly of the congregation of the children of Israel. +And Joshua the son of Nun, and Caleb the son of Jephunneh, which were of them that searched the land, rent their clothes: +And they spake unto all the company of the children of Israel, saying, The land, which we passed through to search it, is an exceeding good land. +If the LORD delight in us, then he will bring us into this land, and give it us; a land which floweth with milk and honey. +Only rebel not ye against the LORD, neither fear ye the people of the land; for they are bread for us: their defence is departed from them, and the LORD is with us: fear them not. +But all the congregation bade stone them with stones. And the glory of the LORD appeared in the tabernacle of the congregation before all the children of Israel. +And the LORD said unto Moses, How long will this people provoke me? and how long will it be ere they believe me, for all the signs which I have shewed among them? +I will smite them with the pestilence, and disinherit them, and will make of thee a greater nation and mightier than they. +And Moses said unto the LORD, Then the Egyptians shall hear it, (for thou broughtest up this people in thy might from among them;) +And they will tell it to the inhabitants of this land: for they have heard that thou LORD art among this people, that thou LORD art seen face to face, and that thy cloud standeth over them, and that thou goest before them, by day time in a pillar of a cloud, and in a pillar of fire by night. +Now if thou shalt kill all this people as one man, then the nations which have heard the fame of thee will speak, saying, +Because the LORD was not able to bring this people into the land which he sware unto them, therefore he hath slain them in the wilderness. +And now, I beseech thee, let the power of my lord be great, according as thou hast spoken, saying, +The LORD is longsuffering, and of great mercy, forgiving iniquity and transgression, and by no means clearing the guilty, visiting the iniquity of the fathers upon the children unto the third and fourth generation. +Pardon, I beseech thee, the iniquity of this people according unto the greatness of thy mercy, and as thou hast forgiven this people, from Egypt even until now. +And the LORD said, I have pardoned according to thy word: +But as truly as I live, all the earth shall be filled with the glory of the LORD. +Because all those men which have seen my glory, and my miracles, which I did in Egypt and in the wilderness, and have tempted me now these ten times, and have not hearkened to my voice; +Surely they shall not see the land which I sware unto their fathers, neither shall any of them that provoked me see it: +But my servant Caleb, because he had another spirit with him, and hath followed me fully, him will I bring into the land whereinto he went; and his seed shall possess it. +(Now the Amalekites and the Canaanites dwelt in the valley.) Tomorrow turn you, and get you into the wilderness by the way of the Red sea. +And the LORD spake unto Moses and unto Aaron, saying, +How long shall I bear with this evil congregation, which murmur against me? I have heard the murmurings of the children of Israel, which they murmur against me. +Say unto them, As truly as I live, saith the LORD, as ye have spoken in mine ears, so will I do to you: +Your carcases shall fall in this wilderness; and all that were numbered of you, according to your whole number, from twenty years old and upward which have murmured against me. +Doubtless ye shall not come into the land, concerning which I sware to make you dwell therein, save Caleb the son of Jephunneh, and Joshua the son of Nun. +But your little ones, which ye said should be a prey, them will I bring in, and they shall know the land which ye have despised. +But as for you, your carcases, they shall fall in this wilderness. +And your children shall wander in the wilderness forty years, and bear your whoredoms, until your carcases be wasted in the wilderness. +After the number of the days in which ye searched the land, even forty days, each day for a year, shall ye bear your iniquities, even forty years, and ye shall know my breach of promise. +I the LORD have said, I will surely do it unto all this evil congregation, that are gathered together against me: in this wilderness they shall be consumed, and there they shall die. +And the men, which Moses sent to search the land, who returned, and made all the congregation to murmur against him, by bringing up a slander upon the land, +Even those men that did bring up the evil report upon the land, died by the plague before the LORD. +But Joshua the son of Nun, and Caleb the son of Jephunneh, which were of the men that went to search the land, lived still. +And Moses told these sayings unto all the children of Israel: and the people mourned greatly. +And they rose up early in the morning, and gat them up into the top of the mountain, saying, Lo, we be here, and will go up unto the place which the LORD hath promised: for we have sinned. +And Moses said, Wherefore now do ye transgress the commandment of the LORD? but it shall not prosper. +Go not up, for the LORD is not among you; that ye be not smitten before your enemies. +For the Amalekites and the Canaanites are there before you, and ye shall fall by the sword: because ye are turned away from the LORD, therefore the LORD will not be with you. +But they presumed to go up unto the hill top: nevertheless the ark of the covenant of the LORD, and Moses, departed not out of the camp. +Then the Amalekites came down, and the Canaanites which dwelt in that hill, and smote them, and discomfited them, even unto Hormah. +And the LORD spake unto Moses, saying, +Speak unto the children of Israel, and say unto them, When ye be come into the land of your habitations, which I give unto you, +And will make an offering by fire unto the LORD, a burnt offering, or a sacrifice in performing a vow, or in a freewill offering, or in your solemn feasts, to make a sweet savour unto the LORD, of the herd or of the flock: +Then shall he that offereth his offering unto the LORD bring a meat offering of a tenth deal of flour mingled with the fourth part of an hin of oil. +And the fourth part of an hin of wine for a drink offering shalt thou prepare with the burnt offering or sacrifice, for one lamb. +Or for a ram, thou shalt prepare for a meat offering two tenth deals of flour mingled with the third part of an hin of oil. +And for a drink offering thou shalt offer the third part of an hin of wine, for a sweet savour unto the LORD. +And when thou preparest a bullock for a burnt offering, or for a sacrifice in performing a vow, or peace offerings unto the LORD: +Then shall he bring with a bullock a meat offering of three tenth deals of flour mingled with half an hin of oil. +And thou shalt bring for a drink offering half an hin of wine, for an offering made by fire, of a sweet savour unto the LORD. +Thus shall it be done for one bullock, or for one ram, or for a lamb, or a kid. +According to the number that ye shall prepare, so shall ye do to every one according to their number. +All that are born of the country shall do these things after this manner, in offering an offering made by fire, of a sweet savour unto the LORD. +And if a stranger sojourn with you, or whosoever be among you in your generations, and will offer an offering made by fire, of a sweet savour unto the LORD; as ye do, so he shall do. +One ordinance shall be both for you of the congregation, and also for the stranger that sojourneth with you, an ordinance for ever in your generations: as ye are, so shall the stranger be before the LORD. +One law and one manner shall be for you, and for the stranger that sojourneth with you. +And the LORD spake unto Moses, saying, +Speak unto the children of Israel, and say unto them, When ye come into the land whither I bring you, +Then it shall be, that, when ye eat of the bread of the land, ye shall offer up an heave offering unto the LORD. +Ye shall offer up a cake of the first of your dough for an heave offering: as ye do the heave offering of the threshingfloor, so shall ye heave it. +Of the first of your dough ye shall give unto the LORD an heave offering in your generations. +And if ye have erred, and not observed all these commandments, which the LORD hath spoken unto Moses, +Even all that the LORD hath commanded you by the hand of Moses, from the day that the LORD commanded Moses, and henceforward among your generations; +Then it shall be, if ought be committed by ignorance without the knowledge of the congregation, that all the congregation shall offer one young bullock for a burnt offering, for a sweet savour unto the LORD, with his meat offering, and his drink offering, according to the manner, and one kid of the goats for a sin offering. +And the priest shall make an atonement for all the congregation of the children of Israel, and it shall be forgiven them; for it is ignorance: and they shall bring their offering, a sacrifice made by fire unto the LORD, and their sin offering before the LORD, for their ignorance: +And it shall be forgiven all the congregation of the children of Israel, and the stranger that sojourneth among them; seeing all the people were in ignorance. +And if any soul sin through ignorance, then he shall bring a she goat of the first year for a sin offering. +And the priest shall make an atonement for the soul that sinneth ignorantly, when he sinneth by ignorance before the LORD, to make an atonement for him; and it shall be forgiven him. +Ye shall have one law for him that sinneth through ignorance, both for him that is born among the children of Israel, and for the stranger that sojourneth among them. +But the soul that doeth ought presumptuously, whether he be born in the land, or a stranger, the same reproacheth the LORD; and that soul shall be cut off from among his people. +Because he hath despised the word of the LORD, and hath broken his commandment, that soul shall utterly be cut off; his iniquity shall be upon him. +And while the children of Israel were in the wilderness, they found a man that gathered sticks upon the sabbath day. +And they that found him gathering sticks brought him unto Moses and Aaron, and unto all the congregation. +And they put him in ward, because it was not declared what should be done to him. +And the LORD said unto Moses, The man shall be surely put to death: all the congregation shall stone him with stones without the camp. +And all the congregation brought him without the camp, and stoned him with stones, and he died; as the LORD commanded Moses. +And the LORD spake unto Moses, saying, +Speak unto the children of Israel, and bid them that they make them fringes in the borders of their garments throughout their generations, and that they put upon the fringe of the borders a ribband of blue: +And it shall be unto you for a fringe, that ye may look upon it, and remember all the commandments of the LORD, and do them ; and that ye seek not after your own heart and your own eyes, after which ye use to go a whoring: +That ye may remember, and do all my commandments, and be holy unto your God. +I am the LORD your God, which brought you out of the land of Egypt, to be your God: I am the LORD your God. +Now Korah, the son of Izhar, the son of Kohath, the son of Levi, and Dathan and Abiram, the sons of Eliab, and On, the son of Peleth, sons of Reuben, took men: +And they rose up before Moses, with certain of the children of Israel, two hundred and fifty princes of the assembly, famous in the congregation, men of renown: +And they gathered themselves together against Moses and against Aaron, and said unto them, Ye take too much upon you, seeing all the congregation are holy, every one of them, and the LORD is among them: wherefore then lift ye up yourselves above the congregation of the LORD? +And when Moses heard it, he fell upon his face: +And he spake unto Korah and unto all his company, saying, Even to morrow the LORD will shew who are his, and who is holy; and will cause him to come near unto him: even him whom he hath chosen will he cause to come near unto him. +This do; Take you censers, Korah, and all his company; +And put fire therein, and put incense in them before the LORD to morrow: and it shall be that the man whom the LORD doth choose, he shall be holy: ye take too much upon you, ye sons of Levi. +And Moses said unto Korah, Hear, I pray you, ye sons of Levi: +Seemeth it but a small thing unto you, that the God of Israel hath separated you from the congregation of Israel, to bring you near to himself to do the service of the tabernacle of the LORD, and to stand before the congregation to minister unto them? +And he hath brought thee near to him, and all thy brethren the sons of Levi with thee: and seek ye the priesthood also? +For which cause both thou and all thy company are gathered together against the LORD: and what is Aaron, that ye murmur against him? +And Moses sent to call Dathan and Abiram, the sons of Eliab: which said, We will not come up: +Is it a small thing that thou hast brought us up out of a land that floweth with milk and honey, to kill us in the wilderness, except thou make thyself altogether a prince over us? +Moreover thou hast not brought us into a land that floweth with milk and honey, or given us inheritance of fields and vineyards: wilt thou put out the eyes of these men? we will not come up. +And Moses was very wroth, and said unto the LORD, Respect not thou their offering: I have not taken one ass from them, neither have I hurt one of them. +And Moses said unto Korah, Be thou and all thy company before the LORD, thou, and they, and Aaron, to morrow: +And take every man his censer, and put incense in them, and bring ye before the LORD every man his censer, two hundred and fifty censers; thou also, and Aaron, each of you his censer. +And they took every man his censer, and put fire in them, and laid incense thereon, and stood in the door of the tabernacle of the congregation with Moses and Aaron. +And Korah gathered all the congregation against them unto the door of the tabernacle of the congregation: and the glory of the LORD appeared unto all the congregation. +And the LORD spake unto Moses and unto Aaron, saying, +Separate yourselves from among this congregation, that I may consume them in a moment. +And they fell upon their faces, and said, O God, the God of the spirits of all flesh, shall one man sin, and wilt thou be wroth with all the congregation? +And the LORD spake unto Moses, saying, +Speak unto the congregation, saying, Get you up from about the tabernacle of Korah, Dathan, and Abiram. +And Moses rose up and went unto Dathan and Abiram; and the elders of Israel followed him. +And he spake unto the congregation, saying, Depart, I pray you, from the tents of these wicked men, and touch nothing of their's, lest ye be consumed in all their sins. +So they gat up from the tabernacle of Korah, Dathan, and Abiram, on every side: and Dathan and Abiram came out, and stood in the door of their tents, and their wives, and their sons, and their little children. +And Moses said, Hereby ye shall know that the LORD hath sent me to do all these works; for I have not done them of mine own mind. +If these men die the common death of all men, or if they be visited after the visitation of all men; then the LORD hath not sent me. +But if the LORD make a new thing, and the earth open her mouth, and swallow them up, with all that appertain unto them, and they go down quick into the pit; then ye shall understand that these men have provoked the LORD. +And it came to pass, as he had made an end of speaking all these words, that the ground clave asunder that was under them: +And the earth opened her mouth, and swallowed them up, and their houses, and all the men that appertained unto Korah, and all their goods. +They, and all that appertained to them, went down alive into the pit, and the earth closed upon them: and they perished from among the congregation. +And all Israel that were round about them fled at the cry of them: for they said, Lest the earth swallow us up also. +And there came out a fire from the LORD, and consumed the two hundred and fifty men that offered incense. +And the LORD spake unto Moses, saying, +Speak unto Eleazar the son of Aaron the priest, that he take up the censers out of the burning, and scatter thou the fire yonder; for they are hallowed. +The censers of these sinners against their own souls, let them make them broad plates for a covering of the altar: for they offered them before the LORD, therefore they are hallowed: and they shall be a sign unto the children of Israel. +And Eleazar the priest took the brasen censers, wherewith they that were burnt had offered; and they were made broad plates for a covering of the altar: +To be a memorial unto the children of Israel, that no stranger, which is not of the seed of Aaron, come near to offer incense before the LORD; that he be not as Korah, and as his company: as the LORD said to him by the hand of Moses. +But on the morrow all the congregation of the children of Israel murmured against Moses and against Aaron, saying, Ye have killed the people of the LORD. +And it came to pass, when the congregation was gathered against Moses and against Aaron, that they looked toward the tabernacle of the congregation: and, behold, the cloud covered it, and the glory of the LORD appeared. +And Moses and Aaron came before the tabernacle of the congregation. +And the LORD spake unto Moses, saying, +Get you up from among this congregation, that I may consume them as in a moment. And they fell upon their faces. +And Moses said unto Aaron, Take a censer, and put fire therein from off the altar, and put on incense, and go quickly unto the congregation, and make an atonement for them: for there is wrath gone out from the LORD; the plague is begun. +And Aaron took as Moses commanded, and ran into the midst of the congregation; and, behold, the plague was begun among the people: and he put on incense, and made an atonement for the people. +And he stood between the dead and the living; and the plague was stayed. +Now they that died in the plague were fourteen thousand and seven hundred, beside them that died about the matter of Korah. +And Aaron returned unto Moses unto the door of the tabernacle of the congregation: and the plague was stayed. +And the LORD spake unto Moses, saying, +Speak unto the children of Israel, and take of every one of them a rod according to the house of their fathers, of all their princes according to the house of their fathers twelve rods: write thou every man's name upon his rod. +And thou shalt write Aaron's name upon the rod of Levi: for one rod shall be for the head of the house of their fathers. +And thou shalt lay them up in the tabernacle of the congregation before the testimony, where I will meet with you. +And it shall come to pass, that the man's rod, whom I shall choose, shall blossom: and I will make to cease from me the murmurings of the children of Israel, whereby they murmur against you. +And Moses spake unto the children of Israel, and every one of their princes gave him a rod apiece, for each prince one, according to their fathers' houses, even twelve rods: and the rod of Aaron was among their rods. +And Moses laid up the rods before the LORD in the tabernacle of witness. +And it came to pass, that on the morrow Moses went into the tabernacle of witness; and, behold, the rod of Aaron for the house of Levi was budded, and brought forth buds, and bloomed blossoms, and yielded almonds. +And Moses brought out all the rods from before the LORD unto all the children of Israel: and they looked, and took every man his rod. +And the LORD said unto Moses, Bring Aaron's rod again before the testimony, to be kept for a token against the rebels; and thou shalt quite take away their murmurings from me, that they die not. +And Moses did so: as the LORD commanded him, so did he. +And the children of Israel spake unto Moses, saying, Behold, we die, we perish, we all perish. +Whosoever cometh any thing near unto the tabernacle of the LORD shall die: shall we be consumed with dying? +And the LORD said unto Aaron, Thou and thy sons and thy father's house with thee shall bear the iniquity of the sanctuary: and thou and thy sons with thee shall bear the iniquity of your priesthood. +And thy brethren also of the tribe of Levi, the tribe of thy father, bring thou with thee, that they may be joined unto thee, and minister unto thee: but thou and thy sons with thee shall minister before the tabernacle of witness. +And they shall keep thy charge, and the charge of all the tabernacle: only they shall not come nigh the vessels of the sanctuary and the altar, that neither they, nor ye also, die. +And they shall be joined unto thee, and keep the charge of the tabernacle of the congregation, for all the service of the tabernacle: and a stranger shall not come nigh unto you. +And ye shall keep the charge of the sanctuary, and the charge of the altar: that there be no wrath any more upon the children of Israel. +And I, behold, I have taken your brethren the Levites from among the children of Israel: to you they are given as a gift for the LORD, to do the service of the tabernacle of the congregation. +Therefore thou and thy sons with thee shall keep your priest's office for everything of the altar, and within the vail; and ye shall serve: I have given your priest's office unto you as a service of gift: and the stranger that cometh nigh shall be put to death. +And the LORD spake unto Aaron, Behold, I also have given thee the charge of mine heave offerings of all the hallowed things of the children of Israel; unto thee have I given them by reason of the anointing, and to thy sons, by an ordinance for ever. +This shall be thine of the most holy things, reserved from the fire: every oblation of their's, every meat offering of their's, and every sin offering of their's, and every trespass offering of their's which they shall render unto me, shall be most holy for thee and for thy sons. +In the most holy place shalt thou eat it; every male shall eat it: it shall be holy unto thee. +And this is thine; the heave offering of their gift, with all the wave offerings of the children of Israel: I have given them unto thee, and to thy sons and to thy daughters with thee, by a statute for ever: every one that is clean in thy house shall eat of it. +All the best of the oil, and all the best of the wine, and of the wheat, the firstfruits of them which they shall offer unto the LORD, them have I given thee. +And whatsoever is first ripe in the land, which they shall bring unto the LORD, shall be thine; every one that is clean in thine house shall eat of it. +Every thing devoted in Israel shall be thine. +Every thing that openeth the matrix in all flesh, which they bring unto the LORD, whether it be of men or beasts, shall be thine: nevertheless the firstborn of man shalt thou surely redeem, and the firstling of unclean beasts shalt thou redeem. +And those that are to be redeemed from a month old shalt thou redeem, according to thine estimation, for the money of five shekels, after the shekel of the sanctuary, which is twenty gerahs. +But the firstling of a cow, or the firstling of a sheep, or the firstling of a goat, thou shalt not redeem; they are holy: thou shalt sprinkle their blood upon the altar, and shalt burn their fat for an offering made by fire, for a sweet savour unto the LORD. +And the flesh of them shall be thine, as the wave breast and as the right shoulder are thine. +All the heave offerings of the holy things, which the children of Israel offer unto the LORD, have I given thee, and thy sons and thy daughters with thee, by a statute for ever: it is a covenant of salt for ever before the LORD unto thee and to thy seed with thee. +And the LORD spake unto Aaron, Thou shalt have no inheritance in their land, neither shalt thou have any part among them: I am thy part and thine inheritance among the children of Israel. +And, behold, I have given the children of Levi all the tenth in Israel for an inheritance, for their service which they serve, even the service of the tabernacle of the congregation. +Neither must the children of Israel henceforth come nigh the tabernacle of the congregation, lest they bear sin, and die. +But the Levites shall do the service of the tabernacle of the congregation, and they shall bear their iniquity: it shall be a statute for ever throughout your generations, that among the children of Israel they have no inheritance. +But the tithes of the children of Israel, which they offer as an heave offering unto the LORD, I have given to the Levites to inherit: therefore I have said unto them, Among the children of Israel they shall have no inheritance. +And the LORD spake unto Moses, saying, +Thus speak unto the Levites, and say unto them, When ye take of the children of Israel the tithes which I have given you from them for your inheritance, then ye shall offer up an heave offering of it for the LORD, even a tenth part of the tithe. +And this your heave offering shall be reckoned unto you, as though it were the corn of the threshingfloor, and as the fulness of the winepress. +Thus ye also shall offer an heave offering unto the LORD of all your tithes, which ye receive of the children of Israel; and ye shall give thereof the LORD'S heave offering to Aaron the priest. +Out of all your gifts ye shall offer every heave offering of the LORD, of all the best thereof, even the hallowed part thereof out of it. +Therefore thou shalt say unto them, When ye have heaved the best thereof from it, then it shall be counted unto the Levites as the increase of the threshingfloor, and as the increase of the winepress. +And ye shall eat it in every place, ye and your households: for it is your reward for your service in the tabernacle of the congregation. +And ye shall bear no sin by reason of it, when ye have heaved from it the best of it: neither shall ye pollute the holy things of the children of Israel, lest ye die. +And the LORD spake unto Moses and unto Aaron, saying, +This is the ordinance of the law which the LORD hath commanded, saying, Speak unto the children of Israel, that they bring thee a red heifer without spot, wherein is no blemish, and upon which never came yoke: +And ye shall give her unto Eleazar the priest, that he may bring her forth without the camp, and one shall slay her before his face: +And Eleazar the priest shall take of her blood with his finger, and sprinkle of her blood directly before the tabernacle of the congregation seven times: +And one shall burn the heifer in his sight; her skin, and her flesh, and her blood, with her dung, shall he burn: +And the priest shall take cedar wood, and hyssop, and scarlet, and cast it into the midst of the burning of the heifer. +Then the priest shall wash his clothes, and he shall bathe his flesh in water, and afterward he shall come into the camp, and the priest shall be unclean until the even. +And he that burneth her shall wash his clothes in water, and bathe his flesh in water, and shall be unclean until the even. +And a man that is clean shall gather up the ashes of the heifer, and lay them up without the camp in a clean place, and it shall be kept for the congregation of the children of Israel for a water of separation: it is a purification for sin. +And he that gathereth the ashes of the heifer shall wash his clothes, and be unclean until the even: and it shall be unto the children of Israel, and unto the stranger that sojourneth among them, for a statute for ever. +He that toucheth the dead body of any man shall be unclean seven days. +He shall purify himself with it on the third day, and on the seventh day he shall be clean: but if he purify not himself the third day, then the seventh day he shall not be clean. +Whosoever toucheth the dead body of any man that is dead, and purifieth not himself, defileth the tabernacle of the LORD; and that soul shall be cut off from Israel: because the water of separation was not sprinkled upon him, he shall be unclean; his uncleanness is yet upon him. +This is the law, when a man dieth in a tent: all that come into the tent, and all that is in the tent, shall be unclean seven days. +And every open vessel, which hath no covering bound upon it, is unclean. +And whosoever toucheth one that is slain with a sword in the open fields, or a dead body, or a bone of a man, or a grave, shall be unclean seven days. +And for an unclean person they shall take of the ashes of the burnt heifer of purification for sin, and running water shall be put thereto in a vessel: +And a clean person shall take hyssop, and dip it in the water, and sprinkle it upon the tent, and upon all the vessels, and upon the persons that were there, and upon him that touched a bone, or one slain, or one dead, or a grave: +And the clean person shall sprinkle upon the unclean on the third day, and on the seventh day: and on the seventh day he shall purify himself, and wash his clothes, and bathe himself in water, and shall be clean at even. +But the man that shall be unclean, and shall not purify himself, that soul shall be cut off from among the congregation, because he hath defiled the sanctuary of the LORD: the water of separation hath not been sprinkled upon him; he is unclean. +And it shall be a perpetual statute unto them, that he that sprinkleth the water of separation shall wash his clothes; and he that toucheth the water of separation shall be unclean until even. +And whatsoever the unclean person toucheth shall be unclean; and the soul that toucheth it shall be unclean until even. +Then came the children of Israel, even the whole congregation, into the desert of Zin in the first month: and the people abode in Kadesh; and Miriam died there, and was buried there. +And there was no water for the congregation: and they gathered themselves together against Moses and against Aaron. +And the people chode with Moses, and spake, saying, Would God that we had died when our brethren died before the LORD! +And why have ye brought up the congregation of the LORD into this wilderness, that we and our cattle should die there? +And wherefore have ye made us to come up out of Egypt, to bring us in unto this evil place? it is no place of seed, or of figs, or of vines, or of pomegranates; neither is there any water to drink. +And Moses and Aaron went from the presence of the assembly unto the door of the tabernacle of the congregation, and they fell upon their faces: and the glory of the LORD appeared unto them. +And the LORD spake unto Moses, saying, +Take the rod, and gather thou the assembly together, thou, and Aaron thy brother, and speak ye unto the rock before their eyes; and it shall give forth his water, and thou shalt bring forth to them water out of the rock: so thou shalt give the congregation and their beasts drink. +And Moses took the rod from before the LORD, as he commanded him. +And Moses and Aaron gathered the congregation together before the rock, and he said unto them, Hear now, ye rebels; must we fetch you water out of this rock? +And Moses lifted up his hand, and with his rod he smote the rock twice: and the water came out abundantly, and the congregation drank, and their beasts also. +And the LORD spake unto Moses and Aaron, Because ye believed me not, to sanctify me in the eyes of the children of Israel, therefore ye shall not bring this congregation into the land which I have given them. +This is the water of Meribah; because the children of Israel strove with the LORD, and he was sanctified in them. +And Moses sent messengers from Kadesh unto the king of Edom, Thus saith thy brother Israel, Thou knowest all the travail that hath befallen us: +How our fathers went down into Egypt, and we have dwelt in Egypt a long time; and the Egyptians vexed us, and our fathers: +And when we cried unto the LORD, he heard our voice, and sent an angel, and hath brought us forth out of Egypt: and, behold, we are in Kadesh, a city in the uttermost of thy border: +Let us pass, I pray thee, through thy country: we will not pass through the fields, or through the vineyards, neither will we drink of the water of the wells: we will go by the king's high way, we will not turn to the right hand nor to the left, until we have passed thy borders. +And Edom said unto him, Thou shalt not pass by me, lest I come out against thee with the sword. +And the children of Israel said unto him, We will go by the high way: and if I and my cattle drink of thy water, then I will pay for it: I will only, without doing anything else, go through on my feet. +And he said, Thou shalt not go through. And Edom came out against him with much people, and with a strong hand. +Thus Edom refused to give Israel passage through his border: wherefore Israel turned away from him. +And the children of Israel, even the whole congregation, journeyed from Kadesh, and came unto mount Hor. +And the LORD spake unto Moses and Aaron in mount Hor, by the coast of the land of Edom, saying, +Aaron shall be gathered unto his people: for he shall not enter into the land which I have given unto the children of Israel, because ye rebelled against my word at the water of Meribah. +Take Aaron and Eleazar his son, and bring them up unto mount Hor: +And strip Aaron of his garments, and put them upon Eleazar his son: and Aaron shall be gathered unto his people, and shall die there. +And Moses did as the LORD commanded: and they went up into mount Hor in the sight of all the congregation. +And Moses stripped Aaron of his garments, and put them upon Eleazar his son; and Aaron died there in the top of the mount: and Moses and Eleazar came down from the mount. +And when all the congregation saw that Aaron was dead, they mourned for Aaron thirty days, even all the house of Israel. +And when king Arad the Canaanite, which dwelt in the south, heard tell that Israel came by the way of the spies; then he fought against Israel, and took some of them prisoners. +And Israel vowed a vow unto the LORD, and said, If thou wilt indeed deliver this people into my hand, then I will utterly destroy their cities. +And the LORD hearkened to the voice of Israel, and delivered up the Canaanites; and they utterly destroyed them and their cities: and he called the name of the place Hormah. +And they journeyed from mount Hor by the way of the Red sea, to compass the land of Edom: and the soul of the people was much discouraged because of the way. +And the people spake against God, and against Moses, Wherefore have ye brought us up out of Egypt to die in the wilderness? for there is no bread, neither is there any water; and our soul loatheth this light bread. +And the LORD sent fiery serpents among the people, and they bit the people; and much people of Israel died. +Therefore the people came to Moses, and said, We have sinned, for we have spoken against the LORD, and against thee; pray unto the LORD, that he take away the serpents from us. And Moses prayed for the people. +And the LORD said unto Moses, Make thee a fiery serpent, and set it upon a pole: and it shall come to pass, that every one that is bitten, when he looketh upon it, shall live. +And Moses made a serpent of brass, and put it upon a pole, and it came to pass, that if a serpent had bitten any man, when he beheld the serpent of brass, he lived. +And the children of Israel set forward, and pitched in Oboth. +And they journeyed from Oboth, and pitched at Ijeabarim, in the wilderness which is before Moab, toward the sunrising. +From thence they removed, and pitched in the valley of Zared. +From thence they removed, and pitched on the other side of Arnon, which is in the wilderness that cometh out of the coasts of the Amorites: for Arnon is the border of Moab, between Moab and the Amorites. +Wherefore it is said in the book of the wars of the LORD, What he did in the Red sea, and in the brooks of Arnon, +And at the stream of the brooks that goeth down to the dwelling of Ar, and lieth upon the border of Moab. +And from thence they went to Beer: that is the well whereof the LORD spake unto Moses, Gather the people together, and I will give them water. +Then Israel sang this song, Spring up, O well; sing ye unto it: +The princes digged the well, the nobles of the people digged it, by the direction of the lawgiver, with their staves. And from the wilderness they went to Mattanah: +And from Mattanah to Nahaliel: and from Nahaliel to Bamoth: +And from Bamoth in the valley, that is in the country of Moab, to the top of Pisgah, which looketh toward Jeshimon. +And Israel sent messengers unto Sihon king of the Amorites, saying, +Let me pass through thy land: we will not turn into the fields, or into the vineyards; we will not drink of the waters of the well: but we will go along by the king's high way, until we be past thy borders. +And Sihon would not suffer Israel to pass through his border: but Sihon gathered all his people together, and went out against Israel into the wilderness: and he came to Jahaz, and fought against Israel. +And Israel smote him with the edge of the sword, and possessed his land from Arnon unto Jabbok, even unto the children of Ammon: for the border of the children of Ammon was strong. +And Israel took all these cities: and Israel dwelt in all the cities of the Amorites, in Heshbon, and in all the villages thereof. +For Heshbon was the city of Sihon the king of the Amorites, who had fought against the former king of Moab, and taken all his land out of his hand, even unto Arnon. +Wherefore they that speak in proverbs say, Come into Heshbon, let the city of Sihon be built and prepared: +For there is a fire gone out of Heshbon, a flame from the city of Sihon: it hath consumed ar of Moab, and the lords of the high places of Arnon. +Woe to thee, Moab! thou art undone, O people of Chemosh: he hath given his sons that escaped, and his daughters, into captivity unto Sihon king of the Amorites. +We have shot at them; Heshbon is perished even unto Dibon, and we have laid them waste even unto Nophah, which reacheth unto Medeba. +Thus Israel dwelt in the land of the Amorites. +And Moses sent to spy out Jaazer, and they took the villages thereof, and drove out the Amorites that were there. +And they turned and went up by the way of Bashan: and og the king of bashan went out against them, he, and all his people, to the battle at edrei. +And the LORD said unto Moses, Fear him not: for I have delivered him into thy hand, and all his people, and his land; and thou shalt do to him as thou didst unto Sihon king of the Amorites, which dwelt at Heshbon. +So they smote him, and his sons, and all his people, until there was none left him alive: and they possessed his land. +And the children of Israel set forward, and pitched in the plains of Moab on this side Jordan by Jericho. +And Balak the son of Zippor saw all that Israel had done to the Amorites. +And Moab was sore afraid of the people, because they were many: and Moab was distressed because of the children of Israel. +And Moab said unto the elders of Midian, Now shall this company lick up all that are round about us, as the ox licketh up the grass of the field. And Balak the son of Zippor was king of the Moabites at that time. +He sent messengers therefore unto Balaam the son of Beor to Pethor, which is by the river of the land of the children of his people, to call him, saying, Behold, there is a people come out from Egypt: behold, they cover the face of the earth, and they abide over against me: +Come now therefore, I pray thee, curse me this people; for they are too mighty for me: peradventure I shall prevail, that we may smite them, and that I may drive them out of the land: for I wot that he whom thou blessest is blessed, and he whom thou cursest is cursed. +And the elders of Moab and the elders of Midian departed with the rewards of divination in their hand; and they came unto Balaam, and spake unto him the words of Balak. +And he said unto them, Lodge here this night, and I will bring you word again, as the LORD shall speak unto me: and the princes of Moab abode with Balaam. +And God came unto Balaam, and said, What men are these with thee? +And Balaam said unto God, Balak the son of Zippor, king of Moab, hath sent unto me, saying, +Behold, there is a people come out of Egypt, which covereth the face of the earth: come now, curse me them; peradventure I shall be able to overcome them, and drive them out. +And God said unto Balaam, Thou shalt not go with them; thou shalt not curse the people: for they are blessed. +And Balaam rose up in the morning, and said unto the princes of Balak, Get you into your land: for the LORD refuseth to give me leave to go with you. +And the princes of Moab rose up, and they went unto Balak, and said, Balaam refuseth to come with us. +And Balak sent yet again princes, more, and more honourable than they. +And they came to Balaam, and said to him, Thus saith Balak the son of Zippor, Let nothing, I pray thee, hinder thee from coming unto me: +For I will promote thee unto very great honour, and I will do whatsoever thou sayest unto me: come therefore, I pray thee, curse me this people. +And Balaam answered and said unto the servants of Balak, If Balak would give me his house full of silver and gold, I cannot go beyond the word of the LORD my God, to do less or more. +Now therefore, I pray you, tarry ye also here this night, that I may know what the LORD will say unto me more. +And God came unto Balaam at night, and said unto him, If the men come to call thee, rise up, and go with them; but yet the word which I shall say unto thee, that shalt thou do. +And Balaam rose up in the morning, and saddled his ass, and went with the princes of Moab. +And God's anger was kindled because he went: and the angel of the LORD stood in the way for an adversary against him. Now he was riding upon his ass, and his two servants were with him. +And the ass saw the angel of the LORD standing in the way, and his sword drawn in his hand: and the ass turned aside out of the way, and went into the field: and Balaam smote the ass, to turn her into the way. +But the angel of the LORD stood in a path of the vineyards, a wall being on this side, and a wall on that side. +And when the ass saw the angel of the LORD, she thrust herself unto the wall, and crushed Balaam's foot against the wall: and he smote her again. +And the angel of the LORD went further, and stood in a narrow place, where was no way to turn either to the right hand or to the left. +And when the ass saw the angel of the LORD, she fell down under Balaam: and Balaam's anger was kindled, and he smote the ass with a staff. +And the LORD opened the mouth of the ass, and she said unto Balaam, What have I done unto thee, that thou hast smitten me these three times? +And Balaam said unto the ass, Because thou hast mocked me: I would there were a sword in mine hand, for now would I kill thee. +And the ass said unto Balaam, Am not I thine ass, upon which thou hast ridden ever since I was thine unto this day? was I ever wont to do so unto thee? and he said, Nay. +Then the LORD opened the eyes of Balaam, and he saw the angel of the LORD standing in the way, and his sword drawn in his hand: and he bowed down his head, and fell flat on his face. +And the angel of the LORD said unto him, Wherefore hast thou smitten thine ass these three times? behold, I went out to withstand thee, because thy way is perverse before me: +And the ass saw me, and turned from me these three times: unless she had turned from me, surely now also I had slain thee, and saved her alive. +And Balaam said unto the angel of the LORD, I have sinned; for I knew not that thou stoodest in the way against me: now therefore, if it displease thee, I will get me back again. +And the angel of the LORD said unto Balaam, Go with the men: but only the word that I shall speak unto thee, that thou shalt speak. So Balaam went with the princes of Balak. +And when Balak heard that Balaam was come, he went out to meet him unto a city of Moab, which is in the border of Arnon, which is in the utmost coast. +And Balak said unto Balaam, Did I not earnestly send unto thee to call thee? wherefore camest thou not unto me? am I not able indeed to promote thee to honour? +And Balaam said unto Balak, Lo, I am come unto thee: have I now any power at all to say any thing? the word that God putteth in my mouth, that shall I speak. +And Balaam went with Balak, and they came unto Kirjathhuzoth. +And Balak offered oxen and sheep, and sent to Balaam, and to the princes that were with him. +And it came to pass on the morrow, that Balak took Balaam, and brought him up into the high places of Baal, that thence he might see the utmost part of the people. +And Balaam said unto Balak, Build me here seven altars, and prepare me here seven oxen and seven rams. +And Balak did as Balaam had spoken; and Balak and Balaam offered on every altar a bullock and a ram. +And Balaam said unto Balak, Stand by thy burnt offering, and I will go: peradventure the LORD will come to meet me: and whatsoever he sheweth me I will tell thee. And he went to an high place. +And God met Balaam: and he said unto him, I have prepared seven altars, and I have offered upon every altar a bullock and a ram. +And the LORD put a word in Balaam's mouth, and said, Return unto Balak, and thus thou shalt speak. +And he returned unto him, and, lo, he stood by his burnt sacrifice, he, and all the princes of Moab. +And he took up his parable, and said, Balak the king of Moab hath brought me from Aram, out of the mountains of the east, saying, Come, curse me Jacob, and come, defy Israel. +How shall I curse, whom God hath not cursed? or how shall I defy, whom the LORD hath not defied? +For from the top of the rocks I see him, and from the hills I behold him: lo, the people shall dwell alone, and shall not be reckoned among the nations. +Who can count the dust of Jacob, and the number of the fourth part of Israel? Let me die the death of the righteous, and let my last end be like his! +And Balak said unto Balaam, What hast thou done unto me? I took thee to curse mine enemies, and, behold, thou hast blessed them altogether. +And he answered and said, Must I not take heed to speak that which the LORD hath put in my mouth? +And Balak said unto him, Come, I pray thee, with me unto another place, from whence thou mayest see them: thou shalt see but the utmost part of them, and shalt not see them all: and curse me them from thence. +And he brought him into the field of Zophim, to the top of Pisgah, and built seven altars, and offered a bullock and a ram on every altar. +And he said unto Balak, Stand here by thy burnt offering, while I meet the LORD yonder. +And the LORD met Balaam, and put a word in his mouth, and said, Go again unto Balak, and say thus. +And when he came to him, behold, he stood by his burnt offering, and the princes of Moab with him. And Balak said unto him, What hath the LORD spoken? +And he took up his parable, and said, Rise up, Balak, and hear; hearken unto me, thou son of Zippor: +God is not a man, that he should lie; neither the son of man, that he should repent: hath he said, and shall he not do it? or hath he spoken, and shall he not make it good? +Behold, I have received commandment to bless: and he hath blessed; and I cannot reverse it. +He hath not beheld iniquity in Jacob, neither hath he seen perverseness in Israel: the LORD his God is with him, and the shout of a king is among them. +God brought them out of Egypt; he hath as it were the strength of an unicorn. +Surely there is no enchantment against Jacob, neither is there any divination against Israel: according to this time it shall be said of Jacob and of Israel, What hath God wrought! +Behold, the people shall rise up as a great lion, and lift up himself as a young lion: he shall not lie down until he eat of the prey, and drink the blood of the slain. +And Balak said unto Balaam, Neither curse them at all, nor bless them at all. +But Balaam answered and said unto Balak, Told not I thee, saying, All that the LORD speaketh, that I must do? +And Balak said unto Balaam, Come, I pray thee, I will bring thee unto another place; peradventure it will please God that thou mayest curse me them from thence. +And Balak brought Balaam unto the top of Peor, that looketh toward jeshimon. +And Balaam said unto Balak, Build me here seven altars, and prepare me here seven bullocks and seven rams. +And Balak did as Balaam had said, and offered a bullock and a ram on every altar. +And when Balaam saw that it pleased the LORD to bless Israel, he went not, as at other times, to seek for enchantments, but he set his face toward the wilderness. +And Balaam lifted up his eyes, and he saw Israel abiding in his tents according to their tribes; and the spirit of God came upon him. +And he took up his parable, and said, Balaam the son of Beor hath said, and the man whose eyes are open hath said: +He hath said, which heard the words of God, which saw the vision of the Almighty, falling into a trance, but having his eyes open: +How goodly are thy tents, O Jacob, and thy tabernacles, O Israel! +As the valleys are they spread forth, as gardens by the river's side, as the trees of lign aloes which the LORD hath planted, and as cedar trees beside the waters. +He shall pour the water out of his buckets, and his seed shall be in many waters, and his king shall be higher than Agag, and his kingdom shall be exalted. +God brought him forth out of Egypt; he hath as it were the strength of an unicorn: he shall eat up the nations his enemies, and shall break their bones, and pierce them through with his arrows. +He couched, he lay down as a lion, and as a great lion: who shall stir him up? Blessed is he that blesseth thee, and cursed is he that curseth thee. +And Balak's anger was kindled against Balaam, and he smote his hands together: and Balak said unto Balaam, I called thee to curse mine enemies, and, behold, thou hast altogether blessed them these three times. +Therefore now flee thou to thy place: I thought to promote thee unto great honour; but, lo, the LORD hath kept thee back from honour. +And Balaam said unto Balak, Spake I not also to thy messengers which thou sentest unto me, saying, +If Balak would give me his house full of silver and gold, I cannot go beyond the commandment of the LORD, to do either good or bad of mine own mind; but what the LORD saith, that will I speak? +And now, behold, I go unto my people: come therefore, and I will advertise thee what this people shall do to thy people in the latter days. +And he took up his parable, and said, Balaam the son of Beor hath said, and the man whose eyes are open hath said: +He hath said, which heard the words of God, and knew the knowledge of the most High, which saw the vision of the Almighty, falling into a trance, but having his eyes open: +I shall see him, but not now: I shall behold him, but not nigh: there shall come a Star out of Jacob, and a Sceptre shall rise out of Israel, and shall smite the corners of Moab, and destroy all the children of Sheth. +And Edom shall be a possession, Seir also shall be a possession for his enemies; and Israel shall do valiantly. +Out of Jacob shall come he that shall have dominion, and shall destroy him that remaineth of the city. +And when he looked on Amalek, he took up his parable, and said, Amalek was the first of the nations; but his latter end shall be that he perish for ever. +And he looked on the Kenites, and took up his parable, and said, Strong is thy dwellingplace, and thou puttest thy nest in a rock. +Nevertheless the Kenite shall be wasted, until Asshur shall carry thee away captive. +And he took up his parable, and said, Alas, who shall live when God doeth this! +And ships shall come from the coast of Chittim, and shall afflict Asshur, and shall afflict Eber, and he also shall perish for ever. +And Balaam rose up, and went and returned to his place: and Balak also went his way. +And Israel abode in Shittim, and the people began to commit whoredom with the daughters of Moab. +And they called the people unto the sacrifices of their gods: and the people did eat, and bowed down to their gods. +And Israel joined himself unto Baalpeor: and the anger of the LORD was kindled against Israel. +And the LORD said unto Moses, Take all the heads of the people, and hang them up before the LORD against the sun, that the fierce anger of the LORD may be turned away from Israel. +And Moses said unto the judges of Israel, Slay ye every one his men that were joined unto Baalpeor. +And, behold, one of the children of Israel came and brought unto his brethren a Midianitish woman in the sight of Moses, and in the sight of all the congregation of the children of Israel, who were weeping before the door of the tabernacle of the congregation. +And when Phinehas, the son of Eleazar, the son of Aaron the priest, saw it, he rose up from among the congregation, and took a javelin in his hand; +And he went after the man of Israel into the tent, and thrust both of them through, the man of Israel, and the woman through her belly. So the plague was stayed from the children of Israel. +And those that died in the plague were twenty and four thousand. +And the LORD spake unto Moses, saying, +Phinehas, the son of Eleazar, the son of Aaron the priest, hath turned my wrath away from the children of Israel, while he was zealous for my sake among them, that I consumed not the children of Israel in my jealousy. +Wherefore say, Behold, I give unto him my covenant of peace: +And he shall have it, and his seed after him, even the covenant of an everlasting priesthood; because he was zealous for his God, and made an atonement for the children of Israel. +Now the name of the Israelite that was slain, even that was slain with the Midianitish woman, was Zimri, the son of Salu, a prince of a chief house among the Simeonites. +And the name of the Midianitish woman that was slain was Cozbi, the daughter of Zur; he was head over a people, and of a chief house in Midian. +And the LORD spake unto Moses, saying, +Vex the Midianites, and smite them: +For they vex you with their wiles, wherewith they have beguiled you in the matter of Peor, and in the matter of Cozbi, the daughter of a prince of Midian, their sister, which was slain in the day of the plague for Peor's sake. +And it came to pass after the plague, that the LORD spake unto Moses and unto Eleazar the son of Aaron the priest, saying, +Take the sum of all the congregation of the children of Israel, from twenty years old and upward, throughout their fathers' house, all that are able to go to war in Israel. +And Moses and Eleazar the priest spake with them in the plains of Moab by Jordan near Jericho, saying, +Take the sum of the people, from twenty years old and upward; as the LORD commanded Moses and the children of Israel, which went forth out of the land of Egypt. +Reuben, the eldest son of Israel: the children of Reuben; Hanoch, of whom cometh the family of the Hanochites: of Pallu, the family of the Palluites: +Of Hezron, the family of the Hezronites: of Carmi, the family of the Carmites. +These are the families of the Reubenites: and they that were numbered of them were forty and three thousand and seven hundred and thirty. +And the sons of Pallu; Eliab. +And the sons of Eliab; Nemuel, and Dathan, and Abiram. This is that Dathan and Abiram, which were famous in the congregation, who strove against Moses and against Aaron in the company of Korah, when they strove against the LORD: +And the earth opened her mouth, and swallowed them up together with Korah, when that company died, what time the fire devoured two hundred and fifty men: and they became a sign. +Notwithstanding the children of Korah died not. +The sons of Simeon after their families: of Nemuel, the family of the Nemuelites: of Jamin, the family of the Jaminites: of Jachin, the family of the Jachinites: +Of Zerah, the family of the Zarhites: of Shaul, the family of the Shaulites. +These are the families of the Simeonites, twenty and two thousand and two hundred. +The children of Gad after their families: of Zephon, the family of the Zephonites: of Haggi, the family of the Haggites: of Shuni, the family of the Shunites: +Of Ozni, the family of the Oznites: of Eri, the family of the Erites: +Of Arod, the family of the Arodites: of Areli, the family of the Arelites. +These are the families of the children of Gad according to those that were numbered of them, forty thousand and five hundred. +The sons of Judah were Er and Onan: and Er and Onan died in the land of Canaan. +And the sons of Judah after their families were; of Shelah, the family of the Shelanites: of Pharez, the family of the Pharzites: of Zerah, the family of the Zarhites. +And the sons of Pharez were; of Hezron, the family of the Hezronites: of Hamul, the family of the Hamulites. +These are the families of Judah according to those that were numbered of them, threescore and sixteen thousand and five hundred. +Of the sons of Issachar after their families: of Tola, the family of the Tolaites: of Pua, the family of the Punites: +Of Jashub, the family of the Jashubites: of Shimron, the family of the Shimronites. +These are the families of Issachar according to those that were numbered of them, threescore and four thousand and three hundred. +Of the sons of Zebulun after their families: of Sered, the family of the Sardites: of Elon, the family of the Elonites: of Jahleel, the family of the Jahleelites. +These are the families of the Zebulunites according to those that were numbered of them, threescore thousand and five hundred. +The sons of Joseph after their families were Manasseh and Ephraim. +Of the sons of Manasseh: of Machir, the family of the Machirites: and Machir begat Gilead: of Gilead come the family of the Gileadites. +These are the sons of Gilead: of Jeezer, the family of the Jeezerites: of Helek, the family of the Helekites: +And of Asriel, the family of the Asrielites: and of Shechem, the family of the Shechemites: +And of Shemida, the family of the Shemidaites: and of Hepher, the family of the Hepherites. +And Zelophehad the son of Hepher had no sons, but daughters: and the names of the daughters of Zelophehad were Mahlah, and Noah, Hoglah, Milcah, and Tirzah. +These are the families of Manasseh, and those that were numbered of them, fifty and two thousand and seven hundred. +These are the sons of Ephraim after their families: of Shuthelah, the family of the Shuthalhites: of Becher, the family of the Bachrites: of Tahan, the family of the Tahanites. +And these are the sons of Shuthelah: of Eran, the family of the Eranites. +These are the families of the sons of Ephraim according to those that were numbered of them, thirty and two thousand and five hundred. These are the sons of Joseph after their families. +The sons of Benjamin after their families: of Bela, the family of the Belaites: of Ashbel, the family of the Ashbelites: of Ahiram, the family of the Ahiramites: +Of Shupham, the family of the Shuphamites: of Hupham, the family of the Huphamites. +And the sons of Bela were ard and Naaman: of Ard, the family of the Ardites: and of Naaman, the family of the Naamites. +These are the sons of Benjamin after their families: and they that were numbered of them were forty and five thousand and six hundred. +These are the sons of Dan after their families: of Shuham, the family of the Shuhamites. These are the families of Dan after their families. +All the families of the Shuhamites, according to those that were numbered of them, were threescore and four thousand and four hundred. +Of the children of Asher after their families: of Jimna, the family of the Jimnites: of Jesui, the family of the Jesuites: of Beriah, the family of the Beriites. +Of the sons of Beriah: of Heber, the family of the Heberites: of Malchiel, the family of the Malchielites. +And the name of the daughter of Asher was Sarah. +These are the families of the sons of Asher according to those that were numbered of them; who were fifty and three thousand and four hundred. +Of the sons of Naphtali after their families: of Jahzeel, the family of the Jahzeelites: of Guni, the family of the Gunites: +Of Jezer, the family of the Jezerites: of Shillem, the family of the Shillemites. +These are the families of Naphtali according to their families: and they that were numbered of them were forty and five thousand and four hundred. +These were the numbered of the children of Israel, six hundred thousand and a thousand seven hundred and thirty. +And the LORD spake unto Moses, saying, +Unto these the land shall be divided for an inheritance according to the number of names. +To many thou shalt give the more inheritance, and to few thou shalt give the less inheritance: to every one shall his inheritance be given according to those that were numbered of him. +Notwithstanding the land shall be divided by lot: according to the names of the tribes of their fathers they shall inherit. +According to the lot shall the possession thereof be divided between many and few. +And these are they that were numbered of the Levites after their families: of Gershon, the family of the Gershonites: of Kohath, the family of the Kohathites: of Merari, the family of the Merarites. +These are the families of the Levites: the family of the Libnites, the family of the Hebronites, the family of the Mahlites, the family of the Mushites, the family of the Korathites. And Kohath begat Amram. +And the name of Amram's wife was Jochebed, the daughter of Levi, whom her mother bare to Levi in Egypt: and she bare unto Amram Aaron and Moses, and Miriam their sister. +And unto Aaron was born Nadab, and Abihu, Eleazar, and Ithamar. +And Nadab and Abihu died, when they offered strange fire before the LORD. +And those that were numbered of them were twenty and three thousand, all males from a month old and upward: for they were not numbered among the children of Israel, because there was no inheritance given them among the children of Israel. +These are they that were numbered by Moses and Eleazar the priest, who numbered the children of Israel in the plains of Moab by Jordan near Jericho. +But among these there was not a man of them whom Moses and Aaron the priest numbered, when they numbered the children of Israel in the wilderness of Sinai. +For the LORD had said of them, They shall surely die in the wilderness. And there was not left a man of them, save Caleb the son of Jephunneh, and Joshua the son of Nun. +Then came the daughters of Zelophehad, the son of Hepher, the son of Gilead, the son of Machir, the son of Manasseh, of the families of Manasseh the son of Joseph: and these are the names of his daughters; Mahlah, Noah, and Hoglah, and Milcah, and Tirzah. +And they stood before Moses, and before Eleazar the priest, and before the princes and all the congregation, by the door of the tabernacle of the congregation, saying, +Our father died in the wilderness, and he was not in the company of them that gathered themselves together against the LORD in the company of Korah; but died in his own sin, and had no sons. +Why should the name of our father be done away from among his family, because he hath no son? Give unto us therefore a possession among the brethren of our father. +And Moses brought their cause before the LORD. +And the LORD spake unto Moses, saying, +The daughters of Zelophehad speak right: thou shalt surely give them a possession of an inheritance among their father's brethren; and thou shalt cause the inheritance of their father to pass unto them. +And thou shalt speak unto the children of Israel, saying, If a man die, and have no son, then ye shall cause his inheritance to pass unto his daughter. +And if he have no daughter, then ye shall give his inheritance unto his brethren. +And if he have no brethren, then ye shall give his inheritance unto his father's brethren. +And if his father have no brethren, then ye shall give his inheritance unto his kinsman that is next to him of his family, and he shall possess it: and it shall be unto the children of Israel a statute of judgment, as the LORD commanded Moses. +And the LORD said unto Moses, Get thee up into this mount Abarim, and see the land which I have given unto the children of Israel. +And when thou hast seen it, thou also shalt be gathered unto thy people, as Aaron thy brother was gathered. +For ye rebelled against my commandment in the desert of Zin, in the strife of the congregation, to sanctify me at the water before their eyes: that is the water of Meribah in Kadesh in the wilderness of Zin. +And Moses spake unto the LORD, saying, +Let the LORD, the God of the spirits of all flesh, set a man over the congregation, +Which may go out before them, and which may go in before them, and which may lead them out, and which may bring them in; that the congregation of the LORD be not as sheep which have no shepherd. +And the LORD said unto Moses, Take thee Joshua the son of Nun, a man in whom is the spirit, and lay thine hand upon him; +And set him before Eleazar the priest, and before all the congregation; and give him a charge in their sight. +And thou shalt put some of thine honour upon him, that all the congregation of the children of Israel may be obedient. +And he shall stand before Eleazar the priest, who shall ask counsel for him after the judgment of Urim before the LORD: at his word shall they go out, and at his word they shall come in, both he, and all the children of Israel with him, even all the congregation. +And Moses did as the LORD commanded him: and he took Joshua, and set him before Eleazar the priest, and before all the congregation: +And he laid his hands upon him, and gave him a charge, as the LORD commanded by the hand of Moses. +And the LORD spake unto Moses, saying, +Command the children of Israel, and say unto them, My offering, and my bread for my sacrifices made by fire, for a sweet savour unto me, shall ye observe to offer unto me in their due season. +And thou shalt say unto them, This is the offering made by fire which ye shall offer unto the LORD; two lambs of the first year without spot day by day, for a continual burnt offering. +The one lamb shalt thou offer in the morning, and the other lamb shalt thou offer at even; +And a tenth part of an ephah of flour for a meat offering, mingled with the fourth part of an hin of beaten oil. +It is a continual burnt offering, which was ordained in mount Sinai for a sweet savour, a sacrifice made by fire unto the LORD. +And the drink offering thereof shall be the fourth part of an hin for the one lamb: in the holy place shalt thou cause the strong wine to be poured unto the LORD for a drink offering. +And the other lamb shalt thou offer at even: as the meat offering of the morning, and as the drink offering thereof, thou shalt offer it, a sacrifice made by fire, of a sweet savour unto the LORD. +And on the sabbath day two lambs of the first year without spot, and two tenth deals of flour for a meat offering, mingled with oil, and the drink offering thereof: +This is the burnt offering of every sabbath, beside the continual burnt offering, and his drink offering. +And in the beginnings of your months ye shall offer a burnt offering unto the LORD; two young bullocks, and one ram, seven lambs of the first year without spot; +And three tenth deals of flour for a meat offering, mingled with oil, for one bullock; and two tenth deals of flour for a meat offering, mingled with oil, for one ram; +And a several tenth deal of flour mingled with oil for a meat offering unto one lamb; for a burnt offering of a sweet savour, a sacrifice made by fire unto the LORD. +And their drink offerings shall be half an hin of wine unto a bullock, and the third part of an hin unto a ram, and a fourth part of an hin unto a lamb: this is the burnt offering of every month throughout the months of the year. +And one kid of the goats for a sin offering unto the LORD shall be offered, beside the continual burnt offering, and his drink offering. +And in the fourteenth day of the first month is the passover of the LORD. +And in the fifteenth day of this month is the feast: seven days shall unleavened bread be eaten. +In the first day shall be an holy convocation; ye shall do no manner of servile work therein: +But ye shall offer a sacrifice made by fire for a burnt offering unto the LORD; two young bullocks, and one ram, and seven lambs of the first year: they shall be unto you without blemish: +And their meat offering shall be of flour mingled with oil: three tenth deals shall ye offer for a bullock, and two tenth deals for a ram; +A several tenth deal shalt thou offer for every lamb, throughout the seven lambs: +And one goat for a sin offering, to make an atonement for you. +Ye shall offer these beside the burnt offering in the morning, which is for a continual burnt offering. +After this manner ye shall offer daily, throughout the seven days, the meat of the sacrifice made by fire, of a sweet savour unto the LORD: it shall be offered beside the continual burnt offering, and his drink offering. +And on the seventh day ye shall have an holy convocation; ye shall do no servile work. +Also in the day of the firstfruits, when ye bring a new meat offering unto the LORD, after your weeks be out, ye shall have an holy convocation; ye shall do no servile work: +But ye shall offer the burnt offering for a sweet savour unto the LORD; two young bullocks, one ram, seven lambs of the first year; +And their meat offering of flour mingled with oil, three tenth deals unto one bullock, two tenth deals unto one ram, +A several tenth deal unto one lamb, throughout the seven lambs; +And one kid of the goats, to make an atonement for you. +Ye shall offer them beside the continual burnt offering, and his meat offering, (they shall be unto you without blemish) and their drink offerings. +And in the seventh month, on the first day of the month, ye shall have an holy convocation; ye shall do no servile work: it is a day of blowing the trumpets unto you. +And ye shall offer a burnt offering for a sweet savour unto the LORD; one young bullock, one ram, and seven lambs of the first year without blemish: +And their meat offering shall be of flour mingled with oil, three tenth deals for a bullock, and two tenth deals for a ram, +And one tenth deal for one lamb, throughout the seven lambs: +And one kid of the goats for a sin offering, to make an atonement for you: +Beside the burnt offering of the month, and his meat offering, and the daily burnt offering, and his meat offering, and their drink offerings, according unto their manner, for a sweet savour, a sacrifice made by fire unto the LORD. +And ye shall have on the tenth day of this seventh month an holy convocation; and ye shall afflict your souls: ye shall not do any work therein: +But ye shall offer a burnt offering unto the LORD for a sweet savour; one young bullock, one ram, and seven lambs of the first year; they shall be unto you without blemish: +And their meat offering shall be of flour mingled with oil, three tenth deals to a bullock, and two tenth deals to one ram, +A several tenth deal for one lamb, throughout the seven lambs: +One kid of the goats for a sin offering; beside the sin offering of atonement, and the continual burnt offering, and the meat offering of it, and their drink offerings. +And on the fifteenth day of the seventh month ye shall have an holy convocation; ye shall do no servile work, and ye shall keep a feast unto the LORD seven days: +And ye shall offer a burnt offering, a sacrifice made by fire, of a sweet savour unto the LORD; thirteen young bullocks, two rams, and fourteen lambs of the first year; they shall be without blemish: +And their meat offering shall be of flour mingled with oil, three tenth deals unto every bullock of the thirteen bullocks, two tenth deals to each ram of the two rams, +And a several tenth deal to each lamb of the fourteen lambs: +And one kid of the goats for a sin offering; beside the continual burnt offering, his meat offering, and his drink offering. +And on the second day ye shall offer twelve young bullocks, two rams, fourteen lambs of the first year without spot: +And their meat offering and their drink offerings for the bullocks, for the rams, and for the lambs, shall be according to their number, after the manner: +And one kid of the goats for a sin offering; beside the continual burnt offering, and the meat offering thereof, and their drink offerings. +And on the third day eleven bullocks, two rams, fourteen lambs of the first year without blemish; +And their meat offering and their drink offerings for the bullocks, for the rams, and for the lambs, shall be according to their number, after the manner: +And one goat for a sin offering; beside the continual burnt offering, and his meat offering, and his drink offering. +And on the fourth day ten bullocks, two rams, and fourteen lambs of the first year without blemish: +Their meat offering and their drink offerings for the bullocks, for the rams, and for the lambs, shall be according to their number, after the manner: +And one kid of the goats for a sin offering; beside the continual burnt offering, his meat offering, and his drink offering. +And on the fifth day nine bullocks, two rams, and fourteen lambs of the first year without spot: +And their meat offering and their drink offerings for the bullocks, for the rams, and for the lambs, shall be according to their number, after the manner: +And one goat for a sin offering; beside the continual burnt offering, and his meat offering, and his drink offering. +And on the sixth day eight bullocks, two rams, and fourteen lambs of the first year without blemish: +And their meat offering and their drink offerings for the bullocks, for the rams, and for the lambs, shall be according to their number, after the manner: +And one goat for a sin offering; beside the continual burnt offering, his meat offering, and his drink offering. +And on the seventh day seven bullocks, two rams, and fourteen lambs of the first year without blemish: +And their meat offering and their drink offerings for the bullocks, for the rams, and for the lambs, shall be according to their number, after the manner: +And one goat for a sin offering; beside the continual burnt offering, his meat offering, and his drink offering. +On the eighth day ye shall have a solemn assembly: ye shall do no servile work therein: +But ye shall offer a burnt offering, a sacrifice made by fire, of a sweet savour unto the LORD: one bullock, one ram, seven lambs of the first year without blemish: +Their meat offering and their drink offerings for the bullock, for the ram, and for the lambs, shall be according to their number, after the manner: +And one goat for a sin offering; beside the continual burnt offering, and his meat offering, and his drink offering. +These things ye shall do unto the LORD in your set feasts, beside your vows, and your freewill offerings, for your burnt offerings, and for your meat offerings, and for your drink offerings, and for your peace offerings. +And Moses told the children of Israel according to all that the LORD commanded Moses. +And Moses spake unto the heads of the tribes concerning the children of Israel, saying, This is the thing which the LORD hath commanded. +If a man vow a vow unto the LORD, or swear an oath to bind his soul with a bond; he shall not break his word, he shall do according to all that proceedeth out of his mouth. +If a woman also vow a vow unto the LORD, and bind herself by a bond, being in her father's house in her youth; +And her father hear her vow, and her bond wherewith she hath bound her soul, and her father shall hold his peace at her; then all her vows shall stand, and every bond wherewith she hath bound her soul shall stand. +But if her father disallow her in the day that he heareth; not any of her vows, or of her bonds wherewith she hath bound her soul, shall stand: and the LORD shall forgive her, because her father disallowed her. +And if she had at all an husband, when she vowed, or uttered ought out of her lips, wherewith she bound her soul; +And her husband heard it, and held his peace at her in the day that he heard it: then her vows shall stand, and her bonds wherewith she bound her soul shall stand. +But if her husband disallowed her on the day that he heard it; then he shall make her vow which she vowed, and that which she uttered with her lips, wherewith she bound her soul, of none effect: and the LORD shall forgive her. +But every vow of a widow, and of her that is divorced, wherewith they have bound their souls, shall stand against her. +And if she vowed in her husband's house, or bound her soul by a bond with an oath; +And her husband heard it, and held his peace at her, and disallowed her not: then all her vows shall stand, and every bond wherewith she bound her soul shall stand. +But if her husband hath utterly made them void on the day he heard them; then whatsoever proceeded out of her lips concerning her vows, or concerning the bond of her soul, shall not stand: her husband hath made them void; and the LORD shall forgive her. +Every vow, and every binding oath to afflict the soul, her husband may establish it, or her husband may make it void. +But if her husband altogether hold his peace at her from day to day; then he establisheth all her vows, or all her bonds, which are upon her: he confirmeth them, because he held his peace at her in the day that he heard them. +But if he shall any ways make them void after that he hath heard them; then he shall bear her iniquity. +These are the statutes, which the LORD commanded Moses, between a man and his wife, between the father and his daughter, being yet in her youth in her father's house. +And the LORD spake unto Moses, saying, +Avenge the children of Israel of the Midianites: afterward shalt thou be gathered unto thy people. +And Moses spake unto the people, saying, Arm some of yourselves unto the war, and let them go against the Midianites, and avenge the LORD of Midian. +Of every tribe a thousand, throughout all the tribes of Israel, shall ye send to the war. +So there were delivered out of the thousands of Israel, a thousand of every tribe, twelve thousand armed for war. +And Moses sent them to the war, a thousand of every tribe, them and Phinehas the son of Eleazar the priest, to the war, with the holy instruments, and the trumpets to blow in his hand. +And they warred against the Midianites, as the LORD commanded Moses; and they slew all the males. +And they slew the kings of Midian, beside the rest of them that were slain; namely, Evi, and Rekem, and Zur, and Hur, and Reba, five kings of Midian: Balaam also the son of Beor they slew with the sword. +And the children of Israel took all the women of Midian captives, and their little ones, and took the spoil of all their cattle, and all their flocks, and all their goods. +And they burnt all their cities wherein they dwelt, and all their goodly castles, with fire. +And they took all the spoil, and all the prey, both of men and of beasts. +And they brought the captives, and the prey, and the spoil, unto Moses, and Eleazar the priest, and unto the congregation of the children of Israel, unto the camp at the plains of Moab, which are by Jordan near Jericho. +And Moses, and Eleazar the priest, and all the princes of the congregation, went forth to meet them without the camp. +And Moses was wroth with the officers of the host, with the captains over thousands, and captains over hundreds, which came from the battle. +And Moses said unto them, Have ye saved all the women alive? +Behold, these caused the children of Israel, through the counsel of Balaam, to commit trespass against the LORD in the matter of Peor, and there was a plague among the congregation of the LORD. +Now therefore kill every male among the little ones, and kill every woman that hath known man by lying with him. +But all the women children, that have not known a man by lying with him, keep alive for yourselves. +And do ye abide without the camp seven days: whosoever hath killed any person, and whosoever hath touched any slain, purify both yourselves and your captives on the third day, and on the seventh day. +And purify all your raiment, and all that is made of skins, and all work of goats' hair, and all things made of wood. +And Eleazar the priest said unto the men of war which went to the battle, This is the ordinance of the law which the LORD commanded Moses; +Only the gold, and the silver, the brass, the iron, the tin, and the lead, +Every thing that may abide the fire, ye shall make it go through the fire, and it shall be clean: nevertheless it shall be purified with the water of separation: and all that abideth not the fire ye shall make go through the water. +And ye shall wash your clothes on the seventh day, and ye shall be clean, and afterward ye shall come into the camp. +And the LORD spake unto Moses, saying, +Take the sum of the prey that was taken, both of man and of beast, thou, and Eleazar the priest, and the chief fathers of the congregation: +And divide the prey into two parts; between them that took the war upon them, who went out to battle, and between all the congregation: +And levy a tribute unto the LORD of the men of war which went out to battle: one soul of five hundred, both of the persons, and of the beeves, and of the asses, and of the sheep: +Take it of their half, and give it unto Eleazar the priest, for an heave offering of the LORD. +And of the children of Israel's half, thou shalt take one portion of fifty, of the persons, of the beeves, of the asses, and of the flocks, of all manner of beasts, and give them unto the Levites, which keep the charge of the tabernacle of the LORD. +And Moses and Eleazar the priest did as the LORD commanded Moses. +And the booty, being the rest of the prey which the men of war had caught, was six hundred thousand and seventy thousand and five thousand sheep, +And threescore and twelve thousand beeves, +And threescore and one thousand asses, +And thirty and two thousand persons in all, of women that had not known man by lying with him. +And the half, which was the portion of them that went out to war, was in number three hundred thousand and seven and thirty thousand and five hundred sheep: +And the LORD'S tribute of the sheep was six hundred and threescore and fifteen. +And the beeves were thirty and six thousand; of which the LORD'S tribute was threescore and twelve. +And the asses were thirty thousand and five hundred; of which the LORD'S tribute was threescore and one. +And the persons were sixteen thousand; of which the LORD'S tribute was thirty and two persons. +And Moses gave the tribute, which was the LORD'S heave offering, unto Eleazar the priest, as the LORD commanded Moses. +And of the children of Israel's half, which Moses divided from the men that warred, +(Now the half that pertained unto the congregation was three hundred thousand and thirty thousand and seven thousand and five hundred sheep, +And thirty and six thousand beeves, +And thirty thousand asses and five hundred, +And sixteen thousand persons;) +Even of the children of Israel's half, Moses took one portion of fifty, both of man and of beast, and gave them unto the Levites, which kept the charge of the tabernacle of the LORD; as the LORD commanded Moses. +And the officers which were over thousands of the host, the captains of thousands, and captains of hundreds, came near unto Moses: +And they said unto Moses, Thy servants have taken the sum of the men of war which are under our charge, and there lacketh not one man of us. +We have therefore brought an oblation for the LORD, what every man hath gotten, of jewels of gold, chains, and bracelets, rings, earrings, and tablets, to make an atonement for our souls before the LORD. +And Moses and Eleazar the priest took the gold of them, even all wrought jewels. +And all the gold of the offering that they offered up to the LORD, of the captains of thousands, and of the captains of hundreds, was sixteen thousand seven hundred and fifty shekels. +(For the men of war had taken spoil, every man for himself.) +And Moses and Eleazar the priest took the gold of the captains of thousands and of hundreds, and brought it into the tabernacle of the congregation, for a memorial for the children of Israel before the LORD. +Now the children of Reuben and the children of Gad had a very great multitude of cattle: and when they saw the land of Jazer, and the land of Gilead, that, behold, the place was a place for cattle; +The children of Gad and the children of Reuben came and spake unto Moses, and to Eleazar the priest, and unto the princes of the congregation, saying, +Ataroth, and Dibon, and Jazer, and Nimrah, and Heshbon, and Elealeh, and Shebam, and Nebo, and Beon, +Even the country which the LORD smote before the congregation of Israel, is a land for cattle, and thy servants have cattle: +Wherefore, said they, if we have found grace in thy sight, let this land be given unto thy servants for a possession, and bring us not over Jordan. +And Moses said unto the children of Gad and to the children of Reuben, Shall your brethren go to war, and shall ye sit here? +And wherefore discourage ye the heart of the children of Israel from going over into the land which the LORD hath given them? +Thus did your fathers, when I sent them from Kadeshbarnea to see the land. +For when they went up unto the valley of Eshcol, and saw the land, they discouraged the heart of the children of Israel, that they should not go into the land which the LORD had given them. +And the LORD'S anger was kindled the same time, and he sware, saying, +Surely none of the men that came up out of Egypt, from twenty years old and upward, shall see the land which I sware unto Abraham, unto Isaac, and unto Jacob; because they have not wholly followed me: +Save Caleb the son of Jephunneh the Kenezite, and Joshua the son of Nun: for they have wholly followed the LORD. +And the LORD'S anger was kindled against Israel, and he made them wander in the wilderness forty years, until all the generation, that had done evil in the sight of the LORD, was consumed. +And, behold, ye are risen up in your fathers' stead, an increase of sinful men, to augment yet the fierce anger of the LORD toward Israel. +For if ye turn away from after him, he will yet again leave them in the wilderness; and ye shall destroy all this people. +And they came near unto him, and said, We will build sheepfolds here for our cattle, and cities for our little ones: +But we ourselves will go ready armed before the children of Israel, until we have brought them unto their place: and our little ones shall dwell in the fenced cities because of the inhabitants of the land. +We will not return unto our houses, until the children of Israel have inherited every man his inheritance. +For we will not inherit with them on yonder side Jordan, or forward; because our inheritance is fallen to us on this side Jordan eastward. +And Moses said unto them, If ye will do this thing, if ye will go armed before the LORD to war, +And will go all of you armed over Jordan before the LORD, until he hath driven out his enemies from before him, +And the land be subdued before the LORD: then afterward ye shall return, and be guiltless before the LORD, and before Israel; and this land shall be your possession before the LORD. +But if ye will not do so, behold, ye have sinned against the LORD: and be sure your sin will find you out. +Build you cities for your little ones, and folds for your sheep; and do that which hath proceeded out of your mouth. +And the children of Gad and the children of Reuben spake unto Moses, saying, Thy servants will do as my lord commandeth. +Our little ones, our wives, our flocks, and all our cattle, shall be there in the cities of Gilead: +But thy servants will pass over, every man armed for war, before the Lord to battle, as my lord saith. +So concerning them Moses commanded Eleazar the priest, and Joshua the son of Nun, and the chief fathers of the tribes of the children of Israel: +And Moses said unto them, If the children of Gad and the children of Reuben will pass with you over Jordan, every man armed to battle, before the LORD, and the land shall be subdued before you; then ye shall give them the land of Gilead for a possession: +But if they will not pass over with you armed, they shall have possessions among you in the land of Canaan. +And the children of Gad and the children of Reuben answered, saying, As the LORD hath said unto thy servants, so will we do. +We will pass over armed before the LORD into the land of Canaan, that the possession of our inheritance on this side Jordan may be our's. +And Moses gave unto them, even to the children of Gad, and to the children of Reuben, and unto half the tribe of Manasseh the son of Joseph, the kingdom of Sihon king of the Amorites, and the kingdom of Og king of Bashan, the land, with the cities thereof in the coasts, even the cities of the country round about. +And the children of Gad built Dibon, and Ataroth, and Aroer, +And Atroth, Shophan, and Jaazer, and Jogbehah, +And Bethnimrah, and Bethharan, fenced cities: and folds for sheep. +And the children of Reuben built Heshbon, and Elealeh, and Kirjathaim, +And Nebo, and Baalmeon, (their names being changed,) and Shibmah: and gave other names unto the cities which they builded. +And the children of Machir the son of Manasseh went to Gilead, and took it, and dispossessed the Amorite which was in it. +And Moses gave Gilead unto Machir the son of Manasseh; and he dwelt therein. +And Jair the son of Manasseh went and took the small towns thereof, and called them Havothjair. +And Nobah went and took Kenath, and the villages thereof, and called it Nobah, after his own name. +These are the journeys of the children of Israel, which went forth out of the land of Egypt with their armies under the hand of Moses and Aaron. +And Moses wrote their goings out according to their journeys by the commandment of the LORD: and these are their journeys according to their goings out. +And they departed from Rameses in the first month, on the fifteenth day of the first month; on the morrow after the passover the children of Israel went out with an high hand in the sight of all the Egyptians. +For the Egyptians buried all their firstborn, which the LORD had smitten among them: upon their gods also the LORD executed judgments. +And the children of Israel removed from Rameses, and pitched in Succoth. +And they departed from Succoth, and pitched in Etham, which is in the edge of the wilderness. +And they removed from Etham, and turned again unto Pihahiroth, which is before Baalzephon: and they pitched before Migdol. +And they departed from before Pihahiroth, and passed through the midst of the sea into the wilderness, and went three days'journey in the wilderness of Etham, and pitched in Marah. +And they removed from Marah, and came unto Elim: and in Elim were twelve fountains of water, and threescore and ten palm trees; and they pitched there. +And they removed from Elim, and encamped by the Red sea. +And they removed from the Red sea, and encamped in the wilderness of Sin. +And they took their journey out of the wilderness of Sin, and encamped in Dophkah. +And they departed from Dophkah, and encamped in Alush. +And they removed from Alush, and encamped at Rephidim, where was no water for the people to drink. +And they departed from Rephidim, and pitched in the wilderness of Sinai. +And they removed from the desert of Sinai, and pitched at Kibrothhattaavah. +And they departed from Kibrothhattaavah, and encamped at Hazeroth. +And they departed from Hazeroth, and pitched in Rithmah. +And they departed from Rithmah, and pitched at Rimmonparez. +And they departed from Rimmonparez, and pitched in Libnah. +And they removed from Libnah, and pitched at Rissah. +And they journeyed from Rissah, and pitched in Kehelathah. +And they went from Kehelathah, and pitched in mount Shapher. +And they removed from mount Shapher, and encamped in Haradah. +And they removed from Haradah, and pitched in Makheloth. +And they removed from Makheloth, and encamped at Tahath. +And they departed from Tahath, and pitched at Tarah. +And they removed from Tarah, and pitched in Mithcah. +And they went from Mithcah, and pitched in Hashmonah. +And they departed from Hashmonah, and encamped at Moseroth. +And they departed from Moseroth, and pitched in Benejaakan. +And they removed from Benejaakan, and encamped at Horhagidgad. +And they went from Horhagidgad, and pitched in Jotbathah. +And they removed from Jotbathah, and encamped at Ebronah. +And they departed from Ebronah, and encamped at Eziongaber. +And they removed from Eziongaber, and pitched in the wilderness of Zin, which is Kadesh. +And they removed from Kadesh, and pitched in mount Hor, in the edge of the land of Edom. +And Aaron the priest went up into mount Hor at the commandment of the LORD, and died there, in the fortieth year after the children of Israel were come out of the land of Egypt, in the first day of the fifth month. +And Aaron was an hundred and twenty and three years old when he died in mount Hor. +And king Arad the Canaanite, which dwelt in the south in the land of Canaan, heard of the coming of the children of Israel. +And they departed from mount Hor, and pitched in Zalmonah. +And they departed from Zalmonah, and pitched in Punon. +And they departed from Punon, and pitched in Oboth. +And they departed from Oboth, and pitched in Ijeabarim, in the border of Moab. +And they departed from Iim, and pitched in Dibongad. +And they removed from Dibongad, and encamped in Almondiblathaim. +And they removed from Almondiblathaim, and pitched in the mountains of Abarim, before Nebo. +And they departed from the mountains of Abarim, and pitched in the plains of Moab by Jordan near Jericho. +And they pitched by Jordan, from Bethjesimoth even unto Abelshittim in the plains of Moab. +And the LORD spake unto Moses in the plains of Moab by Jordan near Jericho, saying, +Speak unto the children of Israel, and say unto them, When ye are passed over Jordan into the land of Canaan; +Then ye shall drive out all the inhabitants of the land from before you, and destroy all their pictures, and destroy all their molten images, and quite pluck down all their high places: +And ye shall dispossess the inhabitants of the land, and dwell therein: for I have given you the land to possess it. +And ye shall divide the land by lot for an inheritance among your families: and to the more ye shall give the more inheritance, and to the fewer ye shall give the less inheritance: every man's inheritance shall be in the place where his lot falleth; according to the tribes of your fathers ye shall inherit. +But if ye will not drive out the inhabitants of the land from before you; then it shall come to pass, that those which ye let remain of them shall be pricks in your eyes, and thorns in your sides, and shall vex you in the land wherein ye dwell. +Moreover it shall come to pass, that I shall do unto you, as I thought to do unto them. +And the LORD spake unto Moses, saying, +Command the children of Israel, and say unto them, When ye come into the land of Canaan; (this is the land that shall fall unto you for an inheritance, even the land of Canaan with the coasts thereof:) +Then your south quarter shall be from the wilderness of Zin along by the coast of Edom, and your south border shall be the outmost coast of the salt sea eastward: +And your border shall turn from the south to the ascent of Akrabbim, and pass on to Zin: and the going forth thereof shall be from the south to Kadeshbarnea, and shall go on to Hazaraddar, and pass on to Azmon: +And the border shall fetch a compass from Azmon unto the river of Egypt, and the goings out of it shall be at the sea. +And as for the western border, ye shall even have the great sea for a border: this shall be your west border. +And this shall be your north border: from the great sea ye shall point out for you mount Hor: +From mount Hor ye shall point out your border unto the entrance of Hamath; and the goings forth of the border shall be to Zedad: +And the border shall go on to Ziphron, and the goings out of it shall be at Hazarenan: this shall be your north border. +And ye shall point out your east border from Hazarenan to Shepham: +And the coast shall go down from Shepham to Riblah, on the east side of Ain; and the border shall descend, and shall reach unto the side of the sea of Chinnereth eastward: +And the border shall go down to Jordan, and the goings out of it shall be at the salt sea: this shall be your land with the coasts thereof round about. +And Moses commanded the children of Israel, saying, This is the land which ye shall inherit by lot, which the LORD commanded to give unto the nine tribes, and to the half tribe: +For the tribe of the children of Reuben according to the house of their fathers, and the tribe of the children of Gad according to the house of their fathers, have received their inheritance; and half the tribe of Manasseh have received their inheritance: +The two tribes and the half tribe have received their inheritance on this side Jordan near Jericho eastward, toward the sunrising. +And the LORD spake unto Moses, saying, +These are the names of the men which shall divide the land unto you: Eleazar the priest, and Joshua the son of Nun. +And ye shall take one prince of every tribe, to divide the land by inheritance. +And the names of the men are these: Of the tribe of Judah, Caleb the son of Jephunneh. +And of the tribe of the children of Simeon, Shemuel the son of Ammihud. +Of the tribe of Benjamin, Elidad the son of Chislon. +And the prince of the tribe of the children of Dan, Bukki the son of Jogli. +The prince of the children of Joseph, for the tribe of the children of Manasseh, Hanniel the son of Ephod. +And the prince of the tribe of the children of Ephraim, Kemuel the son of Shiphtan. +And the prince of the tribe of the children of Zebulun, Elizaphan the son of Parnach. +And the prince of the tribe of the children of Issachar, Paltiel the son of Azzan. +And the prince of the tribe of the children of Asher, Ahihud the son of Shelomi. +And the prince of the tribe of the children of Naphtali, Pedahel the son of Ammihud. +These are they whom the LORD commanded to divide the inheritance unto the children of Israel in the land of Canaan. +And the LORD spake unto Moses in the plains of Moab by Jordan near Jericho, saying, +Command the children of Israel, that they give unto the Levites of the inheritance of their possession cities to dwell in; and ye shall give also unto the Levites suburbs for the cities round about them. +And the cities shall they have to dwell in; and the suburbs of them shall be for their cattle, and for their goods, and for all their beasts. +And the suburbs of the cities, which ye shall give unto the Levites, shall reach from the wall of the city and outward a thousand cubits round about. +And ye shall measure from without the city on the east side two thousand cubits, and on the south side two thousand cubits, and on the west side two thousand cubits, and on the north side two thousand cubits; and the city shall be in the midst: this shall be to them the suburbs of the cities. +And among the cities which ye shall give unto the Levites there shall be six cities for refuge, which ye shall appoint for the manslayer, that he may flee thither: and to them ye shall add forty and two cities. +So all the cities which ye shall give to the Levites shall be forty and eight cities: them shall ye give with their suburbs. +And the cities which ye shall give shall be of the possession of the children of Israel: from them that have many ye shall give many; but from them that have few ye shall give few: every one shall give of his cities unto the Levites according to his inheritance which he inheriteth. +And the LORD spake unto Moses, saying, +Speak unto the children of Israel, and say unto them, When ye be come over Jordan into the land of Canaan; +Then ye shall appoint you cities to be cities of refuge for you; that the slayer may flee thither, which killeth any person at unawares. +And they shall be unto you cities for refuge from the avenger; that the manslayer die not, until he stand before the congregation in judgment. +And of these cities which ye shall give six cities shall ye have for refuge. +Ye shall give three cities on this side Jordan, and three cities shall ye give in the land of Canaan, which shall be cities of refuge. +These six cities shall be a refuge, both for the children of Israel, and for the stranger, and for the sojourner among them: that every one that killeth any person unawares may flee thither. +And if he smite him with an instrument of iron, so that he die, he is a murderer: the murderer shall surely be put to death. +And if he smite him with throwing a stone, wherewith he may die, and he die, he is a murderer: the murderer shall surely be put to death. +Or if he smite him with an hand weapon of wood, wherewith he may die, and he die, he is a murderer: the murderer shall surely be put to death. +The revenger of blood himself shall slay the murderer: when he meeteth him, he shall slay him. +But if he thrust him of hatred, or hurl at him by laying of wait, that he die; +Or in enmity smite him with his hand, that he die: he that smote him shall surely be put to death; for he is a murderer: the revenger of blood shall slay the murderer, when he meeteth him. +But if he thrust him suddenly without enmity, or have cast upon him any thing without laying of wait, +Or with any stone, wherewith a man may die, seeing him not, and cast it upon him, that he die, and was not his enemy, neither sought his harm: +Then the congregation shall judge between the slayer and the revenger of blood according to these judgments: +And the congregation shall deliver the slayer out of the hand of the revenger of blood, and the congregation shall restore him to the city of his refuge, whither he was fled: and he shall abide in it unto the death of the high priest, which was anointed with the holy oil. +But if the slayer shall at any time come without the border of the city of his refuge, whither he was fled; +And the revenger of blood find him without the borders of the city of his refuge, and the revenger of blood kill the slayer; he shall not be guilty of blood: +Because he should have remained in the city of his refuge until the death of the high priest: but after the death of the high priest the slayer shall return into the land of his possession. +So these things shall be for a statute of judgment unto you throughout your generations in all your dwellings. +Whoso killeth any person, the murderer shall be put to death by the mouth of witnesses: but one witness shall not testify against any person to cause him to die. +Moreover ye shall take no satisfaction for the life of a murderer, which is guilty of death: but he shall be surely put to death. +And ye shall take no satisfaction for him that is fled to the city of his refuge, that he should come again to dwell in the land, until the death of the priest. +So ye shall not pollute the land wherein ye are: for blood it defileth the land: and the land cannot be cleansed of the blood that is shed therein, but by the blood of him that shed it. +Defile not therefore the land which ye shall inhabit, wherein I dwell: for I the LORD dwell among the children of Israel. +And the chief fathers of the families of the children of Gilead, the son of Machir, the son of Manasseh, of the families of the sons of Joseph, came near, and spake before Moses, and before the princes, the chief fathers of the children of Israel: +And they said, The LORD commanded my lord to give the land for an inheritance by lot to the children of Israel: and my lord was commanded by the LORD to give the inheritance of Zelophehad our brother unto his daughters. +And if they be married to any of the sons of the other tribes of the children of Israel, then shall their inheritance be taken from the inheritance of our fathers, and shall be put to the inheritance of the tribe whereunto they are received: so shall it be taken from the lot of our inheritance. +And when the jubile of the children of Israel shall be, then shall their inheritance be put unto the inheritance of the tribe whereunto they are received: so shall their inheritance be taken away from the inheritance of the tribe of our fathers. +And Moses commanded the children of Israel according to the word of the LORD, saying, The tribe of the sons of Joseph hath said well. +This is the thing which the LORD doth command concerning the daughters of Zelophehad, saying, Let them marry to whom they think best; only to the family of the tribe of their father shall they marry. +So shall not the inheritance of the children of Israel remove from tribe to tribe: for every one of the children of Israel shall keep himself to the inheritance of the tribe of his fathers. +And every daughter, that possesseth an inheritance in any tribe of the children of Israel, shall be wife unto one of the family of the tribe of her father, that the children of Israel may enjoy every man the inheritance of his fathers. +Neither shall the inheritance remove from one tribe to another tribe; but every one of the tribes of the children of Israel shall keep himself to his own inheritance. +Even as the LORD commanded Moses, so did the daughters of Zelophehad: +For Mahlah, Tirzah, and Hoglah, and Milcah, and Noah, the daughters of Zelophehad, were married unto their fathers brothers' sons: +And they were married into the families of the sons of Manasseh the son of Joseph, and their inheritance remained in the tribe of the family of their father. +These are the commandments and the judgments, which the LORD commanded by the hand of Moses unto the children of Israel in the plains of Moab by Jordan near Jericho. +These be the words which Moses spake unto all Israel on this side Jordan in the wilderness, in the plain over against the Red sea, between Paran, and Tophel, and Laban, and Hazeroth, and Dizahab. +(There are eleven days' journey from Horeb by the way of mount Seir unto Kadeshbarnea.) +And it came to pass in the fortieth year, in the eleventh month, on the first day of the month, that Moses spake unto the children of Israel, according unto all that the LORD had given him in commandment unto them; +After he had slain Sihon the king of the Amorites, which dwelt in Heshbon, and Og the king of Bashan, which dwelt at Astaroth in Edrei: +On this side Jordan, in the land of Moab, began Moses to declare this law, saying, +The LORD our God spake unto us in Horeb, saying, Ye have dwelt long enough in this mount: +Turn you, and take your journey, and go to the mount of the Amorites, and unto all the places nigh thereunto, in the plain, in the hills, and in the vale, and in the south, and by the sea side, to the land of the Canaanites, and unto Lebanon, unto the great river, the river Euphrates. +Behold, I have set the land before you: go in and possess the land which the LORD sware unto your fathers, Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob, to give unto them and to their seed after them. +And I spake unto you at that time, saying, I am not able to bear you myself alone: +The LORD your God hath multiplied you, and, behold, ye are this day as the stars of heaven for multitude. +(The LORD God of your fathers make you a thousand times so many more as ye are, and bless you, as he hath promised you!) +How can I myself alone bear your cumbrance, and your burden, and your strife? +Take you wise men, and understanding, and known among your tribes, and I will make them rulers over you. +And ye answered me, and said, The thing which thou hast spoken is good for us to do. +So I took the chief of your tribes, wise men, and known, and made them heads over you, captains over thousands, and captains over hundreds, and captains over fifties, and captains over tens, and officers among your tribes. +And I charged your judges at that time, saying, Hear the causes between your brethren, and judge righteously between every man and his brother, and the stranger that is with him. +Ye shall not respect persons in judgment; but ye shall hear the small as well as the great; ye shall not be afraid of the face of man; for the judgment is God's: and the cause that is too hard for you, bring it unto me, and I will hear it. +And I commanded you at that time all the things which ye should do. +And when we departed from Horeb, we went through all that great and terrible wilderness, which ye saw by the way of the mountain of the Amorites, as the LORD our God commanded us; and we came to Kadeshbarnea. +And I said unto you, Ye are come unto the mountain of the Amorites, which the LORD our God doth give unto us. +Behold, the LORD thy God hath set the land before thee: go up and possess it, as the LORD God of thy fathers hath said unto thee; fear not, neither be discouraged. +And ye came near unto me every one of you, and said, We will send men before us, and they shall search us out the land, and bring us word again by what way we must go up, and into what cities we shall come. +And the saying pleased me well: and I took twelve men of you, one of a tribe: +And they turned and went up into the mountain, and came unto the valley of Eshcol, and searched it out. +And they took of the fruit of the land in their hands, and brought it down unto us, and brought us word again, and said, It is a good land which the LORD our God doth give us. +Notwithstanding ye would not go up, but rebelled against the commandment of the LORD your God: +And ye murmured in your tents, and said, Because the LORD hated us, he hath brought us forth out of the land of Egypt, to deliver us into the hand of the Amorites, to destroy us. +Whither shall we go up? our brethren have discouraged our heart, saying, The people is greater and taller than we; the cities are great and walled up to heaven; and moreover we have seen the sons of the Anakims there. +Then I said unto you, Dread not, neither be afraid of them. +The LORD your God which goeth before you, he shall fight for you, according to all that he did for you in Egypt before your eyes; +And in the wilderness, where thou hast seen how that the LORD thy God bare thee, as a man doth bear his son, in all the way that ye went, until ye came into this place. +Yet in this thing ye did not believe the LORD your God, +Who went in the way before you, to search you out a place to pitch your tents in, in fire by night, to shew you by what way ye should go, and in a cloud by day. +And the LORD heard the voice of your words, and was wroth, and sware, saying, +Surely there shall not one of these men of this evil generation see that good land, which I sware to give unto your fathers. +Save Caleb the son of Jephunneh; he shall see it, and to him will I give the land that he hath trodden upon, and to his children, because he hath wholly followed the LORD. +Also the LORD was angry with me for your sakes, saying, Thou also shalt not go in thither. +But Joshua the son of Nun, which standeth before thee, he shall go in thither: encourage him: for he shall cause Israel to inherit it. +Moreover your little ones, which ye said should be a prey, and your children, which in that day had no knowledge between good and evil, they shall go in thither, and unto them will I give it, and they shall possess it. +But as for you, turn you, and take your journey into the wilderness by the way of the Red sea. +Then ye answered and said unto me, We have sinned against the LORD, we will go up and fight, according to all that the LORD our God commanded us. And when ye had girded on every man his weapons of war, ye were ready to go up into the hill. +And the LORD said unto me, Say unto them. Go not up, neither fight; for I am not among you; lest ye be smitten before your enemies. +So I spake unto you; and ye would not hear, but rebelled against the commandment of the LORD, and went presumptuously up into the hill. +And the Amorites, which dwelt in that mountain, came out against you, and chased you, as bees do, and destroyed you in Seir, even unto Hormah. +And ye returned and wept before the LORD; but the LORD would not hearken to your voice, nor give ear unto you. +So ye abode in Kadesh many days, according unto the days that ye abode there. +Then we turned, and took our journey into the wilderness by the way of the Red sea, as the LORD spake unto me: and we compassed mount Seir many days. +And the LORD spake unto me, saying, +Ye have compassed this mountain long enough: turn you northward. +And command thou the people, saying, Ye are to pass through the coast of your brethren the children of Esau, which dwell in Seir; and they shall be afraid of you: take ye good heed unto yourselves therefore: +Meddle not with them; for I will not give you of their land, no, not so much as a foot breadth; because I have given mount Seir unto Esau for a possession. +Ye shall buy meat of them for money, that ye may eat; and ye shall also buy water of them for money, that ye may drink. +For the LORD thy God hath blessed thee in all the works of thy hand: he knoweth thy walking through this great wilderness: these forty years the LORD thy God hath been with thee; thou hast lacked nothing. +And when we passed by from our brethren the children of Esau, which dwelt in Seir, through the way of the plain from Elath, and from Eziongaber, we turned and passed by the way of the wilderness of Moab. +And the LORD said unto me, Distress not the Moabites, neither contend with them in battle: for I will not give thee of their land for a possession; because I have given Ar unto the children of Lot for a possession. +The Emims dwelt therein in times past, a people great, and many, and tall, as the Anakims; +Which also were accounted giants, as the Anakims; but the Moabites called them Emims. +The Horims also dwelt in Seir beforetime; but the children of Esau succeeded them, when they had destroyed them from before them, and dwelt in their stead; as Israel did unto the land of his possession, which the LORD gave unto them. +Now rise up, said I, and get you over the brook Zered. And we went over the brook Zered. +And the space in which we came from Kadeshbarnea, until we were come over the brook Zered, was thirty and eight years; until all the generation of the men of war were wasted out from among the host, as the LORD sware unto them. +For indeed the hand of the LORD was against them, to destroy them from among the host, until they were consumed. +So it came to pass, when all the men of war were consumed and dead from among the people, +That the LORD spake unto me, saying, +Thou art to pass over through Ar, the coast of Moab, this day: +And when thou comest nigh over against the children of Ammon, distress them not, nor meddle with them: for I will not give thee of the land of the children of Ammon any possession; because I have given it unto the children of Lot for a possession. +(That also was accounted a land of giants: giants dwelt therein in old time; and the Ammonites call them Zamzummims; +A people great, and many, and tall, as the Anakims; but the LORD destroyed them before them; and they succeeded them, and dwelt in their stead: +As he did to the children of Esau, which dwelt in Seir, when he destroyed the Horims from before them; and they succeeded them, and dwelt in their stead even unto this day: +And the Avims which dwelt in Hazerim, even unto Azzah, the Caphtorims, which came forth out of Caphtor, destroyed them, and dwelt in their stead.) +Rise ye up, take your journey, and pass over the river Arnon: behold, I have given into thine hand Sihon the Amorite, king of Heshbon, and his land: begin to possess it, and contend with him in battle. +This day will I begin to put the dread of thee and the fear of thee upon the nations that are under the whole heaven, who shall hear report of thee, and shall tremble, and be in anguish because of thee. +And I sent messengers out of the wilderness of Kedemoth unto Sihon king of Heshbon with words of peace, saying, +Let me pass through thy land: I will go along by the high way, I will neither turn unto the right hand nor to the left. +Thou shalt sell me meat for money, that I may eat; and give me water for money, that I may drink: only I will pass through on my feet; +(As the children of Esau which dwell in Seir, and the Moabites which dwell in Ar, did unto me;) until I shall pass over Jordan into the land which the LORD our God giveth us. +But Sihon king of Heshbon would not let us pass by him: for the LORD thy God hardened his spirit, and made his heart obstinate, that he might deliver him into thy hand, as appeareth this day. +And the LORD said unto me, Behold, I have begun to give Sihon and his land before thee: begin to possess, that thou mayest inherit his land. +Then Sihon came out against us, he and all his people, to fight at Jahaz. +And the LORD our God delivered him before us; and we smote him, and his sons, and all his people. +And we took all his cities at that time, and utterly destroyed the men, and the women, and the little ones, of every city, we left none to remain: +Only the cattle we took for a prey unto ourselves, and the spoil of the cities which we took. +From Aroer, which is by the brink of the river of Arnon, and from the city that is by the river, even unto Gilead, there was not one city too strong for us: the LORD our God delivered all unto us: +Only unto the land of the children of Ammon thou camest not, nor unto any place of the river Jabbok, nor unto the cities in the mountains, nor unto whatsoever the LORD our God forbad us. +Then we turned, and went up the way to Bashan: and Og the king of Bashan came out against us, he and all his people, to battle at Edrei. +And the LORD said unto me, Fear him not: for I will deliver him, and all his people, and his land, into thy hand; and thou shalt do unto him as thou didst unto Sihon king of the Amorites, which dwelt at Heshbon. +So the LORD our God delivered into our hands Og also, the king of Bashan, and all his people: and we smote him until none was left to him remaining. +And we took all his cities at that time, there was not a city which we took not from them, threescore cities, all the region of Argob, the kingdom of Og in Bashan. +All these cities were fenced with high walls, gates, and bars; beside unwalled towns a great many. +And we utterly destroyed them, as we did unto Sihon king of Heshbon, utterly destroying the men, women, and children, of every city. +But all the cattle, and the spoil of the cities, we took for a prey to ourselves. +And we took at that time out of the hand of the two kings of the Amorites the land that was on this side Jordan, from the river of Arnon unto mount Hermon; +(Which Hermon the Sidonians call Sirion; and the Amorites call it Shenir;) +All the cities of the plain, and all Gilead, and all Bashan, unto Salchah and Edrei, cities of the kingdom of Og in Bashan. +For only Og king of Bashan remained of the remnant of giants; behold his bedstead was a bedstead of iron; is it not in Rabbath of the children of Ammon? nine cubits was the length thereof, and four cubits the breadth of it, after the cubit of a man. +And this land, which we possessed at that time, from Aroer, which is by the river Arnon, and half mount Gilead, and the cities thereof, gave I unto the Reubenites and to the Gadites. +And the rest of Gilead, and all Bashan, being the kingdom of Og, gave I unto the half tribe of Manasseh; all the region of Argob, with all Bashan, which was called the land of giants. +Jair the son of Manasseh took all the country of Argob unto the coasts of Geshuri and Maachathi; and called them after his own name, Bashanhavothjair, unto this day. +And I gave Gilead unto Machir. +And unto the Reubenites and unto the Gadites I gave from Gilead even unto the river Arnon half the valley, and the border even unto the river Jabbok, which is the border of the children of Ammon; +The plain also, and Jordan, and the coast thereof, from Chinnereth even unto the sea of the plain, even the salt sea, under Ashdothpisgah eastward. +And I commanded you at that time, saying, The LORD your God hath given you this land to possess it: ye shall pass over armed before your brethren the children of Israel, all that are meet for the war. +But your wives, and your little ones, and your cattle, (for I know that ye have much cattle,) shall abide in your cities which I have given you; +Until the LORD have given rest unto your brethren, as well as unto you, and until they also possess the land which the LORD your God hath given them beyond Jordan: and then shall ye return every man unto his possession, which I have given you. +And I commanded Joshua at that time, saying, Thine eyes have seen all that the LORD your God hath done unto these two kings: so shall the LORD do unto all the kingdoms whither thou passest. +Ye shall not fear them: for the LORD your God he shall fight for you. +And I besought the LORD at that time, saying, +O Lord GOD, thou hast begun to shew thy servant thy greatness, and thy mighty hand: for what God is there in heaven or in earth, that can do according to thy works, and according to thy might? +I pray thee, let me go over, and see the good land that is beyond Jordan, that goodly mountain, and Lebanon. +But the LORD was wroth with me for your sakes, and would not hear me: and the LORD said unto me, Let it suffice thee; speak no more unto me of this matter. +Get thee up into the top of Pisgah, and lift up thine eyes westward, and northward, and southward, and eastward, and behold it with thine eyes: for thou shalt not go over this Jordan. +But charge Joshua, and encourage him, and strengthen him: for he shall go over before this people, and he shall cause them to inherit the land which thou shalt see. +So we abode in the valley over against Bethpeor. +Now therefore hearken, O Israel, unto the statutes and unto the judgments, which I teach you, for to do them, that ye may live, and go in and possess the land which the LORD God of your fathers giveth you. +Ye shall not add unto the word which I command you, neither shall ye diminish ought from it, that ye may keep the commandments of the LORD your God which I command you. +Your eyes have seen what the LORD did because of Baalpeor: for all the men that followed Baalpeor, the LORD thy God hath destroyed them from among you. +But ye that did cleave unto the LORD your God are alive every one of you this day. +Behold, I have taught you statutes and judgments, even as the LORD my God commanded me, that ye should do so in the land whither ye go to possess it. +Keep therefore and do them; for this is your wisdom and your understanding in the sight of the nations, which shall hear all these statutes, and say, Surely this great nation is a wise and understanding people. +For what nation is there so great, who hath God so nigh unto them, as the LORD our God is in all things that we call upon him for? +And what nation is there so great, that hath statutes and judgments so righteous as all this law, which I set before you this day? +Only take heed to thyself, and keep thy soul diligently, lest thou forget the things which thine eyes have seen, and lest they depart from thy heart all the days of thy life: but teach them thy sons, and thy sons' sons; +Specially the day that thou stoodest before the LORD thy God in Horeb, when the LORD said unto me, Gather me the people together, and I will make them hear my words, that they may learn to fear me all the days that they shall live upon the earth, and that they may teach their children. +And ye came near and stood under the mountain; and the mountain burned with fire unto the midst of heaven, with darkness, clouds, and thick darkness. +And the LORD spake unto you out of the midst of the fire: ye heard the voice of the words, but saw no similitude; only ye heard a voice. +And he declared unto you his covenant, which he commanded you to perform, even ten commandments; and he wrote them upon two tables of stone. +And the LORD commanded me at that time to teach you statutes and judgments, that ye might do them in the land whither ye go over to possess it. +Take ye therefore good heed unto yourselves; for ye saw no manner of similitude on the day that the LORD spake unto you in Horeb out of the midst of the fire: +Lest ye corrupt yourselves, and make you a graven image, the similitude of any figure, the likeness of male or female, +The likeness of any beast that is on the earth, the likeness of any winged fowl that flieth in the air, +The likeness of any thing that creepeth on the ground, the likeness of any fish that is in the waters beneath the earth: +And lest thou lift up thine eyes unto heaven, and when thou seest the sun, and the moon, and the stars, even all the host of heaven, shouldest be driven to worship them, and serve them, which the LORD thy God hath divided unto all nations under the whole heaven. +But the LORD hath taken you, and brought you forth out of the iron furnace, even out of Egypt, to be unto him a people of inheritance, as ye are this day. +Furthermore the LORD was angry with me for your sakes, and sware that I should not go over Jordan, and that I should not go in unto that good land, which the LORD thy God giveth thee for an inheritance: +But I must die in this land, I must not go over Jordan: but ye shall go over, and possess that good land. +Take heed unto yourselves, lest ye forget the covenant of the LORD your God, which he made with you, and make you a graven image, or the likeness of any thing, which the LORD thy God hath forbidden thee. +For the LORD thy God is a consuming fire, even a jealous God. +When thou shalt beget children, and children's children, and ye shall have remained long in the land, and shall corrupt yourselves, and make a graven image, or the likeness of any thing, and shall do evil in the sight of the LORD thy God, to provoke him to anger: +I call heaven and earth to witness against you this day, that ye shall soon utterly perish from off the land whereunto ye go over Jordan to possess it; ye shall not prolong your days upon it, but shall utterly be destroyed. +And the LORD shall scatter you among the nations, and ye shall be left few in number among the heathen, whither the LORD shall lead you. +And there ye shall serve gods, the work of men's hands, wood and stone, which neither see, nor hear, nor eat, nor smell. +But if from thence thou shalt seek the LORD thy God, thou shalt find him, if thou seek him with all thy heart and with all thy soul. +When thou art in tribulation, and all these things are come upon thee, even in the latter days, if thou turn to the LORD thy God, and shalt be obedient unto his voice; +(For the LORD thy God is a merciful God;) he will not forsake thee, neither destroy thee, nor forget the covenant of thy fathers which he sware unto them. +For ask now of the days that are past, which were before thee, since the day that God created man upon the earth, and ask from the one side of heaven unto the other, whether there hath been any such thing as this great thing is, or hath been heard like it? +Did ever people hear the voice of God speaking out of the midst of the fire, as thou hast heard, and live? +Or hath God assayed to go and take him a nation from the midst of another nation, by temptations, by signs, and by wonders, and by war, and by a mighty hand, and by a stretched out arm, and by great terrors, according to all that the LORD your God did for you in Egypt before your eyes? +Unto thee it was shewed, that thou mightest know that the LORD he is God; there is none else beside him. +Out of heaven he made thee to hear his voice, that he might instruct thee: and upon earth he shewed thee his great fire; and thou heardest his words out of the midst of the fire. +And because he loved thy fathers, therefore he chose their seed after them, and brought thee out in his sight with his mighty power out of Egypt; +To drive out nations from before thee greater and mightier than thou art, to bring thee in, to give thee their land for an inheritance, as it is this day. +Know therefore this day, and consider it in thine heart, that the LORD he is God in heaven above, and upon the earth beneath: there is none else. +Thou shalt keep therefore his statutes, and his commandments, which I command thee this day, that it may go well with thee, and with thy children after thee, and that thou mayest prolong thy days upon the earth, which the LORD thy God giveth thee, for ever. +Then Moses severed three cities on this side Jordan toward the sunrising; +That the slayer might flee thither, which should kill his neighbour unawares, and hated him not in times past; and that fleeing unto one of these cities he might live: +Namely, Bezer in the wilderness, in the plain country, of the Reubenites; and Ramoth in Gilead, of the Gadites; and Golan in Bashan, of the Manassites. +And this is the law which Moses set before the children of Israel: +These are the testimonies, and the statutes, and the judgments, which Moses spake unto the children of Israel, after they came forth out of Egypt. +On this side Jordan, in the valley over against Bethpeor, in the land of Sihon king of the Amorites, who dwelt at Heshbon, whom Moses and the children of Israel smote, after they were come forth out of Egypt: +And they possessed his land, and the land of Og king of Bashan, two kings of the Amorites, which were on this side Jordan toward the sunrising; +From Aroer, which is by the bank of the river Arnon, even unto mount Sion, which is Hermon, +And all the plain on this side Jordan eastward, even unto the sea of the plain, under the springs of Pisgah. +And Moses called all Israel, and said unto them, Hear, O Israel, the statutes and judgments which I speak in your ears this day, that ye may learn them, and keep, and do them. +The LORD our God made a covenant with us in Horeb. +The LORD made not this covenant with our fathers, but with us, even us, who are all of us here alive this day. +The LORD talked with you face to face in the mount out of the midst of the fire, +(I stood between the LORD and you at that time, to shew you the word of the LORD: for ye were afraid by reason of the fire, and went not up into the mount;) saying, +I am the LORD thy God, which brought thee out of the land of Egypt, from the house of bondage. +Thou shalt have none other gods before me. +Thou shalt not make thee any graven image, or any likeness of any thing that is in heaven above, or that is in the earth beneath, or that is in the waters beneath the earth: +Thou shalt not bow down thyself unto them, nor serve them: for I the LORD thy God am a jealous God, visiting the iniquity of the fathers upon the children unto the third and fourth generation of them that hate me, +And shewing mercy unto thousands of them that love me and keep my commandments. +Thou shalt not take the name of the LORD thy God in vain: for the LORD will not hold him guiltless that taketh his name in vain. +Keep the sabbath day to sanctify it, as the LORD thy God hath commanded thee. +Six days thou shalt labour, and do all thy work: +But the seventh day is the sabbath of the LORD thy God: in it thou shalt not do any work, thou, nor thy son, nor thy daughter, nor thy manservant, nor thy maidservant, nor thine ox, nor thine ass, nor any of thy cattle, nor thy stranger that is within thy gates; that thy manservant and thy maidservant may rest as well as thou. +And remember that thou wast a servant in the land of Egypt, and that the LORD thy God brought thee out thence through a mighty hand and by a stretched out arm: therefore the LORD thy God commanded thee to keep the sabbath day. +Honour thy father and thy mother, as the LORD thy God hath commanded thee; that thy days may be prolonged, and that it may go well with thee, in the land which the LORD thy God giveth thee. +Thou shalt not kill. +Neither shalt thou commit adultery. +Neither shalt thou steal. +Neither shalt thou bear false witness against thy neighbour. +Neither shalt thou desire thy neighbour's wife, neither shalt thou covet thy neighbour's house, his field, or his manservant, or his maidservant, his ox, or his ass, or any thing that is thy neighbour's. +These words the LORD spake unto all your assembly in the mount out of the midst of the fire, of the cloud, and of the thick darkness, with a great voice: and he added no more. And he wrote them in two tables of stone, and delivered them unto me. +And it came to pass, when ye heard the voice out of the midst of the darkness, (for the mountain did burn with fire,) that ye came near unto me, even all the heads of your tribes, and your elders; +And ye said, Behold, the LORD our God hath shewed us his glory and his greatness, and we have heard his voice out of the midst of the fire: we have seen this day that God doth talk with man, and he liveth. +Now therefore why should we die? for this great fire will consume us: if we hear the voice of the LORD our God any more, then we shall die. +For who is there of all flesh, that hath heard the voice of the living God speaking out of the midst of the fire, as we have, and lived? +Go thou near, and hear all that the LORD our God shall say: and speak thou unto us all that the LORD our God shall speak unto thee; and we will hear it, and do it. +And the LORD heard the voice of your words, when ye spake unto me; and the LORD said unto me, I have heard the voice of the words of this people, which they have spoken unto thee: they have well said all that they have spoken. +O that there were such an heart in them, that they would fear me, and keep all my commandments always, that it might be well with them, and with their children for ever! +Go say to them, Get you into your tents again. +But as for thee, stand thou here by me, and I will speak unto thee all the commandments, and the statutes, and the judgments, which thou shalt teach them, that they may do them in the land which I give them to possess it. +Ye shall observe to do therefore as the LORD your God hath commanded you: ye shall not turn aside to the right hand or to the left. +Ye shall walk in all the ways which the LORD your God hath commanded you, that ye may live, and that it may be well with you, and that ye may prolong your days in the land which ye shall possess. +Now these are the commandments, the statutes, and the judgments, which the LORD your God commanded to teach you, that ye might do them in the land whither ye go to possess it: +That thou mightest fear the LORD thy God, to keep all his statutes and his commandments, which I command thee, thou, and thy son, and thy son's son, all the days of thy life; and that thy days may be prolonged. +Hear therefore, O Israel, and observe to do it; that it may be well with thee, and that ye may increase mightily, as the LORD God of thy fathers hath promised thee, in the land that floweth with milk and honey. +Hear, O Israel: The LORD our God is one LORD: +And thou shalt love the LORD thy God with all thine heart, and with all thy soul, and with all thy might. +And these words, which I command thee this day, shall be in thine heart: +And thou shalt teach them diligently unto thy children, and shalt talk of them when thou sittest in thine house, and when thou walkest by the way, and when thou liest down, and when thou risest up. +And thou shalt bind them for a sign upon thine hand, and they shall be as frontlets between thine eyes. +And thou shalt write them upon the posts of thy house, and on thy gates. +And it shall be, when the LORD thy God shall have brought thee into the land which he sware unto thy fathers, to Abraham, to Isaac, and to Jacob, to give thee great and goodly cities, which thou buildedst not, +And houses full of all good things, which thou filledst not, and wells digged, which thou diggedst not, vineyards and olive trees, which thou plantedst not; when thou shalt have eaten and be full; +Then beware lest thou forget the LORD, which brought thee forth out of the land of Egypt, from the house of bondage. +Thou shalt fear the LORD thy God, and serve him, and shalt swear by his name. +Ye shall not go after other gods, of the gods of the people which are round about you; +(For the LORD thy God is a jealous God among you) lest the anger of the LORD thy God be kindled against thee, and destroy thee from off the face of the earth. +Ye shall not tempt the LORD your God, as ye tempted him in Massah. +Ye shall diligently keep the commandments of the LORD your God, and his testimonies, and his statutes, which he hath commanded thee. +And thou shalt do that which is right and good in the sight of the LORD: that it may be well with thee, and that thou mayest go in and possess the good land which the LORD sware unto thy fathers. +To cast out all thine enemies from before thee, as the LORD hath spoken. +And when thy son asketh thee in time to come, saying, What mean the testimonies, and the statutes, and the judgments, which the LORD our God hath commanded you? +Then thou shalt say unto thy son, We were Pharaoh's bondmen in Egypt; and the LORD brought us out of Egypt with a mighty hand: +And the LORD shewed signs and wonders, great and sore, upon Egypt, upon Pharaoh, and upon all his household, before our eyes: +And he brought us out from thence, that he might bring us in, to give us the land which he sware unto our fathers. +And the LORD commanded us to do all these statutes, to fear the LORD our God, for our good always, that he might preserve us alive, as it is at this day. +And it shall be our righteousness, if we observe to do all these commandments before the LORD our God, as he hath commanded us. +When the LORD thy God shall bring thee into the land whither thou goest to possess it, and hath cast out many nations before thee, the Hittites, and the Girgashites, and the Amorites, and the Canaanites, and the Perizzites, and the Hivites, and the Jebusites, seven nations greater and mightier than thou; +And when the LORD thy God shall deliver them before thee; thou shalt smite them, and utterly destroy them; thou shalt make no covenant with them, nor shew mercy unto them: +Neither shalt thou make marriages with them; thy daughter thou shalt not give unto his son, nor his daughter shalt thou take unto thy son. +For they will turn away thy son from following me, that they may serve other gods: so will the anger of the LORD be kindled against you, and destroy thee suddenly. +But thus shall ye deal with them; ye shall destroy their altars, and break down their images, and cut down their groves, and burn their graven images with fire. +For thou art an holy people unto the LORD thy God: the LORD thy God hath chosen thee to be a special people unto himself, above all people that are upon the face of the earth. +The LORD did not set his love upon you, nor choose you, because ye were more in number than any people; for ye were the fewest of all people: +But because the LORD loved you, and because he would keep the oath which he had sworn unto your fathers, hath the LORD brought you out with a mighty hand, and redeemed you out of the house of bondmen, from the hand of Pharaoh king of Egypt. +Know therefore that the LORD thy God, he is God, the faithful God, which keepeth covenant and mercy with them that love him and keep his commandments to a thousand generations; +And repayeth them that hate him to their face, to destroy them: he will not be slack to him that hateth him, he will repay him to his face. +Thou shalt therefore keep the commandments, and the statutes, and the judgments, which I command thee this day, to do them. +Wherefore it shall come to pass, if ye hearken to these judgments, and keep, and do them, that the LORD thy God shall keep unto thee the covenant and the mercy which he sware unto thy fathers: +And he will love thee, and bless thee, and multiply thee: he will also bless the fruit of thy womb, and the fruit of thy land, thy corn, and thy wine, and thine oil, the increase of thy kine, and the flocks of thy sheep, in the land which he sware unto thy fathers to give thee. +Thou shalt be blessed above all people: there shall not be male or female barren among you, or among your cattle. +And the LORD will take away from thee all sickness, and will put none of the evil diseases of Egypt, which thou knowest, upon thee; but will lay them upon all them that hate thee. +And thou shalt consume all the people which the LORD thy God shall deliver thee; thine eye shall have no pity upon them: neither shalt thou serve their gods; for that will be a snare unto thee. +If thou shalt say in thine heart, These nations are more than I; how can I dispossess them? +Thou shalt not be afraid of them: but shalt well remember what the LORD thy God did unto Pharaoh, and unto all Egypt; +The great temptations which thine eyes saw, and the signs, and the wonders, and the mighty hand, and the stretched out arm, whereby the LORD thy God brought thee out: so shall the LORD thy God do unto all the people of whom thou art afraid. +Moreover the LORD thy God will send the hornet among them, until they that are left, and hide themselves from thee, be destroyed. +Thou shalt not be affrighted at them: for the LORD thy God is among you, a mighty God and terrible. +And the LORD thy God will put out those nations before thee by little and little: thou mayest not consume them at once, lest the beasts of the field increase upon thee. +But the LORD thy God shall deliver them unto thee, and shall destroy them with a mighty destruction, until they be destroyed. +And he shall deliver their kings into thine hand, and thou shalt destroy their name from under heaven: there shall no man be able to stand before thee, until thou have destroyed them. +The graven images of their gods shall ye burn with fire: thou shalt not desire the silver or gold that is on them, nor take it unto thee, lest thou be snared therin: for it is an abomination to the LORD thy God. +Neither shalt thou bring an abomination into thine house, lest thou be a cursed thing like it: but thou shalt utterly detest it, and thou shalt utterly abhor it; for it is a cursed thing. +All the commandments which I command thee this day shall ye observe to do, that ye may live, and multiply, and go in and possess the land which the LORD sware unto your fathers. +And thou shalt remember all the way which the LORD thy God led thee these forty years in the wilderness, to humble thee, and to prove thee, to know what was in thine heart, whether thou wouldest keep his commandments, or no. +And he humbled thee, and suffered thee to hunger, and fed thee with manna, which thou knewest not, neither did thy fathers know; that he might make thee know that man doth not live by bread only, but by every word that proceedeth out of the mouth of the LORD doth man live. +Thy raiment waxed not old upon thee, neither did thy foot swell, these forty years. +Thou shalt also consider in thine heart, that, as a man chasteneth his son, so the LORD thy God chasteneth thee. +Therefore thou shalt keep the commandments of the LORD thy God, to walk in his ways, and to fear him. +For the LORD thy God bringeth thee into a good land, a land of brooks of water, of fountains and depths that spring out of valleys and hills; +A land of wheat, and barley, and vines, and fig trees, and pomegranates; a land of oil olive, and honey; +A land wherein thou shalt eat bread without scarceness, thou shalt not lack any thing in it; a land whose stones are iron, and out of whose hills thou mayest dig brass. +When thou hast eaten and art full, then thou shalt bless the LORD thy God for the good land which he hath given thee. +Beware that thou forget not the LORD thy God, in not keeping his commandments, and his judgments, and his statutes, which I command thee this day: +Lest when thou hast eaten and art full, and hast built goodly houses, and dwelt therein; +And when thy herds and thy flocks multiply, and thy silver and thy gold is multiplied, and all that thou hast is multiplied; +Then thine heart be lifted up, and thou forget the LORD thy God, which brought thee forth out of the land of Egypt, from the house of bondage; +Who led thee through that great and terrible wilderness, wherein were fiery serpents, and scorpions, and drought, where there was no water; who brought thee forth water out of the rock of flint; +Who fed thee in the wilderness with manna, which thy fathers knew not, that he might humble thee, and that he might prove thee, to do thee good at thy latter end; +And thou say in thine heart, My power and the might of mine hand hath gotten me this wealth. +But thou shalt remember the LORD thy God: for it is he that giveth thee power to get wealth, that he may establish his covenant which he sware unto thy fathers, as it is this day. +And it shall be, if thou do at all forget the LORD thy God, and walk after other gods, and serve them, and worship them, I testify against you this day that ye shall surely perish. +As the nations which the LORD destroyeth before your face, so shall ye perish; because ye would not be obedient unto the voice of the LORD your God. +Hear, O Israel: Thou art to pass over Jordan this day, to go in to possess nations greater and mightier than thyself, cities great and fenced up to heaven, +A people great and tall, the children of the Anakims, whom thou knowest, and of whom thou hast heard say, Who can stand before the children of Anak! +Understand therefore this day, that the LORD thy God is he which goeth over before thee; as a consuming fire he shall destroy them, and he shall bring them down before thy face: so shalt thou drive them out, and destroy them quickly, as the LORD hath said unto thee. +Speak not thou in thine heart, after that the LORD thy God hath cast them out from before thee, saying, For my righteousness the LORD hath brought me in to possess this land: but for the wickedness of these nations the LORD doth drive them out from before thee. +Not for thy righteousness, or for the uprightness of thine heart, dost thou go to possess their land: but for the wickedness of these nations the LORD thy God doth drive them out from before thee, and that he may perform the word which the LORD sware unto thy fathers, Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob. +Understand therefore, that the LORD thy God giveth thee not this good land to possess it for thy righteousness; for thou art a stiffnecked people. +Remember, and forget not, how thou provokedst the LORD thy God to wrath in the wilderness: from the day that thou didst depart out of the land of Egypt, until ye came unto this place, ye have been rebellious against the LORD. +Also in Horeb ye provoked the LORD to wrath, so that the LORD was angry with you to have destroyed you. +When I was gone up into the mount to receive the tables of stone, even the tables of the covenant which the LORD made with you, then I abode in the mount forty days and forty nights, I neither did eat bread nor drink water: +And the LORD delivered unto me two tables of stone written with the finger of God; and on them was written according to all the words, which the LORD spake with you in the mount out of the midst of the fire in the day of the assembly. +And it came to pass at the end of forty days and forty nights, that the LORD gave me the two tables of stone, even the tables of the covenant. +And the LORD said unto me, Arise, get thee down quickly from hence; for thy people which thou hast brought forth out of Egypt have corrupted themselves; they are quickly turned aside out of the way which I commanded them; they have made them a molten image. +Furthermore the LORD spake unto me, saying, I have seen this people, and, behold, it is a stiffnecked people: +Let me alone, that I may destroy them, and blot out their name from under heaven: and I will make of thee a nation mightier and greater than they. +So I turned and came down from the mount, and the mount burned with fire: and the two tables of the covenant were in my two hands. +And I looked, and, behold, ye had sinned against the LORD your God, and had made you a molten calf: ye had turned aside quickly out of the way which the LORD had commanded you. +And I took the two tables, and cast them out of my two hands, and brake them before your eyes. +And I fell down before the LORD, as at the first, forty days and forty nights: I did neither eat bread, nor drink water, because of all your sins which ye sinned, in doing wickedly in the sight of the LORD, to provoke him to anger. +For I was afraid of the anger and hot displeasure, wherewith the LORD was wroth against you to destroy you. But the LORD hearkened unto me at that time also. +And the LORD was very angry with Aaron to have destroyed him: and I prayed for Aaron also the same time. +And I took your sin, the calf which ye had made, and burnt it with fire, and stamped it, and ground it very small, even until it was as small as dust: and I cast the dust thereof into the brook that descended out of the mount. +And at Taberah, and at Massah, and at Kibrothhattaavah, ye provoked the LORD to wrath. +Likewise when the LORD sent you from Kadeshbarnea, saying, Go up and possess the land which I have given you; then ye rebelled against the commandment of the LORD your God, and ye believed him not, nor hearkened to his voice. +Ye have been rebellious against the LORD from the day that I knew you. +Thus I fell down before the LORD forty days and forty nights, as I fell down at the first; because the LORD had said he would destroy you. +I prayed therefore unto the LORD, and said, O Lord GOD, destroy not thy people and thine inheritance, which thou hast redeemed through thy greatness, which thou hast brought forth out of Egypt with a mighty hand. +Remember thy servants, Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob; look not unto the stubbornness of this people, nor to their wickedness, nor to their sin: +Lest the land whence thou broughtest us out say, Because the LORD was not able to bring them into the land which he promised them, and because he hated them, he hath brought them out to slay them in the wilderness. +Yet they are thy people and thine inheritance, which thou broughtest out by thy mighty power and by thy stretched out arm. +At that time the LORD said unto me, Hew thee two tables of stone like unto the first, and come up unto me into the mount, and make thee an ark of wood. +And I will write on the tables the words that were in the first tables which thou brakest, and thou shalt put them in the ark. +And I made an ark of shittim wood, and hewed two tables of stone like unto the first, and went up into the mount, having the two tables in mine hand. +And he wrote on the tables, according to the first writing, the ten commandments, which the LORD spake unto you in the mount out of the midst of the fire in the day of the assembly: and the LORD gave them unto me. +And I turned myself and came down from the mount, and put the tables in the ark which I had made; and there they be, as the LORD commanded me. +And the children of Israel took their journey from Beeroth of the children of Jaakan to Mosera: there Aaron died, and there he was buried; and Eleazar his son ministered in the priest's office in his stead. +From thence they journeyed unto Gudgodah; and from Gudgodah to Jotbath, a land of rivers of waters. +At that time the LORD separated the tribe of Levi, to bear the ark of the covenant of the LORD, to stand before the LORD to minister unto him, and to bless in his name, unto this day. +Wherefore Levi hath no part nor inheritance with his brethren; the LORD is his inheritance, according as the LORD thy God promised him. +And I stayed in the mount, according to the first time, forty days and forty nights; and the LORD hearkened unto me at that time also, and the LORD would not destroy thee. +And the LORD said unto me, Arise, take thy journey before the people, that they may go in and possess the land, which I sware unto their fathers to give unto them. +And now, Israel, what doth the LORD thy God require of thee, but to fear the LORD thy God, to walk in all his ways, and to love him, and to serve the LORD thy God with all thy heart and with all thy soul, +To keep the commandments of the LORD, and his statutes, which I command thee this day for thy good? +Behold, the heaven and the heaven of heavens is the LORD's thy God, the earth also, with all that therein is. +Only the LORD had a delight in thy fathers to love them, and he chose their seed after them, even you above all people, as it is this day. +Circumcise therefore the foreskin of your heart, and be no more stiffnecked. +For the LORD your God is God of gods, and Lord of lords, a great God, a mighty, and a terrible, which regardeth not persons, nor taketh reward: +He doth execute the judgment of the fatherless and widow, and loveth the stranger, in giving him food and raiment. +Love ye therefore the stranger: for ye were strangers in the land of Egypt. +Thou shalt fear the LORD thy God; him shalt thou serve, and to him shalt thou cleave, and swear by his name. +He is thy praise, and he is thy God, that hath done for thee these great and terrible things, which thine eyes have seen. +Thy fathers went down into Egypt with threescore and ten persons; and now the LORD thy God hath made thee as the stars of heaven for multitude. +Therefore thou shalt love the LORD thy God, and keep his charge, and his statutes, and his judgments, and his commandments, alway. +And know ye this day: for I speak not with your children which have not known, and which have not seen the chastisement of the LORD your God, his greatness, his mighty hand, and his stretched out arm, +And his miracles, and his acts, which he did in the midst of Egypt unto Pharaoh the king of Egypt, and unto all his land; +And what he did unto the army of Egypt, unto their horses, and to their chariots; how he made the water of the Red sea to overflow them as they pursued after you, and how the LORD hath destroyed them unto this day; +And what he did unto you in the wilderness, until ye came into this place; +And what he did unto Dathan and Abiram, the sons of Eliab, the son of Reuben: how the earth opened her mouth, and swallowed them up, and their households, and their tents, and all the substance that was in their possession, in the midst of all Israel: +But your eyes have seen all the great acts of the LORD which he did. +Therefore shall ye keep all the commandments which I command you this day, that ye may be strong, and go in and possess the land, whither ye go to possess it; +And that ye may prolong your days in the land, which the LORD sware unto your fathers to give unto them and to their seed, a land that floweth with milk and honey. +For the land, whither thou goest in to possess it, is not as the land of Egypt, from whence ye came out, where thou sowedst thy seed, and wateredst it with thy foot, as a garden of herbs: +But the land, whither ye go to possess it, is a land of hills and valleys, and drinketh water of the rain of heaven: +A land which the LORD thy God careth for: the eyes of the LORD thy God are always upon it, from the beginning of the year even unto the end of the year. +And it shall come to pass, if ye shall hearken diligently unto my commandments which I command you this day, to love the LORD your God, and to serve him with all your heart and with all your soul, +That I will give you the rain of your land in his due season, the first rain and the latter rain, that thou mayest gather in thy corn, and thy wine, and thine oil. +And I will send grass in thy fields for thy cattle, that thou mayest eat and be full. +Take heed to yourselves, that your heart be not deceived, and ye turn aside, and serve other gods, and worship them; +And then the LORD's wrath be kindled against you, and he shut up the heaven, that there be no rain, and that the land yield not her fruit; and lest ye perish quickly from off the good land which the LORD giveth you. +Therefore shall ye lay up these my words in your heart and in your soul, and bind them for a sign upon your hand, that they may be as frontlets between your eyes. +And ye shall teach them your children, speaking of them when thou sittest in thine house, and when thou walkest by the way, when thou liest down, and when thou risest up. +And thou shalt write them upon the door posts of thine house, and upon thy gates: +That your days may be multiplied, and the days of your children, in the land which the LORD sware unto your fathers to give them, as the days of heaven upon the earth. +For if ye shall diligently keep all these commandments which I command you, to do them, to love the LORD your God, to walk in all his ways, and to cleave unto him; +Then will the LORD drive out all these nations from before you, and ye shall possess greater nations and mightier than yourselves. +Every place whereon the soles of your feet shall tread shall be yours: from the wilderness and Lebanon, from the river, the river Euphrates, even unto the uttermost sea shall your coast be. +There shall no man be able to stand before you: for the LORD your God shall lay the fear of you and the dread of you upon all the land that ye shall tread upon, as he hath said unto you. +Behold, I set before you this day a blessing and a curse; +A blessing, if ye obey the commandments of the LORD your God, which I command you this day: +And a curse, if ye will not obey the commandments of the LORD your God, but turn aside out of the way which I command you this day, to go after other gods, which ye have not known. +And it shall come to pass, when the LORD thy God hath brought thee in unto the land whither thou goest to possess it, that thou shalt put the blessing upon mount Gerizim, and the curse upon mount Ebal. +Are they not on the other side Jordan, by the way where the sun goeth down, in the land of the Canaanites, which dwell in the champaign over against Gilgal, beside the plains of Moreh? +For ye shall pass over Jordan to go in to possess the land which the LORD your God giveth you, and ye shall possess it, and dwell therein. +And ye shall observe to do all the statutes and judgments which I set before you this day. +These are the statutes and judgments, which ye shall observe to do in the land, which the LORD God of thy fathers giveth thee to possess it, all the days that ye live upon the earth. +Ye shall utterly destroy all the places, wherein the nations which ye shall possess served their gods, upon the high mountains, and upon the hills, and under every green tree: +And ye shall overthrow their altars, and break their pillars, and burn their groves with fire; and ye shall hew down the graven images of their gods, and destroy the names of them out of that place. +Ye shall not do so unto the LORD your God. +But unto the place which the LORD your God shall choose out of all your tribes to put his name there, even unto his habitation shall ye seek, and thither thou shalt come: +And thither ye shall bring your burnt offerings, and your sacrifices, and your tithes, and heave offerings of your hand, and your vows, and your freewill offerings, and the firstlings of your herds and of your flocks: +And there ye shall eat before the LORD your God, and ye shall rejoice in all that ye put your hand unto, ye and your households, wherein the LORD thy God hath blessed thee. +Ye shall not do after all the things that we do here this day, every man whatsoever is right in his own eyes. +For ye are not as yet come to the rest and to the inheritance, which the LORD your God giveth you. +But when ye go over Jordan, and dwell in the land which the LORD your God giveth you to inherit, and when he giveth you rest from all your enemies round about, so that ye dwell in safety; +Then there shall be a place which the LORD your God shall choose to cause his name to dwell there; thither shall ye bring all that I command you; your burnt offerings, and your sacrifices, your tithes, and the heave offering of your hand, and all your choice vows which ye vow unto the LORD: +And ye shall rejoice before the LORD your God, ye, and your sons, and your daughters, and your menservants, and your maidservants, and the Levite that is within your gates; forasmuch as he hath no part nor inheritance with you. +Take heed to thyself that thou offer not thy burnt offerings in every place that thou seest: +But in the place which the LORD shall choose in one of thy tribes, there thou shalt offer thy burnt offerings, and there thou shalt do all that I command thee. +Notwithstanding thou mayest kill and eat flesh in all thy gates, whatsoever thy soul lusteth after, according to the blessing of the LORD thy God which he hath given thee: the unclean and the clean may eat thereof, as of the roebuck, and as of the hart. +Only ye shall not eat the blood; ye shall pour it upon the earth as water. +Thou mayest not eat within thy gates the tithe of thy corn, or of thy wine, or of thy oil, or the firstlings of thy herds or of thy flock, nor any of thy vows which thou vowest, nor thy freewill offerings, or heave offering of thine hand: +But thou must eat them before the LORD thy God in the place which the LORD thy God shall choose, thou, and thy son, and thy daughter, and thy manservant, and thy maidservant, and the Levite that is within thy gates: and thou shalt rejoice before the LORD thy God in all that thou puttest thine hands unto. +Take heed to thyself that thou forsake not the Levite as long as thou livest upon the earth. +When the LORD thy God shall enlarge thy border, as he hath promised thee, and thou shalt say, I will eat flesh, because thy soul longeth to eat flesh; thou mayest eat flesh, whatsoever thy soul lusteth after. +If the place which the LORD thy God hath chosen to put his name there be too far from thee, then thou shalt kill of thy herd and of thy flock, which the LORD hath given thee, as I have commanded thee, and thou shalt eat in thy gates whatsoever thy soul lusteth after. +Even as the roebuck and the hart is eaten, so thou shalt eat them: the unclean and the clean shall eat of them alike. +Only be sure that thou eat not the blood: for the blood is the life; and thou mayest not eat the life with the flesh. +Thou shalt not eat it; thou shalt pour it upon the earth as water. +Thou shalt not eat it; that it may go well with thee, and with thy children after thee, when thou shalt do that which is right in the sight of the LORD. +Only thy holy things which thou hast, and thy vows, thou shalt take, and go unto the place which the LORD shall choose: +And thou shalt offer thy burnt offerings, the flesh and the blood, upon the altar of the LORD thy God: and the blood of thy sacrifices shall be poured out upon the altar of the LORD thy God, and thou shalt eat the flesh. +Observe and hear all these words which I command thee, that it may go well with thee, and with thy children after thee for ever, when thou doest that which is good and right in the sight of the LORD thy God. +When the LORD thy God shall cut off the nations from before thee, whither thou goest to possess them, and thou succeedest them, and dwellest in their land; +Take heed to thyself that thou be not snared by following them, after that they be destroyed from before thee; and that thou enquire not after their gods, saying, How did these nations serve their gods? even so will I do likewise. +Thou shalt not do so unto the LORD thy God: for every abomination to the LORD, which he hateth, have they done unto their gods; for even their sons and their daughters they have burnt in the fire to their gods. +What thing soever I command you, observe to do it: thou shalt not add thereto, nor diminish from it. +If there arise among you a prophet, or a dreamer of dreams, and giveth thee a sign or a wonder, +And the sign or the wonder come to pass, whereof he spake unto thee, saying, Let us go after other gods, which thou hast not known, and let us serve them; +Thou shalt not hearken unto the words of that prophet, or that dreamer of dreams: for the LORD your God proveth you, to know whether ye love the LORD your God with all your heart and with all your soul. +Ye shall walk after the LORD your God, and fear him, and keep his commandments, and obey his voice, and ye shall serve him, and cleave unto him. +And that prophet, or that dreamer of dreams, shall be put to death; because he hath spoken to turn you away from the LORD your God, which brought you out of the land of Egypt, and redeemed you out of the house of bondage, to thrust thee out of the way which the LORD thy God commanded thee to walk in. So shalt thou put the evil away from the midst of thee. +If thy brother, the son of thy mother, or thy son, or thy daughter, or the wife of thy bosom, or thy friend, which is as thine own soul, entice thee secretly, saying, Let us go and serve other gods, which thou hast not known, thou, nor thy fathers; +Namely, of the gods of the people which are round about you, nigh unto thee, or far off from thee, from the one end of the earth even unto the other end of the earth; +Thou shalt not consent unto him, nor hearken unto him; neither shall thine eye pity him, neither shalt thou spare, neither shalt thou conceal him: +But thou shalt surely kill him; thine hand shall be first upon him to put him to death, and afterwards the hand of all the people. +And thou shalt stone him with stones, that he die; because he hath sought to thrust thee away from the LORD thy God, which brought thee out of the land of Egypt, from the house of bondage. +And all Israel shall hear, and fear, and shall do no more any such wickedness as this is among you. +If thou shalt hear say in one of thy cities, which the LORD thy God hath given thee to dwell there, saying, +Certain men, the children of Belial, are gone out from among you, and have withdrawn the inhabitants of their city, saying, Let us go and serve other gods, which ye have not known; +Then shalt thou enquire, and make search, and ask diligently; and, behold, if it be truth, and the thing certain, that such abomination is wrought among you; +Thou shalt surely smite the inhabitants of that city with the edge of the sword, destroying it utterly, and all that is therein, and the cattle thereof, with the edge of the sword. +And thou shalt gather all the spoil of it into the midst of the street thereof, and shalt burn with fire the city, and all the spoil thereof every whit, for the LORD thy God: and it shall be an heap for ever; it shall not be built again. +And there shall cleave nought of the cursed thing to thine hand: that the LORD may turn from the fierceness of his anger, and shew thee mercy, and have compassion upon thee, and multiply thee, as he hath sworn unto thy fathers; +When thou shalt hearken to the voice of the LORD thy God, to keep all his commandments which I command thee this day, to do that which is right in the eyes of the LORD thy God. +Ye are the children of the LORD your God: ye shall not cut yourselves, nor make any baldness between your eyes for the dead. +For thou art an holy people unto the LORD thy God, and the LORD hath chosen thee to be a peculiar people unto himself, above all the nations that are upon the earth. +Thou shalt not eat any abominable thing. +These are the beasts which ye shall eat: the ox, the sheep, and the goat, +The hart, and the roebuck, and the fallow deer, and the wild goat, and the pygarg, and the wild ox, and the chamois. +And every beast that parteth the hoof, and cleaveth the cleft into two claws, and cheweth the cud among the beasts, that ye shall eat. +Nevertheless these ye shall not eat of them that chew the cud, or of them that divide the cloven hoof; as the camel, and the hare, and the coney: for they chew the cud, but divide not the hoof; therefore they are unclean unto you. +And the swine, because it divideth the hoof, yet cheweth not the cud, it is unclean unto you: ye shall not eat of their flesh, nor touch their dead carcase. +These ye shall eat of all that are in the waters: all that have fins and scales shall ye eat: +And whatsoever hath not fins and scales ye may not eat; it is unclean unto you. +Of all clean birds ye shall eat. +But these are they of which ye shall not eat: the eagle, and the ossifrage, and the ospray, +And the glede, and the kite, and the vulture after his kind, +And every raven after his kind, +And the owl, and the night hawk, and the cuckow, and the hawk after his kind, +The little owl, and the great owl, and the swan, +And the pelican, and the gier eagle, and the cormorant, +And the stork, and the heron after her kind, and the lapwing, and the bat. +And every creeping thing that flieth is unclean unto you: they shall not be eaten. +But of all clean fowls ye may eat. +Ye shall not eat of anything that dieth of itself: thou shalt give it unto the stranger that is in thy gates, that he may eat it; or thou mayest sell it unto an alien: for thou art an holy people unto the LORD thy God. Thou shalt not seethe a kid in his mother's milk. +Thou shalt truly tithe all the increase of thy seed, that the field bringeth forth year by year. +And thou shalt eat before the LORD thy God, in the place which he shall choose to place his name there, the tithe of thy corn, of thy wine, and of thine oil, and the firstlings of thy herds and of thy flocks; that thou mayest learn to fear the LORD thy God always. +And if the way be too long for thee, so that thou art not able to carry it; or if the place be too far from thee, which the LORD thy God shall choose to set his name there, when the LORD thy God hath blessed thee: +Then shalt thou turn it into money, and bind up the money in thine hand, and shalt go unto the place which the LORD thy God shall choose: +And thou shalt bestow that money for whatsoever thy soul lusteth after, for oxen, or for sheep, or for wine, or for strong drink, or for whatsoever thy soul desireth: and thou shalt eat there before the LORD thy God, and thou shalt rejoice, thou, and thine household, +And the Levite that is within thy gates; thou shalt not forsake him; for he hath no part nor inheritance with thee. +At the end of three years thou shalt bring forth all the tithe of thine increase the same year, and shalt lay it up within thy gates: +And the Levite, (because he hath no part nor inheritance with thee,) and the stranger, and the fatherless, and the widow, which are within thy gates, shall come, and shall eat and be satisfied; that the LORD thy God may bless thee in all the work of thine hand which thou doest. +At the end of every seven years thou shalt make a release. +And this is the manner of the release: Every creditor that lendeth ought unto his neighbour shall release it; he shall not exact it of his neighbour, or of his brother; because it is called the LORD's release. +Of a foreigner thou mayest exact it again: but that which is thine with thy brother thine hand shall release; +Save when there shall be no poor among you; for the LORD shall greatly bless thee in the land which the LORD thy God giveth thee for an inheritance to possess it: +Only if thou carefully hearken unto the voice of the LORD thy God, to observe to do all these commandments which I command thee this day. +For the LORD thy God blesseth thee, as he promised thee: and thou shalt lend unto many nations, but thou shalt not borrow; and thou shalt reign over many nations, but they shall not reign over thee. +If there be among you a poor man of one of thy brethren within any of thy gates in thy land which the LORD thy God giveth thee, thou shalt not harden thine heart, nor shut thine hand from thy poor brother: +But thou shalt open thine hand wide unto him, and shalt surely lend him sufficient for his need, in that which he wanteth. +Beware that there be not a thought in thy wicked heart, saying, The seventh year, the year of release, is at hand; and thine eye be evil against thy poor brother, and thou givest him nought; and he cry unto the LORD against thee, and it be sin unto thee. +Thou shalt surely give him, and thine heart shall not be grieved when thou givest unto him: because that for this thing the LORD thy God shall bless thee in all thy works, and in all that thou puttest thine hand unto. +For the poor shall never cease out of the land: therefore I command thee, saying, Thou shalt open thine hand wide unto thy brother, to thy poor, and to thy needy, in thy land. +And if thy brother, an Hebrew man, or an Hebrew woman, be sold unto thee, and serve thee six years; then in the seventh year thou shalt let him go free from thee. +And when thou sendest him out free from thee, thou shalt not let him go away empty: +Thou shalt furnish him liberally out of thy flock, and out of thy floor, and out of thy winepress: of that wherewith the LORD thy God hath blessed thee thou shalt give unto him. +And thou shalt remember that thou wast a bondman in the land of Egypt, and the LORD thy God redeemed thee: therefore I command thee this thing to day. +And it shall be, if he say unto thee, I will not go away from thee; because he loveth thee and thine house, because he is well with thee; +Then thou shalt take an aul, and thrust it through his ear unto the door, and he shall be thy servant for ever. And also unto thy maidservant thou shalt do likewise. +It shall not seem hard unto thee, when thou sendest him away free from thee; for he hath been worth a double hired servant to thee, in serving thee six years: and the LORD thy God shall bless thee in all that thou doest. +All the firstling males that come of thy herd and of thy flock thou shalt sanctify unto the LORD thy God: thou shalt do no work with the firstling of thy bullock, nor shear the firstling of thy sheep. +Thou shalt eat it before the LORD thy God year by year in the place which the LORD shall choose, thou and thy household. +And if there be any blemish therein, as if it be lame, or blind, or have any ill blemish, thou shalt not sacrifice it unto the LORD thy God. +Thou shalt eat it within thy gates: the unclean and the clean person shall eat it alike, as the roebuck, and as the hart. +Only thou shalt not eat the blood thereof; thou shalt pour it upon the ground as water. +Observe the month of Abib, and keep the passover unto the LORD thy God: for in the month of Abib the LORD thy God brought thee forth out of Egypt by night. +Thou shalt therefore sacrifice the passover unto the LORD thy God, of the flock and the herd, in the place which the LORD shall choose to place his name there. +Thou shalt eat no leavened bread with it; seven days shalt thou eat unleavened bread therewith, even the bread of affliction; for thou camest forth out of the land of Egypt in haste: that thou mayest remember the day when thou camest forth out of the land of Egypt all the days of thy life. +And there shall be no leavened bread seen with thee in all thy coast seven days; neither shall there any thing of the flesh, which thou sacrificedst the first day at even, remain all night until the morning. +Thou mayest not sacrifice the passover within any of thy gates, which the LORD thy God giveth thee: +But at the place which the LORD thy God shall choose to place his name in, there thou shalt sacrifice the passover at even, at the going down of the sun, at the season that thou camest forth out of Egypt. +And thou shalt roast and eat it in the place which the LORD thy God shall choose: and thou shalt turn in the morning, and go unto thy tents. +Six days thou shalt eat unleavened bread: and on the seventh day shall be a solemn assembly to the LORD thy God: thou shalt do no work therein. +Seven weeks shalt thou number unto thee: begin to number the seven weeks from such time as thou beginnest to put the sickle to the corn. +And thou shalt keep the feast of weeks unto the LORD thy God with a tribute of a freewill offering of thine hand, which thou shalt give unto the LORD thy God, according as the LORD thy God hath blessed thee: +And thou shalt rejoice before the LORD thy God, thou, and thy son, and thy daughter, and thy manservant, and thy maidservant, and the Levite that is within thy gates, and the stranger, and the fatherless, and the widow, that are among you, in the place which the LORD thy God hath chosen to place his name there. +And thou shalt remember that thou wast a bondman in Egypt: and thou shalt observe and do these statutes. +Thou shalt observe the feast of tabernacles seven days, after that thou hast gathered in thy corn and thy wine: +And thou shalt rejoice in thy feast, thou, and thy son, and thy daughter, and thy manservant, and thy maidservant, and the Levite, the stranger, and the fatherless, and the widow, that are within thy gates. +Seven days shalt thou keep a solemn feast unto the LORD thy God in the place which the LORD shall choose: because the LORD thy God shall bless thee in all thine increase, and in all the works of thine hands, therefore thou shalt surely rejoice. +Three times in a year shall all thy males appear before the LORD thy God in the place which he shall choose; in the feast of unleavened bread, and in the feast of weeks, and in the feast of tabernacles: and they shall not appear before the LORD empty: +Every man shall give as he is able, according to the blessing of the LORD thy God which he hath given thee. +Judges and officers shalt thou make thee in all thy gates, which the LORD thy God giveth thee, throughout thy tribes: and they shall judge the people with just judgment. +Thou shalt not wrest judgment; thou shalt not respect persons, neither take a gift: for a gift doth blind the eyes of the wise, and pervert the words of the righteous. +That which is altogether just shalt thou follow, that thou mayest live, and inherit the land which the LORD thy God giveth thee. +Thou shalt not plant thee a grove of any trees near unto the altar of the LORD thy God, which thou shalt make thee. +Neither shalt thou set thee up any image; which the LORD thy God hateth. +Thou shalt not sacrifice unto the LORD thy God any bullock, or sheep, wherein is blemish, or any evilfavouredness: for that is an abomination unto the LORD thy God. +If there be found among you, within any of thy gates which the LORD thy God giveth thee, man or woman, that hath wrought wickedness in the sight of the LORD thy God, in transgressing his covenant, +And hath gone and served other gods, and worshipped them, either the sun, or moon, or any of the host of heaven, which I have not commanded; +And it be told thee, and thou hast heard of it, and enquired diligently, and, behold, it be true, and the thing certain, that such abomination is wrought in Israel: +Then shalt thou bring forth that man or that woman, which have committed that wicked thing, unto thy gates, even that man or that woman, and shalt stone them with stones, till they die. +At the mouth of two witnesses, or three witnesses, shall he that is worthy of death be put to death; but at the mouth of one witness he shall not be put to death. +The hands of the witnesses shall be first upon him to put him to death, and afterward the hands of all the people. So thou shalt put the evil away from among you. +If there arise a matter too hard for thee in judgment, between blood and blood, between plea and plea, and between stroke and stroke, being matters of controversy within thy gates: then shalt thou arise, and get thee up into the place which the LORD thy God shall choose; +And thou shalt come unto the priests the Levites, and unto the judge that shall be in those days, and enquire; and they shall shew thee the sentence of judgment: +And thou shalt do according to the sentence, which they of that place which the LORD shall choose shall shew thee; and thou shalt observe to do according to all that they inform thee: +According to the sentence of the law which they shall teach thee, and according to the judgment which they shall tell thee, thou shalt do: thou shalt not decline from the sentence which they shall shew thee, to the right hand, nor to the left. +And the man that will do presumptuously, and will not hearken unto the priest that standeth to minister there before the LORD thy God, or unto the judge, even that man shall die: and thou shalt put away the evil from Israel. +And all the people shall hear, and fear, and do no more presumptuously. +When thou art come unto the land which the LORD thy God giveth thee, and shalt possess it, and shalt dwell therein, and shalt say, I will set a king over me, like as all the nations that are about me; +Thou shalt in any wise set him king over thee, whom the LORD thy God shall choose: one from among thy brethren shalt thou set king over thee: thou mayest not set a stranger over thee, which is not thy brother. +But he shall not multiply horses to himself, nor cause the people to return to Egypt, to the end that he should multiply horses: forasmuch as the LORD hath said unto you, Ye shall henceforth return no more that way. +Neither shall he multiply wives to himself, that his heart turn not away: neither shall he greatly multiply to himself silver and gold. +And it shall be, when he sitteth upon the throne of his kingdom, that he shall write him a copy of this law in a book out of that which is before the priests the Levites: +And it shall be with him, and he shall read therein all the days of his life: that he may learn to fear the LORD his God, to keep all the words of this law and these statutes, to do them: +That his heart be not lifted up above his brethren, and that he turn not aside from the commandment, to the right hand, or to the left: to the end that he may prolong his days in his kingdom, he, and his children, in the midst of Israel. +The priests the Levites, and all the tribe of Levi, shall have no part nor inheritance with Israel: they shall eat the offerings of the LORD made by fire, and his inheritance. +Therefore shall they have no inheritance among their brethren: the LORD is their inheritance, as he hath said unto them. +And this shall be the priest's due from the people, from them that offer a sacrifice, whether it be ox or sheep; and they shall give unto the priest the shoulder, and the two cheeks, and the maw. +The firstfruit also of thy corn, of thy wine, and of thine oil, and the first of the fleece of thy sheep, shalt thou give him. +For the LORD thy God hath chosen him out of all thy tribes, to stand to minister in the name of the LORD, him and his sons for ever. +And if a Levite come from any of thy gates out of all Israel, where he sojourned, and come with all the desire of his mind unto the place which the LORD shall choose; +Then he shall minister in the name of the LORD his God, as all his brethren the Levites do, which stand there before the LORD. +They shall have like portions to eat, beside that which cometh of the sale of his patrimony. +When thou art come into the land which the LORD thy God giveth thee, thou shalt not learn to do after the abominations of those nations. +There shall not be found among you any one that maketh his son or his daughter to pass through the fire, or that useth divination, or an observer of times, or an enchanter, or a witch. +Or a charmer, or a consulter with familiar spirits, or a wizard, or a necromancer. +For all that do these things are an abomination unto the LORD: and because of these abominations the LORD thy God doth drive them out from before thee. +Thou shalt be perfect with the LORD thy God. +For these nations, which thou shalt possess, hearkened unto observers of times, and unto diviners: but as for thee, the LORD thy God hath not suffered thee so to do. +The LORD thy God will raise up unto thee a Prophet from the midst of thee, of thy brethren, like unto me; unto him ye shall hearken; +According to all that thou desiredst of the LORD thy God in Horeb in the day of the assembly, saying, Let me not hear again the voice of the LORD my God, neither let me see this great fire any more, that I die not. +And the LORD said unto me, They have well spoken that which they have spoken. +I will raise them up a Prophet from among their brethren, like unto thee, and will put my words in his mouth; and he shall speak unto them all that I shall command him. +And it shall come to pass, that whosoever will not hearken unto my words which he shall speak in my name, I will require it of him. +But the prophet, which shall presume to speak a word in my name, which I have not commanded him to speak, or that shall speak in the name of other gods, even that prophet shall die. +And if thou say in thine heart, How shall we know the word which the LORD hath not spoken? +When a prophet speaketh in the name of the LORD, if the thing follow not, nor come to pass, that is the thing which the LORD hath not spoken, but the prophet hath spoken it presumptuously: thou shalt not be afraid of him. +When the LORD thy God hath cut off the nations, whose land the LORD thy God giveth thee, and thou succeedest them, and dwellest in their cities, and in their houses; +Thou shalt separate three cities for thee in the midst of thy land, which the LORD thy God giveth thee to possess it. +Thou shalt prepare thee a way, and divide the coasts of thy land, which the LORD thy God giveth thee to inherit, into three parts, that every slayer may flee thither. +And this is the case of the slayer, which shall flee thither, that he may live: Whoso killeth his neighbour ignorantly, whom he hated not in time past; +As when a man goeth into the wood with his neighbour to hew wood, and his hand fetcheth a stroke with the axe to cut down the tree, and the head slippeth from the helve, and lighteth upon his neighbour, that he die; he shall flee unto one of those cities, and live: +Lest the avenger of the blood pursue the slayer, while his heart is hot, and overtake him, because the way is long, and slay him; whereas he was not worthy of death, inasmuch as he hated him not in time past. +Wherefore I command thee, saying, Thou shalt separate three cities for thee. +And if the LORD thy God enlarge thy coast, as he hath sworn unto thy fathers, and give thee all the land which he promised to give unto thy fathers; +If thou shalt keep all these commandments to do them, which I command thee this day, to love the LORD thy God, and to walk ever in his ways; then shalt thou add three cities more for thee, beside these three: +That innocent blood be not shed in thy land, which the LORD thy God giveth thee for an inheritance, and so blood be upon thee. +But if any man hate his neighbour, and lie in wait for him, and rise up against him, and smite him mortally that he die, and fleeth into one of these cities: +Then the elders of his city shall send and fetch him thence, and deliver him into the hand of the avenger of blood, that he may die. +Thine eye shall not pity him, but thou shalt put away the guilt of innocent blood from Israel, that it may go well with thee. +Thou shalt not remove thy neighbour's landmark, which they of old time have set in thine inheritance, which thou shalt inherit in the land that the LORD thy God giveth thee to possess it. +One witness shall not rise up against a man for any iniquity, or for any sin, in any sin that he sinneth: at the mouth of two witnesses, or at the mouth of three witnesses, shall the matter be established. +If a false witness rise up against any man to testify against him that which is wrong; +Then both the men, between whom the controversy is, shall stand before the LORD, before the priests and the judges, which shall be in those days; +And the judges shall make diligent inquisition: and, behold, if the witness be a false witness, and hath testified falsely against his brother; +Then shall ye do unto him, as he had thought to have done unto his brother: so shalt thou put the evil away from among you. +And those which remain shall hear, and fear, and shall henceforth commit no more any such evil among you. +And thine eye shall not pity; but life shall go for life, eye for eye, tooth for tooth, hand for hand, foot for foot. +When thou goest out to battle against thine enemies, and seest horses, and chariots, and a people more than thou, be not afraid of them: for the LORD thy God is with thee, which brought thee up out of the land of Egypt. +And it shall be, when ye are come nigh unto the battle, that the priest shall approach and speak unto the people, +And shall say unto them, Hear, O Israel, ye approach this day unto battle against your enemies: let not your hearts faint, fear not, and do not tremble, neither be ye terrified because of them; +For the LORD your God is he that goeth with you, to fight for you against your enemies, to save you. +And the officers shall speak unto the people, saying, What man is there that hath built a new house, and hath not dedicated it? let him go and return to his house, lest he die in the battle, and another man dedicate it. +And what man is he that hath planted a vineyard, and hath not yet eaten of it? let him also go and return unto his house, lest he die in the battle, and another man eat of it. +And what man is there that hath betrothed a wife, and hath not taken her? let him go and return unto his house, lest he die in the battle, and another man take her. +And the officers shall speak further unto the people, and they shall say, What man is there that is fearful and fainthearted? let him go and return unto his house, lest his brethren's heart faint as well as his heart. +And it shall be, when the officers have made an end of speaking unto the people that they shall make captains of the armies to lead the people. +When thou comest nigh unto a city to fight against it, then proclaim peace unto it. +And it shall be, if it make thee answer of peace, and open unto thee, then it shall be, that all the people that is found therein shall be tributaries unto thee, and they shall serve thee. +And if it will make no peace with thee, but will make war against thee, then thou shalt besiege it: +And when the LORD thy God hath delivered it into thine hands, thou shalt smite every male thereof with the edge of the sword: +But the women, and the little ones, and the cattle, and all that is in the city, even all the spoil thereof, shalt thou take unto thyself; and thou shalt eat the spoil of thine enemies, which the LORD thy God hath given thee. +Thus shalt thou do unto all the cities which are very far off from thee, which are not of the cities of these nations. +But of the cities of these people, which the LORD thy God doth give thee for an inheritance, thou shalt save alive nothing that breatheth: +But thou shalt utterly destroy them; namely, the Hittites, and the Amorites, the Canaanites, and the Perizzites, the Hivites, and the Jebusites; as the LORD thy God hath commanded thee: +That they teach you not to do after all their abominations, which they have done unto their gods; so should ye sin against the LORD your God. +When thou shalt besiege a city a long time, in making war against it to take it, thou shalt not destroy the trees thereof by forcing an axe against them: for thou mayest eat of them, and thou shalt not cut them down (for the tree of the field is man's life) to employ them in the siege: +Only the trees which thou knowest that they be not trees for meat, thou shalt destroy and cut them down; and thou shalt build bulwarks against the city that maketh war with thee, until it be subdued. +If one be found slain in the land which the LORD thy God giveth thee to possess it, lying in the field, and it be not known who hath slain him: +Then thy elders and thy judges shall come forth, and they shall measure unto the cities which are round about him that is slain: +And it shall be, that the city which is next unto the slain man, even the elders of that city shall take an heifer, which hath not been wrought with, and which hath not drawn in the yoke; +And the elders of that city shall bring down the heifer unto a rough valley, which is neither eared nor sown, and shall strike off the heifer's neck there in the valley: +And the priests the sons of Levi shall come near; for them the LORD thy God hath chosen to minister unto him, and to bless in the name of the LORD; and by their word shall every controversy and every stroke be tried: +And all the elders of that city, that are next unto the slain man, shall wash their hands over the heifer that is beheaded in the valley: +And they shall answer and say, Our hands have not shed this blood, neither have our eyes seen it. +Be merciful, O LORD, unto thy people Israel, whom thou hast redeemed, and lay not innocent blood unto thy people of Israel's charge. And the blood shall be forgiven them. +So shalt thou put away the guilt of innocent blood from among you, when thou shalt do that which is right in the sight of the LORD. +When thou goest forth to war against thine enemies, and the LORD thy God hath delivered them into thine hands, and thou hast taken them captive, +And seest among the captives a beautiful woman, and hast a desire unto her, that thou wouldest have her to thy wife; +Then thou shalt bring her home to thine house, and she shall shave her head, and pare her nails; +And she shall put the raiment of her captivity from off her, and shall remain in thine house, and bewail her father and her mother a full month: and after that thou shalt go in unto her, and be her husband, and she shall be thy wife. +And it shall be, if thou have no delight in her, then thou shalt let her go whither she will; but thou shalt not sell her at all for money, thou shalt not make merchandise of her, because thou hast humbled her. +If a man have two wives, one beloved, and another hated, and they have born him children, both the beloved and the hated; and if the firstborn son be hers that was hated: +Then it shall be, when he maketh his sons to inherit that which he hath, that he may not make the son of the beloved firstborn before the son of the hated, which is indeed the firstborn: +But he shall acknowledge the son of the hated for the firstborn, by giving him a double portion of all that he hath: for he is the beginning of his strength; the right of the firstborn is his. +If a man have a stubborn and rebellious son, which will not obey the voice of his father, or the voice of his mother, and that, when they have chastened him, will not hearken unto them: +Then shall his father and his mother lay hold on him, and bring him out unto the elders of his city, and unto the gate of his place; +And they shall say unto the elders of his city, This our son is stubborn and rebellious, he will not obey our voice; he is a glutton, and a drunkard. +And all the men of his city shall stone him with stones, that he die: so shalt thou put evil away from among you; and all Israel shall hear, and fear. +And if a man have committed a sin worthy of death, and he be to be put to death, and thou hang him on a tree: +His body shall not remain all night upon the tree, but thou shalt in any wise bury him that day; (for he that is hanged is accursed of God;) that thy land be not defiled, which the LORD thy God giveth thee for an inheritance. +Thou shalt not see thy brother's ox or his sheep go astray, and hide thyself from them: thou shalt in any case bring them again unto thy brother. +And if thy brother be not nigh unto thee, or if thou know him not, then thou shalt bring it unto thine own house, and it shall be with thee until thy brother seek after it, and thou shalt restore it to him again. +In like manner shalt thou do with his ass; and so shalt thou do with his raiment; and with all lost thing of thy brother's, which he hath lost, and thou hast found, shalt thou do likewise: thou mayest not hide thyself. +Thou shalt not see thy brother's ass or his ox fall down by the way, and hide thyself from them: thou shalt surely help him to lift them up again. +The woman shall not wear that which pertaineth unto a man, neither shall a man put on a woman's garment: for all that do so are abomination unto the LORD thy God. +If a bird's nest chance to be before thee in the way in any tree, or on the ground, whether they be young ones, or eggs, and the dam sitting upon the young, or upon the eggs, thou shalt not take the dam with the young: +But thou shalt in any wise let the dam go, and take the young to thee; that it may be well with thee, and that thou mayest prolong thy days. +When thou buildest a new house, then thou shalt make a battlement for thy roof, that thou bring not blood upon thine house, if any man fall from thence. +Thou shalt not sow thy vineyard with divers seeds: lest the fruit of thy seed which thou hast sown, and the fruit of thy vineyard, be defiled. +Thou shalt not plow with an ox and an ass together. +Thou shalt not wear a garment of divers sorts, as of woollen and linen together. +Thou shalt make thee fringes upon the four quarters of thy vesture, wherewith thou coverest thyself. +If any man take a wife, and go in unto her, and hate her, +And give occasions of speech against her, and bring up an evil name upon her, and say, I took this woman, and when I came to her, I found her not a maid: +Then shall the father of the damsel, and her mother, take and bring forth the tokens of the damsel's virginity unto the elders of the city in the gate: +And the damsel's father shall say unto the elders, I gave my daughter unto this man to wife, and he hateth her; +And, lo, he hath given occasions of speech against her, saying, I found not thy daughter a maid; and yet these are the tokens of my daughter's virginity. And they shall spread the cloth before the elders of the city. +And the elders of that city shall take that man and chastise him; +And they shall amerce him in an hundred shekels of silver, and give them unto the father of the damsel, because he hath brought up an evil name upon a virgin of Israel: and she shall be his wife; he may not put her away all his days. +But if this thing be true, and the tokens of virginity be not found for the damsel: +Then they shall bring out the damsel to the door of her father's house, and the men of her city shall stone her with stones that she die: because she hath wrought folly in Israel, to play the whore in her father's house: so shalt thou put evil away from among you. +If a man be found lying with a woman married to an husband, then they shall both of them die, both the man that lay with the woman, and the woman: so shalt thou put away evil from Israel. +If a damsel that is a virgin be betrothed unto an husband, and a man find her in the city, and lie with her; +Then ye shall bring them both out unto the gate of that city, and ye shall stone them with stones that they die; the damsel, because she cried not, being in the city; and the man, because he hath humbled his neighbour's wife: so thou shalt put away evil from among you. +But if a man find a betrothed damsel in the field, and the man force her, and lie with her: then the man only that lay with her shall die. +But unto the damsel thou shalt do nothing; there is in the damsel no sin worthy of death: for as when a man riseth against his neighbour, and slayeth him, even so is this matter: +For he found her in the field, and the betrothed damsel cried, and there was none to save her. +If a man find a damsel that is a virgin, which is not betrothed, and lay hold on her, and lie with her, and they be found; +Then the man that lay with her shall give unto the damsel's father fifty shekels of silver, and she shall be his wife; because he hath humbled her, he may not put her away all his days. +A man shall not take his father's wife, nor discover his father's skirt. +He that is wounded in the stones, or hath his privy member cut off, shall not enter into the congregation of the LORD. +A bastard shall not enter into the congregation of the LORD; even to his tenth generation shall he not enter into the congregation of the LORD. +An Ammonite or Moabite shall not enter into the congregation of the LORD; even to their tenth generation shall they not enter into the congregation of the LORD for ever: +Because they met you not with bread and with water in the way, when ye came forth out of Egypt; and because they hired against thee Balaam the son of Beor of Pethor of Mesopotamia, to curse thee. +Nevertheless the LORD thy God would not hearken unto Balaam; but the LORD thy God turned the curse into a blessing unto thee, because the LORD thy God loved thee. +Thou shalt not seek their peace nor their prosperity all thy days for ever. +Thou shalt not abhor an Edomite; for he is thy brother: thou shalt not abhor an Egyptian; because thou wast a stranger in his land. +The children that are begotten of them shall enter into the congregation of the LORD in their third generation. +When the host goeth forth against thine enemies, then keep thee from every wicked thing. +If there be among you any man, that is not clean by reason of uncleanness that chanceth him by night, then shall he go abroad out of the camp, he shall not come within the camp: +But it shall be, when evening cometh on, he shall wash himself with water: and when the sun is down, he shall come into the camp again. +Thou shalt have a place also without the camp, whither thou shalt go forth abroad: +And thou shalt have a paddle upon thy weapon; and it shall be, when thou wilt ease thyself abroad, thou shalt dig therewith, and shalt turn back and cover that which cometh from thee: +For the LORD thy God walketh in the midst of thy camp, to deliver thee, and to give up thine enemies before thee; therefore shall thy camp be holy: that he see no unclean thing in thee, and turn away from thee. +Thou shalt not deliver unto his master the servant which is escaped from his master unto thee: +He shall dwell with thee, even among you, in that place which he shall choose in one of thy gates, where it liketh him best: thou shalt not oppress him. +There shall be no whore of the daughters of Israel, nor a sodomite of the sons of Israel. +Thou shalt not bring the hire of a whore, or the price of a dog, into the house of the LORD thy God for any vow: for even both these are abomination unto the LORD thy God. +Thou shalt not lend upon usury to thy brother; usury of money, usury of victuals, usury of any thing that is lent upon usury: +Unto a stranger thou mayest lend upon usury; but unto thy brother thou shalt not lend upon usury: that the LORD thy God may bless thee in all that thou settest thine hand to in the land whither thou goest to possess it. +When thou shalt vow a vow unto the LORD thy God, thou shalt not slack to pay it: for the LORD thy God will surely require it of thee; and it would be sin in thee. +But if thou shalt forbear to vow, it shall be no sin in thee. +That which is gone out of thy lips thou shalt keep and perform; even a freewill offering, according as thou hast vowed unto the LORD thy God, which thou hast promised with thy mouth. +When thou comest into thy neighbour's vineyard, then thou mayest eat grapes thy fill at thine own pleasure; but thou shalt not put any in thy vessel. +When thou comest into the standing corn of thy neighbour, then thou mayest pluck the ears with thine hand; but thou shalt not move a sickle unto thy neighbour's standing corn. +When a man hath taken a wife, and married her, and it come to pass that she find no favour in his eyes, because he hath found some uncleanness in her: then let him write her a bill of divorcement, and give it in her hand, and send her out of his house. +And when she is departed out of his house, she may go and be another man's wife. +And if the latter husband hate her, and write her a bill of divorcement, and giveth it in her hand, and sendeth her out of his house; or if the latter husband die, which took her to be his wife; +Her former husband, which sent her away, may not take her again to be his wife, after that she is defiled; for that is abomination before the LORD: and thou shalt not cause the land to sin, which the LORD thy God giveth thee for an inheritance. +When a man hath taken a new wife, he shall not go out to war, neither shall he be charged with any business: but he shall be free at home one year, and shall cheer up his wife which he hath taken. +No man shall take the nether or the upper millstone to pledge: for he taketh a man's life to pledge. +If a man be found stealing any of his brethren of the children of Israel, and maketh merchandise of him, or selleth him; then that thief shall die; and thou shalt put evil away from among you. +Take heed in the plague of leprosy, that thou observe diligently, and do according to all that the priests the Levites shall teach you: as I commanded them, so ye shall observe to do. +Remember what the LORD thy God did unto Miriam by the way, after that ye were come forth out of Egypt. +When thou dost lend thy brother any thing, thou shalt not go into his house to fetch his pledge. +Thou shalt stand abroad, and the man to whom thou dost lend shall bring out the pledge abroad unto thee. +And if the man be poor, thou shalt not sleep with his pledge: +In any case thou shalt deliver him the pledge again when the sun goeth down, that he may sleep in his own raiment, and bless thee: and it shall be righteousness unto thee before the LORD thy God. +Thou shalt not oppress an hired servant that is poor and needy, whether he be of thy brethren, or of thy strangers that are in thy land within thy gates: +At his day thou shalt give him his hire, neither shall the sun go down upon it; for he is poor, and setteth his heart upon it: lest he cry against thee unto the LORD, and it be sin unto thee. +The fathers shall not be put to death for the children, neither shall the children be put to death for the fathers: every man shall be put to death for his own sin. +Thou shalt not pervert the judgment of the stranger, nor of the fatherless; nor take a widow's raiment to pledge: +But thou shalt remember that thou wast a bondman in Egypt, and the LORD thy God redeemed thee thence: therefore I command thee to do this thing. +When thou cuttest down thine harvest in thy field, and hast forgot a sheaf in the field, thou shalt not go again to fetch it: it shall be for the stranger, for the fatherless, and for the widow: that the LORD thy God may bless thee in all the work of thine hands. +When thou beatest thine olive tree, thou shalt not go over the boughs again: it shall be for the stranger, for the fatherless, and for the widow. +When thou gatherest the grapes of thy vineyard, thou shalt not glean it afterward: it shall be for the stranger, for the fatherless, and for the widow. +And thou shalt remember that thou wast a bondman in the land of Egypt: therefore I command thee to do this thing. +If there be a controversy between men, and they come unto judgment, that the judges may judge them; then they shall justify the righteous, and condemn the wicked. +And it shall be, if the wicked man be worthy to be beaten, that the judge shall cause him to lie down, and to be beaten before his face, according to his fault, by a certain number. +Forty stripes he may give him, and not exceed: lest, if he should exceed, and beat him above these with many stripes, then thy brother should seem vile unto thee. +Thou shalt not muzzle the ox when he treadeth out the corn. +If brethren dwell together, and one of them die, and have no child, the wife of the dead shall not marry without unto a stranger: her husband's brother shall go in unto her, and take her to him to wife, and perform the duty of an husband's brother unto her. +And it shall be, that the firstborn which she beareth shall succeed in the name of his brother which is dead, that his name be not put out of Israel. +And if the man like not to take his brother's wife, then let his brother's wife go up to the gate unto the elders, and say, My husband's brother refuseth to raise up unto his brother a name in Israel, he will not perform the duty of my husband's brother. +Then the elders of his city shall call him, and speak unto him: and if he stand to it, and say, I like not to take her; +Then shall his brother's wife come unto him in the presence of the elders, and loose his shoe from off his foot, and spit in his face, and shall answer and say, So shall it be done unto that man that will not build up his brother's house. +And his name shall be called in Israel, The house of him that hath his shoe loosed. +When men strive together one with another, and the wife of the one draweth near for to deliver her husband out of the hand of him that smiteth him, and putteth forth her hand, and taketh him by the secrets: +Then thou shalt cut off her hand, thine eye shall not pity her. +Thou shalt not have in thy bag divers weights, a great and a small. +Thou shalt not have in thine house divers measures, a great and a small. +But thou shalt have a perfect and just weight, a perfect and just measure shalt thou have: that thy days may be lengthened in the land which the LORD thy God giveth thee. +For all that do such things, and all that do unrighteously, are an abomination unto the LORD thy God. +Remember what Amalek did unto thee by the way, when ye were come forth out of Egypt; +How he met thee by the way, and smote the hindmost of thee, even all that were feeble behind thee, when thou wast faint and weary; and he feared not God. +Therefore it shall be, when the LORD thy God hath given thee rest from all thine enemies round about, in the land which the LORD thy God giveth thee for an inheritance to possess it, that thou shalt blot out the remembrance of Amalek from under heaven; thou shalt not forget it. +And it shall be, when thou art come in unto the land which the LORD thy God giveth thee for an inheritance, and possessest it, and dwellest therein; +That thou shalt take of the first of all the fruit of the earth, which thou shalt bring of thy land that the LORD thy God giveth thee, and shalt put it in a basket, and shalt go unto the place which the LORD thy God shall choose to place his name there. +And thou shalt go unto the priest that shall be in those days, and say unto him, I profess this day unto the LORD thy God, that I am come unto the country which the LORD sware unto our fathers for to give us. +And the priest shall take the basket out of thine hand, and set it down before the altar of the LORD thy God. +And thou shalt speak and say before the LORD thy God, A Syrian ready to perish was my father, and he went down into Egypt, and sojourned there with a few, and became there a nation, great, mighty, and populous: +And the Egyptians evil entreated us, and afflicted us, and laid upon us hard bondage: +And when we cried unto the LORD God of our fathers, the LORD heard our voice, and looked on our affliction, and our labour, and our oppression: +And the LORD brought us forth out of Egypt with a mighty hand, and with an outstretched arm, and with great terribleness, and with signs, and with wonders: +And he hath brought us into this place, and hath given us this land, even a land that floweth with milk and honey. +And now, behold, I have brought the firstfruits of the land, which thou, O LORD, hast given me. And thou shalt set it before the LORD thy God, and worship before the LORD thy God: +And thou shalt rejoice in every good thing which the LORD thy God hath given unto thee, and unto thine house, thou, and the Levite, and the stranger that is among you. +When thou hast made an end of tithing all the tithes of thine increase the third year, which is the year of tithing, and hast given it unto the Levite, the stranger, the fatherless, and the widow, that they may eat within thy gates, and be filled; +Then thou shalt say before the LORD thy God, I have brought away the hallowed things out of mine house, and also have given them unto the Levite, and unto the stranger, to the fatherless, and to the widow, according to all thy commandments which thou hast commanded me: I have not transgressed thy commandments, neither have I forgotten them. +I have not eaten thereof in my mourning, neither have I taken away ought thereof for any unclean use, nor given ought thereof for the dead: but I have hearkened to the voice of the LORD my God, and have done according to all that thou hast commanded me. +Look down from thy holy habitation, from heaven, and bless thy people Israel, and the land which thou hast given us, as thou swarest unto our fathers, a land that floweth with milk and honey. +This day the LORD thy God hath commanded thee to do these statutes and judgments: thou shalt therefore keep and do them with all thine heart, and with all thy soul. +Thou hast avouched the LORD this day to be thy God, and to walk in his ways, and to keep his statutes, and his commandments, and his judgments, and to hearken unto his voice: +And the LORD hath avouched thee this day to be his peculiar people, as he hath promised thee, and that thou shouldest keep all his commandments; +And to make thee high above all nations which he hath made, in praise, and in name, and in honour; and that thou mayest be an holy people unto the LORD thy God, as he hath spoken. +And Moses with the elders of Israel commanded the people, saying, Keep all the commandments which I command you this day. +And it shall be on the day when ye shall pass over Jordan unto the land which the LORD thy God giveth thee, that thou shalt set thee up great stones, and plaister them with plaister: +And thou shalt write upon them all the words of this law, when thou art passed over, that thou mayest go in unto the land which the LORD thy God giveth thee, a land that floweth with milk and honey; as the LORD God of thy fathers hath promised thee. +Therefore it shall be when ye be gone over Jordan, that ye shall set up these stones, which I command you this day, in mount Ebal, and thou shalt plaister them with plaister. +And there shalt thou build an altar unto the LORD thy God, an altar of stones: thou shalt not lift up any iron tool upon them. +Thou shalt build the altar of the LORD thy God of whole stones: and thou shalt offer burnt offerings thereon unto the LORD thy God: +And thou shalt offer peace offerings, and shalt eat there, and rejoice before the LORD thy God. +And thou shalt write upon the stones all the words of this law very plainly. +And Moses and the priests the Levites spake unto all Israel, saying, Take heed, and hearken, O Israel; this day thou art become the people of the LORD thy God. +Thou shalt therefore obey the voice of the LORD thy God, and do his commandments and his statutes, which I command thee this day. +And Moses charged the people the same day, saying, +These shall stand upon mount Gerizim to bless the people, when ye are come over Jordan; Simeon, and Levi, and Judah, and Issachar, and Joseph, and Benjamin: +And these shall stand upon mount Ebal to curse; Reuben, Gad, and Asher, and Zebulun, Dan, and Naphtali. +And the Levites shall speak, and say unto all the men of Israel with a loud voice, +Cursed be the man that maketh any graven or molten image, an abomination unto the LORD, the work of the hands of the craftsman, and putteth it in a secret place. And all the people shall answer and say, Amen. +Cursed be he that setteth light by his father or his mother. And all the people shall say, Amen. +Cursed be he that removeth his neighbour's landmark. And all the people shall say, Amen. +Cursed be he that maketh the blind to wander out of the way. And all the people shall say, Amen. +Cursed be he that perverteth the judgment of the stranger, fatherless, and widow. And all the people shall say, Amen. +Cursed be he that lieth with his father's wife; because he uncovereth his father's skirt. And all the people shall say, Amen. +Cursed be he that lieth with any manner of beast. And all the people shall say, Amen. +Cursed be he that lieth with his sister, the daughter of his father, or the daughter of his mother. And all the people shall say, Amen. +Cursed be he that lieth with his mother in law. And all the people shall say, Amen. +Cursed be he that smiteth his neighbour secretly. And all the people shall say, Amen. +Cursed be he that taketh reward to slay an innocent person. And all the people shall say, Amen. +Cursed be he that confirmeth not all the words of this law to do them. And all the people shall say, Amen. +And it shall come to pass, if thou shalt hearken diligently unto the voice of the LORD thy God, to observe and to do all his commandments which I command thee this day, that the LORD thy God will set thee on high above all nations of the earth: +And all these blessings shall come on thee, and overtake thee, if thou shalt hearken unto the voice of the LORD thy God. +Blessed shalt thou be in the city, and blessed shalt thou be in the field. +Blessed shall be the fruit of thy body, and the fruit of thy ground, and the fruit of thy cattle, the increase of thy kine, and the flocks of thy sheep. +Blessed shall be thy basket and thy store. +Blessed shalt thou be when thou comest in, and blessed shalt thou be when thou goest out. +The LORD shall cause thine enemies that rise up against thee to be smitten before thy face: they shall come out against thee one way, and flee before thee seven ways. +The LORD shall command the blessing upon thee in thy storehouses, and in all that thou settest thine hand unto; and he shall bless thee in the land which the LORD thy God giveth thee. +The LORD shall establish thee an holy people unto himself, as he hath sworn unto thee, if thou shalt keep the commandments of the LORD thy God, and walk in his ways. +And all people of the earth shall see that thou art called by the name of the LORD; and they shall be afraid of thee. +And the LORD shall make thee plenteous in goods, in the fruit of thy body, and in the fruit of thy cattle, and in the fruit of thy ground, in the land which the LORD sware unto thy fathers to give thee. +The LORD shall open unto thee his good treasure, the heaven to give the rain unto thy land in his season, and to bless all the work of thine hand: and thou shalt lend unto many nations, and thou shalt not borrow. +And the LORD shall make thee the head, and not the tail; and thou shalt be above only, and thou shalt not be beneath; if that thou hearken unto the commandments of the LORD thy God, which I command thee this day, to observe and to do them: +And thou shalt not go aside from any of the words which I command thee this day, to the right hand, or to the left, to go after other gods to serve them. +But it shall come to pass, if thou wilt not hearken unto the voice of the LORD thy God, to observe to do all his commandments and his statutes which I command thee this day; that all these curses shall come upon thee, and overtake thee: +Cursed shalt thou be in the city, and cursed shalt thou be in the field. +Cursed shall be thy basket and thy store. +Cursed shall be the fruit of thy body, and the fruit of thy land, the increase of thy kine, and the flocks of thy sheep. +Cursed shalt thou be when thou comest in, and cursed shalt thou be when thou goest out. +The LORD shall send upon thee cursing, vexation, and rebuke, in all that thou settest thine hand unto for to do, until thou be destroyed, and until thou perish quickly; because of the wickedness of thy doings, whereby thou hast forsaken me. +The LORD shall make the pestilence cleave unto thee, until he have consumed thee from off the land, whither thou goest to possess it. +The LORD shall smite thee with a consumption, and with a fever, and with an inflammation, and with an extreme burning, and with the sword, and with blasting, and with mildew; and they shall pursue thee until thou perish. +And thy heaven that is over thy head shall be brass, and the earth that is under thee shall be iron. +The LORD shall make the rain of thy land powder and dust: from heaven shall it come down upon thee, until thou be destroyed. +The LORD shall cause thee to be smitten before thine enemies: thou shalt go out one way against them, and flee seven ways before them: and shalt be removed into all the kingdoms of the earth. +And thy carcase shall be meat unto all fowls of the air, and unto the beasts of the earth, and no man shall fray them away. +The LORD will smite thee with the botch of Egypt, and with the emerods, and with the scab, and with the itch, whereof thou canst not be healed. +The LORD shall smite thee with madness, and blindness, and astonishment of heart: +And thou shalt grope at noonday, as the blind gropeth in darkness, and thou shalt not prosper in thy ways: and thou shalt be only oppressed and spoiled evermore, and no man shall save thee. +Thou shalt betroth a wife, and another man shall lie with her: thou shalt build an house, and thou shalt not dwell therein: thou shalt plant a vineyard, and shalt not gather the grapes thereof. +Thine ox shall be slain before thine eyes, and thou shalt not eat thereof: thine ass shall be violently taken away from before thy face, and shall not be restored to thee: thy sheep shall be given unto thine enemies, and thou shalt have none to rescue them. +Thy sons and thy daughters shall be given unto another people, and thine eyes shall look, and fail with longing for them all the day long; and there shall be no might in thine hand. +The fruit of thy land, and all thy labours, shall a nation which thou knowest not eat up; and thou shalt be only oppressed and crushed alway: +So that thou shalt be mad for the sight of thine eyes which thou shalt see. +The LORD shall smite thee in the knees, and in the legs, with a sore botch that cannot be healed, from the sole of thy foot unto the top of thy head. +The LORD shall bring thee, and thy king which thou shalt set over thee, unto a nation which neither thou nor thy fathers have known; and there shalt thou serve other gods, wood and stone. +And thou shalt become an astonishment, a proverb, and a byword, among all nations whither the LORD shall lead thee. +Thou shalt carry much seed out into the field, and shalt gather but little in; for the locust shall consume it. +Thou shalt plant vineyards, and dress them, but shalt neither drink of the wine, nor gather the grapes; for the worms shall eat them. +Thou shalt have olive trees throughout all thy coasts, but thou shalt not anoint thyself with the oil; for thine olive shall cast his fruit. +Thou shalt beget sons and daughters, but thou shalt not enjoy them; for they shall go into captivity. +All thy trees and fruit of thy land shall the locust consume. +The stranger that is within thee shall get up above thee very high; and thou shalt come down very low. +He shall lend to thee, and thou shalt not lend to him: he shall be the head, and thou shalt be the tail. +Moreover all these curses shall come upon thee, and shall pursue thee, and overtake thee, till thou be destroyed; because thou hearkenedst not unto the voice of the LORD thy God, to keep his commandments and his statutes which he commanded thee: +And they shall be upon thee for a sign and for a wonder, and upon thy seed for ever. +Because thou servedst not the LORD thy God with joyfulness, and with gladness of heart, for the abundance of all things; +Therefore shalt thou serve thine enemies which the LORD shall send against thee, in hunger, and in thirst, and in nakedness, and in want of all things: and he shall put a yoke of iron upon thy neck, until he have destroyed thee. +The LORD shall bring a nation against thee from far, from the end of the earth, as swift as the eagle flieth; a nation whose tongue thou shalt not understand; +A nation of fierce countenance, which shall not regard the person of the old, nor shew favour to the young: +And he shall eat the fruit of thy cattle, and the fruit of thy land, until thou be destroyed: which also shall not leave thee either corn, wine, or oil, or the increase of thy kine, or flocks of thy sheep, until he have destroyed thee. +And he shall besiege thee in all thy gates, until thy high and fenced walls come down, wherein thou trustedst, throughout all thy land: and he shall besiege thee in all thy gates throughout all thy land, which the LORD thy God hath given thee. +And thou shalt eat the fruit of thine own body, the flesh of thy sons and of thy daughters, which the LORD thy God hath given thee, in the siege, and in the straitness, wherewith thine enemies shall distress thee: +So that the man that is tender among you, and very delicate, his eye shall be evil toward his brother, and toward the wife of his bosom, and toward the remnant of his children which he shall leave: +So that he will not give to any of them of the flesh of his children whom he shall eat: because he hath nothing left him in the siege, and in the straitness, wherewith thine enemies shall distress thee in all thy gates. +The tender and delicate woman among you, which would not adventure to set the sole of her foot upon the ground for delicateness and tenderness, her eye shall be evil toward the husband of her bosom, and toward her son, and toward her daughter, +And toward her young one that cometh out from between her feet, and toward her children which she shall bear: for she shall eat them for want of all things secretly in the siege and straitness, wherewith thine enemy shall distress thee in thy gates. +If thou wilt not observe to do all the words of this law that are written in this book, that thou mayest fear this glorious and fearful name, THE LORD THY GOD; +Then the LORD will make thy plagues wonderful, and the plagues of thy seed, even great plagues, and of long continuance, and sore sicknesses, and of long continuance. +Moreover he will bring upon thee all the diseases of Egypt, which thou wast afraid of; and they shall cleave unto thee. +Also every sickness, and every plague, which is not written in the book of this law, them will the LORD bring upon thee, until thou be destroyed. +And ye shall be left few in number, whereas ye were as the stars of heaven for multitude; because thou wouldest not obey the voice of the LORD thy God. +And it shall come to pass, that as the LORD rejoiced over you to do you good, and to multiply you; so the LORD will rejoice over you to destroy you, and to bring you to nought; and ye shall be plucked from off the land whither thou goest to possess it. +And the LORD shall scatter thee among all people, from the one end of the earth even unto the other; and there thou shalt serve other gods, which neither thou nor thy fathers have known, even wood and stone. +And among these nations shalt thou find no ease, neither shall the sole of thy foot have rest: but the LORD shall give thee there a trembling heart, and failing of eyes, and sorrow of mind: +And thy life shall hang in doubt before thee; and thou shalt fear day and night, and shalt have none assurance of thy life: +In the morning thou shalt say, Would God it were even! and at even thou shalt say, Would God it were morning! for the fear of thine heart wherewith thou shalt fear, and for the sight of thine eyes which thou shalt see. +And the LORD shall bring thee into Egypt again with ships, by the way whereof I spake unto thee, Thou shalt see it no more again: and there ye shall be sold unto your enemies for bondmen and bondwomen, and no man shall buy you. +These are the words of the covenant, which the LORD commanded Moses to make with the children of Israel in the land of Moab, beside the covenant which he made with them in Horeb. +And Moses called unto all Israel, and said unto them, Ye have seen all that the LORD did before your eyes in the land of Egypt unto Pharaoh, and unto all his servants, and unto all his land; +The great temptations which thine eyes have seen, the signs, and those great miracles: +Yet the LORD hath not given you an heart to perceive, and eyes to see, and ears to hear, unto this day. +And I have led you forty years in the wilderness: your clothes are not waxen old upon you, and thy shoe is not waxen old upon thy foot. +Ye have not eaten bread, neither have ye drunk wine or strong drink: that ye might know that I am the LORD your God. +And when ye came unto this place, Sihon the king of Heshbon, and Og the king of Bashan, came out against us unto battle, and we smote them: +And we took their land, and gave it for an inheritance unto the Reubenites, and to the Gadites, and to the half tribe of Manasseh. +Keep therefore the words of this covenant, and do them, that ye may prosper in all that ye do. +Ye stand this day all of you before the LORD your God; your captains of your tribes, your elders, and your officers, with all the men of Israel, +Your little ones, your wives, and thy stranger that is in thy camp, from the hewer of thy wood unto the drawer of thy water: +That thou shouldest enter into covenant with the LORD thy God, and into his oath, which the LORD thy God maketh with thee this day: +That he may establish thee to day for a people unto himself, and that he may be unto thee a God, as he hath said unto thee, and as he hath sworn unto thy fathers, to Abraham, to Isaac, and to Jacob. +Neither with you only do I make this covenant and this oath; +But with him that standeth here with us this day before the LORD our God, and also with him that is not here with us this day: +(For ye know how we have dwelt in the land of Egypt; and how we came through the nations which ye passed by; +And ye have seen their abominations, and their idols, wood and stone, silver and gold, which were among them:) +Lest there should be among you man, or woman, or family, or tribe, whose heart turneth away this day from the LORD our God, to go and serve the gods of these nations; lest there should be among you a root that beareth gall and wormwood; +And it come to pass, when he heareth the words of this curse, that he bless himself in his heart, saying, I shall have peace, though I walk in the imagination of mine heart, to add drunkenness to thirst: +The LORD will not spare him, but then the anger of the LORD and his jealousy shall smoke against that man, and all the curses that are written in this book shall lie upon him, and the LORD shall blot out his name from under heaven. +And the LORD shall separate him unto evil out of all the tribes of Israel, according to all the curses of the covenant that are written in this book of the law: +So that the generation to come of your children that shall rise up after you, and the stranger that shall come from a far land, shall say, when they see the plagues of that land, and the sicknesses which the LORD hath laid upon it; +And that the whole land thereof is brimstone, and salt, and burning, that it is not sown, nor beareth, nor any grass groweth therein, like the overthrow of Sodom, and Gomorrah, Admah, and Zeboim, which the LORD overthrew in his anger, and in his wrath: +Even all nations shall say, Wherefore hath the LORD done thus unto this land? what meaneth the heat of this great anger? +Then men shall say, Because they have forsaken the covenant of the LORD God of their fathers, which he made with them when he brought them forth out of the land of Egypt: +For they went and served other gods, and worshipped them, gods whom they knew not, and whom he had not given unto them: +And the anger of the LORD was kindled against this land, to bring upon it all the curses that are written in this book: +And the LORD rooted them out of their land in anger, and in wrath, and in great indignation, and cast them into another land, as it is this day. +The secret things belong unto the LORD our God: but those things which are revealed belong unto us and to our children for ever, that we may do all the words of this law. +And it shall come to pass, when all these things are come upon thee, the blessing and the curse, which I have set before thee, and thou shalt call them to mind among all the nations, whither the LORD thy God hath driven thee, +And shalt return unto the LORD thy God, and shalt obey his voice according to all that I command thee this day, thou and thy children, with all thine heart, and with all thy soul; +That then the LORD thy God will turn thy captivity, and have compassion upon thee, and will return and gather thee from all the nations, whither the LORD thy God hath scattered thee. +If any of thine be driven out unto the outmost parts of heaven, from thence will the LORD thy God gather thee, and from thence will he fetch thee: +And the LORD thy God will bring thee into the land which thy fathers possessed, and thou shalt possess it; and he will do thee good, and multiply thee above thy fathers. +And the LORD thy God will circumcise thine heart, and the heart of thy seed, to love the LORD thy God with all thine heart, and with all thy soul, that thou mayest live. +And the LORD thy God will put all these curses upon thine enemies, and on them that hate thee, which persecuted thee. +And thou shalt return and obey the voice of the LORD, and do all his commandments which I command thee this day. +And the LORD thy God will make thee plenteous in every work of thine hand, in the fruit of thy body, and in the fruit of thy cattle, and in the fruit of thy land, for good: for the LORD will again rejoice over thee for good, as he rejoiced over thy fathers: +If thou shalt hearken unto the voice of the LORD thy God, to keep his commandments and his statutes which are written in this book of the law, and if thou turn unto the LORD thy God with all thine heart, and with all thy soul. +For this commandment which I command thee this day, it is not hidden from thee, neither is it far off. +It is not in heaven, that thou shouldest say, Who shall go up for us to heaven, and bring it unto us, that we may hear it, and do it? +Neither is it beyond the sea, that thou shouldest say, Who shall go over the sea for us, and bring it unto us, that we may hear it, and do it? +But the word is very nigh unto thee, in thy mouth, and in thy heart, that thou mayest do it. +See, I have set before thee this day life and good, and death and evil; +In that I command thee this day to love the LORD thy God, to walk in his ways, and to keep his commandments and his statutes and his judgments, that thou mayest live and multiply: and the LORD thy God shall bless thee in the land whither thou goest to possess it. +But if thine heart turn away, so that thou wilt not hear, but shalt be drawn away, and worship other gods, and serve them; +I denounce unto you this day, that ye shall surely perish, and that ye shall not prolong your days upon the land, whither thou passest over Jordan to go to possess it. +I call heaven and earth to record this day against you, that I have set before you life and death, blessing and cursing: therefore choose life, that both thou and thy seed may live: +That thou mayest love the LORD thy God, and that thou mayest obey his voice, and that thou mayest cleave unto him: for he is thy life, and the length of thy days: that thou mayest dwell in the land which the LORD sware unto thy fathers, to Abraham, to Isaac, and to Jacob, to give them. +And Moses went and spake these words unto all Israel. +And he said unto them, I am an hundred and twenty years old this day; I can no more go out and come in: also the LORD hath said unto me, Thou shalt not go over this Jordan. +The LORD thy God, he will go over before thee, and he will destroy these nations from before thee, and thou shalt possess them: and Joshua, he shall go over before thee, as the LORD hath said. +And the LORD shall do unto them as he did to Sihon and to Og, kings of the Amorites, and unto the land of them, whom he destroyed. +And the LORD shall give them up before your face, that ye may do unto them according unto all the commandments which I have commanded you. +Be strong and of a good courage, fear not, nor be afraid of them: for the LORD thy God, he it is that doth go with thee; he will not fail thee, nor forsake thee. +And Moses called unto Joshua, and said unto him in the sight of all Israel, Be strong and of a good courage: for thou must go with this people unto the land which the LORD hath sworn unto their fathers to give them; and thou shalt cause them to inherit it. +And the LORD, he it is that doth go before thee; he will be with thee, he will not fail thee, neither forsake thee: fear not, neither be dismayed. +And Moses wrote this law, and delivered it unto the priests the sons of Levi, which bare the ark of the covenant of the LORD, and unto all the elders of Israel. +And Moses commanded them, saying, At the end of every seven years, in the solemnity of the year of release, in the feast of tabernacles, +When all Israel is come to appear before the LORD thy God in the place which he shall choose, thou shalt read this law before all Israel in their hearing. +Gather the people together, men and women, and children, and thy stranger that is within thy gates, that they may hear, and that they may learn, and fear the LORD your God, and observe to do all the words of this law: +And that their children, which have not known any thing, may hear, and learn to fear the LORD your God, as long as ye live in the land whither ye go over Jordan to possess it. +And the LORD said unto Moses, Behold, thy days approach that thou must die: call Joshua, and present yourselves in the tabernacle of the congregation, that I may give him a charge. And Moses and Joshua went, and presented themselves in the tabernacle of the congregation. +And the LORD appeared in the tabernacle in a pillar of a cloud: and the pillar of the cloud stood over the door of the tabernacle. +And the LORD said unto Moses, Behold, thou shalt sleep with thy fathers; and this people will rise up, and go a whoring after the gods of the strangers of the land, whither they go to be among them, and will forsake me, and break my covenant which I have made with them. +Then my anger shall be kindled against them in that day, and I will forsake them, and I will hide my face from them, and they shall be devoured, and many evils and troubles shall befall them; so that they will say in that day, Are not these evils come upon us, because our God is not among us? +And I will surely hide my face in that day for all the evils which they shall have wrought, in that they are turned unto other gods. +Now therefore write ye this song for you, and teach it the children of Israel: put it in their mouths, that this song may be a witness for me against the children of Israel. +For when I shall have brought them into the land which I sware unto their fathers, that floweth with milk and honey; and they shall have eaten and filled themselves, and waxen fat; then will they turn unto other gods, and serve them, and provoke me, and break my covenant. +And it shall come to pass, when many evils and troubles are befallen them, that this song shall testify against them as a witness; for it shall not be forgotten out of the mouths of their seed: for I know their imagination which they go about, even now, before I have brought them into the land which I sware. +Moses therefore wrote this song the same day, and taught it the children of Israel. +And he gave Joshua the son of Nun a charge, and said, Be strong and of a good courage: for thou shalt bring the children of Israel into the land which I sware unto them: and I will be with thee. +And it came to pass, when Moses had made an end of writing the words of this law in a book, until they were finished, +That Moses commanded the Levites, which bare the ark of the covenant of the LORD, saying, +Take this book of the law, and put it in the side of the ark of the covenant of the LORD your God, that it may be there for a witness against thee. +For I know thy rebellion, and thy stiff neck: behold, while I am yet alive with you this day, ye have been rebellious against the LORD; and how much more after my death? +Gather unto me all the elders of your tribes, and your officers, that I may speak these words in their ears, and call heaven and earth to record against them. +For I know that after my death ye will utterly corrupt yourselves, and turn aside from the way which I have commanded you; and evil will befall you in the latter days; because ye will do evil in the sight of the LORD, to provoke him to anger through the work of your hands. +And Moses spake in the ears of all the congregation of Israel the words of this song, until they were ended. +Give ear, O ye heavens, and I will speak; and hear, O earth, the words of my mouth. +My doctrine shall drop as the rain, my speech shall distil as the dew, as the small rain upon the tender herb, and as the showers upon the grass: +Because I will publish the name of the LORD: ascribe ye greatness unto our God. +He is the Rock, his work is perfect: for all his ways are judgment: a God of truth and without iniquity, just and right is he. +They have corrupted themselves, their spot is not the spot of his children: they are a perverse and crooked generation. +Do ye thus requite the LORD, O foolish people and unwise? is not he thy father that hath bought thee? hath he not made thee, and established thee? +Remember the days of old, consider the years of many generations: ask thy father, and he will shew thee; thy elders, and they will tell thee. +When the Most High divided to the nations their inheritance, when he separated the sons of Adam, he set the bounds of the people according to the number of the children of Israel. +For the LORD's portion is his people; Jacob is the lot of his inheritance. +He found him in a desert land, and in the waste howling wilderness; he led him about, he instructed him, he kept him as the apple of his eye. +As an eagle stirreth up her nest, fluttereth over her young, spreadeth abroad her wings, taketh them, beareth them on her wings: +So the LORD alone did lead him, and there was no strange god with him. +He made him ride on the high places of the earth, that he might eat the increase of the fields; and he made him to suck honey out of the rock, and oil out of the flinty rock; +Butter of kine, and milk of sheep, with fat of lambs, and rams of the breed of Bashan, and goats, with the fat of kidneys of wheat; and thou didst drink the pure blood of the grape. +But Jeshurun waxed fat, and kicked: thou art waxen fat, thou art grown thick, thou art covered with fatness; then he forsook God which made him, and lightly esteemed the Rock of his salvation. +They provoked him to jealousy with strange gods, with abominations provoked they him to anger. +They sacrificed unto devils, not to God; to gods whom they knew not, to new gods that came newly up, whom your fathers feared not. +Of the Rock that begat thee thou art unmindful, and hast forgotten God that formed thee. +And when the LORD saw it, he abhorred them, because of the provoking of his sons, and of his daughters. +And he said, I will hide my face from them, I will see what their end shall be: for they are a very froward generation, children in whom is no faith. +They have moved me to jealousy with that which is not God; they have provoked me to anger with their vanities: and I will move them to jealousy with those which are not a people; I will provoke them to anger with a foolish nation. +For a fire is kindled in mine anger, and shall burn unto the lowest hell, and shall consume the earth with her increase, and set on fire the foundations of the mountains. +I will heap mischiefs upon them; I will spend mine arrows upon them. +They shall be burnt with hunger, and devoured with burning heat, and with bitter destruction: I will also send the teeth of beasts upon them, with the poison of serpents of the dust. +The sword without, and terror within, shall destroy both the young man and the virgin, the suckling also with the man of gray hairs. +I said, I would scatter them into corners, I would make the remembrance of them to cease from among men: +Were it not that I feared the wrath of the enemy, lest their adversaries should behave themselves strangely, and lest they should say, Our hand is high, and the LORD hath not done all this. +For they are a nation void of counsel, neither is there any understanding in them. +O that they were wise, that they understood this, that they would consider their latter end! +How should one chase a thousand, and two put ten thousand to flight, except their Rock had sold them, and the LORD had shut them up? +For their rock is not as our Rock, even our enemies themselves being judges. +For their vine is of the vine of Sodom, and of the fields of Gomorrah: their grapes are grapes of gall, their clusters are bitter: +Their wine is the poison of dragons, and the cruel venom of asps. +Is not this laid up in store with me, and sealed up among my treasures? +To me belongeth vengeance and recompence; their foot shall slide in due time: for the day of their calamity is at hand, and the things that shall come upon them make haste. +For the LORD shall judge his people, and repent himself for his servants, when he seeth that their power is gone, and there is none shut up, or left. +And he shall say, Where are their gods, their rock in whom they trusted, +Which did eat the fat of their sacrifices, and drank the wine of their drink offerings? let them rise up and help you, and be your protection. +See now that I, even I, am he, and there is no god with me: I kill, and I make alive; I wound, and I heal: neither is there any that can deliver out of my hand. +For I lift up my hand to heaven, and say, I live for ever. +If I whet my glittering sword, and mine hand take hold on judgment; I will render vengeance to mine enemies, and will reward them that hate me. +I will make mine arrows drunk with blood, and my sword shall devour flesh; and that with the blood of the slain and of the captives, from the beginning of revenges upon the enemy. +Rejoice, O ye nations, with his people: for he will avenge the blood of his servants, and will render vengeance to his adversaries, and will be merciful unto his land, and to his people. +And Moses came and spake all the words of this song in the ears of the people, he, and Hoshea the son of Nun. +And Moses made an end of speaking all these words to all Israel: +And he said unto them, Set your hearts unto all the words which I testify among you this day, which ye shall command your children to observe to do, all the words of this law. +For it is not a vain thing for you; because it is your life: and through this thing ye shall prolong your days in the land, whither ye go over Jordan to possess it. +And the LORD spake unto Moses that selfsame day, saying, +Get thee up into this mountain Abarim, unto mount Nebo, which is in the land of Moab, that is over against Jericho; and behold the land of Canaan, which I give unto the children of Israel for a possession: +And die in the mount whither thou goest up, and be gathered unto thy people; as Aaron thy brother died in mount Hor, and was gathered unto his people: +Because ye trespassed against me among the children of Israel at the waters of MeribahKadesh, in the wilderness of Zin; because ye sanctified me not in the midst of the children of Israel. +Yet thou shalt see the land before thee; but thou shalt not go thither unto the land which I give the children of Israel. +And this is the blessing, wherewith Moses the man of God blessed the children of Israel before his death. +And he said, The LORD came from Sinai, and rose up from Seir unto them; he shined forth from mount Paran, and he came with ten thousands of saints: from his right hand went a fiery law for them. +Yea, he loved the people; all his saints are in thy hand: and they sat down at thy feet; every one shall receive of thy words. +Moses commanded us a law, even the inheritance of the congregation of Jacob. +And he was king in Jeshurun, when the heads of the people and the tribes of Israel were gathered together. +Let Reuben live, and not die; and let not his men be few. +And this is the blessing of Judah: and he said, Hear, LORD, the voice of Judah, and bring him unto his people: let his hands be sufficient for him; and be thou an help to him from his enemies. +And of Levi he said, Let thy Thummim and thy Urim be with thy holy one, whom thou didst prove at Massah, and with whom thou didst strive at the waters of Meribah; +Who said unto his father and to his mother, I have not seen him; neither did he acknowledge his brethren, nor knew his own children: for they have observed thy word, and kept thy covenant. +They shall teach Jacob thy judgments, and Israel thy law: they shall put incense before thee, and whole burnt sacrifice upon thine altar. +Bless, LORD, his substance, and accept the work of his hands; smite through the loins of them that rise against him, and of them that hate him, that they rise not again. +And of Benjamin he said, The beloved of the LORD shall dwell in safety by him; and the Lord shall cover him all the day long, and he shall dwell between his shoulders. +And of Joseph he said, Blessed of the LORD be his land, for the precious things of heaven, for the dew, and for the deep that coucheth beneath, +And for the precious fruits brought forth by the sun, and for the precious things put forth by the moon, +And for the chief things of the ancient mountains, and for the precious things of the lasting hills, +And for the precious things of the earth and fulness thereof, and for the good will of him that dwelt in the bush: let the blessing come upon the head of Joseph, and upon the top of the head of him that was separated from his brethren. +His glory is like the firstling of his bullock, and his horns are like the horns of unicorns: with them he shall push the people together to the ends of the earth: and they are the ten thousands of Ephraim, and they are the thousands of Manasseh. +And of Zebulun he said, Rejoice, Zebulun, in thy going out; and, Issachar, in thy tents. +They shall call the people unto the mountain; there they shall offer sacrifices of righteousness: for they shall suck of the abundance of the seas, and of treasures hid in the sand. +And of Gad he said, Blessed be he that enlargeth Gad: he dwelleth as a lion, and teareth the arm with the crown of the head. +And he provided the first part for himself, because there, in a portion of the lawgiver, was he seated; and he came with the heads of the people, he executed the justice of the LORD, and his judgments with Israel. +And of Dan he said, Dan is a lion's whelp: he shall leap from Bashan. +And of Naphtali he said, O Naphtali, satisfied with favour, and full with the blessing of the LORD: possess thou the west and the south. +And of Asher he said, Let Asher be blessed with children; let him be acceptable to his brethren, and let him dip his foot in oil. +Thy shoes shall be iron and brass; and as thy days, so shall thy strength be. +There is none like unto the God of Jeshurun, who rideth upon the heaven in thy help, and in his excellency on the sky. +The eternal God is thy refuge, and underneath are the everlasting arms: and he shall thrust out the enemy from before thee; and shall say, Destroy them. +Israel then shall dwell in safety alone: the fountain of Jacob shall be upon a land of corn and wine; also his heavens shall drop down dew. +Happy art thou, O Israel: who is like unto thee, O people saved by the LORD, the shield of thy help, and who is the sword of thy excellency! and thine enemies shall be found liars unto thee; and thou shalt tread upon their high places. +And Moses went up from the plains of Moab unto the mountain of Nebo, to the top of Pisgah, that is over against Jericho. And the LORD shewed him all the land of Gilead, unto Dan, +And all Naphtali, and the land of Ephraim, and Manasseh, and all the land of Judah, unto the utmost sea, +And the south, and the plain of the valley of Jericho, the city of palm trees, unto Zoar. +And the LORD said unto him, This is the land which I sware unto Abraham, unto Isaac, and unto Jacob, saying, I will give it unto thy seed: I have caused thee to see it with thine eyes, but thou shalt not go over thither. +So Moses the servant of the LORD died there in the land of Moab, according to the word of the LORD. +And he buried him in a valley in the land of Moab, over against Bethpeor: but no man knoweth of his sepulchre unto this day. +And Moses was an hundred and twenty years old when he died: his eye was not dim, nor his natural force abated. +And the children of Israel wept for Moses in the plains of Moab thirty days: so the days of weeping and mourning for Moses were ended. +And Joshua the son of Nun was full of the spirit of wisdom; for Moses had laid his hands upon him: and the children of Israel hearkened unto him, and did as the LORD commanded Moses. +And there arose not a prophet since in Israel like unto Moses, whom the LORD knew face to face, +In all the signs and the wonders, which the LORD sent him to do in the land of Egypt to Pharaoh, and to all his servants, and to all his land, +And in all that mighty hand, and in all the great terror which Moses shewed in the sight of all Israel. +Now after the death of Moses the servant of the LORD it came to pass, that the LORD spake unto Joshua the son of Nun, Moses' minister, saying, +Moses my servant is dead; now therefore arise, go over this Jordan, thou, and all this people, unto the land which I do give to them, even to the children of Israel. +Every place that the sole of your foot shall tread upon, that have I given unto you, as I said unto Moses. +From the wilderness and this Lebanon even unto the great river, the river Euphrates, all the land of the Hittites, and unto the great sea toward the going down of the sun, shall be your coast. +There shall not any man be able to stand before thee all the days of thy life: as I was with Moses, so I will be with thee: I will not fail thee, nor forsake thee. +Be strong and of a good courage: for unto this people shalt thou divide for an inheritance the land, which I sware unto their fathers to give them. +Only be thou strong and very courageous, that thou mayest observe to do according to all the law, which Moses my servant commanded thee: turn not from it to the right hand or to the left, that thou mayest prosper withersoever thou goest. +This book of the law shall not depart out of thy mouth; but thou shalt meditate therein day and night, that thou mayest observe to do according to all that is written therein: for then thou shalt make thy way prosperous, and then thou shalt have good success. +Have not I commanded thee? Be strong and of a good courage; be not afraid, neither be thou dismayed: for the LORD thy God is with thee whithersoever thou goest. +Then Joshua commanded the officers of the people, saying, +Pass through the host, and command the people, saying, Prepare you victuals; for within three days ye shall pass over this Jordan, to go in to possess the land, which the LORD your God giveth you to possess it. +And to the Reubenites, and to the Gadites, and to half the tribe of Manasseh, spake Joshua, saying, +Remember the word which Moses the servant of the LORD commanded you, saying, The LORD your God hath given you rest, and hath given you this land. +Your wives, your little ones, and your cattle, shall remain in the land which Moses gave you on this side Jordan; but ye shall pass before your brethren armed, all the mighty men of valour, and help them; +Until the LORD have given your brethren rest, as he hath given you, and they also have possessed the land which the LORD your God giveth them: then ye shall return unto the land of your possession, and enjoy it, which Moses the LORD's servant gave you on this side Jordan toward the sunrising. +And they answered Joshua, saying, All that thou commandest us we will do, and whithersoever thou sendest us, we will go. +According as we hearkened unto Moses in all things, so will we hearken unto thee: only the LORD thy God be with thee, as he was with Moses. +Whosoever he be that doth rebel against thy commandment, and will not hearken unto thy words in all that thou commandest him, he shall be put to death: only be strong and of a good courage. +And Joshua the son of Nun sent out of Shittim two men to spy secretly, saying, Go view the land, even Jericho. And they went, and came into an harlot's house, named Rahab, and lodged there. +And it was told the king of Jericho, saying, Behold, there came men in hither to night of the children of Israel to search out the country. +And the king of Jericho sent unto Rahab, saying, Bring forth the men that are come to thee, which are entered into thine house: for they be come to search out all the country. +And the woman took the two men, and hid them, and said thus, There came men unto me, but I wist not whence they were: +And it came to pass about the time of shutting of the gate, when it was dark, that the men went out: whither the men went I wot not: pursue after them quickly; for ye shall overtake them. +But she had brought them up to the roof of the house, and hid them with the stalks of flax, which she had laid in order upon the roof. +And the men pursued after them the way to Jordan unto the fords: and as soon as they which pursued after them were gone out, they shut the gate. +And before they were laid down, she came up unto them upon the roof; +And she said unto the men, I know that the LORD hath given you the land, and that your terror is fallen upon us, and that all the inhabitants of the land faint because of you. +For we have heard how the LORD dried up the water of the Red sea for you, when ye came out of Egypt; and what ye did unto the two kings of the Amorites, that were on the other side Jordan, Sihon and Og, whom ye utterly destroyed. +And as soon as we had heard these things, our hearts did melt, neither did there remain any more courage in any man, because of you: for the LORD your God, he is God in heaven above, and in earth beneath. +Now therefore, I pray you, swear unto me by the LORD, since I have shewed you kindness, that ye will also shew kindness unto my father's house, and give me a true token: +And that ye will save alive my father, and my mother, and my brethren, and my sisters, and all that they have, and deliver our lives from death. +And the men answered her, Our life for yours, if ye utter not this our business. And it shall be, when the LORD hath given us the land, that we will deal kindly and truly with thee. +Then she let them down by a cord through the window: for her house was upon the town wall, and she dwelt upon the wall. +And she said unto them, Get you to the mountain, lest the pursuers meet you; and hide yourselves there three days, until the pursuers be returned: and afterward may ye go your way. +And the men said unto her, We will be blameless of this thine oath which thou hast made us swear. +Behold, when we come into the land, thou shalt bind this line of scarlet thread in the window which thou didst let us down by: and thou shalt bring thy father, and thy mother, and thy brethren, and all thy father's household, home unto thee. +And it shall be, that whosoever shall go out of the doors of thy house into the street, his blood shall be upon his head, and we will be guiltless: and whosoever shall be with thee in the house, his blood shall be on our head, if any hand be upon him. +And if thou utter this our business, then we will be quit of thine oath which thou hast made us to swear. +And she said, According unto your words, so be it. And she sent them away, and they departed: and she bound the scarlet line in the window. +And they went, and came unto the mountain, and abode there three days, until the pursuers were returned: and the pursuers sought them throughout all the way, but found them not. +So the two men returned, and descended from the mountain, and passed over, and came to Joshua the son of Nun, and told him all things that befell them: +And they said unto Joshua, Truly the LORD hath delivered into our hands all the land; for even all the inhabitants of the country do faint because of us. +And Joshua rose early in the morning; and they removed from Shittim, and came to Jordan, he and all the children of Israel, and lodged there before they passed over. +And it came to pass after three days, that the officers went through the host; +And they commanded the people, saying, When ye see the ark of the covenant of the LORD your God, and the priests the Levites bearing it, then ye shall remove from your place, and go after it. +Yet there shall be a space between you and it, about two thousand cubits by measure: come not near unto it, that ye may know the way by which ye must go: for ye have not passed this way heretofore. +And Joshua said unto the people, Sanctify yourselves: for to morrow the LORD will do wonders among you. +And Joshua spake unto the priests, saying, Take up the ark of the covenant, and pass over before the people. And they took up the ark of the covenant, and went before the people. +And the LORD said unto Joshua, This day will I begin to magnify thee in the sight of all Israel, that they may know that, as I was with Moses, so I will be with thee. +And thou shalt command the priests that bear the ark of the covenant, saying, When ye are come to the brink of the water of Jordan, ye shall stand still in Jordan. +And Joshua said unto the children of Israel, Come hither, and hear the words of the LORD your God. +And Joshua said, Hereby ye shall know that the living God is among you, and that he will without fail drive out from before you the Canaanites, and the Hittites, and the Hivites, and the Perizzites, and the Girgashites, and the Amorites, and the Jebusites. +Behold, the ark of the covenant of the LORD of all the earth passeth over before you into Jordan. +Now therefore take you twelve men out of the tribes of Israel, out of every tribe a man. +And it shall come to pass, as soon as the soles of the feet of the priests that bear the ark of the LORD, the LORD of all the earth, shall rest in the waters of Jordan, that the waters of Jordan shall be cut off from the waters that come down from above; and they shall stand upon an heap. +And it came to pass, when the people removed from their tents, to pass over Jordan, and the priests bearing the ark of the covenant before the people; +And as they that bare the ark were come unto Jordan, and the feet of the priests that bare the ark were dipped in the brim of the water, (for Jordan overfloweth all his banks all the time of harvest,) +That the waters which came down from above stood and rose up upon an heap very far from the city Adam, that is beside Zaretan: and those that came down toward the sea of the plain, even the salt sea, failed, and were cut off: and the people passed over right against Jericho. +And the priests that bare the ark of the covenant of the LORD stood firm on dry ground in the midst of Jordan, and all the Israelites passed over on dry ground, until all the people were passed clean over Jordan. +And it came to pass, when all the people were clean passed over Jordan, that the LORD spake unto Joshua, saying, +Take you twelve men out of the people, out of every tribe a man, +And command ye them, saying, Take you hence out of the midst of Jordan, out of the place where the priests' feet stood firm, twelve stones, and ye shall carry them over with you, and leave them in the lodging place, where ye shall lodge this night. +Then Joshua called the twelve men, whom he had prepared of the children of Israel, out of every tribe a man: +And Joshua said unto them, Pass over before the ark of the LORD your God into the midst of Jordan, and take you up every man of you a stone upon his shoulder, according unto the number of the tribes of the children of Israel: +That this may be a sign among you, that when your children ask their fathers in time to come, saying, What mean ye by these stones? +Then ye shall answer them, That the waters of Jordan were cut off before the ark of the covenant of the LORD; when it passed over Jordan, the waters of Jordan were cut off: and these stones shall be for a memorial unto the children of Israel for ever. +And the children of Israel did so as Joshua commanded, and took up twelve stones out of the midst of Jordan, as the LORD spake unto Joshua, according to the number of the tribes of the children of Israel, and carried them over with them unto the place where they lodged, and laid them down there. +And Joshua set up twelve stones in the midst of Jordan, in the place where the feet of the priests which bare the ark of the covenant stood: and they are there unto this day. +For the priests which bare the ark stood in the midst of Jordan, until everything was finished that the LORD commanded Joshua to speak unto the people, according to all that Moses commanded Joshua: and the people hasted and passed over. +And it came to pass, when all the people were clean passed over, that the ark of the LORD passed over, and the priests, in the presence of the people. +And the children of Reuben, and the children of Gad, and half the tribe of Manasseh, passed over armed before the children of Israel, as Moses spake unto them: +About forty thousand prepared for war passed over before the LORD unto battle, to the plains of Jericho. +On that day the LORD magnified Joshua in the sight of all Israel; and they feared him, as they feared Moses, all the days of his life. +And the LORD spake unto Joshua, saying, +Command the priests that bear the ark of the testimony, that they come up out of Jordan. +Joshua therefore commanded the priests, saying, Come ye up out of Jordan. +And it came to pass, when the priests that bare the ark of the covenant of the LORD were come up out of the midst of Jordan, and the soles of the priests' feet were lifted up unto the dry land, that the waters of Jordan returned unto their place, and flowed over all his banks, as they did before. +And the people came up out of Jordan on the tenth day of the first month, and encamped in Gilgal, in the east border of Jericho. +And those twelve stones, which they took out of Jordan, did Joshua pitch in Gilgal. +And he spake unto the children of Israel, saying, When your children shall ask their fathers in time to come, saying, What mean these stones? +Then ye shall let your children know, saying, Israel came over this Jordan on dry land. +For the LORD your God dried up the waters of Jordan from before you, until ye were passed over, as the LORD your God did to the Red sea, which he dried up from before us, until we were gone over: +That all the people of the earth might know the hand of the LORD, that it is mighty: that ye might fear the LORD your God for ever. +And it came to pass, when all the kings of the Amorites, which were on the side of Jordan westward, and all the kings of the Canaanites, which were by the sea, heard that the LORD had dried up the waters of Jordan from before the children of Israel, until we were passed over, that their heart melted, neither was there spirit in them any more, because of the children of Israel. +At that time the LORD said unto Joshua, Make thee sharp knives, and circumcise again the children of Israel the second time. +And Joshua made him sharp knives, and circumcised the children of Israel at the hill of the foreskins. +And this is the cause why Joshua did circumcise: All the people that came out of Egypt, that were males, even all the men of war, died in the wilderness by the way, after they came out of Egypt. +Now all the people that came out were circumcised: but all the people that were born in the wilderness by the way as they came forth out of Egypt, them they had not circumcised. +For the children of Israel walked forty years in the wilderness, till all the people that were men of war, which came out of Egypt, were consumed, because they obeyed not the voice of the LORD: unto whom the LORD sware that he would not shew them the land, which the LORD sware unto their fathers that he would give us, a land that floweth with milk and honey. +And their children, whom he raised up in their stead, them Joshua circumcised: for they were uncircumcised, because they had not circumcised them by the way. +And it came to pass, when they had done circumcising all the people, that they abode in their places in the camp, till they were whole. +And the LORD said unto Joshua, This day have I rolled away the reproach of Egypt from off you. Wherefore the name of the place is called Gilgal unto this day. +And the children of Israel encamped in Gilgal, and kept the passover on the fourteenth day of the month at even in the plains of Jericho. +And they did eat of the old corn of the land on the morrow after the passover, unleavened cakes, and parched corn in the selfsame day. +And the manna ceased on the morrow after they had eaten of the old corn of the land; neither had the children of Israel manna any more; but they did eat of the fruit of the land of Canaan that year. +And it came to pass, when Joshua was by Jericho, that he lifted up his eyes and looked, and, behold, there stood a man over against him with his sword drawn in his hand: and Joshua went unto him, and said unto him, Art thou for us, or for our adversaries? +And he said, Nay; but as captain of the host of the LORD am I now come. And Joshua fell on his face to the earth, and did worship, and said unto him, What saith my Lord unto his servant? +And the captain of the LORD's host said unto Joshua, Loose thy shoe from off thy foot; for the place whereon thou standest is holy. And Joshua did so. +Now Jericho was straitly shut up because of the children of Israel: none went out, and none came in. +And the LORD said unto Joshua, See, I have given into thine hand Jericho, and the king thereof, and the mighty men of valour. +And ye shall compass the city, all ye men of war, and go round about the city once. Thus shalt thou do six days. +And seven priests shall bear before the ark seven trumpets of rams' horns: and the seventh day ye shall compass the city seven times, and the priests shall blow with the trumpets. +And it shall come to pass, that when they make a long blast with the ram's horn, and when ye hear the sound of the trumpet, all the people shall shout with a great shout; and the wall of the city shall fall down flat, and the people shall ascend up every man straight before him. +And Joshua the son of Nun called the priests, and said unto them, Take up the ark of the covenant, and let seven priests bear seven trumpets of rams' horns before the ark of the LORD. +And he said unto the people, Pass on, and compass the city, and let him that is armed pass on before the ark of the LORD. +And it came to pass, when Joshua had spoken unto the people, that the seven priests bearing the seven trumpets of rams' horns passed on before the LORD, and blew with the trumpets: and the ark of the covenant of the LORD followed them. +And the armed men went before the priests that blew with the trumpets, and the rereward came after the ark, the priests going on, and blowing with the trumpets. +And Joshua had commanded the people, saying, Ye shall not shout, nor make any noise with your voice, neither shall any word proceed out of your mouth, until the day I bid you shout; then shall ye shout. +So the ark of the LORD compassed the city, going about it once: and they came into the camp, and lodged in the camp. +And Joshua rose early in the morning, and the priests took up the ark of the LORD. +And seven priests bearing seven trumpets of rams' horns before the ark of the LORD went on continually, and blew with the trumpets: and the armed men went before them; but the rereward came after the ark of the LORD, the priests going on, and blowing with the trumpets. +And the second day they compassed the city once, and returned into the camp: so they did six days. +And it came to pass on the seventh day, that they rose early about the dawning of the day, and compassed the city after the same manner seven times: only on that day they compassed the city seven times. +And it came to pass at the seventh time, when the priests blew with the trumpets, Joshua said unto the people, Shout; for the LORD hath given you the city. +And the city shall be accursed, even it, and all that are therein, to the LORD: only Rahab the harlot shall live, she and all that are with her in the house, because she hid the messengers that we sent. +And ye, in any wise keep yourselves from the accursed thing, lest ye make yourselves accursed, when ye take of the accursed thing, and make the camp of Israel a curse, and trouble it. +But all the silver, and gold, and vessels of brass and iron, are consecrated unto the LORD: they shall come into the treasury of the LORD. +So the people shouted when the priests blew with the trumpets: and it came to pass, when the people heard the sound of the trumpet, and the people shouted with a great shout, that the wall fell down flat, so that the people went up into the city, every man straight before him, and they took the city. +And they utterly destroyed all that was in the city, both man and woman, young and old, and ox, and sheep, and ass, with the edge of the sword. +But Joshua had said unto the two men that had spied out the country, Go into the harlot's house, and bring out thence the woman, and all that she hath, as ye sware unto her. +And the young men that were spies went in, and brought out Rahab, and her father, and her mother, and her brethren, and all that she had; and they brought out all her kindred, and left them without the camp of Israel. +And they burnt the city with fire, and all that was therein: only the silver, and the gold, and the vessels of brass and of iron, they put into the treasury of the house of the LORD. +And Joshua saved Rahab the harlot alive, and her father's household, and all that she had; and she dwelleth in Israel even unto this day; because she hid the messengers, which Joshua sent to spy out Jericho. +And Joshua adjured them at that time, saying, Cursed be the man before the LORD, that riseth up and buildeth this city Jericho: he shall lay the foundation thereof in his firstborn, and in his youngest son shall he set up the gates of it. +So the LORD was with Joshua; and his fame was noised throughout all the country. +But the children of Israel committed a trespass in the accursed thing: for Achan, the son of Carmi, the son of Zabdi, the son of Zerah, of the tribe of Judah, took of the accursed thing: and the anger of the LORD was kindled against the children of Israel. +And Joshua sent men from Jericho to Ai, which is beside Bethaven, on the east of Bethel, and spake unto them, saying, Go up and view the country. And the men went up and viewed Ai. +And they returned to Joshua, and said unto him, Let not all the people go up; but let about two or three thousand men go up and smite Ai; and make not all the people to labour thither; for they are but few. +So there went up thither of the people about three thousand men: and they fled before the men of Ai. +And the men of Ai smote of them about thirty and six men: for they chased them from before the gate even unto Shebarim, and smote them in the going down: wherefore the hearts of the people melted, and became as water. +And Joshua rent his clothes, and fell to the earth upon his face before the ark of the LORD until the eventide, he and the elders of Israel, and put dust upon their heads. +And Joshua said, Alas, O LORD God, wherefore hast thou at all brought this people over Jordan, to deliver us into the hand of the Amorites, to destroy us? would to God we had been content, and dwelt on the other side Jordan! +O LORD, what shall I say, when Israel turneth their backs before their enemies! +For the Canaanites and all the inhabitants of the land shall hear of it, and shall environ us round, and cut off our name from the earth: and what wilt thou do unto thy great name? +And the LORD said unto Joshua, Get thee up; wherefore liest thou thus upon thy face? +Israel hath sinned, and they have also transgressed my covenant which I commanded them: for they have even taken of the accursed thing, and have also stolen, and dissembled also, and they have put it even among their own stuff. +Therefore the children of Israel could not stand before their enemies, but turned their backs before their enemies, because they were accursed: neither will I be with you any more, except ye destroy the accursed from among you. +Up, sanctify the people, and say, Sanctify yourselves against to morrow: for thus saith the LORD God of Israel, There is an accursed thing in the midst of thee, O Israel: thou canst not stand before thine enemies, until ye take away the accursed thing from among you. +In the morning therefore ye shall be brought according to your tribes: and it shall be, that the tribe which the LORD taketh shall come according to the families thereof; and the family which the LORD shall take shall come by households; and the household which the LORD shall take shall come man by man. +And it shall be, that he that is taken with the accursed thing shall be burnt with fire, he and all that he hath: because he hath transgressed the covenant of the LORD, and because he hath wrought folly in Israel. +So Joshua rose up early in the morning, and brought Israel by their tribes; and the tribe of Judah was taken: +And he brought the family of Judah; and he took the family of the Zarhites: and he brought the family of the Zarhites man by man; and Zabdi was taken: +And he brought his household man by man; and Achan, the son of Carmi, the son of Zabdi, the son of Zerah, of the tribe of Judah, was taken. +And Joshua said unto Achan, My son, give, I pray thee, glory to the LORD God of Israel, and make confession unto him; and tell me now what thou hast done; hide it not from me. +And Achan answered Joshua, and said, Indeed I have sinned against the LORD God of Israel, and thus and thus have I done: +When I saw among the spoils a goodly Babylonish garment, and two hundred shekels of silver, and a wedge of gold of fifty shekels weight, then I coveted them, and took them; and, behold, they are hid in the earth in the midst of my tent, and the silver under it. +So Joshua sent messengers, and they ran unto the tent; and, behold, it was hid in his tent, and the silver under it. +And they took them out of the midst of the tent, and brought them unto Joshua, and unto all the children of Israel, and laid them out before the LORD. +And Joshua, and all Israel with him, took Achan the son of Zerah, and the silver, and the garment, and the wedge of gold, and his sons, and his daughters, and his oxen, and his asses, and his sheep, and his tent, and all that he had: and they brought them unto the valley of Achor. +And Joshua said, Why hast thou troubled us? the LORD shall trouble thee this day. And all Israel stoned him with stones, and burned them with fire, after they had stoned them with stones. +And they raised over him a great heap of stones unto this day. So the LORD turned from the fierceness of his anger. Wherefore the name of that place was called, The valley of Achor, unto this day. +And the LORD said unto Joshua, Fear not, neither be thou dismayed: take all the people of war with thee, and arise, go up to Ai: see, I have given into thy hand the king of Ai, and his people, and his city, and his land: +And thou shalt do to Ai and her king as thou didst unto Jericho and her king: only the spoil thereof, and the cattle thereof, shall ye take for a prey unto yourselves: lay thee an ambush for the city behind it. +So Joshua arose, and all the people of war, to go up against Ai: and Joshua chose out thirty thousand mighty men of valour, and sent them away by night. +And he commanded them, saying, Behold, ye shall lie in wait against the city, even behind the city: go not very far from the city, but be ye all ready: +And I, and all the people that are with me, will approach unto the city: and it shall come to pass, when they come out against us, as at the first, that we will flee before them, +(For they will come out after us) till we have drawn them from the city; for they will say, They flee before us, as at the first: therefore we will flee before them. +Then ye shall rise up from the ambush, and seize upon the city: for the LORD your God will deliver it into your hand. +And it shall be, when ye have taken the city, that ye shall set the city on fire: according to the commandment of the LORD shall ye do. See, I have commanded you. +Joshua therefore sent them forth: and they went to lie in ambush, and abode between Bethel and Ai, on the west side of Ai: but Joshua lodged that night among the people. +And Joshua rose up early in the morning, and numbered the people, and went up, he and the elders of Israel, before the people to Ai. +And all the people, even the people of war that were with him, went up, and drew nigh, and came before the city, and pitched on the north side of Ai: now there was a valley between them and Ai. +And he took about five thousand men, and set them to lie in ambush between Bethel and Ai, on the west side of the city. +And when they had set the people, even all the host that was on the north of the city, and their liers in wait on the west of the city, Joshua went that night into the midst of the valley. +And it came to pass, when the king of Ai saw it, that they hasted and rose up early, and the men of the city went out against Israel to battle, he and all his people, at a time appointed, before the plain; but he wist not that there were liers in ambush against him behind the city. +And Joshua and all Israel made as if they were beaten before them, and fled by the way of the wilderness. +And all the people that were in Ai were called together to pursue after them: and they pursued after Joshua, and were drawn away from the city. +And there was not a man left in Ai or Bethel, that went not out after Israel: and they left the city open, and pursued after Israel. +And the LORD said unto Joshua, Stretch out the spear that is in thy hand toward Ai; for I will give it into thine hand. And Joshua stretched out the spear that he had in his hand toward the city. +And the ambush arose quickly out of their place, and they ran as soon as he had stretched out his hand: and they entered into the city, and took it, and hasted and set the city on fire. +And when the men of Ai looked behind them, they saw, and, behold, the smoke of the city ascended up to heaven, and they had no power to flee this way or that way: and the people that fled to the wilderness turned back upon the pursuers. +And when Joshua and all Israel saw that the ambush had taken the city, and that the smoke of the city ascended, then they turned again, and slew the men of Ai. +And the other issued out of the city against them; so they were in the midst of Israel, some on this side, and some on that side: and they smote them, so that they let none of them remain or escape. +And the king of Ai they took alive, and brought him to Joshua. +And it came to pass, when Israel had made an end of slaying all the inhabitants of Ai in the field, in the wilderness wherein they chased them, and when they were all fallen on the edge of the sword, until they were consumed, that all the Israelites returned unto Ai, and smote it with the edge of the sword. +And so it was, that all that fell that day, both of men and women, were twelve thousand, even all the men of Ai. +For Joshua drew not his hand back, wherewith he stretched out the spear, until he had utterly destroyed all the inhabitants of Ai. +Only the cattle and the spoil of that city Israel took for a prey unto themselves, according unto the word of the LORD which he commanded Joshua. +And Joshua burnt Ai, and made it an heap for ever, even a desolation unto this day. +And the king of Ai he hanged on a tree until eventide: and as soon as the sun was down, Joshua commanded that they should take his carcase down from the tree, and cast it at the entering of the gate of the city, and raise thereon a great heap of stones, that remaineth unto this day. +Then Joshua built an altar unto the LORD God of Israel in mount Ebal, +As Moses the servant of the LORD commanded the children of Israel, as it is written in the book of the law of Moses, an altar of whole stones, over which no man hath lift up any iron: and they offered thereon burnt offerings unto the LORD, and sacrificed peace offerings. +And he wrote there upon the stones a copy of the law of Moses, which he wrote in the presence of the children of Israel. +And all Israel, and their elders, and officers, and their judges, stood on this side the ark and on that side before the priests the Levites, which bare the ark of the covenant of the LORD, as well the stranger, as he that was born among them; half of them over against mount Gerizim, and half of them over against mount Ebal; as Moses the servant of the LORD had commanded before, that they should bless the people of Israel. +And afterward he read all the words of the law, the blessings and cursings, according to all that is written in the book of the law. +There was not a word of all that Moses commanded, which Joshua read not before all the congregation of Israel, with the women, and the little ones, and the strangers that were conversant among them. +And it came to pass, when all the kings which were on this side Jordan, in the hills, and in the valleys, and in all the coasts of the great sea over against Lebanon, the Hittite, and the Amorite, the Canaanite, the Perizzite, the Hivite, and the Jebusite, heard thereof; +That they gathered themselves together, to fight with Joshua and with Israel, with one accord. +And when the inhabitants of Gibeon heard what Joshua had done unto Jericho and to Ai, +They did work wilily, and went and made as if they had been ambassadors, and took old sacks upon their asses, and wine bottles, old, and rent, and bound up; +And old shoes and clouted upon their feet, and old garments upon them; and all the bread of their provision was dry and mouldy. +And they went to Joshua unto the camp at Gilgal, and said unto him, and to the men of Israel, We be come from a far country: now therefore make ye a league with us. +And the men of Israel said unto the Hivites, Peradventure ye dwell among us; and how shall we make a league with you? +And they said unto Joshua, We are thy servants. And Joshua said unto them, Who are ye? and from whence come ye? +And they said unto him, From a very far country thy servants are come because of the name of the LORD thy God: for we have heard the fame of him, and all that he did in Egypt, +And all that he did to the two kings of the Amorites, that were beyond Jordan, to Sihon king of Heshbon, and to Og king of Bashan, which was at Ashtaroth. +Wherefore our elders and all the inhabitants of our country spake to us, saying, Take victuals with you for the journey, and go to meet them, and say unto them, We are your servants: therefore now make ye a league with us. +This our bread we took hot for our provision out of our houses on the day we came forth to go unto you; but now, behold, it is dry, and it is mouldy: +And these bottles of wine, which we filled, were new; and, behold, they be rent: and these our garments and our shoes are become old by reason of the very long journey. +And the men took of their victuals, and asked not counsel at the mouth of the LORD. +And Joshua made peace with them, and made a league with them, to let them live: and the princes of the congregation sware unto them. +And it came to pass at the end of three days after they had made a league with them, that they heard that they were their neighbours, and that they dwelt among them. +And the children of Israel journeyed, and came unto their cities on the third day. Now their cities were Gibeon, and Chephirah, and Beeroth, and Kirjathjearim. +And the children of Israel smote them not, because the princes of the congregation had sworn unto them by the LORD God of Israel. And all the congregation murmured against the princes. +But all the princes said unto all the congregation, We have sworn unto them by the LORD God of Israel: now therefore we may not touch them. +This we will do to them; we will even let them live, lest wrath be upon us, because of the oath which we sware unto them. +And the princes said unto them, Let them live; but let them be hewers of wood and drawers of water unto all the congregation; as the princes had promised them. +And Joshua called for them, and he spake unto them, saying, Wherefore have ye beguiled us, saying, We are very far from you; when ye dwell among us? +Now therefore ye are cursed, and there shall none of you be freed from being bondmen, and hewers of wood and drawers of water for the house of my God. +And they answered Joshua, and said, Because it was certainly told thy servants, how that the LORD thy God commanded his servant Moses to give you all the land, and to destroy all the inhabitants of the land from before you, therefore we were sore afraid of our lives because of you, and have done this thing. +And now, behold, we are in thine hand: as it seemeth good and right unto thee to do unto us, do. +And so did he unto them, and delivered them out of the hand of the children of Israel, that they slew them not. +And Joshua made them that day hewers of wood and drawers of water for the congregation, and for the altar of the LORD, even unto this day, in the place which he should choose. +Now it came to pass, when Adonizedec king of Jerusalem had heard how Joshua had taken Ai, and had utterly destroyed it; as he had done to Jericho and her king, so he had done to Ai and her king; and how the inhabitants of Gibeon had made peace with Israel, and were among them; +That they feared greatly, because Gibeon was a great city, as one of the royal cities, and because it was greater than Ai, and all the men thereof were mighty. +Wherefore Adonizedec king of Jerusalem, sent unto Hoham king of Hebron, and unto Piram king of Jarmuth, and unto Japhia king of Lachish, and unto Debir king of Eglon, saying, +Come up unto me, and help me, that we may smite Gibeon: for it hath made peace with Joshua and with the children of Israel. +Therefore the five kings of the Amorites, the king of Jerusalem, the king of Hebron, the king of Jarmuth, the king of Lachish, the king of Eglon, gathered themselves together, and went up, they and all their hosts, and encamped before Gibeon, and made war against it. +And the men of Gibeon sent unto Joshua to the camp to Gilgal, saying, Slack not thy hand from thy servants; come up to us quickly, and save us, and help us: for all the kings of the Amorites that dwell in the mountains are gathered together against us. +So Joshua ascended from Gilgal, he, and all the people of war with him, and all the mighty men of valour. +And the LORD said unto Joshua, Fear them not: for I have delivered them into thine hand; there shall not a man of them stand before thee. +Joshua therefore came unto them suddenly, and went up from Gilgal all night. +And the LORD discomfited them before Israel, and slew them with a great slaughter at Gibeon, and chased them along the way that goeth up to Bethhoron, and smote them to Azekah, and unto Makkedah. +And it came to pass, as they fled from before Israel, and were in the going down to Bethhoron, that the LORD cast down great stones from heaven upon them unto Azekah, and they died: they were more which died with hailstones than they whom the children of Israel slew with the sword. +Then spake Joshua to the LORD in the day when the LORD delivered up the Amorites before the children of Israel, and he said in the sight of Israel, Sun, stand thou still upon Gibeon; and thou, Moon, in the valley of Ajalon. +And the sun stood still, and the moon stayed, until the people had avenged themselves upon their enemies. Is not this written in the book of Jasher? So the sun stood still in the midst of heaven, and hasted not to go down about a whole day. +And there was no day like that before it or after it, that the LORD hearkened unto the voice of a man: for the LORD fought for Israel. +And Joshua returned, and all Israel with him, unto the camp to Gilgal. +But these five kings fled, and hid themselves in a cave at Makkedah. +And it was told Joshua, saying, The five kings are found hid in a cave at Makkedah. +And Joshua said, Roll great stones upon the mouth of the cave, and set men by it for to keep them: +And stay ye not, but pursue after your enemies, and smite the hindmost of them; suffer them not to enter into their cities: for the LORD your God hath delivered them into your hand. +And it came to pass, when Joshua and the children of Israel had made an end of slaying them with a very great slaughter, till they were consumed, that the rest which remained of them entered into fenced cities. +And all the people returned to the camp to Joshua at Makkedah in peace: none moved his tongue against any of the children of Israel. +Then said Joshua, Open the mouth of the cave, and bring out those five kings unto me out of the cave. +And they did so, and brought forth those five kings unto him out of the cave, the king of Jerusalem, the king of Hebron, the king of Jarmuth, the king of Lachish, and the king of Eglon. +And it came to pass, when they brought out those kings unto Joshua, that Joshua called for all the men of Israel, and said unto the captains of the men of war which went with him, Come near, put your feet upon the necks of these kings. And they came near, and put their feet upon the necks of them. +And Joshua said unto them, Fear not, nor be dismayed, be strong and of good courage: for thus shall the LORD do to all your enemies against whom ye fight. +And afterward Joshua smote them, and slew them, and hanged them on five trees: and they were hanging upon the trees until the evening. +And it came to pass at the time of the going down of the sun, that Joshua commanded, and they took them down off the trees, and cast them into the cave wherein they had been hid, and laid great stones in the cave's mouth, which remain until this very day. +And that day Joshua took Makkedah, and smote it with the edge of the sword, and the king thereof he utterly destroyed, them, and all the souls that were therein; he let none remain: and he did to the king of Makkedah as he did unto the king of Jericho. +Then Joshua passed from Makkedah, and all Israel with him, unto Libnah, and fought against Libnah: +And the LORD delivered it also, and the king thereof, into the hand of Israel; and he smote it with the edge of the sword, and all the souls that were therein; he let none remain in it; but did unto the king thereof as he did unto the king of Jericho. +And Joshua passed from Libnah, and all Israel with him, unto Lachish, and encamped against it, and fought against it: +And the LORD delivered Lachish into the hand of Israel, which took it on the second day, and smote it with the edge of the sword, and all the souls that were therein, according to all that he had done to Libnah. +Then Horam king of Gezer came up to help Lachish; and Joshua smote him and his people, until he had left him none remaining. +And from Lachish Joshua passed unto Eglon, and all Israel with him; and they encamped against it, and fought against it: +And they took it on that day, and smote it with the edge of the sword, and all the souls that were therein he utterly destroyed that day, according to all that he had done to Lachish. +And Joshua went up from Eglon, and all Israel with him, unto Hebron; and they fought against it: +And they took it, and smote it with the edge of the sword, and the king thereof, and all the cities thereof, and all the souls that were therein; he left none remaining, according to all that he had done to Eglon; but destroyed it utterly, and all the souls that were therein. +And Joshua returned, and all Israel with him, to Debir; and fought against it: +And he took it, and the king thereof, and all the cities thereof; and they smote them with the edge of the sword, and utterly destroyed all the souls that were therein; he left none remaining: as he had done to Hebron, so he did to Debir, and to the king thereof; as he had done also to Libnah, and to her king. +So Joshua smote all the country of the hills, and of the south, and of the vale, and of the springs, and all their kings: he left none remaining, but utterly destroyed all that breathed, as the LORD God of Israel commanded. +And Joshua smote them from Kadeshbarnea even unto Gaza, and all the country of Goshen, even unto Gibeon. +And all these kings and their land did Joshua take at one time, because the LORD God of Israel fought for Israel. +And Joshua returned, and all Israel with him, unto the camp to Gilgal. +And it came to pass, when Jabin king of Hazor had heard those things, that he sent to Jobab king of Madon, and to the king of Shimron, and to the king of Achshaph, +And to the kings that were on the north of the mountains, and of the plains south of Chinneroth, and in the valley, and in the borders of Dor on the west, +And to the Canaanite on the east and on the west, and to the Amorite, and the Hittite, and the Perizzite, and the Jebusite in the mountains, and to the Hivite under Hermon in the land of Mizpeh. +And they went out, they and all their hosts with them, much people, even as the sand that is upon the sea shore in multitude, with horses and chariots very many. +And when all these kings were met together, they came and pitched together at the waters of Merom, to fight against Israel. +And the LORD said unto Joshua, Be not afraid because of them: for to morrow about this time will I deliver them up all slain before Israel: thou shalt hough their horses, and burn their chariots with fire. +So Joshua came, and all the people of war with him, against them by the waters of Merom suddenly; and they fell upon them. +And the LORD delivered them into the hand of Israel, who smote them, and chased them unto great Zidon, and unto Misrephothmaim, and unto the valley of Mizpeh eastward; and they smote them, until they left them none remaining. +And Joshua did unto them as the LORD bade him: he houghed their horses, and burnt their chariots with fire. +And Joshua at that time turned back, and took Hazor, and smote the king thereof with the sword: for Hazor beforetime was the head of all those kingdoms. +And they smote all the souls that were therein with the edge of the sword, utterly destroying them: there was not any left to breathe: and he burnt Hazor with fire. +And all the cities of those kings, and all the kings of them, did Joshua take, and smote them with the edge of the sword, and he utterly destroyed them, as Moses the servant of the LORD commanded. +But as for the cities that stood still in their strength, Israel burned none of them, save Hazor only; that did Joshua burn. +And all the spoil of these cities, and the cattle, the children of Israel took for a prey unto themselves; but every man they smote with the edge of the sword, until they had destroyed them, neither left they any to breathe. +As the LORD commanded Moses his servant, so did Moses command Joshua, and so did Joshua; he left nothing undone of all that the LORD commanded Moses. +So Joshua took all that land, the hills, and all the south country, and all the land of Goshen, and the valley, and the plain, and the mountain of Israel, and the valley of the same; +Even from the mount Halak, that goeth up to Seir, even unto Baalgad in the valley of Lebanon under mount Hermon: and all their kings he took, and smote them, and slew them. +Joshua made war a long time with all those kings. +There was not a city that made peace with the children of Israel, save the Hivites the inhabitants of Gibeon: all other they took in battle. +For it was of the LORD to harden their hearts, that they should come against Israel in battle, that he might destroy them utterly, and that they might have no favour, but that he might destroy them, as the LORD commanded Moses. +And at that time came Joshua, and cut off the Anakims from the mountains, from Hebron, from Debir, from Anab, and from all the mountains of Judah, and from all the mountains of Israel: Joshua destroyed them utterly with their cities. +There was none of the Anakims left in the land of the children of Israel: only in Gaza, in Gath, and in Ashdod, there remained. +So Joshua took the whole land, according to all that the LORD said unto Moses; and Joshua gave it for an inheritance unto Israel according to their divisions by their tribes. And the land rested from war. +Now these are the kings of the land, which the children of Israel smote, and possessed their land on the other side Jordan toward the rising of the sun, from the river Arnon unto mount Hermon, and all the plain on the east: +Sihon king of the Amorites, who dwelt in Heshbon, and ruled from Aroer, which is upon the bank of the river Arnon, and from the middle of the river, and from half Gilead, even unto the river Jabbok, which is the border of the children of Ammon; +And from the plain to the sea of Chinneroth on the east, and unto the sea of the plain, even the salt sea on the east, the way to Bethjeshimoth; and from the south, under Ashdothpisgah: +And the coast of Og king of Bashan, which was of the remnant of the giants, that dwelt at Ashtaroth and at Edrei, +And reigned in mount Hermon, and in Salcah, and in all Bashan, unto the border of the Geshurites and the Maachathites, and half Gilead, the border of Sihon king of Heshbon. +Them did Moses the servant of the LORD and the children of Israel smite: and Moses the servant of the LORD gave it for a possession unto the Reubenites, and the Gadites, and the half tribe of Manasseh. +And these are the kings of the country which Joshua and the children of Israel smote on this side Jordan on the west, from Baalgad in the valley of Lebanon even unto the mount Halak, that goeth up to Seir; which Joshua gave unto the tribes of Israel for a possession according to their divisions; +In the mountains, and in the valleys, and in the plains, and in the springs, and in the wilderness, and in the south country; the Hittites, the Amorites, and the Canaanites, the Perizzites, the Hivites, and the Jebusites: +The king of Jericho, one; the king of Ai, which is beside Bethel, one; +The king of Jerusalem, one; the king of Hebron, one; +The king of Jarmuth, one; the king of Lachish, one; +The king of Eglon, one; the king of Gezer, one; +The king of Debir, one; the king of Geder, one; +The king of Hormah, one; the king of Arad, one; +The king of Libnah, one; the king of Adullam, one; +The king of Makkedah, one; the king of Bethel, one; +The king of Tappuah, one; the king of Hepher, one; +The king of Aphek, one; the king of Lasharon, one; +The king of Madon, one; the king of Hazor, one; +The king of Shimronmeron, one; the king of Achshaph, one; +The king of Taanach, one; the king of Megiddo, one; +The king of Kedesh, one; the king of Jokneam of Carmel, one; +The king of Dor in the coast of Dor, one; the king of the nations of Gilgal, one; +The king of Tirzah, one: all the kings thirty and one. +Now Joshua was old and stricken in years; and the LORD said unto him, Thou art old and stricken in years, and there remaineth yet very much land to be possessed. +This is the land that yet remaineth: all the borders of the Philistines, and all Geshuri, +From Sihor, which is before Egypt, even unto the borders of Ekron northward, which is counted to the Canaanite: five lords of the Philistines; the Gazathites, and the Ashdothites, the Eshkalonites, the Gittites, and the Ekronites; also the Avites: +From the south, all the land of the Canaanites, and Mearah that is beside the Sidonians unto Aphek, to the borders of the Amorites: +And the land of the Giblites, and all Lebanon, toward the sunrising, from Baalgad under mount Hermon unto the entering into Hamath. +All the inhabitants of the hill country from Lebanon unto Misrephothmaim, and all the Sidonians, them will I drive out from before the children of Israel: only divide thou it by lot unto the Israelites for an inheritance, as I have commanded thee. +Now therefore divide this land for an inheritance unto the nine tribes, and the half tribe of Manasseh, +With whom the Reubenites and the Gadites have received their inheritance, which Moses gave them, beyond Jordan eastward, even as Moses the servant of the LORD gave them; +From Aroer, that is upon the bank of the river Arnon, and the city that is in the midst of the river, and all the plain of Medeba unto Dibon; +And all the cities of Sihon king of the Amorites, which reigned in Heshbon, unto the border of the children of Ammon; +And Gilead, and the border of the Geshurites and Maachathites, and all mount Hermon, and all Bashan unto Salcah; +All the kingdom of Og in Bashan, which reigned in Ashtaroth and in Edrei, who remained of the remnant of the giants: for these did Moses smite, and cast them out. +Nevertheless the children of Israel expelled not the Geshurites, nor the Maachathites: but the Geshurites and the Maachathites dwell among the Israelites until this day. +Only unto the tribes of Levi he gave none inheritance; the sacrifices of the LORD God of Israel made by fire are their inheritance, as he said unto them. +And Moses gave unto the tribe of the children of Reuben inheritance according to their families. +And their coast was from Aroer, that is on the bank of the river Arnon, and the city that is in the midst of the river, and all the plain by Medeba; +Heshbon, and all her cities that are in the plain; Dibon, and Bamothbaal, and Bethbaalmeon, +And Jahaza, and Kedemoth, and Mephaath, +And Kirjathaim, and Sibmah, and Zarethshahar in the mount of the valley, +And Bethpeor, and Ashdothpisgah, and Bethjeshimoth, +And all the cities of the plain, and all the kingdom of Sihon king of the Amorites, which reigned in Heshbon, whom Moses smote with the princes of Midian, Evi, and Rekem, and Zur, and Hur, and Reba, which were dukes of Sihon, dwelling in the country. +Balaam also the son of Beor, the soothsayer, did the children of Israel slay with the sword among them that were slain by them. +And the border of the children of Reuben was Jordan, and the border thereof. This was the inheritance of the children of Reuben after their families, the cities and the villages thereof. +And Moses gave inheritance unto the tribe of Gad, even unto the children of Gad according to their families. +And their coast was Jazer, and all the cities of Gilead, and half the land of the children of Ammon, unto Aroer that is before Rabbah; +And from Heshbon unto Ramathmizpeh, and Betonim; and from Mahanaim unto the border of Debir; +And in the valley, Betharam, and Bethnimrah, and Succoth, and Zaphon, the rest of the kingdom of Sihon king of Heshbon, Jordan and his border, even unto the edge of the sea of Chinnereth on the other side Jordan eastward. +This is the inheritance of the children of Gad after their families, the cities, and their villages. +And Moses gave inheritance unto the half tribe of Manasseh: and this was the possession of the half tribe of the children of Manasseh by their families. +And their coast was from Mahanaim, all Bashan, all the kingdom of Og king of Bashan, and all the towns of Jair, which are in Bashan, threescore cities: +And half Gilead, and Ashtaroth, and Edrei, cities of the kingdom of Og in Bashan, were pertaining unto the children of Machir the son of Manasseh, even to the one half of the children of Machir by their families. +These are the countries which Moses did distribute for inheritance in the plains of Moab, on the other side Jordan, by Jericho, eastward. +But unto the tribe of Levi Moses gave not any inheritance: the LORD God of Israel was their inheritance, as he said unto them. +And these are the countries which the children of Israel inherited in the land of Canaan, which Eleazar the priest, and Joshua the son of Nun, and the heads of the fathers of the tribes of the children of Israel, distributed for inheritance to them. +By lot was their inheritance, as the LORD commanded by the hand of Moses, for the nine tribes, and for the half tribe. +For Moses had given the inheritance of two tribes and an half tribe on the other side Jordan: but unto the Levites he gave none inheritance among them. +For the children of Joseph were two tribes, Manasseh and Ephraim: therefore they gave no part unto the Levites in the land, save cities to dwell in, with their suburbs for their cattle and for their substance. +As the LORD commanded Moses, so the children of Israel did, and they divided the land. +Then the children of Judah came unto Joshua in Gilgal: and Caleb the son of Jephunneh the Kenezite said unto him, Thou knowest the thing that the LORD said unto Moses the man of God concerning me and thee in Kadeshbarnea. +Forty years old was I when Moses the servant of the LORD sent me from Kadeshbarnea to espy out the land; and I brought him word again as it was in mine heart. +Nevertheless my brethren that went up with me made the heart of the people melt: but I wholly followed the LORD my God. +And Moses sware on that day, saying, Surely the land whereon thy feet have trodden shall be thine inheritance, and thy children's for ever, because thou hast wholly followed the LORD my God. +And now, behold, the LORD hath kept me alive, as he said, these forty and five years, even since the LORD spake this word unto Moses, while the children of Israel wandered in the wilderness: and now, lo, I am this day fourscore and five years old. +As yet I am as strong this day as I was in the day that Moses sent me: as my strength was then, even so is my strength now, for war, both to go out, and to come in. +Now therefore give me this mountain, whereof the LORD spake in that day; for thou heardest in that day how the Anakims were there, and that the cities were great and fenced: if so be the LORD will be with me, then I shall be able to drive them out, as the LORD said. +And Joshua blessed him, and gave unto Caleb the son of Jephunneh Hebron for an inheritance. +Hebron therefore became the inheritance of Caleb the son of Jephunneh the Kenezite unto this day, because that he wholly followed the LORD God of Israel. +And the name of Hebron before was Kirjatharba; which Arba was a great man among the Anakims. And the land had rest from war. +This then was the lot of the tribe of the children of Judah by their families; even to the border of Edom the wilderness of Zin southward was the uttermost part of the south coast. +And their south border was from the shore of the salt sea, from the bay that looketh southward: +And it went out to the south side to Maalehacrabbim, and passed along to Zin, and ascended up on the south side unto Kadeshbarnea, and passed along to Hezron, and went up to Adar, and fetched a compass to Karkaa: +From thence it passed toward Azmon, and went out unto the river of Egypt; and the goings out of that coast were at the sea: this shall be your south coast. +And the east border was the salt sea, even unto the end of Jordan. And their border in the north quarter was from the bay of the sea at the uttermost part of Jordan: +And the border went up to Bethhogla, and passed along by the north of Betharabah; and the border went up to the stone of Bohan the son of Reuben: +And the border went up toward Debir from the valley of Achor, and so northward, looking toward Gilgal, that is before the going up to Adummim, which is on the south side of the river: and the border passed toward the waters of Enshemesh, and the goings out thereof were at Enrogel: +And the border went up by the valley of the son of Hinnom unto the south side of the Jebusite; the same is Jerusalem: and the border went up to the top of the mountain that lieth before the valley of Hinnom westward, which is at the end of the valley of the giants northward: +And the border was drawn from the top of the hill unto the fountain of the water of Nephtoah, and went out to the cities of mount Ephron; and the border was drawn to Baalah, which is Kirjathjearim: +And the border compassed from Baalah westward unto mount Seir, and passed along unto the side of mount Jearim, which is Chesalon, on the north side, and went down to Bethshemesh, and passed on to Timnah: +And the border went out unto the side of Ekron northward: and the border was drawn to Shicron, and passed along to mount Baalah, and went out unto Jabneel; and the goings out of the border were at the sea. +And the west border was to the great sea, and the coast thereof. This is the coast of the children of Judah round about according to their families. +And unto Caleb the son of Jephunneh he gave a part among the children of Judah, according to the commandment of the LORD to Joshua, even the city of Arba the father of Anak, which city is Hebron. +And Caleb drove thence the three sons of Anak, Sheshai, and Ahiman, and Talmai, the children of Anak. +And he went up thence to the inhabitants of Debir: and the name of Debir before was Kirjathsepher. +And Caleb said, He that smiteth Kirjathsepher, and taketh it, to him will I give Achsah my daughter to wife. +And Othniel the son of Kenaz, the brother of Caleb, took it: and he gave him Achsah his daughter to wife. +And it came to pass, as she came unto him, that she moved him to ask of her father a field: and she lighted off her ass; and Caleb said unto her, What wouldest thou? +Who answered, Give me a blessing; for thou hast given me a south land; give me also springs of water. And he gave her the upper springs, and the nether springs. +This is the inheritance of the tribe of the children of Judah according to their families. +And the uttermost cities of the tribe of the children of Judah toward the coast of Edom southward were Kabzeel, and Eder, and Jagur, +And Kinah, and Dimonah, and Adadah, +And Kedesh, and Hazor, and Ithnan, +Ziph, and Telem, and Bealoth, +And Hazor, Hadattah, and Kerioth, and Hezron, which is Hazor, +Amam, and Shema, and Moladah, +And Hazargaddah, and Heshmon, and Bethpalet, +And Hazarshual, and Beersheba, and Bizjothjah, +Baalah, and Iim, and Azem, +And Eltolad, and Chesil, and Hormah, +And Ziklag, and Madmannah, and Sansannah, +And Lebaoth, and Shilhim, and Ain, and Rimmon: all the cities are twenty and nine, with their villages: +And in the valley, Eshtaol, and Zoreah, and Ashnah, +And Zanoah, and Engannim, Tappuah, and Enam, +Jarmuth, and Adullam, Socoh, and Azekah, +And Sharaim, and Adithaim, and Gederah, and Gederothaim; fourteen cities with their villages: +Zenan, and Hadashah, and Migdalgad, +And Dilean, and Mizpeh, and Joktheel, +Lachish, and Bozkath, and Eglon, +And Cabbon, and Lahmam, and Kithlish, +And Gederoth, Bethdagon, and Naamah, and Makkedah; sixteen cities with their villages: +Libnah, and Ether, and Ashan, +And Jiphtah, and Ashnah, and Nezib, +And Keilah, and Achzib, and Mareshah; nine cities with their villages: +Ekron, with her towns and her villages: +From Ekron even unto the sea, all that lay near Ashdod, with their villages: +Ashdod with her towns and her villages, Gaza with her towns and her villages, unto the river of Egypt, and the great sea, and the border thereof: +And in the mountains, Shamir, and Jattir, and Socoh, +And Dannah, and Kirjathsannah, which is Debir, +And Anab, and Eshtemoh, and Anim, +And Goshen, and Holon, and Giloh; eleven cities with their villages: +Arab, and Dumah, and Eshean, +And Janum, and Bethtappuah, and Aphekah, +And Humtah, and Kirjatharba, which is Hebron, and Zior; nine cities with their villages: +Maon, Carmel, and Ziph, and Juttah, +And Jezreel, and Jokdeam, and Zanoah, +Cain, Gibeah, and Timnah; ten cities with their villages: +Halhul, Bethzur, and Gedor, +And Maarath, and Bethanoth, and Eltekon; six cities with their villages: +Kirjathbaal, which is Kirjathjearim, and Rabbah; two cities with their villages: +In the wilderness, Betharabah, Middin, and Secacah, +And Nibshan, and the city of Salt, and Engedi; six cities with their villages. +As for the Jebusites the inhabitants of Jerusalem, the children of Judah could not drive them out; but the Jebusites dwell with the children of Judah at Jerusalem unto this day. +And the lot of the children of Joseph fell from Jordan by Jericho, unto the water of Jericho on the east, to the wilderness that goeth up from Jericho throughout mount Bethel, +And goeth out from Bethel to Luz, and passeth along unto the borders of Archi to Ataroth, +And goeth down westward to the coast of Japhleti, unto the coast of Bethhoron the nether, and to Gezer; and the goings out thereof are at the sea. +So the children of Joseph, Manasseh and Ephraim, took their inheritance. +And the border of the children of Ephraim according to their families was thus: even the border of their inheritance on the east side was Atarothaddar, unto Bethhoron the upper; +And the border went out toward the sea to Michmethah on the north side; and the border went about eastward unto Taanathshiloh, and passed by it on the east to Janohah; +And it went down from Janohah to Ataroth, and to Naarath, and came to Jericho, and went out at Jordan. +The border went out from Tappuah westward unto the river Kanah; and the goings out thereof were at the sea. This is the inheritance of the tribe of the children of Ephraim by their families. +And the separate cities for the children of Ephraim were among the inheritance of the children of Manasseh, all the cities with their villages. +And they drave not out the Canaanites that dwelt in Gezer: but the Canaanites dwell among the Ephraimites unto this day, and serve under tribute. +There was also a lot for the tribe of Manasseh; for he was the firstborn of Joseph; to wit, for Machir the firstborn of Manasseh, the father of Gilead: because he was a man of war, therefore he had Gilead and Bashan. +There was also a lot for the rest of the children of Manasseh by their families; for the children of Abiezer, and for the children of Helek, and for the children of Asriel, and for the children of Shechem, and for the children of Hepher, and for the children of Shemida: these were the male children of Manasseh the son of Joseph by their families. +But Zelophehad, the son of Hepher, the son of Gilead, the son of Machir, the son of Manasseh, had no sons, but daughters: and these are the names of his daughters, Mahlah, and Noah, Hoglah, Milcah, and Tirzah. +And they came near before Eleazar the priest, and before Joshua the son of Nun, and before the princes, saying, The LORD commanded Moses to give us an inheritance among our brethren. Therefore according to the commandment of the LORD he gave them an inheritance among the brethren of their father. +And there fell ten portions to Manasseh, beside the land of Gilead and Bashan, which were on the other side Jordan; +Because the daughters of Manasseh had an inheritance among his sons: and the rest of Manasseh's sons had the land of Gilead. +And the coast of Manasseh was from Asher to Michmethah, that lieth before Shechem; and the border went along on the right hand unto the inhabitants of Entappuah. +Now Manasseh had the land of Tappuah: but Tappuah on the border of Manasseh belonged to the children of Ephraim; +And the coast descended unto the river Kanah, southward of the river: these cities of Ephraim are among the cities of Manasseh: the coast of Manasseh also was on the north side of the river, and the outgoings of it were at the sea: +Southward it was Ephraim's, and northward it was Manasseh's, and the sea is his border; and they met together in Asher on the north, and in Issachar on the east. +And Manasseh had in Issachar and in Asher Bethshean and her towns, and Ibleam and her towns, and the inhabitants of Dor and her towns, and the inhabitants of Endor and her towns, and the inhabitants of Taanach and her towns, and the inhabitants of Megiddo and her towns, even three countries. +Yet the children of Manasseh could not drive out the inhabitants of those cities; but the Canaanites would dwell in that land. +Yet it came to pass, when the children of Israel were waxen strong, that they put the Canaanites to tribute, but did not utterly drive them out. +And the children of Joseph spake unto Joshua, saying, Why hast thou given me but one lot and one portion to inherit, seeing I am a great people, forasmuch as the LORD hath blessed me hitherto? +And Joshua answered them, If thou be a great people, then get thee up to the wood country, and cut down for thyself there in the land of the Perizzites and of the giants, if mount Ephraim be too narrow for thee. +And the children of Joseph said, The hill is not enough for us: and all the Canaanites that dwell in the land of the valley have chariots of iron, both they who are of Bethshean and her towns, and they who are of the valley of Jezreel. +And Joshua spake unto the house of Joseph, even to Ephraim and to Manasseh, saying, Thou art a great people, and hast great power: thou shalt not have one lot only: +But the mountain shall be thine; for it is a wood, and thou shalt cut it down: and the outgoings of it shall be thine: for thou shalt drive out the Canaanites, though they have iron chariots, and though they be strong. +And the whole congregation of the children of Israel assembled together at Shiloh, and set up the tabernacle of the congregation there. And the land was subdued before them. +And there remained among the children of Israel seven tribes, which had not yet received their inheritance. +And Joshua said unto the children of Israel, How long are ye slack to go to possess the land, which the LORD God of your fathers hath given you? +Give out from among you three men for each tribe: and I will send them, and they shall rise, and go through the land, and describe it according to the inheritance of them; and they shall come again to me. +And they shall divide it into seven parts: Judah shall abide in their coast on the south, and the house of Joseph shall abide in their coasts on the north. +Ye shall therefore describe the land into seven parts, and bring the description hither to me, that I may cast lots for you here before the LORD our God. +But the Levites have no part among you; for the priesthood of the LORD is their inheritance: and Gad, and Reuben, and half the tribe of Manasseh, have received their inheritance beyond Jordan on the east, which Moses the servant of the LORD gave them. +And the men arose, and went away: and Joshua charged them that went to describe the land, saying, Go and walk through the land, and describe it, and come again to me, that I may here cast lots for you before the LORD in Shiloh. +And the men went and passed through the land, and described it by cities into seven parts in a book, and came again to Joshua to the host at Shiloh. +And Joshua cast lots for them in Shiloh before the LORD: and there Joshua divided the land unto the children of Israel according to their divisions. +And the lot of the tribe of the children of Benjamin came up according to their families: and the coast of their lot came forth between the children of Judah and the children of Joseph. +And their border on the north side was from Jordan; and the border went up to the side of Jericho on the north side, and went up through the mountains westward; and the goings out thereof were at the wilderness of Bethaven. +And the border went over from thence toward Luz, to the side of Luz, which is Bethel, southward; and the border descended to Atarothadar, near the hill that lieth on the south side of the nether Bethhoron. +And the border was drawn thence, and compassed the corner of the sea southward, from the hill that lieth before Bethhoron southward; and the goings out thereof were at Kirjathbaal, which is Kirjathjearim, a city of the children of Judah: this was the west quarter. +And the south quarter was from the end of Kirjathjearim, and the border went out on the west, and went out to the well of waters of Nephtoah: +And the border came down to the end of the mountain that lieth before the valley of the son of Hinnom, and which is in the valley of the giants on the north, and descended to the valley of Hinnom, to the side of Jebusi on the south, and descended to Enrogel, +And was drawn from the north, and went forth to Enshemesh, and went forth toward Geliloth, which is over against the going up of Adummim, and descended to the stone of Bohan the son of Reuben, +And passed along toward the side over against Arabah northward, and went down unto Arabah: +And the border passed along to the side of Bethhoglah northward: and the outgoings of the border were at the north bay of the salt sea at the south end of Jordan: this was the south coast. +And Jordan was the border of it on the east side. This was the inheritance of the children of Benjamin, by the coasts thereof round about, according to their families. +Now the cities of the tribe of the children of Benjamin according to their families were Jericho, and Bethhoglah, and the valley of Keziz, +And Betharabah, and Zemaraim, and Bethel, +And Avim, and Pharah, and Ophrah, +And Chepharhaammonai, and Ophni, and Gaba; twelve cities with their villages: +Gibeon, and Ramah, and Beeroth, +And Mizpeh, and Chephirah, and Mozah, +And Rekem, and Irpeel, and Taralah, +And Zelah, Eleph, and Jebusi, which is Jerusalem, Gibeath, and Kirjath; fourteen cities with their villages. This is the inheritance of the children of Benjamin according to their families. +And the second lot came forth to Simeon, even for the tribe of the children of Simeon according to their families: and their inheritance was within the inheritance of the children of Judah. +And they had in their inheritance Beersheba, and Sheba, and Moladah, +And Hazarshual, and Balah, and Azem, +And Eltolad, and Bethul, and Hormah, +And Ziklag, and Bethmarcaboth, and Hazarsusah, +And Bethlebaoth, and Sharuhen; thirteen cities and their villages: +Ain, Remmon, and Ether, and Ashan; four cities and their villages: +And all the villages that were round about these cities to Baalathbeer, Ramath of the south. This is the inheritance of the tribe of the children of Simeon according to their families. +Out of the portion of the children of Judah was the inheritance of the children of Simeon: for the part of the children of Judah was too much for them: therefore the children of Simeon had their inheritance within the inheritance of them. +And the third lot came up for the children of Zebulun according to their families: and the border of their inheritance was unto Sarid: +And their border went up toward the sea, and Maralah, and reached to Dabbasheth, and reached to the river that is before Jokneam; +And turned from Sarid eastward toward the sunrising unto the border of Chislothtabor, and then goeth out to Daberath, and goeth up to Japhia, +And from thence passeth on along on the east to Gittahhepher, to Ittahkazin, and goeth out to Remmonmethoar to Neah; +And the border compasseth it on the north side to Hannathon: and the outgoings thereof are in the valley of Jiphthahel: +And Kattath, and Nahallal, and Shimron, and Idalah, and Bethlehem: twelve cities with their villages. +This is the inheritance of the children of Zebulun according to their families, these cities with their villages. +And the fourth lot came out to Issachar, for the children of Issachar according to their families. +And their border was toward Jezreel, and Chesulloth, and Shunem, +And Haphraim, and Shihon, and Anaharath, +And Rabbith, and Kishion, and Abez, +And Remeth, and Engannim, and Enhaddah, and Bethpazzez; +And the coast reacheth to Tabor, and Shahazimah, and Bethshemesh; and the outgoings of their border were at Jordan: sixteen cities with their villages. +This is the inheritance of the tribe of the children of Issachar according to their families, the cities and their villages. +And the fifth lot came out for the tribe of the children of Asher according to their families. +And their border was Helkath, and Hali, and Beten, and Achshaph, +And Alammelech, and Amad, and Misheal; and reacheth to Carmel westward, and to Shihorlibnath; +And turneth toward the sunrising to Bethdagon, and reacheth to Zebulun, and to the valley of Jiphthahel toward the north side of Bethemek, and Neiel, and goeth out to Cabul on the left hand, +And Hebron, and Rehob, and Hammon, and Kanah, even unto great Zidon; +And then the coast turneth to Ramah, and to the strong city Tyre; and the coast turneth to Hosah; and the outgoings thereof are at the sea from the coast to Achzib: +Ummah also, and Aphek, and Rehob: twenty and two cities with their villages. +This is the inheritance of the tribe of the children of Asher according to their families, these cities with their villages. +The sixth lot came out to the children of Naphtali, even for the children of Naphtali according to their families. +And their coast was from Heleph, from Allon to Zaanannim, and Adami, Nekeb, and Jabneel, unto Lakum; and the outgoings thereof were at Jordan: +And then the coast turneth westward to Aznothtabor, and goeth out from thence to Hukkok, and reacheth to Zebulun on the south side, and reacheth to Asher on the west side, and to Judah upon Jordan toward the sunrising. +And the fenced cities are Ziddim, Zer, and Hammath, Rakkath, and Chinnereth, +And Adamah, and Ramah, and Hazor, +And Kedesh, and Edrei, and Enhazor, +And Iron, and Migdalel, Horem, and Bethanath, and Bethshemesh; nineteen cities with their villages. +This is the inheritance of the tribe of the children of Naphtali according to their families, the cities and their villages. +And the seventh lot came out for the tribe of the children of Dan according to their families. +And the coast of their inheritance was Zorah, and Eshtaol, and Irshemesh, +And Shaalabbin, and Ajalon, and Jethlah, +And Elon, and Thimnathah, and Ekron, +And Eltekeh, and Gibbethon, and Baalath, +And Jehud, and Beneberak, and Gathrimmon, +And Mejarkon, and Rakkon, with the border before Japho. +And the coast of the children of Dan went out too little for them: therefore the children of Dan went up to fight against Leshem, and took it, and smote it with the edge of the sword, and possessed it, and dwelt therein, and called Leshem, Dan, after the name of Dan their father. +This is the inheritance of the tribe of the children of Dan according to their families, these cities with their villages. +When they had made an end of dividing the land for inheritance by their coasts, the children of Israel gave an inheritance to Joshua the son of Nun among them: +According to the word of the LORD they gave him the city which he asked, even Timnathserah in mount Ephraim: and he built the city, and dwelt therein. +These are the inheritances, which Eleazar the priest, and Joshua the son of Nun, and the heads of the fathers of the tribes of the children of Israel, divided for an inheritance by lot in Shiloh before the LORD, at the door of the tabernacle of the congregation. So they made an end of dividing the country. +The LORD also spake unto Joshua, saying, +Speak to the children of Israel, saying, Appoint out for you cities of refuge, whereof I spake unto you by the hand of Moses: +That the slayer that killeth any person unawares and unwittingly may flee thither: and they shall be your refuge from the avenger of blood. +And when he that doth flee unto one of those cities shall stand at the entering of the gate of the city, and shall declare his cause in the ears of the elders of that city, they shall take him into the city unto them, and give him a place, that he may dwell among them. +And if the avenger of blood pursue after him, then they shall not deliver the slayer up into his hand; because he smote his neighbour unwittingly, and hated him not beforetime. +And he shall dwell in that city, until he stand before the congregation for judgment, and until the death of the high priest that shall be in those days: then shall the slayer return, and come unto his own city, and unto his own house, unto the city from whence he fled. +And they appointed Kedesh in Galilee in mount Naphtali, and Shechem in mount Ephraim, and Kirjatharba, which is Hebron, in the mountain of Judah. +And on the other side Jordan by Jericho eastward, they assigned Bezer in the wilderness upon the plain out of the tribe of Reuben, and Ramoth in Gilead out of the tribe of Gad, and Golan in Bashan out of the tribe of Manasseh. +These were the cities appointed for all the children of Israel, and for the stranger that sojourneth among them, that whosoever killeth any person at unawares might flee thither, and not die by the hand of the avenger of blood, until he stood before the congregation. +Then came near the heads of the fathers of the Levites unto Eleazar the priest, and unto Joshua the son of Nun, and unto the heads of the fathers of the tribes of the children of Israel; +And they spake unto them at Shiloh in the land of Canaan, saying, The LORD commanded by the hand of Moses to give us cities to dwell in, with the suburbs thereof for our cattle. +And the children of Israel gave unto the Levites out of their inheritance, at the commandment of the LORD, these cities and their suburbs. +And the lot came out for the families of the Kohathites: and the children of Aaron the priest, which were of the Levites, had by lot out of the tribe of Judah, and out of the tribe of Simeon, and out of the tribe of Benjamin, thirteen cities. +And the rest of the children of Kohath had by lot out of the families of the tribe of Ephraim, and out of the tribe of Dan, and out of the half tribe of Manasseh, ten cities. +And the children of Gershon had by lot out of the families of the tribe of Issachar, and out of the tribe of Asher, and out of the tribe of Naphtali, and out of the half tribe of Manasseh in Bashan, thirteen cities. +The children of Merari by their families had out of the tribe of Reuben, and out of the tribe of Gad, and out of the tribe of Zebulun, twelve cities. +And the children of Israel gave by lot unto the Levites these cities with their suburbs, as the LORD commanded by the hand of Moses. +And they gave out of the tribe of the children of Judah, and out of the tribe of the children of Simeon, these cities which are here mentioned by name. +Which the children of Aaron, being of the families of the Kohathites, who were of the children of Levi, had: for theirs was the first lot. +And they gave them the city of Arba the father of Anak, which city is Hebron, in the hill country of Judah, with the suburbs thereof round about it. +But the fields of the city, and the villages thereof, gave they to Caleb the son of Jephunneh for his possession. +Thus they gave to the children of Aaron the priest Hebron with her suburbs, to be a city of refuge for the slayer; and Libnah with her suburbs, +And Jattir with her suburbs, and Eshtemoa with her suburbs, +And Holon with her suburbs, and Debir with her suburbs, +And Ain with her suburbs, and Juttah with her suburbs, and Bethshemesh with her suburbs; nine cities out of those two tribes. +And out of the tribe of Benjamin, Gibeon with her suburbs, Geba with her suburbs, +Anathoth with her suburbs, and Almon with her suburbs; four cities. +All the cities of the children of Aaron, the priests, were thirteen cities with their suburbs. +And the families of the children of Kohath, the Levites which remained of the children of Kohath, even they had the cities of their lot out of the tribe of Ephraim. +For they gave them Shechem with her suburbs in mount Ephraim, to be a city of refuge for the slayer; and Gezer with her suburbs, +And Kibzaim with her suburbs, and Bethhoron with her suburbs; four cities. +And out of the tribe of Dan, Eltekeh with her suburbs, Gibbethon with her suburbs, +Aijalon with her suburbs, Gathrimmon with her suburbs; four cities. +And out of the half tribe of Manasseh, Tanach with her suburbs, and Gathrimmon with her suburbs; two cities. +All the cities were ten with their suburbs for the families of the children of Kohath that remained. +And unto the children of Gershon, of the families of the Levites, out of the other half tribe of Manasseh they gave Golan in Bashan with her suburbs, to be a city of refuge for the slayer; and Beeshterah with her suburbs; two cities. +And out of the tribe of Issachar, Kishon with her suburbs, Dabareh with her suburbs, +Jarmuth with her suburbs, Engannim with her suburbs; four cities. +And out of the tribe of Asher, Mishal with her suburbs, Abdon with her suburbs, +Helkath with her suburbs, and Rehob with her suburbs; four cities. +And out of the tribe of Naphtali, Kedesh in Galilee with her suburbs, to be a city of refuge for the slayer; and Hammothdor with her suburbs, and Kartan with her suburbs; three cities. +All the cities of the Gershonites according to their families were thirteen cities with their suburbs. +And unto the families of the children of Merari, the rest of the Levites, out of the tribe of Zebulun, Jokneam with her suburbs, and Kartah with her suburbs, +Dimnah with her suburbs, Nahalal with her suburbs; four cities. +And out of the tribe of Reuben, Bezer with her suburbs, and Jahazah with her suburbs, +Kedemoth with her suburbs, and Mephaath with her suburbs; four cities. +And out of the tribe of Gad, Ramoth in Gilead with her suburbs, to be a city of refuge for the slayer; and Mahanaim with her suburbs, +Heshbon with her suburbs, Jazer with her suburbs; four cities in all. +So all the cities for the children of Merari by their families, which were remaining of the families of the Levites, were by their lot twelve cities. +All the cities of the Levites within the possession of the children of Israel were forty and eight cities with their suburbs. +These cities were every one with their suburbs round about them: thus were all these cities. +And the LORD gave unto Israel all the land which he sware to give unto their fathers; and they possessed it, and dwelt therein. +And the LORD gave them rest round about, according to all that he sware unto their fathers: and there stood not a man of all their enemies before them; the LORD delivered all their enemies into their hand. +There failed not ought of any good thing which the LORD had spoken unto the house of Israel; all came to pass. +Then Joshua called the Reubenites, and the Gadites, and the half tribe of Manasseh, +And said unto them, Ye have kept all that Moses the servant of the LORD commanded you, and have obeyed my voice in all that I commanded you: +Ye have not left your brethren these many days unto this day, but have kept the charge of the commandment of the LORD your God. +And now the LORD your God hath given rest unto your brethren, as he promised them: therefore now return ye, and get you unto your tents, and unto the land of your possession, which Moses the servant of the LORD gave you on the other side Jordan. +But take diligent heed to do the commandment and the law, which Moses the servant of the LORD charged you, to love the LORD your God, and to walk in all his ways, and to keep his commandments, and to cleave unto him, and to serve him with all your heart and with all your soul. +So Joshua blessed them, and sent them away: and they went unto their tents. +Now to the one half of the tribe of Manasseh Moses had given possession in Bashan: but unto the other half thereof gave Joshua among their brethren on this side Jordan westward. And when Joshua sent them away also unto their tents, then he blessed them, +And he spake unto them, saying, Return with much riches unto your tents, and with very much cattle, with silver, and with gold, and with brass, and with iron, and with very much raiment: divide the spoil of your enemies with your brethren. +And the children of Reuben and the children of Gad and the half tribe of Manasseh returned, and departed from the children of Israel out of Shiloh, which is in the land of Canaan, to go unto the country of Gilead, to the land of their possession, whereof they were possessed, according to the word of the LORD by the hand of Moses. +And when they came unto the borders of Jordan, that are in the land of Canaan, the children of Reuben and the children of Gad and the half tribe of Manasseh built there an altar by Jordan, a great altar to see to. +And the children of Israel heard say, Behold, the children of Reuben and the children of Gad and the half tribe of Manasseh have built an altar over against the land of Canaan, in the borders of Jordan, at the passage of the children of Israel. +And when the children of Israel heard of it, the whole congregation of the children of Israel gathered themselves together at Shiloh, to go up to war against them. +And the children of Israel sent unto the children of Reuben, and to the children of Gad, and to the half tribe of Manasseh, into the land of Gilead, Phinehas the son of Eleazar the priest, +And with him ten princes, of each chief house a prince throughout all the tribes of Israel; and each one was an head of the house of their fathers among the thousands of Israel. +And they came unto the children of Reuben, and to the children of Gad, and to the half tribe of Manasseh, unto the land of Gilead, and they spake with them, saying, +Thus saith the whole congregation of the LORD, What trespass is this that ye have committed against the God of Israel, to turn away this day from following the LORD, in that ye have builded you an altar, that ye might rebel this day against the LORD? +Is the iniquity of Peor too little for us, from which we are not cleansed until this day, although there was a plague in the congregation of the LORD, +But that ye must turn away this day from following the LORD? and it will be, seeing ye rebel to day against the LORD, that to morrow he will be wroth with the whole congregation of Israel. +Notwithstanding, if the land of your possession be unclean, then pass ye over unto the land of the possession of the LORD, wherein the LORD's tabernacle dwelleth, and take possession among us: but rebel not against the LORD, nor rebel against us, in building you an altar beside the altar of the LORD our God. +Did not Achan the son of Zerah commit a trespass in the accursed thing, and wrath fell on all the congregation of Israel? and that man perished not alone in his iniquity. +Then the children of Reuben and the children of Gad and the half tribe of Manasseh answered, and said unto the heads of the thousands of Israel, +The LORD God of gods, the LORD God of gods, he knoweth, and Israel he shall know; if it be in rebellion, or if in transgression against the LORD, (save us not this day,) +That we have built us an altar to turn from following the LORD, or if to offer thereon burnt offering or meat offering, or if to offer peace offerings thereon, let the LORD himself require it; +And if we have not rather done it for fear of this thing, saying, In time to come your children might speak unto our children, saying, What have ye to do with the LORD God of Israel? +For the LORD hath made Jordan a border between us and you, ye children of Reuben and children of Gad; ye have no part in the LORD: so shall your children make our children cease from fearing the LORD. +Therefore we said, Let us now prepare to build us an altar, not for burnt offering, nor for sacrifice: +But that it may be a witness between us, and you, and our generations after us, that we might do the service of the LORD before him with our burnt offerings, and with our sacrifices, and with our peace offerings; that your children may not say to our children in time to come, Ye have no part in the LORD. +Therefore said we, that it shall be, when they should so say to us or to our generations in time to come, that we may say again, Behold the pattern of the altar of the LORD, which our fathers made, not for burnt offerings, nor for sacrifices; but it is a witness between us and you. +God forbid that we should rebel against the LORD, and turn this day from following the LORD, to build an altar for burnt offerings, for meat offerings, or for sacrifices, beside the altar of the LORD our God that is before his tabernacle. +And when Phinehas the priest, and the princes of the congregation and heads of the thousands of Israel which were with him, heard the words that the children of Reuben and the children of Gad and the children of Manasseh spake, it pleased them. +And Phinehas the son of Eleazar the priest said unto the children of Reuben, and to the children of Gad, and to the children of Manasseh, This day we perceive that the LORD is among us, because ye have not committed this trespass against the LORD: now ye have delivered the children of Israel out of the hand of the LORD. +And Phinehas the son of Eleazar the priest, and the princes, returned from the children of Reuben, and from the children of Gad, out of the land of Gilead, unto the land of Canaan, to the children of Israel, and brought them word again. +And the thing pleased the children of Israel; and the children of Israel blessed God, and did not intend to go up against them in battle, to destroy the land wherein the children of Reuben and Gad dwelt. +And the children of Reuben and the children of Gad called the altar Ed: for it shall be a witness between us that the LORD is God. +And it came to pass a long time after that the LORD had given rest unto Israel from all their enemies round about, that Joshua waxed old and stricken in age. +And Joshua called for all Israel, and for their elders, and for their heads, and for their judges, and for their officers, and said unto them, I am old and stricken in age: +And ye have seen all that the LORD your God hath done unto all these nations because of you; for the LORD your God is he that hath fought for you. +Behold, I have divided unto you by lot these nations that remain, to be an inheritance for your tribes, from Jordan, with all the nations that I have cut off, even unto the great sea westward. +And the LORD your God, he shall expel them from before you, and drive them from out of your sight; and ye shall possess their land, as the LORD your God hath promised unto you. +Be ye therefore very courageous to keep and to do all that is written in the book of the law of Moses, that ye turn not aside therefrom to the right hand or to the left; +That ye come not among these nations, these that remain among you; neither make mention of the name of their gods, nor cause to swear by them, neither serve them, nor bow yourselves unto them: +But cleave unto the LORD your God, as ye have done unto this day. +For the LORD hath driven out from before you great nations and strong: but as for you, no man hath been able to stand before you unto this day. +One man of you shall chase a thousand: for the LORD your God, he it is that fighteth for you, as he hath promised you. +Take good heed therefore unto yourselves, that ye love the LORD your God. +Else if ye do in any wise go back, and cleave unto the remnant of these nations, even these that remain among you, and shall make marriages with them, and go in unto them, and they to you: +Know for a certainty that the LORD your God will no more drive out any of these nations from before you; but they shall be snares and traps unto you, and scourges in your sides, and thorns in your eyes, until ye perish from off this good land which the LORD your God hath given you. +And, behold, this day I am going the way of all the earth: and ye know in all your hearts and in all your souls, that not one thing hath failed of all the good things which the LORD your God spake concerning you; all are come to pass unto you, and not one thing hath failed thereof. +Therefore it shall come to pass, that as all good things are come upon you, which the LORD your God promised you; so shall the LORD bring upon you all evil things, until he have destroyed you from off this good land which the LORD your God hath given you. +When ye have transgressed the covenant of the LORD your God, which he commanded you, and have gone and served other gods, and bowed yourselves to them; then shall the anger of the LORD be kindled against you, and ye shall perish quickly from off the good land which he hath given unto you. +And Joshua gathered all the tribes of Israel to Shechem, and called for the elders of Israel, and for their heads, and for their judges, and for their officers; and they presented themselves before God. +And Joshua said unto all the people, Thus saith the LORD God of Israel, Your fathers dwelt on the other side of the flood in old time, even Terah, the father of Abraham, and the father of Nachor: and they served other gods. +And I took your father Abraham from the other side of the flood, and led him throughout all the land of Canaan, and multiplied his seed, and gave him Isaac. +And I gave unto Isaac Jacob and Esau: and I gave unto Esau mount Seir, to possess it; but Jacob and his children went down into Egypt. +I sent Moses also and Aaron, and I plagued Egypt, according to that which I did among them: and afterward I brought you out. +And I brought your fathers out of Egypt: and ye came unto the sea; and the Egyptians pursued after your fathers with chariots and horsemen unto the Red sea. +And when they cried unto the LORD, he put darkness between you and the Egyptians, and brought the sea upon them, and covered them; and your eyes have seen what I have done in Egypt: and ye dwelt in the wilderness a long season. +And I brought you into the land of the Amorites, which dwelt on the other side Jordan; and they fought with you: and I gave them into your hand, that ye might possess their land; and I destroyed them from before you. +Then Balak the son of Zippor, king of Moab, arose and warred against Israel, and sent and called Balaam the son of Beor to curse you: +But I would not hearken unto Balaam; therefore he blessed you still: so I delivered you out of his hand. +And you went over Jordan, and came unto Jericho: and the men of Jericho fought against you, the Amorites, and the Perizzites, and the Canaanites, and the Hittites, and the Girgashites, the Hivites, and the Jebusites; and I delivered them into your hand. +And I sent the hornet before you, which drave them out from before you, even the two kings of the Amorites; but not with thy sword, nor with thy bow. +And I have given you a land for which ye did not labour, and cities which ye built not, and ye dwell in them; of the vineyards and oliveyards which ye planted not do ye eat. +Now therefore fear the LORD, and serve him in sincerity and in truth: and put away the gods which your fathers served on the other side of the flood, and in Egypt; and serve ye the LORD. +And if it seem evil unto you to serve the LORD, choose you this day whom ye will serve; whether the gods which your fathers served that were on the other side of the flood, or the gods of the Amorites, in whose land ye dwell: but as for me and my house, we will serve the LORD. +And the people answered and said, God forbid that we should forsake the LORD, to serve other gods; +For the LORD our God, he it is that brought us up and our fathers out of the land of Egypt, from the house of bondage, and which did those great signs in our sight, and preserved us in all the way wherein we went, and among all the people through whom we passed: +And the LORD drave out from before us all the people, even the Amorites which dwelt in the land: therefore will we also serve the LORD; for he is our God. +And Joshua said unto the people, Ye cannot serve the LORD: for he is an holy God; he is a jealous God; he will not forgive your transgressions nor your sins. +If ye forsake the LORD, and serve strange gods, then he will turn and do you hurt, and consume you, after that he hath done you good. +And the people said unto Joshua, Nay; but we will serve the LORD. +And Joshua said unto the people, Ye are witnesses against yourselves that ye have chosen you the LORD, to serve him. And they said, We are witnesses. +Now therefore put away, said he, the strange gods which are among you, and incline your heart unto the LORD God of Israel. +And the people said unto Joshua, The LORD our God will we serve, and his voice will we obey. +So Joshua made a covenant with the people that day, and set them a statute and an ordinance in Shechem. +And Joshua wrote these words in the book of the law of God, and took a great stone, and set it up there under an oak, that was by the sanctuary of the LORD. +And Joshua said unto all the people, Behold, this stone shall be a witness unto us; for it hath heard all the words of the LORD which he spake unto us: it shall be therefore a witness unto you, lest ye deny your God. +So Joshua let the people depart, every man unto his inheritance. +And it came to pass after these things, that Joshua the son of Nun, the servant of the LORD, died, being an hundred and ten years old. +And they buried him in the border of his inheritance in Timnathserah, which is in mount Ephraim, on the north side of the hill of Gaash. +And Israel served the LORD all the days of Joshua, and all the days of the elders that overlived Joshua, and which had known all the works of the LORD, that he had done for Israel. +And the bones of Joseph, which the children of Israel brought up out of Egypt, buried they in Shechem, in a parcel of ground which Jacob bought of the sons of Hamor the father of Shechem for an hundred pieces of silver: and it became the inheritance of the children of Joseph. +And Eleazar the son of Aaron died; and they buried him in a hill that pertained to Phinehas his son, which was given him in mount Ephraim. +Now after the death of Joshua it came to pass, that the children of Israel asked the LORD, saying, Who shall go up for us against the Canaanites first, to fight against them? +And the LORD said, Judah shall go up: behold, I have delivered the land into his hand. +And Judah said unto Simeon his brother, Come up with me into my lot, that we may fight against the Canaanites; and I likewise will go with thee into thy lot. So Simeon went with him. +And Judah went up; and the LORD delivered the Canaanites and the Perizzites into their hand: and they slew of them in Bezek ten thousand men. +And they found Adonibezek in Bezek: and they fought against him, and they slew the Canaanites and the Perizzites. +But Adonibezek fled; and they pursued after him, and caught him, and cut off his thumbs and his great toes. +And Adonibezek said, Threescore and ten kings, having their thumbs and their great toes cut off, gathered their meat under my table: as I have done, so God hath requited me. And they brought him to Jerusalem, and there he died. +Now the children of Judah had fought against Jerusalem, and had taken it, and smitten it with the edge of the sword, and set the city on fire. +And afterward the children of Judah went down to fight against the Canaanites, that dwelt in the mountain, and in the south, and in the valley. +And Judah went against the Canaanites that dwelt in Hebron: (now the name of Hebron before was Kirjatharba:) and they slew Sheshai, and Ahiman, and Talmai. +And from thence he went against the inhabitants of Debir: and the name of Debir before was Kirjathsepher: +And Caleb said, He that smiteth Kirjathsepher, and taketh it, to him will I give Achsah my daughter to wife. +And Othniel the son of Kenaz, Caleb's younger brother, took it: and he gave him Achsah his daughter to wife. +And it came to pass, when she came to him, that she moved him to ask of her father a field: and she lighted from off her ass; and Caleb said unto her, What wilt thou? +And she said unto him, Give me a blessing: for thou hast given me a south land; give me also springs of water. And Caleb gave her the upper springs and the nether springs. +And the children of the Kenite, Moses' father in law, went up out of the city of palm trees with the children of Judah into the wilderness of Judah, which lieth in the south of Arad; and they went and dwelt among the people. +And Judah went with Simeon his brother, and they slew the Canaanites that inhabited Zephath, and utterly destroyed it. And the name of the city was called Hormah. +Also Judah took Gaza with the coast thereof, and Askelon with the coast thereof, and Ekron with the coast thereof. +And the LORD was with Judah; and he drave out the inhabitants of the mountain; but could not drive out the inhabitants of the valley, because they had chariots of iron. +And they gave Hebron unto Caleb, as Moses said: and he expelled thence the three sons of Anak. +And the children of Benjamin did not drive out the Jebusites that inhabited Jerusalem; but the Jebusites dwell with the children of Benjamin in Jerusalem unto this day. +And the house of Joseph, they also went up against Bethel: and the LORD was with them. +And the house of Joseph sent to descry Bethel. (Now the name of the city before was Luz.) +And the spies saw a man come forth out of the city, and they said unto him, Shew us, we pray thee, the entrance into the city, and we will shew thee mercy. +And when he shewed them the entrance into the city, they smote the city with the edge of the sword; but they let go the man and all his family. +And the man went into the land of the Hittites, and built a city, and called the name thereof Luz: which is the name thereof unto this day. +Neither did Manasseh drive out the inhabitants of Bethshean and her towns, nor Taanach and her towns, nor the inhabitants of Dor and her towns, nor the inhabitants of Ibleam and her towns, nor the inhabitants of Megiddo and her towns: but the Canaanites would dwell in that land. +And it came to pass, when Israel was strong, that they put the Canaanites to tribute, and did not utterly drive them out. +Neither did Ephraim drive out the Canaanites that dwelt in Gezer; but the Canaanites dwelt in Gezer among them. +Neither did Zebulun drive out the inhabitants of Kitron, nor the inhabitants of Nahalol; but the Canaanites dwelt among them, and became tributaries. +Neither did Asher drive out the inhabitants of Accho, nor the inhabitants of Zidon, nor of Ahlab, nor of Achzib, nor of Helbah, nor of Aphik, nor of Rehob: +But the Asherites dwelt among the Canaanites, the inhabitants of the land: for they did not drive them out. +Neither did Naphtali drive out the inhabitants of Bethshemesh, nor the inhabitants of Bethanath; but he dwelt among the Canaanites, the inhabitants of the land: nevertheless the inhabitants of Bethshemesh and of Bethanath became tributaries unto them. +And the Amorites forced the children of Dan into the mountain: for they would not suffer them to come down to the valley: +But the Amorites would dwell in mount Heres in Aijalon, and in Shaalbim: yet the hand of the house of Joseph prevailed, so that they became tributaries. +And the coast of the Amorites was from the going up to Akrabbim, from the rock, and upward. +And an angel of the LORD came up from Gilgal to Bochim, and said, I made you to go up out of Egypt, and have brought you unto the land which I sware unto your fathers; and I said, I will never break my covenant with you. +And ye shall make no league with the inhabitants of this land; ye shall throw down their altars: but ye have not obeyed my voice: why have ye done this? +Wherefore I also said, I will not drive them out from before you; but they shall be as thorns in your sides, and their gods shall be a snare unto you. +And it came to pass, when the angel of the LORD spake these words unto all the children of Israel, that the people lifted up their voice, and wept. +And they called the name of that place Bochim: and they sacrificed there unto the LORD. +And when Joshua had let the people go, the children of Israel went every man unto his inheritance to possess the land. +And the people served the LORD all the days of Joshua, and all the days of the elders that outlived Joshua, who had seen all the great works of the LORD, that he did for Israel. +And Joshua the son of Nun, the servant of the LORD, died, being an hundred and ten years old. +And they buried him in the border of his inheritance in Timnathheres, in the mount of Ephraim, on the north side of the hill Gaash. +And also all that generation were gathered unto their fathers: and there arose another generation after them, which knew not the LORD, nor yet the works which he had done for Israel. +And the children of Israel did evil in the sight of the LORD, and served Baalim: +And they forsook the LORD God of their fathers, which brought them out of the land of Egypt, and followed other gods, of the gods of the people that were round about them, and bowed themselves unto them, and provoked the LORD to anger. +And they forsook the LORD, and served Baal and Ashtaroth. +And the anger of the LORD was hot against Israel, and he delivered them into the hands of spoilers that spoiled them, and he sold them into the hands of their enemies round about, so that they could not any longer stand before their enemies. +Whithersoever they went out, the hand of the LORD was against them for evil, as the LORD had said, and as the LORD had sworn unto them: and they were greatly distressed. +Nevertheless the LORD raised up judges, which delivered them out of the hand of those that spoiled them. +And yet they would not hearken unto their judges, but they went a whoring after other gods, and bowed themselves unto them: they turned quickly out of the way which their fathers walked in, obeying the commandments of the LORD; but they did not so. +And when the LORD raised them up judges, then the LORD was with the judge, and delivered them out of the hand of their enemies all the days of the judge: for it repented the LORD because of their groanings by reason of them that oppressed them and vexed them. +And it came to pass, when the judge was dead, that they returned, and corrupted themselves more than their fathers, in following other gods to serve them, and to bow down unto them; they ceased not from their own doings, nor from their stubborn way. +And the anger of the LORD was hot against Israel; and he said, Because that this people hath transgressed my covenant which I commanded their fathers, and have not hearkened unto my voice; +I also will not henceforth drive out any from before them of the nations which Joshua left when he died: +That through them I may prove Israel, whether they will keep the way of the LORD to walk therein, as their fathers did keep it, or not. +Therefore the LORD left those nations, without driving them out hastily; neither delivered he them into the hand of Joshua. +Now these are the nations which the LORD left, to prove Israel by them, even as many of Israel as had not known all the wars of Canaan; +Only that the generations of the children of Israel might know, to teach them war, at the least such as before knew nothing thereof; +Namely, five lords of the Philistines, and all the Canaanites, and the Sidonians, and the Hivites that dwelt in mount Lebanon, from mount Baalhermon unto the entering in of Hamath. +And they were to prove Israel by them, to know whether they would hearken unto the commandments of the LORD, which he commanded their fathers by the hand of Moses. +And the children of Israel dwelt among the Canaanites, Hittites, and Amorites, and Perizzites, and Hivites, and Jebusites: +And they took their daughters to be their wives, and gave their daughters to their sons, and served their gods. +And the children of Israel did evil in the sight of the LORD, and forgat the LORD their God, and served Baalim and the groves. +Therefore the anger of the LORD was hot against Israel, and he sold them into the hand of Chushanrishathaim king of Mesopotamia: and the children of Israel served Chushanrishathaim eight years. +And when the children of Israel cried unto the LORD, the LORD raised up a deliverer to the children of Israel, who delivered them, even Othniel the son of Kenaz, Caleb's younger brother. +And the Spirit of the LORD came upon him, and he judged Israel, and went out to war: and the LORD delivered Chushanrishathaim king of Mesopotamia into his hand; and his hand prevailed against Chushanrishathaim. +And the land had rest forty years. And Othniel the son of Kenaz died. +And the children of Israel did evil again in the sight of the LORD: and the LORD strengthened Eglon the king of Moab against Israel, because they had done evil in the sight of the LORD. +And he gathered unto him the children of Ammon and Amalek, and went and smote Israel, and possessed the city of palm trees. +So the children of Israel served Eglon the king of Moab eighteen years. +But when the children of Israel cried unto the LORD, the LORD raised them up a deliverer, Ehud the son of Gera, a Benjamite, a man lefthanded: and by him the children of Israel sent a present unto Eglon the king of Moab. +But Ehud made him a dagger which had two edges, of a cubit length; and he did gird it under his raiment upon his right thigh. +And he brought the present unto Eglon king of Moab: and Eglon was a very fat man. +And when he had made an end to offer the present, he sent away the people that bare the present. +But he himself turned again from the quarries that were by Gilgal, and said, I have a secret errand unto thee, O king: who said, Keep silence. And all that stood by him went out from him. +And Ehud came unto him; and he was sitting in a summer parlour, which he had for himself alone. And Ehud said, I have a message from God unto thee. And he arose out of his seat. +And Ehud put forth his left hand, and took the dagger from his right thigh, and thrust it into his belly: +And the haft also went in after the blade; and the fat closed upon the blade, so that he could not draw the dagger out of his belly; and the dirt came out. +Then Ehud went forth through the porch, and shut the doors of the parlour upon him, and locked them. +When he was gone out, his servants came; and when they saw that, behold, the doors of the parlour were locked, they said, Surely he covereth his feet in his summer chamber. +And they tarried till they were ashamed: and, behold, he opened not the doors of the parlour; therefore they took a key, and opened them: and, behold, their lord was fallen down dead on the earth. +And Ehud escaped while they tarried, and passed beyond the quarries, and escaped unto Seirath. +And it came to pass, when he was come, that he blew a trumpet in the mountain of Ephraim, and the children of Israel went down with him from the mount, and he before them. +And he said unto them, Follow after me: for the LORD hath delivered your enemies the Moabites into your hand. And they went down after him, and took the fords of Jordan toward Moab, and suffered not a man to pass over. +And they slew of Moab at that time about ten thousand men, all lusty, and all men of valour; and there escaped not a man. +So Moab was subdued that day under the hand of Israel. And the land had rest fourscore years. +And after him was Shamgar the son of Anath, which slew of the Philistines six hundred men with an ox goad: and he also delivered Israel. +And the children of Israel again did evil in the sight of the LORD, when Ehud was dead. +And the LORD sold them into the hand of Jabin king of Canaan, that reigned in Hazor; the captain of whose host was Sisera, which dwelt in Harosheth of the Gentiles. +And the children of Israel cried unto the LORD: for he had nine hundred chariots of iron; and twenty years he mightily oppressed the children of Israel. +And Deborah, a prophetess, the wife of Lapidoth, she judged Israel at that time. +And she dwelt under the palm tree of Deborah between Ramah and Bethel in mount Ephraim: and the children of Israel came up to her for judgment. +And she sent and called Barak the son of Abinoam out of Kedeshnaphtali, and said unto him, Hath not the LORD God of Israel commanded, saying, Go and draw toward mount Tabor, and take with thee ten thousand men of the children of Naphtali and of the children of Zebulun? +And I will draw unto thee to the river Kishon Sisera, the captain of Jabin's army, with his chariots and his multitude; and I will deliver him into thine hand. +And Barak said unto her, If thou wilt go with me, then I will go: but if thou wilt not go with me, then I will not go. +And she said, I will surely go with thee: notwithstanding the journey that thou takest shall not be for thine honour; for the LORD shall sell Sisera into the hand of a woman. And Deborah arose, and went with Barak to Kedesh. +And Barak called Zebulun and Naphtali to Kedesh; and he went up with ten thousand men at his feet: and Deborah went up with him. +Now Heber the Kenite, which was of the children of Hobab the father in law of Moses, had severed himself from the Kenites, and pitched his tent unto the plain of Zaanaim, which is by Kedesh. +And they shewed Sisera that Barak the son of Abinoam was gone up to mount Tabor. +And Sisera gathered together all his chariots, even nine hundred chariots of iron, and all the people that were with him, from Harosheth of the Gentiles unto the river of Kishon. +And Deborah said unto Barak, Up; for this is the day in which the LORD hath delivered Sisera into thine hand: is not the LORD gone out before thee? So Barak went down from mount Tabor, and ten thousand men after him. +And the LORD discomfited Sisera, and all his chariots, and all his host, with the edge of the sword before Barak; so that Sisera lighted down off his chariot, and fled away on his feet. +But Barak pursued after the chariots, and after the host, unto Harosheth of the Gentiles: and all the host of Sisera fell upon the edge of the sword; and there was not a man left. +Howbeit Sisera fled away on his feet to the tent of Jael the wife of Heber the Kenite: for there was peace between Jabin the king of Hazor and the house of Heber the Kenite. +And Jael went out to meet Sisera, and said unto him, Turn in, my lord, turn in to me; fear not. And when he had turned in unto her into the tent, she covered him with a mantle. +And he said unto her, Give me, I pray thee, a little water to drink; for I am thirsty. And she opened a bottle of milk, and gave him drink, and covered him. +Again he said unto her, Stand in the door of the tent, and it shall be, when any man doth come and enquire of thee, and say, Is there any man here? that thou shalt say, No. +Then Jael Heber's wife took a nail of the tent, and took an hammer in her hand, and went softly unto him, and smote the nail into his temples, and fastened it into the ground: for he was fast asleep and weary. So he died. +And, behold, as Barak pursued Sisera, Jael came out to meet him, and said unto him, Come, and I will shew thee the man whom thou seekest. And when he came into her tent, behold, Sisera lay dead, and the nail was in his temples. +So God subdued on that day Jabin the king of Canaan before the children of Israel. +And the hand of the children of Israel prospered, and prevailed against Jabin the king of Canaan, until they had destroyed Jabin king of Canaan. +Then sang Deborah and Barak the son of Abinoam on that day, saying, +Praise ye the LORD for the avenging of Israel, when the people willingly offered themselves. +Hear, O ye kings; give ear, O ye princes; I, even I, will sing unto the LORD; I will sing praise to the LORD God of Israel. +LORD, when thou wentest out of Seir, when thou marchedst out of the field of Edom, the earth trembled, and the heavens dropped, the clouds also dropped water. +The mountains melted from before the LORD, even that Sinai from before the LORD God of Israel. +In the days of Shamgar the son of Anath, in the days of Jael, the highways were unoccupied, and the travellers walked through byways. +The inhabitants of the villages ceased, they ceased in Israel, until that I Deborah arose, that I arose a mother in Israel. +They chose new gods; then was war in the gates: was there a shield or spear seen among forty thousand in Israel? +My heart is toward the governors of Israel, that offered themselves willingly among the people. Bless ye the LORD. +Speak, ye that ride on white asses, ye that sit in judgment, and walk by the way. +They that are delivered from the noise of archers in the places of drawing water, there shall they rehearse the righteous acts of the LORD, even the righteous acts toward the inhabitants of his villages in Israel: then shall the people of the LORD go down to the gates. +Awake, awake, Deborah: awake, awake, utter a song: arise, Barak, and lead thy captivity captive, thou son of Abinoam. +Then he made him that remaineth have dominion over the nobles among the people: the LORD made me have dominion over the mighty. +Out of Ephraim was there a root of them against Amalek; after thee, Benjamin, among thy people; out of Machir came down governors, and out of Zebulun they that handle the pen of the writer. +And the princes of Issachar were with Deborah; even Issachar, and also Barak: he was sent on foot into the valley. For the divisions of Reuben there were great thoughts of heart. +Why abodest thou among the sheepfolds, to hear the bleatings of the flocks? For the divisions of Reuben there were great searchings of heart. +Gilead abode beyond Jordan: and why did Dan remain in ships? Asher continued on the sea shore, and abode in his breaches. +Zebulun and Naphtali were a people that jeoparded their lives unto the death in the high places of the field. +The kings came and fought, then fought the kings of Canaan in Taanach by the waters of Megiddo; they took no gain of money. +They fought from heaven; the stars in their courses fought against Sisera. +The river of Kishon swept them away, that ancient river, the river Kishon. O my soul, thou hast trodden down strength. +Then were the horsehoofs broken by the means of the pransings, the pransings of their mighty ones. +Curse ye Meroz, said the angel of the LORD, curse ye bitterly the inhabitants thereof; because they came not to the help of the LORD, to the help of the LORD against the mighty. +Blessed above women shall Jael the wife of Heber the Kenite be, blessed shall she be above women in the tent. +He asked water, and she gave him milk; she brought forth butter in a lordly dish. +She put her hand to the nail, and her right hand to the workmen's hammer; and with the hammer she smote Sisera, she smote off his head, when she had pierced and stricken through his temples. +At her feet he bowed, he fell, he lay down: at her feet he bowed, he fell: where he bowed, there he fell down dead. +The mother of Sisera looked out at a window, and cried through the lattice, Why is his chariot so long in coming? why tarry the wheels of his chariots? +Her wise ladies answered her, yea, she returned answer to herself, +Have they not sped? have they not divided the prey; to every man a damsel or two; to Sisera a prey of divers colours, a prey of divers colours of needlework, of divers colours of needlework on both sides, meet for the necks of them that take the spoil? +So let all thine enemies perish, O LORD: but let them that love him be as the sun when he goeth forth in his might. And the land had rest forty years. +And the children of Israel did evil in the sight of the LORD: and the LORD delivered them into the hand of Midian seven years. +And the hand of Midian prevailed against Israel: and because of the Midianites the children of Israel made them the dens which are in the mountains, and caves, and strong holds. +And so it was, when Israel had sown, that the Midianites came up, and the Amalekites, and the children of the east, even they came up against them; +And they encamped against them, and destroyed the increase of the earth, till thou come unto Gaza, and left no sustenance for Israel, neither sheep, nor ox, nor ass. +For they came up with their cattle and their tents, and they came as grasshoppers for multitude; for both they and their camels were without number: and they entered into the land to destroy it. +And Israel was greatly impoverished because of the Midianites; and the children of Israel cried unto the LORD. +And it came to pass, when the children of Israel cried unto the LORD because of the Midianites, +That the LORD sent a prophet unto the children of Israel, which said unto them, Thus saith the LORD God of Israel, I brought you up from Egypt, and brought you forth out of the house of bondage; +And I delivered you out of the hand of the Egyptians, and out of the hand of all that oppressed you, and drave them out from before you, and gave you their land; +And I said unto you, I am the LORD your God; fear not the gods of the Amorites, in whose land ye dwell: but ye have not obeyed my voice. +And there came an angel of the LORD, and sat under an oak which was in Ophrah, that pertained unto Joash the Abiezrite: and his son Gideon threshed wheat by the winepress, to hide it from the Midianites. +And the angel of the LORD appeared unto him, and said unto him, The LORD is with thee, thou mighty man of valour. +And Gideon said unto him, Oh my Lord, if the LORD be with us, why then is all this befallen us? and where be all his miracles which our fathers told us of, saying, Did not the LORD bring us up from Egypt? but now the LORD hath forsaken us, and delivered us into the hands of the Midianites. +And the LORD looked upon him, and said, Go in this thy might, and thou shalt save Israel from the hand of the Midianites: have not I sent thee? +And he said unto him, Oh my Lord, wherewith shall I save Israel? behold, my family is poor in Manasseh, and I am the least in my father's house. +And the LORD said unto him, Surely I will be with thee, and thou shalt smite the Midianites as one man. +And he said unto him, If now I have found grace in thy sight, then shew me a sign that thou talkest with me. +Depart not hence, I pray thee, until I come unto thee, and bring forth my present, and set it before thee. And he said, I will tarry until thou come again. +And Gideon went in, and made ready a kid, and unleavened cakes of an ephah of flour: the flesh he put in a basket, and he put the broth in a pot, and brought it out unto him under the oak, and presented it. +And the angel of God said unto him, Take the flesh and the unleavened cakes, and lay them upon this rock, and pour out the broth. And he did so. +Then the angel of the LORD put forth the end of the staff that was in his hand, and touched the flesh and the unleavened cakes; and there rose up fire out of the rock, and consumed the flesh and the unleavened cakes. Then the angel of the LORD departed out of his sight. +And when Gideon perceived that he was an angel of the LORD, Gideon said, Alas, O LORD God! for because I have seen an angel of the LORD face to face. +And the LORD said unto him, Peace be unto thee; fear not: thou shalt not die. +Then Gideon built an altar there unto the LORD, and called it Jehovahshalom: unto this day it is yet in Ophrah of the Abiezrites. +And it came to pass the same night, that the LORD said unto him, Take thy father's young bullock, even the second bullock of seven years old, and throw down the altar of Baal that thy father hath, and cut down the grove that is by it: +And build an altar unto the LORD thy God upon the top of this rock, in the ordered place, and take the second bullock, and offer a burnt sacrifice with the wood of the grove which thou shalt cut down. +Then Gideon took ten men of his servants, and did as the LORD had said unto him: and so it was, because he feared his father's household, and the men of the city, that he could not do it by day, that he did it by night. +And when the men of the city arose early in the morning, behold, the altar of Baal was cast down, and the grove was cut down that was by it, and the second bullock was offered upon the altar that was built. +And they said one to another, Who hath done this thing? And when they enquired and asked, they said, Gideon the son of Joash hath done this thing. +Then the men of the city said unto Joash, Bring out thy son, that he may die: because he hath cast down the altar of Baal, and because he hath cut down the grove that was by it. +And Joash said unto all that stood against him, Will ye plead for Baal? will ye save him? he that will plead for him, let him be put to death whilst it is yet morning: if he be a god, let him plead for himself, because one hath cast down his altar. +Therefore on that day he called him Jerubbaal, saying, Let Baal plead against him, because he hath thrown down his altar. +Then all the Midianites and the Amalekites and the children of the east were gathered together, and went over, and pitched in the valley of Jezreel. +But the Spirit of the LORD came upon Gideon, and he blew a trumpet; and Abiezer was gathered after him. +And he sent messengers throughout all Manasseh; who also was gathered after him: and he sent messengers unto Asher, and unto Zebulun, and unto Naphtali; and they came up to meet them. +And Gideon said unto God, If thou wilt save Israel by mine hand, as thou hast said, +Behold, I will put a fleece of wool in the floor; and if the dew be on the fleece only, and it be dry upon all the earth beside, then shall I know that thou wilt save Israel by mine hand, as thou hast said. +And it was so: for he rose up early on the morrow, and thrust the fleece together, and wringed the dew out of the fleece, a bowl full of water. +And Gideon said unto God, Let not thine anger be hot against me, and I will speak but this once: let me prove, I pray thee, but this once with the fleece; let it now be dry only upon the fleece, and upon all the ground let there be dew. +And God did so that night: for it was dry upon the fleece only, and there was dew on all the ground. +Then Jerubbaal, who is Gideon, and all the people that were with him, rose up early, and pitched beside the well of Harod: so that the host of the Midianites were on the north side of them, by the hill of Moreh, in the valley. +And the LORD said unto Gideon, The people that are with thee are too many for me to give the Midianites into their hands, lest Israel vaunt themselves against me, saying, Mine own hand hath saved me. +Now therefore go to, proclaim in the ears of the people, saying, Whosoever is fearful and afraid, let him return and depart early from mount Gilead. And there returned of the people twenty and two thousand; and there remained ten thousand. +And the LORD said unto Gideon, The people are yet too many; bring them down unto the water, and I will try them for thee there: and it shall be, that of whom I say unto thee, This shall go with thee, the same shall go with thee; and of whomsoever I say unto thee, This shall not go with thee, the same shall not go. +So he brought down the people unto the water: and the LORD said unto Gideon, Every one that lappeth of the water with his tongue, as a dog lappeth, him shalt thou set by himself; likewise every one that boweth down upon his knees to drink. +And the number of them that lapped, putting their hand to their mouth, were three hundred men: but all the rest of the people bowed down upon their knees to drink water. +And the LORD said unto Gideon, By the three hundred men that lapped will I save you, and deliver the Midianites into thine hand: and let all the other people go every man unto his place. +So the people took victuals in their hand, and their trumpets: and he sent all the rest of Israel every man unto his tent, and retained those three hundred men: and the host of Midian was beneath him in the valley. +And it came to pass the same night, that the LORD said unto him, Arise, get thee down unto the host; for I have delivered it into thine hand. +But if thou fear to go down, go thou with Phurah thy servant down to the host: +And thou shalt hear what they say; and afterward shall thine hands be strengthened to go down unto the host. Then went he down with Phurah his servant unto the outside of the armed men that were in the host. +And the Midianites and the Amalekites and all the children of the east lay along in the valley like grasshoppers for multitude; and their camels were without number, as the sand by the sea side for multitude. +And when Gideon was come, behold, there was a man that told a dream unto his fellow, and said, Behold, I dreamed a dream, and, lo, a cake of barley bread tumbled into the host of Midian, and came unto a tent, and smote it that it fell, and overturned it, that the tent lay along. +And his fellow answered and said, This is nothing else save the sword of Gideon the son of Joash, a man of Israel: for into his hand hath God delivered Midian, and all the host. +And it was so, when Gideon heard the telling of the dream, and the interpretation thereof, that he worshipped, and returned into the host of Israel, and said, Arise; for the LORD hath delivered into your hand the host of Midian. +And he divided the three hundred men into three companies, and he put a trumpet in every man's hand, with empty pitchers, and lamps within the pitchers. +And he said unto them, Look on me, and do likewise: and, behold, when I come to the outside of the camp, it shall be that, as I do, so shall ye do. +When I blow with a trumpet, I and all that are with me, then blow ye the trumpets also on every side of all the camp, and say, The sword of the LORD, and of Gideon. +So Gideon, and the hundred men that were with him, came unto the outside of the camp in the beginning of the middle watch; and they had but newly set the watch: and they blew the trumpets, and brake the pitchers that were in their hands. +And the three companies blew the trumpets, and brake the pitchers, and held the lamps in their left hands, and the trumpets in their right hands to blow withal: and they cried, The sword of the LORD, and of Gideon. +And they stood every man in his place round about the camp; and all the host ran, and cried, and fled. +And the three hundred blew the trumpets, and the LORD set every man's sword against his fellow, even throughout all the host: and the host fled to Bethshittah in Zererath, and to the border of Abelmeholah, unto Tabbath. +And the men of Israel gathered themselves together out of Naphtali, and out of Asher, and out of all Manasseh, and pursued after the Midianites. +And Gideon sent messengers throughout all mount Ephraim, saying, come down against the Midianites, and take before them the waters unto Bethbarah and Jordan. Then all the men of Ephraim gathered themselves together, and took the waters unto Bethbarah and Jordan. +And they took two princes of the Midianites, Oreb and Zeeb; and they slew Oreb upon the rock Oreb, and Zeeb they slew at the winepress of Zeeb, and pursued Midian, and brought the heads of Oreb and Zeeb to Gideon on the other side Jordan. +And the men of Ephraim said unto him, Why hast thou served us thus, that thou calledst us not, when thou wentest to fight with the Midianites? And they did chide with him sharply. +And he said unto them, What have I done now in comparison of you? Is not the gleaning of the grapes of Ephraim better than the vintage of Abiezer? +God hath delivered into your hands the princes of Midian, Oreb and Zeeb: and what was I able to do in comparison of you? Then their anger was abated toward him, when he had said that. +And Gideon came to Jordan, and passed over, he, and the three hundred men that were with him, faint, yet pursuing them. +And he said unto the men of Succoth, Give, I pray you, loaves of bread unto the people that follow me; for they be faint, and I am pursuing after Zebah and Zalmunna, kings of Midian. +And the princes of Succoth said, Are the hands of Zebah and Zalmunna now in thine hand, that we should give bread unto thine army? +And Gideon said, Therefore when the LORD hath delivered Zebah and Zalmunna into mine hand, then I will tear your flesh with the thorns of the wilderness and with briers. +And he went up thence to Penuel, and spake unto them likewise: and the men of Penuel answered him as the men of Succoth had answered him. +And he spake also unto the men of Penuel, saying, When I come again in peace, I will break down this tower. +Now Zebah and Zalmunna were in Karkor, and their hosts with them, about fifteen thousand men, all that were left of all the hosts of the children of the east: for there fell an hundred and twenty thousand men that drew sword. +And Gideon went up by the way of them that dwelt in tents on the east of Nobah and Jogbehah, and smote the host; for the host was secure. +And when Zebah and Zalmunna fled, he pursued after them, and took the two kings of Midian, Zebah and Zalmunna, and discomfited all the host. +And Gideon the son of Joash returned from battle before the sun was up, +And caught a young man of the men of Succoth, and enquired of him: and he described unto him the princes of Succoth, and the elders thereof, even threescore and seventeen men. +And he came unto the men of Succoth, and said, Behold Zebah and Zalmunna, with whom ye did upbraid me, saying, Are the hands of Zebah and Zalmunna now in thine hand, that we should give bread unto thy men that are weary? +And he took the elders of the city, and thorns of the wilderness and briers, and with them he taught the men of Succoth. +And he beat down the tower of Penuel, and slew the men of the city. +Then said he unto Zebah and Zalmunna, What manner of men were they whom ye slew at Tabor? And they answered, As thou art, so were they; each one resembled the children of a king. +And he said, They were my brethren, even the sons of my mother: as the LORD liveth, if ye had saved them alive, I would not slay you. +And he said unto Jether his firstborn, Up, and slay them. But the youth drew not his sword: for he feared, because he was yet a youth. +Then Zebah and Zalmunna said, Rise thou, and fall upon us: for as the man is, so is his strength. And Gideon arose, and slew Zebah and Zalmunna, and took away the ornaments that were on their camels' necks. +Then the men of Israel said unto Gideon, Rule thou over us, both thou, and thy son, and thy son's son also: for thou hast delivered us from the hand of Midian. +And Gideon said unto them, I will not rule over you, neither shall my son rule over you: the LORD shall rule over you. +And Gideon said unto them, I would desire a request of you, that ye would give me every man the earrings of his prey. (For they had golden earrings, because they were Ishmaelites.) +And they answered, We will willingly give them. And they spread a garment, and did cast therein every man the earrings of his prey. +And the weight of the golden earrings that he requested was a thousand and seven hundred shekels of gold; beside ornaments, and collars, and purple raiment that was on the kings of Midian, and beside the chains that were about their camels' necks. +And Gideon made an ephod thereof, and put it in his city, even in Ophrah: and all Israel went thither a whoring after it: which thing became a snare unto Gideon, and to his house. +Thus was Midian subdued before the children of Israel, so that they lifted up their heads no more. And the country was in quietness forty years in the days of Gideon. +And Jerubbaal the son of Joash went and dwelt in his own house. +And Gideon had threescore and ten sons of his body begotten: for he had many wives. +And his concubine that was in Shechem, she also bare him a son, whose name he called Abimelech. +And Gideon the son of Joash died in a good old age, and was buried in the sepulchre of Joash his father, in Ophrah of the Abiezrites. +And it came to pass, as soon as Gideon was dead, that the children of Israel turned again, and went a whoring after Baalim, and made Baalberith their god. +And the children of Israel remembered not the LORD their God, who had delivered them out of the hands of all their enemies on every side: +Neither shewed they kindness to the house of Jerubbaal, namely, Gideon, according to all the goodness which he had shewed unto Israel. +And Abimelech the son of Jerubbaal went to Shechem unto his mother's brethren, and communed with them, and with all the family of the house of his mother's father, saying, +Speak, I pray you, in the ears of all the men of Shechem, Whether is better for you, either that all the sons of Jerubbaal, which are threescore and ten persons, reign over you, or that one reign over you? remember also that I am your bone and your flesh. +And his mother's brethren spake of him in the ears of all the men of Shechem all these words: and their hearts inclined to follow Abimelech; for they said, He is our brother. +And they gave him threescore and ten pieces of silver out of the house of Baalberith, wherewith Abimelech hired vain and light persons, which followed him. +And he went unto his father's house at Ophrah, and slew his brethren the sons of Jerubbaal, being threescore and ten persons, upon one stone: notwithstanding yet Jotham the youngest son of Jerubbaal was left; for he hid himself. +And all the men of Shechem gathered together, and all the house of Millo, and went, and made Abimelech king, by the plain of the pillar that was in Shechem. +And when they told it to Jotham, he went and stood in the top of mount Gerizim, and lifted up his voice, and cried, and said unto them, Hearken unto me, ye men of Shechem, that God may hearken unto you. +The trees went forth on a time to anoint a king over them; and they said unto the olive tree, Reign thou over us. +But the olive tree said unto them, Should I leave my fatness, wherewith by me they honour God and man, and go to be promoted over the trees? +And the trees said to the fig tree, Come thou, and reign over us. +But the fig tree said unto them, Should I forsake my sweetness, and my good fruit, and go to be promoted over the trees? +Then said the trees unto the vine, Come thou, and reign over us. +And the vine said unto them, Should I leave my wine, which cheereth God and man, and go to be promoted over the trees? +Then said all the trees unto the bramble, Come thou, and reign over us. +And the bramble said unto the trees, If in truth ye anoint me king over you, then come and put your trust in my shadow: and if not, let fire come out of the bramble, and devour the cedars of Lebanon. +Now therefore, if ye have done truly and sincerely, in that ye have made Abimelech king, and if ye have dealt well with Jerubbaal and his house, and have done unto him according to the deserving of his hands; +(For my father fought for you, and adventured his life far, and delivered you out of the hand of Midian: +And ye are risen up against my father's house this day, and have slain his sons, threescore and ten persons, upon one stone, and have made Abimelech, the son of his maidservant, king over the men of Shechem, because he is your brother;) +If ye then have dealt truly and sincerely with Jerubbaal and with his house this day, then rejoice ye in Abimelech, and let him also rejoice in you: +But if not, let fire come out from Abimelech, and devour the men of Shechem, and the house of Millo; and let fire come out from the men of Shechem, and from the house of Millo, and devour Abimelech. +And Jotham ran away, and fled, and went to Beer, and dwelt there, for fear of Abimelech his brother. +When Abimelech had reigned three years over Israel, +Then God sent an evil spirit between Abimelech and the men of Shechem; and the men of Shechem dealt treacherously with Abimelech: +That the cruelty done to the threescore and ten sons of Jerubbaal might come, and their blood be laid upon Abimelech their brother, which slew them; and upon the men of Shechem, which aided him in the killing of his brethren. +And the men of Shechem set liers in wait for him in the top of the mountains, and they robbed all that came along that way by them: and it was told Abimelech. +And Gaal the son of Ebed came with his brethren, and went over to Shechem: and the men of Shechem put their confidence in him. +And they went out into the fields, and gathered their vineyards, and trode the grapes, and made merry, and went into the house of their god, and did eat and drink, and cursed Abimelech. +And Gaal the son of Ebed said, Who is Abimelech, and who is Shechem, that we should serve him? is not he the son of Jerubbaal? and Zebul his officer? serve the men of Hamor the father of Shechem: for why should we serve him? +And would to God this people were under my hand! then would I remove Abimelech. And he said to Abimelech, Increase thine army, and come out. +And when Zebul the ruler of the city heard the words of Gaal the son of Ebed, his anger was kindled. +And he sent messengers unto Abimelech privily, saying, Behold, Gaal the son of Ebed and his brethren be come to Shechem; and, behold, they fortify the city against thee. +Now therefore up by night, thou and the people that is with thee, and lie in wait in the field: +And it shall be, that in the morning, as soon as the sun is up, thou shalt rise early, and set upon the city: and, behold, when he and the people that is with him come out against thee, then mayest thou do to them as thou shalt find occasion. +And Abimelech rose up, and all the people that were with him, by night, and they laid wait against Shechem in four companies. +And Gaal the son of Ebed went out, and stood in the entering of the gate of the city: and Abimelech rose up, and the people that were with him, from lying in wait. +And when Gaal saw the people, he said to Zebul, Behold, there come people down from the top of the mountains. And Zebul said unto him, Thou seest the shadow of the mountains as if they were men. +And Gaal spake again, and said, See there come people down by the middle of the land, and another company come along by the plain of Meonenim. +Then said Zebul unto him, Where is now thy mouth, wherewith thou saidst, Who is Abimelech, that we should serve him? is not this the people that thou hast despised? go out, I pray now, and fight with them. +And Gaal went out before the men of Shechem, and fought with Abimelech. +And Abimelech chased him, and he fled before him, and many were overthrown and wounded, even unto the entering of the gate. +And Abimelech dwelt at Arumah: and Zebul thrust out Gaal and his brethren, that they should not dwell in Shechem. +And it came to pass on the morrow, that the people went out into the field; and they told Abimelech. +And he took the people, and divided them into three companies, and laid wait in the field, and looked, and, behold, the people were come forth out of the city; and he rose up against them, and smote them. +And Abimelech, and the company that was with him, rushed forward, and stood in the entering of the gate of the city: and the two other companies ran upon all the people that were in the fields, and slew them. +And Abimelech fought against the city all that day; and he took the city, and slew the people that was therein, and beat down the city, and sowed it with salt. +And when all the men of the tower of Shechem heard that, they entered into an hold of the house of the god Berith. +And it was told Abimelech, that all the men of the tower of Shechem were gathered together. +And Abimelech gat him up to mount Zalmon, he and all the people that were with him; and Abimelech took an axe in his hand, and cut down a bough from the trees, and took it, and laid it on his shoulder, and said unto the people that were with him, What ye have seen me do, make haste, and do as I have done. +And all the people likewise cut down every man his bough, and followed Abimelech, and put them to the hold, and set the hold on fire upon them; so that all the men of the tower of Shechem died also, about a thousand men and women. +Then went Abimelech to Thebez, and encamped against Thebez, and took it. +But there was a strong tower within the city, and thither fled all the men and women, and all they of the city, and shut it to them, and gat them up to the top of the tower. +And Abimelech came unto the tower, and fought against it, and went hard unto the door of the tower to burn it with fire. +And a certain woman cast a piece of a millstone upon Abimelech's head, and all to brake his skull. +Then he called hastily unto the young man his armourbearer, and said unto him, Draw thy sword, and slay me, that men say not of me, A women slew him. And his young man thrust him through, and he died. +And when the men of Israel saw that Abimelech was dead, they departed every man unto his place. +Thus God rendered the wickedness of Abimelech, which he did unto his father, in slaying his seventy brethren: +And all the evil of the men of Shechem did God render upon their heads: and upon them came the curse of Jotham the son of Jerubbaal. +And after Abimelech there arose to defend Israel Tola the son of Puah, the son of Dodo, a man of Issachar; and he dwelt in Shamir in mount Ephraim. +And he judged Israel twenty and three years, and died, and was buried in Shamir. +And after him arose Jair, a Gileadite, and judged Israel twenty and two years. +And he had thirty sons that rode on thirty ass colts, and they had thirty cities, which are called Havothjair unto this day, which are in the land of Gilead. +And Jair died, and was buried in Camon. +And the children of Israel did evil again in the sight of the LORD, and served Baalim, and Ashtaroth, and the gods of Syria, and the gods of Zidon, and the gods of Moab, and the gods of the children of Ammon, and the gods of the Philistines, and forsook the LORD, and served not him. +And the anger of the LORD was hot against Israel, and he sold them into the hands of the Philistines, and into the hands of the children of Ammon. +And that year they vexed and oppressed the children of Israel: eighteen years, all the children of Israel that were on the other side Jordan in the land of the Amorites, which is in Gilead. +Moreover the children of Ammon passed over Jordan to fight also against Judah, and against Benjamin, and against the house of Ephraim; so that Israel was sore distressed. +And the children of Israel cried unto the LORD, saying, We have sinned against thee, both because we have forsaken our God, and also served Baalim. +And the LORD said unto the children of Israel, Did not I deliver you from the Egyptians, and from the Amorites, from the children of Ammon, and from the Philistines? +The Zidonians also, and the Amalekites, and the Maonites, did oppress you; and ye cried to me, and I delivered you out of their hand. +Yet ye have forsaken me, and served other gods: wherefore I will deliver you no more. +Go and cry unto the gods which ye have chosen; let them deliver you in the time of your tribulation. +And the children of Israel said unto the LORD, We have sinned: do thou unto us whatsoever seemeth good unto thee; deliver us only, we pray thee, this day. +And they put away the strange gods from among them, and served the LORD: and his soul was grieved for the misery of Israel. +Then the children of Ammon were gathered together, and encamped in Gilead. And the children of Israel assembled themselves together, and encamped in Mizpeh. +And the people and princes of Gilead said one to another, What man is he that will begin to fight against the children of Ammon? he shall be head over all the inhabitants of Gilead. +Now Jephthah the Gileadite was a mighty man of valour, and he was the son of an harlot: and Gilead begat Jephthah. +And Gilead's wife bare him sons; and his wife's sons grew up, and they thrust out Jephthah, and said unto him, Thou shalt not inherit in our father's house; for thou art the son of a strange woman. +Then Jephthah fled from his brethren, and dwelt in the land of Tob: and there were gathered vain men to Jephthah, and went out with him. +And it came to pass in process of time, that the children of Ammon made war against Israel. +And it was so, that when the children of Ammon made war against Israel, the elders of Gilead went to fetch Jephthah out of the land of Tob: +And they said unto Jephthah, Come, and be our captain, that we may fight with the children of Ammon. +And Jephthah said unto the elders of Gilead, Did not ye hate me, and expel me out of my father's house? and why are ye come unto me now when ye are in distress? +And the elders of Gilead said unto Jephthah, Therefore we turn again to thee now, that thou mayest go with us, and fight against the children of Ammon, and be our head over all the inhabitants of Gilead. +And Jephthah said unto the elders of Gilead, If ye bring me home again to fight against the children of Ammon, and the LORD deliver them before me, shall I be your head? +And the elders of Gilead said unto Jephthah, The LORD be witness between us, if we do not so according to thy words. +Then Jephthah went with the elders of Gilead, and the people made him head and captain over them: and Jephthah uttered all his words before the LORD in Mizpeh. +And Jephthah sent messengers unto the king of the children of Ammon, saying, What hast thou to do with me, that thou art come against me to fight in my land? +And the king of the children of Ammon answered unto the messengers of Jephthah, Because Israel took away my land, when they came up out of Egypt, from Arnon even unto Jabbok, and unto Jordan: now therefore restore those lands again peaceably. +And Jephthah sent messengers again unto the king of the children of Ammon: +And said unto him, Thus saith Jephthah, Israel took not away the land of Moab, nor the land of the children of Ammon: +But when Israel came up from Egypt, and walked through the wilderness unto the Red sea, and came to Kadesh; +Then Israel sent messengers unto the king of Edom, saying, Let me, I pray thee, pass through thy land: but the king of Edom would not hearken thereto. And in like manner they sent unto the king of Moab: but he would not consent: and Israel abode in Kadesh. +Then they went along through the wilderness, and compassed the land of Edom, and the land of Moab, and came by the east side of the land of Moab, and pitched on the other side of Arnon, but came not within the border of Moab: for Arnon was the border of Moab. +And Israel sent messengers unto Sihon king of the Amorites, the king of Heshbon; and Israel said unto him, Let us pass, we pray thee, through thy land into my place. +But Sihon trusted not Israel to pass through his coast: but Sihon gathered all his people together, and pitched in Jahaz, and fought against Israel. +And the LORD God of Israel delivered Sihon and all his people into the hand of Israel, and they smote them: so Israel possessed all the land of the Amorites, the inhabitants of that country. +And they possessed all the coasts of the Amorites, from Arnon even unto Jabbok, and from the wilderness even unto Jordan. +So now the LORD God of Israel hath dispossessed the Amorites from before his people Israel, and shouldest thou possess it? +Wilt not thou possess that which Chemosh thy god giveth thee to possess? So whomsoever the LORD our God shall drive out from before us, them will we possess. +And now art thou any thing better than Balak the son of Zippor, king of Moab? did he ever strive against Israel, or did he ever fight against them, +While Israel dwelt in Heshbon and her towns, and in Aroer and her towns, and in all the cities that be along by the coasts of Arnon, three hundred years? why therefore did ye not recover them within that time? +Wherefore I have not sinned against thee, but thou doest me wrong to war against me: the LORD the Judge be judge this day between the children of Israel and the children of Ammon. +Howbeit the king of the children of Ammon hearkened not unto the words of Jephthah which he sent him. +Then the Spirit of the LORD came upon Jephthah, and he passed over Gilead, and Manasseh, and passed over Mizpeh of Gilead, and from Mizpeh of Gilead he passed over unto the children of Ammon. +And Jephthah vowed a vow unto the LORD, and said, If thou shalt without fail deliver the children of Ammon into mine hands, +Then it shall be, that whatsoever cometh forth of the doors of my house to meet me, when I return in peace from the children of Ammon, shall surely be the LORD's, and I will offer it up for a burnt offering. +So Jephthah passed over unto the children of Ammon to fight against them; and the LORD delivered them into his hands. +And he smote them from Aroer, even till thou come to Minnith, even twenty cities, and unto the plain of the vineyards, with a very great slaughter. Thus the children of Ammon were subdued before the children of Israel. +And Jephthah came to Mizpeh unto his house, and, behold, his daughter came out to meet him with timbrels and with dances: and she was his only child; beside her he had neither son nor daughter. +And it came to pass, when he saw her, that he rent his clothes, and said, Alas, my daughter! thou hast brought me very low, and thou art one of them that trouble me: for I have opened my mouth unto the LORD, and I cannot go back. +And she said unto him, My father, if thou hast opened thy mouth unto the LORD, do to me according to that which hath proceeded out of thy mouth; forasmuch as the LORD hath taken vengeance for thee of thine enemies, even of the children of Ammon. +And she said unto her father, Let this thing be done for me: let me alone two months, that I may go up and down upon the mountains, and bewail my virginity, I and my fellows. +And he said, Go. And he sent her away for two months: and she went with her companions, and bewailed her virginity upon the mountains. +And it came to pass at the end of two months, that she returned unto her father, who did with her according to his vow which he had vowed: and she knew no man. And it was a custom in Israel, +That the daughters of Israel went yearly to lament the daughter of Jephthah the Gileadite four days in a year. +And the men of Ephraim gathered themselves together, and went northward, and said unto Jephthah, Wherefore passedst thou over to fight against the children of Ammon, and didst not call us to go with thee? we will burn thine house upon thee with fire. +And Jephthah said unto them, I and my people were at great strife with the children of Ammon; and when I called you, ye delivered me not out of their hands. +And when I saw that ye delivered me not, I put my life in my hands, and passed over against the children of Ammon, and the LORD delivered them into my hand: wherefore then are ye come up unto me this day, to fight against me? +Then Jephthah gathered together all the men of Gilead, and fought with Ephraim: and the men of Gilead smote Ephraim, because they said, Ye Gileadites are fugitives of Ephraim among the Ephraimites, and among the Manassites. +And the Gileadites took the passages of Jordan before the Ephraimites: and it was so, that when those Ephraimites which were escaped said, Let me go over; that the men of Gilead said unto him, Art thou an Ephraimite? If he said, Nay; +Then said they unto him, Say now Shibboleth: and he said Sibboleth: for he could not frame to pronounce it right. Then they took him, and slew him at the passages of Jordan: and there fell at that time of the Ephraimites forty and two thousand. +And Jephthah judged Israel six years. Then died Jephthah the Gileadite, and was buried in one of the cities of Gilead. +And after him Ibzan of Bethlehem judged Israel. +And he had thirty sons, and thirty daughters, whom he sent abroad, and took in thirty daughters from abroad for his sons. And he judged Israel seven years. +Then died Ibzan, and was buried at Bethlehem. +And after him Elon, a Zebulonite, judged Israel; and he judged Israel ten years. +And Elon the Zebulonite died, and was buried in Aijalon in the country of Zebulun. +And after him Abdon the son of Hillel, a Pirathonite, judged Israel. +And he had forty sons and thirty nephews, that rode on threescore and ten ass colts: and he judged Israel eight years. +And Abdon the son of Hillel the Pirathonite died, and was buried in Pirathon in the land of Ephraim, in the mount of the Amalekites. +And the children of Israel did evil again in the sight of the LORD; and the LORD delivered them into the hand of the Philistines forty years. +And there was a certain man of Zorah, of the family of the Danites, whose name was Manoah; and his wife was barren, and bare not. +And the angel of the LORD appeared unto the woman, and said unto her, Behold now, thou art barren, and bearest not: but thou shalt conceive, and bear a son. +Now therefore beware, I pray thee, and drink not wine nor strong drink, and eat not any unclean thing: +For, lo, thou shalt conceive, and bear a son; and no razor shall come on his head: for the child shall be a Nazarite unto God from the womb: and he shall begin to deliver Israel out of the hand of the Philistines. +Then the woman came and told her husband, saying, A man of God came unto me, and his countenance was like the countenance of an angel of God, very terrible: but I asked him not whence he was, neither told he me his name: +But he said unto me, Behold, thou shalt conceive, and bear a son; and now drink no wine nor strong drink, neither eat any unclean thing: for the child shall be a Nazarite to God from the womb to the day of his death. +Then Manoah intreated the LORD, and said, O my Lord, let the man of God which thou didst send come again unto us, and teach us what we shall do unto the child that shall be born. +And God hearkened to the voice of Manoah; and the angel of God came again unto the woman as she sat in the field: but Manoah her husband was not with her. +And the woman made haste, and ran, and shewed her husband, and said unto him, Behold, the man hath appeared unto me, that came unto me the other day. +And Manoah arose, and went after his wife, and came to the man, and said unto him, Art thou the man that spakest unto the woman? And he said, I am. +And Manoah said, Now let thy words come to pass. How shall we order the child, and how shall we do unto him? +And the angel of the LORD said unto Manoah, Of all that I said unto the woman let her beware. +She may not eat of any thing that cometh of the vine, neither let her drink wine or strong drink, nor eat any unclean thing: all that I commanded her let her observe. +And Manoah said unto the angel of the LORD, I pray thee, let us detain thee, until we shall have made ready a kid for thee. +And the angel of the LORD said unto Manoah, Though thou detain me, I will not eat of thy bread: and if thou wilt offer a burnt offering, thou must offer it unto the LORD. For Manoah knew not that he was an angel of the LORD. +And Manoah said unto the angel of the LORD, What is thy name, that when thy sayings come to pass we may do thee honour? +And the angel of the LORD said unto him, Why askest thou thus after my name, seeing it is secret? +So Manoah took a kid with a meat offering, and offered it upon a rock unto the LORD: and the angel did wonderously; and Manoah and his wife looked on. +For it came to pass, when the flame went up toward heaven from off the altar, that the angel of the LORD ascended in the flame of the altar. And Manoah and his wife looked on it, and fell on their faces to the ground. +But the angel of the LORD did no more appear to Manoah and to his wife. Then Manoah knew that he was an angel of the LORD. +And Manoah said unto his wife, We shall surely die, because we have seen God. +But his wife said unto him, If the LORD were pleased to kill us, he would not have received a burnt offering and a meat offering at our hands, neither would he have shewed us all these things, nor would as at this time have told us such things as these. +And the woman bare a son, and called his name Samson: and the child grew, and the LORD blessed him. +And the Spirit of the LORD began to move him at times in the camp of Dan between Zorah and Eshtaol. +And Samson went down to Timnath, and saw a woman in Timnath of the daughters of the Philistines. +And he came up, and told his father and his mother, and said, I have seen a woman in Timnath of the daughters of the Philistines: now therefore get her for me to wife. +Then his father and his mother said unto him, Is there never a woman among the daughters of thy brethren, or among all my people, that thou goest to take a wife of the uncircumcised Philistines? And Samson said unto his father, Get her for me; for she pleaseth me well. +But his father and his mother knew not that it was of the LORD, that he sought an occasion against the Philistines: for at that time the Philistines had dominion over Israel. +Then went Samson down, and his father and his mother, to Timnath, and came to the vineyards of Timnath: and, behold, a young lion roared against him. +And the Spirit of the LORD came mightily upon him, and he rent him as he would have rent a kid, and he had nothing in his hand: but he told not his father or his mother what he had done. +And he went down, and talked with the woman; and she pleased Samson well. +And after a time he returned to take her, and he turned aside to see the carcase of the lion: and, behold, there was a swarm of bees and honey in the carcase of the lion. +And he took thereof in his hands, and went on eating, and came to his father and mother, and he gave them, and they did eat: but he told not them that he had taken the honey out of the carcase of the lion. +So his father went down unto the woman: and Samson made there a feast; for so used the young men to do. +And it came to pass, when they saw him, that they brought thirty companions to be with him. +And Samson said unto them, I will now put forth a riddle unto you: if ye can certainly declare it me within the seven days of the feast, and find it out, then I will give you thirty sheets and thirty change of garments: +But if ye cannot declare it me, then shall ye give me thirty sheets and thirty change of garments. And they said unto him, Put forth thy riddle, that we may hear it. +And he said unto them, Out of the eater came forth meat, and out of the strong came forth sweetness. And they could not in three days expound the riddle. +And it came to pass on the seventh day, that they said unto Samson's wife, Entice thy husband, that he may declare unto us the riddle, lest we burn thee and thy father's house with fire: have ye called us to take that we have? is it not so? +And Samson's wife wept before him, and said, Thou dost but hate me, and lovest me not: thou hast put forth a riddle unto the children of my people, and hast not told it me. And he said unto her, Behold, I have not told it my father nor my mother, and shall I tell it thee? +And she wept before him the seven days, while their feast lasted: and it came to pass on the seventh day, that he told her, because she lay sore upon him: and she told the riddle to the children of her people. +And the men of the city said unto him on the seventh day before the sun went down, What is sweeter than honey? And what is stronger than a lion? and he said unto them, If ye had not plowed with my heifer, ye had not found out my riddle. +And the Spirit of the LORD came upon him, and he went down to Ashkelon, and slew thirty men of them, and took their spoil, and gave change of garments unto them which expounded the riddle. And his anger was kindled, and he went up to his father's house. +But Samson's wife was given to his companion, whom he had used as his friend. +But it came to pass within a while after, in the time of wheat harvest, that Samson visited his wife with a kid; and he said, I will go in to my wife into the chamber. But her father would not suffer him to go in. +And her father said, I verily thought that thou hadst utterly hated her; therefore I gave her to thy companion: is not her younger sister fairer than she? take her, I pray thee, instead of her. +And Samson said concerning them, Now shall I be more blameless than the Philistines, though I do them a displeasure. +And Samson went and caught three hundred foxes, and took firebrands, and turned tail to tail, and put a firebrand in the midst between two tails. +And when he had set the brands on fire, he let them go into the standing corn of the Philistines, and burnt up both the shocks, and also the standing corn, with the vineyards and olives. +Then the Philistines said, Who hath done this? And they answered, Samson, the son in law of the Timnite, because he had taken his wife, and given her to his companion. And the Philistines came up, and burnt her and her father with fire. +And Samson said unto them, Though ye have done this, yet will I be avenged of you, and after that I will cease. +And he smote them hip and thigh with a great slaughter: and he went down and dwelt in the top of the rock Etam. +Then the Philistines went up, and pitched in Judah, and spread themselves in Lehi. +And the men of Judah said, Why are ye come up against us? And they answered, To bind Samson are we come up, to do to him as he hath done to us. +Then three thousand men of Judah went to the top of the rock Etam, and said to Samson, Knowest thou not that the Philistines are rulers over us? what is this that thou hast done unto us? And he said unto them, As they did unto me, so have I done unto them. +And they said unto him, We are come down to bind thee, that we may deliver thee into the hand of the Philistines. And Samson said unto them, Swear unto me, that ye will not fall upon me yourselves. +And they spake unto him, saying, No; but we will bind thee fast, and deliver thee into their hand: but surely we will not kill thee. And they bound him with two new cords, and brought him up from the rock. +And when he came unto Lehi, the Philistines shouted against him: and the Spirit of the LORD came mightily upon him, and the cords that were upon his arms became as flax that was burnt with fire, and his bands loosed from off his hands. +And he found a new jawbone of an ass, and put forth his hand, and took it, and slew a thousand men therewith. +And Samson said, With the jawbone of an ass, heaps upon heaps, with the jaw of an ass have I slain a thousand men. +And it came to pass, when he had made an end of speaking, that he cast away the jawbone out of his hand, and called that place Ramathlehi. +And he was sore athirst, and called on the LORD, and said, Thou hast given this great deliverance into the hand of thy servant: and now shall I die for thirst, and fall into the hand of the uncircumcised? +But God clave an hollow place that was in the jaw, and there came water thereout; and when he had drunk, his spirit came again, and he revived: wherefore he called the name thereof Enhakkore, which is in Lehi unto this day. +And he judged Israel in the days of the Philistines twenty years. +Then went Samson to Gaza, and saw there an harlot, and went in unto her. +And it was told the Gazites, saying, Samson is come hither. And they compassed him in, and laid wait for him all night in the gate of the city, and were quiet all the night, saying, In the morning, when it is day, we shall kill him. +And Samson lay till midnight, and arose at midnight, and took the doors of the gate of the city, and the two posts, and went away with them, bar and all, and put them upon his shoulders, and carried them up to the top of an hill that is before Hebron. +And it came to pass afterward, that he loved a woman in the valley of Sorek, whose name was Delilah. +And the lords of the Philistines came up unto her, and said unto her, Entice him, and see wherein his great strength lieth, and by what means we may prevail against him, that we may bind him to afflict him; and we will give thee every one of us eleven hundred pieces of silver. +And Delilah said to Samson, Tell me, I pray thee, wherein thy great strength lieth, and wherewith thou mightest be bound to afflict thee. +And Samson said unto her, If they bind me with seven green withs that were never dried, then shall I be weak, and be as another man. +Then the lords of the Philistines brought up to her seven green withs which had not been dried, and she bound him with them. +Now there were men lying in wait, abiding with her in the chamber. And she said unto him, The Philistines be upon thee, Samson. And he brake the withs, as a thread of tow is broken when it toucheth the fire. So his strength was not known. +And Delilah said unto Samson, Behold, thou hast mocked me, and told me lies: now tell me, I pray thee, wherewith thou mightest be bound. +And he said unto her, If they bind me fast with new ropes that never were occupied, then shall I be weak, and be as another man. +Delilah therefore took new ropes, and bound him therewith, and said unto him, The Philistines be upon thee, Samson. And there were liers in wait abiding in the chamber. And he brake them from off his arms like a thread. +And Delilah said unto Samson, Hitherto thou hast mocked me, and told me lies: tell me wherewith thou mightest be bound. And he said unto her, If thou weavest the seven locks of my head with the web. +And she fastened it with the pin, and said unto him, The Philistines be upon thee, Samson. And he awaked out of his sleep, and went away with the pin of the beam, and with the web. +And she said unto him, How canst thou say, I love thee, when thine heart is not with me? thou hast mocked me these three times, and hast not told me wherein thy great strength lieth. +And it came to pass, when she pressed him daily with her words, and urged him, so that his soul was vexed unto death; +That he told her all his heart, and said unto her, There hath not come a razor upon mine head; for I have been a Nazarite unto God from my mother's womb: if I be shaven, then my strength will go from me, and I shall become weak, and be like any other man. +And when Delilah saw that he had told her all his heart, she sent and called for the lords of the Philistines, saying, Come up this once, for he hath shewed me all his heart. Then the lords of the Philistines came up unto her, and brought money in their hand. +And she made him sleep upon her knees; and she called for a man, and she caused him to shave off the seven locks of his head; and she began to afflict him, and his strength went from him. +And she said, The Philistines be upon thee, Samson. And he awoke out of his sleep, and said, I will go out as at other times before, and shake myself. And he wist not that the LORD was departed from him. +But the Philistines took him, and put out his eyes, and brought him down to Gaza, and bound him with fetters of brass; and he did grind in the prison house. +Howbeit the hair of his head began to grow again after he was shaven. +Then the lords of the Philistines gathered them together for to offer a great sacrifice unto Dagon their god, and to rejoice: for they said, Our god hath delivered Samson our enemy into our hand. +And when the people saw him, they praised their god: for they said, Our god hath delivered into our hands our enemy, and the destroyer of our country, which slew many of us. +And it came to pass, when their hearts were merry, that they said, Call for Samson, that he may make us sport. And they called for Samson out of the prison house; and he made them sport: and they set him between the pillars. +And Samson said unto the lad that held him by the hand, Suffer me that I may feel the pillars whereupon the house standeth, that I may lean upon them. +Now the house was full of men and women; and all the lords of the Philistines were there; and there were upon the roof about three thousand men and women, that beheld while Samson made sport. +And Samson called unto the LORD, and said, O Lord God, remember me, I pray thee, and strengthen me, I pray thee, only this once, O God, that I may be at once avenged of the Philistines for my two eyes. +And Samson took hold of the two middle pillars upon which the house stood, and on which it was borne up, of the one with his right hand, and of the other with his left. +And Samson said, Let me die with the Philistines. And he bowed himself with all his might; and the house fell upon the lords, and upon all the people that were therein. So the dead which he slew at his death were more than they which he slew in his life. +Then his brethren and all the house of his father came down, and took him, and brought him up, and buried him between Zorah and Eshtaol in the buryingplace of Manoah his father. And he judged Israel twenty years. +And there was a man of mount Ephraim, whose name was Micah. +And he said unto his mother, The eleven hundred shekels of silver that were taken from thee, about which thou cursedst, and spakest of also in mine ears, behold, the silver is with me; I took it. And his mother said, Blessed be thou of the LORD, my son. +And when he had restored the eleven hundred shekels of silver to his mother, his mother said, I had wholly dedicated the silver unto the LORD from my hand for my son, to make a graven image and a molten image: now therefore I will restore it unto thee. +Yet he restored the money unto his mother; and his mother took two hundred shekels of silver, and gave them to the founder, who made thereof a graven image and a molten image: and they were in the house of Micah. +And the man Micah had an house of gods, and made an ephod, and teraphim, and consecrated one of his sons, who became his priest. +In those days there was no king in Israel, but every man did that which was right in his own eyes. +And there was a young man out of Bethlehemjudah of the family of Judah, who was a Levite, and he sojourned there. +And the man departed out of the city from Bethlehemjudah to sojourn where he could find a place: and he came to mount Ephraim to the house of Micah, as he journeyed. +And Micah said unto him, Whence comest thou? And he said unto him, I am a Levite of Bethlehemjudah, and I go to sojourn where I may find a place. +And Micah said unto him, Dwell with me, and be unto me a father and a priest, and I will give thee ten shekels of silver by the year, and a suit of apparel, and thy victuals. So the Levite went in. +And the Levite was content to dwell with the man; and the young man was unto him as one of his sons. +And Micah consecrated the Levite; and the young man became his priest, and was in the house of Micah. +Then said Micah, Now know I that the LORD will do me good, seeing I have a Levite to my priest. +In those days there was no king in Israel: and in those days the tribe of the Danites sought them an inheritance to dwell in; for unto that day all their inheritance had not fallen unto them among the tribes of Israel. +And the children of Dan sent of their family five men from their coasts, men of valour, from Zorah, and from Eshtaol, to spy out the land, and to search it; and they said unto them, Go, search the land: who when they came to mount Ephraim, to the house of Micah, they lodged there. +When they were by the house of Micah, they knew the voice of the young man the Levite: and they turned in thither, and said unto him, Who brought thee hither? and what makest thou in this place? and what hast thou here? +And he said unto them, Thus and thus dealeth Micah with me, and hath hired me, and I am his priest. +And they said unto him, Ask counsel, we pray thee, of God, that we may know whether our way which we go shall be prosperous. +And the priest said unto them, Go in peace: before the LORD is your way wherein ye go. +Then the five men departed, and came to Laish, and saw the people that were therein, how they dwelt careless, after the manner of the Zidonians, quiet and secure; and there was no magistrate in the land, that might put them to shame in any thing; and they were far from the Zidonians, and had no business with any man. +And they came unto their brethren to Zorah and Eshtaol: and their brethren said unto them, What say ye? +And they said, Arise, that we may go up against them: for we have seen the land, and, behold, it is very good: and are ye still? be not slothful to go, and to enter to possess the land. +When ye go, ye shall come unto a people secure, and to a large land: for God hath given it into your hands; a place where there is no want of any thing that is in the earth. +And there went from thence of the family of the Danites, out of Zorah and out of Eshtaol, six hundred men appointed with weapons of war. +And they went up, and pitched in Kirjathjearim, in Judah: wherefore they called that place Mahanehdan unto this day: behold, it is behind Kirjathjearim. +And they passed thence unto mount Ephraim, and came unto the house of Micah. +Then answered the five men that went to spy out the country of Laish, and said unto their brethren, Do ye know that there is in these houses an ephod, and teraphim, and a graven image, and a molten image? now therefore consider what ye have to do. +And they turned thitherward, and came to the house of the young man the Levite, even unto the house of Micah, and saluted him. +And the six hundred men appointed with their weapons of war, which were of the children of Dan, stood by the entering of the gate. +And the five men that went to spy out the land went up, and came in thither, and took the graven image, and the ephod, and the teraphim, and the molten image: and the priest stood in the entering of the gate with the six hundred men that were appointed with weapons of war. +And these went into Micah's house, and fetched the carved image, the ephod, and the teraphim, and the molten image. Then said the priest unto them, What do ye? +And they said unto him, Hold thy peace, lay thine hand upon thy mouth, and go with us, and be to us a father and a priest: is it better for thee to be a priest unto the house of one man, or that thou be a priest unto a tribe and a family in Israel? +And the priest's heart was glad, and he took the ephod, and the teraphim, and the graven image, and went in the midst of the people. +So they turned and departed, and put the little ones and the cattle and the carriage before them. +And when they were a good way from the house of Micah, the men that were in the houses near to Micah's house were gathered together, and overtook the children of Dan. +And they cried unto the children of Dan. And they turned their faces, and said unto Micah, What aileth thee, that thou comest with such a company? +And he said, Ye have taken away my gods which I made, and the priest, and ye are gone away: and what have I more? and what is this that ye say unto me, What aileth thee? +And the children of Dan said unto him, Let not thy voice be heard among us, lest angry fellows run upon thee, and thou lose thy life, with the lives of thy household. +And the children of Dan went their way: and when Micah saw that they were too strong for him, he turned and went back unto his house. +And they took the things which Micah had made, and the priest which he had, and came unto Laish, unto a people that were at quiet and secure: and they smote them with the edge of the sword, and burnt the city with fire. +And there was no deliverer, because it was far from Zidon, and they had no business with any man; and it was in the valley that lieth by Bethrehob. And they built a city, and dwelt therein. +And they called the name of the city Dan, after the name of Dan their father, who was born unto Israel: howbeit the name of the city was Laish at the first. +And the children of Dan set up the graven image: and Jonathan, the son of Gershom, the son of Manasseh, he and his sons were priests to the tribe of Dan until the day of the captivity of the land. +And they set them up Micah's graven image, which he made, all the time that the house of God was in Shiloh. +And it came to pass in those days, when there was no king in Israel, that there was a certain Levite sojourning on the side of mount Ephraim, who took to him a concubine out of Bethlehemjudah. +And his concubine played the whore against him, and went away from him unto her father's house to Bethlehemjudah, and was there four whole months. +And her husband arose, and went after her, to speak friendly unto her, and to bring her again, having his servant with him, and a couple of asses: and she brought him into her father's house: and when the father of the damsel saw him, he rejoiced to meet him. +And his father in law, the damsel's father, retained him; and he abode with him three days: so they did eat and drink, and lodged there. +And it came to pass on the fourth day, when they arose early in the morning, that he rose up to depart: and the damsel's father said unto his son in law, Comfort thine heart with a morsel of bread, and afterward go your way. +And they sat down, and did eat and drink both of them together: for the damsel's father had said unto the man, Be content, I pray thee, and tarry all night, and let thine heart be merry. +And when the man rose up to depart, his father in law urged him: therefore he lodged there again. +And he arose early in the morning on the fifth day to depart; and the damsel's father said, Comfort thine heart, I pray thee. And they tarried until afternoon, and they did eat both of them. +And when the man rose up to depart, he, and his concubine, and his servant, his father in law, the damsel's father, said unto him, Behold, now the day draweth toward evening, I pray you tarry all night: behold, the day groweth to an end, lodge here, that thine heart may be merry; and to morrow get you early on your way, that thou mayest go home. +But the man would not tarry that night, but he rose up and departed, and came over against Jebus, which is Jerusalem; and there were with him two asses saddled, his concubine also was with him. +And when they were by Jebus, the day was far spent; and the servant said unto his master, Come, I pray thee, and let us turn in into this city of the Jebusites, and lodge in it. +And his master said unto him, We will not turn aside hither into the city of a stranger, that is not of the children of Israel; we will pass over to Gibeah. +And he said unto his servant, Come, and let us draw near to one of these places to lodge all night, in Gibeah, or in Ramah. +And they passed on and went their way; and the sun went down upon them when they were by Gibeah, which belongeth to Benjamin. +And they turned aside thither, to go in and to lodge in Gibeah: and when he went in, he sat him down in a street of the city: for there was no man that took them into his house to lodging. +And, behold, there came an old man from his work out of the field at even, which was also of mount Ephraim; and he sojourned in Gibeah: but the men of the place were Benjamites. +And when he had lifted up his eyes, he saw a wayfaring man in the street of the city: and the old man said, Whither goest thou? and whence comest thou? +And he said unto him, We are passing from Bethlehemjudah toward the side of mount Ephraim; from thence am I: and I went to Bethlehemjudah, but I am now going to the house of the LORD; and there is no man that receiveth me to house. +Yet there is both straw and provender for our asses; and there is bread and wine also for me, and for thy handmaid, and for the young man which is with thy servants: there is no want of any thing. +And the old man said, Peace be with thee; howsoever let all thy wants lie upon me; only lodge not in the street. +So he brought him into his house, and gave provender unto the asses: and they washed their feet, and did eat and drink. +Now as they were making their hearts merry, behold, the men of the city, certain sons of Belial, beset the house round about, and beat at the door, and spake to the master of the house, the old man, saying, Bring forth the man that came into thine house, that we may know him. +And the man, the master of the house, went out unto them, and said unto them, Nay, my brethren, nay, I pray you, do not so wickedly; seeing that this man is come into mine house, do not this folly. +Behold, here is my daughter a maiden, and his concubine; them I will bring out now, and humble ye them, and do with them what seemeth good unto you: but unto this man do not so vile a thing. +But the men would not hearken to him: so the man took his concubine, and brought her forth unto them; and they knew her, and abused her all the night until the morning: and when the day began to spring, they let her go. +Then came the woman in the dawning of the day, and fell down at the door of the man's house where her lord was, till it was light. +And her lord rose up in the morning, and opened the doors of the house, and went out to go his way: and, behold, the woman his concubine was fallen down at the door of the house, and her hands were upon the threshold. +And he said unto her, Up, and let us be going. But none answered. Then the man took her up upon an ass, and the man rose up, and gat him unto his place. +And when he was come into his house, he took a knife, and laid hold on his concubine, and divided her, together with her bones, into twelve pieces, and sent her into all the coasts of Israel. +And it was so, that all that saw it said, There was no such deed done nor seen from the day that the children of Israel came up out of the land of Egypt unto this day: consider of it, take advice, and speak your minds. +Then all the children of Israel went out, and the congregation was gathered together as one man, from Dan even to Beersheba, with the land of Gilead, unto the LORD in Mizpeh. +And the chief of all the people, even of all the tribes of Israel, presented themselves in the assembly of the people of God, four hundred thousand footmen that drew sword. +(Now the children of Benjamin heard that the children of Israel were gone up to Mizpeh.) Then said the children of Israel, Tell us, how was this wickedness? +And the Levite, the husband of the woman that was slain, answered and said, I came into Gibeah that belongeth to Benjamin, I and my concubine, to lodge. +And the men of Gibeah rose against me, and beset the house round about upon me by night, and thought to have slain me: and my concubine have they forced, that she is dead. +And I took my concubine, and cut her in pieces, and sent her throughout all the country of the inheritance of Israel: for they have committed lewdness and folly in Israel. +Behold, ye are all children of Israel; give here your advice and counsel. +And all the people arose as one man, saying, We will not any of us go to his tent, neither will we any of us turn into his house. +But now this shall be the thing which we will do to Gibeah; we will go up by lot against it; +And we will take ten men of an hundred throughout all the tribes of Israel, and an hundred of a thousand, and a thousand out of ten thousand, to fetch victual for the people, that they may do, when they come to Gibeah of Benjamin, according to all the folly that they have wrought in Israel. +So all the men of Israel were gathered against the city, knit together as one man. +And the tribes of Israel sent men through all the tribe of Benjamin, saying, What wickedness is this that is done among you? +Now therefore deliver us the men, the children of Belial, which are in Gibeah, that we may put them to death, and put away evil from Israel. But the children of Benjamin would not hearken to the voice of their brethren the children of Israel. +But the children of Benjamin gathered themselves together out of the cities unto Gibeah, to go out to battle against the children of Israel. +And the children of Benjamin were numbered at that time out of the cities twenty and six thousand men that drew sword, beside the inhabitants of Gibeah, which were numbered seven hundred chosen men. +Among all this people there were seven hundred chosen men lefthanded; every one could sling stones at an hair breadth, and not miss. +And the men of Israel, beside Benjamin, were numbered four hundred thousand men that drew sword: all these were men of war. +And the children of Israel arose, and went up to the house of God, and asked counsel of God, and said, Which of us shall go up first to the battle against the children of Benjamin? And the LORD said, Judah shall go up first. +And the children of Israel rose up in the morning, and encamped against Gibeah. +And the men of Israel went out to battle against Benjamin; and the men of Israel put themselves in array to fight against them at Gibeah. +And the children of Benjamin came forth out of Gibeah, and destroyed down to the ground of the Israelites that day twenty and two thousand men. +And the people the men of Israel encouraged themselves, and set their battle again in array in the place where they put themselves in array the first day. +(And the children of Israel went up and wept before the LORD until even, and asked counsel of the LORD, saying, Shall I go up again to battle against the children of Benjamin my brother? And the LORD said, Go up against him.) +And the children of Israel came near against the children of Benjamin the second day. +And Benjamin went forth against them out of Gibeah the second day, and destroyed down to the ground of the children of Israel again eighteen thousand men; all these drew the sword. +Then all the children of Israel, and all the people, went up, and came unto the house of God, and wept, and sat there before the LORD, and fasted that day until even, and offered burnt offerings and peace offerings before the LORD. +And the children of Israel enquired of the LORD, (for the ark of the covenant of God was there in those days, +And Phinehas, the son of Eleazar, the son of Aaron, stood before it in those days,) saying, Shall I yet again go out to battle against the children of Benjamin my brother, or shall I cease? And the LORD said, Go up; for to morrow I will deliver them into thine hand. +And Israel set liers in wait round about Gibeah. +And the children of Israel went up against the children of Benjamin on the third day, and put themselves in array against Gibeah, as at other times. +And the children of Benjamin went out against the people, and were drawn away from the city; and they began to smite of the people, and kill, as at other times, in the highways, of which one goeth up to the house of God, and the other to Gibeah in the field, about thirty men of Israel. +And the children of Benjamin said, They are smitten down before us, as at the first. But the children of Israel said, Let us flee, and draw them from the city unto the highways. +And all the men of Israel rose up out of their place, and put themselves in array at Baaltamar: and the liers in wait of Israel came forth out of their places, even out of the meadows of Gibeah. +And there came against Gibeah ten thousand chosen men out of all Israel, and the battle was sore: but they knew not that evil was near them. +And the LORD smote Benjamin before Israel: and the children of Israel destroyed of the Benjamites that day twenty and five thousand and an hundred men: all these drew the sword. +So the children of Benjamin saw that they were smitten: for the men of Israel gave place to the Benjamites, because they trusted unto the liers in wait which they had set beside Gibeah. +And the liers in wait hasted, and rushed upon Gibeah; and the liers in wait drew themselves along, and smote all the city with the edge of the sword. +Now there was an appointed sign between the men of Israel and the liers in wait, that they should make a great flame with smoke rise up out of the city. +And when the men of Israel retired in the battle, Benjamin began to smite and kill of the men of Israel about thirty persons: for they said, Surely they are smitten down before us, as in the first battle. +But when the flame began to arise up out of the city with a pillar of smoke, the Benjamites looked behind them, and, behold, the flame of the city ascended up to heaven. +And when the men of Israel turned again, the men of Benjamin were amazed: for they saw that evil was come upon them. +Therefore they turned their backs before the men of Israel unto the way of the wilderness; but the battle overtook them; and them which came out of the cities they destroyed in the midst of them. +Thus they inclosed the Benjamites round about, and chased them, and trode them down with ease over against Gibeah toward the sunrising. +And there fell of Benjamin eighteen thousand men; all these were men of valour. +And they turned and fled toward the wilderness unto the rock of Rimmon: and they gleaned of them in the highways five thousand men; and pursued hard after them unto Gidom, and slew two thousand men of them. +So that all which fell that day of Benjamin were twenty and five thousand men that drew the sword; all these were men of valour. +But six hundred men turned and fled to the wilderness unto the rock Rimmon, and abode in the rock Rimmon four months. +And the men of Israel turned again upon the children of Benjamin, and smote them with the edge of the sword, as well the men of every city, as the beast, and all that came to hand: also they set on fire all the cities that they came to. +Now the men of Israel had sworn in Mizpeh, saying, There shall not any of us give his daughter unto Benjamin to wife. +And the people came to the house of God, and abode there till even before God, and lifted up their voices, and wept sore; +And said, O LORD God of Israel, why is this come to pass in Israel, that there should be to day one tribe lacking in Israel? +And it came to pass on the morrow, that the people rose early, and built there an altar, and offered burnt offerings and peace offerings. +And the children of Israel said, Who is there among all the tribes of Israel that came not up with the congregation unto the LORD? For they had made a great oath concerning him that came not up to the LORD to Mizpeh, saying, He shall surely be put to death. +And the children of Israel repented them for Benjamin their brother, and said, There is one tribe cut off from Israel this day. +How shall we do for wives for them that remain, seeing we have sworn by the LORD that we will not give them of our daughters to wives? +And they said, What one is there of the tribes of Israel that came not up to Mizpeh to the LORD? And, behold, there came none to the camp from Jabeshgilead to the assembly. +For the people were numbered, and, behold, there were none of the inhabitants of Jabeshgilead there. +And the congregation sent thither twelve thousand men of the valiantest, and commanded them, saying, Go and smite the inhabitants of Jabeshgilead with the edge of the sword, with the women and the children. +And this is the thing that ye shall do, Ye shall utterly destroy every male, and every woman that hath lain by man. +And they found among the inhabitants of Jabeshgilead four hundred young virgins, that had known no man by lying with any male: and they brought them unto the camp to Shiloh, which is in the land of Canaan. +And the whole congregation sent some to speak to the children of Benjamin that were in the rock Rimmon, and to call peaceably unto them. +And Benjamin came again at that time; and they gave them wives which they had saved alive of the women of Jabeshgilead: and yet so they sufficed them not. +And the people repented them for Benjamin, because that the LORD had made a breach in the tribes of Israel. +Then the elders of the congregation said, How shall we do for wives for them that remain, seeing the women are destroyed out of Benjamin? +And they said, There must be an inheritance for them that be escaped of Benjamin, that a tribe be not destroyed out of Israel. +Howbeit we may not give them wives of our daughters: for the children of Israel have sworn, saying, Cursed be he that giveth a wife to Benjamin. +Then they said, Behold, there is a feast of the LORD in Shiloh yearly in a place which is on the north side of Bethel, on the east side of the highway that goeth up from Bethel to Shechem, and on the south of Lebonah. +Therefore they commanded the children of Benjamin, saying, Go and lie in wait in the vineyards; +And see, and, behold, if the daughters of Shiloh come out to dance in dances, then come ye out of the vineyards, and catch you every man his wife of the daughters of Shiloh, and go to the land of Benjamin. +And it shall be, when their fathers or their brethren come unto us to complain, that we will say unto them, Be favourable unto them for our sakes: because we reserved not to each man his wife in the war: for ye did not give unto them at this time, that ye should be guilty. +And the children of Benjamin did so, and took them wives, according to their number, of them that danced, whom they caught: and they went and returned unto their inheritance, and repaired the cities, and dwelt in them. +And the children of Israel departed thence at that time, every man to his tribe and to his family, and they went out from thence every man to his inheritance. +In those days there was no king in Israel: every man did that which was right in his own eyes. +Now it came to pass in the days when the judges ruled, that there was a famine in the land. And a certain man of Bethlehemjudah went to sojourn in the country of Moab, he, and his wife, and his two sons. +And the name of the man was Elimelech, and the name of his wife Naomi, and the name of his two sons Mahlon and Chilion, Ephrathites of Bethlehemjudah. And they came into the country of Moab, and continued there. +And Elimelech Naomi's husband died; and she was left, and her two sons. +And they took them wives of the women of Moab; the name of the one was Orpah, and the name of the other Ruth: and they dwelled there about ten years. +And Mahlon and Chilion died also both of them; and the woman was left of her two sons and her husband. +Then she arose with her daughters in law, that she might return from the country of Moab: for she had heard in the country of Moab how that the LORD had visited his people in giving them bread. +Wherefore she went forth out of the place where she was, and her two daughters in law with her; and they went on the way to return unto the land of Judah. +And Naomi said unto her two daughters in law, Go, return each to her mother's house: the LORD deal kindly with you, as ye have dealt with the dead, and with me. +The LORD grant you that ye may find rest, each of you in the house of her husband. Then she kissed them; and they lifted up their voice, and wept. +And they said unto her, Surely we will return with thee unto thy people. +And Naomi said, Turn again, my daughters: why will ye go with me? are there yet any more sons in my womb, that they may be your husbands? +Turn again, my daughters, go your way; for I am too old to have an husband. If I should say, I have hope, if I should have an husband also to night, and should also bear sons; +Would ye tarry for them till they were grown? would ye stay for them from having husbands? nay, my daughters; for it grieveth me much for your sakes that the hand of the LORD is gone out against me. +And they lifted up their voice, and wept again: and Orpah kissed her mother in law; but Ruth clave unto her. +And she said, Behold, thy sister in law is gone back unto her people, and unto her gods: return thou after thy sister in law. +And Ruth said, Intreat me not to leave thee, or to return from following after thee: for whither thou goest, I will go; and where thou lodgest, I will lodge: thy people shall be my people, and thy God my God: +Where thou diest, will I die, and there will I be buried: the LORD do so to me, and more also, if ought but death part thee and me. +When she saw that she was stedfastly minded to go with her, then she left speaking unto her. +So they two went until they came to Bethlehem. And it came to pass, when they were come to Bethlehem, that all the city was moved about them, and they said, Is this Naomi? +And she said unto them, Call me not Naomi, call me Mara: for the Almighty hath dealt very bitterly with me. +I went out full and the LORD hath brought me home again empty: why then call ye me Naomi, seeing the LORD hath testified against me, and the Almighty hath afflicted me? +So Naomi returned, and Ruth the Moabitess, her daughter in law, with her, which returned out of the country of Moab: and they came to Bethlehem in the beginning of barley harvest. +And Naomi had a kinsman of her husband's, a mighty man of wealth, of the family of Elimelech; and his name was Boaz. +And Ruth the Moabitess said unto Naomi, Let me now go to the field, and glean ears of corn after him in whose sight I shall find grace. And she said unto her, Go, my daughter. +And she went, and came, and gleaned in the field after the reapers: and her hap was to light on a part of the field belonging unto Boaz, who was of the kindred of Elimelech. +And, behold, Boaz came from Bethlehem, and said unto the reapers, The LORD be with you. And they answered him, The LORD bless thee. +Then said Boaz unto his servant that was set over the reapers, Whose damsel is this? +And the servant that was set over the reapers answered and said, It is the Moabitish damsel that came back with Naomi out of the country of Moab: +And she said, I pray you, let me glean and gather after the reapers among the sheaves: so she came, and hath continued even from the morning until now, that she tarried a little in the house. +Then said Boaz unto Ruth, Hearest thou not, my daughter? Go not to glean in another field, neither go from hence, but abide here fast by my maidens: +Let thine eyes be on the field that they do reap, and go thou after them: have I not charged the young men that they shall not touch thee? and when thou art athirst, go unto the vessels, and drink of that which the young men have drawn. +Then she fell on her face, and bowed herself to the ground, and said unto him, Why have I found grace in thine eyes, that thou shouldest take knowledge of me, seeing I am a stranger? +And Boaz answered and said unto her, It hath fully been shewed me, all that thou hast done unto thy mother in law since the death of thine husband: and how thou hast left thy father and thy mother, and the land of thy nativity, and art come unto a people which thou knewest not heretofore. +The LORD recompense thy work, and a full reward be given thee of the LORD God of Israel, under whose wings thou art come to trust. +Then she said, Let me find favour in thy sight, my lord; for that thou hast comforted me, and for that thou hast spoken friendly unto thine handmaid, though I be not like unto one of thine handmaidens. +And Boaz said unto her, At mealtime come thou hither, and eat of the bread, and dip thy morsel in the vinegar. And she sat beside the reapers: and he reached her parched corn, and she did eat, and was sufficed, and left. +And when she was risen up to glean, Boaz commanded his young men, saying, Let her glean even among the sheaves, and reproach her not: +And let fall also some of the handfuls of purpose for her, and leave them, that she may glean them, and rebuke her not. +So she gleaned in the field until even, and beat out that she had gleaned: and it was about an ephah of barley. +And she took it up, and went into the city: and her mother in law saw what she had gleaned: and she brought forth, and gave to her that she had reserved after she was sufficed. +And her mother in law said unto her, Where hast thou gleaned to day? and where wroughtest thou? blessed be he that did take knowledge of thee. And she shewed her mother in law with whom she had wrought, and said, The man's name with whom I wrought to day is Boaz. +And Naomi said unto her daughter in law, Blessed be he of the LORD, who hath not left off his kindness to the living and to the dead. And Naomi said unto her, The man is near of kin unto us, one of our next kinsmen. +And Ruth the Moabitess said, He said unto me also, Thou shalt keep fast by my young men, until they have ended all my harvest. +And Naomi said unto Ruth her daughter in law, It is good, my daughter, that thou go out with his maidens, that they meet thee not in any other field. +So she kept fast by the maidens of Boaz to glean unto the end of barley harvest and of wheat harvest; and dwelt with her mother in law. +Then Naomi her mother in law said unto her, My daughter, shall I not seek rest for thee, that it may be well with thee? +And now is not Boaz of our kindred, with whose maidens thou wast? Behold, he winnoweth barley to night in the threshingfloor. +Wash thyself therefore, and anoint thee, and put thy raiment upon thee, and get thee down to the floor: but make not thyself known unto the man, until he shall have done eating and drinking. +And it shall be, when he lieth down, that thou shalt mark the place where he shall lie, and thou shalt go in, and uncover his feet, and lay thee down; and he will tell thee what thou shalt do. +And she said unto her, All that thou sayest unto me I will do. +And she went down unto the floor, and did according to all that her mother in law bade her. +And when Boaz had eaten and drunk, and his heart was merry, he went to lie down at the end of the heap of corn: and she came softly, and uncovered his feet, and laid her down. +And it came to pass at midnight, that the man was afraid, and turned himself: and, behold, a woman lay at his feet. +And he said, Who art thou? And she answered, I am Ruth thine handmaid: spread therefore thy skirt over thine handmaid; for thou art a near kinsman. +And he said, Blessed be thou of the LORD, my daughter: for thou hast shewed more kindness in the latter end than at the beginning, inasmuch as thou followedst not young men, whether poor or rich. +And now, my daughter, fear not; I will do to thee all that thou requirest: for all the city of my people doth know that thou art a virtuous woman. +And now it is true that I am thy near kinsman: howbeit there is a kinsman nearer than I. +Tarry this night, and it shall be in the morning, that if he will perform unto thee the part of a kinsman, well; let him do the kinsman's part: but if he will not do the part of a kinsman to thee, then will I do the part of a kinsman to thee, as the LORD liveth: lie down until the morning. +And she lay at his feet until the morning: and she rose up before one could know another. And he said, Let it not be known that a woman came into the floor. +Also he said, Bring the vail that thou hast upon thee, and hold it. And when she held it, he measured six measures of barley, and laid it on her: and she went into the city. +And when she came to her mother in law, she said, Who art thou, my daughter? And she told her all that the man had done to her. +And she said, These six measures of barley gave he me; for he said to me, Go not empty unto thy mother in law. +Then said she, Sit still, my daughter, until thou know how the matter will fall: for the man will not be in rest, until he have finished the thing this day. +Then went Boaz up to the gate, and sat him down there: and, behold, the kinsman of whom Boaz spake came by; unto whom he said, Ho, such a one! turn aside, sit down here. And he turned aside, and sat down. +And he took ten men of the elders of the city, and said, Sit ye down here. And they sat down. +And he said unto the kinsman, Naomi, that is come again out of the country of Moab, selleth a parcel of land, which was our brother Elimelech's: +And I thought to advertise thee, saying, Buy it before the inhabitants, and before the elders of my people. If thou wilt redeem it, redeem it: but if thou wilt not redeem it, then tell me, that I may know: for there is none to redeem it beside thee; and I am after thee. And he said, I will redeem it. +Then said Boaz, What day thou buyest the field of the hand of Naomi, thou must buy it also of Ruth the Moabitess, the wife of the dead, to raise up the name of the dead upon his inheritance. +And the kinsman said, I cannot redeem it for myself, lest I mar mine own inheritance: redeem thou my right to thyself; for I cannot redeem it. +Now this was the manner in former time in Israel concerning redeeming and concerning changing, for to confirm all things; a man plucked off his shoe, and gave it to his neighbour: and this was a testimony in Israel. +Therefore the kinsman said unto Boaz, Buy it for thee. So he drew off his shoe. +And Boaz said unto the elders, and unto all the people, Ye are witnesses this day, that I have bought all that was Elimelech's, and all that was Chilion's and Mahlon's, of the hand of Naomi. +Moreover Ruth the Moabitess, the wife of Mahlon, have I purchased to be my wife, to raise up the name of the dead upon his inheritance, that the name of the dead be not cut off from among his brethren, and from the gate of his place: ye are witnesses this day. +And all the people that were in the gate, and the elders, said, We are witnesses. The LORD make the woman that is come into thine house like Rachel and like Leah, which two did build the house of Israel: and do thou worthily in Ephratah, and be famous in Bethlehem: +And let thy house be like the house of Pharez, whom Tamar bare unto Judah, of the seed which the LORD shall give thee of this young woman. +So Boaz took Ruth, and she was his wife: and when he went in unto her, the LORD gave her conception, and she bare a son. +And the women said unto Naomi, Blessed be the LORD, which hath not left thee this day without a kinsman, that his name may be famous in Israel. +And he shall be unto thee a restorer of thy life, and a nourisher of thine old age: for thy daughter in law, which loveth thee, which is better to thee than seven sons, hath born him. +And Naomi took the child, and laid it in her bosom, and became nurse unto it. +And the women her neighbours gave it a name, saying, There is a son born to Naomi; and they called his name Obed: he is the father of Jesse, the father of David. +Now these are the generations of Pharez: Pharez begat Hezron, +And Hezron begat Ram, and Ram begat Amminadab, +And Amminadab begat Nahshon, and Nahshon begat Salmon, +And Salmon begat Boaz, and Boaz begat Obed, +And Obed begat Jesse, and Jesse begat David. +Now there was a certain man of Ramathaimzophim, of mount Ephraim, and his name was Elkanah, the son of Jeroham, the son of Elihu, the son of Tohu, the son of Zuph, an Ephrathite: +And he had two wives; the name of the one was Hannah, and the name of the other Peninnah: and Peninnah had children, but Hannah had no children. +And this man went up out of his city yearly to worship and to sacrifice unto the LORD of hosts in Shiloh. And the two sons of Eli, Hophni and Phinehas, the priests of the LORD, were there. +And when the time was that Elkanah offered, he gave to Peninnah his wife, and to all her sons and her daughters, portions: +But unto Hannah he gave a worthy portion; for he loved Hannah: but the LORD had shut up her womb. +And her adversary also provoked her sore, for to make her fret, because the LORD had shut up her womb. +And as he did so year by year, when she went up to the house of the LORD, so she provoked her; therefore she wept, and did not eat. +Then said Elkanah her husband to her, Hannah, why weepest thou? and why eatest thou not? and why is thy heart grieved? am not I better to thee than ten sons? +So Hannah rose up after they had eaten in Shiloh, and after they had drunk. Now Eli the priest sat upon a seat by a post of the temple of the LORD. +And she was in bitterness of soul, and prayed unto the LORD, and wept sore. +And she vowed a vow, and said, O LORD of hosts, if thou wilt indeed look on the affliction of thine handmaid, and remember me, and not forget thine handmaid, but wilt give unto thine handmaid a man child, then I will give him unto the LORD all the days of his life, and there shall no razor come upon his head. +And it came to pass, as she continued praying before the LORD, that Eli marked her mouth. +Now Hannah, she spake in her heart; only her lips moved, but her voice was not heard: therefore Eli thought she had been drunken. +And Eli said unto her, How long wilt thou be drunken? put away thy wine from thee. +And Hannah answered and said, No, my lord, I am a woman of a sorrowful spirit: I have drunk neither wine nor strong drink, but have poured out my soul before the LORD. +Count not thine handmaid for a daughter of Belial: for out of the abundance of my complaint and grief have I spoken hitherto. +Then Eli answered and said, Go in peace: and the God of Israel grant thee thy petition that thou hast asked of him. +And she said, Let thine handmaid find grace in thy sight. So the woman went her way, and did eat, and her countenance was no more sad. +And they rose up in the morning early, and worshipped before the LORD, and returned, and came to their house to Ramah: and Elkanah knew Hannah his wife; and the LORD remembered her. +Wherefore it came to pass, when the time was come about after Hannah had conceived, that she bare a son, and called his name Samuel, saying, Because I have asked him of the LORD. +And the man Elkanah, and all his house, went up to offer unto the LORD the yearly sacrifice, and his vow. +But Hannah went not up; for she said unto her husband, I will not go up until the child be weaned, and then I will bring him, that he may appear before the LORD, and there abide for ever. +And Elkanah her husband said unto her, Do what seemeth thee good; tarry until thou have weaned him; only the LORD establish his word. So the woman abode, and gave her son suck until she weaned him. +And when she had weaned him, she took him up with her, with three bullocks, and one ephah of flour, and a bottle of wine, and brought him unto the house of the LORD in Shiloh: and the child was young. +And they slew a bullock, and brought the child to Eli. +And she said, Oh my lord, as thy soul liveth, my lord, I am the woman that stood by thee here, praying unto the LORD. +For this child I prayed; and the LORD hath given me my petition which I asked of him: +Therefore also I have lent him to the LORD; as long as he liveth he shall be lent to the LORD. And he worshipped the LORD there. +And Hannah prayed, and said, My heart rejoiceth in the LORD, mine horn is exalted in the LORD: my mouth is enlarged over mine enemies; because I rejoice in thy salvation. +There is none holy as the LORD: for there is none beside thee: neither is there any rock like our God. +Talk no more so exceeding proudly; let not arrogancy come out of your mouth: for the LORD is a God of knowledge, and by him actions are weighed. +The bows of the mighty men are broken, and they that stumbled are girded with strength. +They that were full have hired out themselves for bread; and they that were hungry ceased: so that the barren hath born seven; and she that hath many children is waxed feeble. +The LORD killeth, and maketh alive: he bringeth down to the grave, and bringeth up. +The LORD maketh poor, and maketh rich: he bringeth low, and lifteth up. +He raiseth up the poor out of the dust, and lifteth up the beggar from the dunghill, to set them among princes, and to make them inherit the throne of glory: for the pillars of the earth are the LORD's, and he hath set the world upon them. +He will keep the feet of his saints, and the wicked shall be silent in darkness; for by strength shall no man prevail. +The adversaries of the LORD shall be broken to pieces; out of heaven shall he thunder upon them: the LORD shall judge the ends of the earth; and he shall give strength unto his king, and exalt the horn of his anointed. +And Elkanah went to Ramah to his house. And the child did minister unto the LORD before Eli the priest. +Now the sons of Eli were sons of Belial; they knew not the LORD. +And the priest's custom with the people was, that, when any man offered sacrifice, the priest's servant came, while the flesh was in seething, with a fleshhook of three teeth in his hand; +And he struck it into the pan, or kettle, or caldron, or pot; all that the fleshhook brought up the priest took for himself. So they did in Shiloh unto all the Israelites that came thither. +Also before they burnt the fat, the priest's servant came, and said to the man that sacrificed, Give flesh to roast for the priest; for he will not have sodden flesh of thee, but raw. +And if any man said unto him, Let them not fail to burn the fat presently, and then take as much as thy soul desireth; then he would answer him, Nay; but thou shalt give it me now: and if not, I will take it by force. +Wherefore the sin of the young men was very great before the LORD: for men abhorred the offering of the LORD. +But Samuel ministered before the LORD, being a child, girded with a linen ephod. +Moreover his mother made him a little coat, and brought it to him from year to year, when she came up with her husband to offer the yearly sacrifice. +And Eli blessed Elkanah and his wife, and said, The LORD give thee seed of this woman for the loan which is lent to the LORD. And they went unto their own home. +And the LORD visited Hannah, so that she conceived, and bare three sons and two daughters. And the child Samuel grew before the LORD. +Now Eli was very old, and heard all that his sons did unto all Israel; and how they lay with the women that assembled at the door of the tabernacle of the congregation. +And he said unto them, Why do ye such things? for I hear of your evil dealings by all this people. +Nay, my sons; for it is no good report that I hear: ye make the LORD's people to transgress. +If one man sin against another, the judge shall judge him: but if a man sin against the LORD, who shall intreat for him? Notwithstanding they hearkened not unto the voice of their father, because the LORD would slay them. +And the child Samuel grew on, and was in favour both with the LORD, and also with men. +And there came a man of God unto Eli, and said unto him, Thus saith the LORD, Did I plainly appear unto the house of thy father, when they were in Egypt in Pharaoh's house? +And did I choose him out of all the tribes of Israel to be my priest, to offer upon mine altar, to burn incense, to wear an ephod before me? and did I give unto the house of thy father all the offerings made by fire of the children of Israel? +Wherefore kick ye at my sacrifice and at mine offering, which I have commanded in my habitation; and honourest thy sons above me, to make yourselves fat with the chiefest of all the offerings of Israel my people? +Wherefore the LORD God of Israel saith, I said indeed that thy house, and the house of thy father, should walk before me for ever: but now the LORD saith, Be it far from me; for them that honour me I will honour, and they that despise me shall be lightly esteemed. +Behold, the days come, that I will cut off thine arm, and the arm of thy father's house, that there shall not be an old man in thine house. +And thou shalt see an enemy in my habitation, in all the wealth which God shall give Israel: and there shall not be an old man in thine house for ever. +And the man of thine, whom I shall not cut off from mine altar, shall be to consume thine eyes, and to grieve thine heart: and all the increase of thine house shall die in the flower of their age. +And this shall be a sign unto thee, that shall come upon thy two sons, on Hophni and Phinehas; in one day they shall die both of them. +And I will raise me up a faithful priest, that shall do according to that which is in mine heart and in my mind: and I will build him a sure house; and he shall walk before mine anointed for ever. +And it shall come to pass, that every one that is left in thine house shall come and crouch to him for a piece of silver and a morsel of bread, and shall say, Put me, I pray thee, into one of the priests' offices, that I may eat a piece of bread. +And the child Samuel ministered unto the LORD before Eli. And the word of the LORD was precious in those days; there was no open vision. +And it came to pass at that time, when Eli was laid down in his place, and his eyes began to wax dim, that he could not see; +And ere the lamp of God went out in the temple of the LORD, where the ark of God was, and Samuel was laid down to sleep; +That the LORD called Samuel: and he answered, Here am I. +And he ran unto Eli, and said, Here am I; for thou calledst me. And he said, I called not; lie down again. And he went and lay down. +And the LORD called yet again, Samuel. And Samuel arose and went to Eli, and said, Here am I; for thou didst call me. And he answered, I called not, my son; lie down again. +Now Samuel did not yet know the LORD, neither was the word of the LORD yet revealed unto him. +And the LORD called Samuel again the third time. And he arose and went to Eli, and said, Here am I; for thou didst call me. And Eli perceived that the LORD had called the child. +Therefore Eli said unto Samuel, Go, lie down: and it shall be, if he call thee, that thou shalt say, Speak, LORD; for thy servant heareth. So Samuel went and lay down in his place. +And the LORD came, and stood, and called as at other times, Samuel, Samuel. Then Samuel answered, Speak; for thy servant heareth. +And the LORD said to Samuel, Behold, I will do a thing in Israel, at which both the ears of every one that heareth it shall tingle. +In that day I will perform against Eli all things which I have spoken concerning his house: when I begin, I will also make an end. +For I have told him that I will judge his house for ever for the iniquity which he knoweth; because his sons made themselves vile, and he restrained them not. +And therefore I have sworn unto the house of Eli, that the iniquity of Eli's house shall not be purged with sacrifice nor offering for ever. +And Samuel lay until the morning, and opened the doors of the house of the LORD. And Samuel feared to shew Eli the vision. +Then Eli called Samuel, and said, Samuel, my son. And he answered, Here am I. +And he said, What is the thing that the LORD hath said unto thee? I pray thee hide it not from me: God do so to thee, and more also, if thou hide any thing from me of all the things that he said unto thee. +And Samuel told him every whit, and hid nothing from him. And he said, It is the LORD: let him do what seemeth him good. +And Samuel grew, and the LORD was with him, and did let none of his words fall to the ground. +And all Israel from Dan even to Beersheba knew that Samuel was established to be a prophet of the LORD. +And the LORD appeared again in Shiloh: for the LORD revealed himself to Samuel in Shiloh by the word of the LORD. +And the word of Samuel came to all Israel. Now Israel went out against the Philistines to battle, and pitched beside Ebenezer: and the Philistines pitched in Aphek. +And the Philistines put themselves in array against Israel: and when they joined battle, Israel was smitten before the Philistines: and they slew of the army in the field about four thousand men. +And when the people were come into the camp, the elders of Israel said, Wherefore hath the LORD smitten us to day before the Philistines? Let us fetch the ark of the covenant of the LORD out of Shiloh unto us, that, when it cometh among us, it may save us out of the hand of our enemies. +So the people sent to Shiloh, that they might bring from thence the ark of the covenant of the LORD of hosts, which dwelleth between the cherubims: and the two sons of Eli, Hophni and Phinehas, were there with the ark of the covenant of God. +And when the ark of the covenant of the LORD came into the camp, all Israel shouted with a great shout, so that the earth rang again. +And when the Philistines heard the noise of the shout, they said, What meaneth the noise of this great shout in the camp of the Hebrews? And they understood that the ark of the LORD was come into the camp. +And the Philistines were afraid, for they said, God is come into the camp. And they said, Woe unto us! for there hath not been such a thing heretofore. +Woe unto us! who shall deliver us out of the hand of these mighty Gods? these are the Gods that smote the Egyptians with all the plagues in the wilderness. +Be strong and quit yourselves like men, O ye Philistines, that ye be not servants unto the Hebrews, as they have been to you: quit yourselves like men, and fight. +And the Philistines fought, and Israel was smitten, and they fled every man into his tent: and there was a very great slaughter; for there fell of Israel thirty thousand footmen. +And the ark of God was taken; and the two sons of Eli, Hophni and Phinehas, were slain. +And there ran a man of Benjamin out of the army, and came to Shiloh the same day with his clothes rent, and with earth upon his head. +And when he came, lo, Eli sat upon a seat by the wayside watching: for his heart trembled for the ark of God. And when the man came into the city, and told it, all the city cried out. +And when Eli heard the noise of the crying, he said, What meaneth the noise of this tumult? And the man came in hastily, and told Eli. +Now Eli was ninety and eight years old; and his eyes were dim, that he could not see. +And the man said unto Eli, I am he that came out of the army, and I fled to day out of the army. And he said, What is there done, my son? +And the messenger answered and said, Israel is fled before the Philistines, and there hath been also a great slaughter among the people, and thy two sons also, Hophni and Phinehas, are dead, and the ark of God is taken. +And it came to pass, when he made mention of the ark of God, that he fell from off the seat backward by the side of the gate, and his neck brake, and he died: for he was an old man, and heavy. And he had judged Israel forty years. +And his daughter in law, Phinehas' wife, was with child, near to be delivered: and when she heard the tidings that the ark of God was taken, and that her father in law and her husband were dead, she bowed herself and travailed; for her pains came upon her. +And about the time of her death the women that stood by her said unto her, Fear not; for thou hast born a son. But she answered not, neither did she regard it. +And she named the child Ichabod, saying, The glory is departed from Israel: because the ark of God was taken, and because of her father in law and her husband. +And she said, The glory is departed from Israel: for the ark of God is taken. +And the Philistines took the ark of God, and brought it from Ebenezer unto Ashdod. +When the Philistines took the ark of God, they brought it into the house of Dagon, and set it by Dagon. +And when they of Ashdod arose early on the morrow, behold, Dagon was fallen upon his face to the earth before the ark of the LORD. And they took Dagon, and set him in his place again. +And when they arose early on the morrow morning, behold, Dagon was fallen upon his face to the ground before the ark of the LORD; and the head of Dagon and both the palms of his hands were cut off upon the threshold; only the stump of Dagon was left to him. +Therefore neither the priests of Dagon, nor any that come into Dagon's house, tread on the threshold of Dagon in Ashdod unto this day. +But the hand of the LORD was heavy upon them of Ashdod, and he destroyed them, and smote them with emerods, even Ashdod and the coasts thereof. +And when the men of Ashdod saw that it was so, they said, The ark of the God of Israel shall not abide with us: for his hand is sore upon us, and upon Dagon our god. +They sent therefore and gathered all the lords of the Philistines unto them, and said, What shall we do with the ark of the God of Israel? And they answered, Let the ark of the God of Israel be carried about unto Gath. And they carried the ark of the God of Israel about thither. +And it was so, that, after they had carried it about, the hand of the LORD was against the city with a very great destruction: and he smote the men of the city, both small and great, and they had emerods in their secret parts. +Therefore they sent the ark of God to Ekron. And it came to pass, as the ark of God came to Ekron, that the Ekronites cried out, saying, They have brought about the ark of the God of Israel to us, to slay us and our people. +So they sent and gathered together all the lords of the Philistines, and said, Send away the ark of the God of Israel, and let it go again to his own place, that it slay us not, and our people: for there was a deadly destruction throughout all the city; the hand of God was very heavy there. +And the men that died not were smitten with the emerods: and the cry of the city went up to heaven. +And the ark of the LORD was in the country of the Philistines seven months. +And the Philistines called for the priests and the diviners, saying, What shall we do to the ark of the LORD? tell us wherewith we shall send it to his place. +And they said, If ye send away the ark of the God of Israel, send it not empty; but in any wise return him a trespass offering: then ye shall be healed, and it shall be known to you why his hand is not removed from you. +Then said they, What shall be the trespass offering which we shall return to him? They answered, Five golden emerods, and five golden mice, according to the number of the lords of the Philistines: for one plague was on you all, and on your lords. +Wherefore ye shall make images of your emerods, and images of your mice that mar the land; and ye shall give glory unto the God of Israel: peradventure he will lighten his hand from off you, and from off your gods, and from off your land. +Wherefore then do ye harden your hearts, as the Egyptians and Pharaoh hardened their hearts? when he had wrought wonderfully among them, did they not let the people go, and they departed? +Now therefore make a new cart, and take two milch kine, on which there hath come no yoke, and tie the kine to the cart, and bring their calves home from them: +And take the ark of the LORD, and lay it upon the cart; and put the jewels of gold, which ye return him for a trespass offering, in a coffer by the side thereof; and send it away, that it may go. +And see, if it goeth up by the way of his own coast to Bethshemesh, then he hath done us this great evil: but if not, then we shall know that it is not his hand that smote us: it was a chance that happened to us. +And the men did so; and took two milch kine, and tied them to the cart, and shut up their calves at home: +And they laid the ark of the LORD upon the cart, and the coffer with the mice of gold and the images of their emerods. +And the kine took the straight way to the way of Bethshemesh, and went along the highway, lowing as they went, and turned not aside to the right hand or to the left; and the lords of the Philistines went after them unto the border of Bethshemesh. +And they of Bethshemesh were reaping their wheat harvest in the valley: and they lifted up their eyes, and saw the ark, and rejoiced to see it. +And the cart came into the field of Joshua, a Bethshemite, and stood there, where there was a great stone: and they clave the wood of the cart, and offered the kine a burnt offering unto the LORD. +And the Levites took down the ark of the LORD, and the coffer that was with it, wherein the jewels of gold were, and put them on the great stone: and the men of Bethshemesh offered burnt offerings and sacrificed sacrifices the same day unto the LORD. +And when the five lords of the Philistines had seen it, they returned to Ekron the same day. +And these are the golden emerods which the Philistines returned for a trespass offering unto the LORD; for Ashdod one, for Gaza one, for Askelon one, for Gath one, for Ekron one; +And the golden mice, according to the number of all the cities of the Philistines belonging to the five lords, both of fenced cities, and of country villages, even unto the great stone of Abel, whereon they set down the ark of the LORD: which stone remaineth unto this day in the field of Joshua, the Bethshemite. +And he smote the men of Bethshemesh, because they had looked into the ark of the LORD, even he smote of the people fifty thousand and threescore and ten men: and the people lamented, because the LORD had smitten many of the people with a great slaughter. +And the men of Bethshemesh said, Who is able to stand before this holy LORD God? and to whom shall he go up from us? +And they sent messengers to the inhabitants of Kirjathjearim, saying, The Philistines have brought again the ark of the LORD; come ye down, and fetch it up to you. +And the men of Kirjathjearim came, and fetched up the ark of the LORD, and brought it into the house of Abinadab in the hill, and sanctified Eleazar his son to keep the ark of the LORD. +And it came to pass, while the ark abode in Kirjathjearim, that the time was long; for it was twenty years: and all the house of Israel lamented after the LORD. +And Samuel spake unto all the house of Israel, saying, If ye do return unto the LORD with all your hearts, then put away the strange gods and Ashtaroth from among you, and prepare your hearts unto the LORD, and serve him only: and he will deliver you out of the hand of the Philistines. +Then the children of Israel did put away Baalim and Ashtaroth, and served the LORD only. +And Samuel said, Gather all Israel to Mizpeh, and I will pray for you unto the LORD. +And they gathered together to Mizpeh, and drew water, and poured it out before the LORD, and fasted on that day, and said there, We have sinned against the LORD. And Samuel judged the children of Israel in Mizpeh. +And when the Philistines heard that the children of Israel were gathered together to Mizpeh, the lords of the Philistines went up against Israel. And when the children of Israel heard it, they were afraid of the Philistines. +And the children of Israel said to Samuel, Cease not to cry unto the LORD our God for us, that he will save us out of the hand of the Philistines. +And Samuel took a sucking lamb, and offered it for a burnt offering wholly unto the LORD: and Samuel cried unto the LORD for Israel; and the LORD heard him. +And as Samuel was offering up the burnt offering, the Philistines drew near to battle against Israel: but the LORD thundered with a great thunder on that day upon the Philistines, and discomfited them; and they were smitten before Israel. +And the men of Israel went out of Mizpeh, and pursued the Philistines, and smote them, until they came under Bethcar. +Then Samuel took a stone, and set it between Mizpeh and Shen, and called the name of it Ebenezer, saying, Hitherto hath the LORD helped us. +So the Philistines were subdued, and they came no more into the coast of Israel: and the hand of the LORD was against the Philistines all the days of Samuel. +And the cities which the Philistines had taken from Israel were restored to Israel, from Ekron even unto Gath; and the coasts thereof did Israel deliver out of the hands of the Philistines. And there was peace between Israel and the Amorites. +And Samuel judged Israel all the days of his life. +And he went from year to year in circuit to Bethel, and Gilgal, and Mizpeh, and judged Israel in all those places. +And his return was to Ramah; for there was his house; and there he judged Israel; and there he built an altar unto the LORD. +And it came to pass, when Samuel was old, that he made his sons judges over Israel. +Now the name of his firstborn was Joel; and the name of his second, Abiah: they were judges in Beersheba. +And his sons walked not in his ways, but turned aside after lucre, and took bribes, and perverted judgment. +Then all the elders of Israel gathered themselves together, and came to Samuel unto Ramah, +And said unto him, Behold, thou art old, and thy sons walk not in thy ways: now make us a king to judge us like all the nations. +But the thing displeased Samuel, when they said, Give us a king to judge us. And Samuel prayed unto the LORD. +And the LORD said unto Samuel, Hearken unto the voice of the people in all that they say unto thee: for they have not rejected thee, but they have rejected me, that I should not reign over them. +According to all the works which they have done since the day that I brought them up out of Egypt even unto this day, wherewith they have forsaken me, and served other gods, so do they also unto thee. +Now therefore hearken unto their voice: howbeit yet protest solemnly unto them, and shew them the manner of the king that shall reign over them. +And Samuel told all the words of the LORD unto the people that asked of him a king. +And he said, This will be the manner of the king that shall reign over you: He will take your sons, and appoint them for himself, for his chariots, and to be his horsemen; and some shall run before his chariots. +And he will appoint him captains over thousands, and captains over fifties; and will set them to ear his ground, and to reap his harvest, and to make his instruments of war, and instruments of his chariots. +And he will take your daughters to be confectionaries, and to be cooks, and to be bakers. +And he will take your fields, and your vineyards, and your oliveyards, even the best of them, and give them to his servants. +And he will take the tenth of your seed, and of your vineyards, and give to his officers, and to his servants. +And he will take your menservants, and your maidservants, and your goodliest young men, and your asses, and put them to his work. +He will take the tenth of your sheep: and ye shall be his servants. +And ye shall cry out in that day because of your king which ye shall have chosen you; and the LORD will not hear you in that day. +Nevertheless the people refused to obey the voice of Samuel; and they said, Nay; but we will have a king over us; +That we also may be like all the nations; and that our king may judge us, and go out before us, and fight our battles. +And Samuel heard all the words of the people, and he rehearsed them in the ears of the LORD. +And the LORD said to Samuel, Hearken unto their voice, and make them a king. And Samuel said unto the men of Israel, Go ye every man unto his city. +Now there was a man of Benjamin, whose name was Kish, the son of Abiel, the son of Zeror, the son of Bechorath, the son of Aphiah, a Benjamite, a mighty man of power. +And he had a son, whose name was Saul, a choice young man, and a goodly: and there was not among the children of Israel a goodlier person than he: from his shoulders and upward he was higher than any of the people. +And the asses of Kish Saul's father were lost. And Kish said to Saul his son, Take now one of the servants with thee, and arise, go seek the asses. +And he passed through mount Ephraim, and passed through the land of Shalisha, but they found them not: then they passed through the land of Shalim, and there they were not: and he passed through the land of the Benjamites, but they found them not. +And when they were come to the land of Zuph, Saul said to his servant that was with him, Come, and let us return; lest my father leave caring for the asses, and take thought for us. +And he said unto him, Behold now, there is in this city a man of God, and he is an honourable man; all that he saith cometh surely to pass: now let us go thither; peradventure he can shew us our way that we should go. +Then said Saul to his servant, But, behold, if we go, what shall we bring the man? for the bread is spent in our vessels, and there is not a present to bring to the man of God: what have we? +And the servant answered Saul again, and said, Behold, I have here at hand the fourth part of a shekel of silver: that will I give to the man of God, to tell us our way. +(Beforetime in Israel, when a man went to enquire of God, thus he spake, Come, and let us go to the seer: for he that is now called a Prophet was beforetime called a Seer.) +Then said Saul to his servant, Well said; come, let us go. So they went unto the city where the man of God was. +And as they went up the hill to the city, they found young maidens going out to draw water, and said unto them, Is the seer here? +And they answered them, and said, He is; behold, he is before you: make haste now, for he came to day to the city; for there is a sacrifice of the people to day in the high place: +As soon as ye be come into the city, ye shall straightway find him, before he go up to the high place to eat: for the people will not eat until he come, because he doth bless the sacrifice; and afterwards they eat that be bidden. Now therefore get you up; for about this time ye shall find him. +And they went up into the city: and when they were come into the city, behold, Samuel came out against them, for to go up to the high place. +Now the LORD had told Samuel in his ear a day before Saul came, saying, +To morrow about this time I will send thee a man out of the land of Benjamin, and thou shalt anoint him to be captain over my people Israel, that he may save my people out of the hand of the Philistines: for I have looked upon my people, because their cry is come unto me. +And when Samuel saw Saul, the LORD said unto him, Behold the man whom I spake to thee of! this same shall reign over my people. +Then Saul drew near to Samuel in the gate, and said, Tell me, I pray thee, where the seer's house is. +And Samuel answered Saul, and said, I am the seer: go up before me unto the high place; for ye shall eat with me to day, and to morrow I will let thee go, and will tell thee all that is in thine heart. +And as for thine asses that were lost three days ago, set not thy mind on them; for they are found. And on whom is all the desire of Israel? Is it not on thee, and on all thy father's house? +And Saul answered and said, Am not I a Benjamite, of the smallest of the tribes of Israel? and my family the least of all the families of the tribe of Benjamin? wherefore then speakest thou so to me? +And Samuel took Saul and his servant, and brought them into the parlour, and made them sit in the chiefest place among them that were bidden, which were about thirty persons. +And Samuel said unto the cook, Bring the portion which I gave thee, of which I said unto thee, Set it by thee. +And the cook took up the shoulder, and that which was upon it, and set it before Saul. And Samuel said, Behold that which is left! set it before thee, and eat: for unto this time hath it been kept for thee since I said, I have invited the people. So Saul did eat with Samuel that day. +And when they were come down from the high place into the city, Samuel communed with Saul upon the top of the house. +And they arose early: and it came to pass about the spring of the day, that Samuel called Saul to the top of the house, saying, Up, that I may send thee away. And Saul arose, and they went out both of them, he and Samuel, abroad. +And as they were going down to the end of the city, Samuel said to Saul, Bid the servant pass on before us, (and he passed on), but stand thou still a while, that I may shew thee the word of God. +Then Samuel took a vial of oil, and poured it upon his head, and kissed him, and said, Is it not because the LORD hath anointed thee to be captain over his inheritance? +When thou art departed from me to day, then thou shalt find two men by Rachel's sepulchre in the border of Benjamin at Zelzah; and they will say unto thee, The asses which thou wentest to seek are found: and, lo, thy father hath left the care of the asses, and sorroweth for you, saying, What shall I do for my son? +Then shalt thou go on forward from thence, and thou shalt come to the plain of Tabor, and there shall meet thee three men going up to God to Bethel, one carrying three kids, and another carrying three loaves of bread, and another carrying a bottle of wine: +And they will salute thee, and give thee two loaves of bread; which thou shalt receive of their hands. +After that thou shalt come to the hill of God, where is the garrison of the Philistines: and it shall come to pass, when thou art come thither to the city, that thou shalt meet a company of prophets coming down from the high place with a psaltery, and a tabret, and a pipe, and a harp, before them; and they shall prophesy: +And the Spirit of the LORD will come upon thee, and thou shalt prophesy with them, and shalt be turned into another man. +And let it be, when these signs are come unto thee, that thou do as occasion serve thee; for God is with thee. +And thou shalt go down before me to Gilgal; and, behold, I will come down unto thee, to offer burnt offerings, and to sacrifice sacrifices of peace offerings: seven days shalt thou tarry, till I come to thee, and shew thee what thou shalt do. +And it was so, that when he had turned his back to go from Samuel, God gave him another heart: and all those signs came to pass that day. +And when they came thither to the hill, behold, a company of prophets met him; and the Spirit of God came upon him, and he prophesied among them. +And it came to pass, when all that knew him beforetime saw that, behold, he prophesied among the prophets, then the people said one to another, What is this that is come unto the son of Kish? Is Saul also among the prophets? +And one of the same place answered and said, But who is their father? Therefore it became a proverb, Is Saul also among the prophets? +And when he had made an end of prophesying, he came to the high place. +And Saul's uncle said unto him and to his servant, Whither went ye? And he said, To seek the asses: and when we saw that they were no where, we came to Samuel. +And Saul's uncle said, Tell me, I pray thee, what Samuel said unto you. +And Saul said unto his uncle, He told us plainly that the asses were found. But of the matter of the kingdom, whereof Samuel spake, he told him not. +And Samuel called the people together unto the LORD to Mizpeh; +And said unto the children of Israel, Thus saith the LORD God of Israel, I brought up Israel out of Egypt, and delivered you out of the hand of the Egyptians, and out of the hand of all kingdoms, and of them that oppressed you: +And ye have this day rejected your God, who himself saved you out of all your adversities and your tribulations; and ye have said unto him, Nay, but set a king over us. Now therefore present yourselves before the LORD by your tribes, and by your thousands. +And when Samuel had caused all the tribes of Israel to come near, the tribe of Benjamin was taken. +When he had caused the tribe of Benjamin to come near by their families, the family of Matri was taken, and Saul the son of Kish was taken: and when they sought him, he could not be found. +Therefore they enquired of the LORD further, if the man should yet come thither. And the LORD answered, Behold he hath hid himself among the stuff. +And they ran and fetched him thence: and when he stood among the people, he was higher than any of the people from his shoulders and upward. +And Samuel said to all the people, See ye him whom the LORD hath chosen, that there is none like him among all the people? And all the people shouted, and said, God save the king. +Then Samuel told the people the manner of the kingdom, and wrote it in a book, and laid it up before the LORD. And Samuel sent all the people away, every man to his house. +And Saul also went home to Gibeah; and there went with him a band of men, whose hearts God had touched. +But the children of Belial said, How shall this man save us? And they despised him, and brought no presents. But he held his peace. +Then Nahash the Ammonite came up, and encamped against Jabeshgilead: and all the men of Jabesh said unto Nahash, Make a covenant with us, and we will serve thee. +And Nahash the Ammonite answered them, On this condition will I make a covenant with you, that I may thrust out all your right eyes, and lay it for a reproach upon all Israel. +And the elders of Jabesh said unto him, Give us seven days' respite, that we may send messengers unto all the coasts of Israel: and then, if there be no man to save us, we will come out to thee. +Then came the messengers to Gibeah of Saul, and told the tidings in the ears of the people: and all the people lifted up their voices, and wept. +And, behold, Saul came after the herd out of the field; and Saul said, What aileth the people that they weep? And they told him the tidings of the men of Jabesh. +And the Spirit of God came upon Saul when he heard those tidings, and his anger was kindled greatly. +And he took a yoke of oxen, and hewed them in pieces, and sent them throughout all the coasts of Israel by the hands of messengers, saying, Whosoever cometh not forth after Saul and after Samuel, so shall it be done unto his oxen. And the fear of the LORD fell on the people, and they came out with one consent. +And when he numbered them in Bezek, the children of Israel were three hundred thousand, and the men of Judah thirty thousand. +And they said unto the messengers that came, Thus shall ye say unto the men of Jabeshgilead, To morrow, by that time the sun be hot, ye shall have help. And the messengers came and shewed it to the men of Jabesh; and they were glad. +Therefore the men of Jabesh said, To morrow we will come out unto you, and ye shall do with us all that seemeth good unto you. +And it was so on the morrow, that Saul put the people in three companies; and they came into the midst of the host in the morning watch, and slew the Ammonites until the heat of the day: and it came to pass, that they which remained were scattered, so that two of them were not left together. +And the people said unto Samuel, Who is he that said, Shall Saul reign over us? bring the men, that we may put them to death. +And Saul said, There shall not a man be put to death this day: for to day the LORD hath wrought salvation in Israel. +Then said Samuel to the people, Come, and let us go to Gilgal, and renew the kingdom there. +And all the people went to Gilgal; and there they made Saul king before the LORD in Gilgal; and there they sacrificed sacrifices of peace offerings before the LORD; and there Saul and all the men of Israel rejoiced greatly. +And Samuel said unto all Israel, Behold, I have hearkened unto your voice in all that ye said unto me, and have made a king over you. +And now, behold, the king walketh before you: and I am old and grayheaded; and, behold, my sons are with you: and I have walked before you from my childhood unto this day. +Behold, here I am: witness against me before the LORD, and before his anointed: whose ox have I taken? or whose ass have I taken? or whom have I defrauded? whom have I oppressed? or of whose hand have I received any bribe to blind mine eyes therewith? and I will restore it you. +And they said, Thou hast not defrauded us, nor oppressed us, neither hast thou taken ought of any man's hand. +And he said unto them, The LORD is witness against you, and his anointed is witness this day, that ye have not found ought in my hand. And they answered, He is witness. +And Samuel said unto the people, It is the LORD that advanced Moses and Aaron, and that brought your fathers up out of the land of Egypt. +Now therefore stand still, that I may reason with you before the LORD of all the righteous acts of the LORD, which he did to you and to your fathers. +When Jacob was come into Egypt, and your fathers cried unto the LORD, then the LORD sent Moses and Aaron, which brought forth your fathers out of Egypt, and made them dwell in this place. +And when they forgat the LORD their God, he sold them into the hand of Sisera, captain of the host of Hazor, and into the hand of the Philistines, and into the hand of the king of Moab, and they fought against them. +And they cried unto the LORD, and said, We have sinned, because we have forsaken the LORD, and have served Baalim and Ashtaroth: but now deliver us out of the hand of our enemies, and we will serve thee. +And the LORD sent Jerubbaal, and Bedan, and Jephthah, and Samuel, and delivered you out of the hand of your enemies on every side, and ye dwelled safe. +And when ye saw that Nahash the king of the children of Ammon came against you, ye said unto me, Nay; but a king shall reign over us: when the LORD your God was your king. +Now therefore behold the king whom ye have chosen, and whom ye have desired! and, behold, the LORD hath set a king over you. +If ye will fear the LORD, and serve him, and obey his voice, and not rebel against the commandment of the LORD, then shall both ye and also the king that reigneth over you continue following the LORD your God: +But if ye will not obey the voice of the LORD, but rebel against the commandment of the LORD, then shall the hand of the LORD be against you, as it was against your fathers. +Now therefore stand and see this great thing, which the LORD will do before your eyes. +Is it not wheat harvest to day? I will call unto the LORD, and he shall send thunder and rain; that ye may perceive and see that your wickedness is great, which ye have done in the sight of the LORD, in asking you a king. +So Samuel called unto the LORD; and the LORD sent thunder and rain that day: and all the people greatly feared the LORD and Samuel. +And all the people said unto Samuel, Pray for thy servants unto the LORD thy God, that we die not: for we have added unto all our sins this evil, to ask us a king. +And Samuel said unto the people, Fear not: ye have done all this wickedness: yet turn not aside from following the LORD, but serve the LORD with all your heart; +And turn ye not aside: for then should ye go after vain things, which cannot profit nor deliver; for they are vain. +For the LORD will not forsake his people for his great name's sake: because it hath pleased the LORD to make you his people. +Moreover as for me, God forbid that I should sin against the LORD in ceasing to pray for you: but I will teach you the good and the right way: +Only fear the LORD, and serve him in truth with all your heart: for consider how great things he hath done for you. +But if ye shall still do wickedly, ye shall be consumed, both ye and your king. +Saul reigned one year; and when he had reigned two years over Israel, +Saul chose him three thousand men of Israel; whereof two thousand were with Saul in Michmash and in mount Bethel, and a thousand were with Jonathan in Gibeah of Benjamin: and the rest of the people he sent every man to his tent. +And Jonathan smote the garrison of the Philistines that was in Geba, and the Philistines heard of it. And Saul blew the trumpet throughout all the land, saying, Let the Hebrews hear. +And all Israel heard say that Saul had smitten a garrison of the Philistines, and that Israel also was had in abomination with the Philistines. And the people were called together after Saul to Gilgal. +And the Philistines gathered themselves together to fight with Israel, thirty thousand chariots, and six thousand horsemen, and people as the sand which is on the sea shore in multitude: and they came up, and pitched in Michmash, eastward from Bethaven. +When the men of Israel saw that they were in a strait, (for the people were distressed,) then the people did hide themselves in caves, and in thickets, and in rocks, and in high places, and in pits. +And some of the Hebrews went over Jordan to the land of Gad and Gilead. As for Saul, he was yet in Gilgal, and all the people followed him trembling. +And he tarried seven days, according to the set time that Samuel had appointed: but Samuel came not to Gilgal; and the people were scattered from him. +And Saul said, Bring hither a burnt offering to me, and peace offerings. And he offered the burnt offering. +And it came to pass, that as soon as he had made an end of offering the burnt offering, behold, Samuel came; and Saul went out to meet him, that he might salute him. +And Samuel said, What hast thou done? And Saul said, Because I saw that the people were scattered from me, and that thou camest not within the days appointed, and that the Philistines gathered themselves together at Michmash; +Therefore said I, The Philistines will come down now upon me to Gilgal, and I have not made supplication unto the LORD: I forced myself therefore, and offered a burnt offering. +And Samuel said to Saul, Thou hast done foolishly: thou hast not kept the commandment of the LORD thy God, which he commanded thee: for now would the LORD have established thy kingdom upon Israel for ever. +But now thy kingdom shall not continue: the LORD hath sought him a man after his own heart, and the LORD hath commanded him to be captain over his people, because thou hast not kept that which the LORD commanded thee. +And Samuel arose, and gat him up from Gilgal unto Gibeah of Benjamin. And Saul numbered the people that were present with him, about six hundred men. +And Saul, and Jonathan his son, and the people that were present with them, abode in Gibeah of Benjamin: but the Philistines encamped in Michmash. +And the spoilers came out of the camp of the Philistines in three companies: one company turned unto the way that leadeth to Ophrah, unto the land of Shual: +And another company turned the way to Bethhoron: and another company turned to the way of the border that looketh to the valley of Zeboim toward the wilderness. +Now there was no smith found throughout all the land of Israel: for the Philistines said, Lest the Hebrews make them swords or spears: +But all the Israelites went down to the Philistines, to sharpen every man his share, and his coulter, and his axe, and his mattock. +Yet they had a file for the mattocks, and for the coulters, and for the forks, and for the axes, and to sharpen the goads. +So it came to pass in the day of battle, that there was neither sword nor spear found in the hand of any of the people that were with Saul and Jonathan: but with Saul and with Jonathan his son was there found. +And the garrison of the Philistines went out to the passage of Michmash. +Now it came to pass upon a day, that Jonathan the son of Saul said unto the young man that bare his armour, Come, and let us go over to the Philistines' garrison, that is on the other side. But he told not his father. +And Saul tarried in the uttermost part of Gibeah under a pomegranate tree which is in Migron: and the people that were with him were about six hundred men; +And Ahiah, the son of Ahitub, Ichabod's brother, the son of Phinehas, the son of Eli, the LORD's priest in Shiloh, wearing an ephod. And the people knew not that Jonathan was gone. +And between the passages, by which Jonathan sought to go over unto the Philistines' garrison, there was a sharp rock on the one side, and a sharp rock on the other side: and the name of the one was Bozez, and the name of the other Seneh. +The forefront of the one was situate northward over against Michmash, and the other southward over against Gibeah. +And Jonathan said to the young man that bare his armour, Come, and let us go over unto the garrison of these uncircumcised: it may be that the LORD will work for us: for there is no restraint to the LORD to save by many or by few. +And his armourbearer said unto him, Do all that is in thine heart: turn thee; behold, I am with thee according to thy heart. +Then said Jonathan, Behold, we will pass over unto these men, and we will discover ourselves unto them. +If they say thus unto us, Tarry until we come to you; then we will stand still in our place, and will not go up unto them. +But if they say thus, Come up unto us; then we will go up: for the LORD hath delivered them into our hand: and this shall be a sign unto us. +And both of them discovered themselves unto the garrison of the Philistines: and the Philistines said, Behold, the Hebrews come forth out of the holes where they had hid themselves. +And the men of the garrison answered Jonathan and his armourbearer, and said, Come up to us, and we will shew you a thing. And Jonathan said unto his armourbearer, Come up after me: for the LORD hath delivered them into the hand of Israel. +And Jonathan climbed up upon his hands and upon his feet, and his armourbearer after him: and they fell before Jonathan; and his armourbearer slew after him. +And that first slaughter, which Jonathan and his armourbearer made, was about twenty men, within as it were an half acre of land, which a yoke of oxen might plow. +And there was trembling in the host, in the field, and among all the people: the garrison, and the spoilers, they also trembled, and the earth quaked: so it was a very great trembling. +And the watchmen of Saul in Gibeah of Benjamin looked; and, behold, the multitude melted away, and they went on beating down one another. +Then said Saul unto the people that were with him, Number now, and see who is gone from us. And when they had numbered, behold, Jonathan and his armourbearer were not there. +And Saul said unto Ahiah, Bring hither the ark of God. For the ark of God was at that time with the children of Israel. +And it came to pass, while Saul talked unto the priest, that the noise that was in the host of the Philistines went on and increased: and Saul said unto the priest, Withdraw thine hand. +And Saul and all the people that were with him assembled themselves, and they came to the battle: and, behold, every man's sword was against his fellow, and there was a very great discomfiture. +Moreover the Hebrews that were with the Philistines before that time, which went up with them into the camp from the country round about, even they also turned to be with the Israelites that were with Saul and Jonathan. +Likewise all the men of Israel which had hid themselves in mount Ephraim, when they heard that the Philistines fled, even they also followed hard after them in the battle. +So the LORD saved Israel that day: and the battle passed over unto Bethaven. +And the men of Israel were distressed that day: for Saul had adjured the people, saying, Cursed be the man that eateth any food until evening, that I may be avenged on mine enemies. So none of the people tasted any food. +And all they of the land came to a wood; and there was honey upon the ground. +And when the people were come into the wood, behold, the honey dropped; but no man put his hand to his mouth: for the people feared the oath. +But Jonathan heard not when his father charged the people with the oath: wherefore he put forth the end of the rod that was in his hand, and dipped it in an honeycomb, and put his hand to his mouth; and his eyes were enlightened. +Then answered one of the people, and said, Thy father straitly charged the people with an oath, saying, Cursed be the man that eateth any food this day. And the people were faint. +Then said Jonathan, My father hath troubled the land: see, I pray you, how mine eyes have been enlightened, because I tasted a little of this honey. +How much more, if haply the people had eaten freely to day of the spoil of their enemies which they found? for had there not been now a much greater slaughter among the Philistines? +And they smote the Philistines that day from Michmash to Aijalon: and the people were very faint. +And the people flew upon the spoil, and took sheep, and oxen, and calves, and slew them on the ground: and the people did eat them with the blood. +Then they told Saul, saying, Behold, the people sin against the LORD, in that they eat with the blood. And he said, Ye have transgressed: roll a great stone unto me this day. +And Saul said, Disperse yourselves among the people, and say unto them, Bring me hither every man his ox, and every man his sheep, and slay them here, and eat; and sin not against the LORD in eating with the blood. And all the people brought every man his ox with him that night, and slew them there. +And Saul built an altar unto the LORD: the same was the first altar that he built unto the LORD. +And Saul said, Let us go down after the Philistines by night, and spoil them until the morning light, and let us not leave a man of them. And they said, Do whatsoever seemeth good unto thee. Then said the priest, Let us draw near hither unto God. +And Saul asked counsel of God, Shall I go down after the Philistines? wilt thou deliver them into the hand of Israel? But he answered him not that day. +And Saul said, Draw ye near hither, all the chief of the people: and know and see wherein this sin hath been this day. +For, as the LORD liveth, which saveth Israel, though it be in Jonathan my son, he shall surely die. But there was not a man among all the people that answered him. +Then said he unto all Israel, Be ye on one side, and I and Jonathan my son will be on the other side. And the people said unto Saul, Do what seemeth good unto thee. +Therefore Saul said unto the LORD God of Israel, Give a perfect lot. And Saul and Jonathan were taken: but the people escaped. +And Saul said, Cast lots between me and Jonathan my son. And Jonathan was taken. +Then Saul said to Jonathan, Tell me what thou hast done. And Jonathan told him, and said, I did but taste a little honey with the end of the rod that was in mine hand, and, lo, I must die. +And Saul answered, God do so and more also: for thou shalt surely die, Jonathan. +And the people said unto Saul, Shall Jonathan die, who hath wrought this great salvation in Israel? God forbid: as the LORD liveth, there shall not one hair of his head fall to the ground; for he hath wrought with God this day. So the people rescued Jonathan, that he died not. +Then Saul went up from following the Philistines: and the Philistines went to their own place. +So Saul took the kingdom over Israel, and fought against all his enemies on every side, against Moab, and against the children of Ammon, and against Edom, and against the kings of Zobah, and against the Philistines: and whithersoever he turned himself, he vexed them. +And he gathered an host, and smote the Amalekites, and delivered Israel out of the hands of them that spoiled them. +Now the sons of Saul were Jonathan, and Ishui, and Melchishua: and the names of his two daughters were these; the name of the firstborn Merab, and the name of the younger Michal: +And the name of Saul's wife was Ahinoam, the daughter of Ahimaaz: and the name of the captain of his host was Abner, the son of Ner, Saul's uncle. +And Kish was the father of Saul; and Ner the father of Abner was the son of Abiel. +And there was sore war against the Philistines all the days of Saul: and when Saul saw any strong man, or any valiant man, he took him unto him. +Samuel also said unto Saul, The LORD sent me to anoint thee to be king over his people, over Israel: now therefore hearken thou unto the voice of the words of the LORD. +Thus saith the LORD of hosts, I remember that which Amalek did to Israel, how he laid wait for him in the way, when he came up from Egypt. +Now go and smite Amalek, and utterly destroy all that they have, and spare them not; but slay both man and woman, infant and suckling, ox and sheep, camel and ass. +And Saul gathered the people together, and numbered them in Telaim, two hundred thousand footmen, and ten thousand men of Judah. +And Saul came to a city of Amalek, and laid wait in the valley. +And Saul said unto the Kenites, Go, depart, get you down from among the Amalekites, lest I destroy you with them: for ye shewed kindness to all the children of Israel, when they came up out of Egypt. So the Kenites departed from among the Amalekites. +And Saul smote the Amalekites from Havilah until thou comest to Shur, that is over against Egypt. +And he took Agag the king of the Amalekites alive, and utterly destroyed all the people with the edge of the sword. +But Saul and the people spared Agag, and the best of the sheep, and of the oxen, and of the fatlings, and the lambs, and all that was good, and would not utterly destroy them: but every thing that was vile and refuse, that they destroyed utterly. +Then came the word of the LORD unto Samuel, saying, +It repenteth me that I have set up Saul to be king: for he is turned back from following me, and hath not performed my commandments. And it grieved Samuel; and he cried unto the LORD all night. +And when Samuel rose early to meet Saul in the morning, it was told Samuel, saying, Saul came to Carmel, and, behold, he set him up a place, and is gone about, and passed on, and gone down to Gilgal. +And Samuel came to Saul: and Saul said unto him, Blessed be thou of the LORD: I have performed the commandment of the LORD. +And Samuel said, What meaneth then this bleating of the sheep in mine ears, and the lowing of the oxen which I hear? +And Saul said, They have brought them from the Amalekites: for the people spared the best of the sheep and of the oxen, to sacrifice unto the LORD thy God; and the rest we have utterly destroyed. +Then Samuel said unto Saul, Stay, and I will tell thee what the LORD hath said to me this night. And he said unto him, Say on. +And Samuel said, When thou wast little in thine own sight, wast thou not made the head of the tribes of Israel, and the LORD anointed thee king over Israel? +And the LORD sent thee on a journey, and said, Go and utterly destroy the sinners the Amalekites, and fight against them until they be consumed. +Wherefore then didst thou not obey the voice of the LORD, but didst fly upon the spoil, and didst evil in the sight of the LORD? +And Saul said unto Samuel, Yea, I have obeyed the voice of the LORD, and have gone the way which the LORD sent me, and have brought Agag the king of Amalek, and have utterly destroyed the Amalekites. +But the people took of the spoil, sheep and oxen, the chief of the things which should have been utterly destroyed, to sacrifice unto the LORD thy God in Gilgal. +And Samuel said, Hath the LORD as great delight in burnt offerings and sacrifices, as in obeying the voice of the LORD? Behold, to obey is better than sacrifice, and to hearken than the fat of rams. +For rebellion is as the sin of witchcraft, and stubbornness is as iniquity and idolatry. Because thou hast rejected the word of the LORD, he hath also rejected thee from being king. +And Saul said unto Samuel, I have sinned: for I have transgressed the commandment of the LORD, and thy words: because I feared the people, and obeyed their voice. +Now therefore, I pray thee, pardon my sin, and turn again with me, that I may worship the LORD. +And Samuel said unto Saul, I will not return with thee: for thou hast rejected the word of the LORD, and the LORD hath rejected thee from being king over Israel. +And as Samuel turned about to go away, he laid hold upon the skirt of his mantle, and it rent. +And Samuel said unto him, The LORD hath rent the kingdom of Israel from thee this day, and hath given it to a neighbour of thine, that is better than thou. +And also the Strength of Israel will not lie nor repent: for he is not a man, that he should repent. +Then he said, I have sinned: yet honour me now, I pray thee, before the elders of my people, and before Israel, and turn again with me, that I may worship the LORD thy God. +So Samuel turned again after Saul; and Saul worshipped the LORD. +Then said Samuel, Bring ye hither to me Agag the king of the Amalekites. And Agag came unto him delicately. And Agag said, Surely the bitterness of death is past. +And Samuel said, As the sword hath made women childless, so shall thy mother be childless among women. And Samuel hewed Agag in pieces before the LORD in Gilgal. +Then Samuel went to Ramah; and Saul went up to his house to Gibeah of Saul. +And Samuel came no more to see Saul until the day of his death: nevertheless Samuel mourned for Saul: and the LORD repented that he had made Saul king over Israel. +And the LORD said unto Samuel, How long wilt thou mourn for Saul, seeing I have rejected him from reigning over Israel? fill thine horn with oil, and go, I will send thee to Jesse the Bethlehemite: for I have provided me a king among his sons. +And Samuel said, How can I go? if Saul hear it, he will kill me. And the LORD said, Take an heifer with thee, and say, I am come to sacrifice to the LORD. +And call Jesse to the sacrifice, and I will shew thee what thou shalt do: and thou shalt anoint unto me him whom I name unto thee. +And Samuel did that which the LORD spake, and came to Bethlehem. And the elders of the town trembled at his coming, and said, Comest thou peaceably? +And he said, Peaceably: I am come to sacrifice unto the LORD: sanctify yourselves, and come with me to the sacrifice. And he sanctified Jesse and his sons, and called them to the sacrifice. +And it came to pass, when they were come, that he looked on Eliab, and said, Surely the LORD's anointed is before him. +But the LORD said unto Samuel, Look not on his countenance, or on the height of his stature; because I have refused him: for the LORD seeth not as man seeth; for man looketh on the outward appearance, but the LORD looketh on the heart. +Then Jesse called Abinadab, and made him pass before Samuel. And he said, Neither hath the LORD chosen this. +Then Jesse made Shammah to pass by. And he said, Neither hath the LORD chosen this. +Again, Jesse made seven of his sons to pass before Samuel. And Samuel said unto Jesse, The LORD hath not chosen these. +And Samuel said unto Jesse, Are here all thy children? And he said, There remaineth yet the youngest, and, behold, he keepeth the sheep. And Samuel said unto Jesse, Send and fetch him: for we will not sit down till he come hither. +And he sent, and brought him in. Now he was ruddy, and withal of a beautiful countenance, and goodly to look to. And the LORD said, Arise, anoint him: for this is he. +Then Samuel took the horn of oil, and anointed him in the midst of his brethren: and the Spirit of the LORD came upon David from that day forward. So Samuel rose up, and went to Ramah. +But the Spirit of the LORD departed from Saul, and an evil spirit from the LORD troubled him. +And Saul's servants said unto him, Behold now, an evil spirit from God troubleth thee. +Let our lord now command thy servants, which are before thee, to seek out a man, who is a cunning player on an harp: and it shall come to pass, when the evil spirit from God is upon thee, that he shall play with his hand, and thou shalt be well. +And Saul said unto his servants, Provide me now a man that can play well, and bring him to me. +Then answered one of the servants, and said, Behold, I have seen a son of Jesse the Bethlehemite, that is cunning in playing, and a mighty valiant man, and a man of war, and prudent in matters, and a comely person, and the LORD is with him. +Wherefore Saul sent messengers unto Jesse, and said, Send me David thy son, which is with the sheep. +And Jesse took an ass laden with bread, and a bottle of wine, and a kid, and sent them by David his son unto Saul. +And David came to Saul, and stood before him: and he loved him greatly; and he became his armourbearer. +And Saul sent to Jesse, saying, Let David, I pray thee, stand before me; for he hath found favour in my sight. +And it came to pass, when the evil spirit from God was upon Saul, that David took an harp, and played with his hand: so Saul was refreshed, and was well, and the evil spirit departed from him. +Now the Philistines gathered together their armies to battle, and were gathered together at Shochoh, which belongeth to Judah, and pitched between Shochoh and Azekah, in Ephesdammim. +And Saul and the men of Israel were gathered together, and pitched by the valley of Elah, and set the battle in array against the Philistines. +And the Philistines stood on a mountain on the one side, and Israel stood on a mountain on the other side: and there was a valley between them. +And there went out a champion out of the camp of the Philistines, named Goliath, of Gath, whose height was six cubits and a span. +And he had an helmet of brass upon his head, and he was armed with a coat of mail; and the weight of the coat was five thousand shekels of brass. +And he had greaves of brass upon his legs, and a target of brass between his shoulders. +And the staff of his spear was like a weaver's beam; and his spear's head weighed six hundred shekels of iron: and one bearing a shield went before him. +And he stood and cried unto the armies of Israel, and said unto them, Why are ye come out to set your battle in array? am not I a Philistine, and ye servants to Saul? choose you a man for you, and let him come down to me. +If he be able to fight with me, and to kill me, then will we be your servants: but if I prevail against him, and kill him, then shall ye be our servants, and serve us. +And the Philistine said, I defy the armies of Israel this day; give me a man, that we may fight together. +When Saul and all Israel heard those words of the Philistine, they were dismayed, and greatly afraid. +Now David was the son of that Ephrathite of Bethlehemjudah, whose name was Jesse; and he had eight sons: and the man went among men for an old man in the days of Saul. +And the three eldest sons of Jesse went and followed Saul to the battle: and the names of his three sons that went to the battle were Eliab the firstborn, and next unto him Abinadab, and the third Shammah. +And David was the youngest: and the three eldest followed Saul. +But David went and returned from Saul to feed his father's sheep at Bethlehem. +And the Philistine drew near morning and evening, and presented himself forty days. +And Jesse said unto David his son, Take now for thy brethren an ephah of this parched corn, and these ten loaves, and run to the camp of thy brethren; +And carry these ten cheeses unto the captain of their thousand, and look how thy brethren fare, and take their pledge. +Now Saul, and they, and all the men of Israel, were in the valley of Elah, fighting with the Philistines. +And David rose up early in the morning, and left the sheep with a keeper, and took, and went, as Jesse had commanded him; and he came to the trench, as the host was going forth to the fight, and shouted for the battle. +For Israel and the Philistines had put the battle in array, army against army. +And David left his carriage in the hand of the keeper of the carriage, and ran into the army, and came and saluted his brethren. +And as he talked with them, behold, there came up the champion, the Philistine of Gath, Goliath by name, out of the armies of the Philistines, and spake according to the same words: and David heard them. +And all the men of Israel, when they saw the man, fled from him, and were sore afraid. +And the men of Israel said, Have ye seen this man that is come up? surely to defy Israel is he come up: and it shall be, that the man who killeth him, the king will enrich him with great riches, and will give him his daughter, and make his father's house free in Israel. +And David spake to the men that stood by him, saying, What shall be done to the man that killeth this Philistine, and taketh away the reproach from Israel? for who is this uncircumcised Philistine, that he should defy the armies of the living God? +And the people answered him after this manner, saying, So shall it be done to the man that killeth him. +And Eliab his eldest brother heard when he spake unto the men; and Eliab's anger was kindled against David, and he said, Why camest thou down hither? and with whom hast thou left those few sheep in the wilderness? I know thy pride, and the naughtiness of thine heart; for thou art come down that thou mightest see the battle. +And David said, What have I now done? Is there not a cause? +And he turned from him toward another, and spake after the same manner: and the people answered him again after the former manner. +And when the words were heard which David spake, they rehearsed them before Saul: and he sent for him. +And David said to Saul, Let no man's heart fail because of him; thy servant will go and fight with this Philistine. +And Saul said to David, Thou art not able to go against this Philistine to fight with him: for thou art but a youth, and he a man of war from his youth. +And David said unto Saul, Thy servant kept his father's sheep, and there came a lion, and a bear, and took a lamb out of the flock: +And I went out after him, and smote him, and delivered it out of his mouth: and when he arose against me, I caught him by his beard, and smote him, and slew him. +Thy servant slew both the lion and the bear: and this uncircumcised Philistine shall be as one of them, seeing he hath defied the armies of the living God. +David said moreover, The LORD that delivered me out of the paw of the lion, and out of the paw of the bear, he will deliver me out of the hand of this Philistine. And Saul said unto David, Go, and the LORD be with thee. +And Saul armed David with his armour, and he put an helmet of brass upon his head; also he armed him with a coat of mail. +And David girded his sword upon his armour, and he assayed to go; for he had not proved it. And David said unto Saul, I cannot go with these; for I have not proved them. And David put them off him. +And he took his staff in his hand, and chose him five smooth stones out of the brook, and put them in a shepherd's bag which he had, even in a scrip; and his sling was in his hand: and he drew near to the Philistine. +And the Philistine came on and drew near unto David; and the man that bare the shield went before him. +And when the Philistine looked about, and saw David, he disdained him: for he was but a youth, and ruddy, and of a fair countenance. +And the Philistine said unto David, Am I a dog, that thou comest to me with staves? And the Philistine cursed David by his gods. +And the Philistine said to David, Come to me, and I will give thy flesh unto the fowls of the air, and to the beasts of the field. +Then said David to the Philistine, Thou comest to me with a sword, and with a spear, and with a shield: but I come to thee in the name of the LORD of hosts, the God of the armies of Israel, whom thou hast defied. +This day will the LORD deliver thee into mine hand; and I will smite thee, and take thine head from thee; and I will give the carcases of the host of the Philistines this day unto the fowls of the air, and to the wild beasts of the earth; that all the earth may know that there is a God in Israel. +And all this assembly shall know that the LORD saveth not with sword and spear: for the battle is the LORD's, and he will give you into our hands. +And it came to pass, when the Philistine arose, and came, and drew nigh to meet David, that David hastened, and ran toward the army to meet the Philistine. +And David put his hand in his bag, and took thence a stone, and slang it, and smote the Philistine in his forehead, that the stone sunk into his forehead; and he fell upon his face to the earth. +So David prevailed over the Philistine with a sling and with a stone, and smote the Philistine, and slew him; but there was no sword in the hand of David. +Therefore David ran, and stood upon the Philistine, and took his sword, and drew it out of the sheath thereof, and slew him, and cut off his head therewith. And when the Philistines saw their champion was dead, they fled. +And the men of Israel and of Judah arose, and shouted, and pursued the Philistines, until thou come to the valley, and to the gates of Ekron. And the wounded of the Philistines fell down by the way to Shaaraim, even unto Gath, and unto Ekron. +And the children of Israel returned from chasing after the Philistines, and they spoiled their tents. +And David took the head of the Philistine, and brought it to Jerusalem; but he put his armour in his tent. +And when Saul saw David go forth against the Philistine, he said unto Abner, the captain of the host, Abner, whose son is this youth? And Abner said, As thy soul liveth, O king, I cannot tell. +And the king said, Enquire thou whose son the stripling is. +And as David returned from the slaughter of the Philistine, Abner took him, and brought him before Saul with the head of the Philistine in his hand. +And Saul said to him, Whose son art thou, thou young man? And David answered, I am the son of thy servant Jesse the Bethlehemite. +And it came to pass, when he had made an end of speaking unto Saul, that the soul of Jonathan was knit with the soul of David, and Jonathan loved him as his own soul. +And Saul took him that day, and would let him go no more home to his father's house. +Then Jonathan and David made a covenant, because he loved him as his own soul. +And Jonathan stripped himself of the robe that was upon him, and gave it to David, and his garments, even to his sword, and to his bow, and to his girdle. +And David went out whithersoever Saul sent him, and behaved himself wisely: and Saul set him over the men of war, and he was accepted in the sight of all the people, and also in the sight of Saul's servants. +And it came to pass as they came, when David was returned from the slaughter of the Philistine, that the women came out of all cities of Israel, singing and dancing, to meet king Saul, with tabrets, with joy, and with instruments of musick. +And the women answered one another as they played, and said, Saul hath slain his thousands, and David his ten thousands. +And Saul was very wroth, and the saying displeased him; and he said, They have ascribed unto David ten thousands, and to me they have ascribed but thousands: and what can he have more but the kingdom? +And Saul eyed David from that day and forward. +And it came to pass on the morrow, that the evil spirit from God came upon Saul, and he prophesied in the midst of the house: and David played with his hand, as at other times: and there was a javelin in Saul's hand. +And Saul cast the javelin; for he said, I will smite David even to the wall with it. And David avoided out of his presence twice. +And Saul was afraid of David, because the LORD was with him, and was departed from Saul. +Therefore Saul removed him from him, and made him his captain over a thousand; and he went out and came in before the people. +And David behaved himself wisely in all his ways; and the LORD was with him. +Wherefore when Saul saw that he behaved himself very wisely, he was afraid of him. +But all Israel and Judah loved David, because he went out and came in before them. +And Saul said to David, Behold my elder daughter Merab, her will I give thee to wife: only be thou valiant for me, and fight the LORD's battles. For Saul said, Let not mine hand be upon him, but let the hand of the Philistines be upon him. +And David said unto Saul, Who am I? and what is my life, or my father's family in Israel, that I should be son in law to the king? +But it came to pass at the time when Merab Saul's daughter should have been given to David, that she was given unto Adriel the Meholathite to wife. +And Michal Saul's daughter loved David: and they told Saul, and the thing pleased him. +And Saul said, I will give him her, that she may be a snare to him, and that the hand of the Philistines may be against him. Wherefore Saul said to David, Thou shalt this day be my son in law in the one of the twain. +And Saul commanded his servants, saying, Commune with David secretly, and say, Behold, the king hath delight in thee, and all his servants love thee: now therefore be the king's son in law. +And Saul's servants spake those words in the ears of David. And David said, Seemeth it to you a light thing to be a king's son in law, seeing that I am a poor man, and lightly esteemed? +And the servants of Saul told him, saying, On this manner spake David. +And Saul said, Thus shall ye say to David, The king desireth not any dowry, but an hundred foreskins of the Philistines, to be avenged of the king's enemies. But Saul thought to make David fall by the hand of the Philistines. +And when his servants told David these words, it pleased David well to be the king's son in law: and the days were not expired. +Wherefore David arose and went, he and his men, and slew of the Philistines two hundred men; and David brought their foreskins, and they gave them in full tale to the king, that he might be the king's son in law. And Saul gave him Michal his daughter to wife. +And Saul saw and knew that the LORD was with David, and that Michal Saul's daughter loved him. +And Saul was yet the more afraid of David; and Saul became David's enemy continually. +Then the princes of the Philistines went forth: and it came to pass, after they went forth, that David behaved himself more wisely than all the servants of Saul; so that his name was much set by. +And Saul spake to Jonathan his son, and to all his servants, that they should kill David. +But Jonathan Saul's son delighted much in David: and Jonathan told David, saying, Saul my father seeketh to kill thee: now therefore, I pray thee, take heed to thyself until the morning, and abide in a secret place, and hide thyself: +And I will go out and stand beside my father in the field where thou art, and I will commune with my father of thee; and what I see, that I will tell thee. +And Jonathan spake good of David unto Saul his father, and said unto him, Let not the king sin against his servant, against David; because he hath not sinned against thee, and because his works have been to thee-ward very good: +For he did put his life in his hand, and slew the Philistine, and the LORD wrought a great salvation for all Israel: thou sawest it, and didst rejoice: wherefore then wilt thou sin against innocent blood, to slay David without a cause? +And Saul hearkened unto the voice of Jonathan: and Saul sware, As the LORD liveth, he shall not be slain. +And Jonathan called David, and Jonathan shewed him all those things. And Jonathan brought David to Saul, and he was in his presence, as in times past. +And there was war again: and David went out, and fought with the Philistines, and slew them with a great slaughter; and they fled from him. +And the evil spirit from the LORD was upon Saul, as he sat in his house with his javelin in his hand: and David played with his hand. +And Saul sought to smite David even to the wall with the javelin: but he slipped away out of Saul's presence, and he smote the javelin into the wall: and David fled, and escaped that night. +Saul also sent messengers unto David's house, to watch him, and to slay him in the morning: and Michal David's wife told him, saying, If thou save not thy life to night, to morrow thou shalt be slain. +So Michal let David down through a window: and he went, and fled, and escaped. +And Michal took an image, and laid it in the bed, and put a pillow of goats' hair for his bolster, and covered it with a cloth. +And when Saul sent messengers to take David, she said, He is sick. +And Saul sent the messengers again to see David, saying, Bring him up to me in the bed, that I may slay him. +And when the messengers were come in, behold, there was an image in the bed, with a pillow of goats' hair for his bolster. +And Saul said unto Michal, Why hast thou deceived me so, and sent away mine enemy, that he is escaped? And Michal answered Saul, He said unto me, Let me go; why should I kill thee? +So David fled, and escaped, and came to Samuel to Ramah, and told him all that Saul had done to him. And he and Samuel went and dwelt in Naioth. +And it was told Saul, saying, Behold, David is at Naioth in Ramah. +And Saul sent messengers to take David: and when they saw the company of the prophets prophesying, and Samuel standing as appointed over them, the Spirit of God was upon the messengers of Saul, and they also prophesied. +And when it was told Saul, he sent other messengers, and they prophesied likewise. And Saul sent messengers again the third time, and they prophesied also. +Then went he also to Ramah, and came to a great well that is in Sechu: and he asked and said, Where are Samuel and David? And one said, Behold, they be at Naioth in Ramah. +And he went thither to Naioth in Ramah: and the Spirit of God was upon him also, and he went on, and prophesied, until he came to Naioth in Ramah. +And he stripped off his clothes also, and prophesied before Samuel in like manner, and lay down naked all that day and all that night. Wherefore they say, Is Saul also among the prophets? +And David fled from Naioth in Ramah, and came and said before Jonathan, What have I done? what is mine iniquity? and what is my sin before thy father, that he seeketh my life? +And he said unto him, God forbid; thou shalt not die: behold, my father will do nothing either great or small, but that he will shew it me: and why should my father hide this thing from me? it is not so. +And David sware moreover, and said, Thy father certainly knoweth that I have found grace in thine eyes; and he saith, Let not Jonathan know this, lest he be grieved: but truly as the LORD liveth, and as thy soul liveth, there is but a step between me and death. +Then said Jonathan unto David, Whatsoever thy soul desireth, I will even do it for thee. +And David said unto Jonathan, Behold, to morrow is the new moon, and I should not fail to sit with the king at meat: but let me go, that I may hide myself in the field unto the third day at even. +If thy father at all miss me, then say, David earnestly asked leave of me that he might run to Bethlehem his city: for there is a yearly sacrifice there for all the family. +If he say thus, It is well; thy servant shall have peace: but if he be very wroth, then be sure that evil is determined by him. +Therefore thou shalt deal kindly with thy servant; for thou hast brought thy servant into a covenant of the LORD with thee: notwithstanding, if there be in me iniquity, slay me thyself; for why shouldest thou bring me to thy father? +And Jonathan said, Far be it from thee: for if I knew certainly that evil were determined by my father to come upon thee, then would not I tell it thee? +Then said David to Jonathan, Who shall tell me? or what if thy father answer thee roughly? +And Jonathan said unto David, Come, and let us go out into the field. And they went out both of them into the field. +And Jonathan said unto David, O LORD God of Israel, when I have sounded my father about to morrow any time, or the third day, and, behold, if there be good toward David, and I then send not unto thee, and shew it thee; +The LORD do so and much more to Jonathan: but if it please my father to do thee evil, then I will shew it thee, and send thee away, that thou mayest go in peace: and the LORD be with thee, as he hath been with my father. +And thou shalt not only while yet I live shew me the kindness of the LORD, that I die not: +But also thou shalt not cut off thy kindness from my house for ever: no, not when the LORD hath cut off the enemies of David every one from the face of the earth. +So Jonathan made a covenant with the house of David, saying, Let the LORD even require it at the hand of David's enemies. +And Jonathan caused David to swear again, because he loved him: for he loved him as he loved his own soul. +Then Jonathan said to David, To morrow is the new moon: and thou shalt be missed, because thy seat will be empty. +And when thou hast stayed three days, then thou shalt go down quickly, and come to the place where thou didst hide thyself when the business was in hand, and shalt remain by the stone Ezel. +And I will shoot three arrows on the side thereof, as though I shot at a mark. +And, behold, I will send a lad, saying, Go, find out the arrows. If I expressly say unto the lad, Behold, the arrows are on this side of thee, take them; then come thou: for there is peace to thee, and no hurt; as the LORD liveth. +But if I say thus unto the young man, Behold, the arrows are beyond thee; go thy way: for the LORD hath sent thee away. +And as touching the matter which thou and I have spoken of, behold, the LORD be between thee and me for ever. +So David hid himself in the field: and when the new moon was come, the king sat him down to eat meat. +And the king sat upon his seat, as at other times, even upon a seat by the wall: and Jonathan arose, and Abner sat by Saul's side, and David's place was empty. +Nevertheless Saul spake not any thing that day: for he thought, Something hath befallen him, he is not clean; surely he is not clean. +And it came to pass on the morrow, which was the second day of the month, that David's place was empty: and Saul said unto Jonathan his son, Wherefore cometh not the son of Jesse to meat, neither yesterday, nor to day? +And Jonathan answered Saul, David earnestly asked leave of me to go to Bethlehem: +And he said, Let me go, I pray thee; for our family hath a sacrifice in the city; and my brother, he hath commanded me to be there: and now, if I have found favour in thine eyes, let me get away, I pray thee, and see my brethren. Therefore he cometh not unto the king's table. +Then Saul's anger was kindled against Jonathan, and he said unto him, Thou son of the perverse rebellious woman, do not I know that thou hast chosen the son of Jesse to thine own confusion, and unto the confusion of thy mother's nakedness? +For as long as the son of Jesse liveth upon the ground, thou shalt not be established, nor thy kingdom. Wherefore now send and fetch him unto me, for he shall surely die. +And Jonathan answered Saul his father, and said unto him, Wherefore shall he be slain? what hath he done? +And Saul cast a javelin at him to smite him: whereby Jonathan knew that it was determined of his father to slay David. +So Jonathan arose from the table in fierce anger, and did eat no meat the second day of the month: for he was grieved for David, because his father had done him shame. +And it came to pass in the morning, that Jonathan went out into the field at the time appointed with David, and a little lad with him. +And he said unto his lad, Run, find out now the arrows which I shoot. And as the lad ran, he shot an arrow beyond him. +And when the lad was come to the place of the arrow which Jonathan had shot, Jonathan cried after the lad, and said, Is not the arrow beyond thee? +And Jonathan cried after the lad, Make speed, haste, stay not. And Jonathan's lad gathered up the arrows, and came to his master. +But the lad knew not any thing: only Jonathan and David knew the matter. +And Jonathan gave his artillery unto his lad, and said unto him, Go, carry them to the city. +And as soon as the lad was gone, David arose out of a place toward the south, and fell on his face to the ground, and bowed himself three times: and they kissed one another, and wept one with another, until David exceeded. +And Jonathan said to David, Go in peace, forasmuch as we have sworn both of us in the name of the LORD, saying, The LORD be between me and thee, and between my seed and thy seed for ever. And he arose and departed: and Jonathan went into the city. +Then came David to Nob to Ahimelech the priest: and Ahimelech was afraid at the meeting of David, and said unto him, Why art thou alone, and no man with thee? +And David said unto Ahimelech the priest, The king hath commanded me a business, and hath said unto me, Let no man know any thing of the business whereabout I send thee, and what I have commanded thee: and I have appointed my servants to such and such a place. +Now therefore what is under thine hand? give me five loaves of bread in mine hand, or what there is present. +And the priest answered David, and said, There is no common bread under mine hand, but there is hallowed bread; if the young men have kept themselves at least from women. +And David answered the priest, and said unto him, Of a truth women have been kept from us about these three days, since I came out, and the vessels of the young men are holy, and the bread is in a manner common, yea, though it were sanctified this day in the vessel. +So the priest gave him hallowed bread: for there was no bread there but the shewbread, that was taken from before the LORD, to put hot bread in the day when it was taken away. +Now a certain man of the servants of Saul was there that day, detained before the LORD; and his name was Doeg, an Edomite, the chiefest of the herdmen that belonged to Saul. +And David said unto Ahimelech, And is there not here under thine hand spear or sword? for I have neither brought my sword nor my weapons with me, because the king's business required haste. +And the priest said, The sword of Goliath the Philistine, whom thou slewest in the valley of Elah, behold, it is here wrapped in a cloth behind the ephod: if thou wilt take that, take it: for there is no other save that here. And David said, There is none like that; give it me. +And David arose and fled that day for fear of Saul, and went to Achish the king of Gath. +And the servants of Achish said unto him, Is not this David the king of the land? did they not sing one to another of him in dances, saying, Saul hath slain his thousands, and David his ten thousands? +And David laid up these words in his heart, and was sore afraid of Achish the king of Gath. +And he changed his behaviour before them, and feigned himself mad in their hands, and scrabbled on the doors of the gate, and let his spittle fall down upon his beard. +Then said Achish unto his servants, Lo, ye see the man is mad: wherefore then have ye brought him to me? +Have I need of mad men, that ye have brought this fellow to play the mad man in my presence? shall this fellow come into my house? +David therefore departed thence, and escaped to the cave Adullam: and when his brethren and all his father's house heard it, they went down thither to him. +And every one that was in distress, and every one that was in debt, and every one that was discontented, gathered themselves unto him; and he became a captain over them: and there were with him about four hundred men. +And David went thence to Mizpeh of Moab: and he said unto the king of Moab, Let my father and my mother, I pray thee, come forth, and be with you, till I know what God will do for me. +And he brought them before the king of Moab: and they dwelt with him all the while that David was in the hold. +And the prophet Gad said unto David, Abide not in the hold; depart, and get thee into the land of Judah. Then David departed, and came into the forest of Hareth. +When Saul heard that David was discovered, and the men that were with him, (now Saul abode in Gibeah under a tree in Ramah, having his spear in his hand, and all his servants were standing about him;) +Then Saul said unto his servants that stood about him, Hear now, ye Benjamites; will the son of Jesse give every one of you fields and vineyards, and make you all captains of thousands, and captains of hundreds; +That all of you have conspired against me, and there is none that sheweth me that my son hath made a league with the son of Jesse, and there is none of you that is sorry for me, or sheweth unto me that my son hath stirred up my servant against me, to lie in wait, as at this day? +Then answered Doeg the Edomite, which was set over the servants of Saul, and said, I saw the son of Jesse coming to Nob, to Ahimelech the son of Ahitub. +And he enquired of the LORD for him, and gave him victuals, and gave him the sword of Goliath the Philistine. +Then the king sent to call Ahimelech the priest, the son of Ahitub, and all his father's house, the priests that were in Nob: and they came all of them to the king. +And Saul said, Hear now, thou son of Ahitub. And he answered, Here I am, my lord. +And Saul said unto him, Why have ye conspired against me, thou and the son of Jesse, in that thou hast given him bread, and a sword, and hast enquired of God for him, that he should rise against me, to lie in wait, as at this day? +Then Ahimelech answered the king, and said, And who is so faithful among all thy servants as David, which is the king's son in law, and goeth at thy bidding, and is honourable in thine house? +Did I then begin to enquire of God for him? be it far from me: let not the king impute any thing unto his servant, nor to all the house of my father: for thy servant knew nothing of all this, less or more. +And the king said, Thou shalt surely die, Ahimelech, thou, and all thy father's house. +And the king said unto the footmen that stood about him, Turn, and slay the priests of the LORD: because their hand also is with David, and because they knew when he fled, and did not shew it to me. But the servants of the king would not put forth their hand to fall upon the priests of the LORD. +And the king said to Doeg, Turn thou, and fall upon the priests. And Doeg the Edomite turned, and he fell upon the priests, and slew on that day fourscore and five persons that did wear a linen ephod. +And Nob, the city of the priests, smote he with the edge of the sword, both men and women, children and sucklings, and oxen, and asses, and sheep, with the edge of the sword. +And one of the sons of Ahimelech the son of Ahitub, named Abiathar, escaped, and fled after David. +And Abiathar shewed David that Saul had slain the LORD's priests. +And David said unto Abiathar, I knew it that day, when Doeg the Edomite was there, that he would surely tell Saul: I have occasioned the death of all the persons of thy father's house. +Abide thou with me, fear not: for he that seeketh my life seeketh thy life: but with me thou shalt be in safeguard. +Then they told David, saying, Behold, the Philistines fight against Keilah, and they rob the threshingfloors. +Therefore David enquired of the LORD, saying, Shall I go and smite these Philistines? And the LORD said unto David, Go, and smite the Philistines, and save Keilah. +And David's men said unto him, Behold, we be afraid here in Judah: how much more then if we come to Keilah against the armies of the Philistines? +Then David enquired of the LORD yet again. And the LORD answered him and said, Arise, go down to Keilah; for I will deliver the Philistines into thine hand. +So David and his men went to Keilah, and fought with the Philistines, and brought away their cattle, and smote them with a great slaughter. So David saved the inhabitants of Keilah. +And it came to pass, when Abiathar the son of Ahimelech fled to David to Keilah, that he came down with an ephod in his hand. +And it was told Saul that David was come to Keilah. And Saul said, God hath delivered him into mine hand; for he is shut in, by entering into a town that hath gates and bars. +And Saul called all the people together to war, to go down to Keilah, to besiege David and his men. +And David knew that Saul secretly practised mischief against him; and he said to Abiathar the priest, Bring hither the ephod. +Then said David, O LORD God of Israel, thy servant hath certainly heard that Saul seeketh to come to Keilah, to destroy the city for my sake. +Will the men of Keilah deliver me up into his hand? will Saul come down, as thy servant hath heard? O LORD God of Israel, I beseech thee, tell thy servant. And the LORD said, He will come down. +Then said David, Will the men of Keilah deliver me and my men into the hand of Saul? And the LORD said, They will deliver thee up. +Then David and his men, which were about six hundred, arose and departed out of Keilah, and went whithersoever they could go. And it was told Saul that David was escaped from Keilah; and he forbare to go forth. +And David abode in the wilderness in strong holds, and remained in a mountain in the wilderness of Ziph. And Saul sought him every day, but God delivered him not into his hand. +And David saw that Saul was come out to seek his life: and David was in the wilderness of Ziph in a wood. +And Jonathan Saul's son arose, and went to David into the wood, and strengthened his hand in God. +And he said unto him, Fear not: for the hand of Saul my father shall not find thee; and thou shalt be king over Israel, and I shall be next unto thee; and that also Saul my father knoweth. +And they two made a covenant before the LORD: and David abode in the wood, and Jonathan went to his house. +Then came up the Ziphites to Saul to Gibeah, saying, Doth not David hide himself with us in strong holds in the wood, in the hill of Hachilah, which is on the south of Jeshimon? +Now therefore, O king, come down according to all the desire of thy soul to come down; and our part shall be to deliver him into the king's hand. +And Saul said, Blessed be ye of the LORD; for ye have compassion on me. +Go, I pray you, prepare yet, and know and see his place where his haunt is, and who hath seen him there: for it is told me that he dealeth very subtilly. +See therefore, and take knowledge of all the lurking places where he hideth himself, and come ye again to me with the certainty, and I will go with you: and it shall come to pass, if he be in the land, that I will search him out throughout all the thousands of Judah. +And they arose, and went to Ziph before Saul: but David and his men were in the wilderness of Maon, in the plain on the south of Jeshimon. +Saul also and his men went to seek him. And they told David; wherefore he came down into a rock, and abode in the wilderness of Maon. And when Saul heard that, he pursued after David in the wilderness of Maon. +And Saul went on this side of the mountain, and David and his men on that side of the mountain: and David made haste to get away for fear of Saul; for Saul and his men compassed David and his men round about to take them. +But there came a messenger unto Saul, saying, Haste thee, and come; for the Philistines have invaded the land. +Wherefore Saul returned from pursuing after David, and went against the Philistines: therefore they called that place Selahammahlekoth. +And David went up from thence, and dwelt in strong holds at Engedi. +And it came to pass, when Saul was returned from following the Philistines, that it was told him, saying, Behold, David is in the wilderness of Engedi. +Then Saul took three thousand chosen men out of all Israel, and went to seek David and his men upon the rocks of the wild goats. +And he came to the sheepcotes by the way, where was a cave; and Saul went in to cover his feet: and David and his men remained in the sides of the cave. +And the men of David said unto him, Behold the day of which the LORD said unto thee, Behold, I will deliver thine enemy into thine hand, that thou mayest do to him as it shall seem good unto thee. Then David arose, and cut off the skirt of Saul's robe privily. +And it came to pass afterward, that David's heart smote him, because he had cut off Saul's skirt. +And he said unto his men, The LORD forbid that I should do this thing unto my master, the LORD's anointed, to stretch forth mine hand against him, seeing he is the anointed of the LORD. +So David stayed his servants with these words, and suffered them not to rise against Saul. But Saul rose up out of the cave, and went on his way. +David also arose afterward, and went out of the cave, and cried after Saul, saying, My lord the king. And when Saul looked behind him, David stooped with his face to the earth, and bowed himself. +And David said to Saul, Wherefore hearest thou men's words, saying, Behold, David seeketh thy hurt? +Behold, this day thine eyes have seen how that the LORD had delivered thee to day into mine hand in the cave: and some bade me kill thee: but mine eye spared thee; and I said, I will not put forth mine hand against my lord; for he is the LORD's anointed. +Moreover, my father, see, yea, see the skirt of thy robe in my hand: for in that I cut off the skirt of thy robe, and killed thee not, know thou and see that there is neither evil nor transgression in mine hand, and I have not sinned against thee; yet thou huntest my soul to take it. +The LORD judge between me and thee, and the LORD avenge me of thee: but mine hand shall not be upon thee. +As saith the proverb of the ancients, Wickedness proceedeth from the wicked: but mine hand shall not be upon thee. +After whom is the king of Israel come out? after whom dost thou pursue? after a dead dog, after a flea. +The LORD therefore be judge, and judge between me and thee, and see, and plead my cause, and deliver me out of thine hand. +And it came to pass, when David had made an end of speaking these words unto Saul, that Saul said, Is this thy voice, my son David? And Saul lifted up his voice, and wept. +And he said to David, Thou art more righteous than I: for thou hast rewarded me good, whereas I have rewarded thee evil. +And thou hast shewed this day how that thou hast dealt well with me: forasmuch as when the LORD had delivered me into thine hand, thou killedst me not. +For if a man find his enemy, will he let him go well away? wherefore the LORD reward thee good for that thou hast done unto me this day. +And now, behold, I know well that thou shalt surely be king, and that the kingdom of Israel shall be established in thine hand. +Swear now therefore unto me by the LORD, that thou wilt not cut off my seed after me, and that thou wilt not destroy my name out of my father's house. +And David sware unto Saul. And Saul went home; but David and his men gat them up unto the hold. +And Samuel died; and all the Israelites were gathered together, and lamented him, and buried him in his house at Ramah. And David arose, and went down to the wilderness of Paran. +And there was a man in Maon, whose possessions were in Carmel; and the man was very great, and he had three thousand sheep, and a thousand goats: and he was shearing his sheep in Carmel. +Now the name of the man was Nabal; and the name of his wife Abigail: and she was a woman of good understanding, and of a beautiful countenance: but the man was churlish and evil in his doings; and he was of the house of Caleb. +And David heard in the wilderness that Nabal did shear his sheep. +And David sent out ten young men, and David said unto the young men, Get you up to Carmel, and go to Nabal, and greet him in my name: +And thus shall ye say to him that liveth in prosperity, Peace be both to thee, and peace be to thine house, and peace be unto all that thou hast. +And now I have heard that thou hast shearers: now thy shepherds which were with us, we hurt them not, neither was there ought missing unto them, all the while they were in Carmel. +Ask thy young men, and they will shew thee. Wherefore let the young men find favour in thine eyes: for we come in a good day: give, I pray thee, whatsoever cometh to thine hand unto thy servants, and to thy son David. +And when David's young men came, they spake to Nabal according to all those words in the name of David, and ceased. +And Nabal answered David's servants, and said, Who is David? and who is the son of Jesse? there be many servants now a days that break away every man from his master. +Shall I then take my bread, and my water, and my flesh that I have killed for my shearers, and give it unto men, whom I know not whence they be? +So David's young men turned their way, and went again, and came and told him all those sayings. +And David said unto his men, Gird ye on every man his sword. And they girded on every man his sword; and David also girded on his sword: and there went up after David about four hundred men; and two hundred abode by the stuff. +But one of the young men told Abigail, Nabal's wife, saying, Behold, David sent messengers out of the wilderness to salute our master; and he railed on them. +But the men were very good unto us, and we were not hurt, neither missed we any thing, as long as we were conversant with them, when we were in the fields: +They were a wall unto us both by night and day, all the while we were with them keeping the sheep. +Now therefore know and consider what thou wilt do; for evil is determined against our master, and against all his household: for he is such a son of Belial, that a man cannot speak to him. +Then Abigail made haste, and took two hundred loaves, and two bottles of wine, and five sheep ready dressed, and five measures of parched corn, and an hundred clusters of raisins, and two hundred cakes of figs, and laid them on asses. +And she said unto her servants, Go on before me; behold, I come after you. But she told not her husband Nabal. +And it was so, as she rode on the ass, that she came down by the covert on the hill, and, behold, David and his men came down against her; and she met them. +Now David had said, Surely in vain have I kept all that this fellow hath in the wilderness, so that nothing was missed of all that pertained unto him: and he hath requited me evil for good. +So and more also do God unto the enemies of David, if I leave of all that pertain to him by the morning light any that pisseth against the wall. +And when Abigail saw David, she hasted, and lighted off the ass, and fell before David on her face, and bowed herself to the ground, +And fell at his feet, and said, Upon me, my lord, upon me let this iniquity be: and let thine handmaid, I pray thee, speak in thine audience, and hear the words of thine handmaid. +Let not my lord, I pray thee, regard this man of Belial, even Nabal: for as his name is, so is he; Nabal is his name, and folly is with him: but I thine handmaid saw not the young men of my lord, whom thou didst send. +Now therefore, my lord, as the LORD liveth, and as thy soul liveth, seeing the LORD hath withholden thee from coming to shed blood, and from avenging thyself with thine own hand, now let thine enemies, and they that seek evil to my lord, be as Nabal. +And now this blessing which thine handmaid hath brought unto my lord, let it even be given unto the young men that follow my lord. +I pray thee, forgive the trespass of thine handmaid: for the LORD will certainly make my lord a sure house; because my lord fighteth the battles of the LORD, and evil hath not been found in thee all thy days. +Yet a man is risen to pursue thee, and to seek thy soul: but the soul of my lord shall be bound in the bundle of life with the LORD thy God; and the souls of thine enemies, them shall he sling out, as out of the middle of a sling. +And it shall come to pass, when the LORD shall have done to my lord according to all the good that he hath spoken concerning thee, and shall have appointed thee ruler over Israel; +That this shall be no grief unto thee, nor offence of heart unto my lord, either that thou hast shed blood causeless, or that my lord hath avenged himself: but when the LORD shall have dealt well with my lord, then remember thine handmaid. +And David said to Abigail, Blessed be the LORD God of Israel, which sent thee this day to meet me: +And blessed be thy advice, and blessed be thou, which hast kept me this day from coming to shed blood, and from avenging myself with mine own hand. +For in very deed, as the LORD God of Israel liveth, which hath kept me back from hurting thee, except thou hadst hasted and come to meet me, surely there had not been left unto Nabal by the morning light any that pisseth against the wall. +So David received of her hand that which she had brought him, and said unto her, Go up in peace to thine house; see, I have hearkened to thy voice, and have accepted thy person. +And Abigail came to Nabal; and, behold, he held a feast in his house, like the feast of a king; and Nabal's heart was merry within him, for he was very drunken: wherefore she told him nothing, less or more, until the morning light. +But it came to pass in the morning, when the wine was gone out of Nabal, and his wife had told him these things, that his heart died within him, and he became as a stone. +And it came to pass about ten days after, that the LORD smote Nabal, that he died. +And when David heard that Nabal was dead, he said, Blessed be the LORD, that hath pleaded the cause of my reproach from the hand of Nabal, and hath kept his servant from evil: for the LORD hath returned the wickedness of Nabal upon his own head. And David sent and communed with Abigail, to take her to him to wife. +And when the servants of David were come to Abigail to Carmel, they spake unto her, saying, David sent us unto thee, to take thee to him to wife. +And she arose, and bowed herself on her face to the earth, and said, Behold, let thine handmaid be a servant to wash the feet of the servants of my lord. +And Abigail hasted, and arose and rode upon an ass, with five damsels of hers that went after her; and she went after the messengers of David, and became his wife. +David also took Ahinoam of Jezreel; and they were also both of them his wives. +But Saul had given Michal his daughter, David's wife, to Phalti the son of Laish, which was of Gallim. +And the Ziphites came unto Saul to Gibeah, saying, Doth not David hide himself in the hill of Hachilah, which is before Jeshimon? +Then Saul arose, and went down to the wilderness of Ziph, having three thousand chosen men of Israel with him, to seek David in the wilderness of Ziph. +And Saul pitched in the hill of Hachilah, which is before Jeshimon, by the way. But David abode in the wilderness, and he saw that Saul came after him into the wilderness. +David therefore sent out spies, and understood that Saul was come in very deed. +And David arose, and came to the place where Saul had pitched: and David beheld the place where Saul lay, and Abner the son of Ner, the captain of his host: and Saul lay in the trench, and the people pitched round about him. +Then answered David and said to Ahimelech the Hittite, and to Abishai the son of Zeruiah, brother to Joab, saying, Who will go down with me to Saul to the camp? And Abishai said, I will go down with thee. +So David and Abishai came to the people by night: and, behold, Saul lay sleeping within the trench, and his spear stuck in the ground at his bolster: but Abner and the people lay round about him. +Then said Abishai to David, God hath delivered thine enemy into thine hand this day: now therefore let me smite him, I pray thee, with the spear even to the earth at once, and I will not smite him the second time. +And David said to Abishai, Destroy him not: for who can stretch forth his hand against the LORD's anointed, and be guiltless? +David said furthermore, As the LORD liveth, the LORD shall smite him; or his day shall come to die; or he shall descend into battle, and perish. +The LORD forbid that I should stretch forth mine hand against the LORD's anointed: but, I pray thee, take thou now the spear that is at his bolster, and the cruse of water, and let us go. +So David took the spear and the cruse of water from Saul's bolster; and they gat them away, and no man saw it, nor knew it, neither awaked: for they were all asleep; because a deep sleep from the LORD was fallen upon them. +Then David went over to the other side, and stood on the top of an hill afar off; a great space being between them: +And David cried to the people, and to Abner the son of Ner, saying, Answerest thou not, Abner? Then Abner answered and said, Who art thou that criest to the king? +And David said to Abner, Art not thou a valiant man? and who is like to thee in Israel? wherefore then hast thou not kept thy lord the king? for there came one of the people in to destroy the king thy lord. +This thing is not good that thou hast done. As the LORD liveth, ye are worthy to die, because ye have not kept your master, the LORD's anointed. And now see where the king's spear is, and the cruse of water that was at his bolster. +And Saul knew David's voice, and said, Is this thy voice, my son David? And David said, It is my voice, my lord, O king. +And he said, Wherefore doth my lord thus pursue after his servant? for what have I done? or what evil is in mine hand? +Now therefore, I pray thee, let my lord the king hear the words of his servant. If the LORD have stirred thee up against me, let him accept an offering: but if they be the children of men, cursed be they before the LORD; for they have driven me out this day from abiding in the inheritance of the LORD, saying, Go, serve other gods. +Now therefore, let not my blood fall to the earth before the face of the LORD: for the king of Israel is come out to seek a flea, as when one doth hunt a partridge in the mountains. +Then said Saul, I have sinned: return, my son David: for I will no more do thee harm, because my soul was precious in thine eyes this day: behold, I have played the fool, and have erred exceedingly. +And David answered and said, Behold the king's spear! and let one of the young men come over and fetch it. +The LORD render to every man his righteousness and his faithfulness; for the LORD delivered thee into my hand to day, but I would not stretch forth mine hand against the LORD's anointed. +And, behold, as thy life was much set by this day in mine eyes, so let my life be much set by in the eyes of the LORD, and let him deliver me out of all tribulation. +Then Saul said to David, Blessed be thou, my son David: thou shalt both do great things, and also shalt still prevail. So David went on his way, and Saul returned to his place. +And David said in his heart, I shall now perish one day by the hand of Saul: there is nothing better for me than that I should speedily escape into the land of the Philistines; and Saul shall despair of me, to seek me any more in any coast of Israel: so shall I escape out of his hand. +And David arose, and he passed over with the six hundred men that were with him unto Achish, the son of Maoch, king of Gath. +And David dwelt with Achish at Gath, he and his men, every man with his household, even David with his two wives, Ahinoam the Jezreelitess, and Abigail the Carmelitess, Nabal's wife. +And it was told Saul that David was fled to Gath: and he sought no more again for him. +And David said unto Achish, If I have now found grace in thine eyes, let them give me a place in some town in the country, that I may dwell there: for why should thy servant dwell in the royal city with thee? +Then Achish gave him Ziklag that day: wherefore Ziklag pertaineth unto the kings of Judah unto this day. +And the time that David dwelt in the country of the Philistines was a full year and four months. +And David and his men went up, and invaded the Geshurites, and the Gezrites, and the Amalekites: for those nations were of old the inhabitants of the land, as thou goest to Shur, even unto the land of Egypt. +And David smote the land, and left neither man nor woman alive, and took away the sheep, and the oxen, and the asses, and the camels, and the apparel, and returned, and came to Achish. +And Achish said, Whither have ye made a road to day? And David said, Against the south of Judah, and against the south of the Jerahmeelites, and against the south of the Kenites. +And David saved neither man nor woman alive, to bring tidings to Gath, saying, Lest they should tell on us, saying, So did David, and so will be his manner all the while he dwelleth in the country of the Philistines. +And Achish believed David, saying, He hath made his people Israel utterly to abhor him; therefore he shall be my servant for ever. +And it came to pass in those days, that the Philistines gathered their armies together for warfare, to fight with Israel. And Achish said unto David, Know thou assuredly, that thou shalt go out with me to battle, thou and thy men. +And David said to Achish, Surely thou shalt know what thy servant can do. And Achish said to David, Therefore will I make thee keeper of mine head for ever. +Now Samuel was dead, and all Israel had lamented him, and buried him in Ramah, even in his own city. And Saul had put away those that had familiar spirits, and the wizards, out of the land. +And the Philistines gathered themselves together, and came and pitched in Shunem: and Saul gathered all Israel together, and they pitched in Gilboa. +And when Saul saw the host of the Philistines, he was afraid, and his heart greatly trembled. +And when Saul enquired of the LORD, the LORD answered him not, neither by dreams, nor by Urim, nor by prophets. +Then said Saul unto his servants, Seek me a woman that hath a familiar spirit, that I may go to her, and enquire of her. And his servants said to him, Behold, there is a woman that hath a familiar spirit at Endor. +And Saul disguised himself, and put on other raiment, and he went, and two men with him, and they came to the woman by night: and he said, I pray thee, divine unto me by the familiar spirit, and bring me him up, whom I shall name unto thee. +And the woman said unto him, Behold, thou knowest what Saul hath done, how he hath cut off those that have familiar spirits, and the wizards, out of the land: wherefore then layest thou a snare for my life, to cause me to die? +And Saul sware to her by the LORD, saying, As the LORD liveth, there shall no punishment happen to thee for this thing. +Then said the woman, Whom shall I bring up unto thee? And he said, Bring me up Samuel. +And when the woman saw Samuel, she cried with a loud voice: and the woman spake to Saul, saying, Why hast thou deceived me? for thou art Saul. +And the king said unto her, Be not afraid: for what sawest thou? And the woman said unto Saul, I saw gods ascending out of the earth. +And he said unto her, What form is he of? And she said, An old man cometh up; and he is covered with a mantle. And Saul perceived that it was Samuel, and he stooped with his face to the ground, and bowed himself. +And Samuel said to Saul, Why hast thou disquieted me, to bring me up? And Saul answered, I am sore distressed; for the Philistines make war against me, and God is departed from me, and answereth me no more, neither by prophets, nor by dreams: therefore I have called thee, that thou mayest make known unto me what I shall do. +Then said Samuel, Wherefore then dost thou ask of me, seeing the LORD is departed from thee, and is become thine enemy? +And the LORD hath done to him, as he spake by me: for the LORD hath rent the kingdom out of thine hand, and given it to thy neighbour, even to David: +Because thou obeyedst not the voice of the LORD, nor executedst his fierce wrath upon Amalek, therefore hath the LORD done this thing unto thee this day. +Moreover the LORD will also deliver Israel with thee into the hand of the Philistines: and to morrow shalt thou and thy sons be with me: the LORD also shall deliver the host of Israel into the hand of the Philistines. +Then Saul fell straightway all along on the earth, and was sore afraid, because of the words of Samuel: and there was no strength in him; for he had eaten no bread all the day, nor all the night. +And the woman came unto Saul, and saw that he was sore troubled, and said unto him, Behold, thine handmaid hath obeyed thy voice, and I have put my life in my hand, and have hearkened unto thy words which thou spakest unto me. +Now therefore, I pray thee, hearken thou also unto the voice of thine handmaid, and let me set a morsel of bread before thee; and eat, that thou mayest have strength, when thou goest on thy way. +But he refused, and said, I will not eat. But his servants, together with the woman, compelled him; and he hearkened unto their voice. So he arose from the earth, and sat upon the bed. +And the woman had a fat calf in the house; and she hasted, and killed it, and took flour, and kneaded it, and did bake unleavened bread thereof: +And she brought it before Saul, and before his servants; and they did eat. Then they rose up, and went away that night. +Now the Philistines gathered together all their armies to Aphek: and the Israelites pitched by a fountain which is in Jezreel. +And the lords of the Philistines passed on by hundreds, and by thousands: but David and his men passed on in the rereward with Achish. +Then said the princes of the Philistines, What do these Hebrews here? And Achish said unto the princes of the Philistines, Is not this David, the servant of Saul the king of Israel, which hath been with me these days, or these years, and I have found no fault in him since he fell unto me unto this day? +And the princes of the Philistines were wroth with him; and the princes of the Philistines said unto him, Make this fellow return, that he may go again to his place which thou hast appointed him, and let him not go down with us to battle, lest in the battle he be an adversary to us: for wherewith should he reconcile himself unto his master? should it not be with the heads of these men? +Is not this David, of whom they sang one to another in dances, saying, Saul slew his thousands, and David his ten thousands? +Then Achish called David, and said unto him, Surely, as the LORD liveth, thou hast been upright, and thy going out and thy coming in with me in the host is good in my sight: for I have not found evil in thee since the day of thy coming unto me unto this day: nevertheless the lords favour thee not. +Wherefore now return, and go in peace, that thou displease not the lords of the Philistines. +And David said unto Achish, But what have I done? and what hast thou found in thy servant so long as I have been with thee unto this day, that I may not go fight against the enemies of my lord the king? +And Achish answered and said to David, I know that thou art good in my sight, as an angel of God: notwithstanding the princes of the Philistines have said, He shall not go up with us to the battle. +Wherefore now rise up early in the morning with thy master's servants that are come with thee: and as soon as ye be up early in the morning, and have light, depart. +So David and his men rose up early to depart in the morning, to return into the land of the Philistines. And the Philistines went up to Jezreel. +And it came to pass, when David and his men were come to Ziklag on the third day, that the Amalekites had invaded the south, and Ziklag, and smitten Ziklag, and burned it with fire; +And had taken the women captives, that were therein: they slew not any, either great or small, but carried them away, and went on their way. +So David and his men came to the city, and, behold, it was burned with fire; and their wives, and their sons, and their daughters, were taken captives. +Then David and the people that were with him lifted up their voice and wept, until they had no more power to weep. +And David's two wives were taken captives, Ahinoam the Jezreelitess, and Abigail the wife of Nabal the Carmelite. +And David was greatly distressed; for the people spake of stoning him, because the soul of all the people was grieved, every man for his sons and for his daughters: but David encouraged himself in the LORD his God. +And David said to Abiathar the priest, Ahimelech's son, I pray thee, bring me hither the ephod. And Abiathar brought thither the ephod to David. +And David enquired at the LORD, saying, Shall I pursue after this troop? shall I overtake them? And he answered him, Pursue: for thou shalt surely overtake them, and without fail recover all. +So David went, he and the six hundred men that were with him, and came to the brook Besor, where those that were left behind stayed. +But David pursued, he and four hundred men: for two hundred abode behind, which were so faint that they could not go over the brook Besor. +And they found an Egyptian in the field, and brought him to David, and gave him bread, and he did eat; and they made him drink water; +And they gave him a piece of a cake of figs, and two clusters of raisins: and when he had eaten, his spirit came again to him: for he had eaten no bread, nor drunk any water, three days and three nights. +And David said unto him, To whom belongest thou? and whence art thou? And he said, I am a young man of Egypt, servant to an Amalekite; and my master left me, because three days agone I fell sick. +We made an invasion upon the south of the Cherethites, and upon the coast which belongeth to Judah, and upon the south of Caleb; and we burned Ziklag with fire. +And David said to him, Canst thou bring me down to this company? And he said, Swear unto me by God, that thou wilt neither kill me, nor deliver me into the hands of my master, and I will bring thee down to this company. +And when he had brought him down, behold, they were spread abroad upon all the earth, eating and drinking, and dancing, because of all the great spoil that they had taken out of the land of the Philistines, and out of the land of Judah. +And David smote them from the twilight even unto the evening of the next day: and there escaped not a man of them, save four hundred young men, which rode upon camels, and fled. +And David recovered all that the Amalekites had carried away: and David rescued his two wives. +And there was nothing lacking to them, neither small nor great, neither sons nor daughters, neither spoil, nor any thing that they had taken to them: David recovered all. +And David took all the flocks and the herds, which they drave before those other cattle, and said, This is David's spoil. +And David came to the two hundred men, which were so faint that they could not follow David, whom they had made also to abide at the brook Besor: and they went forth to meet David, and to meet the people that were with him: and when David came near to the people, he saluted them. +Then answered all the wicked men and men of Belial, of those that went with David, and said, Because they went not with us, we will not give them ought of the spoil that we have recovered, save to every man his wife and his children, that they may lead them away, and depart. +Then said David, Ye shall not do so, my brethren, with that which the LORD hath given us, who hath preserved us, and delivered the company that came against us into our hand. +For who will hearken unto you in this matter? but as his part is that goeth down to the battle, so shall his part be that tarrieth by the stuff: they shall part alike. +And it was so from that day forward, that he made it a statute and an ordinance for Israel unto this day. +And when David came to Ziklag, he sent of the spoil unto the elders of Judah, even to his friends, saying, Behold a present for you of the spoil of the enemies of the LORD; +To them which were in Bethel, and to them which were in south Ramoth, and to them which were in Jattir, +And to them which were in Aroer, and to them which were in Siphmoth, and to them which were in Eshtemoa, +And to them which were in Rachal, and to them which were in the cities of the Jerahmeelites, and to them which were in the cities of the Kenites, +And to them which were in Hormah, and to them which were in Chorashan, and to them which were in Athach, +And to them which were in Hebron, and to all the places where David himself and his men were wont to haunt. +Now the Philistines fought against Israel: and the men of Israel fled from before the Philistines, and fell down slain in mount Gilboa. +And the Philistines followed hard upon Saul and upon his sons; and the Philistines slew Jonathan, and Abinadab, and Melchishua, Saul's sons. +And the battle went sore against Saul, and the archers hit him; and he was sore wounded of the archers. +Then said Saul unto his armourbearer, Draw thy sword, and thrust me through therewith; lest these uncircumcised come and thrust me through, and abuse me. But his armourbearer would not; for he was sore afraid. Therefore Saul took a sword, and fell upon it. +And when his armourbearer saw that Saul was dead, he fell likewise upon his sword, and died with him. +So Saul died, and his three sons, and his armourbearer, and all his men, that same day together. +And when the men of Israel that were on the other side of the valley, and they that were on the other side Jordan, saw that the men of Israel fled, and that Saul and his sons were dead, they forsook the cities, and fled; and the Philistines came and dwelt in them. +And it came to pass on the morrow, when the Philistines came to strip the slain, that they found Saul and his three sons fallen in mount Gilboa. +And they cut off his head, and stripped off his armour, and sent into the land of the Philistines round about, to publish it in the house of their idols, and among the people. +And they put his armour in the house of Ashtaroth: and they fastened his body to the wall of Bethshan. +And when the inhabitants of Jabeshgilead heard of that which the Philistines had done to Saul; +All the valiant men arose, and went all night, and took the body of Saul and the bodies of his sons from the wall of Bethshan, and came to Jabesh, and burnt them there. +And they took their bones, and buried them under a tree at Jabesh, and fasted seven days. +Now it came to pass after the death of Saul, when David was returned from the slaughter of the Amalekites, and David had abode two days in Ziklag; +It came even to pass on the third day, that, behold, a man came out of the camp from Saul with his clothes rent, and earth upon his head: and so it was, when he came to David, that he fell to the earth, and did obeisance. +And David said unto him, From whence comest thou? And he said unto him, Out of the camp of Israel am I escaped. +And David said unto him, How went the matter? I pray thee, tell me. And he answered, That the people are fled from the battle, and many of the people also are fallen and dead; and Saul and Jonathan his son are dead also. +And David said unto the young man that told him, How knowest thou that Saul and Jonathan his son be dead? +And the young man that told him said, As I happened by chance upon mount Gilboa, behold, Saul leaned upon his spear; and, lo, the chariots and horsemen followed hard after him. +And when he looked behind him, he saw me, and called unto me. And I answered, Here am I. +And he said unto me, Who art thou? And I answered him, I am an Amalekite. +He said unto me again, Stand, I pray thee, upon me, and slay me: for anguish is come upon me, because my life is yet whole in me. +So I stood upon him, and slew him, because I was sure that he could not live after that he was fallen: and I took the crown that was upon his head, and the bracelet that was on his arm, and have brought them hither unto my lord. +Then David took hold on his clothes, and rent them; and likewise all the men that were with him: +And they mourned, and wept, and fasted until even, for Saul, and for Jonathan his son, and for the people of the LORD, and for the house of Israel; because they were fallen by the sword. +And David said unto the young man that told him, Whence art thou? And he answered, I am the son of a stranger, an Amalekite. +And David said unto him, How wast thou not afraid to stretch forth thine hand to destroy the LORD's anointed? +And David called one of the young men, and said, Go near, and fall upon him. And he smote him that he died. +And David said unto him, Thy blood be upon thy head; for thy mouth hath testified against thee, saying, I have slain the LORD's anointed. +And David lamented with this lamentation over Saul and over Jonathan his son: +(Also he bade them teach the children of Judah the use of the bow: behold, it is written in the book of Jasher.) +The beauty of Israel is slain upon thy high places: how are the mighty fallen! +Tell it not in Gath, publish it not in the streets of Askelon; lest the daughters of the Philistines rejoice, lest the daughters of the uncircumcised triumph. +Ye mountains of Gilboa, let there be no dew, neither let there be rain, upon you, nor fields of offerings: for there the shield of the mighty is vilely cast away, the shield of Saul, as though he had not been anointed with oil. +From the blood of the slain, from the fat of the mighty, the bow of Jonathan turned not back, and the sword of Saul returned not empty. +Saul and Jonathan were lovely and pleasant in their lives, and in their death they were not divided: they were swifter than eagles, they were stronger than lions. +Ye daughters of Israel, weep over Saul, who clothed you in scarlet, with other delights, who put on ornaments of gold upon your apparel. +How are the mighty fallen in the midst of the battle! O Jonathan, thou wast slain in thine high places. +I am distressed for thee, my brother Jonathan: very pleasant hast thou been unto me: thy love to me was wonderful, passing the love of women. +How are the mighty fallen, and the weapons of war perished! +And it came to pass after this, that David enquired of the LORD, saying, Shall I go up into any of the cities of Judah? And the LORD said unto him, Go up. And David said, Whither shall I go up? And he said, Unto Hebron. +So David went up thither, and his two wives also, Ahinoam the Jezreelitess, and Abigail Nabal's wife the Carmelite. +And his men that were with him did David bring up, every man with his household: and they dwelt in the cities of Hebron. +And the men of Judah came, and there they anointed David king over the house of Judah. And they told David, saying, That the men of Jabeshgilead were they that buried Saul. +And David sent messengers unto the men of Jabeshgilead, and said unto them, Blessed be ye of the LORD, that ye have shewed this kindness unto your lord, even unto Saul, and have buried him. +And now the LORD shew kindness and truth unto you: and I also will requite you this kindness, because ye have done this thing. +Therefore now let your hands be strengthened, and be ye valiant: for your master Saul is dead, and also the house of Judah have anointed me king over them. +But Abner the son of Ner, captain of Saul's host, took Ishbosheth the son of Saul, and brought him over to Mahanaim; +And made him king over Gilead, and over the Ashurites, and over Jezreel, and over Ephraim, and over Benjamin, and over all Israel. +Ishbosheth Saul's son was forty years old when he began to reign over Israel, and reigned two years. But the house of Judah followed David. +And the time that David was king in Hebron over the house of Judah was seven years and six months. +And Abner the son of Ner, and the servants of Ishbosheth the son of Saul, went out from Mahanaim to Gibeon. +And Joab the son of Zeruiah, and the servants of David, went out, and met together by the pool of Gibeon: and they sat down, the one on the one side of the pool, and the other on the other side of the pool. +And Abner said to Joab, Let the young men now arise, and play before us. And Joab said, Let them arise. +Then there arose and went over by number twelve of Benjamin, which pertained to Ishbosheth the son of Saul, and twelve of the servants of David. +And they caught every one his fellow by the head, and thrust his sword in his fellow's side; so they fell down together: wherefore that place was called Helkathhazzurim, which is in Gibeon. +And there was a very sore battle that day; and Abner was beaten, and the men of Israel, before the servants of David. +And there were three sons of Zeruiah there, Joab, and Abishai, and Asahel: and Asahel was as light of foot as a wild roe. +And Asahel pursued after Abner; and in going he turned not to the right hand nor to the left from following Abner. +Then Abner looked behind him, and said, Art thou Asahel? And he answered, I am. +And Abner said to him, Turn thee aside to thy right hand or to thy left, and lay thee hold on one of the young men, and take thee his armour. But Asahel would not turn aside from following of him. +And Abner said again to Asahel, Turn thee aside from following me: wherefore should I smite thee to the ground? how then should I hold up my face to Joab thy brother? +Howbeit he refused to turn aside: wherefore Abner with the hinder end of the spear smote him under the fifth rib, that the spear came out behind him; and he fell down there, and died in the same place: and it came to pass, that as many as came to the place where Asahel fell down and died stood still. +Joab also and Abishai pursued after Abner: and the sun went down when they were come to the hill of Ammah, that lieth before Giah by the way of the wilderness of Gibeon. +And the children of Benjamin gathered themselves together after Abner, and became one troop, and stood on the top of an hill. +Then Abner called to Joab, and said, Shall the sword devour for ever? knowest thou not that it will be bitterness in the latter end? how long shall it be then, ere thou bid the people return from following their brethren? +And Joab said, As God liveth, unless thou hadst spoken, surely then in the morning the people had gone up every one from following his brother. +So Joab blew a trumpet, and all the people stood still, and pursued after Israel no more, neither fought they any more. +And Abner and his men walked all that night through the plain, and passed over Jordan, and went through all Bithron, and they came to Mahanaim. +And Joab returned from following Abner: and when he had gathered all the people together, there lacked of David's servants nineteen men and Asahel. +But the servants of David had smitten of Benjamin, and of Abner's men, so that three hundred and threescore men died. +And they took up Asahel, and buried him in the sepulchre of his father, which was in Bethlehem. And Joab and his men went all night, and they came to Hebron at break of day. +Now there was long war between the house of Saul and the house of David: but David waxed stronger and stronger, and the house of Saul waxed weaker and weaker. +And unto David were sons born in Hebron: and his firstborn was Amnon, of Ahinoam the Jezreelitess; +And his second, Chileab, of Abigail the wife of Nabal the Carmelite; and the third, Absalom the son of Maacah the daughter of Talmai king of Geshur; +And the fourth, Adonijah the son of Haggith; and the fifth, Shephatiah the son of Abital; +And the sixth, Ithream, by Eglah David's wife. These were born to David in Hebron. +And it came to pass, while there was war between the house of Saul and the house of David, that Abner made himself strong for the house of Saul. +And Saul had a concubine, whose name was Rizpah, the daughter of Aiah: and Ishbosheth said to Abner, Wherefore hast thou gone in unto my father's concubine? +Then was Abner very wroth for the words of Ishbosheth, and said, Am I a dog's head, which against Judah do shew kindness this day unto the house of Saul thy father, to his brethren, and to his friends, and have not delivered thee into the hand of David, that thou chargest me to day with a fault concerning this woman? +So do God to Abner, and more also, except, as the LORD hath sworn to David, even so I do to him; +To translate the kingdom from the house of Saul, and to set up the throne of David over Israel and over Judah, from Dan even to Beersheba. +And he could not answer Abner a word again, because he feared him. +And Abner sent messengers to David on his behalf, saying, Whose is the land? saying also, Make thy league with me, and, behold, my hand shall be with thee, to bring about all Israel unto thee. +And he said, Well; I will make a league with thee: but one thing I require of thee, that is, Thou shalt not see my face, except thou first bring Michal Saul's daughter, when thou comest to see my face. +And David sent messengers to Ishbosheth Saul's son, saying, Deliver me my wife Michal, which I espoused to me for an hundred foreskins of the Philistines. +And Ishbosheth sent, and took her from her husband, even from Phaltiel the son of Laish. +And her husband went with her along weeping behind her to Bahurim. Then said Abner unto him, Go, return. And he returned. +And Abner had communication with the elders of Israel, saying, Ye sought for David in times past to be king over you: +Now then do it: for the LORD hath spoken of David, saying, By the hand of my servant David I will save my people Israel out of the hand of the Philistines, and out of the hand of all their enemies. +And Abner also spake in the ears of Benjamin: and Abner went also to speak in the ears of David in Hebron all that seemed good to Israel, and that seemed good to the whole house of Benjamin. +So Abner came to David to Hebron, and twenty men with him. And David made Abner and the men that were with him a feast. +And Abner said unto David, I will arise and go, and will gather all Israel unto my lord the king, that they may make a league with thee, and that thou mayest reign over all that thine heart desireth. And David sent Abner away; and he went in peace. +And, behold, the servants of David and Joab came from pursuing a troop, and brought in a great spoil with them: but Abner was not with David in Hebron; for he had sent him away, and he was gone in peace. +When Joab and all the host that was with him were come, they told Joab, saying, Abner the son of Ner came to the king, and he hath sent him away, and he is gone in peace. +Then Joab came to the king, and said, What hast thou done? behold, Abner came unto thee; why is it that thou hast sent him away, and he is quite gone? +Thou knowest Abner the son of Ner, that he came to deceive thee, and to know thy going out and thy coming in, and to know all that thou doest. +And when Joab was come out from David, he sent messengers after Abner, which brought him again from the well of Sirah: but David knew it not. +And when Abner was returned to Hebron, Joab took him aside in the gate to speak with him quietly, and smote him there under the fifth rib, that he died, for the blood of Asahel his brother. +And afterward when David heard it, he said, I and my kingdom are guiltless before the LORD for ever from the blood of Abner the son of Ner: +Let it rest on the head of Joab, and on all his father's house; and let there not fail from the house of Joab one that hath an issue, or that is a leper, or that leaneth on a staff, or that falleth on the sword, or that lacketh bread. +So Joab, and Abishai his brother slew Abner, because he had slain their brother Asahel at Gibeon in the battle. +And David said to Joab, and to all the people that were with him, Rend your clothes, and gird you with sackcloth, and mourn before Abner. And king David himself followed the bier. +And they buried Abner in Hebron: and the king lifted up his voice, and wept at the grave of Abner; and all the people wept. +And the king lamented over Abner, and said, Died Abner as a fool dieth? +Thy hands were not bound, nor thy feet put into fetters: as a man falleth before wicked men, so fellest thou. And all the people wept again over him. +And when all the people came to cause David to eat meat while it was yet day, David sware, saying, So do God to me, and more also, if I taste bread, or ought else, till the sun be down. +And all the people took notice of it, and it pleased them: as whatsoever the king did pleased all the people. +For all the people and all Israel understood that day that it was not of the king to slay Abner the son of Ner. +And the king said unto his servants, Know ye not that there is a prince and a great man fallen this day in Israel? +And I am this day weak, though anointed king; and these men the sons of Zeruiah be too hard for me: the LORD shall reward the doer of evil according to his wickedness. +And when Saul's son heard that Abner was dead in Hebron, his hands were feeble, and all the Israelites were troubled. +And Saul's son had two men that were captains of bands: the name of the one was Baanah, and the name of the other Rechab, the sons of Rimmon a Beerothite, of the children of Benjamin: (for Beeroth also was reckoned to Benjamin. +And the Beerothites fled to Gittaim, and were sojourners there until this day.) +And Jonathan, Saul's son, had a son that was lame of his feet. He was five years old when the tidings came of Saul and Jonathan out of Jezreel, and his nurse took him up, and fled: and it came to pass, as she made haste to flee, that he fell, and became lame. And his name was Mephibosheth. +And the sons of Rimmon the Beerothite, Rechab and Baanah, went, and came about the heat of the day to the house of Ishbosheth, who lay on a bed at noon. +And they came thither into the midst of the house, as though they would have fetched wheat; and they smote him under the fifth rib: and Rechab and Baanah his brother escaped. +For when they came into the house, he lay on his bed in his bedchamber, and they smote him, and slew him, and beheaded him, and took his head, and gat them away through the plain all night. +And they brought the head of Ishbosheth unto David to Hebron, and said to the king, Behold the head of Ishbosheth the son of Saul thine enemy, which sought thy life; and the LORD hath avenged my lord the king this day of Saul, and of his seed. +And David answered Rechab and Baanah his brother, the sons of Rimmon the Beerothite, and said unto them, As the LORD liveth, who hath redeemed my soul out of all adversity, +When one told me, saying, Behold, Saul is dead, thinking to have brought good tidings, I took hold of him, and slew him in Ziklag, who thought that I would have given him a reward for his tidings: +How much more, when wicked men have slain a righteous person in his own house upon his bed? shall I not therefore now require his blood of your hand, and take you away from the earth? +And David commanded his young men, and they slew them, and cut off their hands and their feet, and hanged them up over the pool in Hebron. But they took the head of Ishbosheth, and buried it in the sepulchre of Abner in Hebron. +Then came all the tribes of Israel to David unto Hebron, and spake, saying, Behold, we are thy bone and thy flesh. +Also in time past, when Saul was king over us, thou wast he that leddest out and broughtest in Israel: and the LORD said to thee, Thou shalt feed my people Israel, and thou shalt be a captain over Israel. +So all the elders of Israel came to the king to Hebron; and king David made a league with them in Hebron before the LORD: and they anointed David king over Israel. +David was thirty years old when he began to reign, and he reigned forty years. +In Hebron he reigned over Judah seven years and six months: and in Jerusalem he reigned thirty and three years over all Israel and Judah. +And the king and his men went to Jerusalem unto the Jebusites, the inhabitants of the land: which spake unto David, saying, Except thou take away the blind and the lame, thou shalt not come in hither: thinking, David cannot come in hither. +Nevertheless David took the strong hold of Zion: the same is the city of David. +And David said on that day, Whosoever getteth up to the gutter, and smiteth the Jebusites, and the lame and the blind that are hated of David's soul, he shall be chief and captain. Wherefore they said, The blind and the lame shall not come into the house. +So David dwelt in the fort, and called it the city of David. And David built round about from Millo and inward. +And David went on, and grew great, and the LORD God of hosts was with him. +And Hiram king of Tyre sent messengers to David, and cedar trees, and carpenters, and masons: and they built David an house. +And David perceived that the LORD had established him king over Israel, and that he had exalted his kingdom for his people Israel's sake. +And David took him more concubines and wives out of Jerusalem, after he was come from Hebron: and there were yet sons and daughters born to David. +And these be the names of those that were born unto him in Jerusalem; Shammuah, and Shobab, and Nathan, and Solomon, +Ibhar also, and Elishua, and Nepheg, and Japhia, +And Elishama, and Eliada, and Eliphalet. +But when the Philistines heard that they had anointed David king over Israel, all the Philistines came up to seek David; and David heard of it, and went down to the hold. +The Philistines also came and spread themselves in the valley of Rephaim. +And David enquired of the LORD, saying, Shall I go up to the Philistines? wilt thou deliver them into mine hand? And the LORD said unto David, Go up: for I will doubtless deliver the Philistines into thine hand. +And David came to Baalperazim, and David smote them there, and said, The LORD hath broken forth upon mine enemies before me, as the breach of waters. Therefore he called the name of that place Baalperazim. +And there they left their images, and David and his men burned them. +And the Philistines came up yet again, and spread themselves in the valley of Rephaim. +And when David enquired of the LORD, he said, Thou shalt not go up; but fetch a compass behind them, and come upon them over against the mulberry trees. +And let it be, when thou hearest the sound of a going in the tops of the mulberry trees, that then thou shalt bestir thyself: for then shall the LORD go out before thee, to smite the host of the Philistines. +And David did so, as the LORD had commanded him; and smote the Philistines from Geba until thou come to Gazer. +Again, David gathered together all the chosen men of Israel, thirty thousand. +And David arose, and went with all the people that were with him from Baale of Judah, to bring up from thence the ark of God, whose name is called by the name of the LORD of hosts that dwelleth between the cherubims. +And they set the ark of God upon a new cart, and brought it out of the house of Abinadab that was in Gibeah: and Uzzah and Ahio, the sons of Abinadab, drave the new cart. +And they brought it out of the house of Abinadab which was at Gibeah, accompanying the ark of God: and Ahio went before the ark. +And David and all the house of Israel played before the LORD on all manner of instruments made of fir wood, even on harps, and on psalteries, and on timbrels, and on cornets, and on cymbals. +And when they came to Nachon's threshingfloor, Uzzah put forth his hand to the ark of God, and took hold of it; for the oxen shook it. +And the anger of the LORD was kindled against Uzzah; and God smote him there for his error; and there he died by the ark of God. +And David was displeased, because the LORD had made a breach upon Uzzah: and he called the name of the place Perezuzzah to this day. +And David was afraid of the LORD that day, and said, How shall the ark of the LORD come to me? +So David would not remove the ark of the LORD unto him into the city of David: but David carried it aside into the house of Obededom the Gittite. +And the ark of the LORD continued in the house of Obededom the Gittite three months: and the LORD blessed Obededom, and all his household. +And it was told king David, saying, The LORD hath blessed the house of Obededom, and all that pertaineth unto him, because of the ark of God. So David went and brought up the ark of God from the house of Obededom into the city of David with gladness. +And it was so, that when they that bare the ark of the LORD had gone six paces, he sacrificed oxen and fatlings. +And David danced before the LORD with all his might; and David was girded with a linen ephod. +So David and all the house of Israel brought up the ark of the LORD with shouting, and with the sound of the trumpet. +And as the ark of the LORD came into the city of David, Michal Saul's daughter looked through a window, and saw king David leaping and dancing before the LORD; and she despised him in her heart. +And they brought in the ark of the LORD, and set it in his place, in the midst of the tabernacle that David had pitched for it: and David offered burnt offerings and peace offerings before the LORD. +And as soon as David had made an end of offering burnt offerings and peace offerings, he blessed the people in the name of the LORD of hosts. +And he dealt among all the people, even among the whole multitude of Israel, as well to the women as men, to every one a cake of bread, and a good piece of flesh, and a flagon of wine. So all the people departed every one to his house. +Then David returned to bless his household. And Michal the daughter of Saul came out to meet David, and said, How glorious was the king of Israel to day, who uncovered himself to day in the eyes of the handmaids of his servants, as one of the vain fellows shamelessly uncovereth himself! +And David said unto Michal, It was before the LORD, which chose me before thy father, and before all his house, to appoint me ruler over the people of the LORD, over Israel: therefore will I play before the LORD. +And I will yet be more vile than thus, and will be base in mine own sight: and of the maidservants which thou hast spoken of, of them shall I be had in honour. +Therefore Michal the daughter of Saul had no child unto the day of her death. +And it came to pass, when the king sat in his house, and the LORD had given him rest round about from all his enemies; +That the king said unto Nathan the prophet, See now, I dwell in an house of cedar, but the ark of God dwelleth within curtains. +And Nathan said to the king, Go, do all that is in thine heart; for the LORD is with thee. +And it came to pass that night, that the word of the LORD came unto Nathan, saying, +Go and tell my servant David, Thus saith the LORD, Shalt thou build me an house for me to dwell in? +Whereas I have not dwelt in any house since the time that I brought up the children of Israel out of Egypt, even to this day, but have walked in a tent and in a tabernacle. +In all the places wherein I have walked with all the children of Israel spake I a word with any of the tribes of Israel, whom I commanded to feed my people Israel, saying, Why build ye not me an house of cedar? +Now therefore so shalt thou say unto my servant David, Thus saith the LORD of hosts, I took thee from the sheepcote, from following the sheep, to be ruler over my people, over Israel: +And I was with thee whithersoever thou wentest, and have cut off all thine enemies out of thy sight, and have made thee a great name, like unto the name of the great men that are in the earth. +Moreover I will appoint a place for my people Israel, and will plant them, that they may dwell in a place of their own, and move no more; neither shall the children of wickedness afflict them any more, as beforetime, +And as since the time that I commanded judges to be over my people Israel, and have caused thee to rest from all thine enemies. Also the LORD telleth thee that he will make thee an house. +And when thy days be fulfilled, and thou shalt sleep with thy fathers, I will set up thy seed after thee, which shall proceed out of thy bowels, and I will establish his kingdom. +He shall build an house for my name, and I will stablish the throne of his kingdom for ever. +I will be his father, and he shall be my son. If he commit iniquity, I will chasten him with the rod of men, and with the stripes of the children of men: +But my mercy shall not depart away from him, as I took it from Saul, whom I put away before thee. +And thine house and thy kingdom shall be established for ever before thee: thy throne shall be established for ever. +According to all these words, and according to all this vision, so did Nathan speak unto David. +Then went king David in, and sat before the LORD, and he said, Who am I, O Lord GOD? and what is my house, that thou hast brought me hitherto? +And this was yet a small thing in thy sight, O Lord GOD; but thou hast spoken also of thy servant's house for a great while to come. And is this the manner of man, O Lord GOD? +And what can David say more unto thee? for thou, Lord GOD, knowest thy servant. +For thy word's sake, and according to thine own heart, hast thou done all these great things, to make thy servant know them. +Wherefore thou art great, O LORD God: for there is none like thee, neither is there any God beside thee, according to all that we have heard with our ears. +And what one nation in the earth is like thy people, even like Israel, whom God went to redeem for a people to himself, and to make him a name, and to do for you great things and terrible, for thy land, before thy people, which thou redeemedst to thee from Egypt, from the nations and their gods? +For thou hast confirmed to thyself thy people Israel to be a people unto thee for ever: and thou, LORD, art become their God. +And now, O LORD God, the word that thou hast spoken concerning thy servant, and concerning his house, establish it for ever, and do as thou hast said. +And let thy name be magnified for ever, saying, The LORD of hosts is the God over Israel: and let the house of thy servant David be established before thee. +For thou, O LORD of hosts, God of Israel, hast revealed to thy servant, saying, I will build thee an house: therefore hath thy servant found in his heart to pray this prayer unto thee. +And now, O Lord GOD, thou art that God, and thy words be true, and thou hast promised this goodness unto thy servant: +Therefore now let it please thee to bless the house of thy servant, that it may continue for ever before thee: for thou, O Lord GOD, hast spoken it: and with thy blessing let the house of thy servant be blessed for ever. +And after this it came to pass that David smote the Philistines, and subdued them: and David took Methegammah out of the hand of the Philistines. +And he smote Moab, and measured them with a line, casting them down to the ground; even with two lines measured he to put to death, and with one full line to keep alive. And so the Moabites became David's servants, and brought gifts. +David smote also Hadadezer, the son of Rehob, king of Zobah, as he went to recover his border at the river Euphrates. +And David took from him a thousand chariots, and seven hundred horsemen, and twenty thousand footmen: and David houghed all the chariot horses, but reserved of them for an hundred chariots. +And when the Syrians of Damascus came to succour Hadadezer king of Zobah, David slew of the Syrians two and twenty thousand men. +Then David put garrisons in Syria of Damascus: and the Syrians became servants to David, and brought gifts. And the LORD preserved David whithersoever he went. +And David took the shields of gold that were on the servants of Hadadezer, and brought them to Jerusalem. +And from Betah, and from Berothai, cities of Hadadezer, king David took exceeding much brass. +When Toi king of Hamath heard that David had smitten all the host of Hadadezer, +Then Toi sent Joram his son unto king David, to salute him, and to bless him, because he had fought against Hadadezer, and smitten him: for Hadadezer had wars with Toi. And Joram brought with him vessels of silver, and vessels of gold, and vessels of brass: +Which also king David did dedicate unto the LORD, with the silver and gold that he had dedicated of all nations which he subdued; +Of Syria, and of Moab, and of the children of Ammon, and of the Philistines, and of Amalek, and of the spoil of Hadadezer, son of Rehob, king of Zobah. +And David gat him a name when he returned from smiting of the Syrians in the valley of salt, being eighteen thousand men. +And he put garrisons in Edom; throughout all Edom put he garrisons, and all they of Edom became David's servants. And the LORD preserved David whithersoever he went. +And David reigned over all Israel; and David executed judgment and justice unto all his people. +And Joab the son of Zeruiah was over the host; and Jehoshaphat the son of Ahilud was recorder; +And Zadok the son of Ahitub, and Ahimelech the son of Abiathar, were the priests; and Seraiah was the scribe; +And Benaiah the son of Jehoiada was over both the Cherethites and the Pelethites; and David's sons were chief rulers. +And David said, Is there yet any that is left of the house of Saul, that I may shew him kindness for Jonathan's sake? +And there was of the house of Saul a servant whose name was Ziba. And when they had called him unto David, the king said unto him, Art thou Ziba? And he said, Thy servant is he. +And the king said, Is there not yet any of the house of Saul, that I may shew the kindness of God unto him? And Ziba said unto the king, Jonathan hath yet a son, which is lame on his feet. +And the king said unto him, Where is he? And Ziba said unto the king, Behold, he is in the house of Machir, the son of Ammiel, in Lodebar. +Then king David sent, and fetched him out of the house of Machir, the son of Ammiel, from Lodebar. +Now when Mephibosheth, the son of Jonathan, the son of Saul, was come unto David, he fell on his face, and did reverence. And David said, Mephibosheth. And he answered, Behold thy servant! +And David said unto him, Fear not: for I will surely shew thee kindness for Jonathan thy father's sake, and will restore thee all the land of Saul thy father; and thou shalt eat bread at my table continually. +And he bowed himself, and said, What is thy servant, that thou shouldest look upon such a dead dog as I am? +Then the king called to Ziba, Saul's servant, and said unto him, I have given unto thy master's son all that pertained to Saul and to all his house. +Thou therefore, and thy sons, and thy servants, shall till the land for him, and thou shalt bring in the fruits, that thy master's son may have food to eat: but Mephibosheth thy master's son shall eat bread alway at my table. Now Ziba had fifteen sons and twenty servants. +Then said Ziba unto the king, According to all that my lord the king hath commanded his servant, so shall thy servant do. As for Mephibosheth, said the king, he shall eat at my table, as one of the king's sons. +And Mephibosheth had a young son, whose name was Micha. And all that dwelt in the house of Ziba were servants unto Mephibosheth. +So Mephibosheth dwelt in Jerusalem: for he did eat continually at the king's table; and was lame on both his feet. +And it came to pass after this, that the king of the children of Ammon died, and Hanun his son reigned in his stead. +Then said David, I will shew kindness unto Hanun the son of Nahash, as his father shewed kindness unto me. And David sent to comfort him by the hand of his servants for his father. And David's servants came into the land of the children of Ammon. +And the princes of the children of Ammon said unto Hanun their lord, Thinkest thou that David doth honour thy father, that he hath sent comforters unto thee? hath not David rather sent his servants unto thee, to search the city, and to spy it out, and to overthrow it? +Wherefore Hanun took David's servants, and shaved off the one half of their beards, and cut off their garments in the middle, even to their buttocks, and sent them away. +When they told it unto David, he sent to meet them, because the men were greatly ashamed: and the king said, Tarry at Jericho until your beards be grown, and then return. +And when the children of Ammon saw that they stank before David, the children of Ammon sent and hired the Syrians of Bethrehob and the Syrians of Zoba, twenty thousand footmen, and of king Maacah a thousand men, and of Ishtob twelve thousand men. +And when David heard of it, he sent Joab, and all the host of the mighty men. +And the children of Ammon came out, and put the battle in array at the entering in of the gate: and the Syrians of Zoba, and of Rehob, and Ishtob, and Maacah, were by themselves in the field. +When Joab saw that the front of the battle was against him before and behind, he chose of all the choice men of Israel, and put them in array against the Syrians: +And the rest of the people he delivered into the hand of Abishai his brother, that he might put them in array against the children of Ammon. +And he said, If the Syrians be too strong for me, then thou shalt help me: but if the children of Ammon be too strong for thee, then I will come and help thee. +Be of good courage, and let us play the men for our people, and for the cities of our God: and the LORD do that which seemeth him good. +And Joab drew nigh, and the people that were with him, unto the battle against the Syrians: and they fled before him. +And when the children of Ammon saw that the Syrians were fled, then fled they also before Abishai, and entered into the city. So Joab returned from the children of Ammon, and came to Jerusalem. +And when the Syrians saw that they were smitten before Israel, they gathered themselves together. +And Hadarezer sent, and brought out the Syrians that were beyond the river: and they came to Helam; and Shobach the captain of the host of Hadarezer went before them. +And when it was told David, he gathered all Israel together, and passed over Jordan, and came to Helam. And the Syrians set themselves in array against David, and fought with him. +And the Syrians fled before Israel; and David slew the men of seven hundred chariots of the Syrians, and forty thousand horsemen, and smote Shobach the captain of their host, who died there. +And when all the kings that were servants to Hadarezer saw that they were smitten before Israel, they made peace with Israel, and served them. So the Syrians feared to help the children of Ammon any more. +And it came to pass, after the year was expired, at the time when kings go forth to battle, that David sent Joab, and his servants with him, and all Israel; and they destroyed the children of Ammon, and besieged Rabbah. But David tarried still at Jerusalem. +And it came to pass in an eveningtide, that David arose from off his bed, and walked upon the roof of the king's house: and from the roof he saw a woman washing herself; and the woman was very beautiful to look upon. +And David sent and enquired after the woman. And one said, Is not this Bathsheba, the daughter of Eliam, the wife of Uriah the Hittite? +And David sent messengers, and took her; and she came in unto him, and he lay with her; for she was purified from her uncleanness: and she returned unto her house. +And the woman conceived, and sent and told David, and said, I am with child. +And David sent to Joab, saying, Send me Uriah the Hittite. And Joab sent Uriah to David. +And when Uriah was come unto him, David demanded of him how Joab did, and how the people did, and how the war prospered. +And David said to Uriah, Go down to thy house, and wash thy feet. And Uriah departed out of the king's house, and there followed him a mess of meat from the king. +But Uriah slept at the door of the king's house with all the servants of his lord, and went not down to his house. +And when they had told David, saying, Uriah went not down unto his house, David said unto Uriah, Camest thou not from thy journey? why then didst thou not go down unto thine house? +And Uriah said unto David, The ark, and Israel, and Judah, abide in tents; and my lord Joab, and the servants of my lord, are encamped in the open fields; shall I then go into mine house, to eat and to drink, and to lie with my wife? as thou livest, and as thy soul liveth, I will not do this thing. +And David said to Uriah, Tarry here to day also, and to morrow I will let thee depart. So Uriah abode in Jerusalem that day, and the morrow. +And when David had called him, he did eat and drink before him; and he made him drunk: and at even he went out to lie on his bed with the servants of his lord, but went not down to his house. +And it came to pass in the morning, that David wrote a letter to Joab, and sent it by the hand of Uriah. +And he wrote in the letter, saying, Set ye Uriah in the forefront of the hottest battle, and retire ye from him, that he may be smitten, and die. +And it came to pass, when Joab observed the city, that he assigned Uriah unto a place where he knew that valiant men were. +And the men of the city went out, and fought with Joab: and there fell some of the people of the servants of David; and Uriah the Hittite died also. +Then Joab sent and told David all the things concerning the war; +And charged the messenger, saying, When thou hast made an end of telling the matters of the war unto the king, +And if so be that the king's wrath arise, and he say unto thee, Wherefore approached ye so nigh unto the city when ye did fight? knew ye not that they would shoot from the wall? +Who smote Abimelech the son of Jerubbesheth? did not a woman cast a piece of a millstone upon him from the wall, that he died in Thebez? why went ye nigh the wall? then say thou, Thy servant Uriah the Hittite is dead also. +So the messenger went, and came and shewed David all that Joab had sent him for. +And the messenger said unto David, Surely the men prevailed against us, and came out unto us into the field, and we were upon them even unto the entering of the gate. +And the shooters shot from off the wall upon thy servants; and some of the king's servants be dead, and thy servant Uriah the Hittite is dead also. +Then David said unto the messenger, Thus shalt thou say unto Joab, Let not this thing displease thee, for the sword devoureth one as well as another: make thy battle more strong against the city, and overthrow it: and encourage thou him. +And when the wife of Uriah heard that Uriah her husband was dead, she mourned for her husband. +And when the mourning was past, David sent and fetched her to his house, and she became his wife, and bare him a son. But the thing that David had done displeased the LORD. +And the LORD sent Nathan unto David. And he came unto him, and said unto him, There were two men in one city; the one rich, and the other poor. +The rich man had exceeding many flocks and herds: +But the poor man had nothing, save one little ewe lamb, which he had bought and nourished up: and it grew up together with him, and with his children; it did eat of his own meat, and drank of his own cup, and lay in his bosom, and was unto him as a daughter. +And there came a traveller unto the rich man, and he spared to take of his own flock and of his own herd, to dress for the wayfaring man that was come unto him; but took the poor man's lamb, and dressed it for the man that was come to him. +And David's anger was greatly kindled against the man; and he said to Nathan, As the LORD liveth, the man that hath done this thing shall surely die: +And he shall restore the lamb fourfold, because he did this thing, and because he had no pity. +And Nathan said to David, Thou art the man. Thus saith the LORD God of Israel, I anointed thee king over Israel, and I delivered thee out of the hand of Saul; +And I gave thee thy master's house, and thy master's wives into thy bosom, and gave thee the house of Israel and of Judah; and if that had been too little, I would moreover have given unto thee such and such things. +Wherefore hast thou despised the commandment of the LORD, to do evil in his sight? thou hast killed Uriah the Hittite with the sword, and hast taken his wife to be thy wife, and hast slain him with the sword of the children of Ammon. +Now therefore the sword shall never depart from thine house; because thou hast despised me, and hast taken the wife of Uriah the Hittite to be thy wife. +Thus saith the LORD, Behold, I will raise up evil against thee out of thine own house, and I will take thy wives before thine eyes, and give them unto thy neighbour, and he shall lie with thy wives in the sight of this sun. +For thou didst it secretly: but I will do this thing before all Israel, and before the sun. +And David said unto Nathan, I have sinned against the LORD. And Nathan said unto David, The LORD also hath put away thy sin; thou shalt not die. +Howbeit, because by this deed thou hast given great occasion to the enemies of the LORD to blaspheme, the child also that is born unto thee shall surely die. +And Nathan departed unto his house. And the LORD struck the child that Uriah's wife bare unto David, and it was very sick. +David therefore besought God for the child; and David fasted, and went in, and lay all night upon the earth. +And the elders of his house arose, and went to him, to raise him up from the earth: but he would not, neither did he eat bread with them. +And it came to pass on the seventh day, that the child died. And the servants of David feared to tell him that the child was dead: for they said, Behold, while the child was yet alive, we spake unto him, and he would not hearken unto our voice: how will he then vex himself, if we tell him that the child is dead? +But when David saw that his servants whispered, David perceived that the child was dead: therefore David said unto his servants, Is the child dead? And they said, He is dead. +Then David arose from the earth, and washed, and anointed himself, and changed his apparel, and came into the house of the LORD, and worshipped: then he came to his own house; and when he required, they set bread before him, and he did eat. +Then said his servants unto him, What thing is this that thou hast done? thou didst fast and weep for the child, while it was alive; but when the child was dead, thou didst rise and eat bread. +And he said, While the child was yet alive, I fasted and wept: for I said, Who can tell whether GOD will be gracious to me, that the child may live? +But now he is dead, wherefore should I fast? can I bring him back again? I shall go to him, but he shall not return to me. +And David comforted Bathsheba his wife, and went in unto her, and lay with her: and she bare a son, and he called his name Solomon: and the LORD loved him. +And he sent by the hand of Nathan the prophet; and he called his name Jedidiah, because of the LORD. +And Joab fought against Rabbah of the children of Ammon, and took the royal city. +And Joab sent messengers to David, and said, I have fought against Rabbah, and have taken the city of waters. +Now therefore gather the rest of the people together, and encamp against the city, and take it: lest I take the city, and it be called after my name. +And David gathered all the people together, and went to Rabbah, and fought against it, and took it. +And he took their king's crown from off his head, the weight whereof was a talent of gold with the precious stones: and it was set on David's head. And he brought forth the spoil of the city in great abundance. +And he brought forth the people that were therein, and put them under saws, and under harrows of iron, and under axes of iron, and made them pass through the brick-kiln: and thus did he unto all the cities of the children of Ammon. So David and all the people returned unto Jerusalem. +And it came to pass after this, that Absalom the son of David had a fair sister, whose name was Tamar; and Amnon the son of David loved her. +And Amnon was so vexed, that he fell sick for his sister Tamar; for she was a virgin; and Amnon thought it hard for him to do anything to her. +But Amnon had a friend, whose name was Jonadab, the son of Shimeah David's brother: and Jonadab was a very subtil man. +And he said unto him, Why art thou, being the king's son, lean from day to day? wilt thou not tell me? And Amnon said unto him, I love Tamar, my brother Absalom's sister. +And Jonadab said unto him, Lay thee down on thy bed, and make thyself sick: and when thy father cometh to see thee, say unto him, I pray thee, let my sister Tamar come, and give me meat, and dress the meat in my sight, that I may see it, and eat it at her hand. +So Amnon lay down, and made himself sick: and when the king was come to see him, Amnon said unto the king, I pray thee, let Tamar my sister come, and make me a couple of cakes in my sight, that I may eat at her hand. +Then David sent home to Tamar, saying, Go now to thy brother Amnon's house, and dress him meat. +So Tamar went to her brother Amnon's house; and he was laid down. And she took flour, and kneaded it, and made cakes in his sight, and did bake the cakes. +And she took a pan, and poured them out before him; but he refused to eat. And Amnon said, Have out all men from me. And they went out every man from him. +And Amnon said unto Tamar, Bring the meat into the chamber, that I may eat of thine hand. And Tamar took the cakes which she had made, and brought them into the chamber to Amnon her brother. +And when she had brought them unto him to eat, he took hold of her, and said unto her, Come lie with me, my sister. +And she answered him, Nay, my brother, do not force me; for no such thing ought to be done in Israel: do not thou this folly. +And I, whither shall I cause my shame to go? and as for thee, thou shalt be as one of the fools in Israel. Now therefore, I pray thee, speak unto the king; for he will not withhold me from thee. +Howbeit he would not hearken unto her voice: but, being stronger than she, forced her, and lay with her. +Then Amnon hated her exceedingly; so that the hatred wherewith he hated her was greater than the love wherewith he had loved her. And Amnon said unto her, Arise, be gone. +And she said unto him, There is no cause: this evil in sending me away is greater than the other that thou didst unto me. But he would not hearken unto her. +Then he called his servant that ministered unto him, and said, Put now this woman out from me, and bolt the door after her. +And she had a garment of divers colours upon her: for with such robes were the king's daughters that were virgins apparelled. Then his servant brought her out, and bolted the door after her. +And Tamar put ashes on her head, and rent her garment of divers colours that was on her, and laid her hand on her head, and went on crying. +And Absalom her brother said unto her, Hath Amnon thy brother been with thee? but hold now thy peace, my sister: he is thy brother; regard not this thing. So Tamar remained desolate in her brother Absalom's house. +But when king David heard of all these things, he was very wroth. +And Absalom spake unto his brother Amnon neither good nor bad: for Absalom hated Amnon, because he had forced his sister Tamar. +And it came to pass after two full years, that Absalom had sheepshearers in Baalhazor, which is beside Ephraim: and Absalom invited all the king's sons. +And Absalom came to the king, and said, Behold now, thy servant hath sheepshearers; let the king, I beseech thee, and his servants go with thy servant. +And the king said to Absalom, Nay, my son, let us not all now go, lest we be chargeable unto thee. And he pressed him: howbeit he would not go, but blessed him. +Then said Absalom, If not, I pray thee, let my brother Amnon go with us. And the king said unto him, Why should he go with thee? +But Absalom pressed him, that he let Amnon and all the king's sons go with him. +Now Absalom had commanded his servants, saying, Mark ye now when Amnon's heart is merry with wine, and when I say unto you, Smite Amnon; then kill him, fear not: have not I commanded you? be courageous, and be valiant. +And the servants of Absalom did unto Amnon as Absalom had commanded. Then all the king's sons arose, and every man gat him up upon his mule, and fled. +And it came to pass, while they were in the way, that tidings came to David, saying, Absalom hath slain all the king's sons, and there is not one of them left. +Then the king arose, and tare his garments, and lay on the earth; and all his servants stood by with their clothes rent. +And Jonadab, the son of Shimeah David's brother, answered and said, Let not my lord suppose that they have slain all the young men the king's sons; for Amnon only is dead: for by the appointment of Absalom this hath been determined from the day that he forced his sister Tamar. +Now therefore let not my lord the king take the thing to his heart, to think that all the king's sons are dead: for Amnon only is dead. +But Absalom fled. And the young man that kept the watch lifted up his eyes, and looked, and, behold, there came much people by the way of the hill side behind him. +And Jonadab said unto the king, Behold, the king's sons come: as thy servant said, so it is. +And it came to pass, as soon as he had made an end of speaking, that, behold, the king's sons came, and lifted up their voice and wept: and the king also and all his servants wept very sore. +But Absalom fled, and went to Talmai, the son of Ammihud, king of Geshur. And David mourned for his son every day. +So Absalom fled, and went to Geshur, and was there three years. +And the soul of king David longed to go forth unto Absalom: for he was comforted concerning Amnon, seeing he was dead. +Now Joab the son of Zeruiah perceived that the king's heart was toward Absalom. +And Joab sent to Tekoah, and fetched thence a wise woman, and said unto her, I pray thee, feign thyself to be a mourner, and put on now mourning apparel, and anoint not thyself with oil, but be as a woman that had a long time mourned for the dead: +And come to the king, and speak on this manner unto him. So Joab put the words in her mouth. +And when the woman of Tekoah spake to the king, she fell on her face to the ground, and did obeisance, and said, Help, O king. +And the king said unto her, What aileth thee? And she answered, I am indeed a widow woman, and mine husband is dead. +And thy handmaid had two sons, and they two strove together in the field, and there was none to part them, but the one smote the other, and slew him. +And, behold, the whole family is risen against thine handmaid, and they said, Deliver him that smote his brother, that we may kill him, for the life of his brother whom he slew; and we will destroy the heir also: and so they shall quench my coal which is left, and shall not leave to my husband neither name nor remainder upon the earth. +And the king said unto the woman, Go to thine house, and I will give charge concerning thee. +And the woman of Tekoah said unto the king, My lord, O king, the iniquity be on me, and on my father's house: and the king and his throne be guiltless. +And the king said, Whoever saith ought unto thee, bring him to me, and he shall not touch thee any more. +Then said she, I pray thee, let the king remember the LORD thy God, that thou wouldest not suffer the revengers of blood to destroy any more, lest they destroy my son. And he said, As the LORD liveth, there shall not one hair of thy son fall to the earth. +Then the woman said, Let thine handmaid, I pray thee, speak one word unto my lord the king. And he said, Say on. +And the woman said, Wherefore then hast thou thought such a thing against the people of God? for the king doth speak this thing as one which is faulty, in that the king doth not fetch home again his banished. +For we must needs die, and are as water spilt on the ground, which cannot be gathered up again; neither doth God respect any person: yet doth he devise means, that his banished be not expelled from him. +Now therefore that I am come to speak of this thing unto my lord the king, it is because the people have made me afraid: and thy handmaid said, I will now speak unto the king; it may be that the king will perform the request of his handmaid. +For the king will hear, to deliver his handmaid out of the hand of the man that would destroy me and my son together out of the inheritance of God. +Then thine handmaid said, The word of my lord the king shall now be comfortable: for as an angel of God, so is my lord the king to discern good and bad: therefore the LORD thy God will be with thee. +Then the king answered and said unto the woman, Hide not from me, I pray thee, the thing that I shall ask thee. And the woman said, Let my lord the king now speak. +And the king said, Is not the hand of Joab with thee in all this? And the woman answered and said, As thy soul liveth, my lord the king, none can turn to the right hand or to the left from ought that my lord the king hath spoken: for thy servant Joab, he bade me, and he put all these words in the mouth of thine handmaid: +To fetch about this form of speech hath thy servant Joab done this thing: and my lord is wise, according to the wisdom of an angel of God, to know all things that are in the earth. +And the king said unto Joab, Behold now, I have done this thing: go therefore, bring the young man Absalom again. +And Joab fell to the ground on his face, and bowed himself, and thanked the king: and Joab said, To day thy servant knoweth that I have found grace in thy sight, my lord, O king, in that the king hath fulfilled the request of his servant. +So Joab arose and went to Geshur, and brought Absalom to Jerusalem. +And the king said, Let him turn to his own house, and let him not see my face. So Absalom returned to his own house, and saw not the king's face. +But in all Israel there was none to be so much praised as Absalom for his beauty: from the sole of his foot even to the crown of his head there was no blemish in him. +And when he polled his head, (for it was at every year's end that he polled it: because the hair was heavy on him, therefore he polled it:) he weighed the hair of his head at two hundred shekels after the king's weight. +And unto Absalom there were born three sons, and one daughter, whose name was Tamar: she was a woman of a fair countenance. +So Absalom dwelt two full years in Jerusalem, and saw not the king's face. +Therefore Absalom sent for Joab, to have sent him to the king; but he would not come to him: and when he sent again the second time, he would not come. +Therefore he said unto his servants, See, Joab's field is near mine, and he hath barley there; go and set it on fire. And Absalom's servants set the field on fire. +Then Joab arose, and came to Absalom unto his house, and said unto him, Wherefore have thy servants set my field on fire? +And Absalom answered Joab, Behold, I sent unto thee, saying, Come hither, that I may send thee to the king, to say, Wherefore am I come from Geshur? it had been good for me to have been there still: now therefore let me see the king's face; and if there be any iniquity in me, let him kill me. +So Joab came to the king, and told him: and when he had called for Absalom, he came to the king, and bowed himself on his face to the ground before the king: and the king kissed Absalom. +And it came to pass after this, that Absalom prepared him chariots and horses, and fifty men to run before him. +And Absalom rose up early, and stood beside the way of the gate: and it was so, that when any man that had a controversy came to the king for judgment, then Absalom called unto him, and said, Of what city art thou? And he said, Thy servant is of one of the tribes of Israel. +And Absalom said unto him, See, thy matters are good and right; but there is no man deputed of the king to hear thee. +Absalom said moreover, Oh that I were made judge in the land, that every man which hath any suit or cause might come unto me, and I would do him justice! +And it was so, that when any man came nigh to him to do him obeisance, he put forth his hand, and took him, and kissed him. +And on this manner did Absalom to all Israel that came to the king for judgment: so Absalom stole the hearts of the men of Israel. +And it came to pass after forty years, that Absalom said unto the king, I pray thee, let me go and pay my vow, which I have vowed unto the LORD, in Hebron. +For thy servant vowed a vow while I abode at Geshur in Syria, saying, If the LORD shall bring me again indeed to Jerusalem, then I will serve the LORD. +And the king said unto him, Go in peace. So he arose, and went to Hebron. +But Absalom sent spies throughout all the tribes of Israel, saying, As soon as ye hear the sound of the trumpet, then ye shall say, Absalom reigneth in Hebron. +And with Absalom went two hundred men out of Jerusalem, that were called; and they went in their simplicity, and they knew not any thing. +And Absalom sent for Ahithophel the Gilonite, David's counsellor, from his city, even from Giloh, while he offered sacrifices. And the conspiracy was strong; for the people increased continually with Absalom. +And there came a messenger to David, saying, The hearts of the men of Israel are after Absalom. +And David said unto all his servants that were with him at Jerusalem, Arise, and let us flee; for we shall not else escape from Absalom: make speed to depart, lest he overtake us suddenly, and bring evil upon us, and smite the city with the edge of the sword. +And the king's servants said unto the king, Behold, thy servants are ready to do whatsoever my lord the king shall appoint. +And the king went forth, and all his household after him. And the king left ten women, which were concubines, to keep the house. +And the king went forth, and all the people after him, and tarried in a place that was far off. +And all his servants passed on beside him; and all the Cherethites, and all the Pelethites, and all the Gittites, six hundred men which came after him from Gath, passed on before the king. +Then said the king to Ittai the Gittite, Wherefore goest thou also with us? return to thy place, and abide with the king: for thou art a stranger, and also an exile. +Whereas thou camest but yesterday, should I this day make thee go up and down with us? seeing I go whither I may, return thou, and take back thy brethren: mercy and truth be with thee. +And Ittai answered the king, and said, As the LORD liveth, and as my lord the king liveth, surely in what place my lord the king shall be, whether in death or life, even there also will thy servant be. +And David said to Ittai, Go and pass over. And Ittai the Gittite passed over, and all his men, and all the little ones that were with him. +And all the country wept with a loud voice, and all the people passed over: the king also himself passed over the brook Kidron, and all the people passed over, toward the way of the wilderness. +And lo Zadok also, and all the Levites were with him, bearing the ark of the covenant of God: and they set down the ark of God; and Abiathar went up, until all the people had done passing out of the city. +And the king said unto Zadok, Carry back the ark of God into the city: if I shall find favour in the eyes of the LORD, he will bring me again, and shew me both it, and his habitation: +But if he thus say, I have no delight in thee; behold, here am I, let him do to me as seemeth good unto him. +The king said also unto Zadok the priest, Art not thou a seer? return into the city in peace, and your two sons with you, Ahimaaz thy son, and Jonathan the son of Abiathar. +See, I will tarry in the plain of the wilderness, until there come word from you to certify me. +Zadok therefore and Abiathar carried the ark of God again to Jerusalem: and they tarried there. +And David went up by the ascent of mount Olivet, and wept as he went up, and had his head covered, and he went barefoot: and all the people that was with him covered every man his head, and they went up, weeping as they went up. +And one told David, saying, Ahithophel is among the conspirators with Absalom. And David said, O LORD, I pray thee, turn the counsel of Ahithophel into foolishness. +And it came to pass, that when David was come to the top of the mount, where he worshipped God, behold, Hushai the Archite came to meet him with his coat rent, and earth upon his head: +Unto whom David said, If thou passest on with me, then thou shalt be a burden unto me: +But if thou return to the city, and say unto Absalom, I will be thy servant, O king; as I have been thy father's servant hitherto, so will I now also be thy servant: then mayest thou for me defeat the counsel of Ahithophel. +And hast thou not there with thee Zadok and Abiathar the priests? therefore it shall be, that what thing soever thou shalt hear out of the king's house, thou shalt tell it to Zadok and Abiathar the priests. +Behold, they have there with them their two sons, Ahimaaz Zadok's son, and Jonathan Abiathar's son; and by them ye shall send unto me every thing that ye can hear. +So Hushai David's friend came into the city, and Absalom came into Jerusalem. +And when David was a little past the top of the hill, behold, Ziba the servant of Mephibosheth met him, with a couple of asses saddled, and upon them two hundred loaves of bread, and an hundred bunches of raisins, and an hundred of summer fruits, and a bottle of wine. +And the king said unto Ziba, What meanest thou by these? And Ziba said, The asses be for the king's household to ride on; and the bread and summer fruit for the young men to eat; and the wine, that such as be faint in the wilderness may drink. +And the king said, And where is thy master's son? And Ziba said unto the king, Behold, he abideth at Jerusalem: for he said, To day shall the house of Israel restore me the kingdom of my father. +Then said the king to Ziba, Behold, thine are all that pertained unto Mephibosheth. And Ziba said, I humbly beseech thee that I may find grace in thy sight, my lord, O king. +And when king David came to Bahurim, behold, thence came out a man of the family of the house of Saul, whose name was Shimei, the son of Gera: he came forth, and cursed still as he came. +And he cast stones at David, and at all the servants of king David: and all the people and all the mighty men were on his right hand and on his left. +And thus said Shimei when he cursed, Come out, come out, thou bloody man, and thou man of Belial: +The LORD hath returned upon thee all the blood of the house of Saul, in whose stead thou hast reigned; and the LORD hath delivered the kingdom into the hand of Absalom thy son: and, behold, thou art taken in thy mischief, because thou art a bloody man. +Then said Abishai the son of Zeruiah unto the king, Why should this dead dog curse my lord the king? let me go over, I pray thee, and take off his head. +And the king said, What have I to do with you, ye sons of Zeruiah? so let him curse, because the LORD hath said unto him, Curse David. Who shall then say, Wherefore hast thou done so? +And David said to Abishai, and to all his servants, Behold, my son, which came forth of my bowels, seeketh my life: how much more now may this Benjamite do it? let him alone, and let him curse; for the LORD hath bidden him. +It may be that the LORD will look on mine affliction, and that the LORD will requite me good for his cursing this day. +And as David and his men went by the way, Shimei went along on the hill's side over against him, and cursed as he went, and threw stones at him, and cast dust. +And the king, and all the people that were with him, came weary, and refreshed themselves there. +And Absalom, and all the people the men of Israel, came to Jerusalem, and Ahithophel with him. +And it came to pass, when Hushai the Archite, David's friend, was come unto Absalom, that Hushai said unto Absalom, God save the king, God save the king. +And Absalom said to Hushai, Is this thy kindness to thy friend? why wentest thou not with thy friend? +And Hushai said unto Absalom, Nay; but whom the LORD, and this people, and all the men of Israel, choose, his will I be, and with him will I abide. +And again, whom should I serve? should I not serve in the presence of his son? as I have served in thy father's presence, so will I be in thy presence. +Then said Absalom to Ahithophel, Give counsel among you what we shall do. +And Ahithophel said unto Absalom, Go in unto thy father's concubines, which he hath left to keep the house; and all Israel shall hear that thou art abhorred of thy father: then shall the hands of all that are with thee be strong. +So they spread Absalom a tent upon the top of the house; and Absalom went in unto his father's concubines in the sight of all Israel. +And the counsel of Ahithophel, which he counselled in those days, was as if a man had enquired at the oracle of God: so was all the counsel of Ahithophel both with David and with Absalom. +Moreover Ahithophel said unto Absalom, Let me now choose out twelve thousand men, and I will arise and pursue after David this night: +And I will come upon him while he is weary and weak handed, and will make him afraid: and all the people that are with him shall flee; and I will smite the king only: +And I will bring back all the people unto thee: the man whom thou seekest is as if all returned: so all the people shall be in peace. +And the saying pleased Absalom well, and all the elders of Israel. +Then said Absalom, Call now Hushai the Archite also, and let us hear likewise what he saith. +And when Hushai was come to Absalom, Absalom spake unto him, saying, Ahithophel hath spoken after this manner: shall we do after his saying? if not; speak thou. +And Hushai said unto Absalom, The counsel that Ahithophel hath given is not good at this time. +For, said Hushai, thou knowest thy father and his men, that they be mighty men, and they be chafed in their minds, as a bear robbed of her whelps in the field: and thy father is a man of war, and will not lodge with the people. +Behold, he is hid now in some pit, or in some other place: and it will come to pass, when some of them be overthrown at the first, that whosoever heareth it will say, There is a slaughter among the people that follow Absalom. +And he also that is valiant, whose heart is as the heart of a lion, shall utterly melt: for all Israel knoweth that thy father is a mighty man, and they which be with him are valiant men. +Therefore I counsel that all Israel be generally gathered unto thee, from Dan even to Beersheba, as the sand that is by the sea for multitude; and that thou go to battle in thine own person. +So shall we come upon him in some place where he shall be found, and we will light upon him as the dew falleth on the ground: and of him and of all the men that are with him there shall not be left so much as one. +Moreover, if he be gotten into a city, then shall all Israel bring ropes to that city, and we will draw it into the river, until there be not one small stone found there. +And Absalom and all the men of Israel said, The counsel of Hushai the Archite is better than the counsel of Ahithophel. For the LORD had appointed to defeat the good counsel of Ahithophel, to the intent that the LORD might bring evil upon Absalom. +Then said Hushai unto Zadok and to Abiathar the priests, Thus and thus did Ahithophel counsel Absalom and the elders of Israel; and thus and thus have I counselled. +Now therefore send quickly, and tell David, saying, Lodge not this night in the plains of the wilderness, but speedily pass over; lest the king be swallowed up, and all the people that are with him. +Now Jonathan and Ahimaaz stayed by Enrogel; for they might not be seen to come into the city: and a wench went and told them; and they went and told king David. +Nevertheless a lad saw them, and told Absalom: but they went both of them away quickly, and came to a man's house in Bahurim, which had a well in his court; whither they went down. +And the woman took and spread a covering over the well's mouth, and spread ground corn thereon; and the thing was not known. +And when Absalom's servants came to the woman to the house, they said, Where is Ahimaaz and Jonathan? And the woman said unto them, They be gone over the brook of water. And when they had sought and could not find them, they returned to Jerusalem. +And it came to pass, after they were departed, that they came up out of the well, and went and told king David, and said unto David, Arise, and pass quickly over the water: for thus hath Ahithophel counselled against you. +Then David arose, and all the people that were with him, and they passed over Jordan: by the morning light there lacked not one of them that was not gone over Jordan. +And when Ahithophel saw that his counsel was not followed, he saddled his ass, and arose, and gat him home to his house, to his city, and put his household in order, and hanged himself, and died, and was buried in the sepulchre of his father. +Then David came to Mahanaim. And Absalom passed over Jordan, he and all the men of Israel with him. +And Absalom made Amasa captain of the host instead of Joab: which Amasa was a man's son, whose name was Ithra an Israelite, that went in to Abigail the daughter of Nahash, sister to Zeruiah Joab's mother. +So Israel and Absalom pitched in the land of Gilead. +And it came to pass, when David was come to Mahanaim, that Shobi the son of Nahash of Rabbah of the children of Ammon, and Machir the son of Ammiel of Lodebar, and Barzillai the Gileadite of Rogelim, +Brought beds, and basons, and earthen vessels, and wheat, and barley, and flour, and parched corn, and beans, and lentiles, and parched pulse, +And honey, and butter, and sheep, and cheese of kine, for David, and for the people that were with him, to eat: for they said, The people is hungry, and weary, and thirsty, in the wilderness. +And David numbered the people that were with him, and set captains of thousands, and captains of hundreds over them. +And David sent forth a third part of the people under the hand of Joab, and a third part under the hand of Abishai the son of Zeruiah, Joab's brother, and a third part under the hand of Ittai the Gittite. And the king said unto the people, I will surely go forth with you myself also. +But the people answered, Thou shalt not go forth: for if we flee away, they will not care for us; neither if half of us die, will they care for us: but now thou art worth ten thousand of us: therefore now it is better that thou succour us out of the city. +And the king said unto them, What seemeth you best I will do. And the king stood by the gate side, and all the people came out by hundreds and by thousands. +And the king commanded Joab and Abishai and Ittai, saying, Deal gently for my sake with the young man, even with Absalom. And all the people heard when the king gave all the captains charge concerning Absalom. +So the people went out into the field against Israel: and the battle was in the wood of Ephraim; +Where the people of Israel were slain before the servants of David, and there was there a great slaughter that day of twenty thousand men. +For the battle was there scattered over the face of all the country: and the wood devoured more people that day than the sword devoured. +And Absalom met the servants of David. And Absalom rode upon a mule, and the mule went under the thick boughs of a great oak, and his head caught hold of the oak, and he was taken up between the heaven and the earth; and the mule that was under him went away. +And a certain man saw it, and told Joab, and said, Behold, I saw Absalom hanged in an oak. +And Joab said unto the man that told him, And, behold, thou sawest him, and why didst thou not smite him there to the ground? and I would have given thee ten shekels of silver, and a girdle. +And the man said unto Joab, Though I should receive a thousand shekels of silver in mine hand, yet would I not put forth mine hand against the king's son: for in our hearing the king charged thee and Abishai and Ittai, saying, Beware that none touch the young man Absalom. +Otherwise I should have wrought falsehood against mine own life: for there is no matter hid from the king, and thou thyself wouldest have set thyself against me. +Then said Joab, I may not tarry thus with thee. And he took three darts in his hand, and thrust them through the heart of Absalom, while he was yet alive in the midst of the oak. +And ten young men that bare Joab's armour compassed about and smote Absalom, and slew him. +And Joab blew the trumpet, and the people returned from pursuing after Israel: for Joab held back the people. +And they took Absalom, and cast him into a great pit in the wood, and laid a very great heap of stones upon him: and all Israel fled every one to his tent. +Now Absalom in his lifetime had taken and reared up for himself a pillar, which is in the king's dale: for he said, I have no son to keep my name in remembrance: and he called the pillar after his own name: and it is called unto this day, Absalom's place. +Then said Ahimaaz the son of Zadok, Let me now run, and bear the king tidings, how that the LORD hath avenged him of his enemies. +And Joab said unto him, Thou shalt not bear tidings this day, but thou shalt bear tidings another day: but this day thou shalt bear no tidings, because the king's son is dead. +Then said Joab to Cushi, Go tell the king what thou hast seen. And Cushi bowed himself unto Joab, and ran. +Then said Ahimaaz the son of Zadok yet again to Joab, But howsoever, let me, I pray thee, also run after Cushi. And Joab said, Wherefore wilt thou run, my son, seeing that thou hast no tidings ready? +But howsoever, said he, let me run. And he said unto him, Run. Then Ahimaaz ran by the way of the plain, and overran Cushi. +And David sat between the two gates: and the watchman went up to the roof over the gate unto the wall, and lifted up his eyes, and looked, and behold a man running alone. +And the watchman cried, and told the king. And the king said, If he be alone, there is tidings in his mouth. And he came apace, and drew near. +And the watchman saw another man running: and the watchman called unto the porter, and said, Behold another man running alone. And the king said, He also bringeth tidings. +And the watchman said, Me thinketh the running of the foremost is like the running of Ahimaaz the son of Zadok. And the king said, He is a good man, and cometh with good tidings. +And Ahimaaz called, and said unto the king, All is well. And he fell down to the earth upon his face before the king, and said, Blessed be the LORD thy God, which hath delivered up the men that lifted up their hand against my lord the king. +And the king said, Is the young man Absalom safe? And Ahimaaz answered, When Joab sent the king's servant, and me thy servant, I saw a great tumult, but I knew not what it was. +And the king said unto him, Turn aside, and stand here. And he turned aside, and stood still. +And, behold, Cushi came; and Cushi said, Tidings, my lord the king: for the LORD hath avenged thee this day of all them that rose up against thee. +And the king said unto Cushi, Is the young man Absalom safe? And Cushi answered, The enemies of my lord the king, and all that rise against thee to do thee hurt, be as that young man is. +And the king was much moved, and went up to the chamber over the gate, and wept: and as he went, thus he said, O my son Absalom, my son, my son Absalom! would God I had died for thee, O Absalom, my son, my son! +And it was told Joab, Behold, the king weepeth and mourneth for Absalom. +And the victory that day was turned into mourning unto all the people: for the people heard say that day how the king was grieved for his son. +And the people gat them by stealth that day into the city, as people being ashamed steal away when they flee in battle. +But the king covered his face, and the king cried with a loud voice, O my son Absalom, O Absalom, my son, my son! +And Joab came into the house to the king, and said, Thou hast shamed this day the faces of all thy servants, which this day have saved thy life, and the lives of thy sons and of thy daughters, and the lives of thy wives, and the lives of thy concubines; +In that thou lovest thine enemies, and hatest thy friends. For thou hast declared this day, that thou regardest neither princes nor servants: for this day I perceive, that if Absalom had lived, and all we had died this day, then it had pleased thee well. +Now therefore arise, go forth, and speak comfortably unto thy servants: for I swear by the LORD, if thou go not forth, there will not tarry one with thee this night: and that will be worse unto thee than all the evil that befell thee from thy youth until now. +Then the king arose, and sat in the gate. And they told unto all the people, saying, Behold, the king doth sit in the gate. And all the people came before the king: for Israel had fled every man to his tent. +And all the people were at strife throughout all the tribes of Israel, saying, The king saved us out of the hand of our enemies, and he delivered us out of the hand of the Philistines; and now he is fled out of the land for Absalom. +And Absalom, whom we anointed over us, is dead in battle. Now therefore why speak ye not a word of bringing the king back? +And king David sent to Zadok and to Abiathar the priests, saying, Speak unto the elders of Judah, saying, Why are ye the last to bring the king back to his house? seeing the speech of all Israel is come to the king, even to his house. +Ye are my brethren, ye are my bones and my flesh: wherefore then are ye the last to bring back the king? +And say ye to Amasa, Art thou not of my bone, and of my flesh? God do so to me, and more also, if thou be not captain of the host before me continually in the room of Joab. +And he bowed the heart of all the men of Judah, even as the heart of one man; so that they sent this word unto the king, Return thou, and all thy servants. +So the king returned, and came to Jordan. And Judah came to Gilgal, to go to meet the king, to conduct the king over Jordan. +And Shimei the son of Gera, a Benjamite, which was of Bahurim, hasted and came down with the men of Judah to meet king David. +And there were a thousand men of Benjamin with him, and Ziba the servant of the house of Saul, and his fifteen sons and his twenty servants with him; and they went over Jordan before the king. +And there went over a ferry boat to carry over the king's household, and to do what he thought good. And Shimei the son of Gera fell down before the king, as he was come over Jordan; +And said unto the king, Let not my lord impute iniquity unto me, neither do thou remember that which thy servant did perversely the day that my lord the king went out of Jerusalem, that the king should take it to his heart. +For thy servant doth know that I have sinned: therefore, behold, I am come the first this day of all the house of Joseph to go down to meet my lord the king. +But Abishai the son of Zeruiah answered and said, Shall not Shimei be put to death for this, because he cursed the LORD's anointed? +And David said, What have I to do with you, ye sons of Zeruiah, that ye should this day be adversaries unto me? shall there any man be put to death this day in Israel? for do not I know that I am this day king over Israel? +Therefore the king said unto Shimei, Thou shalt not die. And the king sware unto him. +And Mephibosheth the son of Saul came down to meet the king, and had neither dressed his feet, nor trimmed his beard, nor washed his clothes, from the day the king departed until the day he came again in peace. +And it came to pass, when he was come to Jerusalem to meet the king, that the king said unto him, Wherefore wentest not thou with me, Mephibosheth? +And he answered, My lord, O king, my servant deceived me: for thy servant said, I will saddle me an ass, that I may ride thereon, and go to the king; because thy servant is lame. +And he hath slandered thy servant unto my lord the king; but my lord the king is as an angel of God: do therefore what is good in thine eyes. +For all of my father's house were but dead men before my lord the king: yet didst thou set thy servant among them that did eat at thine own table. What right therefore have I yet to cry any more unto the king? +And the king said unto him, Why speakest thou any more of thy matters? I have said, Thou and Ziba divide the land. +And Mephibosheth said unto the king, Yea, let him take all, forasmuch as my lord the king is come again in peace unto his own house. +And Barzillai the Gileadite came down from Rogelim, and went over Jordan with the king, to conduct him over Jordan. +Now Barzillai was a very aged man, even fourscore years old: and he had provided the king of sustenance while he lay at Mahanaim; for he was a very great man. +And the king said unto Barzillai, Come thou over with me, and I will feed thee with me in Jerusalem. +And Barzillai said unto the king, How long have I to live, that I should go up with the king unto Jerusalem? +I am this day fourscore years old: and can I discern between good and evil? can thy servant taste what I eat or what I drink? can I hear any more the voice of singing men and singing women? wherefore then should thy servant be yet a burden unto my lord the king? +Thy servant will go a little way over Jordan with the king: and why should the king recompense it me with such a reward? +Let thy servant, I pray thee, turn back again, that I may die in mine own city, and be buried by the grave of my father and of my mother. But behold thy servant Chimham; let him go over with my lord the king; and do to him what shall seem good unto thee. +And the king answered, Chimham shall go over with me, and I will do to him that which shall seem good unto thee: and whatsoever thou shalt require of me, that will I do for thee. +And all the people went over Jordan. And when the king was come over, the king kissed Barzillai, and blessed him; and he returned unto his own place. +Then the king went on to Gilgal, and Chimham went on with him: and all the people of Judah conducted the king, and also half the people of Israel. +And, behold, all the men of Israel came to the king, and said unto the king, Why have our brethren the men of Judah stolen thee away, and have brought the king, and his household, and all David's men with him, over Jordan? +And all the men of Judah answered the men of Israel, Because the king is near of kin to us: wherefore then be ye angry for this matter? have we eaten at all of the king's cost? or hath he given us any gift? +And the men of Israel answered the men of Judah, and said, We have ten parts in the king, and we have also more right in David than ye: why then did ye despise us, that our advice should not be first had in bringing back our king? And the words of the men of Judah were fiercer than the words of the men of Israel. +And there happened to be there a man of Belial, whose name was Sheba, the son of Bichri, a Benjamite: and he blew a trumpet, and said, We have no part in David, neither have we inheritance in the son of Jesse: every man to his tents, O Israel. +So every man of Israel went up from after David, and followed Sheba the son of Bichri: but the men of Judah clave unto their king, from Jordan even to Jerusalem. +And David came to his house at Jerusalem; and the king took the ten women his concubines, whom he had left to keep the house, and put them in ward, and fed them, but went not in unto them. So they were shut up unto the day of their death, living in widowhood. +Then said the king to Amasa, Assemble me the men of Judah within three days, and be thou here present. +So Amasa went to assemble the men of Judah: but he tarried longer than the set time which he had appointed him. +And David said to Abishai, Now shall Sheba the son of Bichri do us more harm than did Absalom: take thou thy lord's servants, and pursue after him, lest he get him fenced cities, and escape us. +And there went out after him Joab's men, and the Cherethites, and the Pelethites, and all the mighty men: and they went out of Jerusalem, to pursue after Sheba the son of Bichri. +When they were at the great stone which is in Gibeon, Amasa went before them. And Joab's garment that he had put on was girded unto him, and upon it a girdle with a sword fastened upon his loins in the sheath thereof; and as he went forth it fell out. +And Joab said to Amasa, Art thou in health, my brother? And Joab took Amasa by the beard with the right hand to kiss him. +But Amasa took no heed to the sword that was in Joab's hand: so he smote him therewith in the fifth rib, and shed out his bowels to the ground, and struck him not again; and he died. So Joab and Abishai his brother pursued after Sheba the son of Bichri. +And one of Joab's men stood by him, and said, He that favoureth Joab, and he that is for David, let him go after Joab. +And Amasa wallowed in blood in the midst of the highway. And when the man saw that all the people stood still, he removed Amasa out of the highway into the field, and cast a cloth upon him, when he saw that every one that came by him stood still. +When he was removed out of the highway, all the people went on after Joab, to pursue after Sheba the son of Bichri. +And he went through all the tribes of Israel unto Abel, and to Bethmaachah, and all the Berites: and they were gathered together, and went also after him. +And they came and besieged him in Abel of Bethmaachah, and they cast up a bank against the city, and it stood in the trench: and all the people that were with Joab battered the wall, to throw it down. +Then cried a wise woman out of the city, Hear, hear; say, I pray you, unto Joab, Come near hither, that I may speak with thee. +And when he was come near unto her, the woman said, Art thou Joab? And he answered, I am he. Then she said unto him, Hear the words of thine handmaid. And he answered, I do hear. +Then she spake, saying, They were wont to speak in old time, saying, They shall surely ask counsel at Abel: and so they ended the matter. +I am one of them that are peaceable and faithful in Israel: thou seekest to destroy a city and a mother in Israel: why wilt thou swallow up the inheritance of the LORD? +And Joab answered and said, Far be it, far be it from me, that I should swallow up or destroy. +The matter is not so: but a man of mount Ephraim, Sheba the son of Bichri by name, hath lifted up his hand against the king, even against David: deliver him only, and I will depart from the city. And the woman said unto Joab, Behold, his head shall be thrown to thee over the wall. +Then the woman went unto all the people in her wisdom. And they cut off the head of Sheba the son of Bichri, and cast it out to Joab. And he blew a trumpet, and they retired from the city, every man to his tent. And Joab returned to Jerusalem unto the king. +Now Joab was over all the host of Israel: and Benaiah the son of Jehoiada was over the Cherethites and over the Pelethites: +And Adoram was over the tribute: and Jehoshaphat the son of Ahilud was recorder: +And Sheva was scribe: and Zadok and Abiathar were the priests: +And Ira also the Jairite was a chief ruler about David. +Then there was a famine in the days of David three years, year after year; and David enquired of the LORD. And the LORD answered, It is for Saul, and for his bloody house, because he slew the Gibeonites. +And the king called the Gibeonites, and said unto them; (now the Gibeonites were not of the children of Israel, but of the remnant of the Amorites; and the children of Israel had sworn unto them: and Saul sought to slay them in his zeal to the children of Israel and Judah.) +Wherefore David said unto the Gibeonites, What shall I do for you? and wherewith shall I make the atonement, that ye may bless the inheritance of the LORD? +And the Gibeonites said unto him, We will have no silver nor gold of Saul, nor of his house; neither for us shalt thou kill any man in Israel. And he said, What ye shall say, that will I do for you. +And they answered the king, The man that consumed us, and that devised against us that we should be destroyed from remaining in any of the coasts of Israel, +Let seven men of his sons be delivered unto us, and we will hang them up unto the LORD in Gibeah of Saul, whom the LORD did choose. And the king said, I will give them. +But the king spared Mephibosheth, the son of Jonathan the son of Saul, because of the LORD's oath that was between them, between David and Jonathan the son of Saul. +But the king took the two sons of Rizpah the daughter of Aiah, whom she bare unto Saul, Armoni and Mephibosheth; and the five sons of Michal the daughter of Saul, whom she brought up for Adriel the son of Barzillai the Meholathite: +And he delivered them into the hands of the Gibeonites, and they hanged them in the hill before the LORD: and they fell all seven together, and were put to death in the days of harvest, in the first days, in the beginning of barley harvest. +And Rizpah the daughter of Aiah took sackcloth, and spread it for her upon the rock, from the beginning of harvest until water dropped upon them out of heaven, and suffered neither the birds of the air to rest on them by day, nor the beasts of the field by night. +And it was told David what Rizpah the daughter of Aiah, the concubine of Saul, had done. +And David went and took the bones of Saul and the bones of Jonathan his son from the men of Jabeshgilead, which had stolen them from the street of Bethshan, where the Philistines had hanged them, when the Philistines had slain Saul in Gilboa: +And he brought up from thence the bones of Saul and the bones of Jonathan his son; and they gathered the bones of them that were hanged. +And the bones of Saul and Jonathan his son buried they in the country of Benjamin in Zelah, in the sepulchre of Kish his father: and they performed all that the king commanded. And after that God was intreated for the land. +Moreover the Philistines had yet war again with Israel; and David went down, and his servants with him, and fought against the Philistines: and David waxed faint. +And Ishbibenob, which was of the sons of the giant, the weight of whose spear weighed three hundred shekels of brass in weight, he being girded with a new sword, thought to have slain David. +But Abishai the son of Zeruiah succoured him, and smote the Philistine, and killed him. Then the men of David sware unto him, saying, Thou shalt go no more out with us to battle, that thou quench not the light of Israel. +And it came to pass after this, that there was again a battle with the Philistines at Gob: then Sibbechai the Hushathite slew Saph, which was of the sons of the giant. +And there was again a battle in Gob with the Philistines, where Elhanan the son of Jaareoregim, a Bethlehemite, slew the brother of Goliath the Gittite, the staff of whose spear was like a weaver's beam. +And there was yet a battle in Gath, where was a man of great stature, that had on every hand six fingers, and on every foot six toes, four and twenty in number; and he also was born to the giant. +And when he defied Israel, Jonathan the son of Shimeah the brother of David slew him. +These four were born to the giant in Gath, and fell by the hand of David, and by the hand of his servants. +And David spake unto the LORD the words of this song in the day that the LORD had delivered him out of the hand of all his enemies, and out of the hand of Saul: +And he said, The LORD is my rock, and my fortress, and my deliverer; +The God of my rock; in him will I trust: he is my shield, and the horn of my salvation, my high tower, and my refuge, my saviour; thou savest me from violence. +I will call on the LORD, who is worthy to be praised: so shall I be saved from mine enemies. +When the waves of death compassed me, the floods of ungodly men made me afraid; +The sorrows of hell compassed me about; the snares of death prevented me; +In my distress I called upon the LORD, and cried to my God: and he did hear my voice out of his temple, and my cry did enter into his ears. +Then the earth shook and trembled; the foundations of heaven moved and shook, because he was wroth. +There went up a smoke out of his nostrils, and fire out of his mouth devoured: coals were kindled by it. +He bowed the heavens also, and came down; and darkness was under his feet. +And he rode upon a cherub, and did fly: and he was seen upon the wings of the wind. +And he made darkness pavilions round about him, dark waters, and thick clouds of the skies. +Through the brightness before him were coals of fire kindled. +The LORD thundered from heaven, and the most High uttered his voice. +And he sent out arrows, and scattered them; lightning, and discomfited them. +And the channels of the sea appeared, the foundations of the world were discovered, at the rebuking of the LORD, at the blast of the breath of his nostrils. +He sent from above, he took me; he drew me out of many waters; +He delivered me from my strong enemy, and from them that hated me: for they were too strong for me. +They prevented me in the day of my calamity: but the LORD was my stay. +He brought me forth also into a large place: he delivered me, because he delighted in me. +The LORD rewarded me according to my righteousness: according to the cleanness of my hands hath he recompensed me. +For I have kept the ways of the LORD, and have not wickedly departed from my God. +For all his judgments were before me: and as for his statutes, I did not depart from them. +I was also upright before him, and have kept myself from mine iniquity. +Therefore the LORD hath recompensed me according to my righteousness; according to my cleanness in his eye sight. +With the merciful thou wilt shew thyself merciful, and with the upright man thou wilt shew thyself upright. +With the pure thou wilt shew thyself pure; and with the froward thou wilt shew thyself unsavoury. +And the afflicted people thou wilt save: but thine eyes are upon the haughty, that thou mayest bring them down. +For thou art my lamp, O LORD: and the LORD will lighten my darkness. +For by thee I have run through a troop: by my God have I leaped over a wall. +As for God, his way is perfect; the word of the LORD is tried: he is a buckler to all them that trust in him. +For who is God, save the LORD? and who is a rock, save our God? +God is my strength and power: and he maketh my way perfect. +He maketh my feet like hinds' feet: and setteth me upon my high places. +He teacheth my hands to war; so that a bow of steel is broken by mine arms. +Thou hast also given me the shield of thy salvation: and thy gentleness hath made me great. +Thou hast enlarged my steps under me; so that my feet did not slip. +I have pursued mine enemies, and destroyed them; and turned not again until I had consumed them. +And I have consumed them, and wounded them, that they could not arise: yea, they are fallen under my feet. +For thou hast girded me with strength to battle: them that rose up against me hast thou subdued under me. +Thou hast also given me the necks of mine enemies, that I might destroy them that hate me. +They looked, but there was none to save; even unto the LORD, but he answered them not. +Then did I beat them as small as the dust of the earth, I did stamp them as the mire of the street, and did spread them abroad. +Thou also hast delivered me from the strivings of my people, thou hast kept me to be head of the heathen: a people which I knew not shall serve me. +Strangers shall submit themselves unto me: as soon as they hear, they shall be obedient unto me. +Strangers shall fade away, and they shall be afraid out of their close places. +The LORD liveth; and blessed be my rock; and exalted be the God of the rock of my salvation. +It is God that avengeth me, and that bringeth down the people under me. +And that bringeth me forth from mine enemies: thou also hast lifted me up on high above them that rose up against me: thou hast delivered me from the violent man. +Therefore I will give thanks unto thee, O LORD, among the heathen, and I will sing praises unto thy name. +He is the tower of salvation for his king: and sheweth mercy to his anointed, unto David, and to his seed for evermore. +Now these be the last words of David. David the son of Jesse said, and the man who was raised up on high, the anointed of the God of Jacob, and the sweet psalmist of Israel, said, +The Spirit of the LORD spake by me, and his word was in my tongue. +The God of Israel said, the Rock of Israel spake to me, He that ruleth over men must be just, ruling in the fear of God. +And he shall be as the light of the morning, when the sun riseth, even a morning without clouds; as the tender grass springing out of the earth by clear shining after rain. +Although my house be not so with God; yet he hath made with me an everlasting covenant, ordered in all things, and sure: for this is all my salvation, and all my desire, although he make it not to grow. +But the sons of Belial shall be all of them as thorns thrust away, because they cannot be taken with hands: +But the man that shall touch them must be fenced with iron and the staff of a spear; and they shall be utterly burned with fire in the same place. +These be the names of the mighty men whom David had: The Tachmonite that sat in the seat, chief among the captains; the same was Adino the Eznite: he lift up his spear against eight hundred, whom he slew at one time. +And after him was Eleazar the son of Dodo the Ahohite, one of the three mighty men with David, when they defied the Philistines that were there gathered together to battle, and the men of Israel were gone away: +He arose, and smote the Philistines until his hand was weary, and his hand clave unto the sword: and the LORD wrought a great victory that day; and the people returned after him only to spoil. +And after him was Shammah the son of Agee the Hararite. And the Philistines were gathered together into a troop, where was a piece of ground full of lentiles: and the people fled from the Philistines. +But he stood in the midst of the ground, and defended it, and slew the Philistines: and the LORD wrought a great victory. +And three of the thirty chief went down, and came to David in the harvest time unto the cave of Adullam: and the troop of the Philistines pitched in the valley of Rephaim. +And David was then in an hold, and the garrison of the Philistines was then in Bethlehem. +And David longed, and said, Oh that one would give me drink of the water of the well of Bethlehem, which is by the gate! +And the three mighty men brake through the host of the Philistines, and drew water out of the well of Bethlehem, that was by the gate, and took it, and brought it to David: nevertheless he would not drink thereof, but poured it out unto the LORD. +And he said, Be it far from me, O LORD, that I should do this: is not this the blood of the men that went in jeopardy of their lives? therefore he would not drink it. These things did these three mighty men. +And Abishai, the brother of Joab, the son of Zeruiah, was chief among three. And he lifted up his spear against three hundred, and slew them, and had the name among three. +Was he not most honourable of three? therefore he was their captain: howbeit he attained not unto the first three. +And Benaiah the son of Jehoiada, the son of a valiant man, of Kabzeel, who had done many acts, he slew two lionlike men of Moab: he went down also and slew a lion in the midst of a pit in time of snow: +And he slew an Egyptian, a goodly man: and the Egyptian had a spear in his hand; but he went down to him with a staff, and plucked the spear out of the Egyptian's hand, and slew him with his own spear. +These things did Benaiah the son of Jehoiada, and had the name among three mighty men. +He was more honourable than the thirty, but he attained not to the first three. And David set him over his guard. +Asahel the brother of Joab was one of the thirty; Elhanan the son of Dodo of Bethlehem, +Shammah the Harodite, Elika the Harodite, +Helez the Paltite, Ira the son of Ikkesh the Tekoite, +Abiezer the Anethothite, Mebunnai the Hushathite, +Zalmon the Ahohite, Maharai the Netophathite, +Heleb the son of Baanah, a Netophathite, Ittai the son of Ribai out of Gibeah of the children of Benjamin, +Benaiah the Pirathonite, Hiddai of the brooks of Gaash, +Abialbon the Arbathite, Azmaveth the Barhumite, +Eliahba the Shaalbonite, of the sons of Jashen, Jonathan, +Shammah the Hararite, Ahiam the son of Sharar the Hararite, +Eliphelet the son of Ahasbai, the son of the Maachathite, Eliam the son of Ahithophel the Gilonite, +Hezrai the Carmelite, Paarai the Arbite, +Igal the son of Nathan of Zobah, Bani the Gadite, +Zelek the Ammonite, Nahari the Beerothite, armourbearer to Joab the son of Zeruiah, +Ira an Ithrite, Gareb an Ithrite, +Uriah the Hittite: thirty and seven in all. +And again the anger of the LORD was kindled against Israel, and he moved David against them to say, Go, number Israel and Judah. +For the king said to Joab the captain of the host, which was with him, Go now through all the tribes of Israel, from Dan even to Beersheba, and number ye the people, that I may know the number of the people. +And Joab said unto the king, Now the LORD thy God add unto the people, how many soever they be, an hundredfold, and that the eyes of my lord the king may see it: but why doth my lord the king delight in this thing? +Notwithstanding the king's word prevailed against Joab, and against the captains of the host. And Joab and the captains of the host went out from the presence of the king, to number the people of Israel. +And they passed over Jordan, and pitched in Aroer, on the right side of the city that lieth in the midst of the river of Gad, and toward Jazer: +Then they came to Gilead, and to the land of Tahtimhodshi; and they came to Danjaan, and about to Zidon, +And came to the strong hold of Tyre, and to all the cities of the Hivites, and of the Canaanites: and they went out to the south of Judah, even to Beersheba. +So when they had gone through all the land, they came to Jerusalem at the end of nine months and twenty days. +And Joab gave up the sum of the number of the people unto the king: and there were in Israel eight hundred thousand valiant men that drew the sword; and the men of Judah were five hundred thousand men. +And David's heart smote him after that he had numbered the people. And David said unto the LORD, I have sinned greatly in that I have done: and now, I beseech thee, O LORD, take away the iniquity of thy servant; for I have done very foolishly. +For when David was up in the morning, the word of the LORD came unto the prophet Gad, David's seer, saying, +Go and say unto David, Thus saith the LORD, I offer thee three things; choose thee one of them, that I may do it unto thee. +So Gad came to David, and told him, and said unto him, Shall seven years of famine come unto thee in thy land? or wilt thou flee three months before thine enemies, while they pursue thee? or that there be three days' pestilence in thy land? now advise, and see what answer I shall return to him that sent me. +And David said unto Gad, I am in a great strait: let us fall now into the hand of the LORD; for his mercies are great: and let me not fall into the hand of man. +So the LORD sent a pestilence upon Israel from the morning even to the time appointed: and there died of the people from Dan even to Beersheba seventy thousand men. +And when the angel stretched out his hand upon Jerusalem to destroy it, the LORD repented him of the evil, and said to the angel that destroyed the people, It is enough: stay now thine hand. And the angel of the LORD was by the threshingplace of Araunah the Jebusite. +And David spake unto the LORD when he saw the angel that smote the people, and said, Lo, I have sinned, and I have done wickedly: but these sheep, what have they done? let thine hand, I pray thee, be against me, and against my father's house. +And Gad came that day to David, and said unto him, Go up, rear an altar unto the LORD in the threshingfloor of Araunah the Jebusite. +And David, according to the saying of Gad, went up as the LORD commanded. +And Araunah looked, and saw the king and his servants coming on toward him: and Araunah went out, and bowed himself before the king on his face upon the ground. +And Araunah said, Wherefore is my lord the king come to his servant? And David said, To buy the threshingfloor of thee, to build an altar unto the LORD, that the plague may be stayed from the people. +And Araunah said unto David, Let my lord the king take and offer up what seemeth good unto him: behold, here be oxen for burnt sacrifice, and threshing instruments and other instruments of the oxen for wood. +All these things did Araunah, as a king, give unto the king. And Araunah said unto the king, The LORD thy God accept thee. +And the king said unto Araunah, Nay; but I will surely buy it of thee at a price: neither will I offer burnt offerings unto the LORD my God of that which doth cost me nothing. So David bought the threshingfloor and the oxen for fifty shekels of silver. +And David built there an altar unto the LORD, and offered burnt offerings and peace offerings. So the LORD was intreated for the land, and the plague was stayed from Israel. +Now king David was old and stricken in years; and they covered him with clothes, but he gat no heat. +Wherefore his servants said unto him, Let there be sought for my lord the king a young virgin: and let her stand before the king, and let her cherish him, and let her lie in thy bosom, that my lord the king may get heat. +So they sought for a fair damsel throughout all the coasts of Israel, and found Abishag a Shunammite, and brought her to the king. +And the damsel was very fair, and cherished the king, and ministered to him: but the king knew her not. +Then Adonijah the son of Haggith exalted himself, saying, I will be king: and he prepared him chariots and horsemen, and fifty men to run before him. +And his father had not displeased him at any time in saying, Why hast thou done so? and he also was a very goodly man; and his mother bare him after Absalom. +And he conferred with Joab the son of Zeruiah, and with Abiathar the priest: and they following Adonijah helped him. +But Zadok the priest, and Benaiah the son of Jehoiada, and Nathan the prophet, and Shimei, and Rei, and the mighty men which belonged to David, were not with Adonijah. +And Adonijah slew sheep and oxen and fat cattle by the stone of Zoheleth, which is by Enrogel, and called all his brethren the king's sons, and all the men of Judah the king's servants: +But Nathan the prophet, and Benaiah, and the mighty men, and Solomon his brother, he called not. +Wherefore Nathan spake unto Bathsheba the mother of Solomon, saying, Hast thou not heard that Adonijah the son of Haggith doth reign, and David our lord knoweth it not? +Now therefore come, let me, I pray thee, give thee counsel, that thou mayest save thine own life, and the life of thy son Solomon. +Go and get thee in unto king David, and say unto him, Didst not thou, my lord, O king, swear unto thine handmaid, saying, Assuredly Solomon thy son shall reign after me, and he shall sit upon my throne? why then doth Adonijah reign? +Behold, while thou yet talkest there with the king, I also will come in after thee, and confirm thy words. +And Bathsheba went in unto the king into the chamber: and the king was very old; and Abishag the Shunammite ministered unto the king. +And Bathsheba bowed, and did obeisance unto the king. And the king said, What wouldest thou? +And she said unto him, My lord, thou swarest by the LORD thy God unto thine handmaid, saying, Assuredly Solomon thy son shall reign after me, and he shall sit upon my throne. +And now, behold, Adonijah reigneth; and now, my lord the king, thou knowest it not: +And he hath slain oxen and fat cattle and sheep in abundance, and hath called all the sons of the king, and Abiathar the priest, and Joab the captain of the host: but Solomon thy servant hath he not called. +And thou, my lord, O king, the eyes of all Israel are upon thee, that thou shouldest tell them who shall sit on the throne of my lord the king after him. +Otherwise it shall come to pass, when my lord the king shall sleep with his fathers, that I and my son Solomon shall be counted offenders. +And, lo, while she yet talked with the king, Nathan the prophet also came in. +And they told the king, saying, Behold Nathan the prophet. And when he was come in before the king, he bowed himself before the king with his face to the ground. +And Nathan said, My lord, O king, hast thou said, Adonijah shall reign after me, and he shall sit upon my throne? +For he is gone down this day, and hath slain oxen and fat cattle and sheep in abundance, and hath called all the king's sons, and the captains of the host, and Abiathar the priest; and, behold, they eat and drink before him, and say, God save king Adonijah. +But me, even me thy servant, and Zadok the priest, and Benaiah the son of Jehoiada, and thy servant Solomon, hath he not called. +Is this thing done by my lord the king, and thou hast not shewed it unto thy servant, who should sit on the throne of my lord the king after him? +Then king David answered and said, Call me Bathsheba. And she came into the king's presence, and stood before the king. +And the king sware, and said, As the LORD liveth, that hath redeemed my soul out of all distress, +Even as I sware unto thee by the LORD God of Israel, saying, Assuredly Solomon thy son shall reign after me, and he shall sit upon my throne in my stead; even so will I certainly do this day. +Then Bathsheba bowed with her face to the earth, and did reverence to the king, and said, Let my lord king David live for ever. +And king David said, Call me Zadok the priest, and Nathan the prophet, and Benaiah the son of Jehoiada. And they came before the king. +The king also said unto them, Take with you the servants of your lord, and cause Solomon my son to ride upon mine own mule, and bring him down to Gihon: +And let Zadok the priest and Nathan the prophet anoint him there king over Israel: and blow ye with the trumpet, and say, God save king Solomon. +Then ye shall come up after him, that he may come and sit upon my throne; for he shall be king in my stead: and I have appointed him to be ruler over Israel and over Judah. +And Benaiah the son of Jehoiada answered the king, and said, Amen: the LORD God of my lord the king say so too. +As the LORD hath been with my lord the king, even so be he with Solomon, and make his throne greater than the throne of my lord king David. +So Zadok the priest, and Nathan the prophet, and Benaiah the son of Jehoiada, and the Cherethites, and the Pelethites, went down, and caused Solomon to ride upon king David's mule, and brought him to Gihon. +And Zadok the priest took an horn of oil out of the tabernacle, and anointed Solomon. And they blew the trumpet; and all the people said, God save king Solomon. +And all the people came up after him, and the people piped with pipes, and rejoiced with great joy, so that the earth rent with the sound of them. +And Adonijah and all the guests that were with him heard it as they had made an end of eating. And when Joab heard the sound of the trumpet, he said, Wherefore is this noise of the city being in an uproar? +And while he yet spake, behold, Jonathan the son of Abiathar the priest came; and Adonijah said unto him, Come in; for thou art a valiant man, and bringest good tidings. +And Jonathan answered and said to Adonijah, Verily our lord king David hath made Solomon king. +And the king hath sent with him Zadok the priest, and Nathan the prophet, and Benaiah the son of Jehoiada, and the Cherethites, and the Pelethites, and they have caused him to ride upon the king's mule: +And Zadok the priest and Nathan the prophet have anointed him king in Gihon: and they are come up from thence rejoicing, so that the city rang again. This is the noise that ye have heard. +And also Solomon sitteth on the throne of the kingdom. +And moreover the king's servants came to bless our lord king David, saying, God make the name of Solomon better than thy name, and make his throne greater than thy throne. And the king bowed himself upon the bed. +And also thus said the king, Blessed be the LORD God of Israel, which hath given one to sit on my throne this day, mine eyes even seeing it. +And all the guests that were with Adonijah were afraid, and rose up, and went every man his way. +And Adonijah feared because of Solomon, and arose, and went, and caught hold on the horns of the altar. +And it was told Solomon, saying, Behold, Adonijah feareth king Solomon: for, lo, he hath caught hold on the horns of the altar, saying, Let king Solomon swear unto me today that he will not slay his servant with the sword. +And Solomon said, If he will shew himself a worthy man, there shall not an hair of him fall to the earth: but if wickedness shall be found in him, he shall die. +So king Solomon sent, and they brought him down from the altar. And he came and bowed himself to king Solomon: and Solomon said unto him, Go to thine house. +Now the days of David drew nigh that he should die; and he charged Solomon his son, saying, +I go the way of all the earth: be thou strong therefore, and shew thyself a man; +And keep the charge of the LORD thy God, to walk in his ways, to keep his statutes, and his commandments, and his judgments, and his testimonies, as it is written in the law of Moses, that thou mayest prosper in all that thou doest, and whithersoever thou turnest thyself: +That the LORD may continue his word which he spake concerning me, saying, If thy children take heed to their way, to walk before me in truth with all their heart and with all their soul, there shall not fail thee (said he) a man on the throne of Israel. +Moreover thou knowest also what Joab the son of Zeruiah did to me, and what he did to the two captains of the hosts of Israel, unto Abner the son of Ner, and unto Amasa the son of Jether, whom he slew, and shed the blood of war in peace, and put the blood of war upon his girdle that was about his loins, and in his shoes that were on his feet. +Do therefore according to thy wisdom, and let not his hoar head go down to the grave in peace. +But shew kindness unto the sons of Barzillai the Gileadite, and let them be of those that eat at thy table: for so they came to me when I fled because of Absalom thy brother. +And, behold, thou hast with thee Shimei the son of Gera, a Benjamite of Bahurim, which cursed me with a grievous curse in the day when I went to Mahanaim: but he came down to meet me at Jordan, and I sware to him by the LORD, saying, I will not put thee to death with the sword. +Now therefore hold him not guiltless: for thou art a wise man, and knowest what thou oughtest to do unto him; but his hoar head bring thou down to the grave with blood. +So David slept with his fathers, and was buried in the city of David. +And the days that David reigned over Israel were forty years: seven years reigned he in Hebron, and thirty and three years reigned he in Jerusalem. +Then sat Solomon upon the throne of David his father; and his kingdom was established greatly. +And Adonijah the son of Haggith came to Bathsheba the mother of Solomon. And she said, Comest thou peaceably? And he said, Peaceably. +He said moreover, I have somewhat to say unto thee. And she said, Say on. +And he said, Thou knowest that the kingdom was mine, and that all Israel set their faces on me, that I should reign: howbeit the kingdom is turned about, and is become my brother's: for it was his from the LORD. +And now I ask one petition of thee, deny me not. And she said unto him, Say on. +And he said, Speak, I pray thee, unto Solomon the king, (for he will not say thee nay,) that he give me Abishag the Shunammite to wife. +And Bathsheba said, Well; I will speak for thee unto the king. +Bathsheba therefore went unto king Solomon, to speak unto him for Adonijah. And the king rose up to meet her, and bowed himself unto her, and sat down on his throne, and caused a seat to be set for the king's mother; and she sat on his right hand. +Then she said, I desire one small petition of thee; I pray thee, say me not nay. And the king said unto her, Ask on, my mother: for I will not say thee nay. +And she said, Let Abishag the Shunammite be given to Adonijah thy brother to wife. +And king Solomon answered and said unto his mother, And why dost thou ask Abishag the Shunammite for Adonijah? ask for him the kingdom also; for he is mine elder brother; even for him, and for Abiathar the priest, and for Joab the son of Zeruiah. +Then king Solomon sware by the LORD, saying, God do so to me, and more also, if Adonijah have not spoken this word against his own life. +Now therefore, as the LORD liveth, which hath established me, and set me on the throne of David my father, and who hath made me an house, as he promised, Adonijah shall be put to death this day. +And king Solomon sent by the hand of Benaiah the son of Jehoiada; and he fell upon him that he died. +And unto Abiathar the priest said the king, Get thee to Anathoth, unto thine own fields; for thou art worthy of death: but I will not at this time put thee to death, because thou barest the ark of the LORD God before David my father, and because thou hast been afflicted in all wherein my father was afflicted. +So Solomon thrust out Abiathar from being priest unto the LORD; that he might fulfil the word of the LORD, which he spake concerning the house of Eli in Shiloh. +Then tidings came to Joab: for Joab had turned after Adonijah, though he turned not after Absalom. And Joab fled unto the tabernacle of the LORD, and caught hold on the horns of the altar. +And it was told king Solomon that Joab was fled unto the tabernacle of the LORD; and, behold, he is by the altar. Then Solomon sent Benaiah the son of Jehoiada, saying, Go, fall upon him. +And Benaiah came to the tabernacle of the LORD, and said unto him, Thus saith the king, Come forth. And he said, Nay; but I will die here. And Benaiah brought the king word again, saying, Thus said Joab, and thus he answered me. +And the king said unto him, Do as he hath said, and fall upon him, and bury him; that thou mayest take away the innocent blood, which Joab shed, from me, and from the house of my father. +And the LORD shall return his blood upon his own head, who fell upon two men more righteous and better than he, and slew them with the sword, my father David not knowing thereof, to wit, Abner the son of Ner, captain of the host of Israel, and Amasa the son of Jether, captain of the host of Judah. +Their blood shall therefore return upon the head of Joab, and upon the head of his seed for ever: but upon David, and upon his seed, and upon his house, and upon his throne, shall there be peace for ever from the LORD. +So Benaiah the son of Jehoiada went up, and fell upon him, and slew him: and he was buried in his own house in the wilderness. +And the king put Benaiah the son of Jehoiada in his room over the host: and Zadok the priest did the king put in the room of Abiathar. +And the king sent and called for Shimei, and said unto him, Build thee an house in Jerusalem, and dwell there, and go not forth thence any whither. +For it shall be, that on the day thou goest out, and passest over the brook Kidron, thou shalt know for certain that thou shalt surely die: thy blood shall be upon thine own head. +And Shimei said unto the king, The saying is good: as my lord the king hath said, so will thy servant do. And Shimei dwelt in Jerusalem many days. +And it came to pass at the end of three years, that two of the servants of Shimei ran away unto Achish son of Maachah king of Gath. And they told Shimei, saying, Behold, thy servants be in Gath. +And Shimei arose, and saddled his ass, and went to Gath to Achish to seek his servants: and Shimei went, and brought his servants from Gath. +And it was told Solomon that Shimei had gone from Jerusalem to Gath, and was come again. +And the king sent and called for Shimei, and said unto him, Did I not make thee to swear by the LORD, and protested unto thee, saying, Know for a certain, on the day thou goest out, and walkest abroad any whither, that thou shalt surely die? and thou saidst unto me, The word that I have heard is good. +Why then hast thou not kept the oath of the LORD, and the commandment that I have charged thee with? +The king said moreover to Shimei, Thou knowest all the wickedness which thine heart is privy to, that thou didst to David my father: therefore the LORD shall return thy wickedness upon thine own head; +And king Solomon shall be blessed, and the throne of David shall be established before the LORD for ever. +So the king commanded Benaiah the son of Jehoiada; which went out, and fell upon him, that he died. And the kingdom was established in the hand of Solomon. +And Solomon made affinity with Pharaoh king of Egypt, and took Pharaoh's daughter, and brought her into the city of David, until he had made an end of building his own house, and the house of the LORD, and the wall of Jerusalem round about. +Only the people sacrificed in high places, because there was no house built unto the name of the LORD, until those days. +And Solomon loved the LORD, walking in the statutes of David his father: only he sacrificed and burnt incense in high places. +And the king went to Gibeon to sacrifice there; for that was the great high place: a thousand burnt offerings did Solomon offer upon that altar. +In Gibeon the LORD appeared to Solomon in a dream by night: and God said, Ask what I shall give thee. +And Solomon said, Thou hast shewed unto thy servant David my father great mercy, according as he walked before thee in truth, and in righteousness, and in uprightness of heart with thee; and thou hast kept for him this great kindness, that thou hast given him a son to sit on his throne, as it is this day. +And now, O LORD my God, thou hast made thy servant king instead of David my father: and I am but a little child: I know not how to go out or come in. +And thy servant is in the midst of thy people which thou hast chosen, a great people, that cannot be numbered nor counted for multitude. +Give therefore thy servant an understanding heart to judge thy people, that I may discern between good and bad: for who is able to judge this thy so great a people? +And the speech pleased the LORD, that Solomon had asked this thing. +And God said unto him, Because thou hast asked this thing, and hast not asked for thyself long life; neither hast asked riches for thyself, nor hast asked the life of thine enemies; but hast asked for thyself understanding to discern judgment; +Behold, I have done according to thy words: lo, I have given thee a wise and an understanding heart; so that there was none like thee before thee, neither after thee shall any arise like unto thee. +And I have also given thee that which thou hast not asked, both riches, and honour: so that there shall not be any among the kings like unto thee all thy days. +And if thou wilt walk in my ways, to keep my statutes and my commandments, as thy father David did walk, then I will lengthen thy days. +And Solomon awoke; and, behold, it was a dream. And he came to Jerusalem, and stood before the ark of the covenant of the LORD, and offered up burnt offerings, and offered peace offerings, and made a feast to all his servants. +Then came there two women, that were harlots, unto the king, and stood before him. +And the one woman said, O my lord, I and this woman dwell in one house; and I was delivered of a child with her in the house. +And it came to pass the third day after that I was delivered, that this woman was delivered also: and we were together; there was no stranger with us in the house, save we two in the house. +And this woman's child died in the night; because she overlaid it. +And she arose at midnight, and took my son from beside me, while thine handmaid slept, and laid it in her bosom, and laid her dead child in my bosom. +And when I rose in the morning to give my child suck, behold, it was dead: but when I had considered it in the morning, behold, it was not my son, which I did bear. +And the other woman said, Nay; but the living is my son, and the dead is thy son. And this said, No; but the dead is thy son, and the living is my son. Thus they spake before the king. +Then said the king, The one saith, This is my son that liveth, and thy son is the dead: and the other saith, Nay; but thy son is the dead, and my son is the living. +And the king said, Bring me a sword. And they brought a sword before the king. +And the king said, Divide the living child in two, and give half to the one, and half to the other. +Then spake the woman whose the living child was unto the king, for her bowels yearned upon her son, and she said, O my lord, give her the living child, and in no wise slay it. But the other said, Let it be neither mine nor thine, but divide it. +Then the king answered and said, Give her the living child, and in no wise slay it: she is the mother thereof. +And all Israel heard of the judgment which the king had judged; and they feared the king: for they saw that the wisdom of God was in him, to do judgment. +So king Solomon was king over all Israel. +And these were the princes which he had; Azariah the son of Zadok the priest, +Elihoreph and Ahiah, the sons of Shisha, scribes; Jehoshaphat the son of Ahilud, the recorder. +And Benaiah the son of Jehoiada was over the host: and Zadok and Abiathar were the priests: +And Azariah the son of Nathan was over the officers: and Zabud the son of Nathan was principal officer, and the king's friend: +And Ahishar was over the household: and Adoniram the son of Abda was over the tribute. +And Solomon had twelve officers over all Israel, which provided victuals for the king and his household: each man his month in a year made provision. +And these are their names: The son of Hur, in mount Ephraim: +The son of Dekar, in Makaz, and in Shaalbim, and Bethshemesh, and Elonbethhanan: +The son of Hesed, in Aruboth; to him pertained Sochoh, and all the land of Hepher: +The son of Abinadab, in all the region of Dor; which had Taphath the daughter of Solomon to wife: +Baana the son of Ahilud; to him pertained Taanach and Megiddo, and all Bethshean, which is by Zartanah beneath Jezreel, from Bethshean to Abelmeholah, even unto the place that is beyond Jokneam: +The son of Geber, in Ramothgilead; to him pertained the towns of Jair the son of Manasseh, which are in Gilead; to him also pertained the region of Argob, which is in Bashan, threescore great cities with walls and brasen bars: +Ahinadab the son of Iddo had Mahanaim: +Ahimaaz was in Naphtali; he also took Basmath the daughter of Solomon to wife: +Baanah the son of Hushai was in Asher and in Aloth: +Jehoshaphat the son of Paruah, in Issachar: +Shimei the son of Elah, in Benjamin: +Geber the son of Uri was in the country of Gilead, in the country of Sihon king of the Amorites, and of Og king of Bashan; and he was the only officer which was in the land. +Judah and Israel were many, as the sand which is by the sea in multitude, eating and drinking, and making merry. +And Solomon reigned over all kingdoms from the river unto the land of the Philistines, and unto the border of Egypt: they brought presents, and served Solomon all the days of his life. +And Solomon's provision for one day was thirty measures of fine flour, and threescore measures of meal, +Ten fat oxen, and twenty oxen out of the pastures, and an hundred sheep, beside harts, and roebucks, and fallowdeer, and fatted fowl. +For he had dominion over all the region on this side the river, from Tiphsah even to Azzah, over all the kings on this side the river: and he had peace on all sides round about him. +And Judah and Israel dwelt safely, every man under his vine and under his fig tree, from Dan even to Beersheba, all the days of Solomon. +And Solomon had forty thousand stalls of horses for his chariots, and twelve thousand horsemen. +And those officers provided victual for king Solomon, and for all that came unto king Solomon's table, every man in his month: they lacked nothing. +Barley also and straw for the horses and dromedaries brought they unto the place where the officers were, every man according to his charge. +And God gave Solomon wisdom and understanding exceeding much, and largeness of heart, even as the sand that is on the sea shore. +And Solomon's wisdom excelled the wisdom of all the children of the east country, and all the wisdom of Egypt. +For he was wiser than all men; than Ethan the Ezrahite, and Heman, and Chalcol, and Darda, the sons of Mahol: and his fame was in all nations round about. +And he spake three thousand proverbs: and his songs were a thousand and five. +And he spake of trees, from the cedar tree that is in Lebanon even unto the hyssop that springeth out of the wall: he spake also of beasts, and of fowl, and of creeping things, and of fishes. +And there came of all people to hear the wisdom of Solomon, from all kings of the earth, which had heard of his wisdom. +And Hiram king of Tyre sent his servants unto Solomon; for he had heard that they had anointed him king in the room of his father: for Hiram was ever a lover of David. +And Solomon sent to Hiram, saying, +Thou knowest how that David my father could not build an house unto the name of the LORD his God for the wars which were about him on every side, until the LORD put them under the soles of his feet. +But now the LORD my God hath given me rest on every side, so that there is neither adversary nor evil occurrent. +And, behold, I purpose to build an house unto the name of the LORD my God, as the LORD spake unto David my father, saying, Thy son, whom I will set upon thy throne in thy room, he shall build an house unto my name. +Now therefore command thou that they hew me cedar trees out of Lebanon; and my servants shall be with thy servants: and unto thee will I give hire for thy servants according to all that thou shalt appoint: for thou knowest that there is not among us any that can skill to hew timber like unto the Sidonians. +And it came to pass, when Hiram heard the words of Solomon, that he rejoiced greatly, and said, Blessed be the LORD this day, which hath given unto David a wise son over this great people. +And Hiram sent to Solomon, saying, I have considered the things which thou sentest to me for: and I will do all thy desire concerning timber of cedar, and concerning timber of fir. +My servants shall bring them down from Lebanon unto the sea: and I will convey them by sea in floats unto the place that thou shalt appoint me, and will cause them to be discharged there, and thou shalt receive them: and thou shalt accomplish my desire, in giving food for my household. +So Hiram gave Solomon cedar trees and fir trees according to all his desire. +And Solomon gave Hiram twenty thousand measures of wheat for food to his household, and twenty measures of pure oil: thus gave Solomon to Hiram year by year. +And the LORD gave Solomon wisdom, as he promised him: and there was peace between Hiram and Solomon; and they two made a league together. +And king Solomon raised a levy out of all Israel; and the levy was thirty thousand men. +And he sent them to Lebanon, ten thousand a month by courses: a month they were in Lebanon, and two months at home: and Adoniram was over the levy. +And Solomon had threescore and ten thousand that bare burdens, and fourscore thousand hewers in the mountains; +Beside the chief of Solomon's officers which were over the work, three thousand and three hundred, which ruled over the people that wrought in the work. +And the king commanded, and they brought great stones, costly stones, and hewed stones, to lay the foundation of the house. +And Solomon's builders and Hiram's builders did hew them, and the stonesquarers: so they prepared timber and stones to build the house. +And it came to pass in the four hundred and eightieth year after the children of Israel were come out of the land of Egypt, in the fourth year of Solomon's reign over Israel, in the month Zif, which is the second month, that he began to build the house of the LORD. +And the house which king Solomon built for the LORD, the length thereof was threescore cubits, and the breadth thereof twenty cubits, and the height thereof thirty cubits. +And the porch before the temple of the house, twenty cubits was the length thereof, according to the breadth of the house; and ten cubits was the breadth thereof before the house. +And for the house he made windows of narrow lights. +And against the wall of the house he built chambers round about, against the walls of the house round about, both of the temple and of the oracle: and he made chambers round about: +The nethermost chamber was five cubits broad, and the middle was six cubits broad, and the third was seven cubits broad: for without in the wall of the house he made narrowed rests round about, that the beams should not be fastened in the walls of the house. +And the house, when it was in building, was built of stone made ready before it was brought thither: so that there was neither hammer nor axe nor any tool of iron heard in the house, while it was in building. +The door for the middle chamber was in the right side of the house: and they went up with winding stairs into the middle chamber, and out of the middle into the third. +So he built the house, and finished it; and covered the house with beams and boards of cedar. +And then he built chambers against all the house, five cubits high: and they rested on the house with timber of cedar. +And the word of the LORD came to Solomon, saying, +Concerning this house which thou art in building, if thou wilt walk in my statutes, and execute my judgments, and keep all my commandments to walk in them; then will I perform my word with thee, which I spake unto David thy father: +And I will dwell among the children of Israel, and will not forsake my people Israel. +So Solomon built the house, and finished it. +And he built the walls of the house within with boards of cedar, both the floor of the house, and the walls of the ceiling: and he covered them on the inside with wood, and covered the floor of the house with planks of fir. +And he built twenty cubits on the sides of the house, both the floor and the walls with boards of cedar: he even built them for it within, even for the oracle, even for the most holy place. +And the house, that is, the temple before it, was forty cubits long. +And the cedar of the house within was carved with knops and open flowers: all was cedar; there was no stone seen. +And the oracle he prepared in the house within, to set there the ark of the covenant of the LORD. +And the oracle in the forepart was twenty cubits in length, and twenty cubits in breadth, and twenty cubits in the height thereof: and he overlaid it with pure gold; and so covered the altar which was of cedar. +So Solomon overlaid the house within with pure gold: and he made a partition by the chains of gold before the oracle; and he overlaid it with gold. +And the whole house he overlaid with gold, until he had finished all the house: also the whole altar that was by the oracle he overlaid with gold. +And within the oracle he made two cherubims of olive tree, each ten cubits high. +And five cubits was the one wing of the cherub, and five cubits the other wing of the cherub: from the uttermost part of the one wing unto the uttermost part of the other were ten cubits. +And the other cherub was ten cubits: both the cherubims were of one measure and one size. +The height of the one cherub was ten cubits, and so was it of the other cherub. +And he set the cherubims within the inner house: and they stretched forth the wings of the cherubims, so that the wing of the one touched the one wall, and the wing of the other cherub touched the other wall; and their wings touched one another in the midst of the house. +And he overlaid the cherubims with gold. +And he carved all the walls of the house round about with carved figures of cherubims and palm trees and open flowers, within and without. +And the floors of the house he overlaid with gold, within and without. +And for the entering of the oracle he made doors of olive tree: the lintel and side posts were a fifth part of the wall. +The two doors also were of olive tree; and he carved upon them carvings of cherubims and palm trees and open flowers, and overlaid them with gold, and spread gold upon the cherubims, and upon the palm trees. +So also made he for the door of the temple posts of olive tree, a fourth part of the wall. +And the two doors were of fir tree: the two leaves of the one door were folding, and the two leaves of the other door were folding. +And he carved thereon cherubims and palm trees and open flowers: and covered them with gold fitted upon the carved work. +And he built the inner court with three rows of hewed stone, and a row of cedar beams. +In the fourth year was the foundation of the house of the LORD laid, in the month Zif: +And in the eleventh year, in the month Bul, which is the eighth month, was the house finished throughout all the parts thereof, and according to all the fashion of it. So was he seven years in building it. +But Solomon was building his own house thirteen years, and he finished all his house. +He built also the house of the forest of Lebanon; the length thereof was an hundred cubits, and the breadth thereof fifty cubits, and the height thereof thirty cubits, upon four rows of cedar pillars, with cedar beams upon the pillars. +And it was covered with cedar above upon the beams, that lay on forty five pillars, fifteen in a row. +And there were windows in three rows, and light was against light in three ranks. +And all the doors and posts were square, with the windows: and light was against light in three ranks. +And he made a porch of pillars; the length thereof was fifty cubits, and the breadth thereof thirty cubits: and the porch was before them: and the other pillars and the thick beam were before them. +Then he made a porch for the throne where he might judge, even the porch of judgment: and it was covered with cedar from one side of the floor to the other. +And his house where he dwelt had another court within the porch, which was of the like work. Solomon made also an house for Pharaoh's daughter, whom he had taken to wife, like unto this porch. +All these were of costly stones, according to the measures of hewed stones, sawed with saws, within and without, even from the foundation unto the coping, and so on the outside toward the great court. +And the foundation was of costly stones, even great stones, stones of ten cubits, and stones of eight cubits. +And above were costly stones, after the measures of hewed stones, and cedars. +And the great court round about was with three rows of hewed stones, and a row of cedar beams, both for the inner court of the house of the LORD, and for the porch of the house. +And king Solomon sent and fetched Hiram out of Tyre. +He was a widow's son of the tribe of Naphtali, and his father was a man of Tyre, a worker in brass: and he was filled with wisdom, and understanding, and cunning to work all works in brass. And he came to king Solomon, and wrought all his work. +For he cast two pillars of brass, of eighteen cubits high apiece: and a line of twelve cubits did compass either of them about. +And he made two chapiters of molten brass, to set upon the tops of the pillars: the height of the one chapiter was five cubits, and the height of the other chapiter was five cubits: +And nets of checker work, and wreaths of chain work, for the chapiters which were upon the top of the pillars; seven for the one chapiter, and seven for the other chapiter. +And he made the pillars, and two rows round about upon the one network, to cover the chapiters that were upon the top, with pomegranates: and so did he for the other chapiter. +And the chapiters that were upon the top of the pillars were of lily work in the porch, four cubits. +And the chapiters upon the two pillars had pomegranates also above, over against the belly which was by the network: and the pomegranates were two hundred in rows round about upon the other chapiter. +And he set up the pillars in the porch of the temple: and he set up the right pillar, and called the name thereof Jachin: and he set up the left pillar, and called the name thereof Boaz. +And upon the top of the pillars was lily work: so was the work of the pillars finished. +And he made a molten sea, ten cubits from the one brim to the other: it was round all about, and his height was five cubits: and a line of thirty cubits did compass it round about. +And under the brim of it round about there were knops compassing it, ten in a cubit, compassing the sea round about: the knops were cast in two rows, when it was cast. +It stood upon twelve oxen, three looking toward the north, and three looking toward the west, and three looking toward the south, and three looking toward the east: and the sea was set above upon them, and all their hinder parts were inward. +And it was an hand breadth thick, and the brim thereof was wrought like the brim of a cup, with flowers of lilies: it contained two thousand baths. +And he made ten bases of brass; four cubits was the length of one base, and four cubits the breadth thereof, and three cubits the height of it. +And the work of the bases was on this manner: they had borders, and the borders were between the ledges: +And on the borders that were between the ledges were lions, oxen, and cherubims: and upon the ledges there was a base above: and beneath the lions and oxen were certain additions made of thin work. +And every base had four brasen wheels, and plates of brass: and the four corners thereof had undersetters: under the laver were undersetters molten, at the side of every addition. +And the mouth of it within the chapiter and above was a cubit: but the mouth thereof was round after the work of the base, a cubit and an half: and also upon the mouth of it were gravings with their borders, foursquare, not round. +And under the borders were four wheels; and the axletrees of the wheels were joined to the base: and the height of a wheel was a cubit and half a cubit. +And the work of the wheels was like the work of a chariot wheel: their axletrees, and their naves, and their felloes, and their spokes, were all molten. +And there were four undersetters to the four corners of one base: and the undersetters were of the very base itself. +And in the top of the base was there a round compass of half a cubit high: and on the top of the base the ledges thereof and the borders thereof were of the same. +For on the plates of the ledges thereof, and on the borders thereof, he graved cherubims, lions, and palm trees, according to the proportion of every one, and additions round about. +After this manner he made the ten bases: all of them had one casting, one measure, and one size. +Then made he ten lavers of brass: one laver contained forty baths: and every laver was four cubits: and upon every one of the ten bases one laver. +And he put five bases on the right side of the house, and five on the left side of the house: and he set the sea on the right side of the house eastward over against the south. +And Hiram made the lavers, and the shovels, and the basons. So Hiram made an end of doing all the work that he made king Solomon for the house of the LORD: +The two pillars, and the two bowls of the chapiters that were on the top of the two pillars; and the two networks, to cover the two bowls of the chapiters which were upon the top of the pillars; +And four hundred pomegranates for the two networks, even two rows of pomegranates for one network, to cover the two bowls of the chapiters that were upon the pillars; +And the ten bases, and ten lavers on the bases; +And one sea, and twelve oxen under the sea; +And the pots, and the shovels, and the basons: and all these vessels, which Hiram made to king Solomon for the house of the LORD, were of bright brass. +In the plain of Jordan did the king cast them, in the clay ground between Succoth and Zarthan. +And Solomon left all the vessels unweighed, because they were exceeding many: neither was the weight of the brass found out. +And Solomon made all the vessels that pertained unto the house of the LORD: the altar of gold, and the table of gold, whereupon the shewbread was, +And the candlesticks of pure gold, five on the right side, and five on the left, before the oracle, with the flowers, and the lamps, and the tongs of gold, +And the bowls, and the snuffers, and the basons, and the spoons, and the censers of pure gold; and the hinges of gold, both for the doors of the inner house, the most holy place, and for the doors of the house, to wit, of the temple. +So was ended all the work that king Solomon made for the house of the LORD. And Solomon brought in the things which David his father had dedicated; even the silver, and the gold, and the vessels, did he put among the treasures of the house of the LORD. +Then Solomon assembled the elders of Israel, and all the heads of the tribes, the chief of the fathers of the children of Israel, unto king Solomon in Jerusalem, that they might bring up the ark of the covenant of the LORD out of the city of David, which is Zion. +And all the men of Israel assembled themselves unto king Solomon at the feast in the month Ethanim, which is the seventh month. +And all the elders of Israel came, and the priests took up the ark. +And they brought up the ark of the LORD, and the tabernacle of the congregation, and all the holy vessels that were in the tabernacle, even those did the priests and the Levites bring up. +And king Solomon, and all the congregation of Israel, that were assembled unto him, were with him before the ark, sacrificing sheep and oxen, that could not be told nor numbered for multitude. +And the priests brought in the ark of the covenant of the LORD unto his place, into the oracle of the house, to the most holy place, even under the wings of the cherubims. +For the cherubims spread forth their two wings over the place of the ark, and the cherubims covered the ark and the staves thereof above. +And they drew out the staves, that the ends of the staves were seen out in the holy place before the oracle, and they were not seen without: and there they are unto this day. +There was nothing in the ark save the two tables of stone, which Moses put there at Horeb, when the LORD made a covenant with the children of Israel, when they came out of the land of Egypt. +And it came to pass, when the priests were come out of the holy place, that the cloud filled the house of the LORD, +So that the priests could not stand to minister because of the cloud: for the glory of the LORD had filled the house of the LORD. +Then spake Solomon, The LORD said that he would dwell in the thick darkness. +I have surely built thee an house to dwell in, a settled place for thee to abide in for ever. +And the king turned his face about, and blessed all the congregation of Israel: (and all the congregation of Israel stood;) +And he said, Blessed be the LORD God of Israel, which spake with his mouth unto David my father, and hath with his hand fulfilled it, saying, +Since the day that I brought forth my people Israel out of Egypt, I chose no city out of all the tribes of Israel to build an house, that my name might be therein; but I chose David to be over my people Israel. +And it was in the heart of David my father to build an house for the name of the LORD God of Israel. +And the LORD said unto David my father, Whereas it was in thine heart to build an house unto my name, thou didst well that it was in thine heart. +Nevertheless thou shalt not build the house; but thy son that shall come forth out of thy loins, he shall build the house unto my name. +And the LORD hath performed his word that he spake, and I am risen up in the room of David my father, and sit on the throne of Israel, as the LORD promised, and have built an house for the name of the LORD God of Israel. +And I have set there a place for the ark, wherein is the covenant of the LORD, which he made with our fathers, when he brought them out of the land of Egypt. +And Solomon stood before the altar of the LORD in the presence of all the congregation of Israel, and spread forth his hands toward heaven: +And he said, LORD God of Israel, there is no God like thee, in heaven above, or on earth beneath, who keepest covenant and mercy with thy servants that walk before thee with all their heart: +Who hast kept with thy servant David my father that thou promisedst him: thou spakest also with thy mouth, and hast fulfilled it with thine hand, as it is this day. +Therefore now, LORD God of Israel, keep with thy servant David my father that thou promisedst him, saying, There shall not fail thee a man in my sight to sit on the throne of Israel; so that thy children take heed to their way, that they walk before me as thou hast walked before me. +And now, O God of Israel, let thy word, I pray thee, be verified, which thou spakest unto thy servant David my father. +But will God indeed dwell on the earth? behold, the heaven and heaven of heavens cannot contain thee; how much less this house that I have builded? +Yet have thou respect unto the prayer of thy servant, and to his supplication, O LORD my God, to hearken unto the cry and to the prayer, which thy servant prayeth before thee to day: +That thine eyes may be open toward this house night and day, even toward the place of which thou hast said, My name shall be there: that thou mayest hearken unto the prayer which thy servant shall make toward this place. +And hearken thou to the supplication of thy servant, and of thy people Israel, when they shall pray toward this place: and hear thou in heaven thy dwelling place: and when thou hearest, forgive. +If any man trespass against his neighbour, and an oath be laid upon him to cause him to swear, and the oath come before thine altar in this house: +Then hear thou in heaven, and do, and judge thy servants, condemning the wicked, to bring his way upon his head; and justifying the righteous, to give him according to his righteousness. +When thy people Israel be smitten down before the enemy, because they have sinned against thee, and shall turn again to thee, and confess thy name, and pray, and make supplication unto thee in this house: +Then hear thou in heaven, and forgive the sin of thy people Israel, and bring them again unto the land which thou gavest unto their fathers. +When heaven is shut up, and there is no rain, because they have sinned against thee; if they pray toward this place, and confess thy name, and turn from their sin, when thou afflictest them: +Then hear thou in heaven, and forgive the sin of thy servants, and of thy people Israel, that thou teach them the good way wherein they should walk, and give rain upon thy land, which thou hast given to thy people for an inheritance. +If there be in the land famine, if there be pestilence, blasting, mildew, locust, or if there be caterpiller; if their enemy besiege them in the land of their cities; whatsoever plague, whatsoever sickness there be; +What prayer and supplication soever be made by any man, or by all thy people Israel, which shall know every man the plague of his own heart, and spread forth his hands toward this house: +Then hear thou in heaven thy dwelling place, and forgive, and do, and give to every man according to his ways, whose heart thou knowest; (for thou, even thou only, knowest the hearts of all the children of men;) +That they may fear thee all the days that they live in the land which thou gavest unto our fathers. +Moreover concerning a stranger, that is not of thy people Israel, but cometh out of a far country for thy name's sake; +(For they shall hear of thy great name, and of thy strong hand, and of thy stretched out arm;) when he shall come and pray toward this house; +Hear thou in heaven thy dwelling place, and do according to all that the stranger calleth to thee for: that all people of the earth may know thy name, to fear thee, as do thy people Israel; and that they may know that this house, which I have builded, is called by thy name. +If thy people go out to battle against their enemy, whithersoever thou shalt send them, and shall pray unto the LORD toward the city which thou hast chosen, and toward the house that I have built for thy name: +Then hear thou in heaven their prayer and their supplication, and maintain their cause. +If they sin against thee, (for there is no man that sinneth not,) and thou be angry with them, and deliver them to the enemy, so that they carry them away captives unto the land of the enemy, far or near; +Yet if they shall bethink themselves in the land whither they were carried captives, and repent, and make supplication unto thee in the land of them that carried them captives, saying, We have sinned, and have done perversely, we have committed wickedness; +And so return unto thee with all their heart, and with all their soul, in the land of their enemies, which led them away captive, and pray unto thee toward their land, which thou gavest unto their fathers, the city which thou hast chosen, and the house which I have built for thy name: +Then hear thou their prayer and their supplication in heaven thy dwelling place, and maintain their cause, +And forgive thy people that have sinned against thee, and all their transgressions wherein they have transgressed against thee, and give them compassion before them who carried them captive, that they may have compassion on them: +For they be thy people, and thine inheritance, which thou broughtest forth out of Egypt, from the midst of the furnace of iron: +That thine eyes may be open unto the supplication of thy servant, and unto the supplication of thy people Israel, to hearken unto them in all that they call for unto thee. +For thou didst separate them from among all the people of the earth, to be thine inheritance, as thou spakest by the hand of Moses thy servant, when thou broughtest our fathers out of Egypt, O LORD God. +And it was so, that when Solomon had made an end of praying all this prayer and supplication unto the LORD, he arose from before the altar of the LORD, from kneeling on his knees with his hands spread up to heaven. +And he stood, and blessed all the congregation of Israel with a loud voice, saying, +Blessed be the LORD, that hath given rest unto his people Israel, according to all that he promised: there hath not failed one word of all his good promise, which he promised by the hand of Moses his servant. +The LORD our God be with us, as he was with our fathers: let him not leave us, nor forsake us: +That he may incline our hearts unto him, to walk in all his ways, and to keep his commandments, and his statutes, and his judgments, which he commanded our fathers. +And let these my words, wherewith I have made supplication before the LORD, be nigh unto the LORD our God day and night, that he maintain the cause of his servant, and the cause of his people Israel at all times, as the matter shall require: +That all the people of the earth may know that the LORD is God, and that there is none else. +Let your heart therefore be perfect with the LORD our God, to walk in his statutes, and to keep his commandments, as at this day. +And the king, and all Israel with him, offered sacrifice before the LORD. +And Solomon offered a sacrifice of peace offerings, which he offered unto the LORD, two and twenty thousand oxen, and an hundred and twenty thousand sheep. So the king and all the children of Israel dedicated the house of the LORD. +The same day did the king hallow the middle of the court that was before the house of the LORD: for there he offered burnt offerings, and meat offerings, and the fat of the peace offerings: because the brasen altar that was before the LORD was too little to receive the burnt offerings, and meat offerings, and the fat of the peace offerings. +And at that time Solomon held a feast, and all Israel with him, a great congregation, from the entering in of Hamath unto the river of Egypt, before the LORD our God, seven days and seven days, even fourteen days. +On the eighth day he sent the people away: and they blessed the king, and went unto their tents joyful and glad of heart for all the goodness that the LORD had done for David his servant, and for Israel his people. +And it came to pass, when Solomon had finished the building of the house of the LORD, and the king's house, and all Solomon's desire which he was pleased to do, +That the LORD appeared to Solomon the second time, as he had appeared unto him at Gibeon. +And the LORD said unto him, I have heard thy prayer and thy supplication, that thou hast made before me: I have hallowed this house, which thou hast built, to put my name there for ever; and mine eyes and mine heart shall be there perpetually. +And if thou wilt walk before me, as David thy father walked, in integrity of heart, and in uprightness, to do according to all that I have commanded thee, and wilt keep my statutes and my judgments: +Then I will establish the throne of thy kingdom upon Israel for ever, as I promised to David thy father, saying, There shall not fail thee a man upon the throne of Israel. +But if ye shall at all turn from following me, ye or your children, and will not keep my commandments and my statutes which I have set before you, but go and serve other gods, and worship them: +Then will I cut off Israel out of the land which I have given them; and this house, which I have hallowed for my name, will I cast out of my sight; and Israel shall be a proverb and a byword among all people: +And at this house, which is high, every one that passeth by it shall be astonished, and shall hiss; and they shall say, Why hath the LORD done thus unto this land, and to this house? +And they shall answer, Because they forsook the LORD their God, who brought forth their fathers out of the land of Egypt, and have taken hold upon other gods, and have worshipped them, and served them: therefore hath the LORD brought upon them all this evil. +And it came to pass at the end of twenty years, when Solomon had built the two houses, the house of the LORD, and the king's house, +(Now Hiram the king of Tyre had furnished Solomon with cedar trees and fir trees, and with gold, according to all his desire,) that then king Solomon gave Hiram twenty cities in the land of Galilee. +And Hiram came out from Tyre to see the cities which Solomon had given him; and they pleased him not. +And he said, What cities are these which thou hast given me, my brother? And he called them the land of Cabul unto this day. +And Hiram sent to the king sixscore talents of gold. +And this is the reason of the levy which king Solomon raised; for to build the house of the LORD, and his own house, and Millo, and the wall of Jerusalem, and Hazor, and Megiddo, and Gezer. +For Pharaoh king of Egypt had gone up, and taken Gezer, and burnt it with fire, and slain the Canaanites that dwelt in the city, and given it for a present unto his daughter, Solomon's wife. +And Solomon built Gezer, and Bethhoron the nether, +And Baalath, and Tadmor in the wilderness, in the land, +And all the cities of store that Solomon had, and cities for his chariots, and cities for his horsemen, and that which Solomon desired to build in Jerusalem, and in Lebanon, and in all the land of his dominion. +And all the people that were left of the Amorites, Hittites, Perizzites, Hivites, and Jebusites, which were not of the children of Israel, +Their children that were left after them in the land, whom the children of Israel also were not able utterly to destroy, upon those did Solomon levy a tribute of bondservice unto this day. +But of the children of Israel did Solomon make no bondmen: but they were men of war, and his servants, and his princes, and his captains, and rulers of his chariots, and his horsemen. +These were the chief of the officers that were over Solomon's work, five hundred and fifty, which bare rule over the people that wrought in the work. +But Pharaoh's daughter came up out of the city of David unto her house which Solomon had built for her: then did he build Millo. +And three times in a year did Solomon offer burnt offerings and peace offerings upon the altar which he built unto the LORD, and he burnt incense upon the altar that was before the LORD. So he finished the house. +And king Solomon made a navy of ships in Eziongeber, which is beside Eloth, on the shore of the Red sea, in the land of Edom. +And Hiram sent in the navy his servants, shipmen that had knowledge of the sea, with the servants of Solomon. +And they came to Ophir, and fetched from thence gold, four hundred and twenty talents, and brought it to king Solomon. +And when the queen of Sheba heard of the fame of Solomon concerning the name of the LORD, she came to prove him with hard questions. +And she came to Jerusalem with a very great train, with camels that bare spices, and very much gold, and precious stones: and when she was come to Solomon, she communed with him of all that was in her heart. +And Solomon told her all her questions: there was not any thing hid from the king, which he told her not. +And when the queen of Sheba had seen all Solomon's wisdom, and the house that he had built, +And the meat of his table, and the sitting of his servants, and the attendance of his ministers, and their apparel, and his cupbearers, and his ascent by which he went up unto the house of the LORD; there was no more spirit in her. +And she said to the king, It was a true report that I heard in mine own land of thy acts and of thy wisdom. +Howbeit I believed not the words, until I came, and mine eyes had seen it: and, behold, the half was not told me: thy wisdom and prosperity exceedeth the fame which I heard. +Happy are thy men, happy are these thy servants, which stand continually before thee, and that hear thy wisdom. +Blessed be the LORD thy God, which delighted in thee, to set thee on the throne of Israel: because the LORD loved Israel for ever, therefore made he thee king, to do judgment and justice. +And she gave the king an hundred and twenty talents of gold, and of spices very great store, and precious stones: there came no more such abundance of spices as these which the queen of Sheba gave to king Solomon. +And the navy also of Hiram, that brought gold from Ophir, brought in from Ophir great plenty of almug trees, and precious stones. +And the king made of the almug trees pillars for the house of the LORD, and for the king's house, harps also and psalteries for singers: there came no such almug trees, nor were seen unto this day. +And king Solomon gave unto the queen of Sheba all her desire, whatsoever she asked, beside that which Solomon gave her of his royal bounty. So she turned and went to her own country, she and her servants. +Now the weight of gold that came to Solomon in one year was six hundred threescore and six talents of gold, +Beside that he had of the merchantmen, and of the traffick of the spice merchants, and of all the kings of Arabia, and of the governors of the country. +And king Solomon made two hundred targets of beaten gold: six hundred shekels of gold went to one target. +And he made three hundred shields of beaten gold; three pound of gold went to one shield: and the king put them in the house of the forest of Lebanon. +Moreover the king made a great throne of ivory, and overlaid it with the best gold. +The throne had six steps, and the top of the throne was round behind: and there were stays on either side on the place of the seat, and two lions stood beside the stays. +And twelve lions stood there on the one side and on the other upon the six steps: there was not the like made in any kingdom. +And all king Solomon's drinking vessels were of gold, and all the vessels of the house of the forest of Lebanon were of pure gold; none were of silver: it was nothing accounted of in the days of Solomon. +For the king had at sea a navy of Tharshish with the navy of Hiram: once in three years came the navy of Tharshish, bringing gold, and silver, ivory, and apes, and peacocks. +So king Solomon exceeded all the kings of the earth for riches and for wisdom. +And all the earth sought to Solomon, to hear his wisdom, which God had put in his heart. +And they brought every man his present, vessels of silver, and vessels of gold, and garments, and armour, and spices, horses, and mules, a rate year by year. +And Solomon gathered together chariots and horsemen: and he had a thousand and four hundred chariots, and twelve thousand horsemen, whom he bestowed in the cities for chariots, and with the king at Jerusalem. +And the king made silver to be in Jerusalem as stones, and cedars made he to be as the sycomore trees that are in the vale, for abundance. +And Solomon had horses brought out of Egypt, and linen yarn: the king's merchants received the linen yarn at a price. +And a chariot came up and went out of Egypt for six hundred shekels of silver, and an horse for an hundred and fifty: and so for all the kings of the Hittites, and for the kings of Syria, did they bring them out by their means. +But king Solomon loved many strange women, together with the daughter of Pharaoh, women of the Moabites, Ammonites, Edomites, Zidonians, and Hittites: +Of the nations concerning which the LORD said unto the children of Israel, Ye shall not go in to them, neither shall they come in unto you: for surely they will turn away your heart after their gods: Solomon clave unto these in love. +And he had seven hundred wives, princesses, and three hundred concubines: and his wives turned away his heart. +For it came to pass, when Solomon was old, that his wives turned away his heart after other gods: and his heart was not perfect with the LORD his God, as was the heart of David his father. +For Solomon went after Ashtoreth the goddess of the Zidonians, and after Milcom the abomination of the Ammonites. +And Solomon did evil in the sight of the LORD, and went not fully after the LORD, as did David his father. +Then did Solomon build an high place for Chemosh, the abomination of Moab, in the hill that is before Jerusalem, and for Molech, the abomination of the children of Ammon. +And likewise did he for all his strange wives, which burnt incense and sacrificed unto their gods. +And the LORD was angry with Solomon, because his heart was turned from the LORD God of Israel, which had appeared unto him twice, +And had commanded him concerning this thing, that he should not go after other gods: but he kept not that which the LORD commanded. +Wherefore the LORD said unto Solomon, Forasmuch as this is done of thee, and thou hast not kept my covenant and my statutes, which I have commanded thee, I will surely rend the kingdom from thee, and will give it to thy servant. +Notwithstanding in thy days I will not do it for David thy father's sake: but I will rend it out of the hand of thy son. +Howbeit I will not rend away all the kingdom; but will give one tribe to thy son for David my servant's sake, and for Jerusalem's sake which I have chosen. +And the LORD stirred up an adversary unto Solomon, Hadad the Edomite: he was of the king's seed in Edom. +For it came to pass, when David was in Edom, and Joab the captain of the host was gone up to bury the slain, after he had smitten every male in Edom; +(For six months did Joab remain there with all Israel, until he had cut off every male in Edom:) +That Hadad fled, he and certain Edomites of his father's servants with him, to go into Egypt; Hadad being yet a little child. +And they arose out of Midian, and came to Paran: and they took men with them out of Paran, and they came to Egypt, unto Pharaoh king of Egypt; which gave him an house, and appointed him victuals, and gave him land. +And Hadad found great favour in the sight of Pharaoh, so that he gave him to wife the sister of his own wife, the sister of Tahpenes the queen. +And the sister of Tahpenes bare him Genubath his son, whom Tahpenes weaned in Pharaoh's house: and Genubath was in Pharaoh's household among the sons of Pharaoh. +And when Hadad heard in Egypt that David slept with his fathers, and that Joab the captain of the host was dead, Hadad said to Pharaoh, Let me depart, that I may go to mine own country. +Then Pharaoh said unto him, But what hast thou lacked with me, that, behold, thou seekest to go to thine own country? And he answered, Nothing: howbeit let me go in any wise. +And God stirred him up another adversary, Rezon the son of Eliadah, which fled from his lord Hadadezer king of Zobah: +And he gathered men unto him, and became captain over a band, when David slew them of Zobah: and they went to Damascus, and dwelt therein, and reigned in Damascus. +And he was an adversary to Israel all the days of Solomon, beside the mischief that Hadad did: and he abhorred Israel, and reigned over Syria. +And Jeroboam the son of Nebat, an Ephrathite of Zereda, Solomon's servant, whose mother's name was Zeruah, a widow woman, even he lifted up his hand against the king. +And this was the cause that he lifted up his hand against the king: Solomon built Millo, and repaired the breaches of the city of David his father. +And the man Jeroboam was a mighty man of valour: and Solomon seeing the young man that he was industrious, he made him ruler over all the charge of the house of Joseph. +And it came to pass at that time when Jeroboam went out of Jerusalem, that the prophet Ahijah the Shilonite found him in the way; and he had clad himself with a new garment; and they two were alone in the field: +And Ahijah caught the new garment that was on him, and rent it in twelve pieces: +And he said to Jeroboam, Take thee ten pieces: for thus saith the LORD, the God of Israel, Behold, I will rend the kingdom out of the hand of Solomon, and will give ten tribes to thee: +(But he shall have one tribe for my servant David's sake, and for Jerusalem's sake, the city which I have chosen out of all the tribes of Israel:) +Because that they have forsaken me, and have worshipped Ashtoreth the goddess of the Zidonians, Chemosh the god of the Moabites, and Milcom the god of the children of Ammon, and have not walked in my ways, to do that which is right in mine eyes, and to keep my statutes and my judgments, as did David his father. +Howbeit I will not take the whole kingdom out of his hand: but I will make him prince all the days of his life for David my servant's sake, whom I chose, because he kept my commandments and my statutes: +But I will take the kingdom out of his son's hand, and will give it unto thee, even ten tribes. +And unto his son will I give one tribe, that David my servant may have a light alway before me in Jerusalem, the city which I have chosen me to put my name there. +And I will take thee, and thou shalt reign according to all that thy soul desireth, and shalt be king over Israel. +And it shall be, if thou wilt hearken unto all that I command thee, and wilt walk in my ways, and do that is right in my sight, to keep my statutes and my commandments, as David my servant did; that I will be with thee, and build thee a sure house, as I built for David, and will give Israel unto thee. +And I will for this afflict the seed of David, but not for ever. +Solomon sought therefore to kill Jeroboam. And Jeroboam arose, and fled into Egypt, unto Shishak king of Egypt, and was in Egypt until the death of Solomon. +And the rest of the acts of Solomon, and all that he did, and his wisdom, are they not written in the book of the acts of Solomon? +And the time that Solomon reigned in Jerusalem over all Israel was forty years. +And Solomon slept with his fathers, and was buried in the city of David his father: and Rehoboam his son reigned in his stead. +And Rehoboam went to Shechem: for all Israel were come to Shechem to make him king. +And it came to pass, when Jeroboam the son of Nebat, who was yet in Egypt, heard of it, (for he was fled from the presence of king Solomon, and Jeroboam dwelt in Egypt;) +That they sent and called him. And Jeroboam and all the congregation of Israel came, and spake unto Rehoboam, saying, +Thy father made our yoke grievous: now therefore make thou the grievous service of thy father, and his heavy yoke which he put upon us, lighter, and we will serve thee. +And he said unto them, Depart yet for three days, then come again to me. And the people departed. +And king Rehoboam consulted with the old men, that stood before Solomon his father while he yet lived, and said, How do ye advise that I may answer this people? +And they spake unto him, saying, If thou wilt be a servant unto this people this day, and wilt serve them, and answer them, and speak good words to them, then they will be thy servants for ever. +But he forsook the counsel of the old men, which they had given him, and consulted with the young men that were grown up with him, and which stood before him: +And he said unto them, What counsel give ye that we may answer this people, who have spoken to me, saying, Make the yoke which thy father did put upon us lighter? +And the young men that were grown up with him spake unto him, saying, Thus shalt thou speak unto this people that spake unto thee, saying, Thy father made our yoke heavy, but make thou it lighter unto us; thus shalt thou say unto them, My little finger shall be thicker than my father's loins. +And now whereas my father did lade you with a heavy yoke, I will add to your yoke: my father hath chastised you with whips, but I will chastise you with scorpions. +So Jeroboam and all the people came to Rehoboam the third day, as the king had appointed, saying, Come to me again the third day. +And the king answered the people roughly, and forsook the old men's counsel that they gave him; +And spake to them after the counsel of the young men, saying, My father made your yoke heavy, and I will add to your yoke: my father also chastised you with whips, but I will chastise you with scorpions. +Wherefore the king hearkened not unto the people; for the cause was from the LORD, that he might perform his saying, which the LORD spake by Ahijah the Shilonite unto Jeroboam the son of Nebat. +So when all Israel saw that the king hearkened not unto them, the people answered the king, saying, What portion have we in David? neither have we inheritance in the son of Jesse: to your tents, O Israel: now see to thine own house, David. So Israel departed unto their tents. +But as for the children of Israel which dwelt in the cities of Judah, Rehoboam reigned over them. +Then king Rehoboam sent Adoram, who was over the tribute; and all Israel stoned him with stones, that he died. Therefore king Rehoboam made speed to get him up to his chariot, to flee to Jerusalem. +So Israel rebelled against the house of David unto this day. +And it came to pass, when all Israel heard that Jeroboam was come again, that they sent and called him unto the congregation, and made him king over all Israel: there was none that followed the house of David, but the tribe of Judah only. +And when Rehoboam was come to Jerusalem, he assembled all the house of Judah, with the tribe of Benjamin, an hundred and fourscore thousand chosen men, which were warriors, to fight against the house of Israel, to bring the kingdom again to Rehoboam the son of Solomon. +But the word of God came unto Shemaiah the man of God, saying, +Speak unto Rehoboam, the son of Solomon, king of Judah, and unto all the house of Judah and Benjamin, and to the remnant of the people, saying, +Thus saith the LORD, Ye shall not go up, nor fight against your brethren the children of Israel: return every man to his house; for this thing is from me. They hearkened therefore to the word of the LORD, and returned to depart, according to the word of the LORD. +Then Jeroboam built Shechem in mount Ephraim, and dwelt therein; and went out from thence, and built Penuel. +And Jeroboam said in his heart, Now shall the kingdom return to the house of David: +If this people go up to do sacrifice in the house of the LORD at Jerusalem, then shall the heart of this people turn again unto their lord, even unto Rehoboam king of Judah, and they shall kill me, and go again to Rehoboam king of Judah. +Whereupon the king took counsel, and made two calves of gold, and said unto them, It is too much for you to go up to Jerusalem: behold thy gods, O Israel, which brought thee up out of the land of Egypt. +And he set the one in Bethel, and the other put he in Dan. +And this thing became a sin: for the people went to worship before the one, even unto Dan. +And he made an house of high places, and made priests of the lowest of the people, which were not of the sons of Levi. +And Jeroboam ordained a feast in the eighth month, on the fifteenth day of the month, like unto the feast that is in Judah, and he offered upon the altar. So did he in Bethel, sacrificing unto the calves that he had made: and he placed in Bethel the priests of the high places which he had made. +So he offered upon the altar which he had made in Bethel the fifteenth day of the eighth month, even in the month which he had devised of his own heart; and ordained a feast unto the children of Israel: and he offered upon the altar, and burnt incense. +And, behold, there came a man of God out of Judah by the word of the LORD unto Bethel: and Jeroboam stood by the altar to burn incense. +And he cried against the altar in the word of the LORD, and said, O altar, altar, thus saith the LORD; Behold, a child shall be born unto the house of David, Josiah by name; and upon thee shall he offer the priests of the high places that burn incense upon thee, and men's bones shall be burnt upon thee. +And he gave a sign the same day, saying, This is the sign which the LORD hath spoken; Behold, the altar shall be rent, and the ashes that are upon it shall be poured out. +And it came to pass, when king Jeroboam heard the saying of the man of God, which had cried against the altar in Bethel, that he put forth his hand from the altar, saying, Lay hold on him. And his hand, which he put forth against him, dried up, so that he could not pull it in again to him. +The altar also was rent, and the ashes poured out from the altar, according to the sign which the man of God had given by the word of the LORD. +And the king answered and said unto the man of God, Intreat now the face of the LORD thy God, and pray for me, that my hand may be restored me again. And the man of God besought the LORD, and the king's hand was restored him again, and became as it was before. +And the king said unto the man of God, Come home with me, and refresh thyself, and I will give thee a reward. +And the man of God said unto the king, If thou wilt give me half thine house, I will not go in with thee, neither will I eat bread nor drink water in this place: +For so was it charged me by the word of the LORD, saying, Eat no bread, nor drink water, nor turn again by the same way that thou camest. +So he went another way, and returned not by the way that he came to Bethel. +Now there dwelt an old prophet in Bethel; and his sons came and told him all the works that the man of God had done that day in Bethel: the words which he had spoken unto the king, them they told also to their father. +And their father said unto them, What way went he? For his sons had seen what way the man of God went, which came from Judah. +And he said unto his sons, Saddle me the ass. So they saddled him the ass: and he rode thereon, +And went after the man of God, and found him sitting under an oak: and he said unto him, Art thou the man of God that camest from Judah? And he said, I am. +Then he said unto him, Come home with me, and eat bread. +And he said, I may not return with thee, nor go in with thee: neither will I eat bread nor drink water with thee in this place: +For it was said to me by the word of the LORD, Thou shalt eat no bread nor drink water there, nor turn again to go by the way that thou camest. +He said unto him, I am a prophet also as thou art; and an angel spake unto me by the word of the LORD, saying, Bring him back with thee into thine house, that he may eat bread and drink water. But he lied unto him. +So he went back with him, and did eat bread in his house, and drank water. +And it came to pass, as they sat at the table, that the word of the LORD came unto the prophet that brought him back: +And he cried unto the man of God that came from Judah, saying, Thus saith the LORD, Forasmuch as thou hast disobeyed the mouth of the LORD, and hast not kept the commandment which the LORD thy God commanded thee, +But camest back, and hast eaten bread and drunk water in the place, of the which the Lord did say to thee, Eat no bread, and drink no water; thy carcase shall not come unto the sepulchre of thy fathers. +And it came to pass, after he had eaten bread, and after he had drunk, that he saddled for him the ass, to wit, for the prophet whom he had brought back. +And when he was gone, a lion met him by the way, and slew him: and his carcase was cast in the way, and the ass stood by it, the lion also stood by the carcase. +And, behold, men passed by, and saw the carcase cast in the way, and the lion standing by the carcase: and they came and told it in the city where the old prophet dwelt. +And when the prophet that brought him back from the way heard thereof, he said, It is the man of God, who was disobedient unto the word of the LORD: therefore the LORD hath delivered him unto the lion, which hath torn him, and slain him, according to the word of the LORD, which he spake unto him. +And he spake to his sons, saying, Saddle me the ass. And they saddled him. +And he went and found his carcase cast in the way, and the ass and the lion standing by the carcase: the lion had not eaten the carcase, nor torn the ass. +And the prophet took up the carcase of the man of God, and laid it upon the ass, and brought it back: and the old prophet came to the city, to mourn and to bury him. +And he laid his carcase in his own grave; and they mourned over him, saying, Alas, my brother! +And it came to pass, after he had buried him, that he spake to his sons, saying, When I am dead, then bury me in the sepulchre wherein the man of God is buried; lay my bones beside his bones: +For the saying which he cried by the word of the LORD against the altar in Bethel, and against all the houses of the high places which are in the cities of Samaria, shall surely come to pass. +After this thing Jeroboam returned not from his evil way, but made again of the lowest of the people priests of the high places: whosoever would, he consecrated him, and he became one of the priests of the high places. +And this thing became sin unto the house of Jeroboam, even to cut it off, and to destroy it from off the face of the earth. +At that time Abijah the son of Jeroboam fell sick. +And Jeroboam said to his wife, Arise, I pray thee, and disguise thyself, that thou be not known to be the wife of Jeroboam; and get thee to Shiloh: behold, there is Ahijah the prophet, which told me that I should be king over this people. +And take with thee ten loaves, and cracknels, and a cruse of honey, and go to him: he shall tell thee what shall become of the child. +And Jeroboam's wife did so, and arose, and went to Shiloh, and came to the house of Ahijah. But Ahijah could not see; for his eyes were set by reason of his age. +And the LORD said unto Ahijah, Behold, the wife of Jeroboam cometh to ask a thing of thee for her son; for he is sick: thus and thus shalt thou say unto her: for it shall be, when she cometh in, that she shall feign herself to be another woman. +And it was so, when Ahijah heard the sound of her feet, as she came in at the door, that he said, Come in, thou wife of Jeroboam; why feignest thou thyself to be another? for I am sent to thee with heavy tidings. +Go, tell Jeroboam, Thus saith the LORD God of Israel, Forasmuch as I exalted thee from among the people, and made thee prince over my people Israel, +And rent the kingdom away from the house of David, and gave it thee: and yet thou hast not been as my servant David, who kept my commandments, and who followed me with all his heart, to do that only which was right in mine eyes; +But hast done evil above all that were before thee: for thou hast gone and made thee other gods, and molten images, to provoke me to anger, and hast cast me behind thy back: +Therefore, behold, I will bring evil upon the house of Jeroboam, and will cut off from Jeroboam him that pisseth against the wall, and him that is shut up and left in Israel, and will take away the remnant of the house of Jeroboam, as a man taketh away dung, till it be all gone. +Him that dieth of Jeroboam in the city shall the dogs eat; and him that dieth in the field shall the fowls of the air eat: for the LORD hath spoken it. +Arise thou therefore, get thee to thine own house: and when thy feet enter into the city, the child shall die. +And all Israel shall mourn for him, and bury him: for he only of Jeroboam shall come to the grave, because in him there is found some good thing toward the LORD God of Israel in the house of Jeroboam. +Moreover the LORD shall raise him up a king over Israel, who shall cut off the house of Jeroboam that day: but what? even now. +For the LORD shall smite Israel, as a reed is shaken in the water, and he shall root up Israel out of this good land, which he gave to their fathers, and shall scatter them beyond the river, because they have made their groves, provoking the LORD to anger. +And he shall give Israel up because of the sins of Jeroboam, who did sin, and who made Israel to sin. +And Jeroboam's wife arose, and departed, and came to Tirzah: and when she came to the threshold of the door, the child died; +And they buried him; and all Israel mourned for him, according to the word of the LORD, which he spake by the hand of his servant Ahijah the prophet. +And the rest of the acts of Jeroboam, how he warred, and how he reigned, behold, they are written in the book of the chronicles of the kings of Israel. +And the days which Jeroboam reigned were two and twenty years: and he slept with his fathers, and Nadab his son reigned in his stead. +And Rehoboam the son of Solomon reigned in Judah. Rehoboam was forty and one years old when he began to reign, and he reigned seventeen years in Jerusalem, the city which the LORD did choose out of all the tribes of Israel, to put his name there. And his mother's name was Naamah an Ammonitess. +And Judah did evil in the sight of the LORD, and they provoked him to jealousy with their sins which they had committed, above all that their fathers had done. +For they also built them high places, and images, and groves, on every high hill, and under every green tree. +And there were also sodomites in the land: and they did according to all the abominations of the nations which the LORD cast out before the children of Israel. +And it came to pass in the fifth year of king Rehoboam, that Shishak king of Egypt came up against Jerusalem: +And he took away the treasures of the house of the LORD, and the treasures of the king's house; he even took away all: and he took away all the shields of gold which Solomon had made. +And king Rehoboam made in their stead brasen shields, and committed them unto the hands of the chief of the guard, which kept the door of the king's house. +And it was so, when the king went into the house of the LORD, that the guard bare them, and brought them back into the guard chamber. +Now the rest of the acts of Rehoboam, and all that he did, are they not written in the book of the chronicles of the kings of Judah? +And there was war between Rehoboam and Jeroboam all their days. +And Rehoboam slept with his fathers, and was buried with his fathers in the city of David. And his mother's name was Naamah an Ammonitess. And Abijam his son reigned in his stead. +Now in the eighteenth year of king Jeroboam the son of Nebat reigned Abijam over Judah. +Three years reigned he in Jerusalem. and his mother's name was Maachah, the daughter of Abishalom. +And he walked in all the sins of his father, which he had done before him: and his heart was not perfect with the LORD his God, as the heart of David his father. +Nevertheless for David's sake did the LORD his God give him a lamp in Jerusalem, to set up his son after him, and to establish Jerusalem: +Because David did that which was right in the eyes of the LORD, and turned not aside from any thing that he commanded him all the days of his life, save only in the matter of Uriah the Hittite. +And there was war between Rehoboam and Jeroboam all the days of his life. +Now the rest of the acts of Abijam, and all that he did, are they not written in the book of the chronicles of the kings of Judah? And there was war between Abijam and Jeroboam. +And Abijam slept with his fathers; and they buried him in the city of David: and Asa his son reigned in his stead. +And in the twentieth year of Jeroboam king of Israel reigned Asa over Judah. +And forty and one years reigned he in Jerusalem. And his mother's name was Maachah, the daughter of Abishalom. +And Asa did that which was right in the eyes of the LORD, as did David his father. +And he took away the sodomites out of the land, and removed all the idols that his fathers had made. +And also Maachah his mother, even her he removed from being queen, because she had made an idol in a grove; and Asa destroyed her idol, and burnt it by the brook Kidron. +But the high places were not removed: nevertheless Asa's heart was perfect with the LORD all his days. +And he brought in the things which his father had dedicated, and the things which himself had dedicated, into the house of the LORD, silver, and gold, and vessels. +And there was war between Asa and Baasha king of Israel all their days. +And Baasha king of Israel went up against Judah, and built Ramah, that he might not suffer any to go out or come in to Asa king of Judah. +Then Asa took all the silver and the gold that were left in the treasures of the house of the LORD, and the treasures of the king's house, and delivered them into the hand of his servants: and king Asa sent them to Benhadad, the son of Tabrimon, the son of Hezion, king of Syria, that dwelt at Damascus, saying, +There is a league between me and thee, and between my father and thy father: behold, I have sent unto thee a present of silver and gold; come and break thy league with Baasha king of Israel, that he may depart from me. +So Benhadad hearkened unto king Asa, and sent the captains of the hosts which he had against the cities of Israel, and smote Ijon, and Dan, and Abelbethmaachah, and all Cinneroth, with all the land of Naphtali. +And it came to pass, when Baasha heard thereof, that he left off building of Ramah, and dwelt in Tirzah. +Then king Asa made a proclamation throughout all Judah; none was exempted: and they took away the stones of Ramah, and the timber thereof, wherewith Baasha had builded; and king Asa built with them Geba of Benjamin, and Mizpah. +The rest of all the acts of Asa, and all his might, and all that he did, and the cities which he built, are they not written in the book of the chronicles of the kings of Judah? Nevertheless in the time of his old age he was diseased in his feet. +And Asa slept with his fathers, and was buried with his fathers in the city of David his father: and Jehoshaphat his son reigned in his stead. +And Nadab the son of Jeroboam began to reign over Israel in the second year of Asa king of Judah, and reigned over Israel two years. +And he did evil in the sight of the LORD, and walked in the way of his father, and in his sin wherewith he made Israel to sin. +And Baasha the son of Ahijah, of the house of Issachar, conspired against him; and Baasha smote him at Gibbethon, which belonged to the Philistines; for Nadab and all Israel laid siege to Gibbethon. +Even in the third year of Asa king of Judah did Baasha slay him, and reigned in his stead. +And it came to pass, when he reigned, that he smote all the house of Jeroboam; he left not to Jeroboam any that breathed, until he had destroyed him, according unto the saying of the LORD, which he spake by his servant Ahijah the Shilonite: +Because of the sins of Jeroboam which he sinned, and which he made Israel sin, by his provocation wherewith he provoked the LORD God of Israel to anger. +Now the rest of the acts of Nadab, and all that he did, are they not written in the book of the chronicles of the kings of Israel? +And there was war between Asa and Baasha king of Israel all their days. +In the third year of Asa king of Judah began Baasha the son of Ahijah to reign over all Israel in Tirzah, twenty and four years. +And he did evil in the sight of the LORD, and walked in the way of Jeroboam, and in his sin wherewith he made Israel to sin. +Then the word of the LORD came to Jehu the son of Hanani against Baasha, saying, +Forasmuch as I exalted thee out of the dust, and made thee prince over my people Israel; and thou hast walked in the way of Jeroboam, and hast made my people Israel to sin, to provoke me to anger with their sins; +Behold, I will take away the posterity of Baasha, and the posterity of his house; and will make thy house like the house of Jeroboam the son of Nebat. +Him that dieth of Baasha in the city shall the dogs eat; and him that dieth of his in the fields shall the fowls of the air eat. +Now the rest of the acts of Baasha, and what he did, and his might, are they not written in the book of the chronicles of the kings of Israel? +So Baasha slept with his fathers, and was buried in Tirzah: and Elah his son reigned in his stead. +And also by the hand of the prophet Jehu the son of Hanani came the word of the LORD against Baasha, and against his house, even for all the evil that he did in the sight of the LORD, in provoking him to anger with the work of his hands, in being like the house of Jeroboam; and because he killed him. +In the twenty and sixth year of Asa king of Judah began Elah the son of Baasha to reign over Israel in Tirzah, two years. +And his servant Zimri, captain of half his chariots, conspired against him, as he was in Tirzah, drinking himself drunk in the house of Arza steward of his house in Tirzah. +And Zimri went in and smote him, and killed him, in the twenty and seventh year of Asa king of Judah, and reigned in his stead. +And it came to pass, when he began to reign, as soon as he sat on his throne, that he slew all the house of Baasha: he left him not one that pisseth against a wall, neither of his kinsfolks, nor of his friends. +Thus did Zimri destroy all the house of Baasha, according to the word of the LORD, which he spake against Baasha by Jehu the prophet. +For all the sins of Baasha, and the sins of Elah his son, by which they sinned, and by which they made Israel to sin, in provoking the LORD God of Israel to anger with their vanities. +Now the rest of the acts of Elah, and all that he did, are they not written in the book of the chronicles of the kings of Israel? +In the twenty and seventh year of Asa king of Judah did Zimri reign seven days in Tirzah. And the people were encamped against Gibbethon, which belonged to the Philistines. +And the people that were encamped heard say, Zimri hath conspired, and hath also slain the king: wherefore all Israel made Omri, the captain of the host, king over Israel that day in the camp. +And Omri went up from Gibbethon, and all Israel with him, and they besieged Tirzah. +And it came to pass, when Zimri saw that the city was taken, that he went into the palace of the king's house, and burnt the king's house over him with fire, and died. +For his sins which he sinned in doing evil in the sight of the LORD, in walking in the way of Jeroboam, and in his sin which he did, to make Israel to sin. +Now the rest of the acts of Zimri, and his treason that he wrought, are they not written in the book of the chronicles of the kings of Israel? +Then were the people of Israel divided into two parts: half of the people followed Tibni the son of Ginath, to make him king; and half followed Omri. +But the people that followed Omri prevailed against the people that followed Tibni the son of Ginath: so Tibni died, and Omri reigned. +In the thirty and first year of Asa king of Judah began Omri to reign over Israel, twelve years: six years reigned he in Tirzah. +And he bought the hill Samaria of Shemer for two talents of silver, and built on the hill, and called the name of the city which he built, after the name of Shemer, owner of the hill, Samaria. +But Omri wrought evil in the eyes of the LORD, and did worse than all that were before him. +For he walked in all the way of Jeroboam the son of Nebat, and in his sin wherewith he made Israel to sin, to provoke the LORD God of Israel to anger with their vanities. +Now the rest of the acts of Omri which he did, and his might that he shewed, are they not written in the book of the chronicles of the kings of Israel? +So Omri slept with his fathers, and was buried in Samaria: and Ahab his son reigned in his stead. +And in the thirty and eighth year of Asa king of Judah began Ahab the son of Omri to reign over Israel: and Ahab the son of Omri reigned over Israel in Samaria twenty and two years. +And Ahab the son of Omri did evil in the sight of the LORD above all that were before him. +And it came to pass, as if it had been a light thing for him to walk in the sins of Jeroboam the son of Nebat, that he took to wife Jezebel the daughter of Ethbaal king of the Zidonians, and went and served Baal, and worshipped him. +And he reared up an altar for Baal in the house of Baal, which he had built in Samaria. +And Ahab made a grove; and Ahab did more to provoke the LORD God of Israel to anger than all the kings of Israel that were before him. +In his days did Hiel the Bethelite build Jericho: he laid the foundation thereof in Abiram his firstborn, and set up the gates thereof in his youngest son Segub, according to the word of the LORD, which he spake by Joshua the son of Nun. +And Elijah the Tishbite, who was of the inhabitants of Gilead, said unto Ahab, As the LORD God of Israel liveth, before whom I stand, there shall not be dew nor rain these years, but according to my word. +And the word of the LORD came unto him, saying, +Get thee hence, and turn thee eastward, and hide thyself by the brook Cherith, that is before Jordan. +And it shall be, that thou shalt drink of the brook; and I have commanded the ravens to feed thee there. +So he went and did according unto the word of the LORD: for he went and dwelt by the brook Cherith, that is before Jordan. +And the ravens brought him bread and flesh in the morning, and bread and flesh in the evening; and he drank of the brook. +And it came to pass after a while, that the brook dried up, because there had been no rain in the land. +And the word of the LORD came unto him, saying, +Arise, get thee to Zarephath, which belongeth to Zidon, and dwell there: behold, I have commanded a widow woman there to sustain thee. +So he arose and went to Zarephath. And when he came to the gate of the city, behold, the widow woman was there gathering of sticks: and he called to her, and said, Fetch me, I pray thee, a little water in a vessel, that I may drink. +And as she was going to fetch it, he called to her, and said, Bring me, I pray thee, a morsel of bread in thine hand. +And she said, As the LORD thy God liveth, I have not a cake, but an handful of meal in a barrel, and a little oil in a cruse: and, behold, I am gathering two sticks, that I may go in and dress it for me and my son, that we may eat it, and die. +And Elijah said unto her, Fear not; go and do as thou hast said: but make me thereof a little cake first, and bring it unto me, and after make for thee and for thy son. +For thus saith the LORD God of Israel, The barrel of meal shall not waste, neither shall the cruse of oil fail, until the day that the LORD sendeth rain upon the earth. +And she went and did according to the saying of Elijah: and she, and he, and her house, did eat many days. +And the barrel of meal wasted not, neither did the cruse of oil fail, according to the word of the LORD, which he spake by Elijah. +And it came to pass after these things, that the son of the woman, the mistress of the house, fell sick; and his sickness was so sore, that there was no breath left in him. +And she said unto Elijah, What have I to do with thee, O thou man of God? art thou come unto me to call my sin to remembrance, and to slay my son? +And he said unto her, Give me thy son. And he took him out of her bosom, and carried him up into a loft, where he abode, and laid him upon his own bed. +And he cried unto the LORD, and said, O LORD my God, hast thou also brought evil upon the widow with whom I sojourn, by slaying her son? +And he stretched himself upon the child three times, and cried unto the LORD, and said, O LORD my God, I pray thee, let this child's soul come into him again. +And the LORD heard the voice of Elijah; and the soul of the child came into him again, and he revived. +And Elijah took the child, and brought him down out of the chamber into the house, and delivered him unto his mother: and Elijah said, See, thy son liveth. +And the woman said to Elijah, Now by this I know that thou art a man of God, and that the word of the LORD in thy mouth is truth. +And it came to pass after many days, that the word of the LORD came to Elijah in the third year, saying, Go, shew thyself unto Ahab; and I will send rain upon the earth. +And Elijah went to shew himself unto Ahab. And there was a sore famine in Samaria. +And Ahab called Obadiah, which was the governor of his house. (Now Obadiah feared the LORD greatly: +For it was so, when Jezebel cut off the prophets of the LORD, that Obadiah took an hundred prophets, and hid them by fifty in a cave, and fed them with bread and water.) +And Ahab said unto Obadiah, Go into the land, unto all fountains of water, and unto all brooks: peradventure we may find grass to save the horses and mules alive, that we lose not all the beasts. +So they divided the land between them to pass throughout it: Ahab went one way by himself, and Obadiah went another way by himself. +And as Obadiah was in the way, behold, Elijah met him: and he knew him, and fell on his face, and said, Art thou that my lord Elijah? +And he answered him, I am: go, tell thy lord, Behold, Elijah is here. +And he said, What have I sinned, that thou wouldest deliver thy servant into the hand of Ahab, to slay me? +As the LORD thy God liveth, there is no nation or kingdom, whither my lord hath not sent to seek thee: and when they said, He is not there; he took an oath of the kingdom and nation, that they found thee not. +And now thou sayest, Go, tell thy lord, Behold, Elijah is here. +And it shall come to pass, as soon as I am gone from thee, that the Spirit of the LORD shall carry thee whither I know not; and so when I come and tell Ahab, and he cannot find thee, he shall slay me: but I thy servant fear the LORD from my youth. +Was it not told my lord what I did when Jezebel slew the prophets of the LORD, how I hid an hundred men of the LORD's prophets by fifty in a cave, and fed them with bread and water? +And now thou sayest, Go, tell thy lord, Behold, Elijah is here: and he shall slay me. +And Elijah said, As the LORD of hosts liveth, before whom I stand, I will surely shew myself unto him to day. +So Obadiah went to meet Ahab, and told him: and Ahab went to meet Elijah. +And it came to pass, when Ahab saw Elijah, that Ahab said unto him, Art thou he that troubleth Israel? +And he answered, I have not troubled Israel; but thou, and thy father's house, in that ye have forsaken the commandments of the LORD, and thou hast followed Baalim. +Now therefore send, and gather to me all Israel unto mount Carmel, and the prophets of Baal four hundred and fifty, and the prophets of the groves four hundred, which eat at Jezebel's table. +So Ahab sent unto all the children of Israel, and gathered the prophets together unto mount Carmel. +And Elijah came unto all the people, and said, How long halt ye between two opinions? if the LORD be God, follow him: but if Baal, then follow him. And the people answered him not a word. +Then said Elijah unto the people, I, even I only, remain a prophet of the LORD; but Baal's prophets are four hundred and fifty men. +Let them therefore give us two bullocks; and let them choose one bullock for themselves, and cut it in pieces, and lay it on wood, and put no fire under: and I will dress the other bullock, and lay it on wood, and put no fire under: +And call ye on the name of your gods, and I will call on the name of the LORD: and the God that answereth by fire, let him be God. And all the people answered and said, It is well spoken. +And Elijah said unto the prophets of Baal, Choose you one bullock for yourselves, and dress it first; for ye are many; and call on the name of your gods, but put no fire under. +And they took the bullock which was given them, and they dressed it, and called on the name of Baal from morning even until noon, saying, O Baal, hear us. But there was no voice, nor any that answered. And they leaped upon the altar which was made. +And it came to pass at noon, that Elijah mocked them, and said, Cry aloud: for he is a god; either he is talking, or he is pursuing, or he is in a journey, or peradventure he sleepeth, and must be awaked. +And they cried aloud, and cut themselves after their manner with knives and lancets, till the blood gushed out upon them. +And it came to pass, when midday was past, and they prophesied until the time of the offering of the evening sacrifice, that there was neither voice, nor any to answer, nor any that regarded. +And Elijah said unto all the people, Come near unto me. And all the people came near unto him. And he repaired the altar of the LORD that was broken down. +And Elijah took twelve stones, according to the number of the tribes of the sons of Jacob, unto whom the word of the LORD came, saying, Israel shall be thy name: +And with the stones he built an altar in the name of the LORD: and he made a trench about the altar, as great as would contain two measures of seed. +And he put the wood in order, and cut the bullock in pieces, and laid him on the wood, and said, Fill four barrels with water, and pour it on the burnt sacrifice, and on the wood. +And he said, Do it the second time. And they did it the second time. And he said, Do it the third time. And they did it the third time. +And the water ran round about the altar; and he filled the trench also with water. +And it came to pass at the time of the offering of the evening sacrifice, that Elijah the prophet came near, and said, LORD God of Abraham, Isaac, and of Israel, let it be known this day that thou art God in Israel, and that I am thy servant, and that I have done all these things at thy word. +Hear me, O LORD, hear me, that this people may know that thou art the LORD God, and that thou hast turned their heart back again. +Then the fire of the LORD fell, and consumed the burnt sacrifice, and the wood, and the stones, and the dust, and licked up the water that was in the trench. +And when all the people saw it, they fell on their faces: and they said, The LORD, he is the God; the LORD, he is the God. +And Elijah said unto them, Take the prophets of Baal; let not one of them escape. And they took them: and Elijah brought them down to the brook Kishon, and slew them there. +And Elijah said unto Ahab, Get thee up, eat and drink; for there is a sound of abundance of rain. +So Ahab went up to eat and to drink. And Elijah went up to the top of Carmel; and he cast himself down upon the earth, and put his face between his knees, +And said to his servant, Go up now, look toward the sea. And he went up, and looked, and said, There is nothing. And he said, Go again seven times. +And it came to pass at the seventh time, that he said, Behold, there ariseth a little cloud out of the sea, like a man's hand. And he said, Go up, say unto Ahab, Prepare thy chariot, and get thee down that the rain stop thee not. +And it came to pass in the mean while, that the heaven was black with clouds and wind, and there was a great rain. And Ahab rode, and went to Jezreel. +And the hand of the LORD was on Elijah; and he girded up his loins, and ran before Ahab to the entrance of Jezreel. +And Ahab told Jezebel all that Elijah had done, and withal how he had slain all the prophets with the sword. +Then Jezebel sent a messenger unto Elijah, saying, So let the gods do to me, and more also, if I make not thy life as the life of one of them by to morrow about this time. +And when he saw that, he arose, and went for his life, and came to Beersheba, which belongeth to Judah, and left his servant there. +But he himself went a day's journey into the wilderness, and came and sat down under a juniper tree: and he requested for himself that he might die; and said, It is enough; now, O LORD, take away my life; for I am not better than my fathers. +And as he lay and slept under a juniper tree, behold, then an angel touched him, and said unto him, Arise and eat. +And he looked, and, behold, there was a cake baken on the coals, and a cruse of water at his head. And he did eat and drink, and laid him down again. +And the angel of the LORD came again the second time, and touched him, and said, Arise and eat; because the journey is too great for thee. +And he arose, and did eat and drink, and went in the strength of that meat forty days and forty nights unto Horeb the mount of God. +And he came thither unto a cave, and lodged there; and, behold, the word of the LORD came to him, and he said unto him, What doest thou here, Elijah? +And he said, I have been very jealous for the LORD God of hosts: for the children of Israel have forsaken thy covenant, thrown down thine altars, and slain thy prophets with the sword; and I, even I only, am left; and they seek my life, to take it away. +And he said, Go forth, and stand upon the mount before the LORD. And, behold, the LORD passed by, and a great and strong wind rent the mountains, and brake in pieces the rocks before the LORD; but the LORD was not in the wind: and after the wind an earthquake; but the LORD was not in the earthquake: +And after the earthquake a fire; but the LORD was not in the fire: and after the fire a still small voice. +And it was so, when Elijah heard it, that he wrapped his face in his mantle, and went out, and stood in the entering in of the cave. And, behold, there came a voice unto him, and said, What doest thou here, Elijah? +And he said, I have been very jealous for the LORD God of hosts: because the children of Israel have forsaken thy covenant, thrown down thine altars, and slain thy prophets with the sword; and I, even I only, am left; and they seek my life, to take it away. +And the LORD said unto him, Go, return on thy way to the wilderness of Damascus: and when thou comest, anoint Hazael to be king over Syria: +And Jehu the son of Nimshi shalt thou anoint to be king over Israel: and Elisha the son of Shaphat of Abelmeholah shalt thou anoint to be prophet in thy room. +And it shall come to pass, that him that escapeth the sword of Hazael shall Jehu slay: and him that escapeth from the sword of Jehu shall Elisha slay. +Yet I have left me seven thousand in Israel, all the knees which have not bowed unto Baal, and every mouth which hath not kissed him. +So he departed thence, and found Elisha the son of Shaphat, who was plowing with twelve yoke of oxen before him, and he with the twelfth: and Elijah passed by him, and cast his mantle upon him. +And he left the oxen, and ran after Elijah, and said, Let me, I pray thee, kiss my father and my mother, and then I will follow thee. And he said unto him, Go back again: for what have I done to thee? +And he returned back from him, and took a yoke of oxen, and slew them, and boiled their flesh with the instruments of the oxen, and gave unto the people, and they did eat. Then he arose, and went after Elijah, and ministered unto him. +And Benhadad the king of Syria gathered all his host together: and there were thirty and two kings with him, and horses, and chariots; and he went up and besieged Samaria, and warred against it. +And he sent messengers to Ahab king of Israel into the city, and said unto him, Thus saith Benhadad, +Thy silver and thy gold is mine; thy wives also and thy children, even the goodliest, are mine. +And the king of Israel answered and said, My lord, O king, according to thy saying, I am thine, and all that I have. +And the messengers came again, and said, Thus speaketh Benhadad, saying, Although I have sent unto thee, saying, Thou shalt deliver me thy silver, and thy gold, and thy wives, and thy children; +Yet I will send my servants unto thee to morrow about this time, and they shall search thine house, and the houses of thy servants; and it shall be, that whatsoever is pleasant in thine eyes, they shall put it in their hand, and take it away. +Then the king of Israel called all the elders of the land, and said, Mark, I pray you, and see how this man seeketh mischief: for he sent unto me for my wives, and for my children, and for my silver, and for my gold; and I denied him not. +And all the elders and all the people said unto him, Hearken not unto him, nor consent. +Wherefore he said unto the messengers of Benhadad, Tell my lord the king, All that thou didst send for to thy servant at the first I will do: but this thing I may not do. And the messengers departed, and brought him word again. +And Benhadad sent unto him, and said, The gods do so unto me, and more also, if the dust of Samaria shall suffice for handfuls for all the people that follow me. +And the king of Israel answered and said, Tell him, Let not him that girdeth on his harness boast himself as he that putteth it off. +And it came to pass, when Ben-hadad heard this message, as he was drinking, he and the kings in the pavilions, that he said unto his servants, Set yourselves in array. And they set themselves in array against the city. +And, behold, there came a prophet unto Ahab king of Israel, saying, Thus saith the LORD, Hast thou seen all this great multitude? behold, I will deliver it into thine hand this day; and thou shalt know that I am the LORD. +And Ahab said, By whom? And he said, Thus saith the LORD, Even by the young men of the princes of the provinces. Then he said, Who shall order the battle? And he answered, Thou. +Then he numbered the young men of the princes of the provinces, and they were two hundred and thirty two: and after them he numbered all the people, even all the children of Israel, being seven thousand. +And they went out at noon. But Benhadad was drinking himself drunk in the pavilions, he and the kings, the thirty and two kings that helped him. +And the young men of the princes of the provinces went out first; and Benhadad sent out, and they told him, saying, There are men come out of Samaria. +And he said, Whether they be come out for peace, take them alive; or whether they be come out for war, take them alive. +So these young men of the princes of the provinces came out of the city, and the army which followed them. +And they slew every one his man: and the Syrians fled; and Israel pursued them: and Benhadad the king of Syria escaped on an horse with the horsemen. +And the king of Israel went out, and smote the horses and chariots, and slew the Syrians with a great slaughter. +And the prophet came to the king of Israel, and said unto him, Go, strengthen thyself, and mark, and see what thou doest: for at the return of the year the king of Syria will come up against thee. +And the servants of the king of Syria said unto him, Their gods are gods of the hills; therefore they were stronger than we; but let us fight against them in the plain, and surely we shall be stronger than they. +And do this thing, Take the kings away, every man out of his place, and put captains in their rooms: +And number thee an army, like the army that thou hast lost, horse for horse, and chariot for chariot: and we will fight against them in the plain, and surely we shall be stronger than they. And he hearkened unto their voice, and did so. +And it came to pass at the return of the year, that Benhadad numbered the Syrians, and went up to Aphek, to fight against Israel. +And the children of Israel were numbered, and were all present, and went against them: and the children of Israel pitched before them like two little flocks of kids; but the Syrians filled the country. +And there came a man of God, and spake unto the king of Israel, and said, Thus saith the LORD, Because the Syrians have said, The LORD is God of the hills, but he is not God of the valleys, therefore will I deliver all this great multitude into thine hand, and ye shall know that I am the LORD. +And they pitched one over against the other seven days. And so it was, that in the seventh day the battle was joined: and the children of Israel slew of the Syrians an hundred thousand footmen in one day. +But the rest fled to Aphek, into the city; and there a wall fell upon twenty and seven thousand of the men that were left. And Benhadad fled, and came into the city, into an inner chamber. +And his servants said unto him, Behold now, we have heard that the kings of the house of Israel are merciful kings: let us, I pray thee, put sackcloth on our loins, and ropes upon our heads, and go out to the king of Israel: peradventure he will save thy life. +So they girded sackcloth on their loins, and put ropes on their heads, and came to the king of Israel, and said, Thy servant Benhadad saith, I pray thee, let me live. And he said, Is he yet alive? he is my brother. +Now the men did diligently observe whether any thing would come from him, and did hastily catch it: and they said, Thy brother Benhadad. Then he said, Go ye, bring him. Then Benhadad came forth to him; and he caused him to come up into the chariot. +And Ben-hadad said unto him, The cities, which my father took from thy father, I will restore; and thou shalt make streets for thee in Damascus, as my father made in Samaria. Then said Ahab, I will send thee away with this covenant. So he made a covenant with him, and sent him away. +And a certain man of the sons of the prophets said unto his neighbour in the word of the LORD, Smite me, I pray thee. And the man refused to smite him. +Then said he unto him, Because thou hast not obeyed the voice of the LORD, behold, as soon as thou art departed from me, a lion shall slay thee. And as soon as he was departed from him, a lion found him, and slew him. +Then he found another man, and said, Smite me, I pray thee. And the man smote him, so that in smiting he wounded him. +So the prophet departed, and waited for the king by the way, and disguised himself with ashes upon his face. +And as the king passed by, he cried unto the king: and he said, Thy servant went out into the midst of the battle; and, behold, a man turned aside, and brought a man unto me, and said, Keep this man: if by any means he be missing, then shall thy life be for his life, or else thou shalt pay a talent of silver. +And as thy servant was busy here and there, he was gone. And the king of Israel said unto him, So shall thy judgment be; thyself hast decided it. +And he hasted, and took the ashes away from his face; and the king of Israel discerned him that he was of the prophets. +And he said unto him, Thus saith the LORD, Because thou hast let go out of thy hand a man whom I appointed to utter destruction, therefore thy life shall go for his life, and thy people for his people. +And the king of Israel went to his house heavy and displeased, and came to Samaria. +And it came to pass after these things, that Naboth the Jezreelite had a vineyard, which was in Jezreel, hard by the palace of Ahab king of Samaria. +And Ahab spake unto Naboth, saying, Give me thy vineyard, that I may have it for a garden of herbs, because it is near unto my house: and I will give thee for it a better vineyard than it; or, if it seem good to thee, I will give thee the worth of it in money. +And Naboth said to Ahab, The LORD forbid it me, that I should give the inheritance of my fathers unto thee. +And Ahab came into his house heavy and displeased because of the word which Naboth the Jezreelite had spoken to him: for he had said, I will not give thee the inheritance of my fathers. And he laid him down upon his bed, and turned away his face, and would eat no bread. +But Jezebel his wife came to him, and said unto him, Why is thy spirit so sad, that thou eatest no bread? +And he said unto her, Because I spake unto Naboth the Jezreelite, and said unto him, Give me thy vineyard for money; or else, if it please thee, I will give thee another vineyard for it: and he answered, I will not give thee my vineyard. +And Jezebel his wife said unto him, Dost thou now govern the kingdom of Israel? arise, and eat bread, and let thine heart be merry: I will give thee the vineyard of Naboth the Jezreelite. +So she wrote letters in Ahab's name, and sealed them with his seal, and sent the letters unto the elders and to the nobles that were in his city, dwelling with Naboth. +And she wrote in the letters, saying, Proclaim a fast, and set Naboth on high among the people: +And set two men, sons of Belial, before him, to bear witness against him, saying, Thou didst blaspheme God and the king. And then carry him out, and stone him, that he may die. +And the men of his city, even the elders and the nobles who were the inhabitants in his city, did as Jezebel had sent unto them, and as it was written in the letters which she had sent unto them. +They proclaimed a fast, and set Naboth on high among the people. +And there came in two men, children of Belial, and sat before him: and the men of Belial witnessed against him, even against Naboth, in the presence of the people, saying, Naboth did blaspheme God and the king. Then they carried him forth out of the city, and stoned him with stones, that he died. +Then they sent to Jezebel, saying, Naboth is stoned, and is dead. +And it came to pass, when Jezebel heard that Naboth was stoned, and was dead, that Jezebel said to Ahab, Arise, take possession of the vineyard of Naboth the Jezreelite, which he refused to give thee for money: for Naboth is not alive, but dead. +And it came to pass, when Ahab heard that Naboth was dead, that Ahab rose up to go down to the vineyard of Naboth the Jezreelite, to take possession of it. +And the word of the LORD came to Elijah the Tishbite, saying, +Arise, go down to meet Ahab king of Israel, which is in Samaria: behold, he is in the vineyard of Naboth, whither he is gone down to possess it. +And thou shalt speak unto him, saying, Thus saith the LORD, Hast thou killed, and also taken possession? And thou shalt speak unto him, saying, Thus saith the LORD, In the place where dogs licked the blood of Naboth shall dogs lick thy blood, even thine. +And Ahab said to Elijah, Hast thou found me, O mine enemy? And he answered, I have found thee: because thou hast sold thyself to work evil in the sight of the LORD. +Behold, I will bring evil upon thee, and will take away thy posterity, and will cut off from Ahab him that pisseth against the wall, and him that is shut up and left in Israel, +And will make thine house like the house of Jeroboam the son of Nebat, and like the house of Baasha the son of Ahijah, for the provocation wherewith thou hast provoked me to anger, and made Israel to sin. +And of Jezebel also spake the LORD, saying, The dogs shall eat Jezebel by the wall of Jezreel. +Him that dieth of Ahab in the city the dogs shall eat; and him that dieth in the field shall the fowls of the air eat. +But there was none like unto Ahab, which did sell himself to work wickedness in the sight of the LORD, whom Jezebel his wife stirred up. +And he did very abominably in following idols, according to all things as did the Amorites, whom the LORD cast out before the children of Israel. +And it came to pass, when Ahab heard those words, that he rent his clothes, and put sackcloth upon his flesh, and fasted, and lay in sackcloth, and went softly. +And the word of the LORD came to Elijah the Tishbite, saying, +Seest thou how Ahab humbleth himself before me? because he humbleth himself before me, I will not bring the evil in his days: but in his son's days will I bring the evil upon his house. +And they continued three years without war between Syria and Israel. +And it came to pass in the third year, that Jehoshaphat the king of Judah came down to the king of Israel. +And the king of Israel said unto his servants, Know ye that Ramoth in Gilead is ours, and we be still, and take it not out of the hand of the king of Syria? +And he said unto Jehoshaphat, Wilt thou go with me to battle to Ramothgilead? And Jehoshaphat said to the king of Israel, I am as thou art, my people as thy people, my horses as thy horses. +And Jehoshaphat said unto the king of Israel, Enquire, I pray thee, at the word of the LORD to day. +Then the king of Israel gathered the prophets together, about four hundred men, and said unto them, Shall I go against Ramothgilead to battle, or shall I forbear? And they said, Go up; for the LORD shall deliver it into the hand of the king. +And Jehoshaphat said, Is there not here a prophet of the LORD besides, that we might enquire of him? +And the king of Israel said unto Jehoshaphat, There is yet one man, Micaiah the son of Imlah, by whom we may enquire of the LORD: but I hate him; for he doth not prophesy good concerning me, but evil. And Jehoshaphat said, Let not the king say so. +Then the king of Israel called an officer, and said, Hasten hither Micaiah the son of Imlah. +And the king of Israel and Jehoshaphat the king of Judah sat each on his throne, having put on their robes, in a void place in the entrance of the gate of Samaria; and all the prophets prophesied before them. +And Zedekiah the son of Chenaanah made him horns of iron: and he said, Thus saith the LORD, With these shalt thou push the Syrians, until thou have consumed them. +And all the prophets prophesied so, saying, Go up to Ramothgilead, and prosper: for the LORD shall deliver it into the king's hand. +And the messenger that was gone to call Micaiah spake unto him, saying, Behold now, the words of the prophets declare good unto the king with one mouth: let thy word, I pray thee, be like the word of one of them, and speak that which is good. +And Micaiah said, As the LORD liveth, what the LORD saith unto me, that will I speak. +So he came to the king. And the king said unto him, Micaiah, shall we go against Ramothgilead to battle, or shall we forbear? And he answered him, Go, and prosper: for the LORD shall deliver it into the hand of the king. +And the king said unto him, How many times shall I adjure thee that thou tell me nothing but that which is true in the name of the LORD? +And he said, I saw all Israel scattered upon the hills, as sheep that have not a shepherd: and the LORD said, These have no master: let them return every man to his house in peace. +And the king of Israel said unto Jehoshaphat, Did I not tell thee that he would prophesy no good concerning me, but evil? +And he said, Hear thou therefore the word of the LORD: I saw the LORD sitting on his throne, and all the host of heaven standing by him on his right hand and on his left. +And the LORD said, Who shall persuade Ahab, that he may go up and fall at Ramothgilead? And one said on this manner, and another said on that manner. +And there came forth a spirit, and stood before the LORD, and said, I will persuade him. +And the LORD said unto him, Wherewith? And he said, I will go forth, and I will be a lying spirit in the mouth of all his prophets. And he said, Thou shalt persude him, and prevail also: go forth, and do so. +Now therefore, behold, the LORD hath put a lying spirit in the mouth of all these thy prophets, and the LORD hath spoken evil concerning thee. +But Zedekiah the son of Chenaanah went near, and smote Micaiah on the cheek, and said, Which way went the Spirit of the LORD from me to speak unto thee? +And Micaiah said, Behold, thou shalt see in that day, when thou shalt go into an inner chamber to hide thyself. +And the king of Israel said, Take Micaiah, and carry him back unto Amon the governor of the city, and to Joash the king's son; +And say, Thus saith the king, Put this fellow in the prison, and feed him with bread of affliction and with water of affliction, until I come in peace. +And Micaiah said, If thou return at all in peace, the LORD hath not spoken by me. And he said, Hearken, O people, every one of you. +So the king of Israel and Jehoshaphat the king of Judah went up to Ramothgilead. +And the king of Israel said unto Jehoshaphat, I will disguise myself, and enter into the battle; but put thou on thy robes. And the king of Israel disguised himself, and went into the battle. +But the king of Syria commanded his thirty and two captains that had rule over his chariots, saying, Fight neither with small nor great, save only with the king of Israel. +And it came to pass, when the captains of the chariots saw Jehoshaphat, that they said, Surely it is the king of Israel. And they turned aside to fight against him: and Jehoshaphat cried out. +And it came to pass, when the captains of the chariots perceived that it was not the king of Israel, that they turned back from pursuing him. +And a certain man drew a bow at a venture, and smote the king of Israel between the joints of the harness: wherefore he said unto the driver of his chariot, Turn thine hand, and carry me out of the host; for I am wounded. +And the battle increased that day: and the king was stayed up in his chariot against the Syrians, and died at even: and the blood ran out of the wound into the midst of the chariot. +And there went a proclamation throughout the host about the going down of the sun, saying, Every man to his city, and every man to his own country. +So the king died, and was brought to Samaria; and they buried the king in Samaria. +And one washed the chariot in the pool of Samaria; and the dogs licked up his blood; and they washed his armour; according unto the word of the LORD which he spake. +Now the rest of the acts of Ahab, and all that he did, and the ivory house which he made, and all the cities that he built, are they not written in the book of the chronicles of the kings of Israel? +So Ahab slept with his fathers; and Ahaziah his son reigned in his stead. +And Jehoshaphat the son of Asa began to reign over Judah in the fourth year of Ahab king of Israel. +Jehoshaphat was thirty and five years old when he began to reign; and he reigned twenty and five years in Jerusalem. And his mother's name was Azubah the daughter of Shilhi. +And he walked in all the ways of Asa his father; he turned not aside from it, doing that which was right in the eyes of the LORD: nevertheless the high places were not taken away; for the people offered and burnt incense yet in the high places. +And Jehoshaphat made peace with the king of Israel. +Now the rest of the acts of Jehoshaphat, and his might that he shewed, and how he warred, are they not written in the book of the chronicles of the kings of Judah? +And the remnant of the sodomites, which remained in the days of his father Asa, he took out of the land. +There was then no king in Edom: a deputy was king. +Jehoshaphat made ships of Tharshish to go to Ophir for gold: but they went not; for the ships were broken at Eziongeber. +Then said Ahaziah the son of Ahab unto Jehoshaphat, Let my servants go with thy servants in the ships. But Jehoshaphat would not. +And Jehoshaphat slept with his fathers, and was buried with his fathers in the city of David his father: and Jehoram his son reigned in his stead. +Ahaziah the son of Ahab began to reign over Israel in Samaria the seventeenth year of Jehoshaphat king of Judah, and reigned two years over Israel. +And he did evil in the sight of the LORD, and walked in the way of his father, and in the way of his mother, and in the way of Jeroboam the son of Nebat, who made Israel to sin: +For he served Baal, and worshipped him, and provoked to anger the LORD God of Israel, according to all that his father had done. +Adam, Sheth, Enosh, +Kenan, Mahalaleel, Jered, +Henoch, Methuselah, Lamech, +Noah, Shem, Ham, and Japheth. +The sons of Japheth; Gomer, and Magog, and Madai, and Javan, and Tubal, and Meshech, and Tiras. +And the sons of Gomer; Ashchenaz, and Riphath, and Togarmah. +And the sons of Javan; Elishah, and Tarshish, Kittim, and Dodanim. +The sons of Ham; Cush, and Mizraim, Put, and Canaan. +And the sons of Cush; Seba, and Havilah, and Sabta, and Raamah, and Sabtecha. And the sons of Raamah; Sheba, and Dedan. +And Cush begat Nimrod: he began to be mighty upon the earth. +And Mizraim begat Ludim, and Anamim, and Lehabim, and Naphtuhim, +And Pathrusim, and Casluhim, (of whom came the Philistines,) and Caphthorim. +And Canaan begat Zidon his firstborn, and Heth, +The Jebusite also, and the Amorite, and the Girgashite, +And the Hivite, and the Arkite, and the Sinite, +And the Arvadite, and the Zemarite, and the Hamathite. +The sons of Shem; Elam, and Asshur, and Arphaxad, and Lud, and Aram, and Uz, and Hul, and Gether, and Meshech. +And Arphaxad begat Shelah, and Shelah begat Eber. +And unto Eber were born two sons: the name of the one was Peleg; because in his days the earth was divided: and his brother's name was Joktan. +And Joktan begat Almodad, and Sheleph, and Hazarmaveth, and Jerah, +Hadoram also, and Uzal, and Diklah, +And Ebal, and Abimael, and Sheba, +And Ophir, and Havilah, and Jobab. All these were the sons of Joktan. +Shem, Arphaxad, Shelah, +Eber, Peleg, Reu, +Serug, Nahor, Terah, +Abram; the same is Abraham. +The sons of Abraham; Isaac, and Ishmael. +These are their generations: The firstborn of Ishmael, Nebaioth; then Kedar, and Adbeel, and Mibsam, +Mishma, and Dumah, Massa, Hadad, and Tema, +Jetur, Naphish, and Kedemah. These are the sons of Ishmael. +Now the sons of Keturah, Abraham's concubine: she bare Zimran, and Jokshan, and Medan, and Midian, and Ishbak, and Shuah. And the sons of Jokshan; Sheba, and Dedan. +And the sons of Midian; Ephah, and Epher, and Henoch, and Abida, and Eldaah. All these are the sons of Keturah. +And Abraham begat Isaac. The sons of Isaac; Esau and Israel. +The sons of Esau; Eliphaz, Reuel, and Jeush, and Jaalam, and Korah. +The sons of Eliphaz; Teman, and Omar, Zephi, and Gatam, Kenaz, and Timna, and Amalek. +The sons of Reuel; Nahath, Zerah, Shammah, and Mizzah. +And the sons of Seir; Lotan, and Shobal, and Zibeon, and Anah, and Dishon, and Ezar, and Dishan. +And the sons of Lotan; Hori, and Homam: and Timna was Lotan's sister. +The sons of Shobal; Alian, and Manahath, and Ebal, Shephi, and Onam. and the sons of Zibeon; Aiah, and Anah. +The sons of Anah; Dishon. And the sons of Dishon; Amram, and Eshban, and Ithran, and Cheran. +The sons of Ezer; Bilhan, and Zavan, and Jakan. The sons of Dishan; Uz, and Aran. +Now these are the kings that reigned in the land of Edom before any king reigned over the children of Israel; Bela the son of Beor: and the name of his city was Dinhabah. +And when Bela was dead, Jobab the son of Zerah of Bozrah reigned in his stead. +And when Jobab was dead, Husham of the land of the Temanites reigned in his stead. +And when Husham was dead, Hadad the son of Bedad, which smote Midian in the field of Moab, reigned in his stead: and the name of his city was Avith. +And when Hadad was dead, Samlah of Masrekah reigned in his stead. +And when Samlah was dead, Shaul of Rehoboth by the river reigned in his stead. +And when Shaul was dead, Baalhanan the son of Achbor reigned in his stead. +And when Baalhanan was dead, Hadad reigned in his stead: and the name of his city was Pai; and his wife's name was Mehetabel, the daughter of Matred, the daughter of Mezahab. +Hadad died also. And the dukes of Edom were; duke Timnah, duke Aliah, duke Jetheth, +Duke Aholibamah, duke Elah, duke Pinon, +Duke Kenaz, duke Teman, duke Mibzar, +Duke Magdiel, duke Iram. These are the dukes of Edom. +These are the sons of Israel; Reuben, Simeon, Levi, and Judah, Issachar, and Zebulun, +Dan, Joseph, and Benjamin, Naphtali, Gad, and Asher. +The sons of Judah; Er, and Onan, and Shelah: which three were born unto him of the daughter of Shua the Canaanitess. And Er, the firstborn of Judah, was evil in the sight of the LORD; and he slew him. +And Tamar his daughter in law bore him Pharez and Zerah. All the sons of Judah were five. +The sons of Pharez; Hezron, and Hamul. +And the sons of Zerah; Zimri, and Ethan, and Heman, and Calcol, and Dara: five of them in all. +And the sons of Carmi; Achar, the troubler of Israel, who transgressed in the thing accursed. +And the sons of Ethan; Azariah. +The sons also of Hezron, that were born unto him; Jerahmeel, and Ram, and Chelubai. +And Ram begat Amminadab; and Amminadab begat Nahshon, prince of the children of Judah; +And Nahshon begat Salma, and Salma begat Boaz, +And Boaz begat Obed, and Obed begat Jesse, +And Jesse begat his firstborn Eliab, and Abinadab the second, and Shimma the third, +Nethaneel the fourth, Raddai the fifth, +Ozem the sixth, David the seventh: +Whose sisters were Zeruiah, and Abigail. And the sons of Zeruiah; Abishai, and Joab, and Asahel, three. +And Abigail bare Amasa: and the father of Amasa was Jether the Ishmeelite. +And Caleb the son of Hezron begat children of Azubah his wife, and of Jerioth: her sons are these; Jesher, and Shobab, and Ardon. +And when Azubah was dead, Caleb took unto him Ephrath, which bare him Hur. +And Hur begat Uri, and Uri begat Bezaleel. +And afterward Hezron went in to the daughter of Machir the father of Gilead, whom he married when he was threescore years old; and she bare him Segub. +And Segub begat Jair, who had three and twenty cities in the land of Gilead. +And he took Geshur, and Aram, with the towns of Jair, from them, with Kenath, and the towns thereof, even threescore cities. All these belonged to the sons of Machir the father of Gilead. +And after that Hezron was dead in Calebephratah, then Abiah Hezron's wife bare him Ashur the father of Tekoa. +And the sons of Jerahmeel the firstborn of Hezron were, Ram the firstborn, and Bunah, and Oren, and Ozem, and Ahijah. +Jerahmeel had also another wife, whose name was Atarah; she was the mother of Onam. +And the sons of Ram the firstborn of Jerahmeel were, Maaz, and Jamin, and Eker. +And the sons of Onam were, Shammai, and Jada. And the sons of Shammai; Nadab and Abishur. +And the name of the wife of Abishur was Abihail, and she bare him Ahban, and Molid. +And the sons of Nadab; Seled, and Appaim: but Seled died without children. +And the sons of Appaim; Ishi. And the sons of Ishi; Sheshan. And the children of Sheshan; Ahlai. +And the sons of Jada the brother of Shammai; Jether, and Jonathan: and Jether died without children. +And the sons of Jonathan; Peleth, and Zaza. These were the sons of Jerahmeel. +Now Sheshan had no sons, but daughters. And Sheshan had a servant, an Egyptian, whose name was Jarha. +And Sheshan gave his daughter to Jarha his servant to wife; and she bare him Attai. +And Attai begat Nathan, and Nathan begat Zabad, +And Zabad begat Ephlal, and Ephlal begat Obed, +And Obed begat Jehu, and Jehu begat Azariah, +And Azariah begat Helez, and Helez begat Eleasah, +And Eleasah begat Sisamai, and Sisamai begat Shallum, +And Shallum begat Jekamiah, and Jekamiah begat Elishama. +Now the sons of Caleb the brother of Jerahmeel were, Mesha his firstborn, which was the father of Ziph; and the sons of Mareshah the father of Hebron. +And the sons of Hebron; Korah, and Tappuah, and Rekem, and Shema. +And Shema begat Raham, the father of Jorkoam: and Rekem begat Shammai. +And the son of Shammai was Maon: and Maon was the father of Bethzur. +And Ephah, Caleb's concubine, bare Haran, and Moza, and Gazez: and Haran begat Gazez. +And the sons of Jahdai; Regem, and Jotham, and Gesham, and Pelet, and Ephah, and Shaaph. +Maachah, Caleb's concubine, bare Sheber, and Tirhanah. +She bare also Shaaph the father of Madmannah, Sheva the father of Machbenah, and the father of Gibea: and the daughter of Caleb was Achsa. +These were the sons of Caleb the son of Hur, the firstborn of Ephratah; Shobal the father of Kirjathjearim. +Salma the father of Bethlehem, Hareph the father of Bethgader. +And Shobal the father of Kirjathjearim had sons; Haroeh, and half of the Manahethites. +And the families of Kirjathjearim; the Ithrites, and the Puhites, and the Shumathites, and the Mishraites; of them came the Zareathites, and the Eshtaulites, +The sons of Salma; Bethlehem, and the Netophathites, Ataroth, the house of Joab, and half of the Manahethites, the Zorites. +And the families of the scribes which dwelt at Jabez; the Tirathites, the Shimeathites, and Suchathites. These are the Kenites that came of Hemath, the father of the house of Rechab. +Now these were the sons of David, which were born unto him in Hebron; the firstborn Amnon, of Ahinoam the Jezreelitess; the second Daniel, of Abigail the Carmelitess: +The third, Absalom the son of Maachah the daughter of Talmai king of Geshur: the fourth, Adonijah the son of Haggith: +The fifth, Shephatiah of Abital: the sixth, Ithream by Eglah his wife. +These six were born unto him in Hebron; and there he reigned seven years and six months: and in Jerusalem he reigned thirty and three years. +And these were born unto him in Jerusalem; Shimea, and Shobab, and Nathan, and Solomon, four, of Bathshua the daughter of Ammiel: +Ibhar also, and Elishama, and Eliphelet, +And Nogah, and Nepheg, and Japhia, +And Elishama, and Eliada, and Eliphelet, nine. +These were all the sons of David, beside the sons of the concubines, and Tamar their sister. +And Solomon's son was Rehoboam, Abia his son, Asa his son, Jehoshaphat his son, +Joram his son, Ahaziah his son, Joash his son, +Amaziah his son, Azariah his son, Jotham his son, +Ahaz his son, Hezekiah his son, Manasseh his son, +Amon his son, Josiah his son. +And the sons of Josiah were, the firstborn Johanan, the second Jehoiakim, the third Zedekiah, the fourth Shallum. +And the sons of Jehoiakim: Jeconiah his son, Zedekiah his son. +And the sons of Jeconiah; Assir, Salathiel his son, +Malchiram also, and Pedaiah, and Shenazar, Jecamiah, Hoshama, and Nedabiah. +And the sons of Pedaiah were, Zerubbabel, and Shimei: and the sons of Zerubbabel; Meshullam, and Hananiah, and Shelomith their sister: +And Hashubah, and Ohel, and Berechiah, and Hasadiah, Jushabhesed, five. +And the sons of Hananiah; Pelatiah, and Jesaiah: the sons of Rephaiah, the sons of Arnan, the sons of Obadiah, the sons of Shechaniah. +And the sons of Shechaniah; Shemaiah: and the sons of Shemaiah; Hattush, and Igeal, and Bariah, and Neariah, and Shaphat, six. +And the sons of Neariah; Elioenai, and Hezekiah, and Azrikam, three. +And the sons of Elioenai were, Hodaiah, and Eliashib, and Pelaiah, and Akkub, and Johanan, and Dalaiah, and Anani, seven. +The sons of Judah; Pharez, Hezron, and Carmi, and Hur, and Shobal. +And Reaiah the son of Shobal begat Jahath; and Jahath begat Ahumai, and Lahad. These are the families of the Zorathites. +And these were of the father of Etam; Jezreel, and Ishma, and Idbash: and the name of their sister was Hazelelponi: +And Penuel the father of Gedor, and Ezer the father of Hushah. These are the sons of Hur, the firstborn of Ephratah, the father of Bethlehem. +And Ashur the father of Tekoa had two wives, Helah and Naarah. +And Naarah bare him Ahuzam, and Hepher, and Temeni, and Haahashtari. These were the sons of Naarah. +And the sons of Helah were, Zereth, and Jezoar, and Ethnan. +And Coz begat Anub, and Zobebah, and the families of Aharhel the son of Harum. +And Jabez was more honourable than his brethren: and his mother called his name Jabez, saying, Because I bare him with sorrow. +And Jabez called on the God of Israel, saying, Oh that thou wouldest bless me indeed, and enlarge my coast, and that thine hand might be with me, and that thou wouldest keep me from evil, that it may not grieve me! And God granted him that which he requested. +And Chelub the brother of Shuah begat Mehir, which was the father of Eshton. +And Eshton begat Bethrapha, and Paseah, and Tehinnah the father of Irnahash. These are the men of Rechah. +And the sons of Kenaz; Othniel, and Seraiah: and the sons of Othniel; Hathath. +And Meonothai begat Ophrah: and Seraiah begat Joab, the father of the valley of Charashim; for they were craftsmen. +And the sons of Caleb the son of Jephunneh; Iru, Elah, and Naam: and the sons of Elah, even Kenaz. +And the sons of Jehaleleel; Ziph, and Ziphah, Tiria, and Asareel. +And the sons of Ezra were, Jether, and Mered, and Epher, and Jalon: and she bare Miriam, and Shammai, and Ishbah the father of Eshtemoa. +And his wife Jehudijah bare Jered the father of Gedor, and Heber the father of Socho, and Jekuthiel the father of Zanoah. And these are the sons of Bithiah the daughter of Pharaoh, which Mered took. +And the sons of his wife Hodiah the sister of Naham, the father of Keilah the Garmite, and Eshtemoa the Maachathite. +And the sons of Shimon were, Amnon, and Rinnah, Benhanan, and Tilon. And the sons of Ishi were, Zoheth, and Benzoheth. +The sons of Shelah the son of Judah were, Er the father of Lecah, and Laadah the father of Mareshah, and the families of the house of them that wrought fine linen, of the house of Ashbea, +And Jokim, and the men of Chozeba, and Joash, and Saraph, who had the dominion in Moab, and Jashubilehem. And these are ancient things. +These were the potters, and those that dwelt among plants and hedges: there they dwelt with the king for his work. +The sons of Simeon were, Nemuel, and Jamin, Jarib, Zerah, and Shaul: +Shallum his son, Mibsam his son, Mishma his son. +And the sons of Mishma; Hamuel his son, Zacchur his son, Shimei his son. +And Shimei had sixteen sons and six daughters: but his brethren had not many children, neither did all their family multiply, like to the children of Judah. +And they dwelt at Beersheba, and Moladah, and Hazarshual, +And at Bilhah, and at Ezem, and at Tolad, +And at Bethuel, and at Hormah, and at Ziklag, +And at Bethmarcaboth, and Hazarsusim, and at Bethbirei, and at Shaaraim. These were their cities unto the reign of David. +And their villages were, Etam, and Ain, Rimmon, and Tochen, and Ashan, five cities: +And all their villages that were round about the same cities, unto Baal. These were their habitations, and their genealogy. +And Meshobab, and Jamlech, and Joshah, the son of Amaziah, +And Joel, and Jehu the son of Josibiah, the son of Seraiah, the son of Asiel, +And Elioenai, and Jaakobah, and Jeshohaiah, and Asaiah, and Adiel, and Jesimiel, and Benaiah, +And Ziza the son of Shiphi, the son of Allon, the son of Jedaiah, the son of Shimri, the son of Shemaiah; +These mentioned by their names were princes in their families: and the house of their fathers increased greatly. +And they went to the entrance of Gedor, even unto the east side of the valley, to seek pasture for their flocks. +And they found fat pasture and good, and the land was wide, and quiet, and peaceable; for they of Ham had dwelt there of old. +And these written by name came in the days of Hezekiah king of Judah, and smote their tents, and the habitations that were found there, and destroyed them utterly unto this day, and dwelt in their rooms: because there was pasture there for their flocks. +And some of them, even of the sons of Simeon, five hundred men, went to mount Seir, having for their captains Pelatiah, and Neariah, and Rephaiah, and Uzziel, the sons of Ishi. +And they smote the rest of the Amalekites that were escaped, and dwelt there unto this day. +Now the sons of Reuben the firstborn of Israel, (for he was the firstborn; but forasmuch as he defiled his father's bed, his birthright was given unto the sons of Joseph the son of Israel: and the genealogy is not to be reckoned after the birthright. +For Judah prevailed above his brethren, and of him came the chief ruler; but the birthright was Joseph's:) +The sons, I say, of Reuben the firstborn of Israel were, Hanoch, and Pallu, Hezron, and Carmi. +The sons of Joel; Shemaiah his son, Gog his son, Shimei his son, +Micah his son, Reaia his son, Baal his son, +Beerah his son, whom Tilgathpilneser king of Assyria carried away captive: he was prince of the Reubenites. +And his brethren by their families, when the genealogy of their generations was reckoned, were the chief, Jeiel, and Zechariah, +And Bela the son of Azaz, the son of Shema, the son of Joel, who dwelt in Aroer, even unto Nebo and Baalmeon: +And eastward he inhabited unto the entering in of the wilderness from the river Euphrates: because their cattle were multiplied in the land of Gilead. +And in the days of Saul they made war with the Hagarites, who fell by their hand: and they dwelt in their tents throughout all the east land of Gilead. +And the children of Gad dwelt over against them, in the land of Bashan unto Salcah: +Joel the chief, and Shapham the next, and Jaanai, and Shaphat in Bashan. +And their brethren of the house of their fathers were, Michael, and Meshullam, and Sheba, and Jorai, and Jachan, and Zia, and Heber, seven. +These are the children of Abihail the son of Huri, the son of Jaroah, the son of Gilead, the son of Michael, the son of Jeshishai, the son of Jahdo, the son of Buz; +Ahi the son of Abdiel, the son of Guni, chief of the house of their fathers. +And they dwelt in Gilead in Bashan, and in her towns, and in all the suburbs of Sharon, upon their borders. +All these were reckoned by genealogies in the days of Jotham king of Judah, and in the days of Jeroboam king of Israel. +The sons of Reuben, and the Gadites, and half the tribe of Manasseh, of valiant men, men able to bear buckler and sword, and to shoot with bow, and skilful in war, were four and forty thousand seven hundred and threescore, that went out to the war. +And they made war with the Hagarites, with Jetur, and Nephish, and Nodab. +And they were helped against them, and the Hagarites were delivered into their hand, and all that were with them: for they cried to God in the battle, and he was intreated of them; because they put their trust in him. +And they took away their cattle; of their camels fifty thousand, and of sheep two hundred and fifty thousand, and of asses two thousand, and of men an hundred thousand. +For there fell down many slain, because the war was of God. And they dwelt in their steads until the captivity. +And the children of the half tribe of Manasseh dwelt in the land: they increased from Bashan unto Baalhermon and Senir, and unto mount Hermon. +And these were the heads of the house of their fathers, even Epher, and Ishi, and Eliel, and Azriel, and Jeremiah, and Hodaviah, and Jahdiel, mighty men of valour, famous men, and heads of the house of their fathers. +And they transgressed against the God of their fathers, and went a whoring after the gods of the people of the land, whom God destroyed before them. +And the God of Israel stirred up the spirit of Pul king of Assyria, and the spirit of Tilgathpilneser king of Assyria, and he carried them away, even the Reubenites, and the Gadites, and the half tribe of Manasseh, and brought them unto Halah, and Habor, and Hara, and to the river Gozan, unto this day. +The sons of Levi; Gershon, Kohath, and Merari. +And the sons of Kohath; Amram, Izhar, and Hebron, and Uzziel. +And the children of Amram; Aaron, and Moses, and Miriam. The sons also of Aaron; Nadab, and Abihu, Eleazar, and Ithamar. +Eleazar begat Phinehas, Phinehas begat Abishua, +And Abishua begat Bukki, and Bukki begat Uzzi, +And Uzzi begat Zerahiah, and Zerahiah begat Meraioth, +Meraioth begat Amariah, and Amariah begat Ahitub, +And Ahitub begat Zadok, and Zadok begat Ahimaaz, +And Ahimaaz begat Azariah, and Azariah begat Johanan, +And Johanan begat Azariah, (he it is that executed the priest's office in the temple that Solomon built in Jerusalem:) +And Azariah begat Amariah, and Amariah begat Ahitub, +And Ahitub begat Zadok, and Zadok begat Shallum, +And Shallum begat Hilkiah, and Hilkiah begat Azariah, +And Azariah begat Seraiah, and Seraiah begat Jehozadak, +And Jehozadak went into captivity, when the LORD carried away Judah and Jerusalem by the hand of Nebuchadnezzar. +The sons of Levi; Gershom, Kohath, and Merari. +And these be the names of the sons of Gershom; Libni, and Shimei. +And the sons of Kohath were, Amram, and Izhar, and Hebron, and Uzziel. +The sons of Merari; Mahli, and Mushi. And these are the families of the Levites according to their fathers. +Of Gershom; Libni his son, Jahath his son, Zimmah his son, +Joah his son, Iddo his son, Zerah his son, Jeaterai his son. +The sons of Kohath; Amminadab his son, Korah his son, Assir his son, +Elkanah his son, and Ebiasaph his son, and Assir his son, +Tahath his son, Uriel his son, Uzziah his son, and Shaul his son. +And the sons of Elkanah; Amasai, and Ahimoth. +As for Elkanah: the sons of Elkanah; Zophai his son, and Nahath his son, +Eliab his son, Jeroham his son, Elkanah his son. +And the sons of Samuel; the firstborn Vashni, and Abiah. +The sons of Merari; Mahli, Libni his son, Shimei his son, Uzza his son, +Shimea his son, Haggiah his son, Asaiah his son. +And these are they whom David set over the service of song in the house of the LORD, after that the ark had rest. +And they ministered before the dwelling place of the tabernacle of the congregation with singing, until Solomon had built the house of the LORD in Jerusalem: and then they waited on their office according to their order. +And these are they that waited with their children. Of the sons of the Kohathites: Heman a singer, the son of Joel, the son of Shemuel, +The son of Elkanah, the son of Jeroham, the son of Eliel, the son of Toah, +The son of Zuph, the son of Elkanah, the son of Mahath, the son of Amasai, +The son of Elkanah, the son of Joel, the son of Azariah, the son of Zephaniah, +The son of Tahath, the son of Assir, the son of Ebiasaph, the son of Korah, +The son of Izhar, the son of Kohath, the son of Levi, the son of Israel. +And his brother Asaph, who stood on his right hand, even Asaph the son of Berachiah, the son of Shimea, +The son of Michael, the son of Baaseiah, the son of Malchiah, +The son of Ethni, the son of Zerah, the son of Adaiah, +The son of Ethan, the son of Zimmah, the son of Shimei, +The son of Jahath, the son of Gershom, the son of Levi. +And their brethren the sons of Merari stood on the left hand: Ethan the son of Kishi, the son of Abdi, the son of Malluch, +The son of Hashabiah, the son of Amaziah, the son of Hilkiah, +The son of Amzi, the son of Bani, the son of Shamer, +The son of Mahli, the son of Mushi, the son of Merari, the son of Levi. +Their brethren also the Levites were appointed unto all manner of service of the tabernacle of the house of God. +But Aaron and his sons offered upon the altar of the burnt offering, and on the altar of incense, and were appointed for all the work of the place most holy, and to make an atonement for Israel, according to all that Moses the servant of God had commanded. +And these are the sons of Aaron; Eleazar his son, Phinehas his son, Abishua his son, +Bukki his son, Uzzi his son, Zerahiah his son, +Meraioth his son, Amariah his son, Ahitub his son, +Zadok his son, Ahimaaz his son. +Now these are their dwelling places throughout their castles in their coasts, of the sons of Aaron, of the families of the Kohathites: for theirs was the lot. +And they gave them Hebron in the land of Judah, and the suburbs thereof round about it. +But the fields of the city, and the villages thereof, they gave to Caleb the son of Jephunneh. +And to the sons of Aaron they gave the cities of Judah, namely, Hebron, the city of refuge, and Libnah with her suburbs, and Jattir, and Eshtemoa, with their suburbs, +And Hilen with her suburbs, Debir with her suburbs, +And Ashan with her suburbs, and Bethshemesh with her suburbs: +And out of the tribe of Benjamin; Geba with her suburbs, and Alemeth with her suburbs, and Anathoth with her suburbs. All their cities throughout their families were thirteen cities. +And unto the sons of Kohath, which were left of the family of that tribe, were cities given out of the half tribe, namely, out of the half tribe of Manasseh, by lot, ten cities. +And to the sons of Gershom throughout their families out of the tribe of Issachar, and out of the tribe of Asher, and out of the tribe of Naphtali, and out of the tribe of Manasseh in Bashan, thirteen cities. +Unto the sons of Merari were given by lot, throughout their families, out of the tribe of Reuben, and out of the tribe of Gad, and out of the tribe of Zebulun, twelve cities. +And the children of Israel gave to the Levites these cities with their suburbs. +And they gave by lot out of the tribe of the children of Judah, and out of the tribe of the children of Simeon, and out of the tribe of the children of Benjamin, these cities, which are called by their names. +And the residue of the families of the sons of Kohath had cities of their coasts out of the tribe of Ephraim. +And they gave unto them, of the cities of refuge, Shechem in mount Ephraim with her suburbs; they gave also Gezer with her suburbs, +And Jokmeam with her suburbs, and Bethhoron with her suburbs, +And Aijalon with her suburbs, and Gathrimmon with her suburbs: +And out of the half tribe of Manasseh; Aner with her suburbs, and Bileam with her suburbs, for the family of the remnant of the sons of Kohath. +Unto the sons of Gershom were given out of the family of the half tribe of Manasseh, Golan in Bashan with her suburbs, and Ashtaroth with her suburbs: +And out of the tribe of Issachar; Kedesh with her suburbs, Daberath with her suburbs, +And Ramoth with her suburbs, and Anem with her suburbs: +And out of the tribe of Asher; Mashal with her suburbs, and Abdon with her suburbs, +And Hukok with her suburbs, and Rehob with her suburbs: +And out of the tribe of Naphtali; Kedesh in Galilee with her suburbs, and Hammon with her suburbs, and Kirjathaim with her suburbs. +Unto the rest of the children of Merari were given out of the tribe of Zebulun, Rimmon with her suburbs, Tabor with her suburbs: +And on the other side Jordan by Jericho, on the east side of Jordan, were given them out of the tribe of Reuben, Bezer in the wilderness with her suburbs, and Jahzah with her suburbs, +Kedemoth also with her suburbs, and Mephaath with her suburbs: +And out of the tribe of Gad; Ramoth in Gilead with her suburbs, and Mahanaim with her suburbs, +And Heshbon with her suburbs, and Jazer with her suburbs. +Now the sons of Issachar were, Tola, and Puah, Jashub, and Shimrom, four. +And the sons of Tola; Uzzi, and Rephaiah, and Jeriel, and Jahmai, and Jibsam, and Shemuel, heads of their father's house, to wit, of Tola: they were valiant men of might in their generations; whose number was in the days of David two and twenty thousand and six hundred. +And the sons of Uzzi; Izrahiah: and the sons of Izrahiah; Michael, and Obadiah, and Joel, Ishiah, five: all of them chief men. +And with them, by their generations, after the house of their fathers, were bands of soldiers for war, six and thirty thousand men: for they had many wives and sons. +And their brethren among all the families of Issachar were valiant men of might, reckoned in all by their genealogies fourscore and seven thousand. +The sons of Benjamin; Bela, and Becher, and Jediael, three. +And the sons of Bela; Ezbon, and Uzzi, and Uzziel, and Jerimoth, and Iri, five; heads of the house of their fathers, mighty men of valour; and were reckoned by their genealogies twenty and two thousand and thirty and four. +And the sons of Becher; Zemira, and Joash, and Eliezer, and Elioenai, and Omri, and Jerimoth, and Abiah, and Anathoth, and Alameth. All these are the sons of Becher. +And the number of them, after their genealogy by their generations, heads of the house of their fathers, mighty men of valour, was twenty thousand and two hundred. +The sons also of Jediael; Bilhan: and the sons of Bilhan; Jeush, and Benjamin, and Ehud, and Chenaanah, and Zethan, and Tharshish, and Ahishahar. +All these the sons of Jediael, by the heads of their fathers, mighty men of valour, were seventeen thousand and two hundred soldiers, fit to go out for war and battle. +Shuppim also, and Huppim, the children of Ir, and Hushim, the sons of Aher. +The sons of Naphtali; Jahziel, and Guni, and Jezer, and Shallum, the sons of Bilhah. +The sons of Manasseh; Ashriel, whom she bare: (but his concubine the Aramitess bare Machir the father of Gilead: +And Machir took to wife the sister of Huppim and Shuppim, whose sister's name was Maachah;) and the name of the second was Zelophehad: and Zelophehad had daughters. +And Maachah the wife of Machir bare a son, and she called his name Peresh; and the name of his brother was Sheresh; and his sons were Ulam and Rakem. +And the sons of Ulam; Bedan. These were the sons of Gilead, the son of Machir, the son of Manasseh. +And his sister Hammoleketh bare Ishod, and Abiezer, and Mahalah. +And the sons of Shemidah were, Ahian, and Shechem, and Likhi, and Aniam. +And the sons of Ephraim; Shuthelah, and Bered his son, and Tahath his son, and Eladah his son, and Tahath his son, +And Zabad his son, and Shuthelah his son, and Ezer, and Elead, whom the men of Gath that were born in that land slew, because they came down to take away their cattle. +And Ephraim their father mourned many days, and his brethren came to comfort him. +And when he went in to his wife, she conceived, and bare a son, and he called his name Beriah, because it went evil with his house. +(And his daughter was Sherah, who built Bethhoron the nether, and the upper, and Uzzensherah.) +And Rephah was his son, also Resheph, and Telah his son, and Tahan his son. +Laadan his son, Ammihud his son, Elishama his son. +Non his son, Jehoshuah his son. +And their possessions and habitations were, Bethel and the towns thereof, and eastward Naaran, and westward Gezer, with the towns thereof; Shechem also and the towns thereof, unto Gaza and the towns thereof: +And by the borders of the children of Manasseh, Bethshean and her towns, Taanach and her towns, Megiddo and her towns, Dor and her towns. In these dwelt the children of Joseph the son of Israel. +The sons of Asher; Imnah, and Isuah, and Ishuai, and Beriah, and Serah their sister. +And the sons of Beriah; Heber, and Malchiel, who is the father of Birzavith. +And Heber begat Japhlet, and Shomer, and Hotham, and Shua their sister. +And the sons of Japhlet; Pasach, and Bimhal, and Ashvath. These are the children of Japhlet. +And the sons of Shamer; Ahi, and Rohgah, Jehubbah, and Aram. +And the sons of his brother Helem; Zophah, and Imna, and Shelesh, and Amal. +The sons of Zophah; Suah, and Harnepher, and Shual, and Beri, and Imrah, +Bezer, and Hod, and Shamma, and Shilshah, and Ithran, and Beera. +And the sons of Jether; Jephunneh, and Pispah, and Ara. +And the sons of Ulla; Arah, and Haniel, and Rezia. +All these were the children of Asher, heads of their father's house, choice and mighty men of valour, chief of the princes. And the number throughout the genealogy of them that were apt to the war and to battle was twenty and six thousand men. +Now Benjamin begat Bela his firstborn, Ashbel the second, and Aharah the third, +Nohah the fourth, and Rapha the fifth. +And the sons of Bela were, Addar, and Gera, and Abihud, +And Abishua, and Naaman, and Ahoah, +And Gera, and Shephuphan, and Huram. +And these are the sons of Ehud: these are the heads of the fathers of the inhabitants of Geba, and they removed them to Manahath: +And Naaman, and Ahiah, and Gera, he removed them, and begat Uzza, and Ahihud. +And Shaharaim begat children in the country of Moab, after he had sent them away; Hushim and Baara were his wives. +And he begat of Hodesh his wife, Jobab, and Zibia, and Mesha, and Malcham, +And Jeuz, and Shachia, and Mirma. These were his sons, heads of the fathers. +And of Hushim he begat Abitub, and Elpaal. +The sons of Elpaal; Eber, and Misham, and Shamed, who built Ono, and Lod, with the towns thereof: +Beriah also, and Shema, who were heads of the fathers of the inhabitants of Aijalon, who drove away the inhabitants of Gath: +And Ahio, Shashak, and Jeremoth, +And Zebadiah, and Arad, and Ader, +And Michael, and Ispah, and Joha, the sons of Beriah; +And Zebadiah, and Meshullam, and Hezeki, and Heber, +Ishmerai also, and Jezliah, and Jobab, the sons of Elpaal; +And Jakim, and Zichri, and Zabdi, +And Elienai, and Zilthai, and Eliel, +And Adaiah, and Beraiah, and Shimrath, the sons of Shimhi; +And Ishpan, and Heber, and Eliel, +And Abdon, and Zichri, and Hanan, +And Hananiah, and Elam, and Antothijah, +And Iphedeiah, and Penuel, the sons of Shashak; +And Shamsherai, and Shehariah, and Athaliah, +And Jaresiah, and Eliah, and Zichri, the sons of Jeroham. +These were heads of the fathers, by their generations, chief men. These dwelt in Jerusalem. +And at Gibeon dwelt the father of Gibeon; whose wife's name was Maachah: +And his firstborn son Abdon, and Zur, and Kish, and Baal, and Nadab, +And Gedor, and Ahio, and Zacher. +And Mikloth begat Shimeah. And these also dwelt with their brethren in Jerusalem, over against them. +And Ner begat Kish, and Kish begat Saul, and Saul begat Jonathan, and Malchishua, and Abinadab, and Eshbaal. +And the son of Jonathan was Meribbaal; and Meribbaal begat Micah. +And the sons of Micah were, Pithon, and Melech, and Tarea, and Ahaz. +And Ahaz begat Jehoadah; and Jehoadah begat Alemeth, and Azmaveth, and Zimri; and Zimri begat Moza, +And Moza begat Binea: Rapha was his son, Eleasah his son, Azel his son: +And Azel had six sons, whose names are these, Azrikam, Bocheru, and Ishmael, and Sheariah, and Obadiah, and Hanan. All these were the sons of Azel. +And the sons of Eshek his brother were, Ulam his firstborn, Jehush the second, and Eliphelet the third. +And the sons of Ulam were mighty men of valour, archers, and had many sons, and sons' sons, an hundred and fifty. All these are of the sons of Benjamin. +So all Israel were reckoned by genealogies; and, behold, they were written in the book of the kings of Israel and Judah, who were carried away to Babylon for their transgression. +Now the first inhabitants that dwelt in their possessions in their cities were, the Israelites, the priests, Levites, and the Nethinims. +And in Jerusalem dwelt of the children of Judah, and of the children of Benjamin, and of the children of Ephraim, and Manasseh; +Uthai the son of Ammihud, the son of Omri, the son of Imri, the son of Bani, of the children of Pharez the son of Judah. +And of the Shilonites; Asaiah the firstborn, and his sons. +And of the sons of Zerah; Jeuel, and their brethren, six hundred and ninety. +And of the sons of Benjamin; Sallu the son of Meshullam, the son of Hodaviah, the son of Hasenuah, +And Ibneiah the son of Jeroham, and Elah the son of Uzzi, the son of Michri, and Meshullam the son of Shephathiah, the son of Reuel, the son of Ibnijah; +And their brethren, according to their generations, nine hundred and fifty and six. All these men were chief of the fathers in the house of their fathers. +And of the priests; Jedaiah, and Jehoiarib, and Jachin, +And Azariah the son of Hilkiah, the son of Meshullam, the son of Zadok, the son of Meraioth, the son of Ahitub, the ruler of the house of God; +And Adaiah the son of Jeroham, the son of Pashur, the son of Malchijah, and Maasiai the son of Adiel, the son of Jahzerah, the son of Meshullam, the son of Meshillemith, the son of Immer; +And their brethren, heads of the house of their fathers, a thousand and seven hundred and threescore; very able men for the work of the service of the house of God. +And of the Levites; Shemaiah the son of Hasshub, the son of Azrikam, the son of Hashabiah, of the sons of Merari; +And Bakbakkar, Heresh, and Galal, and Mattaniah the son of Micah, the son of Zichri, the son of Asaph; +And Obadiah the son of Shemaiah, the son of Galal, the son of Jeduthun, and Berechiah the son of Asa, the son of Elkanah, that dwelt in the villages of the Netophathites. +And the porters were, Shallum, and Akkub, and Talmon, and Ahiman, and their brethren: Shallum was the chief; +Who hitherto waited in the king's gate eastward: they were porters in the companies of the children of Levi. +And Shallum the son of Kore, the son of Ebiasaph, the son of Korah, and his brethren, of the house of his father, the Korahites, were over the work of the service, keepers of the gates of the tabernacle: and their fathers, being over the host of the LORD, were keepers of the entry. +And Phinehas the son of Eleazar was the ruler over them in time past, and the LORD was with him. +And Zechariah the son of Meshelemiah was porter of the door of the tabernacle of the congregation. +All these which were chosen to be porters in the gates were two hundred and twelve. These were reckoned by their genealogy in their villages, whom David and Samuel the seer did ordain in their set office. +So they and their children had the oversight of the gates of the house of the LORD, namely, the house of the tabernacle, by wards. +In four quarters were the porters, toward the east, west, north, and south. +And their brethren, which were in their villages, were to come after seven days from time to time with them. +For these Levites, the four chief porters, were in their set office, and were over the chambers and treasuries of the house of God. +And they lodged round about the house of God, because the charge was upon them, and the opening thereof every morning pertained to them. +And certain of them had the charge of the ministering vessels, that they should bring them in and out by tale. +Some of them also were appointed to oversee the vessels, and all the instruments of the sanctuary, and the fine flour, and the wine, and the oil, and the frankincense, and the spices. +And some of the sons of the priests made the ointment of the spices. +And Mattithiah, one of the Levites, who was the firstborn of Shallum the Korahite, had the set office over the things that were made in the pans. +And other of their brethren, of the sons of the Kohathites, were over the shewbread, to prepare it every sabbath. +And these are the singers, chief of the fathers of the Levites, who remaining in the chambers were free: for they were employed in that work day and night. +These chief fathers of the Levites were chief throughout their generations; these dwelt at Jerusalem. +And in Gibeon dwelt the father of Gibeon, Jehiel, whose wife's name was Maachah: +And his firstborn son Abdon, then Zur, and Kish, and Baal, and Ner, and Nadab. +And Gedor, and Ahio, and Zechariah, and Mikloth. +And Mikloth begat Shimeam. And they also dwelt with their brethren at Jerusalem, over against their brethren. +And Ner begat Kish; and Kish begat Saul; and Saul begat Jonathan, and Malchishua, and Abinadab, and Eshbaal. +And the son of Jonathan was Meribbaal: and Meribbaal begat Micah. +And the sons of Micah were, Pithon, and Melech, and Tahrea, and Ahaz. +And Ahaz begat Jarah; and Jarah begat Alemeth, and Azmaveth, and Zimri; and Zimri begat Moza; +And Moza begat Binea; and Rephaiah his son, Eleasah his son, Azel his son. +And Azel had six sons, whose names are these, Azrikam, Bocheru, and Ishmael, and Sheariah, and Obadiah, and Hanan: these were the sons of Azel. +Now the Philistines fought against Israel; and the men of Israel fled from before the Philistines, and fell down slain in mount Gilboa. +And the Philistines followed hard after Saul, and after his sons; and the Philistines slew Jonathan, and Abinadab, and Malchishua, the sons of Saul. +And the battle went sore against Saul, and the archers hit him, and he was wounded of the archers. +Then said Saul to his armourbearer, Draw thy sword, and thrust me through therewith; lest these uncircumcised come and abuse me. But his armourbearer would not; for he was sore afraid. So Saul took a sword, and fell upon it. +And when his armourbearer saw that Saul was dead, he fell likewise on the sword, and died. +So Saul died, and his three sons, and all his house died together. +And when all the men of Israel that were in the valley saw that they fled, and that Saul and his sons were dead, then they forsook their cities, and fled: and the Philistines came and dwelt in them. +And it came to pass on the morrow, when the Philistines came to strip the slain, that they found Saul and his sons fallen in mount Gilboa. +And when they had stripped him, they took his head, and his armour, and sent into the land of the Philistines round about, to carry tidings unto their idols, and to the people. +And they put his armour in the house of their gods, and fastened his head in the temple of Dagon. +And when all Jabeshgilead heard all that the Philistines had done to Saul, +They arose, all the valiant men, and took away the body of Saul, and the bodies of his sons, and brought them to Jabesh, and buried their bones under the oak in Jabesh, and fasted seven days. +So Saul died for his transgression which he committed against the LORD, even against the word of the LORD, which he kept not, and also for asking counsel of one that had a familiar spirit, to enquire of it; +And enquired not of the LORD: therefore he slew him, and turned the kingdom unto David the son of Jesse. +Then all Israel gathered themselves to David unto Hebron, saying, Behold, we are thy bone and thy flesh. +And moreover in time past, even when Saul was king, thou wast he that leddest out and broughtest in Israel: and the LORD thy God said unto thee, Thou shalt feed my people Israel, and thou shalt be ruler over my people Israel. +Therefore came all the elders of Israel to the king to Hebron; and David made a covenant with them in Hebron before the LORD; and they anointed David king over Israel, according to the word of the LORD by Samuel. +And David and all Israel went to Jerusalem, which is Jebus; where the Jebusites were, the inhabitants of the land. +And the inhabitants of Jebus said to David, Thou shalt not come hither. Nevertheless David took the castle of Zion, which is the city of David. +And David said, Whosoever smiteth the Jebusites first shall be chief and captain. So Joab the son of Zeruiah went first up, and was chief. +And David dwelt in the castle; therefore they called it the city of David. +And he built the city round about, even from Millo round about: and Joab repaired the rest of the city. +So David waxed greater and greater: for the LORD of hosts was with him. +These also are the chief of the mighty men whom David had, who strengthened themselves with him in his kingdom, and with all Israel, to make him king, according to the word of the LORD concerning Israel. +And this is the number of the mighty men whom David had; Jashobeam, an Hachmonite, the chief of the captains: he lifted up his spear against three hundred slain by him at one time. +And after him was Eleazar the son of Dodo, the Ahohite, who was one of the three mighties. +He was with David at Pasdammim, and there the Philistines were gathered together to battle, where was a parcel of ground full of barley; and the people fled from before the Philistines. +And they set themselves in the midst of that parcel, and delivered it, and slew the Philistines; and the LORD saved them by a great deliverance. +Now three of the thirty captains went down to the rock to David, into the cave of Adullam; and the host of the Philistines encamped in the valley of Rephaim. +And David was then in the hold, and the Philistines' garrison was then at Bethlehem. +And David longed, and said, Oh that one would give me drink of the water of the well of Bethlehem, that is at the gate! +And the three brake through the host of the Philistines, and drew water out of the well of Bethlehem, that was by the gate, and took it, and brought it to David: but David would not drink of it, but poured it out to the LORD. +And said, My God forbid it me, that I should do this thing: shall I drink the blood of these men that have put their lives in jeopardy? for with the jeopardy of their lives they brought it. Therefore he would not drink it. These things did these three mightiest. +And Abishai the brother of Joab, he was chief of the three: for lifting up his spear against three hundred, he slew them, and had a name among the three. +Of the three, he was more honourable than the two; for he was their captain: howbeit he attained not to the first three. +Benaiah the son of Jehoiada, the son of a valiant man of Kabzeel, who had done many acts; he slew two lionlike men of Moab: also he went down and slew a lion in a pit in a snowy day. +And he slew an Egyptian, a man of great stature, five cubits high; and in the Egyptian's hand was a spear like a weaver's beam; and he went down to him with a staff, and plucked the spear out of the Egyptian's hand, and slew him with his own spear. +These things did Benaiah the son of Jehoiada, and had the name among the three mighties. +Behold, he was honourable among the thirty, but attained not to the first three: and David set him over his guard. +Also the valiant men of the armies were, Asahel the brother of Joab, Elhanan the son of Dodo of Bethlehem, +Shammoth the Harorite, Helez the Pelonite, +Ira the son of Ikkesh the Tekoite, Abiezer the Antothite, +Sibbecai the Hushathite, Ilai the Ahohite, +Maharai the Netophathite, Heled the son of Baanah the Netophathite, +Ithai the son of Ribai of Gibeah, that pertained to the children of Benjamin, Benaiah the Pirathonite, +Hurai of the brooks of Gaash, Abiel the Arbathite, +Azmaveth the Baharumite, Eliahba the Shaalbonite, +The sons of Hashem the Gizonite, Jonathan the son of Shage the Hararite, +Ahiam the son of Sacar the Hararite, Eliphal the son of Ur, +Hepher the Mecherathite, Ahijah the Pelonite, +Hezro the Carmelite, Naarai the son of Ezbai, +Joel the brother of Nathan, Mibhar the son of Haggeri, +Zelek the Ammonite, Naharai the Berothite, the armourbearer of Joab the son of Zeruiah, +Ira the Ithrite, Gareb the Ithrite, +Uriah the Hittite, Zabad the son of Ahlai, +Adina the son of Shiza the Reubenite, a captain of the Reubenites, and thirty with him, +Hanan the son of Maachah, and Joshaphat the Mithnite, +Uzzia the Ashterathite, Shama and Jehiel the sons of Hothan the Aroerite, +Jediael the son of Shimri, and Joha his brother, the Tizite, +Eliel the Mahavite, and Jeribai, and Joshaviah, the sons of Elnaam, and Ithmah the Moabite, +Eliel, and Obed, and Jasiel the Mesobaite. +Now these are they that came to David to Ziklag, while he yet kept himself close because of Saul the son of Kish: and they were among the mighty men, helpers of the war. +They were armed with bows, and could use both the right hand and the left in hurling stones and shooting arrows out of a bow, even of Saul's brethren of Benjamin. +The chief was Ahiezer, then Joash, the sons of Shemaah the Gibeathite; and Jeziel, and Pelet, the sons of Azmaveth; and Berachah, and Jehu the Antothite. +And Ismaiah the Gibeonite, a mighty man among the thirty, and over the thirty; and Jeremiah, and Jahaziel, and Johanan, and Josabad the Gederathite, +Eluzai, and Jerimoth, and Bealiah, and Shemariah, and Shephatiah the Haruphite, +Elkanah, and Jesiah, and Azareel, and Joezer, and Jashobeam, the Korhites, +And Joelah, and Zebadiah, the sons of Jeroham of Gedor. +And of the Gadites there separated themselves unto David into the hold to the wilderness men of might, and men of war fit for the battle, that could handle shield and buckler, whose faces were like the faces of lions, and were as swift as the roes upon the mountains; +Ezer the first, Obadiah the second, Eliab the third, +Mishmannah the fourth, Jeremiah the fifth, +Attai the sixth, Eliel the seventh, +Johanan the eighth, Elzabad the ninth, +Jeremiah the tenth, Machbanai the eleventh. +These were of the sons of Gad, captains of the host: one of the least was over an hundred, and the greatest over a thousand. +These are they that went over Jordan in the first month, when it had overflown all his banks; and they put to flight all them of the valleys, both toward the east, and toward the west. +And there came of the children of Benjamin and Judah to the hold unto David. +And David went out to meet them, and answered and said unto them, If ye be come peaceably unto me to help me, mine heart shall be knit unto you: but if ye be come to betray me to mine enemies, seeing there is no wrong in mine hands, the God of our fathers look thereon, and rebuke it. +Then the spirit came upon Amasai, who was chief of the captains, and he said, Thine are we, David, and on thy side, thou son of Jesse: peace, peace be unto thee, and peace be to thine helpers; for thy God helpeth thee. Then David received them, and made them captains of the band. +And there fell some of Manasseh to David, when he came with the Philistines against Saul to battle: but they helped them not: for the lords of the Philistines upon advisement sent him away, saying, He will fall to his master Saul to the jeopardy of our heads. +As he went to Ziklag, there fell to him of Manasseh, Adnah, and Jozabad, and Jediael, and Michael, and Jozabad, and Elihu, and Zilthai, captains of the thousands that were of Manasseh. +And they helped David against the band of the rovers: for they were all mighty men of valour, and were captains in the host. +For at that time day by day there came to David to help him, until it was a great host, like the host of God. +And these are the numbers of the bands that were ready armed to the war, and came to David to Hebron, to turn the kingdom of Saul to him, according to the word of the LORD. +The children of Judah that bare shield and spear were six thousand and eight hundred, ready armed to the war. +Of the children of Simeon, mighty men of valour for the war, seven thousand and one hundred. +Of the children of Levi four thousand and six hundred. +And Jehoiada was the leader of the Aaronites, and with him were three thousand and seven hundred; +And Zadok, a young man mighty of valour, and of his father's house twenty and two captains. +And of the children of Benjamin, the kindred of Saul, three thousand: for hitherto the greatest part of them had kept the ward of the house of Saul. +And of the children of Ephraim twenty thousand and eight hundred, mighty men of valour, famous throughout the house of their fathers. +And of the half tribe of Manasseh eighteen thousand, which were expressed by name, to come and make David king. +And of the children of Issachar, which were men that had understanding of the times, to know what Israel ought to do; the heads of them were two hundred; and all their brethren were at their commandment. +Of Zebulun, such as went forth to battle, expert in war, with all instruments of war, fifty thousand, which could keep rank: they were not of double heart. +And of Naphtali a thousand captains, and with them with shield and spear thirty and seven thousand. +And of the Danites expert in war twenty and eight thousand and six hundred. +And of Asher, such as went forth to battle, expert in war, forty thousand. +And on the other side of Jordan, of the Reubenites, and the Gadites, and of the half tribe of Manasseh, with all manner of instruments of war for the battle, an hundred and twenty thousand. +All these men of war, that could keep rank, came with a perfect heart to Hebron, to make David king over all Israel: and all the rest also of Israel were of one heart to make David king. +And there they were with David three days, eating and drinking: for their brethren had prepared for them. +Moreover they that were nigh them, even unto Issachar and Zebulun and Naphtali, brought bread on asses, and on camels, and on mules, and on oxen, and meat, meal, cakes of figs, and bunches of raisins, and wine, and oil, and oxen, and sheep abundantly: for there was joy in Israel. +And David consulted with the captains of thousands and hundreds, and with every leader. +And David said unto all the congregation of Israel, If it seem good unto you, and that it be of the LORD our God, let us send abroad unto our brethren every where, that are left in all the land of Israel, and with them also to the priests and Levites which are in their cities and suburbs, that they may gather themselves unto us: +And let us bring again the ark of our God to us: for we enquired not at it in the days of Saul. +And all the congregation said that they would do so: for the thing was right in the eyes of all the people. +So David gathered all Israel together, from Shihor of Egypt even unto the entering of Hemath, to bring the ark of God from Kirjathjearim. +And David went up, and all Israel, to Baalah, that is, to Kirjathjearim, which belonged to Judah, to bring up thence the ark of God the LORD, that dwelleth between the cherubims, whose name is called on it. +And they carried the ark of God in a new cart out of the house of Abinadab: and Uzza and Ahio drave the cart. +And David and all Israel played before God with all their might, and with singing, and with harps, and with psalteries, and with timbrels, and with cymbals, and with trumpets. +And when they came unto the threshingfloor of Chidon, Uzza put forth his hand to hold the ark; for the oxen stumbled. +And the anger of the LORD was kindled against Uzza, and he smote him, because he put his hand to the ark: and there he died before God. +And David was displeased, because the LORD had made a breach upon Uzza: wherefore that place is called Perezuzza to this day. +And David was afraid of God that day, saying, How shall I bring the ark of God home to me? +So David brought not the ark home to himself to the city of David, but carried it aside into the house of Obededom the Gittite. +And the ark of God remained with the family of Obededom in his house three months. And the LORD blessed the house of Obededom, and all that he had. +Now Hiram king of Tyre sent messengers to David, and timber of cedars, with masons and carpenters, to build him an house. +And David perceived that the LORD had confirmed him king over Israel, for his kingdom was lifted up on high, because of his people Israel. +And David took more wives at Jerusalem: and David begat more sons and daughters. +Now these are the names of his children which he had in Jerusalem; Shammua, and Shobab, Nathan, and Solomon, +And Ibhar, and Elishua, and Elpalet, +And Nogah, and Nepheg, and Japhia, +And Elishama, and Beeliada, and Eliphalet. +And when the Philistines heard that David was anointed king over all Israel, all the Philistines went up to seek David. And David heard of it, and went out against them. +And the Philistines came and spread themselves in the valley of Rephaim. +And David enquired of God, saying, Shall I go up against the Philistines? And wilt thou deliver them into mine hand? And the LORD said unto him, Go up; for I will deliver them into thine hand. +So they came up to Baalperazim; and David smote them there. Then David said, God hath broken in upon mine enemies by mine hand like the breaking forth of waters: therefore they called the name of that place Baalperazim. +And when they had left their gods there, David gave a commandment, and they were burned with fire. +And the Philistines yet again spread themselves abroad in the valley. +Therefore David enquired again of God; and God said unto him, Go not up after them; turn away from them, and come upon them over against the mulberry trees. +And it shall be, when thou shalt hear a sound of going in the tops of the mulberry trees, that then thou shalt go out to battle: for God is gone forth before thee to smite the host of the Philistines. +David therefore did as God commanded him: and they smote the host of the Philistines from Gibeon even to Gazer. +And the fame of David went out into all lands; and the LORD brought the fear of him upon all nations. +And David made him houses in the city of David, and prepared a place for the ark of God, and pitched for it a tent. +Then David said, None ought to carry the ark of God but the Levites: for them hath the LORD chosen to carry the ark of God, and to minister unto him for ever. +And David gathered all Israel together to Jerusalem, to bring up the ark of the LORD unto his place, which he had prepared for it. +And David assembled the children of Aaron, and the Levites: +Of the sons of Kohath; Uriel the chief, and his brethren an hundred and twenty: +Of the sons of Merari; Asaiah the chief, and his brethren two hundred and twenty: +Of the sons of Gershom; Joel the chief and his brethren an hundred and thirty: +Of the sons of Elizaphan; Shemaiah the chief, and his brethren two hundred: +Of the sons of Hebron; Eliel the chief, and his brethren fourscore: +Of the sons of Uzziel; Amminadab the chief, and his brethren an hundred and twelve. +And David called for Zadok and Abiathar the priests, and for the Levites, for Uriel, Asaiah, and Joel, Shemaiah, and Eliel, and Amminadab, +And said unto them, Ye are the chief of the fathers of the Levites: sanctify yourselves, both ye and your brethren, that ye may bring up the ark of the LORD God of Israel unto the place that I have prepared for it. +For because ye did it not at the first, the LORD our God made a breach upon us, for that we sought him not after the due order. +So the priests and the Levites sanctified themselves to bring up the ark of the LORD God of Israel. +And the children of the Levites bare the ark of God upon their shoulders with the staves thereon, as Moses commanded according to the word of the LORD. +And David spake to the chief of the Levites to appoint their brethren to be the singers with instruments of musick, psalteries and harps and cymbals, sounding, by lifting up the voice with joy. +So the Levites appointed Heman the son of Joel; and of his brethren, Asaph the son of Berechiah; and of the sons of Merari their brethren, Ethan the son of Kushaiah; +And with them their brethren of the second degree, Zechariah, Ben, and Jaaziel, and Shemiramoth, and Jehiel, and Unni, Eliab, and Benaiah, and Maaseiah, and Mattithiah, and Elipheleh, and Mikneiah, and Obededom, and Jeiel, the porters. +So the singers, Heman, Asaph, and Ethan, were appointed to sound with cymbals of brass; +And Zechariah, and Aziel, and Shemiramoth, and Jehiel, and Unni, and Eliab, and Maaseiah, and Benaiah, with psalteries on Alamoth; +And Mattithiah, and Elipheleh, and Mikneiah, and Obededom, and Jeiel, and Azaziah, with harps on the Sheminith to excel. +And Chenaniah, chief of the Levites, was for song: he instructed about the song, because he was skilful. +And Berechiah and Elkanah were doorkeepers for the ark. +And Shebaniah, and Jehoshaphat, and Nethaneel, and Amasai, and Zechariah, and Benaiah, and Eliezer, the priests, did blow with the trumpets before the ark of God: and Obededom and Jehiah were doorkeepers for the ark. +So David, and the elders of Israel, and the captains over thousands, went to bring up the ark of the covenant of the LORD out of the house of Obededom with joy. +And it came to pass, when God helped the Levites that bare the ark of the covenant of the LORD, that they offered seven bullocks and seven rams. +And David was clothed with a robe of fine linen, and all the Levites that bare the ark, and the singers, and Chenaniah the master of the song with the singers: David also had upon him an ephod of linen. +Thus all Israel brought up the ark of the covenant of the LORD with shouting, and with sound of the cornet, and with trumpets, and with cymbals, making a noise with psalteries and harps. +And it came to pass, as the ark of the covenant of the LORD came to the city of David, that Michal, the daughter of Saul looking out at a window saw king David dancing and playing: and she despised him in her heart. +So they brought the ark of God, and set it in the midst of the tent that David had pitched for it: and they offered burnt sacrifices and peace offerings before God. +And when David had made an end of offering the burnt offerings and the peace offerings, he blessed the people in the name of the LORD. +And he dealt to every one of Israel, both man and woman, to every one a loaf of bread, and a good piece of flesh, and a flagon of wine. +And he appointed certain of the Levites to minister before the ark of the LORD, and to record, and to thank and praise the LORD God of Israel: +Asaph the chief, and next to him Zechariah, Jeiel, and Shemiramoth, and Jehiel, and Mattithiah, and Eliab, and Benaiah, and Obededom: and Jeiel with psalteries and with harps; but Asaph made a sound with cymbals; +Benaiah also and Jahaziel the priests with trumpets continually before the ark of the covenant of God. +Then on that day David delivered first this psalm to thank the LORD into the hand of Asaph and his brethren. +Give thanks unto the LORD, call upon his name, make known his deeds among the people. +Sing unto him, sing psalms unto him, talk ye of all his wondrous works. +Glory ye in his holy name: let the heart of them rejoice that seek the LORD. +Seek the LORD and his strength, seek his face continually. +Remember his marvellous works that he hath done, his wonders, and the judgments of his mouth; +O ye seed of Israel his servant, ye children of Jacob, his chosen ones. +He is the LORD our God; his judgments are in all the earth. +Be ye mindful always of his covenant; the word which he commanded to a thousand generations; +Even of the covenant which he made with Abraham, and of his oath unto Isaac; +And hath confirmed the same to Jacob for a law, and to Israel for an everlasting covenant, +Saying, Unto thee will I give the land of Canaan, the lot of your inheritance; +When ye were but few, even a few, and strangers in it. +And when they went from nation to nation, and from one kingdom to another people; +He suffered no man to do them wrong: yea, he reproved kings for their sakes, +Saying, Touch not mine anointed, and do my prophets no harm. +Sing unto the LORD, all the earth; shew forth from day to day his salvation. +Declare his glory among the heathen; his marvellous works among all nations. +For great is the LORD, and greatly to be praised: he also is to be feared above all gods. +For all the gods of the people are idols: but the LORD made the heavens. +Glory and honour are in his presence; strength and gladness are in his place. +Give unto the LORD, ye kindreds of the people, give unto the LORD glory and strength. +Give unto the LORD the glory due unto his name: bring an offering, and come before him: worship the LORD in the beauty of holiness. +Fear before him, all the earth: the world also shall be stable, that it be not moved. +Let the heavens be glad, and let the earth rejoice: and let men say among the nations, The LORD reigneth. +Let the sea roar, and the fulness thereof: let the fields rejoice, and all that is therein. +Then shall the trees of the wood sing out at the presence of the LORD, because he cometh to judge the earth. +O give thanks unto the LORD; for he is good; for his mercy endureth for ever. +And say ye, Save us, O God of our salvation, and gather us together, and deliver us from the heathen, that we may give thanks to thy holy name, and glory in thy praise. +Blessed be the LORD God of Israel for ever and ever. And all the people said, Amen, and praised the LORD. +So he left there before the ark of the covenant of the LORD Asaph and his brethren, to minister before the ark continually, as every day's work required: +And Obededom with their brethren, threescore and eight; Obededom also the son of Jeduthun and Hosah to be porters: +And Zadok the priest, and his brethren the priests, before the tabernacle of the LORD in the high place that was at Gibeon, +To offer burnt offerings unto the LORD upon the altar of the burnt offering continually morning and evening, and to do according to all that is written in the law of the LORD, which he commanded Israel; +And with them Heman and Jeduthun, and the rest that were chosen, who were expressed by name, to give thanks to the LORD, because his mercy endureth for ever; +And with them Heman and Jeduthun with trumpets and cymbals for those that should make a sound, and with musical instruments of God. And the sons of Jeduthun were porters. +And all the people departed every man to his house: and David returned to bless his house. +Now it came to pass, as David sat in his house, that David said to Nathan the prophet, Lo, I dwell in an house of cedars, but the ark of the covenant of the LORD remaineth under curtains. +Then Nathan said unto David, Do all that is in thine heart; for God is with thee. +And it came to pass the same night, that the word of God came to Nathan, saying, +Go and tell David my servant, Thus saith the LORD, Thou shalt not build me an house to dwell in: +For I have not dwelt in an house since the day that I brought up Israel unto this day; but have gone from tent to tent, and from one tabernacle to another. +Wheresoever I have walked with all Israel, spake I a word to any of the judges of Israel, whom I commanded to feed my people, saying, Why have ye not built me an house of cedars? +Now therefore thus shalt thou say unto my servant David, Thus saith the LORD of hosts, I took thee from the sheepcote, even from following the sheep, that thou shouldest be ruler over my people Israel: +And I have been with thee whithersoever thou hast walked, and have cut off all thine enemies from before thee, and have made thee a name like the name of the great men that are in the earth. +Also I will ordain a place for my people Israel, and will plant them, and they shall dwell in their place, and shall be moved no more; neither shall the children of wickedness waste them any more, as at the beginning, +And since the time that I commanded judges to be over my people Israel. Moreover I will subdue all thine enemies. Furthermore I tell thee that the LORD will build thee an house. +And it shall come to pass, when thy days be expired that thou must go to be with thy fathers, that I will raise up thy seed after thee, which shall be of thy sons; and I will establish his kingdom. +He shall build me an house, and I will stablish his throne for ever. +I will be his father, and he shall be my son: and I will not take my mercy away from him, as I took it from him that was before thee: +But I will settle him in mine house and in my kingdom for ever: and his throne shall be established for evermore. +According to all these words, and according to all this vision, so did Nathan speak unto David. +And David the king came and sat before the LORD, and said, Who am I, O LORD God, and what is mine house, that thou hast brought me hitherto? +And yet this was a small thing in thine eyes, O God; for thou hast also spoken of thy servant's house for a great while to come, and hast regarded me according to the estate of a man of high degree, O LORD God. +What can David speak more to thee for the honour of thy servant? for thou knowest thy servant. +O LORD, for thy servant's sake, and according to thine own heart, hast thou done all this greatness, in making known all these great things. +O LORD, there is none like thee, neither is there any God beside thee, according to all that we have heard with our ears. +And what one nation in the earth is like thy people Israel, whom God went to redeem to be his own people, to make thee a name of greatness and terribleness, by driving out nations from before thy people whom thou hast redeemed out of Egypt? +For thy people Israel didst thou make thine own people for ever; and thou, LORD, becamest their God. +Therefore now, LORD, let the thing that thou hast spoken concerning thy servant and concerning his house be established for ever, and do as thou hast said. +Let it even be established, that thy name may be magnified for ever, saying, The LORD of hosts is the God of Israel, even a God to Israel: and let the house of David thy servant be established before thee. +For thou, O my God, hast told thy servant that thou wilt build him an house: therefore thy servant hath found in his heart to pray before thee. +And now, LORD, thou art God, and hast promised this goodness unto thy servant: +Now therefore let it please thee to bless the house of thy servant, that it may be before thee for ever: for thou blessest, O LORD, and it shall be blessed for ever. +Now after this it came to pass, that David smote the Philistines, and subdued them, and took Gath and her towns out of the hand of the Philistines. +And he smote Moab; and the Moabites became David's servants, and brought gifts. +And David smote Hadarezer king of Zobah unto Hamath, as he went to stablish his dominion by the river Euphrates. +And David took from him a thousand chariots, and seven thousand horsemen, and twenty thousand footmen: David also houghed all the chariot horses, but reserved of them an hundred chariots. +And when the Syrians of Damascus came to help Hadarezer king of Zobah, David slew of the Syrians two and twenty thousand men. +Then David put garrisons in Syriadamascus; and the Syrians became David's servants, and brought gifts. Thus the LORD preserved David whithersoever he went. +And David took the shields of gold that were on the servants of Hadarezer, and brought them to Jerusalem. +Likewise from Tibhath, and from Chun, cities of Hadarezer, brought David very much brass, wherewith Solomon made the brasen sea, and the pillars, and the vessels of brass. +Now when Tou king of Hamath heard how David had smitten all the host of Hadarezer king of Zobah; +He sent Hadoram his son to king David, to enquire of his welfare, and to congratulate him, because he had fought against Hadarezer, and smitten him; (for Hadarezer had war with Tou;) and with him all manner of vessels of gold and silver and brass. +Them also king David dedicated unto the LORD, with the silver and the gold that he brought from all these nations; from Edom, and from Moab, and from the children of Ammon, and from the Philistines, and from Amalek. +Moreover Abishai the son of Zeruiah slew of the Edomites in the valley of salt eighteen thousand. +And he put garrisons in Edom; and all the Edomites became David's servants. Thus the LORD preserved David whithersoever he went. +So David reigned over all Israel, and executed judgment and justice among all his people. +And Joab the son of Zeruiah was over the host; and Jehoshaphat the son of Ahilud, recorder. +And Zadok the son of Ahitub, and Abimelech the son of Abiathar, were the priests; and Shavsha was scribe; +And Benaiah the son of Jehoiada was over the Cherethites and the Pelethites; and the sons of David were chief about the king. +Now it came to pass after this, that Nahash the king of the children of Ammon died, and his son reigned in his stead. +And David said, I will shew kindness unto Hanun the son of Nahash, because his father shewed kindness to me. And David sent messengers to comfort him concerning his father. So the servants of David came into the land of the children of Ammon to Hanun, to comfort him. +But the princes of the children of Ammon said to Hanun, Thinkest thou that David doth honour thy father, that he hath sent comforters unto thee? are not his servants come unto thee for to search, and to overthrow, and to spy out the land? +Wherefore Hanun took David's servants, and shaved them, and cut off their garments in the midst hard by their buttocks, and sent them away. +Then there went certain, and told David how the men were served. And he sent to meet them: for the men were greatly ashamed. And the king said, Tarry at Jericho until your beards be grown, and then return. +And when the children of Ammon saw that they had made themselves odious to David, Hanun and the children of Ammon sent a thousand talents of silver to hire them chariots and horsemen out of Mesopotamia, and out of Syriamaachah, and out of Zobah. +So they hired thirty and two thousand chariots, and the king of Maachah and his people; who came and pitched before Medeba. And the children of Ammon gathered themselves together from their cities, and came to battle. +And when David heard of it, he sent Joab, and all the host of the mighty men. +And the children of Ammon came out, and put the battle in array before the gate of the city: and the kings that were come were by themselves in the field. +Now when Joab saw that the battle was set against him before and behind, he chose out of all the choice of Israel, and put them in array against the Syrians. +And the rest of the people he delivered unto the hand of Abishai his brother, and they set themselves in array against the children of Ammon. +And he said, If the Syrians be too strong for me, then thou shalt help me: but if the children of Ammon be too strong for thee, then I will help thee. +Be of good courage, and let us behave ourselves valiantly for our people, and for the cities of our God: and let the LORD do that which is good in his sight. +So Joab and the people that were with him drew nigh before the Syrians unto the battle; and they fled before him. +And when the children of Ammon saw that the Syrians were fled, they likewise fled before Abishai his brother, and entered into the city. Then Joab came to Jerusalem. +And when the Syrians saw that they were put to the worse before Israel, they sent messengers, and drew forth the Syrians that were beyond the river: and Shophach the captain of the host of Hadarezer went before them. +And it was told David; and he gathered all Israel, and passed over Jordan, and came upon them, and set the battle in array against them. So when David had put the battle in array against the Syrians, they fought with him. +But the Syrians fled before Israel; and David slew of the Syrians seven thousand men which fought in chariots, and forty thousand footmen, and killed Shophach the captain of the host. +And when the servants of Hadarezer saw that they were put to the worse before Israel, they made peace with David, and became his servants: neither would the Syrians help the children of Ammon any more. +And it came to pass, that after the year was expired, at the time that kings go out to battle, Joab led forth the power of the army, and wasted the country of the children of Ammon, and came and besieged Rabbah. But David tarried at Jerusalem. And Joab smote Rabbah, and destroyed it. +And David took the crown of their king from off his head, and found it to weigh a talent of gold, and there were precious stones in it; and it was set upon David's head: and he brought also exceeding much spoil out of the city. +And he brought out the people that were in it, and cut them with saws, and with harrows of iron, and with axes. Even so dealt David with all the cities of the children of Ammon. And David and all the people returned to Jerusalem. +And it came to pass after this, that there arose war at Gezer with the Philistines; at which time Sibbechai the Hushathite slew Sippai, that was of the children of the giant: and they were subdued. +And there was war again with the Philistines; and Elhanan the son of Jair slew Lahmi the brother of Goliath the Gittite, whose spear staff was like a weaver's beam. +And yet again there was war at Gath, where was a man of great stature, whose fingers and toes were four and twenty, six on each hand, and six on each foot and he also was the son of the giant. +But when he defied Israel, Jonathan the son of Shimea David's brother slew him. +These were born unto the giant in Gath; and they fell by the hand of David, and by the hand of his servants. +And Satan stood up against Israel, and provoked David to number Israel. +And David said to Joab and to the rulers of the people, Go, number Israel from Beersheba even to Dan; and bring the number of them to me, that I may know it. +And Joab answered, The LORD make his people an hundred times so many more as they be: but, my lord the king, are they not all my lord's servants? why then doth my lord require this thing? why will he be a cause of trespass to Israel? +Nevertheless the king's word prevailed against Joab. Wherefore Joab departed, and went throughout all Israel, and came to Jerusalem. +And Joab gave the sum of the number of the people unto David. And all they of Israel were a thousand thousand and an hundred thousand men that drew sword: and Judah was four hundred threescore and ten thousand men that drew sword. +But Levi and Benjamin counted he not among them: for the king's word was abominable to Joab. +And God was displeased with this thing; therefore he smote Israel. +And David said unto God, I have sinned greatly, because I have done this thing: but now, I beseech thee, do away the iniquity of thy servant; for I have done very foolishly. +And the LORD spake unto Gad, David's seer, saying, +Go and tell David, saying, Thus saith the LORD, I offer thee three things: choose thee one of them, that I may do it unto thee. +So Gad came to David, and said unto him, Thus saith the LORD, Choose thee +Either three years' famine; or three months to be destroyed before thy foes, while that the sword of thine enemies overtaketh thee; or else three days the sword of the LORD, even the pestilence, in the land, and the angel of the LORD destroying throughout all the coasts of Israel. Now therefore advise thyself what word I shall bring again to him that sent me. +And David said unto Gad, I am in a great strait: let me fall now into the hand of the LORD; for very great are his mercies: but let me not fall into the hand of man. +So the LORD sent pestilence upon Israel: and there fell of Israel seventy thousand men. +And God sent an angel unto Jerusalem to destroy it: and as he was destroying, the LORD beheld, and he repented him of the evil, and said to the angel that destroyed, It is enough, stay now thine hand. And the angel of the LORD stood by the threshingfloor of Ornan the Jebusite. +And David lifted up his eyes, and saw the angel of the LORD stand between the earth and the heaven, having a drawn sword in his hand stretched out over Jerusalem. Then David and the elders of Israel, who were clothed in sackcloth, fell upon their faces. +And David said unto God, Is it not I that commanded the people to be numbered? even I it is that have sinned and done evil indeed; but as for these sheep, what have they done? let thine hand, I pray thee, O LORD my God, be on me, and on my father's house; but not on thy people, that they should be plagued. +Then the angel of the LORD commanded Gad to say to David, that David should go up, and set up an altar unto the LORD in the threshingfloor of Ornan the Jebusite. +And David went up at the saying of Gad, which he spake in the name of the LORD. +And Ornan turned back, and saw the angel; and his four sons with him hid themselves. Now Ornan was threshing wheat. +And as David came to Ornan, Ornan looked and saw David, and went out of the threshingfloor, and bowed himself to David with his face to the ground. +Then David said to Ornan, Grant me the place of this threshingfloor, that I may build an altar therein unto the LORD: thou shalt grant it me for the full price: that the plague may be stayed from the people. +And Ornan said unto David, Take it to thee, and let my lord the king do that which is good in his eyes: lo, I give thee the oxen also for burnt offerings, and the threshing instruments for wood, and the wheat for the meat offering; I give it all. +And king David said to Ornan, Nay; but I will verily buy it for the full price: for I will not take that which is thine for the LORD, nor offer burnt offerings without cost. +So David gave to Ornan for the place six hundred shekels of gold by weight. +And David built there an altar unto the LORD, and offered burnt offerings and peace offerings, and called upon the LORD; and he answered him from heaven by fire upon the altar of burnt offering. +And the LORD commanded the angel; and he put up his sword again into the sheath thereof. +At that time when David saw that the LORD had answered him in the threshingfloor of Ornan the Jebusite, then he sacrificed there. +For the tabernacle of the LORD, which Moses made in the wilderness, and the altar of the burnt offering, were at that season in the high place at Gibeon. +But David could not go before it to enquire of God: for he was afraid because of the sword of the angel of the LORD. +Then David said, This is the house of the LORD God, and this is the altar of the burnt offering for Israel. +And David commanded to gather together the strangers that were in the land of Israel; and he set masons to hew wrought stones to build the house of God. +And David prepared iron in abundance for the nails for the doors of the gates, and for the joinings; and brass in abundance without weight; +Also cedar trees in abundance: for the Zidonians and they of Tyre brought much cedar wood to David. +And David said, Solomon my son is young and tender, and the house that is to be builded for the LORD must be exceeding magnifical, of fame and of glory throughout all countries: I will therefore now make preparation for it. So David prepared abundantly before his death. +Then he called for Solomon his son, and charged him to build an house for the LORD God of Israel. +And David said to Solomon, My son, as for me, it was in my mind to build an house unto the name of the LORD my God: +But the word of the LORD came to me, saying, Thou hast shed blood abundantly, and hast made great wars: thou shalt not build an house unto my name, because thou hast shed much blood upon the earth in my sight. +Behold, a son shall be born to thee, who shall be a man of rest; and I will give him rest from all his enemies round about: for his name shall be Solomon, and I will give peace and quietness unto Israel in his days. +He shall build an house for my name; and he shall be my son, and I will be his father; and I will establish the throne of his kingdom over Israel for ever. +Now, my son, the LORD be with thee; and prosper thou, and build the house of the LORD thy God, as he hath said of thee. +Only the LORD give thee wisdom and understanding, and give thee charge concerning Israel, that thou mayest keep the law of the LORD thy God. +Then shalt thou prosper, if thou takest heed to fulfil the statutes and judgments which the LORD charged Moses with concerning Israel: be strong, and of good courage; dread not, nor be dismayed. +Now, behold, in my trouble I have prepared for the house of the LORD an hundred thousand talents of gold, and a thousand thousand talents of silver; and of brass and iron without weight; for it is in abundance: timber also and stone have I prepared; and thou mayest add thereto. +Moreover there are workmen with thee in abundance, hewers and workers of stone and timber, and all manner of cunning men for every manner of work. +Of the gold, the silver, and the brass, and the iron, there is no number. Arise therefore, and be doing, and the LORD be with thee. +David also commanded all the princes of Israel to help Solomon his son, saying, +Is not the LORD your God with you? and hath he not given you rest on every side? for he hath given the inhabitants of the land into mine hand; and the land is subdued before the LORD, and before his people. +Now set your heart and your soul to seek the LORD your God; arise therefore, and build ye the sanctuary of the LORD God, to bring the ark of the covenant of the LORD, and the holy vessels of God, into the house that is to be built to the name of the LORD. +So when David was old and full of days, he made Solomon his son king over Israel. +And he gathered together all the princes of Israel, with the priests and the Levites. +Now the Levites were numbered from the age of thirty years and upward: and their number by their polls, man by man, was thirty and eight thousand. +Of which, twenty and four thousand were to set forward the work of the house of the LORD; and six thousand were officers and judges: +Moreover four thousand were porters; and four thousand praised the LORD with the instruments which I made, said David, to praise therewith. +And David divided them into courses among the sons of Levi, namely, Gershon, Kohath, and Merari. +Of the Gershonites were, Laadan, and Shimei. +The sons of Laadan; the chief was Jehiel, and Zetham, and Joel, three. +The sons of Shimei; Shelomith, and Haziel, and Haran, three. These were the chief of the fathers of Laadan. +And the sons of Shimei were, Jahath, Zina, and Jeush, and Beriah. These four were the sons of Shimei. +And Jahath was the chief, and Zizah the second: but Jeush and Beriah had not many sons; therefore they were in one reckoning, according to their father's house. +The sons of Kohath; Amram, Izhar, Hebron, and Uzziel, four. +The sons of Amram; Aaron and Moses: and Aaron was separated, that he should sanctify the most holy things, he and his sons for ever, to burn incense before the LORD, to minister unto him, and to bless in his name for ever. +Now concerning Moses the man of God, his sons were named of the tribe of Levi. +The sons of Moses were, Gershom, and Eliezer. +Of the sons of Gershom, Shebuel was the chief. +And the sons of Eliezer were, Rehabiah the chief. And Eliezer had none other sons; but the sons of Rehabiah were very many. +Of the sons of Izhar; Shelomith the chief. +Of the sons of Hebron; Jeriah the first, Amariah the second, Jahaziel the third, and Jekameam the fourth. +Of the sons of Uzziel; Micah the first and Jesiah the second. +The sons of Merari; Mahli, and Mushi. The sons of Mahli; Eleazar, and Kish. +And Eleazar died, and had no sons, but daughters: and their brethren the sons of Kish took them. +The sons of Mushi; Mahli, and Eder, and Jeremoth, three. +These were the sons of Levi after the house of their fathers; even the chief of the fathers, as they were counted by number of names by their polls, that did the work for the service of the house of the LORD, from the age of twenty years and upward. +For David said, The LORD God of Israel hath given rest unto his people, that they may dwell in Jerusalem for ever: +And also unto the Levites; they shall no more carry the tabernacle, nor any vessels of it for the service thereof. +For by the last words of David the Levites were numbered from twenty years old and above: +Because their office was to wait on the sons of Aaron for the service of the house of the LORD, in the courts, and in the chambers, and in the purifying of all holy things, and the work of the service of the house of God; +Both for the shewbread, and for the fine flour for meat offering, and for the unleavened cakes, and for that which is baked in the pan, and for that which is fried, and for all manner of measure and size; +And to stand every morning to thank and praise the LORD, and likewise at even: +And to offer all burnt sacrifices unto the LORD in the sabbaths, in the new moons, and on the set feasts, by number, according to the order commanded unto them, continually before the LORD: +And that they should keep the charge of the tabernacle of the congregation, and the charge of the holy place, and the charge of the sons of Aaron their brethren, in the service of the house of the LORD. +Now these are the divisions of the sons of Aaron. The sons of Aaron; Nadab, and Abihu, Eleazar, and Ithamar. +But Nadab and Abihu died before their father, and had no children: therefore Eleazar and Ithamar executed the priest's office. +And David distributed them, both Zadok of the sons of Eleazar, and Ahimelech of the sons of Ithamar, according to their offices in their service. +And there were more chief men found of the sons of Eleazar than of the sons of Ithamar, and thus were they divided. Among the sons of Eleazar there were sixteen chief men of the house of their fathers, and eight among the sons of Ithamar according to the house of their fathers. +Thus were they divided by lot, one sort with another; for the governors of the sanctuary, and governors of the house of God, were of the sons of Eleazar, and of the sons of Ithamar. +And Shemaiah the son of Nethaneel the scribe, one of the Levites, wrote them before the king, and the princes, and Zadok the priest, and Ahimelech the son of Abiathar, and before the chief of the fathers of the priests and Levites: one principal household being taken for Eleazar, and one taken for Ithamar. +Now the first lot came forth to Jehoiarib, the second to Jedaiah, +The third to Harim, the fourth to Seorim, +The fifth to Malchijah, the sixth to Mijamin, +The seventh to Hakkoz, the eighth to Abijah, +The ninth to Jeshuah, the tenth to Shecaniah, +The eleventh to Eliashib, the twelfth to Jakim, +The thirteenth to Huppah, the fourteenth to Jeshebeab, +The fifteenth to Bilgah, the sixteenth to Immer, +The seventeenth to Hezir, the eighteenth to Aphses, +The nineteenth to Pethahiah, the twentieth to Jehezekel, +The one and twentieth to Jachin, the two and twentieth to Gamul, +The three and twentieth to Delaiah, the four and twentieth to Maaziah. +These were the orderings of them in their service to come into the house of the LORD, according to their manner, under Aaron their father, as the LORD God of Israel had commanded him. +And the rest of the sons of Levi were these: Of the sons of Amram; Shubael: of the sons of Shubael; Jehdeiah. +Concerning Rehabiah: of the sons of Rehabiah, the first was Isshiah. +Of the Izharites; Shelomoth: of the sons of Shelomoth; Jahath. +And the sons of Hebron; Jeriah the first, Amariah the second, Jahaziel the third, Jekameam the fourth. +Of the sons of Uzziel; Michah: of the sons of Michah; Shamir. +The brother of Michah was Isshiah: of the sons of Isshiah; Zechariah. +The sons of Merari were Mahli and Mushi: the sons of Jaaziah; Beno. +The sons of Merari by Jaaziah; Beno, and Shoham, and Zaccur, and Ibri. +Of Mahli came Eleazar, who had no sons. +Concerning Kish: the son of Kish was Jerahmeel. +The sons also of Mushi; Mahli, and Eder, and Jerimoth. These were the sons of the Levites after the house of their fathers. +These likewise cast lots over against their brethren the sons of Aaron in the presence of David the king, and Zadok, and Ahimelech, and the chief of the fathers of the priests and Levites, even the principal fathers over against their younger brethren. +Moreover David and the captains of the host separated to the service of the sons of Asaph, and of Heman, and of Jeduthun, who should prophesy with harps, with psalteries, and with cymbals: and the number of the workmen according to their service was: +Of the sons of Asaph; Zaccur, and Joseph, and Nethaniah, and Asarelah, the sons of Asaph under the hands of Asaph, which prophesied according to the order of the king. +Of Jeduthun: the sons of Jeduthun; Gedaliah, and Zeri, and Jeshaiah, Hashabiah, and Mattithiah, six, under the hands of their father Jeduthun, who prophesied with a harp, to give thanks and to praise the LORD. +Of Heman: the sons of Heman: Bukkiah, Mattaniah, Uzziel, Shebuel, and Jerimoth, Hananiah, Hanani, Eliathah, Giddalti, and Romamtiezer, Joshbekashah, Mallothi, Hothir, and Mahazioth: +All these were the sons of Heman the king's seer in the words of God, to lift up the horn. And God gave to Heman fourteen sons and three daughters. +All these were under the hands of their father for song in the house of the LORD, with cymbals, psalteries, and harps, for the service of the house of God, according to the king's order to Asaph, Jeduthun, and Heman. +So the number of them, with their brethren that were instructed in the songs of the LORD, even all that were cunning, was two hundred fourscore and eight. +And they cast lots, ward against ward, as well the small as the great, the teacher as the scholar. +Now the first lot came forth for Asaph to Joseph: the second to Gedaliah, who with his brethren and sons were twelve: +The third to Zaccur, he, his sons, and his brethren, were twelve: +The fourth to Izri, he, his sons, and his brethren, were twelve: +The fifth to Nethaniah, he, his sons, and his brethren, were twelve: +The sixth to Bukkiah, he, his sons, and his brethren, were twelve: +The seventh to Jesharelah, he, his sons, and his brethren, were twelve: +The eighth to Jeshaiah, he, his sons, and his brethren, were twelve: +The ninth to Mattaniah, he, his sons, and his brethren, were twelve: +The tenth to Shimei, he, his sons, and his brethren, were twelve: +The eleventh to Azareel, he, his sons, and his brethren, were twelve: +The twelfth to Hashabiah, he, his sons, and his brethren, were twelve: +The thirteenth to Shubael, he, his sons, and his brethren, were twelve: +The fourteenth to Mattithiah, he, his sons, and his brethren, were twelve: +The fifteenth to Jeremoth, he, his sons, and his brethren, were twelve: +The sixteenth to Hananiah, he, his sons, and his brethren, were twelve: +The seventeenth to Joshbekashah, he, his sons, and his brethren, were twelve: +The eighteenth to Hanani, he, his sons, and his brethren, were twelve: +The nineteenth to Mallothi, he, his sons, and his brethren, were twelve: +The twentieth to Eliathah, he, his sons, and his brethren, were twelve: +The one and twentieth to Hothir, he, his sons, and his brethren, were twelve: +The two and twentieth to Giddalti, he, his sons, and his brethren, were twelve: +The three and twentieth to Mahazioth, he, his sons, and his brethren, were twelve: +The four and twentieth to Romamtiezer, he, his sons, and his brethren, were twelve. +Concerning the divisions of the porters: Of the Korhites was Meshelemiah the son of Kore, of the sons of Asaph. +And the sons of Meshelemiah were, Zechariah the firstborn, Jediael the second, Zebadiah the third, Jathniel the fourth, +Elam the fifth, Jehohanan the sixth, Elioenai the seventh. +Moreover the sons of Obededom were, Shemaiah the firstborn, Jehozabad the second, Joah the third, and Sacar the fourth, and Nethaneel the fifth. +Ammiel the sixth, Issachar the seventh, Peulthai the eighth: for God blessed him. +Also unto Shemaiah his son were sons born, that ruled throughout the house of their father: for they were mighty men of valour. +The sons of Shemaiah; Othni, and Rephael, and Obed, Elzabad, whose brethren were strong men, Elihu, and Semachiah. +All these of the sons of Obededom: they and their sons and their brethren, able men for strength for the service, were threescore and two of Obededom. +And Meshelemiah had sons and brethren, strong men, eighteen. +Also Hosah, of the children of Merari, had sons; Simri the chief, (for though he was not the firstborn, yet his father made him the chief;) +Hilkiah the second, Tebaliah the third, Zechariah the fourth: all the sons and brethren of Hosah were thirteen. +Among these were the divisions of the porters, even among the chief men, having wards one against another, to minister in the house of the LORD. +And they cast lots, as well the small as the great, according to the house of their fathers, for every gate. +And the lot eastward fell to Shelemiah. Then for Zechariah his son, a wise counsellor, they cast lots; and his lot came out northward. +To Obededom southward; and to his sons the house of Asuppim. +To Shuppim and Hosah the lot came forth westward, with the gate Shallecheth, by the causeway of the going up, ward against ward. +Eastward were six Levites, northward four a day, southward four a day, and toward Asuppim two and two. +At Parbar westward, four at the causeway, and two at Parbar. +These are the divisions of the porters among the sons of Kore, and among the sons of Merari. +And of the Levites, Ahijah was over the treasures of the house of God, and over the treasures of the dedicated things. +As concerning the sons of Laadan; the sons of the Gershonite Laadan, chief fathers, even of Laadan the Gershonite, were Jehieli. +The sons of Jehieli; Zetham, and Joel his brother, which were over the treasures of the house of the LORD. +Of the Amramites, and the Izharites, the Hebronites, and the Uzzielites: +And Shebuel the son of Gershom, the son of Moses, was ruler of the treasures. +And his brethren by Eliezer; Rehabiah his son, and Jeshaiah his son, and Joram his son, and Zichri his son, and Shelomith his son. +Which Shelomith and his brethren were over all the treasures of the dedicated things, which David the king, and the chief fathers, the captains over thousands and hundreds, and the captains of the host, had dedicated. +Out of the spoils won in battles did they dedicate to maintain the house of the LORD. +And all that Samuel the seer, and Saul the son of Kish, and Abner the son of Ner, and Joab the son of Zeruiah, had dedicated; and whosoever had dedicated any thing, it was under the hand of Shelomith, and of his brethren. +Of the Izharites, Chenaniah and his sons were for the outward business over Israel, for officers and judges. +And of the Hebronites, Hashabiah and his brethren, men of valour, a thousand and seven hundred, were officers among them of Israel on this side Jordan westward in all the business of the LORD, and in the service of the king. +Among the Hebronites was Jerijah the chief, even among the Hebronites, according to the generations of his fathers. In the fortieth year of the reign of David they were sought for, and there were found among them mighty men of valour at Jazer of Gilead. +And his brethren, men of valour, were two thousand and seven hundred chief fathers, whom king David made rulers over the Reubenites, the Gadites, and the half tribe of Manasseh, for every matter pertaining to God, and affairs of the king. +Now the children of Israel after their number, to wit, the chief fathers and captains of thousands and hundreds, and their officers that served the king in any matter of the courses, which came in and went out month by month throughout all the months of the year, of every course were twenty and four thousand. +Over the first course for the first month was Jashobeam the son of Zabdiel: and in his course were twenty and four thousand. +Of the children of Perez was the chief of all the captains of the host for the first month. +And over the course of the second month was Dodai an Ahohite, and of his course was Mikloth also the ruler: in his course likewise were twenty and four thousand. +The third captain of the host for the third month was Benaiah the son of Jehoiada, a chief priest: and in his course were twenty and four thousand. +This is that Benaiah, who was mighty among the thirty, and above the thirty: and in his course was Ammizabad his son. +The fourth captain for the fourth month was Asahel the brother of Joab, and Zebadiah his son after him: and in his course were twenty and four thousand. +The fifth captain for the fifth month was Shamhuth the Izrahite: and in his course were twenty and four thousand. +The sixth captain for the sixth month was Ira the son of Ikkesh the Tekoite: and in his course were twenty and four thousand. +The seventh captain for the seventh month was Helez the Pelonite, of the children of Ephraim: and in his course were twenty and four thousand. +The eighth captain for the eighth month was Sibbecai the Hushathite, of the Zarhites: and in his course were twenty and four thousand. +The ninth captain for the ninth month was Abiezer the Anetothite, of the Benjamites: and in his course were twenty and four thousand. +The tenth captain for the tenth month was Maharai the Netophathite, of the Zarhites: and in his course were twenty and four thousand. +The eleventh captain for the eleventh month was Benaiah the Pirathonite, of the children of Ephraim: and in his course were twenty and four thousand. +The twelfth captain for the twelfth month was Heldai the Netophathite, of Othniel: and in his course were twenty and four thousand. +Furthermore over the tribes of Israel: the ruler of the Reubenites was Eliezer the son of Zichri: of the Simeonites, Shephatiah the son of Maachah: +Of the Levites, Hashabiah the son of Kemuel: of the Aaronites, Zadok: +Of Judah, Elihu, one of the brethren of David: of Issachar, Omri the son of Michael: +Of Zebulun, Ishmaiah the son of Obadiah: of Naphtali, Jerimoth the son of Azriel: +Of the children of Ephraim, Hoshea the son of Azaziah: of the half tribe of Manasseh, Joel the son of Pedaiah: +Of the half tribe of Manasseh in Gilead, Iddo the son of Zechariah: of Benjamin, Jaasiel the son of Abner: +Of Dan, Azareel the son of Jeroham. These were the princes of the tribes of Israel. +But David took not the number of them from twenty years old and under: because the LORD had said he would increase Israel like to the stars of the heavens. +Joab the son of Zeruiah began to number, but he finished not, because there fell wrath for it against Israel; neither was the number put in the account of the chronicles of king David. +And over the king's treasures was Azmaveth the son of Adiel: and over the storehouses in the fields, in the cities, and in the villages, and in the castles, was Jehonathan the son of Uzziah: +And over them that did the work of the field for tillage of the ground was Ezri the son of Chelub: +And over the vineyards was Shimei the Ramathite: over the increase of the vineyards for the wine cellars was Zabdi the Shiphmite: +And over the olive trees and the sycomore trees that were in the low plains was Baalhanan the Gederite: and over the cellars of oil was Joash: +And over the herds that fed in Sharon was Shitrai the Sharonite: and over the herds that were in the valleys was Shaphat the son of Adlai: +Over the camels also was Obil the Ishmaelite: and over the asses was Jehdeiah the Meronothite: +And over the flocks was Jaziz the Hagerite. All these were the rulers of the substance which was king David's. +Also Jonathan David's uncle was a counsellor, a wise man, and a scribe: and Jehiel the son of Hachmoni was with the king's sons: +And Ahithophel was the king's counsellor: and Hushai the Archite was the king's companion: +And after Ahithophel was Jehoiada the son of Benaiah, and Abiathar: and the general of the king's army was Joab. +And David assembled all the princes of Israel, the princes of the tribes, and the captains of the companies that ministered to the king by course, and the captains over the thousands, and captains over the hundreds, and the stewards over all the substance and possession of the king, and of his sons, with the officers, and with the mighty men, and with all the valiant men, unto Jerusalem. +Then David the king stood up upon his feet, and said, Hear me, my brethren, and my people: As for me, I had in mine heart to build an house of rest for the ark of the covenant of the LORD, and for the footstool of our God, and had made ready for the building: +But God said unto me, Thou shalt not build an house for my name, because thou hast been a man of war, and hast shed blood. +Howbeit the LORD God of Israel chose me before all the house of my father to be king over Israel for ever: for he hath chosen Judah to be the ruler; and of the house of Judah, the house of my father; and among the sons of my father he liked me to make me king over all Israel: +And of all my sons, (for the LORD hath given me many sons,) he hath chosen Solomon my son to sit upon the throne of the kingdom of the LORD over Israel. +And he said unto me, Solomon thy son, he shall build my house and my courts: for I have chosen him to be my son, and I will be his father. +Moreover I will establish his kingdom for ever, if he be constant to do my commandments and my judgments, as at this day. +Now therefore in the sight of all Israel the congregation of the LORD, and in the audience of our God, keep and seek for all the commandments of the LORD your God: that ye may possess this good land, and leave it for an inheritance for your children after you for ever. +And thou, Solomon my son, know thou the God of thy father, and serve him with a perfect heart and with a willing mind: for the LORD searcheth all hearts, and understandeth all the imaginations of the thoughts: if thou seek him, he will be found of thee; but if thou forsake him, he will cast thee off for ever. +Take heed now; for the LORD hath chosen thee to build an house for the sanctuary: be strong, and do it. +Then David gave to Solomon his son the pattern of the porch, and of the houses thereof, and of the treasuries thereof, and of the upper chambers thereof, and of the inner parlours thereof, and of the place of the mercy seat, +And the pattern of all that he had by the spirit, of the courts of the house of the LORD, and of all the chambers round about, of the treasuries of the house of God, and of the treasuries of the dedicated things: +Also for the courses of the priests and the Levites, and for all the work of the service of the house of the LORD, and for all the vessels of service in the house of the LORD. +He gave of gold by weight for things of gold, for all instruments of all manner of service; silver also for all instruments of silver by weight, for all instruments of every kind of service: +Even the weight for the candlesticks of gold, and for their lamps of gold, by weight for every candlestick, and for the lamps thereof: and for the candlesticks of silver by weight, both for the candlestick, and also for the lamps thereof, according to the use of every candlestick. +And by weight he gave gold for the tables of shewbread, for every table; and likewise silver for the tables of silver: +Also pure gold for the fleshhooks, and the bowls, and the cups: and for the golden basons he gave gold by weight for every bason; and likewise silver by weight for every bason of silver: +And for the altar of incense refined gold by weight; and gold for the pattern of the chariot of the cherubims, that spread out their wings, and covered the ark of the covenant of the LORD. +All this, said David, the LORD made me understand in writing by his hand upon me, even all the works of this pattern. +And David said to Solomon his son, Be strong and of good courage, and do it: fear not, nor be dismayed: for the LORD God, even my God, will be with thee; he will not fail thee, nor forsake thee, until thou hast finished all the work for the service of the house of the LORD. +And, behold, the courses of the priests and the Levites, even they shall be with thee for all the service of the house of God: and there shall be with thee for all manner of workmanship every willing skilful man, for any manner of service: also the princes and all the people will be wholly at thy commandment. +Furthermore David the king said unto all the congregation, Solomon my son, whom alone God hath chosen, is yet young and tender, and the work is great: for the palace is not for man, but for the LORD God. +Now I have prepared with all my might for the house of my God the gold for things to be made of gold, and the silver for things of silver, and the brass for things of brass, the iron for things of iron, and wood for things of wood; onyx stones, and stones to be set, glistering stones, and of divers colours, and all manner of precious stones, and marble stones in abundance. +Moreover, because I have set my affection to the house of my God, I have of mine own proper good, of gold and silver, which I have given to the house of my God, over and above all that I have prepared for the holy house. +Even three thousand talents of gold, of the gold of Ophir, and seven thousand talents of refined silver, to overlay the walls of the houses withal: +The gold for things of gold, and the silver for things of silver, and for all manner of work to be made by the hands of artificers. And who then is willing to consecrate his service this day unto the LORD? +Then the chief of the fathers and princes of the tribes of Israel and the captains of thousands and of hundreds, with the rulers of the king's work, offered willingly, +And gave for the service of the house of God of gold five thousand talents and ten thousand drams, and of silver ten thousand talents, and of brass eighteen thousand talents, and one hundred thousand talents of iron. +And they with whom precious stones were found gave them to the treasure of the house of the LORD, by the hand of Jehiel the Gershonite. +Then the people rejoiced, for that they offered willingly, because with perfect heart they offered willingly to the LORD: and David the king also rejoiced with great joy. +Wherefore David blessed the LORD before all the congregation: and David said, Blessed be thou, LORD God of Israel our father, for ever and ever. +Thine, O LORD is the greatness, and the power, and the glory, and the victory, and the majesty: for all that is in the heaven and in the earth is thine; thine is the kingdom, O LORD, and thou art exalted as head above all. +Both riches and honour come of thee, and thou reignest over all; and in thine hand is power and might; and in thine hand it is to make great, and to give strength unto all. +Now therefore, our God, we thank thee, and praise thy glorious name. +But who am I, and what is my people, that we should be able to offer so willingly after this sort? for all things come of thee, and of thine own have we given thee. +For we are strangers before thee, and sojourners, as were all our fathers: our days on the earth are as a shadow, and there is none abiding. +O LORD our God, all this store that we have prepared to build thee an house for thine holy name cometh of thine hand, and is all thine own. +I know also, my God, that thou triest the heart, and hast pleasure in uprightness. As for me, in the uprightness of mine heart I have willingly offered all these things: and now have I seen with joy thy people, which are present here, to offer willingly unto thee. +O LORD God of Abraham, Isaac, and of Israel, our fathers, keep this for ever in the imagination of the thoughts of the heart of thy people, and prepare their heart unto thee: +And give unto Solomon my son a perfect heart, to keep thy commandments, thy testimonies, and thy statutes, and to do all these things, and to build the palace, for the which I have made provision. +And David said to all the congregation, Now bless the LORD your God. And all the congregation blessed the LORD God of their fathers, and bowed down their heads, and worshipped the LORD, and the king. +And they sacrificed sacrifices unto the LORD, and offered burnt offerings unto the LORD, on the morrow after that day, even a thousand bullocks, a thousand rams, and a thousand lambs, with their drink offerings, and sacrifices in abundance for all Israel: +And did eat and drink before the LORD on that day with great gladness. And they made Solomon the son of David king the second time, and anointed him unto the LORD to be the chief governor, and Zadok to be priest. +Then Solomon sat on the throne of the LORD as king instead of David his father, and prospered; and all Israel obeyed him. +And all the princes, and the mighty men, and all the sons likewise of king David, submitted themselves unto Solomon the king. +And the LORD magnified Solomon exceedingly in the sight of all Israel, and bestowed upon him such royal majesty as had not been on any king before him in Israel. +Thus David the son of Jesse reigned over all Israel. +And the time that he reigned over Israel was forty years; seven years reigned he in Hebron, and thirty and three years reigned he in Jerusalem. +And he died in a good old age, full of days, riches, and honour: and Solomon his son reigned in his stead. +Now the acts of David the king, first and last, behold, they are written in the book of Samuel the seer, and in the book of Nathan the prophet, and in the book of Gad the seer, +With all his reign and his might, and the times that went over him, and over Israel, and over all the kingdoms of the countries. +And Solomon the son of David was strengthened in his kingdom, and the LORD his God was with him, and magnified him exceedingly. +Then Solomon spake unto all Israel, to the captains of thousands and of hundreds, and to the judges, and to every governor in all Israel, the chief of the fathers. +So Solomon, and all the congregation with him, went to the high place that was at Gibeon; for there was the tabernacle of the congregation of God, which Moses the servant of the LORD had made in the wilderness. +But the ark of God had David brought up from Kirjathjearim to the place which David had prepared for it: for he had pitched a tent for it at Jerusalem. +Moreover the brasen altar, that Bezaleel the son of Uri, the son of Hur, had made, he put before the tabernacle of the LORD: and Solomon and the congregation sought unto it. +And Solomon went up thither to the brasen altar before the LORD, which was at the tabernacle of the congregation, and offered a thousand burnt offerings upon it. +In that night did God appear unto Solomon, and said unto him, Ask what I shall give thee. +And Solomon said unto God, Thou hast shewed great mercy unto David my father, and hast made me to reign in his stead. +Now, O LORD God, let thy promise unto David my father be established: for thou hast made me king over a people like the dust of the earth in multitude. +Give me now wisdom and knowledge, that I may go out and come in before this people: for who can judge this thy people, that is so great? +And God said to Solomon, Because this was in thine heart, and thou hast not asked riches, wealth, or honour, nor the life of thine enemies, neither yet hast asked long life; but hast asked wisdom and knowledge for thyself, that thou mayest judge my people, over whom I have made thee king: +Wisdom and knowledge is granted unto thee; and I will give thee riches, and wealth, and honour, such as none of the kings have had that have been before thee, neither shall there any after thee have the like. +Then Solomon came from his journey to the high place that was at Gibeon to Jerusalem, from before the tabernacle of the congregation, and reigned over Israel. +And Solomon gathered chariots and horsemen: and he had a thousand and four hundred chariots, and twelve thousand horsemen, which he placed in the chariot cities, and with the king at Jerusalem. +And the king made silver and gold at Jerusalem as plenteous as stones, and cedar trees made he as the sycomore trees that are in the vale for abundance. +And Solomon had horses brought out of Egypt, and linen yarn: the king's merchants received the linen yarn at a price. +And they fetched up, and brought forth out of Egypt a chariot for six hundred shekels of silver, and an horse for an hundred and fifty: and so brought they out horses for all the kings of the Hittites, and for the kings of Syria, by their means. +And Solomon determined to build an house for the name of the LORD, and an house for his kingdom. +And Solomon told out threescore and ten thousand men to bear burdens, and fourscore thousand to hew in the mountain, and three thousand and six hundred to oversee them. +And Solomon sent to Huram the king of Tyre, saying, As thou didst deal with David my father, and didst send him cedars to build him an house to dwell therein, even so deal with me. +Behold, I build an house to the name of the LORD my God, to dedicate it to him, and to burn before him sweet incense, and for the continual shewbread, and for the burnt offerings morning and evening, on the sabbaths, and on the new moons, and on the solemn feasts of the LORD our God. This is an ordinance for ever to Israel. +And the house which I build is great: for great is our God above all gods. +But who is able to build him an house, seeing the heaven and heaven of heavens cannot contain him? who am I then, that I should build him an house, save only to burn sacrifice before him? +Send me now therefore a man cunning to work in gold, and in silver, and in brass, and in iron, and in purple, and crimson, and blue, and that can skill to grave with the cunning men that are with me in Judah and in Jerusalem, whom David my father did provide. +Send me also cedar trees, fir trees, and algum trees, out of Lebanon: for I know that thy servants can skill to cut timber in Lebanon; and, behold, my servants shall be with thy servants, +Even to prepare me timber in abundance: for the house which I am about to build shall be wonderful great. +And, behold, I will give to thy servants, the hewers that cut timber, twenty thousand measures of beaten wheat, and twenty thousand measures of barley, and twenty thousand baths of wine, and twenty thousand baths of oil. +Then Huram the king of Tyre answered in writing, which he sent to Solomon, Because the LORD hath loved his people, he hath made thee king over them. +Huram said moreover, Blessed be the LORD God of Israel, that made heaven and earth, who hath given to David the king a wise son, endued with prudence and understanding, that might build an house for the LORD, and an house for his kingdom. +And now I have sent a cunning man, endued with understanding, of Huram my father's, +The son of a woman of the daughters of Dan, and his father was a man of Tyre, skilful to work in gold, and in silver, in brass, in iron, in stone, and in timber, in purple, in blue, and in fine linen, and in crimson; also to grave any manner of graving, and to find out every device which shall be put to him, with thy cunning men, and with the cunning men of my lord David thy father. +Now therefore the wheat, and the barley, the oil, and the wine, which my lord hath spoken of, let him send unto his servants: +And we will cut wood out of Lebanon, as much as thou shalt need: and we will bring it to thee in floats by sea to Joppa; and thou shalt carry it up to Jerusalem. +And Solomon numbered all the strangers that were in the land of Israel, after the numbering wherewith David his father had numbered them; and they were found an hundred and fifty thousand and three thousand and six hundred. +And he set threescore and ten thousand of them to be bearers of burdens, and fourscore thousand to be hewers in the mountain, and three thousand and six hundred overseers to set the people a work. +Then Solomon began to build the house of the LORD at Jerusalem in mount Moriah, where the Lord appeared unto David his father, in the place that David had prepared in the threshingfloor of Ornan the Jebusite. +And he began to build in the second day of the second month, in the fourth year of his reign. +Now these are the things wherein Solomon was instructed for the building of the house of God. The length by cubits after the first measure was threescore cubits, and the breadth twenty cubits. +And the porch that was in the front of the house, the length of it was according to the breadth of the house, twenty cubits, and the height was an hundred and twenty: and he overlaid it within with pure gold. +And the greater house he cieled with fir tree, which he overlaid with fine gold, and set thereon palm trees and chains. +And he garnished the house with precious stones for beauty: and the gold was gold of Parvaim. +He overlaid also the house, the beams, the posts, and the walls thereof, and the doors thereof, with gold; and graved cherubims on the walls. +And he made the most holy house, the length whereof was according to the breadth of the house, twenty cubits, and the breadth thereof twenty cubits: and he overlaid it with fine gold, amounting to six hundred talents. +And the weight of the nails was fifty shekels of gold. And he overlaid the upper chambers with gold. +And in the most holy house he made two cherubims of image work, and overlaid them with gold. +And the wings of the cherubims were twenty cubits long: one wing of the one cherub was five cubits, reaching to the wall of the house: and the other wing was likewise five cubits, reaching to the wing of the other cherub. +And one wing of the other cherub was five cubits, reaching to the wall of the house: and the other wing was five cubits also, joining to the wing of the other cherub. +The wings of these cherubims spread themselves forth twenty cubits: and they stood on their feet, and their faces were inward. +And he made the vail of blue, and purple, and crimson, and fine linen, and wrought cherubims thereon. +Also he made before the house two pillars of thirty and five cubits high, and the chapiter that was on the top of each of them was five cubits. +And he made chains, as in the oracle, and put them on the heads of the pillars; and made an hundred pomegranates, and put them on the chains. +And he reared up the pillars before the temple, one on the right hand, and the other on the left; and called the name of that on the right hand Jachin, and the name of that on the left Boaz. +Moreover he made an altar of brass, twenty cubits the length thereof, and twenty cubits the breadth thereof, and ten cubits the height thereof. +Also he made a molten sea of ten cubits from brim to brim, round in compass, and five cubits the height thereof; and a line of thirty cubits did compass it round about. +And under it was the similitude of oxen, which did compass it round about: ten in a cubit, compassing the sea round about. Two rows of oxen were cast, when it was cast. +It stood upon twelve oxen, three looking toward the north, and three looking toward the west, and three looking toward the south, and three looking toward the east: and the sea was set above upon them, and all their hinder parts were inward. +And the thickness of it was an handbreadth, and the brim of it like the work of the brim of a cup, with flowers of lilies; and it received and held three thousand baths. +He made also ten lavers, and put five on the right hand, and five on the left, to wash in them: such things as they offered for the burnt offering they washed in them; but the sea was for the priests to wash in. +And he made ten candlesticks of gold according to their form, and set them in the temple, five on the right hand, and five on the left. +He made also ten tables, and placed them in the temple, five on the right side, and five on the left. And he made an hundred basons of gold. +Furthermore he made the court of the priests, and the great court, and doors for the court, and overlaid the doors of them with brass. +And he set the sea on the right side of the east end, over against the south. +And Huram made the pots, and the shovels, and the basons. And Huram finished the work that he was to make for king Solomon for the house of God; +To wit, the two pillars, and the pommels, and the chapiters which were on the top of the two pillars, and the two wreaths to cover the two pommels of the chapiters which were on the top of the pillars; +And four hundred pomegranates on the two wreaths; two rows of pomegranates on each wreath, to cover the two pommels of the chapiters which were upon the pillars. +He made also bases, and lavers made he upon the bases; +One sea, and twelve oxen under it. +The pots also, and the shovels, and the fleshhooks, and all their instruments, did Huram his father make to king Solomon for the house of the LORD of bright brass. +In the plain of Jordan did the king cast them, in the clay ground between Succoth and Zeredathah. +Thus Solomon made all these vessels in great abundance: for the weight of the brass could not be found out. +And Solomon made all the vessels that were for the house of God, the golden altar also, and the tables whereon the shewbread was set; +Moreover the candlesticks with their lamps, that they should burn after the manner before the oracle, of pure gold; +And the flowers, and the lamps, and the tongs, made he of gold, and that perfect gold; +And the snuffers, and the basons, and the spoons, and the censers, of pure gold: and the entry of the house, the inner doors thereof for the most holy place, and the doors of the house of the temple, were of gold. +Thus all the work that Solomon made for the house of the LORD was finished: and Solomon brought in all the things that David his father had dedicated; and the silver, and the gold, and all the instruments, put he among the treasures of the house of God. +Then Solomon assembled the elders of Israel, and all the heads of the tribes, the chief of the fathers of the children of Israel, unto Jerusalem, to bring up the ark of the covenant of the LORD out of the city of David, which is Zion. +Wherefore all the men of Israel assembled themselves unto the king in the feast which was in the seventh month. +And all the elders of Israel came; and the Levites took up the ark. +And they brought up the ark, and the tabernacle of the congregation, and all the holy vessels that were in the tabernacle, these did the priests and the Levites bring up. +Also king Solomon, and all the congregation of Israel that were assembled unto him before the ark, sacrificed sheep and oxen, which could not be told nor numbered for multitude. +And the priests brought in the ark of the covenant of the LORD unto his place, to the oracle of the house, into the most holy place, even under the wings of the cherubims: +For the cherubims spread forth their wings over the place of the ark, and the cherubims covered the ark and the staves thereof above. +And they drew out the staves of the ark, that the ends of the staves were seen from the ark before the oracle; but they were not seen without. And there it is unto this day. +There was nothing in the ark save the two tables which Moses put therein at Horeb, when the LORD made a covenant with the children of Israel, when they came out of Egypt. +And it came to pass, when the priests were come out of the holy place: (for all the priests that were present were sanctified, and did not then wait by course: +Also the Levites which were the singers, all of them of Asaph, of Heman, of Jeduthun, with their sons and their brethren, being arrayed in white linen, having cymbals and psalteries and harps, stood at the east end of the altar, and with them an hundred and twenty priests sounding with trumpets:) +It came even to pass, as the trumpeters and singers were as one, to make one sound to be heard in praising and thanking the LORD; and when they lifted up their voice with the trumpets and cymbals and instruments of musick, and praised the LORD, saying, For he is good; for his mercy endureth for ever: that then the house was filled with a cloud, even the house of the LORD; +So that the priests could not stand to minister by reason of the cloud: for the glory of the LORD had filled the house of God. +Then said Solomon, The LORD hath said that he would dwell in the thick darkness. +But I have built an house of habitation for thee, and a place for thy dwelling for ever. +And the king turned his face, and blessed the whole congregation of Israel: and all the congregation of Israel stood. +And he said, Blessed be the LORD God of Israel, who hath with his hands fulfilled that which he spake with his mouth to my father David, saying, +Since the day that I brought forth my people out of the land of Egypt I chose no city among all the tribes of Israel to build an house in, that my name might be there; neither chose I any man to be a ruler over my people Israel: +But I have chosen Jerusalem, that my name might be there; and have chosen David to be over my people Israel. +Now it was in the heart of David my father to build an house for the name of the LORD God of Israel. +But the LORD said to David my father, Forasmuch as it was in thine heart to build an house for my name, thou didst well in that it was in thine heart: +Notwithstanding thou shalt not build the house; but thy son which shall come forth out of thy loins, he shall build the house for my name. +The LORD therefore hath performed his word that he hath spoken: for I am risen up in the room of David my father, and am set on the throne of Israel, as the LORD promised, and have built the house for the name of the LORD God of Israel. +And in it have I put the ark, wherein is the covenant of the LORD, that he made with the children of Israel. +And he stood before the altar of the LORD in the presence of all the congregation of Israel, and spread forth his hands: +For Solomon had made a brasen scaffold of five cubits long, and five cubits broad, and three cubits high, and had set it in the midst of the court: and upon it he stood, and kneeled down upon his knees before all the congregation of Israel, and spread forth his hands toward heaven. +And said, O LORD God of Israel, there is no God like thee in the heaven, nor in the earth; which keepest covenant, and shewest mercy unto thy servants, that walk before thee with all their hearts: +Thou which hast kept with thy servant David my father that which thou hast promised him; and spakest with thy mouth, and hast fulfilled it with thine hand, as it is this day. +Now therefore, O LORD God of Israel, keep with thy servant David my father that which thou hast promised him, saying, There shall not fail thee a man in my sight to sit upon the throne of Israel; yet so that thy children take heed to their way to walk in my law, as thou hast walked before me. +Now then, O LORD God of Israel, let thy word be verified, which thou hast spoken unto thy servant David. +But will God in very deed dwell with men on the earth? behold, heaven and the heaven of heavens cannot contain thee; how much less this house which I have built! +Have respect therefore to the prayer of thy servant, and to his supplication, O LORD my God, to hearken unto the cry and the prayer which thy servant prayeth before thee: +That thine eyes may be open upon this house day and night, upon the place whereof thou hast said that thou wouldest put thy name there; to hearken unto the prayer which thy servant prayeth toward this place. +Hearken therefore unto the supplications of thy servant, and of thy people Israel, which they shall make toward this place: hear thou from thy dwelling place, even from heaven; and when thou hearest, forgive. +If a man sin against his neighbour, and an oath be laid upon him to make him swear, and the oath come before thine altar in this house; +Then hear thou from heaven, and do, and judge thy servants, by requiting the wicked, by recompensing his way upon his own head; and by justifying the righteous, by giving him according to his righteousness. +And if thy people Israel be put to the worse before the enemy, because they have sinned against thee; and shall return and confess thy name, and pray and make supplication before thee in this house; +Then hear thou from the heavens, and forgive the sin of thy people Israel, and bring them again unto the land which thou gavest to them and to their fathers. +When the heaven is shut up, and there is no rain, because they have sinned against thee; yet if they pray toward this place, and confess thy name, and turn from their sin, when thou dost afflict them; +Then hear thou from heaven, and forgive the sin of thy servants, and of thy people Israel, when thou hast taught them the good way, wherein they should walk; and send rain upon thy land, which thou hast given unto thy people for an inheritance. +If there be dearth in the land, if there be pestilence, if there be blasting, or mildew, locusts, or caterpillers; if their enemies besiege them in the cities of their land; whatsoever sore or whatsoever sickness there be: +Then what prayer or what supplication soever shall be made of any man, or of all thy people Israel, when every one shall know his own sore and his own grief, and shall spread forth his hands in this house: +Then hear thou from heaven thy dwelling place, and forgive, and render unto every man according unto all his ways, whose heart thou knowest; (for thou only knowest the hearts of the children of men:) +That they may fear thee, to walk in thy ways, so long as they live in the land which thou gavest unto our fathers. +Moreover concerning the stranger, which is not of thy people Israel, but is come from a far country for thy great name's sake, and thy mighty hand, and thy stretched out arm; if they come and pray in this house; +Then hear thou from the heavens, even from thy dwelling place, and do according to all that the stranger calleth to thee for; that all people of the earth may know thy name, and fear thee, as doth thy people Israel, and may know that this house which I have built is called by thy name. +If thy people go out to war against their enemies by the way that thou shalt send them, and they pray unto thee toward this city which thou hast chosen, and the house which I have built for thy name; +Then hear thou from the heavens their prayer and their supplication, and maintain their cause. +If they sin against thee, (for there is no man which sinneth not,) and thou be angry with them, and deliver them over before their enemies, and they carry them away captives unto a land far off or near; +Yet if they bethink themselves in the land whither they are carried captive, and turn and pray unto thee in the land of their captivity, saying, We have sinned, we have done amiss, and have dealt wickedly; +If they return to thee with all their heart and with all their soul in the land of their captivity, whither they have carried them captives, and pray toward their land, which thou gavest unto their fathers, and toward the city which thou hast chosen, and toward the house which I have built for thy name: +Then hear thou from the heavens, even from thy dwelling place, their prayer and their supplications, and maintain their cause, and forgive thy people which have sinned against thee. +Now, my God, let, I beseech thee, thine eyes be open, and let thine ears be attent unto the prayer that is made in this place. +Now therefore arise, O LORD God, into thy resting place, thou, and the ark of thy strength: let thy priests, O LORD God, be clothed with salvation, and let thy saints rejoice in goodness. +O LORD God, turn not away the face of thine anointed: remember the mercies of David thy servant. +Now when Solomon had made an end of praying, the fire came down from heaven, and consumed the burnt offering and the sacrifices; and the glory of the LORD filled the house. +And the priests could not enter into the house of the LORD, because the glory of the LORD had filled the LORD's house. +And when all the children of Israel saw how the fire came down, and the glory of the LORD upon the house, they bowed themselves with their faces to the ground upon the pavement, and worshipped, and praised the LORD, saying, For he is good; for his mercy endureth for ever. +Then the king and all the people offered sacrifices before the LORD. +And king Solomon offered a sacrifice of twenty and two thousand oxen, and an hundred and twenty thousand sheep: so the king and all the people dedicated the house of God. +And the priests waited on their offices: the Levites also with instruments of musick of the LORD, which David the king had made to praise the LORD, because his mercy endureth for ever, when David praised by their ministry; and the priests sounded trumpets before them, and all Israel stood. +Moreover Solomon hallowed the middle of the court that was before the house of the LORD: for there he offered burnt offerings, and the fat of the peace offerings, because the brasen altar which Solomon had made was not able to receive the burnt offerings, and the meat offerings, and the fat. +Also at the same time Solomon kept the feast seven days, and all Israel with him, a very great congregation, from the entering in of Hamath unto the river of Egypt. +And in the eighth day they made a solemn assembly: for they kept the dedication of the altar seven days, and the feast seven days. +And on the three and twentieth day of the seventh month he sent the people away into their tents, glad and merry in heart for the goodness that the LORD had shewed unto David, and to Solomon, and to Israel his people. +Thus Solomon finished the house of the LORD, and the king's house: and all that came into Solomon's heart to make in the house of the LORD, and in his own house, he prosperously effected. +And the LORD appeared to Solomon by night, and said unto him, I have heard thy prayer, and have chosen this place to myself for an house of sacrifice. +If I shut up heaven that there be no rain, or if I command the locusts to devour the land, or if I send pestilence among my people; +If my people, which are called by my name, shall humble themselves, and pray, and seek my face, and turn from their wicked ways; then will I hear from heaven, and will forgive their sin, and will heal their land. +Now mine eyes shall be open, and mine ears attent unto the prayer that is made in this place. +For now have I chosen and sanctified this house, that my name may be there for ever: and mine eyes and mine heart shall be there perpetually. +And as for thee, if thou wilt walk before me, as David thy father walked, and do according to all that I have commanded thee, and shalt observe my statutes and my judgments; +Then will I stablish the throne of thy kingdom, according as I have covenanted with David thy father, saying, There shall not fail thee a man to be ruler in Israel. +But if ye turn away, and forsake my statutes and my commandments, which I have set before you, and shall go and serve other gods, and worship them; +Then will I pluck them up by the roots out of my land which I have given them; and this house, which I have sanctified for my name, will I cast out of my sight, and will make it to be a proverb and a byword among all nations. +And this house, which is high, shall be an astonishment to every one that passeth by it; so that he shall say, Why hath the LORD done thus unto this land, and unto this house? +And it shall be answered, Because they forsook the LORD God of their fathers, which brought them forth out of the land of Egypt, and laid hold on other gods, and worshipped them, and served them: therefore hath he brought all this evil upon them. +And it came to pass at the end of twenty years, wherein Solomon had built the house of the LORD, and his own house, +That the cities which Huram had restored to Solomon, Solomon built them, and caused the children of Israel to dwell there. +And Solomon went to Hamathzobah, and prevailed against it. +And he built Tadmor in the wilderness, and all the store cities, which he built in Hamath. +Also he built Bethhoron the upper, and Bethhoron the nether, fenced cities, with walls, gates, and bars; +And Baalath, and all the store cities that Solomon had, and all the chariot cities, and the cities of the horsemen, and all that Solomon desired to build in Jerusalem, and in Lebanon, and throughout all the land of his dominion. +As for all the people that were left of the Hittites, and the Amorites, and the Perizzites, and the Hivites, and the Jebusites, which were not of Israel, +But of their children, who were left after them in the land, whom the children of Israel consumed not, them did Solomon make to pay tribute until this day. +But of the children of Israel did Solomon make no servants for his work; but they were men of war, and chief of his captains, and captains of his chariots and horsemen. +And these were the chief of king Solomon's officers, even two hundred and fifty, that bare rule over the people. +And Solomon brought up the daughter of Pharaoh out of the city of David unto the house that he had built for her: for he said, My wife shall not dwell in the house of David king of Israel, because the places are holy, whereunto the ark of the LORD hath come. +Then Solomon offered burnt offerings unto the LORD on the altar of the LORD, which he had built before the porch, +Even after a certain rate every day, offering according to the commandment of Moses, on the sabbaths, and on the new moons, and on the solemn feasts, three times in the year, even in the feast of unleavened bread, and in the feast of weeks, and in the feast of tabernacles. +And he appointed, according to the order of David his father, the courses of the priests to their service, and the Levites to their charges, to praise and minister before the priests, as the duty of every day required: the porters also by their courses at every gate: for so had David the man of God commanded. +And they departed not from the commandment of the king unto the priests and Levites concerning any matter, or concerning the treasures. +Now all the work of Solomon was prepared unto the day of the foundation of the house of the LORD, and until it was finished. So the house of the LORD was perfected. +Then went Solomon to Eziongeber, and to Eloth, at the sea side in the land of Edom. +And Huram sent him by the hands of his servants ships, and servants that had knowledge of the sea; and they went with the servants of Solomon to Ophir, and took thence four hundred and fifty talents of gold, and brought them to king Solomon. +And when the queen of Sheba heard of the fame of Solomon, she came to prove Solomon with hard questions at Jerusalem, with a very great company, and camels that bare spices, and gold in abundance, and precious stones: and when she was come to Solomon, she communed with him of all that was in her heart. +And Solomon told her all her questions: and there was nothing hid from Solomon which he told her not. +And when the queen of Sheba had seen the wisdom of Solomon, and the house that he had built, +And the meat of his table, and the sitting of his servants, and the attendance of his ministers, and their apparel; his cupbearers also, and their apparel; and his ascent by which he went up into the house of the LORD; there was no more spirit in her. +And she said to the king, It was a true report which I heard in mine own land of thine acts, and of thy wisdom: +Howbeit I believed not their words, until I came, and mine eyes had seen it: and, behold, the one half of the greatness of thy wisdom was not told me: for thou exceedest the fame that I heard. +Happy are thy men, and happy are these thy servants, which stand continually before thee, and hear thy wisdom. +Blessed be the LORD thy God, which delighted in thee to set thee on his throne, to be king for the LORD thy God: because thy God loved Israel, to establish them for ever, therefore made he thee king over them, to do judgment and justice. +And she gave the king an hundred and twenty talents of gold, and of spices great abundance, and precious stones: neither was there any such spice as the queen of Sheba gave king Solomon. +And the servants also of Huram, and the servants of Solomon, which brought gold from Ophir, brought algum trees and precious stones. +And the king made of the algum trees terraces to the house of the LORD, and to the king's palace, and harps and psalteries for singers: and there were none such seen before in the land of Judah. +And king Solomon gave to the queen of Sheba all her desire, whatsoever she asked, beside that which she had brought unto the king. So she turned, and went away to her own land, she and her servants. +Now the weight of gold that came to Solomon in one year was six hundred and threescore and six talents of gold; +Beside that which chapmen and merchants brought. And all the kings of Arabia and governors of the country brought gold and silver to Solomon. +And king Solomon made two hundred targets of beaten gold: six hundred shekels of beaten gold went to one target. +And three hundred shields made he of beaten gold: three hundred shekels of gold went to one shield. And the king put them in the house of the forest of Lebanon. +Moreover the king made a great throne of ivory, and overlaid it with pure gold. +And there were six steps to the throne, with a footstool of gold, which were fastened to the throne, and stays on each side of the sitting place, and two lions standing by the stays: +And twelve lions stood there on the one side and on the other upon the six steps. There was not the like made in any kingdom. +And all the drinking vessels of king Solomon were of gold, and all the vessels of the house of the forest of Lebanon were of pure gold: none were of silver; it was not any thing accounted of in the days of Solomon. +For the king's ships went to Tarshish with the servants of Huram: every three years once came the ships of Tarshish bringing gold, and silver, ivory, and apes, and peacocks. +And king Solomon passed all the kings of the earth in riches and wisdom. +And all the kings of the earth sought the presence of Solomon, to hear his wisdom, that God had put in his heart. +And they brought every man his present, vessels of silver, and vessels of gold, and raiment, harness, and spices, horses, and mules, a rate year by year. +And Solomon had four thousand stalls for horses and chariots, and twelve thousand horsemen; whom he bestowed in the chariot cities, and with the king at Jerusalem. +And he reigned over all the kings from the river even unto the land of the Philistines, and to the border of Egypt. +And the king made silver in Jerusalem as stones, and cedar trees made he as the sycomore trees that are in the low plains in abundance. +And they brought unto Solomon horses out of Egypt, and out of all lands. +Now the rest of the acts of Solomon, first and last, are they not written in the book of Nathan the prophet, and in the prophecy of Ahijah the Shilonite, and in the visions of Iddo the seer against Jeroboam the son of Nebat? +And Solomon reigned in Jerusalem over all Israel forty years. +And Solomon slept with his fathers, and he was buried in the city of David his father: and Rehoboam his son reigned in his stead. +And Rehoboam went to Shechem: for to Shechem were all Israel come to make him king. +And it came to pass, when Jeroboam the son of Nebat, who was in Egypt, whither he fled from the presence of Solomon the king, heard it, that Jeroboam returned out of Egypt. +And they sent and called him. So Jeroboam and all Israel came and spake to Rehoboam, saying, +Thy father made our yoke grievous: now therefore ease thou somewhat the grievous servitude of thy father, and his heavy yoke that he put upon us, and we will serve thee. +And he said unto them, Come again unto me after three days. And the people departed. +And king Rehoboam took counsel with the old men that had stood before Solomon his father while he yet lived, saying, What counsel give ye me to return answer to this people? +And they spake unto him, saying, If thou be kind to this people, and please them, and speak good words to them, they will be thy servants for ever. +But he forsook the counsel which the old men gave him, and took counsel with the young men that were brought up with him, that stood before him. +And he said unto them, What advice give ye that we may return answer to this people, which have spoken to me, saying, Ease somewhat the yoke that thy father did put upon us? +And the young men that were brought up with him spake unto him, saying, Thus shalt thou answer the people that spake unto thee, saying, Thy father made our yoke heavy, but make thou it somewhat lighter for us; thus shalt thou say unto them, My little finger shall be thicker than my father's loins. +For whereas my father put a heavy yoke upon you, I will put more to your yoke: my father chastised you with whips, but I will chastise you with scorpions. +So Jeroboam and all the people came to Rehoboam on the third day, as the king bade, saying, Come again to me on the third day. +And the king answered them roughly; and king Rehoboam forsook the counsel of the old men, +And answered them after the advice of the young men, saying, My father made your yoke heavy, but I will add thereto: my father chastised you with whips, but I will chastise you with scorpions. +So the king hearkened not unto the people: for the cause was of God, that the LORD might perform his word, which he spake by the hand of Ahijah the Shilonite to Jeroboam the son of Nebat. +And when all Israel saw that the king would not hearken unto them, the people answered the king, saying, What portion have we in David? and we have none inheritance in the son of Jesse: every man to your tents, O Israel: and now, David, see to thine own house. So all Israel went to their tents. +But as for the children of Israel that dwelt in the cities of Judah, Rehoboam reigned over them. +Then king Rehoboam sent Hadoram that was over the tribute; and the children of Israel stoned him with stones, that he died. But king Rehoboam made speed to get him up to his chariot, to flee to Jerusalem. +And Israel rebelled against the house of David unto this day. +And when Rehoboam was come to Jerusalem, he gathered of the house of Judah and Benjamin an hundred and fourscore thousand chosen men, which were warriors, to fight against Israel, that he might bring the kingdom again to Rehoboam. +But the word of the LORD came to Shemaiah the man of God, saying, +Speak unto Rehoboam the son of Solomon, king of Judah, and to all Israel in Judah and Benjamin, saying, +Thus saith the LORD, Ye shall not go up, nor fight against your brethren: return every man to his house: for this thing is done of me. And they obeyed the words of the LORD, and returned from going against Jeroboam. +And Rehoboam dwelt in Jerusalem, and built cities for defence in Judah. +He built even Bethlehem, and Etam, and Tekoa, +And Bethzur, and Shoco, and Adullam, +And Gath, and Mareshah, and Ziph, +And Adoraim, and Lachish, and Azekah, +And Zorah, and Aijalon, and Hebron, which are in Judah and in Benjamin fenced cities. +And he fortified the strong holds, and put captains in them, and store of victual, and of oil and wine. +And in every several city he put shields and spears, and made them exceeding strong, having Judah and Benjamin on his side. +And the priests and the Levites that were in all Israel resorted to him out of all their coasts. +For the Levites left their suburbs and their possession, and came to Judah and Jerusalem: for Jeroboam and his sons had cast them off from executing the priest's office unto the LORD: +And he ordained him priests for the high places, and for the devils, and for the calves which he had made. +And after them out of all the tribes of Israel such as set their hearts to seek the LORD God of Israel came to Jerusalem, to sacrifice unto the LORD God of their fathers. +So they strengthened the kingdom of Judah, and made Rehoboam the son of Solomon strong, three years: for three years they walked in the way of David and Solomon. +And Rehoboam took him Mahalath the daughter of Jerimoth the son of David to wife, and Abihail the daughter of Eliab the son of Jesse; +Which bare him children; Jeush, and Shamariah, and Zaham. +And after her he took Maachah the daughter of Absalom; which bare him Abijah, and Attai, and Ziza, and Shelomith. +And Rehoboam loved Maachah the daughter of Absalom above all his wives and his concubines: (for he took eighteen wives, and threescore concubines; and begat twenty and eight sons, and threescore daughters.) +And Rehoboam made Abijah the son of Maachah the chief, to be ruler among his brethren: for he thought to make him king. +And he dealt wisely, and dispersed of all his children throughout all the countries of Judah and Benjamin, unto every fenced city: and he gave them victual in abundance. And he desired many wives. +And it came to pass, when Rehoboam had established the kingdom, and had strengthened himself, he forsook the law of the LORD, and all Israel with him. +And it came to pass, that in the fifth year of king Rehoboam Shishak king of Egypt came up against Jerusalem, because they had transgressed against the LORD, +With twelve hundred chariots, and threescore thousand horsemen: and the people were without number that came with him out of Egypt; the Lubims, the Sukkiims, and the Ethiopians. +And he took the fenced cities which pertained to Judah, and came to Jerusalem. +Then came Shemaiah the prophet to Rehoboam, and to the princes of Judah, that were gathered together to Jerusalem because of Shishak, and said unto them, Thus saith the LORD, Ye have forsaken me, and therefore have I also left you in the hand of Shishak. +Whereupon the princes of Israel and the king humbled themselves; and they said, The LORD is righteous. +And when the LORD saw that they humbled themselves, the word of the LORD came to Shemaiah, saying, They have humbled themselves; therefore I will not destroy them, but I will grant them some deliverance; and my wrath shall not be poured out upon Jerusalem by the hand of Shishak. +Nevertheless they shall be his servants; that they may know my service, and the service of the kingdoms of the countries. +So Shishak king of Egypt came up against Jerusalem, and took away the treasures of the house of the LORD, and the treasures of the king's house; he took all: he carried away also the shields of gold which Solomon had made. +Instead of which king Rehoboam made shields of brass, and committed them to the hands of the chief of the guard, that kept the entrance of the king's house. +And when the king entered into the house of the LORD, the guard came and fetched them, and brought them again into the guard chamber. +And when he humbled himself, the wrath of the LORD turned from him, that he would not destroy him altogether: and also in Judah things went well. +So king Rehoboam strengthened himself in Jerusalem, and reigned: for Rehoboam was one and forty years old when he began to reign, and he reigned seventeen years in Jerusalem, the city which the LORD had chosen out of all the tribes of Israel, to put his name there. And his mother's name was Naamah an Ammonitess. +And he did evil, because he prepared not his heart to seek the LORD. +Now the acts of Rehoboam, first and last, are they not written in the book of Shemaiah the prophet, and of Iddo the seer concerning genealogies? And there were wars between Rehoboam and Jeroboam continually. +And Rehoboam slept with his fathers, and was buried in the city of David: and Abijah his son reigned in his stead. +Now in the eighteenth year of king Jeroboam began Abijah to reign over Judah. +He reigned three years in Jerusalem. His mother's name also was Michaiah the daughter of Uriel of Gibeah. And there was war between Abijah and Jeroboam. +And Abijah set the battle in array with an army of valiant men of war, even four hundred thousand chosen men: Jeroboam also set the battle in array against him with eight hundred thousand chosen men, being mighty men of valour. +And Abijah stood up upon mount Zemaraim, which is in mount Ephraim, and said, Hear me, thou Jeroboam, and all Israel; +Ought ye not to know that the LORD God of Israel gave the kingdom over Israel to David for ever, even to him and to his sons by a covenant of salt? +Yet Jeroboam the son of Nebat, the servant of Solomon the son of David, is risen up, and hath rebelled against his lord. +And there are gathered unto him vain men, the children of Belial, and have strengthened themselves against Rehoboam the son of Solomon, when Rehoboam was young and tenderhearted, and could not withstand them. +And now ye think to withstand the kingdom of the LORD in the hand of the sons of David; and ye be a great multitude, and there are with your golden calves, which Jeroboam made you for gods. +Have ye not cast out the priests of the LORD, the sons of Aaron, and the Levites, and have made you priests after the manner of the nations of other lands? so that whosoever cometh to consecrate himself with a young bullock and seven rams, the same may be a priest of them that are no gods. +But as for us, the LORD is our God, and we have not forsaken him; and the priests, which minister unto the LORD, are the sons of Aaron, and the Levites wait upon their business: +And they burn unto the LORD every morning and every evening burnt sacrifices and sweet incense: the shewbread also set they in order upon the pure table; and the candlestick of gold with the lamps thereof, to burn every evening: for we keep the charge of the LORD our God; but ye have forsaken him. +And, behold, God himself is with us for our captain, and his priests with sounding trumpets to cry alarm against you. O children of Israel, fight ye not against the LORD God of your fathers; for ye shall not prosper. +But Jeroboam caused an ambushment to come about behind them: so they were before Judah, and the ambushment was behind them. +And when Judah looked back, behold, the battle was before and behind: and they cried unto the LORD, and the priests sounded with the trumpets. +Then the men of Judah gave a shout: and as the men of Judah shouted, it came to pass, that God smote Jeroboam and all Israel before Abijah and Judah. +And the children of Israel fled before Judah: and God delivered them into their hand. +And Abijah and his people slew them with a great slaughter: so there fell down slain of Israel five hundred thousand chosen men. +Thus the children of Israel were brought under at that time, and the children of Judah prevailed, because they relied upon the LORD God of their fathers. +And Abijah pursued after Jeroboam, and took cities from him, Bethel with the towns thereof, and Jeshanah with the towns thereof, and Ephraim with the towns thereof. +Neither did Jeroboam recover strength again in the days of Abijah: and the LORD struck him, and he died. +But Abijah waxed mighty, and married fourteen wives, and begat twenty and two sons, and sixteen daughters. +And the rest of the acts of Abijah, and his ways, and his sayings, are written in the story of the prophet Iddo. +So Abijah slept with his fathers, and they buried him in the city of David: and Asa his son reigned in his stead. In his days the land was quiet ten years. +And Asa did that which was good and right in the eyes of the LORD his God: +For he took away the altars of the strange gods, and the high places, and brake down the images, and cut down the groves: +And commanded Judah to seek the LORD God of their fathers, and to do the law and the commandment. +Also he took away out of all the cities of Judah the high places and the images: and the kingdom was quiet before him. +And he built fenced cities in Judah: for the land had rest, and he had no war in those years; because the LORD had given him rest. +Therefore he said unto Judah, Let us build these cities, and make about them walls, and towers, gates, and bars, while the land is yet before us; because we have sought the LORD our God, we have sought him, and he hath given us rest on every side. So they built and prospered. +And Asa had an army of men that bare targets and spears, out of Judah three hundred thousand; and out of Benjamin, that bare shields and drew bows, two hundred and fourscore thousand: all these were mighty men of valour. +And there came out against them Zerah the Ethiopian with an host of a thousand thousand, and three hundred chariots; and came unto Mareshah. +Then Asa went out against him, and they set the battle in array in the valley of Zephathah at Mareshah. +And Asa cried unto the LORD his God, and said, LORD, it is nothing with thee to help, whether with many, or with them that have no power: help us, O LORD our God; for we rest on thee, and in thy name we go against this multitude. O LORD, thou art our God; let no man prevail against thee. +So the LORD smote the Ethiopians before Asa, and before Judah; and the Ethiopians fled. +And Asa and the people that were with him pursued them unto Gerar: and the Ethiopians were overthrown, that they could not recover themselves; for they were destroyed before the LORD, and before his host; and they carried away very much spoil. +And they smote all the cities round about Gerar; for the fear of the LORD came upon them: and they spoiled all the cities; for there was exceeding much spoil in them. +They smote also the tents of cattle, and carried away sheep and camels in abundance, and returned to Jerusalem. +And the Spirit of God came upon Azariah the son of Oded: +And he went out to meet Asa, and said unto him, Hear ye me, Asa, and all Judah and Benjamin; The LORD is with you, while ye be with him; and if ye seek him, he will be found of you; but if ye forsake him, he will forsake you. +Now for a long season Israel hath been without the true God, and without a teaching priest, and without law. +But when they in their trouble did turn unto the LORD God of Israel, and sought him, he was found of them. +And in those times there was no peace to him that went out, nor to him that came in, but great vexations were upon all the inhabitants of the countries. +And nation was destroyed of nation, and city of city: for God did vex them with all adversity. +Be ye strong therefore, and let not your hands be weak: for your work shall be rewarded. +And when Asa heard these words, and the prophecy of Oded the prophet, he took courage, and put away the abominable idols out of all the land of Judah and Benjamin, and out of the cities which he had taken from mount Ephraim, and renewed the altar of the LORD, that was before the porch of the LORD. +And he gathered all Judah and Benjamin, and the strangers with them out of Ephraim and Manasseh, and out of Simeon: for they fell to him out of Israel in abundance, when they saw that the LORD his God was with him. +So they gathered themselves together at Jerusalem in the third month, in the fifteenth year of the reign of Asa. +And they offered unto the LORD the same time, of the spoil which they had brought, seven hundred oxen and seven thousand sheep. +And they entered into a covenant to seek the LORD God of their fathers with all their heart and with all their soul; +That whosoever would not seek the LORD God of Israel should be put to death, whether small or great, whether man or woman. +And they sware unto the LORD with a loud voice, and with shouting, and with trumpets, and with cornets. +And all Judah rejoiced at the oath: for they had sworn with all their heart, and sought him with their whole desire; and he was found of them: and the LORD gave them rest round about. +And also concerning Maachah the mother of Asa the king, he removed her from being queen, because she had made an idol in a grove: and Asa cut down her idol, and stamped it, and burnt it at the brook Kidron. +But the high places were not taken away out of Israel: nevertheless the heart of Asa was perfect all his days. +And he brought into the house of God the things that his father had dedicated, and that he himself had dedicated, silver, and gold, and vessels. +And there was no more war unto the five and thirtieth year of the reign of Asa. +In the six and thirtieth year of the reign of Asa Baasha king of Israel came up against Judah, and built Ramah, to the intent that he might let none go out or come in to Asa king of Judah. +Then Asa brought out silver and gold out of the treasures of the house of the LORD and of the king's house, and sent to Benhadad king of Syria, that dwelt at Damascus, saying, +There is a league between me and thee, as there was between my father and thy father: behold, I have sent thee silver and gold; go, break thy league with Baasha king of Israel, that he may depart from me. +And Benhadad hearkened unto king Asa, and sent the captains of his armies against the cities of Israel; and they smote Ijon, and Dan, and Abelmaim, and all the store cities of Naphtali. +And it came to pass, when Baasha heard it, that he left off building of Ramah, and let his work cease. +Then Asa the king took all Judah; and they carried away the stones of Ramah, and the timber thereof, wherewith Baasha was building; and he built therewith Geba and Mizpah. +And at that time Hanani the seer came to Asa king of Judah, and said unto him, Because thou hast relied on the king of Syria, and not relied on the LORD thy God, therefore is the host of the king of Syria escaped out of thine hand. +Were not the Ethiopians and the Lubims a huge host, with very many chariots and horsemen? yet, because thou didst rely on the LORD, he delivered them into thine hand. +For the eyes of the LORD run to and fro throughout the whole earth, to shew himself strong in the behalf of them whose heart is perfect toward him. Herein thou hast done foolishly: therefore from henceforth thou shalt have wars. +Then Asa was wroth with the seer, and put him in a prison house; for he was in a rage with him because of this thing. And Asa oppressed some of the people the same time. +And, behold, the acts of Asa, first and last, lo, they are written in the book of the kings of Judah and Israel. +And Asa in the thirty and ninth year of his reign was diseased in his feet, until his disease was exceeding great: yet in his disease he sought not to the LORD, but to the physicians. +And Asa slept with his fathers, and died in the one and fortieth year of his reign. +And they buried him in his own sepulchres, which he had made for himself in the city of David, and laid him in the bed which was filled with sweet odours and divers kinds of spices prepared by the apothecaries' art: and they made a very great burning for him. +And Jehoshaphat his son reigned in his stead, and strengthened himself against Israel. +And he placed forces in all the fenced cities of Judah, and set garrisons in the land of Judah, and in the cities of Ephraim, which Asa his father had taken. +And the LORD was with Jehoshaphat, because he walked in the first ways of his father David, and sought not unto Baalim; +But sought to the Lord God of his father, and walked in his commandments, and not after the doings of Israel. +Therefore the LORD stablished the kingdom in his hand; and all Judah brought to Jehoshaphat presents; and he had riches and honour in abundance. +And his heart was lifted up in the ways of the LORD: moreover he took away the high places and groves out of Judah. +Also in the third year of his reign he sent to his princes, even to Benhail, and to Obadiah, and to Zechariah, and to Nethaneel, and to Michaiah, to teach in the cities of Judah. +And with them he sent Levites, even Shemaiah, and Nethaniah, and Zebadiah, and Asahel, and Shemiramoth, and Jehonathan, and Adonijah, and Tobijah, and Tobadonijah, Levites; and with them Elishama and Jehoram, priests. +And they taught in Judah, and had the book of the law of the LORD with them, and went about throughout all the cities of Judah, and taught the people. +And the fear of the LORD fell upon all the kingdoms of the lands that were round about Judah, so that they made no war against Jehoshaphat. +Also some of the Philistines brought Jehoshaphat presents, and tribute silver; and the Arabians brought him flocks, seven thousand and seven hundred rams, and seven thousand and seven hundred he goats. +And Jehoshaphat waxed great exceedingly; and he built in Judah castles, and cities of store. +And he had much business in the cities of Judah: and the men of war, mighty men of valour, were in Jerusalem. +And these are the numbers of them according to the house of their fathers: Of Judah, the captains of thousands; Adnah the chief, and with him mighty men of valour three hundred thousand. +And next to him was Jehohanan the captain, and with him two hundred and fourscore thousand. +And next him was Amasiah the son of Zichri, who willingly offered himself unto the LORD; and with him two hundred thousand mighty men of valour. +And of Benjamin; Eliada a mighty man of valour, and with him armed men with bow and shield two hundred thousand. +And next him was Jehozabad, and with him an hundred and fourscore thousand ready prepared for the war. +These waited on the king, beside those whom the king put in the fenced cities throughout all Judah. +Now Jehoshaphat had riches and honour in abundance, and joined affinity with Ahab. +And after certain years he went down to Ahab to Samaria. And Ahab killed sheep and oxen for him in abundance, and for the people that he had with him, and persuaded him to go up with him to Ramothgilead. +And Ahab king of Israel said unto Jehoshaphat king of Judah, Wilt thou go with me to Ramothgilead? And he answered him, I am as thou art, and my people as thy people; and we will be with thee in the war. +And Jehoshaphat said unto the king of Israel, Enquire, I pray thee, at the word of the LORD to day. +Therefore the king of Israel gathered together of prophets four hundred men, and said unto them, Shall we go to Ramothgilead to battle, or shall I forbear? And they said, Go up; for God will deliver it into the king's hand. +But Jehoshaphat said, Is there not here a prophet of the LORD besides, that we might enquire of him? +And the king of Israel said unto Jehoshaphat, There is yet one man, by whom we may enquire of the LORD: but I hate him; for he never prophesied good unto me, but always evil: the same is Micaiah the son of Imla. And Jehoshaphat said, Let not the king say so. +And the king of Israel called for one of his officers, and said, Fetch quickly Micaiah the son of Imla. +And the king of Israel and Jehoshaphat king of Judah sat either of them on his throne, clothed in their robes, and they sat in a void place at the entering in of the gate of Samaria; and all the prophets prophesied before them. +And Zedekiah the son of Chenaanah had made him horns of iron, and said, Thus saith the LORD, With these thou shalt push Syria until they be consumed. +And all the prophets prophesied so, saying, Go up to Ramothgilead, and prosper: for the LORD shall deliver it into the hand of the king. +And the messenger that went to call Micaiah spake to him, saying, Behold, the words of the prophets declare good to the king with one assent; let thy word therefore, I pray thee, be like one of their's, and speak thou good. +And Micaiah said, As the LORD liveth, even what my God saith, that will I speak. +And when he was come to the king, the king said unto him, Micaiah, shall we go to Ramothgilead to battle, or shall I forbear? And he said, Go ye up, and prosper, and they shall be delivered into your hand. +And the king said to him, How many times shall I adjure thee that thou say nothing but the truth to me in the name of the LORD? +Then he said, I did see all Israel scattered upon the mountains, as sheep that have no shepherd: and the LORD said, These have no master; let them return therefore every man to his house in peace. +And the king of Israel said to Jehoshaphat, Did I not tell thee that he would not prophesy good unto me, but evil? +Again he said, Therefore hear the word of the LORD; I saw the LORD sitting upon his throne, and all the host of heaven standing on his right hand and on his left. +And the LORD said, Who shall entice Ahab king of Israel, that he may go up and fall at Ramothgilead? And one spake saying after this manner, and another saying after that manner. +Then there came out a spirit, and stood before the LORD, and said, I will entice him. And the LORD said unto him, Wherewith? +And he said, I will go out, and be a lying spirit in the mouth of all his prophets. And the Lord said, Thou shalt entice him, and thou shalt also prevail: go out, and do even so. +Now therefore, behold, the LORD hath put a lying spirit in the mouth of these thy prophets, and the LORD hath spoken evil against thee. +Then Zedekiah the son of Chenaanah came near, and smote Micaiah upon the cheek, and said, Which way went the Spirit of the LORD from me to speak unto thee? +And Micaiah said, Behold, thou shalt see on that day when thou shalt go into an inner chamber to hide thyself. +Then the king of Israel said, Take ye Micaiah, and carry him back to Amon the governor of the city, and to Joash the king's son; +And say, Thus saith the king, Put this fellow in the prison, and feed him with bread of affliction and with water of affliction, until I return in peace. +And Micaiah said, If thou certainly return in peace, then hath not the LORD spoken by me. And he said, Hearken, all ye people. +So the king of Israel and Jehoshaphat the king of Judah went up to Ramothgilead. +And the king of Israel said unto Jehoshaphat, I will disguise myself, and I will go to the battle; but put thou on thy robes. So the king of Israel disguised himself; and they went to the battle. +Now the king of Syria had commanded the captains of the chariots that were with him, saying, Fight ye not with small or great, save only with the king of Israel. +And it came to pass, when the captains of the chariots saw Jehoshaphat, that they said, It is the king of Israel. Therefore they compassed about him to fight: but Jehoshaphat cried out, and the LORD helped him; and God moved them to depart from him. +For it came to pass, that, when the captains of the chariots perceived that it was not the king of Israel, they turned back again from pursuing him. +And a certain man drew a bow at a venture, and smote the king of Israel between the joints of the harness: therefore he said to his chariot man, Turn thine hand, that thou mayest carry me out of the host; for I am wounded. +And the battle increased that day: howbeit the king of Israel stayed himself up in his chariot against the Syrians until the even: and about the time of the sun going down he died. +And Jehoshaphat the king of Judah returned to his house in peace to Jerusalem. +And Jehu the son of Hanani the seer went out to meet him, and said to king Jehoshaphat, Shouldest thou help the ungodly, and love them that hate the LORD? therefore is wrath upon thee from before the LORD. +Nevertheless there are good things found in thee, in that thou hast taken away the groves out of the land, and hast prepared thine heart to seek God. +And Jehoshaphat dwelt at Jerusalem: and he went out again through the people from Beersheba to mount Ephraim, and brought them back unto the LORD God of their fathers. +And he set judges in the land throughout all the fenced cities of Judah, city by city, +And said to the judges, Take heed what ye do: for ye judge not for man, but for the LORD, who is with you in the judgment. +Wherefore now let the fear of the LORD be upon you; take heed and do it: for there is no iniquity with the LORD our God, nor respect of persons, nor taking of gifts. +Moreover in Jerusalem did Jehoshaphat set of the Levites, and of the priests, and of the chief of the fathers of Israel, for the judgment of the LORD, and for controversies, when they returned to Jerusalem. +And he charged them, saying, Thus shall ye do in the fear of the LORD, faithfully, and with a perfect heart. +And what cause soever shall come to you of your brethren that dwell in your cities, between blood and blood, between law and commandment, statutes and judgments, ye shall even warn them that they trespass not against the LORD, and so wrath come upon you, and upon your brethren: this do, and ye shall not trespass. +And, behold, Amariah the chief priest is over you in all matters of the LORD; and Zebadiah the son of Ishmael, the ruler of the house of Judah, for all the king's matters: also the Levites shall be officers before you. Deal courageously, and the LORD shall be with the good. +It came to pass after this also, that the children of Moab, and the children of Ammon, and with them other beside the Ammonites, came against Jehoshaphat to battle. +Then there came some that told Jehoshaphat, saying, There cometh a great multitude against thee from beyond the sea on this side Syria; and, behold, they be in Hazazontamar, which is Engedi. +And Jehoshaphat feared, and set himself to seek the LORD, and proclaimed a fast throughout all Judah. +And Judah gathered themselves together, to ask help of the LORD: even out of all the cities of Judah they came to seek the LORD. +And Jehoshaphat stood in the congregation of Judah and Jerusalem, in the house of the LORD, before the new court, +And said, O LORD God of our fathers, art not thou God in heaven? and rulest not thou over all the kingdoms of the heathen? and in thine hand is there not power and might, so that none is able to withstand thee? +Art not thou our God, who didst drive out the inhabitants of this land before thy people Israel, and gavest it to the seed of Abraham thy friend for ever? +And they dwelt therein, and have built thee a sanctuary therein for thy name, saying, +If, when evil cometh upon us, as the sword, judgment, or pestilence, or famine, we stand before this house, and in thy presence, (for thy name is in this house,) and cry unto thee in our affliction, then thou wilt hear and help. +And now, behold, the children of Ammon and Moab and mount Seir, whom thou wouldest not let Israel invade, when they came out of the land of Egypt, but they turned from them, and destroyed them not; +Behold, I say, how they reward us, to come to cast us out of thy possession, which thou hast given us to inherit. +O our God, wilt thou not judge them? for we have no might against this great company that cometh against us; neither know we what to do: but our eyes are upon thee. +And all Judah stood before the LORD, with their little ones, their wives, and their children. +Then upon Jahaziel the son of Zechariah, the son of Benaiah, the son of Jeiel, the son of Mattaniah, a Levite of the sons of Asaph, came the Spirit of the LORD in the midst of the congregation; +And he said, Hearken ye, all Judah, and ye inhabitants of Jerusalem, and thou king Jehoshaphat, Thus saith the LORD unto you, Be not afraid nor dismayed by reason of this great multitude; for the battle is not yours, but God's. +To morrow go ye down against them: behold, they come up by the cliff of Ziz; and ye shall find them at the end of the brook, before the wilderness of Jeruel. +Ye shall not need to fight in this battle: set yourselves, stand ye still, and see the salvation of the LORD with you, O Judah and Jerusalem: fear not, nor be dismayed; to morrow go out against them: for the LORD will be with you. +And Jehoshaphat bowed his head with his face to the ground: and all Judah and the inhabitants of Jerusalem fell before the LORD, worshipping the LORD. +And the Levites, of the children of the Kohathites, and of the children of the Korhites, stood up to praise the LORD God of Israel with a loud voice on high. +And they rose early in the morning, and went forth into the wilderness of Tekoa: and as they went forth, Jehoshaphat stood and said, Hear me, O Judah, and ye inhabitants of Jerusalem; Believe in the LORD your God, so shall ye be established; believe his prophets, so shall ye prosper. +And when he had consulted with the people, he appointed singers unto the LORD, and that should praise the beauty of holiness, as they went out before the army, and to say, Praise the LORD; for his mercy endureth for ever. +And when they began to sing and to praise, the LORD set ambushments against the children of Ammon, Moab, and mount Seir, which were come against Judah; and they were smitten. +For the children of Ammon and Moab stood up against the inhabitants of mount Seir, utterly to slay and destroy them: and when they had made an end of the inhabitants of Seir, every one helped to destroy another. +And when Judah came toward the watch tower in the wilderness, they looked unto the multitude, and, behold, they were dead bodies fallen to the earth, and none escaped. +And when Jehoshaphat and his people came to take away the spoil of them, they found among them in abundance both riches with the dead bodies, and precious jewels, which they stripped off for themselves, more than they could carry away: and they were three days in gathering of the spoil, it was so much. +And on the fourth day they assembled themselves in the valley of Berachah; for there they blessed the LORD: therefore the name of the same place was called, The valley of Berachah, unto this day. +Then they returned, every man of Judah and Jerusalem, and Jehoshaphat in the forefront of them, to go again to Jerusalem with joy; for the LORD had made them to rejoice over their enemies. +And they came to Jerusalem with psalteries and harps and trumpets unto the house of the LORD. +And the fear of God was on all the kingdoms of those countries, when they had heard that the LORD fought against the enemies of Israel. +So the realm of Jehoshaphat was quiet: for his God gave him rest round about. +And Jehoshaphat reigned over Judah: he was thirty and five years old when he began to reign, and he reigned twenty and five years in Jerusalem. And his mother's name was Azubah the daughter of Shilhi. +And he walked in the way of Asa his father, and departed not from it, doing that which was right in the sight of the LORD. +Howbeit the high places were not taken away: for as yet the people had not prepared their hearts unto the God of their fathers. +Now the rest of the acts of Jehoshaphat, first and last, behold, they are written in the book of Jehu the son of Hanani, who is mentioned in the book of the kings of Israel. +And after this did Jehoshaphat king of Judah join himself with Ahaziah king of Israel, who did very wickedly: +And he joined himself with him to make ships to go to Tarshish: and they made the ships in Eziongaber. +Then Eliezer the son of Dodavah of Mareshah prophesied against Jehoshaphat, saying, Because thou hast joined thyself with Ahaziah, the LORD hath broken thy works. And the ships were broken, that they were not able to go to Tarshish. +Now Jehoshaphat slept with his fathers, and was buried with his fathers in the city of David. And Jehoram his son reigned in his stead. +And he had brethren the sons of Jehoshaphat, Azariah, and Jehiel, and Zechariah, and Azariah, and Michael, and Shephatiah: all these were the sons of Jehoshaphat king of Israel. +And their father gave them great gifts of silver, and of gold, and of precious things, with fenced cities in Judah: but the kingdom gave he to Jehoram; because he was the firstborn. +Now when Jehoram was risen up to the kingdom of his father, he strengthened himself, and slew all his brethren with the sword, and divers also of the princes of Israel. +Jehoram was thirty and two years old when he began to reign, and he reigned eight years in Jerusalem. +And he walked in the way of the kings of Israel, like as did the house of Ahab: for he had the daughter of Ahab to wife: and he wrought that which was evil in the eyes of the LORD. +Howbeit the LORD would not destroy the house of David, because of the covenant that he had made with David, and as he promised to give a light to him and to his sons for ever. +In his days the Edomites revolted from under the dominion of Judah, and made themselves a king. +Then Jehoram went forth with his princes, and all his chariots with him: and he rose up by night, and smote the Edomites which compassed him in, and the captains of the chariots. +So the Edomites revolted from under the hand of Judah unto this day. The same time also did Libnah revolt from under his hand; because he had forsaken the LORD God of his fathers. +Moreover he made high places in the mountains of Judah and caused the inhabitants of Jerusalem to commit fornication, and compelled Judah thereto. +And there came a writing to him from Elijah the prophet, saying, Thus saith the LORD God of David thy father, Because thou hast not walked in the ways of Jehoshaphat thy father, nor in the ways of Asa king of Judah, +But hast walked in the way of the kings of Israel, and hast made Judah and the inhabitants of Jerusalem to go a whoring, like to the whoredoms of the house of Ahab, and also hast slain thy brethren of thy father's house, which were better than thyself: +Behold, with a great plague will the LORD smite thy people, and thy children, and thy wives, and all thy goods: +And thou shalt have great sickness by disease of thy bowels, until thy bowels fall out by reason of the sickness day by day. +Moreover the LORD stirred up against Jehoram the spirit of the Philistines, and of the Arabians, that were near the Ethiopians: +And they came up into Judah, and brake into it, and carried away all the substance that was found in the king's house, and his sons also, and his wives; so that there was never a son left him, save Jehoahaz, the youngest of his sons. +And after all this the LORD smote him in his bowels with an incurable disease. +And it came to pass, that in process of time, after the end of two years, his bowels fell out by reason of his sickness: so he died of sore diseases. And his people made no burning for him, like the burning of his fathers. +Thirty and two years old was he when he began to reign, and he reigned in Jerusalem eight years, and departed without being desired. Howbeit they buried him in the city of David, but not in the sepulchres of the kings. +And the inhabitants of Jerusalem made Ahaziah his youngest son king in his stead: for the band of men that came with the Arabians to the camp had slain all the eldest. So Ahaziah the son of Jehoram king of Judah reigned. +Forty and two years old was Ahaziah when he began to reign, and he reigned one year in Jerusalem. His mother's name also was Athaliah the daughter of Omri. +He also walked in the ways of the house of Ahab: for his mother was his counsellor to do wickedly. +Wherefore he did evil in the sight of the LORD like the house of Ahab: for they were his counsellors after the death of his father to his destruction. +He walked also after their counsel, and went with Jehoram the son of Ahab king of Israel to war against Hazael king of Syria at Ramothgilead: and the Syrians smote Joram. +And he returned to be healed in Jezreel because of the wounds which were given him at Ramah, when he fought with Hazael king of Syria. And Azariah the son of Jehoram king of Judah went down to see Jehoram the son of Ahab at Jezreel, because he was sick. +And the destruction of Ahaziah was of God by coming to Joram: for when he was come, he went out with Jehoram against Jehu the son of Nimshi, whom the LORD had anointed to cut off the house of Ahab. +And it came to pass, that, when Jehu was executing judgment upon the house of Ahab, and found the princes of Judah, and the sons of the brethren of Ahaziah, that ministered to Ahaziah, he slew them. +And he sought Ahaziah: and they caught him, (for he was hid in Samaria,) and brought him to Jehu: and when they had slain him, they buried him: Because, said they, he is the son of Jehoshaphat, who sought the LORD with all his heart. So the house of Ahaziah had no power to keep still the kingdom. +But when Athaliah the mother of Ahaziah saw that her son was dead, she arose and destroyed all the seed royal of the house of Judah. +But Jehoshabeath, the daughter of the king, took Joash the son of Ahaziah, and stole him from among the king's sons that were slain, and put him and his nurse in a bedchamber. So Jehoshabeath, the daughter of king Jehoram, the wife of Jehoiada the priest, (for she was the sister of Ahaziah,) hid him from Athaliah, so that she slew him not. +And he was with them hid in the house of God six years: and Athaliah reigned over the land. +And in the seventh year Jehoiada strengthened himself, and took the captains of hundreds, Azariah the son of Jeroham, and Ishmael the son of Jehohanan, and Azariah the son of Obed, and Maaseiah the son of Adaiah, and Elishaphat the son of Zichri, into covenant with him. +And they went about in Judah, and gathered the Levites out of all the cities of Judah, and the chief of the fathers of Israel, and they came to Jerusalem. +And all the congregation made a covenant with the king in the house of God. And he said unto them, Behold, the king's son shall reign, as the LORD hath said of the sons of David. +This is the thing that ye shall do; A third part of you entering on the sabbath, of the priests and of the Levites, shall be porters of the doors; +And a third part shall be at the king's house; and a third part at the gate of the foundation: and all the people shall be in the courts of the house of the LORD. +But let none come into the house of the LORD, save the priests, and they that minister of the Levites; they shall go in, for they are holy: but all the people shall keep the watch of the LORD. +And the Levites shall compass the king round about, every man with his weapons in his hand; and whosoever else cometh into the house, he shall be put to death: but be ye with the king when he cometh in, and when he goeth out. +So the Levites and all Judah did according to all things that Jehoiada the priest had commanded, and took every man his men that were to come in on the sabbath, with them that were to go out on the sabbath: for Jehoiada the priest dismissed not the courses. +Moreover Jehoiada the priest delivered to the captains of hundreds spears, and bucklers, and shields, that had been king David's, which were in the house of God. +And he set all the people, every man having his weapon in his hand, from the right side of the temple to the left side of the temple, along by the altar and the temple, by the king round about. +Then they brought out the king's son, and put upon him the crown, and gave him the testimony, and made him king. And Jehoiada and his sons anointed him, and said, God save the king. +Now when Athaliah heard the noise of the people running and praising the king, she came to the people into the house of the LORD: +And she looked, and, behold, the king stood at his pillar at the entering in, and the princes and the trumpets by the king: and all the people of the land rejoiced, and sounded with trumpets, also the singers with instruments of musick, and such as taught to sing praise. Then Athaliah rent her clothes, and said, Treason, Treason. +Then Jehoiada the priest brought out the captains of hundreds that were set over the host, and said unto them, Have her forth of the ranges: and whoso followeth her, let him be slain with the sword. For the priest said, Slay her not in the house of the LORD. +So they laid hands on her; and when she was come to the entering of the horse gate by the king's house, they slew her there. +And Jehoiada made a covenant between him, and between all the people, and between the king, that they should be the LORD's people. +Then all the people went to the house of Baal, and brake it down, and brake his altars and his images in pieces, and slew Mattan the priest of Baal before the altars. +Also Jehoiada appointed the offices of the house of the LORD by the hand of the priests the Levites, whom David had distributed in the house of the LORD, to offer the burnt offerings of the LORD, as it is written in the law of Moses, with rejoicing and with singing, as it was ordained by David. +And he set the porters at the gates of the house of the LORD, that none which was unclean in any thing should enter in. +And he took the captains of hundreds, and the nobles, and the governors of the people, and all the people of the land, and brought down the king from the house of the LORD: and they came through the high gate into the king's house, and set the king upon the throne of the kingdom. +And all the people of the land rejoiced: and the city was quiet, after that they had slain Athaliah with the sword. +Joash was seven years old when he began to reign, and he reigned forty years in Jerusalem. His mother's name also was Zibiah of Beersheba. +And Joash did that which was right in the sight of the LORD all the days of Jehoiada the priest. +And Jehoiada took for him two wives; and he begat sons and daughters. +And it came to pass after this, that Joash was minded to repair the house of the LORD. +And he gathered together the priests and the Levites, and said to them, Go out unto the cities of Judah, and gather of all Israel money to repair the house of your God from year to year, and see that ye hasten the matter. Howbeit the Levites hastened it not. +And the king called for Jehoiada the chief, and said unto him, Why hast thou not required of the Levites to bring in out of Judah and out of Jerusalem the collection, according to the commandment of Moses the servant of the LORD, and of the congregation of Israel, for the tabernacle of witness? +For the sons of Athaliah, that wicked woman, had broken up the house of God; and also all the dedicated things of the house of the LORD did they bestow upon Baalim. +And at the king's commandment they made a chest, and set it without at the gate of the house of the LORD. +And they made a proclamation through Judah and Jerusalem, to bring in to the LORD the collection that Moses the servant of God laid upon Israel in the wilderness. +And all the princes and all the people rejoiced, and brought in, and cast into the chest, until they had made an end. +Now it came to pass, that at what time the chest was brought unto the king's office by the hand of the Levites, and when they saw that there was much money, the king's scribe and the high priest's officer came and emptied the chest, and took it, and carried it to his place again. Thus they did day by day, and gathered money in abundance. +And the king and Jehoiada gave it to such as did the work of the service of the house of the LORD, and hired masons and carpenters to repair the house of the LORD, and also such as wrought iron and brass to mend the house of the LORD. +So the workmen wrought, and the work was perfected by them, and they set the house of God in his state, and strengthened it. +And when they had finished it, they brought the rest of the money before the king and Jehoiada, whereof were made vessels for the house of the LORD, even vessels to minister, and to offer withal, and spoons, and vessels of gold and silver. And they offered burnt offerings in the house of the LORD continually all the days of Jehoiada. +But Jehoiada waxed old, and was full of days when he died; an hundred and thirty years old was he when he died. +And they buried him in the city of David among the kings, because he had done good in Israel, both toward God, and toward his house. +Now after the death of Jehoiada came the princes of Judah, and made obeisance to the king. Then the king hearkened unto them. +And they left the house of the LORD God of their fathers, and served groves and idols: and wrath came upon Judah and Jerusalem for this their trespass. +Yet he sent prophets to them, to bring them again unto the LORD; and they testified against them: but they would not give ear. +And the Spirit of God came upon Zechariah the son of Jehoiada the priest, which stood above the people, and said unto them, Thus saith God, Why transgress ye the commandments of the LORD, that ye cannot prosper? because ye have forsaken the LORD, he hath also forsaken you. +And they conspired against him, and stoned him with stones at the commandment of the king in the court of the house of the LORD. +Thus Joash the king remembered not the kindness which Jehoiada his father had done to him, but slew his son. And when he died, he said, The LORD look upon it, and require it. +And it came to pass at the end of the year, that the host of Syria came up against him: and they came to Judah and Jerusalem, and destroyed all the princes of the people from among the people, and sent all the spoil of them unto the king of Damascus. +For the army of the Syrians came with a small company of men, and the LORD delivered a very great host into their hand, because they had forsaken the LORD God of their fathers. So they executed judgment against Joash. +And when they were departed from him, (for they left him in great diseases,) his own servants conspired against him for the blood of the sons of Jehoiada the priest, and slew him on his bed, and he died: and they buried him in the city of David, but they buried him not in the sepulchres of the kings. +And these are they that conspired against him; Zabad the son of Shimeath an Ammonitess, and Jehozabad the son of Shimrith a Moabitess. +Now concerning his sons, and the greatness of the burdens laid upon him, and the repairing of the house of God, behold, they are written in the story of the book of the kings. And Amaziah his son reigned in his stead. +Amaziah was twenty and five years old when he began to reign, and he reigned twenty and nine years in Jerusalem. And his mother's name was Jehoaddan of Jerusalem. +And he did that which was right in the sight of the LORD, but not with a perfect heart. +Now it came to pass, when the kingdom was established to him, that he slew his servants that had killed the king his father. +But he slew not their children, but did as it is written in the law in the book of Moses, where the LORD commanded, saying, The fathers shall not die for the children, neither shall the children die for the fathers, but every man shall die for his own sin. +Moreover Amaziah gathered Judah together, and made them captains over thousands, and captains over hundreds, according to the houses of their fathers, throughout all Judah and Benjamin: and he numbered them from twenty years old and above, and found them three hundred thousand choice men, able to go forth to war, that could handle spear and shield. +He hired also an hundred thousand mighty men of valour out of Israel for an hundred talents of silver. +But there came a man of God to him, saying, O king, let not the army of Israel go with thee; for the LORD is not with Israel, to wit, with all the children of Ephraim. +But if thou wilt go, do it; be strong for the battle: God shall make thee fall before the enemy: for God hath power to help, and to cast down. +And Amaziah said to the man of God, But what shall we do for the hundred talents which I have given to the army of Israel? And the man of God answered, The LORD is able to give thee much more than this. +Then Amaziah separated them, to wit, the army that was come to him out of Ephraim, to go home again: wherefore their anger was greatly kindled against Judah, and they returned home in great anger. +And Amaziah strengthened himself, and led forth his people, and went to the valley of salt, and smote of the children of Seir ten thousand. +And other ten thousand left alive did the children of Judah carry away captive, and brought them unto the top of the rock, and cast them down from the top of the rock, that they all were broken in pieces. +But the soldiers of the army which Amaziah sent back, that they should not go with him to battle, fell upon the cities of Judah, from Samaria even unto Bethhoron, and smote three thousand of them, and took much spoil. +Now it came to pass, after that Amaziah was come from the slaughter of the Edomites, that he brought the gods of the children of Seir, and set them up to be his gods, and bowed down himself before them, and burned incense unto them. +Wherefore the anger of the LORD was kindled against Amaziah, and he sent unto him a prophet, which said unto him, Why hast thou sought after the gods of the people, which could not deliver their own people out of thine hand? +And it came to pass, as he talked with him, that the king said unto him, Art thou made of the king's counsel? forbear; why shouldest thou be smitten? Then the prophet forbare, and said, I know that God hath determined to destroy thee, because thou hast done this, and hast not hearkened unto my counsel. +Then Amaziah king of Judah took advice, and sent to Joash, the son of Jehoahaz, the son of Jehu, king of Israel, saying, Come, let us see one another in the face. +And Joash king of Israel sent to Amaziah king of Judah, saying, The thistle that was in Lebanon sent to the cedar that was in Lebanon, saying, Give thy daughter to my son to wife: and there passed by a wild beast that was in Lebanon, and trode down the thistle. +Thou sayest, Lo, thou hast smitten the Edomites; and thine heart lifteth thee up to boast: abide now at home; why shouldest thou meddle to thine hurt, that thou shouldest fall, even thou, and Judah with thee? +But Amaziah would not hear; for it came of God, that he might deliver them into the hand of their enemies, because they sought after the gods of Edom. +So Joash the king of Israel went up; and they saw one another in the face, both he and Amaziah king of Judah, at Bethshemesh, which belongeth to Judah. +And Judah was put to the worse before Israel, and they fled every man to his tent. +And Joash the king of Israel took Amaziah king of Judah, the son of Joash, the son of Jehoahaz, at Bethshemesh, and brought him to Jerusalem, and brake down the wall of Jerusalem from the gate of Ephraim to the corner gate, four hundred cubits. +And he took all the gold and the silver, and all the vessels that were found in the house of God with Obededom, and the treasures of the king's house, the hostages also, and returned to Samaria. +And Amaziah the son of Joash king of Judah lived after the death of Joash son of Jehoahaz king of Israel fifteen years. +Now the rest of the acts of Amaziah, first and last, behold, are they not written in the book of the kings of Judah and Israel? +Now after the time that Amaziah did turn away from following the LORD they made a conspiracy against him in Jerusalem; and he fled to Lachish: but they sent to Lachish after him, and slew him there. +And they brought him upon horses, and buried him with his fathers in the city of Judah. +Then all the people of Judah took Uzziah, who was sixteen years old, and made him king in the room of his father Amaziah. +He built Eloth, and restored it to Judah, after that the king slept with his fathers. +Sixteen years old was Uzziah when he began to reign, and he reigned fifty and two years in Jerusalem. His mother's name also was Jecoliah of Jerusalem. +And he did that which was right in the sight of the LORD, according to all that his father Amaziah did. +And he sought God in the days of Zechariah, who had understanding in the visions of God: and as long as he sought the LORD, God made him to prosper. +And he went forth and warred against the Philistines, and brake down the wall of Gath, and the wall of Jabneh, and the wall of Ashdod, and built cities about Ashdod, and among the Philistines. +And God helped him against the Philistines, and against the Arabians that dwelt in Gurbaal, and the Mehunims. +And the Ammonites gave gifts to Uzziah: and his name spread abroad even to the entering in of Egypt; for he strengthened himself exceedingly. +Moreover Uzziah built towers in Jerusalem at the corner gate, and at the valley gate, and at the turning of the wall, and fortified them. +Also he built towers in the desert, and digged many wells: for he had much cattle, both in the low country, and in the plains: husbandmen also, and vine dressers in the mountains, and in Carmel: for he loved husbandry. +Moreover Uzziah had an host of fighting men, that went out to war by bands, according to the number of their account by the hand of Jeiel the scribe and Maaseiah the ruler, under the hand of Hananiah, one of the king's captains. +The whole number of the chief of the fathers of the mighty men of valour were two thousand and six hundred. +And under their hand was an army, three hundred thousand and seven thousand and five hundred, that made war with mighty power, to help the king against the enemy. +And Uzziah prepared for them throughout all the host shields, and spears, and helmets, and habergeons, and bows, and slings to cast stones. +And he made in Jerusalem engines, invented by cunning men, to be on the towers and upon the bulwarks, to shoot arrows and great stones withal. And his name spread far abroad; for he was marvellously helped, till he was strong. +But when he was strong, his heart was lifted up to his destruction: for he transgressed against the LORD his God, and went into the temple of the LORD to burn incense upon the altar of incense. +And Azariah the priest went in after him, and with him fourscore priests of the LORD, that were valiant men: +And they withstood Uzziah the king, and said unto him, It appertaineth not unto thee, Uzziah, to burn incense unto the LORD, but to the priests the sons of Aaron, that are consecrated to burn incense: go out of the sanctuary; for thou hast trespassed; neither shall it be for thine honour from the LORD God. +Then Uzziah was wroth, and had a censer in his hand to burn incense: and while he was wroth with the priests, the leprosy even rose up in his forehead before the priests in the house of the LORD, from beside the incense altar. +And Azariah the chief priest, and all the priests, looked upon him, and, behold, he was leprous in his forehead, and they thrust him out from thence; yea, himself hasted also to go out, because the LORD had smitten him. +And Uzziah the king was a leper unto the day of his death, and dwelt in a several house, being a leper; for he was cut off from the house of the LORD: and Jotham his son was over the king's house, judging the people of the land. +Now the rest of the acts of Uzziah, first and last, did Isaiah the prophet, the son of Amoz, write. +So Uzziah slept with his fathers, and they buried him with his fathers in the field of the burial which belonged to the kings; for they said, He is a leper: and Jotham his son reigned in his stead. +Jotham was twenty and five years old when he began to reign, and he reigned sixteen years in Jerusalem. His mother's name also was Jerushah, the daughter of Zadok. +And he did that which was right in the sight of the LORD, according to all that his father Uzziah did: howbeit he entered not into the temple of the LORD. And the people did yet corruptly. +He built the high gate of the house of the LORD, and on the wall of Ophel he built much. +Moreover he built cities in the mountains of Judah, and in the forests he built castles and towers. +He fought also with the king of the Ammonites, and prevailed against them. And the children of Ammon gave him the same year an hundred talents of silver, and ten thousand measures of wheat, and ten thousand of barley. So much did the children of Ammon pay unto him, both the second year, and the third. +So Jotham became mighty, because he prepared his ways before the LORD his God. +Now the rest of the acts of Jotham, and all his wars, and his ways, lo, they are written in the book of the kings of Israel and Judah. +He was five and twenty years old when he began to reign, and reigned sixteen years in Jerusalem. +And Jotham slept with his fathers, and they buried him in the city of David: and Ahaz his son reigned in his stead. +Ahaz was twenty years old when he began to reign, and he reigned sixteen years in Jerusalem: but he did not that which was right in the sight of the LORD, like David his father: +For he walked in the ways of the kings of Israel, and made also molten images for Baalim. +Moreover he burnt incense in the valley of the son of Hinnom, and burnt his children in the fire, after the abominations of the heathen whom the LORD had cast out before the children of Israel. +He sacrificed also and burnt incense in the high places, and on the hills, and under every green tree. +Wherefore the LORD his God delivered him into the hand of the king of Syria; and they smote him, and carried away a great multitude of them captives, and brought them to Damascus. And he was also delivered into the hand of the king of Israel, who smote him with a great slaughter. +For Pekah the son of Remaliah slew in Judah an hundred and twenty thousand in one day, which were all valiant men; because they had forsaken the LORD God of their fathers. +And Zichri, a mighty man of Ephraim, slew Maaseiah the king's son, and Azrikam the governor of the house, and Elkanah that was next to the king. +And the children of Israel carried away captive of their brethren two hundred thousand, women, sons, and daughters, and took also away much spoil from them, and brought the spoil to Samaria. +But a prophet of the LORD was there, whose name was Oded: and he went out before the host that came to Samaria, and said unto them, Behold, because the LORD God of your fathers was wroth with Judah, he hath delivered them into your hand, and ye have slain them in a rage that reacheth up unto heaven. +And now ye purpose to keep under the children of Judah and Jerusalem for bondmen and bondwomen unto you: but are there not with you, even with you, sins against the LORD your God? +Now hear me therefore, and deliver the captives again, which ye have taken captive of your brethren: for the fierce wrath of the LORD is upon you. +Then certain of the heads of the children of Ephraim, Azariah the son of Johanan, Berechiah the son of Meshillemoth, and Jehizkiah the son of Shallum, and Amasa the son of Hadlai, stood up against them that came from the war, +And said unto them, Ye shall not bring in the captives hither: for whereas we have offended against the LORD already, ye intend to add more to our sins and to our trespass: for our trespass is great, and there is fierce wrath against Israel. +So the armed men left the captives and the spoil before the princes and all the congregation. +And the men which were expressed by name rose up, and took the captives, and with the spoil clothed all that were naked among them, and arrayed them, and shod them, and gave them to eat and to drink, and anointed them, and carried all the feeble of them upon asses, and brought them to Jericho, the city of palm trees, to their brethren: then they returned to Samaria. +At that time did king Ahaz send unto the kings of Assyria to help him. +For again the Edomites had come and smitten Judah, and carried away captives. +The Philistines also had invaded the cities of the low country, and of the south of Judah, and had taken Bethshemesh, and Ajalon, and Gederoth, and Shocho with the villages thereof, and Timnah with the villages thereof, Gimzo also and the villages thereof: and they dwelt there. +For the LORD brought Judah low because of Ahaz king of Israel; for he made Judah naked, and transgressed sore against the LORD. +And Tilgathpilneser king of Assyria came unto him, and distressed him, but strengthened him not. +For Ahaz took away a portion out of the house of the LORD, and out of the house of the king, and of the princes, and gave it unto the king of Assyria: but he helped him not. +And in the time of his distress did he trespass yet more against the LORD: this is that king Ahaz. +For he sacrificed unto the gods of Damascus, which smote him: and he said, Because the gods of the kings of Syria help them, therefore will I sacrifice to them, that they may help me. But they were the ruin of him, and of all Israel. +And Ahaz gathered together the vessels of the house of God, and cut in pieces the vessels of the house of God, and shut up the doors of the house of the LORD, and he made him altars in every corner of Jerusalem. +And in every several city of Judah he made high places to burn incense unto other gods, and provoked to anger the LORD God of his fathers. +Now the rest of his acts and of all his ways, first and last, behold, they are written in the book of the kings of Judah and Israel. +And Ahaz slept with his fathers, and they buried him in the city, even in Jerusalem: but they brought him not into the sepulchres of the kings of Israel: and Hezekiah his son reigned in his stead. +Hezekiah began to reign when he was five and twenty years old, and he reigned nine and twenty years in Jerusalem. And his mother's name was Abijah, the daughter of Zechariah. +And he did that which was right in the sight of the LORD, according to all that David his father had done. +He in the first year of his reign, in the first month, opened the doors of the house of the LORD, and repaired them. +And he brought in the priests and the Levites, and gathered them together into the east street, +And said unto them, Hear me, ye Levites, sanctify now yourselves, and sanctify the house of the LORD God of your fathers, and carry forth the filthiness out of the holy place. +For our fathers have trespassed, and done that which was evil in the eyes of the LORD our God, and have forsaken him, and have turned away their faces from the habitation of the LORD, and turned their backs. +Also they have shut up the doors of the porch, and put out the lamps, and have not burned incense nor offered burnt offerings in the holy place unto the God of Israel. +Wherefore the wrath of the LORD was upon Judah and Jerusalem, and he hath delivered them to trouble, to astonishment, and to hissing, as ye see with your eyes. +For, lo, our fathers have fallen by the sword, and our sons and our daughters and our wives are in captivity for this. +Now it is in mine heart to make a covenant with the LORD God of Israel, that his fierce wrath may turn away from us. +My sons, be not now negligent: for the LORD hath chosen you to stand before him, to serve him, and that ye should minister unto him, and burn incense. +Then the Levites arose, Mahath the son of Amasai, and Joel the son of Azariah, of the sons of the Kohathites: and of the sons of Merari, Kish the son of Abdi, and Azariah the son of Jehalelel: and of the Gershonites; Joah the son of Zimmah, and Eden the son of Joah: +And of the sons of Elizaphan; Shimri, and Jeiel: and of the sons of Asaph; Zechariah, and Mattaniah: +And of the sons of Heman; Jehiel, and Shimei: and of the sons of Jeduthun; Shemaiah, and Uzziel. +And they gathered their brethren, and sanctified themselves, and came, according to the commandment of the king, by the words of the LORD, to cleanse the house of the LORD. +And the priests went into the inner part of the house of the LORD, to cleanse it, and brought out all the uncleanness that they found in the temple of the LORD into the court of the house of the LORD. And the Levites took it, to carry it out abroad into the brook Kidron. +Now they began on the first day of the first month to sanctify, and on the eighth day of the month came they to the porch of the LORD: so they sanctified the house of the LORD in eight days; and in the sixteenth day of the first month they made an end. +Then they went in to Hezekiah the king, and said, We have cleansed all the house of the LORD, and the altar of burnt offering, with all the vessels thereof, and the shewbread table, with all the vessels thereof. +Moreover all the vessels, which king Ahaz in his reign did cast away in his transgression, have we prepared and sanctified, and, behold, they are before the altar of the LORD. +Then Hezekiah the king rose early, and gathered the rulers of the city, and went up to the house of the LORD. +And they brought seven bullocks, and seven rams, and seven lambs, and seven he goats, for a sin offering for the kingdom, and for the sanctuary, and for Judah. And he commanded the priests the sons of Aaron to offer them on the altar of the LORD. +So they killed the bullocks, and the priests received the blood, and sprinkled it on the altar: likewise, when they had killed the rams, they sprinkled the blood upon the altar: they killed also the lambs, and they sprinkled the blood upon the altar. +And they brought forth the he goats for the sin offering before the king and the congregation; and they laid their hands upon them: +And the priests killed them, and they made reconciliation with their blood upon the altar, to make an atonement for all Israel: for the king commanded that the burnt offering and the sin offering should be made for all Israel. +And he set the Levites in the house of the LORD with cymbals, with psalteries, and with harps, according to the commandment of David, and of Gad the king's seer, and Nathan the prophet: for so was the commandment of the LORD by his prophets. +And the Levites stood with the instruments of David, and the priests with the trumpets. +And Hezekiah commanded to offer the burnt offering upon the altar. And when the burnt offering began, the song of the LORD began also with the trumpets, and with the instruments ordained by David king of Israel. +And all the congregation worshipped, and the singers sang, and the trumpeters sounded: and all this continued until the burnt offering was finished. +And when they had made an end of offering, the king and all that were present with him bowed themselves, and worshipped. +Moreover Hezekiah the king and the princes commanded the Levites to sing praise unto the LORD with the words of David, and of Asaph the seer. And they sang praises with gladness, and they bowed their heads and worshipped. +Then Hezekiah answered and said, Now ye have consecrated yourselves unto the LORD, come near and bring sacrifices and thank offerings into the house of the LORD. And the congregation brought in sacrifices and thank offerings; and as many as were of a free heart burnt offerings. +And the number of the burnt offerings, which the congregation brought, was threescore and ten bullocks, an hundred rams, and two hundred lambs: all these were for a burnt offering to the LORD. +And the consecrated things were six hundred oxen and three thousand sheep. +But the priests were too few, so that they could not flay all the burnt offerings: wherefore their brethren the Levites did help them, till the work was ended, and until the other priests had sanctified themselves: for the Levites were more upright in heart to sanctify themselves than the priests. +And also the burnt offerings were in abundance, with the fat of the peace offerings, and the drink offerings for every burnt offering. So the service of the house of the LORD was set in order. +And Hezekiah rejoiced, and all the people, that God had prepared the people: for the thing was done suddenly. +And Hezekiah sent to all Israel and Judah, and wrote letters also to Ephraim and Manasseh, that they should come to the house of the LORD at Jerusalem, to keep the passover unto the LORD God of Israel. +For the king had taken counsel, and his princes, and all the congregation in Jerusalem, to keep the passover in the second month. +For they could not keep it at that time, because the priests had not sanctified themselves sufficiently, neither had the people gathered themselves together to Jerusalem. +And the thing pleased the king and all the congregation. +So they established a decree to make proclamation throughout all Israel, from Beersheba even to Dan, that they should come to keep the passover unto the LORD God of Israel at Jerusalem: for they had not done it of a long time in such sort as it was written. +So the posts went with the letters from the king and his princes throughout all Israel and Judah, and according to the commandment of the king, saying, Ye children of Israel, turn again unto the LORD God of Abraham, Isaac, and Israel, and he will return to the remnant of you, that are escaped out of the hand of the kings of Assyria. +And be not ye like your fathers, and like your brethren, which trespassed against the LORD God of their fathers, who therefore gave them up to desolation, as ye see. +Now be ye not stiffnecked, as your fathers were, but yield yourselves unto the LORD, and enter into his sanctuary, which he hath sanctified for ever: and serve the LORD your God, that the fierceness of his wrath may turn away from you. +For if ye turn again unto the LORD, your brethren and your children shall find compassion before them that lead them captive, so that they shall come again into this land: for the LORD your God is gracious and merciful, and will not turn away his face from you, if ye return unto him. +So the posts passed from city to city through the country of Ephraim and Manasseh even unto Zebulun: but they laughed them to scorn, and mocked them. +Nevertheless divers of Asher and Manasseh and of Zebulun humbled themselves, and came to Jerusalem. +Also in Judah the hand of God was to give them one heart to do the commandment of the king and of the princes, by the word of the LORD. +And there assembled at Jerusalem much people to keep the feast of unleavened bread in the second month, a very great congregation. +And they arose and took away the altars that were in Jerusalem, and all the altars for incense took they away, and cast them into the brook Kidron. +Then they killed the passover on the fourteenth day of the second month: and the priests and the Levites were ashamed, and sanctified themselves, and brought in the burnt offerings into the house of the LORD. +And they stood in their place after their manner, according to the law of Moses the man of God: the priests sprinkled the blood, which they received of the hand of the Levites. +For there were many in the congregation that were not sanctified: therefore the Levites had the charge of the killing of the passovers for every one that was not clean, to sanctify them unto the LORD. +For a multitude of the people, even many of Ephraim, and Manasseh, Issachar, and Zebulun, had not cleansed themselves, yet did they eat the passover otherwise than it was written. But Hezekiah prayed for them, saying, The good LORD pardon every one +That prepareth his heart to seek God, the LORD God of his fathers, though he be not cleansed according to the purification of the sanctuary. +And the LORD hearkened to Hezekiah, and healed the people. +And the children of Israel that were present at Jerusalem kept the feast of unleavened bread seven days with great gladness: and the Levites and the priests praised the LORD day by day, singing with loud instruments unto the LORD. +And Hezekiah spake comfortably unto all the Levites that taught the good knowledge of the LORD: and they did eat throughout the feast seven days, offering peace offerings, and making confession to the LORD God of their fathers. +And the whole assembly took counsel to keep other seven days: and they kept other seven days with gladness. +For Hezekiah king of Judah did give to the congregation a thousand bullocks and seven thousand sheep; and the princes gave to the congregation a thousand bullocks and ten thousand sheep: and a great number of priests sanctified themselves. +And all the congregation of Judah, with the priests and the Levites, and all the congregation that came out of Israel, and the strangers that came out of the land of Israel, and that dwelt in Judah, rejoiced. +So there was great joy in Jerusalem: for since the time of Solomon the son of David king of Israel there was not the like in Jerusalem. +Then the priests the Levites arose and blessed the people: and their voice was heard, and their prayer came up to his holy dwelling place, even unto heaven. +Now when all this was finished, all Israel that were present went out to the cities of Judah, and brake the images in pieces, and cut down the groves, and threw down the high places and the altars out of all Judah and Benjamin, in Ephraim also and Manasseh, until they had utterly destroyed them all. Then all the children of Israel returned, every man to his possession, into their own cities. +And Hezekiah appointed the courses of the priests and the Levites after their courses, every man according to his service, the priests and Levites for burnt offerings and for peace offerings, to minister, and to give thanks, and to praise in the gates of the tents of the LORD. +He appointed also the king's portion of his substance for the burnt offerings, to wit, for the morning and evening burnt offerings, and the burnt offerings for the sabbaths, and for the new moons, and for the set feasts, as it is written in the law of the LORD. +Moreover he commanded the people that dwelt in Jerusalem to give the portion of the priests and the Levites, that they might be encouraged in the law of the LORD. +And as soon as the commandment came abroad, the children of Israel brought in abundance the firstfruits of corn, wine, and oil, and honey, and of all the increase of the field; and the tithe of all things brought they in abundantly. +And concerning the children of Israel and Judah, that dwelt in the cities of Judah, they also brought in the tithe of oxen and sheep, and the tithe of holy things which were consecrated unto the LORD their God, and laid them by heaps. +In the third month they began to lay the foundation of the heaps, and finished them in the seventh month. +And when Hezekiah and the princes came and saw the heaps, they blessed the LORD, and his people Israel. +Then Hezekiah questioned with the priests and the Levites concerning the heaps. +And Azariah the chief priest of the house of Zadok answered him, and said, Since the people began to bring the offerings into the house of the LORD, we have had enough to eat, and have left plenty: for the LORD hath blessed his people; and that which is left is this great store. +Then Hezekiah commanded to prepare chambers in the house of the LORD; and they prepared them, +And brought in the offerings and the tithes and the dedicated things faithfully: over which Cononiah the Levite was ruler, and Shimei his brother was the next. +And Jehiel, and Azaziah, and Nahath, and Asahel, and Jerimoth, and Jozabad, and Eliel, and Ismachiah, and Mahath, and Benaiah, were overseers under the hand of Cononiah and Shimei his brother, at the commandment of Hezekiah the king, and Azariah the ruler of the house of God. +And Kore the son of Imnah the Levite, the porter toward the east, was over the freewill offerings of God, to distribute the oblations of the LORD, and the most holy things. +And next him were Eden, and Miniamin, and Jeshua, and Shemaiah, Amariah, and Shecaniah, in the cities of the priests, in their set office, to give to their brethren by courses, as well to the great as to the small: +Beside their genealogy of males, from three years old and upward, even unto every one that entereth into the house of the LORD, his daily portion for their service in their charges according to their courses; +Both to the genealogy of the priests by the house of their fathers, and the Levites from twenty years old and upward, in their charges by their courses; +And to the genealogy of all their little ones, their wives, and their sons, and their daughters, through all the congregation: for in their set office they sanctified themselves in holiness: +Also of the sons of Aaron the priests, which were in the fields of the suburbs of their cities, in every several city, the men that were expressed by name, to give portions to all the males among the priests, and to all that were reckoned by genealogies among the Levites. +And thus did Hezekiah throughout all Judah, and wrought that which was good and right and truth before the LORD his God. +And in every work that he began in the service of the house of God, and in the law, and in the commandments, to seek his God, he did it with all his heart, and prospered. +After these things, and the establishment thereof, Sennacherib king of Assyria came, and entered into Judah, and encamped against the fenced cities, and thought to win them for himself. +And when Hezekiah saw that Sennacherib was come, and that he was purposed to fight against Jerusalem, +He took counsel with his princes and his mighty men to stop the waters of the fountains which were without the city: and they did help him. +So there was gathered much people together, who stopped all the fountains, and the brook that ran through the midst of the land, saying, Why should the kings of Assyria come, and find much water? +Also he strengthened himself, and built up all the wall that was broken, and raised it up to the towers, and another wall without, and repaired Millo in the city of David, and made darts and shields in abundance. +And he set captains of war over the people, and gathered them together to him in the street of the gate of the city, and spake comfortably to them, saying, +Be strong and courageous, be not afraid nor dismayed for the king of Assyria, nor for all the multitude that is with him: for there be more with us than with him: +With him is an arm of flesh; but with us is the LORD our God to help us, and to fight our battles. And the people rested themselves upon the words of Hezekiah king of Judah. +After this did Sennacherib king of Assyria send his servants to Jerusalem, (but he himself laid siege against Lachish, and all his power with him,) unto Hezekiah king of Judah, and unto all Judah that were at Jerusalem, saying, +Thus saith Sennacherib king of Assyria, Whereon do ye trust, that ye abide in the siege in Jerusalem? +Doth not Hezekiah persuade you to give over yourselves to die by famine and by thirst, saying, The LORD our God shall deliver us out of the hand of the king of Assyria? +Hath not the same Hezekiah taken away his high places and his altars, and commanded Judah and Jerusalem, saying, Ye shall worship before one altar, and burn incense upon it? +Know ye not what I and my fathers have done unto all the people of other lands? were the gods of the nations of those lands any ways able to deliver their lands out of mine hand? +Who was there among all the gods of those nations that my fathers utterly destroyed, that could deliver his people out of mine hand, that your God should be able to deliver you out of mine hand? +Now therefore let not Hezekiah deceive you, nor persuade you on this manner, neither yet believe him: for no god of any nation or kingdom was able to deliver his people out of mine hand, and out of the hand of my fathers: how much less shall your God deliver you out of mine hand? +And his servants spake yet more against the LORD God, and against his servant Hezekiah. +He wrote also letters to rail on the LORD God of Israel, and to speak against him, saying, As the gods of the nations of other lands have not delivered their people out of mine hand, so shall not the God of Hezekiah deliver his people out of mine hand. +Then they cried with a loud voice in the Jews' speech unto the people of Jerusalem that were on the wall, to affright them, and to trouble them; that they might take the city. +And they spake against the God of Jerusalem, as against the gods of the people of the earth, which were the work of the hands of man. +And for this cause Hezekiah the king, and the prophet Isaiah the son of Amoz, prayed and cried to heaven. +And the LORD sent an angel, which cut off all the mighty men of valour, and the leaders and captains in the camp of the king of Assyria. So he returned with shame of face to his own land. And when he was come into the house of his god, they that came forth of his own bowels slew him there with the sword. +Thus the LORD saved Hezekiah and the inhabitants of Jerusalem from the hand of Sennacherib the king of Assyria, and from the hand of all other, and guided them on every side. +And many brought gifts unto the LORD to Jerusalem, and presents to Hezekiah king of Judah: so that he was magnified in the sight of all nations from thenceforth. +In those days Hezekiah was sick to the death, and prayed unto the LORD: and he spake unto him, and he gave him a sign. +But Hezekiah rendered not again according to the benefit done unto him; for his heart was lifted up: therefore there was wrath upon him, and upon Judah and Jerusalem. +Notwithstanding Hezekiah humbled himself for the pride of his heart, both he and the inhabitants of Jerusalem, so that the wrath of the LORD came not upon them in the days of Hezekiah. +And Hezekiah had exceeding much riches and honour: and he made himself treasuries for silver, and for gold, and for precious stones, and for spices, and for shields, and for all manner of pleasant jewels; +Storehouses also for the increase of corn, and wine, and oil; and stalls for all manner of beasts, and cotes for flocks. +Moreover he provided him cities, and possessions of flocks and herds in abundance: for God had given him substance very much. +This same Hezekiah also stopped the upper watercourse of Gihon, and brought it straight down to the west side of the city of David. And Hezekiah prospered in all his works. +Howbeit in the business of the ambassadors of the princes of Babylon, who sent unto him to enquire of the wonder that was done in the land, God left him, to try him, that he might know all that was in his heart. +Now the rest of the acts of Hezekiah, and his goodness, behold, they are written in the vision of Isaiah the prophet, the son of Amoz, and in the book of the kings of Judah and Israel. +And Hezekiah slept with his fathers, and they buried him in the chiefest of the sepulchres of the sons of David: and all Judah and the inhabitants of Jerusalem did him honour at his death. And Manasseh his son reigned in his stead. +Manasseh was twelve years old when he began to reign, and he reigned fifty and five years in Jerusalem: +But did that which was evil in the sight of the LORD, like unto the abominations of the heathen, whom the LORD had cast out before the children of Israel. +For he built again the high places which Hezekiah his father had broken down, and he reared up altars for Baalim, and made groves, and worshipped all the host of heaven, and served them. +Also he built altars in the house of the LORD, whereof the LORD had said, In Jerusalem shall my name be for ever. +And he built altars for all the host of heaven in the two courts of the house of the LORD. +And he caused his children to pass through the fire in the valley of the son of Hinnom: also he observed times, and used enchantments, and used witchcraft, and dealt with a familiar spirit, and with wizards: he wrought much evil in the sight of the LORD, to provoke him to anger. +And he set a carved image, the idol which he had made, in the house of God, of which God had said to David and to Solomon his son, In this house, and in Jerusalem, which I have chosen before all the tribes of Israel, will I put my name for ever: +Neither will I any more remove the foot of Israel from out of the land which I have appointed for your fathers; so that they will take heed to do all that I have commanded them, according to the whole law and the statutes and the ordinances by the hand of Moses. +So Manasseh made Judah and the inhabitants of Jerusalem to err, and to do worse than the heathen, whom the LORD had destroyed before the children of Israel. +And the LORD spake to Manasseh, and to his people: but they would not hearken. +Wherefore the LORD brought upon them the captains of the host of the king of Assyria, which took Manasseh among the thorns, and bound him with fetters, and carried him to Babylon. +And when he was in affliction, he besought the LORD his God, and humbled himself greatly before the God of his fathers, +And prayed unto him: and he was intreated of him, and heard his supplication, and brought him again to Jerusalem into his kingdom. Then Manasseh knew that the LORD he was God. +Now after this he built a wall without the city of David, on the west side of Gihon, in the valley, even to the entering in at the fish gate, and compassed about Ophel, and raised it up a very great height, and put captains of war in all the fenced cities of Judah. +And he took away the strange gods, and the idol out of the house of the LORD, and all the altars that he had built in the mount of the house of the LORD, and in Jerusalem, and cast them out of the city. +And he repaired the altar of the LORD, and sacrificed thereon peace offerings and thank offerings, and commanded Judah to serve the LORD God of Israel. +Nevertheless the people did sacrifice still in the high places, yet unto the LORD their God only. +Now the rest of the acts of Manasseh, and his prayer unto his God, and the words of the seers that spake to him in the name of the LORD God of Israel, behold, they are written in the book of the kings of Israel. +His prayer also, and how God was intreated of him, and all his sins, and his trespass, and the places wherein he built high places, and set up groves and graven images, before he was humbled: behold, they are written among the sayings of the seers. +So Manasseh slept with his fathers, and they buried him in his own house: and Amon his son reigned in his stead. +Amon was two and twenty years old when he began to reign, and reigned two years in Jerusalem. +But he did that which was evil in the sight of the LORD, as did Manasseh his father: for Amon sacrificed unto all the carved images which Manasseh his father had made, and served them; +And humbled not himself before the LORD, as Manasseh his father had humbled himself; but Amon trespassed more and more. +And his servants conspired against him, and slew him in his own house. +But the people of the land slew all them that had conspired against king Amon; and the people of the land made Josiah his son king in his stead. +Josiah was eight years old when he began to reign, and he reigned in Jerusalem one and thirty years. +And he did that which was right in the sight of the LORD, and walked in the ways of David his father, and declined neither to the right hand, nor to the left. +For in the eighth year of his reign, while he was yet young, he began to seek after the God of David his father: and in the twelfth year he began to purge Judah and Jerusalem from the high places, and the groves, and the carved images, and the molten images. +And they brake down the altars of Baalim in his presence; and the images, that were on high above them, he cut down; and the groves, and the carved images, and the molten images, he brake in pieces, and made dust of them, and strowed it upon the graves of them that had sacrificed unto them. +And he burnt the bones of the priests upon their altars, and cleansed Judah and Jerusalem. +And so did he in the cities of Manasseh, and Ephraim, and Simeon, even unto Naphtali, with their mattocks round about. +And when he had broken down the altars and the groves, and had beaten the graven images into powder, and cut down all the idols throughout all the land of Israel, he returned to Jerusalem. +Now in the eighteenth year of his reign, when he had purged the land, and the house, he sent Shaphan the son of Azaliah, and Maaseiah the governor of the city, and Joah the son of Joahaz the recorder, to repair the house of the LORD his God. +And when they came to Hilkiah the high priest, they delivered the money that was brought into the house of God, which the Levites that kept the doors had gathered of the hand of Manasseh and Ephraim, and of all the remnant of Israel, and of all Judah and Benjamin; and they returned to Jerusalem. +And they put it in the hand of the workmen that had the oversight of the house of the LORD, and they gave it to the workmen that wrought in the house of the LORD, to repair and amend the house: +Even to the artificers and builders gave they it, to buy hewn stone, and timber for couplings, and to floor the houses which the kings of Judah had destroyed. +And the men did the work faithfully: and the overseers of them were Jahath and Obadiah, the Levites, of the sons of Merari; and Zechariah and Meshullam, of the sons of the Kohathites, to set it forward; and other of the Levites, all that could skill of instruments of musick. +Also they were over the bearers of burdens, and were overseers of all that wrought the work in any manner of service: and of the Levites there were scribes, and officers, and porters. +And when they brought out the money that was brought into the house of the LORD, Hilkiah the priest found a book of the law of the LORD given by Moses. +And Hilkiah answered and said to Shaphan the scribe, I have found the book of the law in the house of the LORD. And Hilkiah delivered the book to Shaphan. +And Shaphan carried the book to the king, and brought the king word back again, saying, All that was committed to thy servants, they do it. +And they have gathered together the money that was found in the house of the LORD, and have delivered it into the hand of the overseers, and to the hand of the workmen. +Then Shaphan the scribe told the king, saying, Hilkiah the priest hath given me a book. And Shaphan read it before the king. +And it came to pass, when the king had heard the words of the law, that he rent his clothes. +And the king commanded Hilkiah, and Ahikam the son of Shaphan, and Abdon the son of Micah, and Shaphan the scribe, and Asaiah a servant of the king's, saying, +Go, enquire of the LORD for me, and for them that are left in Israel and in Judah, concerning the words of the book that is found: for great is the wrath of the LORD that is poured out upon us, because our fathers have not kept the word of the LORD, to do after all that is written in this book. +And Hilkiah, and they that the king had appointed, went to Huldah the prophetess, the wife of Shallum the son of Tikvath, the son of Hasrah, keeper of the wardrobe; (now she dwelt in Jerusalem in the college:) and they spake to her to that effect. +And she answered them, Thus saith the LORD God of Israel, Tell ye the man that sent you to me, +Thus saith the LORD, Behold, I will bring evil upon this place, and upon the inhabitants thereof, even all the curses that are written in the book which they have read before the king of Judah: +Because they have forsaken me, and have burned incense unto other gods, that they might provoke me to anger with all the works of their hands; therefore my wrath shall be poured out upon this place, and shall not be quenched. +And as for the king of Judah, who sent you to enquire of the LORD, so shall ye say unto him, Thus saith the LORD God of Israel concerning the words which thou hast heard; +Because thine heart was tender, and thou didst humble thyself before God, when thou heardest his words against this place, and against the inhabitants thereof, and humbledst thyself before me, and didst rend thy clothes, and weep before me; I have even heard thee also, saith the LORD. +Behold, I will gather thee to thy fathers, and thou shalt be gathered to thy grave in peace, neither shall thine eyes see all the evil that I will bring upon this place, and upon the inhabitants of the same. So they brought the king word again. +Then the king sent and gathered together all the elders of Judah and Jerusalem. +And the king went up into the house of the LORD, and all the men of Judah, and the inhabitants of Jerusalem, and the priests, and the Levites, and all the people, great and small: and he read in their ears all the words of the book of the covenant that was found in the house of the LORD. +And the king stood in his place, and made a covenant before the LORD, to walk after the LORD, and to keep his commandments, and his testimonies, and his statutes, with all his heart, and with all his soul, to perform the words of the covenant which are written in this book. +And he caused all that were present in Jerusalem and Benjamin to stand to it. And the inhabitants of Jerusalem did according to the covenant of God, the God of their fathers. +And Josiah took away all the abominations out of all the countries that pertained to the children of Israel, and made all that were present in Israel to serve, even to serve the LORD their God. And all his days they departed not from following the LORD, the God of their fathers. +Moreover Josiah kept a passover unto the LORD in Jerusalem: and they killed the passover on the fourteenth day of the first month. +And he set the priests in their charges, and encouraged them to the service of the house of the LORD, +And said unto the Levites that taught all Israel, which were holy unto the LORD, Put the holy ark in the house which Solomon the son of David king of Israel did build; it shall not be a burden upon your shoulders: serve now the LORD your God, and his people Israel, +And prepare yourselves by the houses of your fathers, after your courses, according to the writing of David king of Israel, and according to the writing of Solomon his son. +And stand in the holy place according to the divisions of the families of the fathers of your brethren the people, and after the division of the families of the Levites. +So kill the passover, and sanctify yourselves, and prepare your brethren, that they may do according to the word of the LORD by the hand of Moses. +And Josiah gave to the people, of the flock, lambs and kids, all for the passover offerings, for all that were present, to the number of thirty thousand, and three thousand bullocks: these were of the king's substance. +And his princes gave willingly unto the people, to the priests, and to the Levites: Hilkiah and Zechariah and Jehiel, rulers of the house of God, gave unto the priests for the passover offerings two thousand and six hundred small cattle and three hundred oxen. +Conaniah also, and Shemaiah and Nethaneel, his brethren, and Hashabiah and Jeiel and Jozabad, chief of the Levites, gave unto the Levites for passover offerings five thousand small cattle, and five hundred oxen. +So the service was prepared, and the priests stood in their place, and the Levites in their courses, according to the king's commandment. +And they killed the passover, and the priests sprinkled the blood from their hands, and the Levites flayed them. +And they removed the burnt offerings, that they might give according to the divisions of the families of the people, to offer unto the LORD, as it is written in the book of Moses. And so did they with the oxen. +And they roasted the passover with fire according to the ordinance: but the other holy offerings sod they in pots, and in caldrons, and in pans, and divided them speedily among all the people. +And afterward they made ready for themselves, and for the priests: because the priests the sons of Aaron were busied in offering of burnt offerings and the fat until night; therefore the Levites prepared for themselves, and for the priests the sons of Aaron. +And the singers the sons of Asaph were in their place, according to the commandment of David, and Asaph, and Heman, and Jeduthun the king's seer; and the porters waited at every gate; they might not depart from their service; for their brethren the Levites prepared for them. +So all the service of the LORD was prepared the same day, to keep the passover, and to offer burnt offerings upon the altar of the LORD, according to the commandment of king Josiah. +And the children of Israel that were present kept the passover at that time, and the feast of unleavened bread seven days. +And there was no passover like to that kept in Israel from the days of Samuel the prophet; neither did all the kings of Israel keep such a passover as Josiah kept, and the priests, and the Levites, and all Judah and Israel that were present, and the inhabitants of Jerusalem. +In the eighteenth year of the reign of Josiah was this passover kept. +After all this, when Josiah had prepared the temple, Necho king of Egypt came up to fight against Charchemish by Euphrates: and Josiah went out against him. +But he sent ambassadors to him, saying, What have I to do with thee, thou king of Judah? I come not against thee this day, but against the house wherewith I have war: for God commanded me to make haste: forbear thee from meddling with God, who is with me, that he destroy thee not. +Nevertheless Josiah would not turn his face from him, but disguised himself, that he might fight with him, and hearkened not unto the words of Necho from the mouth of God, and came to fight in the valley of Megiddo. +And the archers shot at king Josiah; and the king said to his servants, Have me away; for I am sore wounded. +His servants therefore took him out of that chariot, and put him in the second chariot that he had; and they brought him to Jerusalem, and he died, and was buried in one of the sepulchres of his fathers. And all Judah and Jerusalem mourned for Josiah. +And Jeremiah lamented for Josiah: and all the singing men and the singing women spake of Josiah in their lamentations to this day, and made them an ordinance in Israel: and, behold, they are written in the lamentations. +Now the rest of the acts of Josiah, and his goodness, according to that which was written in the law of the LORD, +And his deeds, first and last, behold, they are written in the book of the kings of Israel and Judah. +Then the people of the land took Jehoahaz the son of Josiah, and made him king in his father's stead in Jerusalem. +Jehoahaz was twenty and three years old when he began to reign, and he reigned three months in Jerusalem. +And the king of Egypt put him down at Jerusalem, and condemned the land in an hundred talents of silver and a talent of gold. +And the king of Egypt made Eliakim his brother king over Judah and Jerusalem, and turned his name to Jehoiakim. And Necho took Jehoahaz his brother, and carried him to Egypt. +Jehoiakim was twenty and five years old when he began to reign, and he reigned eleven years in Jerusalem: and he did that which was evil in the sight of the LORD his God. +Against him came up Nebuchadnezzar king of Babylon, and bound him in fetters, to carry him to Babylon. +Nebuchadnezzar also carried of the vessels of the house of the LORD to Babylon, and put them in his temple at Babylon. +Now the rest of the acts of Jehoiakim, and his abominations which he did, and that which was found in him, behold, they are written in the book of the kings of Israel and Judah: and Jehoiachin his son reigned in his stead. +Jehoiachin was eight years old when he began to reign, and he reigned three months and ten days in Jerusalem: and he did that which was evil in the sight of the LORD. +And when the year was expired, king Nebuchadnezzar sent, and brought him to Babylon, with the goodly vessels of the house of the LORD, and made Zedekiah his brother king over Judah and Jerusalem. +Zedekiah was one and twenty years old when he began to reign, and reigned eleven years in Jerusalem. +And he did that which was evil in the sight of the LORD his God, and humbled not himself before Jeremiah the prophet speaking from the mouth of the LORD. +And he also rebelled against king Nebuchadnezzar, who had made him swear by God: but he stiffened his neck, and hardened his heart from turning unto the LORD God of Israel. +Moreover all the chief of the priests, and the people, transgressed very much after all the abominations of the heathen; and polluted the house of the LORD which he had hallowed in Jerusalem. +And the LORD God of their fathers sent to them by his messengers, rising up betimes, and sending; because he had compassion on his people, and on his dwelling place: +But they mocked the messengers of God, and despised his words, and misused his prophets, until the wrath of the LORD arose against his people, till there was no remedy. +Therefore he brought upon them the king of the Chaldees, who slew their young men with the sword in the house of their sanctuary, and had no compassion upon young man or maiden, old man, or him that stooped for age: he gave them all into his hand. +And all the vessels of the house of God, great and small, and the treasures of the house of the LORD, and the treasures of the king, and of his princes; all these he brought to Babylon. +And they burnt the house of God, and brake down the wall of Jerusalem, and burnt all the palaces thereof with fire, and destroyed all the goodly vessels thereof. +And them that had escaped from the sword carried he away to Babylon; where they were servants to him and his sons until the reign of the kingdom of Persia: +To fulfil the word of the LORD by the mouth of Jeremiah, until the land had enjoyed her sabbaths: for as long as she lay desolate she kept sabbath, to fulfil threescore and ten years. +Now in the first year of Cyrus king of Persia, that the word of the LORD spoken by the mouth of Jeremiah might be accomplished, the LORD stirred up the spirit of Cyrus king of Persia, that he made a proclamation throughout all his kingdom, and put it also in writing, saying, +Thus saith Cyrus king of Persia, All the kingdoms of the earth hath the LORD God of heaven given me; and he hath charged me to build him an house in Jerusalem, which is in Judah. Who is there among you of all his people? The LORD his God be with him, and let him go up. +Now in the first year of Cyrus king of Persia, that the word of the LORD by the mouth of Jeremiah might be fulfilled, the LORD stirred up the spirit of Cyrus king of Persia, that he made a proclamation throughout all his kingdom, and put it also in writing, saying, +Thus saith Cyrus king of Persia, The LORD God of heaven hath given me all the kingdoms of the earth; and he hath charged me to build him an house at Jerusalem, which is in Judah. +Who is there among you of all his people? his God be with him, and let him go up to Jerusalem, which is in Judah, and build the house of the LORD God of Israel, (he is the God,) which is in Jerusalem. +And whosoever remaineth in any place where he sojourneth, let the men of his place help him with silver, and with gold, and with goods, and with beasts, beside the freewill offering for the house of God that is in Jerusalem. +Then rose up the chief of the fathers of Judah and Benjamin, and the priests, and the Levites, with all them whose spirit God had raised, to go up to build the house of the LORD which is in Jerusalem. +And all they that were about them strengthened their hands with vessels of silver, with gold, with goods, and with beasts, and with precious things, beside all that was willingly offered. +Also Cyrus the king brought forth the vessels of the house of the LORD, which Nebuchadnezzar had brought forth out of Jerusalem, and had put them in the house of his gods; +Even those did Cyrus king of Persia bring forth by the hand of Mithredath the treasurer, and numbered them unto Sheshbazzar, the prince of Judah. +And this is the number of them: thirty chargers of gold, a thousand chargers of silver, nine and twenty knives, +Thirty basons of gold, silver basons of a second sort four hundred and ten, and other vessels a thousand. +All the vessels of gold and of silver were five thousand and four hundred. All these did Sheshbazzar bring up with them of the captivity that were brought up from Babylon unto Jerusalem. +Now these are the children of the province that went up out of the captivity, of those which had been carried away, whom Nebuchadnezzar the king of Babylon had carried away unto Babylon, and came again unto Jerusalem and Judah, every one unto his city; +Which came with Zerubbabel: Jeshua, Nehemiah, Seraiah, Reelaiah, Mordecai, Bilshan, Mizpar, Bigvai, Rehum, Baanah. The number of the men of the people of Israel: +The children of Parosh, two thousand an hundred seventy and two. +The children of Shephatiah, three hundred seventy and two. +The children of Arah, seven hundred seventy and five. +The children of Pahathmoab, of the children of Jeshua and Joab, two thousand eight hundred and twelve. +The children of Elam, a thousand two hundred fifty and four. +The children of Zattu, nine hundred forty and five. +The children of Zaccai, seven hundred and threescore. +The children of Bani, six hundred forty and two. +The children of Bebai, six hundred twenty and three. +The children of Azgad, a thousand two hundred twenty and two. +The children of Adonikam, six hundred sixty and six. +The children of Bigvai, two thousand fifty and six. +The children of Adin, four hundred fifty and four. +The children of Ater of Hezekiah, ninety and eight. +The children of Bezai, three hundred twenty and three. +The children of Jorah, an hundred and twelve. +The children of Hashum, two hundred twenty and three. +The children of Gibbar, ninety and five. +The children of Bethlehem, an hundred twenty and three. +The men of Netophah, fifty and six. +The men of Anathoth, an hundred twenty and eight. +The children of Azmaveth, forty and two. +The children of Kirjatharim, Chephirah, and Beeroth, seven hundred and forty and three. +The children of Ramah and Gaba, six hundred twenty and one. +The men of Michmas, an hundred twenty and two. +The men of Bethel and Ai, two hundred twenty and three. +The children of Nebo, fifty and two. +The children of Magbish, an hundred fifty and six. +The children of the other Elam, a thousand two hundred fifty and four. +The children of Harim, three hundred and twenty. +The children of Lod, Hadid, and Ono, seven hundred twenty and five. +The children of Jericho, three hundred forty and five. +The children of Senaah, three thousand and six hundred and thirty. +The priests: the children of Jedaiah, of the house of Jeshua, nine hundred seventy and three. +The children of Immer, a thousand fifty and two. +The children of Pashur, a thousand two hundred forty and seven. +The children of Harim, a thousand and seventeen. +The Levites: the children of Jeshua and Kadmiel, of the children of Hodaviah, seventy and four. +The singers: the children of Asaph, an hundred twenty and eight. +The children of the porters: the children of Shallum, the children of Ater, the children of Talmon, the children of Akkub, the children of Hatita, the children of Shobai, in all an hundred thirty and nine. +The Nethinims: the children of Ziha, the children of Hasupha, the children of Tabbaoth, +The children of Keros, the children of Siaha, the children of Padon, +The children of Lebanah, the children of Hagabah, the children of Akkub, +The children of Hagab, the children of Shalmai, the children of Hanan, +The children of Giddel, the children of Gahar, the children of Reaiah, +The children of Rezin, the children of Nekoda, the children of Gazzam, +The children of Uzza, the children of Paseah, the children of Besai, +The children of Asnah, the children of Mehunim, the children of Nephusim, +The children of Bakbuk, the children of Hakupha, the children of Harhur, +The children of Bazluth, the children of Mehida, the children of Harsha, +The children of Barkos, the children of Sisera, the children of Thamah, +The children of Neziah, the children of Hatipha. +The children of Solomon's servants: the children of Sotai, the children of Sophereth, the children of Peruda, +The children of Jaalah, the children of Darkon, the children of Giddel, +The children of Shephatiah, the children of Hattil, the children of Pochereth of Zebaim, the children of Ami. +All the Nethinims, and the children of Solomon's servants, were three hundred ninety and two. +And these were they which went up from Telmelah, Telharsa, Cherub, Addan, and Immer: but they could not shew their father's house, and their seed, whether they were of Israel: +The children of Delaiah, the children of Tobiah, the children of Nekoda, six hundred fifty and two. +And of the children of the priests: the children of Habaiah, the children of Koz, the children of Barzillai; which took a wife of the daughters of Barzillai the Gileadite, and was called after their name: +These sought their register among those that were reckoned by genealogy, but they were not found: therefore were they, as polluted, put from the priesthood. +And the Tirshatha said unto them, that they should not eat of the most holy things, till there stood up a priest with Urim and with Thummim. +The whole congregation together was forty and two thousand three hundred and threescore, +Beside their servants and their maids, of whom there were seven thousand three hundred thirty and seven: and there were among them two hundred singing men and singing women. +Their horses were seven hundred thirty and six; their mules, two hundred forty and five; +Their camels, four hundred thirty and five; their asses, six thousand seven hundred and twenty. +And some of the chief of the fathers, when they came to the house of the LORD which is at Jerusalem, offered freely for the house of God to set it up in his place: +They gave after their ability unto the treasure of the work threescore and one thousand drams of gold, and five thousand pound of silver, and one hundred priests' garments. +So the priests, and the Levites, and some of the people, and the singers, and the porters, and the Nethinims, dwelt in their cities, and all Israel in their cities. +And when the seventh month was come, and the children of Israel were in the cities, the people gathered themselves together as one man to Jerusalem. +Then stood up Jeshua the son of Jozadak, and his brethren the priests, and Zerubbabel the son of Shealtiel, and his brethren, and builded the altar of the God of Israel, to offer burnt offerings thereon, as it is written in the law of Moses the man of God. +And they set the altar upon his bases; for fear was upon them because of the people of those countries: and they offered burnt offerings thereon unto the LORD, even burnt offerings morning and evening. +They kept also the feast of tabernacles, as it is written, and offered the daily burnt offerings by number, according to the custom, as the duty of every day required; +And afterward offered the continual burnt offering, both of the new moons, and of all the set feasts of the LORD that were consecrated, and of every one that willingly offered a freewill offering unto the LORD. +From the first day of the seventh month began they to offer burnt offerings unto the LORD. But the foundation of the temple of the LORD was not yet laid. +They gave money also unto the masons, and to the carpenters; and meat, and drink, and oil, unto them of Zidon, and to them of Tyre, to bring cedar trees from Lebanon to the sea of Joppa, according to the grant that they had of Cyrus king of Persia. +Now in the second year of their coming unto the house of God at Jerusalem, in the second month, began Zerubbabel the son of Shealtiel, and Jeshua the son of Jozadak, and the remnant of their brethren the priests and the Levites, and all they that were come out of the captivity unto Jerusalem; and appointed the Levites, from twenty years old and upward, to set forward the work of the house of the LORD. +Then stood Jeshua with his sons and his brethren, Kadmiel and his sons, the sons of Judah, together, to set forward the workmen in the house of God: the sons of Henadad, with their sons and their brethren the Levites. +And when the builders laid the foundation of the temple of the LORD, they set the priests in their apparel with trumpets, and the Levites the sons of Asaph with cymbals, to praise the LORD, after the ordinance of David king of Israel. +And they sang together by course in praising and giving thanks unto the LORD; because he is good, for his mercy endureth for ever toward Israel. And all the people shouted with a great shout, when they praised the LORD, because the foundation of the house of the LORD was laid. +But many of the priests and Levites and chief of the fathers, who were ancient men, that had seen the first house, when the foundation of this house was laid before their eyes, wept with a loud voice; and many shouted aloud for joy: +So that the people could not discern the noise of the shout of joy from the noise of the weeping of the people: for the people shouted with a loud shout, and the noise was heard afar off. +Now when the adversaries of Judah and Benjamin heard that the children of the captivity builded the temple unto the LORD God of Israel; +Then they came to Zerubbabel, and to the chief of the fathers, and said unto them, Let us build with you: for we seek your God, as ye do; and we do sacrifice unto him since the days of Esarhaddon king of Assur, which brought us up hither. +But Zerubbabel, and Jeshua, and the rest of the chief of the fathers of Israel, said unto them, Ye have nothing to do with us to build an house unto our God; but we ourselves together will build unto the LORD God of Israel, as king Cyrus the king of Persia hath commanded us. +Then the people of the land weakened the hands of the people of Judah, and troubled them in building, +And hired counsellors against them, to frustrate their purpose, all the days of Cyrus king of Persia, even until the reign of Darius king of Persia. +And in the reign of Ahasuerus, in the beginning of his reign, wrote they unto him an accusation against the inhabitants of Judah and Jerusalem. +And in the days of Artaxerxes wrote Bishlam, Mithredath, Tabeel, and the rest of their companions, unto Artaxerxes king of Persia; and the writing of the letter was written in the Syrian tongue, and interpreted in the Syrian tongue. +Rehum the chancellor and Shimshai the scribe wrote a letter against Jerusalem to Artaxerxes the king in this sort: +Then wrote Rehum the chancellor, and Shimshai the scribe, and the rest of their companions; the Dinaites, the Apharsathchites, the Tarpelites, the Apharsites, the Archevites, the Babylonians, the Susanchites, the Dehavites, and the Elamites, +And the rest of the nations whom the great and noble Asnapper brought over, and set in the cities of Samaria, and the rest that are on this side the river, and at such a time. +This is the copy of the letter that they sent unto him, even unto Artaxerxes the king; Thy servants the men on this side the river, and at such a time. +Be it known unto the king, that the Jews which came up from thee to us are come unto Jerusalem, building the rebellious and the bad city, and have set up the walls thereof, and joined the foundations. +Be it known now unto the king, that, if this city be builded, and the walls set up again, then will they not pay toll, tribute, and custom, and so thou shalt endamage the revenue of the kings. +Now because we have maintenance from the king's palace, and it was not meet for us to see the king's dishonour, therefore have we sent and certified the king; +That search may be made in the book of the records of thy fathers: so shalt thou find in the book of the records, and know that this city is a rebellious city, and hurtful unto kings and provinces, and that they have moved sedition within the same of old time: for which cause was this city destroyed. +We certify the king that, if this city be builded again, and the walls thereof set up, by this means thou shalt have no portion on this side the river. +Then sent the king an answer unto Rehum the chancellor, and to Shimshai the scribe, and to the rest of their companions that dwell in Samaria, and unto the rest beyond the river, Peace, and at such a time. +The letter which ye sent unto us hath been plainly read before me. +And I commanded, and search hath been made, and it is found that this city of old time hath made insurrection against kings, and that rebellion and sedition have been made therein. +There have been mighty kings also over Jerusalem, which have ruled over all countries beyond the river; and toll, tribute, and custom, was paid unto them. +Give ye now commandment to cause these men to cease, and that this city be not builded, until another commandment shall be given from me. +Take heed now that ye fail not to do this: why should damage grow to the hurt of the kings? +Now when the copy of king Artaxerxes' letter was read before Rehum, and Shimshai the scribe, and their companions, they went up in haste to Jerusalem unto the Jews, and made them to cease by force and power. +Then ceased the work of the house of God which is at Jerusalem. So it ceased unto the second year of the reign of Darius king of Persia. +Then the prophets, Haggai the prophet, and Zechariah the son of Iddo, prophesied unto the Jews that were in Judah and Jerusalem in the name of the God of Israel, even unto them. +Then rose up Zerubbabel the son of Shealtiel, and Jeshua the son of Jozadak, and began to build the house of God which is at Jerusalem: and with them were the prophets of God helping them. +At the same time came to them Tatnai, governor on this side the river, and Shetharboznai and their companions, and said thus unto them, Who hath commanded you to build this house, and to make up this wall? +Then said we unto them after this manner, What are the names of the men that make this building? +But the eye of their God was upon the elders of the Jews, that they could not cause them to cease, till the matter came to Darius: and then they returned answer by letter concerning this matter. +The copy of the letter that Tatnai, governor on this side the river, and Shetharboznai and his companions the Apharsachites, which were on this side the river, sent unto Darius the king: +They sent a letter unto him, wherein was written thus; Unto Darius the king, all peace. +Be it known unto the king, that we went into the province of Judea, to the house of the great God, which is builded with great stones, and timber is laid in the walls, and this work goeth fast on, and prospereth in their hands. +Then asked we those elders, and said unto them thus, Who commanded you to build this house, and to make up these walls? +We asked their names also, to certify thee, that we might write the names of the men that were the chief of them. +And thus they returned us answer, saying, We are the servants of the God of heaven and earth, and build the house that was builded these many years ago, which a great king of Israel builded and set up. +But after that our fathers had provoked the God of heaven unto wrath, he gave them into the hand of Nebuchadnezzar the king of Babylon, the Chaldean, who destroyed this house, and carried the people away into Babylon. +But in the first year of Cyrus the king of Babylon the same king Cyrus made a decree to build this house of God. +And the vessels also of gold and silver of the house of God, which Nebuchadnezzar took out of the temple that was in Jerusalem, and brought them into the temple of Babylon, those did Cyrus the king take out of the temple of Babylon, and they were delivered unto one, whose name was Sheshbazzar, whom he had made governor; +And said unto him, Take these vessels, go, carry them into the temple that is in Jerusalem, and let the house of God be builded in his place. +Then came the same Sheshbazzar, and laid the foundation of the house of God which is in Jerusalem: and since that time even until now hath it been in building, and yet it is not finished. +Now therefore, if it seem good to the king, let there be search made in the king's treasure house, which is there at Babylon, whether it be so, that a decree was made of Cyrus the king to build this house of God at Jerusalem, and let the king send his pleasure to us concerning this matter. +Then Darius the king made a decree, and search was made in the house of the rolls, where the treasures were laid up in Babylon. +And there was found at Achmetha, in the palace that is in the province of the Medes, a roll, and therein was a record thus written: +In the first year of Cyrus the king the same Cyrus the king made a decree concerning the house of God at Jerusalem, Let the house be builded, the place where they offered sacrifices, and let the foundations thereof be strongly laid; the height thereof threescore cubits, and the breadth thereof threescore cubits; +With three rows of great stones, and a row of new timber: and let the expenses be given out of the king's house: +And also let the golden and silver vessels of the house of God, which Nebuchadnezzar took forth out of the temple which is at Jerusalem, and brought unto Babylon, be restored, and brought again unto the temple which is at Jerusalem, every one to his place, and place them in the house of God. +Now therefore, Tatnai, governor beyond the river, Shetharboznai, and your companions the Apharsachites, which are beyond the river, be ye far from thence: +Let the work of this house of God alone; let the governor of the Jews and the elders of the Jews build this house of God in his place. +Moreover I make a decree what ye shall do to the elders of these Jews for the building of this house of God: that of the king's goods, even of the tribute beyond the river, forthwith expenses be given unto these men, that they be not hindered. +And that which they have need of, both young bullocks, and rams, and lambs, for the burnt offerings of the God of heaven, wheat, salt, wine, and oil, according to the appointment of the priests which are at Jerusalem, let it be given them day by day without fail: +That they may offer sacrifices of sweet savours unto the God of heaven, and pray for the life of the king, and of his sons. +Also I have made a decree, that whosoever shall alter this word, let timber be pulled down from his house, and being set up, let him be hanged thereon; and let his house be made a dunghill for this. +And the God that hath caused his name to dwell there destroy all kings and people, that shall put to their hand to alter and to destroy this house of God which is at Jerusalem. I Darius have made a decree; let it be done with speed. +Then Tatnai, governor on this side the river, Shetharboznai, and their companions, according to that which Darius the king had sent, so they did speedily. +And the elders of the Jews builded, and they prospered through the prophesying of Haggai the prophet and Zechariah the son of Iddo. And they builded, and finished it, according to the commandment of the God of Israel, and according to the commandment of Cyrus, and Darius, and Artaxerxes king of Persia. +And this house was finished on the third day of the month Adar, which was in the sixth year of the reign of Darius the king. +And the children of Israel, the priests, and the Levites, and the rest of the children of the captivity, kept the dedication of this house of God with joy. +And offered at the dedication of this house of God an hundred bullocks, two hundred rams, four hundred lambs; and for a sin offering for all Israel, twelve he goats, according to the number of the tribes of Israel. +And they set the priests in their divisions, and the Levites in their courses, for the service of God, which is at Jerusalem; as it is written in the book of Moses. +And the children of the captivity kept the passover upon the fourteenth day of the first month. +For the priests and the Levites were purified together, all of them were pure, and killed the passover for all the children of the captivity, and for their brethren the priests, and for themselves. +And the children of Israel, which were come again out of captivity, and all such as had separated themselves unto them from the filthiness of the heathen of the land, to seek the LORD God of Israel, did eat, +And kept the feast of unleavened bread seven days with joy: for the LORD had made them joyful, and turned the heart of the king of Assyria unto them, to strengthen their hands in the work of the house of God, the God of Israel. +Now after these things, in the reign of Artaxerxes king of Persia, Ezra the son of Seraiah, the son of Azariah, the son of Hilkiah, +The son of Shallum, the son of Zadok, the son of Ahitub, +The son of Amariah, the son of Azariah, the son of Meraioth, +The son of Zerahiah, the son of Uzzi, the son of Bukki, +The son of Abishua, the son of Phinehas, the son of Eleazar, the son of Aaron the chief priest: +This Ezra went up from Babylon; and he was a ready scribe in the law of Moses, which the LORD God of Israel had given: and the king granted him all his request, according to the hand of the LORD his God upon him. +And there went up some of the children of Israel, and of the priests, and the Levites, and the singers, and the porters, and the Nethinims, unto Jerusalem, in the seventh year of Artaxerxes the king. +And he came to Jerusalem in the fifth month, which was in the seventh year of the king. +For upon the first day of the first month began he to go up from Babylon, and on the first day of the fifth month came he to Jerusalem, according to the good hand of his God upon him. +For Ezra had prepared his heart to seek the law of the LORD, and to do it, and to teach in Israel statutes and judgments. +Now this is the copy of the letter that the king Artaxerxes gave unto Ezra the priest, the scribe, even a scribe of the words of the commandments of the LORD, and of his statutes to Israel. +Artaxerxes, king of kings, unto Ezra the priest, a scribe of the law of the God of heaven, perfect peace, and at such a time. +I make a decree, that all they of the people of Israel, and of his priests and Levites, in my realm, which are minded of their own freewill to go up to Jerusalem, go with thee. +Forasmuch as thou art sent of the king, and of his seven counsellors, to enquire concerning Judah and Jerusalem, according to the law of thy God which is in thine hand; +And to carry the silver and gold, which the king and his counsellors have freely offered unto the God of Israel, whose habitation is in Jerusalem, +And all the silver and gold that thou canst find in all the province of Babylon, with the freewill offering of the people, and of the priests, offering willingly for the house of their God which is in Jerusalem: +That thou mayest buy speedily with this money bullocks, rams, lambs, with their meat offerings and their drink offerings, and offer them upon the altar of the house of your God which is in Jerusalem. +And whatsoever shall seem good to thee, and to thy brethren, to do with the rest of the silver and the gold, that do after the will of your God. +The vessels also that are given thee for the service of the house of thy God, those deliver thou before the God of Jerusalem. +And whatsoever more shall be needful for the house of thy God, which thou shalt have occasion to bestow, bestow it out of the king's treasure house. +And I, even I Artaxerxes the king, do make a decree to all the treasurers which are beyond the river, that whatsoever Ezra the priest, the scribe of the law of the God of heaven, shall require of you, it be done speedily, +Unto an hundred talents of silver, and to an hundred measures of wheat, and to an hundred baths of wine, and to an hundred baths of oil, and salt without prescribing how much. +Whatsoever is commanded by the God of heaven, let it be diligently done for the house of the God of heaven: for why should there be wrath against the realm of the king and his sons? +Also we certify you, that touching any of the priests and Levites, singers, porters, Nethinims, or ministers of this house of God, it shall not be lawful to impose toll, tribute, or custom, upon them. +And thou, Ezra, after the wisdom of thy God, that is in thine hand, set magistrates and judges, which may judge all the people that are beyond the river, all such as know the laws of thy God; and teach ye them that know them not. +And whosoever will not do the law of thy God, and the law of the king, let judgment be executed speedily upon him, whether it be unto death, or to banishment, or to confiscation of goods, or to imprisonment. +Blessed be the LORD God of our fathers, which hath put such a thing as this in the king's heart, to beautify the house of the LORD which is in Jerusalem: +And hath extended mercy unto me before the king, and his counsellors, and before all the king's mighty princes. And I was strengthened as the hand of the LORD my God was upon me, and I gathered together out of Israel chief men to go up with me. +These are now the chief of their fathers, and this is the genealogy of them that went up with me from Babylon, in the reign of Artaxerxes the king. +Of the sons of Phinehas; Gershom: of the sons of Ithamar; Daniel: of the sons of David; Hattush. +Of the sons of Shechaniah, of the sons of Pharosh; Zechariah: and with him were reckoned by genealogy of the males an hundred and fifty. +Of the sons of Pahathmoab; Elihoenai the son of Zerahiah, and with him two hundred males. +Of the sons of Shechaniah; the son of Jahaziel, and with him three hundred males. +Of the sons also of Adin; Ebed the son of Jonathan, and with him fifty males. +And of the sons of Elam; Jeshaiah the son of Athaliah, and with him seventy males. +And of the sons of Shephatiah; Zebadiah the son of Michael, and with him fourscore males. +Of the sons of Joab; Obadiah the son of Jehiel, and with him two hundred and eighteen males. +And of the sons of Shelomith; the son of Josiphiah, and with him an hundred and threescore males. +And of the sons of Bebai; Zechariah the son of Bebai, and with him twenty and eight males. +And of the sons of Azgad; Johanan the son of Hakkatan, and with him an hundred and ten males. +And of the last sons of Adonikam, whose names are these, Eliphelet, Jeiel, and Shemaiah, and with them threescore males. +Of the sons also of Bigvai; Uthai, and Zabbud, and with them seventy males. +And I gathered them together to the river that runneth to Ahava; and there abode we in tents three days: and I viewed the people, and the priests, and found there none of the sons of Levi. +Then sent I for Eliezer, for Ariel, for Shemaiah, and for Elnathan, and for Jarib, and for Elnathan, and for Nathan, and for Zechariah, and for Meshullam, chief men; also for Joiarib, and for Elnathan, men of understanding. +And I sent them with commandment unto Iddo the chief at the place Casiphia, and I told them what they should say unto Iddo, and to his brethren the Nethinims, at the place Casiphia, that they should bring unto us ministers for the house of our God. +And by the good hand of our God upon us they brought us a man of understanding, of the sons of Mahli, the son of Levi, the son of Israel; and Sherebiah, with his sons and his brethren, eighteen; +And Hashabiah, and with him Jeshaiah of the sons of Merari, his brethren and their sons, twenty; +Also of the Nethinims, whom David and the princes had appointed for the service of the Levites, two hundred and twenty Nethinims: all of them were expressed by name. +Then I proclaimed a fast there, at the river of Ahava, that we might afflict ourselves before our God, to seek of him a right way for us, and for our little ones, and for all our substance. +For I was ashamed to require of the king a band of soldiers and horsemen to help us against the enemy in the way: because we had spoken unto the king, saying, The hand of our God is upon all them for good that seek him; but his power and his wrath is against all them that forsake him. +So we fasted and besought our God for this: and he was intreated of us. +Then I separated twelve of the chief of the priests, Sherebiah, Hashabiah, and ten of their brethren with them, +And weighed unto them the silver, and the gold, and the vessels, even the offering of the house of our God, which the king, and his counsellors, and his lords, and all Israel there present, had offered: +I even weighed unto their hand six hundred and fifty talents of silver, and silver vessels an hundred talents, and of gold an hundred talents; +Also twenty basons of gold, of a thousand drams; and two vessels of fine copper, precious as gold. +And I said unto them, Ye are holy unto the LORD; the vessels are holy also; and the silver and the gold are a freewill offering unto the LORD God of your fathers. +Watch ye, and keep them, until ye weigh them before the chief of the priests and the Levites, and chief of the fathers of Israel, at Jerusalem, in the chambers of the house of the LORD. +So took the priests and the Levites the weight of the silver, and the gold, and the vessels, to bring them to Jerusalem unto the house of our God. +Then we departed from the river of Ahava on the twelfth day of the first month, to go unto Jerusalem: and the hand of our God was upon us, and he delivered us from the hand of the enemy, and of such as lay in wait by the way. +And we came to Jerusalem, and abode there three days. +Now on the fourth day was the silver and the gold and the vessels weighed in the house of our God by the hand of Meremoth the son of Uriah the priest; and with him was Eleazar the son of Phinehas; and with them was Jozabad the son of Jeshua, and Noadiah the son of Binnui, Levites; +By number and by weight of every one: and all the weight was written at that time. +Also the children of those that had been carried away, which were come out of the captivity, offered burnt offerings unto the God of Israel, twelve bullocks for all Israel, ninety and six rams, seventy and seven lambs, twelve he goats for a sin offering: all this was a burnt offering unto the LORD. +And they delivered the king's commissions unto the king's lieutenants, and to the governors on this side the river: and they furthered the people, and the house of God. +Now when these things were done, the princes came to me, saying, The people of Israel, and the priests, and the Levites, have not separated themselves from the people of the lands, doing according to their abominations, even of the Canaanites, the Hittites, the Perizzites, the Jebusites, the Ammonites, the Moabites, the Egyptians, and the Amorites. +For they have taken of their daughters for themselves, and for their sons: so that the holy seed have mingled themselves with the people of those lands: yea, the hand of the princes and rulers hath been chief in this trespass. +And when I heard this thing, I rent my garment and my mantle, and plucked off the hair of my head and of my beard, and sat down astonied. +Then were assembled unto me every one that trembled at the words of the God of Israel, because of the transgression of those that had been carried away; and I sat astonied until the evening sacrifice. +And at the evening sacrifice I arose up from my heaviness; and having rent my garment and my mantle, I fell upon my knees, and spread out my hands unto the LORD my God, +And said, O my God, I am ashamed and blush to lift up my face to thee, my God: for our iniquities are increased over our head, and our trespass is grown up unto the heavens. +Since the days of our fathers have we been in a great trespass unto this day; and for our iniquities have we, our kings, and our priests, been delivered into the hand of the kings of the lands, to the sword, to captivity, and to a spoil, and to confusion of face, as it is this day. +And now for a little space grace hath been shewed from the LORD our God, to leave us a remnant to escape, and to give us a nail in his holy place, that our God may lighten our eyes, and give us a little reviving in our bondage. +For we were bondmen; yet our God hath not forsaken us in our bondage, but hath extended mercy unto us in the sight of the kings of Persia, to give us a reviving, to set up the house of our God, and to repair the desolations thereof, and to give us a wall in Judah and in Jerusalem. +And now, O our God, what shall we say after this? for we have forsaken thy commandments, +Which thou hast commanded by thy servants the prophets, saying, The land, unto which ye go to possess it, is an unclean land with the filthiness of the people of the lands, with their abominations, which have filled it from one end to another with their uncleanness. +Now therefore give not your daughters unto their sons, neither take their daughters unto your sons, nor seek their peace or their wealth for ever: that ye may be strong, and eat the good of the land, and leave it for an inheritance to your children for ever. +And after all that is come upon us for our evil deeds, and for our great trespass, seeing that thou our God hast punished us less than our iniquities deserve, and hast given us such deliverance as this; +Should we again break thy commandments, and join in affinity with the people of these abominations? wouldest not thou be angry with us till thou hadst consumed us, so that there should be no remnant nor escaping? +O LORD God of Israel, thou art righteous: for we remain yet escaped, as it is this day: behold, we are before thee in our trespasses: for we cannot stand before thee because of this. +Now when Ezra had prayed, and when he had confessed, weeping and casting himself down before the house of God, there assembled unto him out of Israel a very great congregation of men and women and children: for the people wept very sore. +And Shechaniah the son of Jehiel, one of the sons of Elam, answered and said unto Ezra, We have trespassed against our God, and have taken strange wives of the people of the land: yet now there is hope in Israel concerning this thing. +Now therefore let us make a covenant with our God to put away all the wives, and such as are born of them, according to the counsel of my lord, and of those that tremble at the commandment of our God; and let it be done according to the law. +Arise; for this matter belongeth unto thee: we also will be with thee: be of good courage, and do it. +Then arose Ezra, and made the chief priests, the Levites, and all Israel, to swear that they should do according to this word. And they sware. +Then Ezra rose up from before the house of God, and went into the chamber of Johanan the son of Eliashib: and when he came thither, he did eat no bread, nor drink water: for he mourned because of the transgression of them that had been carried away. +And they made proclamation throughout Judah and Jerusalem unto all the children of the captivity, that they should gather themselves together unto Jerusalem; +And that whosoever would not come within three days, according to the counsel of the princes and the elders, all his substance should be forfeited, and himself separated from the congregation of those that had been carried away. +Then all the men of Judah and Benjamin gathered themselves together unto Jerusalem within three days. It was the ninth month, on the twentieth day of the month; and all the people sat in the street of the house of God, trembling because of this matter, and for the great rain. +And Ezra the priest stood up, and said unto them, Ye have transgressed, and have taken strange wives, to increase the trespass of Israel. +Now therefore make confession unto the LORD God of your fathers, and do his pleasure: and separate yourselves from the people of the land, and from the strange wives. +Then all the congregation answered and said with a loud voice, As thou hast said, so must we do. +But the people are many, and it is a time of much rain, and we are not able to stand without, neither is this a work of one day or two: for we are many that have transgressed in this thing. +Let now our rulers of all the congregation stand, and let all them which have taken strange wives in our cities come at appointed times, and with them the elders of every city, and the judges thereof, until the fierce wrath of our God for this matter be turned from us. +Only Jonathan the son of Asahel and Jahaziah the son of Tikvah were employed about this matter: and Meshullam and Shabbethai the Levite helped them. +And the children of the captivity did so. And Ezra the priest, with certain chief of the fathers, after the house of their fathers, and all of them by their names, were separated, and sat down in the first day of the tenth month to examine the matter. +And they made an end with all the men that had taken strange wives by the first day of the first month. +And among the sons of the priests there were found that had taken strange wives: namely, of the sons of Jeshua the son of Jozadak, and his brethren; Maaseiah, and Eliezer, and Jarib, and Gedaliah. +And they gave their hands that they would put away their wives; and being guilty, they offered a ram of the flock for their trespass. +And of the sons of Immer; Hanani, and Zebadiah. +And of the sons of Harim; Maaseiah, and Elijah, and Shemaiah, and Jehiel, and Uzziah. +And of the sons of Pashur; Elioenai, Maaseiah, Ishmael, Nethaneel, Jozabad, and Elasah. +Also of the Levites; Jozabad, and Shimei, and Kelaiah, (the same is Kelita,) Pethahiah, Judah, and Eliezer. +Of the singers also; Eliashib: and of the porters; Shallum, and Telem, and Uri. +Moreover of Israel: of the sons of Parosh; Ramiah, and Jeziah, and Malchiah, and Miamin, and Eleazar, and Malchijah, and Benaiah. +And of the sons of Elam; Mattaniah, Zechariah, and Jehiel, and Abdi, and Jeremoth, and Eliah. +And of the sons of Zattu; Elioenai, Eliashib, Mattaniah, and Jeremoth, and Zabad, and Aziza. +Of the sons also of Bebai; Jehohanan, Hananiah, Zabbai, and Athlai. +And of the sons of Bani; Meshullam, Malluch, and Adaiah, Jashub, and Sheal, and Ramoth. +And of the sons of Pahathmoab; Adna, and Chelal, Benaiah, Maaseiah, Mattaniah, Bezaleel, and Binnui, and Manasseh. +And of the sons of Harim; Eliezer, Ishijah, Malchiah, Shemaiah, Shimeon, +Benjamin, Malluch, and Shemariah. +Of the sons of Hashum; Mattenai, Mattathah, Zabad, Eliphelet, Jeremai, Manasseh, and Shimei. +Of the sons of Bani; Maadai, Amram, and Uel, +Benaiah, Bedeiah, Chelluh, +Vaniah, Meremoth, Eliashib, +Mattaniah, Mattenai, and Jaasau, +And Bani, and Binnui, Shimei, +And Shelemiah, and Nathan, and Adaiah, +Machnadebai, Shashai, Sharai, +Azareel, and Shelemiah, Shemariah, +Shallum, Amariah, and Joseph. +Of the sons of Nebo; Jeiel, Mattithiah, Zabad, Zebina, Jadau, and Joel, Benaiah. +All these had taken strange wives: and some of them had wives by whom they had children. +The words of Nehemiah the son of Hachaliah. And it came to pass in the month Chisleu, in the twentieth year, as I was in Shushan the palace, +That Hanani, one of my brethren, came, he and certain men of Judah; and I asked them concerning the Jews that had escaped, which were left of the captivity, and concerning Jerusalem. +And they said unto me, The remnant that are left of the captivity there in the province are in great affliction and reproach: the wall of Jerusalem also is broken down, and the gates thereof are burned with fire. +And it came to pass, when I heard these words, that I sat down and wept, and mourned certain days, and fasted, and prayed before the God of heaven, +And said, I beseech thee, O LORD God of heaven, the great and terrible God, that keepeth covenant and mercy for them that love him and observe his commandments: +Let thine ear now be attentive, and thine eyes open, that thou mayest hear the prayer of thy servant, which I pray before thee now, day and night, for the children of Israel thy servants, and confess the sins of the children of Israel, which we have sinned against thee: both I and my father's house have sinned. +We have dealt very corruptly against thee, and have not kept the commandments, nor the statutes, nor the judgments, which thou commandedst thy servant Moses. +Remember, I beseech thee, the word that thou commandedst thy servant Moses, saying, If ye transgress, I will scatter you abroad among the nations: +But if ye turn unto me, and keep my commandments, and do them; though there were of you cast out unto the uttermost part of the heaven, yet will I gather them from thence, and will bring them unto the place that I have chosen to set my name there. +Now these are thy servants and thy people, whom thou hast redeemed by thy great power, and by thy strong hand. +O LORD, I beseech thee, let now thine ear be attentive to the prayer of thy servant, and to the prayer of thy servants, who desire to fear thy name: and prosper, I pray thee, thy servant this day, and grant him mercy in the sight of this man. For I was the king's cupbearer. +And it came to pass in the month Nisan, in the twentieth year of Artaxerxes the king, that wine was before him: and I took up the wine, and gave it unto the king. Now I had not been beforetime sad in his presence. +Wherefore the king said unto me, Why is thy countenance sad, seeing thou art not sick? this is nothing else but sorrow of heart. Then I was very sore afraid, +And said unto the king, Let the king live for ever: why should not my countenance be sad, when the city, the place of my fathers' sepulchres, lieth waste, and the gates thereof are consumed with fire? +Then the king said unto me, For what dost thou make request? So I prayed to the God of heaven. +And I said unto the king, If it please the king, and if thy servant have found favour in thy sight, that thou wouldest send me unto Judah, unto the city of my fathers' sepulchres, that I may build it. +And the king said unto me, (the queen also sitting by him,) For how long shall thy journey be? and when wilt thou return? So it pleased the king to send me; and I set him a time. +Moreover I said unto the king, If it please the king, let letters be given me to the governors beyond the river, that they may convey me over till I come into Judah; +And a letter unto Asaph the keeper of the king's forest, that he may give me timber to make beams for the gates of the palace which appertained to the house, and for the wall of the city, and for the house that I shall enter into. And the king granted me, according to the good hand of my God upon me. +Then I came to the governors beyond the river, and gave them the king's letters. Now the king had sent captains of the army and horsemen with me. +When Sanballat the Horonite, and Tobiah the servant, the Ammonite, heard of it, it grieved them exceedingly that there was come a man to seek the welfare of the children of Israel. +So I came to Jerusalem, and was there three days. +And I arose in the night, I and some few men with me; neither told I any man what my God had put in my heart to do at Jerusalem: neither was there any beast with me, save the beast that I rode upon. +And I went out by night by the gate of the valley, even before the dragon well, and to the dung port, and viewed the walls of Jerusalem, which were broken down, and the gates thereof were consumed with fire. +Then I went on to the gate of the fountain, and to the king's pool: but there was no place for the beast that was under me to pass. +Then went I up in the night by the brook, and viewed the wall, and turned back, and entered by the gate of the valley, and so returned. +And the rulers knew not whither I went, or what I did; neither had I as yet told it to the Jews, nor to the priests, nor to the nobles, nor to the rulers, nor to the rest that did the work. +Then said I unto them, Ye see the distress that we are in, how Jerusalem lieth waste, and the gates thereof are burned with fire: come, and let us build up the wall of Jerusalem, that we be no more a reproach. +Then I told them of the hand of my God which was good upon me; as also the king's words that he had spoken unto me. And they said, Let us rise up and build. So they strengthened their hands for this good work. +But when Sanballat the Horonite, and Tobiah the servant, the Ammonite, and Geshem the Arabian, heard it, they laughed us to scorn, and despised us, and said, What is this thing that ye do? will ye rebel against the king? +Then answered I them, and said unto them, The God of heaven, he will prosper us; therefore we his servants will arise and build: but ye have no portion, nor right, nor memorial, in Jerusalem. +Then Eliashib the high priest rose up with his brethren the priests, and they builded the sheep gate; they sanctified it, and set up the doors of it; even unto the tower of Meah they sanctified it, unto the tower of Hananeel. +And next unto him builded the men of Jericho. And next to them builded Zaccur the son of Imri. +But the fish gate did the sons of Hassenaah build, who also laid the beams thereof, and set up the doors thereof, the locks thereof, and the bars thereof. +And next unto them repaired Meremoth the son of Urijah, the son of Koz. And next unto them repaired Meshullam the son of Berechiah, the son of Meshezabeel. And next unto them repaired Zadok the son of Baana. +And next unto them the Tekoites repaired; but their nobles put not their necks to the work of their LORD. +Moreover the old gate repaired Jehoiada the son of Paseah, and Meshullam the son of Besodeiah; they laid the beams thereof, and set up the doors thereof, and the locks thereof, and the bars thereof. +And next unto them repaired Melatiah the Gibeonite, and Jadon the Meronothite, the men of Gibeon, and of Mizpah, unto the throne of the governor on this side the river. +Next unto him repaired Uzziel the son of Harhaiah, of the goldsmiths. Next unto him also repaired Hananiah the son of one of the apothecaries, and they fortified Jerusalem unto the broad wall. +And next unto them repaired Rephaiah the son of Hur, the ruler of the half part of Jerusalem. +And next unto them repaired Jedaiah the son of Harumaph, even over against his house. And next unto him repaired Hattush the son of Hashabniah. +Malchijah the son of Harim, and Hashub the son of Pahathmoab, repaired the other piece, and the tower of the furnaces. +And next unto him repaired Shallum the son of Halohesh, the ruler of the half part of Jerusalem, he and his daughters. +The valley gate repaired Hanun, and the inhabitants of Zanoah; they built it, and set up the doors thereof, the locks thereof, and the bars thereof, and a thousand cubits on the wall unto the dung gate. +But the dung gate repaired Malchiah the son of Rechab, the ruler of part of Bethhaccerem; he built it, and set up the doors thereof, the locks thereof, and the bars thereof. +But the gate of the fountain repaired Shallun the son of Colhozeh, the ruler of part of Mizpah; he built it, and covered it, and set up the doors thereof, the locks thereof, and the bars thereof, and the wall of the pool of Siloah by the king's garden, and unto the stairs that go down from the city of David. +After him repaired Nehemiah the son of Azbuk, the ruler of the half part of Bethzur, unto the place over against the sepulchres of David, and to the pool that was made, and unto the house of the mighty. +After him repaired the Levites, Rehum the son of Bani. Next unto him repaired Hashabiah, the ruler of the half part of Keilah, in his part. +After him repaired their brethren, Bavai the son of Henadad, the ruler of the half part of Keilah. +And next to him repaired Ezer the son of Jeshua, the ruler of Mizpah, another piece over against the going up to the armoury at the turning of the wall. +After him Baruch the son of Zabbai earnestly repaired the other piece, from the turning of the wall unto the door of the house of Eliashib the high priest. +After him repaired Meremoth the son of Urijah the son of Koz another piece, from the door of the house of Eliashib even to the end of the house of Eliashib. +And after him repaired the priests, the men of the plain. +After him repaired Benjamin and Hashub over against their house. After him repaired Azariah the son of Maaseiah the son of Ananiah by his house. +After him repaired Binnui the son of Henadad another piece, from the house of Azariah unto the turning of the wall, even unto the corner. +Palal the son of Uzai, over against the turning of the wall, and the tower which lieth out from the king's high house, that was by the court of the prison. After him Pedaiah the son of Parosh. +Moreover the Nethinims dwelt in Ophel, unto the place over against the water gate toward the east, and the tower that lieth out. +After them the Tekoites repaired another piece, over against the great tower that lieth out, even unto the wall of Ophel. +From above the horse gate repaired the priests, every one over against his house. +After them repaired Zadok the son of Immer over against his house. After him repaired also Shemaiah the son of Shechaniah, the keeper of the east gate. +After him repaired Hananiah the son of Shelemiah, and Hanun the sixth son of Zalaph, another piece. After him repaired Meshullam the son of Berechiah over against his chamber. +After him repaired Malchiah the goldsmith's son unto the place of the Nethinims, and of the merchants, over against the gate Miphkad, and to the going up of the corner. +And between the going up of the corner unto the sheep gate repaired the goldsmiths and the merchants. +But it came to pass, that when Sanballat heard that we builded the wall, he was wroth, and took great indignation, and mocked the Jews. +And he spake before his brethren and the army of Samaria, and said, What do these feeble Jews? will they fortify themselves? will they sacrifice? will they make an end in a day? will they revive the stones out of the heaps of the rubbish which are burned? +Now Tobiah the Ammonite was by him, and he said, Even that which they build, if a fox go up, he shall even break down their stone wall. +Hear, O our God; for we are despised: and turn their reproach upon their own head, and give them for a prey in the land of captivity: +And cover not their iniquity, and let not their sin be blotted out from before thee: for they have provoked thee to anger before the builders. +So built we the wall; and all the wall was joined together unto the half thereof: for the people had a mind to work. +But it came to pass, that when Sanballat, and Tobiah, and the Arabians, and the Ammonites, and the Ashdodites, heard that the walls of Jerusalem were made up, and that the breaches began to be stopped, then they were very wroth, +And conspired all of them together to come and to fight against Jerusalem, and to hinder it. +Nevertheless we made our prayer unto our God, and set a watch against them day and night, because of them. +And Judah said, The strength of the bearers of burdens is decayed, and there is much rubbish; so that we are not able to build the wall. +And our adversaries said, They shall not know, neither see, till we come in the midst among them, and slay them, and cause the work to cease. +And it came to pass, that when the Jews which dwelt by them came, they said unto us ten times, From all places whence ye shall return unto us they will be upon you. +Therefore set I in the lower places behind the wall, and on the higher places, I even set the people after their families with their swords, their spears, and their bows. +And I looked, and rose up, and said unto the nobles, and to the rulers, and to the rest of the people, Be not ye afraid of them: remember the LORD, which is great and terrible, and fight for your brethren, your sons, and your daughters, your wives, and your houses. +And it came to pass, when our enemies heard that it was known unto us, and God had brought their counsel to nought, that we returned all of us to the wall, every one unto his work. +And it came to pass from that time forth, that the half of my servants wrought in the work, and the other half of them held both the spears, the shields, and the bows, and the habergeons; and the rulers were behind all the house of Judah. +They which builded on the wall, and they that bare burdens, with those that laded, every one with one of his hands wrought in the work, and with the other hand held a weapon. +For the builders, every one had his sword girded by his side, and so builded. And he that sounded the trumpet was by me. +And I said unto the nobles, and to the rulers, and to the rest of the people, The work is great and large, and we are separated upon the wall, one far from another. +In what place therefore ye hear the sound of the trumpet, resort ye thither unto us: our God shall fight for us. +So we laboured in the work: and half of them held the spears from the rising of the morning till the stars appeared. +Likewise at the same time said I unto the people, Let every one with his servant lodge within Jerusalem, that in the night they may be a guard to us, and labour on the day. +So neither I, nor my brethren, nor my servants, nor the men of the guard which followed me, none of us put off our clothes, saving that every one put them off for washing. +And there was a great cry of the people and of their wives against their brethren the Jews. +For there were that said, We, our sons, and our daughters, are many: therefore we take up corn for them, that we may eat, and live. +Some also there were that said, We have mortgaged our lands, vineyards, and houses, that we might buy corn, because of the dearth. +There were also that said, We have borrowed money for the king's tribute, and that upon our lands and vineyards. +Yet now our flesh is as the flesh of our brethren, our children as their children: and, lo, we bring into bondage our sons and our daughters to be servants, and some of our daughters are brought unto bondage already: neither is it in our power to redeem them; for other men have our lands and vineyards. +And I was very angry when I heard their cry and these words. +Then I consulted with myself, and I rebuked the nobles, and the rulers, and said unto them, Ye exact usury, every one of his brother. And I set a great assembly against them. +And I said unto them, We after our ability have redeemed our brethren the Jews, which were sold unto the heathen; and will ye even sell your brethren? or shall they be sold unto us? Then held they their peace, and found nothing to answer. +Also I said, It is not good that ye do: ought ye not to walk in the fear of our God because of the reproach of the heathen our enemies? +I likewise, and my brethren, and my servants, might exact of them money and corn: I pray you, let us leave off this usury. +Restore, I pray you, to them, even this day, their lands, their vineyards, their oliveyards, and their houses, also the hundredth part of the money, and of the corn, the wine, and the oil, that ye exact of them. +Then said they, We will restore them, and will require nothing of them; so will we do as thou sayest. Then I called the priests, and took an oath of them, that they should do according to this promise. +Also I shook my lap, and said, So God shake out every man from his house, and from his labour, that performeth not this promise, even thus be he shaken out, and emptied. And all the congregation said, Amen, and praised the LORD. And the people did according to this promise. +Moreover from the time that I was appointed to be their governor in the land of Judah, from the twentieth year even unto the two and thirtieth year of Artaxerxes the king, that is, twelve years, I and my brethren have not eaten the bread of the governor. +But the former governors that had been before me were chargeable unto the people, and had taken of them bread and wine, beside forty shekels of silver; yea, even their servants bare rule over the people: but so did not I, because of the fear of God. +Yea, also I continued in the work of this wall, neither bought we any land: and all my servants were gathered thither unto the work. +Moreover there were at my table an hundred and fifty of the Jews and rulers, beside those that came unto us from among the heathen that are about us. +Now that which was prepared for me daily was one ox and six choice sheep; also fowls were prepared for me, and once in ten days store of all sorts of wine: yet for all this required not I the bread of the governor, because the bondage was heavy upon this people. +Think upon me, my God, for good, according to all that I have done for this people. +Now it came to pass when Sanballat, and Tobiah, and Geshem the Arabian, and the rest of our enemies, heard that I had builded the wall, and that there was no breach left therein; (though at that time I had not set up the doors upon the gates;) +That Sanballat and Geshem sent unto me, saying, Come, let us meet together in some one of the villages in the plain of Ono. But they thought to do me mischief. +And I sent messengers unto them, saying, I am doing a great work, so that I cannot come down: why should the work cease, whilst I leave it, and come down to you? +Yet they sent unto me four times after this sort; and I answered them after the same manner. +Then sent Sanballat his servant unto me in like manner the fifth time with an open letter in his hand; +Wherein was written, It is reported among the heathen, and Gashmu saith it, that thou and the Jews think to rebel: for which cause thou buildest the wall, that thou mayest be their king, according to these words. +And thou hast also appointed prophets to preach of thee at Jerusalem, saying, There is a king in Judah: and now shall it be reported to the king according to these words. Come now therefore, and let us take counsel together. +Then I sent unto him, saying, There are no such things done as thou sayest, but thou feignest them out of thine own heart. +For they all made us afraid, saying, Their hands shall be weakened from the work, that it be not done. Now therefore, O God, strengthen my hands. +Afterward I came unto the house of Shemaiah the son of Delaiah the son of Mehetabeel, who was shut up; and he said, Let us meet together in the house of God, within the temple, and let us shut the doors of the temple: for they will come to slay thee; yea, in the night will they come to slay thee. +And I said, Should such a man as I flee? and who is there, that, being as I am, would go into the temple to save his life? I will not go in. +And, lo, I perceived that God had not sent him; but that he pronounced this prophecy against me: for Tobiah and Sanballat had hired him. +Therefore was he hired, that I should be afraid, and do so, and sin, and that they might have matter for an evil report, that they might reproach me. +My God, think thou upon Tobiah and Sanballat according to these their works, and on the prophetess Noadiah, and the rest of the prophets, that would have put me in fear. +So the wall was finished in the twenty and fifth day of the month Elul, in fifty and two days. +And it came to pass, that when all our enemies heard thereof, and all the heathen that were about us saw these things, they were much cast down in their own eyes: for they perceived that this work was wrought of our God. +Moreover in those days the nobles of Judah sent many letters unto Tobiah, and the letters of Tobiah came unto them. +For there were many in Judah sworn unto him, because he was the son in law of Shechaniah the son of Arah; and his son Johanan had taken the daughter of Meshullam the son of Berechiah. +Also they reported his good deeds before me, and uttered my words to him. And Tobiah sent letters to put me in fear. +Now it came to pass, when the wall was built, and I had set up the doors, and the porters and the singers and the Levites were appointed, +That I gave my brother Hanani, and Hananiah the ruler of the palace, charge over Jerusalem: for he was a faithful man, and feared God above many. +And I said unto them, Let not the gates of Jerusalem be opened until the sun be hot; and while they stand by, let them shut the doors, and bar them: and appoint watches of the inhabitants of Jerusalem, every one in his watch, and every one to be over against his house. +Now the city was large and great: but the people were few therein, and the houses were not builded. +And my God put into mine heart to gather together the nobles, and the rulers, and the people, that they might be reckoned by genealogy. And I found a register of the genealogy of them which came up at the first, and found written therein, +These are the children of the province, that went up out of the captivity, of those that had been carried away, whom Nebuchadnezzar the king of Babylon had carried away, and came again to Jerusalem and to Judah, every one unto his city; +Who came with Zerubbabel, Jeshua, Nehemiah, Azariah, Raamiah, Nahamani, Mordecai, Bilshan, Mispereth, Bigvai, Nehum, Baanah. The number, I say, of the men of the people of Israel was this; +The children of Parosh, two thousand an hundred seventy and two. +The children of Shephatiah, three hundred seventy and two. +The children of Arah, six hundred fifty and two. +The children of Pahathmoab, of the children of Jeshua and Joab, two thousand and eight hundred and eighteen. +The children of Elam, a thousand two hundred fifty and four. +The children of Zattu, eight hundred forty and five. +The children of Zaccai, seven hundred and threescore. +The children of Binnui, six hundred forty and eight. +The children of Bebai, six hundred twenty and eight. +The children of Azgad, two thousand three hundred twenty and two. +The children of Adonikam, six hundred threescore and seven. +The children of Bigvai, two thousand threescore and seven. +The children of Adin, six hundred fifty and five. +The children of Ater of Hezekiah, ninety and eight. +The children of Hashum, three hundred twenty and eight. +The children of Bezai, three hundred twenty and four. +The children of Hariph, an hundred and twelve. +The children of Gibeon, ninety and five. +The men of Bethlehem and Netophah, an hundred fourscore and eight. +The men of Anathoth, an hundred twenty and eight. +The men of Bethazmaveth, forty and two. +The men of Kirjathjearim, Chephirah, and Beeroth, seven hundred forty and three. +The men of Ramah and Gaba, six hundred twenty and one. +The men of Michmas, an hundred and twenty and two. +The men of Bethel and Ai, an hundred twenty and three. +The men of the other Nebo, fifty and two. +The children of the other Elam, a thousand two hundred fifty and four. +The children of Harim, three hundred and twenty. +The children of Jericho, three hundred forty and five. +The children of Lod, Hadid, and Ono, seven hundred twenty and one. +The children of Senaah, three thousand nine hundred and thirty. +The priests: the children of Jedaiah, of the house of Jeshua, nine hundred seventy and three. +The children of Immer, a thousand fifty and two. +The children of Pashur, a thousand two hundred forty and seven. +The children of Harim, a thousand and seventeen. +The Levites: the children of Jeshua, of Kadmiel, and of the children of Hodevah, seventy and four. +The singers: the children of Asaph, an hundred forty and eight. +The porters: the children of Shallum, the children of Ater, the children of Talmon, the children of Akkub, the children of Hatita, the children of Shobai, an hundred thirty and eight. +The Nethinims: the children of Ziha, the children of Hashupha, the children of Tabbaoth, +The children of Keros, the children of Sia, the children of Padon, +The children of Lebana, the children of Hagaba, the children of Shalmai, +The children of Hanan, the children of Giddel, the children of Gahar, +The children of Reaiah, the children of Rezin, the children of Nekoda, +The children of Gazzam, the children of Uzza, the children of Phaseah, +The children of Besai, the children of Meunim, the children of Nephishesim, +The children of Bakbuk, the children of Hakupha, the children of Harhur, +The children of Bazlith, the children of Mehida, the children of Harsha, +The children of Barkos, the children of Sisera, the children of Tamah, +The children of Neziah, the children of Hatipha. +The children of Solomon's servants: the children of Sotai, the children of Sophereth, the children of Perida, +The children of Jaala, the children of Darkon, the children of Giddel, +The children of Shephatiah, the children of Hattil, the children of Pochereth of Zebaim, the children of Amon. +All the Nethinims, and the children of Solomon's servants, were three hundred ninety and two. +And these were they which went up also from Telmelah, Telharesha, Cherub, Addon, and Immer: but they could not shew their father's house, nor their seed, whether they were of Israel. +The children of Delaiah, the children of Tobiah, the children of Nekoda, six hundred forty and two. +And of the priests: the children of Habaiah, the children of Koz, the children of Barzillai, which took one of the daughters of Barzillai the Gileadite to wife, and was called after their name. +These sought their register among those that were reckoned by genealogy, but it was not found: therefore were they, as polluted, put from the priesthood. +And the Tirshatha said unto them, that they should not eat of the most holy things, till there stood up a priest with Urim and Thummim. +The whole congregation together was forty and two thousand three hundred and threescore, +Beside their manservants and their maidservants, of whom there were seven thousand three hundred thirty and seven: and they had two hundred forty and five singing men and singing women. +Their horses, seven hundred thirty and six: their mules, two hundred forty and five: +Their camels, four hundred thirty and five: six thousand seven hundred and twenty asses. +And some of the chief of the fathers gave unto the work. The Tirshatha gave to the treasure a thousand drams of gold, fifty basons, five hundred and thirty priests' garments. +And some of the chief of the fathers gave to the treasure of the work twenty thousand drams of gold, and two thousand and two hundred pound of silver. +And that which the rest of the people gave was twenty thousand drams of gold, and two thousand pound of silver, and threescore and seven priests' garments. +So the priests, and the Levites, and the porters, and the singers, and some of the people, and the Nethinims, and all Israel, dwelt in their cities; and when the seventh month came, the children of Israel were in their cities. +And all the people gathered themselves together as one man into the street that was before the water gate; and they spake unto Ezra the scribe to bring the book of the law of Moses, which the LORD had commanded to Israel. +And Ezra the priest brought the law before the congregation both of men and women, and all that could hear with understanding, upon the first day of the seventh month. +And he read therein before the street that was before the water gate from the morning until midday, before the men and the women, and those that could understand; and the ears of all the people were attentive unto the book of the law. +And Ezra the scribe stood upon a pulpit of wood, which they had made for the purpose; and beside him stood Mattithiah, and Shema, and Anaiah, and Urijah, and Hilkiah, and Maaseiah, on his right hand; and on his left hand, Pedaiah, and Mishael, and Malchiah, and Hashum, and Hashbadana, Zechariah, and Meshullam. +And Ezra opened the book in the sight of all the people; (for he was above all the people;) and when he opened it, all the people stood up: +And Ezra blessed the LORD, the great God. And all the people answered, Amen, Amen, with lifting up their hands: and they bowed their heads, and worshipped the LORD with their faces to the ground. +Also Jeshua, and Bani, and Sherebiah, Jamin, Akkub, Shabbethai, Hodijah, Maaseiah, Kelita, Azariah, Jozabad, Hanan, Pelaiah, and the Levites, caused the people to understand the law: and the people stood in their place. +So they read in the book in the law of God distinctly, and gave the sense, and caused them to understand the reading. +And Nehemiah, which is the Tirshatha, and Ezra the priest the scribe, and the Levites that taught the people, said unto all the people, This day is holy unto the LORD your God; mourn not, nor weep. For all the people wept, when they heard the words of the law. +Then he said unto them, Go your way, eat the fat, and drink the sweet, and send portions unto them for whom nothing is prepared: for this day is holy unto our LORD: neither be ye sorry; for the joy of the LORD is your strength. +So the Levites stilled all the people, saying, Hold your peace, for the day is holy; neither be ye grieved. +And all the people went their way to eat, and to drink, and to send portions, and to make great mirth, because they had understood the words that were declared unto them. +And on the second day were gathered together the chief of the fathers of all the people, the priests, and the Levites, unto Ezra the scribe, even to understand the words of the law. +And they found written in the law which the LORD had commanded by Moses, that the children of Israel should dwell in booths in the feast of the seventh month: +And that they should publish and proclaim in all their cities, and in Jerusalem, saying, Go forth unto the mount, and fetch olive branches, and pine branches, and myrtle branches, and palm branches, and branches of thick trees, to make booths, as it is written. +So the people went forth, and brought them, and made themselves booths, every one upon the roof of his house, and in their courts, and in the courts of the house of God, and in the street of the water gate, and in the street of the gate of Ephraim. +And all the congregation of them that were come again out of the captivity made booths, and sat under the booths: for since the days of Jeshua the son of Nun unto that day had not the children of Israel done so. And there was very great gladness. +Also day by day, from the first day unto the last day, he read in the book of the law of God. And they kept the feast seven days; and on the eighth day was a solemn assembly, according unto the manner. +Now in the twenty and fourth day of this month the children of Israel were assembled with fasting, and with sackclothes, and earth upon them. +And the seed of Israel separated themselves from all strangers, and stood and confessed their sins, and the iniquities of their fathers. +And they stood up in their place, and read in the book of the law of the LORD their God one fourth part of the day; and another fourth part they confessed, and worshipped the LORD their God. +Then stood up upon the stairs, of the Levites, Jeshua, and Bani, Kadmiel, Shebaniah, Bunni, Sherebiah, Bani, and Chenani, and cried with a loud voice unto the LORD their God. +Then the Levites, Jeshua, and Kadmiel, Bani, Hashabniah, Sherebiah, Hodijah, Shebaniah, and Pethahiah, said, Stand up and bless the LORD your God for ever and ever: and blessed be thy glorious name, which is exalted above all blessing and praise. +Thou, even thou, art LORD alone; thou hast made heaven, the heaven of heavens, with all their host, the earth, and all things that are therein, the seas, and all that is therein, and thou preservest them all; and the host of heaven worshippeth thee. +Thou art the LORD the God, who didst choose Abram, and broughtest him forth out of Ur of the Chaldees, and gavest him the name of Abraham; +And foundest his heart faithful before thee, and madest a covenant with him to give the land of the Canaanites, the Hittites, the Amorites, and the Perizzites, and the Jebusites, and the Girgashites, to give it, I say, to his seed, and hast performed thy words; for thou art righteous: +And didst see the affliction of our fathers in Egypt, and heardest their cry by the Red sea; +And shewedst signs and wonders upon Pharaoh, and on all his servants, and on all the people of his land: for thou knewest that they dealt proudly against them. So didst thou get thee a name, as it is this day. +And thou didst divide the sea before them, so that they went through the midst of the sea on the dry land; and their persecutors thou threwest into the deeps, as a stone into the mighty waters. +Moreover thou leddest them in the day by a cloudy pillar; and in the night by a pillar of fire, to give them light in the way wherein they should go. +Thou camest down also upon mount Sinai, and spakest with them from heaven, and gavest them right judgments, and true laws, good statutes and commandments: +And madest known unto them thy holy sabbath, and commandedst them precepts, statutes, and laws, by the hand of Moses thy servant: +And gavest them bread from heaven for their hunger, and broughtest forth water for them out of the rock for their thirst, and promisedst them that they should go in to possess the land which thou hadst sworn to give them. +But they and our fathers dealt proudly, and hardened their necks, and hearkened not to thy commandments, +And refused to obey, neither were mindful of thy wonders that thou didst among them; but hardened their necks, and in their rebellion appointed a captain to return to their bondage: but thou art a God ready to pardon, gracious and merciful, slow to anger, and of great kindness, and forsookest them not. +Yea, when they had made them a molten calf, and said, This is thy God that brought thee up out of Egypt, and had wrought great provocations; +Yet thou in thy manifold mercies forsookest them not in the wilderness: the pillar of the cloud departed not from them by day, to lead them in the way; neither the pillar of fire by night, to shew them light, and the way wherein they should go. +Thou gavest also thy good spirit to instruct them, and withheldest not thy manna from their mouth, and gavest them water for their thirst. +Yea, forty years didst thou sustain them in the wilderness, so that they lacked nothing; their clothes waxed not old, and their feet swelled not. +Moreover thou gavest them kingdoms and nations, and didst divide them into corners: so they possessed the land of Sihon, and the land of the king of Heshbon, and the land of Og king of Bashan. +Their children also multipliedst thou as the stars of heaven, and broughtest them into the land, concerning which thou hadst promised to their fathers, that they should go in to possess it. +So the children went in and possessed the land, and thou subduedst before them the inhabitants of the land, the Canaanites, and gavest them into their hands, with their kings, and the people of the land, that they might do with them as they would. +And they took strong cities, and a fat land, and possessed houses full of all goods, wells digged, vineyards, and oliveyards, and fruit trees in abundance: so they did eat, and were filled, and became fat, and delighted themselves in thy great goodness. +Nevertheless they were disobedient, and rebelled against thee, and cast thy law behind their backs, and slew thy prophets which testified against them to turn them to thee, and they wrought great provocations. +Therefore thou deliveredst them into the hand of their enemies, who vexed them: and in the time of their trouble, when they cried unto thee, thou heardest them from heaven; and according to thy manifold mercies thou gavest them saviours, who saved them out of the hand of their enemies. +But after they had rest, they did evil again before thee: therefore leftest thou them in the land of their enemies, so that they had the dominion over them: yet when they returned, and cried unto thee, thou heardest them from heaven; and many times didst thou deliver them according to thy mercies; +And testifiedst against them, that thou mightest bring them again unto thy law: yet they dealt proudly, and hearkened not unto thy commandments, but sinned against thy judgments, (which if a man do, he shall live in them;) and withdrew the shoulder, and hardened their neck, and would not hear. +Yet many years didst thou forbear them, and testifiedst against them by thy spirit in thy prophets: yet would they not give ear: therefore gavest thou them into the hand of the people of the lands. +Nevertheless for thy great mercies' sake thou didst not utterly consume them, nor forsake them; for thou art a gracious and merciful God. +Now therefore, our God, the great, the mighty, and the terrible God, who keepest covenant and mercy, let not all the trouble seem little before thee, that hath come upon us, on our kings, on our princes, and on our priests, and on our prophets, and on our fathers, and on all thy people, since the time of the kings of Assyria unto this day. +Howbeit thou art just in all that is brought upon us; for thou hast done right, but we have done wickedly: +Neither have our kings, our princes, our priests, nor our fathers, kept thy law, nor hearkened unto thy commandments and thy testimonies, wherewith thou didst testify against them. +For they have not served thee in their kingdom, and in thy great goodness that thou gavest them, and in the large and fat land which thou gavest before them, neither turned they from their wicked works. +Behold, we are servants this day, and for the land that thou gavest unto our fathers to eat the fruit thereof and the good thereof, behold, we are servants in it: +And it yieldeth much increase unto the kings whom thou hast set over us because of our sins: also they have dominion over our bodies, and over our cattle, at their pleasure, and we are in great distress. +And because of all this we make a sure covenant, and write it; and our princes, Levites, and priests, seal unto it. +Now those that sealed were, Nehemiah, the Tirshatha, the son of Hachaliah, and Zidkijah, +Seraiah, Azariah, Jeremiah, +Pashur, Amariah, Malchijah, +Hattush, Shebaniah, Malluch, +Harim, Meremoth, Obadiah, +Daniel, Ginnethon, Baruch, +Meshullam, Abijah, Mijamin, +Maaziah, Bilgai, Shemaiah: these were the priests. +And the Levites: both Jeshua the son of Azaniah, Binnui of the sons of Henadad, Kadmiel; +And their brethren, Shebaniah, Hodijah, Kelita, Pelaiah, Hanan, +Micha, Rehob, Hashabiah, +Zaccur, Sherebiah, Shebaniah, +Hodijah, Bani, Beninu. +The chief of the people; Parosh, Pahathmoab, Elam, Zatthu, Bani, +Bunni, Azgad, Bebai, +Adonijah, Bigvai, Adin, +Ater, Hizkijah, Azzur, +Hodijah, Hashum, Bezai, +Hariph, Anathoth, Nebai, +Magpiash, Meshullam, Hezir, +Meshezabeel, Zadok, Jaddua, +Pelatiah, Hanan, Anaiah, +Hoshea, Hananiah, Hashub, +Hallohesh, Pileha, Shobek, +Rehum, Hashabnah, Maaseiah, +And Ahijah, Hanan, Anan, +Malluch, Harim, Baanah. +And the rest of the people, the priests, the Levites, the porters, the singers, the Nethinims, and all they that had separated themselves from the people of the lands unto the law of God, their wives, their sons, and their daughters, every one having knowledge, and having understanding; +They clave to their brethren, their nobles, and entered into a curse, and into an oath, to walk in God's law, which was given by Moses the servant of God, and to observe and do all the commandments of the LORD our Lord, and his judgments and his statutes; +And that we would not give our daughters unto the people of the land, not take their daughters for our sons: +And if the people of the land bring ware or any victuals on the sabbath day to sell, that we would not buy it of them on the sabbath, or on the holy day: and that we would leave the seventh year, and the exaction of every debt. +Also we made ordinances for us, to charge ourselves yearly with the third part of a shekel for the service of the house of our God; +For the shewbread, and for the continual meat offering, and for the continual burnt offering, of the sabbaths, of the new moons, for the set feasts, and for the holy things, and for the sin offerings to make an atonement for Israel, and for all the work of the house of our God. +And we cast the lots among the priests, the Levites, and the people, for the wood offering, to bring it into the house of our God, after the houses of our fathers, at times appointed year by year, to burn upon the altar of the LORD our God, as it is written in the law: +And to bring the firstfruits of our ground, and the firstfruits of all fruit of all trees, year by year, unto the house of the LORD: +Also the firstborn of our sons, and of our cattle, as it is written in the law, and the firstlings of our herds and of our flocks, to bring to the house of our God, unto the priests that minister in the house of our God: +And that we should bring the firstfruits of our dough, and our offerings, and the fruit of all manner of trees, of wine and of oil, unto the priests, to the chambers of the house of our God; and the tithes of our ground unto the Levites, that the same Levites might have the tithes in all the cities of our tillage. +And the priest the son of Aaron shall be with the Levites, when the Levites take tithes: and the Levites shall bring up the tithe of the tithes unto the house of our God, to the chambers, into the treasure house. +For the children of Israel and the children of Levi shall bring the offering of the corn, of the new wine, and the oil, unto the chambers, where are the vessels of the sanctuary, and the priests that minister, and the porters, and the singers: and we will not forsake the house of our God. +And the rulers of the people dwelt at Jerusalem: the rest of the people also cast lots, to bring one of ten to dwell in Jerusalem the holy city, and nine parts to dwell in other cities. +And the people blessed all the men, that willingly offered themselves to dwell at Jerusalem. +Now these are the chief of the province that dwelt in Jerusalem: but in the cities of Judah dwelt every one in his possession in their cities, to wit, Israel, the priests, and the Levites, and the Nethinims, and the children of Solomon's servants. +And at Jerusalem dwelt certain of the children of Judah, and of the children of Benjamin. Of the children of Judah; Athaiah the son of Uzziah, the son of Zechariah, the son of Amariah, the son of Shephatiah, the son of Mahalaleel, of the children of Perez; +And Maaseiah the son of Baruch, the son of Colhozeh, the son of Hazaiah, the son of Adaiah, the son of Joiarib, the son of Zechariah, the son of Shiloni. +All the sons of Perez that dwelt at Jerusalem were four hundred threescore and eight valiant men. +And these are the sons of Benjamin; Sallu the son of Meshullam, the son of Joed, the son of Pedaiah, the son of Kolaiah, the son of Maaseiah, the son of Ithiel, the son of Jesaiah. +And after him Gabbai, Sallai, nine hundred twenty and eight. +And Joel the son of Zichri was their overseer: and Judah the son of Senuah was second over the city. +Of the priests: Jedaiah the son of Joiarib, Jachin. +Seraiah the son of Hilkiah, the son of Meshullam, the son of Zadok, the son of Meraioth, the son of Ahitub, was the ruler of the house of God. +And their brethren that did the work of the house were eight hundred twenty and two: and Adaiah the son of Jeroham, the son of Pelaliah, the son of Amzi, the son of Zechariah, the son of Pashur, the son of Malchiah. +And his brethren, chief of the fathers, two hundred forty and two: and Amashai the son of Azareel, the son of Ahasai, the son of Meshillemoth, the son of Immer, +And their brethren, mighty men of valour, an hundred twenty and eight: and their overseer was Zabdiel, the son of one of the great men. +Also of the Levites: Shemaiah the son of Hashub, the son of Azrikam, the son of Hashabiah, the son of Bunni; +And Shabbethai and Jozabad, of the chief of the Levites, had the oversight of the outward business of the house of God. +And Mattaniah the son of Micha, the son of Zabdi, the son of Asaph, was the principal to begin the thanksgiving in prayer: and Bakbukiah the second among his brethren, and Abda the son of Shammua, the son of Galal, the son of Jeduthun. +All the Levites in the holy city were two hundred fourscore and four. +Moreover the porters, Akkub, Talmon, and their brethren that kept the gates, were an hundred seventy and two. +And the residue of Israel, of the priests, and the Levites, were in all the cities of Judah, every one in his inheritance. +But the Nethinims dwelt in Ophel: and Ziha and Gispa were over the Nethinims. +The overseer also of the Levites at Jerusalem was Uzzi the son of Bani, the son of Hashabiah, the son of Mattaniah, the son of Micha. Of the sons of Asaph, the singers were over the business of the house of God. +For it was the king's commandment concerning them, that a certain portion should be for the singers, due for every day. +And Pethahiah the son of Meshezabeel, of the children of Zerah the son of Judah, was at the king's hand in all matters concerning the people. +And for the villages, with their fields, some of the children of Judah dwelt at Kirjatharba, and in the villages thereof, and at Dibon, and in the villages thereof, and at Jekabzeel, and in the villages thereof, +And at Jeshua, and at Moladah, and at Bethphelet, +And at Hazarshual, and at Beersheba, and in the villages thereof, +And at Ziklag, and at Mekonah, and in the villages thereof, +And at Enrimmon, and at Zareah, and at Jarmuth, +Zanoah, Adullam, and in their villages, at Lachish, and the fields thereof, at Azekah, and in the villages thereof. And they dwelt from Beersheba unto the valley of Hinnom. +The children also of Benjamin from Geba dwelt at Michmash, and Aija, and Bethel, and in their villages. +And at Anathoth, Nob, Ananiah, +Hazor, Ramah, Gittaim, +Hadid, Zeboim, Neballat, +Lod, and Ono, the valley of craftsmen. +And of the Levites were divisions in Judah, and in Benjamin. +Now these are the priests and the Levites that went up with Zerubbabel the son of Shealtiel, and Jeshua: Seraiah, Jeremiah, Ezra, +Amariah, Malluch, Hattush, +Shechaniah, Rehum, Meremoth, +Iddo, Ginnetho, Abijah, +Miamin, Maadiah, Bilgah, +Shemaiah, and Joiarib, Jedaiah, +Sallu, Amok, Hilkiah, Jedaiah. These were the chief of the priests and of their brethren in the days of Jeshua. +Moreover the Levites: Jeshua, Binnui, Kadmiel, Sherebiah, Judah, and Mattaniah, which was over the thanksgiving, he and his brethren. +Also Bakbukiah and Unni, their brethren, were over against them in the watches. +And Jeshua begat Joiakim, Joiakim also begat Eliashib, and Eliashib begat Joiada, +And Joiada begat Jonathan, and Jonathan begat Jaddua. +And in the days of Joiakim were priests, the chief of the fathers: of Seraiah, Meraiah; of Jeremiah, Hananiah; +Of Ezra, Meshullam; of Amariah, Jehohanan; +Of Melicu, Jonathan; of Shebaniah, Joseph; +Of Harim, Adna; of Meraioth, Helkai; +Of Iddo, Zechariah; of Ginnethon, Meshullam; +Of Abijah, Zichri; of Miniamin, of Moadiah, Piltai: +Of Bilgah, Shammua; of Shemaiah, Jehonathan; +And of Joiarib, Mattenai; of Jedaiah, Uzzi; +Of Sallai, Kallai; of Amok, Eber; +Of Hilkiah, Hashabiah; of Jedaiah, Nethaneel. +The Levites in the days of Eliashib, Joiada, and Johanan, and Jaddua, were recorded chief of the fathers: also the priests, to the reign of Darius the Persian. +The sons of Levi, the chief of the fathers, were written in the book of the chronicles, even until the days of Johanan the son of Eliashib. +And the chief of the Levites: Hashabiah, Sherebiah, and Jeshua the son of Kadmiel, with their brethren over against them, to praise and to give thanks, according to the commandment of David the man of God, ward over against ward. +Mattaniah, and Bakbukiah, Obadiah, Meshullam, Talmon, Akkub, were porters keeping the ward at the thresholds of the gates. +These were in the days of Joiakim the son of Jeshua, the son of Jozadak, and in the days of Nehemiah the governor, and of Ezra the priest, the scribe. +And at the dedication of the wall of Jerusalem they sought the Levites out of all their places, to bring them to Jerusalem, to keep the dedication with gladness, both with thanksgivings, and with singing, with cymbals, psalteries, and with harps. +And the sons of the singers gathered themselves together, both out of the plain country round about Jerusalem, and from the villages of Netophathi; +Also from the house of Gilgal, and out of the fields of Geba and Azmaveth: for the singers had builded them villages round about Jerusalem. +And the priests and the Levites purified themselves, and purified the people, and the gates, and the wall. +Then I brought up the princes of Judah upon the wall, and appointed two great companies of them that gave thanks, whereof one went on the right hand upon the wall toward the dung gate: +And after them went Hoshaiah, and half of the princes of Judah, +And Azariah, Ezra, and Meshullam, +Judah, and Benjamin, and Shemaiah, and Jeremiah, +And certain of the priests' sons with trumpets; namely, Zechariah the son of Jonathan, the son of Shemaiah, the son of Mattaniah, the son of Michaiah, the son of Zaccur, the son of Asaph: +And his brethren, Shemaiah, and Azarael, Milalai, Gilalai, Maai, Nethaneel, and Judah, Hanani, with the musical instruments of David the man of God, and Ezra the scribe before them. +And at the fountain gate, which was over against them, they went up by the stairs of the city of David, at the going up of the wall, above the house of David, even unto the water gate eastward. +And the other company of them that gave thanks went over against them, and I after them, and the half of the people upon the wall, from beyond the tower of the furnaces even unto the broad wall; +And from above the gate of Ephraim, and above the old gate, and above the fish gate, and the tower of Hananeel, and the tower of Meah, even unto the sheep gate: and they stood still in the prison gate. +So stood the two companies of them that gave thanks in the house of God, and I, and the half of the rulers with me: +And the priests; Eliakim, Maaseiah, Miniamin, Michaiah, Elioenai, Zechariah, and Hananiah, with trumpets; +And Maaseiah, and Shemaiah, and Eleazar, and Uzzi, and Jehohanan, and Malchijah, and Elam, and Ezer. And the singers sang loud, with Jezrahiah their overseer. +Also that day they offered great sacrifices, and rejoiced: for God had made them rejoice with great joy: the wives also and the children rejoiced: so that the joy of Jerusalem was heard even afar off. +And at that time were some appointed over the chambers for the treasures, for the offerings, for the firstfruits, and for the tithes, to gather into them out of the fields of the cities the portions of the law for the priests and Levites: for Judah rejoiced for the priests and for the Levites that waited. +And both the singers and the porters kept the ward of their God, and the ward of the purification, according to the commandment of David, and of Solomon his son. +For in the days of David and Asaph of old there were chief of the singers, and songs of praise and thanksgiving unto God. +And all Israel in the days of Zerubbabel, and in the days of Nehemiah, gave the portions of the singers and the porters, every day his portion: and they sanctified holy things unto the Levites; and the Levites sanctified them unto the children of Aaron. +On that day they read in the book of Moses in the audience of the people; and therein was found written, that the Ammonite and the Moabite should not come into the congregation of God for ever; +Because they met not the children of Israel with bread and with water, but hired Balaam against them, that he should curse them: howbeit our God turned the curse into a blessing. +Now it came to pass, when they had heard the law, that they separated from Israel all the mixed multitude. +And before this, Eliashib the priest, having the oversight of the chamber of the house of our God, was allied unto Tobiah: +And he had prepared for him a great chamber, where aforetime they laid the meat offerings, the frankincense, and the vessels, and the tithes of the corn, the new wine, and the oil, which was commanded to be given to the Levites, and the singers, and the porters; and the offerings of the priests. +But in all this time was not I at Jerusalem: for in the two and thirtieth year of Artaxerxes king of Babylon came I unto the king, and after certain days obtained I leave of the king: +And I came to Jerusalem, and understood of the evil that Eliashib did for Tobiah, in preparing him a chamber in the courts of the house of God. +And it grieved me sore: therefore I cast forth all the household stuff to Tobiah out of the chamber. +Then I commanded, and they cleansed the chambers: and thither brought I again the vessels of the house of God, with the meat offering and the frankincense. +And I perceived that the portions of the Levites had not been given them: for the Levites and the singers, that did the work, were fled every one to his field. +Then contended I with the rulers, and said, Why is the house of God forsaken? And I gathered them together, and set them in their place. +Then brought all Judah the tithe of the corn and the new wine and the oil unto the treasuries. +And I made treasurers over the treasuries, Shelemiah the priest, and Zadok the scribe, and of the Levites, Pedaiah: and next to them was Hanan the son of Zaccur, the son of Mattaniah: for they were counted faithful, and their office was to distribute unto their brethren. +Remember me, O my God, concerning this, and wipe not out my good deeds that I have done for the house of my God, and for the offices thereof. +In those days saw I in Judah some treading wine presses on the sabbath, and bringing in sheaves, and lading asses; as also wine, grapes, and figs, and all manner of burdens, which they brought into Jerusalem on the sabbath day: and I testified against them in the day wherein they sold victuals. +There dwelt men of Tyre also therein, which brought fish, and all manner of ware, and sold on the sabbath unto the children of Judah, and in Jerusalem. +Then I contended with the nobles of Judah, and said unto them, What evil thing is this that ye do, and profane the sabbath day? +Did not your fathers thus, and did not our God bring all this evil upon us, and upon this city? yet ye bring more wrath upon Israel by profaning the sabbath. +And it came to pass, that when the gates of Jerusalem began to be dark before the sabbath, I commanded that the gates should be shut, and charged that they should not be opened till after the sabbath: and some of my servants set I at the gates, that there should no burden be brought in on the sabbath day. +So the merchants and sellers of all kind of ware lodged without Jerusalem once or twice. +Then I testified against them, and said unto them, Why lodge ye about the wall? if ye do so again, I will lay hands on you. From that time forth came they no more on the sabbath. +And I commanded the Levites that they should cleanse themselves, and that they should come and keep the gates, to sanctify the sabbath day. Remember me, O my God, concerning this also, and spare me according to the greatness of thy mercy. +In those days also saw I Jews that had married wives of Ashdod, of Ammon, and of Moab: +And their children spake half in the speech of Ashdod, and could not speak in the Jews' language, but according to the language of each people. +And I contended with them, and cursed them, and smote certain of them, and plucked off their hair, and made them swear by God, saying, Ye shall not give your daughters unto their sons, nor take their daughters unto your sons, or for yourselves. +Did not Solomon king of Israel sin by these things? yet among many nations was there no king like him, who was beloved of his God, and God made him king over all Israel: nevertheless even him did outlandish women cause to sin. +Shall we then hearken unto you to do all this great evil, to transgress against our God in marrying strange wives? +And one of the sons of Joiada, the son of Eliashib the high priest, was son in law to Sanballat the Horonite: therefore I chased him from me. +Remember them, O my God, because they have defiled the priesthood, and the covenant of the priesthood, and of the Levites. +Thus cleansed I them from all strangers, and appointed the wards of the priests and the Levites, every one in his business; +And for the wood offering, at times appointed, and for the firstfruits. Remember me, O my God, for good. +Now it came to pass in the days of Ahasuerus, (this is Ahasuerus which reigned, from India even unto Ethiopia, over an hundred and seven and twenty provinces:) +That in those days, when the king Ahasuerus sat on the throne of his kingdom, which was in Shushan the palace, +In the third year of his reign, he made a feast unto all his princes and his servants; the power of Persia and Media, the nobles and princes of the provinces, being before him: +When he shewed the riches of his glorious kingdom and the honour of his excellent majesty many days, even an hundred and fourscore days. +And when these days were expired, the king made a feast unto all the people that were present in Shushan the palace, both unto great and small, seven days, in the court of the garden of the king's palace; +Where were white, green, and blue, hangings, fastened with cords of fine linen and purple to silver rings and pillars of marble: the beds were of gold and silver, upon a pavement of red, and blue, and white, and black, marble. +And they gave them drink in vessels of gold, (the vessels being diverse one from another,) and royal wine in abundance, according to the state of the king. +And the drinking was according to the law; none did compel: for so the king had appointed to all the officers of his house, that they should do according to every man's pleasure. +Also Vashti the queen made a feast for the women in the royal house which belonged to king Ahasuerus. +On the seventh day, when the heart of the king was merry with wine, he commanded Mehuman, Biztha, Harbona, Bigtha, and Abagtha, Zethar, and Carcas, the seven chamberlains that served in the presence of Ahasuerus the king, +To bring Vashti the queen before the king with the crown royal, to shew the people and the princes her beauty: for she was fair to look on. +But the queen Vashti refused to come at the king's commandment by his chamberlains: therefore was the king very wroth, and his anger burned in him. +Then the king said to the wise men, which knew the times, (for so was the king's manner toward all that knew law and judgment: +And the next unto him was Carshena, Shethar, Admatha, Tarshish, Meres, Marsena, and Memucan, the seven princes of Persia and Media, which saw the king's face, and which sat the first in the kingdom;) +What shall we do unto the queen Vashti according to law, because she hath not performed the commandment of the king Ahasuerus by the chamberlains? +And Memucan answered before the king and the princes, Vashti the queen hath not done wrong to the king only, but also to all the princes, and to all the people that are in all the provinces of the king Ahasuerus. +For this deed of the queen shall come abroad unto all women, so that they shall despise their husbands in their eyes, when it shall be reported, The king Ahasuerus commanded Vashti the queen to be brought in before him, but she came not. +Likewise shall the ladies of Persia and Media say this day unto all the king's princes, which have heard of the deed of the queen. Thus shall there arise too much contempt and wrath. +If it please the king, let there go a royal commandment from him, and let it be written among the laws of the Persians and the Medes, that it be not altered, That Vashti come no more before king Ahasuerus; and let the king give her royal estate unto another that is better than she. +And when the king's decree which he shall make shall be published throughout all his empire, (for it is great,) all the wives shall give to their husbands honour, both to great and small. +And the saying pleased the king and the princes; and the king did according to the word of Memucan: +For he sent letters into all the king's provinces, into every province according to the writing thereof, and to every people after their language, that every man should bear rule in his own house, and that it should be published according to the language of every people. +After these things, when the wrath of king Ahasuerus was appeased, he remembered Vashti, and what she had done, and what was decreed against her. +Then said the king's servants that ministered unto him, Let there be fair young virgins sought for the king: +And let the king appoint officers in all the provinces of his kingdom, that they may gather together all the fair young virgins unto Shushan the palace, to the house of the women, unto the custody of Hege the king's chamberlain, keeper of the women; and let their things for purification be given them: +And let the maiden which pleaseth the king be queen instead of Vashti. And the thing pleased the king; and he did so. +Now in Shushan the palace there was a certain Jew, whose name was Mordecai, the son of Jair, the son of Shimei, the son of Kish, a Benjamite; +Who had been carried away from Jerusalem with the captivity which had been carried away with Jeconiah king of Judah, whom Nebuchadnezzar the king of Babylon had carried away. +And he brought up Hadassah, that is, Esther, his uncle's daughter: for she had neither father nor mother, and the maid was fair and beautiful; whom Mordecai, when her father and mother were dead, took for his own daughter. +So it came to pass, when the king's commandment and his decree was heard, and when many maidens were gathered together unto Shushan the palace, to the custody of Hegai, that Esther was brought also unto the king's house, to the custody of Hegai, keeper of the women. +And the maiden pleased him, and she obtained kindness of him; and he speedily gave her her things for purification, with such things as belonged to her, and seven maidens, which were meet to be given her, out of the king's house: and he preferred her and her maids unto the best place of the house of the women. +Esther had not shewed her people nor her kindred: for Mordecai had charged her that she should not shew it. +And Mordecai walked every day before the court of the women's house, to know how Esther did, and what should become of her. +Now when every maid's turn was come to go in to king Ahasuerus, after that she had been twelve months, according to the manner of the women, (for so were the days of their purifications accomplished, to wit, six months with oil of myrrh, and six months with sweet odours, and with other things for the purifying of the women;) +Then thus came every maiden unto the king; whatsoever she desired was given her to go with her out of the house of the women unto the king's house. +In the evening she went, and on the morrow she returned into the second house of the women, to the custody of Shaashgaz, the king's chamberlain, which kept the concubines: she came in unto the king no more, except the king delighted in her, and that she were called by name. +Now when the turn of Esther, the daughter of Abihail the uncle of Mordecai, who had taken her for his daughter, was come to go in unto the king, she required nothing but what Hegai the king's chamberlain, the keeper of the women, appointed. And Esther obtained favour in the sight of all them that looked upon her. +So Esther was taken unto king Ahasuerus into his house royal in the tenth month, which is the month Tebeth, in the seventh year of his reign. +And the king loved Esther above all the women, and she obtained grace and favour in his sight more than all the virgins; so that he set the royal crown upon her head, and made her queen instead of Vashti. +Then the king made a great feast unto all his princes and his servants, even Esther's feast; and he made a release to the provinces, and gave gifts, according to the state of the king. +And when the virgins were gathered together the second time, then Mordecai sat in the king's gate. +Esther had not yet shewed her kindred nor her people; as Mordecai had charged her: for Esther did the commandment of Mordecai, like as when she was brought up with him. +In those days, while Mordecai sat in the king's gate, two of the king's chamberlains, Bigthan and Teresh, of those which kept the door, were wroth, and sought to lay hands on the king Ahasuerus. +And the thing was known to Mordecai, who told it unto Esther the queen; and Esther certified the king thereof in Mordecai's name. +And when inquisition was made of the matter, it was found out; therefore they were both hanged on a tree: and it was written in the book of the chronicles before the king. +After these things did king Ahasuerus promote Haman the son of Hammedatha the Agagite, and advanced him, and set his seat above all the princes that were with him. +And all the king's servants, that were in the king's gate, bowed, and reverenced Haman: for the king had so commanded concerning him. But Mordecai bowed not, nor did him reverence. +Then the king's servants, which were in the king's gate, said unto Mordecai, Why transgressest thou the king's commandment? +Now it came to pass, when they spake daily unto him, and he hearkened not unto them, that they told Haman, to see whether Mordecai's matters would stand: for he had told them that he was a Jew. +And when Haman saw that Mordecai bowed not, nor did him reverence, then was Haman full of wrath. +And he thought scorn to lay hands on Mordecai alone; for they had shewed him the people of Mordecai: wherefore Haman sought to destroy all the Jews that were throughout the whole kingdom of Ahasuerus, even the people of Mordecai. +In the first month, that is, the month Nisan, in the twelfth year of king Ahasuerus, they cast Pur, that is, the lot, before Haman from day to day, and from month to month, to the twelfth month, that is, the month Adar. +And Haman said unto king Ahasuerus, There is a certain people scattered abroad and dispersed among the people in all the provinces of thy kingdom; and their laws are diverse from all people; neither keep they the king's laws: therefore it is not for the king's profit to suffer them. +If it please the king, let it be written that they may be destroyed: and I will pay ten thousand talents of silver to the hands of those that have the charge of the business, to bring it into the king's treasuries. +And the king took his ring from his hand, and gave it unto Haman the son of Hammedatha the Agagite, the Jews' enemy. +And the king said unto Haman, The silver is given to thee, the people also, to do with them as it seemeth good to thee. +Then were the king's scribes called on the thirteenth day of the first month, and there was written according to all that Haman had commanded unto the king's lieutenants, and to the governors that were over every province, and to the rulers of every people of every province according to the writing thereof, and to every people after their language; in the name of king Ahasuerus was it written, and sealed with the king's ring. +And the letters were sent by posts into all the king's provinces, to destroy, to kill, and to cause to perish, all Jews, both young and old, little children and women, in one day, even upon the thirteenth day of the twelfth month, which is the month Adar, and to take the spoil of them for a prey. +The copy of the writing for a commandment to be given in every province was published unto all people, that they should be ready against that day. +The posts went out, being hastened by the king's commandment, and the decree was given in Shushan the palace. And the king and Haman sat down to drink; but the city Shushan was perplexed. +When Mordecai perceived all that was done, Mordecai rent his clothes, and put on sackcloth with ashes, and went out into the midst of the city, and cried with a loud and a bitter cry; +And came even before the king's gate: for none might enter into the king's gate clothed with sackcloth. +And in every province, whithersoever the king's commandment and his decree came, there was great mourning among the Jews, and fasting, and weeping, and wailing; and many lay in sackcloth and ashes. +So Esther's maids and her chamberlains came and told it her. Then was the queen exceedingly grieved; and she sent raiment to clothe Mordecai, and to take away his sackcloth from him: but he received it not. +Then called Esther for Hatach, one of the king's chamberlains, whom he had appointed to attend upon her, and gave him a commandment to Mordecai, to know what it was, and why it was. +So Hatach went forth to Mordecai unto the street of the city, which was before the king's gate. +And Mordecai told him of all that had happened unto him, and of the sum of the money that Haman had promised to pay to the king's treasuries for the Jews, to destroy them. +Also he gave him the copy of the writing of the decree that was given at Shushan to destroy them, to shew it unto Esther, and to declare it unto her, and to charge her that she should go in unto the king, to make supplication unto him, and to make request before him for her people. +And Hatach came and told Esther the words of Mordecai. +Again Esther spake unto Hatach, and gave him commandment unto Mordecai; +All the king's servants, and the people of the king's provinces, do know, that whosoever, whether man or women, shall come unto the king into the inner court, who is not called, there is one law of his to put him to death, except such to whom the king shall hold out the golden sceptre, that he may live: but I have not been called to come in unto the king these thirty days. +And they told to Mordecai Esther's words. +Then Mordecai commanded to answer Esther, Think not with thyself that thou shalt escape in the king's house, more than all the Jews. +For if thou altogether holdest thy peace at this time, then shall there enlargement and deliverance arise to the Jews from another place; but thou and thy father's house shall be destroyed: and who knoweth whether thou art come to the kingdom for such a time as this? +Then Esther bade them return Mordecai this answer, +Go, gather together all the Jews that are present in Shushan, and fast ye for me, and neither eat nor drink three days, night or day: I also and my maidens will fast likewise; and so will I go in unto the king, which is not according to the law: and if I perish, I perish. +So Mordecai went his way, and did according to all that Esther had commanded him. +Now it came to pass on the third day, that Esther put on her royal apparel, and stood in the inner court of the king's house, over against the king's house: and the king sat upon his royal throne in the royal house, over against the gate of the house. +And it was so, when the king saw Esther the queen standing in the court, that she obtained favour in his sight: and the king held out to Esther the golden sceptre that was in his hand. So Esther drew near, and touched the top of the sceptre. +Then said the king unto her, What wilt thou, queen Esther? and what is thy request? it shall be even given thee to the half of the kingdom. +And Esther answered, If it seem good unto the king, let the king and Haman come this day unto the banquet that I have prepared for him. +Then the king said, Cause Haman to make haste, that he may do as Esther hath said. So the king and Haman came to the banquet that Esther had prepared. +And the king said unto Esther at the banquet of wine, What is thy petition? and it shall be granted thee: and what is thy request? even to the half of the kingdom it shall be performed. +Then answered Esther, and said, My petition and my request is; +If I have found favour in the sight of the king, and if it please the king to grant my petition, and to perform my request, let the king and Haman come to the banquet that I shall prepare for them, and I will do to morrow as the king hath said. +Then went Haman forth that day joyful and with a glad heart: but when Haman saw Mordecai in the king's gate, that he stood not up, nor moved for him, he was full of indignation against Mordecai. +Nevertheless Haman refrained himself: and when he came home, he sent and called for his friends, and Zeresh his wife. +And Haman told them of the glory of his riches, and the multitude of his children, and all the things wherein the king had promoted him, and how he had advanced him above the princes and servants of the king. +Haman said moreover, Yea, Esther the queen did let no man come in with the king unto the banquet that she had prepared but myself; and to morrow am I invited unto her also with the king. +Yet all this availeth me nothing, so long as I see Mordecai the Jew sitting at the king's gate. +Then said Zeresh his wife and all his friends unto him, Let a gallows be made of fifty cubits high, and to morrow speak thou unto the king that Mordecai may be hanged thereon: then go thou in merrily with the king unto the banquet. And the thing pleased Haman; and he caused the gallows to be made. +On that night could not the king sleep, and he commanded to bring the book of records of the chronicles; and they were read before the king. +And it was found written, that Mordecai had told of Bigthana and Teresh, two of the king's chamberlains, the keepers of the door, who sought to lay hand on the king Ahasuerus. +And the king said, What honour and dignity hath been done to Mordecai for this? Then said the king's servants that ministered unto him, There is nothing done for him. +And the king said, Who is in the court? Now Haman was come into the outward court of the king's house, to speak unto the king to hang Mordecai on the gallows that he had prepared for him. +And the king's servants said unto him, Behold, Haman standeth in the court. And the king said, Let him come in. +So Haman came in. And the king said unto him, What shall be done unto the man whom the king delighteth to honour? Now Haman thought in his heart, To whom would the king delight to do honour more than to myself? +And Haman answered the king, For the man whom the king delighteth to honour, +Let the royal apparel be brought which the king useth to wear, and the horse that the king rideth upon, and the crown royal which is set upon his head: +And let this apparel and horse be delivered to the hand of one of the king's most noble princes, that they may array the man withal whom the king delighteth to honour, and bring him on horseback through the street of the city, and proclaim before him, Thus shall it be done to the man whom the king delighteth to honour. +Then the king said to Haman, Make haste, and take the apparel and the horse, as thou hast said, and do even so to Mordecai the Jew, that sitteth at the king's gate: let nothing fail of all that thou hast spoken. +Then took Haman the apparel and the horse, and arrayed Mordecai, and brought him on horseback through the street of the city, and proclaimed before him, Thus shall it be done unto the man whom the king delighteth to honour. +And Mordecai came again to the king's gate. But Haman hasted to his house mourning, and having his head covered. +And Haman told Zeresh his wife and all his friends every thing that had befallen him. Then said his wise men and Zeresh his wife unto him, If Mordecai be of the seed of the Jews, before whom thou hast begun to fall, thou shalt not prevail against him, but shalt surely fall before him. +And while they were yet talking with him, came the king's chamberlains, and hasted to bring Haman unto the banquet that Esther had prepared. +So the king and Haman came to banquet with Esther the queen. +And the king said again unto Esther on the second day at the banquet of wine, What is thy petition, queen Esther? and it shall be granted thee: and what is thy request? and it shall be performed, even to the half of the kingdom. +Then Esther the queen answered and said, If I have found favour in thy sight, O king, and if it please the king, let my life be given me at my petition, and my people at my request: +For we are sold, I and my people, to be destroyed, to be slain, and to perish. But if we had been sold for bondmen and bondwomen, I had held my tongue, although the enemy could not countervail the king's damage. +Then the king Ahasuerus answered and said unto Esther the queen, Who is he, and where is he, that durst presume in his heart to do so? +And Esther said, The adversary and enemy is this wicked Haman. Then Haman was afraid before the king and the queen. +And the king arising from the banquet of wine in his wrath went into the palace garden: and Haman stood up to make request for his life to Esther the queen; for he saw that there was evil determined against him by the king. +Then the king returned out of the palace garden into the place of the banquet of wine; and Haman was fallen upon the bed whereon Esther was. Then said the king, Will he force the queen also before me in the house? As the word went out of king's mouth, they covered Haman's face. +And Harbonah, one of the chamberlains, said before the king, Behold also, the gallows fifty cubits high, which Haman had made for Mordecai, who spoken good for the king, standeth in the house of Haman. Then the king said, Hang him thereon. +So they hanged Haman on the gallows that he had prepared for Mordecai. Then was the king's wrath pacified. +On that day did the king Ahasuerus give the house of Haman the Jews' enemy unto Esther the queen. And Mordecai came before the king; for Esther had told what he was unto her. +And the king took off his ring, which he had taken from Haman, and gave it unto Mordecai. And Esther set Mordecai over the house of Haman. +And Esther spake yet again before the king, and fell down at his feet, and besought him with tears to put away the mischief of Haman the Agagite, and his device that he had devised against the Jews. +Then the king held out the golden sceptre toward Esther. So Esther arose, and stood before the king, +And said, If it please the king, and if I have favour in his sight, and the thing seem right before the king, and I be pleasing in his eyes, let it be written to reverse the letters devised by Haman the son of Hammedatha the Agagite, which he wrote to destroy the Jews which are in all the king's provinces: +For how can I endure to see the evil that shall come unto my people? or how can I endure to see the destruction of my kindred? +Then the king Ahasuerus said unto Esther the queen and to Mordecai the Jew, Behold, I have given Esther the house of Haman, and him they have hanged upon the gallows, because he laid his hand upon the Jews. +Write ye also for the Jews, as it liketh you, in the king's name, and seal it with the king's ring: for the writing which is written in the king's name, and sealed with the king's ring, may no man reverse. +Then were the king's scribes called at that time in the third month, that is, the month Sivan, on the three and twentieth day thereof; and it was written according to all that Mordecai commanded unto the Jews, and to the lieutenants, and the deputies and rulers of the provinces which are from India unto Ethiopia, an hundred twenty and seven provinces, unto every province according to the writing thereof, and unto every people after their language, and to the Jews according to their writing, and according to their language. +And he wrote in the king Ahasuerus' name, and sealed it with the king's ring, and sent letters by posts on horseback, and riders on mules, camels, and young dromedaries: +Wherein the king granted the Jews which were in every city to gather themselves together, and to stand for their life, to destroy, to slay and to cause to perish, all the power of the people and province that would assault them, both little ones and women, and to take the spoil of them for a prey, +Upon one day in all the provinces of king Ahasuerus, namely, upon the thirteenth day of the twelfth month, which is the month Adar. +The copy of the writing for a commandment to be given in every province was published unto all people, and that the Jews should be ready against that day to avenge themselves on their enemies. +So the posts that rode upon mules and camels went out, being hastened and pressed on by the king's commandment. And the decree was given at Shushan the palace. +And Mordecai went out from the presence of the king in royal apparel of blue and white, and with a great crown of gold, and with a garment of fine linen and purple: and the city of Shushan rejoiced and was glad. +The Jews had light, and gladness, and joy, and honour. +And in every province, and in every city, whithersoever the king's commandment and his decree came, the Jews had joy and gladness, a feast and a good day. And many of the people of the land became Jews; for the fear of the Jews fell upon them. +Now in the twelfth month, that is, the month Adar, on the thirteenth day of the same, when the king's commandment and his decree drew near to be put in execution, in the day that the enemies of the Jews hoped to have power over them, (though it was turned to the contrary, that the Jews had rule over them that hated them;) +The Jews gathered themselves together in their cities throughout all the provinces of the king Ahasuerus, to lay hand on such as sought their hurt: and no man could withstand them; for the fear of them fell upon all people. +And all the rulers of the provinces, and the lieutenants, and the deputies, and officers of the king, helped the Jews; because the fear of Mordecai fell upon them. +For Mordecai was great in the king's house, and his fame went out throughout all the provinces: for this man Mordecai waxed greater and greater. +Thus the Jews smote all their enemies with the stroke of the sword, and slaughter, and destruction, and did what they would unto those that hated them. +And in Shushan the palace the Jews slew and destroyed five hundred men. +And Parshandatha, and Dalphon, and Aspatha, +And Poratha, and Adalia, and Aridatha, +And Parmashta, and Arisai, and Aridai, and Vajezatha, +The ten sons of Haman the son of Hammedatha, the enemy of the Jews, slew they; but on the spoil laid they not their hand. +On that day the number of those that were slain in Shushan the palace was brought before the king. +And the king said unto Esther the queen, The Jews have slain and destroyed five hundred men in Shushan the palace, and the ten sons of Haman; what have they done in the rest of the king's provinces? now what is thy petition? and it shall be granted thee: or what is thy request further? and it shall be done. +Then said Esther, If it please the king, let it be granted to the Jews which are in Shushan to do to morrow also according unto this day's decree, and let Haman's ten sons be hanged upon the gallows. +And the king commanded it so to be done: and the decree was given at Shushan; and they hanged Haman's ten sons. +For the Jews that were in Shushan gathered themselves together on the fourteenth day also of the month Adar, and slew three hundred men at Shushan; but on the prey they laid not their hand. +But the other Jews that were in the king's provinces gathered themselves together, and stood for their lives, and had rest from their enemies, and slew of their foes seventy and five thousand, but they laid not their hands on the prey, +On the thirteenth day of the month Adar; and on the fourteenth day of the same rested they, and made it a day of feasting and gladness. +But the Jews that were at Shushan assembled together on the thirteenth day thereof, and on the fourteenth thereof; and on the fifteenth day of the same they rested, and made it a day of feasting and gladness. +Therefore the Jews of the villages, that dwelt in the unwalled towns, made the fourteenth day of the month Adar a day of gladness and feasting, and a good day, and of sending portions one to another. +And Mordecai wrote these things, and sent letters unto all the Jews that were in all the provinces of the king Ahasuerus, both nigh and far, +To stablish this among them, that they should keep the fourteenth day of the month Adar, and the fifteenth day of the same, yearly, +As the days wherein the Jews rested from their enemies, and the month which was turned unto them from sorrow to joy, and from mourning into a good day: that they should make them days of feasting and joy, and of sending portions one to another, and gifts to the poor. +And the Jews undertook to do as they had begun, and as Mordecai had written unto them; +Because Haman the son of Hammedatha, the Agagite, the enemy of all the Jews, had devised against the Jews to destroy them, and had cast Pur, that is, the lot, to consume them, and to destroy them; +But when Esther came before the king, he commanded by letters that his wicked device, which he devised against the Jews, should return upon his own head, and that he and his sons should be hanged on the gallows. +Wherefore they called these days Purim after the name of Pur. Therefore for all the words of this letter, and of that which they had seen concerning this matter, and which had come unto them, +The Jews ordained, and took upon them, and upon their seed, and upon all such as joined themselves unto them, so as it should not fail, that they would keep these two days according to their writing, and according to their appointed time every year; +And that these days should be remembered and kept throughout every generation, every family, every province, and every city; and that these days of Purim should not fail from among the Jews, nor the memorial of them perish from their seed. +Then Esther the queen, the daughter of Abihail, and Mordecai the Jew, wrote with all authority, to confirm this second letter of Purim. +And he sent the letters unto all the Jews, to the hundred twenty and seven provinces of the kingdom of Ahasuerus, with words of peace and truth, +To confirm these days of Purim in their times appointed, according as Mordecai the Jew and Esther the queen had enjoined them, and as they had decreed for themselves and for their seed, the matters of the fastings and their cry. +And the decree of Esther confirmed these matters of Purim; and it was written in the book. +And the king Ahasuerus laid a tribute upon the land, and upon the isles of the sea. +And all the acts of his power and of his might, and the declaration of the greatness of Mordecai, whereunto the king advanced him, are they not written in the book of the chronicles of the kings of Media and Persia? +For Mordecai the Jew was next unto king Ahasuerus, and great among the Jews, and accepted of the multitude of his brethren, seeking the wealth of his people, and speaking peace to all his seed. +There was a man in the land of Uz, whose name was Job; and that man was perfect and upright, and one that feared God, and eschewed evil. +And there were born unto him seven sons and three daughters. +His substance also was seven thousand sheep, and three thousand camels, and five hundred yoke of oxen, and five hundred she asses, and a very great household; so that this man was the greatest of all the men of the east. +And his sons went and feasted in their houses, every one his day; and sent and called for their three sisters to eat and to drink with them. +And it was so, when the days of their feasting were gone about, that Job sent and sanctified them, and rose up early in the morning, and offered burnt offerings according to the number of them all: for Job said, It may be that my sons have sinned, and cursed God in their hearts. Thus did Job continually. +Now there was a day when the sons of God came to present themselves before the LORD, and Satan came also among them. +And the LORD said unto Satan, Whence comest thou? Then Satan answered the LORD, and said, From going to and fro in the earth, and from walking up and down in it. +And the LORD said unto Satan, Hast thou considered my servant Job, that there is none like him in the earth, a perfect and an upright man, one that feareth God, and escheweth evil? +Then Satan answered the LORD, and said, Doth Job fear God for nought? +Hast not thou made an hedge about him, and about his house, and about all that he hath on every side? thou hast blessed the work of his hands, and his substance is increased in the land. +But put forth thine hand now, and touch all that he hath, and he will curse thee to thy face. +And the LORD said unto Satan, Behold, all that he hath is in thy power; only upon himself put not forth thine hand. So Satan went forth from the presence of the LORD. +And there was a day when his sons and his daughters were eating and drinking wine in their eldest brother's house: +And there came a messenger unto Job, and said, The oxen were plowing, and the asses feeding beside them: +And the Sabeans fell upon them, and took them away; yea, they have slain the servants with the edge of the sword; and I only am escaped alone to tell thee. +While he was yet speaking, there came also another, and said, The fire of God is fallen from heaven, and hath burned up the sheep, and the servants, and consumed them; and I only am escaped alone to tell thee. +While he was yet speaking, there came also another, and said, The Chaldeans made out three bands, and fell upon the camels, and have carried them away, yea, and slain the servants with the edge of the sword; and I only am escaped alone to tell thee. +While he was yet speaking, there came also another, and said, Thy sons and thy daughters were eating and drinking wine in their eldest brother's house: +And, behold, there came a great wind from the wilderness, and smote the four corners of the house, and it fell upon the young men, and they are dead; and I only am escaped alone to tell thee. +Then Job arose, and rent his mantle, and shaved his head, and fell down upon the ground, and worshipped, +And said, Naked came I out of my mother's womb, and naked shall I return thither: the LORD gave, and the LORD hath taken away; blessed be the name of the LORD. +In all this Job sinned not, nor charged God foolishly. +Again there was a day when the sons of God came to present themselves before the LORD, and Satan came also among them to present himself before the LORD. +And the LORD said unto Satan, From whence comest thou? And Satan answered the LORD, and said, From going to and fro in the earth, and from walking up and down in it. +And the LORD said unto Satan, Hast thou considered my servant Job, that there is none like him in the earth, a perfect and an upright man, one that feareth God, and escheweth evil? and still he holdeth fast his integrity, although thou movedst me against him, to destroy him without cause. +And Satan answered the LORD, and said, Skin for skin, yea, all that a man hath will he give for his life. +But put forth thine hand now, and touch his bone and his flesh, and he will curse thee to thy face. +And the LORD said unto Satan, Behold, he is in thine hand; but save his life. +So went Satan forth from the presence of the LORD, and smote Job with sore boils from the sole of his foot unto his crown. +And he took him a potsherd to scrape himself withal; and he sat down among the ashes. +Then said his wife unto him, Dost thou still retain thine integrity? curse God, and die. +But he said unto her, Thou speakest as one of the foolish women speaketh. What? shall we receive good at the hand of God, and shall we not receive evil? In all this did not Job sin with his lips. +Now when Job's three friends heard of all this evil that was come upon him, they came every one from his own place; Eliphaz the Temanite, and Bildad the Shuhite, and Zophar the Naamathite: for they had made an appointment together to come to mourn with him and to comfort him. +And when they lifted up their eyes afar off, and knew him not, they lifted up their voice, and wept; and they rent every one his mantle, and sprinkled dust upon their heads toward heaven. +So they sat down with him upon the ground seven days and seven nights, and none spake a word unto him: for they saw that his grief was very great. +After this opened Job his mouth, and cursed his day. +And Job spake, and said, +Let the day perish wherein I was born, and the night in which it was said, There is a man child conceived. +Let that day be darkness; let not God regard it from above, neither let the light shine upon it. +Let darkness and the shadow of death stain it; let a cloud dwell upon it; let the blackness of the day terrify it. +As for that night, let darkness seize upon it; let it not be joined unto the days of the year, let it not come into the number of the months. +Lo, let that night be solitary, let no joyful voice come therein. +Let them curse it that curse the day, who are ready to raise up their mourning. +Let the stars of the twilight thereof be dark; let it look for light, but have none; neither let it see the dawning of the day: +Because it shut not up the doors of my mother's womb, nor hid sorrow from mine eyes. +Why died I not from the womb? why did I not give up the ghost when I came out of the belly? +Why did the knees prevent me? or why the breasts that I should suck? +For now should I have lain still and been quiet, I should have slept: then had I been at rest, +With kings and counsellors of the earth, which build desolate places for themselves; +Or with princes that had gold, who filled their houses with silver: +Or as an hidden untimely birth I had not been; as infants which never saw light. +There the wicked cease from troubling; and there the weary be at rest. +There the prisoners rest together; they hear not the voice of the oppressor. +The small and great are there; and the servant is free from his master. +Wherefore is light given to him that is in misery, and life unto the bitter in soul; +Which long for death, but it cometh not; and dig for it more than for hid treasures; +Which rejoice exceedingly, and are glad, when they can find the grave? +Why is light given to a man whose way is hid, and whom God hath hedged in? +For my sighing cometh before I eat, and my roarings are poured out like the waters. +For the thing which I greatly feared is come upon me, and that which I was afraid of is come unto me. +I was not in safety, neither had I rest, neither was I quiet; yet trouble came. +Then Eliphaz the Temanite answered and said, +If we assay to commune with thee, wilt thou be grieved? but who can withhold himself from speaking? +Behold, thou hast instructed many, and thou hast strengthened the weak hands. +Thy words have upholden him that was falling, and thou hast strengthened the feeble knees. +But now it is come upon thee, and thou faintest; it toucheth thee, and thou art troubled. +Is not this thy fear, thy confidence, thy hope, and the uprightness of thy ways? +Remember, I pray thee, who ever perished, being innocent? or where were the righteous cut off? +Even as I have seen, they that plow iniquity, and sow wickedness, reap the same. +By the blast of God they perish, and by the breath of his nostrils are they consumed. +The roaring of the lion, and the voice of the fierce lion, and the teeth of the young lions, are broken. +The old lion perisheth for lack of prey, and the stout lion's whelps are scattered abroad. +Now a thing was secretly brought to me, and mine ear received a little thereof. +In thoughts from the visions of the night, when deep sleep falleth on men, +Fear came upon me, and trembling, which made all my bones to shake. +Then a spirit passed before my face; the hair of my flesh stood up: +It stood still, but I could not discern the form thereof: an image was before mine eyes, there was silence, and I heard a voice, saying, +Shall mortal man be more just than God? shall a man be more pure than his maker? +Behold, he put no trust in his servants; and his angels he charged with folly: +How much less in them that dwell in houses of clay, whose foundation is in the dust, which are crushed before the moth? +They are destroyed from morning to evening: they perish for ever without any regarding it. +Doth not their excellency which is in them go away? they die, even without wisdom. +Call now, if there be any that will answer thee; and to which of the saints wilt thou turn? +For wrath killeth the foolish man, and envy slayeth the silly one. +I have seen the foolish taking root: but suddenly I cursed his habitation. +His children are far from safety, and they are crushed in the gate, neither is there any to deliver them. +Whose harvest the hungry eateth up, and taketh it even out of the thorns, and the robber swalloweth up their substance. +Although affliction cometh not forth of the dust, neither doth trouble spring out of the ground; +Yet man is born unto trouble, as the sparks fly upward. +I would seek unto God, and unto God would I commit my cause: +Which doeth great things and unsearchable; marvellous things without number: +Who giveth rain upon the earth, and sendeth waters upon the fields: +To set up on high those that be low; that those which mourn may be exalted to safety. +He disappointeth the devices of the crafty, so that their hands cannot perform their enterprise. +He taketh the wise in their own craftiness: and the counsel of the froward is carried headlong. +They meet with darkness in the day time, and grope in the noonday as in the night. +But he saveth the poor from the sword, from their mouth, and from the hand of the mighty. +So the poor hath hope, and iniquity stoppeth her mouth. +Behold, happy is the man whom God correcteth: therefore despise not thou the chastening of the Almighty: +For he maketh sore, and bindeth up: he woundeth, and his hands make whole. +He shall deliver thee in six troubles: yea, in seven there shall no evil touch thee. +In famine he shall redeem thee from death: and in war from the power of the sword. +Thou shalt be hid from the scourge of the tongue: neither shalt thou be afraid of destruction when it cometh. +At destruction and famine thou shalt laugh: neither shalt thou be afraid of the beasts of the earth. +For thou shalt be in league with the stones of the field: and the beasts of the field shall be at peace with thee. +And thou shalt know that thy tabernacle shall be in peace; and thou shalt visit thy habitation, and shalt not sin. +Thou shalt know also that thy seed shall be great, and thine offspring as the grass of the earth. +Thou shalt come to thy grave in a full age, like as a shock of corn cometh in in his season. +Lo this, we have searched it, so it is; hear it, and know thou it for thy good. +But Job answered and said, +Oh that my grief were throughly weighed, and my calamity laid in the balances together! +For now it would be heavier than the sand of the sea: therefore my words are swallowed up. +For the arrows of the Almighty are within me, the poison whereof drinketh up my spirit: the terrors of God do set themselves in array against me. +Doth the wild ass bray when he hath grass? or loweth the ox over his fodder? +Can that which is unsavoury be eaten without salt? or is there any taste in the white of an egg? +The things that my soul refused to touch are as my sorrowful meat. +Oh that I might have my request; and that God would grant me the thing that I long for! +Even that it would please God to destroy me; that he would let loose his hand, and cut me off! +Then should I yet have comfort; yea, I would harden myself in sorrow: let him not spare; for I have not concealed the words of the Holy One. +What is my strength, that I should hope? and what is mine end, that I should prolong my life? +Is my strength the strength of stones? or is my flesh of brass? +Is not my help in me? and is wisdom driven quite from me? +To him that is afflicted pity should be shewed from his friend; but he forsaketh the fear of the Almighty. +My brethren have dealt deceitfully as a brook, and as the stream of brooks they pass away; +Which are blackish by reason of the ice, and wherein the snow is hid: +What time they wax warm, they vanish: when it is hot, they are consumed out of their place. +The paths of their way are turned aside; they go to nothing, and perish. +The troops of Tema looked, the companies of Sheba waited for them. +They were confounded because they had hoped; they came thither, and were ashamed. +For now ye are nothing; ye see my casting down, and are afraid. +Did I say, Bring unto me? or, Give a reward for me of your substance? +Or, Deliver me from the enemy's hand? or, Redeem me from the hand of the mighty? +Teach me, and I will hold my tongue: and cause me to understand wherein I have erred. +How forcible are right words! but what doth your arguing reprove? +Do ye imagine to reprove words, and the speeches of one that is desperate, which are as wind? +Yea, ye overwhelm the fatherless, and ye dig a pit for your friend. +Now therefore be content, look upon me; for it is evident unto you if I lie. +Return, I pray you, let it not be iniquity; yea, return again, my righteousness is in it. +Is there iniquity in my tongue? cannot my taste discern perverse things? +Is there not an appointed time to man upon earth? are not his days also like the days of an hireling? +As a servant earnestly desireth the shadow, and as an hireling looketh for the reward of his work: +So am I made to possess months of vanity, and wearisome nights are appointed to me. +When I lie down, I say, When shall I arise, and the night be gone? and I am full of tossings to and fro unto the dawning of the day. +My flesh is clothed with worms and clods of dust; my skin is broken, and become loathsome. +My days are swifter than a weaver's shuttle, and are spent without hope. +O remember that my life is wind: mine eye shall no more see good. +The eye of him that hath seen me shall see me no more: thine eyes are upon me, and I am not. +As the cloud is consumed and vanisheth away: so he that goeth down to the grave shall come up no more. +He shall return no more to his house, neither shall his place know him any more. +Therefore I will not refrain my mouth; I will speak in the anguish of my spirit; I will complain in the bitterness of my soul. +Am I a sea, or a whale, that thou settest a watch over me? +When I say, My bed shall comfort me, my couch shall ease my complaints; +Then thou scarest me with dreams, and terrifiest me through visions: +So that my soul chooseth strangling, and death rather than my life. +I loathe it; I would not live alway: let me alone; for my days are vanity. +What is man, that thou shouldest magnify him? and that thou shouldest set thine heart upon him? +And that thou shouldest visit him every morning, and try him every moment? +How long wilt thou not depart from me, nor let me alone till I swallow down my spittle? +I have sinned; what shall I do unto thee, O thou preserver of men? why hast thou set me as a mark against thee, so that I am a burden to myself? +And why dost thou not pardon my transgression, and take away my iniquity? for now shall I sleep in the dust; and thou shalt seek me in the morning, but I shall not be. +Then answered Bildad the Shuhite, and said, +How long wilt thou speak these things? and how long shall the words of thy mouth be like a strong wind? +Doth God pervert judgment? or doth the Almighty pervert justice? +If thy children have sinned against him, and he have cast them away for their transgression; +If thou wouldest seek unto God betimes, and make thy supplication to the Almighty; +If thou wert pure and upright; surely now he would awake for thee, and make the habitation of thy righteousness prosperous. +Though thy beginning was small, yet thy latter end should greatly increase. +For enquire, I pray thee, of the former age, and prepare thyself to the search of their fathers: +(For we are but of yesterday, and know nothing, because our days upon earth are a shadow:) +Shall not they teach thee, and tell thee, and utter words out of their heart? +Can the rush grow up without mire? can the flag grow without water? +Whilst it is yet in his greenness, and not cut down, it withereth before any other herb. +So are the paths of all that forget God; and the hypocrite's hope shall perish: +Whose hope shall be cut off, and whose trust shall be a spider's web. +He shall lean upon his house, but it shall not stand: he shall hold it fast, but it shall not endure. +He is green before the sun, and his branch shooteth forth in his garden. +His roots are wrapped about the heap, and seeth the place of stones. +If he destroy him from his place, then it shall deny him, saying, I have not seen thee. +Behold, this is the joy of his way, and out of the earth shall others grow. +Behold, God will not cast away a perfect man, neither will he help the evil doers: +Till he fill thy mouth with laughing, and thy lips with rejoicing. +They that hate thee shall be clothed with shame; and the dwelling place of the wicked shall come to nought. +Then Job answered and said, +I know it is so of a truth: but how should man be just with God? +If he will contend with him, he cannot answer him one of a thousand. +He is wise in heart, and mighty in strength: who hath hardened himself against him, and hath prospered? +Which removeth the mountains, and they know not: which overturneth them in his anger. +Which shaketh the earth out of her place, and the pillars thereof tremble. +Which commandeth the sun, and it riseth not; and sealeth up the stars. +Which alone spreadeth out the heavens, and treadeth upon the waves of the sea. +Which maketh Arcturus, Orion, and Pleiades, and the chambers of the south. +Which doeth great things past finding out; yea, and wonders without number. +Lo, he goeth by me, and I see him not: he passeth on also, but I perceive him not. +Behold, he taketh away, who can hinder him? who will say unto him, What doest thou? +If God will not withdraw his anger, the proud helpers do stoop under him. +How much less shall I answer him, and choose out my words to reason with him? +Whom, though I were righteous, yet would I not answer, but I would make supplication to my judge. +If I had called, and he had answered me; yet would I not believe that he had hearkened unto my voice. +For he breaketh me with a tempest, and multiplieth my wounds without cause. +He will not suffer me to take my breath, but filleth me with bitterness. +If I speak of strength, lo, he is strong: and if of judgment, who shall set me a time to plead? +If I justify myself, mine own mouth shall condemn me: if I say, I am perfect, it shall also prove me perverse. +Though I were perfect, yet would I not know my soul: I would despise my life. +This is one thing, therefore I said it, He destroyeth the perfect and the wicked. +If the scourge slay suddenly, he will laugh at the trial of the innocent. +The earth is given into the hand of the wicked: he covereth the faces of the judges thereof; if not, where, and who is he? +Now my days are swifter than a post: they flee away, they see no good. +They are passed away as the swift ships: as the eagle that hasteth to the prey. +If I say, I will forget my complaint, I will leave off my heaviness, and comfort myself: +I am afraid of all my sorrows, I know that thou wilt not hold me innocent. +If I be wicked, why then labour I in vain? +If I wash myself with snow water, and make my hands never so clean; +Yet shalt thou plunge me in the ditch, and mine own clothes shall abhor me. +For he is not a man, as I am, that I should answer him, and we should come together in judgment. +Neither is there any daysman betwixt us, that might lay his hand upon us both. +Let him take his rod away from me, and let not his fear terrify me: +Then would I speak, and not fear him; but it is not so with me. +My soul is weary of my life; I will leave my complaint upon myself; I will speak in the bitterness of my soul. +I will say unto God, Do not condemn me; shew me wherefore thou contendest with me. +Is it good unto thee that thou shouldest oppress, that thou shouldest despise the work of thine hands, and shine upon the counsel of the wicked? +Hast thou eyes of flesh? or seest thou as man seeth? +Are thy days as the days of man? are thy years as man's days, +That thou enquirest after mine iniquity, and searchest after my sin? +Thou knowest that I am not wicked; and there is none that can deliver out of thine hand. +Thine hands have made me and fashioned me together round about; yet thou dost destroy me. +Remember, I beseech thee, that thou hast made me as the clay; and wilt thou bring me into dust again? +Hast thou not poured me out as milk, and curdled me like cheese? +Thou hast clothed me with skin and flesh, and hast fenced me with bones and sinews. +Thou hast granted me life and favour, and thy visitation hath preserved my spirit. +And these things hast thou hid in thine heart: I know that this is with thee. +If I sin, then thou markest me, and thou wilt not acquit me from mine iniquity. +If I be wicked, woe unto me; and if I be righteous, yet will I not lift up my head. I am full of confusion; therefore see thou mine affliction; +For it increaseth. Thou huntest me as a fierce lion: and again thou shewest thyself marvellous upon me. +Thou renewest thy witnesses against me, and increasest thine indignation upon me; changes and war are against me. +Wherefore then hast thou brought me forth out of the womb? Oh that I had given up the ghost, and no eye had seen me! +I should have been as though I had not been; I should have been carried from the womb to the grave. +Are not my days few? cease then, and let me alone, that I may take comfort a little, +Before I go whence I shall not return, even to the land of darkness and the shadow of death; +A land of darkness, as darkness itself; and of the shadow of death, without any order, and where the light is as darkness. +Then answered Zophar the Naamathite, and said, +Should not the multitude of words be answered? and should a man full of talk be justified? +Should thy lies make men hold their peace? and when thou mockest, shall no man make thee ashamed? +For thou hast said, My doctrine is pure, and I am clean in thine eyes. +But oh that God would speak, and open his lips against thee; +And that he would shew thee the secrets of wisdom, that they are double to that which is! Know therefore that God exacteth of thee less than thine iniquity deserveth. +Canst thou by searching find out God? canst thou find out the Almighty unto perfection? +It is as high as heaven; what canst thou do? deeper than hell; what canst thou know? +The measure thereof is longer than the earth, and broader than the sea. +If he cut off, and shut up, or gather together, then who can hinder him? +For he knoweth vain men: he seeth wickedness also; will he not then consider it? +For vain men would be wise, though man be born like a wild ass's colt. +If thou prepare thine heart, and stretch out thine hands toward him; +If iniquity be in thine hand, put it far away, and let not wickedness dwell in thy tabernacles. +For then shalt thou lift up thy face without spot; yea, thou shalt be stedfast, and shalt not fear: +Because thou shalt forget thy misery, and remember it as waters that pass away: +And thine age shall be clearer than the noonday: thou shalt shine forth, thou shalt be as the morning. +And thou shalt be secure, because there is hope; yea, thou shalt dig about thee, and thou shalt take thy rest in safety. +Also thou shalt lie down, and none shall make thee afraid; yea, many shall make suit unto thee. +But the eyes of the wicked shall fail, and they shall not escape, and their hope shall be as the giving up of the ghost. +And Job answered and said, +No doubt but ye are the people, and wisdom shall die with you. +But I have understanding as well as you; I am not inferior to you: yea, who knoweth not such things as these? +I am as one mocked of his neighbour, who calleth upon God, and he answereth him: the just upright man is laughed to scorn. +He that is ready to slip with his feet is as a lamp despised in the thought of him that is at ease. +The tabernacles of robbers prosper, and they that provoke God are secure; into whose hand God bringeth abundantly. +But ask now the beasts, and they shall teach thee; and the fowls of the air, and they shall tell thee: +Or speak to the earth, and it shall teach thee: and the fishes of the sea shall declare unto thee. +Who knoweth not in all these that the hand of the LORD hath wrought this? +In whose hand is the soul of every living thing, and the breath of all mankind. +Doth not the ear try words? and the mouth taste his meat? +With the ancient is wisdom; and in length of days understanding. +With him is wisdom and strength, he hath counsel and understanding. +Behold, he breaketh down, and it cannot be built again: he shutteth up a man, and there can be no opening. +Behold, he withholdeth the waters, and they dry up: also he sendeth them out, and they overturn the earth. +With him is strength and wisdom: the deceived and the deceiver are his. +He leadeth counsellors away spoiled, and maketh the judges fools. +He looseth the bond of kings, and girdeth their loins with a girdle. +He leadeth princes away spoiled, and overthroweth the mighty. +He removeth away the speech of the trusty, and taketh away the understanding of the aged. +He poureth contempt upon princes, and weakeneth the strength of the mighty. +He discovereth deep things out of darkness, and bringeth out to light the shadow of death. +He increaseth the nations, and destroyeth them: he enlargeth the nations, and straiteneth them again. +He taketh away the heart of the chief of the people of the earth, and causeth them to wander in a wilderness where there is no way. +They grope in the dark without light, and he maketh them to stagger like a drunken man. +Lo, mine eye hath seen all this, mine ear hath heard and understood it. +What ye know, the same do I know also: I am not inferior unto you. +Surely I would speak to the Almighty, and I desire to reason with God. +But ye are forgers of lies, ye are all physicians of no value. +O that ye would altogether hold your peace! and it should be your wisdom. +Hear now my reasoning, and hearken to the pleadings of my lips. +Will ye speak wickedly for God? and talk deceitfully for him? +Will ye accept his person? will ye contend for God? +Is it good that he should search you out? or as one man mocketh another, do ye so mock him? +He will surely reprove you, if ye do secretly accept persons. +Shall not his excellency make you afraid? and his dread fall upon you? +Your remembrances are like unto ashes, your bodies to bodies of clay. +Hold your peace, let me alone, that I may speak, and let come on me what will. +Wherefore do I take my flesh in my teeth, and put my life in mine hand? +Though he slay me, yet will I trust in him: but I will maintain mine own ways before him. +He also shall be my salvation: for an hypocrite shall not come before him. +Hear diligently my speech, and my declaration with your ears. +Behold now, I have ordered my cause; I know that I shall be justified. +Who is he that will plead with me? for now, if I hold my tongue, I shall give up the ghost. +Only do not two things unto me: then will I not hide myself from thee. +Withdraw thine hand far from me: and let not thy dread make me afraid. +Then call thou, and I will answer: or let me speak, and answer thou me. +How many are mine iniquities and sins? make me to know my transgression and my sin. +Wherefore hidest thou thy face, and holdest me for thine enemy? +Wilt thou break a leaf driven to and fro? and wilt thou pursue the dry stubble? +For thou writest bitter things against me, and makest me to possess the iniquities of my youth. +Thou puttest my feet also in the stocks, and lookest narrowly unto all my paths; thou settest a print upon the heels of my feet. +And he, as a rotten thing, consumeth, as a garment that is moth eaten. +Man that is born of a woman is of few days and full of trouble. +He cometh forth like a flower, and is cut down: he fleeth also as a shadow, and continueth not. +And doth thou open thine eyes upon such an one, and bringest me into judgment with thee? +Who can bring a clean thing out of an unclean? not one. +Seeing his days are determined, the number of his months are with thee, thou hast appointed his bounds that he cannot pass; +Turn from him, that he may rest, till he shall accomplish, as an hireling, his day. +For there is hope of a tree, if it be cut down, that it will sprout again, and that the tender branch thereof will not cease. +Though the root thereof wax old in the earth, and the stock thereof die in the ground; +Yet through the scent of water it will bud, and bring forth boughs like a plant. +But man dieth, and wasteth away: yea, man giveth up the ghost, and where is he? +As the waters fail from the sea, and the flood decayeth and drieth up: +So man lieth down, and riseth not: till the heavens be no more, they shall not awake, nor be raised out of their sleep. +O that thou wouldest hide me in the grave, that thou wouldest keep me secret, until thy wrath be past, that thou wouldest appoint me a set time, and remember me! +If a man die, shall he live again? all the days of my appointed time will I wait, till my change come. +Thou shalt call, and I will answer thee: thou wilt have a desire to the work of thine hands. +For now thou numberest my steps: dost thou not watch over my sin? +My transgression is sealed up in a bag, and thou sewest up mine iniquity. +And surely the mountains falling cometh to nought, and the rock is removed out of his place. +The waters wear the stones: thou washest away the things which grow out of the dust of the earth; and thou destroyest the hope of man. +Thou prevailest for ever against him, and he passeth: thou changest his countenance, and sendest him away. +His sons come to honour, and he knoweth it not; and they are brought low, but he perceiveth it not of them. +But his flesh upon him shall have pain, and his soul within him shall mourn. +Then answered Eliphaz the Temanite, and said, +Should a wise man utter vain knowledge, and fill his belly with the east wind? +Should he reason with unprofitable talk? or with speeches wherewith he can do no good? +Yea, thou castest off fear, and restrainest prayer before God. +For thy mouth uttereth thine iniquity, and thou choosest the tongue of the crafty. +Thine own mouth condemneth thee, and not I: yea, thine own lips testify against thee. +Art thou the first man that was born? or wast thou made before the hills? +Hast thou heard the secret of God? and dost thou restrain wisdom to thyself? +What knowest thou, that we know not? what understandest thou, which is not in us? +With us are both the grayheaded and very aged men, much elder than thy father. +Are the consolations of God small with thee? is there any secret thing with thee? +Why doth thine heart carry thee away? and what do thy eyes wink at, +That thou turnest thy spirit against God, and lettest such words go out of thy mouth? +What is man, that he should be clean? and he which is born of a woman, that he should be righteous? +Behold, he putteth no trust in his saints; yea, the heavens are not clean in his sight. +How much more abominable and filthy is man, which drinketh iniquity like water? +I will shew thee, hear me; and that which I have seen I will declare; +Which wise men have told from their fathers, and have not hid it: +Unto whom alone the earth was given, and no stranger passed among them. +The wicked man travaileth with pain all his days, and the number of years is hidden to the oppressor. +A dreadful sound is in his ears: in prosperity the destroyer shall come upon him. +He believeth not that he shall return out of darkness, and he is waited for of the sword. +He wandereth abroad for bread, saying, Where is it? he knoweth that the day of darkness is ready at his hand. +Trouble and anguish shall make him afraid; they shall prevail against him, as a king ready to the battle. +For he stretcheth out his hand against God, and strengtheneth himself against the Almighty. +He runneth upon him, even on his neck, upon the thick bosses of his bucklers: +Because he covereth his face with his fatness, and maketh collops of fat on his flanks. +And he dwelleth in desolate cities, and in houses which no man inhabiteth, which are ready to become heaps. +He shall not be rich, neither shall his substance continue, neither shall he prolong the perfection thereof upon the earth. +He shall not depart out of darkness; the flame shall dry up his branches, and by the breath of his mouth shall he go away. +Let not him that is deceived trust in vanity: for vanity shall be his recompence. +It shall be accomplished before his time, and his branch shall not be green. +He shall shake off his unripe grape as the vine, and shall cast off his flower as the olive. +For the congregation of hypocrites shall be desolate, and fire shall consume the tabernacles of bribery. +They conceive mischief, and bring forth vanity, and their belly prepareth deceit. +Then Job answered and said, +I have heard many such things: miserable comforters are ye all. +Shall vain words have an end? or what emboldeneth thee that thou answerest? +I also could speak as ye do: if your soul were in my soul's stead, I could heap up words against you, and shake mine head at you. +But I would strengthen you with my mouth, and the moving of my lips should asswage your grief. +Though I speak, my grief is not asswaged: and though I forbear, what am I eased? +But now he hath made me weary: thou hast made desolate all my company. +And thou hast filled me with wrinkles, which is a witness against me: and my leanness rising up in me beareth witness to my face. +He teareth me in his wrath, who hateth me: he gnasheth upon me with his teeth; mine enemy sharpeneth his eyes upon me. +They have gaped upon me with their mouth; they have smitten me upon the cheek reproachfully; they have gathered themselves together against me. +God hath delivered me to the ungodly, and turned me over into the hands of the wicked. +I was at ease, but he hath broken me asunder: he hath also taken me by my neck, and shaken me to pieces, and set me up for his mark. +His archers compass me round about, he cleaveth my reins asunder, and doth not spare; he poureth out my gall upon the ground. +He breaketh me with breach upon breach, he runneth upon me like a giant. +I have sewed sackcloth upon my skin, and defiled my horn in the dust. +My face is foul with weeping, and on my eyelids is the shadow of death; +Not for any injustice in mine hands: also my prayer is pure. +O earth, cover not thou my blood, and let my cry have no place. +Also now, behold, my witness is in heaven, and my record is on high. +My friends scorn me: but mine eye poureth out tears unto God. +O that one might plead for a man with God, as a man pleadeth for his neighbour! +When a few years are come, then I shall go the way whence I shall not return. +My breath is corrupt, my days are extinct, the graves are ready for me. +Are there not mockers with me? and doth not mine eye continue in their provocation? +Lay down now, put me in a surety with thee; who is he that will strike hands with me? +For thou hast hid their heart from understanding: therefore shalt thou not exalt them. +He that speaketh flattery to his friends, even the eyes of his children shall fail. +He hath made me also a byword of the people; and aforetime I was as a tabret. +Mine eye also is dim by reason of sorrow, and all my members are as a shadow. +Upright men shall be astonied at this, and the innocent shall stir up himself against the hypocrite. +The righteous also shall hold on his way, and he that hath clean hands shall be stronger and stronger. +But as for you all, do ye return, and come now: for I cannot find one wise man among you. +My days are past, my purposes are broken off, even the thoughts of my heart. +They change the night into day: the light is short because of darkness. +If I wait, the grave is mine house: I have made my bed in the darkness. +I have said to corruption, Thou art my father: to the worm, Thou art my mother, and my sister. +And where is now my hope? as for my hope, who shall see it? +They shall go down to the bars of the pit, when our rest together is in the dust. +Then answered Bildad the Shuhite, and said, +How long will it be ere ye make an end of words? mark, and afterwards we will speak. +Wherefore are we counted as beasts, and reputed vile in your sight? +He teareth himself in his anger: shall the earth be forsaken for thee? and shall the rock be removed out of his place? +Yea, the light of the wicked shall be put out, and the spark of his fire shall not shine. +The light shall be dark in his tabernacle, and his candle shall be put out with him. +The steps of his strength shall be straitened, and his own counsel shall cast him down. +For he is cast into a net by his own feet, and he walketh upon a snare. +The gin shall take him by the heel, and the robber shall prevail against him. +The snare is laid for him in the ground, and a trap for him in the way. +Terrors shall make him afraid on every side, and shall drive him to his feet. +His strength shall be hungerbitten, and destruction shall be ready at his side. +It shall devour the strength of his skin: even the firstborn of death shall devour his strength. +His confidence shall be rooted out of his tabernacle, and it shall bring him to the king of terrors. +It shall dwell in his tabernacle, because it is none of his: brimstone shall be scattered upon his habitation. +His roots shall be dried up beneath, and above shall his branch be cut off. +His remembrance shall perish from the earth, and he shall have no name in the street. +He shall be driven from light into darkness, and chased out of the world. +He shall neither have son nor nephew among his people, nor any remaining in his dwellings. +They that come after him shall be astonied at his day, as they that went before were affrighted. +Surely such are the dwellings of the wicked, and this is the place of him that knoweth not God. +Then Job answered and said, +How long will ye vex my soul, and break me in pieces with words? +These ten times have ye reproached me: ye are not ashamed that ye make yourselves strange to me. +And be it indeed that I have erred, mine error remaineth with myself. +If indeed ye will magnify yourselves against me, and plead against me my reproach: +Know now that God hath overthrown me, and hath compassed me with his net. +Behold, I cry out of wrong, but I am not heard: I cry aloud, but there is no judgment. +He hath fenced up my way that I cannot pass, and he hath set darkness in my paths. +He hath stripped me of my glory, and taken the crown from my head. +He hath destroyed me on every side, and I am gone: and mine hope hath he removed like a tree. +He hath also kindled his wrath against me, and he counteth me unto him as one of his enemies. +His troops come together, and raise up their way against me, and encamp round about my tabernacle. +He hath put my brethren far from me, and mine acquaintance are verily estranged from me. +My kinsfolk have failed, and my familiar friends have forgotten me. +They that dwell in mine house, and my maids, count me for a stranger: I am an alien in their sight. +I called my servant, and he gave me no answer; I intreated him with my mouth. +My breath is strange to my wife, though I intreated for the children's sake of mine own body. +Yea, young children despised me; I arose, and they spake against me. +All my inward friends abhorred me: and they whom I loved are turned against me. +My bone cleaveth to my skin and to my flesh, and I am escaped with the skin of my teeth. +Have pity upon me, have pity upon me, O ye my friends; for the hand of God hath touched me. +Why do ye persecute me as God, and are not satisfied with my flesh? +Oh that my words were now written! oh that they were printed in a book! +That they were graven with an iron pen and lead in the rock for ever! +For I know that my redeemer liveth, and that he shall stand at the latter day upon the earth: +And though after my skin worms destroy this body, yet in my flesh shall I see God: +Whom I shall see for myself, and mine eyes shall behold, and not another; though my reins be consumed within me. +But ye should say, Why persecute we him, seeing the root of the matter is found in me? +Be ye afraid of the sword: for wrath bringeth the punishments of the sword, that ye may know there is a judgment. +Then answered Zophar the Naamathite, and said, +Therefore do my thoughts cause me to answer, and for this I make haste. +I have heard the check of my reproach, and the spirit of my understanding causeth me to answer. +Knowest thou not this of old, since man was placed upon earth, +That the triumphing of the wicked is short, and the joy of the hypocrite but for a moment? +Though his excellency mount up to the heavens, and his head reach unto the clouds; +Yet he shall perish for ever like his own dung: they which have seen him shall say, Where is he? +He shall fly away as a dream, and shall not be found: yea, he shall be chased away as a vision of the night. +The eye also which saw him shall see him no more; neither shall his place any more behold him. +His children shall seek to please the poor, and his hands shall restore their goods. +His bones are full of the sin of his youth, which shall lie down with him in the dust. +Though wickedness be sweet in his mouth, though he hide it under his tongue; +Though he spare it, and forsake it not; but keep it still within his mouth: +Yet his meat in his bowels is turned, it is the gall of asps within him. +He hath swallowed down riches, and he shall vomit them up again: God shall cast them out of his belly. +He shall suck the poison of asps: the viper's tongue shall slay him. +He shall not see the rivers, the floods, the brooks of honey and butter. +That which he laboured for shall he restore, and shall not swallow it down: according to his substance shall the restitution be, and he shall not rejoice therein. +Because he hath oppressed and hath forsaken the poor; because he hath violently taken away an house which he builded not; +Surely he shall not feel quietness in his belly, he shall not save of that which he desired. +There shall none of his meat be left; therefore shall no man look for his goods. +In the fulness of his sufficiency he shall be in straits: every hand of the wicked shall come upon him. +When he is about to fill his belly, God shall cast the fury of his wrath upon him, and shall rain it upon him while he is eating. +He shall flee from the iron weapon, and the bow of steel shall strike him through. +It is drawn, and cometh out of the body; yea, the glittering sword cometh out of his gall: terrors are upon him. +All darkness shall be hid in his secret places: a fire not blown shall consume him; it shall go ill with him that is left in his tabernacle. +The heaven shall reveal his iniquity; and the earth shall rise up against him. +The increase of his house shall depart, and his goods shall flow away in the day of his wrath. +This is the portion of a wicked man from God, and the heritage appointed unto him by God. +But Job answered and said, +Hear diligently my speech, and let this be your consolations. +Suffer me that I may speak; and after that I have spoken, mock on. +As for me, is my complaint to man? and if it were so, why should not my spirit be troubled? +Mark me, and be astonished, and lay your hand upon your mouth. +Even when I remember I am afraid, and trembling taketh hold on my flesh. +Wherefore do the wicked live, become old, yea, are mighty in power? +Their seed is established in their sight with them, and their offspring before their eyes. +Their houses are safe from fear, neither is the rod of God upon them. +Their bull gendereth, and faileth not; their cow calveth, and casteth not her calf. +They send forth their little ones like a flock, and their children dance. +They take the timbrel and harp, and rejoice at the sound of the organ. +They spend their days in wealth, and in a moment go down to the grave. +Therefore they say unto God, Depart from us; for we desire not the knowledge of thy ways. +What is the Almighty, that we should serve him? and what profit should we have, if we pray unto him? +Lo, their good is not in their hand: the counsel of the wicked is far from me. +How oft is the candle of the wicked put out! and how oft cometh their destruction upon them! God distributeth sorrows in his anger. +They are as stubble before the wind, and as chaff that the storm carrieth away. +God layeth up his iniquity for his children: he rewardeth him, and he shall know it. +His eyes shall see his destruction, and he shall drink of the wrath of the Almighty. +For what pleasure hath he in his house after him, when the number of his months is cut off in the midst? +Shall any teach God knowledge? seeing he judgeth those that are high. +One dieth in his full strength, being wholly at ease and quiet. +His breasts are full of milk, and his bones are moistened with marrow. +And another dieth in the bitterness of his soul, and never eateth with pleasure. +They shall lie down alike in the dust, and the worms shall cover them. +Behold, I know your thoughts, and the devices which ye wrongfully imagine against me. +For ye say, Where is the house of the prince? and where are the dwelling places of the wicked? +Have ye not asked them that go by the way? and do ye not know their tokens, +That the wicked is reserved to the day of destruction? they shall be brought forth to the day of wrath. +Who shall declare his way to his face? and who shall repay him what he hath done? +Yet shall he be brought to the grave, and shall remain in the tomb. +The clods of the valley shall be sweet unto him, and every man shall draw after him, as there are innumerable before him. +How then comfort ye me in vain, seeing in your answers there remaineth falsehood? +Then Eliphaz the Temanite answered and said, +Can a man be profitable unto God, as he that is wise may be profitable unto himself? +Is it any pleasure to the Almighty, that thou art righteous? or is it gain to him, that thou makest thy ways perfect? +Will he reprove thee for fear of thee? will he enter with thee into judgment? +Is not thy wickedness great? and thine iniquities infinite? +For thou hast taken a pledge from thy brother for nought, and stripped the naked of their clothing. +Thou hast not given water to the weary to drink, and thou hast withholden bread from the hungry. +But as for the mighty man, he had the earth; and the honourable man dwelt in it. +Thou hast sent widows away empty, and the arms of the fatherless have been broken. +Therefore snares are round about thee, and sudden fear troubleth thee; +Or darkness, that thou canst not see; and abundance of waters cover thee. +Is not God in the height of heaven? and behold the height of the stars, how high they are! +And thou sayest, How doth God know? can he judge through the dark cloud? +Thick clouds are a covering to him, that he seeth not; and he walketh in the circuit of heaven. +Hast thou marked the old way which wicked men have trodden? +Which were cut down out of time, whose foundation was overflown with a flood: +Which said unto God, Depart from us: and what can the Almighty do for them? +Yet he filled their houses with good things: but the counsel of the wicked is far from me. +The righteous see it, and are glad: and the innocent laugh them to scorn. +Whereas our substance is not cut down, but the remnant of them the fire consumeth. +Acquaint now thyself with him, and be at peace: thereby good shall come unto thee. +Receive, I pray thee, the law from his mouth, and lay up his words in thine heart. +If thou return to the Almighty, thou shalt be built up, thou shalt put away iniquity far from thy tabernacles. +Then shalt thou lay up gold as dust, and the gold of Ophir as the stones of the brooks. +Yea, the Almighty shall be thy defence, and thou shalt have plenty of silver. +For then shalt thou have thy delight in the Almighty, and shalt lift up thy face unto God. +Thou shalt make thy prayer unto him, and he shall hear thee, and thou shalt pay thy vows. +Thou shalt also decree a thing, and it shall be established unto thee: and the light shall shine upon thy ways. +When men are cast down, then thou shalt say, There is lifting up; and he shall save the humble person. +He shall deliver the island of the innocent: and it is delivered by the pureness of thine hands. +Then Job answered and said, +Even to day is my complaint bitter: my stroke is heavier than my groaning. +Oh that I knew where I might find him! that I might come even to his seat! +I would order my cause before him, and fill my mouth with arguments. +I would know the words which he would answer me, and understand what he would say unto me. +Will he plead against me with his great power? No; but he would put strength in me. +There the righteous might dispute with him; so should I be delivered for ever from my judge. +Behold, I go forward, but he is not there; and backward, but I cannot perceive him: +On the left hand, where he doth work, but I cannot behold him: he hideth himself on the right hand, that I cannot see him: +But he knoweth the way that I take: when he hath tried me, I shall come forth as gold. +My foot hath held his steps, his way have I kept, and not declined. +Neither have I gone back from the commandment of his lips; I have esteemed the words of his mouth more than my necessary food. +But he is in one mind, and who can turn him? and what his soul desireth, even that he doeth. +For he performeth the thing that is appointed for me: and many such things are with him. +Therefore am I troubled at his presence: when I consider, I am afraid of him. +For God maketh my heart soft, and the Almighty troubleth me: +Because I was not cut off before the darkness, neither hath he covered the darkness from my face. +Why, seeing times are not hidden from the Almighty, do they that know him not see his days? +Some remove the landmarks; they violently take away flocks, and feed thereof. +They drive away the ass of the fatherless, they take the widow's ox for a pledge. +They turn the needy out of the way: the poor of the earth hide themselves together. +Behold, as wild asses in the desert, go they forth to their work; rising betimes for a prey: the wilderness yieldeth food for them and for their children. +They reap every one his corn in the field: and they gather the vintage of the wicked. +They cause the naked to lodge without clothing, that they have no covering in the cold. +They are wet with the showers of the mountains, and embrace the rock for want of a shelter. +They pluck the fatherless from the breast, and take a pledge of the poor. +They cause him to go naked without clothing, and they take away the sheaf from the hungry; +Which make oil within their walls, and tread their winepresses, and suffer thirst. +Men groan from out of the city, and the soul of the wounded crieth out: yet God layeth not folly to them. +They are of those that rebel against the light; they know not the ways thereof, nor abide in the paths thereof. +The murderer rising with the light killeth the poor and needy, and in the night is as a thief. +The eye also of the adulterer waiteth for the twilight, saying, No eye shall see me: and disguiseth his face. +In the dark they dig through houses, which they had marked for themselves in the daytime: they know not the light. +For the morning is to them even as the shadow of death: if one know them, they are in the terrors of the shadow of death. +He is swift as the waters; their portion is cursed in the earth: he beholdeth not the way of the vineyards. +Drought and heat consume the snow waters: so doth the grave those which have sinned. +The womb shall forget him; the worm shall feed sweetly on him; he shall be no more remembered; and wickedness shall be broken as a tree. +He evil entreateth the barren that beareth not: and doeth not good to the widow. +He draweth also the mighty with his power: he riseth up, and no man is sure of life. +Though it be given him to be in safety, whereon he resteth; yet his eyes are upon their ways. +They are exalted for a little while, but are gone and brought low; they are taken out of the way as all other, and cut off as the tops of the ears of corn. +And if it be not so now, who will make me a liar, and make my speech nothing worth? +Then answered Bildad the Shuhite, and said, +Dominion and fear are with him, he maketh peace in his high places. +Is there any number of his armies? and upon whom doth not his light arise? +How then can man be justified with God? or how can he be clean that is born of a woman? +Behold even to the moon, and it shineth not; yea, the stars are not pure in his sight. +How much less man, that is a worm? and the son of man, which is a worm? +But Job answered and said, +How hast thou helped him that is without power? how savest thou the arm that hath no strength? +How hast thou counselled him that hath no wisdom? and how hast thou plentifully declared the thing as it is? +To whom hast thou uttered words? and whose spirit came from thee? +Dead things are formed from under the waters, and the inhabitants thereof. +Hell is naked before him, and destruction hath no covering. +He stretcheth out the north over the empty place, and hangeth the earth upon nothing. +He bindeth up the waters in his thick clouds; and the cloud is not rent under them. +He holdeth back the face of his throne, and spreadeth his cloud upon it. +He hath compassed the waters with bounds, until the day and night come to an end. +The pillars of heaven tremble and are astonished at his reproof. +He divideth the sea with his power, and by his understanding he smiteth through the proud. +By his spirit he hath garnished the heavens; his hand hath formed the crooked serpent. +Lo, these are parts of his ways: but how little a portion is heard of him? but the thunder of his power who can understand? +Moreover Job continued his parable, and said, +As God liveth, who hath taken away my judgment; and the Almighty, who hath vexed my soul; +All the while my breath is in me, and the spirit of God is in my nostrils; +My lips shall not speak wickedness, nor my tongue utter deceit. +God forbid that I should justify you: till I die I will not remove mine integrity from me. +My righteousness I hold fast, and will not let it go: my heart shall not reproach me so long as I live. +Let mine enemy be as the wicked, and he that riseth up against me as the unrighteous. +For what is the hope of the hypocrite, though he hath gained, when God taketh away his soul? +Will God hear his cry when trouble cometh upon him? +Will he delight himself in the Almighty? will he always call upon God? +I will teach you by the hand of God: that which is with the Almighty will I not conceal. +Behold, all ye yourselves have seen it; why then are ye thus altogether vain? +This is the portion of a wicked man with God, and the heritage of oppressors, which they shall receive of the Almighty. +If his children be multiplied, it is for the sword: and his offspring shall not be satisfied with bread. +Those that remain of him shall be buried in death: and his widows shall not weep. +Though he heap up silver as the dust, and prepare raiment as the clay; +He may prepare it, but the just shall put it on, and the innocent shall divide the silver. +He buildeth his house as a moth, and as a booth that the keeper maketh. +The rich man shall lie down, but he shall not be gathered: he openeth his eyes, and he is not. +Terrors take hold on him as waters, a tempest stealeth him away in the night. +The east wind carrieth him away, and he departeth: and as a storm hurleth him out of his place. +For God shall cast upon him, and not spare: he would fain flee out of his hand. +Men shall clap their hands at him, and shall hiss him out of his place. +Surely there is a vein for the silver, and a place for gold where they fine it. +Iron is taken out of the earth, and brass is molten out of the stone. +He setteth an end to darkness, and searcheth out all perfection: the stones of darkness, and the shadow of death. +The flood breaketh out from the inhabitant; even the waters forgotten of the foot: they are dried up, they are gone away from men. +As for the earth, out of it cometh bread: and under it is turned up as it were fire. +The stones of it are the place of sapphires: and it hath dust of gold. +There is a path which no fowl knoweth, and which the vulture's eye hath not seen: +The lion's whelps have not trodden it, nor the fierce lion passed by it. +He putteth forth his hand upon the rock; he overturneth the mountains by the roots. +He cutteth out rivers among the rocks; and his eye seeth every precious thing. +He bindeth the floods from overflowing; and the thing that is hid bringeth he forth to light. +But where shall wisdom be found? and where is the place of understanding? +Man knoweth not the price thereof; neither is it found in the land of the living. +The depth saith, It is not in me: and the sea saith, It is not with me. +It cannot be gotten for gold, neither shall silver be weighed for the price thereof. +It cannot be valued with the gold of Ophir, with the precious onyx, or the sapphire. +The gold and the crystal cannot equal it: and the exchange of it shall not be for jewels of fine gold. +No mention shall be made of coral, or of pearls: for the price of wisdom is above rubies. +The topaz of Ethiopia shall not equal it, neither shall it be valued with pure gold. +Whence then cometh wisdom? and where is the place of understanding? +Seeing it is hid from the eyes of all living, and kept close from the fowls of the air. +Destruction and death say, We have heard the fame thereof with our ears. +God understandeth the way thereof, and he knoweth the place thereof. +For he looketh to the ends of the earth, and seeth under the whole heaven; +To make the weight for the winds; and he weigheth the waters by measure. +When he made a decree for the rain, and a way for the lightning of the thunder: +Then did he see it, and declare it; he prepared it, yea, and searched it out. +And unto man he said, Behold, the fear of the LORD, that is wisdom; and to depart from evil is understanding. +Moreover Job continued his parable, and said, +Oh that I were as in months past, as in the days when God preserved me; +When his candle shined upon my head, and when by his light I walked through darkness; +As I was in the days of my youth, when the secret of God was upon my tabernacle; +When the Almighty was yet with me, when my children were about me; +When I washed my steps with butter, and the rock poured me out rivers of oil; +When I went out to the gate through the city, when I prepared my seat in the street! +The young men saw me, and hid themselves: and the aged arose, and stood up. +The princes refrained talking, and laid their hand on their mouth. +The nobles held their peace, and their tongue cleaved to the roof of their mouth. +When the ear heard me, then it blessed me; and when the eye saw me, it gave witness to me: +Because I delivered the poor that cried, and the fatherless, and him that had none to help him. +The blessing of him that was ready to perish came upon me: and I caused the widow's heart to sing for joy. +I put on righteousness, and it clothed me: my judgment was as a robe and a diadem. +I was eyes to the blind, and feet was I to the lame. +I was a father to the poor: and the cause which I knew not I searched out. +And I brake the jaws of the wicked, and plucked the spoil out of his teeth. +Then I said, I shall die in my nest, and I shall multiply my days as the sand. +My root was spread out by the waters, and the dew lay all night upon my branch. +My glory was fresh in me, and my bow was renewed in my hand. +Unto me men gave ear, and waited, and kept silence at my counsel. +After my words they spake not again; and my speech dropped upon them. +And they waited for me as for the rain; and they opened their mouth wide as for the latter rain. +If I laughed on them, they believed it not; and the light of my countenance they cast not down. +I chose out their way, and sat chief, and dwelt as a king in the army, as one that comforteth the mourners. +But now they that are younger than I have me in derision, whose fathers I would have disdained to have set with the dogs of my flock. +Yea, whereto might the strength of their hands profit me, in whom old age was perished? +For want and famine they were solitary; fleeing into the wilderness in former time desolate and waste. +Who cut up mallows by the bushes, and juniper roots for their meat. +They were driven forth from among men, (they cried after them as after a thief;) +To dwell in the cliffs of the valleys, in caves of the earth, and in the rocks. +Among the bushes they brayed; under the nettles they were gathered together. +They were children of fools, yea, children of base men: they were viler than the earth. +And now am I their song, yea, I am their byword. +They abhor me, they flee far from me, and spare not to spit in my face. +Because he hath loosed my cord, and afflicted me, they have also let loose the bridle before me. +Upon my right hand rise the youth; they push away my feet, and they raise up against me the ways of their destruction. +They mar my path, they set forward my calamity, they have no helper. +They came upon me as a wide breaking in of waters: in the desolation they rolled themselves upon me. +Terrors are turned upon me: they pursue my soul as the wind: and my welfare passeth away as a cloud. +And now my soul is poured out upon me; the days of affliction have taken hold upon me. +My bones are pierced in me in the night season: and my sinews take no rest. +By the great force of my disease is my garment changed: it bindeth me about as the collar of my coat. +He hath cast me into the mire, and I am become like dust and ashes. +I cry unto thee, and thou dost not hear me: I stand up, and thou regardest me not. +Thou art become cruel to me: with thy strong hand thou opposest thyself against me. +Thou liftest me up to the wind; thou causest me to ride upon it, and dissolvest my substance. +For I know that thou wilt bring me to death, and to the house appointed for all living. +Howbeit he will not stretch out his hand to the grave, though they cry in his destruction. +Did not I weep for him that was in trouble? was not my soul grieved for the poor? +When I looked for good, then evil came unto me: and when I waited for light, there came darkness. +My bowels boiled, and rested not: the days of affliction prevented me. +I went mourning without the sun: I stood up, and I cried in the congregation. +I am a brother to dragons, and a companion to owls. +My skin is black upon me, and my bones are burned with heat. +My harp also is turned to mourning, and my organ into the voice of them that weep. +I made a covenant with mine eyes; why then should I think upon a maid? +For what portion of God is there from above? and what inheritance of the Almighty from on high? +Is not destruction to the wicked? and a strange punishment to the workers of iniquity? +Doth not he see my ways, and count all my steps? +If I have walked with vanity, or if my foot hath hasted to deceit; +Let me be weighed in an even balance that God may know mine integrity. +If my step hath turned out of the way, and mine heart walked after mine eyes, and if any blot hath cleaved to mine hands; +Then let me sow, and let another eat; yea, let my offspring be rooted out. +If mine heart have been deceived by a woman, or if I have laid wait at my neighbour's door; +Then let my wife grind unto another, and let others bow down upon her. +For this is an heinous crime; yea, it is an iniquity to be punished by the judges. +For it is a fire that consumeth to destruction, and would root out all mine increase. +If I did despise the cause of my manservant or of my maidservant, when they contended with me; +What then shall I do when God riseth up? and when he visiteth, what shall I answer him? +Did not he that made me in the womb make him? and did not one fashion us in the womb? +If I have withheld the poor from their desire, or have caused the eyes of the widow to fail; +Or have eaten my morsel myself alone, and the fatherless hath not eaten thereof; +(For from my youth he was brought up with me, as with a father, and I have guided her from my mother's womb;) +If I have seen any perish for want of clothing, or any poor without covering; +If his loins have not blessed me, and if he were not warmed with the fleece of my sheep; +If I have lifted up my hand against the fatherless, when I saw my help in the gate: +Then let mine arm fall from my shoulder blade, and mine arm be broken from the bone. +For destruction from God was a terror to me, and by reason of his highness I could not endure. +If I have made gold my hope, or have said to the fine gold, Thou art my confidence; +If I rejoice because my wealth was great, and because mine hand had gotten much; +If I beheld the sun when it shined, or the moon walking in brightness; +And my heart hath been secretly enticed, or my mouth hath kissed my hand: +This also were an iniquity to be punished by the judge: for I should have denied the God that is above. +If I rejoice at the destruction of him that hated me, or lifted up myself when evil found him: +Neither have I suffered my mouth to sin by wishing a curse to his soul. +If the men of my tabernacle said not, Oh that we had of his flesh! we cannot be satisfied. +The stranger did not lodge in the street: but I opened my doors to the traveller. +If I covered my transgressions as Adam, by hiding mine iniquity in my bosom: +Did I fear a great multitude, or did the contempt of families terrify me, that I kept silence, and went not out of the door? +Oh that one would hear me! behold, my desire is, that the Almighty would answer me, and that mine adversary had written a book. +Surely I would take it upon my shoulder, and bind it as a crown to me. +I would declare unto him the number of my steps; as a prince would I go near unto him. +If my land cry against me, or that the furrows likewise thereof complain; +If I have eaten the fruits thereof without money, or have caused the owners thereof to lose their life: +Let thistles grow instead of wheat, and cockle instead of barley. The words of Job are ended. +So these three men ceased to answer Job, because he was righteous in his own eyes. +Then was kindled the wrath of Elihu the son of Barachel the Buzite, of the kindred of Ram: against Job was his wrath kindled, because he justified himself rather than God. +Also against his three friends was his wrath kindled, because they had found no answer, and yet had condemned Job. +Now Elihu had waited till Job had spoken, because they were elder than he. +When Elihu saw that there was no answer in the mouth of these three men, then his wrath was kindled. +And Elihu the son of Barachel the Buzite answered and said, I am young, and ye are very old; wherefore I was afraid, and durst not shew you mine opinion. +I said, Days should speak, and multitude of years should teach wisdom. +But there is a spirit in man: and the inspiration of the Almighty giveth them understanding. +Great men are not always wise: neither do the aged understand judgment. +Therefore I said, Hearken to me; I also will shew mine opinion. +Behold, I waited for your words; I gave ear to your reasons, whilst ye searched out what to say. +Yea, I attended unto you, and, behold, there was none of you that convinced Job, or that answered his words: +Lest ye should say, We have found out wisdom: God thrusteth him down, not man. +Now he hath not directed his words against me: neither will I answer him with your speeches. +They were amazed, they answered no more: they left off speaking. +When I had waited, (for they spake not, but stood still, and answered no more;) +I said, I will answer also my part, I also will shew mine opinion. +For I am full of matter, the spirit within me constraineth me. +Behold, my belly is as wine which hath no vent; it is ready to burst like new bottles. +I will speak, that I may be refreshed: I will open my lips and answer. +Let me not, I pray you, accept any man's person, neither let me give flattering titles unto man. +For I know not to give flattering titles; in so doing my maker would soon take me away. +Wherefore, Job, I pray thee, hear my speeches, and hearken to all my words. +Behold, now I have opened my mouth, my tongue hath spoken in my mouth. +My words shall be of the uprightness of my heart: and my lips shall utter knowledge clearly. +The spirit of God hath made me, and the breath of the Almighty hath given me life. +If thou canst answer me, set thy words in order before me, stand up. +Behold, I am according to thy wish in God's stead: I also am formed out of the clay. +Behold, my terror shall not make thee afraid, neither shall my hand be heavy upon thee. +Surely thou hast spoken in mine hearing, and I have heard the voice of thy words, saying, +I am clean without transgression, I am innocent; neither is there iniquity in me. +Behold, he findeth occasions against me, he counteth me for his enemy, +He putteth my feet in the stocks, he marketh all my paths. +Behold, in this thou art not just: I will answer thee, that God is greater than man. +Why dost thou strive against him? for he giveth not account of any of his matters. +For God speaketh once, yea twice, yet man perceiveth it not. +In a dream, in a vision of the night, when deep sleep falleth upon men, in slumberings upon the bed; +Then he openeth the ears of men, and sealeth their instruction, +That he may withdraw man from his purpose, and hide pride from man. +He keepeth back his soul from the pit, and his life from perishing by the sword. +He is chastened also with pain upon his bed, and the multitude of his bones with strong pain: +So that his life abhorreth bread, and his soul dainty meat. +His flesh is consumed away, that it cannot be seen; and his bones that were not seen stick out. +Yea, his soul draweth near unto the grave, and his life to the destroyers. +If there be a messenger with him, an interpreter, one among a thousand, to shew unto man his uprightness: +Then he is gracious unto him, and saith, Deliver him from going down to the pit: I have found a ransom. +His flesh shall be fresher than a child's: he shall return to the days of his youth: +He shall pray unto God, and he will be favourable unto him: and he shall see his face with joy: for he will render unto man his righteousness. +He looketh upon men, and if any say, I have sinned, and perverted that which was right, and it profited me not; +He will deliver his soul from going into the pit, and his life shall see the light. +Lo, all these things worketh God oftentimes with man, +To bring back his soul from the pit, to be enlightened with the light of the living. +Mark well, O Job, hearken unto me: hold thy peace, and I will speak. +If thou hast anything to say, answer me: speak, for I desire to justify thee. +If not, hearken unto me: hold thy peace, and I shall teach thee wisdom. +Furthermore Elihu answered and said, +Hear my words, O ye wise men; and give ear unto me, ye that have knowledge. +For the ear trieth words, as the mouth tasteth meat. +Let us choose to us judgment: let us know among ourselves what is good. +For Job hath said, I am righteous: and God hath taken away my judgment. +Should I lie against my right? my wound is incurable without transgression. +What man is like Job, who drinketh up scorning like water? +Which goeth in company with the workers of iniquity, and walketh with wicked men. +For he hath said, It profiteth a man nothing that he should delight himself with God. +Therefore hearken unto me ye men of understanding: far be it from God, that he should do wickedness; and from the Almighty, that he should commit iniquity. +For the work of a man shall he render unto him, and cause every man to find according to his ways. +Yea, surely God will not do wickedly, neither will the Almighty pervert judgment. +Who hath given him a charge over the earth? or who hath disposed the whole world? +If he set his heart upon man, if he gather unto himself his spirit and his breath; +All flesh shall perish together, and man shall turn again unto dust. +If now thou hast understanding, hear this: hearken to the voice of my words. +Shall even he that hateth right govern? and wilt thou condemn him that is most just? +Is it fit to say to a king, Thou art wicked? and to princes, Ye are ungodly? +How much less to him that accepteth not the persons of princes, nor regardeth the rich more than the poor? for they all are the work of his hands. +In a moment shall they die, and the people shall be troubled at midnight, and pass away: and the mighty shall be taken away without hand. +For his eyes are upon the ways of man, and he seeth all his goings. +There is no darkness, nor shadow of death, where the workers of iniquity may hide themselves. +For he will not lay upon man more than right; that he should enter into judgment with God. +He shall break in pieces mighty men without number, and set others in their stead. +Therefore he knoweth their works, and he overturneth them in the night, so that they are destroyed. +He striketh them as wicked men in the open sight of others; +Because they turned back from him, and would not consider any of his ways: +So that they cause the cry of the poor to come unto him, and he heareth the cry of the afflicted. +When he giveth quietness, who then can make trouble? and when he hideth his face, who then can behold him? whether it be done against a nation, or against a man only: +That the hypocrite reign not, lest the people be ensnared. +Surely it is meet to be said unto God, I have borne chastisement, I will not offend any more: +That which I see not teach thou me: if I have done iniquity, I will do no more. +Should it be according to thy mind? he will recompense it, whether thou refuse, or whether thou choose; and not I: therefore speak what thou knowest. +Let men of understanding tell me, and let a wise man hearken unto me. +Job hath spoken without knowledge, and his words were without wisdom. +My desire is that Job may be tried unto the end because of his answers for wicked men. +For he addeth rebellion unto his sin, he clappeth his hands among us, and multiplieth his words against God. +Elihu spake moreover, and said, +Thinkest thou this to be right, that thou saidst, My righteousness is more than God's? +For thou saidst, What advantage will it be unto thee? and, What profit shall I have, if I be cleansed from my sin? +I will answer thee, and thy companions with thee. +Look unto the heavens, and see; and behold the clouds which are higher than thou. +If thou sinnest, what doest thou against him? or if thy transgressions be multiplied, what doest thou unto him? +If thou be righteous, what givest thou him? or what receiveth he of thine hand? +Thy wickedness may hurt a man as thou art; and thy righteousness may profit the son of man. +By reason of the multitude of oppressions they make the oppressed to cry: they cry out by reason of the arm of the mighty. +But none saith, Where is God my maker, who giveth songs in the night; +Who teacheth us more than the beasts of the earth, and maketh us wiser than the fowls of heaven? +There they cry, but none giveth answer, because of the pride of evil men. +Surely God will not hear vanity, neither will the Almighty regard it. +Although thou sayest thou shalt not see him, yet judgment is before him; therefore trust thou in him. +But now, because it is not so, he hath visited in his anger; yet he knoweth it not in great extremity: +Therefore doth Job open his mouth in vain; he multiplieth words without knowledge. +Elihu also proceeded, and said, +Suffer me a little, and I will shew thee that I have yet to speak on God's behalf. +I will fetch my knowledge from afar, and will ascribe righteousness to my Maker. +For truly my words shall not be false: he that is perfect in knowledge is with thee. +Behold, God is mighty, and despiseth not any: he is mighty in strength and wisdom. +He preserveth not the life of the wicked: but giveth right to the poor. +He withdraweth not his eyes from the righteous: but with kings are they on the throne; yea, he doth establish them for ever, and they are exalted. +And if they be bound in fetters, and be holden in cords of affliction; +Then he sheweth them their work, and their transgressions that they have exceeded. +He openeth also their ear to discipline, and commandeth that they return from iniquity. +If they obey and serve him, they shall spend their days in prosperity, and their years in pleasures. +But if they obey not, they shall perish by the sword, and they shall die without knowledge. +But the hypocrites in heart heap up wrath: they cry not when he bindeth them. +They die in youth, and their life is among the unclean. +He delivereth the poor in his affliction, and openeth their ears in oppression. +Even so would he have removed thee out of the strait into a broad place, where there is no straitness; and that which should be set on thy table should be full of fatness. +But thou hast fulfilled the judgment of the wicked: judgment and justice take hold on thee. +Because there is wrath, beware lest he take thee away with his stroke: then a great ransom cannot deliver thee. +Will he esteem thy riches? no, not gold, nor all the forces of strength. +Desire not the night, when people are cut off in their place. +Take heed, regard not iniquity: for this hast thou chosen rather than affliction. +Behold, God exalteth by his power: who teacheth like him? +Who hath enjoined him his way? or who can say, Thou hast wrought iniquity? +Remember that thou magnify his work, which men behold. +Every man may see it; man may behold it afar off. +Behold, God is great, and we know him not, neither can the number of his years be searched out. +For he maketh small the drops of water: they pour down rain according to the vapour thereof: +Which the clouds do drop and distil upon man abundantly. +Also can any understand the spreadings of the clouds, or the noise of his tabernacle? +Behold, he spreadeth his light upon it, and covereth the bottom of the sea. +For by them judgeth he the people; he giveth meat in abundance. +With clouds he covereth the light; and commandeth it not to shine by the cloud that cometh betwixt. +The noise thereof sheweth concerning it, the cattle also concerning the vapour. +At this also my heart trembleth, and is moved out of his place. +Hear attentively the noise of his voice, and the sound that goeth out of his mouth. +He directeth it under the whole heaven, and his lightning unto the ends of the earth. +After it a voice roareth: he thundereth with the voice of his excellency; and he will not stay them when his voice is heard. +God thundereth marvellously with his voice; great things doeth he, which we cannot comprehend. +For he saith to the snow, Be thou on the earth; likewise to the small rain, and to the great rain of his strength. +He sealeth up the hand of every man; that all men may know his work. +Then the beasts go into dens, and remain in their places. +Out of the south cometh the whirlwind: and cold out of the north. +By the breath of God frost is given: and the breadth of the waters is straitened. +Also by watering he wearieth the thick cloud: he scattereth his bright cloud: +And it is turned round about by his counsels: that they may do whatsoever he commandeth them upon the face of the world in the earth. +He causeth it to come, whether for correction, or for his land, or for mercy. +Hearken unto this, O Job: stand still, and consider the wondrous works of God. +Dost thou know when God disposed them, and caused the light of his cloud to shine? +Dost thou know the balancings of the clouds, the wondrous works of him which is perfect in knowledge? +How thy garments are warm, when he quieteth the earth by the south wind? +Hast thou with him spread out the sky, which is strong, and as a molten looking glass? +Teach us what we shall say unto him; for we cannot order our speech by reason of darkness. +Shall it be told him that I speak? if a man speak, surely he shall be swallowed up. +And now men see not the bright light which is in the clouds: but the wind passeth, and cleanseth them. +Fair weather cometh out of the north: with God is terrible majesty. +Touching the Almighty, we cannot find him out: he is excellent in power, and in judgment, and in plenty of justice: he will not afflict. +Men do therefore fear him: he respecteth not any that are wise of heart. +Then the LORD answered Job out of the whirlwind, and said, +Who is this that darkeneth counsel by words without knowledge? +Gird up now thy loins like a man; for I will demand of thee, and answer thou me. +Where wast thou when I laid the foundations of the earth? declare, if thou hast understanding. +Who hath laid the measures thereof, if thou knowest? or who hath stretched the line upon it? +Whereupon are the foundations thereof fastened? or who laid the corner stone thereof; +When the morning stars sang together, and all the sons of God shouted for joy? +Or who shut up the sea with doors, when it brake forth, as if it had issued out of the womb? +When I made the cloud the garment thereof, and thick darkness a swaddlingband for it, +And brake up for it my decreed place, and set bars and doors, +And said, Hitherto shalt thou come, but no further: and here shall thy proud waves be stayed? +Hast thou commanded the morning since thy days; and caused the dayspring to know his place; +That it might take hold of the ends of the earth, that the wicked might be shaken out of it? +It is turned as clay to the seal; and they stand as a garment. +And from the wicked their light is withholden, and the high arm shall be broken. +Hast thou entered into the springs of the sea? or hast thou walked in the search of the depth? +Have the gates of death been opened unto thee? or hast thou seen the doors of the shadow of death? +Hast thou perceived the breadth of the earth? declare if thou knowest it all. +Where is the way where light dwelleth? and as for darkness, where is the place thereof, +That thou shouldest take it to the bound thereof, and that thou shouldest know the paths to the house thereof? +Knowest thou it, because thou wast then born? or because the number of thy days is great? +Hast thou entered into the treasures of the snow? or hast thou seen the treasures of the hail, +Which I have reserved against the time of trouble, against the day of battle and war? +By what way is the light parted, which scattereth the east wind upon the earth? +Who hath divided a watercourse for the overflowing of waters, or a way for the lightning of thunder; +To cause it to rain on the earth, where no man is; on the wilderness, wherein there is no man; +To satisfy the desolate and waste ground; and to cause the bud of the tender herb to spring forth? +Hath the rain a father? or who hath begotten the drops of dew? +Out of whose womb came the ice? and the hoary frost of heaven, who hath gendered it? +The waters are hid as with a stone, and the face of the deep is frozen. +Canst thou bind the sweet influences of Pleiades, or loose the bands of Orion? +Canst thou bring forth Mazzaroth in his season? or canst thou guide Arcturus with his sons? +Knowest thou the ordinances of heaven? canst thou set the dominion thereof in the earth? +Canst thou lift up thy voice to the clouds, that abundance of waters may cover thee? +Canst thou send lightnings, that they may go and say unto thee, Here we are? +Who hath put wisdom in the inward parts? or who hath given understanding to the heart? +Who can number the clouds in wisdom? or who can stay the bottles of heaven, +When the dust groweth into hardness, and the clods cleave fast together? +Wilt thou hunt the prey for the lion? or fill the appetite of the young lions, +When they couch in their dens, and abide in the covert to lie in wait? +Who provideth for the raven his food? when his young ones cry unto God, they wander for lack of meat. +Knowest thou the time when the wild goats of the rock bring forth? or canst thou mark when the hinds do calve? +Canst thou number the months that they fulfil? or knowest thou the time when they bring forth? +They bow themselves, they bring forth their young ones, they cast out their sorrows. +Their young ones are in good liking, they grow up with corn; they go forth, and return not unto them. +Who hath sent out the wild ass free? or who hath loosed the bands of the wild ass? +Whose house I have made the wilderness, and the barren land his dwellings. +He scorneth the multitude of the city, neither regardeth he the crying of the driver. +The range of the mountains is his pasture, and he searcheth after every green thing. +Will the unicorn be willing to serve thee, or abide by thy crib? +Canst thou bind the unicorn with his band in the furrow? or will he harrow the valleys after thee? +Wilt thou trust him, because his strength is great? or wilt thou leave thy labour to him? +Wilt thou believe him, that he will bring home thy seed, and gather it into thy barn? +Gavest thou the goodly wings unto the peacocks? or wings and feathers unto the ostrich? +Which leaveth her eggs in the earth, and warmeth them in dust, +And forgetteth that the foot may crush them, or that the wild beast may break them. +She is hardened against her young ones, as though they were not her's: her labour is in vain without fear; +Because God hath deprived her of wisdom, neither hath he imparted to her understanding. +What time she lifteth up herself on high, she scorneth the horse and his rider. +Hast thou given the horse strength? hast thou clothed his neck with thunder? +Canst thou make him afraid as a grasshopper? the glory of his nostrils is terrible. +He paweth in the valley, and rejoiceth in his strength: he goeth on to meet the armed men. +He mocketh at fear, and is not affrighted; neither turneth he back from the sword. +The quiver rattleth against him, the glittering spear and the shield. +He swalloweth the ground with fierceness and rage: neither believeth he that it is the sound of the trumpet. +He saith among the trumpets, Ha, ha; and he smelleth the battle afar off, the thunder of the captains, and the shouting. +Doth the hawk fly by thy wisdom, and stretch her wings toward the south? +Doth the eagle mount up at thy command, and make her nest on high? +She dwelleth and abideth on the rock, upon the crag of the rock, and the strong place. +From thence she seeketh the prey, and her eyes behold afar off. +Her young ones also suck up blood: and where the slain are, there is she. +Moreover the LORD answered Job, and said, +Shall he that contendeth with the Almighty instruct him? he that reproveth God, let him answer it. +Then Job answered the LORD, and said, +Behold, I am vile; what shall I answer thee? I will lay mine hand upon my mouth. +Once have I spoken; but I will not answer: yea, twice; but I will proceed no further. +Then answered the LORD unto Job out of the whirlwind, and said, +Gird up thy loins now like a man: I will demand of thee, and declare thou unto me. +Wilt thou also disannul my judgment? wilt thou condemn me, that thou mayest be righteous? +Hast thou an arm like God? or canst thou thunder with a voice like him? +Deck thyself now with majesty and excellency; and array thyself with glory and beauty. +Cast abroad the rage of thy wrath: and behold every one that is proud, and abase him. +Look on every one that is proud, and bring him low; and tread down the wicked in their place. +Hide them in the dust together; and bind their faces in secret. +Then will I also confess unto thee that thine own right hand can save thee. +Behold now behemoth, which I made with thee; he eateth grass as an ox. +Lo now, his strength is in his loins, and his force is in the navel of his belly. +He moveth his tail like a cedar: the sinews of his stones are wrapped together. +His bones are as strong pieces of brass; his bones are like bars of iron. +He is the chief of the ways of God: he that made him can make his sword to approach unto him. +Surely the mountains bring him forth food, where all the beasts of the field play. +He lieth under the shady trees, in the covert of the reed, and fens. +The shady trees cover him with their shadow; the willows of the brook compass him about. +Behold, he drinketh up a river, and hasteth not: he trusteth that he can draw up Jordan into his mouth. +He taketh it with his eyes: his nose pierceth through snares. +Canst thou draw out leviathan with an hook? or his tongue with a cord which thou lettest down? +Canst thou put an hook into his nose? or bore his jaw through with a thorn? +Will he make many supplications unto thee? will he speak soft words unto thee? +Will he make a covenant with thee? wilt thou take him for a servant for ever? +Wilt thou play with him as with a bird? or wilt thou bind him for thy maidens? +Shall the companions make a banquet of him? shall they part him among the merchants? +Canst thou fill his skin with barbed irons? or his head with fish spears? +Lay thine hand upon him, remember the battle, do no more. +Behold, the hope of him is in vain: shall not one be cast down even at the sight of him? +None is so fierce that dare stir him up: who then is able to stand before me? +Who hath prevented me, that I should repay him? whatsoever is under the whole heaven is mine. +I will not conceal his parts, nor his power, nor his comely proportion. +Who can discover the face of his garment? or who can come to him with his double bridle? +Who can open the doors of his face? his teeth are terrible round about. +His scales are his pride, shut up together as with a close seal. +One is so near to another, that no air can come between them. +They are joined one to another, they stick together, that they cannot be sundered. +By his neesings a light doth shine, and his eyes are like the eyelids of the morning. +Out of his mouth go burning lamps, and sparks of fire leap out. +Out of his nostrils goeth smoke, as out of a seething pot or caldron. +His breath kindleth coals, and a flame goeth out of his mouth. +In his neck remaineth strength, and sorrow is turned into joy before him. +The flakes of his flesh are joined together: they are firm in themselves; they cannot be moved. +His heart is as firm as a stone; yea, as hard as a piece of the nether millstone. +When he raiseth up himself, the mighty are afraid: by reason of breakings they purify themselves. +The sword of him that layeth at him cannot hold: the spear, the dart, nor the habergeon. +He esteemeth iron as straw, and brass as rotten wood. +The arrow cannot make him flee: slingstones are turned with him into stubble. +Darts are counted as stubble: he laugheth at the shaking of a spear. +Sharp stones are under him: he spreadeth sharp pointed things upon the mire. +He maketh the deep to boil like a pot: he maketh the sea like a pot of ointment. +He maketh a path to shine after him; one would think the deep to be hoary. +Upon earth there is not his like, who is made without fear. +He beholdeth all high things: he is a king over all the children of pride. +Then Job answered the LORD, and said, +I know that thou canst do every thing, and that no thought can be withholden from thee. +Who is he that hideth counsel without knowledge? therefore have I uttered that I understood not; things too wonderful for me, which I knew not. +Hear, I beseech thee, and I will speak: I will demand of thee, and declare thou unto me. +I have heard of thee by the hearing of the ear: but now mine eye seeth thee. +Wherefore I abhor myself, and repent in dust and ashes. +And it was so, that after the LORD had spoken these words unto Job, the LORD said to Eliphaz the Temanite, My wrath is kindled against thee, and against thy two friends: for ye have not spoken of me the thing that is right, as my servant Job hath. +Therefore take unto you now seven bullocks and seven rams, and go to my servant Job, and offer up for yourselves a burnt offering; and my servant Job shall pray for you: for him will I accept: lest I deal with you after your folly, in that ye have not spoken of me the thing which is right, like my servant Job. +So Eliphaz the Temanite and Bildad the Shuhite and Zophar the Naamathite went, and did according as the LORD commanded them: the LORD also accepted Job. +And the LORD turned the captivity of Job, when he prayed for his friends: also the LORD gave Job twice as much as he had before. +Then came there unto him all his brethren, and all his sisters, and all they that had been of his acquaintance before, and did eat bread with him in his house: and they bemoaned him, and comforted him over all the evil that the LORD had brought upon him: every man also gave him a piece of money, and every one an earring of gold. +So the LORD blessed the latter end of Job more than his beginning: for he had fourteen thousand sheep, and six thousand camels, and a thousand yoke of oxen, and a thousand she asses. +He had also seven sons and three daughters. +And he called the name of the first, Jemima; and the name of the second, Kezia; and the name of the third, Kerenhappuch. +And in all the land were no women found so fair as the daughters of Job: and their father gave them inheritance among their brethren. +After this lived Job an hundred and forty years, and saw his sons, and his sons' sons, even four generations. +So Job died, being old and full of days. +Blessed is the man that walketh not in the counsel of the ungodly, nor standeth in the way of sinners, nor sitteth in the seat of the scornful. +But his delight is in the law of the LORD; and in his law doth he meditate day and night. +And he shall be like a tree planted by the rivers of water, that bringeth forth his fruit in his season; his leaf also shall not wither; and whatsoever he doeth shall prosper. +The ungodly are not so: but are like the chaff which the wind driveth away. +Therefore the ungodly shall not stand in the judgment, nor sinners in the congregation of the righteous. +For the LORD knoweth the way of the righteous: but the way of the ungodly shall perish. +Why do the heathen rage, and the people imagine a vain thing? +The kings of the earth set themselves, and the rulers take counsel together, against the LORD, and against his anointed, saying, +Let us break their bands asunder, and cast away their cords from us. +He that sitteth in the heavens shall laugh: the LORD shall have them in derision. +Then shall he speak unto them in his wrath, and vex them in his sore displeasure. +Yet have I set my king upon my holy hill of Zion. +I will declare the decree: the LORD hath said unto me, Thou art my Son; this day have I begotten thee. +Ask of me, and I shall give thee the heathen for thine inheritance, and the uttermost parts of the earth for thy possession. +Thou shalt break them with a rod of iron; thou shalt dash them in pieces like a potter's vessel. +Be wise now therefore, O ye kings: be instructed, ye judges of the earth. +Serve the LORD with fear, and rejoice with trembling. +Kiss the Son, lest he be angry, and ye perish from the way, when his wrath is kindled but a little. Blessed are all they that put their trust in him. +Lord, how are they increased that trouble me! many are they that rise up against me. +Many there be which say of my soul, There is no help for him in God. Selah. +But thou, O LORD, art a shield for me; my glory, and the lifter up of mine head. +I cried unto the LORD with my voice, and he heard me out of his holy hill. Selah. +I laid me down and slept; I awaked; for the LORD sustained me. +I will not be afraid of ten thousands of people, that have set themselves against me round about. +Arise, O LORD; save me, O my God: for thou hast smitten all mine enemies upon the cheek bone; thou hast broken the teeth of the ungodly. +Salvation belongeth unto the LORD: thy blessing is upon thy people. Selah. +Hear me when I call, O God of my righteousness: thou hast enlarged me when I was in distress; have mercy upon me, and hear my prayer. +O ye sons of men, how long will ye turn my glory into shame? how long will ye love vanity, and seek after leasing? Selah. +But know that the LORD hath set apart him that is godly for himself: the LORD will hear when I call unto him. +Stand in awe, and sin not: commune with your own heart upon your bed, and be still. Selah. +Offer the sacrifices of righteousness, and put your trust in the LORD. +There be many that say, Who will shew us any good? LORD, lift thou up the light of thy countenance upon us. +Thou hast put gladness in my heart, more than in the time that their corn and their wine increased. +I will both lay me down in peace, and sleep: for thou, LORD, only makest me dwell in safety. +Give ear to my words, O LORD, consider my meditation. +Hearken unto the voice of my cry, my King, and my God: for unto thee will I pray. +My voice shalt thou hear in the morning, O LORD; in the morning will I direct my prayer unto thee, and will look up. +For thou art not a God that hath pleasure in wickedness: neither shall evil dwell with thee. +The foolish shall not stand in thy sight: thou hatest all workers of iniquity. +Thou shalt destroy them that speak leasing: the LORD will abhor the bloody and deceitful man. +But as for me, I will come into thy house in the multitude of thy mercy: and in thy fear will I worship toward thy holy temple. +Lead me, O LORD, in thy righteousness because of mine enemies; make thy way straight before my face. +For there is no faithfulness in their mouth; their inward part is very wickedness; their throat is an open sepulchre; they flatter with their tongue. +Destroy thou them, O God; let them fall by their own counsels; cast them out in the multitude of their transgressions; for they have rebelled against thee. +But let all those that put their trust in thee rejoice: let them ever shout for joy, because thou defendest them: let them also that love thy name be joyful in thee. +For thou, LORD, wilt bless the righteous; with favour wilt thou compass him as with a shield. +O LORD, rebuke me not in thine anger, neither chasten me in thy hot displeasure. +Have mercy upon me, O LORD; for I am weak: O LORD, heal me; for my bones are vexed. +My soul is also sore vexed: but thou, O LORD, how long? +Return, O LORD, deliver my soul: oh save me for thy mercies' sake. +For in death there is no remembrance of thee: in the grave who shall give thee thanks? +I am weary with my groaning; all the night make I my bed to swim; I water my couch with my tears. +Mine eye is consumed because of grief; it waxeth old because of all mine enemies. +Depart from me, all ye workers of iniquity; for the LORD hath heard the voice of my weeping. +The LORD hath heard my supplication; the LORD will receive my prayer. +Let all mine enemies be ashamed and sore vexed: let them return and be ashamed suddenly. +O LORD my God, in thee do I put my trust: save me from all them that persecute me, and deliver me: +Lest he tear my soul like a lion, rending it in pieces, while there is none to deliver. +O LORD my God, If I have done this; if there be iniquity in my hands; +If I have rewarded evil unto him that was at peace with me; (yea, I have delivered him that without cause is mine enemy:) +Let the enemy persecute my soul, and take it; yea, let him tread down my life upon the earth, and lay mine honour in the dust. Selah. +Arise, O LORD, in thine anger, lift up thyself because of the rage of mine enemies: and awake for me to the judgment that thou hast commanded. +So shall the congregation of the people compass thee about: for their sakes therefore return thou on high. +The LORD shall judge the people: judge me, O LORD, according to my righteousness, and according to mine integrity that is in me. +Oh let the wickedness of the wicked come to an end; but establish the just: for the righteous God trieth the hearts and reins. +My defence is of God, which saveth the upright in heart. +God judgeth the righteous, and God is angry with the wicked every day. +If he turn not, he will whet his sword; he hath bent his bow, and made it ready. +He hath also prepared for him the instruments of death; he ordaineth his arrows against the persecutors. +Behold, he travaileth with iniquity, and hath conceived mischief, and brought forth falsehood. +He made a pit, and digged it, and is fallen into the ditch which he made. +His mischief shall return upon his own head, and his violent dealing shall come down upon his own pate. +I will praise the LORD according to his righteousness: and will sing praise to the name of the LORD most high. +O LORD, our Lord, how excellent is thy name in all the earth! who hast set thy glory above the heavens. +Out of the mouth of babes and sucklings hast thou ordained strength because of thine enemies, that thou mightest still the enemy and the avenger. +When I consider thy heavens, the work of thy fingers, the moon and the stars, which thou hast ordained; +What is man, that thou art mindful of him? and the son of man, that thou visitest him? +For thou hast made him a little lower than the angels, and hast crowned him with glory and honour. +Thou madest him to have dominion over the works of thy hands; thou hast put all things under his feet: +All sheep and oxen, yea, and the beasts of the field; +The fowl of the air, and the fish of the sea, and whatsoever passeth through the paths of the seas. +O LORD our Lord, how excellent is thy name in all the earth! +I will praise thee, O LORD, with my whole heart; I will shew forth all thy marvellous works. +I will be glad and rejoice in thee: I will sing praise to thy name, O thou most High. +When mine enemies are turned back, they shall fall and perish at thy presence. +For thou hast maintained my right and my cause; thou satest in the throne judging right. +Thou hast rebuked the heathen, thou hast destroyed the wicked, thou hast put out their name for ever and ever. +O thou enemy, destructions are come to a perpetual end: and thou hast destroyed cities; their memorial is perished with them. +But the LORD shall endure for ever: he hath prepared his throne for judgment. +And he shall judge the world in righteousness, he shall minister judgment to the people in uprightness. +The LORD also will be a refuge for the oppressed, a refuge in times of trouble. +And they that know thy name will put their trust in thee: for thou, LORD, hast not forsaken them that seek thee. +Sing praises to the LORD, which dwelleth in Zion: declare among the people his doings. +When he maketh inquisition for blood, he remembereth them: he forgetteth not the cry of the humble. +Have mercy upon me, O LORD; consider my trouble which I suffer of them that hate me, thou that liftest me up from the gates of death: +That I may shew forth all thy praise in the gates of the daughter of Zion: I will rejoice in thy salvation. +The heathen are sunk down in the pit that they made: in the net which they hid is their own foot taken. +The LORD is known by the judgment which he executeth: the wicked is snared in the work of his own hands. Higgaion. Selah. +The wicked shall be turned into hell, and all the nations that forget God. +For the needy shall not alway be forgotten: the expectation of the poor shall not perish for ever. +Arise, O LORD; let not man prevail: let the heathen be judged in thy sight. +Put them in fear, O LORD: that the nations may know themselves to be but men. Selah. +Why standest thou afar off, O LORD? why hidest thou thyself in times of trouble? +The wicked in his pride doth persecute the poor: let them be taken in the devices that they have imagined. +For the wicked boasteth of his heart's desire, and blesseth the covetous, whom the LORD abhorreth. +The wicked, through the pride of his countenance, will not seek after God: God is not in all his thoughts. +His ways are always grievous; thy judgments are far above out of his sight: as for all his enemies, he puffeth at them. +He hath said in his heart, I shall not be moved: for I shall never be in adversity. +His mouth is full of cursing and deceit and fraud: under his tongue is mischief and vanity. +He sitteth in the lurking places of the villages: in the secret places doth he murder the innocent: his eyes are privily set against the poor. +He lieth in wait secretly as a lion in his den: he lieth in wait to catch the poor: he doth catch the poor, when he draweth him into his net. +He croucheth, and humbleth himself, that the poor may fall by his strong ones. +He hath said in his heart, God hath forgotten: he hideth his face; he will never see it. +Arise, O LORD; O God, lift up thine hand: forget not the humble. +Wherefore doth the wicked contemn God? he hath said in his heart, Thou wilt not require it. +Thou hast seen it; for thou beholdest mischief and spite, to requite it with thy hand: the poor committeth himself unto thee; thou art the helper of the fatherless. +Break thou the arm of the wicked and the evil man: seek out his wickedness till thou find none. +The LORD is King for ever and ever: the heathen are perished out of his land. +LORD, thou hast heard the desire of the humble: thou wilt prepare their heart, thou wilt cause thine ear to hear: +To judge the fatherless and the oppressed, that the man of the earth may no more oppress. +In the LORD put I my trust: how say ye to my soul, Flee as a bird to your mountain? +For, lo, the wicked bend their bow, they make ready their arrow upon the string, that they may privily shoot at the upright in heart. +If the foundations be destroyed, what can the righteous do? +The LORD is in his holy temple, the LORD's throne is in heaven: his eyes behold, his eyelids try, the children of men. +The LORD trieth the righteous: but the wicked and him that loveth violence his soul hateth. +Upon the wicked he shall rain snares, fire and brimstone, and an horrible tempest: this shall be the portion of their cup. +For the righteous LORD loveth righteousness; his countenance doth behold the upright. +Help, LORD; for the godly man ceaseth; for the faithful fail from among the children of men. +They speak vanity every one with his neighbour: with flattering lips and with a double heart do they speak. +The LORD shall cut off all flattering lips, and the tongue that speaketh proud things: +Who have said, With our tongue will we prevail; our lips are our own: who is lord over us? +For the oppression of the poor, for the sighing of the needy, now will I arise, saith the LORD; I will set him in safety from him that puffeth at him. +The words of the LORD are pure words: as silver tried in a furnace of earth, purified seven times. +Thou shalt keep them, O LORD, thou shalt preserve them from this generation for ever. +The wicked walk on every side, when the vilest men are exalted. +How long wilt thou forget me, O LORD? for ever? how long wilt thou hide thy face from me? +How long shall I take counsel in my soul, having sorrow in my heart daily? how long shall mine enemy be exalted over me? +Consider and hear me, O LORD my God: lighten mine eyes, lest I sleep the sleep of death; +Lest mine enemy say, I have prevailed against him; and those that trouble me rejoice when I am moved. +But I have trusted in thy mercy; my heart shall rejoice in thy salvation. +I will sing unto the LORD, because he hath dealt bountifully with me. +The fool hath said in his heart, There is no God. They are corrupt, they have done abominable works, there is none that doeth good. +The LORD looked down from heaven upon the children of men, to see if there were any that did understand, and seek God. +They are all gone aside, they are all together become filthy: there is none that doeth good, no, not one. +Have all the workers of iniquity no knowledge? who eat up my people as they eat bread, and call not upon the LORD. +There were they in great fear: for God is in the generation of the righteous. +Ye have shamed the counsel of the poor, because the LORD is his refuge. +Oh that the salvation of Israel were come out of Zion! when the LORD bringeth back the captivity of his people, Jacob shall rejoice, and Israel shall be glad. +Lord, who shall abide in thy tabernacle? who shall dwell in thy holy hill? +He that walketh uprightly, and worketh righteousness, and speaketh the truth in his heart. +He that backbiteth not with his tongue, nor doeth evil to his neighbour, nor taketh up a reproach against his neighbour. +In whose eyes a vile person is contemned; but he honoureth them that fear the LORD. He that sweareth to his own hurt, and changeth not. +He that putteth not out his money to usury, nor taketh reward against the innocent. He that doeth these things shall never be moved. +Preserve me, O God: for in thee do I put my trust. +O my soul, thou hast said unto the LORD, Thou art my Lord: my goodness extendeth not to thee; +But to the saints that are in the earth, and to the excellent, in whom is all my delight. +Their sorrows shall be multiplied that hasten after another god: their drink offerings of blood will I not offer, nor take up their names into my lips. +The LORD is the portion of mine inheritance and of my cup: thou maintainest my lot. +The lines are fallen unto me in pleasant places; yea, I have a goodly heritage. +I will bless the LORD, who hath given me counsel: my reins also instruct me in the night seasons. +I have set the LORD always before me: because he is at my right hand, I shall not be moved. +Therefore my heart is glad, and my glory rejoiceth: my flesh also shall rest in hope. +For thou wilt not leave my soul in hell; neither wilt thou suffer thine Holy One to see corruption. +Thou wilt shew me the path of life: in thy presence is fulness of joy; at thy right hand there are pleasures for evermore. +Hear the right, O LORD, attend unto my cry, give ear unto my prayer, that goeth not out of feigned lips. +Let my sentence come forth from thy presence; let thine eyes behold the things that are equal. +Thou hast proved mine heart; thou hast visited me in the night; thou hast tried me, and shalt find nothing; I am purposed that my mouth shall not transgress. +Concerning the works of men, by the word of thy lips I have kept me from the paths of the destroyer. +Hold up my goings in thy paths, that my footsteps slip not. +I have called upon thee, for thou wilt hear me, O God: incline thine ear unto me, and hear my speech. +Shew thy marvellous lovingkindness, O thou that savest by thy right hand them which put their trust in thee from those that rise up against them. +Keep me as the apple of the eye, hide me under the shadow of thy wings, +From the wicked that oppress me, from my deadly enemies, who compass me about. +They are inclosed in their own fat: with their mouth they speak proudly. +They have now compassed us in our steps: they have set their eyes bowing down to the earth; +Like as a lion that is greedy of his prey, and as it were a young lion lurking in secret places. +Arise, O LORD, disappoint him, cast him down: deliver my soul from the wicked, which is thy sword: +From men which are thy hand, O LORD, from men of the world, which have their portion in this life, and whose belly thou fillest with thy hid treasure: they are full of children, and leave the rest of their substance to their babes. +As for me, I will behold thy face in righteousness: I shall be satisfied, when I awake, with thy likeness. +I will love thee, O LORD, my strength. +The LORD is my rock, and my fortress, and my deliverer; my God, my strength, in whom I will trust; my buckler, and the horn of my salvation, and my high tower. +I will call upon the LORD, who is worthy to be praised: so shall I be saved from mine enemies. +The sorrows of death compassed me, and the floods of ungodly men made me afraid. +The sorrows of hell compassed me about: the snares of death prevented me. +In my distress I called upon the LORD, and cried unto my God: he heard my voice out of his temple, and my cry came before him, even into his ears. +Then the earth shook and trembled; the foundations also of the hills moved and were shaken, because he was wroth. +There went up a smoke out of his nostrils, and fire out of his mouth devoured: coals were kindled by it. +He bowed the heavens also, and came down: and darkness was under his feet. +And he rode upon a cherub, and did fly: yea, he did fly upon the wings of the wind. +He made darkness his secret place; his pavilion round about him were dark waters and thick clouds of the skies. +At the brightness that was before him his thick clouds passed, hail stones and coals of fire. +The LORD also thundered in the heavens, and the Highest gave his voice; hail stones and coals of fire. +Yea, he sent out his arrows, and scattered them; and he shot out lightnings, and discomfited them. +Then the channels of waters were seen, and the foundations of the world were discovered at thy rebuke, O LORD, at the blast of the breath of thy nostrils. +He sent from above, he took me, he drew me out of many waters. +He delivered me from my strong enemy, and from them which hated me: for they were too strong for me. +They prevented me in the day of my calamity: but the LORD was my stay. +He brought me forth also into a large place; he delivered me, because he delighted in me. +The LORD rewarded me according to my righteousness; according to the cleanness of my hands hath he recompensed me. +For I have kept the ways of the LORD, and have not wickedly departed from my God. +For all his judgments were before me, and I did not put away his statutes from me. +I was also upright before him, and I kept myself from mine iniquity. +Therefore hath the LORD recompensed me according to my righteousness, according to the cleanness of my hands in his eyesight. +With the merciful thou wilt shew thyself merciful; with an upright man thou wilt shew thyself upright; +With the pure thou wilt shew thyself pure; and with the froward thou wilt shew thyself froward. +For thou wilt save the afflicted people; but wilt bring down high looks. +For thou wilt light my candle: the LORD my God will enlighten my darkness. +For by thee I have run through a troop; and by my God have I leaped over a wall. +As for God, his way is perfect: the word of the LORD is tried: he is a buckler to all those that trust in him. +For who is God save the LORD? or who is a rock save our God? +It is God that girdeth me with strength, and maketh my way perfect. +He maketh my feet like hinds' feet, and setteth me upon my high places. +He teacheth my hands to war, so that a bow of steel is broken by mine arms. +Thou hast also given me the shield of thy salvation: and thy right hand hath holden me up, and thy gentleness hath made me great. +Thou hast enlarged my steps under me, that my feet did not slip. +I have pursued mine enemies, and overtaken them: neither did I turn again till they were consumed. +I have wounded them that they were not able to rise: they are fallen under my feet. +For thou hast girded me with strength unto the battle: thou hast subdued under me those that rose up against me. +Thou hast also given me the necks of mine enemies; that I might destroy them that hate me. +They cried, but there was none to save them: even unto the LORD, but he answered them not. +Then did I beat them small as the dust before the wind: I did cast them out as the dirt in the streets. +Thou hast delivered me from the strivings of the people; and thou hast made me the head of the heathen: a people whom I have not known shall serve me. +As soon as they hear of me, they shall obey me: the strangers shall submit themselves unto me. +The strangers shall fade away, and be afraid out of their close places. +The LORD liveth; and blessed be my rock; and let the God of my salvation be exalted. +It is God that avengeth me, and subdueth the people under me. +He delivereth me from mine enemies: yea, thou liftest me up above those that rise up against me: thou hast delivered me from the violent man. +Therefore will I give thanks unto thee, O LORD, among the heathen, and sing praises unto thy name. +Great deliverance giveth he to his king; and sheweth mercy to his anointed, to David, and to his seed for evermore. +The heavens declare the glory of God; and the firmament sheweth his handywork. +Day unto day uttereth speech, and night unto night sheweth knowledge. +There is no speech nor language, where their voice is not heard. +Their line is gone out through all the earth, and their words to the end of the world. In them hath he set a tabernacle for the sun, +Which is as a bridegroom coming out of his chamber, and rejoiceth as a strong man to run a race. +His going forth is from the end of the heaven, and his circuit unto the ends of it: and there is nothing hid from the heat thereof. +The law of the LORD is perfect, converting the soul: the testimony of the LORD is sure, making wise the simple. +The statutes of the LORD are right, rejoicing the heart: the commandment of the LORD is pure, enlightening the eyes. +The fear of the LORD is clean, enduring for ever: the judgments of the LORD are true and righteous altogether. +More to be desired are they than gold, yea, than much fine gold: sweeter also than honey and the honeycomb. +Moreover by them is thy servant warned: and in keeping of them there is great reward. +Who can understand his errors? cleanse thou me from secret faults. +Keep back thy servant also from presumptuous sins; let them not have dominion over me: then shall I be upright, and I shall be innocent from the great transgression. +Let the words of my mouth, and the meditation of my heart, be acceptable in thy sight, O LORD, my strength, and my redeemer. +The LORD hear thee in the day of trouble; the name of the God of Jacob defend thee; +Send thee help from the sanctuary, and strengthen thee out of Zion; +Remember all thy offerings, and accept thy burnt sacrifice; Selah. +Grant thee according to thine own heart, and fulfil all thy counsel. +We will rejoice in thy salvation, and in the name of our God we will set up our banners: the LORD fulfil all thy petitions. +Now know I that the LORD saveth his anointed; he will hear him from his holy heaven with the saving strength of his right hand. +Some trust in chariots, and some in horses: but we will remember the name of the LORD our God. +They are brought down and fallen: but we are risen, and stand upright. +Save, LORD: let the king hear us when we call. +The king shall joy in thy strength, O LORD; and in thy salvation how greatly shall he rejoice! +Thou hast given him his heart's desire, and hast not withholden the request of his lips. Selah. +For thou preventest him with the blessings of goodness: thou settest a crown of pure gold on his head. +He asked life of thee, and thou gavest it him, even length of days for ever and ever. +His glory is great in thy salvation: honour and majesty hast thou laid upon him. +For thou hast made him most blessed for ever: thou hast made him exceeding glad with thy countenance. +For the king trusteth in the LORD, and through the mercy of the most High he shall not be moved. +Thine hand shall find out all thine enemies: thy right hand shall find out those that hate thee. +Thou shalt make them as a fiery oven in the time of thine anger: the LORD shall swallow them up in his wrath, and the fire shall devour them. +Their fruit shalt thou destroy from the earth, and their seed from among the children of men. +For they intended evil against thee: they imagined a mischievous device, which they are not able to perform. +Therefore shalt thou make them turn their back, when thou shalt make ready thine arrows upon thy strings against the face of them. +Be thou exalted, LORD, in thine own strength: so will we sing and praise thy power. +My God, my God, why hast thou forsaken me? why art thou so far from helping me, and from the words of my roaring? +O my God, I cry in the day time, but thou hearest not; and in the night season, and am not silent. +But thou art holy, O thou that inhabitest the praises of Israel. +Our fathers trusted in thee: they trusted, and thou didst deliver them. +They cried unto thee, and were delivered: they trusted in thee, and were not confounded. +But I am a worm, and no man; a reproach of men, and despised of the people. +All they that see me laugh me to scorn: they shoot out the lip, they shake the head, saying, +He trusted on the LORD that he would deliver him: let him deliver him, seeing he delighted in him. +But thou art he that took me out of the womb: thou didst make me hope when I was upon my mother's breasts. +I was cast upon thee from the womb: thou art my God from my mother's belly. +Be not far from me; for trouble is near; for there is none to help. +Many bulls have compassed me: strong bulls of Bashan have beset me round. +They gaped upon me with their mouths, as a ravening and a roaring lion. +I am poured out like water, and all my bones are out of joint: my heart is like wax; it is melted in the midst of my bowels. +My strength is dried up like a potsherd; and my tongue cleaveth to my jaws; and thou hast brought me into the dust of death. +For dogs have compassed me: the assembly of the wicked have inclosed me: they pierced my hands and my feet. +I may tell all my bones: they look and stare upon me. +They part my garments among them, and cast lots upon my vesture. +But be not thou far from me, O LORD: O my strength, haste thee to help me. +Deliver my soul from the sword; my darling from the power of the dog. +Save me from the lion's mouth: for thou hast heard me from the horns of the unicorns. +I will declare thy name unto my brethren: in the midst of the congregation will I praise thee. +Ye that fear the LORD, praise him; all ye the seed of Jacob, glorify him; and fear him, all ye the seed of Israel. +For he hath not despised nor abhorred the affliction of the afflicted; neither hath he hid his face from him; but when he cried unto him, he heard. +My praise shall be of thee in the great congregation: I will pay my vows before them that fear him. +The meek shall eat and be satisfied: they shall praise the LORD that seek him: your heart shall live for ever. +All the ends of the world shall remember and turn unto the LORD: and all the kindreds of the nations shall worship before thee. +For the kingdom is the LORD's: and he is the governor among the nations. +All they that be fat upon earth shall eat and worship: all they that go down to the dust shall bow before him: and none can keep alive his own soul. +A seed shall serve him; it shall be accounted to the Lord for a generation. +They shall come, and shall declare his righteousness unto a people that shall be born, that he hath done this. +The LORD is my shepherd; I shall not want. +He maketh me to lie down in green pastures: he leadeth me beside the still waters. +He restoreth my soul: he leadeth me in the paths of righteousness for his name's sake. +Yea, though I walk through the valley of the shadow of death, I will fear no evil: for thou art with me; thy rod and thy staff they comfort me. +Thou preparest a table before me in the presence of mine enemies: thou anointest my head with oil; my cup runneth over. +Surely goodness and mercy shall follow me all the days of my life: and I will dwell in the house of the LORD for ever. +The earth is the LORD's, and the fulness thereof; the world, and they that dwell therein. +For he hath founded it upon the seas, and established it upon the floods. +Who shall ascend into the hill of the LORD? or who shall stand in his holy place? +He that hath clean hands, and a pure heart; who hath not lifted up his soul unto vanity, nor sworn deceitfully. +He shall receive the blessing from the LORD, and righteousness from the God of his salvation. +This is the generation of them that seek him, that seek thy face, O Jacob. Selah. +Lift up your heads, O ye gates; and be ye lift up, ye everlasting doors; and the King of glory shall come in. +Who is this King of glory? The LORD strong and mighty, the LORD mighty in battle. +Lift up your heads, O ye gates; even lift them up, ye everlasting doors; and the King of glory shall come in. +Who is this King of glory? The LORD of hosts, he is the King of glory. Selah. +Unto thee, O LORD, do I lift up my soul. +O my God, I trust in thee: let me not be ashamed, let not mine enemies triumph over me. +Yea, let none that wait on thee be ashamed: let them be ashamed which transgress without cause. +Shew me thy ways, O LORD; teach me thy paths. +Lead me in thy truth, and teach me: for thou art the God of my salvation; on thee do I wait all the day. +Remember, O LORD, thy tender mercies and thy lovingkindnesses; for they have been ever of old. +Remember not the sins of my youth, nor my transgressions: according to thy mercy remember thou me for thy goodness' sake, O LORD. +Good and upright is the LORD: therefore will he teach sinners in the way. +The meek will he guide in judgment: and the meek will he teach his way. +All the paths of the LORD are mercy and truth unto such as keep his covenant and his testimonies. +For thy name's sake, O LORD, pardon mine iniquity; for it is great. +What man is he that feareth the LORD? him shall he teach in the way that he shall choose. +His soul shall dwell at ease; and his seed shall inherit the earth. +The secret of the LORD is with them that fear him; and he will shew them his covenant. +Mine eyes are ever toward the LORD; for he shall pluck my feet out of the net. +Turn thee unto me, and have mercy upon me; for I am desolate and afflicted. +The troubles of my heart are enlarged: O bring thou me out of my distresses. +Look upon mine affliction and my pain; and forgive all my sins. +Consider mine enemies; for they are many; and they hate me with cruel hatred. +O keep my soul, and deliver me: let me not be ashamed; for I put my trust in thee. +Let integrity and uprightness preserve me; for I wait on thee. +Redeem Israel, O God, out of all his troubles. +Judge me, O LORD; for I have walked in mine integrity: I have trusted also in the LORD; therefore I shall not slide. +Examine me, O LORD, and prove me; try my reins and my heart. +For thy lovingkindness is before mine eyes: and I have walked in thy truth. +I have not sat with vain persons, neither will I go in with dissemblers. +I have hated the congregation of evil doers; and will not sit with the wicked. +I will wash mine hands in innocency: so will I compass thine altar, O LORD: +That I may publish with the voice of thanksgiving, and tell of all thy wondrous works. +LORD, I have loved the habitation of thy house, and the place where thine honour dwelleth. +Gather not my soul with sinners, nor my life with bloody men: +In whose hands is mischief, and their right hand is full of bribes. +But as for me, I will walk in mine integrity: redeem me, and be merciful unto me. +My foot standeth in an even place: in the congregations will I bless the LORD. +The LORD is my light and my salvation; whom shall I fear? the LORD is the strength of my life; of whom shall I be afraid? +When the wicked, even mine enemies and my foes, came upon me to eat up my flesh, they stumbled and fell. +Though an host should encamp against me, my heart shall not fear: though war should rise against me, in this will I be confident. +One thing have I desired of the LORD, that will I seek after; that I may dwell in the house of the LORD all the days of my life, to behold the beauty of the LORD, and to enquire in his temple. +For in the time of trouble he shall hide me in his pavilion: in the secret of his tabernacle shall he hide me; he shall set me up upon a rock. +And now shall mine head be lifted up above mine enemies round about me: therefore will I offer in his tabernacle sacrifices of joy; I will sing, yea, I will sing praises unto the LORD. +Hear, O LORD, when I cry with my voice: have mercy also upon me, and answer me. +When thou saidst, Seek ye my face; my heart said unto thee, Thy face, LORD, will I seek. +Hide not thy face far from me; put not thy servant away in anger: thou hast been my help; leave me not, neither forsake me, O God of my salvation. +When my father and my mother forsake me, then the LORD will take me up. +Teach me thy way, O LORD, and lead me in a plain path, because of mine enemies. +Deliver me not over unto the will of mine enemies: for false witnesses are risen up against me, and such as breathe out cruelty. +I had fainted, unless I had believed to see the goodness of the LORD in the land of the living. +Wait on the LORD: be of good courage, and he shall strengthen thine heart: wait, I say, on the LORD. +Unto thee will I cry, O LORD my rock; be not silent to me: lest, if thou be silent to me, I become like them that go down into the pit. +Hear the voice of my supplications, when I cry unto thee, when I lift up my hands toward thy holy oracle. +Draw me not away with the wicked, and with the workers of iniquity, which speak peace to their neighbours, but mischief is in their hearts. +Give them according to their deeds, and according to the wickedness of their endeavours: give them after the work of their hands; render to them their desert. +Because they regard not the works of the LORD, nor the operation of his hands, he shall destroy them, and not build them up. +Blessed be the LORD, because he hath heard the voice of my supplications. +The LORD is my strength and my shield; my heart trusted in him, and I am helped: therefore my heart greatly rejoiceth; and with my song will I praise him. +The LORD is their strength, and he is the saving strength of his anointed. +Save thy people, and bless thine inheritance: feed them also, and lift them up for ever. +Give unto the LORD, O ye mighty, give unto the LORD glory and strength. +Give unto the LORD the glory due unto his name; worship the LORD in the beauty of holiness. +The voice of the LORD is upon the waters: the God of glory thundereth: the LORD is upon many waters. +The voice of the LORD is powerful; the voice of the LORD is full of majesty. +The voice of the LORD breaketh the cedars; yea, the LORD breaketh the cedars of Lebanon. +He maketh them also to skip like a calf; Lebanon and Sirion like a young unicorn. +The voice of the LORD divideth the flames of fire. +The voice of the LORD shaketh the wilderness; the LORD shaketh the wilderness of Kadesh. +The voice of the LORD maketh the hinds to calve, and discovereth the forests: and in his temple doth every one speak of his glory. +The LORD sitteth upon the flood; yea, the LORD sitteth King for ever. +The LORD will give strength unto his people; the LORD will bless his people with peace. +I will extol thee, O LORD; for thou hast lifted me up, and hast not made my foes to rejoice over me. +O LORD my God, I cried unto thee, and thou hast healed me. +O LORD, thou hast brought up my soul from the grave: thou hast kept me alive, that I should not go down to the pit. +Sing unto the LORD, O ye saints of his, and give thanks at the remembrance of his holiness. +For his anger endureth but a moment; in his favour is life: weeping may endure for a night, but joy cometh in the morning. +And in my prosperity I said, I shall never be moved. +LORD, by thy favour thou hast made my mountain to stand strong: thou didst hide thy face, and I was troubled. +I cried to thee, O LORD; and unto the LORD I made supplication. +What profit is there in my blood, when I go down to the pit? Shall the dust praise thee? shall it declare thy truth? +Hear, O LORD, and have mercy upon me: LORD, be thou my helper. +Thou hast turned for me my mourning into dancing: thou hast put off my sackcloth, and girded me with gladness; +To the end that my glory may sing praise to thee, and not be silent. O LORD my God, I will give thanks unto thee for ever. +In thee, O LORD, do I put my trust; let me never be ashamed: deliver me in thy righteousness. +Bow down thine ear to me; deliver me speedily: be thou my strong rock, for an house of defence to save me. +For thou art my rock and my fortress; therefore for thy name's sake lead me, and guide me. +Pull me out of the net that they have laid privily for me: for thou art my strength. +Into thine hand I commit my spirit: thou hast redeemed me, O LORD God of truth. +I have hated them that regard lying vanities: but I trust in the LORD. +I will be glad and rejoice in thy mercy: for thou hast considered my trouble; thou hast known my soul in adversities; +And hast not shut me up into the hand of the enemy: thou hast set my feet in a large room. +Have mercy upon me, O LORD, for I am in trouble: mine eye is consumed with grief, yea, my soul and my belly. +For my life is spent with grief, and my years with sighing: my strength faileth because of mine iniquity, and my bones are consumed. +I was a reproach among all mine enemies, but especially among my neighbours, and a fear to mine acquaintance: they that did see me without fled from me. +I am forgotten as a dead man out of mind: I am like a broken vessel. +For I have heard the slander of many: fear was on every side: while they took counsel together against me, they devised to take away my life. +But I trusted in thee, O LORD: I said, Thou art my God. +My times are in thy hand: deliver me from the hand of mine enemies, and from them that persecute me. +Make thy face to shine upon thy servant: save me for thy mercies' sake. +Let me not be ashamed, O LORD; for I have called upon thee: let the wicked be ashamed, and let them be silent in the grave. +Let the lying lips be put to silence; which speak grievous things proudly and contemptuously against the righteous. +Oh how great is thy goodness, which thou hast laid up for them that fear thee; which thou hast wrought for them that trust in thee before the sons of men! +Thou shalt hide them in the secret of thy presence from the pride of man: thou shalt keep them secretly in a pavilion from the strife of tongues. +Blessed be the LORD: for he hath shewed me his marvellous kindness in a strong city. +For I said in my haste, I am cut off from before thine eyes: nevertheless thou heardest the voice of my supplications when I cried unto thee. +O love the LORD, all ye his saints: for the LORD preserveth the faithful, and plentifully rewardeth the proud doer. +Be of good courage, and he shall strengthen your heart, all ye that hope in the LORD. +Blessed is he whose transgression is forgiven, whose sin is covered. +Blessed is the man unto whom the LORD imputeth not iniquity, and in whose spirit there is no guile. +When I kept silence, my bones waxed old through my roaring all the day long. +For day and night thy hand was heavy upon me: my moisture is turned into the drought of summer. Selah. +I acknowledge my sin unto thee, and mine iniquity have I not hid. I said, I will confess my transgressions unto the LORD; and thou forgavest the iniquity of my sin. Selah. +For this shall every one that is godly pray unto thee in a time when thou mayest be found: surely in the floods of great waters they shall not come nigh unto him. +Thou art my hiding place; thou shalt preserve me from trouble; thou shalt compass me about with songs of deliverance. Selah. +I will instruct thee and teach thee in the way which thou shalt go: I will guide thee with mine eye. +Be ye not as the horse, or as the mule, which have no understanding: whose mouth must be held in with bit and bridle, lest they come near unto thee. +Many sorrows shall be to the wicked: but he that trusteth in the LORD, mercy shall compass him about. +Be glad in the LORD, and rejoice, ye righteous: and shout for joy, all ye that are upright in heart. +Rejoice in the LORD, O ye righteous: for praise is comely for the upright. +Praise the LORD with harp: sing unto him with the psaltery and an instrument of ten strings. +Sing unto him a new song; play skilfully with a loud noise. +For the word of the LORD is right; and all his works are done in truth. +He loveth righteousness and judgment: the earth is full of the goodness of the LORD. +By the word of the LORD were the heavens made; and all the host of them by the breath of his mouth. +He gathereth the waters of the sea together as an heap: he layeth up the depth in storehouses. +Let all the earth fear the LORD: let all the inhabitants of the world stand in awe of him. +For he spake, and it was done; he commanded, and it stood fast. +The LORD bringeth the counsel of the heathen to nought: he maketh the devices of the people of none effect. +The counsel of the LORD standeth for ever, the thoughts of his heart to all generations. +Blessed is the nation whose God is the LORD; and the people whom he hath chosen for his own inheritance. +The LORD looketh from heaven; he beholdeth all the sons of men. +From the place of his habitation he looketh upon all the inhabitants of the earth. +He fashioneth their hearts alike; he considereth all their works. +There is no king saved by the multitude of an host: a mighty man is not delivered by much strength. +An horse is a vain thing for safety: neither shall he deliver any by his great strength. +Behold, the eye of the LORD is upon them that fear him, upon them that hope in his mercy; +To deliver their soul from death, and to keep them alive in famine. +Our soul waiteth for the LORD: he is our help and our shield. +For our heart shall rejoice in him, because we have trusted in his holy name. +Let thy mercy, O LORD, be upon us, according as we hope in thee. +I will bless the LORD at all times: his praise shall continually be in my mouth. +My soul shall make her boast in the LORD: the humble shall hear thereof, and be glad. +O magnify the LORD with me, and let us exalt his name together. +I sought the LORD, and he heard me, and delivered me from all my fears. +They looked unto him, and were lightened: and their faces were not ashamed. +This poor man cried, and the LORD heard him, and saved him out of all his troubles. +The angel of the LORD encampeth round about them that fear him, and delivereth them. +O taste and see that the LORD is good: blessed is the man that trusteth in him. +O fear the LORD, ye his saints: for there is no want to them that fear him. +The young lions do lack, and suffer hunger: but they that seek the LORD shall not want any good thing. +Come, ye children, hearken unto me: I will teach you the fear of the LORD. +What man is he that desireth life, and loveth many days, that he may see good? +Keep thy tongue from evil, and thy lips from speaking guile. +Depart from evil, and do good; seek peace, and pursue it. +The eyes of the LORD are upon the righteous, and his ears are open unto their cry. +The face of the LORD is against them that do evil, to cut off the remembrance of them from the earth. +The righteous cry, and the LORD heareth, and delivereth them out of all their troubles. +The LORD is nigh unto them that are of a broken heart; and saveth such as be of a contrite spirit. +Many are the afflictions of the righteous: but the LORD delivereth him out of them all. +He keepeth all his bones: not one of them is broken. +Evil shall slay the wicked: and they that hate the righteous shall be desolate. +The LORD redeemeth the soul of his servants: and none of them that trust in him shall be desolate. +Plead my cause, O LORD, with them that strive with me: fight against them that fight against me. +Take hold of shield and buckler, and stand up for mine help. +Draw out also the spear, and stop the way against them that persecute me: say unto my soul, I am thy salvation. +Let them be confounded and put to shame that seek after my soul: let them be turned back and brought to confusion that devise my hurt. +Let them be as chaff before the wind: and let the angel of the LORD chase them. +Let their way be dark and slippery: and let the angel of the LORD persecute them. +For without cause have they hid for me their net in a pit, which without cause they have digged for my soul. +Let destruction come upon him at unawares; and let his net that he hath hid catch himself: into that very destruction let him fall. +And my soul shall be joyful in the LORD: it shall rejoice in his salvation. +All my bones shall say, LORD, who is like unto thee, which deliverest the poor from him that is too strong for him, yea, the poor and the needy from him that spoileth him? +False witnesses did rise up; they laid to my charge things that I knew not. +They rewarded me evil for good to the spoiling of my soul. +But as for me, when they were sick, my clothing was sackcloth: I humbled my soul with fasting; and my prayer returned into mine own bosom. +I behaved myself as though he had been my friend or brother: I bowed down heavily, as one that mourneth for his mother. +But in mine adversity they rejoiced, and gathered themselves together: yea, the abjects gathered themselves together against me, and I knew it not; they did tear me, and ceased not: +With hypocritical mockers in feasts, they gnashed upon me with their teeth. +Lord, how long wilt thou look on? rescue my soul from their destructions, my darling from the lions. +I will give thee thanks in the great congregation: I will praise thee among much people. +Let not them that are mine enemies wrongfully rejoice over me: neither let them wink with the eye that hate me without a cause. +For they speak not peace: but they devise deceitful matters against them that are quiet in the land. +Yea, they opened their mouth wide against me, and said, Aha, aha, our eye hath seen it. +This thou hast seen, O LORD: keep not silence: O Lord, be not far from me. +Stir up thyself, and awake to my judgment, even unto my cause, my God and my Lord. +Judge me, O LORD my God, according to thy righteousness; and let them not rejoice over me. +Let them not say in their hearts, Ah, so would we have it: let them not say, We have swallowed him up. +Let them be ashamed and brought to confusion together that rejoice at mine hurt: let them be clothed with shame and dishonour that magnify themselves against me. +Let them shout for joy, and be glad, that favour my righteous cause: yea, let them say continually, Let the LORD be magnified, which hath pleasure in the prosperity of his servant. +And my tongue shall speak of thy righteousness and of thy praise all the day long. +The transgression of the wicked saith within my heart, that there is no fear of God before his eyes. +For he flattereth himself in his own eyes, until his iniquity be found to be hateful. +The words of his mouth are iniquity and deceit: he hath left off to be wise, and to do good. +He deviseth mischief upon his bed; he setteth himself in a way that is not good; he abhorreth not evil. +Thy mercy, O LORD, is in the heavens; and thy faithfulness reacheth unto the clouds. +Thy righteousness is like the great mountains; thy judgments are a great deep: O LORD, thou preservest man and beast. +How excellent is thy lovingkindness, O God! therefore the children of men put their trust under the shadow of thy wings. +They shall be abundantly satisfied with the fatness of thy house; and thou shalt make them drink of the river of thy pleasures. +For with thee is the fountain of life: in thy light shall we see light. +O continue thy lovingkindness unto them that know thee; and thy righteousness to the upright in heart. +Let not the foot of pride come against me, and let not the hand of the wicked remove me. +There are the workers of iniquity fallen: they are cast down, and shall not be able to rise. +Fret not thyself because of evildoers, neither be thou envious against the workers of iniquity. +For they shall soon be cut down like the grass, and wither as the green herb. +Trust in the LORD, and do good; so shalt thou dwell in the land, and verily thou shalt be fed. +Delight thyself also in the LORD: and he shall give thee the desires of thine heart. +Commit thy way unto the LORD; trust also in him; and he shall bring it to pass. +And he shall bring forth thy righteousness as the light, and thy judgment as the noonday. +Rest in the LORD, and wait patiently for him: fret not thyself because of him who prospereth in his way, because of the man who bringeth wicked devices to pass. +Cease from anger, and forsake wrath: fret not thyself in any wise to do evil. +For evildoers shall be cut off: but those that wait upon the LORD, they shall inherit the earth. +For yet a little while, and the wicked shall not be: yea, thou shalt diligently consider his place, and it shall not be. +But the meek shall inherit the earth; and shall delight themselves in the abundance of peace. +The wicked plotteth against the just, and gnasheth upon him with his teeth. +The LORD shall laugh at him: for he seeth that his day is coming. +The wicked have drawn out the sword, and have bent their bow, to cast down the poor and needy, and to slay such as be of upright conversation. +Their sword shall enter into their own heart, and their bows shall be broken. +A little that a righteous man hath is better than the riches of many wicked. +For the arms of the wicked shall be broken: but the LORD upholdeth the righteous. +The LORD knoweth the days of the upright: and their inheritance shall be for ever. +They shall not be ashamed in the evil time: and in the days of famine they shall be satisfied. +But the wicked shall perish, and the enemies of the LORD shall be as the fat of lambs: they shall consume; into smoke shall they consume away. +The wicked borroweth, and payeth not again: but the righteous sheweth mercy, and giveth. +For such as be blessed of him shall inherit the earth; and they that be cursed of him shall be cut off. +The steps of a good man are ordered by the LORD: and he delighteth in his way. +Though he fall, he shall not be utterly cast down: for the LORD upholdeth him with his hand. +I have been young, and now am old; yet have I not seen the righteous forsaken, nor his seed begging bread. +He is ever merciful, and lendeth; and his seed is blessed. +Depart from evil, and do good; and dwell for evermore. +For the LORD loveth judgment, and forsaketh not his saints; they are preserved for ever: but the seed of the wicked shall be cut off. +The righteous shall inherit the land, and dwell therein for ever. +The mouth of the righteous speaketh wisdom, and his tongue talketh of judgment. +The law of his God is in his heart; none of his steps shall slide. +The wicked watcheth the righteous, and seeketh to slay him. +The LORD will not leave him in his hand, nor condemn him when he is judged. +Wait on the LORD, and keep his way, and he shall exalt thee to inherit the land: when the wicked are cut off, thou shalt see it. +I have seen the wicked in great power, and spreading himself like a green bay tree. +Yet he passed away, and, lo, he was not: yea, I sought him, but he could not be found. +Mark the perfect man, and behold the upright: for the end of that man is peace. +But the transgressors shall be destroyed together: the end of the wicked shall be cut off. +But the salvation of the righteous is of the LORD: he is their strength in the time of trouble. +And the LORD shall help them, and deliver them: he shall deliver them from the wicked, and save them, because they trust in him. +O lord, rebuke me not in thy wrath: neither chasten me in thy hot displeasure. +For thine arrows stick fast in me, and thy hand presseth me sore. +There is no soundness in my flesh because of thine anger; neither is there any rest in my bones because of my sin. +For mine iniquities are gone over mine head: as an heavy burden they are too heavy for me. +My wounds stink and are corrupt because of my foolishness. +I am troubled; I am bowed down greatly; I go mourning all the day long. +For my loins are filled with a loathsome disease: and there is no soundness in my flesh. +I am feeble and sore broken: I have roared by reason of the disquietness of my heart. +Lord, all my desire is before thee; and my groaning is not hid from thee. +My heart panteth, my strength faileth me: as for the light of mine eyes, it also is gone from me. +My lovers and my friends stand aloof from my sore; and my kinsmen stand afar off. +They also that seek after my life lay snares for me: and they that seek my hurt speak mischievous things, and imagine deceits all the day long. +But I, as a deaf man, heard not; and I was as a dumb man that openeth not his mouth. +Thus I was as a man that heareth not, and in whose mouth are no reproofs. +For in thee, O LORD, do I hope: thou wilt hear, O Lord my God. +For I said, Hear me, lest otherwise they should rejoice over me: when my foot slippeth, they magnify themselves against me. +For I am ready to halt, and my sorrow is continually before me. +For I will declare mine iniquity; I will be sorry for my sin. +But mine enemies are lively, and they are strong: and they that hate me wrongfully are multiplied. +They also that render evil for good are mine adversaries; because I follow the thing that good is. +Forsake me not, O LORD: O my God, be not far from me. +Make haste to help me, O Lord my salvation. +I said, I will take heed to my ways, that I sin not with my tongue: I will keep my mouth with a bridle, while the wicked is before me. +I was dumb with silence, I held my peace, even from good; and my sorrow was stirred. +My heart was hot within me, while I was musing the fire burned: then spake I with my tongue, +LORD, make me to know mine end, and the measure of my days, what it is: that I may know how frail I am. +Behold, thou hast made my days as an handbreadth; and mine age is as nothing before thee: verily every man at his best state is altogether vanity. Selah. +Surely every man walketh in a vain shew: surely they are disquieted in vain: he heapeth up riches, and knoweth not who shall gather them. +And now, Lord, what wait I for? my hope is in thee. +Deliver me from all my transgressions: make me not the reproach of the foolish. +I was dumb, I opened not my mouth; because thou didst it. +Remove thy stroke away from me: I am consumed by the blow of thine hand. +When thou with rebukes dost correct man for iniquity, thou makest his beauty to consume away like a moth: surely every man is vanity. Selah. +Hear my prayer, O LORD, and give ear unto my cry; hold not thy peace at my tears: for I am a stranger with thee, and a sojourner, as all my fathers were. +O spare me, that I may recover strength, before I go hence, and be no more. +I waited patiently for the LORD; and he inclined unto me, and heard my cry. +He brought me up also out of an horrible pit, out of the miry clay, and set my feet upon a rock, and established my goings. +And he hath put a new song in my mouth, even praise unto our God: many shall see it, and fear, and shall trust in the LORD. +Blessed is that man that maketh the LORD his trust, and respecteth not the proud, nor such as turn aside to lies. +Many, O LORD my God, are thy wonderful works which thou hast done, and thy thoughts which are to us-ward: they cannot be reckoned up in order unto thee: if I would declare and speak of them, they are more than can be numbered. +Sacrifice and offering thou didst not desire; mine ears hast thou opened: burnt offering and sin offering hast thou not required. +Then said I, Lo, I come: in the volume of the book it is written of me, +I delight to do thy will, O my God: yea, thy law is within my heart. +I have preached righteousness in the great congregation: lo, I have not refrained my lips, O LORD, thou knowest. +I have not hid thy righteousness within my heart; I have declared thy faithfulness and thy salvation: I have not concealed thy lovingkindness and thy truth from the great congregation. +Withhold not thou thy tender mercies from me, O LORD: let thy lovingkindness and thy truth continually preserve me. +For innumerable evils have compassed me about: mine iniquities have taken hold upon me, so that I am not able to look up; they are more than the hairs of mine head: therefore my heart faileth me. +Be pleased, O LORD, to deliver me: O LORD, make haste to help me. +Let them be ashamed and confounded together that seek after my soul to destroy it; let them be driven backward and put to shame that wish me evil. +Let them be desolate for a reward of their shame that say unto me, Aha, aha. +Let all those that seek thee rejoice and be glad in thee: let such as love thy salvation say continually, The LORD be magnified. +But I am poor and needy; yet the Lord thinketh upon me: thou art my help and my deliverer; make no tarrying, O my God. +Blessed is he that considereth the poor: the LORD will deliver him in time of trouble. +The LORD will preserve him, and keep him alive; and he shall be blessed upon the earth: and thou wilt not deliver him unto the will of his enemies. +The LORD will strengthen him upon the bed of languishing: thou wilt make all his bed in his sickness. +I said, LORD, be merciful unto me: heal my soul; for I have sinned against thee. +Mine enemies speak evil of me, When shall he die, and his name perish? +And if he come to see me, he speaketh vanity: his heart gathereth iniquity to itself; when he goeth abroad, he telleth it. +All that hate me whisper together against me: against me do they devise my hurt. +An evil disease, say they, cleaveth fast unto him: and now that he lieth he shall rise up no more. +Yea, mine own familiar friend, in whom I trusted, which did eat of my bread, hath lifted up his heel against me. +But thou, O LORD, be merciful unto me, and raise me up, that I may requite them. +By this I know that thou favourest me, because mine enemy doth not triumph over me. +And as for me, thou upholdest me in mine integrity, and settest me before thy face for ever. +Blessed be the LORD God of Israel from everlasting, and to everlasting. Amen, and Amen. +As the hart panteth after the water brooks, so panteth my soul after thee, O God. +My soul thirsteth for God, for the living God: when shall I come and appear before God? +My tears have been my meat day and night, while they continually say unto me, Where is thy God? +When I remember these things, I pour out my soul in me: for I had gone with the multitude, I went with them to the house of God, with the voice of joy and praise, with a multitude that kept holyday. +Why art thou cast down, O my soul? and why art thou disquieted in me? hope thou in God: for I shall yet praise him for the help of his countenance. +O my God, my soul is cast down within me: therefore will I remember thee from the land of Jordan, and of the Hermonites, from the hill Mizar. +Deep calleth unto deep at the noise of thy waterspouts: all thy waves and thy billows are gone over me. +Yet the LORD will command his lovingkindness in the day time, and in the night his song shall be with me, and my prayer unto the God of my life. +I will say unto God my rock, Why hast thou forgotten me? why go I mourning because of the oppression of the enemy? +As with a sword in my bones, mine enemies reproach me; while they say daily unto me, Where is thy God? +Why art thou cast down, O my soul? and why art thou disquieted within me? hope thou in God: for I shall yet praise him, who is the health of my countenance, and my God. +Judge me, O God, and plead my cause against an ungodly nation: O deliver me from the deceitful and unjust man. +For thou art the God of my strength: why dost thou cast me off? why go I mourning because of the oppression of the enemy? +O send out thy light and thy truth: let them lead me; let them bring me unto thy holy hill, and to thy tabernacles. +Then will I go unto the altar of God, unto God my exceeding joy: yea, upon the harp will I praise thee, O God my God. +Why art thou cast down, O my soul? and why art thou disquieted within me? hope in God: for I shall yet praise him, who is the health of my countenance, and my God. +We have heard with our ears, O God, our fathers have told us, what work thou didst in their days, in the times of old. +How thou didst drive out the heathen with thy hand, and plantedst them; how thou didst afflict the people, and cast them out. +For they got not the land in possession by their own sword, neither did their own arm save them: but thy right hand, and thine arm, and the light of thy countenance, because thou hadst a favour unto them. +Thou art my King, O God: command deliverances for Jacob. +Through thee will we push down our enemies: through thy name will we tread them under that rise up against us. +For I will not trust in my bow, neither shall my sword save me. +But thou hast saved us from our enemies, and hast put them to shame that hated us. +In God we boast all the day long, and praise thy name for ever. Selah. +But thou hast cast off, and put us to shame; and goest not forth with our armies. +Thou makest us to turn back from the enemy: and they which hate us spoil for themselves. +Thou hast given us like sheep appointed for meat; and hast scattered us among the heathen. +Thou sellest thy people for nought, and dost not increase thy wealth by their price. +Thou makest us a reproach to our neighbours, a scorn and a derision to them that are round about us. +Thou makest us a byword among the heathen, a shaking of the head among the people. +My confusion is continually before me, and the shame of my face hath covered me, +For the voice of him that reproacheth and blasphemeth; by reason of the enemy and avenger. +All this is come upon us; yet have we not forgotten thee, neither have we dealt falsely in thy covenant. +Our heart is not turned back, neither have our steps declined from thy way; +Though thou hast sore broken us in the place of dragons, and covered us with the shadow of death. +If we have forgotten the name of our God, or stretched out our hands to a strange god; +Shall not God search this out? for he knoweth the secrets of the heart. +Yea, for thy sake are we killed all the day long; we are counted as sheep for the slaughter. +Awake, why sleepest thou, O Lord? arise, cast us not off for ever. +Wherefore hidest thou thy face, and forgettest our affliction and our oppression? +For our soul is bowed down to the dust: our belly cleaveth unto the earth. +Arise for our help, and redeem us for thy mercies' sake. +My heart is inditing a good matter: I speak of the things which I have made touching the king: my tongue is the pen of a ready writer. +Thou art fairer than the children of men: grace is poured into thy lips: therefore God hath blessed thee for ever. +Gird thy sword upon thy thigh, O most mighty, with thy glory and thy majesty. +And in thy majesty ride prosperously because of truth and meekness and righteousness; and thy right hand shall teach thee terrible things. +Thine arrows are sharp in the heart of the king's enemies; whereby the people fall under thee. +Thy throne, O God, is for ever and ever: the sceptre of thy kingdom is a right sceptre. +Thou lovest righteousness, and hatest wickedness: therefore God, thy God, hath anointed thee with the oil of gladness above thy fellows. +All thy garments smell of myrrh, and aloes, and cassia, out of the ivory palaces, whereby they have made thee glad. +Kings' daughters were among thy honourable women: upon thy right hand did stand the queen in gold of Ophir. +Hearken, O daughter, and consider, and incline thine ear; forget also thine own people, and thy father's house; +So shall the king greatly desire thy beauty: for he is thy Lord; and worship thou him. +And the daughter of Tyre shall be there with a gift; even the rich among the people shall intreat thy favour. +The king's daughter is all glorious within: her clothing is of wrought gold. +She shall be brought unto the king in raiment of needlework: the virgins her companions that follow her shall be brought unto thee. +With gladness and rejoicing shall they be brought: they shall enter into the king's palace. +Instead of thy fathers shall be thy children, whom thou mayest make princes in all the earth. +I will make thy name to be remembered in all generations: therefore shall the people praise thee for ever and ever. +God is our refuge and strength, a very present help in trouble. +Therefore will not we fear, though the earth be removed, and though the mountains be carried into the midst of the sea; +Though the waters thereof roar and be troubled, though the mountains shake with the swelling thereof. Selah. +There is a river, the streams whereof shall make glad the city of God, the holy place of the tabernacles of the most High. +God is in the midst of her; she shall not be moved: God shall help her, and that right early. +The heathen raged, the kingdoms were moved: he uttered his voice, the earth melted. +The LORD of hosts is with us; the God of Jacob is our refuge. Selah. +Come, behold the works of the LORD, what desolations he hath made in the earth. +He maketh wars to cease unto the end of the earth; he breaketh the bow, and cutteth the spear in sunder; he burneth the chariot in the fire. +Be still, and know that I am God: I will be exalted among the heathen, I will be exalted in the earth. +The LORD of hosts is with us; the God of Jacob is our refuge. Selah. +O clap your hands, all ye people; shout unto God with the voice of triumph. +For the LORD most high is terrible; he is a great King over all the earth. +He shall subdue the people under us, and the nations under our feet. +He shall choose our inheritance for us, the excellency of Jacob whom he loved. Selah. +God is gone up with a shout, the LORD with the sound of a trumpet. +Sing praises to God, sing praises: sing praises unto our King, sing praises. +For God is the King of all the earth: sing ye praises with understanding. +God reigneth over the heathen: God sitteth upon the throne of his holiness. +The princes of the people are gathered together, even the people of the God of Abraham: for the shields of the earth belong unto God: he is greatly exalted. +Great is the LORD, and greatly to be praised in the city of our God, in the mountain of his holiness. +Beautiful for situation, the joy of the whole earth, is mount Zion, on the sides of the north, the city of the great King. +God is known in her palaces for a refuge. +For, lo, the kings were assembled, they passed by together. +They saw it, and so they marvelled; they were troubled, and hasted away. +Fear took hold upon them there, and pain, as of a woman in travail. +Thou breakest the ships of Tarshish with an east wind. +As we have heard, so have we seen in the city of the LORD of hosts, in the city of our God: God will establish it for ever. Selah. +We have thought of thy lovingkindness, O God, in the midst of thy temple. +According to thy name, O God, so is thy praise unto the ends of the earth: thy right hand is full of righteousness. +Let mount Zion rejoice, let the daughters of Judah be glad, because of thy judgments. +Walk about Zion, and go round about her: tell the towers thereof. +Mark ye well her bulwarks, consider her palaces; that ye may tell it to the generation following. +For this God is our God for ever and ever: he will be our guide even unto death. +Hear this, all ye people; give ear, all ye inhabitants of the world: +Both low and high, rich and poor, together. +My mouth shall speak of wisdom; and the meditation of my heart shall be of understanding. +I will incline mine ear to a parable: I will open my dark saying upon the harp. +Wherefore should I fear in the days of evil, when the iniquity of my heels shall compass me about? +They that trust in their wealth, and boast themselves in the multitude of their riches; +None of them can by any means redeem his brother, nor give to God a ransom for him: +(For the redemption of their soul is precious, and it ceaseth for ever:) +That he should still live for ever, and not see corruption. +For he seeth that wise men die, likewise the fool and the brutish person perish, and leave their wealth to others. +Their inward thought is, that their houses shall continue for ever, and their dwelling places to all generations; they call their lands after their own names. +Nevertheless man being in honour abideth not: he is like the beasts that perish. +This their way is their folly: yet their posterity approve their sayings. Selah. +Like sheep they are laid in the grave; death shall feed on them; and the upright shall have dominion over them in the morning; and their beauty shall consume in the grave from their dwelling. +But God will redeem my soul from the power of the grave: for he shall receive me. Selah. +Be not thou afraid when one is made rich, when the glory of his house is increased; +For when he dieth he shall carry nothing away: his glory shall not descend after him. +Though while he lived he blessed his soul: and men will praise thee, when thou doest well to thyself. +He shall go to the generation of his fathers; they shall never see light. +Man that is in honour, and understandeth not, is like the beasts that perish. +The mighty God, even the LORD, hath spoken, and called the earth from the rising of the sun unto the going down thereof. +Out of Zion, the perfection of beauty, God hath shined. +Our God shall come, and shall not keep silence: a fire shall devour before him, and it shall be very tempestuous round about him. +He shall call to the heavens from above, and to the earth, that he may judge his people. +Gather my saints together unto me; those that have made a covenant with me by sacrifice. +And the heavens shall declare his righteousness: for God is judge himself. Selah. +Hear, O my people, and I will speak; O Israel, and I will testify against thee: I am God, even thy God. +I will not reprove thee for thy sacrifices or thy burnt offerings, to have been continually before me. +I will take no bullock out of thy house, nor he goats out of thy folds. +For every beast of the forest is mine, and the cattle upon a thousand hills. +I know all the fowls of the mountains: and the wild beasts of the field are mine. +If I were hungry, I would not tell thee: for the world is mine, and the fulness thereof. +Will I eat the flesh of bulls, or drink the blood of goats? +Offer unto God thanksgiving; and pay thy vows unto the most High: +And call upon me in the day of trouble: I will deliver thee, and thou shalt glorify me. +But unto the wicked God saith, What hast thou to do to declare my statutes, or that thou shouldest take my covenant in thy mouth? +Seeing thou hatest instruction, and casteth my words behind thee. +When thou sawest a thief, then thou consentedst with him, and hast been partaker with adulterers. +Thou givest thy mouth to evil, and thy tongue frameth deceit. +Thou sittest and speakest against thy brother; thou slanderest thine own mother's son. +These things hast thou done, and I kept silence; thou thoughtest that I was altogether such an one as thyself: but I will reprove thee, and set them in order before thine eyes. +Now consider this, ye that forget God, lest I tear you in pieces, and there be none to deliver. +Whoso offereth praise glorifieth me: and to him that ordereth his conversation aright will I shew the salvation of God. +Have mercy upon me, O God, according to thy lovingkindness: according unto the multitude of thy tender mercies blot out my transgressions. +Wash me throughly from mine iniquity, and cleanse me from my sin. +For I acknowledge my transgressions: and my sin is ever before me. +Against thee, thee only, have I sinned, and done this evil in thy sight: that thou mightest be justified when thou speakest, and be clear when thou judgest. +Behold, I was shapen in iniquity; and in sin did my mother conceive me. +Behold, thou desirest truth in the inward parts: and in the hidden part thou shalt make me to know wisdom. +Purge me with hyssop, and I shall be clean: wash me, and I shall be whiter than snow. +Make me to hear joy and gladness; that the bones which thou hast broken may rejoice. +Hide thy face from my sins, and blot out all mine iniquities. +Create in me a clean heart, O God; and renew a right spirit within me. +Cast me not away from thy presence; and take not thy holy spirit from me. +Restore unto me the joy of thy salvation; and uphold me with thy free spirit. +Then will I teach transgressors thy ways; and sinners shall be converted unto thee. +Deliver me from bloodguiltiness, O God, thou God of my salvation: and my tongue shall sing aloud of thy righteousness. +O Lord, open thou my lips; and my mouth shall shew forth thy praise. +For thou desirest not sacrifice; else would I give it: thou delightest not in burnt offering. +The sacrifices of God are a broken spirit: a broken and a contrite heart, O God, thou wilt not despise. +Do good in thy good pleasure unto Zion: build thou the walls of Jerusalem. +Then shalt thou be pleased with the sacrifices of righteousness, with burnt offering and whole burnt offering: then shall they offer bullocks upon thine altar. +Why boastest thou thyself in mischief, O mighty man? the goodness of God endureth continually. +The tongue deviseth mischiefs; like a sharp razor, working deceitfully. +Thou lovest evil more than good; and lying rather than to speak righteousness. Selah. +Thou lovest all devouring words, O thou deceitful tongue. +God shall likewise destroy thee for ever, he shall take thee away, and pluck thee out of thy dwelling place, and root thee out of the land of the living. Selah. +The righteous also shall see, and fear, and shall laugh at him: +Lo, this is the man that made not God his strength; but trusted in the abundance of his riches, and strengthened himself in his wickedness. +But I am like a green olive tree in the house of God: I trust in the mercy of God for ever and ever. +I will praise thee for ever, because thou hast done it: and I will wait on thy name; for it is good before thy saints. +The fool hath said in his heart, There is no God. Corrupt are they, and have done abominable iniquity: there is none that doeth good. +God looked down from heaven upon the children of men, to see if there were any that did understand, that did seek God. +Every one of them is gone back: they are altogether become filthy; there is none that doeth good, no, not one. +Have the workers of iniquity no knowledge? who eat up my people as they eat bread: they have not called upon God. +There were they in great fear, where no fear was: for God hath scattered the bones of him that encampeth against thee: thou hast put them to shame, because God hath despised them. +Oh that the salvation of Israel were come out of Zion! When God bringeth back the captivity of his people, Jacob shall rejoice, and Israel shall be glad. +Save me, O God, by thy name, and judge me by thy strength. +Hear my prayer, O God; give ear to the words of my mouth. +For strangers are risen up against me, and oppressors seek after my soul: they have not set God before them. Selah. +Behold, God is mine helper: the Lord is with them that uphold my soul. +He shall reward evil unto mine enemies: cut them off in thy truth. +I will freely sacrifice unto thee: I will praise thy name, O LORD; for it is good. +For he hath delivered me out of all trouble: and mine eye hath seen his desire upon mine enemies. +Give ear to my prayer, O God; and hide not thyself from my supplication. +Attend unto me, and hear me: I mourn in my complaint, and make a noise; +Because of the voice of the enemy, because of the oppression of the wicked: for they cast iniquity upon me, and in wrath they hate me. +My heart is sore pained within me: and the terrors of death are fallen upon me. +Fearfulness and trembling are come upon me, and horror hath overwhelmed me. +And I said, Oh that I had wings like a dove! for then would I fly away, and be at rest. +Lo, then would I wander far off, and remain in the wilderness. Selah. +I would hasten my escape from the windy storm and tempest. +Destroy, O Lord, and divide their tongues: for I have seen violence and strife in the city. +Day and night they go about it upon the walls thereof: mischief also and sorrow are in the midst of it. +Wickedness is in the midst thereof: deceit and guile depart not from her streets. +For it was not an enemy that reproached me; then I could have borne it: neither was it he that hated me that did magnify himself against me; then I would have hid myself from him: +But it was thou, a man mine equal, my guide, and mine acquaintance. +We took sweet counsel together, and walked unto the house of God in company. +Let death seize upon them, and let them go down quick into hell: for wickedness is in their dwellings, and among them. +As for me, I will call upon God; and the LORD shall save me. +Evening, and morning, and at noon, will I pray, and cry aloud: and he shall hear my voice. +He hath delivered my soul in peace from the battle that was against me: for there were many with me. +God shall hear, and afflict them, even he that abideth of old. Selah. Because they have no changes, therefore they fear not God. +He hath put forth his hands against such as be at peace with him: he hath broken his covenant. +The words of his mouth were smoother than butter, but war was in his heart: his words were softer than oil, yet were they drawn swords. +Cast thy burden upon the LORD, and he shall sustain thee: he shall never suffer the righteous to be moved. +But thou, O God, shalt bring them down into the pit of destruction: bloody and deceitful men shall not live out half their days; but I will trust in thee. +Be merciful unto me, O God: for man would swallow me up; he fighting daily oppresseth me. +Mine enemies would daily swallow me up: for they be many that fight against me, O thou most High. +What time I am afraid, I will trust in thee. +In God I will praise his word, in God I have put my trust; I will not fear what flesh can do unto me. +Every day they wrest my words: all their thoughts are against me for evil. +They gather themselves together, they hide themselves, they mark my steps, when they wait for my soul. +Shall they escape by iniquity? in thine anger cast down the people, O God. +Thou tellest my wanderings: put thou my tears into thy bottle: are they not in thy book? +When I cry unto thee, then shall mine enemies turn back: this I know; for God is for me. +In God will I praise his word: in the LORD will I praise his word. +In God have I put my trust: I will not be afraid what man can do unto me. +Thy vows are upon me, O God: I will render praises unto thee. +For thou hast delivered my soul from death: wilt not thou deliver my feet from falling, that I may walk before God in the light of the living? +Be merciful unto me, O God, be merciful unto me: for my soul trusteth in thee: yea, in the shadow of thy wings will I make my refuge, until these calamities be overpast. +I will cry unto God most high; unto God that performeth all things for me. +He shall send from heaven, and save me from the reproach of him that would swallow me up. Selah. God shall send forth his mercy and his truth. +My soul is among lions: and I lie even among them that are set on fire, even the sons of men, whose teeth are spears and arrows, and their tongue a sharp sword. +Be thou exalted, O God, above the heavens; let thy glory be above all the earth. +They have prepared a net for my steps; my soul is bowed down: they have digged a pit before me, into the midst whereof they are fallen themselves. Selah. +My heart is fixed, O God, my heart is fixed: I will sing and give praise. +Awake up, my glory; awake, psaltery and harp: I myself will awake early. +I will praise thee, O Lord, among the people: I will sing unto thee among the nations. +For thy mercy is great unto the heavens, and thy truth unto the clouds. +Be thou exalted, O God, above the heavens: let thy glory be above all the earth. +Do ye indeed speak righteousness, O congregation? do ye judge uprightly, O ye sons of men? +Yea, in heart ye work wickedness; ye weigh the violence of your hands in the earth. +The wicked are estranged from the womb: they go astray as soon as they be born, speaking lies. +Their poison is like the poison of a serpent: they are like the deaf adder that stoppeth her ear; +Which will not hearken to the voice of charmers, charming never so wisely. +Break their teeth, O God, in their mouth: break out the great teeth of the young lions, O LORD. +Let them melt away as waters which run continually: when he bendeth his bow to shoot his arrows, let them be as cut in pieces. +As a snail which melteth, let every one of them pass away: like the untimely birth of a woman, that they may not see the sun. +Before your pots can feel the thorns, he shall take them away as with a whirlwind, both living, and in his wrath. +The righteous shall rejoice when he seeth the vengeance: he shall wash his feet in the blood of the wicked. +So that a man shall say, Verily there is a reward for the righteous: verily he is a God that judgeth in the earth. +Deliver me from mine enemies, O my God: defend me from them that rise up against me. +Deliver me from the workers of iniquity, and save me from bloody men. +For, lo, they lie in wait for my soul: the mighty are gathered against me; not for my transgression, nor for my sin, O LORD. +They run and prepare themselves without my fault: awake to help me, and behold. +Thou therefore, O LORD God of hosts, the God of Israel, awake to visit all the heathen: be not merciful to any wicked transgressors. Selah. +They return at evening: they make a noise like a dog, and go round about the city. +Behold, they belch out with their mouth: swords are in their lips: for who, say they, doth hear? +But thou, O LORD, shalt laugh at them; thou shalt have all the heathen in derision. +Because of his strength will I wait upon thee: for God is my defence. +The God of my mercy shall prevent me: God shall let me see my desire upon mine enemies. +Slay them not, lest my people forget: scatter them by thy power; and bring them down, O Lord our shield. +For the sin of their mouth and the words of their lips let them even be taken in their pride: and for cursing and lying which they speak. +Consume them in wrath, consume them, that they may not be: and let them know that God ruleth in Jacob unto the ends of the earth. Selah. +And at evening let them return; and let them make a noise like a dog, and go round about the city. +Let them wander up and down for meat, and grudge if they be not satisfied. +But I will sing of thy power; yea, I will sing aloud of thy mercy in the morning: for thou hast been my defence and refuge in the day of my trouble. +Unto thee, O my strength, will I sing: for God is my defence, and the God of my mercy. +O God, thou hast cast us off, thou hast scattered us, thou hast been displeased; O turn thyself to us again. +Thou hast made the earth to tremble; thou hast broken it: heal the breaches thereof; for it shaketh. +Thou hast shewed thy people hard things: thou hast made us to drink the wine of astonishment. +Thou hast given a banner to them that fear thee, that it may be displayed because of the truth. Selah. +That thy beloved may be delivered; save with thy right hand, and hear me. +God hath spoken in his holiness; I will rejoice, I will divide Shechem, and mete out the valley of Succoth. +Gilead is mine, and Manasseh is mine; Ephraim also is the strength of mine head; Judah is my lawgiver; +Moab is my washpot; over Edom will I cast out my shoe: Philistia, triumph thou because of me. +Who will bring me into the strong city? who will lead me into Edom? +Wilt not thou, O God, which hadst cast us off? and thou, O God, which didst not go out with our armies? +Give us help from trouble: for vain is the help of man. +Through God we shall do valiantly: for he it is that shall tread down our enemies. +Hear my cry, O God; attend unto my prayer. +From the end of the earth will I cry unto thee, when my heart is overwhelmed: lead me to the rock that is higher than I. +For thou hast been a shelter for me, and a strong tower from the enemy. +I will abide in thy tabernacle for ever: I will trust in the covert of thy wings. Selah. +For thou, O God, hast heard my vows: thou hast given me the heritage of those that fear thy name. +Thou wilt prolong the king's life: and his years as many generations. +He shall abide before God for ever: O prepare mercy and truth, which may preserve him. +So will I sing praise unto thy name for ever, that I may daily perform my vows. +Truly my soul waiteth upon God: from him cometh my salvation. +He only is my rock and my salvation; he is my defence; I shall not be greatly moved. +How long will ye imagine mischief against a man? ye shall be slain all of you: as a bowing wall shall ye be, and as a tottering fence. +They only consult to cast him down from his excellency: they delight in lies: they bless with their mouth, but they curse inwardly. Selah. +My soul, wait thou only upon God; for my expectation is from him. +He only is my rock and my salvation: he is my defence; I shall not be moved. +In God is my salvation and my glory: the rock of my strength, and my refuge, is in God. +Trust in him at all times; ye people, pour out your heart before him: God is a refuge for us. Selah. +Surely men of low degree are vanity, and men of high degree are a lie: to be laid in the balance, they are altogether lighter than vanity. +Trust not in oppression, and become not vain in robbery: if riches increase, set not your heart upon them. +God hath spoken once; twice have I heard this; that power belongeth unto God. +Also unto thee, O Lord, belongeth mercy: for thou renderest to every man according to his work. +O God, thou art my God; early will I seek thee: my soul thirsteth for thee, my flesh longeth for thee in a dry and thirsty land, where no water is; +To see thy power and thy glory, so as I have seen thee in the sanctuary. +Because thy lovingkindness is better than life, my lips shall praise thee. +Thus will I bless thee while I live: I will lift up my hands in thy name. +My soul shall be satisfied as with marrow and fatness; and my mouth shall praise thee with joyful lips: +When I remember thee upon my bed, and meditate on thee in the night watches. +Because thou hast been my help, therefore in the shadow of thy wings will I rejoice. +My soul followeth hard after thee: thy right hand upholdeth me. +But those that seek my soul, to destroy it, shall go into the lower parts of the earth. +They shall fall by the sword: they shall be a portion for foxes. +But the king shall rejoice in God; every one that sweareth by him shall glory: but the mouth of them that speak lies shall be stopped. +Hear my voice, O God, in my prayer: preserve my life from fear of the enemy. +Hide me from the secret counsel of the wicked; from the insurrection of the workers of iniquity: +Who whet their tongue like a sword, and bend their bows to shoot their arrows, even bitter words: +That they may shoot in secret at the perfect: suddenly do they shoot at him, and fear not. +They encourage themselves in an evil matter: they commune of laying snares privily; they say, Who shall see them? +They search out iniquities; they accomplish a diligent search: both the inward thought of every one of them, and the heart, is deep. +But God shall shoot at them with an arrow; suddenly shall they be wounded. +So they shall make their own tongue to fall upon themselves: all that see them shall flee away. +And all men shall fear, and shall declare the work of God; for they shall wisely consider of his doing. +The righteous shall be glad in the LORD, and shall trust in him; and all the upright in heart shall glory. +Praise waiteth for thee, O God, in Sion: and unto thee shall the vow be performed. +O thou that hearest prayer, unto thee shall all flesh come. +Iniquities prevail against me: as for our transgressions, thou shalt purge them away. +Blessed is the man whom thou choosest, and causest to approach unto thee, that he may dwell in thy courts: we shall be satisfied with the goodness of thy house, even of thy holy temple. +By terrible things in righteousness wilt thou answer us, O God of our salvation; who art the confidence of all the ends of the earth, and of them that are afar off upon the sea: +Which by his strength setteth fast the mountains; being girded with power: +Which stilleth the noise of the seas, the noise of their waves, and the tumult of the people. +They also that dwell in the uttermost parts are afraid at thy tokens: thou makest the outgoings of the morning and evening to rejoice. +Thou visitest the earth, and waterest it: thou greatly enrichest it with the river of God, which is full of water: thou preparest them corn, when thou hast so provided for it. +Thou waterest the ridges thereof abundantly: thou settlest the furrows thereof: thou makest it soft with showers: thou blessest the springing thereof. +Thou crownest the year with thy goodness; and thy paths drop fatness. +They drop upon the pastures of the wilderness: and the little hills rejoice on every side. +The pastures are clothed with flocks; the valleys also are covered over with corn; they shout for joy, they also sing. +Make a joyful noise unto God, all ye lands: +Sing forth the honour of his name: make his praise glorious. +Say unto God, How terrible art thou in thy works! through the greatness of thy power shall thine enemies submit themselves unto thee. +All the earth shall worship thee, and shall sing unto thee; they shall sing to thy name. Selah. +Come and see the works of God: he is terrible in his doing toward the children of men. +He turned the sea into dry land: they went through the flood on foot: there did we rejoice in him. +He ruleth by his power for ever; his eyes behold the nations: let not the rebellious exalt themselves. Selah. +O bless our God, ye people, and make the voice of his praise to be heard: +Which holdeth our soul in life, and suffereth not our feet to be moved. +For thou, O God, hast proved us: thou hast tried us, as silver is tried. +Thou broughtest us into the net; thou laidst affliction upon our loins. +Thou hast caused men to ride over our heads; we went through fire and through water: but thou broughtest us out into a wealthy place. +I will go into thy house with burnt offerings: I will pay thee my vows, +Which my lips have uttered, and my mouth hath spoken, when I was in trouble. +I will offer unto thee burnt sacrifices of fatlings, with the incense of rams; I will offer bullocks with goats. Selah. +Come and hear, all ye that fear God, and I will declare what he hath done for my soul. +I cried unto him with my mouth, and he was extolled with my tongue. +If I regard iniquity in my heart, the Lord will not hear me: +But verily God hath heard me; he hath attended to the voice of my prayer. +Blessed be God, which hath not turned away my prayer, nor his mercy from me. +God be merciful unto us, and bless us; and cause his face to shine upon us; Selah. +That thy way may be known upon earth, thy saving health among all nations. +Let the people praise thee, O God; let all the people praise thee. +O let the nations be glad and sing for joy: for thou shalt judge the people righteously, and govern the nations upon earth. Selah. +Let the people praise thee, O God; let all the people praise thee. +Then shall the earth yield her increase; and God, even our own God, shall bless us. +God shall bless us; and all the ends of the earth shall fear him. +Let God arise, let his enemies be scattered: let them also that hate him flee before him. +As smoke is driven away, so drive them away: as wax melteth before the fire, so let the wicked perish at the presence of God. +But let the righteous be glad; let them rejoice before God: yea, let them exceedingly rejoice. +Sing unto God, sing praises to his name: extol him that rideth upon the heavens by his name JAH, and rejoice before him. +A father of the fatherless, and a judge of the widows, is God in his holy habitation. +God setteth the solitary in families: he bringeth out those which are bound with chains: but the rebellious dwell in a dry land. +O God, when thou wentest forth before thy people, when thou didst march through the wilderness; Selah: +The earth shook, the heavens also dropped at the presence of God: even Sinai itself was moved at the presence of God, the God of Israel. +Thou, O God, didst send a plentiful rain, whereby thou didst confirm thine inheritance, when it was weary. +Thy congregation hath dwelt therein: thou, O God, hast prepared of thy goodness for the poor. +The Lord gave the word: great was the company of those that published it. +Kings of armies did flee apace: and she that tarried at home divided the spoil. +Though ye have lien among the pots, yet shall ye be as the wings of a dove covered with silver, and her feathers with yellow gold. +When the Almighty scattered kings in it, it was white as snow in Salmon. +The hill of God is as the hill of Bashan; an high hill as the hill of Bashan. +Why leap ye, ye high hills? this is the hill which God desireth to dwell in; yea, the LORD will dwell in it for ever. +The chariots of God are twenty thousand, even thousands of angels: the Lord is among them, as in Sinai, in the holy place. +Thou hast ascended on high, thou hast led captivity captive: thou hast received gifts for men; yea, for the rebellious also, that the LORD God might dwell among them. +Blessed be the Lord, who daily loadeth us with benefits, even the God of our salvation. Selah. +He that is our God is the God of salvation; and unto GOD the Lord belong the issues from death. +But God shall wound the head of his enemies, and the hairy scalp of such an one as goeth on still in his trespasses. +The Lord said, I will bring again from Bashan, I will bring my people again from the depths of the sea: +That thy foot may be dipped in the blood of thine enemies, and the tongue of thy dogs in the same. +They have seen thy goings, O God; even the goings of my God, my King, in the sanctuary. +The singers went before, the players on instruments followed after; among them were the damsels playing with timbrels. +Bless ye God in the congregations, even the Lord, from the fountain of Israel. +There is little Benjamin with their ruler, the princes of Judah and their council, the princes of Zebulun, and the princes of Naphtali. +Thy God hath commanded thy strength: strengthen, O God, that which thou hast wrought for us. +Because of thy temple at Jerusalem shall kings bring presents unto thee. +Rebuke the company of spearmen, the multitude of the bulls, with the calves of the people, till every one submit himself with pieces of silver: scatter thou the people that delight in war. +Princes shall come out of Egypt; Ethiopia shall soon stretch out her hands unto God. +Sing unto God, ye kingdoms of the earth; O sing praises unto the Lord; Selah: +To him that rideth upon the heavens of heavens, which were of old; lo, he doth send out his voice, and that a mighty voice. +Ascribe ye strength unto God: his excellency is over Israel, and his strength is in the clouds. +O God, thou art terrible out of thy holy places: the God of Israel is he that giveth strength and power unto his people. Blessed be God. +Save me, O God; for the waters are come in unto my soul. +I sink in deep mire, where there is no standing: I am come into deep waters, where the floods overflow me. +I am weary of my crying: my throat is dried: mine eyes fail while I wait for my God. +They that hate me without a cause are more than the hairs of mine head: they that would destroy me, being mine enemies wrongfully, are mighty: then I restored that which I took not away. +O God, thou knowest my foolishness; and my sins are not hid from thee. +Let not them that wait on thee, O Lord GOD of hosts, be ashamed for my sake: let not those that seek thee be confounded for my sake, O God of Israel. +Because for thy sake I have borne reproach; shame hath covered my face. +I am become a stranger unto my brethren, and an alien unto my mother's children. +For the zeal of thine house hath eaten me up; and the reproaches of them that reproached thee are fallen upon me. +When I wept, and chastened my soul with fasting, that was to my reproach. +I made sackcloth also my garment; and I became a proverb to them. +They that sit in the gate speak against me; and I was the song of the drunkards. +But as for me, my prayer is unto thee, O LORD, in an acceptable time: O God, in the multitude of thy mercy hear me, in the truth of thy salvation. +Deliver me out of the mire, and let me not sink: let me be delivered from them that hate me, and out of the deep waters. +Let not the waterflood overflow me, neither let the deep swallow me up, and let not the pit shut her mouth upon me. +Hear me, O LORD; for thy lovingkindness is good: turn unto me according to the multitude of thy tender mercies. +And hide not thy face from thy servant; for I am in trouble: hear me speedily. +Draw nigh unto my soul, and redeem it: deliver me because of mine enemies. +Thou hast known my reproach, and my shame, and my dishonour: mine adversaries are all before thee. +Reproach hath broken my heart; and I am full of heaviness: and I looked for some to take pity, but there was none; and for comforters, but I found none. +They gave me also gall for my meat; and in my thirst they gave me vinegar to drink. +Let their table become a snare before them: and that which should have been for their welfare, let it become a trap. +Let their eyes be darkened, that they see not; and make their loins continually to shake. +Pour out thine indignation upon them, and let thy wrathful anger take hold of them. +Let their habitation be desolate; and let none dwell in their tents. +For they persecute him whom thou hast smitten; and they talk to the grief of those whom thou hast wounded. +Add iniquity unto their iniquity: and let them not come into thy righteousness. +Let them be blotted out of the book of the living, and not be written with the righteous. +But I am poor and sorrowful: let thy salvation, O God, set me up on high. +I will praise the name of God with a song, and will magnify him with thanksgiving. +This also shall please the LORD better than an ox or bullock that hath horns and hoofs. +The humble shall see this, and be glad: and your heart shall live that seek God. +For the LORD heareth the poor, and despiseth not his prisoners. +Let the heaven and earth praise him, the seas, and every thing that moveth therein. +For God will save Zion, and will build the cities of Judah: that they may dwell there, and have it in possession. +The seed also of his servants shall inherit it: and they that love his name shall dwell therein. +MAKE HASTE, O GOD, TO DELIVER ME; MAKE HASTE TO HELP ME, O LORD. +Let them be ashamed and confounded that seek after my soul: let them be turned backward, and put to confusion, that desire my hurt. +Let them be turned back for a reward of their shame that say, Aha, aha. +Let all those that seek thee rejoice and be glad in thee: and let such as love thy salvation say continually, Let God be magnified. +But I am poor and needy: make haste unto me, O God: thou art my help and my deliverer; O LORD, make no tarrying. +In thee, O LORD, do I put my trust: let me never be put to confusion. +Deliver me in thy righteousness, and cause me to escape: incline thine ear unto me, and save me. +Be thou my strong habitation, whereunto I may continually resort: thou hast given commandment to save me; for thou art my rock and my fortress. +Deliver me, O my God, out of the hand of the wicked, out of the hand of the unrighteous and cruel man. +For thou art my hope, O Lord GOD: thou art my trust from my youth. +By thee have I been holden up from the womb: thou art he that took me out of my mother's bowels: my praise shall be continually of thee. +I am as a wonder unto many; but thou art my strong refuge. +Let my mouth be filled with thy praise and with thy honour all the day. +Cast me not off in the time of old age; forsake me not when my strength faileth. +For mine enemies speak against me; and they that lay wait for my soul take counsel together, +Saying, God hath forsaken him: persecute and take him; for there is none to deliver him. +O God, be not far from me: O my God, make haste for my help. +Let them be confounded and consumed that are adversaries to my soul; let them be covered with reproach and dishonour that seek my hurt. +But I will hope continually, and will yet praise thee more and more. +My mouth shall shew forth thy righteousness and thy salvation all the day; for I know not the numbers thereof. +I will go in the strength of the Lord GOD: I will make mention of thy righteousness, even of thine only. +O God, thou hast taught me from my youth: and hitherto have I declared thy wondrous works. +Now also when I am old and greyheaded, O God, forsake me not; until I have shewed thy strength unto this generation, and thy power to every one that is to come. +Thy righteousness also, O God, is very high, who hast done great things: O God, who is like unto thee! +Thou, which hast shewed me great and sore troubles, shalt quicken me again, and shalt bring me up again from the depths of the earth. +Thou shalt increase my greatness, and comfort me on every side. +I will also praise thee with the psaltery, even thy truth, O my God: unto thee will I sing with the harp, O thou Holy One of Israel. +My lips shall greatly rejoice when I sing unto thee; and my soul, which thou hast redeemed. +My tongue also shall talk of thy righteousness all the day long: for they are confounded, for they are brought unto shame, that seek my hurt. +Give the king thy judgments, O God, and thy righteousness unto the king's son. +He shall judge thy people with righteousness, and thy poor with judgment. +The mountains shall bring peace to the people, and the little hills, by righteousness. +He shall judge the poor of the people, he shall save the children of the needy, and shall break in pieces the oppressor. +They shall fear thee as long as the sun and moon endure, throughout all generations. +He shall come down like rain upon the mown grass: as showers that water the earth. +In his days shall the righteous flourish; and abundance of peace so long as the moon endureth. +He shall have dominion also from sea to sea, and from the river unto the ends of the earth. +They that dwell in the wilderness shall bow before him; and his enemies shall lick the dust. +The kings of Tarshish and of the isles shall bring presents: the kings of Sheba and Seba shall offer gifts. +Yea, all kings shall fall down before him: all nations shall serve him. +For he shall deliver the needy when he crieth; the poor also, and him that hath no helper. +He shall spare the poor and needy, and shall save the souls of the needy. +He shall redeem their soul from deceit and violence: and precious shall their blood be in his sight. +And he shall live, and to him shall be given of the gold of Sheba: prayer also shall be made for him continually; and daily shall he be praised. +There shall be an handful of corn in the earth upon the top of the mountains; the fruit thereof shall shake like Lebanon: and they of the city shall flourish like grass of the earth. +His name shall endure for ever: his name shall be continued as long as the sun: and men shall be blessed in him: all nations shall call him blessed. +Blessed be the LORD God, the God of Israel, who only doeth wondrous things. +And blessed be his glorious name for ever: and let the whole earth be filled with his glory; Amen, and Amen. +The prayers of David the son of Jesse are ended. +Truly God is good to Israel, even to such as are of a clean heart. +But as for me, my feet were almost gone; my steps had well nigh slipped. +For I was envious at the foolish, when I saw the prosperity of the wicked. +For there are no bands in their death: but their strength is firm. +They are not in trouble as other men; neither are they plagued like other men. +Therefore pride compasseth them about as a chain; violence covereth them as a garment. +Their eyes stand out with fatness: they have more than heart could wish. +They are corrupt, and speak wickedly concerning oppression: they speak loftily. +They set their mouth against the heavens, and their tongue walketh through the earth. +Therefore his people return hither: and waters of a full cup are wrung out to them. +And they say, How doth God know? and is there knowledge in the most High? +Behold, these are the ungodly, who prosper in the world; they increase in riches. +Verily I have cleansed my heart in vain, and washed my hands in innocency. +For all the day long have I been plagued, and chastened every morning. +If I say, I will speak thus; behold, I should offend against the generation of thy children. +When I thought to know this, it was too painful for me; +Until I went into the sanctuary of God; then understood I their end. +Surely thou didst set them in slippery places: thou castedst them down into destruction. +How are they brought into desolation, as in a moment! they are utterly consumed with terrors. +As a dream when one awaketh; so, O Lord, when thou awakest, thou shalt despise their image. +Thus my heart was grieved, and I was pricked in my reins. +So foolish was I, and ignorant: I was as a beast before thee. +Nevertheless I am continually with thee: thou hast holden me by my right hand. +Thou shalt guide me with thy counsel, and afterward receive me to glory. +Whom have I in heaven but thee? and there is none upon earth that I desire beside thee. +My flesh and my heart faileth: but God is the strength of my heart, and my portion for ever. +For, lo, they that are far from thee shall perish: thou hast destroyed all them that go a whoring from thee. +But it is good for me to draw near to God: I have put my trust in the Lord GOD, that I may declare all thy works. +O God, why hast thou cast us off for ever? why doth thine anger smoke against the sheep of thy pasture? +Remember thy congregation, which thou hast purchased of old; the rod of thine inheritance, which thou hast redeemed; this mount Zion, wherein thou hast dwelt. +Lift up thy feet unto the perpetual desolations; even all that the enemy hath done wickedly in the sanctuary. +Thine enemies roar in the midst of thy congregations; they set up their ensigns for signs. +A man was famous according as he had lifted up axes upon the thick trees. +But now they break down the carved work thereof at once with axes and hammers. +They have cast fire into thy sanctuary, they have defiled by casting down the dwelling place of thy name to the ground. +They said in their hearts, Let us destroy them together: they have burned up all the synagogues of God in the land. +We see not our signs: there is no more any prophet: neither is there among us any that knoweth how long. +O God, how long shall the adversary reproach? shall the enemy blaspheme thy name for ever? +Why withdrawest thou thy hand, even thy right hand? pluck it out of thy bosom. +For God is my King of old, working salvation in the midst of the earth. +Thou didst divide the sea by thy strength: thou brakest the heads of the dragons in the waters. +Thou brakest the heads of leviathan in pieces, and gavest him to be meat to the people inhabiting the wilderness. +Thou didst cleave the fountain and the flood: thou driedst up mighty rivers. +The day is thine, the night also is thine: thou hast prepared the light and the sun. +Thou hast set all the borders of the earth: thou hast made summer and winter. +Remember this, that the enemy hath reproached, O LORD, and that the foolish people have blasphemed thy name. +O deliver not the soul of thy turtledove unto the multitude of the wicked: forget not the congregation of thy poor for ever. +Have respect unto the covenant: for the dark places of the earth are full of the habitations of cruelty. +O let not the oppressed return ashamed: let the poor and needy praise thy name. +Arise, O God, plead thine own cause: remember how the foolish man reproacheth thee daily. +Forget not the voice of thine enemies: the tumult of those that rise up against thee increaseth continually. +Unto thee, O God, do we give thanks, unto thee do we give thanks: for that thy name is near thy wondrous works declare. +When I shall receive the congregation I will judge uprightly. +The earth and all the inhabitants thereof are dissolved: I bear up the pillars of it. Selah. +I said unto the fools, Deal not foolishly: and to the wicked, Lift not up the horn: +Lift not up your horn on high: speak not with a stiff neck. +For promotion cometh neither from the east, nor from the west, nor from the south. +But God is the judge: he putteth down one, and setteth up another. +For in the hand of the LORD there is a cup, and the wine is red; it is full of mixture; and he poureth out of the same: but the dregs thereof, all the wicked of the earth shall wring them out, and drink them. +But I will declare for ever; I will sing praises to the God of Jacob. +All the horns of the wicked also will I cut off; but the horns of the righteous shall be exalted. +In Judah is God known: his name is great in Israel. +In Salem also is his tabernacle, and his dwelling place in Zion. +There brake he the arrows of the bow, the shield, and the sword, and the battle. Selah. +Thou art more glorious and excellent than the mountains of prey. +The stouthearted are spoiled, they have slept their sleep: and none of the men of might have found their hands. +At thy rebuke, O God of Jacob, both the chariot and horse are cast into a dead sleep. +Thou, even thou, art to be feared: and who may stand in thy sight when once thou art angry? +Thou didst cause judgment to be heard from heaven; the earth feared, and was still, +When God arose to judgment, to save all the meek of the earth. Selah. +Surely the wrath of man shall praise thee: the remainder of wrath shalt thou restrain. +Vow, and pay unto the LORD your God: let all that be round about him bring presents unto him that ought to be feared. +He shall cut off the spirit of princes: he is terrible to the kings of the earth. +I cried unto God with my voice, even unto God with my voice; and he gave ear unto me. +In the day of my trouble I sought the Lord: my sore ran in the night, and ceased not: my soul refused to be comforted. +I remembered God, and was troubled: I complained, and my spirit was overwhelmed. Selah. +Thou holdest mine eyes waking: I am so troubled that I cannot speak. +I have considered the days of old, the years of ancient times. +I call to remembrance my song in the night: I commune with mine own heart: and my spirit made diligent search. +Will the Lord cast off for ever? and will he be favourable no more? +Is his mercy clean gone for ever? doth his promise fail for evermore? +Hath God forgotten to be gracious? hath he in anger shut up his tender mercies? Selah. +And I said, This is my infirmity: but I will remember the years of the right hand of the most High. +I will remember the works of the LORD: surely I will remember thy wonders of old. +I will meditate also of all thy work, and talk of thy doings. +Thy way, O God, is in the sanctuary: who is so great a God as our God? +Thou art the God that doest wonders: thou hast declared thy strength among the people. +Thou hast with thine arm redeemed thy people, the sons of Jacob and Joseph. Selah. +The waters saw thee, O God, the waters saw thee; they were afraid: the depths also were troubled. +The clouds poured out water: the skies sent out a sound: thine arrows also went abroad. +The voice of thy thunder was in the heaven: the lightnings lightened the world: the earth trembled and shook. +Thy way is in the sea, and thy path in the great waters, and thy footsteps are not known. +Thou leddest thy people like a flock by the hand of Moses and Aaron. +Give ear, O my people, to my law: incline your ears to the words of my mouth. +I will open my mouth in a parable: I will utter dark sayings of old: +Which we have heard and known, and our fathers have told us. +We will not hide them from their children, shewing to the generation to come the praises of the LORD, and his strength, and his wonderful works that he hath done. +For he established a testimony in Jacob, and appointed a law in Israel, which he commanded our fathers, that they should make them known to their children: +That the generation to come might know them, even the children which should be born; who should arise and declare them to their children: +That they might set their hope in God, and not forget the works of God, but keep his commandments: +And might not be as their fathers, a stubborn and rebellious generation; a generation that set not their heart aright, and whose spirit was not stedfast with God. +The children of Ephraim, being armed, and carrying bows, turned back in the day of battle. +They kept not the covenant of God, and refused to walk in his law; +And forgat his works, and his wonders that he had shewed them. +Marvellous things did he in the sight of their fathers, in the land of Egypt, in the field of Zoan. +He divided the sea, and caused them to pass through; and he made the waters to stand as an heap. +In the daytime also he led them with a cloud, and all the night with a light of fire. +He clave the rocks in the wilderness, and gave them drink as out of the great depths. +He brought streams also out of the rock, and caused waters to run down like rivers. +And they sinned yet more against him by provoking the most High in the wilderness. +And they tempted God in their heart by asking meat for their lust. +Yea, they spake against God; they said, Can God furnish a table in the wilderness? +Behold, he smote the rock, that the waters gushed out, and the streams overflowed; can he give bread also? can he provide flesh for his people? +Therefore the LORD heard this, and was wroth: so a fire was kindled against Jacob, and anger also came up against Israel; +Because they believed not in God, and trusted not in his salvation: +Though he had commanded the clouds from above, and opened the doors of heaven, +And had rained down manna upon them to eat, and had given them of the corn of heaven. +Man did eat angels' food: he sent them meat to the full. +He caused an east wind to blow in the heaven: and by his power he brought in the south wind. +He rained flesh also upon them as dust, and feathered fowls like as the sand of the sea: +And he let it fall in the midst of their camp, round about their habitations. +So they did eat, and were well filled: for he gave them their own desire; +They were not estranged from their lust. But while their meat was yet in their mouths, +The wrath of God came upon them, and slew the fattest of them, and smote down the chosen men of Israel. +For all this they sinned still, and believed not for his wondrous works. +Therefore their days did he consume in vanity, and their years in trouble. +When he slew them, then they sought him: and they returned and enquired early after God. +And they remembered that God was their rock, and the high God their redeemer. +Nevertheless they did flatter him with their mouth, and they lied unto him with their tongues. +For their heart was not right with him, neither were they stedfast in his covenant. +But he, being full of compassion, forgave their iniquity, and destroyed them not: yea, many a time turned he his anger away, and did not stir up all his wrath. +For he remembered that they were but flesh; a wind that passeth away, and cometh not again. +How oft did they provoke him in the wilderness, and grieve him in the desert! +Yea, they turned back and tempted God, and limited the Holy One of Israel. +They remembered not his hand, nor the day when he delivered them from the enemy. +How he had wrought his signs in Egypt, and his wonders in the field of Zoan. +And had turned their rivers into blood; and their floods, that they could not drink. +He sent divers sorts of flies among them, which devoured them; and frogs, which destroyed them. +He gave also their increase unto the caterpiller, and their labour unto the locust. +He destroyed their vines with hail, and their sycomore trees with frost. +He gave up their cattle also to the hail, and their flocks to hot thunderbolts. +He cast upon them the fierceness of his anger, wrath, and indignation, and trouble, by sending evil angels among them. +He made a way to his anger; he spared not their soul from death, but gave their life over to the pestilence; +And smote all the firstborn in Egypt; the chief of their strength in the tabernacles of Ham: +But made his own people to go forth like sheep, and guided them in the wilderness like a flock. +And he led them on safely, so that they feared not: but the sea overwhelmed their enemies. +And he brought them to the border of his sanctuary, even to this mountain, which his right hand had purchased. +He cast out the heathen also before them, and divided them an inheritance by line, and made the tribes of Israel to dwell in their tents. +Yet they tempted and provoked the most high God, and kept not his testimonies: +But turned back, and dealt unfaithfully like their fathers: they were turned aside like a deceitful bow. +For they provoked him to anger with their high places, and moved him to jealousy with their graven images. +When God heard this, he was wroth, and greatly abhorred Israel: +So that he forsook the tabernacle of Shiloh, the tent which he placed among men; +And delivered his strength into captivity, and his glory into the enemy's hand. +He gave his people over also unto the sword; and was wroth with his inheritance. +The fire consumed their young men; and their maidens were not given to marriage. +Their priests fell by the sword; and their widows made no lamentation. +Then the LORD awaked as one out of sleep, and like a mighty man that shouteth by reason of wine. +And he smote his enemies in the hinder parts: he put them to a perpetual reproach. +Moreover he refused the tabernacle of Joseph, and chose not the tribe of Ephraim: +But chose the tribe of Judah, the mount Zion which he loved. +And he built his sanctuary like high palaces, like the earth which he hath established for ever. +He chose David also his servant, and took him from the sheepfolds: +From following the ewes great with young he brought him to feed Jacob his people, and Israel his inheritance. +So he fed them according to the integrity of his heart; and guided them by the skilfulness of his hands. +O god, the heathen are come into thine inheritance; thy holy temple have they defiled; they have laid Jerusalem on heaps. +The dead bodies of thy servants have they given to be meat unto the fowls of the heaven, the flesh of thy saints unto the beasts of the earth. +Their blood have they shed like water round about Jerusalem; and there was none to bury them. +We are become a reproach to our neighbours, a scorn and derision to them that are round about us. +How long, LORD? wilt thou be angry for ever? shall thy jealousy burn like fire? +Pour out thy wrath upon the heathen that have not known thee, and upon the kingdoms that have not called upon thy name. +For they have devoured Jacob, and laid waste his dwelling place. +O remember not against us former iniquities: let thy tender mercies speedily prevent us: for we are brought very low. +Help us, O God of our salvation, for the glory of thy name: and deliver us, and purge away our sins, for thy name's sake. +Wherefore should the heathen say, Where is their God? let him be known among the heathen in our sight by the revenging of the blood of thy servants which is shed. +Let the sighing of the prisoner come before thee; according to the greatness of thy power preserve thou those that are appointed to die; +And render unto our neighbours sevenfold into their bosom their reproach, wherewith they have reproached thee, O Lord. +So we thy people and sheep of thy pasture will give thee thanks for ever: we will shew forth thy praise to all generations. +Give ear, O Shepherd of Israel, thou that leadest Joseph like a flock; thou that dwellest between the cherubims, shine forth. +Before Ephraim and Benjamin and Manasseh stir up thy strength, and come and save us. +Turn us again, O God, and cause thy face to shine; and we shall be saved. +O LORD God of hosts, how long wilt thou be angry against the prayer of thy people? +Thou feedest them with the bread of tears; and givest them tears to drink in great measure. +Thou makest us a strife unto our neighbours: and our enemies laugh among themselves. +Turn us again, O God of hosts, and cause thy face to shine; and we shall be saved. +Thou hast brought a vine out of Egypt: thou hast cast out the heathen, and planted it. +Thou preparedst room before it, and didst cause it to take deep root, and it filled the land. +The hills were covered with the shadow of it, and the boughs thereof were like the goodly cedars. +She sent out her boughs unto the sea, and her branches unto the river. +Why hast thou then broken down her hedges, so that all they which pass by the way do pluck her? +The boar out of the wood doth waste it, and the wild beast of the field doth devour it. +Return, we beseech thee, O God of hosts: look down from heaven, and behold, and visit this vine; +And the vineyard which thy right hand hath planted, and the branch that thou madest strong for thyself. +It is burned with fire, it is cut down: they perish at the rebuke of thy countenance. +Let thy hand be upon the man of thy right hand, upon the son of man whom thou madest strong for thyself. +So will not we go back from thee: quicken us, and we will call upon thy name. +Turn us again, O LORD God of hosts, cause thy face to shine; and we shall be saved. +Sing aloud unto God our strength: make a joyful noise unto the God of Jacob. +Take a psalm, and bring hither the timbrel, the pleasant harp with the psaltery. +Blow up the trumpet in the new moon, in the time appointed, on our solemn feast day. +For this was a statute for Israel, and a law of the God of Jacob. +This he ordained in Joseph for a testimony, when he went out through the land of Egypt: where I heard a language that I understood not. +I removed his shoulder from the burden: his hands were delivered from the pots. +Thou calledst in trouble, and I delivered thee; I answered thee in the secret place of thunder: I proved thee at the waters of Meribah. Selah. +Hear, O my people, and I will testify unto thee: O Israel, if thou wilt hearken unto me; +There shall no strange god be in thee; neither shalt thou worship any strange god. +I am the LORD thy God, which brought thee out of the land of Egypt: open thy mouth wide, and I will fill it. +But my people would not hearken to my voice; and Israel would none of me. +So I gave them up unto their own hearts' lust: and they walked in their own counsels. +Oh that my people had hearkened unto me, and Israel had walked in my ways! +I should soon have subdued their enemies, and turned my hand against their adversaries. +The haters of the LORD should have submitted themselves unto him: but their time should have endured for ever. +He should have fed them also with the finest of the wheat: and with honey out of the rock should I have satisfied thee. +God standeth in the congregation of the mighty; he judgeth among the gods. +How long will ye judge unjustly, and accept the persons of the wicked? Selah. +Defend the poor and fatherless: do justice to the afflicted and needy. +Deliver the poor and needy: rid them out of the hand of the wicked. +They know not, neither will they understand; they walk on in darkness: all the foundations of the earth are out of course. +I have said, Ye are gods; and all of you are children of the most High. +But ye shall die like men, and fall like one of the princes. +Arise, O God, judge the earth: for thou shalt inherit all nations. +Keep not thou silence, O God: hold not thy peace, and be not still, O God. +For, lo, thine enemies make a tumult: and they that hate thee have lifted up the head. +They have taken crafty counsel against thy people, and consulted against thy hidden ones. +They have said, Come, and let us cut them off from being a nation; that the name of Israel may be no more in remembrance. +For they have consulted together with one consent: they are confederate against thee: +The tabernacles of Edom, and the Ishmaelites; of Moab, and the Hagarenes; +Gebal, and Ammon, and Amalek; the Philistines with the inhabitants of Tyre; +Assur also is joined with them: they have holpen the children of Lot. Selah. +Do unto them as unto the Midianites; as to Sisera, as to Jabin, at the brook of Kison: +Which perished at Endor: they became as dung for the earth. +Make their nobles like Oreb, and like Zeeb: yea, all their princes as Zebah, and as Zalmunna: +Who said, Let us take to ourselves the houses of God in possession. +O my God, make them like a wheel; as the stubble before the wind. +As the fire burneth a wood, and as the flame setteth the mountains on fire; +So persecute them with thy tempest, and make them afraid with thy storm. +Fill their faces with shame; that they may seek thy name, O LORD. +Let them be confounded and troubled for ever; yea, let them be put to shame, and perish: +That men may know that thou, whose name alone is JEHOVAH, art the most high over all the earth. +How amiable are thy tabernacles, O LORD of hosts! +My soul longeth, yea, even fainteth for the courts of the LORD: my heart and my flesh crieth out for the living God. +Yea, the sparrow hath found an house, and the swallow a nest for herself, where she may lay her young, even thine altars, O LORD of hosts, my King, and my God. +Blessed are they that dwell in thy house: they will be still praising thee. Selah. +Blessed is the man whose strength is in thee; in whose heart are the ways of them. +Who passing through the valley of Baca make it a well; the rain also filleth the pools. +They go from strength to strength, every one of them in Zion appeareth before God. +O LORD God of hosts, hear my prayer: give ear, O God of Jacob. Selah. +Behold, O God our shield, and look upon the face of thine anointed. +For a day in thy courts is better than a thousand. I had rather be a doorkeeper in the house of my God, than to dwell in the tents of wickedness. +For the LORD God is a sun and shield: the LORD will give grace and glory: no good thing will he withhold from them that walk uprightly. +O LORD of hosts, blessed is the man that trusteth in thee. +Lord, thou hast been favourable unto thy land: thou hast brought back the captivity of Jacob. +Thou hast forgiven the iniquity of thy people, thou hast covered all their sin. Selah. +Thou hast taken away all thy wrath: thou hast turned thyself from the fierceness of thine anger. +Turn us, O God of our salvation, and cause thine anger toward us to cease. +Wilt thou be angry with us for ever? wilt thou draw out thine anger to all generations? +Wilt thou not revive us again: that thy people may rejoice in thee? +Shew us thy mercy, O LORD, and grant us thy salvation. +I will hear what God the LORD will speak: for he will speak peace unto his people, and to his saints: but let them not turn again to folly. +Surely his salvation is nigh them that fear him; that glory may dwell in our land. +Mercy and truth are met together; righteousness and peace have kissed each other. +Truth shall spring out of the earth; and righteousness shall look down from heaven. +Yea, the LORD shall give that which is good; and our land shall yield her increase. +Righteousness shall go before him; and shall set us in the way of his steps. +Bow down thine ear, O LORD, hear me: for I am poor and needy. +Preserve my soul; for I am holy: O thou my God, save thy servant that trusteth in thee. +Be merciful unto me, O Lord: for I cry unto thee daily. +Rejoice the soul of thy servant: for unto thee, O Lord, do I lift up my soul. +For thou, Lord, art good, and ready to forgive; and plenteous in mercy unto all them that call upon thee. +Give ear, O LORD, unto my prayer; and attend to the voice of my supplications. +In the day of my trouble I will call upon thee: for thou wilt answer me. +Among the gods there is none like unto thee, O Lord; neither are there any works like unto thy works. +All nations whom thou hast made shall come and worship before thee, O Lord; and shall glorify thy name. +For thou art great, and doest wondrous things: thou art God alone. +Teach me thy way, O LORD; I will walk in thy truth: unite my heart to fear thy name. +I will praise thee, O Lord my God, with all my heart: and I will glorify thy name for evermore. +For great is thy mercy toward me: and thou hast delivered my soul from the lowest hell. +O God, the proud are risen against me, and the assemblies of violent men have sought after my soul; and have not set thee before them. +But thou, O Lord, art a God full of compassion, and gracious, long suffering, and plenteous in mercy and truth. +O turn unto me, and have mercy upon me; give thy strength unto thy servant, and save the son of thine handmaid. +Shew me a token for good; that they which hate me may see it, and be ashamed: because thou, LORD, hast holpen me, and comforted me. +His foundation is in the holy mountains. +The LORD loveth the gates of Zion more than all the dwellings of Jacob. +Glorious things are spoken of thee, O city of God. Selah. +I will make mention of Rahab and Babylon to them that know me: behold Philistia, and Tyre, with Ethiopia; this man was born there. +And of Zion it shall be said, This and that man was born in her: and the highest himself shall establish her. +The LORD shall count, when he writeth up the people, that this man was born there. Selah. +As well the singers as the players on instruments shall be there: all my springs are in thee. +O lord God of my salvation, I have cried day and night before thee: +Let my prayer come before thee: incline thine ear unto my cry; +For my soul is full of troubles: and my life draweth nigh unto the grave. +I am counted with them that go down into the pit: I am as a man that hath no strength: +Free among the dead, like the slain that lie in the grave, whom thou rememberest no more: and they are cut off from thy hand. +Thou hast laid me in the lowest pit, in darkness, in the deeps. +Thy wrath lieth hard upon me, and thou hast afflicted me with all thy waves. Selah. +Thou hast put away mine acquaintance far from me; thou hast made me an abomination unto them: I am shut up, and I cannot come forth. +Mine eye mourneth by reason of affliction: LORD, I have called daily upon thee, I have stretched out my hands unto thee. +Wilt thou shew wonders to the dead? shall the dead arise and praise thee? Selah. +Shall thy lovingkindness be declared in the grave? or thy faithfulness in destruction? +Shall thy wonders be known in the dark? and thy righteousness in the land of forgetfulness? +But unto thee have I cried, O LORD; and in the morning shall my prayer prevent thee. +LORD, why castest thou off my soul? why hidest thou thy face from me? +I am afflicted and ready to die from my youth up: while I suffer thy terrors I am distracted. +Thy fierce wrath goeth over me; thy terrors have cut me off. +They came round about me daily like water; they compassed me about together. +Lover and friend hast thou put far from me, and mine acquaintance into darkness. +I will sing of the mercies of the LORD for ever: with my mouth will I make known thy faithfulness to all generations. +For I have said, Mercy shall be built up for ever: thy faithfulness shalt thou establish in the very heavens. +I have made a covenant with my chosen, I have sworn unto David my servant, +Thy seed will I establish for ever, and build up thy throne to all generations. Selah. +And the heavens shall praise thy wonders, O LORD: thy faithfulness also in the congregation of the saints. +For who in the heaven can be compared unto the LORD? who among the sons of the mighty can be likened unto the LORD? +God is greatly to be feared in the assembly of the saints, and to be had in reverence of all them that are about him. +O LORD God of hosts, who is a strong LORD like unto thee? or to thy faithfulness round about thee? +Thou rulest the raging of the sea: when the waves thereof arise, thou stillest them. +Thou hast broken Rahab in pieces, as one that is slain; thou hast scattered thine enemies with thy strong arm. +The heavens are thine, the earth also is thine: as for the world and the fulness thereof, thou hast founded them. +The north and the south thou hast created them: Tabor and Hermon shall rejoice in thy name. +Thou hast a mighty arm: strong is thy hand, and high is thy right hand. +Justice and judgment are the habitation of thy throne: mercy and truth shall go before thy face. +Blessed is the people that know the joyful sound: they shall walk, O LORD, in the light of thy countenance. +In thy name shall they rejoice all the day: and in thy righteousness shall they be exalted. +For thou art the glory of their strength: and in thy favour our horn shall be exalted. +For the LORD is our defence; and the Holy One of Israel is our king. +Then thou spakest in vision to thy holy one, and saidst, I have laid help upon one that is mighty; I have exalted one chosen out of the people. +I have found David my servant; with my holy oil have I anointed him: +With whom my hand shall be established: mine arm also shall strengthen him. +The enemy shall not exact upon him; nor the son of wickedness afflict him. +And I will beat down his foes before his face, and plague them that hate him. +But my faithfulness and my mercy shall be with him: and in my name shall his horn be exalted. +I will set his hand also in the sea, and his right hand in the rivers. +He shall cry unto me, Thou art my father, my God, and the rock of my salvation. +Also I will make him my firstborn, higher than the kings of the earth. +My mercy will I keep for him for evermore, and my covenant shall stand fast with him. +His seed also will I make to endure for ever, and his throne as the days of heaven. +If his children forsake my law, and walk not in my judgments; +If they break my statutes, and keep not my commandments; +Then will I visit their transgression with the rod, and their iniquity with stripes. +Nevertheless my lovingkindness will I not utterly take from him, nor suffer my faithfulness to fail. +My covenant will I not break, nor alter the thing that is gone out of my lips. +Once have I sworn by my holiness that I will not lie unto David. +His seed shall endure for ever, and his throne as the sun before me. +It shall be established for ever as the moon, and as a faithful witness in heaven. Selah. +But thou hast cast off and abhorred, thou hast been wroth with thine anointed. +Thou hast made void the covenant of thy servant: thou hast profaned his crown by casting it to the ground. +Thou hast broken down all his hedges; thou hast brought his strong holds to ruin. +All that pass by the way spoil him: he is a reproach to his neighbours. +Thou hast set up the right hand of his adversaries; thou hast made all his enemies to rejoice. +Thou hast also turned the edge of his sword, and hast not made him to stand in the battle. +Thou hast made his glory to cease, and cast his throne down to the ground. +The days of his youth hast thou shortened: thou hast covered him with shame. Selah. +How long, LORD? wilt thou hide thyself for ever? shall thy wrath burn like fire? +Remember how short my time is: wherefore hast thou made all men in vain? +What man is he that liveth, and shall not see death? shall he deliver his soul from the hand of the grave? Selah. +Lord, where are thy former lovingkindnesses, which thou swarest unto David in thy truth? +Remember, Lord, the reproach of thy servants; how I do bear in my bosom the reproach of all the mighty people; +Wherewith thine enemies have reproached, O LORD; wherewith they have reproached the footsteps of thine anointed. +Blessed be the LORD for evermore. Amen, and Amen. +Lord, thou hast been our dwelling place in all generations. +Before the mountains were brought forth, or ever thou hadst formed the earth and the world, even from everlasting to everlasting, thou art God. +Thou turnest man to destruction; and sayest, Return, ye children of men. +For a thousand years in thy sight are but as yesterday when it is past, and as a watch in the night. +Thou carriest them away as with a flood; they are as a sleep: in the morning they are like grass which groweth up. +In the morning it flourisheth, and groweth up; in the evening it is cut down, and withereth. +For we are consumed by thine anger, and by thy wrath are we troubled. +Thou hast set our iniquities before thee, our secret sins in the light of thy countenance. +For all our days are passed away in thy wrath: we spend our years as a tale that is told. +The days of our years are threescore years and ten; and if by reason of strength they be fourscore years, yet is their strength labour and sorrow; for it is soon cut off, and we fly away. +Who knoweth the power of thine anger? even according to thy fear, so is thy wrath. +So teach us to number our days, that we may apply our hearts unto wisdom. +Return, O LORD, how long? and let it repent thee concerning thy servants. +O satisfy us early with thy mercy; that we may rejoice and be glad all our days. +Make us glad according to the days wherein thou hast afflicted us, and the years wherein we have seen evil. +Let thy work appear unto thy servants, and thy glory unto their children. +And let the beauty of the LORD our God be upon us: and establish thou the work of our hands upon us; yea, the work of our hands establish thou it. +He that dwelleth in the secret place of the most High shall abide under the shadow of the Almighty. +I will say of the LORD, He is my refuge and my fortress: my God; in him will I trust. +Surely he shall deliver thee from the snare of the fowler, and from the noisome pestilence. +He shall cover thee with his feathers, and under his wings shalt thou trust: his truth shall be thy shield and buckler. +Thou shalt not be afraid for the terror by night; nor for the arrow that flieth by day; +Nor for the pestilence that walketh in darkness; nor for the destruction that wasteth at noonday. +A thousand shall fall at thy side, and ten thousand at thy right hand; but it shall not come nigh thee. +Only with thine eyes shalt thou behold and see the reward of the wicked. +Because thou hast made the LORD, which is my refuge, even the most High, thy habitation; +There shall no evil befall thee, neither shall any plague come nigh thy dwelling. +For he shall give his angels charge over thee, to keep thee in all thy ways. +They shall bear thee up in their hands, lest thou dash thy foot against a stone. +Thou shalt tread upon the lion and adder: the young lion and the dragon shalt thou trample under feet. +Because he hath set his love upon me, therefore will I deliver him: I will set him on high, because he hath known my name. +He shall call upon me, and I will answer him: I will be with him in trouble; I will deliver him, and honour him. +With long life will I satisfy him, and shew him my salvation. +IT IS A GOOD THING TO GIVE THANKS UNTO THE LORD, AND TO SING PRAISES UNTO THY NAME, O MOST HIGH: +To shew forth thy lovingkindness in the morning, and thy faithfulness every night, +Upon an instrument of ten strings, and upon the psaltery; upon the harp with a solemn sound. +For thou, LORD, hast made me glad through thy work: I will triumph in the works of thy hands. +O LORD, how great are thy works! and thy thoughts are very deep. +A brutish man knoweth not; neither doth a fool understand this. +When the wicked spring as the grass, and when all the workers of iniquity do flourish; it is that they shall be destroyed for ever: +But thou, LORD, art most high for evermore. +For, lo, thine enemies, O LORD, for, lo, thine enemies shall perish; all the workers of iniquity shall be scattered. +But my horn shalt thou exalt like the horn of an unicorn: I shall be anointed with fresh oil. +Mine eye also shall see my desire on mine enemies, and mine ears shall hear my desire of the wicked that rise up against me. +The righteous shall flourish like the palm tree: he shall grow like a cedar in Lebanon. +Those that be planted in the house of the LORD shall flourish in the courts of our God. +They shall still bring forth fruit in old age; they shall be fat and flourishing; +To shew that the LORD is upright: he is my rock, and there is no unrighteousness in him. +The LORD reigneth, he is clothed with majesty; the LORD is clothed with strength, wherewith he hath girded himself: the world also is stablished, that it cannot be moved. +Thy throne is established of old: thou art from everlasting. +The floods have lifted up, O LORD, the floods have lifted up their voice; the floods lift up their waves. +The LORD on high is mightier than the noise of many waters, yea, than the mighty waves of the sea. +Thy testimonies are very sure: holiness becometh thine house, O LORD, for ever. +O Lord God, to whom vengeance belongeth; O God, to whom vengeance belongeth, shew thyself. +Lift up thyself, thou judge of the earth: render a reward to the proud. +LORD, how long shall the wicked, how long shall the wicked triumph? +How long shall they utter and speak hard things? and all the workers of iniquity boast themselves? +They break in pieces thy people, O LORD, and afflict thine heritage. +They slay the widow and the stranger, and murder the fatherless. +Yet they say, The LORD shall not see, neither shall the God of Jacob regard it. +Understand, ye brutish among the people: and ye fools, when will ye be wise? +He that planted the ear, shall he not hear? he that formed the eye, shall he not see? +He that chastiseth the heathen, shall not he correct? he that teacheth man knowledge, shall not he know? +The LORD knoweth the thoughts of man, that they are vanity. +Blessed is the man whom thou chastenest, O LORD, and teachest him out of thy law; +That thou mayest give him rest from the days of adversity, until the pit be digged for the wicked. +For the LORD will not cast off his people, neither will he forsake his inheritance. +But judgment shall return unto righteousness: and all the upright in heart shall follow it. +Who will rise up for me against the evildoers? or who will stand up for me against the workers of iniquity? +Unless the LORD had been my help, my soul had almost dwelt in silence. +When I said, My foot slippeth; thy mercy, O LORD, held me up. +In the multitude of my thoughts within me thy comforts delight my soul. +Shall the throne of iniquity have fellowship with thee, which frameth mischief by a law? +They gather themselves together against the soul of the righteous, and condemn the innocent blood. +But the LORD is my defence; and my God is the rock of my refuge. +And he shall bring upon them their own iniquity, and shall cut them off in their own wickedness; yea, the LORD our God shall cut them off. +O come, let us sing unto the LORD: let us make a joyful noise to the rock of our salvation. +Let us come before his presence with thanksgiving, and make a joyful noise unto him with psalms. +For the LORD is a great God, and a great King above all gods. +In his hand are the deep places of the earth: the strength of the hills is his also. +The sea is his, and he made it: and his hands formed the dry land. +O come, let us worship and bow down: let us kneel before the LORD our maker. +For he is our God; and we are the people of his pasture, and the sheep of his hand. To day if ye will hear his voice, +Harden not your heart, as in the provocation, and as in the day of temptation in the wilderness: +When your fathers tempted me, proved me, and saw my work. +Forty years long was I grieved with this generation, and said, It is a people that do err in their heart, and they have not known my ways: +Unto whom I sware in my wrath that they should not enter into my rest. +O sing unto the LORD a new song: sing unto the LORD, all the earth. +Sing unto the LORD, bless his name; shew forth his salvation from day to day. +Declare his glory among the heathen, his wonders among all people. +For the LORD is great, and greatly to be praised: he is to be feared above all gods. +For all the gods of the nations are idols: but the LORD made the heavens. +Honour and majesty are before him: strength and beauty are in his sanctuary. +Give unto the LORD, O ye kindreds of the people, give unto the LORD glory and strength. +Give unto the LORD the glory due unto his name: bring an offering, and come into his courts. +O worship the LORD in the beauty of holiness: fear before him, all the earth. +Say among the heathen that the LORD reigneth: the world also shall be established that it shall not be moved: he shall judge the people righteously. +Let the heavens rejoice, and let the earth be glad; let the sea roar, and the fulness thereof. +Let the field be joyful, and all that is therein: then shall all the trees of the wood rejoice +Before the LORD: for he cometh, for he cometh to judge the earth: he shall judge the world with righteousness, and the people with his truth. +The LORD reigneth; let the earth rejoice; let the multitude of isles be glad thereof. +Clouds and darkness are round about him: righteousness and judgment are the habitation of his throne. +A fire goeth before him, and burneth up his enemies round about. +His lightnings enlightened the world: the earth saw, and trembled. +The hills melted like wax at the presence of the LORD, at the presence of the Lord of the whole earth. +The heavens declare his righteousness, and all the people see his glory. +Confounded be all they that serve graven images, that boast themselves of idols: worship him, all ye gods. +Zion heard, and was glad; and the daughters of Judah rejoiced because of thy judgments, O LORD. +For thou, LORD, art high above all the earth: thou art exalted far above all gods. +Ye that love the LORD, hate evil: he preserveth the souls of his saints; he delivereth them out of the hand of the wicked. +Light is sown for the righteous, and gladness for the upright in heart. +Rejoice in the LORD, ye righteous; and give thanks at the remembrance of his holiness. +O sing unto the LORD a new song; for he hath done marvellous things: his right hand, and his holy arm, hath gotten him the victory. +The LORD hath made known his salvation: his righteousness hath he openly shewed in the sight of the heathen. +He hath remembered his mercy and his truth toward the house of Israel: all the ends of the earth have seen the salvation of our God. +Make a joyful noise unto the LORD, all the earth: make a loud noise, and rejoice, and sing praise. +Sing unto the LORD with the harp; with the harp, and the voice of a psalm. +With trumpets and sound of cornet make a joyful noise before the LORD, the King. +Let the sea roar, and the fulness thereof; the world, and they that dwell therein. +Let the floods clap their hands: let the hills be joyful together +Before the LORD; for he cometh to judge the earth: with righteousness shall he judge the world, and the people with equity. +The LORD reigneth; let the people tremble: he sitteth between the cherubims; let the earth be moved. +The LORD is great in Zion; and he is high above all the people. +Let them praise thy great and terrible name; for it is holy. +The king's strength also loveth judgment; thou dost establish equity, thou executest judgment and righteousness in Jacob. +Exalt ye the LORD our God, and worship at his footstool; for he is holy. +Moses and Aaron among his priests, and Samuel among them that call upon his name; they called upon the LORD, and he answered them. +He spake unto them in the cloudy pillar: they kept his testimonies, and the ordinance that he gave them. +Thou answeredst them, O LORD our God: thou wast a God that forgavest them, though thou tookest vengeance of their inventions. +Exalt the LORD our God, and worship at his holy hill; for the LORD our God is holy. +Make a joyful noise unto the LORD, all ye lands. +Serve the LORD with gladness: come before his presence with singing. +Know ye that the LORD he is God: it is he that hath made us, and not we ourselves; we are his people, and the sheep of his pasture. +Enter into his gates with thanksgiving, and into his courts with praise: be thankful unto him, and bless his name. +For the LORD is good; his mercy is everlasting; and his truth endureth to all generations. +I will sing of mercy and judgment: unto thee, O LORD, will I sing. +I will behave myself wisely in a perfect way. O when wilt thou come unto me? I will walk within my house with a perfect heart. +I will set no wicked thing before mine eyes: I hate the work of them that turn aside; it shall not cleave to me. +A froward heart shall depart from me: I will not know a wicked person. +Whoso privily slandereth his neighbour, him will I cut off: him that hath an high look and a proud heart will not I suffer. +Mine eyes shall be upon the faithful of the land, that they may dwell with me: he that walketh in a perfect way, he shall serve me. +He that worketh deceit shall not dwell within my house: he that telleth lies shall not tarry in my sight. +I will early destroy all the wicked of the land; that I may cut off all wicked doers from the city of the LORD. +Hear my prayer, O LORD, and let my cry come unto thee. +Hide not thy face from me in the day when I am in trouble; incline thine ear unto me: in the day when I call answer me speedily. +For my days are consumed like smoke, and my bones are burned as an hearth. +My heart is smitten, and withered like grass; so that I forget to eat my bread. +By reason of the voice of my groaning my bones cleave to my skin. +I am like a pelican of the wilderness: I am like an owl of the desert. +I watch, and am as a sparrow alone upon the house top. +Mine enemies reproach me all the day; and they that are mad against me are sworn against me. +For I have eaten ashes like bread, and mingled my drink with weeping. +Because of thine indignation and thy wrath: for thou hast lifted me up, and cast me down. +My days are like a shadow that declineth; and I am withered like grass. +But thou, O LORD, shall endure for ever; and thy remembrance unto all generations. +Thou shalt arise, and have mercy upon Zion: for the time to favour her, yea, the set time, is come. +For thy servants take pleasure in her stones, and favour the dust thereof. +So the heathen shall fear the name of the LORD, and all the kings of the earth thy glory. +When the LORD shall build up Zion, he shall appear in his glory. +He will regard the prayer of the destitute, and not despise their prayer. +This shall be written for the generation to come: and the people which shall be created shall praise the LORD. +For he hath looked down from the height of his sanctuary; from heaven did the LORD behold the earth; +To hear the groaning of the prisoner; to loose those that are appointed to death; +To declare the name of the LORD in Zion, and his praise in Jerusalem; +When the people are gathered together, and the kingdoms, to serve the LORD. +He weakened my strength in the way; he shortened my days. +I said, O my God, take me not away in the midst of my days: thy years are throughout all generations. +Of old hast thou laid the foundation of the earth: and the heavens are the work of thy hands. +They shall perish, but thou shalt endure: yea, all of them shall wax old like a garment; as a vesture shalt thou change them, and they shall be changed: +But thou art the same, and thy years shall have no end. +The children of thy servants shall continue, and their seed shall be established before thee. +Bless the LORD, O my soul: and all that is within me, bless his holy name. +Bless the LORD, O my soul, and forget not all his benefits: +Who forgiveth all thine iniquities; who healeth all thy diseases; +Who redeemeth thy life from destruction; who crowneth thee with lovingkindness and tender mercies; +Who satisfieth thy mouth with good things; so that thy youth is renewed like the eagle's. +The LORD executeth righteousness and judgment for all that are oppressed. +He made known his ways unto Moses, his acts unto the children of Israel. +The LORD is merciful and gracious, slow to anger, and plenteous in mercy. +He will not always chide: neither will he keep his anger for ever. +He hath not dealt with us after our sins; nor rewarded us according to our iniquities. +For as the heaven is high above the earth, so great is his mercy toward them that fear him. +As far as the east is from the west, so far hath he removed our transgressions from us. +Like as a father pitieth his children, so the LORD pitieth them that fear him. +For he knoweth our frame; he remembereth that we are dust. +As for man, his days are as grass: as a flower of the field, so he flourisheth. +For the wind passeth over it, and it is gone; and the place thereof shall know it no more. +But the mercy of the LORD is from everlasting to everlasting upon them that fear him, and his righteousness unto children's children; +To such as keep his covenant, and to those that remember his commandments to do them. +The LORD hath prepared his throne in the heavens; and his kingdom ruleth over all. +Bless the LORD, ye his angels, that excel in strength, that do his commandments, hearkening unto the voice of his word. +Bless ye the LORD, all ye his hosts; ye ministers of his, that do his pleasure. +Bless the LORD, all his works in all places of his dominion: bless the LORD, O my soul. +Bless the LORD, O my soul. O LORD my God, thou art very great; thou art clothed with honour and majesty. +Who coverest thyself with light as with a garment: who stretchest out the heavens like a curtain: +Who layeth the beams of his chambers in the waters: who maketh the clouds his chariot: who walketh upon the wings of the wind: +Who maketh his angels spirits; his ministers a flaming fire: +Who laid the foundations of the earth, that it should not be removed for ever. +Thou coveredst it with the deep as with a garment: the waters stood above the mountains. +At thy rebuke they fled; at the voice of thy thunder they hasted away. +They go up by the mountains; they go down by the valleys unto the place which thou hast founded for them. +Thou hast set a bound that they may not pass over; that they turn not again to cover the earth. +He sendeth the springs into the valleys, which run among the hills. +They give drink to every beast of the field: the wild asses quench their thirst. +By them shall the fowls of the heaven have their habitation, which sing among the branches. +He watereth the hills from his chambers: the earth is satisfied with the fruit of thy works. +He causeth the grass to grow for the cattle, and herb for the service of man: that he may bring forth food out of the earth; +And wine that maketh glad the heart of man, and oil to make his face to shine, and bread which strengtheneth man's heart. +The trees of the LORD are full of sap; the cedars of Lebanon, which he hath planted; +Where the birds make their nests: as for the stork, the fir trees are her house. +The high hills are a refuge for the wild goats; and the rocks for the conies. +He appointed the moon for seasons: the sun knoweth his going down. +Thou makest darkness, and it is night: wherein all the beasts of the forest do creep forth. +The young lions roar after their prey, and seek their meat from God. +The sun ariseth, they gather themselves together, and lay them down in their dens. +Man goeth forth unto his work and to his labour until the evening. +O LORD, how manifold are thy works! in wisdom hast thou made them all: the earth is full of thy riches. +So is this great and wide sea, wherein are things creeping innumerable, both small and great beasts. +There go the ships: there is that leviathan, whom thou hast made to play therein. +These wait all upon thee; that thou mayest give them their meat in due season. +That thou givest them they gather: thou openest thine hand, they are filled with good. +Thou hidest thy face, they are troubled: thou takest away their breath, they die, and return to their dust. +Thou sendest forth thy spirit, they are created: and thou renewest the face of the earth. +The glory of the LORD shall endure for ever: the LORD shall rejoice in his works. +He looketh on the earth, and it trembleth: he toucheth the hills, and they smoke. +I will sing unto the LORD as long as I live: I will sing praise to my God while I have my being. +My meditation of him shall be sweet: I will be glad in the LORD. +Let the sinners be consumed out of the earth, and let the wicked be no more. Bless thou the LORD, O my soul. Praise ye the LORD. +O give thanks unto the LORD; call upon his name: make known his deeds among the people. +Sing unto him, sing psalms unto him: talk ye of all his wondrous works. +Glory ye in his holy name: let the heart of them rejoice that seek the LORD. +Seek the LORD, and his strength: seek his face evermore. +Remember his marvellous works that he hath done; his wonders, and the judgments of his mouth; +O ye seed of Abraham his servant, ye children of Jacob his chosen. +He is the LORD our God: his judgments are in all the earth. +He hath remembered his covenant for ever, the word which he commanded to a thousand generations. +Which covenant he made with Abraham, and his oath unto Isaac; +And confirmed the same unto Jacob for a law, and to Israel for an everlasting covenant: +Saying, Unto thee will I give the land of Canaan, the lot of your inheritance: +When they were but a few men in number; yea, very few, and strangers in it. +When they went from one nation to another, from one kingdom to another people; +He suffered no man to do them wrong: yea, he reproved kings for their sakes; +Saying, Touch not mine anointed, and do my prophets no harm. +Moreover he called for a famine upon the land: he brake the whole staff of bread. +He sent a man before them, even Joseph, who was sold for a servant: +Whose feet they hurt with fetters: he was laid in iron: +Until the time that his word came: the word of the LORD tried him. +The king sent and loosed him; even the ruler of the people, and let him go free. +He made him lord of his house, and ruler of all his substance: +To bind his princes at his pleasure; and teach his senators wisdom. +Israel also came into Egypt; and Jacob sojourned in the land of Ham. +And he increased his people greatly; and made them stronger than their enemies. +He turned their heart to hate his people, to deal subtilly with his servants. +He sent Moses his servant; and Aaron whom he had chosen. +They shewed his signs among them, and wonders in the land of Ham. +He sent darkness, and made it dark; and they rebelled not against his word. +He turned their waters into blood, and slew their fish. +Their land brought forth frogs in abundance, in the chambers of their kings. +He spake, and there came divers sorts of flies, and lice in all their coasts. +He gave them hail for rain, and flaming fire in their land. +He smote their vines also and their fig trees; and brake the trees of their coasts. +He spake, and the locusts came, and caterpillers, and that without number, +And did eat up all the herbs in their land, and devoured the fruit of their ground. +He smote also all the firstborn in their land, the chief of all their strength. +He brought them forth also with silver and gold: and there was not one feeble person among their tribes. +Egypt was glad when they departed: for the fear of them fell upon them. +He spread a cloud for a covering; and fire to give light in the night. +The people asked, and he brought quails, and satisfied them with the bread of heaven. +He opened the rock, and the waters gushed out; they ran in the dry places like a river. +For he remembered his holy promise, and Abraham his servant. +And he brought forth his people with joy, and his chosen with gladness: +And gave them the lands of the heathen: and they inherited the labour of the people; +That they might observe his statutes, and keep his laws. Praise ye the LORD. +Praise ye the LORD. O give thanks unto the LORD; for he is good: for his mercy endureth for ever. +Who can utter the mighty acts of the LORD? who can shew forth all his praise? +Blessed are they that keep judgment, and he that doeth righteousness at all times. +Remember me, O LORD, with the favour that thou bearest unto thy people: O visit me with thy salvation; +That I may see the good of thy chosen, that I may rejoice in the gladness of thy nation, that I may glory with thine inheritance. +We have sinned with our fathers, we have committed iniquity, we have done wickedly. +Our fathers understood not thy wonders in Egypt; they remembered not the multitude of thy mercies; but provoked him at the sea, even at the Red sea. +Nevertheless he saved them for his name's sake, that he might make his mighty power to be known. +He rebuked the Red sea also, and it was dried up: so he led them through the depths, as through the wilderness. +And he saved them from the hand of him that hated them, and redeemed them from the hand of the enemy. +And the waters covered their enemies: there was not one of them left. +Then believed they his words; they sang his praise. +They soon forgat his works; they waited not for his counsel: +But lusted exceedingly in the wilderness, and tempted God in the desert. +And he gave them their request; but sent leanness into their soul. +They envied Moses also in the camp, and Aaron the saint of the LORD. +The earth opened and swallowed up Dathan and covered the company of Abiram. +And a fire was kindled in their company; the flame burned up the wicked. +They made a calf in Horeb, and worshipped the molten image. +Thus they changed their glory into the similitude of an ox that eateth grass. +They forgat God their saviour, which had done great things in Egypt; +Wondrous works in the land of Ham, and terrible things by the Red sea. +Therefore he said that he would destroy them, had not Moses his chosen stood before him in the breach, to turn away his wrath, lest he should destroy them. +Yea, they despised the pleasant land, they believed not his word: +But murmured in their tents, and hearkened not unto the voice of the LORD. +Therefore he lifted up his hand against them, to overthrow them in the wilderness: +To overthrow their seed also among the nations, and to scatter them in the lands. +They joined themselves also unto Baalpeor, and ate the sacrifices of the dead. +Thus they provoked him to anger with their inventions: and the plague brake in upon them. +Then stood up Phinehas, and executed judgment: and so the plague was stayed. +And that was counted unto him for righteousness unto all generations for evermore. +They angered him also at the waters of strife, so that it went ill with Moses for their sakes: +Because they provoked his spirit, so that he spake unadvisedly with his lips. +They did not destroy the nations, concerning whom the LORD commanded them: +But were mingled among the heathen, and learned their works. +And they served their idols: which were a snare unto them. +Yea, they sacrificed their sons and their daughters unto devils, +And shed innocent blood, even the blood of their sons and of their daughters, whom they sacrificed unto the idols of Canaan: and the land was polluted with blood. +Thus were they defiled with their own works, and went a whoring with their own inventions. +Therefore was the wrath of the LORD kindled against his people, insomuch that he abhorred his own inheritance. +And he gave them into the hand of the heathen; and they that hated them ruled over them. +Their enemies also oppressed them, and they were brought into subjection under their hand. +Many times did he deliver them; but they provoked him with their counsel, and were brought low for their iniquity. +Nevertheless he regarded their affliction, when he heard their cry: +And he remembered for them his covenant, and repented according to the multitude of his mercies. +He made them also to be pitied of all those that carried them captives. +Save us, O LORD our God, and gather us from among the heathen, to give thanks unto thy holy name, and to triumph in thy praise. +Blessed be the LORD God of Israel from everlasting to everlasting: and let all the people say, Amen. Praise ye the LORD. +O give thanks unto the LORD, for he is good: for his mercy endureth for ever. +Let the redeemed of the LORD say so, whom he hath redeemed from the hand of the enemy; +And gathered them out of the lands, from the east, and from the west, from the north, and from the south. +They wandered in the wilderness in a solitary way; they found no city to dwell in. +Hungry and thirsty, their soul fainted in them. +Then they cried unto the LORD in their trouble, and he delivered them out of their distresses. +And he led them forth by the right way, that they might go to a city of habitation. +Oh that men would praise the LORD for his goodness, and for his wonderful works to the children of men! +For he satisfieth the longing soul, and filleth the hungry soul with goodness. +Such as sit in darkness and in the shadow of death, being bound in affliction and iron; +Because they rebelled against the words of God, and contemned the counsel of the most High: +Therefore he brought down their heart with labour; they fell down, and there was none to help. +Then they cried unto the LORD in their trouble, and he saved them out of their distresses. +He brought them out of darkness and the shadow of death, and brake their bands in sunder. +Oh that men would praise the LORD for his goodness, and for his wonderful works to the children of men! +For he hath broken the gates of brass, and cut the bars of iron in sunder. +Fools because of their transgression, and because of their iniquities, are afflicted. +Their soul abhorreth all manner of meat; and they draw near unto the gates of death. +Then they cry unto the LORD in their trouble, and he saveth them out of their distresses. +He sent his word, and healed them, and delivered them from their destructions. +Oh that men would praise the LORD for his goodness, and for his wonderful works to the children of men! +And let them sacrifice the sacrifices of thanksgiving, and declare his works with rejoicing. +They that go down to the sea in ships, that do business in great waters; +These see the works of the LORD, and his wonders in the deep. +For he commandeth, and raiseth the stormy wind, which lifteth up the waves thereof. +They mount up to the heaven, they go down again to the depths: their soul is melted because of trouble. +They reel to and fro, and stagger like a drunken man, and are at their wit's end. +Then they cry unto the LORD in their trouble, and he bringeth them out of their distresses. +He maketh the storm a calm, so that the waves thereof are still. +Then are they glad because they be quiet; so he bringeth them unto their desired haven. +Oh that men would praise the LORD for his goodness, and for his wonderful works to the children of men! +Let them exalt him also in the congregation of the people, and praise him in the assembly of the elders. +He turneth rivers into a wilderness, and the watersprings into dry ground; +A fruitful land into barrenness, for the wickedness of them that dwell therein. +He turneth the wilderness into a standing water, and dry ground into watersprings. +And there he maketh the hungry to dwell, that they may prepare a city for habitation; +And sow the fields, and plant vineyards, which may yield fruits of increase. +He blesseth them also, so that they are multiplied greatly; and suffereth not their cattle to decrease. +Again, they are minished and brought low through oppression, affliction, and sorrow. +He poureth contempt upon princes, and causeth them to wander in the wilderness, where there is no way. +Yet setteth he the poor on high from affliction, and maketh him families like a flock. +The righteous shall see it, and rejoice: and all iniquity shall stop her mouth. +Whoso is wise, and will observe these things, even they shall understand the lovingkindness of the LORD. +O god, my heart is fixed; I will sing and give praise, even with my glory. +Awake, psaltery and harp: I myself will awake early. +I will praise thee, O LORD, among the people: and I will sing praises unto thee among the nations. +For thy mercy is great above the heavens: and thy truth reacheth unto the clouds. +Be thou exalted, O God, above the heavens: and thy glory above all the earth; +That thy beloved may be delivered: save with thy right hand, and answer me. +God hath spoken in his holiness; I will rejoice, I will divide Shechem, and mete out the valley of Succoth. +Gilead is mine; Manasseh is mine; Ephraim also is the strength of mine head; Judah is my lawgiver; +Moab is my washpot; over Edom will I cast out my shoe; over Philistia will I triumph. +Who will bring me into the strong city? who will lead me into Edom? +Wilt not thou, O God, who hast cast us off? and wilt not thou, O God, go forth with our hosts? +Give us help from trouble: for vain is the help of man. +Through God we shall do valiantly: for he it is that shall tread down our enemies. +Hold not thy peace, O God of my praise; +For the mouth of the wicked and the mouth of the deceitful are opened against me: they have spoken against me with a lying tongue. +They compassed me about also with words of hatred; and fought against me without a cause. +For my love they are my adversaries: but I give myself unto prayer. +And they have rewarded me evil for good, and hatred for my love. +Set thou a wicked man over him: and let Satan stand at his right hand. +When he shall be judged, let him be condemned: and let his prayer become sin. +Let his days be few; and let another take his office. +Let his children be fatherless, and his wife a widow. +Let his children be continually vagabonds, and beg: let them seek their bread also out of their desolate places. +Let the extortioner catch all that he hath; and let the strangers spoil his labour. +Let there be none to extend mercy unto him: neither let there be any to favour his fatherless children. +Let his posterity be cut off; and in the generation following let their name be blotted out. +Let the iniquity of his fathers be remembered with the LORD; and let not the sin of his mother be blotted out. +Let them be before the LORD continually, that he may cut off the memory of them from the earth. +Because that he remembered not to shew mercy, but persecuted the poor and needy man, that he might even slay the broken in heart. +As he loved cursing, so let it come unto him: as he delighted not in blessing, so let it be far from him. +As he clothed himself with cursing like as with his garment, so let it come into his bowels like water, and like oil into his bones. +Let it be unto him as the garment which covereth him, and for a girdle wherewith he is girded continually. +Let this be the reward of mine adversaries from the LORD, and of them that speak evil against my soul. +But do thou for me, O GOD the Lord, for thy name's sake: because thy mercy is good, deliver thou me. +For I am poor and needy, and my heart is wounded within me. +I am gone like the shadow when it declineth: I am tossed up and down as the locust. +My knees are weak through fasting; and my flesh faileth of fatness. +I became also a reproach unto them: when they looked upon me they shaked their heads. +Help me, O LORD my God: O save me according to thy mercy: +That they may know that this is thy hand; that thou, LORD, hast done it. +Let them curse, but bless thou: when they arise, let them be ashamed; but let thy servant rejoice. +Let mine adversaries be clothed with shame, and let them cover themselves with their own confusion, as with a mantle. +I will greatly praise the LORD with my mouth; yea, I will praise him among the multitude. +For he shall stand at the right hand of the poor, to save him from those that condemn his soul. +The LORD said unto my Lord, Sit thou at my right hand, until I make thine enemies thy footstool. +The LORD shall send the rod of thy strength out of Zion: rule thou in the midst of thine enemies. +Thy people shall be willing in the day of thy power, in the beauties of holiness from the womb of the morning: thou hast the dew of thy youth. +The LORD hath sworn, and will not repent, Thou art a priest for ever after the order of Melchizedek. +The Lord at thy right hand shall strike through kings in the day of his wrath. +He shall judge among the heathen, he shall fill the places with the dead bodies; he shall wound the heads over many countries. +He shall drink of the brook in the way: therefore shall he lift up the head. +Praise ye the LORD. I will praise the LORD with my whole heart, in the assembly of the upright, and in the congregation. +The works of the LORD are great, sought out of all them that have pleasure therein. +His work is honourable and glorious: and his righteousness endureth for ever. +He hath made his wonderful works to be remembered: the LORD is gracious and full of compassion. +He hath given meat unto them that fear him: he will ever be mindful of his covenant. +He hath shewed his people the power of his works, that he may give them the heritage of the heathen. +The works of his hands are verity and judgment; all his commandments are sure. +They stand fast for ever and ever, and are done in truth and uprightness. +He sent redemption unto his people: he hath commanded his covenant for ever: holy and reverend is his name. +The fear of the LORD is the beginning of wisdom: a good understanding have all they that do his commandments: his praise endureth for ever. +Praise ye the LORD. Blessed is the man that feareth the LORD, that delighteth greatly in his commandments. +His seed shall be mighty upon earth: the generation of the upright shall be blessed. +Wealth and riches shall be in his house: and his righteousness endureth for ever. +Unto the upright there ariseth light in the darkness: he is gracious, and full of compassion, and righteous. +A good man sheweth favour, and lendeth: he will guide his affairs with discretion. +Surely he shall not be moved for ever: the righteous shall be in everlasting remembrance. +He shall not be afraid of evil tidings: his heart is fixed, trusting in the LORD. +His heart is established, he shall not be afraid, until he see his desire upon his enemies. +He hath dispersed, he hath given to the poor; his righteousness endureth for ever; his horn shall be exalted with honour. +The wicked shall see it, and be grieved; he shall gnash with his teeth, and melt away: the desire of the wicked shall perish. +Praise ye the LORD. Praise, O ye servants of the LORD, praise the name of the LORD. +Blessed be the name of the LORD from this time forth and for evermore. +From the rising of the sun unto the going down of the same the LORD's name is to be praised. +The LORD is high above all nations, and his glory above the heavens. +Who is like unto the LORD our God, who dwelleth on high, +Who humbleth himself to behold the things that are in heaven, and in the earth! +He raiseth up the poor out of the dust, and lifteth the needy out of the dunghill; +That he may set him with princes, even with the princes of his people. +He maketh the barren woman to keep house, and to be a joyful mother of children. Praise ye the LORD. +When Israel went out of Egypt, the house of Jacob from a people of strange language; +Judah was his sanctuary, and Israel his dominion. +The sea saw it, and fled: Jordan was driven back. +The mountains skipped like rams, and the little hills like lambs. +What ailed thee, O thou sea, that thou fleddest? thou Jordan, that thou wast driven back? +Ye mountains, that ye skipped like rams; and ye little hills, like lambs? +Tremble, thou earth, at the presence of the Lord, at the presence of the God of Jacob; +Which turned the rock into a standing water, the flint into a fountain of waters. +Not unto us, O LORD, not unto us, but unto thy name give glory, for thy mercy, and for thy truth's sake. +Wherefore should the heathen say, Where is now their God? +But our God is in the heavens: he hath done whatsoever he hath pleased. +Their idols are silver and gold, the work of men's hands. +They have mouths, but they speak not: eyes have they, but they see not: +They have ears, but they hear not: noses have they, but they smell not: +They have hands, but they handle not: feet have they, but they walk not: neither speak they through their throat. +They that make them are like unto them; so is every one that trusteth in them. +O Israel, trust thou in the LORD: he is their help and their shield. +O house of Aaron, trust in the LORD: he is their help and their shield. +Ye that fear the LORD, trust in the LORD: he is their help and their shield. +The LORD hath been mindful of us: he will bless us; he will bless the house of Israel; he will bless the house of Aaron. +He will bless them that fear the LORD, both small and great. +The LORD shall increase you more and more, you and your children. +Ye are blessed of the LORD which made heaven and earth. +The heaven, even the heavens, are the LORD's: but the earth hath he given to the children of men. +The dead praise not the LORD, neither any that go down into silence. +But we will bless the LORD from this time forth and for evermore. Praise the LORD. +I love the LORD, because he hath heard my voice and my supplications. +Because he hath inclined his ear unto me, therefore will I call upon him as long as I live. +The sorrows of death compassed me, and the pains of hell gat hold upon me: I found trouble and sorrow. +Then called I upon the name of the LORD; O LORD, I beseech thee, deliver my soul. +Gracious is the LORD, and righteous; yea, our God is merciful. +The LORD preserveth the simple: I was brought low, and he helped me. +Return unto thy rest, O my soul; for the LORD hath dealt bountifully with thee. +For thou hast delivered my soul from death, mine eyes from tears, and my feet from falling. +I will walk before the LORD in the land of the living. +I believed, therefore have I spoken: I was greatly afflicted: +I said in my haste, All men are liars. +What shall I render unto the LORD for all his benefits toward me? +I will take the cup of salvation, and call upon the name of the LORD. +I will pay my vows unto the LORD now in the presence of all his people. +Precious in the sight of the LORD is the death of his saints. +O LORD, truly I am thy servant; I am thy servant, and the son of thine handmaid: thou hast loosed my bonds. +I will offer to thee the sacrifice of thanksgiving, and will call upon the name of the LORD. +I will pay my vows unto the LORD now in the presence of all his people. +In the courts of the LORD's house, in the midst of thee, O Jerusalem. Praise ye the LORD. +O praise the LORD, all ye nations: praise him, all ye people. +For his merciful kindness is great toward us: and the truth of the LORD endureth for ever. Praise ye the LORD. +O give thanks unto the LORD; for he is good: because his mercy endureth for ever. +Let Israel now say, that his mercy endureth for ever. +Let the house of Aaron now say, that his mercy endureth for ever. +Let them now that fear the LORD say, that his mercy endureth for ever. +I called upon the LORD in distress: the LORD answered me, and set me in a large place. +The LORD is on my side; I will not fear: what can man do unto me? +The LORD taketh my part with them that help me: therefore shall I see my desire upon them that hate me. +It is better to trust in the LORD than to put confidence in man. +It is better to trust in the LORD than to put confidence in princes. +All nations compassed me about: but in the name of the LORD will I destroy them. +They compassed me about; yea, they compassed me about: but in the name of the LORD I will destroy them. +They compassed me about like bees: they are quenched as the fire of thorns: for in the name of the LORD I will destroy them. +Thou hast thrust sore at me that I might fall: but the LORD helped me. +The LORD is my strength and song, and is become my salvation. +The voice of rejoicing and salvation is in the tabernacles of the righteous: the right hand of the LORD doeth valiantly. +The right hand of the LORD is exalted: the right hand of the LORD doeth valiantly. +I shall not die, but live, and declare the works of the LORD. +The LORD hath chastened me sore: but he hath not given me over unto death. +Open to me the gates of righteousness: I will go into them, and I will praise the LORD: +This gate of the LORD, into which the righteous shall enter. +I will praise thee: for thou hast heard me, and art become my salvation. +The stone which the builders refused is become the head stone of the corner. +This is the LORD's doing; it is marvellous in our eyes. +This is the day which the LORD hath made; we will rejoice and be glad in it. +Save now, I beseech thee, O LORD: O LORD, I beseech thee, send now prosperity. +Blessed be he that cometh in the name of the LORD: we have blessed you out of the house of the LORD. +God is the LORD, which hath shewed us light: bind the sacrifice with cords, even unto the horns of the altar. +Thou art my God, and I will praise thee: thou art my God, I will exalt thee. +O give thanks unto the LORD; for he is good: for his mercy endureth for ever. +Blessed are the undefiled in the way, who walk in the law of the LORD. +Blessed are they that keep his testimonies, and that seek him with the whole heart. +They also do no iniquity: they walk in his ways. +Thou hast commanded us to keep thy precepts diligently. +O that my ways were directed to keep thy statutes! +Then shall I not be ashamed, when I have respect unto all thy commandments. +I will praise thee with uprightness of heart, when I shall have learned thy righteous judgments. +I will keep thy statutes: O forsake me not utterly. +Wherewithal shall a young man cleanse his way? by taking heed thereto according to thy word. +With my whole heart have I sought thee: O let me not wander from thy commandments. +Thy word have I hid in mine heart, that I might not sin against thee. +Blessed art thou, O LORD: teach me thy statutes. +With my lips have I declared all the judgments of thy mouth. +I have rejoiced in the way of thy testimonies, as much as in all riches. +I will meditate in thy precepts, and have respect unto thy ways. +I will delight myself in thy statutes: I will not forget thy word. +Deal bountifully with thy servant, that I may live, and keep thy word. +Open thou mine eyes, that I may behold wondrous things out of thy law. +I am a stranger in the earth: hide not thy commandments from me. +My soul breaketh for the longing that it hath unto thy judgments at all times. +Thou hast rebuked the proud that are cursed, which do err from thy commandments. +Remove from me reproach and contempt; for I have kept thy testimonies. +Princes also did sit and speak against me: but thy servant did meditate in thy statutes. +Thy testimonies also are my delight and my counsellors.leth. +My soul cleaveth unto the dust: quicken thou me according to thy word. +I have declared my ways, and thou heardest me: teach me thy statutes. +Make me to understand the way of thy precepts: so shall I talk of thy wondrous works. +My soul melteth for heaviness: strengthen thou me according unto thy word. +Remove from me the way of lying: and grant me thy law graciously. +I have chosen the way of truth: thy judgments have I laid before me. +I have stuck unto thy testimonies: O LORD, put me not to shame. +I will run the way of thy commandments, when thou shalt enlarge my heart. +Teach me, O LORD, the way of thy statutes; and I shall keep it unto the end. +Give me understanding, and I shall keep thy law; yea, I shall observe it with my whole heart. +Make me to go in the path of thy commandments; for therein do I delight. +Incline my heart unto thy testimonies, and not to covetousness. +Turn away mine eyes from beholding vanity; and quicken thou me in thy way. +Stablish thy word unto thy servant, who is devoted to thy fear. +Turn away my reproach which I fear: for thy judgments are good. +Behold, I have longed after thy precepts: quicken me in thy righteousness. +Let thy mercies come also unto me, O LORD, even thy salvation, according to thy word. +So shall I have wherewith to answer him that reproacheth me: for I trust in thy word. +And take not the word of truth utterly out of my mouth; for I have hoped in thy judgments. +So shall I keep thy law continually for ever and ever. +And I will walk at liberty: for I seek thy precepts. +I will speak of thy testimonies also before kings, and will not be ashamed. +And I will delight myself in thy commandments, which I have loved. +My hands also will I lift up unto thy commandments, which I have loved; and I will meditate in thy statutes. +Remember the word unto thy servant, upon which thou hast caused me to hope. +This is my comfort in my affliction: for thy word hath quickened me. +The proud have had me greatly in derision: yet have I not declined from thy law. +I remembered thy judgments of old, O LORD; and have comforted myself. +Horror hath taken hold upon me because of the wicked that forsake thy law. +Thy statutes have been my songs in the house of my pilgrimage. +I have remembered thy name, O LORD, in the night, and have kept thy law. +This I had, because I kept thy precepts. +Thou art my portion, O LORD: I have said that I would keep thy words. +I intreated thy favour with my whole heart: be merciful unto me according to thy word. +I thought on my ways, and turned my feet unto thy testimonies. +I made haste, and delayed not to keep thy commandments. +The bands of the wicked have robbed me: but I have not forgotten thy law. +At midnight I will rise to give thanks unto thee because of thy righteous judgments. +I am a companion of all them that fear thee, and of them that keep thy precepts. +The earth, O LORD, is full of thy mercy: teach me thy statutes. +Thou hast dealt well with thy servant, O LORD, according unto thy word. +Teach me good judgment and knowledge: for I have believed thy commandments. +Before I was afflicted I went astray: but now have I kept thy word. +Thou art good, and doest good; teach me thy statutes. +The proud have forged a lie against me: but I will keep thy precepts with my whole heart. +Their heart is as fat as grease; but I delight in thy law. +It is good for me that I have been afflicted; that I might learn thy statutes. +The law of thy mouth is better unto me than thousands of gold and silver. +Thy hands have made me and fashioned me: give me understanding, that I may learn thy commandments. +They that fear thee will be glad when they see me; because I have hoped in thy word. +I know, O LORD, that thy judgments are right, and that thou in faithfulness hast afflicted me. +Let, I pray thee, thy merciful kindness be for my comfort, according to thy word unto thy servant. +Let thy tender mercies come unto me, that I may live: for thy law is my delight. +Let the proud be ashamed; for they dealt perversely with me without a cause: but I will meditate in thy precepts. +Let those that fear thee turn unto me, and those that have known thy testimonies. +Let my heart be sound in thy statutes; that I be not ashamed. +My soul fainteth for thy salvation: but I hope in thy word. +Mine eyes fail for thy word, saying, When wilt thou comfort me? +For I am become like a bottle in the smoke; yet do I not forget thy statutes. +How many are the days of thy servant? when wilt thou execute judgment on them that persecute me? +The proud have digged pits for me, which are not after thy law. +All thy commandments are faithful: they persecute me wrongfully; help thou me. +They had almost consumed me upon earth; but I forsook not thy precepts. +Quicken me after thy lovingkindness; so shall I keep the testimony of thy mouth. +For ever, O LORD, thy word is settled in heaven. +Thy faithfulness is unto all generations: thou hast established the earth, and it abideth. +They continue this day according to thine ordinances: for all are thy servants. +Unless thy law had been my delights, I should then have perished in mine affliction. +I will never forget thy precepts: for with them thou hast quickened me. +I am thine, save me: for I have sought thy precepts. +The wicked have waited for me to destroy me: but I will consider thy testimonies. +I have seen an end of all perfection: but thy commandment is exceeding broad. +O how I love thy law! it is my meditation all the day. +Thou through thy commandments hast made me wiser than mine enemies: for they are ever with me. +I have more understanding than all my teachers: for thy testimonies are my meditation. +I understand more than the ancients, because I keep thy precepts. +I have refrained my feet from every evil way, that I might keep thy word. +I have not departed from thy judgments: for thou hast taught me. +How sweet are thy words unto my taste! yea, sweeter than honey to my mouth! +Through thy precepts I get understanding: therefore I hate every false way. +Thy word is a lamp unto my feet, and a light unto my path. +I have sworn, and I will perform it, that I will keep thy righteous judgments. +I am afflicted very much: quicken me, O LORD, according unto thy word. +Accept, I beseech thee, the freewill offerings of my mouth, O LORD, and teach me thy judgments. +My soul is continually in my hand: yet do I not forget thy law. +The wicked have laid a snare for me: yet I erred not from thy precepts. +Thy testimonies have I taken as an heritage for ever: for they are the rejoicing of my heart. +I have inclined mine heart to perform thy statutes alway, even unto the end. +I hate vain thoughts: but thy law do I love. +Thou art my hiding place and my shield: I hope in thy word. +Depart from me, ye evildoers: for I will keep the commandments of my God. +Uphold me according unto thy word, that I may live: and let me not be ashamed of my hope. +Hold thou me up, and I shall be safe: and I will have respect unto thy statutes continually. +Thou hast trodden down all them that err from thy statutes: for their deceit is falsehood. +Thou puttest away all the wicked of the earth like dross: therefore I love thy testimonies. +My flesh trembleth for fear of thee; and I am afraid of thy judgments. +I have done judgment and justice: leave me not to mine oppressors. +Be surety for thy servant for good: let not the proud oppress me. +Mine eyes fail for thy salvation, and for the word of thy righteousness. +Deal with thy servant according unto thy mercy, and teach me thy statutes. +I am thy servant; give me understanding, that I may know thy testimonies. +It is time for thee, LORD, to work: for they have made void thy law. +Therefore I love thy commandments above gold; yea, above fine gold. +Therefore I esteem all thy precepts concerning all things to be right; and I hate every false way. +Thy testimonies are wonderful: therefore doth my soul keep them. +The entrance of thy words giveth light; it giveth understanding unto the simple. +I opened my mouth, and panted: for I longed for thy commandments. +Look thou upon me, and be merciful unto me, as thou usest to do unto those that love thy name. +Order my steps in thy word: and let not any iniquity have dominion over me. +Deliver me from the oppression of man: so will I keep thy precepts. +Make thy face to shine upon thy servant; and teach me thy statutes. +Rivers of waters run down mine eyes, because they keep not thy law. +Righteous art thou, O LORD, and upright are thy judgments. +Thy testimonies that thou hast commanded are righteous and very faithful. +My zeal hath consumed me, because mine enemies have forgotten thy words. +Thy word is very pure: therefore thy servant loveth it. +I am small and despised: yet do not I forget thy precepts. +Thy righteousness is an everlasting righteousness, and thy law is the truth. +Trouble and anguish have taken hold on me: yet thy commandments are my delights. +The righteousness of thy testimonies is everlasting: give me understanding, and I shall live. +I cried with my whole heart; hear me, O LORD: I will keep thy statutes. +I cried unto thee; save me, and I shall keep thy testimonies. +I prevented the dawning of the morning, and cried: I hoped in thy word. +Mine eyes prevent the night watches, that I might meditate in thy word. +Hear my voice according unto thy lovingkindness: O LORD, quicken me according to thy judgment. +They draw nigh that follow after mischief: they are far from thy law. +Thou art near, O LORD; and all thy commandments are truth. +Concerning thy testimonies, I have known of old that thou hast founded them for ever. +Consider mine affliction, and deliver me: for I do not forget thy law. +Plead my cause, and deliver me: quicken me according to thy word. +Salvation is far from the wicked: for they seek not thy statutes. +Great are thy tender mercies, O LORD: quicken me according to thy judgments. +Many are my persecutors and mine enemies; yet do I not decline from thy testimonies. +I beheld the transgressors, and was grieved; because they kept not thy word. +Consider how I love thy precepts: quicken me, O LORD, according to thy lovingkindness. +Thy word is true from the beginning: and every one of thy righteous judgments endureth for ever. +Princes have persecuted me without a cause: but my heart standeth in awe of thy word. +I rejoice at thy word, as one that findeth great spoil. +I hate and abhor lying: but thy law do I love. +Seven times a day do I praise thee because of thy righteous judgments. +Great peace have they which love thy law: and nothing shall offend them. +LORD, I have hoped for thy salvation, and done thy commandments. +My soul hath kept thy testimonies; and I love them exceedingly. +I have kept thy precepts and thy testimonies: for all my ways are before thee. +Let my cry come near before thee, O LORD: give me understanding according to thy word. +Let my supplication come before thee: deliver me according to thy word. +My lips shall utter praise, when thou hast taught me thy statutes. +My tongue shall speak of thy word: for all thy commandments are righteousness. +Let thine hand help me; for I have chosen thy precepts. +I have longed for thy salvation, O LORD; and thy law is my delight. +Let my soul live, and it shall praise thee; and let thy judgments help me. +I have gone astray like a lost sheep; seek thy servant; for I do not forget thy commandments. +In my distress I cried unto the LORD, and he heard me. +Deliver my soul, O LORD, from lying lips, and from a deceitful tongue. +What shall be given unto thee? or what shall be done unto thee, thou false tongue? +Sharp arrows of the mighty, with coals of juniper. +Woe is me, that I sojourn in Mesech, that I dwell in the tents of Kedar! +My soul hath long dwelt with him that hateth peace. +I am for peace: but when I speak, they are for war. +I will lift up mine eyes unto the hills, from whence cometh my help. +My help cometh from the LORD, which made heaven and earth. +He will not suffer thy foot to be moved: he that keepeth thee will not slumber. +Behold, he that keepeth Israel shall neither slumber nor sleep. +The LORD is thy keeper: the LORD is thy shade upon thy right hand. +The sun shall not smite thee by day, nor the moon by night. +The LORD shall preserve thee from all evil: he shall preserve thy soul. +The LORD shall preserve thy going out and thy coming in from this time forth, and even for evermore. +I was glad when they said unto me, Let us go into the house of the LORD. +Our feet shall stand within thy gates, O Jerusalem. +Jerusalem is builded as a city that is compact together: +Whither the tribes go up, the tribes of the LORD, unto the testimony of Israel, to give thanks unto the name of the LORD. +For there are set thrones of judgment, the thrones of the house of David. +Pray for the peace of Jerusalem: they shall prosper that love thee. +Peace be within thy walls, and prosperity within thy palaces. +For my brethren and companions' sakes, I will now say, Peace be within thee. +Because of the house of the LORD our God I will seek thy good. +Unto thee lift I up mine eyes, O thou that dwellest in the heavens. +Behold, as the eyes of servants look unto the hand of their masters, and as the eyes of a maiden unto the hand of her mistress; so our eyes wait upon the LORD our God, until that he have mercy upon us. +Have mercy upon us, O LORD, have mercy upon us: for we are exceedingly filled with contempt. +Our soul is exceedingly filled with the scorning of those that are at ease, and with the contempt of the proud. +If it had not been the LORD who was on our side, now may Israel say; +If it had not been the LORD who was on our side, when men rose up against us: +Then they had swallowed us up quick, when their wrath was kindled against us: +Then the waters had overwhelmed us, the stream had gone over our soul: +Then the proud waters had gone over our soul. +Blessed be the LORD, who hath not given us as a prey to their teeth. +Our soul is escaped as a bird out of the snare of the fowlers: the snare is broken, and we are escaped. +Our help is in the name of the LORD, who made heaven and earth. +They that trust in the LORD shall be as mount Zion, which cannot be removed, but abideth for ever. +As the mountains are round about Jerusalem, so the LORD is round about his people from henceforth even for ever. +For the rod of the wicked shall not rest upon the lot of the righteous; lest the righteous put forth their hands unto iniquity. +Do good, O LORD, unto those that be good, and to them that are upright in their hearts. +As for such as turn aside unto their crooked ways, the LORD shall lead them forth with the workers of iniquity: but peace shall be upon Israel. +When the LORD turned again the captivity of Zion, we were like them that dream. +Then was our mouth filled with laughter, and our tongue with singing: then said they among the heathen, The LORD hath done great things for them. +The LORD hath done great things for us; whereof we are glad. +Turn again our captivity, O LORD, as the streams in the south. +They that sow in tears shall reap in joy. +He that goeth forth and weepeth, bearing precious seed, shall doubtless come again with rejoicing, bringing his sheaves with him. +Except the LORD build the house, they labour in vain that build it: except the LORD keep the city, the watchman waketh but in vain. +It is vain for you to rise up early, to sit up late, to eat the bread of sorrows: for so he giveth his beloved sleep. +Lo, children are an heritage of the LORD: and the fruit of the womb is his reward. +As arrows are in the hand of a mighty man; so are children of the youth. +Happy is the man that hath his quiver full of them: they shall not be ashamed, but they shall speak with the enemies in the gate. +Blessed is every one that feareth the LORD; that walketh in his ways. +For thou shalt eat the labour of thine hands: happy shalt thou be, and it shall be well with thee. +Thy wife shall be as a fruitful vine by the sides of thine house: thy children like olive plants round about thy table. +Behold, that thus shall the man be blessed that feareth the LORD. +The LORD shall bless thee out of Zion: and thou shalt see the good of Jerusalem all the days of thy life. +Yea, thou shalt see thy children's children, and peace upon Israel. +Many a time have they afflicted me from my youth, may Israel now say: +Many a time have they afflicted me from my youth: yet they have not prevailed against me. +The plowers plowed upon my back: they made long their furrows. +The LORD is righteous: he hath cut asunder the cords of the wicked. +Let them all be confounded and turned back that hate Zion. +Let them be as the grass upon the housetops, which withereth afore it groweth up: +Wherewith the mower filleth not his hand; nor he that bindeth sheaves his bosom. +Neither do they which go by say, The blessing of the LORD be upon you: we bless you in the name of the LORD. +Out of the depths have I cried unto thee, O LORD. +Lord, hear my voice: let thine ears be attentive to the voice of my supplications. +If thou, LORD, shouldest mark iniquities, O Lord, who shall stand? +But there is forgiveness with thee, that thou mayest be feared. +I wait for the LORD, my soul doth wait, and in his word do I hope. +My soul waiteth for the Lord more than they that watch for the morning: I say, more than they that watch for the morning. +Let Israel hope in the LORD: for with the LORD there is mercy, and with him is plenteous redemption. +And he shall redeem Israel from all his iniquities. +Lord, my heart is not haughty, nor mine eyes lofty: neither do I exercise myself in great matters, or in things too high for me. +Surely I have behaved and quieted myself, as a child that is weaned of his mother: my soul is even as a weaned child. +Let Israel hope in the LORD from henceforth and for ever. +Lord, remember David, and all his afflictions: +How he sware unto the LORD, and vowed unto the mighty God of Jacob; +Surely I will not come into the tabernacle of my house, nor go up into my bed; +I will not give sleep to mine eyes, or slumber to mine eyelids, +Until I find out a place for the LORD, an habitation for the mighty God of Jacob. +Lo, we heard of it at Ephratah: we found it in the fields of the wood. +We will go into his tabernacles: we will worship at his footstool. +Arise, O LORD, into thy rest; thou, and the ark of thy strength. +Let thy priests be clothed with righteousness; and let thy saints shout for joy. +For thy servant David's sake turn not away the face of thine anointed. +The LORD hath sworn in truth unto David; he will not turn from it; Of the fruit of thy body will I set upon thy throne. +If thy children will keep my covenant and my testimony that I shall teach them, their children shall also sit upon thy throne for evermore. +For the LORD hath chosen Zion; he hath desired it for his habitation. +This is my rest for ever: here will I dwell; for I have desired it. +I will abundantly bless her provision: I will satisfy her poor with bread. +I will also clothe her priests with salvation: and her saints shall shout aloud for joy. +There will I make the horn of David to bud: I have ordained a lamp for mine anointed. +His enemies will I clothe with shame: but upon himself shall his crown flourish. +Behold, how good and how pleasant it is for brethren to dwell together in unity! +It is like the precious ointment upon the head, that ran down upon the beard, even Aaron's beard: that went down to the skirts of his garments; +As the dew of Hermon, and as the dew that descended upon the mountains of Zion: for there the LORD commanded the blessing, even life for evermore. +Behold, bless ye the LORD, all ye servants of the LORD, which by night stand in the house of the LORD. +Lift up your hands in the sanctuary, and bless the LORD. +The LORD that made heaven and earth bless thee out of Zion. +Praise ye the LORD. Praise ye the name of the LORD; praise him, O ye servants of the LORD. +Ye that stand in the house of the LORD, in the courts of the house of our God. +Praise the LORD; for the LORD is good: sing praises unto his name; for it is pleasant. +For the LORD hath chosen Jacob unto himself, and Israel for his peculiar treasure. +For I know that the LORD is great, and that our Lord is above all gods. +Whatsoever the LORD pleased, that did he in heaven, and in earth, in the seas, and all deep places. +He causeth the vapours to ascend from the ends of the earth; he maketh lightnings for the rain; he bringeth the wind out of his treasuries. +Who smote the firstborn of Egypt, both of man and beast. +Who sent tokens and wonders into the midst of thee, O Egypt, upon Pharaoh, and upon all his servants. +Who smote great nations, and slew mighty kings; +Sihon king of the Amorites, and Og king of Bashan, and all the kingdoms of Canaan: +And gave their land for an heritage, an heritage unto Israel his people. +Thy name, O LORD, endureth for ever; and thy memorial, O LORD, throughout all generations. +For the LORD will judge his people, and he will repent himself concerning his servants. +The idols of the heathen are silver and gold, the work of men's hands. +They have mouths, but they speak not; eyes have they, but they see not; +They have ears, but they hear not; neither is there any breath in their mouths. +They that make them are like unto them: so is every one that trusteth in them. +Bless the LORD, O house of Israel: bless the LORD, O house of Aaron: +Bless the LORD, O house of Levi: ye that fear the LORD, bless the LORD. +Blessed be the LORD out of Zion, which dwelleth at Jerusalem. Praise ye the LORD. +O give thanks unto the LORD; for he is good: for his mercy endureth for ever. +O give thanks unto the God of gods: for his mercy endureth for ever. +O give thanks to the Lord of lords: for his mercy endureth for ever. +To him who alone doeth great wonders: for his mercy endureth for ever. +To him that by wisdom made the heavens: for his mercy endureth for ever. +To him that stretched out the earth above the waters: for his mercy endureth for ever. +To him that made great lights: for his mercy endureth for ever: +The sun to rule by day: for his mercy endureth for ever: +The moon and stars to rule by night: for his mercy endureth for ever. +To him that smote Egypt in their firstborn: for his mercy endureth for ever: +And brought out Israel from among them: for his mercy endureth for ever: +With a strong hand, and with a stretched out arm: for his mercy endureth for ever. +To him which divided the Red sea into parts: for his mercy endureth for ever: +And made Israel to pass through the midst of it: for his mercy endureth for ever: +But overthrew Pharaoh and his host in the Red sea: for his mercy endureth for ever. +To him which led his people through the wilderness: for his mercy endureth for ever. +To him which smote great kings: for his mercy endureth for ever: +And slew famous kings: for his mercy endureth for ever: +Sihon king of the Amorites: for his mercy endureth for ever: +And Og the king of Bashan: for his mercy endureth for ever: +And gave their land for an heritage: for his mercy endureth for ever: +Even an heritage unto Israel his servant: for his mercy endureth for ever. +Who remembered us in our low estate: for his mercy endureth for ever: +And hath redeemed us from our enemies: for his mercy endureth for ever. +Who giveth food to all flesh: for his mercy endureth for ever. +O give thanks unto the God of heaven: for his mercy endureth for ever. +By the rivers of Babylon, there we sat down, yea, we wept, when we remembered Zion. +We hanged our harps upon the willows in the midst thereof. +For there they that carried us away captive required of us a song; and they that wasted us required of us mirth, saying, Sing us one of the songs of Zion. +How shall we sing the LORD's song in a strange land? +If I forget thee, O Jerusalem, let my right hand forget her cunning. +If I do not remember thee, let my tongue cleave to the roof of my mouth; if I prefer not Jerusalem above my chief joy. +Remember, O LORD, the children of Edom in the day of Jerusalem; who said, Rase it, rase it, even to the foundation thereof. +O daughter of Babylon, who art to be destroyed; happy shall he be, that rewardeth thee as thou hast served us. +Happy shall he be, that taketh and dasheth thy little ones against the stones. +I will praise thee with my whole heart: before the gods will I sing praise unto thee. +I will worship toward thy holy temple, and praise thy name for thy lovingkindness and for thy truth: for thou hast magnified thy word above all thy name. +In the day when I cried thou answeredst me, and strengthenedst me with strength in my soul. +All the kings of the earth shall praise thee, O LORD, when they hear the words of thy mouth. +Yea, they shall sing in the ways of the LORD: for great is the glory of the LORD. +Though the LORD be high, yet hath he respect unto the lowly: but the proud he knoweth afar off. +Though I walk in the midst of trouble, thou wilt revive me: thou shalt stretch forth thine hand against the wrath of mine enemies, and thy right hand shall save me. +The LORD will perfect that which concerneth me: thy mercy, O LORD, endureth for ever: forsake not the works of thine own hands. +O lord, thou hast searched me, and known me. +Thou knowest my downsitting and mine uprising, thou understandest my thought afar off. +Thou compassest my path and my lying down, and art acquainted with all my ways. +For there is not a word in my tongue, but, lo, O LORD, thou knowest it altogether. +Thou hast beset me behind and before, and laid thine hand upon me. +Such knowledge is too wonderful for me; it is high, I cannot attain unto it. +Whither shall I go from thy spirit? or whither shall I flee from thy presence? +If I ascend up into heaven, thou art there: if I make my bed in hell, behold, thou art there. +If I take the wings of the morning, and dwell in the uttermost parts of the sea; +Even there shall thy hand lead me, and thy right hand shall hold me. +If I say, Surely the darkness shall cover me; even the night shall be light about me. +Yea, the darkness hideth not from thee; but the night shineth as the day: the darkness and the light are both alike to thee. +For thou hast possessed my reins: thou hast covered me in my mother's womb. +I will praise thee; for I am fearfully and wonderfully made: marvellous are thy works; and that my soul knoweth right well. +My substance was not hid from thee, when I was made in secret, and curiously wrought in the lowest parts of the earth. +Thine eyes did see my substance, yet being unperfect; and in thy book all my members were written, which in continuance were fashioned, when as yet there was none of them. +How precious also are thy thoughts unto me, O God! how great is the sum of them! +If I should count them, they are more in number than the sand: when I awake, I am still with thee. +Surely thou wilt slay the wicked, O God: depart from me therefore, ye bloody men. +For they speak against thee wickedly, and thine enemies take thy name in vain. +Do not I hate them, O LORD, that hate thee? and am not I grieved with those that rise up against thee? +I hate them with perfect hatred: I count them mine enemies. +Search me, O God, and know my heart: try me, and know my thoughts: +And see if there be any wicked way in me, and lead me in the way everlasting. +Deliver me, O LORD, from the evil man: preserve me from the violent man; +Which imagine mischiefs in their heart; continually are they gathered together for war. +They have sharpened their tongues like a serpent; adders' poison is under their lips. Selah. +Keep me, O LORD, from the hands of the wicked; preserve me from the violent man; who have purposed to overthrow my goings. +The proud have hid a snare for me, and cords; they have spread a net by the wayside; they have set gins for me. Selah. +I said unto the LORD, Thou art my God: hear the voice of my supplications, O LORD. +O GOD the Lord, the strength of my salvation, thou hast covered my head in the day of battle. +Grant not, O LORD, the desires of the wicked: further not his wicked device; lest they exalt themselves. Selah. +As for the head of those that compass me about, let the mischief of their own lips cover them. +Let burning coals fall upon them: let them be cast into the fire; into deep pits, that they rise not up again. +Let not an evil speaker be established in the earth: evil shall hunt the violent man to overthrow him. +I know that the LORD will maintain the cause of the afflicted, and the right of the poor. +Surely the righteous shall give thanks unto thy name: the upright shall dwell in thy presence. +Lord, I cry unto thee: make haste unto me; give ear unto my voice, when I cry unto thee. +Let my prayer be set forth before thee as incense; and the lifting up of my hands as the evening sacrifice. +Set a watch, O LORD, before my mouth; keep the door of my lips. +Incline not my heart to any evil thing, to practise wicked works with men that work iniquity: and let me not eat of their dainties. +Let the righteous smite me; it shall be a kindness: and let him reprove me; it shall be an excellent oil, which shall not break my head: for yet my prayer also shall be in their calamities. +When their judges are overthrown in stony places, they shall hear my words; for they are sweet. +Our bones are scattered at the grave's mouth, as when one cutteth and cleaveth wood upon the earth. +But mine eyes are unto thee, O GOD the Lord: in thee is my trust; leave not my soul destitute. +Keep me from the snares which they have laid for me, and the gins of the workers of iniquity. +Let the wicked fall into their own nets, whilst that I withal escape. +I cried unto the LORD with my voice; with my voice unto the LORD did I make my supplication. +I poured out my complaint before him; I shewed before him my trouble. +When my spirit was overwhelmed within me, then thou knewest my path. In the way wherein I walked have they privily laid a snare for me. +I looked on my right hand, and beheld, but there was no man that would know me: refuge failed me; no man cared for my soul. +I cried unto thee, O LORD: I said, Thou art my refuge and my portion in the land of the living. +Attend unto my cry; for I am brought very low: deliver me from my persecutors; for they are stronger than I. +Bring my soul out of prison, that I may praise thy name: the righteous shall compass me about; for thou shalt deal bountifully with me. +Hear my prayer, O LORD, give ear to my supplications: in thy faithfulness answer me, and in thy righteousness. +And enter not into judgment with thy servant: for in thy sight shall no man living be justified. +For the enemy hath persecuted my soul; he hath smitten my life down to the ground; he hath made me to dwell in darkness, as those that have been long dead. +Therefore is my spirit overwhelmed within me; my heart within me is desolate. +I remember the days of old; I meditate on all thy works; I muse on the work of thy hands. +I stretch forth my hands unto thee: my soul thirsteth after thee, as a thirsty land. Selah. +Hear me speedily, O LORD: my spirit faileth: hide not thy face from me, lest I be like unto them that go down into the pit. +Cause me to hear thy lovingkindness in the morning; for in thee do I trust: cause me to know the way wherein I should walk; for I lift up my soul unto thee. +Deliver me, O LORD, from mine enemies: I flee unto thee to hide me. +Teach me to do thy will; for thou art my God: thy spirit is good; lead me into the land of uprightness. +Quicken me, O LORD, for thy name's sake: for thy righteousness' sake bring my soul out of trouble. +And of thy mercy cut off mine enemies, and destroy all them that afflict my soul: for I am thy servant. +Blessed be the LORD my strength which teacheth my hands to war, and my fingers to fight: +My goodness, and my fortress; my high tower, and my deliverer; my shield, and he in whom I trust; who subdueth my people under me. +LORD, what is man, that thou takest knowledge of him! or the son of man, that thou makest account of him! +Man is like to vanity: his days are as a shadow that passeth away. +Bow thy heavens, O LORD, and come down: touch the mountains, and they shall smoke. +Cast forth lightning, and scatter them: shoot out thine arrows, and destroy them. +Send thine hand from above; rid me, and deliver me out of great waters, from the hand of strange children; +Whose mouth speaketh vanity, and their right hand is a right hand of falsehood. +I will sing a new song unto thee, O God: upon a psaltery and an instrument of ten strings will I sing praises unto thee. +It is he that giveth salvation unto kings: who delivereth David his servant from the hurtful sword. +Rid me, and deliver me from the hand of strange children, whose mouth speaketh vanity, and their right hand is a right hand of falsehood: +That our sons may be as plants grown up in their youth; that our daughters may be as corner stones, polished after the similitude of a palace: +That our garners may be full, affording all manner of store: that our sheep may bring forth thousands and ten thousands in our streets: +That our oxen may be strong to labour; that there be no breaking in, nor going out; that there be no complaining in our streets. +Happy is that people, that is in such a case: yea, happy is that people, whose God is the LORD. +I will extol thee, my God, O king; and I will bless thy name for ever and ever. +Every day will I bless thee; and I will praise thy name for ever and ever. +Great is the LORD, and greatly to be praised; and his greatness is unsearchable. +One generation shall praise thy works to another, and shall declare thy mighty acts. +I will speak of the glorious honour of thy majesty, and of thy wondrous works. +And men shall speak of the might of thy terrible acts: and I will declare thy greatness. +They shall abundantly utter the memory of thy great goodness, and shall sing of thy righteousness. +The LORD is gracious, and full of compassion; slow to anger, and of great mercy. +The LORD is good to all: and his tender mercies are over all his works. +All thy works shall praise thee, O LORD; and thy saints shall bless thee. +They shall speak of the glory of thy kingdom, and talk of thy power; +To make known to the sons of men his mighty acts, and the glorious majesty of his kingdom. +Thy kingdom is an everlasting kingdom, and thy dominion endureth throughout all generations. +The LORD upholdeth all that fall, and raiseth up all those that be bowed down. +The eyes of all wait upon thee; and thou givest them their meat in due season. +Thou openest thine hand, and satisfiest the desire of every living thing. +The LORD is righteous in all his ways, and holy in all his works. +The LORD is nigh unto all them that call upon him, to all that call upon him in truth. +He will fulfil the desire of them that fear him: he also will hear their cry, and will save them. +The LORD preserveth all them that love him: but all the wicked will he destroy. +My mouth shall speak the praise of the LORD: and let all flesh bless his holy name for ever and ever. +Praise ye the LORD. Praise the LORD, O my soul. +While I live will I praise the LORD: I will sing praises unto my God while I have any being. +Put not your trust in princes, nor in the son of man, in whom there is no help. +His breath goeth forth, he returneth to his earth; in that very day his thoughts perish. +Happy is he that hath the God of Jacob for his help, whose hope is in the LORD his God: +Which made heaven, and earth, the sea, and all that therein is: which keepeth truth for ever: +Which executeth judgment for the oppressed: which giveth food to the hungry. The LORD looseth the prisoners: +The LORD openeth the eyes of the blind: the LORD raiseth them that are bowed down: the LORD loveth the righteous: +The LORD preserveth the strangers; he relieveth the fatherless and widow: but the way of the wicked he turneth upside down. +The LORD shall reign for ever, even thy God, O Zion, unto all generations. Praise ye the LORD. +Praise ye the LORD: for it is good to sing praises unto our God; for it is pleasant; and praise is comely. +The LORD doth build up Jerusalem: he gathereth together the outcasts of Israel. +He healeth the broken in heart, and bindeth up their wounds. +He telleth the number of the stars; he calleth them all by their names. +Great is our Lord, and of great power: his understanding is infinite. +The LORD lifteth up the meek: he casteth the wicked down to the ground. +Sing unto the LORD with thanksgiving; sing praise upon the harp unto our God: +Who covereth the heaven with clouds, who prepareth rain for the earth, who maketh grass to grow upon the mountains. +He giveth to the beast his food, and to the young ravens which cry. +He delighteth not in the strength of the horse: he taketh not pleasure in the legs of a man. +The LORD taketh pleasure in them that fear him, in those that hope in his mercy. +Praise the LORD, O Jerusalem; praise thy God, O Zion. +For he hath strengthened the bars of thy gates; he hath blessed thy children within thee. +He maketh peace in thy borders, and filleth thee with the finest of the wheat. +He sendeth forth his commandment upon earth: his word runneth very swiftly. +He giveth snow like wool: he scattereth the hoarfrost like ashes. +He casteth forth his ice like morsels: who can stand before his cold? +He sendeth out his word, and melteth them: he causeth his wind to blow, and the waters flow. +He sheweth his word unto Jacob, his statutes and his judgments unto Israel. +He hath not dealt so with any nation: and as for his judgments, they have not known them. Praise ye the LORD. +Praise ye the LORD. Praise ye the LORD from the heavens: praise him in the heights. +Praise ye him, all his angels: praise ye him, all his hosts. +Praise ye him, sun and moon: praise him, all ye stars of light. +Praise him, ye heavens of heavens, and ye waters that be above the heavens. +Let them praise the name of the LORD: for he commanded, and they were created. +He hath also stablished them for ever and ever: he hath made a decree which shall not pass. +Praise the LORD from the earth, ye dragons, and all deeps: +Fire, and hail; snow, and vapours; stormy wind fulfilling his word: +Mountains, and all hills; fruitful trees, and all cedars: +Beasts, and all cattle; creeping things, and flying fowl: +Kings of the earth, and all people; princes, and all judges of the earth: +Both young men, and maidens; old men, and children: +Let them praise the name of the LORD: for his name alone is excellent; his glory is above the earth and heaven. +He also exalteth the horn of his people, the praise of all his saints; even of the children of Israel, a people near unto him. Praise ye the LORD. +Praise ye the LORD. Sing unto the LORD a new song, and his praise in the congregation of saints. +Let Israel rejoice in him that made him: let the children of Zion be joyful in their King. +Let them praise his name in the dance: let them sing praises unto him with the timbrel and harp. +For the LORD taketh pleasure in his people: he will beautify the meek with salvation. +Let the saints be joyful in glory: let them sing aloud upon their beds. +Let the high praises of God be in their mouth, and a two-edged sword in their hand; +To execute vengeance upon the heathen, and punishments upon the people; +To bind their kings with chains, and their nobles with fetters of iron; +To execute upon them the judgment written: this honour have all his saints. Praise ye the LORD. +Praise ye the LORD. Praise God in his sanctuary: praise him in the firmament of his power. +Praise him for his mighty acts: praise him according to his excellent greatness. +Praise him with the sound of the trumpet: praise him with the psaltery and harp. +Praise him with the timbrel and dance: praise him with stringed instruments and organs. +Praise him upon the loud cymbals: praise him upon the high sounding cymbals. +Let every thing that hath breath praise the LORD. Praise ye the LORD. +The proverbs of Solomon the son of David, king of Israel; +To know wisdom and instruction; to perceive the words of understanding; +To receive the instruction of wisdom, justice, and judgment, and equity; +To give subtilty to the simple, to the young man knowledge and discretion. +A wise man will hear, and will increase learning; and a man of understanding shall attain unto wise counsels: +To understand a proverb, and the interpretation; the words of the wise, and their dark sayings. +The fear of the LORD is the beginning of knowledge: but fools despise wisdom and instruction. +My son, hear the instruction of thy father, and forsake not the law of thy mother: +For they shall be an ornament of grace unto thy head, and chains about thy neck. +My son, if sinners entice thee, consent thou not. +If they say, Come with us, let us lay wait for blood, let us lurk privily for the innocent without cause: +Let us swallow them up alive as the grave; and whole, as those that go down into the pit: +We shall find all precious substance, we shall fill our houses with spoil: +Cast in thy lot among us; let us all have one purse: +My son, walk not thou in the way with them; refrain thy foot from their path: +For their feet run to evil, and make haste to shed blood. +Surely in vain the net is spread in the sight of any bird. +And they lay wait for their own blood; they lurk privily for their own lives. +So are the ways of every one that is greedy of gain; which taketh away the life of the owners thereof. +Wisdom crieth without; she uttereth her voice in the streets: +She crieth in the chief place of concourse, in the openings of the gates: in the city she uttereth her words, saying, +How long, ye simple ones, will ye love simplicity? and the scorners delight in their scorning, and fools hate knowledge? +Turn you at my reproof: behold, I will pour out my spirit unto you, I will make known my words unto you. +Because I have called, and ye refused; I have stretched out my hand, and no man regarded; +But ye have set at nought all my counsel, and would none of my reproof: +I also will laugh at your calamity; I will mock when your fear cometh; +When your fear cometh as desolation, and your destruction cometh as a whirlwind; when distress and anguish cometh upon you. +Then shall they call upon me, but I will not answer; they shall seek me early, but they shall not find me: +For that they hated knowledge, and did not choose the fear of the LORD: +They would none of my counsel: they despised all my reproof. +Therefore shall they eat of the fruit of their own way, and be filled with their own devices. +For the turning away of the simple shall slay them, and the prosperity of fools shall destroy them. +But whoso hearkeneth unto me shall dwell safely, and shall be quiet from fear of evil. +My son, if thou wilt receive my words, and hide my commandments with thee; +So that thou incline thine ear unto wisdom, and apply thine heart to understanding; +Yea, if thou criest after knowledge, and liftest up thy voice for understanding; +If thou seekest her as silver, and searchest for her as for hid treasures; +Then shalt thou understand the fear of the LORD, and find the knowledge of God. +For the LORD giveth wisdom: out of his mouth cometh knowledge and understanding. +He layeth up sound wisdom for the righteous: he is a buckler to them that walk uprightly. +He keepeth the paths of judgment, and preserveth the way of his saints. +Then shalt thou understand righteousness, and judgment, and equity; yea, every good path. +When wisdom entereth into thine heart, and knowledge is pleasant unto thy soul; +Discretion shall preserve thee, understanding shall keep thee: +To deliver thee from the way of the evil man, from the man that speaketh froward things; +Who leave the paths of uprightness, to walk in the ways of darkness; +Who rejoice to do evil, and delight in the frowardness of the wicked; +Whose ways are crooked, and they froward in their paths: +To deliver thee from the strange woman, even from the stranger which flattereth with her words; +Which forsaketh the guide of her youth, and forgetteth the covenant of her God. +For her house inclineth unto death, and her paths unto the dead. +None that go unto her return again, neither take they hold of the paths of life. +That thou mayest walk in the way of good men, and keep the paths of the righteous. +For the upright shall dwell in the land, and the perfect shall remain in it. +But the wicked shall be cut off from the earth, and the transgressors shall be rooted out of it. +My son, forget not my law; but let thine heart keep my commandments: +For length of days, and long life, and peace, shall they add to thee. +Let not mercy and truth forsake thee: bind them about thy neck; write them upon the table of thine heart: +So shalt thou find favour and good understanding in the sight of God and man. +Trust in the LORD with all thine heart; and lean not unto thine own understanding. +In all thy ways acknowledge him, and he shall direct thy paths. +Be not wise in thine own eyes: fear the LORD, and depart from evil. +It shall be health to thy navel, and marrow to thy bones. +Honour the LORD with thy substance, and with the firstfruits of all thine increase: +So shall thy barns be filled with plenty, and thy presses shall burst out with new wine. +My son, despise not the chastening of the LORD; neither be weary of his correction: +For whom the LORD loveth he correcteth; even as a father the son in whom he delighteth. +Happy is the man that findeth wisdom, and the man that getteth understanding. +For the merchandise of it is better than the merchandise of silver, and the gain thereof than fine gold. +She is more precious than rubies: and all the things thou canst desire are not to be compared unto her. +Length of days is in her right hand; and in her left hand riches and honour. +Her ways are ways of pleasantness, and all her paths are peace. +She is a tree of life to them that lay hold upon her: and happy is every one that retaineth her. +The LORD by wisdom hath founded the earth; by understanding hath he established the heavens. +By his knowledge the depths are broken up, and the clouds drop down the dew. +My son, let not them depart from thine eyes: keep sound wisdom and discretion: +So shall they be life unto thy soul, and grace to thy neck. +Then shalt thou walk in thy way safely, and thy foot shall not stumble. +When thou liest down, thou shalt not be afraid: yea, thou shalt lie down, and thy sleep shall be sweet. +Be not afraid of sudden fear, neither of the desolation of the wicked, when it cometh. +For the LORD shall be thy confidence, and shall keep thy foot from being taken. +Withhold not good from them to whom it is due, when it is in the power of thine hand to do it. +Say not unto thy neighbour, Go, and come again, and to morrow I will give; when thou hast it by thee. +Devise not evil against thy neighbour, seeing he dwelleth securely by thee. +Strive not with a man without cause, if he have done thee no harm. +Envy thou not the oppressor, and choose none of his ways. +For the froward is abomination to the LORD: but his secret is with the righteous. +The curse of the LORD is in the house of the wicked: but he blesseth the habitation of the just. +Surely he scorneth the scorners: but he giveth grace unto the lowly. +The wise shall inherit glory: but shame shall be the promotion of fools. +Hear, ye children, the instruction of a father, and attend to know understanding. +For I give you good doctrine, forsake ye not my law. +For I was my father's son, tender and only beloved in the sight of my mother. +He taught me also, and said unto me, Let thine heart retain my words: keep my commandments, and live. +Get wisdom, get understanding: forget it not; neither decline from the words of my mouth. +Forsake her not, and she shall preserve thee: love her, and she shall keep thee. +Wisdom is the principal thing; therefore get wisdom: and with all thy getting get understanding. +Exalt her, and she shall promote thee: she shall bring thee to honour, when thou dost embrace her. +She shall give to thine head an ornament of grace: a crown of glory shall she deliver to thee. +Hear, O my son, and receive my sayings; and the years of thy life shall be many. +I have taught thee in the way of wisdom; I have led thee in right paths. +When thou goest, thy steps shall not be straitened; and when thou runnest, thou shalt not stumble. +Take fast hold of instruction; let her not go: keep her; for she is thy life. +Enter not into the path of the wicked, and go not in the way of evil men. +Avoid it, pass not by it, turn from it, and pass away. +For they sleep not, except they have done mischief; and their sleep is taken away, unless they cause some to fall. +For they eat the bread of wickedness, and drink the wine of violence. +But the path of the just is as the shining light, that shineth more and more unto the perfect day. +The way of the wicked is as darkness: they know not at what they stumble. +My son, attend to my words; incline thine ear unto my sayings. +Let them not depart from thine eyes; keep them in the midst of thine heart. +For they are life unto those that find them, and health to all their flesh. +Keep thy heart with all diligence; for out of it are the issues of life. +Put away from thee a froward mouth, and perverse lips put far from thee. +Let thine eyes look right on, and let thine eyelids look straight before thee. +Ponder the path of thy feet, and let all thy ways be established. +Turn not to the right hand nor to the left: remove thy foot from evil. +My son, attend unto my wisdom, and bow thine ear to my understanding: +That thou mayest regard discretion, and that thy lips may keep knowledge. +For the lips of a strange woman drop as an honeycomb, and her mouth is smoother than oil: +But her end is bitter as wormwood, sharp as a two-edged sword. +Her feet go down to death; her steps take hold on hell. +Lest thou shouldest ponder the path of life, her ways are moveable, that thou canst not know them. +Hear me now therefore, O ye children, and depart not from the words of my mouth. +Remove thy way far from her, and come not nigh the door of her house: +Lest thou give thine honour unto others, and thy years unto the cruel: +Lest strangers be filled with thy wealth; and thy labours be in the house of a stranger; +And thou mourn at the last, when thy flesh and thy body are consumed, +And say, How have I hated instruction, and my heart despised reproof; +And have not obeyed the voice of my teachers, nor inclined mine ear to them that instructed me! +I was almost in all evil in the midst of the congregation and assembly. +Drink waters out of thine own cistern, and running waters out of thine own well. +Let thy fountains be dispersed abroad, and rivers of waters in the streets. +Let them be only thine own, and not strangers' with thee. +Let thy fountain be blessed: and rejoice with the wife of thy youth. +Let her be as the loving hind and pleasant roe; let her breasts satisfy thee at all times; and be thou ravished always with her love. +And why wilt thou, my son, be ravished with a strange woman, and embrace the bosom of a stranger? +For the ways of man are before the eyes of the LORD, and he pondereth all his goings. +His own iniquities shall take the wicked himself, and he shall be holden with the cords of his sins. +He shall die without instruction; and in the greatness of his folly he shall go astray. +My son, if thou be surety for thy friend, if thou hast stricken thy hand with a stranger, +Thou art snared with the words of thy mouth, thou art taken with the words of thy mouth. +Do this now, my son, and deliver thyself, when thou art come into the hand of thy friend; go, humble thyself, and make sure thy friend. +Give not sleep to thine eyes, nor slumber to thine eyelids. +Deliver thyself as a roe from the hand of the hunter, and as a bird from the hand of the fowler. +Go to the ant, thou sluggard; consider her ways, and be wise: +Which having no guide, overseer, or ruler, +Provideth her meat in the summer, and gathereth her food in the harvest. +How long wilt thou sleep, O sluggard? when wilt thou arise out of thy sleep? +Yet a little sleep, a little slumber, a little folding of the hands to sleep: +So shall thy poverty come as one that travelleth, and thy want as an armed man. +A naughty person, a wicked man, walketh with a froward mouth. +He winketh with his eyes, he speaketh with his feet, he teacheth with his fingers; +Frowardness is in his heart, he deviseth mischief continually; he soweth discord. +Therefore shall his calamity come suddenly; suddenly shall he be broken without remedy. +These six things doth the LORD hate: yea, seven are an abomination unto him: +A proud look, a lying tongue, and hands that shed innocent blood, +An heart that deviseth wicked imaginations, feet that be swift in running to mischief, +A false witness that speaketh lies, and he that soweth discord among brethren. +My son, keep thy father's commandment, and forsake not the law of thy mother: +Bind them continually upon thine heart, and tie them about thy neck. +When thou goest, it shall lead thee; when thou sleepest, it shall keep thee; and when thou awakest, it shall talk with thee. +For the commandment is a lamp; and the law is light; and reproofs of instruction are the way of life: +To keep thee from the evil woman, from the flattery of the tongue of a strange woman. +Lust not after her beauty in thine heart; neither let her take thee with her eyelids. +For by means of a whorish woman a man is brought to a piece of bread: and the adultress will hunt for the precious life. +Can a man take fire in his bosom, and his clothes not be burned? +Can one go upon hot coals, and his feet not be burned? +So he that goeth in to his neighbour's wife; whosoever toucheth her shall not be innocent. +Men do not despise a thief, if he steal to satisfy his soul when he is hungry; +But if he be found, he shall restore sevenfold; he shall give all the substance of his house. +But whoso committeth adultery with a woman lacketh understanding: he that doeth it destroyeth his own soul. +A wound and dishonour shall he get; and his reproach shall not be wiped away. +For jealousy is the rage of a man: therefore he will not spare in the day of vengeance. +He will not regard any ransom; neither will he rest content, though thou givest many gifts. +My son, keep my words, and lay up my commandments with thee. +Keep my commandments, and live; and my law as the apple of thine eye. +Bind them upon thy fingers, write them upon the table of thine heart. +Say unto wisdom, Thou art my sister; and call understanding thy kinswoman: +That they may keep thee from the strange woman, from the stranger which flattereth with her words. +For at the window of my house I looked through my casement, +And beheld among the simple ones, I discerned among the youths, a young man void of understanding, +Passing through the street near her corner; and he went the way to her house, +In the twilight, in the evening, in the black and dark night: +And, behold, there met him a woman with the attire of an harlot, and subtil of heart. +(She is loud and stubborn; her feet abide not in her house: +Now is she without, now in the streets, and lieth in wait at every corner.) +So she caught him, and kissed him, and with an impudent face said unto him, +I have peace offerings with me; this day have I payed my vows. +Therefore came I forth to meet thee, diligently to seek thy face, and I have found thee. +I have decked my bed with coverings of tapestry, with carved works, with fine linen of Egypt. +I have perfumed my bed with myrrh, aloes, and cinnamon. +Come, let us take our fill of love until the morning: let us solace ourselves with loves. +For the goodman is not at home, he is gone a long journey: +He hath taken a bag of money with him, and will come home at the day appointed. +With her much fair speech she caused him to yield, with the flattering of her lips she forced him. +He goeth after her straightway, as an ox goeth to the slaughter, or as a fool to the correction of the stocks; +Till a dart strike through his liver; as a bird hasteth to the snare, and knoweth not that it is for his life. +Hearken unto me now therefore, O ye children, and attend to the words of my mouth. +Let not thine heart decline to her ways, go not astray in her paths. +For she hath cast down many wounded: yea, many strong men have been slain by her. +Her house is the way to hell, going down to the chambers of death. +Doth not wisdom cry? and understanding put forth her voice? +She standeth in the top of high places, by the way in the places of the paths. +She crieth at the gates, at the entry of the city, at the coming in at the doors. +Unto you, O men, I call; and my voice is to the sons of man. +O ye simple, understand wisdom: and, ye fools, be ye of an understanding heart. +Hear; for I will speak of excellent things; and the opening of my lips shall be right things. +For my mouth shall speak truth; and wickedness is an abomination to my lips. +All the words of my mouth are in righteousness; there is nothing froward or perverse in them. +They are all plain to him that understandeth, and right to them that find knowledge. +Receive my instruction, and not silver; and knowledge rather than choice gold. +For wisdom is better than rubies; and all the things that may be desired are not to be compared to it. +I wisdom dwell with prudence, and find out knowledge of witty inventions. +The fear of the LORD is to hate evil: pride, and arrogancy, and the evil way, and the froward mouth, do I hate. +Counsel is mine, and sound wisdom: I am understanding; I have strength. +By me kings reign, and princes decree justice. +By me princes rule, and nobles, even all the judges of the earth. +I love them that love me; and those that seek me early shall find me. +Riches and honour are with me; yea, durable riches and righteousness. +My fruit is better than gold, yea, than fine gold; and my revenue than choice silver. +I lead in the way of righteousness, in the midst of the paths of judgment: +That I may cause those that love me to inherit substance; and I will fill their treasures. +The LORD possessed me in the beginning of his way, before his works of old. +I was set up from everlasting, from the beginning, or ever the earth was. +When there were no depths, I was brought forth; when there were no fountains abounding with water. +Before the mountains were settled, before the hills was I brought forth: +While as yet he had not made the earth, nor the fields, nor the highest part of the dust of the world. +When he prepared the heavens, I was there: when he set a compass upon the face of the depth: +When he established the clouds above: when he strengthened the fountains of the deep: +When he gave to the sea his decree, that the waters should not pass his commandment: when he appointed the foundations of the earth: +Then I was by him, as one brought up with him: and I was daily his delight, rejoicing always before him; +Rejoicing in the habitable part of his earth; and my delights were with the sons of men. +Now therefore hearken unto me, O ye children: for blessed are they that keep my ways. +Hear instruction, and be wise, and refuse it not. +Blessed is the man that heareth me, watching daily at my gates, waiting at the posts of my doors. +For whoso findeth me findeth life, and shall obtain favour of the LORD. +But he that sinneth against me wrongeth his own soul: all they that hate me love death. +Wisdom hath builded her house, she hath hewn out her seven pillars: +She hath killed her beasts; she hath mingled her wine; she hath also furnished her table. +She hath sent forth her maidens: she crieth upon the highest places of the city, +Whoso is simple, let him turn in hither: as for him that wanteth understanding, she saith to him, +Come, eat of my bread, and drink of the wine which I have mingled. +Forsake the foolish, and live; and go in the way of understanding. +He that reproveth a scorner getteth to himself shame: and he that rebuketh a wicked man getteth himself a blot. +Reprove not a scorner, lest he hate thee: rebuke a wise man, and he will love thee. +Give instruction to a wise man, and he will be yet wiser: teach a just man, and he will increase in learning. +The fear of the LORD is the beginning of wisdom: and the knowledge of the holy is understanding. +For by me thy days shall be multiplied, and the years of thy life shall be increased. +If thou be wise, thou shalt be wise for thyself: but if thou scornest, thou alone shalt bear it. +A foolish woman is clamorous: she is simple, and knoweth nothing. +For she sitteth at the door of her house, on a seat in the high places of the city, +To call passengers who go right on their ways: +Whoso is simple, let him turn in hither: and as for him that wanteth understanding, she saith to him, +Stolen waters are sweet, and bread eaten in secret is pleasant. +But he knoweth not that the dead are there; and that her guests are in the depths of hell. +The proverbs of Solomon. A wise son maketh a glad father: but a foolish son is the heaviness of his mother. +Treasures of wickedness profit nothing: but righteousness delivereth from death. +The LORD will not suffer the soul of the righteous to famish: but he casteth away the substance of the wicked. +He becometh poor that dealeth with a slack hand: but the hand of the diligent maketh rich. +He that gathereth in summer is a wise son: but he that sleepeth in harvest is a son that causeth shame. +Blessings are upon the head of the just: but violence covereth the mouth of the wicked. +The memory of the just is blessed: but the name of the wicked shall rot. +The wise in heart will receive commandments: but a prating fool shall fall. +He that walketh uprightly walketh surely: but he that perverteth his ways shall be known. +He that winketh with the eye causeth sorrow: but a prating fool shall fall. +The mouth of a righteous man is a well of life: but violence covereth the mouth of the wicked. +Hatred stirreth up strifes: but love covereth all sins. +In the lips of him that hath understanding wisdom is found: but a rod is for the back of him that is void of understanding. +Wise men lay up knowledge: but the mouth of the foolish is near destruction. +The rich man's wealth is his strong city: the destruction of the poor is their poverty. +The labour of the righteous tendeth to life: the fruit of the wicked to sin. +He is in the way of life that keepeth instruction: but he that refuseth reproof erreth. +He that hideth hatred with lying lips, and he that uttereth a slander, is a fool. +In the multitude of words there wanteth not sin: but he that refraineth his lips is wise. +The tongue of the just is as choice silver: the heart of the wicked is little worth. +The lips of the righteous feed many: but fools die for want of wisdom. +The blessing of the LORD, it maketh rich, and he addeth no sorrow with it. +It is as sport to a fool to do mischief: but a man of understanding hath wisdom. +The fear of the wicked, it shall come upon him: but the desire of the righteous shall be granted. +As the whirlwind passeth, so is the wicked no more: but the righteous is an everlasting foundation. +As vinegar to the teeth, and as smoke to the eyes, so is the sluggard to them that send him. +The fear of the LORD prolongeth days: but the years of the wicked shall be shortened. +The hope of the righteous shall be gladness: but the expectation of the wicked shall perish. +The way of the LORD is strength to the upright: but destruction shall be to the workers of iniquity. +The righteous shall never be removed: but the wicked shall not inhabit the earth. +The mouth of the just bringeth forth wisdom: but the froward tongue shall be cut out. +The lips of the righteous know what is acceptable: but the mouth of the wicked speaketh frowardness. +A false balance is abomination to the LORD: but a just weight is his delight. +When pride cometh, then cometh shame: but with the lowly is wisdom. +The integrity of the upright shall guide them: but the perverseness of transgressors shall destroy them. +Riches profit not in the day of wrath: but righteousness delivereth from death. +The righteousness of the perfect shall direct his way: but the wicked shall fall by his own wickedness. +The righteousness of the upright shall deliver them: but transgressors shall be taken in their own naughtiness. +When a wicked man dieth, his expectation shall perish: and the hope of unjust men perisheth. +The righteous is delivered out of trouble, and the wicked cometh in his stead. +An hypocrite with his mouth destroyeth his neighbour: but through knowledge shall the just be delivered. +When it goeth well with the righteous, the city rejoiceth: and when the wicked perish, there is shouting. +By the blessing of the upright the city is exalted: but it is overthrown by the mouth of the wicked. +He that is void of wisdom despiseth his neighbour: but a man of understanding holdeth his peace. +A talebearer revealeth secrets: but he that is of a faithful spirit concealeth the matter. +Where no counsel is, the people fall: but in the multitude of counsellors there is safety. +He that is surety for a stranger shall smart for it: and he that hateth suretiship is sure. +A gracious woman retaineth honour: and strong men retain riches. +The merciful man doeth good to his own soul: but he that is cruel troubleth his own flesh. +The wicked worketh a deceitful work: but to him that soweth righteousness shall be a sure reward. +As righteousness tendeth to life: so he that pursueth evil pursueth it to his own death. +They that are of a froward heart are abomination to the LORD: but such as are upright in their way are his delight. +Though hand join in hand, the wicked shall not be unpunished: but the seed of the righteous shall be delivered. +As a jewel of gold in a swine's snout, so is a fair woman which is without discretion. +The desire of the righteous is only good: but the expectation of the wicked is wrath. +There is that scattereth, and yet increaseth; and there is that withholdeth more than is meet, but it tendeth to poverty. +The liberal soul shall be made fat: and he that watereth shall be watered also himself. +He that withholdeth corn, the people shall curse him: but blessing shall be upon the head of him that selleth it. +He that diligently seeketh good procureth favour: but he that seeketh mischief, it shall come unto him. +He that trusteth in his riches shall fall; but the righteous shall flourish as a branch. +He that troubleth his own house shall inherit the wind: and the fool shall be servant to the wise of heart. +The fruit of the righteous is a tree of life; and he that winneth souls is wise. +Behold, the righteous shall be recompensed in the earth: much more the wicked and the sinner. +Whoso loveth instruction loveth knowledge: but he that hateth reproof is brutish. +A good man obtaineth favour of the LORD: but a man of wicked devices will he condemn. +A man shall not be established by wickedness: but the root of the righteous shall not be moved. +A virtuous woman is a crown to her husband: but she that maketh ashamed is as rottenness in his bones. +The thoughts of the righteous are right: but the counsels of the wicked are deceit. +The words of the wicked are to lie in wait for blood: but the mouth of the upright shall deliver them. +The wicked are overthrown, and are not: but the house of the righteous shall stand. +A man shall be commended according to his wisdom: but he that is of a perverse heart shall be despised. +He that is despised, and hath a servant, is better than he that honoureth himself, and lacketh bread. +A righteous man regardeth the life of his beast: but the tender mercies of the wicked are cruel. +He that tilleth his land shall be satisfied with bread: but he that followeth vain persons is void of understanding. +The wicked desireth the net of evil men: but the root of the righteous yieldeth fruit. +The wicked is snared by the transgression of his lips: but the just shall come out of trouble. +A man shall be satisfied with good by the fruit of his mouth: and the recompence of a man's hands shall be rendered unto him. +The way of a fool is right in his own eyes: but he that hearkeneth unto counsel is wise. +A fool's wrath is presently known: but a prudent man covereth shame. +He that speaketh truth sheweth forth righteousness: but a false witness deceit. +There is that speaketh like the piercings of a sword: but the tongue of the wise is health. +The lip of truth shall be established for ever: but a lying tongue is but for a moment. +Deceit is in the heart of them that imagine evil: but to the counsellors of peace is joy. +There shall no evil happen to the just: but the wicked shall be filled with mischief. +Lying lips are abomination to the LORD: but they that deal truly are his delight. +A prudent man concealeth knowledge: but the heart of fools proclaimeth foolishness. +The hand of the diligent shall bear rule: but the slothful shall be under tribute. +Heaviness in the heart of man maketh it stoop: but a good word maketh it glad. +The righteous is more excellent than his neighbour: but the way of the wicked seduceth them. +The slothful man roasteth not that which he took in hunting: but the substance of a diligent man is precious. +In the way of righteousness is life: and in the pathway thereof there is no death. +A wise son heareth his father's instruction: but a scorner heareth not rebuke. +A man shall eat good by the fruit of his mouth: but the soul of the transgressors shall eat violence. +He that keepeth his mouth keepeth his life: but he that openeth wide his lips shall have destruction. +The soul of the sluggard desireth, and hath nothing: but the soul of the diligent shall be made fat. +A righteous man hateth lying: but a wicked man is loathsome, and cometh to shame. +Righteousness keepeth him that is upright in the way: but wickedness overthroweth the sinner. +There is that maketh himself rich, yet hath nothing: there is that maketh himself poor, yet hath great riches. +The ransom of a man's life are his riches: but the poor heareth not rebuke. +The light of the righteous rejoiceth: but the lamp of the wicked shall be put out. +Only by pride cometh contention: but with the well advised is wisdom. +Wealth gotten by vanity shall be diminished: but he that gathereth by labour shall increase. +Hope deferred maketh the heart sick: but when the desire cometh, it is a tree of life. +Whoso despiseth the word shall be destroyed: but he that feareth the commandment shall be rewarded. +The law of the wise is a fountain of life, to depart from the snares of death. +Good understanding giveth favour: but the way of transgressors is hard. +Every prudent man dealeth with knowledge: but a fool layeth open his folly. +A wicked messenger falleth into mischief: but a faithful ambassador is health. +Poverty and shame shall be to him that refuseth instruction: but he that regardeth reproof shall be honoured. +The desire accomplished is sweet to the soul: but it is abomination to fools to depart from evil. +He that walketh with wise men shall be wise: but a companion of fools shall be destroyed. +Evil pursueth sinners: but to the righteous good shall be repayed. +A good man leaveth an inheritance to his children's children: and the wealth of the sinner is laid up for the just. +Much food is in the tillage of the poor: but there is that is destroyed for want of judgment. +He that spareth his rod hateth his son: but he that loveth him chasteneth him betimes. +The righteous eateth to the satisfying of his soul: but the belly of the wicked shall want. +Every wise woman buildeth her house: but the foolish plucketh it down with her hands. +He that walketh in his uprightness feareth the LORD: but he that is perverse in his ways despiseth him. +In the mouth of the foolish is a rod of pride: but the lips of the wise shall preserve them. +Where no oxen are, the crib is clean: but much increase is by the strength of the ox. +A faithful witness will not lie: but a false witness will utter lies. +A scorner seeketh wisdom, and findeth it not: but knowledge is easy unto him that understandeth. +Go from the presence of a foolish man, when thou perceivest not in him the lips of knowledge. +The wisdom of the prudent is to understand his way: but the folly of fools is deceit. +Fools make a mock at sin: but among the righteous there is favour. +The heart knoweth his own bitterness; and a stranger doth not intermeddle with his joy. +The house of the wicked shall be overthrown: but the tabernacle of the upright shall flourish. +There is a way which seemeth right unto a man, but the end thereof are the ways of death. +Even in laughter the heart is sorrowful; and the end of that mirth is heaviness. +The backslider in heart shall be filled with his own ways: and a good man shall be satisfied from himself. +The simple believeth every word: but the prudent man looketh well to his going. +A wise man feareth, and departeth from evil: but the fool rageth, and is confident. +He that is soon angry dealeth foolishly: and a man of wicked devices is hated. +The simple inherit folly: but the prudent are crowned with knowledge. +The evil bow before the good; and the wicked at the gates of the righteous. +The poor is hated even of his own neighbour: but the rich hath many friends. +He that despiseth his neighbour sinneth: but he that hath mercy on the poor, happy is he. +Do they not err that devise evil? but mercy and truth shall be to them that devise good. +In all labour there is profit: but the talk of the lips tendeth only to penury. +The crown of the wise is their riches: but the foolishness of fools is folly. +A true witness delivereth souls: but a deceitful witness speaketh lies. +In the fear of the LORD is strong confidence: and his children shall have a place of refuge. +The fear of the LORD is a fountain of life, to depart from the snares of death. +In the multitude of people is the king's honour: but in the want of people is the destruction of the prince. +He that is slow to wrath is of great understanding: but he that is hasty of spirit exalteth folly. +A sound heart is the life of the flesh: but envy the rottenness of the bones. +He that oppresseth the poor reproacheth his Maker: but he that honoureth him hath mercy on the poor. +The wicked is driven away in his wickedness: but the righteous hath hope in his death. +Wisdom resteth in the heart of him that hath understanding: but that which is in the midst of fools is made known. +Righteousness exalteth a nation: but sin is a reproach to any people. +The king's favour is toward a wise servant: but his wrath is against him that causeth shame. +A soft answer turneth away wrath: but grievous words stir up anger. +The tongue of the wise useth knowledge aright: but the mouth of fools poureth out foolishness. +The eyes of the LORD are in every place, beholding the evil and the good. +A wholesome tongue is a tree of life: but perverseness therein is a breach in the spirit. +A fool despiseth his father's instruction: but he that regardeth reproof is prudent. +In the house of the righteous is much treasure: but in the revenues of the wicked is trouble. +The lips of the wise disperse knowledge: but the heart of the foolish doeth not so. +The sacrifice of the wicked is an abomination to the LORD: but the prayer of the upright is his delight. +The way of the wicked is an abomination unto the LORD: but he loveth him that followeth after righteousness. +Correction is grievous unto him that forsaketh the way: and he that hateth reproof shall die. +Hell and destruction are before the LORD: how much more then the hearts of the children of men? +A scorner loveth not one that reproveth him: neither will he go unto the wise. +A merry heart maketh a cheerful countenance: but by sorrow of the heart the spirit is broken. +The heart of him that hath understanding seeketh knowledge: but the mouth of fools feedeth on foolishness. +All the days of the afflicted are evil: but he that is of a merry heart hath a continual feast. +Better is little with the fear of the LORD than great treasure and trouble therewith. +Better is a dinner of herbs where love is, than a stalled ox and hatred therewith. +A wrathful man stirreth up strife: but he that is slow to anger appeaseth strife. +The way of the slothful man is as an hedge of thorns: but the way of the righteous is made plain. +A wise son maketh a glad father: but a foolish man despiseth his mother. +Folly is joy to him that is destitute of wisdom: but a man of understanding walketh uprightly. +Without counsel purposes are disappointed: but in the multitude of counsellors they are established. +A man hath joy by the answer of his mouth: and a word spoken in due season, how good is it! +The way of life is above to the wise, that he may depart from hell beneath. +The LORD will destroy the house of the proud: but he will establish the border of the widow. +The thoughts of the wicked are an abomination to the LORD: but the words of the pure are pleasant words. +He that is greedy of gain troubleth his own house; but he that hateth gifts shall live. +The heart of the righteous studieth to answer: but the mouth of the wicked poureth out evil things. +The LORD is far from the wicked: but he heareth the prayer of the righteous. +The light of the eyes rejoiceth the heart: and a good report maketh the bones fat. +The ear that heareth the reproof of life abideth among the wise. +He that refuseth instruction despiseth his own soul: but he that heareth reproof getteth understanding. +The fear of the LORD is the instruction of wisdom; and before honour is humility. +The preparations of the heart in man, and the answer of the tongue, is from the LORD. +All the ways of a man are clean in his own eyes; but the LORD weigheth the spirits. +Commit thy works unto the LORD, and thy thoughts shall be established. +The LORD hath made all things for himself: yea, even the wicked for the day of evil. +Every one that is proud in heart is an abomination to the LORD: though hand join in hand, he shall not be unpunished. +By mercy and truth iniquity is purged: and by the fear of the LORD men depart from evil. +When a man's ways please the LORD, he maketh even his enemies to be at peace with him. +Better is a little with righteousness than great revenues without right. +A man's heart deviseth his way: but the LORD directeth his steps. +A divine sentence is in the lips of the king: his mouth transgresseth not in judgment. +A just weight and balance are the LORD's: all the weights of the bag are his work. +It is an abomination to kings to commit wickedness: for the throne is established by righteousness. +Righteous lips are the delight of kings; and they love him that speaketh right. +The wrath of a king is as messengers of death: but a wise man will pacify it. +In the light of the king's countenance is life; and his favour is as a cloud of the latter rain. +How much better is it to get wisdom than gold! and to get understanding rather to be chosen than silver! +The highway of the upright is to depart from evil: he that keepeth his way preserveth his soul. +Pride goeth before destruction, and an haughty spirit before a fall. +Better it is to be of an humble spirit with the lowly, than to divide the spoil with the proud. +He that handleth a matter wisely shall find good: and whoso trusteth in the LORD, happy is he. +The wise in heart shall be called prudent: and the sweetness of the lips increaseth learning. +Understanding is a wellspring of life unto him that hath it: but the instruction of fools is folly. +The heart of the wise teacheth his mouth, and addeth learning to his lips. +Pleasant words are as an honeycomb, sweet to the soul, and health to the bones. +There is a way that seemeth right unto a man, but the end thereof are the ways of death. +He that laboureth laboureth for himself; for his mouth craveth it of him. +An ungodly man diggeth up evil: and in his lips there is as a burning fire. +A froward man soweth strife: and a whisperer separateth chief friends. +A violent man enticeth his neighbour, and leadeth him into the way that is not good. +He shutteth his eyes to devise froward things: moving his lips he bringeth evil to pass. +The hoary head is a crown of glory, if it be found in the way of righteousness. +He that is slow to anger is better than the mighty; and he that ruleth his spirit than he that taketh a city. +The lot is cast into the lap; but the whole disposing thereof is of the LORD. +Better is a dry morsel, and quietness therewith, than an house full of sacrifices with strife. +A wise servant shall have rule over a son that causeth shame, and shall have part of the inheritance among the brethren. +The fining pot is for silver, and the furnace for gold: but the LORD trieth the hearts. +A wicked doer giveth heed to false lips; and a liar giveth ear to a naughty tongue. +Whoso mocketh the poor reproacheth his Maker: and he that is glad at calamities shall not be unpunished. +Children's children are the crown of old men; and the glory of children are their fathers. +Excellent speech becometh not a fool: much less do lying lips a prince. +A gift is as a precious stone in the eyes of him that hath it: whithersoever it turneth, it prospereth. +He that covereth a transgression seeketh love; but he that repeateth a matter separateth very friends. +A reproof entereth more into a wise man than an hundred stripes into a fool. +An evil man seeketh only rebellion: therefore a cruel messenger shall be sent against him. +Let a bear robbed of her whelps meet a man, rather than a fool in his folly. +Whoso rewardeth evil for good, evil shall not depart from his house. +The beginning of strife is as when one letteth out water: therefore leave off contention, before it be meddled with. +He that justifieth the wicked, and he that condemneth the just, even they both are abomination to the LORD. +Wherefore is there a price in the hand of a fool to get wisdom, seeing he hath no heart to it? +A friend loveth at all times, and a brother is born for adversity. +A man void of understanding striketh hands, and becometh surety in the presence of his friend. +He loveth transgression that loveth strife: and he that exalteth his gate seeketh destruction. +He that hath a froward heart findeth no good: and he that hath a perverse tongue falleth into mischief. +He that begetteth a fool doeth it to his sorrow: and the father of a fool hath no joy. +A merry heart doeth good like a medicine: but a broken spirit drieth the bones. +A wicked man taketh a gift out of the bosom to pervert the ways of judgment. +Wisdom is before him that hath understanding; but the eyes of a fool are in the ends of the earth. +A foolish son is a grief to his father, and bitterness to her that bare him. +Also to punish the just is not good, nor to strike princes for equity. +He that hath knowledge spareth his words: and a man of understanding is of an excellent spirit. +Even a fool, when he holdeth his peace, is counted wise: and he that shutteth his lips is esteemed a man of understanding. +Through desire a man, having separated himself, seeketh and intermeddleth with all wisdom. +A fool hath no delight in understanding, but that his heart may discover itself. +When the wicked cometh, then cometh also contempt, and with ignominy reproach. +The words of a man's mouth are as deep waters, and the wellspring of wisdom as a flowing brook. +It is not good to accept the person of the wicked, to overthrow the righteous in judgment. +A fool's lips enter into contention, and his mouth calleth for strokes. +A fool's mouth is his destruction, and his lips are the snare of his soul. +The words of a talebearer are as wounds, and they go down into the innermost parts of the belly. +He also that is slothful in his work is brother to him that is a great waster. +The name of the LORD is a strong tower: the righteous runneth into it, and is safe. +The rich man's wealth is his strong city, and as an high wall in his own conceit. +Before destruction the heart of man is haughty, and before honour is humility. +He that answereth a matter before he heareth it, it is folly and shame unto him. +The spirit of a man will sustain his infirmity; but a wounded spirit who can bear? +The heart of the prudent getteth knowledge; and the ear of the wise seeketh knowledge. +A man's gift maketh room for him, and bringeth him before great men. +He that is first in his own cause seemeth just; but his neighbour cometh and searcheth him. +The lot causeth contentions to cease, and parteth between the mighty. +A brother offended is harder to be won than a strong city: and their contentions are like the bars of a castle. +A man's belly shall be satisfied with the fruit of his mouth; and with the increase of his lips shall he be filled. +Death and life are in the power of the tongue: and they that love it shall eat the fruit thereof. +Whoso findeth a wife findeth a good thing, and obtaineth favour of the LORD. +The poor useth intreaties; but the rich answereth roughly. +A man that hath friends must shew himself friendly: and there is a friend that sticketh closer than a brother. +Better is the poor that walketh in his integrity, than he that is perverse in his lips, and is a fool. +Also, that the soul be without knowledge, it is not good; and he that hasteth with his feet sinneth. +The foolishness of man perverteth his way: and his heart fretteth against the LORD. +Wealth maketh many friends; but the poor is separated from his neighbour. +A false witness shall not be unpunished, and he that speaketh lies shall not escape. +Many will intreat the favour of the prince: and every man is a friend to him that giveth gifts. +All the brethren of the poor do hate him: how much more do his friends go far from him? he pursueth them with words, yet they are wanting to him. +He that getteth wisdom loveth his own soul: he that keepeth understanding shall find good. +A false witness shall not be unpunished, and he that speaketh lies shall perish. +Delight is not seemly for a fool; much less for a servant to have rule over princes. +The discretion of a man deferreth his anger; and it is his glory to pass over a transgression. +The king's wrath is as the roaring of a lion; but his favour is as dew upon the grass. +A foolish son is the calamity of his father: and the contentions of a wife are a continual dropping. +House and riches are the inheritance of fathers: and a prudent wife is from the LORD. +Slothfulness casteth into a deep sleep; and an idle soul shall suffer hunger. +He that keepeth the commandment keepeth his own soul; but he that despiseth his ways shall die. +He that hath pity upon the poor lendeth unto the LORD; and that which he hath given will he pay him again. +Chasten thy son while there is hope, and let not thy soul spare for his crying. +A man of great wrath shall suffer punishment: for if thou deliver him, yet thou must do it again. +Hear counsel, and receive instruction, that thou mayest be wise in thy latter end. +There are many devices in a man's heart; nevertheless the counsel of the LORD, that shall stand. +The desire of a man is his kindness: and a poor man is better than a liar. +The fear of the LORD tendeth to life: and he that hath it shall abide satisfied; he shall not be visited with evil. +A slothful man hideth his hand in his bosom, and will not so much as bring it to his mouth again. +Smite a scorner, and the simple will beware: and reprove one that hath understanding, and he will understand knowledge. +He that wasteth his father, and chaseth away his mother, is a son that causeth shame, and bringeth reproach. +Cease, my son, to hear the instruction that causeth to err from the words of knowledge. +An ungodly witness scorneth judgment: and the mouth of the wicked devoureth iniquity. +Judgments are prepared for scorners, and stripes for the back of fools. +Wine is a mocker, strong drink is raging: and whosoever is deceived thereby is not wise. +The fear of a king is as the roaring of a lion: whoso provoketh him to anger sinneth against his own soul. +It is an honour for a man to cease from strife: but every fool will be meddling. +The sluggard will not plow by reason of the cold; therefore shall he beg in harvest, and have nothing. +Counsel in the heart of man is like deep water; but a man of understanding will draw it out. +Most men will proclaim every one his own goodness: but a faithful man who can find? +The just man walketh in his integrity: his children are blessed after him. +A king that sitteth in the throne of judgment scattereth away all evil with his eyes. +Who can say, I have made my heart clean, I am pure from my sin? +Divers weights, and divers measures, both of them are alike abomination to the LORD. +Even a child is known by his doings, whether his work be pure, and whether it be right. +The hearing ear, and the seeing eye, the LORD hath made even both of them. +Love not sleep, lest thou come to poverty; open thine eyes, and thou shalt be satisfied with bread. +It is naught, it is naught, saith the buyer: but when he is gone his way, then he boasteth. +There is gold, and a multitude of rubies: but the lips of knowledge are a precious jewel. +Take his garment that is surety for a stranger: and take a pledge of him for a strange woman. +Bread of deceit is sweet to a man; but afterwards his mouth shall be filled with gravel. +Every purpose is established by counsel: and with good advice make war. +He that goeth about as a talebearer revealeth secrets: therefore meddle not with him that flattereth with his lips. +Whoso curseth his father or his mother, his lamp shall be put out in obscure darkness. +An inheritance may be gotten hastily at the beginning; but the end thereof shall not be blessed. +Say not thou, I will recompense evil; but wait on the LORD, and he shall save thee. +Divers weights are an abomination unto the LORD; and a false balance is not good. +Man's goings are of the LORD; how can a man then understand his own way? +It is a snare to the man who devoureth that which is holy, and after vows to make enquiry. +A wise king scattereth the wicked, and bringeth the wheel over them. +The spirit of man is the candle of the LORD, searching all the inward parts of the belly. +Mercy and truth preserve the king: and his throne is upholden by mercy. +The glory of young men is their strength: and the beauty of old men is the grey head. +The blueness of a wound cleanseth away evil: so do stripes the inward parts of the belly. +The king's heart is in the hand of the LORD, as the rivers of water: he turneth it whithersoever he will. +Every way of a man is right in his own eyes: but the LORD pondereth the hearts. +To do justice and judgment is more acceptable to the LORD than sacrifice. +An high look, and a proud heart, and the plowing of the wicked, is sin. +The thoughts of the diligent tend only to plenteousness; but of every one that is hasty only to want. +The getting of treasures by a lying tongue is a vanity tossed to and fro of them that seek death. +The robbery of the wicked shall destroy them; because they refuse to do judgment. +The way of man is froward and strange: but as for the pure, his work is right. +It is better to dwell in a corner of the housetop, than with a brawling woman in a wide house. +The soul of the wicked desireth evil: his neighbour findeth no favour in his eyes. +When the scorner is punished, the simple is made wise: and when the wise is instructed, he receiveth knowledge. +The righteous man wisely considereth the house of the wicked: but God overthroweth the wicked for their wickedness. +Whoso stoppeth his ears at the cry of the poor, he also shall cry himself, but shall not be heard. +A gift in secret pacifieth anger: and a reward in the bosom strong wrath. +It is joy to the just to do judgment: but destruction shall be to the workers of iniquity. +The man that wandereth out of the way of understanding shall remain in the congregation of the dead. +He that loveth pleasure shall be a poor man: he that loveth wine and oil shall not be rich. +The wicked shall be a ransom for the righteous, and the transgressor for the upright. +It is better to dwell in the wilderness, than with a contentious and an angry woman. +There is treasure to be desired and oil in the dwelling of the wise; but a foolish man spendeth it up. +He that followeth after righteousness and mercy findeth life, righteousness, and honour. +A wise man scaleth the city of the mighty, and casteth down the strength of the confidence thereof. +Whoso keepeth his mouth and his tongue keepeth his soul from troubles. +Proud and haughty scorner is his name, who dealeth in proud wrath. +The desire of the slothful killeth him; for his hands refuse to labour. +He coveteth greedily all the day long: but the righteous giveth and spareth not. +The sacrifice of the wicked is abomination: how much more, when he bringeth it with a wicked mind? +A false witness shall perish: but the man that heareth speaketh constantly. +A wicked man hardeneth his face: but as for the upright, he directeth his way. +There is no wisdom nor understanding nor counsel against the LORD. +The horse is prepared against the day of battle: but safety is of the LORD. +A GOOD name is rather to be chosen than great riches, and loving favour rather than silver and gold. +The rich and poor meet together: the LORD is the maker of them all. +A prudent man foreseeth the evil, and hideth himself: but the simple pass on, and are punished. +By humility and the fear of the LORD are riches, and honour, and life. +Thorns and snares are in the way of the froward: he that doth keep his soul shall be far from them. +Train up a child in the way he should go: and when he is old, he will not depart from it. +The rich ruleth over the poor, and the borrower is servant to the lender. +He that soweth iniquity shall reap vanity: and the rod of his anger shall fail. +He that hath a bountiful eye shall be blessed; for he giveth of his bread to the poor. +Cast out the scorner, and contention shall go out; yea, strife and reproach shall cease. +He that loveth pureness of heart, for the grace of his lips the king shall be his friend. +The eyes of the LORD preserve knowledge, and he overthroweth the words of the transgressor. +The slothful man saith, There is a lion without, I shall be slain in the streets. +The mouth of strange women is a deep pit: he that is abhorred of the LORD shall fall therein. +Foolishness is bound in the heart of a child; but the rod of correction shall drive it far from him. +He that oppresseth the poor to increase his riches, and he that giveth to the rich, shall surely come to want. +Bow down thine ear, and hear the words of the wise, and apply thine heart unto my knowledge. +For it is a pleasant thing if thou keep them within thee; they shall withal be fitted in thy lips. +That thy trust may be in the LORD, I have made known to thee this day, even to thee. +Have not I written to thee excellent things in counsels and knowledge, +That I might make thee know the certainty of the words of truth; that thou mightest answer the words of truth to them that send unto thee? +Rob not the poor, because he is poor: neither oppress the afflicted in the gate: +For the LORD will plead their cause, and spoil the soul of those that spoiled them. +Make no friendship with an angry man; and with a furious man thou shalt not go: +Lest thou learn his ways, and get a snare to thy soul. +Be not thou one of them that strike hands, or of them that are sureties for debts. +If thou hast nothing to pay, why should he take away thy bed from under thee? +Remove not the ancient landmark, which thy fathers have set. +Seest thou a man diligent in his business? he shall stand before kings; he shall not stand before mean men. +When thou sittest to eat with a ruler, consider diligently what is before thee: +And put a knife to thy throat, if thou be a man given to appetite. +Be not desirous of his dainties: for they are deceitful meat. +Labour not to be rich: cease from thine own wisdom. +Wilt thou set thine eyes upon that which is not? for riches certainly make themselves wings; they fly away as an eagle toward heaven. +Eat thou not the bread of him that hath an evil eye, neither desire thou his dainty meats: +For as he thinketh in his heart, so is he: Eat and drink, saith he to thee; but his heart is not with thee. +The morsel which thou hast eaten shalt thou vomit up, and lose thy sweet words. +Speak not in the ears of a fool: for he will despise the wisdom of thy words. +Remove not the old landmark; and enter not into the fields of the fatherless: +For their redeemer is mighty; he shall plead their cause with thee. +Apply thine heart unto instruction, and thine ears to the words of knowledge. +Withhold not correction from the child: for if thou beatest him with the rod, he shall not die. +Thou shalt beat him with the rod, and shalt deliver his soul from hell. +My son, if thine heart be wise, my heart shall rejoice, even mine. +Yea, my reins shall rejoice, when thy lips speak right things. +Let not thine heart envy sinners: but be thou in the fear of the LORD all the day long. +For surely there is an end; and thine expectation shall not be cut off. +Hear thou, my son, and be wise, and guide thine heart in the way. +Be not among winebibbers; among riotous eaters of flesh: +For the drunkard and the glutton shall come to poverty: and drowsiness shall clothe a man with rags. +Hearken unto thy father that begat thee, and despise not thy mother when she is old. +Buy the truth, and sell it not; also wisdom, and instruction, and understanding. +The father of the righteous shall greatly rejoice: and he that begetteth a wise child shall have joy of him. +Thy father and thy mother shall be glad, and she that bare thee shall rejoice. +My son, give me thine heart, and let thine eyes observe my ways. +For a whore is a deep ditch; and a strange woman is a narrow pit. +She also lieth in wait as for a prey, and increaseth the transgressors among men. +Who hath woe? who hath sorrow? who hath contentions? who hath babbling? who hath wounds without cause? who hath redness of eyes? +They that tarry long at the wine; they that go to seek mixed wine. +Look not thou upon the wine when it is red, when it giveth his colour in the cup, when it moveth itself aright. +At the last it biteth like a serpent, and stingeth like an adder. +Thine eyes shall behold strange women, and thine heart shall utter perverse things. +Yea, thou shalt be as he that lieth down in the midst of the sea, or as he that lieth upon the top of a mast. +They have stricken me, shalt thou say, and I was not sick; they have beaten me, and I felt it not: when shall I awake? I will seek it yet again. +Be not thou envious against evil men, neither desire to be with them. +For their heart studieth destruction, and their lips talk of mischief. +Through wisdom is an house builded; and by understanding it is established: +And by knowledge shall the chambers be filled with all precious and pleasant riches. +A wise man is strong; yea, a man of knowledge increaseth strength. +For by wise counsel thou shalt make thy war: and in multitude of counsellors there is safety. +Wisdom is too high for a fool: he openeth not his mouth in the gate. +He that deviseth to do evil shall be called a mischievous person. +The thought of foolishness is sin: and the scorner is an abomination to men. +If thou faint in the day of adversity, thy strength is small. +If thou forbear to deliver them that are drawn unto death, and those that are ready to be slain; +If thou sayest, Behold, we knew it not; doth not he that pondereth the heart consider it? and he that keepeth thy soul, doth not he know it? and shall not he render to every man according to his works? +My son, eat thou honey, because it is good; and the honeycomb, which is sweet to thy taste: +So shall the knowledge of wisdom be unto thy soul: when thou hast found it, then there shall be a reward, and thy expectation shall not be cut off. +Lay not wait, O wicked man, against the dwelling of the righteous; spoil not his resting place: +For a just man falleth seven times, and riseth up again: but the wicked shall fall into mischief. +Rejoice not when thine enemy falleth, and let not thine heart be glad when he stumbleth: +Lest the LORD see it, and it displease him, and he turn away his wrath from him. +Fret not thyself because of evil men, neither be thou envious at the wicked: +For there shall be no reward to the evil man; the candle of the wicked shall be put out. +My son, fear thou the LORD and the king: and meddle not with them that are given to change: +For their calamity shall rise suddenly; and who knoweth the ruin of them both? +These things also belong to the wise. It is not good to have respect of persons in judgment. +He that saith unto the wicked, Thou are righteous; him shall the people curse, nations shall abhor him: +But to them that rebuke him shall be delight, and a good blessing shall come upon them. +Every man shall kiss his lips that giveth a right answer. +Prepare thy work without, and make it fit for thyself in the field; and afterwards build thine house. +Be not a witness against thy neighbour without cause; and deceive not with thy lips. +Say not, I will do so to him as he hath done to me: I will render to the man according to his work. +I went by the field of the slothful, and by the vineyard of the man void of understanding; +And, lo, it was all grown over with thorns, and nettles had covered the face thereof, and the stone wall thereof was broken down. +Then I saw, and considered it well: I looked upon it, and received instruction. +Yet a little sleep, a little slumber, a little folding of the hands to sleep: +So shall thy poverty come as one that travelleth; and thy want as an armed man. +These are also proverbs of Solomon, which the men of Hezekiah king of Judah copied out. +It is the glory of God to conceal a thing: but the honour of kings is to search out a matter. +The heaven for height, and the earth for depth, and the heart of kings is unsearchable. +Take away the dross from the silver, and there shall come forth a vessel for the finer. +Take away the wicked from before the king, and his throne shall be established in righteousness. +Put not forth thyself in the presence of the king, and stand not in the place of great men: +For better it is that it be said unto thee, Come up hither; than that thou shouldest be put lower in the presence of the prince whom thine eyes have seen. +Go not forth hastily to strive, lest thou know not what to do in the end thereof, when thy neighbour hath put thee to shame. +Debate thy cause with thy neighbour himself; and discover not a secret to another: +Lest he that heareth it put thee to shame, and thine infamy turn not away. +A word fitly spoken is like apples of gold in pictures of silver. +As an earring of gold, and an ornament of fine gold, so is a wise reprover upon an obedient ear. +As the cold of snow in the time of harvest, so is a faithful messenger to them that send him: for he refresheth the soul of his masters. +Whoso boasteth himself of a false gift is like clouds and wind without rain. +By long forbearing is a prince persuaded, and a soft tongue breaketh the bone. +Hast thou found honey? eat so much as is sufficient for thee, lest thou be filled therewith, and vomit it. +Withdraw thy foot from thy neighbour's house; lest he be weary of thee, and so hate thee. +A man that beareth false witness against his neighbour is a maul, and a sword, and a sharp arrow. +Confidence in an unfaithful man in time of trouble is like a broken tooth, and a foot out of joint. +As he that taketh away a garment in cold weather, and as vinegar upon nitre, so is he that singeth songs to an heavy heart. +If thine enemy be hungry, give him bread to eat; and if he be thirsty, give him water to drink: +For thou shalt heap coals of fire upon his head, and the LORD shall reward thee. +The north wind driveth away rain: so doth an angry countenance a backbiting tongue. +It is better to dwell in the corner of the housetop, than with a brawling woman and in a wide house. +As cold waters to a thirsty soul, so is good news from a far country. +A righteous man falling down before the wicked is as a troubled fountain, and a corrupt spring. +It is not good to eat much honey: so for men to search their own glory is not glory. +He that hath no rule over his own spirit is like a city that is broken down, and without walls. +As snow in summer, and as rain in harvest, so honour is not seemly for a fool. +As the bird by wandering, as the swallow by flying, so the curse causeless shall not come. +A whip for the horse, a bridle for the ass, and a rod for the fool's back. +Answer not a fool according to his folly, lest thou also be like unto him. +Answer a fool according to his folly, lest he be wise in his own conceit. +He that sendeth a message by the hand of a fool cutteth off the feet, and drinketh damage. +The legs of the lame are not equal: so is a parable in the mouth of fools. +As he that bindeth a stone in a sling, so is he that giveth honour to a fool. +As a thorn goeth up into the hand of a drunkard, so is a parable in the mouths of fools. +The great God that formed all things both rewardeth the fool, and rewardeth transgressors. +As a dog returneth to his vomit, so a fool returneth to his folly. +Seest thou a man wise in his own conceit? there is more hope of a fool than of him. +The slothful man saith, There is a lion in the way; a lion is in the streets. +As the door turneth upon his hinges, so doth the slothful upon his bed. +The slothful hideth his hand in his bosom; it grieveth him to bring it again to his mouth. +The sluggard is wiser in his own conceit than seven men that can render a reason. +He that passeth by, and meddleth with strife belonging not to him, is like one that taketh a dog by the ears. +As a mad man who casteth firebrands, arrows, and death, +So is the man that deceiveth his neighbour, and saith, Am not I in sport? +Where no wood is, there the fire goeth out: so where there is no talebearer, the strife ceaseth. +As coals are to burning coals, and wood to fire; so is a contentious man to kindle strife. +The words of a talebearer are as wounds, and they go down into the innermost parts of the belly. +Burning lips and a wicked heart are like a potsherd covered with silver dross. +He that hateth dissembleth with his lips, and layeth up deceit within him; +When he speaketh fair, believe him not: for there are seven abominations in his heart. +Whose hatred is covered by deceit, his wickedness shall be shewed before the whole congregation. +Whoso diggeth a pit shall fall therein: and he that rolleth a stone, it will return upon him. +A lying tongue hateth those that are afflicted by it; and a flattering mouth worketh ruin. +Boast not thyself of to morrow; for thou knowest not what a day may bring forth. +Let another man praise thee, and not thine own mouth; a stranger, and not thine own lips. +A stone is heavy, and the sand weighty; but a fool's wrath is heavier than them both. +Wrath is cruel, and anger is outrageous; but who is able to stand before envy? +Open rebuke is better than secret love. +Faithful are the wounds of a friend; but the kisses of an enemy are deceitful. +The full soul loatheth an honeycomb; but to the hungry soul every bitter thing is sweet. +As a bird that wandereth from her nest, so is a man that wandereth from his place. +Ointment and perfume rejoice the heart: so doth the sweetness of a man's friend by hearty counsel. +Thine own friend, and thy father's friend, forsake not; neither go into thy brother's house in the day of thy calamity: for better is a neighbour that is near than a brother far off. +My son, be wise, and make my heart glad, that I may answer him that reproacheth me. +A prudent man foreseeth the evil, and hideth himself; but the simple pass on, and are punished. +Take his garment that is surety for a stranger, and take a pledge of him for a strange woman. +He that blesseth his friend with a loud voice, rising early in the morning, it shall be counted a curse to him. +A continual dropping in a very rainy day and a contentious woman are alike. +Whosoever hideth her hideth the wind, and the ointment of his right hand, which bewrayeth itself. +Iron sharpeneth iron; so a man sharpeneth the countenance of his friend. +Whoso keepeth the fig tree shall eat the fruit thereof: so he that waiteth on his master shall be honoured. +As in water face answereth to face, so the heart of man to man. +Hell and destruction are never full; so the eyes of man are never satisfied. +As the fining pot for silver, and the furnace for gold; so is a man to his praise. +Though thou shouldest bray a fool in a mortar among wheat with a pestle, yet will not his foolishness depart from him. +Be thou diligent to know the state of thy flocks, and look well to thy herds. +For riches are not for ever: and doth the crown endure to every generation? +The hay appeareth, and the tender grass sheweth itself, and herbs of the mountains are gathered. +The lambs are for thy clothing, and the goats are the price of the field. +And thou shalt have goats' milk enough for thy food, for the food of thy household, and for the maintenance for thy maidens. +The wicked flee when no man pursueth: but the righteous are bold as a lion. +For the transgression of a land many are the princes thereof: but by a man of understanding and knowledge the state thereof shall be prolonged. +A poor man that oppresseth the poor is like a sweeping rain which leaveth no food. +They that forsake the law praise the wicked: but such as keep the law contend with them. +Evil men understand not judgment: but they that seek the LORD understand all things. +Better is the poor that walketh in his uprightness, than he that is perverse in his ways, though he be rich. +Whoso keepeth the law is a wise son: but he that is a companion of riotous men shameth his father. +He that by usury and unjust gain increaseth his substance, he shall gather it for him that will pity the poor. +He that turneth away his ear from hearing the law, even his prayer shall be abomination. +Whoso causeth the righteous to go astray in an evil way, he shall fall himself into his own pit: but the upright shall have good things in possession. +The rich man is wise in his own conceit; but the poor that hath understanding searcheth him out. +When righteous men do rejoice, there is great glory: but when the wicked rise, a man is hidden. +He that covereth his sins shall not prosper: but whoso confesseth and forsaketh them shall have mercy. +Happy is the man that feareth alway: but he that hardeneth his heart shall fall into mischief. +As a roaring lion, and a ranging bear; so is a wicked ruler over the poor people. +The prince that wanteth understanding is also a great oppressor: but he that hateth covetousness shall prolong his days. +A man that doeth violence to the blood of any person shall flee to the pit; let no man stay him. +Whoso walketh uprightly shall be saved: but he that is perverse in his ways shall fall at once. +He that tilleth his land shall have plenty of bread: but he that followeth after vain persons shall have poverty enough. +A faithful man shall abound with blessings: but he that maketh haste to be rich shall not be innocent. +To have respect of persons is not good: for for a piece of bread that man will transgress. +He that hasteth to be rich hath an evil eye, and considereth not that poverty shall come upon him. +He that rebuketh a man afterwards shall find more favour than he that flattereth with the tongue. +Whoso robbeth his father or his mother, and saith, It is no transgression; the same is the companion of a destroyer. +He that is of a proud heart stirreth up strife: but he that putteth his trust in the LORD shall be made fat. +He that trusteth in his own heart is a fool: but whoso walketh wisely, he shall be delivered. +He that giveth unto the poor shall not lack: but he that hideth his eyes shall have many a curse. +When the wicked rise, men hide themselves: but when they perish, the righteous increase. +He, that being often reproved hardeneth his neck, shall suddenly be destroyed, and that without remedy. +When the righteous are in authority, the people rejoice: but when the wicked beareth rule, the people mourn. +Whoso loveth wisdom rejoiceth his father: but he that keepeth company with harlots spendeth his substance. +The king by judgment establisheth the land: but he that receiveth gifts overthroweth it. +A man that flattereth his neighbour spreadeth a net for his feet. +In the transgression of an evil man there is a snare: but the righteous doth sing and rejoice. +The righteous considereth the cause of the poor: but the wicked regardeth not to know it. +Scornful men bring a city into a snare: but wise men turn away wrath. +If a wise man contendeth with a foolish man, whether he rage or laugh, there is no rest. +The bloodthirsty hate the upright: but the just seek his soul. +A fool uttereth all his mind: but a wise man keepeth it in till afterwards. +If a ruler hearken to lies, all his servants are wicked. +The poor and the deceitful man meet together: the LORD lighteneth both their eyes. +The king that faithfully judgeth the poor, his throne shall be established for ever. +The rod and reproof give wisdom: but a child left to himself bringeth his mother to shame. +When the wicked are multiplied, transgression increaseth: but the righteous shall see their fall. +Correct thy son, and he shall give thee rest; yea, he shall give delight unto thy soul. +Where there is no vision, the people perish: but he that keepeth the law, happy is he. +A servant will not be corrected by words: for though he understand he will not answer. +Seest thou a man that is hasty in his words? there is more hope of a fool than of him. +He that delicately bringeth up his servant from a child shall have him become his son at the length. +An angry man stirreth up strife, and a furious man aboundeth in transgression. +A man's pride shall bring him low: but honour shall uphold the humble in spirit. +Whoso is partner with a thief hateth his own soul: he heareth cursing, and bewrayeth it not. +The fear of man bringeth a snare: but whoso putteth his trust in the LORD shall be safe. +Many seek the ruler's favour; but every man's judgment cometh from the LORD. +An unjust man is an abomination to the just: and he that is upright in the way is abomination to the wicked. +The words of Agur the son of Jakeh, even the prophecy: the man spake unto Ithiel, even unto Ithiel and Ucal, +Surely I am more brutish than any man, and have not the understanding of a man. +I neither learned wisdom, nor have the knowledge of the holy. +Who hath ascended up into heaven, or descended? who hath gathered the wind in his fists? who hath bound the waters in a garment? who hath established all the ends of the earth? what is his name, and what is his son's name, if thou canst tell? +Every word of God is pure: he is a shield unto them that put their trust in him. +Add thou not unto his words, lest he reprove thee, and thou be found a liar. +Two things have I required of thee; deny me them not before I die: +Remove far from me vanity and lies: give me neither poverty nor riches; feed me with food convenient for me: +Lest I be full, and deny thee, and say, Who is the LORD? or lest I be poor, and steal, and take the name of my God in vain. +Accuse not a servant unto his master, lest he curse thee, and thou be found guilty. +There is a generation that curseth their father, and doth not bless their mother. +There is a generation that are pure in their own eyes, and yet is not washed from their filthiness. +There is a generation, O how lofty are their eyes! and their eyelids are lifted up. +There is a generation, whose teeth are as swords, and their jaw teeth as knives, to devour the poor from off the earth, and the needy from among men. +The horseleach hath two daughters, crying, Give, give. There are three things that are never satisfied, yea, four things say not, It is enough: +The grave; and the barren womb; the earth that is not filled with water; and the fire that saith not, It is enough. +The eye that mocketh at his father, and despiseth to obey his mother, the ravens of the valley shall pick it out, and the young eagles shall eat it. +There be three things which are too wonderful for me, yea, four which I know not: +The way of an eagle in the air; the way of a serpent upon a rock; the way of a ship in the midst of the sea; and the way of a man with a maid. +Such is the way of an adulterous woman; she eateth, and wipeth her mouth, and saith, I have done no wickedness. +For three things the earth is disquieted, and for four which it cannot bear: +For a servant when he reigneth; and a fool when he is filled with meat; +For an odious woman when she is married; and an handmaid that is heir to her mistress. +There be four things which are little upon the earth, but they are exceeding wise: +The ants are a people not strong, yet they prepare their meat in the summer; +The conies are but a feeble folk, yet make they their houses in the rocks; +The locusts have no king, yet go they forth all of them by bands; +The spider taketh hold with her hands, and is in kings' palaces. +There be three things which go well, yea, four are comely in going: +A lion which is strongest among beasts, and turneth not away for any; +A greyhound; an he goat also; and a king, against whom there is no rising up. +If thou hast done foolishly in lifting up thyself, or if thou hast thought evil, lay thine hand upon thy mouth. +Surely the churning of milk bringeth forth butter, and the wringing of the nose bringeth forth blood: so the forcing of wrath bringeth forth strife. +The words of king Lemuel, the prophecy that his mother taught him. +What, my son? and what, the son of my womb? and what, the son of my vows? +Give not thy strength unto women, nor thy ways to that which destroyeth kings. +It is not for kings, O Lemuel, it is not for kings to drink wine; nor for princes strong drink: +Lest they drink, and forget the law, and pervert the judgment of any of the afflicted. +Give strong drink unto him that is ready to perish, and wine unto those that be of heavy hearts. +Let him drink, and forget his poverty, and remember his misery no more. +Open thy mouth for the dumb in the cause of all such as are appointed to destruction. +Open thy mouth, judge righteously, and plead the cause of the poor and needy. +Who can find a virtuous woman? for her price is far above rubies. +The heart of her husband doth safely trust in her, so that he shall have no need of spoil. +She will do him good and not evil all the days of her life. +She seeketh wool, and flax, and worketh willingly with her hands. +She is like the merchants' ships; she bringeth her food from afar. +She riseth also while it is yet night, and giveth meat to her household, and a portion to her maidens. +She considereth a field, and buyeth it: with the fruit of her hands she planteth a vineyard. +She girdeth her loins with strength, and strengtheneth her arms. +She perceiveth that her merchandise is good: her candle goeth not out by night. +She layeth her hands to the spindle, and her hands hold the distaff. +She stretcheth out her hand to the poor; yea, she reacheth forth her hands to the needy. +She is not afraid of the snow for her household: for all her household are clothed with scarlet. +She maketh herself coverings of tapestry; her clothing is silk and purple. +Her husband is known in the gates, when he sitteth among the elders of the land. +She maketh fine linen, and selleth it; and delivereth girdles unto the merchant. +Strength and honour are her clothing; and she shall rejoice in time to come. +She openeth her mouth with wisdom; and in her tongue is the law of kindness. +She looketh well to the ways of her household, and eateth not the bread of idleness. +Her children arise up, and call her blessed; her husband also, and he praiseth her. +Many daughters have done virtuously, but thou excellest them all. +Favour is deceitful, and beauty is vain: but a woman that feareth the LORD, she shall be praised. +Give her of the fruit of her hands; and let her own works praise her in the gates. +The words of the Preacher, the son of David, king in Jerusalem. +Vanity of vanities, saith the Preacher, vanity of vanities; all is vanity. +What profit hath a man of all his labour which he taketh under the sun? +One generation passeth away, and another generation cometh: but the earth abideth for ever. +The sun also ariseth, and the sun goeth down, and hasteth to his place where he arose. +The wind goeth toward the south, and turneth about unto the north; it whirleth about continually, and the wind returneth again according to his circuits. +All the rivers run into the sea; yet the sea is not full; unto the place from whence the rivers come, thither they return again. +All things are full of labour; man cannot utter it: the eye is not satisfied with seeing, nor the ear filled with hearing. +The thing that hath been, it is that which shall be; and that which is done is that which shall be done: and there is no new thing under the sun. +Is there any thing whereof it may be said, See, this is new? it hath been already of old time, which was before us. +There is no remembrance of former things; neither shall there be any remembrance of things that are to come with those that shall come after. +I the Preacher was king over Israel in Jerusalem. +And I gave my heart to seek and search out by wisdom concerning all things that are done under heaven: this sore travail hath God given to the sons of man to be exercised therewith. +I have seen all the works that are done under the sun; and, behold, all is vanity and vexation of spirit. +That which is crooked cannot be made straight: and that which is wanting cannot be numbered. +I communed with mine own heart, saying, Lo, I am come to great estate, and have gotten more wisdom than all they that have been before me in Jerusalem: yea, my heart had great experience of wisdom and knowledge. +And I gave my heart to know wisdom, and to know madness and folly: I perceived that this also is vexation of spirit. +For in much wisdom is much grief: and he that increaseth knowledge increaseth sorrow. +I said in mine heart, Go to now, I will prove thee with mirth, therefore enjoy pleasure: and, behold, this also is vanity. +I said of laughter, It is mad: and of mirth, What doeth it? +I sought in mine heart to give myself unto wine, yet acquainting mine heart with wisdom; and to lay hold on folly, till I might see what was that good for the sons of men, which they should do under the heaven all the days of their life. +I made me great works; I builded me houses; I planted me vineyards: +I made me gardens and orchards, and I planted trees in them of all kind of fruits: +I made me pools of water, to water therewith the wood that bringeth forth trees: +I got me servants and maidens, and had servants born in my house; also I had great possessions of great and small cattle above all that were in Jerusalem before me: +I gathered me also silver and gold, and the peculiar treasure of kings and of the provinces: I gat me men singers and women singers, and the delights of the sons of men, as musical instruments, and that of all sorts. +So I was great, and increased more than all that were before me in Jerusalem: also my wisdom remained with me. +And whatsoever mine eyes desired I kept not from them, I withheld not my heart from any joy; for my heart rejoiced in all my labour: and this was my portion of all my labour. +Then I looked on all the works that my hands had wrought, and on the labour that I had laboured to do: and, behold, all was vanity and vexation of spirit, and there was no profit under the sun. +And I turned myself to behold wisdom, and madness, and folly: for what can the man do that cometh after the king? even that which hath been already done. +Then I saw that wisdom excelleth folly, as far as light excelleth darkness. +The wise man's eyes are in his head; but the fool walketh in darkness: and I myself perceived also that one event happeneth to them all. +Then said I in my heart, As it happeneth to the fool, so it happeneth even to me; and why was I then more wise? Then I said in my heart, that this also is vanity. +For there is no remembrance of the wise more than of the fool for ever; seeing that which now is in the days to come shall all be forgotten. And how dieth the wise man? as the fool. +Therefore I hated life; because the work that is wrought under the sun is grievous unto me: for all is vanity and vexation of spirit. +Yea, I hated all my labour which I had taken under the sun: because I should leave it unto the man that shall be after me. +And who knoweth whether he shall be a wise man or a fool? yet shall he have rule over all my labour wherein I have laboured, and wherein I have shewed myself wise under the sun. This is also vanity. +Therefore I went about to cause my heart to despair of all the labour which I took under the sun. +For there is a man whose labour is in wisdom, and in knowledge, and in equity; yet to a man that hath not laboured therein shall he leave it for his portion. This also is vanity and a great evil. +For what hath man of all his labour, and of the vexation of his heart, wherein he hath laboured under the sun? +For all his days are sorrows, and his travail grief; yea, his heart taketh not rest in the night. This is also vanity. +There is nothing better for a man, than that he should eat and drink, and that he should make his soul enjoy good in his labour. This also I saw, that it was from the hand of God. +For who can eat, or who else can hasten hereunto, more than I? +For God giveth to a man that is good in his sight wisdom, and knowledge, and joy: but to the sinner he giveth travail, to gather and to heap up, that he may give to him that is good before God. This also is vanity and vexation of spirit. +To every thing there is a season, and a time to every purpose under the heaven: +A time to be born, and a time to die; a time to plant, and a time to pluck up that which is planted; +A time to kill, and a time to heal; a time to break down, and a time to build up; +A time to weep, and a time to laugh; a time to mourn, and a time to dance; +A time to cast away stones, and a time to gather stones together; a time to embrace, and a time to refrain from embracing; +A time to get, and a time to lose; a time to keep, and a time to cast away; +A time to rend, and a time to sew; a time to keep silence, and a time to speak; +A time to love, and a time to hate; a time of war, and a time of peace. +What profit hath he that worketh in that wherein he laboureth? +I have seen the travail, which God hath given to the sons of men to be exercised in it. +He hath made every thing beautiful in his time: also he hath set the world in their heart, so that no man can find out the work that God maketh from the beginning to the end. +I know that there is no good in them, but for a man to rejoice, and to do good in his life. +And also that every man should eat and drink, and enjoy the good of all his labour, it is the gift of God. +I know that, whatsoever God doeth, it shall be for ever: nothing can be put to it, nor any thing taken from it: and God doeth it, that men should fear before him. +That which hath been is now; and that which is to be hath already been; and God requireth that which is past. +And moreover I saw under the sun the place of judgment, that wickedness was there; and the place of righteousness, that iniquity was there. +I said in mine heart, God shall judge the righteous and the wicked: for there is a time there for every purpose and for every work. +I said in mine heart concerning the estate of the sons of men, that God might manifest them, and that they might see that they themselves are beasts. +For that which befalleth the sons of men befalleth beasts; even one thing befalleth them: as the one dieth, so dieth the other; yea, they have all one breath; so that a man hath no preeminence above a beast: for all is vanity. +All go unto one place; all are of the dust, and all turn to dust again. +Who knoweth the spirit of man that goeth upward, and the spirit of the beast that goeth downward to the earth? +Wherefore I perceive that there is nothing better, than that a man should rejoice in his own works; for that is his portion: for who shall bring him to see what shall be after him? +So I returned, and considered all the oppressions that are done under the sun: and behold the tears of such as were oppressed, and they had no comforter; and on the side of their oppressors there was power; but they had no comforter. +Wherefore I praised the dead which are already dead more than the living which are yet alive. +Yea, better is he than both they, which hath not yet been, who hath not seen the evil work that is done under the sun. +Again, I considered all travail, and every right work, that for this a man is envied of his neighbour. This is also vanity and vexation of spirit. +The fool foldeth his hands together, and eateth his own flesh. +Better is an handful with quietness, than both the hands full with travail and vexation of spirit. +Then I returned, and I saw vanity under the sun. +There is one alone, and there is not a second; yea, he hath neither child nor brother: yet is there no end of all his labour; neither is his eye satisfied with riches; neither saith he, For whom do I labour, and bereave my soul of good? This is also vanity, yea, it is a sore travail. +Two are better than one; because they have a good reward for their labour. +For if they fall, the one will lift up his fellow: but woe to him that is alone when he falleth; for he hath not another to help him up. +Again, if two lie together, then they have heat: but how can one be warm alone? +And if one prevail against him, two shall withstand him; and a threefold cord is not quickly broken. +Better is a poor and a wise child than an old and foolish king, who will no more be admonished. +For out of prison he cometh to reign; whereas also he that is born in his kingdom becometh poor. +I considered all the living which walk under the sun, with the second child that shall stand up in his stead. +There is no end of all the people, even of all that have been before them: they also that come after shall not rejoice in him. Surely this also is vanity and vexation of spirit. +Keep thy foot when thou goest to the house of God, and be more ready to hear, than to give the sacrifice of fools: for they consider not that they do evil. +Be not rash with thy mouth, and let not thine heart be hasty to utter any thing before God: for God is in heaven, and thou upon earth: therefore let thy words be few. +For a dream cometh through the multitude of business; and a fool's voice is known by multitude of words. +When thou vowest a vow unto God, defer not to pay it; for he hath no pleasure in fools: pay that which thou hast vowed. +Better is it that thou shouldest not vow, than that thou shouldest vow and not pay. +Suffer not thy mouth to cause thy flesh to sin; neither say thou before the angel, that it was an error: wherefore should God be angry at thy voice, and destroy the work of thine hands? +For in the multitude of dreams and many words there are also divers vanities: but fear thou God. +If thou seest the oppression of the poor, and violent perverting of judgment and justice in a province, marvel not at the matter: for he that is higher than the highest regardeth; and there be higher than they. +Moreover the profit of the earth is for all: the king himself is served by the field. +He that loveth silver shall not be satisfied with silver; nor he that loveth abundance with increase: this is also vanity. +When goods increase, they are increased that eat them: and what good is there to the owners thereof, saving the beholding of them with their eyes? +The sleep of a labouring man is sweet, whether he eat little or much: but the abundance of the rich will not suffer him to sleep. +There is a sore evil which I have seen under the sun, namely, riches kept for the owners thereof to their hurt. +But those riches perish by evil travail: and he begetteth a son, and there is nothing in his hand. +As he came forth of his mother's womb, naked shall he return to go as he came, and shall take nothing of his labour, which he may carry away in his hand. +And this also is a sore evil, that in all points as he came, so shall he go: and what profit hath he that hath laboured for the wind? +All his days also he eateth in darkness, and he hath much sorrow and wrath with his sickness. +Behold that which I have seen: it is good and comely for one to eat and to drink, and to enjoy the good of all his labour that he taketh under the sun all the days of his life, which God giveth him: for it is his portion. +Every man also to whom God hath given riches and wealth, and hath given him power to eat thereof, and to take his portion, and to rejoice in his labour; this is the gift of God. +For he shall not much remember the days of his life; because God answereth him in the joy of his heart. +There is an evil which I have seen under the sun, and it is common among men: +A man to whom God hath given riches, wealth, and honour, so that he wanteth nothing for his soul of all that he desireth, yet God giveth him not power to eat thereof, but a stranger eateth it: this is vanity, and it is an evil disease. +If a man beget an hundred children, and live many years, so that the days of his years be many, and his soul be not filled with good, and also that he have no burial; I say, that an untimely birth is better than he. +For he cometh in with vanity, and departeth in darkness, and his name shall be covered with darkness. +Moreover he hath not seen the sun, nor known any thing: this hath more rest than the other. +Yea, though he live a thousand years twice told, yet hath he seen no good: do not all go to one place? +All the labour of man is for his mouth, and yet the appetite is not filled. +For what hath the wise more than the fool? what hath the poor, that knoweth to walk before the living? +Better is the sight of the eyes than the wandering of the desire: this is also vanity and vexation of spirit. +That which hath been is named already, and it is known that it is man: neither may he contend with him that is mightier than he. +Seeing there be many things that increase vanity, what is man the better? +For who knoweth what is good for man in this life, all the days of his vain life which he spendeth as a shadow? for who can tell a man what shall be after him under the sun? +A good name is better than precious ointment; and the day of death than the day of one's birth. +It is better to go to the house of mourning, than to go to the house of feasting: for that is the end of all men; and the living will lay it to his heart. +Sorrow is better than laughter: for by the sadness of the countenance the heart is made better. +The heart of the wise is in the house of mourning; but the heart of fools is in the house of mirth. +It is better to hear the rebuke of the wise, than for a man to hear the song of fools. +For as the crackling of thorns under a pot, so is the laughter of the fool: this also is vanity. +Surely oppression maketh a wise man mad; and a gift destroyeth the heart. +Better is the end of a thing than the beginning thereof: and the patient in spirit is better than the proud in spirit. +Be not hasty in thy spirit to be angry: for anger resteth in the bosom of fools. +Say not thou, What is the cause that the former days were better than these? for thou dost not enquire wisely concerning this. +Wisdom is good with an inheritance: and by it there is profit to them that see the sun. +For wisdom is a defence, and money is a defence: but the excellency of knowledge is, that wisdom giveth life to them that have it. +Consider the work of God: for who can make that straight, which he hath made crooked? +In the day of prosperity be joyful, but in the day of adversity consider: God also hath set the one over against the other, to the end that man should find nothing after him. +All things have I seen in the days of my vanity: there is a just man that perisheth in his righteousness, and there is a wicked man that prolongeth his life in his wickedness. +Be not righteous over much; neither make thyself over wise: why shouldest thou destroy thyself ? +Be not over much wicked, neither be thou foolish: why shouldest thou die before thy time? +It is good that thou shouldest take hold of this; yea, also from this withdraw not thine hand: for he that feareth God shall come forth of them all. +Wisdom strengtheneth the wise more than ten mighty men which are in the city. +For there is not a just man upon earth, that doeth good, and sinneth not. +Also take no heed unto all words that are spoken; lest thou hear thy servant curse thee: +For oftentimes also thine own heart knoweth that thou thyself likewise hast cursed others. +All this have I proved by wisdom: I said, I will be wise; but it was far from me. +That which is far off, and exceeding deep, who can find it out? +I applied mine heart to know, and to search, and to seek out wisdom, and the reason of things, and to know the wickedness of folly, even of foolishness and madness: +And I find more bitter than death the woman, whose heart is snares and nets, and her hands as bands: whoso pleaseth God shall escape from her; but the sinner shall be taken by her. +Behold, this have I found, saith the preacher, counting one by one, to find out the account: +Which yet my soul seeketh, but I find not: one man among a thousand have I found; but a woman among all those have I not found. +Lo, this only have I found, that God hath made man upright; but they have sought out many inventions. +Who is as the wise man? and who knoweth the interpretation of a thing? a man's wisdom maketh his face to shine, and the boldness of his face shall be changed. +I counsel thee to keep the king's commandment, and that in regard of the oath of God. +Be not hasty to go out of his sight: stand not in an evil thing; for he doeth whatsoever pleaseth him. +Where the word of a king is, there is power: and who may say unto him, What doest thou? +Whoso keepeth the commandment shall feel no evil thing: and a wise man's heart discerneth both time and judgment. +Because to every purpose there is time and judgment, therefore the misery of man is great upon him. +For he knoweth not that which shall be: for who can tell him when it shall be? +There is no man that hath power over the spirit to retain the spirit; neither hath he power in the day of death: and there is no discharge in that war; neither shall wickedness deliver those that are given to it. +All this have I seen, and applied my heart unto every work that is done under the sun: there is a time wherein one man ruleth over another to his own hurt. +And so I saw the wicked buried, who had come and gone from the place of the holy, and they were forgotten in the city where they had so done: this is also vanity. +Because sentence against an evil work is not executed speedily, therefore the heart of the sons of men is fully set in them to do evil. +Though a sinner do evil an hundred times, and his days be prolonged, yet surely I know that it shall be well with them that fear God, which fear before him: +But it shall not be well with the wicked, neither shall he prolong his days, which are as a shadow; because he feareth not before God. +There is a vanity which is done upon the earth; that there be just men, unto whom it happeneth according to the work of the wicked; again, there be wicked men, to whom it happeneth according to the work of the righteous: I said that this also is vanity. +Then I commended mirth, because a man hath no better thing under the sun, than to eat, and to drink, and to be merry: for that shall abide with him of his labour the days of his life, which God giveth him under the sun. +When I applied mine heart to know wisdom, and to see the business that is done upon the earth: (for also there is that neither day nor night seeth sleep with his eyes:) +Then I beheld all the work of God, that a man cannot find out the work that is done under the sun: because though a man labour to seek it out, yet he shall not find it; yea farther; though a wise man think to know it, yet shall he not be able to find it. +For all this I considered in my heart even to declare all this, that the righteous, and the wise, and their works, are in the hand of God: no man knoweth either love or hatred by all that is before them. +All things come alike to all: there is one event to the righteous, and to the wicked; to the good and to the clean, and to the unclean; to him that sacrificeth, and to him that sacrificeth not: as is the good, so is the sinner; and he that sweareth, as he that feareth an oath. +This is an evil among all things that are done under the sun, that there is one event unto all: yea, also the heart of the sons of men is full of evil, and madness is in their heart while they live, and after that they go to the dead. +For to him that is joined to all the living there is hope: for a living dog is better than a dead lion. +For the living know that they shall die: but the dead know not any thing, neither have they any more a reward; for the memory of them is forgotten. +Also their love, and their hatred, and their envy, is now perished; neither have they any more a portion for ever in any thing that is done under the sun. +Go thy way, eat thy bread with joy, and drink thy wine with a merry heart; for God now accepteth thy works. +Let thy garments be always white; and let thy head lack no ointment. +Live joyfully with the wife whom thou lovest all the days of the life of thy vanity, which he hath given thee under the sun, all the days of thy vanity: for that is thy portion in this life, and in thy labour which thou takest under the sun. +Whatsoever thy hand findeth to do, do it with thy might; for there is no work, nor device, nor knowledge, nor wisdom, in the grave, whither thou goest. +I returned, and saw under the sun, that the race is not to the swift, nor the battle to the strong, neither yet bread to the wise, nor yet riches to men of understanding, nor yet favour to men of skill; but time and chance happeneth to them all. +For man also knoweth not his time: as the fishes that are taken in an evil net, and as the birds that are caught in the snare; so are the sons of men snared in an evil time, when it falleth suddenly upon them. +This wisdom have I seen also under the sun, and it seemed great unto me: +There was a little city, and few men within it; and there came a great king against it, and besieged it, and built great bulwarks against it: +Now there was found in it a poor wise man, and he by his wisdom delivered the city; yet no man remembered that same poor man. +Then said I, Wisdom is better than strength: nevertheless the poor man's wisdom is despised, and his words are not heard. +The words of wise men are heard in quiet more than the cry of him that ruleth among fools. +Wisdom is better than weapons of war: but one sinner destroyeth much good. +Dead flies cause the ointment of the apothecary to send forth a stinking savour: so doth a little folly him that is in reputation for wisdom and honour. +A wise man's heart is at his right hand; but a fool's heart at his left. +Yea also, when he that is a fool walketh by the way, his wisdom faileth him, and he saith to every one that he is a fool. +If the spirit of the ruler rise up against thee, leave not thy place; for yielding pacifieth great offences. +There is an evil which I have seen under the sun, as an error which proceedeth from the ruler: +Folly is set in great dignity, and the rich sit in low place. +I have seen servants upon horses, and princes walking as servants upon the earth. +He that diggeth a pit shall fall into it; and whoso breaketh an hedge, a serpent shall bite him. +Whoso removeth stones shall be hurt therewith; and he that cleaveth wood shall be endangered thereby. +If the iron be blunt, and he do not whet the edge, then must he put to more strength: but wisdom is profitable to direct. +Surely the serpent will bite without enchantment; and a babbler is no better. +The words of a wise man's mouth are gracious; but the lips of a fool will swallow up himself. +The beginning of the words of his mouth is foolishness: and the end of his talk is mischievous madness. +A fool also is full of words: a man cannot tell what shall be; and what shall be after him, who can tell him? +The labour of the foolish wearieth every one of them, because he knoweth not how to go to the city. +Woe to thee, O land, when thy king is a child, and thy princes eat in the morning! +Blessed art thou, O land, when thy king is the son of nobles, and thy princes eat in due season, for strength, and not for drunkenness! +By much slothfulness the building decayeth; and through idleness of the hands the house droppeth through. +A feast is made for laughter, and wine maketh merry: but money answereth all things. +Curse not the king, no not in thy thought; and curse not the rich in thy bedchamber: for a bird of the air shall carry the voice, and that which hath wings shall tell the matter. +Cast thy bread upon the waters: for thou shalt find it after many days. +Give a portion to seven, and also to eight; for thou knowest not what evil shall be upon the earth. +If the clouds be full of rain, they empty themselves upon the earth: and if the tree fall toward the south, or toward the north, in the place where the tree falleth, there it shall be. +He that observeth the wind shall not sow; and he that regardeth the clouds shall not reap. +As thou knowest not what is the way of the spirit, nor how the bones do grow in the womb of her that is with child: even so thou knowest not the works of God who maketh all. +In the morning sow thy seed, and in the evening withhold not thine hand: for thou knowest not whether shall prosper, either this or that, or whether they both shall be alike good. +Truly the light is sweet, and a pleasant thing it is for the eyes to behold the sun: +But if a man live many years, and rejoice in them all; yet let him remember the days of darkness; for they shall be many. All that cometh is vanity. +Rejoice, O young man, in thy youth; and let thy heart cheer thee in the days of thy youth, and walk in the ways of thine heart, and in the sight of thine eyes: but know thou, that for all these things God will bring thee into judgment. +Therefore remove sorrow from thy heart, and put away evil from thy flesh: for childhood and youth are vanity. +Remember now thy Creator in the days of thy youth, while the evil days come not, nor the years draw nigh, when thou shalt say, I have no pleasure in them; +While the sun, or the light, or the moon, or the stars, be not darkened, nor the clouds return after the rain: +In the day when the keepers of the house shall tremble, and the strong men shall bow themselves, and the grinders cease because they are few, and those that look out of the windows be darkened, +And the doors shall be shut in the streets, when the sound of the grinding is low, and he shall rise up at the voice of the bird, and all the daughters of musick shall be brought low; +Also when they shall be afraid of that which is high, and fears shall be in the way, and the almond tree shall flourish, and the grasshopper shall be a burden, and desire shall fail: because man goeth to his long home, and the mourners go about the streets: +Or ever the silver cord be loosed, or the golden bowl be broken, or the pitcher be broken at the fountain, or the wheel broken at the cistern. +Then shall the dust return to the earth as it was: and the spirit shall return unto God who gave it. +Vanity of vanities, saith the preacher; all is vanity. +And moreover, because the preacher was wise, he still taught the people knowledge; yea, he gave good heed, and sought out, and set in order many proverbs. +The preacher sought to find out acceptable words: and that which was written was upright, even words of truth. +The words of the wise are as goads, and as nails fastened by the masters of assemblies, which are given from one shepherd. +And further, by these, my son, be admonished: of making many books there is no end; and much study is a weariness of the flesh. +Let us hear the conclusion of the whole matter: Fear God, and keep his commandments: for this is the whole duty of man. +For God shall bring every work into judgment, with every secret thing, whether it be good, or whether it be evil. +The song of songs, which is Solomon's. +Let him kiss me with the kisses of his mouth: for thy love is better than wine. +Because of the savour of thy good ointments thy name is as ointment poured forth, therefore do the virgins love thee. +Draw me, we will run after thee: the king hath brought me into his chambers: we will be glad and rejoice in thee, we will remember thy love more than wine: the upright love thee. +I am black, but comely, O ye daughters of Jerusalem, as the tents of Kedar, as the curtains of Solomon. +Look not upon me, because I am black, because the sun hath looked upon me: my mother's children were angry with me; they made me the keeper of the vineyards; but mine own vineyard have I not kept. +Tell me, O thou whom my soul loveth, where thou feedest, where thou makest thy flock to rest at noon: for why should I be as one that turneth aside by the flocks of thy companions? +If thou know not, O thou fairest among women, go thy way forth by the footsteps of the flock, and feed thy kids beside the shepherds' tents. +I have compared thee, O my love, to a company of horses in Pharaoh's chariots. +Thy cheeks are comely with rows of jewels, thy neck with chains of gold. +We will make thee borders of gold with studs of silver. +While the king sitteth at his table, my spikenard sendeth forth the smell thereof. +A bundle of myrrh is my well-beloved unto me; he shall lie all night betwixt my breasts. +My beloved is unto me as a cluster of camphire in the vineyards of Engedi. +Behold, thou art fair, my love; behold, thou art fair; thou hast doves' eyes. +Behold, thou art fair, my beloved, yea, pleasant: also our bed is green. +The beams of our house are cedar, and our rafters of fir. +I am the rose of Sharon, and the lily of the valleys. +As the lily among thorns, so is my love among the daughters. +As the apple tree among the trees of the wood, so is my beloved among the sons. I sat down under his shadow with great delight, and his fruit was sweet to my taste. +He brought me to the banqueting house, and his banner over me was love. +Stay me with flagons, comfort me with apples: for I am sick of love. +His left hand is under my head, and his right hand doth embrace me. +I charge you, O ye daughters of Jerusalem, by the roes, and by the hinds of the field, that ye stir not up, nor awake my love, till he please. +The voice of my beloved! behold, he cometh leaping upon the mountains, skipping upon the hills. +My beloved is like a roe or a young hart: behold, he standeth behind our wall, he looketh forth at the windows, shewing himself through the lattice. +My beloved spake, and said unto me, Rise up, my love, my fair one, and come away. +For, lo, the winter is past, the rain is over and gone; +The flowers appear on the earth; the time of the singing of birds is come, and the voice of the turtle is heard in our land; +The fig tree putteth forth her green figs, and the vines with the tender grape give a good smell. Arise, my love, my fair one, and come away. +O my dove, that art in the clefts of the rock, in the secret places of the stairs, let me see thy countenance, let me hear thy voice; for sweet is thy voice, and thy countenance is comely. +Take us the foxes, the little foxes, that spoil the vines: for our vines have tender grapes. +My beloved is mine, and I am his: he feedeth among the lilies. +Until the day break, and the shadows flee away, turn, my beloved, and be thou like a roe or a young hart upon the mountains of Bether. +By night on my bed I sought him whom my soul loveth: I sought him, but I found him not. +I will rise now, and go about the city in the streets, and in the broad ways I will seek him whom my soul loveth: I sought him, but I found him not. +The watchmen that go about the city found me: to whom I said, Saw ye him whom my soul loveth? +It was but a little that I passed from them, but I found him whom my soul loveth: I held him, and would not let him go, until I had brought him into my mother's house, and into the chamber of her that conceived me. +I charge you, O ye daughters of Jerusalem, by the roes, and by the hinds of the field, that ye stir not up, nor awake my love, till he please. +Who is this that cometh out of the wilderness like pillars of smoke, perfumed with myrrh and frankincense, with all powders of the merchant? +Behold his bed, which is Solomon's; threescore valiant men are about it, of the valiant of Israel. +They all hold swords, being expert in war: every man hath his sword upon his thigh because of fear in the night. +King Solomon made himself a chariot of the wood of Lebanon. +He made the pillars thereof of silver, the bottom thereof of gold, the covering of it of purple, the midst thereof being paved with love, for the daughters of Jerusalem. +Go forth, O ye daughters of Zion, and behold king Solomon with the crown wherewith his mother crowned him in the day of his espousals, and in the day of the gladness of his heart. +Behold, thou art fair, my love; behold, thou art fair; thou hast doves' eyes within thy locks: thy hair is as a flock of goats, that appear from mount Gilead. +Thy teeth are like a flock of sheep that are even shorn, which came up from the washing; whereof every one bear twins, and none is barren among them. +Thy lips are like a thread of scarlet, and thy speech is comely: thy temples are like a piece of a pomegranate within thy locks. +Thy neck is like the tower of David builded for an armoury, whereon there hang a thousand bucklers, all shields of mighty men. +Thy two breasts are like two young roes that are twins, which feed among the lilies. +Until the day break, and the shadows flee away, I will get me to the mountain of myrrh, and to the hill of frankincense. +Thou art all fair, my love; there is no spot in thee. +Come with me from Lebanon, my spouse, with me from Lebanon: look from the top of Amana, from the top of Shenir and Hermon, from the lions' dens, from the mountains of the leopards. +Thou hast ravished my heart, my sister, my spouse; thou hast ravished my heart with one of thine eyes, with one chain of thy neck. +How fair is thy love, my sister, my spouse! how much better is thy love than wine! and the smell of thine ointments than all spices! +Thy lips, O my spouse, drop as the honeycomb: honey and milk are under thy tongue; and the smell of thy garments is like the smell of Lebanon. +A garden inclosed is my sister, my spouse; a spring shut up, a fountain sealed. +Thy plants are an orchard of pomegranates, with pleasant fruits; camphire, with spikenard, +Spikenard and saffron; calamus and cinnamon, with all trees of frankincense; myrrh and aloes, with all the chief spices: +A fountain of gardens, a well of living waters, and streams from Lebanon. +Awake, O north wind; and come, thou south; blow upon my garden, that the spices thereof may flow out. Let my beloved come into his garden, and eat his pleasant fruits. +I am come into my garden, my sister, my spouse: I have gathered my myrrh with my spice; I have eaten my honeycomb with my honey; I have drunk my wine with my milk: eat, O friends; drink, yea, drink abundantly, O beloved. +I sleep, but my heart waketh: it is the voice of my beloved that knocketh, saying, Open to me, my sister, my love, my dove, my undefiled: for my head is filled with dew, and my locks with the drops of the night. +I have put off my coat; how shall I put it on? I have washed my feet; how shall I defile them? +My beloved put in his hand by the hole of the door, and my bowels were moved for him. +I rose up to open to my beloved; and my hands dropped with myrrh, and my fingers with sweet smelling myrrh, upon the handles of the lock. +I opened to my beloved; but my beloved had withdrawn himself, and was gone: my soul failed when he spake: I sought him, but I could not find him; I called him, but he gave me no answer. +The watchmen that went about the city found me, they smote me, they wounded me; the keepers of the walls took away my veil from me. +I charge you, O daughters of Jerusalem, if ye find my beloved, that ye tell him, that I am sick of love. +What is thy beloved more than another beloved, O thou fairest among women? what is thy beloved more than another beloved, that thou dost so charge us? +My beloved is white and ruddy, the chiefest among ten thousand. +His head is as the most fine gold, his locks are bushy, and black as a raven. +His eyes are as the eyes of doves by the rivers of waters, washed with milk, and fitly set. +His cheeks are as a bed of spices, as sweet flowers: his lips like lilies, dropping sweet smelling myrrh. +His hands are as gold rings set with the beryl: his belly is as bright ivory overlaid with sapphires. +His legs are as pillars of marble, set upon sockets of fine gold: his countenance is as Lebanon, excellent as the cedars. +His mouth is most sweet: yea, he is altogether lovely. This is my beloved, and this is my friend, O daughters of Jerusalem. +Whither is thy beloved gone, O thou fairest among women? whither is thy beloved turned aside? that we may seek him with thee. +My beloved is gone down into his garden, to the beds of spices, to feed in the gardens, and to gather lilies. +I am my beloved's, and my beloved is mine: he feedeth among the lilies. +Thou art beautiful, O my love, as Tirzah, comely as Jerusalem, terrible as an army with banners. +Turn away thine eyes from me, for they have overcome me: thy hair is as a flock of goats that appear from Gilead. +Thy teeth are as a flock of sheep which go up from the washing, whereof every one beareth twins, and there is not one barren among them. +As a piece of a pomegranate are thy temples within thy locks. +There are threescore queens, and fourscore concubines, and virgins without number. +My dove, my undefiled is but one; she is the only one of her mother, she is the choice one of her that bare her. The daughters saw her, and blessed her; yea, the queens and the concubines, and they praised her. +Who is she that looketh forth as the morning, fair as the moon, clear as the sun, and terrible as an army with banners? +I went down into the garden of nuts to see the fruits of the valley, and to see whether the vine flourished and the pomegranates budded. +Or ever I was aware, my soul made me like the chariots of Amminadib. +Return, return, O Shulamite; return, return, that we may look upon thee. What will ye see in the Shulamite? As it were the company of two armies. +How beautiful are thy feet with shoes, O prince's daughter! the joints of thy thighs are like jewels, the work of the hands of a cunning workman. +Thy navel is like a round goblet, which wanteth not liquor: thy belly is like an heap of wheat set about with lilies. +Thy two breasts are like two young roes that are twins. +Thy neck is as a tower of ivory; thine eyes like the fishpools in Heshbon, by the gate of Bathrabbim: thy nose is as the tower of Lebanon which looketh toward Damascus. +Thine head upon thee is like Carmel, and the hair of thine head like purple; the king is held in the galleries. +How fair and how pleasant art thou, O love, for delights! +This thy stature is like to a palm tree, and thy breasts to clusters of grapes. +I said, I will go up to the palm tree, I will take hold of the boughs thereof: now also thy breasts shall be as clusters of the vine, and the smell of thy nose like apples; +And the roof of thy mouth like the best wine for my beloved, that goeth down sweetly, causing the lips of those that are asleep to speak. +I am my beloved's, and his desire is toward me. +Come, my beloved, let us go forth into the field; let us lodge in the villages. +Let us get up early to the vineyards; let us see if the vine flourish, whether the tender grape appear, and the pomegranates bud forth: there will I give thee my loves. +The mandrakes give a smell, and at our gates are all manner of pleasant fruits, new and old, which I have laid up for thee, O my beloved. +O that thou wert as my brother, that sucked the breasts of my mother! when I should find thee without, I would kiss thee; yea, I should not be despised. +I would lead thee, and bring thee into my mother's house, who would instruct me: I would cause thee to drink of spiced wine of the juice of my pomegranate. +His left hand should be under my head, and his right hand should embrace me. +I charge you, O daughters of Jerusalem, that ye stir not up, nor awake my love, until he please. +Who is this that cometh up from the wilderness, leaning upon her beloved? I raised thee up under the apple tree: there thy mother brought thee forth: there she brought thee forth that bare thee. +Set me as a seal upon thine heart, as a seal upon thine arm: for love is strong as death; jealousy is cruel as the grave: the coals thereof are coals of fire, which hath a most vehement flame. +Many waters cannot quench love, neither can the floods drown it: if a man would give all the substance of his house for love, it would utterly be contemned. +We have a little sister, and she hath no breasts: what shall we do for our sister in the day when she shall be spoken for? +If she be a wall, we will build upon her a palace of silver: and if she be a door, we will inclose her with boards of cedar. +I am a wall, and my breasts like towers: then was I in his eyes as one that found favour. +Solomon had a vineyard at Baalhamon; he let out the vineyard unto keepers; every one for the fruit thereof was to bring a thousand pieces of silver. +My vineyard, which is mine, is before me: thou, O Solomon, must have a thousand, and those that keep the fruit thereof two hundred. +Thou that dwellest in the gardens, the companions hearken to thy voice: cause me to hear it. +Make haste, my beloved, and be thou like to a roe or to a young hart upon the mountains of spices. +The vision of Isaiah the son of Amoz, which he saw concerning Judah and Jerusalem in the days of Uzziah, Jotham, Ahaz, and Hezekiah, kings of Judah. +Hear, O heavens, and give ear, O earth: for the LORD hath spoken, I have nourished and brought up children, and they have rebelled against me. +The ox knoweth his owner, and the ass his master's crib: but Israel doth not know, my people doth not consider. +Ah sinful nation, a people laden with iniquity, a seed of evildoers, children that are corrupters: they have forsaken the LORD, they have provoked the Holy One of Israel unto anger, they are gone away backward. +Why should ye be stricken any more? ye will revolt more and more: the whole head is sick, and the whole heart faint. +From the sole of the foot even unto the head there is no soundness in it; but wounds, and bruises, and putrifying sores: they have not been closed, neither bound up, neither mollified with ointment. +Your country is desolate, your cities are burned with fire: your land, strangers devour it in your presence, and it is desolate, as overthrown by strangers. +And the daughter of Zion is left as a cottage in a vineyard, as a lodge in a garden of cucumbers, as a besieged city. +Except the LORD of hosts had left unto us a very small remnant, we should have been as Sodom, and we should have been like unto Gomorrah. +Hear the word of the LORD, ye rulers of Sodom; give ear unto the law of our God, ye people of Gomorrah. +To what purpose is the multitude of your sacrifices unto me? saith the LORD: I am full of the burnt offerings of rams, and the fat of fed beasts; and I delight not in the blood of bullocks, or of lambs, or of he goats. +When ye come to appear before me, who hath required this at your hand, to tread my courts? +Bring no more vain oblations; incense is an abomination unto me; the new moons and sabbaths, the calling of assemblies, I cannot away with; it is iniquity, even the solemn meeting. +Your new moons and your appointed feasts my soul hateth: they are a trouble unto me; I am weary to bear them. +And when ye spread forth your hands, I will hide mine eyes from you: yea, when ye make many prayers, I will not hear: your hands are full of blood. +Wash you, make you clean; put away the evil of your doings from before mine eyes; cease to do evil; +Learn to do well; seek judgment, relieve the oppressed, judge the fatherless, plead for the widow. +Come now, and let us reason together, saith the LORD: though your sins be as scarlet, they shall be as white as snow; though they be red like crimson, they shall be as wool. +If ye be willing and obedient, ye shall eat the good of the land: +But if ye refuse and rebel, ye shall be devoured with the sword: for the mouth of the LORD hath spoken it. +How is the faithful city become an harlot! it was full of judgment; righteousness lodged in it; but now murderers. +Thy silver is become dross, thy wine mixed with water: +Thy princes are rebellious, and companions of thieves: every one loveth gifts, and followeth after rewards: they judge not the fatherless, neither doth the cause of the widow come unto them. +Therefore saith the LORD, the LORD of hosts, the mighty One of Israel, Ah, I will ease me of mine adversaries, and avenge me of mine enemies: +And I will turn my hand upon thee, and purely purge away thy dross, and take away all thy tin: +And I will restore thy judges as at the first, and thy counsellors as at the beginning: afterward thou shalt be called, The city of righteousness, the faithful city. +Zion shall be redeemed with judgment, and her converts with righteousness. +And the destruction of the transgressors and of the sinners shall be together, and they that forsake the LORD shall be consumed. +For they shall be ashamed of the oaks which ye have desired, and ye shall be confounded for the gardens that ye have chosen. +For ye shall be as an oak whose leaf fadeth, and as a garden that hath no water. +And the strong shall be as tow, and the maker of it as a spark, and they shall both burn together, and none shall quench them. +The word that Isaiah the son of Amoz saw concerning Judah and Jerusalem. +And it shall come to pass in the last days, that the mountain of the LORD's house shall be established in the top of the mountains, and shall be exalted above the hills; and all nations shall flow unto it. +And many people shall go and say, Come ye, and let us go up to the mountain of the LORD, to the house of the God of Jacob; and he will teach us of his ways, and we will walk in his paths: for out of Zion shall go forth the law, and the word of the LORD from Jerusalem. +And he shall judge among the nations, and shall rebuke many people: and they shall beat their swords into plowshares, and their spears into pruninghooks: nation shall not lift up sword against nation, neither shall they learn war any more. +O house of Jacob, come ye, and let us walk in the light of the LORD. +Therefore thou hast forsaken thy people the house of Jacob, because they be replenished from the east, and are soothsayers like the Philistines, and they please themselves in the children of strangers. +Their land also is full of silver and gold, neither is there any end of their treasures; their land is also full of horses, neither is there any end of their chariots: +Their land also is full of idols; they worship the work of their own hands, that which their own fingers have made: +And the mean man boweth down, and the great man humbleth himself: therefore forgive them not. +Enter into the rock, and hide thee in the dust, for fear of the LORD, and for the glory of his majesty. +The lofty looks of man shall be humbled, and the haughtiness of men shall be bowed down, and the LORD alone shall be exalted in that day. +For the day of the LORD of hosts shall be upon every one that is proud and lofty, and upon every one that is lifted up; and he shall be brought low: +And upon all the cedars of Lebanon, that are high and lifted up, and upon all the oaks of Bashan, +And upon all the high mountains, and upon all the hills that are lifted up, +And upon every high tower, and upon every fenced wall, +And upon all the ships of Tarshish, and upon all pleasant pictures. +And the loftiness of man shall be bowed down, and the haughtiness of men shall be made low: and the LORD alone shall be exalted in that day. +And the idols he shall utterly abolish. +And they shall go into the holes of the rocks, and into the caves of the earth, for fear of the LORD, and for the glory of his majesty, when he ariseth to shake terribly the earth. +In that day a man shall cast his idols of silver, and his idols of gold, which they made each one for himself to worship, to the moles and to the bats; +To go into the clefts of the rocks, and into the tops of the ragged rocks, for fear of the LORD, and for the glory of his majesty, when he ariseth to shake terribly the earth. +Cease ye from man, whose breath is in his nostrils: for wherein is he to be accounted of ? +For, behold, the Lord, the LORD of hosts, doth take away from Jerusalem and from Judah the stay and the staff, the whole stay of bread, and the whole stay of water. +The mighty man, and the man of war, the judge, and the prophet, and the prudent, and the ancient, +The captain of fifty, and the honourable man, and the counsellor, and the cunning artificer, and the eloquent orator. +And I will give children to be their princes, and babes shall rule over them. +And the people shall be oppressed, every one by another, and every one by his neighbour: the child shall behave himself proudly against the ancient, and the base against the honourable. +When a man shall take hold of his brother of the house of his father, saying, Thou hast clothing, be thou our ruler, and let this ruin be under thy hand: +In that day shall he swear, saying, I will not be an healer; for in my house is neither bread nor clothing: make me not a ruler of the people. +For Jerusalem is ruined, and Judah is fallen: because their tongue and their doings are against the LORD, to provoke the eyes of his glory. +The shew of their countenance doth witness against them; and they declare their sin as Sodom, they hide it not. Woe unto their soul! for they have rewarded evil unto themselves. +Say ye to the righteous, that it shall be well with him: for they shall eat the fruit of their doings. +Woe unto the wicked! it shall be ill with him: for the reward of his hands shall be given him. +As for my people, children are their oppressors, and women rule over them. O my people, they which lead thee cause thee to err, and destroy the way of thy paths. +The LORD standeth up to plead, and standeth to judge the people. +The LORD will enter into judgment with the ancients of his people, and the princes thereof: for ye have eaten up the vineyard; the spoil of the poor is in your houses. +What mean ye that ye beat my people to pieces, and grind the faces of the poor? saith the Lord GOD of hosts. +Moreover the LORD saith, Because the daughters of Zion are haughty, and walk with stretched forth necks and wanton eyes, walking and mincing as they go, and making a tinkling with their feet: +Therefore the LORD will smite with a scab the crown of the head of the daughters of Zion, and the LORD will discover their secret parts. +In that day the Lord will take away the bravery of their tinkling ornaments about their feet, and their cauls, and their round tires like the moon, +The chains, and the bracelets, and the mufflers, +The bonnets, and the ornaments of the legs, and the headbands, and the tablets, and the earrings, +The rings, and nose jewels, +The changeable suits of apparel, and the mantles, and the wimples, and the crisping pins, +The glasses, and the fine linen, and the hoods, and the vails. +And it shall come to pass, that instead of sweet smell there shall be stink; and instead of a girdle a rent; and instead of well set hair baldness; and instead of a stomacher a girding of sackcloth; and burning instead of beauty. +Thy men shall fall by the sword, and thy mighty in the war. +And her gates shall lament and mourn; and she being desolate shall sit upon the ground. +And in that day seven women shall take hold of one man, saying, We will eat our own bread, and wear our own apparel: only let us be called by thy name, to take away our reproach. +In that day shall the branch of the LORD be beautiful and glorious, and the fruit of the earth shall be excellent and comely for them that are escaped of Israel. +And it shall come to pass, that he that is left in Zion, and he that remaineth in Jerusalem, shall be called holy, even every one that is written among the living in Jerusalem: +When the Lord shall have washed away the filth of the daughters of Zion, and shall have purged the blood of Jerusalem from the midst thereof by the spirit of judgment, and by the spirit of burning. +And the LORD will create upon every dwelling place of mount Zion, and upon her assemblies, a cloud and smoke by day, and the shining of a flaming fire by night: for upon all the glory shall be a defence. +And there shall be a tabernacle for a shadow in the day time from the heat, and for a place of refuge, and for a covert from storm and from rain. +Now will I sing to my wellbeloved a song of my beloved touching his vineyard. My wellbeloved hath a vineyard in a very fruitful hill: +And he fenced it, and gathered out the stones thereof, and planted it with the choicest vine, and built a tower in the midst of it, and also made a winepress therein: and he looked that it should bring forth grapes, and it brought forth wild grapes. +And now, O inhabitants of Jerusalem, and men of Judah, judge, I pray you, betwixt me and my vineyard. +What could have been done more to my vineyard, that I have not done in it? wherefore, when I looked that it should bring forth grapes, brought it forth wild grapes? +And now go to; I will tell you what I will do to my vineyard: I will take away the hedge thereof, and it shall be eaten up; and break down the wall thereof, and it shall be trodden down: +And I will lay it waste: it shall not be pruned, nor digged; but there shall come up briers and thorns: I will also command the clouds that they rain no rain upon it. +For the vineyard of the LORD of hosts is the house of Israel, and the men of Judah his pleasant plant: and he looked for judgment, but behold oppression; for righteousness, but behold a cry. +Woe unto them that join house to house, that lay field to field, till there be no place, that they may be placed alone in the midst of the earth! +In mine ears said the LORD of hosts, Of a truth many houses shall be desolate, even great and fair, without inhabitant. +Yea, ten acres of vineyard shall yield one bath, and the seed of an homer shall yield an ephah. +Woe unto them that rise up early in the morning, that they may follow strong drink; that continue until night, till wine inflame them! +And the harp, and the viol, the tabret, and pipe, and wine, are in their feasts: but they regard not the work of the LORD, neither consider the operation of his hands. +Therefore my people are gone into captivity, because they have no knowledge: and their honourable men are famished, and their multitude dried up with thirst. +Therefore hell hath enlarged herself, and opened her mouth without measure: and their glory, and their multitude, and their pomp, and he that rejoiceth, shall descend into it. +And the mean man shall be brought down, and the mighty man shall be humbled, and the eyes of the lofty shall be humbled: +But the LORD of hosts shall be exalted in judgment, and God that is holy shall be sanctified in righteousness. +Then shall the lambs feed after their manner, and the waste places of the fat ones shall strangers eat. +Woe unto them that draw iniquity with cords of vanity, and sin as it were with a cart rope: +That say, Let him make speed, and hasten his work, that we may see it: and let the counsel of the Holy One of Israel draw nigh and come, that we may know it! +Woe unto them that call evil good, and good evil; that put darkness for light, and light for darkness; that put bitter for sweet, and sweet for bitter! +Woe unto them that are wise in their own eyes, and prudent in their own sight! +Woe unto them that are mighty to drink wine, and men of strength to mingle strong drink: +Which justify the wicked for reward, and take away the righteousness of the righteous from him! +Therefore as the fire devoureth the stubble, and the flame consumeth the chaff, so their root shall be as rottenness, and their blossom shall go up as dust: because they have cast away the law of the LORD of hosts, and despised the word of the Holy One of Israel. +Therefore is the anger of the LORD kindled against his people, and he hath stretched forth his hand against them, and hath smitten them: and the hills did tremble, and their carcases were torn in the midst of the streets. For all this his anger is not turned away, but his hand is stretched out still. +And he will lift up an ensign to the nations from far, and will hiss unto them from the end of the earth: and, behold, they shall come with speed swiftly: +None shall be weary nor stumble among them; none shall slumber nor sleep; neither shall the girdle of their loins be loosed, nor the latchet of their shoes be broken: +Whose arrows are sharp, and all their bows bent, their horses' hoofs shall be counted like flint, and their wheels like a whirlwind: +Their roaring shall be like a lion, they shall roar like young lions: yea, they shall roar, and lay hold of the prey, and shall carry it away safe, and none shall deliver it. +And in that day they shall roar against them like the roaring of the sea: and if one look unto the land, behold darkness and sorrow, and the light is darkened in the heavens thereof. +In the year that king Uzziah died I saw also the LORD sitting upon a throne, high and lifted up, and his train filled the temple. +Above it stood the seraphims: each one had six wings; with twain he covered his face, and with twain he covered his feet, and with twain he did fly. +And one cried unto another, and said, Holy, holy, holy, is the LORD of hosts: the whole earth is full of his glory. +And the posts of the door moved at the voice of him that cried, and the house was filled with smoke. +Then said I, Woe is me! for I am undone; because I am a man of unclean lips, and I dwell in the midst of a people of unclean lips: for mine eyes have seen the King, the LORD of hosts. +Then flew one of the seraphims unto me, having a live coal in his hand, which he had taken with the tongs from off the altar: +And he laid it upon my mouth, and said, Lo, this hath touched thy lips; and thine iniquity is taken away, and thy sin purged. +Also I heard the voice of the Lord, saying, Whom shall I send, and who will go for us? Then said I, Here am I; send me. +And he said, Go, and tell this people, Hear ye indeed, but understand not; and see ye indeed, but perceive not. +Make the heart of this people fat, and make their ears heavy, and shut their eyes; lest they see with their eyes, and hear with their ears, and understand with their heart, and convert, and be healed. +Then said I, Lord, how long? And he answered, Until the cities be wasted without inhabitant, and the houses without man, and the land be utterly desolate, +And the LORD have removed men far away, and there be a great forsaking in the midst of the land. +But yet in it shall be a tenth, and it shall return, and shall be eaten: as a teil tree, and as an oak, whose substance is in them, when they cast their leaves: so the holy seed shall be the substance thereof. +And it came to pass in the days of Ahaz the son of Jotham, the son of Uzziah, king of Judah, that Rezin the king of Syria, and Pekah the son of Remaliah, king of Israel, went up toward Jerusalem to war against it, but could not prevail against it. +And it was told the house of David, saying, Syria is confederate with Ephraim. And his heart was moved, and the heart of his people, as the trees of the wood are moved with the wind. +Then said the LORD unto Isaiah, Go forth now to meet Ahaz, thou, and Shearjashub thy son, at the end of the conduit of the upper pool in the highway of the fuller's field; +And say unto him, Take heed, and be quiet; fear not, neither be fainthearted for the two tails of these smoking firebrands, for the fierce anger of Rezin with Syria, and of the son of Remaliah. +Because Syria, Ephraim, and the son of Remaliah, have taken evil counsel against thee, saying, +Let us go up against Judah, and vex it, and let us make a breach therein for us, and set a king in the midst of it, even the son of Tabeal: +Thus saith the Lord GOD, It shall not stand, neither shall it come to pass. +For the head of Syria is Damascus, and the head of Damascus is Rezin; and within threescore and five years shall Ephraim be broken, that it be not a people. +And the head of Ephraim is Samaria, and the head of Samaria is Remaliah's son. If ye will not believe, surely ye shall not be established. +Moreover the LORD spake again unto Ahaz, saying, +Ask thee a sign of the LORD thy God; ask it either in the depth, or in the height above. +But Ahaz said, I will not ask, neither will I tempt the LORD. +And he said, Hear ye now, O house of David; Is it a small thing for you to weary men, but will ye weary my God also? +Therefore the Lord himself shall give you a sign; Behold, a virgin shall conceive, and bear a son, and shall call his name Immanuel. +Butter and honey shall he eat, that he may know to refuse the evil, and choose the good. +For before the child shall know to refuse the evil, and choose the good, the land that thou abhorrest shall be forsaken of both her kings. +The LORD shall bring upon thee, and upon thy people, and upon thy father's house, days that have not come, from the day that Ephraim departed from Judah; even the king of Assyria. +And it shall come to pass in that day, that the LORD shall hiss for the fly that is in the uttermost part of the rivers of Egypt, and for the bee that is in the land of Assyria. +And they shall come, and shall rest all of them in the desolate valleys, and in the holes of the rocks, and upon all thorns, and upon all bushes. +In the same day shall the Lord shave with a razor that is hired, namely, by them beyond the river, by the king of Assyria, the head, and the hair of the feet: and it shall also consume the beard. +And it shall come to pass in that day, that a man shall nourish a young cow, and two sheep; +And it shall come to pass, for the abundance of milk that they shall give he shall eat butter: for butter and honey shall every one eat that is left in the land. +And it shall come to pass in that day, that every place shall be, where there were a thousand vines at a thousand silverlings, it shall even be for briers and thorns. +With arrows and with bows shall men come thither; because all the land shall become briers and thorns. +And on all hills that shall be digged with the mattock, there shall not come thither the fear of briers and thorns: but it shall be for the sending forth of oxen, and for the treading of lesser cattle. +Moreover the LORD said unto me, Take thee a great roll, and write in it with a man's pen concerning Mahershalalhashbaz. +And I took unto me faithful witnesses to record, Uriah the priest, and Zechariah the son of Jeberechiah. +And I went unto the prophetess; and she conceived, and bare a son. Then said the LORD to me, Call his name Mahershalalhashbaz. +For before the child shall have knowledge to cry, My father, and my mother, the riches of Damascus and the spoil of Samaria shall be taken away before the king of Assyria. +The LORD spake also unto me again, saying, +Forasmuch as this people refuseth the waters of Shiloah that go softly, and rejoice in Rezin and Remaliah's son; +Now therefore, behold, the Lord bringeth up upon them the waters of the river, strong and many, even the king of Assyria, and all his glory: and he shall come up over all his channels, and go over all his banks: +And he shall pass through Judah; he shall overflow and go over, he shall reach even to the neck; and the stretching out of his wings shall fill the breadth of thy land, O Immanuel. +Associate yourselves, O ye people, and ye shall be broken in pieces; and give ear, all ye of far countries: gird yourselves, and ye shall be broken in pieces; gird yourselves, and ye shall be broken in pieces. +Take counsel together, and it shall come to nought; speak the word, and it shall not stand: for God is with us. +For the LORD spake thus to me with a strong hand, and instructed me that I should not walk in the way of this people, saying, +Say ye not, A confederacy, to all them to whom this people shall say, A confederacy; neither fear ye their fear, nor be afraid. +Sanctify the LORD of hosts himself; and let him be your fear, and let him be your dread. +And he shall be for a sanctuary; but for a stone of stumbling and for a rock of offence to both the houses of Israel, for a gin and for a snare to the inhabitants of Jerusalem. +And many among them shall stumble, and fall, and be broken, and be snared, and be taken. +Bind up the testimony, seal the law among my disciples. +And I will wait upon the LORD, that hideth his face from the house of Jacob, and I will look for him. +Behold, I and the children whom the LORD hath given me are for signs and for wonders in Israel from the LORD of hosts, which dwelleth in mount Zion. +And when they shall say unto you, Seek unto them that have familiar spirits, and unto wizards that peep, and that mutter: should not a people seek unto their God? for the living to the dead? +To the law and to the testimony: if they speak not according to this word, it is because there is no light in them. +And they shall pass through it, hardly bestead and hungry: and it shall come to pass, that when they shall be hungry, they shall fret themselves, and curse their king and their God, and look upward. +And they shall look unto the earth; and behold trouble and darkness, dimness of anguish; and they shall be driven to darkness. +Nevertheless the dimness shall not be such as was in her vexation, when at the first he lightly afflicted the land of Zebulun and the land of Naphtali, and afterward did more grievously afflict her by the way of the sea, beyond Jordan, in Galilee of the nations. +The people that walked in darkness have seen a great light: they that dwell in the land of the shadow of death, upon them hath the light shined. +Thou hast multiplied the nation, and not increased the joy: they joy before thee according to the joy in harvest, and as men rejoice when they divide the spoil. +For thou hast broken the yoke of his burden, and the staff of his shoulder, the rod of his oppressor, as in the day of Midian. +For every battle of the warrior is with confused noise, and garments rolled in blood; but this shall be with burning and fuel of fire. +For unto us a child is born, unto us a son is given: and the government shall be upon his shoulder: and his name shall be called Wonderful, Counsellor, The mighty God, The everlasting Father, The Prince of Peace. +Of the increase of his government and peace there shall be no end, upon the throne of David, and upon his kingdom, to order it, and to establish it with judgment and with justice from henceforth even for ever. The zeal of the LORD of hosts will perform this. +The Lord sent a word into Jacob, and it hath lighted upon Israel. +And all the people shall know, even Ephraim and the inhabitant of Samaria, that say in the pride and stoutness of heart, +The bricks are fallen down, but we will build with hewn stones: the sycomores are cut down, but we will change them into cedars. +Therefore the LORD shall set up the adversaries of Rezin against him, and join his enemies together; +The Syrians before, and the Philistines behind; and they shall devour Israel with open mouth. For all this his anger is not turned away, but his hand is stretched out still. +For the people turneth not unto him that smiteth them, neither do they seek the LORD of hosts. +Therefore the LORD will cut off from Israel head and tail, branch and rush, in one day. +The ancient and honourable, he is the head; and the prophet that teacheth lies, he is the tail. +For the leaders of this people cause them to err; and they that are led of them are destroyed. +Therefore the LORD shall have no joy in their young men, neither shall have mercy on their fatherless and widows: for every one is an hypocrite and an evildoer, and every mouth speaketh folly. For all this his anger is not turned away, but his hand is stretched out still. +For wickedness burneth as the fire: it shall devour the briers and thorns, and shall kindle in the thickets of the forest, and they shall mount up like the lifting up of smoke. +Through the wrath of the LORD of hosts is the land darkened, and the people shall be as the fuel of the fire: no man shall spare his brother. +And he shall snatch on the right hand, and be hungry; and he shall eat on the left hand, and they shall not be satisfied: they shall eat every man the flesh of his own arm: +Manasseh, Ephraim; and Ephraim, Manasseh: and they together shall be against Judah. For all this his anger is not turned away, but his hand is stretched out still. +Woe unto them that decree unrighteous decrees, and that write grievousness which they have prescribed; +To turn aside the needy from judgment, and to take away the right from the poor of my people, that widows may be their prey, and that they may rob the fatherless! +And what will ye do in the day of visitation, and in the desolation which shall come from far? to whom will ye flee for help? and where will ye leave your glory? +Without me they shall bow down under the prisoners, and they shall fall under the slain. For all this his anger is not turned away, but his hand is stretched out still. +O Assyrian, the rod of mine anger, and the staff in their hand is mine indignation. +I will send him against an hypocritical nation, and against the people of my wrath will I give him a charge, to take the spoil, and to take the prey, and to tread them down like the mire of the streets. +Howbeit he meaneth not so, neither doth his heart think so; but it is in his heart to destroy and cut off nations not a few. +For he saith, Are not my princes altogether kings? +Is not Calno as Carchemish? is not Hamath as Arpad? is not Samaria as Damascus? +As my hand hath found the kingdoms of the idols, and whose graven images did excel them of Jerusalem and of Samaria; +Shall I not, as I have done unto Samaria and her idols, so do to Jerusalem and her idols? +Wherefore it shall come to pass, that when the Lord hath performed his whole work upon mount Zion and on Jerusalem, I will punish the fruit of the stout heart of the king of Assyria, and the glory of his high looks. +For he saith, By the strength of my hand I have done it, and by my wisdom; for I am prudent: and I have removed the bounds of the people, and have robbed their treasures, and I have put down the inhabitants like a valiant man: +And my hand hath found as a nest the riches of the people: and as one gathereth eggs that are left, have I gathered all the earth; and there was none that moved the wing, or opened the mouth, or peeped. +Shall the axe boast itself against him that heweth therewith? or shall the saw magnify itself against him that shaketh it? as if the rod should shake itself against them that lift it up, or as if the staff should lift up itself, as if it were no wood. +Therefore shall the Lord, the Lord of hosts, send among his fat ones leanness; and under his glory he shall kindle a burning like the burning of a fire. +And the light of Israel shall be for a fire, and his Holy One for a flame: and it shall burn and devour his thorns and his briers in one day; +And shall consume the glory of his forest, and of his fruitful field, both soul and body: and they shall be as when a standard-bearer fainteth. +And the rest of the trees of his forest shall be few, that a child may write them. +And it shall come to pass in that day, that the remnant of Israel, and such as are escaped of the house of Jacob, shall no more again stay upon him that smote them; but shall stay upon the LORD, the Holy One of Israel, in truth. +The remnant shall return, even the remnant of Jacob, unto the mighty God. +For though thy people Israel be as the sand of the sea, yet a remnant of them shall return: the consumption decreed shall overflow with righteousness. +For the Lord GOD of hosts shall make a consumption, even determined, in the midst of all the land. +Therefore thus saith the Lord GOD of hosts, O my people that dwellest in Zion, be not afraid of the Assyrian: he shall smite thee with a rod, and shall lift up his staff against thee, after the manner of Egypt. +For yet a very little while, and the indignation shall cease, and mine anger in their destruction. +And the LORD of hosts shall stir up a scourge for him according to the slaughter of Midian at the rock of Oreb: and as his rod was upon the sea, so shall he lift it up after the manner of Egypt. +And it shall come to pass in that day, that his burden shall be taken away from off thy shoulder, and his yoke from off thy neck, and the yoke shall be destroyed because of the anointing. +He is come to Aiath, he is passed to Migron; at Michmash he hath laid up his carriages: +They are gone over the passage: they have taken up their lodging at Geba; Ramah is afraid; Gibeah of Saul is fled. +Lift up thy voice, O daughter of Gallim: cause it to be heard unto Laish, O poor Anathoth. +Madmenah is removed; the inhabitants of Gebim gather themselves to flee. +As yet shall he remain at Nob that day: he shall shake his hand against the mount of the daughter of Zion, the hill of Jerusalem. +Behold, the Lord, the LORD of hosts, shall lop the bough with terror: and the high ones of stature shall be hewn down, and the haughty shall be humbled. +And he shall cut down the thickets of the forest with iron, and Lebanon shall fall by a mighty one. +And there shall come forth a rod out of the stem of Jesse, and a Branch shall grow out of his roots: +And the spirit of the LORD shall rest upon him, the spirit of wisdom and understanding, the spirit of counsel and might, the spirit of knowledge and of the fear of the LORD; +And shall make him of quick understanding in the fear of the LORD: and he shall not judge after the sight of his eyes, neither reprove after the hearing of his ears: +But with righteousness shall he judge the poor, and reprove with equity for the meek of the earth: and he shall smite the earth: with the rod of his mouth, and with the breath of his lips shall he slay the wicked. +And righteousness shall be the girdle of his loins, and faithfulness the girdle of his reins. +The wolf also shall dwell with the lamb, and the leopard shall lie down with the kid; and the calf and the young lion and the fatling together; and a little child shall lead them. +And the cow and the bear shall feed; their young ones shall lie down together: and the lion shall eat straw like the ox. +And the sucking child shall play on the hole of the asp, and the weaned child shall put his hand on the cockatrice' den. +They shall not hurt nor destroy in all my holy mountain: for the earth shall be full of the knowledge of the LORD, as the waters cover the sea. +And in that day there shall be a root of Jesse, which shall stand for an ensign of the people; to it shall the Gentiles seek: and his rest shall be glorious. +And it shall come to pass in that day, that the Lord shall set his hand again the second time to recover the remnant of his people, which shall be left, from Assyria, and from Egypt, and from Pathros, and from Cush, and from Elam, and from Shinar, and from Hamath, and from the islands of the sea. +And he shall set up an ensign for the nations, and shall assemble the outcasts of Israel, and gather together the dispersed of Judah from the four corners of the earth. +The envy also of Ephraim shall depart, and the adversaries of Judah shall be cut off: Ephraim shall not envy Judah, and Judah shall not vex Ephraim. +But they shall fly upon the shoulders of the Philistines toward the west; they shall spoil them of the east together: they shall lay their hand upon Edom and Moab; and the children of Ammon shall obey them. +And the LORD shall utterly destroy the tongue of the Egyptian sea; and with his mighty wind shall he shake his hand over the river, and shall smite it in the seven streams, and make men go over dryshod. +And there shall be an highway for the remnant of his people, which shall be left, from Assyria; like as it was to Israel in the day that he came up out of the land of Egypt. +And in that day thou shalt say, O LORD, I will praise thee: though thou wast angry with me, thine anger is turned away, and thou comfortedst me. +Behold, God is my salvation; I will trust, and not be afraid: for the LORD JEHOVAH is my strength and my song; he also is become my salvation. +Therefore with joy shall ye draw water out of the wells of salvation. +And in that day shall ye say, Praise the LORD, call upon his name, declare his doings among the people, make mention that his name is exalted. +Sing unto the LORD; for he hath done excellent things: this is known in all the earth. +Cry out and shout, thou inhabitant of Zion: for great is the Holy One of Israel in the midst of thee. +The burden of Babylon, which Isaiah the son of Amoz did see. +Lift ye up a banner upon the high mountain, exalt the voice unto them, shake the hand, that they may go into the gates of the nobles. +I have commanded my sanctified ones, I have also called my mighty ones for mine anger, even them that rejoice in my highness. +The noise of a multitude in the mountains, like as of a great people; a tumultuous noise of the kingdoms of nations gathered together: the LORD of hosts mustereth the host of the battle. +They come from a far country, from the end of heaven, even the LORD, and the weapons of his indignation, to destroy the whole land. +Howl ye; for the day of the LORD is at hand; it shall come as a destruction from the Almighty. +Therefore shall all hands be faint, and every man's heart shall melt: +And they shall be afraid: pangs and sorrows shall take hold of them; they shall be in pain as a woman that travaileth: they shall be amazed one at another; their faces shall be as flames. +Behold, the day of the LORD cometh, cruel both with wrath and fierce anger, to lay the land desolate: and he shall destroy the sinners thereof out of it. +For the stars of heaven and the constellations thereof shall not give their light: the sun shall be darkened in his going forth, and the moon shall not cause her light to shine. +And I will punish the world for their evil, and the wicked for their iniquity; and I will cause the arrogancy of the proud to cease, and will lay low the haughtiness of the terrible. +I will make a man more precious than fine gold; even a man than the golden wedge of Ophir. +Therefore I will shake the heavens, and the earth shall remove out of her place, in the wrath of the LORD of hosts, and in the day of his fierce anger. +And it shall be as the chased roe, and as a sheep that no man taketh up: they shall every man turn to his own people, and flee every one into his own land. +Every one that is found shall be thrust through; and every one that is joined unto them shall fall by the sword. +Their children also shall be dashed to pieces before their eyes; their houses shall be spoiled, and their wives ravished. +Behold, I will stir up the Medes against them, which shall not regard silver; and as for gold, they shall not delight in it. +Their bows also shall dash the young men to pieces; and they shall have no pity on the fruit of the womb; their eyes shall not spare children. +And Babylon, the glory of kingdoms, the beauty of the Chaldees' excellency, shall be as when God overthrew Sodom and Gomorrah. +It shall never be inhabited, neither shall it be dwelt in from generation to generation: neither shall the Arabian pitch tent there; neither shall the shepherds make their fold there. +But wild beasts of the desert shall lie there; and their houses shall be full of doleful creatures; and owls shall dwell there, and satyrs shall dance there. +And the wild beasts of the islands shall cry in their desolate houses, and dragons in their pleasant palaces: and her time is near to come, and her days shall not be prolonged. +For the LORD will have mercy on Jacob, and will yet choose Israel, and set them in their own land: and the strangers shall be joined with them, and they shall cleave to the house of Jacob. +And the people shall take them, and bring them to their place: and the house of Israel shall possess them in the land of the LORD for servants and handmaids: and they shall take them captives, whose captives they were; and they shall rule over their oppressors. +And it shall come to pass in the day that the LORD shall give thee rest from thy sorrow, and from thy fear, and from the hard bondage wherein thou wast made to serve, +That thou shalt take up this proverb against the king of Babylon, and say, How hath the oppressor ceased! the golden city ceased! +The LORD hath broken the staff of the wicked, and the sceptre of the rulers. +He who smote the people in wrath with a continual stroke, he that ruled the nations in anger, is persecuted, and none hindereth. +The whole earth is at rest, and is quiet: they break forth into singing. +Yea, the fir trees rejoice at thee, and the cedars of Lebanon, saying, Since thou art laid down, no feller is come up against us. +Hell from beneath is moved for thee to meet thee at thy coming: it stirreth up the dead for thee, even all the chief ones of the earth; it hath raised up from their thrones all the kings of the nations. +All they shall speak and say unto thee, Art thou also become weak as we? art thou become like unto us? +Thy pomp is brought down to the grave, and the noise of thy viols: the worm is spread under thee, and the worms cover thee. +How art thou fallen from heaven, O Lucifer, son of the morning! how art thou cut down to the ground, which didst weaken the nations! +For thou hast said in thine heart, I will ascend into heaven, I will exalt my throne above the stars of God: I will sit also upon the mount of the congregation, in the sides of the north: +I will ascend above the heights of the clouds; I will be like the most High. +Yet thou shalt be brought down to hell, to the sides of the pit. +They that see thee shall narrowly look upon thee, and consider thee, saying, Is this the man that made the earth to tremble, that did shake kingdoms; +That made the world as a wilderness, and destroyed the cities thereof; that opened not the house of his prisoners? +All the kings of the nations, even all of them, lie in glory, every one in his own house. +But thou art cast out of thy grave like an abominable branch, and as the raiment of those that are slain, thrust through with a sword, that go down to the stones of the pit; as a carcase trodden under feet. +Thou shalt not be joined with them in burial, because thou hast destroyed thy land, and slain thy people: the seed of evildoers shall never be renowned. +Prepare slaughter for his children for the iniquity of their fathers; that they do not rise, nor possess the land, nor fill the face of the world with cities. +For I will rise up against them, saith the LORD of hosts, and cut off from Babylon the name, and remnant, and son, and nephew, saith the LORD. +I will also make it a possession for the bittern, and pools of water: and I will sweep it with the besom of destruction, saith the LORD of hosts. +The LORD of hosts hath sworn, saying, Surely as I have thought, so shall it come to pass; and as I have purposed, so shall it stand: +That I will break the Assyrian in my land, and upon my mountains tread him under foot: then shall his yoke depart from off them, and his burden depart from off their shoulders. +This is the purpose that is purposed upon the whole earth: and this is the hand that is stretched out upon all the nations. +For the LORD of hosts hath purposed, and who shall disannul it? and his hand is stretched out, and who shall turn it back? +In the year that king Ahaz died was this burden. +Rejoice not thou, whole Palestina, because the rod of him that smote thee is broken: for out of the serpent's root shall come forth a cockatrice, and his fruit shall be a fiery flying serpent. +And the firstborn of the poor shall feed, and the needy shall lie down in safety: and I will kill thy root with famine, and he shall slay thy remnant. +Howl, O gate; cry, O city; thou, whole Palestina, art dissolved: for there shall come from the north a smoke, and none shall be alone in his appointed times. +What shall one then answer the messengers of the nation? That the LORD hath founded Zion, and the poor of his people shall trust in it. +The burden of Moab. Because in the night Ar of Moab is laid waste, and brought to silence; because in the night Kir of Moab is laid waste, and brought to silence; +He is gone up to Bajith, and to Dibon, the high places, to weep: Moab shall howl over Nebo, and over Medeba: on all their heads shall be baldness, and every beard cut off. +In their streets they shall gird themselves with sackcloth: on the tops of their houses, and in their streets, every one shall howl, weeping abundantly. +And Heshbon shall cry, and Elealeh: their voice shall be heard even unto Jahaz: therefore the armed soldiers of Moab shall cry out; his life shall be grievous unto him. +My heart shall cry out for Moab; his fugitives shall flee unto Zoar, an heifer of three years old: for by the mounting up of Luhith with weeping shall they go it up; for in the way of Horonaim they shall raise up a cry of destruction. +For the waters of Nimrim shall be desolate: for the hay is withered away, the grass faileth, there is no green thing. +Therefore the abundance they have gotten, and that which they have laid up, shall they carry away to the brook of the willows. +For the cry is gone round about the borders of Moab; the howling thereof unto Eglaim, and the howling thereof unto Beerelim. +For the waters of Dimon shall be full of blood: for I will bring more upon Dimon, lions upon him that escapeth of Moab, and upon the remnant of the land. +Send ye the lamb to the ruler of the land from Sela to the wilderness, unto the mount of the daughter of Zion. +For it shall be, that, as a wandering bird cast out of the nest, so the daughters of Moab shall be at the fords of Arnon. +Take counsel, execute judgment; make thy shadow as the night in the midst of the noonday; hide the outcasts; bewray not him that wandereth. +Let mine outcasts dwell with thee, Moab; be thou a covert to them from the face of the spoiler: for the extortioner is at an end, the spoiler ceaseth, the oppressors are consumed out of the land. +And in mercy shall the throne be established: and he shall sit upon it in truth in the tabernacle of David, judging, and seeking judgment, and hasting righteousness. +We have heard of the pride of Moab; he is very proud: even of his haughtiness, and his pride, and his wrath: but his lies shall not be so. +Therefore shall Moab howl for Moab, every one shall howl: for the foundations of Kirhareseth shall ye mourn; surely they are stricken. +For the fields of Heshbon languish, and the vine of Sibmah: the lords of the heathen have broken down the principal plants thereof, they are come even unto Jazer, they wandered through the wilderness: her branches are stretched out, they are gone over the sea. +Therefore I will bewail with the weeping of Jazer the vine of Sibmah: I will water thee with my tears, O Heshbon, and Elealeh: for the shouting for thy summer fruits and for thy harvest is fallen. +And gladness is taken away, and joy out of the plentiful field; and in the vineyards there shall be no singing, neither shall there be shouting: the treaders shall tread out no wine in their presses; I have made their vintage shouting to cease. +Wherefore my bowels shall sound like an harp for Moab, and mine inward parts for Kirharesh. +And it shall come to pass, when it is seen that Moab is weary on the high place, that he shall come to his sanctuary to pray; but he shall not prevail. +This is the word that the LORD hath spoken concerning Moab since that time. +But now the LORD hath spoken, saying, Within three years, as the years of an hireling, and the glory of Moab shall be contemned, with all that great multitude; and the remnant shall be very small and feeble. +The burden of Damascus. Behold, Damascus is taken away from being a city, and it shall be a ruinous heap. +The cities of Aroer are forsaken: they shall be for flocks, which shall lie down, and none shall make them afraid. +The fortress also shall cease from Ephraim, and the kingdom from Damascus, and the remnant of Syria: they shall be as the glory of the children of Israel, saith the LORD of hosts. +And in that day it shall come to pass, that the glory of Jacob shall be made thin, and the fatness of his flesh shall wax lean. +And it shall be as when the harvestman gathereth the corn, and reapeth the ears with his arm; and it shall be as he that gathereth ears in the valley of Rephaim. +Yet gleaning grapes shall be left in it, as the shaking of an olive tree, two or three berries in the top of the uppermost bough, four or five in the outmost fruitful branches thereof, saith the LORD God of Israel. +At that day shall a man look to his Maker, and his eyes shall have respect to the Holy One of Israel. +And he shall not look to the altars, the work of his hands, neither shall respect that which his fingers have made, either the groves, or the images. +In that day shall his strong cities be as a forsaken bough, and an uppermost branch, which they left because of the children of Israel: and there shall be desolation. +Because thou hast forgotten the God of thy salvation, and hast not been mindful of the rock of thy strength, therefore shalt thou plant pleasant plants, and shalt set it with strange slips: +In the day shalt thou make thy plant to grow, and in the morning shalt thou make thy seed to flourish: but the harvest shall be a heap in the day of grief and of desperate sorrow. +Woe to the multitude of many people, which make a noise like the noise of the seas; and to the rushing of nations, that make a rushing like the rushing of mighty waters! +The nations shall rush like the rushing of many waters: but God shall rebuke them, and they shall flee far off, and shall be chased as the chaff of the mountains before the wind, and like a rolling thing before the whirlwind. +And behold at eveningtide trouble; and before the morning he is not. This is the portion of them that spoil us, and the lot of them that rob us. +Woe to the land shadowing with wings, which is beyond the rivers of Ethiopia: +That sendeth ambassadors by the sea, even in vessels of bulrushes upon the waters, saying, Go, ye swift messengers, to a nation scattered and peeled, to a people terrible from their beginning hitherto; a nation meted out and trodden down, whose land the rivers have spoiled! +All ye inhabitants of the world, and dwellers on the earth, see ye, when he lifteth up an ensign on the mountains; and when he bloweth a trumpet, hear ye. +For so the LORD said unto me, I will take my rest, and I will consider in my dwelling place like a clear heat upon herbs, and like a cloud of dew in the heat of harvest. +For afore the harvest, when the bud is perfect, and the sour grape is ripening in the flower, he shall both cut off the sprigs with pruning hooks, and take away and cut down the branches. +They shall be left together unto the fowls of the mountains, and to the beasts of the earth: and the fowls shall summer upon them, and all the beasts of the earth shall winter upon them. +In that time shall the present be brought unto the LORD of hosts of a people scattered and peeled, and from a people terrible from their beginning hitherto; a nation meted out and trodden under foot, whose land the rivers have spoiled, to the place of the name of the LORD of hosts, the mount Zion. +The burden of Egypt. Behold, the LORD rideth upon a swift cloud, and shall come into Egypt: and the idols of Egypt shall be moved at his presence, and the heart of Egypt shall melt in the midst of it. +And I will set the Egyptians against the Egyptians: and they shall fight every one against his brother, and every one against his neighbour; city against city, and kingdom against kingdom. +And the spirit of Egypt shall fail in the midst thereof; and I will destroy the counsel thereof: and they shall seek to the idols, and to the charmers, and to them that have familiar spirits, and to the wizards. +And the Egyptians will I give over into the hand of a cruel lord; and a fierce king shall rule over them, saith the Lord, the LORD of hosts. +And the waters shall fail from the sea, and the river shall be wasted and dried up. +And they shall turn the rivers far away; and the brooks of defence shall be emptied and dried up: the reeds and flags shall wither. +The paper reeds by the brooks, by the mouth of the brooks, and every thing sown by the brooks, shall wither, be driven away, and be no more. +The fishers also shall mourn, and all they that cast angle into the brooks shall lament, and they that spread nets upon the waters shall languish. +Moreover they that work in fine flax, and they that weave networks, shall be confounded. +And they shall be broken in the purposes thereof, all that make sluices and ponds for fish. +Surely the princes of Zoan are fools, the counsel of the wise counsellors of Pharaoh is become brutish: how say ye unto Pharaoh, I am the son of the wise, the son of ancient kings? +Where are they? where are thy wise men? and let them tell thee now, and let them know what the LORD of hosts hath purposed upon Egypt. +The princes of Zoan are become fools, the princes of Noph are deceived; they have also seduced Egypt, even they that are the stay of the tribes thereof. +The LORD hath mingled a perverse spirit in the midst thereof: and they have caused Egypt to err in every work thereof, as a drunken man staggereth in his vomit. +Neither shall there be any work for Egypt, which the head or tail, branch or rush, may do. +In that day shall Egypt be like unto women: and it shall be afraid and fear because of the shaking of the hand of the LORD of hosts, which he shaketh over it. +And the land of Judah shall be a terror unto Egypt, every one that maketh mention thereof shall be afraid in himself, because of the counsel of the LORD of hosts, which he hath determined against it. +In that day shall five cities in the land of Egypt speak the language of Canaan, and swear to the LORD of hosts; one shall be called, The city of destruction. +In that day shall there be an altar to the LORD in the midst of the land of Egypt, and a pillar at the border thereof to the LORD. +And it shall be for a sign and for a witness unto the LORD of hosts in the land of Egypt: for they shall cry unto the LORD because of the oppressors, and he shall send them a saviour, and a great one, and he shall deliver them. +And the LORD shall be known to Egypt, and the Egyptians shall know the LORD in that day, and shall do sacrifice and oblation; yea, they shall vow a vow unto the LORD, and perform it. +And the LORD shall smite Egypt: he shall smite and heal it: and they shall return even to the LORD, and he shall be intreated of them, and shall heal them. +In that day shall there be a highway out of Egypt to Assyria, and the Assyrian shall come into Egypt, and the Egyptian into Assyria, and the Egyptians shall serve with the Assyrians. +In that day shall Israel be the third with Egypt and with Assyria, even a blessing in the midst of the land: +Whom the LORD of hosts shall bless, saying, Blessed be Egypt my people, and Assyria the work of my hands, and Israel mine inheritance. +In the year that Tartan came unto Ashdod, (when Sargon the king of Assyria sent him,) and fought against Ashdod, and took it; +At the same time spake the LORD by Isaiah the son of Amoz, saying, Go and loose the sackcloth from off thy loins, and put off thy shoe from thy foot. And he did so, walking naked and barefoot. +And the LORD said, Like as my servant Isaiah hath walked naked and barefoot three years for a sign and wonder upon Egypt and upon Ethiopia; +So shall the king of Assyria lead away the Egyptians prisoners, and the Ethiopians captives, young and old, naked and barefoot, even with their buttocks uncovered, to the shame of Egypt. +And they shall be afraid and ashamed of Ethiopia their expectation, and of Egypt their glory. +And the inhabitant of this isle shall say in that day, Behold, such is our expectation, whither we flee for help to be delivered from the king of Assyria: and how shall we escape? +The burden of the desert of the sea. As whirlwinds in the south pass through; so it cometh from the desert, from a terrible land. +A grievous vision is declared unto me; the treacherous dealer dealeth treacherously, and the spoiler spoileth. Go up, O Elam: besiege, O Media; all the sighing thereof have I made to cease. +Therefore are my loins filled with pain: pangs have taken hold upon me, as the pangs of a woman that travaileth: I was bowed down at the hearing of it; I was dismayed at the seeing of it. +My heart panted, fearfulness affrighted me: the night of my pleasure hath he turned into fear unto me. +Prepare the table, watch in the watchtower, eat, drink: arise, ye princes, and anoint the shield. +For thus hath the LORD said unto me, Go, set a watchman, let him declare what he seeth. +And he saw a chariot with a couple of horsemen, a chariot of asses, and a chariot of camels; and he hearkened diligently with much heed: +And he cried, A lion: My lord, I stand continually upon the watchtower in the daytime, and I am set in my ward whole nights: +And, behold, here cometh a chariot of men, with a couple of horsemen. And he answered and said, Babylon is fallen, is fallen; and all the graven images of her gods he hath broken unto the ground. +O my threshing, and the corn of my floor: that which I have heard of the LORD of hosts, the God of Israel, have I declared unto you. +The burden of Dumah. He calleth to me out of Seir, Watchman, what of the night? Watchman, what of the night? +The watchman said, The morning cometh, and also the night: if ye will enquire, enquire ye: return, come. +The burden upon Arabia. In the forest in Arabia shall ye lodge, O ye travelling companies of Dedanim. +The inhabitants of the land of Tema brought water to him that was thirsty, they prevented with their bread him that fled. +For they fled from the swords, from the drawn sword, and from the bent bow, and from the grievousness of war. +For thus hath the LORD said unto me, Within a year, according to the years of an hireling, and all the glory of Kedar shall fail: +And the residue of the number of archers, the mighty men of the children of Kedar, shall be diminished: for the LORD God of Israel hath spoken it. +The burden of the valley of vision. What aileth thee now, that thou art wholly gone up to the housetops? +Thou that art full of stirs, a tumultuous city, joyous city: thy slain men are not slain with the sword, nor dead in battle. +All thy rulers are fled together, they are bound by the archers: all that are found in thee are bound together, which have fled from far. +Therefore said I, Look away from me; I will weep bitterly, labour not to comfort me, because of the spoiling of the daughter of my people. +For it is a day of trouble, and of treading down, and of perplexity by the Lord GOD of hosts in the valley of vision, breaking down the walls, and of crying to the mountains. +And Elam bare the quiver with chariots of men and horsemen, and Kir uncovered the shield. +And it shall come to pass, that thy choicest valleys shall be full of chariots, and the horsemen shall set themselves in array at the gate. +And he discovered the covering of Judah, and thou didst look in that day to the armour of the house of the forest. +Ye have seen also the breaches of the city of David, that they are many: and ye gathered together the waters of the lower pool. +And ye have numbered the houses of Jerusalem, and the houses have ye broken down to fortify the wall. +Ye made also a ditch between the two walls for the water of the old pool: but ye have not looked unto the maker thereof, neither had respect unto him that fashioned it long ago. +And in that day did the Lord GOD of hosts call to weeping, and to mourning, and to baldness, and to girding with sackcloth: +And behold joy and gladness, slaying oxen, and killing sheep, eating flesh, and drinking wine: let us eat and drink; for to morrow we shall die. +And it was revealed in mine ears by the LORD of hosts, Surely this iniquity shall not be purged from you till ye die, saith the Lord GOD of hosts. +Thus saith the Lord GOD of hosts, Go, get thee unto this treasurer, even unto Shebna, which is over the house, and say, +What hast thou here? and whom hast thou here, that thou hast hewed thee out a sepulchre here, as he that heweth him out a sepulchre on high, and that graveth an habitation for himself in a rock? +Behold, the LORD will carry thee away with a mighty captivity, and will surely cover thee. +He will surely violently turn and toss thee like a ball into a large country: there shalt thou die, and there the chariots of thy glory shall be the shame of thy lord's house. +And I will drive thee from thy station, and from thy state shall he pull thee down. +And it shall come to pass in that day, that I will call my servant Eliakim the son of Hilkiah: +And I will clothe him with thy robe, and strengthen him with thy girdle, and I will commit thy government into his hand: and he shall be a father to the inhabitants of Jerusalem, and to the house of Judah. +And the key of the house of David will I lay upon his shoulder; so he shall open, and none shall shut; and he shall shut, and none shall open. +And I will fasten him as a nail in a sure place; and he shall be for a glorious throne to his father's house. +And they shall hang upon him all the glory of his father's house, the offspring and the issue, all vessels of small quantity, from the vessels of cups, even to all the vessels of flagons. +In that day, saith the LORD of hosts, shall the nail that is fastened in the sure place be removed, and be cut down, and fall; and the burden that was upon it shall be cut off: for the LORD hath spoken it. +The burden of Tyre. Howl, ye ships of Tarshish; for it is laid waste, so that there is no house, no entering in: from the land of Chittim it is revealed to them. +Be still, ye inhabitants of the isle; thou whom the merchants of Zidon, that pass over the sea, have replenished. +And by great waters the seed of Sihor, the harvest of the river, is her revenue; and she is a mart of nations. +Be thou ashamed, O Zidon: for the sea hath spoken, even the strength of the sea, saying, I travail not, nor bring forth children, neither do I nourish up young men, nor bring up virgins. +As at the report concerning Egypt, so shall they be sorely pained at the report of Tyre. +Pass ye over to Tarshish; howl, ye inhabitants of the isle. +Is this your joyous city, whose antiquity is of ancient days? her own feet shall carry her afar off to sojourn. +Who hath taken this counsel against Tyre, the crowning city, whose merchants are princes, whose traffickers are the honourable of the earth? +The LORD of hosts hath purposed it, to stain the pride of all glory, and to bring into contempt all the honourable of the earth. +Pass through thy land as a river, O daughter of Tarshish: there is no more strength. +He stretched out his hand over the sea, he shook the kingdoms: the LORD hath given a commandment against the merchant city, to destroy the strong holds thereof. +And he said, Thou shalt no more rejoice, O thou oppressed virgin, daughter of Zidon: arise, pass over to Chittim; there also shalt thou have no rest. +Behold the land of the Chaldeans; this people was not, till the Assyrian founded it for them that dwell in the wilderness: they set up the towers thereof, they raised up the palaces thereof; and he brought it to ruin. +Howl, ye ships of Tarshish: for your strength is laid waste. +And it shall come to pass in that day, that Tyre shall be forgotten seventy years, according to the days of one king: after the end of seventy years shall Tyre sing as an harlot. +Take an harp, go about the city, thou harlot that hast been forgotten; make sweet melody, sing many songs, that thou mayest be remembered. +And it shall come to pass after the end of seventy years, that the LORD will visit Tyre, and she shall turn to her hire, and shall commit fornication with all the kingdoms of the world upon the face of the earth. +And her merchandise and her hire shall be holiness to the LORD: it shall not be treasured nor laid up; for her merchandise shall be for them that dwell before the LORD, to eat sufficiently, and for durable clothing. +Behold, the LORD maketh the earth empty, and maketh it waste, and turneth it upside down, and scattereth abroad the inhabitants thereof. +And it shall be, as with the people, so with the priest; as with the servant, so with his master; as with the maid, so with her mistress; as with the buyer, so with the seller; as with the lender, so with the borrower; as with the taker of usury, so with the giver of usury to him. +The land shall be utterly emptied, and utterly spoiled: for the LORD hath spoken this word. +The earth mourneth and fadeth away, the world languisheth and fadeth away, the haughty people of the earth do languish. +The earth also is defiled under the inhabitants thereof; because they have transgressed the laws, changed the ordinance, broken the everlasting covenant. +Therefore hath the curse devoured the earth, and they that dwell therein are desolate: therefore the inhabitants of the earth are burned, and few men left. +The new wine mourneth, the vine languisheth, all the merryhearted do sigh. +The mirth of tabrets ceaseth, the noise of them that rejoice endeth, the joy of the harp ceaseth. +They shall not drink wine with a song; strong drink shall be bitter to them that drink it. +The city of confusion is broken down: every house is shut up, that no man may come in. +There is a crying for wine in the streets; all joy is darkened, the mirth of the land is gone. +In the city is left desolation, and the gate is smitten with destruction. +When thus it shall be in the midst of the land among the people, there shall be as the shaking of an olive tree, and as the gleaning grapes when the vintage is done. +They shall lift up their voice, they shall sing for the majesty of the LORD, they shall cry aloud from the sea. +Wherefore glorify ye the LORD in the fires, even the name of the LORD God of Israel in the isles of the sea. +From the uttermost part of the earth have we heard songs, even glory to the righteous. But I said, My leanness, my leanness, woe unto me! the treacherous dealers have dealt treacherously; yea, the treacherous dealers have dealt very treacherously. +Fear, and the pit, and the snare, are upon thee, O inhabitant of the earth. +And it shall come to pass, that he who fleeth from the noise of the fear shall fall into the pit; and he that cometh up out of the midst of the pit shall be taken in the snare: for the windows from on high are open, and the foundations of the earth do shake. +The earth is utterly broken down, the earth is clean dissolved, the earth is moved exceedingly. +The earth shall reel to and fro like a drunkard, and shall be removed like a cottage; and the transgression thereof shall be heavy upon it; and it shall fall, and not rise again. +And it shall come to pass in that day, that the LORD shall punish the host of the high ones that are on high, and the kings of the earth upon the earth. +And they shall be gathered together, as prisoners are gathered in the pit, and shall be shut up in the prison, and after many days shall they be visited. +Then the moon shall be confounded, and the sun ashamed, when the LORD of hosts shall reign in mount Zion, and in Jerusalem, and before his ancients gloriously. +O Lord, thou art my God; I will exalt thee, I will praise thy name; for thou hast done wonderful things; thy counsels of old are faithfulness and truth. +For thou hast made of a city an heap; of a defenced city a ruin: a palace of strangers to be no city; it shall never be built. +Therefore shall the strong people glorify thee, the city of the terrible nations shall fear thee. +For thou hast been a strength to the poor, a strength to the needy in his distress, a refuge from the storm, a shadow from the heat, when the blast of the terrible ones is as a storm against the wall. +Thou shalt bring down the noise of strangers, as the heat in a dry place; even the heat with the shadow of a cloud: the branch of the terrible ones shall be brought low. +And in this mountain shall the LORD of hosts make unto all people a feast of fat things, a feast of wines on the lees, of fat things full of marrow, of wines on the lees well refined. +And he will destroy in this mountain the face of the covering cast over all people, and the vail that is spread over all nations. +He will swallow up death in victory; and the Lord GOD will wipe away tears from off all faces; and the rebuke of his people shall he take away from off all the earth: for the LORD hath spoken it. +And it shall be said in that day, Lo, this is our God; we have waited for him, and he will save us: this is the LORD; we have waited for him, we will be glad and rejoice in his salvation. +For in this mountain shall the hand of the LORD rest, and Moab shall be trodden down under him, even as straw is trodden down for the dunghill. +And he shall spread forth his hands in the midst of them, as he that swimmeth spreadeth forth his hands to swim: and he shall bring down their pride together with the spoils of their hands. +And the fortress of the high fort of thy walls shall he bring down, lay low, and bring to the ground, even to the dust. +In that day shall this song be sung in the land of Judah; We have a strong city; salvation will God appoint for walls and bulwarks. +Open ye the gates, that the righteous nation which keepeth the truth may enter in. +Thou wilt keep him in perfect peace, whose mind is stayed on thee: because he trusteth in thee. +Trust ye in the LORD for ever: for in the LORD JEHOVAH is everlasting strength: +For he bringeth down them that dwell on high; the lofty city, he layeth it low; he layeth it low, even to the ground; he bringeth it even to the dust. +The foot shall tread it down, even the feet of the poor, and the steps of the needy. +The way of the just is uprightness: thou, most upright, dost weigh the path of the just. +Yea, in the way of thy judgments, O LORD, have we waited for thee; the desire of our soul is to thy name, and to the remembrance of thee. +With my soul have I desired thee in the night; yea, with my spirit within me will I seek thee early: for when thy judgments are in the earth, the inhabitants of the world will learn righteousness. +Let favour be shewed to the wicked, yet will he not learn righteousness: in the land of uprightness will he deal unjustly, and will not behold the majesty of the LORD. +LORD, when thy hand is lifted up, they will not see: but they shall see, and be ashamed for their envy at the people; yea, the fire of thine enemies shall devour them. +LORD, thou wilt ordain peace for us: for thou also hast wrought all our works in us. +O LORD our God, other lords beside thee have had dominion over us: but by thee only will we make mention of thy name. +They are dead, they shall not live; they are deceased, they shall not rise: therefore hast thou visited and destroyed them, and made all their memory to perish. +Thou hast increased the nation, O LORD, thou hast increased the nation: thou art glorified: thou hadst removed it far unto all the ends of the earth. +LORD, in trouble have they visited thee, they poured out a prayer when thy chastening was upon them. +Like as a woman with child, that draweth near the time of her delivery, is in pain, and crieth out in her pangs; so have we been in thy sight, O LORD. +We have been with child, we have been in pain, we have as it were brought forth wind; we have not wrought any deliverance in the earth; neither have the inhabitants of the world fallen. +Thy dead men shall live, together with my dead body shall they arise. Awake and sing, ye that dwell in dust: for thy dew is as the dew of herbs, and the earth shall cast out the dead. +Come, my people, enter thou into thy chambers, and shut thy doors about thee: hide thyself as it were for a little moment, until the indignation be overpast. +For, behold, the LORD cometh out of his place to punish the inhabitants of the earth for their iniquity: the earth also shall disclose her blood, and shall no more cover her slain. +In that day the LORD with his sore and great and strong sword shall punish leviathan the piercing serpent, even leviathan that crooked serpent; and he shall slay the dragon that is in the sea. +In that day sing ye unto her, A vineyard of red wine. +I the LORD do keep it; I will water it every moment: lest any hurt it, I will keep it night and day. +Fury is not in me: who would set the briers and thorns against me in battle? I would go through them, I would burn them together. +Or let him take hold of my strength, that he may make peace with me; and he shall make peace with me. +He shall cause them that come of Jacob to take root: Israel shall blossom and bud, and fill the face of the world with fruit. +Hath he smitten him, as he smote those that smote him? or is he slain according to the slaughter of them that are slain by him? +In measure, when it shooteth forth, thou wilt debate with it: he stayeth his rough wind in the day of the east wind. +By this therefore shall the iniquity of Jacob be purged; and this is all the fruit to take away his sin; when he maketh all the stones of the altar as chalkstones that are beaten in sunder, the groves and images shall not stand up. +Yet the defenced city shall be desolate, and the habitation forsaken, and left like a wilderness: there shall the calf feed, and there shall he lie down, and consume the branches thereof. +When the boughs thereof are withered, they shall be broken off: the women come, and set them on fire: for it is a people of no understanding: therefore he that made them will not have mercy on them, and he that formed them will shew them no favour. +And it shall come to pass in that day, that the LORD shall beat off from the channel of the river unto the stream of Egypt, and ye shall be gathered one by one, O ye children of Israel. +And it shall come to pass in that day, that the great trumpet shall be blown, and they shall come which were ready to perish in the land of Assyria, and the outcasts in the land of Egypt, and shall worship the LORD in the holy mount at Jerusalem. +Woe to the crown of pride, to the drunkards of Ephraim, whose glorious beauty is a fading flower, which are on the head of the fat valleys of them that are overcome with wine! +Behold, the Lord hath a mighty and strong one, which as a tempest of hail and a destroying storm, as a flood of mighty waters overflowing, shall cast down to the earth with the hand. +The crown of pride, the drunkards of Ephraim, shall be trodden under feet: +And the glorious beauty, which is on the head of the fat valley, shall be a fading flower, and as the hasty fruit before the summer; which when he that looketh upon it seeth, while it is yet in his hand he eateth it up. +In that day shall the LORD of hosts be for a crown of glory, and for a diadem of beauty, unto the residue of his people, +And for a spirit of judgment to him that sitteth in judgment, and for strength to them that turn the battle to the gate. +But they also have erred through wine, and through strong drink are out of the way; the priest and the prophet have erred through strong drink, they are swallowed up of wine, they are out of the way through strong drink; they err in vision, they stumble in judgment. +For all tables are full of vomit and filthiness, so that there is no place clean. +Whom shall he teach knowledge? and whom shall he make to understand doctrine? them that are weaned from the milk, and drawn from the breasts. +For precept must be upon precept, precept upon precept; line upon line, line upon line; here a little, and there a little: +For with stammering lips and another tongue will he speak to this people. +To whom he said, This is the rest wherewith ye may cause the weary to rest; and this is the refreshing: yet they would not hear. +But the word of the LORD was unto them precept upon precept, precept upon precept; line upon line, line upon line; here a little, and there a little; that they might go, and fall backward, and be broken, and snared, and taken. +Wherefore hear the word of the LORD, ye scornful men, that rule this people which is in Jerusalem. +Because ye have said, We have made a covenant with death, and with hell are we at agreement; when the overflowing scourge shall pass through, it shall not come unto us: for we have made lies our refuge, and under falsehood have we hid ourselves: +Therefore thus saith the Lord GOD, Behold, I lay in Zion for a foundation a stone, a tried stone, a precious corner stone, a sure foundation: he that believeth shall not make haste. +Judgment also will I lay to the line, and righteousness to the plummet: and the hail shall sweep away the refuge of lies, and the waters shall overflow the hiding place. +And your covenant with death shall be disannulled, and your agreement with hell shall not stand; when the overflowing scourge shall pass through, then ye shall be trodden down by it. +From the time that it goeth forth it shall take you: for morning by morning shall it pass over, by day and by night: and it shall be a vexation only to understand the report. +For the bed is shorter than that a man can stretch himself on it: and the covering narrower than that he can wrap himself in it. +For the LORD shall rise up as in mount Perazim, he shall be wroth as in the valley of Gibeon, that he may do his work, his strange work; and bring to pass his act, his strange act. +Now therefore be ye not mockers, lest your bands be made strong: for I have heard from the Lord GOD of hosts a consumption, even determined upon the whole earth. +Give ye ear, and hear my voice; hearken, and hear my speech. +Doth the plowman plow all day to sow? doth he open and break the clods of his ground? +When he hath made plain the face thereof, doth he not cast abroad the fitches, and scatter the cummin, and cast in the principal wheat and the appointed barley and the rie in their place? +For his God doth instruct him to discretion, and doth teach him. +For the fitches are not threshed with a threshing instrument, neither is a cart wheel turned about upon the cummin; but the fitches are beaten out with a staff, and the cummin with a rod. +Bread corn is bruised; because he will not ever be threshing it, nor break it with the wheel of his cart, nor bruise it with his horsemen. +This also cometh forth from the LORD of hosts, which is wonderful in counsel, and excellent in working. +Woe to Ariel, to Ariel, the city where David dwelt! add ye year to year; let them kill sacrifices. +Yet I will distress Ariel, and there shall be heaviness and sorrow: and it shall be unto me as Ariel. +And I will camp against thee round about, and will lay siege against thee with a mount, and I will raise forts against thee. +And thou shalt be brought down, and shalt speak out of the ground, and thy speech shall be low out of the dust, and thy voice shall be, as of one that hath a familiar spirit, out of the ground, and thy speech shall whisper out of the dust. +Moreover the multitude of thy strangers shall be like small dust, and the multitude of the terrible ones shall be as chaff that passeth away: yea, it shall be at an instant suddenly. +Thou shalt be visited of the LORD of hosts with thunder, and with earthquake, and great noise, with storm and tempest, and the flame of devouring fire. +And the multitude of all the nations that fight against Ariel, even all that fight against her and her munition, and that distress her, shall be as a dream of a night vision. +It shall even be as when an hungry man dreameth, and, behold, he eateth; but he awaketh, and his soul is empty: or as when a thirsty man dreameth, and, behold, he drinketh; but he awaketh, and, behold, he is faint, and his soul hath appetite: so shall the multitude of all the nations be, that fight against mount Zion. +Stay yourselves, and wonder; cry ye out, and cry: they are drunken, but not with wine; they stagger, but not with strong drink. +For the LORD hath poured out upon you the spirit of deep sleep, and hath closed your eyes: the prophets and your rulers, the seers hath he covered. +And the vision of all is become unto you as the words of a book that is sealed, which men deliver to one that is learned, saying, Read this, I pray thee: and he saith, I cannot; for it is sealed: +And the book is delivered to him that is not learned, saying, Read this, I pray thee: and he saith, I am not learned. +Wherefore the Lord said, Forasmuch as this people draw near me with their mouth, and with their lips do honour me, but have removed their heart far from me, and their fear toward me is taught by the precept of men: +Therefore, behold, I will proceed to do a marvellous work among this people, even a marvellous work and a wonder: for the wisdom of their wise men shall perish, and the understanding of their prudent men shall be hid. +Woe unto them that seek deep to hide their counsel from the LORD, and their works are in the dark, and they say, Who seeth us? and who knoweth us? +Surely your turning of things upside down shall be esteemed as the potter's clay: for shall the work say of him that made it, He made me not? or shall the thing framed say of him that framed it, He had no understanding? +Is it not yet a very little while, and Lebanon shall be turned into a fruitful field, and the fruitful field shall be esteemed as a forest? +And in that day shall the deaf hear the words of the book, and the eyes of the blind shall see out of obscurity, and out of darkness. +The meek also shall increase their joy in the LORD, and the poor among men shall rejoice in the Holy One of Israel. +For the terrible one is brought to nought, and the scorner is consumed, and all that watch for iniquity are cut off: +That make a man an offender for a word, and lay a snare for him that reproveth in the gate, and turn aside the just for a thing of nought. +Therefore thus saith the LORD, who redeemed Abraham, concerning the house of Jacob, Jacob shall not now be ashamed, neither shall his face now wax pale. +But when he seeth his children, the work of mine hands, in the midst of him, they shall sanctify my name, and sanctify the Holy One of Jacob, and shall fear the God of Israel. +They also that erred in spirit shall come to understanding, and they that murmured shall learn doctrine. +Woe to the rebellious children, saith the LORD, that take counsel, but not of me; and that cover with a covering, but not of my spirit, that they may add sin to sin: +That walk to go down into Egypt, and have not asked at my mouth; to strengthen themselves in the strength of Pharaoh, and to trust in the shadow of Egypt! +Therefore shall the strength of Pharaoh be your shame, and the trust in the shadow of Egypt your confusion. +For his princes were at Zoan, and his ambassadors came to Hanes. +They were all ashamed of a people that could not profit them, nor be an help nor profit, but a shame, and also a reproach. +The burden of the beasts of the south: into the land of trouble and anguish, from whence come the young and old lion, the viper and fiery flying serpent, they will carry their riches upon the shoulders of young asses, and their treasures upon the bunches of camels, to a people that shall not profit them. +For the Egyptians shall help in vain, and to no purpose: therefore have I cried concerning this, Their strength is to sit still. +Now go, write it before them in a table, and note it in a book, that it may be for the time to come for ever and ever: +That this is a rebellious people, lying children, children that will not hear the law of the LORD: +Which say to the seers, See not; and to the prophets, Prophesy not unto us right things, speak unto us smooth things, prophesy deceits: +Get you out of the way, turn aside out of the path, cause the Holy One of Israel to cease from before us. +Wherefore thus saith the Holy One of Israel, Because ye despise this word, and trust in oppression and perverseness, and stay thereon: +Therefore this iniquity shall be to you as a breach ready to fall, swelling out in a high wall, whose breaking cometh suddenly at an instant. +And he shall break it as the breaking of the potters' vessel that is broken in pieces; he shall not spare: so that there shall not be found in the bursting of it a sherd to take fire from the hearth, or to take water withal out of the pit. +For thus saith the Lord GOD, the Holy One of Israel; In returning and rest shall ye be saved; in quietness and in confidence shall be your strength: and ye would not. +But ye said, No; for we will flee upon horses; therefore shall ye flee: and, We will ride upon the swift; therefore shall they that pursue you be swift. +One thousand shall flee at the rebuke of one; at the rebuke of five shall ye flee: till ye be left as a beacon upon the top of a mountain, and as an ensign on an hill. +And therefore will the LORD wait, that he may be gracious unto you, and therefore will he be exalted, that he may have mercy upon you: for the LORD is a God of judgment: blessed are all they that wait for him. +For the people shall dwell in Zion at Jerusalem: thou shalt weep no more: he will be very gracious unto thee at the voice of thy cry; when he shall hear it, he will answer thee. +And though the Lord give you the bread of adversity, and the water of affliction, yet shall not thy teachers be removed into a corner any more, but thine eyes shall see thy teachers: +And thine ears shall hear a word behind thee, saying, This is the way, walk ye in it, when ye turn to the right hand, and when ye turn to the left. +Ye shall defile also the covering of thy graven images of silver, and the ornament of thy molten images of gold: thou shalt cast them away as a menstruous cloth; thou shalt say unto it, Get thee hence. +Then shall he give the rain of thy seed, that thou shalt sow the ground withal; and bread of the increase of the earth, and it shall be fat and plenteous: in that day shall thy cattle feed in large pastures. +The oxen likewise and the young asses that ear the ground shall eat clean provender, which hath been winnowed with the shovel and with the fan. +And there shall be upon every high mountain, and upon every high hill, rivers and streams of waters in the day of the great slaughter, when the towers fall. +Moreover the light of the moon shall be as the light of the sun, and the light of the sun shall be sevenfold, as the light of seven days, in the day that the LORD bindeth up the breach of his people, and healeth the stroke of their wound. +Behold, the name of the LORD cometh from far, burning with his anger, and the burden thereof is heavy: his lips are full of indignation, and his tongue as a devouring fire: +And his breath, as an overflowing stream, shall reach to the midst of the neck, to sift the nations with the sieve of vanity: and there shall be a bridle in the jaws of the people, causing them to err. +Ye shall have a song, as in the night when a holy solemnity is kept; and gladness of heart, as when one goeth with a pipe to come into the mountain of the LORD, to the mighty One of Israel. +And the LORD shall cause his glorious voice to be heard, and shall shew the lighting down of his arm, with the indignation of his anger, and with the flame of a devouring fire, with scattering, and tempest, and hailstones. +For through the voice of the LORD shall the Assyrian be beaten down, which smote with a rod. +And in every place where the grounded staff shall pass, which the LORD shall lay upon him, it shall be with tabrets and harps: and in battles of shaking will he fight with it. +For Tophet is ordained of old; yea, for the king it is prepared; he hath made it deep and large: the pile thereof is fire and much wood; the breath of the LORD, like a stream of brimstone, doth kindle it. +Woe to them that go down to Egypt for help; and stay on horses, and trust in chariots, because they are many; and in horsemen, because they are very strong; but they look not unto the Holy One of Israel, neither seek the LORD! +Yet he also is wise, and will bring evil, and will not call back his words: but will arise against the house of the evildoers, and against the help of them that work iniquity. +Now the Egyptians are men, and not God; and their horses flesh, and not spirit. When the LORD shall stretch out his hand, both he that helpeth shall fall, and he that is holpen shall fall down, and they all shall fail together. +For thus hath the LORD spoken unto me, Like as the lion and the young lion roaring on his prey, when a multitude of shepherds is called forth against him, he will not be afraid of their voice, nor abase himself for the noise of them: so shall the LORD of hosts come down to fight for mount Zion, and for the hill thereof. +As birds flying, so will the LORD of hosts defend Jerusalem; defending also he will deliver it; and passing over he will preserve it. +Turn ye unto him from whom the children of Israel have deeply revolted. +For in that day every man shall cast away his idols of silver, and his idols of gold, which your own hands have made unto you for a sin. +Then shall the Assyrian fall with the sword, not of a mighty man; and the sword, not of a mean man, shall devour him: but he shall flee from the sword, and his young men shall be discomfited. +And he shall pass over to his strong hold for fear, and his princes shall be afraid of the ensign, saith the LORD, whose fire is in Zion, and his furnace in Jerusalem. +Behold, a king shall reign in righteousness, and princes shall rule in judgment. +And a man shall be as an hiding place from the wind, and a covert from the tempest; as rivers of water in a dry place, as the shadow of a great rock in a weary land. +And the eyes of them that see shall not be dim, and the ears of them that hear shall hearken. +The heart also of the rash shall understand knowledge, and the tongue of the stammerers shall be ready to speak plainly. +The vile person shall be no more called liberal, nor the churl said to be bountiful. +For the vile person will speak villany, and his heart will work iniquity, to practise hypocrisy, and to utter error against the LORD, to make empty the soul of the hungry, and he will cause the drink of the thirsty to fail. +The instruments also of the churl are evil: he deviseth wicked devices to destroy the poor with lying words, even when the needy speaketh right. +But the liberal deviseth liberal things; and by liberal things shall he stand. +Rise up, ye women that are at ease; hear my voice, ye careless daughters; give ear unto my speech. +Many days and years shall ye be troubled, ye careless women: for the vintage shall fail, the gathering shall not come. +Tremble, ye women that are at ease; be troubled, ye careless ones: strip you, and make you bare, and gird sackcloth upon your loins. +They shall lament for the teats, for the pleasant fields, for the fruitful vine. +Upon the land of my people shall come up thorns and briers; yea, upon all the houses of joy in the joyous city: +Because the palaces shall be forsaken; the multitude of the city shall be left; the forts and towers shall be for dens for ever, a joy of wild asses, a pasture of flocks; +Until the spirit be poured upon us from on high, and the wilderness be a fruitful field, and the fruitful field be counted for a forest. +Then judgment shall dwell in the wilderness, and righteousness remain in the fruitful field. +And the work of righteousness shall be peace; and the effect of righteousness quietness and assurance for ever. +And my people shall dwell in a peaceable habitation, and in sure dwellings, and in quiet resting places; +When it shall hail, coming down on the forest; and the city shall be low in a low place. +Blessed are ye that sow beside all waters, that send forth thither the feet of the ox and the ass. +Woe to thee that spoilest, and thou wast not spoiled; and dealest treacherously, and they dealt not treacherously with thee! when thou shalt cease to spoil, thou shalt be spoiled; and when thou shalt make an end to deal treacherously, they shall deal treacherously with thee. +O LORD, be gracious unto us; we have waited for thee: be thou their arm every morning, our salvation also in the time of trouble. +At the noise of the tumult the people fled; at the lifting up of thyself the nations were scattered. +And your spoil shall be gathered like the gathering of the caterpiller: as the running to and fro of locusts shall he run upon them. +The LORD is exalted; for he dwelleth on high: he hath filled Zion with judgment and righteousness. +And wisdom and knowledge shall be the stability of thy times, and strength of salvation: the fear of the LORD is his treasure. +Behold, their valiant ones shall cry without: the ambassadors of peace shall weep bitterly. +The highways lie waste, the wayfaring man ceaseth: he hath broken the covenant, he hath despised the cities, he regardeth no man. +The earth mourneth and languisheth: Lebanon is ashamed and hewn down: Sharon is like a wilderness; and Bashan and Carmel shake off their fruits. +Now will I rise, saith the LORD; now will I be exalted; now will I lift up myself. +Ye shall conceive chaff, ye shall bring forth stubble: your breath, as fire, shall devour you. +And the people shall be as the burnings of lime: as thorns cut up shall they be burned in the fire. +Hear, ye that are far off, what I have done; and, ye that are near, acknowledge my might. +The sinners in Zion are afraid; fearfulness hath surprised the hypocrites. Who among us shall dwell with the devouring fire? who among us shall dwell with everlasting burnings? +He that walketh righteously, and speaketh uprightly; he that despiseth the gain of oppressions, that shaketh his hands from holding of bribes, that stoppeth his ears from hearing of blood, and shutteth his eyes from seeing evil; +He shall dwell on high: his place of defence shall be the munitions of rocks: bread shall be given him; his waters shall be sure. +Thine eyes shall see the king in his beauty: they shall behold the land that is very far off. +Thine heart shall meditate terror. Where is the scribe? where is the receiver? where is he that counted the towers? +Thou shalt not see a fierce people, a people of a deeper speech than thou canst perceive; of a stammering tongue, that thou canst not understand. +Look upon Zion, the city of our solemnities: thine eyes shall see Jerusalem a quiet habitation, a tabernacle that shall not be taken down; not one of the stakes thereof shall ever be removed, neither shall any of the cords thereof be broken. +But there the glorious LORD will be unto us a place of broad rivers and streams; wherein shall go no galley with oars, neither shall gallant ship pass thereby. +For the LORD is our judge, the LORD is our lawgiver, the LORD is our king; he will save us. +Thy tacklings are loosed; they could not well strengthen their mast, they could not spread the sail: then is the prey of a great spoil divided; the lame take the prey. +And the inhabitant shall not say, I am sick: the people that dwell therein shall be forgiven their iniquity. +Come near, ye nations, to hear; and hearken, ye people: let the earth hear, and all that is therein; the world, and all things that come forth of it. +For the indignation of the LORD is upon all nations, and his fury upon all their armies: he hath utterly destroyed them, he hath delivered them to the slaughter. +Their slain also shall be cast out, and their stink shall come up out of their carcases, and the mountains shall be melted with their blood. +And all the host of heaven shall be dissolved, and the heavens shall be rolled together as a scroll: and all their host shall fall down, as the leaf falleth off from the vine, and as a falling fig from the fig tree. +For my sword shall be bathed in heaven: behold, it shall come down upon Idumea, and upon the people of my curse, to judgment. +The sword of the LORD is filled with blood, it is made fat with fatness, and with the blood of lambs and goats, with the fat of the kidneys of rams: for the LORD hath a sacrifice in Bozrah, and a great slaughter in the land of Idumea. +And the unicorns shall come down with them, and the bullocks with the bulls; and their land shall be soaked with blood, and their dust made fat with fatness. +For it is the day of the LORD's vengeance, and the year of recompences for the controversy of Zion. +And the streams thereof shall be turned into pitch, and the dust thereof into brimstone, and the land thereof shall become burning pitch. +It shall not be quenched night nor day; the smoke thereof shall go up for ever: from generation to generation it shall lie waste; none shall pass through it for ever and ever. +But the cormorant and the bittern shall possess it; the owl also and the raven shall dwell in it: and he shall stretch out upon it the line of confusion, and the stones of emptiness. +They shall call the nobles thereof to the kingdom, but none shall be there, and all her princes shall be nothing. +And thorns shall come up in her palaces, nettles and brambles in the fortresses thereof: and it shall be an habitation of dragons, and a court for owls. +The wild beasts of the desert shall also meet with the wild beasts of the island, and the satyr shall cry to his fellow; the screech owl also shall rest there, and find for herself a place of rest. +There shall the great owl make her nest, and lay, and hatch, and gather under her shadow: there shall the vultures also be gathered, every one with her mate. +Seek ye out of the book of the LORD, and read: no one of these shall fail, none shall want her mate: for my mouth it hath commanded, and his spirit it hath gathered them. +And he hath cast the lot for them, and his hand hath divided it unto them by line: they shall possess it for ever, from generation to generation shall they dwell therein. +The wilderness and the solitary place shall be glad for them; and the desert shall rejoice, and blossom as the rose. +It shall blossom abundantly, and rejoice even with joy and singing: the glory of Lebanon shall be given unto it, the excellency of Carmel and Sharon, they shall see the glory of the LORD, and the excellency of our God. +Strengthen ye the weak hands, and confirm the feeble knees. +Say to them that are of a fearful heart, Be strong, fear not: behold, your God will come with vengeance, even God with a recompence; he will come and save you. +Then the eyes of the blind shall be opened, and the ears of the deaf shall be unstopped. +Then shall the lame man leap as an hart, and the tongue of the dumb sing: for in the wilderness shall waters break out, and streams in the desert. +And the parched ground shall become a pool, and the thirsty land springs of water: in the habitation of dragons, where each lay, shall be grass with reeds and rushes. +And an highway shall be there, and a way, and it shall be called The way of holiness; the unclean shall not pass over it; but it shall be for those: the wayfaring men, though fools, shall not err therein. +No lion shall be there, nor any ravenous beast shall go up thereon, it shall not be found there; but the redeemed shall walk there: +And the ransomed of the LORD shall return, and come to Zion with songs and everlasting joy upon their heads: they shall obtain joy and gladness, and sorrow and sighing shall flee away. +Now it came to pass in the fourteenth year of king Hezekiah, that Sennacherib king of Assyria came up against all the defenced cities of Judah, and took them. +And the king of Assyria sent Rabshakeh from Lachish to Jerusalem unto king Hezekiah with a great army. And he stood by the conduit of the upper pool in the highway of the fuller's field. +Then came forth unto him Eliakim, Hilkiah's son, which was over the house, and Shebna the scribe, and Joah, Asaph's son, the recorder. +And Rabshakeh said unto them, Say ye now to Hezekiah, Thus saith the great king, the king of Assyria, What confidence is this wherein thou trustest? +I say, sayest thou, (but they are but vain words) I have counsel and strength for war: now on whom dost thou trust, that thou rebellest against me? +Lo, thou trustest in the staff of this broken reed, on Egypt; whereon if a man lean, it will go into his hand, and pierce it: so is Pharaoh king of Egypt to all that trust in him. +But if thou say to me, We trust in the LORD our God: is it not he, whose high places and whose altars Hezekiah hath taken away, and said to Judah and to Jerusalem, Ye shall worship before this altar? +Now therefore give pledges, I pray thee, to my master the king of Assyria, and I will give thee two thousand horses, if thou be able on thy part to set riders upon them. +How then wilt thou turn away the face of one captain of the least of my master's servants, and put thy trust on Egypt for chariots and for horsemen? +And am I now come up without the LORD against this land to destroy it? the LORD said unto me, Go up against this land, and destroy it. +Then said Eliakim and Shebna and Joah unto Rabshakeh, Speak, I pray thee, unto thy servants in the Syrian language; for we understand it: and speak not to us in the Jews' language, in the ears of the people that are on the wall. +But Rabshakeh said, Hath my master sent me to thy master and to thee to speak these words? hath he not sent me to the men that sit upon the wall, that they may eat their own dung, and drink their own piss with you? +Then Rabshakeh stood, and cried with a loud voice in the Jews' language, and said, Hear ye the words of the great king, the king of Assyria. +Thus saith the king, Let not Hezekiah deceive you: for he shall not be able to deliver you. +Neither let Hezekiah make you trust in the LORD, saying, The LORD will surely deliver us: this city shall not be delivered into the hand of the king of Assyria. +Hearken not to Hezekiah: for thus saith the king of Assyria, Make an agreement with me by a present, and come out to me: and eat ye every one of his vine, and every one of his fig tree, and drink ye every one the waters of his own cistern; +Until I come and take you away to a land like your own land, a land of corn and wine, a land of bread and vineyards. +Beware lest Hezekiah persuade you, saying, the LORD will deliver us. Hath any of the gods of the nations delivered his land out of the hand of the king of Assyria? +Where are the gods of Hamath and Arphad? where are the gods of Sepharvaim? and have they delivered Samaria out of my hand? +Who are they among all the gods of these lands, that have delivered their land out of my hand, that the LORD should deliver Jerusalem out of my hand? +But they held their peace, and answered him not a word: for the king's commandment was, saying, Answer him not. +Then came Eliakim, the son of Hilkiah, that was over the household, and Shebna the scribe, and Joah, the son of Asaph, the recorder, to Hezekiah with their clothes rent, and told him the words of Rabshakeh. +And it came to pass, when king Hezekiah heard it, that he rent his clothes, and covered himself with sackcloth, and went into the house of the LORD. +And he sent Eliakim, who was over the household, and Shebna the scribe, and the elders of the priests covered with sackcloth, unto Isaiah the prophet the son of Amoz. +And they said unto him, Thus saith Hezekiah, This day is a day of trouble, and of rebuke, and of blasphemy: for the children are come to the birth, and there is not strength to bring forth. +It may be the LORD thy God will hear the words of Rabshakeh, whom the king of Assyria his master hath sent to reproach the living God, and will reprove the words which the LORD thy God hath heard: wherefore lift up thy prayer for the remnant that is left. +So the servants of king Hezekiah came to Isaiah. +And Isaiah said unto them, Thus shall ye say unto your master, Thus saith the LORD, Be not afraid of the words that thou hast heard, wherewith the servants of the king of Assyria have blasphemed me. +Behold, I will send a blast upon him, and he shall hear a rumour, and return to his own land; and I will cause him to fall by the sword in his own land. +So Rabshakeh returned, and found the king of Assyria warring against Libnah: for he had heard that he was departed from Lachish. +And he heard say concerning Tirhakah king of Ethiopia, He is come forth to make war with thee. And when he heard it, he sent messengers to Hezekiah, saying, +Thus shall ye speak to Hezekiah king of Judah, saying, Let not thy God, in whom thou trustest, deceive thee, saying, Jerusalem shall not be given into the hand of the king of Assyria. +Behold, thou hast heard what the kings of Assyria have done to all lands by destroying them utterly; and shalt thou be delivered? +Have the gods of the nations delivered them which my fathers have destroyed, as Gozan, and Haran, and Rezeph, and the children of Eden which were in Telassar? +Where is the king of Hamath, and the king of Arphad, and the king of the city of Sepharvaim, Hena, and Ivah? +And Hezekiah received the letter from the hand of the messengers, and read it: and Hezekiah went up unto the house of the LORD, and spread it before the LORD. +And Hezekiah prayed unto the LORD, saying, +O LORD of hosts, God of Israel, that dwellest between the cherubims, thou art the God, even thou alone, of all the kingdoms of the earth: thou hast made heaven and earth. +Incline thine ear, O LORD, and hear; open thine eyes, O LORD, and see: and hear all the words of Sennacherib, which hath sent to reproach the living God. +Of a truth, LORD, the kings of Assyria have laid waste all the nations, and their countries, +And have cast their gods into the fire: for they were no gods, but the work of men's hands, wood and stone: therefore they have destroyed them. +Now therefore, O LORD our God, save us from his hand, that all the kingdoms of the earth may know that thou art the LORD, even thou only. +Then Isaiah the son of Amoz sent unto Hezekiah, saying, Thus saith the LORD God of Israel, Whereas thou hast prayed to me against Sennacherib king of Assyria: +This is the word which the LORD hath spoken concerning him; The virgin, the daughter of Zion, hath despised thee, and laughed thee to scorn; the daughter of Jerusalem hath shaken her head at thee. +Whom hast thou reproached and blasphemed? and against whom hast thou exalted thy voice, and lifted up thine eyes on high? even against the Holy One of Israel. +By thy servants hast thou reproached the Lord, and hast said, By the multitude of my chariots am I come up to the height of the mountains, to the sides of Lebanon; and I will cut down the tall cedars thereof, and the choice fir trees thereof: and I will enter into the height of his border, and the forest of his Carmel. +I have digged, and drunk water; and with the sole of my feet have I dried up all the rivers of the besieged places. +Hast thou not heard long ago, how I have done it; and of ancient times, that I have formed it? now have I brought it to pass, that thou shouldest be to lay waste defenced cities into ruinous heaps. +Therefore their inhabitants were of small power, they were dismayed and confounded: they were as the grass of the field, and as the green herb, as the grass on the housetops, and as corn blasted before it be grown up. +But I know thy abode, and thy going out, and thy coming in, and thy rage against me. +Because thy rage against me, and thy tumult, is come up into mine ears, therefore will I put my hook in thy nose, and my bridle in thy lips, and I will turn thee back by the way by which thou camest. +And this shall be a sign unto thee, Ye shall eat this year such as groweth of itself; and the second year that which springeth of the same: and in the third year sow ye, and reap, and plant vineyards, and eat the fruit thereof. +And the remnant that is escaped of the house of Judah shall again take root downward, and bear fruit upward: +For out of Jerusalem shall go forth a remnant, and they that escape out of mount Zion: the zeal of the LORD of hosts shall do this. +Therefore thus saith the LORD concerning the king of Assyria, He shall not come into this city, nor shoot an arrow there, nor come before it with shields, nor cast a bank against it. +By the way that he came, by the same shall he return, and shall not come into this city, saith the LORD. +For I will defend this city to save it for mine own sake, and for my servant David's sake. +Then the angel of the LORD went forth, and smote in the camp of the Assyrians a hundred and fourscore and five thousand: and when they arose early in the morning, behold, they were all dead corpses. +So Sennacherib king of Assyria departed, and went and returned, and dwelt at Nineveh. +And it came to pass, as he was worshipping in the house of Nisroch his god, that Adrammelech and Sharezer his sons smote him with the sword; and they escaped into the land of Armenia: and Esarhaddon his son reigned in his stead. +In those days was Hezekiah sick unto death. And Isaiah the prophet the son of Amoz came unto him, and said unto him, Thus saith the LORD, Set thine house in order: for thou shalt die, and not live. +Then Hezekiah turned his face toward the wall, and prayed unto the LORD, +And said, Remember now, O LORD, I beseech thee, how I have walked before thee in truth and with a perfect heart, and have done that which is good in thy sight. And Hezekiah wept sore. +Then came the word of the LORD to Isaiah, saying, +Go, and say to Hezekiah, Thus saith the LORD, the God of David thy father, I have heard thy prayer, I have seen thy tears: behold, I will add unto thy days fifteen years. +And I will deliver thee and this city out of the hand of the king of Assyria: and I will defend this city. +And this shall be a sign unto thee from the LORD, that the LORD will do this thing that he hath spoken; +Behold, I will bring again the shadow of the degrees, which is gone down in the sun dial of Ahaz, ten degrees backward. So the sun returned ten degrees, by which degrees it was gone down. +The writing of Hezekiah king of Judah, when he had been sick, and was recovered of his sickness: +I said in the cutting off of my days, I shall go to the gates of the grave: I am deprived of the residue of my years. +I said, I shall not see the LORD, even the LORD, in the land of the living: I shall behold man no more with the inhabitants of the world. +Mine age is departed, and is removed from me as a shepherd's tent: I have cut off like a weaver my life: he will cut me off with pining sickness: from day even to night wilt thou make an end of me. +I reckoned till morning, that, as a lion, so will he break all my bones: from day even to night wilt thou make an end of me. +Like a crane or a swallow, so did I chatter: I did mourn as a dove: mine eyes fail with looking upward: O LORD, I am oppressed; undertake for me. +What shall I say? he hath both spoken unto me, and himself hath done it: I shall go softly all my years in the bitterness of my soul. +O LORD, by these things men live, and in all these things is the life of my spirit: so wilt thou recover me, and make me to live. +Behold, for peace I had great bitterness: but thou hast in love to my soul delivered it from the pit of corruption: for thou hast cast all my sins behind thy back. +For the grave cannot praise thee, death can not celebrate thee: they that go down into the pit cannot hope for thy truth. +The living, the living, he shall praise thee, as I do this day: the father to the children shall make known thy truth. +The LORD was ready to save me: therefore we will sing my songs to the stringed instruments all the days of our life in the house of the LORD. +For Isaiah had said, Let them take a lump of figs, and lay it for a plaister upon the boil, and he shall recover. +Hezekiah also had said, What is the sign that I shall go up to the house of the LORD? +At that time Merodachbaladan, the son of Baladan, king of Babylon, sent letters and a present to Hezekiah: for he had heard that he had been sick, and was recovered. +And Hezekiah was glad of them, and shewed them the house of his precious things, the silver, and the gold, and the spices, and the precious ointment, and all the house of his armour, and all that was found in his treasures: there was nothing in his house, nor in all his dominion, that Hezekiah shewed them not. +Then came Isaiah the prophet unto king Hezekiah, and said unto him, What said these men? and from whence came they unto thee? And Hezekiah said, They are come from a far country unto me, even from Babylon. +Then said he, What have they seen in thine house? And Hezekiah answered, All that is in mine house have they seen: there is nothing among my treasures that I have not shewed them. +Then said Isaiah to Hezekiah, Hear the word of the LORD of hosts: +Behold, the days come, that all that is in thine house, and that which thy fathers have laid up in store until this day, shall be carried to Babylon: nothing shall be left, saith the LORD. +And of thy sons that shall issue from thee, which thou shalt beget, shall they take away; and they shall be eunuchs in the palace of the king of Babylon. +Then said Hezekiah to Isaiah, Good is the word of the LORD which thou hast spoken. He said moreover, For there shall be peace and truth in my days. +Comfort ye, comfort ye my people, saith your God. +Speak ye comfortably to Jerusalem, and cry unto her, that her warfare is accomplished, that her iniquity is pardoned: for she hath received of the LORD's hand double for all her sins. +The voice of him that crieth in the wilderness, Prepare ye the way of the LORD, make straight in the desert a highway for our God. +Every valley shall be exalted, and every mountain and hill shall be made low: and the crooked shall be made straight, and the rough places plain: +And the glory of the LORD shall be revealed, and all flesh shall see it together: for the mouth of the LORD hath spoken it. +The voice said, Cry. And he said, What shall I cry? All flesh is grass, and all the goodliness thereof is as the flower of the field: +The grass withereth, the flower fadeth: because the spirit of the LORD bloweth upon it: surely the people is grass. +The grass withereth, the flower fadeth: but the word of our God shall stand for ever. +O Zion, that bringest good tidings, get thee up into the high mountain; O Jerusalem, that bringest good tidings, lift up thy voice with strength; lift it up, be not afraid; say unto the cities of Judah, Behold your God! +Behold, the Lord GOD will come with strong hand, and his arm shall rule for him: behold, his reward is with him, and his work before him. +He shall feed his flock like a shepherd: he shall gather the lambs with his arm, and carry them in his bosom, and shall gently lead those that are with young. +Who hath measured the waters in the hollow of his hand, and meted out heaven with the span, and comprehended the dust of the earth in a measure, and weighed the mountains in scales, and the hills in a balance? +Who hath directed the Spirit of the LORD, or being his counsellor hath taught him? +With whom took he counsel, and who instructed him, and taught him in the path of judgment, and taught him knowledge, and shewed to him the way of understanding? +Behold, the nations are as a drop of a bucket, and are counted as the small dust of the balance: behold, he taketh up the isles as a very little thing. +And Lebanon is not sufficient to burn, nor the beasts thereof sufficient for a burnt offering. +All nations before him are as nothing; and they are counted to him less than nothing, and vanity. +To whom then will ye liken God? or what likeness will ye compare unto him? +The workman melteth a graven image, and the goldsmith spreadeth it over with gold, and casteth silver chains. +He that is so impoverished that he hath no oblation chooseth a tree that will not rot; he seeketh unto him a cunning workman to prepare a graven image, that shall not be moved. +Have ye not known? have ye not heard? hath it not been told you from the beginning? have ye not understood from the foundations of the earth? +It is he that sitteth upon the circle of the earth, and the inhabitants thereof are as grasshoppers; that stretcheth out the heavens as a curtain, and spreadeth them out as a tent to dwell in: +That bringeth the princes to nothing; he maketh the judges of the earth as vanity. +Yea, they shall not be planted; yea, they shall not be sown: yea, their stock shall not take root in the earth: and he shall also blow upon them, and they shall wither, and the whirlwind shall take them away as stubble. +To whom then will ye liken me, or shall I be equal? saith the Holy One. +Lift up your eyes on high, and behold who hath created these things, that bringeth out their host by number: he calleth them all by names by the greatness of his might, for that he is strong in power; not one faileth. +Why sayest thou, O Jacob, and speakest, O Israel, My way is hid from the LORD, and my judgment is passed over from my God? +Hast thou not known? hast thou not heard, that the everlasting God, the LORD, the Creator of the ends of the earth, fainteth not, neither is weary? there is no searching of his understanding. +He giveth power to the faint; and to them that have no might he increaseth strength. +Even the youths shall faint and be weary, and the young men shall utterly fall: +But they that wait upon the LORD shall renew their strength; they shall mount up with wings as eagles; they shall run, and not be weary; and they shall walk, and not faint. +Keep silence before me, O islands; and let the people renew their strength: let them come near; then let them speak: let us come near together to judgment. +Who raised up the righteous man from the east, called him to his foot, gave the nations before him, and made him rule over kings? he gave them as the dust to his sword, and as driven stubble to his bow. +He pursued them, and passed safely; even by the way that he had not gone with his feet. +Who hath wrought and done it, calling the generations from the beginning? I the LORD, the first, and with the last; I am he. +The isles saw it, and feared; the ends of the earth were afraid, drew near, and came. +They helped every one his neighbour; and every one said to his brother, Be of good courage. +So the carpenter encouraged the goldsmith, and he that smootheth with the hammer him that smote the anvil, saying, It is ready for the sodering: and he fastened it with nails, that it should not be moved. +But thou, Israel, art my servant, Jacob whom I have chosen, the seed of Abraham my friend. +Thou whom I have taken from the ends of the earth, and called thee from the chief men thereof, and said unto thee, Thou art my servant; I have chosen thee, and not cast thee away. +Fear thou not; for I am with thee: be not dismayed; for I am thy God: I will strengthen thee; yea, I will help thee; yea, I will uphold thee with the right hand of my righteousness. +Behold, all they that were incensed against thee shall be ashamed and confounded: they shall be as nothing; and they that strive with thee shall perish. +Thou shalt seek them, and shalt not find them, even them that contended with thee: they that war against thee shall be as nothing, and as a thing of nought. +For I the LORD thy God will hold thy right hand, saying unto thee, Fear not; I will help thee. +Fear not, thou worm Jacob, and ye men of Israel; I will help thee, saith the LORD, and thy redeemer, the Holy One of Israel. +Behold, I will make thee a new sharp threshing instrument having teeth: thou shalt thresh the mountains, and beat them small, and shalt make the hills as chaff. +Thou shalt fan them, and the wind shall carry them away, and the whirlwind shall scatter them: and thou shalt rejoice in the LORD, and shalt glory in the Holy One of Israel. +When the poor and needy seek water, and there is none, and their tongue faileth for thirst, I the LORD will hear them, I the God of Israel will not forsake them. +I will open rivers in high places, and fountains in the midst of the valleys: I will make the wilderness a pool of water, and the dry land springs of water. +I will plant in the wilderness the cedar, the shittah tree, and the myrtle, and the oil tree; I will set in the desert the fir tree, and the pine, and the box tree together: +That they may see, and know, and consider, and understand together, that the hand of the LORD hath done this, and the Holy One of Israel hath created it. +Produce your cause, saith the LORD; bring forth your strong reasons, saith the King of Jacob. +Let them bring them forth, and shew us what shall happen: let them shew the former things, what they be, that we may consider them, and know the latter end of them; or declare us things for to come. +Shew the things that are to come hereafter, that we may know that ye are gods: yea, do good, or do evil, that we may be dismayed, and behold it together. +Behold, ye are of nothing, and your work of nought: an abomination is he that chooseth you. +I have raised up one from the north, and he shall come: from the rising of the sun shall he call upon my name: and he shall come upon princes as upon morter, and as the potter treadeth clay. +Who hath declared from the beginning, that we may know? and beforetime, that we may say, He is righteous? yea, there is none that sheweth, yea, there is none that declareth, yea, there is none that heareth your words. +The first shall say to Zion, Behold, behold them: and I will give to Jerusalem one that bringeth good tidings. +For I beheld, and there was no man; even among them, and there was no counsellor, that, when I asked of them, could answer a word. +Behold, they are all vanity; their works are nothing: their molten images are wind and confusion. +Behold my servant, whom I uphold; mine elect, in whom my soul delighteth; I have put my spirit upon him: he shall bring forth judgment to the Gentiles. +He shall not cry, nor lift up, nor cause his voice to be heard in the street. +A bruised reed shall he not break, and the smoking flax shall he not quench: he shall bring forth judgment unto truth. +He shall not fail nor be discouraged, till he have set judgment in the earth: and the isles shall wait for his law. +Thus saith God the LORD, he that created the heavens, and stretched them out; he that spread forth the earth, and that which cometh out of it; he that giveth breath unto the people upon it, and spirit to them that walk therein: +I the LORD have called thee in righteousness, and will hold thine hand, and will keep thee, and give thee for a covenant of the people, for a light of the Gentiles; +To open the blind eyes, to bring out the prisoners from the prison, and them that sit in darkness out of the prison house. +I am the LORD: that is my name: and my glory will I not give to another, neither my praise to graven images. +Behold, the former things are come to pass, and new things do I declare: before they spring forth I tell you of them. +Sing unto the LORD a new song, and his praise from the end of the earth, ye that go down to the sea, and all that is therein; the isles, and the inhabitants thereof. +Let the wilderness and the cities thereof lift up their voice, the villages that Kedar doth inhabit: let the inhabitants of the rock sing, let them shout from the top of the mountains. +Let them give glory unto the LORD, and declare his praise in the islands. +The LORD shall go forth as a mighty man, he shall stir up jealousy like a man of war: he shall cry, yea, roar; he shall prevail against his enemies. +I have long time holden my peace; I have been still, and refrained myself: now will I cry like a travailing woman; I will destroy and devour at once. +I will make waste mountains and hills, and dry up all their herbs; and I will make the rivers islands, and I will dry up the pools. +And I will bring the blind by a way that they knew not; I will lead them in paths that they have not known: I will make darkness light before them, and crooked things straight. These things will I do unto them, and not forsake them. +They shall be turned back, they shall be greatly ashamed, that trust in graven images, that say to the molten images, Ye are our gods. +Hear, ye deaf; and look, ye blind, that ye may see. +Who is blind, but my servant? or deaf, as my messenger that I sent? who is blind as he that is perfect, and blind as the LORD's servant? +Seeing many things, but thou observest not; opening the ears, but he heareth not. +The LORD is well pleased for his righteousness' sake; he will magnify the law, and make it honourable. +But this is a people robbed and spoiled; they are all of them snared in holes, and they are hid in prison houses: they are for a prey, and none delivereth; for a spoil, and none saith, Restore. +Who among you will give ear to this? who will hearken and hear for the time to come? +Who gave Jacob for a spoil, and Israel to the robbers? did not the LORD, he against whom we have sinned? for they would not walk in his ways, neither were they obedient unto his law. +Therefore he hath poured upon him the fury of his anger, and the strength of battle: and it hath set him on fire round about, yet he knew not; and it burned him, yet he laid it not to heart. +But now thus saith the LORD that created thee, O Jacob, and he that formed thee, O Israel, Fear not: for I have redeemed thee, I have called thee by thy name; thou art mine. +When thou passest through the waters, I will be with thee; and through the rivers, they shall not overflow thee: when thou walkest through the fire, thou shalt not be burned; neither shall the flame kindle upon thee. +For I am the LORD thy God, the Holy One of Israel, thy Saviour: I gave Egypt for thy ransom, Ethiopia and Seba for thee. +Since thou wast precious in my sight, thou hast been honourable, and I have loved thee: therefore will I give men for thee, and people for thy life. +Fear not: for I am with thee: I will bring thy seed from the east, and gather thee from the west; +I will say to the north, Give up; and to the south, Keep not back: bring my sons from far, and my daughters from the ends of the earth; +Even every one that is called by my name: for I have created him for my glory, I have formed him; yea, I have made him. +Bring forth the blind people that have eyes, and the deaf that have ears. +Let all the nations be gathered together, and let the people be assembled: who among them can declare this, and shew us former things? let them bring forth their witnesses, that they may be justified: or let them hear, and say, It is truth. +Ye are my witnesses, saith the LORD, and my servant whom I have chosen: that ye may know and believe me, and understand that I am he: before me there was no God formed, neither shall there be after me. +I, even I, am the LORD; and beside me there is no saviour. +I have declared, and have saved, and I have shewed, when there was no strange god among you: therefore ye are my witnesses, saith the LORD, that I am God. +Yea, before the day was I am he; and there is none that can deliver out of my hand: I will work, and who shall let it? +Thus saith the LORD, your redeemer, the Holy One of Israel; For your sake I have sent to Babylon, and have brought down all their nobles, and the Chaldeans, whose cry is in the ships. +I am the LORD, your Holy One, the creator of Israel, your King. +Thus saith the LORD, which maketh a way in the sea, and a path in the mighty waters; +Which bringeth forth the chariot and horse, the army and the power; they shall lie down together, they shall not rise: they are extinct, they are quenched as tow. +Remember ye not the former things, neither consider the things of old. +Behold, I will do a new thing; now it shall spring forth; shall ye not know it? I will even make a way in the wilderness, and rivers in the desert. +The beast of the field shall honour me, the dragons and the owls: because I give waters in the wilderness, and rivers in the desert, to give drink to my people, my chosen. +This people have I formed for myself; they shall shew forth my praise. +But thou hast not called upon me, O Jacob; but thou hast been weary of me, O Israel. +Thou hast not brought me the small cattle of thy burnt offerings; neither hast thou honoured me with thy sacrifices. I have not caused thee to serve with an offering, nor wearied thee with incense. +Thou hast bought me no sweet cane with money, neither hast thou filled me with the fat of thy sacrifices: but thou hast made me to serve with thy sins, thou hast wearied me with thine iniquities. +I, even I, am he that blotteth out thy transgressions for mine own sake, and will not remember thy sins. +Put me in remembrance: let us plead together: declare thou, that thou mayest be justified. +Thy first father hath sinned, and thy teachers have transgressed against me. +Therefore I have profaned the princes of the sanctuary, and have given Jacob to the curse, and Israel to reproaches. +Yet now hear, O Jacob my servant; and Israel, whom I have chosen: +Thus saith the LORD that made thee, and formed thee from the womb, which will help thee; Fear not, O Jacob, my servant; and thou, Jesurun, whom I have chosen. +For I will pour water upon him that is thirsty, and floods upon the dry ground: I will pour my spirit upon thy seed, and my blessing upon thine offspring: +And they shall spring up as among the grass, as willows by the water courses. +One shall say, I am the LORD's; and another shall call himself by the name of Jacob; and another shall subscribe with his hand unto the LORD, and surname himself by the name of Israel. +Thus saith the LORD the King of Israel, and his redeemer the LORD of hosts; I am the first, and I am the last; and beside me there is no God. +And who, as I, shall call, and shall declare it, and set it in order for me, since I appointed the ancient people? and the things that are coming, and shall come, let them shew unto them. +Fear ye not, neither be afraid: have not I told thee from that time, and have declared it? ye are even my witnesses. Is there a God beside me? yea, there is no God; I know not any. +They that make a graven image are all of them vanity; and their delectable things shall not profit; and they are their own witnesses; they see not, nor know; that they may be ashamed. +Who hath formed a god, or molten a graven image that is profitable for nothing? +Behold, all his fellows shall be ashamed: and the workmen, they are of men: let them all be gathered together, let them stand up; yet they shall fear, and they shall be ashamed together. +The smith with the tongs both worketh in the coals, and fashioneth it with hammers, and worketh it with the strength of his arms: yea, he is hungry, and his strength faileth: he drinketh no water, and is faint. +The carpenter stretcheth out his rule; he marketh it out with a line; he fitteth it with planes, and he marketh it out with the compass, and maketh it after the figure of a man, according to the beauty of a man; that it may remain in the house. +He heweth him down cedars, and taketh the cypress and the oak, which he strengtheneth for himself among the trees of the forest: he planteth an ash, and the rain doth nourish it. +Then shall it be for a man to burn: for he will take thereof, and warm himself; yea, he kindleth it, and baketh bread; yea, he maketh a god, and worshippeth it; he maketh it a graven image, and falleth down thereto. +He burneth part thereof in the fire; with part thereof he eateth flesh; he roasteth roast, and is satisfied: yea, he warmeth himself, and saith, Aha, I am warm, I have seen the fire: +And the residue thereof he maketh a god, even his graven image: he falleth down unto it, and worshippeth it, and prayeth unto it, and saith, Deliver me; for thou art my god. +They have not known nor understood: for he hath shut their eyes, that they cannot see; and their hearts, that they cannot understand. +And none considereth in his heart, neither is there knowledge nor understanding to say, I have burned part of it in the fire; yea, also I have baked bread upon the coals thereof; I have roasted flesh, and eaten it: and shall I make the residue thereof an abomination? shall I fall down to the stock of a tree? +He feedeth on ashes: a deceived heart hath turned him aside, that he cannot deliver his soul, nor say, Is there not a lie in my right hand? +Remember these, O Jacob and Israel; for thou art my servant: I have formed thee; thou art my servant: O Israel, thou shalt not be forgotten of me. +I have blotted out, as a thick cloud, thy transgressions, and, as a cloud, thy sins: return unto me; for I have redeemed thee. +Sing, O ye heavens; for the LORD hath done it: shout, ye lower parts of the earth: break forth into singing, ye mountains, O forest, and every tree therein: for the LORD hath redeemed Jacob, and glorified himself in Israel. +Thus saith the LORD, thy redeemer, and he that formed thee from the womb, I am the LORD that maketh all things; that stretcheth forth the heavens alone; that spreadeth abroad the earth by myself; +That frustrateth the tokens of the liars, and maketh diviners mad; that turneth wise men backward, and maketh their knowledge foolish; +That confirmeth the word of his servant, and performeth the counsel of his messengers; that saith to Jerusalem, Thou shalt be inhabited; and to the cities of Judah, Ye shall be built, and I will raise up the decayed places thereof: +That saith to the deep, Be dry, and I will dry up thy rivers: +That saith of Cyrus, He is my shepherd, and shall perform all my pleasure: even saying to Jerusalem, Thou shalt be built; and to the temple, Thy foundation shall be laid. +Thus saith the LORD to his anointed, to Cyrus, whose right hand I have holden, to subdue nations before him; and I will loose the loins of kings, to open before him the two leaved gates; and the gates shall not be shut; +I will go before thee, and make the crooked places straight: I will break in pieces the gates of brass, and cut in sunder the bars of iron: +And I will give thee the treasures of darkness, and hidden riches of secret places, that thou mayest know that I, the LORD, which call thee by thy name, am the God of Israel. +For Jacob my servant's sake, and Israel mine elect, I have even called thee by thy name: I have surnamed thee, though thou hast not known me. +I am the LORD, and there is none else, there is no God beside me: I girded thee, though thou hast not known me: +That they may know from the rising of the sun, and from the west, that there is none beside me. I am the LORD, and there is none else. +I form the light, and create darkness: I make peace, and create evil: I the LORD do all these things. +Drop down, ye heavens, from above, and let the skies pour down righteousness: let the earth open, and let them bring forth salvation, and let righteousness spring up together; I the LORD have created it. +Woe unto him that striveth with his Maker! Let the potsherd strive with the potsherds of the earth. Shall the clay say to him that fashioneth it, What makest thou? or thy work, He hath no hands? +Woe unto him that saith unto his father, What begettest thou? or to the woman, What hast thou brought forth? +Thus saith the LORD, the Holy One of Israel, and his Maker, Ask me of things to come concerning my sons, and concerning the work of my hands command ye me. +I have made the earth, and created man upon it: I, even my hands, have stretched out the heavens, and all their host have I commanded. +I have raised him up in righteousness, and I will direct all his ways: he shall build my city, and he shall let go my captives, not for price nor reward, saith the LORD of hosts. +Thus saith the LORD, The labour of Egypt, and merchandise of Ethiopia and of the Sabeans, men of stature, shall come over unto thee, and they shall be thine: they shall come after thee; in chains they shall come over, and they shall fall down unto thee, they shall make supplication unto thee, saying, Surely God is in thee; and there is none else, there is no God. +Verily thou art a God that hidest thyself, O God of Israel, the Saviour. +They shall be ashamed, and also confounded, all of them: they shall go to confusion together that are makers of idols. +But Israel shall be saved in the LORD with an everlasting salvation: ye shall not be ashamed nor confounded world without end. +For thus saith the LORD that created the heavens; God himself that formed the earth and made it; he hath established it, he created it not in vain, he formed it to be inhabited: I am the LORD; and there is none else. +I have not spoken in secret, in a dark place of the earth: I said not unto the seed of Jacob, Seek ye me in vain: I the LORD speak righteousness, I declare things that are right. +Assemble yourselves and come; draw near together, ye that are escaped of the nations: they have no knowledge that set up the wood of their graven image, and pray unto a god that cannot save. +Tell ye, and bring them near; yea, let them take counsel together: who hath declared this from ancient time? who hath told it from that time? have not I the LORD? and there is no God else beside me; a just God and a Saviour; there is none beside me. +Look unto me, and be ye saved, all the ends of the earth: for I am God, and there is none else. +I have sworn by myself, the word is gone out of my mouth in righteousness, and shall not return, That unto me every knee shall bow, every tongue shall swear. +Surely, shall one say, in the LORD have I righteousness and strength: even to him shall men come; and all that are incensed against him shall be ashamed. +In the LORD shall all the seed of Israel be justified, and shall glory. +Bel boweth down, Nebo stoopeth, their idols were upon the beasts, and upon the cattle: your carriages were heavy loaden; they are a burden to the weary beast. +They stoop, they bow down together; they could not deliver the burden, but themselves are gone into captivity. +Hearken unto me, O house of Jacob, and all the remnant of the house of Israel, which are borne by me from the belly, which are carried from the womb: +And even to your old age I am he; and even to hoar hairs will I carry you: I have made, and I will bear; even I will carry, and will deliver you. +To whom will ye liken me, and make me equal, and compare me, that we may be like? +They lavish gold out of the bag, and weigh silver in the balance, and hire a goldsmith; and he maketh it a god: they fall down, yea, they worship. +They bear him upon the shoulder, they carry him, and set him in his place, and he standeth; from his place shall he not remove: yea, one shall cry unto him, yet can he not answer, nor save him out of his trouble. +Remember this, and shew yourselves men: bring it again to mind, O ye transgressors. +Remember the former things of old: for I am God, and there is none else; I am God, and there is none like me, +Declaring the end from the beginning, and from ancient times the things that are not yet done, saying, My counsel shall stand, and I will do all my pleasure: +Calling a ravenous bird from the east, the man that executeth my counsel from a far country: yea, I have spoken it, I will also bring it to pass; I have purposed it, I will also do it. +Hearken unto me, ye stouthearted, that are far from righteousness: +I bring near my righteousness; it shall not be far off, and my salvation shall not tarry: and I will place salvation in Zion for Israel my glory. +Come down, and sit in the dust, O virgin daughter of Babylon, sit on the ground: there is no throne, O daughter of the Chaldeans: for thou shalt no more be called tender and delicate. +Take the millstones, and grind meal: uncover thy locks, make bare the leg, uncover the thigh, pass over the rivers. +Thy nakedness shall be uncovered, yea, thy shame shall be seen: I will take vengeance, and I will not meet thee as a man. +As for our redeemer, the LORD of hosts is his name, the Holy One of Israel. +Sit thou silent, and get thee into darkness, O daughter of the Chaldeans: for thou shalt no more be called, The lady of kingdoms. +I was wroth with my people, I have polluted mine inheritance, and given them into thine hand: thou didst shew them no mercy; upon the ancient hast thou very heavily laid thy yoke. +And thou saidst, I shall be a lady for ever: so that thou didst not lay these things to thy heart, neither didst remember the latter end of it. +Therefore hear now this, thou that art given to pleasures, that dwellest carelessly, that sayest in thine heart, I am, and none else beside me; I shall not sit as a widow, neither shall I know the loss of children: +But these two things shall come to thee in a moment in one day, the loss of children, and widowhood: they shall come upon thee in their perfection for the multitude of thy sorceries, and for the great abundance of thine enchantments. +For thou hast trusted in thy wickedness: thou hast said, None seeth me. Thy wisdom and thy knowledge, it hath perverted thee; and thou hast said in thine heart, I am, and none else beside me. +Therefore shall evil come upon thee; thou shalt not know from whence it riseth: and mischief shall fall upon thee; thou shalt not be able to put it off: and desolation shall come upon thee suddenly, which thou shalt not know. +Stand now with thine enchantments, and with the multitude of thy sorceries, wherein thou hast laboured from thy youth; if so be thou shalt be able to profit, if so be thou mayest prevail. +Thou art wearied in the multitude of thy counsels. Let now the astrologers, the stargazers, the monthly prognosticators, stand up, and save thee from these things that shall come upon thee. +Behold, they shall be as stubble; the fire shall burn them; they shall not deliver themselves from the power of the flame: there shall not be a coal to warm at, nor fire to sit before it. +Thus shall they be unto thee with whom thou hast laboured, even thy merchants, from thy youth: they shall wander every one to his quarter; none shall save thee. +Hear ye this, O house of Jacob, which are called by the name of Israel, and are come forth out of the waters of Judah, which swear by the name of the LORD, and make mention of the God of Israel, but not in truth, nor in righteousness. +For they call themselves of the holy city, and stay themselves upon the God of Israel; The LORD of hosts is his name. +I have declared the former things from the beginning; and they went forth out of my mouth, and I shewed them; I did them suddenly, and they came to pass. +Because I knew that thou art obstinate, and thy neck is an iron sinew, and thy brow brass; +I have even from the beginning declared it to thee; before it came to pass I shewed it thee: lest thou shouldest say, Mine idol hath done them, and my graven image, and my molten image, hath commanded them. +Thou hast heard, see all this; and will not ye declare it? I have shewed thee new things from this time, even hidden things, and thou didst not know them. +They are created now, and not from the beginning; even before the day when thou heardest them not; lest thou shouldest say, Behold, I knew them. +Yea, thou heardest not; yea, thou knewest not; yea, from that time that thine ear was not opened: for I knew that thou wouldest deal very treacherously, and wast called a transgressor from the womb. +For my name's sake will I defer mine anger, and for my praise will I refrain for thee, that I cut thee not off. +Behold, I have refined thee, but not with silver; I have chosen thee in the furnace of affliction. +For mine own sake, even for mine own sake, will I do it: for how should my name be polluted? and I will not give my glory unto another. +Hearken unto me, O Jacob and Israel, my called; I am he; I am the first, I also am the last. +Mine hand also hath laid the foundation of the earth, and my right hand hath spanned the heavens: when I call unto them, they stand up together. +All ye, assemble yourselves, and hear; which among them hath declared these things? The LORD hath loved him: he will do his pleasure on Babylon, and his arm shall be on the Chaldeans. +I, even I, have spoken; yea, I have called him: I have brought him, and he shall make his way prosperous. +Come ye near unto me, hear ye this; I have not spoken in secret from the beginning; from the time that it was, there am I: and now the Lord GOD, and his Spirit, hath sent me. +Thus saith the LORD, thy Redeemer, the Holy One of Israel; I am the LORD thy God which teacheth thee to profit, which leadeth thee by the way that thou shouldest go. +O that thou hadst hearkened to my commandments! then had thy peace been as a river, and thy righteousness as the waves of the sea: +Thy seed also had been as the sand, and the offspring of thy bowels like the gravel thereof; his name should not have been cut off nor destroyed from before me. +Go ye forth of Babylon, flee ye from the Chaldeans, with a voice of singing declare ye, tell this, utter it even to the end of the earth; say ye, The LORD hath redeemed his servant Jacob. +And they thirsted not when he led them through the deserts: he caused the waters to flow out of the rock for them: he clave the rock also, and the waters gushed out. +There is no peace, saith the LORD, unto the wicked. +Listen, O isles, unto me; and hearken, ye people, from far; The LORD hath called me from the womb; from the bowels of my mother hath he made mention of my name. +And he hath made my mouth like a sharp sword; in the shadow of his hand hath he hid me, and made me a polished shaft; in his quiver hath he hid me; +And said unto me, Thou art my servant, O Israel, in whom I will be glorified. +Then I said, I have laboured in vain, I have spent my strength for nought, and in vain: yet surely my judgment is with the LORD, and my work with my God. +And now, saith the LORD that formed me from the womb to be his servant, to bring Jacob again to him, Though Israel be not gathered, yet shall I be glorious in the eyes of the LORD, and my God shall be my strength. +And he said, It is a light thing that thou shouldest be my servant to raise up the tribes of Jacob, and to restore the preserved of Israel: I will also give thee for a light to the Gentiles, that thou mayest be my salvation unto the end of the earth. +Thus saith the LORD, the Redeemer of Israel, and his Holy One, to him whom man despiseth, to him whom the nation abhorreth, to a servant of rulers, Kings shall see and arise, princes also shall worship, because of the LORD that is faithful, and the Holy One of Israel, and he shall choose thee. +Thus saith the LORD, In an acceptable time have I heard thee, and in a day of salvation have I helped thee: and I will preserve thee, and give thee for a covenant of the people, to establish the earth, to cause to inherit the desolate heritages; +That thou mayest say to the prisoners, Go forth; to them that are in darkness, Shew yourselves. They shall feed in the ways, and their pastures shall be in all high places. +They shall not hunger nor thirst; neither shall the heat nor sun smite them: for he that hath mercy on them shall lead them, even by the springs of water shall he guide them. +And I will make all my mountains a way, and my highways shall be exalted. +Behold, these shall come from far: and, lo, these from the north and from the west; and these from the land of Sinim. +Sing, O heavens; and be joyful, O earth; and break forth into singing, O mountains: for the LORD hath comforted his people, and will have mercy upon his afflicted. +But Zion said, The LORD hath forsaken me, and my Lord hath forgotten me. +Can a woman forget her sucking child, that she should not have compassion on the son of her womb? yea, they may forget, yet will I not forget thee. +Behold, I have graven thee upon the palms of my hands; thy walls are continually before me. +Thy children shall make haste; thy destroyers and they that made thee waste shall go forth of thee. +Lift up thine eyes round about, and behold: all these gather themselves together, and come to thee. As I live, saith the LORD, thou shalt surely clothe thee with them all, as with an ornament, and bind them on thee, as a bride doeth. +For thy waste and thy desolate places, and the land of thy destruction, shall even now be too narrow by reason of the inhabitants, and they that swallowed thee up shall be far away. +The children which thou shalt have, after thou hast lost the other, shall say again in thine ears, The place is too strait for me: give place to me that I may dwell. +Then shalt thou say in thine heart, Who hath begotten me these, seeing I have lost my children, and am desolate, a captive, and removing to and fro? and who hath brought up these? Behold, I was left alone; these, where had they been? +Thus saith the Lord GOD, Behold, I will lift up mine hand to the Gentiles, and set up my standard to the people: and they shall bring thy sons in their arms, and thy daughters shall be carried upon their shoulders. +And kings shall be thy nursing fathers, and their queens thy nursing mothers: they shall bow down to thee with their face toward the earth, and lick up the dust of thy feet; and thou shalt know that I am the LORD: for they shall not be ashamed that wait for me. +Shall the prey be taken from the mighty, or the lawful captive delivered? +But thus saith the LORD, Even the captives of the mighty shall be taken away, and the prey of the terrible shall be delivered: for I will contend with him that contendeth with thee, and I will save thy children. +And I will feed them that oppress thee with their own flesh; and they shall be drunken with their own blood, as with sweet wine: and all flesh shall know that I the LORD am thy Saviour and thy Redeemer, the mighty One of Jacob. +Thus saith the LORD, Where is the bill of your mother's divorcement, whom I have put away? or which of my creditors is it to whom I have sold you? Behold, for your iniquities have ye sold yourselves, and for your transgressions is your mother put away. +Wherefore, when I came, was there no man? when I called, was there none to answer? Is my hand shortened at all, that it cannot redeem? or have I no power to deliver? behold, at my rebuke I dry up the sea, I make the rivers a wilderness: their fish stinketh, because there is no water, and dieth for thirst. +I clothe the heavens with blackness, and I make sackcloth their covering. +The Lord GOD hath given me the tongue of the learned, that I should know how to speak a word in season to him that is weary: he wakeneth morning by morning, he wakeneth mine ear to hear as the learned. +The Lord GOD hath opened mine ear, and I was not rebellious, neither turned away back. +I gave my back to the smiters, and my cheeks to them that plucked off the hair: I hid not my face from shame and spitting. +For the Lord GOD will help me; therefore shall I not be confounded: therefore have I set my face like a flint, and I know that I shall not be ashamed. +He is near that justifieth me; who will contend with me? let us stand together: who is mine adversary? let him come near to me. +Behold, the Lord GOD will help me; who is he that shall condemn me? lo, they all shall wax old as a garment; the moth shall eat them up. +Who is among you that feareth the LORD, that obeyeth the voice of his servant, that walketh in darkness, and hath no light? let him trust in the name of the LORD, and stay upon his God. +Behold, all ye that kindle a fire, that compass yourselves about with sparks: walk in the light of your fire, and in the sparks that ye have kindled. This shall ye have of mine hand; ye shall lie down in sorrow. +Hearken to me, ye that follow after righteousness, ye that seek the LORD: look unto the rock whence ye are hewn, and to the hole of the pit whence ye are digged. +Look unto Abraham your father, and unto Sarah that bare you: for I called him alone, and blessed him, and increased him. +For the LORD shall comfort Zion: he will comfort all her waste places; and he will make her wilderness like Eden, and her desert like the garden of the LORD; joy and gladness shall be found therein, thanksgiving, and the voice of melody. +Hearken unto me, my people; and give ear unto me, O my nation: for a law shall proceed from me, and I will make my judgment to rest for a light of the people. +My righteousness is near; my salvation is gone forth, and mine arms shall judge the people; the isles shall wait upon me, and on mine arm shall they trust. +Lift up your eyes to the heavens, and look upon the earth beneath: for the heavens shall vanish away like smoke, and the earth shall wax old like a garment, and they that dwell therein shall die in like manner: but my salvation shall be for ever, and my righteousness shall not be abolished. +Hearken unto me, ye that know righteousness, the people in whose heart is my law; fear ye not the reproach of men, neither be ye afraid of their revilings. +For the moth shall eat them up like a garment, and the worm shall eat them like wool: but my righteousness shall be for ever, and my salvation from generation to generation. +Awake, awake, put on strength, O arm of the LORD; awake, as in the ancient days, in the generations of old. Art thou not it that hath cut Rahab, and wounded the dragon? +Art thou not it which hath dried the sea, the waters of the great deep; that hath made the depths of the sea a way for the ransomed to pass over? +Therefore the redeemed of the LORD shall return, and come with singing unto Zion; and everlasting joy shall be upon their head: they shall obtain gladness and joy; and sorrow and mourning shall flee away. +I, even I, am he that comforteth you: who art thou, that thou shouldest be afraid of a man that shall die, and of the son of man which shall be made as grass; +And forgettest the LORD thy maker, that hath stretched forth the heavens, and laid the foundations of the earth; and hast feared continually every day because of the fury of the oppressor, as if he were ready to destroy? and where is the fury of the oppressor? +The captive exile hasteneth that he may be loosed, and that he should not die in the pit, nor that his bread should fail. +But I am the LORD thy God, that divided the sea, whose waves roared: The LORD of hosts is his name. +And I have put my words in thy mouth, and I have covered thee in the shadow of mine hand, that I may plant the heavens, and lay the foundations of the earth, and say unto Zion, Thou art my people. +Awake, awake, stand up, O Jerusalem, which hast drunk at the hand of the LORD the cup of his fury; thou hast drunken the dregs of the cup of trembling, and wrung them out. +There is none to guide her among all the sons whom she hath brought forth; neither is there any that taketh her by the hand of all the sons that she hath brought up. +These two things are come unto thee; who shall be sorry for thee? desolation, and destruction, and the famine, and the sword: by whom shall I comfort thee? +Thy sons have fainted, they lie at the head of all the streets, as a wild bull in a net: they are full of the fury of the LORD, the rebuke of thy God. +Therefore hear now this, thou afflicted, and drunken, but not with wine: +Thus saith thy Lord the LORD, and thy God that pleadeth the cause of his people, Behold, I have taken out of thine hand the cup of trembling, even the dregs of the cup of my fury; thou shalt no more drink it again: +But I will put it into the hand of them that afflict thee; which have said to thy soul, Bow down, that we may go over: and thou hast laid thy body as the ground, and as the street, to them that went over. +Awake, awake; put on thy strength, O Zion; put on thy beautiful garments, O Jerusalem, the holy city: for henceforth there shall no more come into thee the uncircumcised and the unclean. +Shake thyself from the dust; arise, and sit down, O Jerusalem: loose thyself from the bands of thy neck, O captive daughter of Zion. +For thus saith the LORD, Ye have sold yourselves for nought; and ye shall be redeemed without money. +For thus saith the Lord GOD, My people went down aforetime into Egypt to sojourn there; and the Assyrian oppressed them without cause. +Now therefore, what have I here, saith the LORD, that my people is taken away for nought? they that rule over them make them to howl, saith the LORD; and my name continually every day is blasphemed. +Therefore my people shall know my name: therefore they shall know in that day that I am he that doth speak: behold, it is I. +How beautiful upon the mountains are the feet of him that bringeth good tidings, that publisheth peace; that bringeth good tidings of good, that publisheth salvation; that saith unto Zion, Thy God reigneth! +Thy watchmen shall lift up the voice; with the voice together shall they sing: for they shall see eye to eye, when the LORD shall bring again Zion. +Break forth into joy, sing together, ye waste places of Jerusalem: for the LORD hath comforted his people, he hath redeemed Jerusalem. +The LORD hath made bare his holy arm in the eyes of all the nations; and all the ends of the earth shall see the salvation of our God. +Depart ye, depart ye, go ye out from thence, touch no unclean thing; go ye out of the midst of her; be ye clean, that bear the vessels of the LORD. +For ye shall not go out with haste, nor go by flight: for the LORD will go before you; and the God of Israel will be your rereward. +Behold, my servant shall deal prudently, he shall be exalted and extolled, and be very high. +As many were astonied at thee; his visage was so marred more than any man, and his form more than the sons of men: +So shall he sprinkle many nations; the kings shall shut their mouths at him: for that which had not been told them shall they see; and that which they had not heard shall they consider. +Who hath believed our report? and to whom is the arm of the LORD revealed? +For he shall grow up before him as a tender plant, and as a root out of a dry ground: he hath no form nor comeliness; and when we shall see him, there is no beauty that we should desire him. +He is despised and rejected of men; a man of sorrows, and acquainted with grief: and we hid as it were our faces from him; he was despised, and we esteemed him not. +Surely he hath borne our griefs, and carried our sorrows: yet we did esteem him stricken, smitten of God, and afflicted. +But he was wounded for our transgressions, he was bruised for our iniquities: the chastisement of our peace was upon him; and with his stripes we are healed. +All we like sheep have gone astray; we have turned every one to his own way; and the LORD hath laid on him the iniquity of us all. +He was oppressed, and he was afflicted, yet he opened not his mouth: he is brought as a lamb to the slaughter, and as a sheep before her shearers is dumb, so he openeth not his mouth. +He was taken from prison and from judgment: and who shall declare his generation? for he was cut off out of the land of the living: for the transgression of my people was he stricken. +And he made his grave with the wicked, and with the rich in his death; because he had done no violence, neither was any deceit in his mouth. +Yet it pleased the LORD to bruise him; he hath put him to grief: when thou shalt make his soul an offering for sin, he shall see his seed, he shall prolong his days, and the pleasure of the LORD shall prosper in his hand. +He shall see of the travail of his soul, and shall be satisfied: by his knowledge shall my righteous servant justify many; for he shall bear their iniquities. +Therefore will I divide him a portion with the great, and he shall divide the spoil with the strong; because he hath poured out his soul unto death: and he was numbered with the transgressors; and he bare the sin of many, and made intercession for the transgressors. +Sing, O barren, thou that didst not bear; break forth into singing, and cry aloud, thou that didst not travail with child: for more are the children of the desolate than the children of the married wife, saith the LORD. +Enlarge the place of thy tent, and let them stretch forth the curtains of thine habitations: spare not, lengthen thy cords, and strengthen thy stakes; +For thou shalt break forth on the right hand and on the left; and thy seed shall inherit the Gentiles, and make the desolate cities to be inhabited. +Fear not; for thou shalt not be ashamed: neither be thou confounded; for thou shalt not be put to shame: for thou shalt forget the shame of thy youth, and shalt not remember the reproach of thy widowhood any more. +For thy Maker is thine husband; the LORD of hosts is his name; and thy Redeemer the Holy One of Israel; The God of the whole earth shall he be called. +For the LORD hath called thee as a woman forsaken and grieved in spirit, and a wife of youth, when thou wast refused, saith thy God. +For a small moment have I forsaken thee; but with great mercies will I gather thee. +In a little wrath I hid my face from thee for a moment; but with everlasting kindness will I have mercy on thee, saith the LORD thy Redeemer. +For this is as the waters of Noah unto me: for as I have sworn that the waters of Noah should no more go over the earth; so have I sworn that I would not be wroth with thee, nor rebuke thee. +For the mountains shall depart, and the hills be removed; but my kindness shall not depart from thee, neither shall the covenant of my peace be removed, saith the LORD that hath mercy on thee. +O thou afflicted, tossed with tempest, and not comforted, behold, I will lay thy stones with fair colours, and lay thy foundations with sapphires. +And I will make thy windows of agates, and thy gates of carbuncles, and all thy borders of pleasant stones. +And all thy children shall be taught of the LORD; and great shall be the peace of thy children. +In righteousness shalt thou be established: thou shalt be far from oppression; for thou shalt not fear: and from terror; for it shall not come near thee. +Behold, they shall surely gather together, but not by me: whosoever shall gather together against thee shall fall for thy sake. +Behold, I have created the smith that bloweth the coals in the fire, and that bringeth forth an instrument for his work; and I have created the waster to destroy. +No weapon that is formed against thee shall prosper; and every tongue that shall rise against thee in judgment thou shalt condemn. This is the heritage of the servants of the LORD, and their righteousness is of me, saith the LORD. +Ho, every one that thirsteth, come ye to the waters, and he that hath no money; come ye, buy, and eat; yea, come, buy wine and milk without money and without price. +Wherefore do ye spend money for that which is not bread? and your labour for that which satisfieth not? hearken diligently unto me, and eat ye that which is good, and let your soul delight itself in fatness. +Incline your ear, and come unto me: hear, and your soul shall live; and I will make an everlasting covenant with you, even the sure mercies of David. +Behold, I have given him for a witness to the people, a leader and commander to the people. +Behold, thou shalt call a nation that thou knowest not, and nations that knew not thee shall run unto thee because of the LORD thy God, and for the Holy One of Israel; for he hath glorified thee. +Seek ye the LORD while he may be found, call ye upon him while he is near: +Let the wicked forsake his way, and the unrighteous man his thoughts: and let him return unto the LORD, and he will have mercy upon him; and to our God, for he will abundantly pardon. +For my thoughts are not your thoughts, neither are your ways my ways, saith the LORD. +For as the heavens are higher than the earth, so are my ways higher than your ways, and my thoughts than your thoughts. +For as the rain cometh down, and the snow from heaven, and returneth not thither, but watereth the earth, and maketh it bring forth and bud, that it may give seed to the sower, and bread to the eater: +So shall my word be that goeth forth out of my mouth: it shall not return unto me void, but it shall accomplish that which I please, and it shall prosper in the thing whereto I sent it. +For ye shall go out with joy, and be led forth with peace: the mountains and the hills shall break forth before you into singing, and all the trees of the field shall clap their hands. +Instead of the thorn shall come up the fir tree, and instead of the brier shall come up the myrtle tree: and it shall be to the LORD for a name, for an everlasting sign that shall not be cut off. +Thus saith the LORD, Keep ye judgment, and do justice: for my salvation is near to come, and my righteousness to be revealed. +Blessed is the man that doeth this, and the son of man that layeth hold on it; that keepeth the sabbath from polluting it, and keepeth his hand from doing any evil. +Neither let the son of the stranger, that hath joined himself to the LORD, speak, saying, The LORD hath utterly separated me from his people: neither let the eunuch say, Behold, I am a dry tree. +For thus saith the LORD unto the eunuchs that keep my sabbaths, and choose the things that please me, and take hold of my covenant; +Even unto them will I give in mine house and within my walls a place and a name better than of sons and of daughters: I will give them an everlasting name, that shall not be cut off. +Also the sons of the stranger, that join themselves to the LORD, to serve him, and to love the name of the LORD, to be his servants, every one that keepeth the sabbath from polluting it, and taketh hold of my covenant; +Even them will I bring to my holy mountain, and make them joyful in my house of prayer: their burnt offerings and their sacrifices shall be accepted upon mine altar; for mine house shall be called an house of prayer for all people. +The Lord GOD, which gathereth the outcasts of Israel saith, Yet will I gather others to him, beside those that are gathered unto him. +All ye beasts of the field, come to devour, yea, all ye beasts in the forest. +His watchmen are blind: they are all ignorant, they are all dumb dogs, they cannot bark; sleeping, lying down, loving to slumber. +Yea, they are greedy dogs which can never have enough, and they are shepherds that cannot understand: they all look to their own way, every one for his gain, from his quarter. +Come ye, say they, I will fetch wine, and we will fill ourselves with strong drink; and to morrow shall be as this day, and much more abundant. +The righteous perisheth, and no man layeth it to heart: and merciful men are taken away, none considering that the righteous is taken away from the evil to come. +He shall enter into peace: they shall rest in their beds, each one walking in his uprightness. +But draw near hither, ye sons of the sorceress, the seed of the adulterer and the whore. +Against whom do ye sport yourselves? against whom make ye a wide mouth, and draw out the tongue? are ye not children of transgression, a seed of falsehood. +Enflaming yourselves with idols under every green tree, slaying the children in the valleys under the clifts of the rocks? +Among the smooth stones of the stream is thy portion; they, they are thy lot: even to them hast thou poured a drink offering, thou hast offered a meat offering. Should I receive comfort in these? +Upon a lofty and high mountain hast thou set thy bed: even thither wentest thou up to offer sacrifice. +Behind the doors also and the posts hast thou set up thy remembrance: for thou hast discovered thyself to another than me, and art gone up; thou hast enlarged thy bed, and made thee a covenant with them; thou lovedst their bed where thou sawest it. +And thou wentest to the king with ointment, and didst increase thy perfumes, and didst send thy messengers far off, and didst debase thyself even unto hell. +Thou art wearied in the greatness of thy way; yet saidst thou not, There is no hope: thou hast found the life of thine hand; therefore thou wast not grieved. +And of whom hast thou been afraid or feared, that thou hast lied, and hast not remembered me, nor laid it to thy heart? have not I held my peace even of old, and thou fearest me not? +I will declare thy righteousness, and thy works; for they shall not profit thee. +When thou criest, let thy companies deliver thee; but the wind shall carry them all away; vanity shall take them: but he that putteth his trust in me shall possess the land, and shall inherit my holy mountain; +And shall say, Cast ye up, cast ye up, prepare the way, take up the stumblingblock out of the way of my people. +For thus saith the high and lofty One that inhabiteth eternity, whose name is Holy; I dwell in the high and holy place, with him also that is of a contrite and humble spirit, to revive the spirit of the humble, and to revive the heart of the contrite ones. +For I will not contend for ever, neither will I be always wroth: for the spirit should fail before me, and the souls which I have made. +For the iniquity of his covetousness was I wroth, and smote him: I hid me, and was wroth, and he went on frowardly in the way of his heart. +I have seen his ways, and will heal him: I will lead him also, and restore comforts unto him and to his mourners. +I create the fruit of the lips; Peace, peace to him that is far off, and to him that is near, saith the LORD; and I will heal him. +But the wicked are like the troubled sea, when it cannot rest, whose waters cast up mire and dirt. +There is no peace, saith my God, to the wicked. +Cry aloud, spare not, lift up thy voice like a trumpet, and shew my people their transgression, and the house of Jacob their sins. +Yet they seek me daily, and delight to know my ways, as a nation that did righteousness, and forsook not the ordinance of their God: they ask of me the ordinances of justice; they take delight in approaching to God. +Wherefore have we fasted, say they, and thou seest not? wherefore have we afflicted our soul, and thou takest no knowledge? Behold, in the day of your fast ye find pleasure, and exact all your labours. +Behold, ye fast for strife and debate, and to smite with the fist of wickedness: ye shall not fast as ye do this day, to make your voice to be heard on high. +Is it such a fast that I have chosen? a day for a man to afflict his soul? is it to bow down his head as a bulrush, and to spread sackcloth and ashes under him? wilt thou call this a fast, and an acceptable day to the LORD? +Is not this the fast that I have chosen? to loose the bands of wickedness, to undo the heavy burdens, and to let the oppressed go free, and that ye break every yoke? +Is it not to deal thy bread to the hungry, and that thou bring the poor that are cast out to thy house? when thou seest the naked, that thou cover him; and that thou hide not thyself from thine own flesh? +Then shall thy light break forth as the morning, and thine health shall spring forth speedily: and thy righteousness shall go before thee; the glory of the LORD shall be thy rereward. +Then shalt thou call, and the LORD shall answer; thou shalt cry, and he shall say, Here I am. If thou take away from the midst of thee the yoke, the putting forth of the finger, and speaking vanity; +And if thou draw out thy soul to the hungry, and satisfy the afflicted soul; then shall thy light rise in obscurity, and thy darkness be as the noon day: +And the LORD shall guide thee continually, and satisfy thy soul in drought, and make fat thy bones: and thou shalt be like a watered garden, and like a spring of water, whose waters fail not. +And they that shall be of thee shall build the old waste places: thou shalt raise up the foundations of many generations; and thou shalt be called, The repairer of the breach, The restorer of paths to dwell in. +If thou turn away thy foot from the sabbath, from doing thy pleasure on my holy day; and call the sabbath a delight, the holy of the LORD, honourable; and shalt honour him, not doing thine own ways, nor finding thine own pleasure, nor speaking thine own words: +Then shalt thou delight thyself in the LORD; and I will cause thee to ride upon the high places of the earth, and feed thee with the heritage of Jacob thy father: for the mouth of the LORD hath spoken it. +Behold, the LORD's hand is not shortened, that it cannot save; neither his ear heavy, that it cannot hear: +But your iniquities have separated between you and your God, and your sins have hid his face from you, that he will not hear. +For your hands are defiled with blood, and your fingers with iniquity; your lips have spoken lies, your tongue hath muttered perverseness. +None calleth for justice, nor any pleadeth for truth: they trust in vanity, and speak lies; they conceive mischief, and bring forth iniquity. +They hatch cockatrice' eggs, and weave the spider's web: he that eateth of their eggs dieth, and that which is crushed breaketh out into a viper. +Their webs shall not become garments, neither shall they cover themselves with their works: their works are works of iniquity, and the act of violence is in their hands. +Their feet run to evil, and they make haste to shed innocent blood: their thoughts are thoughts of iniquity; wasting and destruction are in their paths. +The way of peace they know not; and there is no judgment in their goings: they have made them crooked paths: whosoever goeth therein shall not know peace. +Therefore is judgment far from us, neither doth justice overtake us: we wait for light, but behold obscurity; for brightness, but we walk in darkness. +We grope for the wall like the blind, and we grope as if we had no eyes: we stumble at noon day as in the night; we are in desolate places as dead men. +We roar all like bears, and mourn sore like doves: we look for judgment, but there is none; for salvation, but it is far off from us. +For our transgressions are multiplied before thee, and our sins testify against us: for our transgressions are with us; and as for our iniquities, we know them; +In transgressing and lying against the LORD, and departing away from our God, speaking oppression and revolt, conceiving and uttering from the heart words of falsehood. +And judgment is turned away backward, and justice standeth afar off: for truth is fallen in the street, and equity cannot enter. +Yea, truth faileth; and he that departeth from evil maketh himself a prey: and the LORD saw it, and it displeased him that there was no judgment. +And he saw that there was no man, and wondered that there was no intercessor: therefore his arm brought salvation unto him; and his righteousness, it sustained him. +For he put on righteousness as a breastplate, and an helmet of salvation upon his head; and he put on the garments of vengeance for clothing, and was clad with zeal as a cloak. +According to their deeds, accordingly he will repay, fury to his adversaries, recompence to his enemies; to the islands he will repay recompence. +So shall they fear the name of the LORD from the west, and his glory from the rising of the sun. When the enemy shall come in like a flood, the Spirit of the LORD shall lift up a standard against him. +And the Redeemer shall come to Zion, and unto them that turn from transgression in Jacob, saith the LORD. +As for me, this is my covenant with them, saith the LORD; My spirit that is upon thee, and my words which I have put in thy mouth, shall not depart out of thy mouth, nor out of the mouth of thy seed, nor out of the mouth of thy seed's seed, saith the LORD, from henceforth and for ever. +Arise, shine; for thy light is come, and the glory of the LORD is risen upon thee. +For, behold, the darkness shall cover the earth, and gross darkness the people: but the LORD shall arise upon thee, and his glory shall be seen upon thee. +And the Gentiles shall come to thy light, and kings to the brightness of thy rising. +Lift up thine eyes round about, and see: all they gather themselves together, they come to thee: thy sons shall come from far, and thy daughters shall be nursed at thy side. +Then thou shalt see, and flow together, and thine heart shall fear, and be enlarged; because the abundance of the sea shall be converted unto thee, the forces of the Gentiles shall come unto thee. +The multitude of camels shall cover thee, the dromedaries of Midian and Ephah; all they from Sheba shall come: they shall bring gold and incense; and they shall shew forth the praises of the LORD. +All the flocks of Kedar shall be gathered together unto thee, the rams of Nebaioth shall minister unto thee: they shall come up with acceptance on mine altar, and I will glorify the house of my glory. +Who are these that fly as a cloud, and as the doves to their windows? +Surely the isles shall wait for me, and the ships of Tarshish first, to bring thy sons from far, their silver and their gold with them, unto the name of the LORD thy God, and to the Holy One of Israel, because he hath glorified thee. +And the sons of strangers shall build up thy walls, and their kings shall minister unto thee: for in my wrath I smote thee, but in my favour have I had mercy on thee. +Therefore thy gates shall be open continually; they shall not be shut day nor night; that men may bring unto thee the forces of the Gentiles, and that their kings may be brought. +For the nation and kingdom that will not serve thee shall perish; yea, those nations shall be utterly wasted. +The glory of Lebanon shall come unto thee, the fir tree, the pine tree, and the box together, to beautify the place of my sanctuary; and I will make the place of my feet glorious. +The sons also of them that afflicted thee shall come bending unto thee; and all they that despised thee shall bow themselves down at the soles of thy feet; and they shall call thee; The city of the LORD, The Zion of the Holy One of Israel. +Whereas thou has been forsaken and hated, so that no man went through thee, I will make thee an eternal excellency, a joy of many generations. +Thou shalt also suck the milk of the Gentiles, and shalt suck the breast of kings: and thou shalt know that I the LORD am thy Saviour and thy Redeemer, the mighty One of Jacob. +For brass I will bring gold, and for iron I will bring silver, and for wood brass, and for stones iron: I will also make thy officers peace, and thine exactors righteousness. +Violence shall no more be heard in thy land, wasting nor destruction within thy borders; but thou shalt call thy walls Salvation, and thy gates Praise. +The sun shall be no more thy light by day; neither for brightness shall the moon give light unto thee: but the LORD shall be unto thee an everlasting light, and thy God thy glory. +Thy sun shall no more go down; neither shall thy moon withdraw itself: for the LORD shall be thine everlasting light, and the days of thy mourning shall be ended. +Thy people also shall be all righteous: they shall inherit the land for ever, the branch of my planting, the work of my hands, that I may be glorified. +A little one shall become a thousand, and a small one a strong nation: I the LORD will hasten it in his time. +The Spirit of the Lord GOD is upon me; because the LORD hath anointed me to preach good tidings unto the meek; he hath sent me to bind up the brokenhearted, to proclaim liberty to the captives, and the opening of the prison to them that are bound; +To proclaim the acceptable year of the LORD, and the day of vengeance of our God; to comfort all that mourn; +To appoint unto them that mourn in Zion, to give unto them beauty for ashes, the oil of joy for mourning, the garment of praise for the spirit of heaviness; that they might be called trees of righteousness, the planting of the LORD, that he might be glorified. +And they shall build the old wastes, they shall raise up the former desolations, and they shall repair the waste cities, the desolations of many generations. +And strangers shall stand and feed your flocks, and the sons of the alien shall be your plowmen and your vinedressers. +But ye shall be named the Priests of the LORD: men shall call you the Ministers of our God: ye shall eat the riches of the Gentiles, and in their glory shall ye boast yourselves. +For your shame ye shall have double; and for confusion they shall rejoice in their portion: therefore in their land they shall possess the double: everlasting joy shall be unto them. +For I the LORD love judgment, I hate robbery for burnt offering; and I will direct their work in truth, and I will make an everlasting covenant with them. +And their seed shall be known among the Gentiles, and their offspring among the people: all that see them shall acknowledge them, that they are the seed which the LORD hath blessed. +I will greatly rejoice in the LORD, my soul shall be joyful in my God; for he hath clothed me with the garments of salvation, he hath covered me with the robe of righteousness, as a bridegroom decketh himself with ornaments, and as a bride adorneth herself with her jewels. +For as the earth bringeth forth her bud, and as the garden causeth the things that are sown in it to spring forth; so the Lord GOD will cause righteousness and praise to spring forth before all the nations. +For Zion's sake will I not hold my peace, and for Jerusalem's sake I will not rest, until the righteousness thereof go forth as brightness, and the salvation thereof as a lamp that burneth. +And the Gentiles shall see thy righteousness, and all kings thy glory: and thou shalt be called by a new name, which the mouth of the LORD shall name. +Thou shalt also be a crown of glory in the hand of the LORD, and a royal diadem in the hand of thy God. +Thou shalt no more be termed Forsaken; neither shall thy land any more be termed Desolate: but thou shalt be called Hephzibah, and thy land Beulah: for the LORD delighteth in thee, and thy land shall be married. +For as a young man marrieth a virgin, so shall thy sons marry thee: and as the bridegroom rejoiceth over the bride, so shall thy God rejoice over thee. +I have set watchmen upon thy walls, O Jerusalem, which shall never hold their peace day nor night: ye that make mention of the LORD, keep not silence, +And give him no rest, till he establish, and till he make Jerusalem a praise in the earth. +The LORD hath sworn by his right hand, and by the arm of his strength, Surely I will no more give thy corn to be meat for thine enemies; and the sons of the stranger shall not drink thy wine, for the which thou hast laboured: +But they that have gathered it shall eat it, and praise the LORD; and they that have brought it together shall drink it in the courts of my holiness. +Go through, go through the gates; prepare ye the way of the people; cast up, cast up the highway; gather out the stones; lift up a standard for the people. +Behold, the LORD hath proclaimed unto the end of the world, Say ye to the daughter of Zion, Behold, thy salvation cometh; behold, his reward is with him, and his work before him. +And they shall call them, The holy people, The redeemed of the LORD: and thou shalt be called, Sought out, A city not forsaken. +Who is this that cometh from Edom, with dyed garments from Bozrah? this that is glorious in his apparel, travelling in the greatness of his strength? I that speak in righteousness, mighty to save. +Wherefore art thou red in thine apparel, and thy garments like him that treadeth in the winefat? +I have trodden the winepress alone; and of the people there was none with me: for I will tread them in mine anger, and trample them in my fury; and their blood shall be sprinkled upon my garments, and I will stain all my raiment. +For the day of vengeance is in mine heart, and the year of my redeemed is come. +And I looked, and there was none to help; and I wondered that there was none to uphold: therefore mine own arm brought salvation unto me; and my fury, it upheld me. +And I will tread down the people in mine anger, and make them drunk in my fury, and I will bring down their strength to the earth. +I will mention the lovingkindnesses of the LORD, and the praises of the LORD, according to all that the LORD hath bestowed on us, and the great goodness toward the house of Israel, which he hath bestowed on them according to his mercies, and according to the multitude of his lovingkindnesses. +For he said, Surely they are my people, children that will not lie: so he was their Saviour. +In all their affliction he was afflicted, and the angel of his presence saved them: in his love and in his pity he redeemed them; and he bare them, and carried them all the days of old. +But they rebelled, and vexed his holy Spirit: therefore he was turned to be their enemy, and he fought against them. +Then he remembered the days of old, Moses, and his people, saying, Where is he that brought them up out of the sea with the shepherd of his flock? where is he that put his holy Spirit within him? +That led them by the right hand of Moses with his glorious arm, dividing the water before them, to make himself an everlasting name? +That led them through the deep, as an horse in the wilderness, that they should not stumble? +As a beast goeth down into the valley, the Spirit of the LORD caused him to rest: so didst thou lead thy people, to make thyself a glorious name. +Look down from heaven, and behold from the habitation of thy holiness and of thy glory: where is thy zeal and thy strength, the sounding of thy bowels and of thy mercies toward me? are they restrained? +Doubtless thou art our father, though Abraham be ignorant of us, and Israel acknowledge us not: thou, O LORD, art our father, our redeemer; thy name is from everlasting. +O LORD, why hast thou made us to err from thy ways, and hardened our heart from thy fear? Return for thy servants' sake, the tribes of thine inheritance. +The people of thy holiness have possessed it but a little while: our adversaries have trodden down thy sanctuary. +We are thine: thou never barest rule over them; they were not called by thy name. +Oh that thou wouldest rend the heavens, that thou wouldest come down, that the mountains might flow down at thy presence, +As when the melting fire burneth, the fire causeth the waters to boil, to make thy name known to thine adversaries, that the nations may tremble at thy presence! +When thou didst terrible things which we looked not for, thou camest down, the mountains flowed down at thy presence. +For since the beginning of the world men have not heard, nor perceived by the ear, neither hath the eye seen, O God, beside thee, what he hath prepared for him that waiteth for him. +Thou meetest him that rejoiceth and worketh righteousness, those that remember thee in thy ways: behold, thou art wroth; for we have sinned: in those is continuance, and we shall be saved. +But we are all as an unclean thing, and all our righteousnesses are as filthy rags; and we all do fade as a leaf; and our iniquities, like the wind, have taken us away. +And there is none that calleth upon thy name, that stirreth up himself to take hold of thee: for thou hast hid thy face from us, and hast consumed us, because of our iniquities. +But now, O LORD, thou art our father; we are the clay, and thou our potter; and we all are the work of thy hand. +Be not wroth very sore, O LORD, neither remember iniquity for ever: behold, see, we beseech thee, we are all thy people. +Thy holy cities are a wilderness, Zion is a wilderness, Jerusalem a desolation. +Our holy and our beautiful house, where our fathers praised thee, is burned up with fire: and all our pleasant things are laid waste. +Wilt thou refrain thyself for these things, O LORD? wilt thou hold thy peace, and afflict us very sore? +I am sought of them that asked not for me; I am found of them that sought me not: I said, Behold me, behold me, unto a nation that was not called by my name. +I have spread out my hands all the day unto a rebellious people, which walketh in a way that was not good, after their own thoughts; +A people that provoketh me to anger continually to my face; that sacrificeth in gardens, and burneth incense upon altars of brick; +Which remain among the graves, and lodge in the monuments, which eat swine's flesh, and broth of abominable things is in their vessels; +Which say, Stand by thyself, come not near to me; for I am holier than thou. These are a smoke in my nose, a fire that burneth all the day. +Behold, it is written before me: I will not keep silence, but will recompense, even recompense into their bosom, +Your iniquities, and the iniquities of your fathers together, saith the LORD, which have burned incense upon the mountains, and blasphemed me upon the hills: therefore will I measure their former work into their bosom. +Thus saith the LORD, As the new wine is found in the cluster, and one saith, Destroy it not; for a blessing is in it: so will I do for my servants' sakes, that I may not destroy them all. +And I will bring forth a seed out of Jacob, and out of Judah an inheritor of my mountains: and mine elect shall inherit it, and my servants shall dwell there. +And Sharon shall be a fold of flocks, and the valley of Achor a place for the herds to lie down in, for my people that have sought me. +But ye are they that forsake the LORD, that forget my holy mountain, that prepare a table for that troop, and that furnish the drink offering unto that number. +Therefore will I number you to the sword, and ye shall all bow down to the slaughter: because when I called, ye did not answer; when I spake, ye did not hear; but did evil before mine eyes, and did choose that wherein I delighted not. +Therefore thus saith the Lord GOD, Behold, my servants shall eat, but ye shall be hungry: behold, my servants shall drink, but ye shall be thirsty: behold, my servants shall rejoice, but ye shall be ashamed: +Behold, my servants shall sing for joy of heart, but ye shall cry for sorrow of heart, and shall howl for vexation of spirit. +And ye shall leave your name for a curse unto my chosen: for the Lord GOD shall slay thee, and call his servants by another name: +That he who blesseth himself in the earth shall bless himself in the God of truth; and he that sweareth in the earth shall swear by the God of truth; because the former troubles are forgotten, and because they are hid from mine eyes. +For, behold, I create new heavens and a new earth: and the former shall not be remembered, nor come into mind. +But be ye glad and rejoice for ever in that which I create: for, behold, I create Jerusalem a rejoicing, and her people a joy. +And I will rejoice in Jerusalem, and joy in my people: and the voice of weeping shall be no more heard in her, nor the voice of crying. +There shall be no more thence an infant of days, nor an old man that hath not filled his days: for the child shall die an hundred years old; but the sinner being an hundred years old shall be accursed. +And they shall build houses, and inhabit them; and they shall plant vineyards, and eat the fruit of them. +They shall not build, and another inhabit; they shall not plant, and another eat: for as the days of a tree are the days of my people, and mine elect shall long enjoy the work of their hands. +They shall not labour in vain, nor bring forth for trouble; for they are the seed of the blessed of the LORD, and their offspring with them. +And it shall come to pass, that before they call, I will answer; and while they are yet speaking, I will hear. +The wolf and the lamb shall feed together, and the lion shall eat straw like the bullock: and dust shall be the serpent's meat. They shall not hurt nor destroy in all my holy mountain, saith the LORD. +Thus saith the LORD, The heaven is my throne, and the earth is my footstool: where is the house that ye build unto me? and where is the place of my rest? +For all those things hath mine hand made, and all those things have been, saith the LORD: but to this man will I look, even to him that is poor and of a contrite spirit, and trembleth at my word. +He that killeth an ox is as if he slew a man; he that sacrificeth a lamb, as if he cut off a dog's neck; he that offereth an oblation, as if he offered swine's blood; he that burneth incense, as if he blessed an idol. Yea, they have chosen their own ways, and their soul delighteth in their abominations. +I also will choose their delusions, and will bring their fears upon them; because when I called, none did answer; when I spake, they did not hear: but they did evil before mine eyes, and chose that in which I delighted not. +Hear the word of the LORD, ye that tremble at his word; Your brethren that hated you, that cast you out for my name's sake, said, Let the LORD be glorified: but he shall appear to your joy, and they shall be ashamed. +A voice of noise from the city, a voice from the temple, a voice of the LORD that rendereth recompence to his enemies. +Before she travailed, she brought forth; before her pain came, she was delivered of a man child. +Who hath heard such a thing? who hath seen such things? Shall the earth be made to bring forth in one day? or shall a nation be born at once? for as soon as Zion travailed, she brought forth her children. +Shall I bring to the birth, and not cause to bring forth? saith the LORD: shall I cause to bring forth, and shut the womb? saith thy God. +Rejoice ye with Jerusalem, and be glad with her, all ye that love her: rejoice for joy with her, all ye that mourn for her: +That ye may suck, and be satisfied with the breasts of her consolations; that ye may milk out, and be delighted with the abundance of her glory. +For thus saith the LORD, Behold, I will extend peace to her like a river, and the glory of the Gentiles like a flowing stream: then shall ye suck, ye shall be borne upon her sides, and be dandled upon her knees. +As one whom his mother comforteth, so will I comfort you; and ye shall be comforted in Jerusalem. +And when ye see this, your heart shall rejoice, and your bones shall flourish like an herb: and the hand of the LORD shall be known toward his servants, and his indignation toward his enemies. +For, behold, the LORD will come with fire, and with his chariots like a whirlwind, to render his anger with fury, and his rebuke with flames of fire. +For by fire and by his sword will the LORD plead with all flesh: and the slain of the LORD shall be many. +They that sanctify themselves, and purify themselves in the gardens behind one tree in the midst, eating swine's flesh, and the abomination, and the mouse, shall be consumed together, saith the LORD. +For I know their works and their thoughts: it shall come, that I will gather all nations and tongues; and they shall come, and see my glory. +And I will set a sign among them, and I will send those that escape of them unto the nations, to Tarshish, Pul, and Lud, that draw the bow, to Tubal, and Javan, to the isles afar off, that have not heard my fame, neither have seen my glory; and they shall declare my glory among the Gentiles. +And they shall bring all your brethren for an offering unto the LORD out of all nations upon horses, and in chariots, and in litters, and upon mules, and upon swift beasts, to my holy mountain Jerusalem, saith the LORD, as the children of Israel bring an offering in a clean vessel into the house of the LORD. +And I will also take of them for priests and for Levites, saith the LORD. +For as the new heavens and the new earth, which I will make, shall remain before me, saith the LORD, so shall your seed and your name remain. +And it shall come to pass, that from one new moon to another, and from one sabbath to another, shall all flesh come to worship before me, saith the LORD. +And they shall go forth, and look upon the carcases of the men that have transgressed against me: for their worm shall not die, neither shall their fire be quenched; and they shall be an abhorring unto all flesh. +The words of Jeremiah the son of Hilkiah, of the priests that were in Anathoth in the land of Benjamin: +To whom the word of the LORD came in the days of Josiah the son of Amon king of Judah, in the thirteenth year of his reign. +It came also in the days of Jehoiakim the son of Josiah king of Judah, unto the end of the eleventh year of Zedekiah the son of Josiah king of Judah, unto the carrying away of Jerusalem captive in the fifth month. +Then the word of the LORD came unto me, saying, +Before I formed thee in the belly I knew thee; and before thou camest forth out of the womb I sanctified thee, and I ordained thee a prophet unto the nations. +Then said I, Ah, Lord GOD! behold, I cannot speak: for I am a child. +But the LORD said unto me, Say not, I am a child: for thou shalt go to all that I shall send thee, and whatsoever I command thee thou shalt speak. +Be not afraid of their faces: for I am with thee to deliver thee, saith the LORD. +Then the LORD put forth his hand, and touched my mouth. And the LORD said unto me, Behold, I have put my words in thy mouth. +See, I have this day set thee over the nations and over the kingdoms, to root out, and to pull down, and to destroy, and to throw down, to build, and to plant. +Moreover the word of the LORD came unto me, saying, Jeremiah, what seest thou? And I said, I see a rod of an almond tree. +Then said the LORD unto me, Thou hast well seen: for I will hasten my word to perform it. +And the word of the LORD came unto me the second time, saying, What seest thou? And I said, I see a seething pot; and the face thereof is toward the north. +Then the LORD said unto me, Out of the north an evil shall break forth upon all the inhabitants of the land. +For, lo, I will call all the families of the kingdoms of the north, saith the LORD; and they shall come, and they shall set every one his throne at the entering of the gates of Jerusalem, and against all the walls thereof round about, and against all the cities of Judah. +And I will utter my judgments against them touching all their wickedness, who have forsaken me, and have burned incense unto other gods, and worshipped the works of their own hands. +Thou therefore gird up thy loins, and arise, and speak unto them all that I command thee: be not dismayed at their faces, lest I confound thee before them. +For, behold, I have made thee this day a defenced city, and an iron pillar, and brasen walls against the whole land, against the kings of Judah, against the princes thereof, against the priests thereof, and against the people of the land. +And they shall fight against thee; but they shall not prevail against thee; for I am with thee, saith the LORD, to deliver thee. +Moreover the word of the LORD came to me, saying, +Go and cry in the ears of Jerusalem, saying, Thus saith the LORD; I remember thee, the kindness of thy youth, the love of thine espousals, when thou wentest after me in the wilderness, in a land that was not sown. +Israel was holiness unto the LORD, and the firstfruits of his increase: all that devour him shall offend; evil shall come upon them, saith the LORD. +Hear ye the word of the LORD, O house of Jacob, and all the families of the house of Israel: +Thus saith the LORD, What iniquity have your fathers found in me, that they are gone far from me, and have walked after vanity, and are become vain? +Neither said they, Where is the LORD that brought us up out of the land of Egypt, that led us through the wilderness, through a land of deserts and of pits, through a land of drought, and of the shadow of death, through a land that no man passed through, and where no man dwelt? +And I brought you into a plentiful country, to eat the fruit thereof and the goodness thereof; but when ye entered, ye defiled my land, and made mine heritage an abomination. +The priests said not, Where is the LORD? and they that handle the law knew me not: the pastors also transgressed against me, and the prophets prophesied by Baal, and walked after things that do not profit. +Wherefore I will yet plead with you, saith the LORD, and with your children's children will I plead. +For pass over the isles of Chittim, and see; and send unto Kedar, and consider diligently, and see if there be such a thing. +Hath a nation changed their gods, which are yet no gods? but my people have changed their glory for that which doth not profit. +Be astonished, O ye heavens, at this, and be horribly afraid, be ye very desolate, saith the LORD. +For my people have committed two evils; they have forsaken me the fountain of living waters, and hewed them out cisterns, broken cisterns, that can hold no water. +Is Israel a servant? is he a homeborn slave? why is he spoiled? +The young lions roared upon him, and yelled, and they made his land waste: his cities are burned without inhabitant. +Also the children of Noph and Tahapanes have broken the crown of thy head. +Hast thou not procured this unto thyself, in that thou hast forsaken the LORD thy God, when he led thee by the way? +And now what hast thou to do in the way of Egypt, to drink the waters of Sihor? or what hast thou to do in the way of Assyria, to drink the waters of the river? +Thine own wickedness shall correct thee, and thy backslidings shall reprove thee: know therefore and see that it is an evil thing and bitter, that thou hast forsaken the LORD thy God, and that my fear is not in thee, saith the Lord GOD of hosts. +For of old time I have broken thy yoke, and burst thy bands; and thou saidst, I will not transgress; when upon every high hill and under every green tree thou wanderest, playing the harlot. +Yet I had planted thee a noble vine, wholly a right seed: how then art thou turned into the degenerate plant of a strange vine unto me? +For though thou wash thee with nitre, and take thee much soap, yet thine iniquity is marked before me, saith the Lord GOD. +How canst thou say, I am not polluted, I have not gone after Baalim? see thy way in the valley, know what thou hast done: thou art a swift dromedary traversing her ways; +A wild ass used to the wilderness, that snuffeth up the wind at her pleasure; in her occasion who can turn her away? all they that seek her will not weary themselves; in her month they shall find her. +Withhold thy foot from being unshod, and thy throat from thirst: but thou saidst, There is no hope: no; for I have loved strangers, and after them will I go. +As the thief is ashamed when he is found, so is the house of Israel ashamed; they, their kings, their princes, and their priests, and their prophets. +Saying to a stock, Thou art my father; and to a stone, Thou hast brought me forth: for they have turned their back unto me, and not their face: but in the time of their trouble they will say, Arise, and save us. +But where are thy gods that thou hast made thee? let them arise, if they can save thee in the time of thy trouble: for according to the number of thy cities are thy gods, O Judah. +Wherefore will ye plead with me? ye all have transgressed against me, saith the LORD. +In vain have I smitten your children; they received no correction: your own sword hath devoured your prophets, like a destroying lion. +O generation, see ye the word of the LORD. Have I been a wilderness unto Israel? a land of darkness? wherefore say my people, We are lords; we will come no more unto thee? +Can a maid forget her ornaments, or a bride her attire? yet my people have forgotten me days without number. +Why trimmest thou thy way to seek love? therefore hast thou also taught the wicked ones thy ways. +Also in thy skirts is found the blood of the souls of the poor innocents: I have not found it by secret search, but upon all these. +Yet thou sayest, Because I am innocent, surely his anger shall turn from me. Behold, I will plead with thee, because thou sayest, I have not sinned. +Why gaddest thou about so much to change thy way? thou also shalt be ashamed of Egypt, as thou wast ashamed of Assyria. +Yea, thou shalt go forth from him, and thine hands upon thine head: for the LORD hath rejected thy confidences, and thou shalt not prosper in them. +They say, If a man put away his wife, and she go from him, and become another man's, shall he return unto her again? shall not that land be greatly polluted? but thou hast played the harlot with many lovers; yet return again to me, saith the LORD. +Lift up thine eyes unto the high places, and see where thou hast not been lien with. In the ways hast thou sat for them, as the Arabian in the wilderness; and thou hast polluted the land with thy whoredoms and with thy wickedness. +Therefore the showers have been withholden, and there hath been no latter rain; and thou hadst a whore's forehead, thou refusedst to be ashamed. +Wilt thou not from this time cry unto me, My father, thou art the guide of my youth? +Will he reserve his anger for ever? will he keep it to the end? Behold, thou hast spoken and done evil things as thou couldest. +The LORD said also unto me in the days of Josiah the king, Hast thou seen that which backsliding Israel hath done? she is gone up upon every high mountain and under every green tree, and there hath played the harlot. +And I said after she had done all these things, Turn thou unto me. But she returned not. And her treacherous sister Judah saw it. +And I saw, when for all the causes whereby backsliding Israel committed adultery I had put her away, and given her a bill of divorce; yet her treacherous sister Judah feared not, but went and played the harlot also. +And it came to pass through the lightness of her whoredom, that she defiled the land, and committed adultery with stones and with stocks. +And yet for all this her treacherous sister Judah hath not turned unto me with her whole heart, but feignedly, saith the LORD. +And the LORD said unto me, The backsliding Israel hath justified herself more than treacherous Judah. +Go and proclaim these words toward the north, and say, Return, thou backsliding Israel, saith the LORD; and I will not cause mine anger to fall upon you: for I am merciful, saith the LORD, and I will not keep anger for ever. +Only acknowledge thine iniquity, that thou hast transgressed against the LORD thy God, and hast scattered thy ways to the strangers under every green tree, and ye have not obeyed my voice, saith the LORD. +Turn, O backsliding children, saith the LORD; for I am married unto you: and I will take you one of a city, and two of a family, and I will bring you to Zion: +And I will give you pastors according to mine heart, which shall feed you with knowledge and understanding. +And it shall come to pass, when ye be multiplied and increased in the land, in those days, saith the LORD, they shall say no more, The ark of the covenant of the LORD: neither shall it come to mind: neither shall they remember it; neither shall they visit it; neither shall that be done any more. +At that time they shall call Jerusalem the throne of the LORD; and all the nations shall be gathered unto it, to the name of the LORD, to Jerusalem: neither shall they walk any more after the imagination of their evil heart. +In those days the house of Judah shall walk with the house of Israel, and they shall come together out of the land of the north to the land that I have given for an inheritance unto your fathers. +But I said, How shall I put thee among the children, and give thee a pleasant land, a goodly heritage of the hosts of nations? and I said, Thou shalt call me, My father; and shalt not turn away from me. +Surely as a wife treacherously departeth from her husband, so have ye dealt treacherously with me, O house of Israel, saith the LORD. +A voice was heard upon the high places, weeping and supplications of the children of Israel: for they have perverted their way, and they have forgotten the LORD their God. +Return, ye backsliding children, and I will heal your backslidings. Behold, we come unto thee; for thou art the LORD our God. +Truly in vain is salvation hoped for from the hills, and from the multitude of mountains: truly in the LORD our God is the salvation of Israel. +For shame hath devoured the labour of our fathers from our youth; their flocks and their herds, their sons and their daughters. +We lie down in our shame, and our confusion covereth us: for we have sinned against the LORD our God, we and our fathers, from our youth even unto this day, and have not obeyed the voice of the LORD our God. +If thou wilt return, O Israel, saith the LORD, return unto me: and if thou wilt put away thine abominations out of my sight, then shalt thou not remove. +And thou shalt swear, The LORD liveth, in truth, in judgment, and in righteousness; and the nations shall bless themselves in him, and in him shall they glory. +For thus saith the LORD to the men of Judah and Jerusalem, Break up your fallow ground, and sow not among thorns. +Circumcise yourselves to the LORD, and take away the foreskins of your heart, ye men of Judah and inhabitants of Jerusalem: lest my fury come forth like fire, and burn that none can quench it, because of the evil of your doings. +Declare ye in Judah, and publish in Jerusalem; and say, Blow ye the trumpet in the land: cry, gather together, and say, Assemble yourselves, and let us go into the defenced cities. +Set up the standard toward Zion: retire, stay not: for I will bring evil from the north, and a great destruction. +The lion is come up from his thicket, and the destroyer of the Gentiles is on his way; he is gone forth from his place to make thy land desolate; and thy cities shall be laid waste, without an inhabitant. +For this gird you with sackcloth, lament and howl: for the fierce anger of the LORD is not turned back from us. +And it shall come to pass at that day, saith the LORD, that the heart of the king shall perish, and the heart of the princes; and the priests shall be astonished, and the prophets shall wonder. +Then said I, Ah, Lord GOD! surely thou hast greatly deceived this people and Jerusalem, saying, Ye shall have peace; whereas the sword reacheth unto the soul. +At that time shall it be said to this people and to Jerusalem, A dry wind of the high places in the wilderness toward the daughter of my people, not to fan, nor to cleanse, +Even a full wind from those places shall come unto me: now also will I give sentence against them. +Behold, he shall come up as clouds, and his chariots shall be as a whirlwind: his horses are swifter than eagles. Woe unto us! for we are spoiled. +O Jerusalem, wash thine heart from wickedness, that thou mayest be saved. How long shall thy vain thoughts lodge within thee? +For a voice declareth from Dan, and publisheth affliction from mount Ephraim. +Make ye mention to the nations; behold, publish against Jerusalem, that watchers come from a far country, and give out their voice against the cities of Judah. +As keepers of a field, are they against her round about; because she hath been rebellious against me, saith the LORD. +Thy way and thy doings have procured these things unto thee; this is thy wickedness, because it is bitter, because it reacheth unto thine heart. +My bowels, my bowels! I am pained at my very heart; my heart maketh a noise in me; I cannot hold my peace, because thou hast heard, O my soul, the sound of the trumpet, the alarm of war. +Destruction upon destruction is cried; for the whole land is spoiled: suddenly are my tents spoiled, and my curtains in a moment. +How long shall I see the standard, and hear the sound of the trumpet? +For my people is foolish, they have not known me; they are sottish children, and they have none understanding: they are wise to do evil, but to do good they have no knowledge. +I beheld the earth, and, lo, it was without form, and void; and the heavens, and they had no light. +I beheld the mountains, and, lo, they trembled, and all the hills moved lightly. +I beheld, and, lo, there was no man, and all the birds of the heavens were fled. +I beheld, and, lo, the fruitful place was a wilderness, and all the cities thereof were broken down at the presence of the LORD, and by his fierce anger. +For thus hath the LORD said, The whole land shall be desolate; yet will I not make a full end. +For this shall the earth mourn, and the heavens above be black; because I have spoken it, I have purposed it, and will not repent, neither will I turn back from it. +The whole city shall flee for the noise of the horsemen and bowmen; they shall go into thickets, and climb up upon the rocks: every city shall be forsaken, and not a man dwell therein. +And when thou art spoiled, what wilt thou do? Though thou clothest thyself with crimson, though thou deckest thee with ornaments of gold, though thou rentest thy face with painting, in vain shalt thou make thyself fair; thy lovers will despise thee, they will seek thy life. +For I have heard a voice as of a woman in travail, and the anguish as of her that bringeth forth her first child, the voice of the daughter of Zion, that bewaileth herself, that spreadeth her hands, saying, Woe is me now! for my soul is wearied because of murderers. +Run ye to and fro through the streets of Jerusalem, and see now, and know, and seek in the broad places thereof, if ye can find a man, if there be any that executeth judgment, that seeketh the truth; and I will pardon it. +And though they say, The LORD liveth; surely they swear falsely. +O LORD, are not thine eyes upon the truth? thou hast stricken them, but they have not grieved; thou hast consumed them, but they have refused to receive correction: they have made their faces harder than a rock; they have refused to return. +Therefore I said, Surely these are poor; they are foolish: for they know not the way of the LORD, nor the judgment of their God. +I will get me unto the great men, and will speak unto them; for they have known the way of the LORD, and the judgment of their God: but these have altogether broken the yoke, and burst the bonds. +Wherefore a lion out of the forest shall slay them, and a wolf of the evenings shall spoil them, a leopard shall watch over their cities: every one that goeth out thence shall be torn in pieces: because their transgressions are many, and their backslidings are increased. +How shall I pardon thee for this? thy children have forsaken me, and sworn by them that are no gods: when I had fed them to the full, they then committed adultery, and assembled themselves by troops in the harlots' houses. +They were as fed horses in the morning: every one neighed after his neighbour's wife. +Shall I not visit for these things? saith the LORD: and shall not my soul be avenged on such a nation as this? +Go ye up upon her walls, and destroy; but make not a full end: take away her battlements; for they are not the LORD's. +For the house of Israel and the house of Judah have dealt very treacherously against me, saith the LORD. +They have belied the LORD, and said, It is not he; neither shall evil come upon us; neither shall we see sword nor famine: +And the prophets shall become wind, and the word is not in them: thus shall it be done unto them. +Wherefore thus saith the LORD God of hosts, Because ye speak this word, behold, I will make my words in thy mouth fire, and this people wood, and it shall devour them. +Lo, I will bring a nation upon you from far, O house of Israel, saith the LORD: it is a mighty nation, it is an ancient nation, a nation whose language thou knowest not, neither understandest what they say. +Their quiver is as an open sepulchre, they are all mighty men. +And they shall eat up thine harvest, and thy bread, which thy sons and thy daughters should eat: they shall eat up thy flocks and thine herds: they shall eat up thy vines and thy fig trees: they shall impoverish thy fenced cities, wherein thou trustedst, with the sword. +Nevertheless in those days, saith the LORD, I will not make a full end with you. +And it shall come to pass, when ye shall say, Wherefore doeth the LORD our God all these things unto us? then shalt thou answer them, Like as ye have forsaken me, and served strange gods in your land, so shall ye serve strangers in a land that is not your's. +Declare this in the house of Jacob, and publish it in Judah, saying, +Hear now this, O foolish people, and without understanding; which have eyes, and see not; which have ears, and hear not: +Fear ye not me? saith the LORD: will ye not tremble at my presence, which have placed the sand for the bound of the sea by a perpetual decree, that it cannot pass it: and though the waves thereof toss themselves, yet can they not prevail; though they roar, yet can they not pass over it? +But this people hath a revolting and a rebellious heart; they are revolted and gone. +Neither say they in their heart, Let us now fear the LORD our God, that giveth rain, both the former and the latter, in his season: he reserveth unto us the appointed weeks of the harvest. +Your iniquities have turned away these things, and your sins have withholden good things from you. +For among my people are found wicked men: they lay wait, as he that setteth snares; they set a trap, they catch men. +As a cage is full of birds, so are their houses full of deceit: therefore they are become great, and waxen rich. +They are waxen fat, they shine: yea, they overpass the deeds of the wicked: they judge not the cause, the cause of the fatherless, yet they prosper; and the right of the needy do they not judge. +Shall I not visit for these things? saith the LORD: shall not my soul be avenged on such a nation as this? +A wonderful and horrible thing is committed in the land; +The prophets prophesy falsely, and the priests bear rule by their means; and my people love to have it so: and what will ye do in the end thereof? +O ye children of Benjamin, gather yourselves to flee out of the midst of Jerusalem, and blow the trumpet in Tekoa, and set up a sign of fire in Bethhaccerem: for evil appeareth out of the north, and great destruction. +I have likened the daughter of Zion to a comely and delicate woman. +The shepherds with their flocks shall come unto her; they shall pitch their tents against her round about; they shall feed every one in his place. +Prepare ye war against her; arise, and let us go up at noon. Woe unto us! for the day goeth away, for the shadows of the evening are stretched out. +Arise, and let us go by night, and let us destroy her palaces. +For thus hath the LORD of hosts said, Hew ye down trees, and cast a mount against Jerusalem: this is the city to be visited; she is wholly oppression in the midst of her. +As a fountain casteth out her waters, so she casteth out her wickedness: violence and spoil is heard in her; before me continually is grief and wounds. +Be thou instructed, O Jerusalem, lest my soul depart from thee; lest I make thee desolate, a land not inhabited. +Thus saith the LORD of hosts, They shall throughly glean the remnant of Israel as a vine: turn back thine hand as a grapegatherer into the baskets. +To whom shall I speak, and give warning, that they may hear? behold, their ear is uncircumcised, and they cannot hearken: behold, the word of the LORD is unto them a reproach; they have no delight in it. +Therefore I am full of the fury of the LORD; I am weary with holding in: I will pour it out upon the children abroad, and upon the assembly of young men together: for even the husband with the wife shall be taken, the aged with him that is full of days. +And their houses shall be turned unto others, with their fields and wives together: for I will stretch out my hand upon the inhabitants of the land, saith the LORD. +For from the least of them even unto the greatest of them every one is given to covetousness; and from the prophet even unto the priest every one dealeth falsely. +They have healed also the hurt of the daughter of my people slightly, saying, Peace, peace; when there is no peace. +Were they ashamed when they had committed abomination? nay, they were not at all ashamed, neither could they blush: therefore they shall fall among them that fall: at the time that I visit them they shall be cast down, saith the LORD. +Thus saith the LORD, Stand ye in the ways, and see, and ask for the old paths, where is the good way, and walk therein, and ye shall find rest for your souls. But they said, We will not walk therein. +Also I set watchmen over you, saying, Hearken to the sound of the trumpet. But they said, We will not hearken. +Therefore hear, ye nations, and know, O congregation, what is among them. +Hear, O earth: behold, I will bring evil upon this people, even the fruit of their thoughts, because they have not hearkened unto my words, nor to my law, but rejected it. +To what purpose cometh there to me incense from Sheba, and the sweet cane from a far country? your burnt offerings are not acceptable, nor your sacrifices sweet unto me. +Therefore thus saith the LORD, Behold, I will lay stumblingblocks before this people, and the fathers and the sons together shall fall upon them; the neighbour and his friend shall perish. +Thus saith the LORD, Behold, a people cometh from the north country, and a great nation shall be raised from the sides of the earth. +They shall lay hold on bow and spear; they are cruel, and have no mercy; their voice roareth like the sea; and they ride upon horses, set in array as men for war against thee, O daughter of Zion. +We have heard the fame thereof: our hands wax feeble: anguish hath taken hold of us, and pain, as of a woman in travail. +Go not forth into the field, nor walk by the way; for the sword of the enemy and fear is on every side. +O daughter of my people, gird thee with sackcloth, and wallow thyself in ashes: make thee mourning, as for an only son, most bitter lamentation: for the spoiler shall suddenly come upon us. +I have set thee for a tower and a fortress among my people, that thou mayest know and try their way. +They are all grievous revolters, walking with slanders: they are brass and iron; they are all corrupters. +The bellows are burned, the lead is consumed of the fire; the founder melteth in vain: for the wicked are not plucked away. +Reprobate silver shall men call them, because the LORD hath rejected them. +The word that came to Jeremiah from the LORD, saying, +Stand in the gate of the LORD's house, and proclaim there this word, and say, Hear the word of the LORD, all ye of Judah, that enter in at these gates to worship the LORD. +Thus saith the LORD of hosts, the God of Israel, Amend your ways and your doings, and I will cause you to dwell in this place. +Trust ye not in lying words, saying, The temple of the LORD, The temple of the LORD, The temple of the LORD, are these. +For if ye throughly amend your ways and your doings; if ye throughly execute judgment between a man and his neighbour; +If ye oppress not the stranger, the fatherless, and the widow, and shed not innocent blood in this place, neither walk after other gods to your hurt: +Then will I cause you to dwell in this place, in the land that I gave to your fathers, for ever and ever. +Behold, ye trust in lying words, that cannot profit. +Will ye steal, murder, and commit adultery, and swear falsely, and burn incense unto Baal, and walk after other gods whom ye know not; +And come and stand before me in this house, which is called by my name, and say, We are delivered to do all these abominations? +Is this house, which is called by my name, become a den of robbers in your eyes? Behold, even I have seen it, saith the LORD. +But go ye now unto my place which was in Shiloh, where I set my name at the first, and see what I did to it for the wickedness of my people Israel. +And now, because ye have done all these works, saith the LORD, and I spake unto you, rising up early and speaking, but ye heard not; and I called you, but ye answered not; +Therefore will I do unto this house, which is called by my name, wherein ye trust, and unto the place which I gave to you and to your fathers, as I have done to Shiloh. +And I will cast you out of my sight, as I have cast out all your brethren, even the whole seed of Ephraim. +Therefore pray not thou for this people, neither lift up cry nor prayer for them, neither make intercession to me: for I will not hear thee. +Seest thou not what they do in the cities of Judah and in the streets of Jerusalem? +The children gather wood, and the fathers kindle the fire, and the women knead their dough, to make cakes to the queen of heaven, and to pour out drink offerings unto other gods, that they may provoke me to anger. +Do they provoke me to anger? saith the LORD: do they not provoke themselves to the confusion of their own faces? +Therefore thus saith the Lord GOD; Behold, mine anger and my fury shall be poured out upon this place, upon man, and upon beast, and upon the trees of the field, and upon the fruit of the ground; and it shall burn, and shall not be quenched. +Thus saith the LORD of hosts, the God of Israel; Put your burnt offerings unto your sacrifices, and eat flesh. +For I spake not unto your fathers, nor commanded them in the day that I brought them out of the land of Egypt, concerning burnt offerings or sacrifices: +But this thing commanded I them, saying, Obey my voice, and I will be your God, and ye shall be my people: and walk ye in all the ways that I have commanded you, that it may be well unto you. +But they hearkened not, nor inclined their ear, but walked in the counsels and in the imagination of their evil heart, and went backward, and not forward. +Since the day that your fathers came forth out of the land of Egypt unto this day I have even sent unto you all my servants the prophets, daily rising up early and sending them: +Yet they hearkened not unto me, nor inclined their ear, but hardened their neck: they did worse than their fathers. +Therefore thou shalt speak all these words unto them; but they will not hearken to thee: thou shalt also call unto them; but they will not answer thee. +But thou shalt say unto them, This is a nation that obeyeth not the voice of the LORD their God, nor receiveth correction: truth is perished, and is cut off from their mouth. +Cut off thine hair, O Jerusalem, and cast it away, and take up a lamentation on high places; for the LORD hath rejected and forsaken the generation of his wrath. +For the children of Judah have done evil in my sight, saith the LORD: they have set their abominations in the house which is called by my name, to pollute it. +And they have built the high places of Tophet, which is in the valley of the son of Hinnom, to burn their sons and their daughters in the fire; which I commanded them not, neither came it into my heart. +Therefore, behold, the days come, saith the LORD, that it shall no more be called Tophet, nor the valley of the son of Hinnom, but the valley of slaughter: for they shall bury in Tophet, till there be no place. +And the carcases of this people shall be meat for the fowls of the heaven, and for the beasts of the earth; and none shall fray them away. +Then will I cause to cease from the cities of Judah, and from the streets of Jerusalem, the voice of mirth, and the voice of gladness, the voice of the bridegroom, and the voice of the bride: for the land shall be desolate. +At that time, saith the LORD, they shall bring out the bones of the kings of Judah, and the bones of his princes, and the bones of the priests, and the bones of the prophets, and the bones of the inhabitants of Jerusalem, out of their graves: +And they shall spread them before the sun, and the moon, and all the host of heaven, whom they have loved, and whom they have served, and after whom they have walked, and whom they have sought, and whom they have worshipped: they shall not be gathered, nor be buried; they shall be for dung upon the face of the earth. +And death shall be chosen rather than life by all the residue of them that remain of this evil family, which remain in all the places whither I have driven them, saith the LORD of hosts. +Moreover thou shalt say unto them, Thus saith the LORD; Shall they fall, and not arise? shall he turn away, and not return? +Why then is this people of Jerusalem slidden back by a perpetual backsliding? they hold fast deceit, they refuse to return. +I hearkened and heard, but they spake not aright: no man repented him of his wickedness, saying, What have I done? every one turned to his course, as the horse rusheth into the battle. +Yea, the stork in the heaven knoweth her appointed times; and the turtle and the crane and the swallow observe the time of their coming; but my people know not the judgment of the LORD. +How do ye say, We are wise, and the law of the LORD is with us? Lo, certainly in vain made he it; the pen of the scribes is in vain. +The wise men are ashamed, they are dismayed and taken: lo, they have rejected the word of the LORD; and what wisdom is in them? +Therefore will I give their wives unto others, and their fields to them that shall inherit them: for every one from the least even unto the greatest is given to covetousness, from the prophet even unto the priest every one dealeth falsely. +For they have healed the hurt of the daughter of my people slightly, saying, Peace, peace; when there is no peace. +Were they ashamed when they had committed abomination? nay, they were not at all ashamed, neither could they blush: therefore shall they fall among them that fall: in the time of their visitation they shall be cast down, saith the LORD. +I will surely consume them, saith the LORD: there shall be no grapes on the vine, nor figs on the fig tree, and the leaf shall fade; and the things that I have given them shall pass away from them. +Why do we sit still? assemble yourselves, and let us enter into the defenced cities, and let us be silent there: for the LORD our God hath put us to silence, and given us water of gall to drink, because we have sinned against the LORD. +We looked for peace, but no good came; and for a time of health, and behold trouble! +The snorting of his horses was heard from Dan: the whole land trembled at the sound of the neighing of his strong ones; for they are come, and have devoured the land, and all that is in it; the city, and those that dwell therein. +For, behold, I will send serpents, cockatrices, among you, which will not be charmed, and they shall bite you, saith the LORD. +When I would comfort myself against sorrow, my heart is faint in me. +Behold the voice of the cry of the daughter of my people because of them that dwell in a far country: Is not the LORD in Zion? is not her king in her? Why have they provoked me to anger with their graven images, and with strange vanities? +The harvest is past, the summer is ended, and we are not saved. +For the hurt of the daughter of my people am I hurt; I am black; astonishment hath taken hold on me. +Is there no balm in Gilead; is there no physician there? why then is not the health of the daughter of my people recovered? +Oh that my head were waters, and mine eyes a fountain of tears, that I might weep day and night for the slain of the daughter of my people! +Oh that I had in the wilderness a lodging place of wayfaring men; that I might leave my people, and go from them! for they be all adulterers, an assembly of treacherous men. +And they bend their tongues like their bow for lies: but they are not valiant for the truth upon the earth; for they proceed from evil to evil, and they know not me, saith the LORD. +Take ye heed every one of his neighbour, and trust ye not in any brother: for every brother will utterly supplant, and every neighbour will walk with slanders. +And they will deceive every one his neighbour, and will not speak the truth: they have taught their tongue to speak lies, and weary themselves to commit iniquity. +Thine habitation is in the midst of deceit; through deceit they refuse to know me, saith the LORD. +Therefore thus saith the LORD of hosts, Behold, I will melt them, and try them; for how shall I do for the daughter of my people? +Their tongue is as an arrow shot out; it speaketh deceit: one speaketh peaceably to his neighbour with his mouth, but in heart he layeth his wait. +Shall I not visit them for these things? saith the LORD: shall not my soul be avenged on such a nation as this? +For the mountains will I take up a weeping and wailing, and for the habitations of the wilderness a lamentation, because they are burned up, so that none can pass through them; neither can men hear the voice of the cattle; both the fowl of the heavens and the beast are fled; they are gone. +And I will make Jerusalem heaps, and a den of dragons; and I will make the cities of Judah desolate, without an inhabitant. +Who is the wise man, that may understand this? and who is he to whom the mouth of the LORD hath spoken, that he may declare it, for what the land perisheth and is burned up like a wilderness, that none passeth through? +And the LORD saith, Because they have forsaken my law which I set before them, and have not obeyed my voice, neither walked therein; +But have walked after the imagination of their own heart, and after Baalim, which their fathers taught them: +Therefore thus saith the LORD of hosts, the God of Israel; Behold, I will feed them, even this people, with wormwood, and give them water of gall to drink. +I will scatter them also among the heathen, whom neither they nor their fathers have known: and I will send a sword after them, till I have consumed them. +Thus saith the LORD of hosts, Consider ye, and call for the mourning women, that they may come; and send for cunning women, that they may come: +And let them make haste, and take up a wailing for us, that our eyes may run down with tears, and our eyelids gush out with waters. +For a voice of wailing is heard out of Zion, How are we spoiled! we are greatly confounded, because we have forsaken the land, because our dwellings have cast us out. +Yet hear the word of the LORD, O ye women, and let your ear receive the word of his mouth, and teach your daughters wailing, and every one her neighbour lamentation. +For death is come up into our windows, and is entered into our palaces, to cut off the children from without, and the young men from the streets. +Speak, Thus saith the LORD, Even the carcases of men shall fall as dung upon the open field, and as the handful after the harvestman, and none shall gather them. +Thus saith the LORD, Let not the wise man glory in his wisdom, neither let the mighty man glory in his might, let not the rich man glory in his riches: +But let him that glorieth glory in this, that he understandeth and knoweth me, that I am the LORD which exercise lovingkindness, judgment, and righteousness, in the earth: for in these things I delight, saith the LORD. +Behold, the days come, saith the LORD, that I will punish all them which are circumcised with the uncircumcised; +Egypt, and Judah, and Edom, and the children of Ammon, and Moab, and all that are in the utmost corners, that dwell in the wilderness: for all these nations are uncircumcised, and all the house of Israel are uncircumcised in the heart. +Hear ye the word which the LORD speaketh unto you, O house of Israel: +Thus saith the LORD, Learn not the way of the heathen, and be not dismayed at the signs of heaven; for the heathen are dismayed at them. +For the customs of the people are vain: for one cutteth a tree out of the forest, the work of the hands of the workman, with the axe. +They deck it with silver and with gold; they fasten it with nails and with hammers, that it move not. +They are upright as the palm tree, but speak not: they must needs be borne, because they cannot go. Be not afraid of them; for they cannot do evil, neither also is it in them to do good. +Forasmuch as there is none like unto thee, O LORD; thou art great, and thy name is great in might. +Who would not fear thee, O King of nations? for to thee doth it appertain: forasmuch as among all the wise men of the nations, and in all their kingdoms, there is none like unto thee. +But they are altogether brutish and foolish: the stock is a doctrine of vanities. +Silver spread into plates is brought from Tarshish, and gold from Uphaz, the work of the workman, and of the hands of the founder: blue and purple is their clothing: they are all the work of cunning men. +But the LORD is the true God, he is the living God, and an everlasting king: at his wrath the earth shall tremble, and the nations shall not be able to abide his indignation. +Thus shall ye say unto them, The gods that have not made the heavens and the earth, even they shall perish from the earth, and from under these heavens. +He hath made the earth by his power, he hath established the world by his wisdom, and hath stretched out the heavens by his discretion. +When he uttereth his voice, there is a multitude of waters in the heavens, and he causeth the vapours to ascend from the ends of the earth; he maketh lightnings with rain, and bringeth forth the wind out of his treasures. +Every man is brutish in his knowledge: every founder is confounded by the graven image: for his molten image is falsehood, and there is no breath in them. +They are vanity, and the work of errors: in the time of their visitation they shall perish. +The portion of Jacob is not like them: for he is the former of all things; and Israel is the rod of his inheritance: The LORD of hosts is his name. +Gather up thy wares out of the land, O inhabitant of the fortress. +For thus saith the LORD, Behold, I will sling out the inhabitants of the land at this once, and will distress them, that they may find it so. +Woe is me for my hurt! my wound is grievous; but I said, Truly this is a grief, and I must bear it. +My tabernacle is spoiled, and all my cords are broken: my children are gone forth of me, and they are not: there is none to stretch forth my tent any more, and to set up my curtains. +For the pastors are become brutish, and have not sought the LORD: therefore they shall not prosper, and all their flocks shall be scattered. +Behold, the noise of the bruit is come, and a great commotion out of the north country, to make the cities of Judah desolate, and a den of dragons. +O LORD, I know that the way of man is not in himself: it is not in man that walketh to direct his steps. +O LORD, correct me, but with judgment; not in thine anger, lest thou bring me to nothing. +Pour out thy fury upon the heathen that know thee not, and upon the families that call not on thy name: for they have eaten up Jacob, and devoured him, and consumed him, and have made his habitation desolate. +The word that came to Jeremiah from the LORD saying, +Hear ye the words of this covenant, and speak unto the men of Judah, and to the inhabitants of Jerusalem; +And say thou unto them, Thus saith the LORD God of Israel; Cursed be the man that obeyeth not the words of this covenant, +Which I commanded your fathers in the day that I brought them forth out of the land of Egypt, from the iron furnace, saying, Obey my voice, and do them, according to all which I command you: so shall ye be my people, and I will be your God: +That I may perform the oath which I have sworn unto your fathers, to give them a land flowing with milk and honey, as it is this day. Then answered I, and said, So be it, O LORD. +Then the LORD said unto me, Proclaim all these words in the cities of Judah, and in the streets of Jerusalem, saying, Hear ye the words of this covenant, and do them. +For I earnestly protested unto your fathers in the day that I brought them up out of the land of Egypt, even unto this day, rising early and protesting, saying, Obey my voice. +Yet they obeyed not, nor inclined their ear, but walked every one in the imagination of their evil heart: therefore I will bring upon them all the words of this covenant, which I commanded them to do: but they did them not. +And the LORD said unto me, A conspiracy is found among the men of Judah, and among the inhabitants of Jerusalem. +They are turned back to the iniquities of their forefathers, which refused to hear my words; and they went after other gods to serve them: the house of Israel and the house of Judah have broken my covenant which I made with their fathers. +Therefore thus saith the LORD, Behold, I will bring evil upon them, which they shall not be able to escape; and though they shall cry unto me, I will not hearken unto them. +Then shall the cities of Judah and inhabitants of Jerusalem go, and cry unto the gods unto whom they offer incense: but they shall not save them at all in the time of their trouble. +For according to the number of thy cities were thy gods, O Judah; and according to the number of the streets of Jerusalem have ye set up altars to that shameful thing, even altars to burn incense unto Baal. +Therefore pray not thou for this people, neither lift up a cry or prayer for them: for I will not hear them in the time that they cry unto me for their trouble. +What hath my beloved to do in mine house, seeing she hath wrought lewdness with many, and the holy flesh is passed from thee? when thou doest evil, then thou rejoicest. +The LORD called thy name, A green olive tree, fair, and of goodly fruit: with the noise of a great tumult he hath kindled fire upon it, and the branches of it are broken. +For the LORD of hosts, that planted thee, hath pronounced evil against thee, for the evil of the house of Israel and of the house of Judah, which they have done against themselves to provoke me to anger in offering incense unto Baal. +And the LORD hath given me knowledge of it, and I know it: then thou shewedst me their doings. +But I was like a lamb or an ox that is brought to the slaughter; and I knew not that they had devised devices against me, saying, Let us destroy the tree with the fruit thereof, and let us cut him off from the land of the living, that his name may be no more remembered. +But, O LORD of hosts, that judgest righteously, that triest the reins and the heart, let me see thy vengeance on them: for unto thee have I revealed my cause. +Therefore thus saith the LORD of the men of Anathoth, that seek thy life, saying, Prophesy not in the name of the LORD, that thou die not by our hand: +Therefore thus saith the LORD of hosts, Behold, I will punish them: the young men shall die by the sword; their sons and their daughters shall die by famine: +And there shall be no remnant of them: for I will bring evil upon the men of Anathoth, even the year of their visitation. +Righteous art thou, O LORD, when I plead with thee: yet let me talk with thee of thy judgments: Wherefore doth the way of the wicked prosper? wherefore are all they happy that deal very treacherously? +Thou hast planted them, yea, they have taken root: they grow, yea, they bring forth fruit: thou art near in their mouth, and far from their reins. +But thou, O LORD, knowest me: thou hast seen me, and tried mine heart toward thee: pull them out like sheep for the slaughter, and prepare them for the day of slaughter. +How long shall the land mourn, and the herbs of every field wither, for the wickedness of them that dwell therein? the beasts are consumed, and the birds; because they said, He shall not see our last end. +If thou hast run with the footmen, and they have wearied thee, then how canst thou contend with horses? and if in the land of peace, wherein thou trustedst, they wearied thee, then how wilt thou do in the swelling of Jordan? +For even thy brethren, and the house of thy father, even they have dealt treacherously with thee; yea, they have called a multitude after thee: believe them not, though they speak fair words unto thee. +I have forsaken mine house, I have left mine heritage; I have given the dearly beloved of my soul into the hand of her enemies. +Mine heritage is unto me as a lion in the forest; it crieth out against me: therefore have I hated it. +Mine heritage is unto me as a speckled bird, the birds round about are against her; come ye, assemble all the beasts of the field, come to devour. +Many pastors have destroyed my vineyard, they have trodden my portion under foot, they have made my pleasant portion a desolate wilderness. +They have made it desolate, and being desolate it mourneth unto me; the whole land is made desolate, because no man layeth it to heart. +The spoilers are come upon all high places through the wilderness: for the sword of the LORD shall devour from the one end of the land even to the other end of the land: no flesh shall have peace. +They have sown wheat, but shall reap thorns: they have put themselves to pain, but shall not profit: and they shall be ashamed of your revenues because of the fierce anger of the LORD. +Thus saith the LORD against all mine evil neighbours, that touch the inheritance which I have caused my people Israel to inherit; Behold, I will pluck them out of their land, and pluck out the house of Judah from among them. +And it shall come to pass, after that I have plucked them out I will return, and have compassion on them, and will bring them again, every man to his heritage, and every man to his land. +And it shall come to pass, if they will diligently learn the ways of my people, to swear by my name, The LORD liveth; as they taught my people to swear by Baal; then shall they be built in the midst of my people. +But if they will not obey, I will utterly pluck up and destroy that nation, saith the LORD. +Thus saith the LORD unto me, Go and get thee a linen girdle, and put it upon thy loins, and put it not in water. +So I got a girdle according to the word of the LORD, and put it on my loins. +And the word of the LORD came unto me the second time, saying, +Take the girdle that thou hast got, which is upon thy loins, and arise, go to Euphrates, and hide it there in a hole of the rock. +So I went, and hid it by Euphrates, as the LORD commanded me. +And it came to pass after many days, that the LORD said unto me, Arise, go to Euphrates, and take the girdle from thence, which I commanded thee to hide there. +Then I went to Euphrates, and digged, and took the girdle from the place where I had hid it: and, behold, the girdle was marred, it was profitable for nothing. +Then the word of the LORD came unto me, saying, +Thus saith the LORD, After this manner will I mar the pride of Judah, and the great pride of Jerusalem. +This evil people, which refuse to hear my words, which walk in the imagination of their heart, and walk after other gods, to serve them, and to worship them, shall even be as this girdle, which is good for nothing. +For as the girdle cleaveth to the loins of a man, so have I caused to cleave unto me the whole house of Israel and the whole house of Judah, saith the LORD; that they might be unto me for a people, and for a name, and for a praise, and for a glory: but they would not hear. +Therefore thou shalt speak unto them this word; Thus saith the LORD God of Israel, Every bottle shall be filled with wine: and they shall say unto thee, Do we not certainly know that every bottle shall be filled with wine? +Then shalt thou say unto them, Thus saith the LORD, Behold, I will fill all the inhabitants of this land, even the kings that sit upon David's throne, and the priests, and the prophets, and all the inhabitants of Jerusalem, with drunkenness. +And I will dash them one against another, even the fathers and the sons together, saith the LORD: I will not pity, nor spare, nor have mercy, but destroy them. +Hear ye, and give ear; be not proud: for the LORD hath spoken. +Give glory to the LORD your God, before he cause darkness, and before your feet stumble upon the dark mountains, and, while ye look for light, he turn it into the shadow of death, and make it gross darkness. +But if ye will not hear it, my soul shall weep in secret places for your pride; and mine eye shall weep sore, and run down with tears, because the LORD's flock is carried away captive. +Say unto the king and to the queen, Humble yourselves, sit down: for your principalities shall come down, even the crown of your glory. +The cities of the south shall be shut up, and none shall open them: Judah shall be carried away captive all of it, it shall be wholly carried away captive. +Lift up your eyes, and behold them that come from the north: where is the flock that was given thee, thy beautiful flock? +What wilt thou say when he shall punish thee? for thou hast taught them to be captains, and as chief over thee: shall not sorrows take thee, as a woman in travail? +And if thou say in thine heart, Wherefore come these things upon me? For the greatness of thine iniquity are thy skirts discovered, and thy heels made bare. +Can the Ethiopian change his skin, or the leopard his spots? then may ye also do good, that are accustomed to do evil. +Therefore will I scatter them as the stubble that passeth away by the wind of the wilderness. +This is thy lot, the portion of thy measures from me, saith the LORD; because thou hast forgotten me, and trusted in falsehood. +Therefore will I discover thy skirts upon thy face, that thy shame may appear. +I have seen thine adulteries, and thy neighings, the lewdness of thy whoredom, and thine abominations on the hills in the fields. Woe unto thee, O Jerusalem! wilt thou not be made clean? when shall it once be? +The word of the LORD that came to Jeremiah concerning the dearth. +Judah mourneth, and the gates thereof languish; they are black unto the ground; and the cry of Jerusalem is gone up. +And their nobles have sent their little ones to the waters: they came to the pits, and found no water; they returned with their vessels empty; they were ashamed and confounded, and covered their heads. +Because the ground is chapt, for there was no rain in the earth, the plowmen were ashamed, they covered their heads. +Yea, the hind also calved in the field, and forsook it, because there was no grass. +And the wild asses did stand in the high places, they snuffed up the wind like dragons; their eyes did fail, because there was no grass. +O LORD, though our iniquities testify against us, do thou it for thy name's sake: for our backslidings are many; we have sinned against thee. +O the hope of Israel, the saviour thereof in time of trouble, why shouldest thou be as a stranger in the land, and as a wayfaring man that turneth aside to tarry for a night? +Why shouldest thou be as a man astonied, as a mighty man that cannot save? yet thou, O LORD, art in the midst of us, and we are called by thy name; leave us not. +Thus saith the LORD unto this people, Thus have they loved to wander, they have not refrained their feet, therefore the LORD doth not accept them; he will now remember their iniquity, and visit their sins. +Then said the LORD unto me, Pray not for this people for their good. +When they fast, I will not hear their cry; and when they offer burnt offering and an oblation, I will not accept them: but I will consume them by the sword, and by the famine, and by the pestilence. +Then said I, Ah, Lord GOD! behold, the prophets say unto them, Ye shall not see the sword, neither shall ye have famine; but I will give you assured peace in this place. +Then the LORD said unto me, The prophets prophesy lies in my name: I sent them not, neither have I commanded them, neither spake unto them: they prophesy unto you a false vision and divination, and a thing of nought, and the deceit of their heart. +Therefore thus saith the LORD concerning the prophets that prophesy in my name, and I sent them not, yet they say, Sword and famine shall not be in this land; By sword and famine shall those prophets be consumed. +And the people to whom they prophesy shall be cast out in the streets of Jerusalem because of the famine and the sword; and they shall have none to bury them, them, their wives, nor their sons, nor their daughters: for I will pour their wickedness upon them. +Therefore thou shalt say this word unto them; Let mine eyes run down with tears night and day, and let them not cease: for the virgin daughter of my people is broken with a great breach, with a very grievous blow. +If I go forth into the field, then behold the slain with the sword! and if I enter into the city, then behold them that are sick with famine! yea, both the prophet and the priest go about into a land that they know not. +Hast thou utterly rejected Judah? hath thy soul lothed Zion? why hast thou smitten us, and there is no healing for us? we looked for peace, and there is no good; and for the time of healing, and behold trouble! +We acknowledge, O LORD, our wickedness, and the iniquity of our fathers: for we have sinned against thee. +Do not abhor us, for thy name's sake, do not disgrace the throne of thy glory: remember, break not thy covenant with us. +Are there any among the vanities of the Gentiles that can cause rain? or can the heavens give showers? art not thou he, O LORD our God? therefore we will wait upon thee: for thou hast made all these things. +Then said the LORD unto me, Though Moses and Samuel stood before me, yet my mind could not be toward this people: cast them out of my sight, and let them go forth. +And it shall come to pass, if they say unto thee, Whither shall we go forth? then thou shalt tell them, Thus saith the LORD; Such as are for death, to death; and such as are for the sword, to the sword; and such as are for the famine, to the famine; and such as are for the captivity, to the captivity. +And I will appoint over them four kinds, saith the LORD: the sword to slay, and the dogs to tear, and the fowls of the heaven, and the beasts of the earth, to devour and destroy. +And I will cause them to be removed into all kingdoms of the earth, because of Manasseh the son of Hezekiah king of Judah, for that which he did in Jerusalem. +For who shall have pity upon thee, O Jerusalem? or who shall bemoan thee? or who shall go aside to ask how thou doest? +Thou hast forsaken me, saith the LORD, thou art gone backward: therefore will I stretch out my hand against thee, and destroy thee; I am weary with repenting. +And I will fan them with a fan in the gates of the land; I will bereave them of children, I will destroy my people since they return not from their ways. +Their widows are increased to me above the sand of the seas: I have brought upon them against the mother of the young men a spoiler at noonday: I have caused him to fall upon it suddenly, and terrors upon the city. +She that hath borne seven languisheth: she hath given up the ghost; her sun is gone down while it was yet day: she hath been ashamed and confounded: and the residue of them will I deliver to the sword before their enemies, saith the LORD. +Woe is me, my mother, that thou hast borne me a man of strife and a man of contention to the whole earth! I have neither lent on usury, nor men have lent to me on usury; yet every one of them doth curse me. +The LORD said, Verily it shall be well with thy remnant; verily I will cause the enemy to entreat thee well in the time of evil and in the time of affliction. +Shall iron break the northern iron and the steel? +Thy substance and thy treasures will I give to the spoil without price, and that for all thy sins, even in all thy borders. +And I will make thee to pass with thine enemies into a land which thou knowest not: for a fire is kindled in mine anger, which shall burn upon you. +O LORD, thou knowest: remember me, and visit me, and revenge me of my persecutors; take me not away in thy longsuffering: know that for thy sake I have suffered rebuke. +Thy words were found, and I did eat them; and thy word was unto me the joy and rejoicing of mine heart: for I am called by thy name, O LORD God of hosts. +I sat not in the assembly of the mockers, nor rejoiced; I sat alone because of thy hand: for thou hast filled me with indignation. +Why is my pain perpetual, and my wound incurable, which refuseth to be healed? wilt thou be altogether unto me as a liar, and as waters that fail? +Therefore thus saith the LORD, If thou return, then will I bring thee again, and thou shalt stand before me: and if thou take forth the precious from the vile, thou shalt be as my mouth: let them return unto thee; but return not thou unto them. +And I will make thee unto this people a fenced brasen wall: and they shall fight against thee, but they shall not prevail against thee: for I am with thee to save thee and to deliver thee, saith the LORD. +And I will deliver thee out of the hand of the wicked, and I will redeem thee out of the hand of the terrible. +The word of the LORD came also unto me, saying, +Thou shalt not take thee a wife, neither shalt thou have sons or daughters in this place. +For thus saith the LORD concerning the sons and concerning the daughters that are born in this place, and concerning their mothers that bare them, and concerning their fathers that begat them in this land; +They shall die of grievous deaths; they shall not be lamented; neither shall they be buried; but they shall be as dung upon the face of the earth: and they shall be consumed by the sword, and by famine; and their carcases shall be meat for the fowls of heaven, and for the beasts of the earth. +For thus saith the LORD, Enter not into the house of mourning, neither go to lament nor bemoan them: for I have taken away my peace from this people, saith the LORD, even lovingkindness and mercies. +Both the great and the small shall die in this land: they shall not be buried, neither shall men lament for them, nor cut themselves, nor make themselves bald for them: +Neither shall men tear themselves for them in mourning, to comfort them for the dead; neither shall men give them the cup of consolation to drink for their father or for their mother. +Thou shalt not also go into the house of feasting, to sit with them to eat and to drink. +For thus saith the LORD of hosts, the God of Israel; Behold, I will cause to cease out of this place in your eyes, and in your days, the voice of mirth, and the voice of gladness, the voice of the bridegroom, and the voice of the bride. +And it shall come to pass, when thou shalt shew this people all these words, and they shall say unto thee, Wherefore hath the LORD pronounced all this great evil against us? or what is our iniquity? or what is our sin that we have committed against the LORD our God? +Then shalt thou say unto them, Because your fathers have forsaken me, saith the LORD, and have walked after other gods, and have served them, and have worshipped them, and have forsaken me, and have not kept my law; +And ye have done worse than your fathers; for, behold, ye walk every one after the imagination of his evil heart, that they may not hearken unto me: +Therefore will I cast you out of this land into a land that ye know not, neither ye nor your fathers; and there shall ye serve other gods day and night; where I will not shew you favour. +Therefore, behold, the days come, saith the LORD, that it shall no more be said, The LORD liveth, that brought up the children of Israel out of the land of Egypt; +But, The LORD liveth, that brought up the children of Israel from the land of the north, and from all the lands whither he had driven them: and I will bring them again into their land that I gave unto their fathers. +Behold, I will send for many fishers, saith the LORD, and they shall fish them; and after will I send for many hunters, and they shall hunt them from every mountain, and from every hill, and out of the holes of the rocks. +For mine eyes are upon all their ways: they are not hid from my face, neither is their iniquity hid from mine eyes. +And first I will recompense their iniquity and their sin double; because they have defiled my land, they have filled mine inheritance with the carcases of their detestable and abominable things. +O LORD, my strength, and my fortress, and my refuge in the day of affliction, the Gentiles shall come unto thee from the ends of the earth, and shall say, Surely our fathers have inherited lies, vanity, and things wherein there is no profit. +Shall a man make gods unto himself, and they are no gods? +Therefore, behold, I will this once cause them to know, I will cause them to know mine hand and my might; and they shall know that my name is The LORD. +The sin of Judah is written with a pen of iron, and with the point of a diamond: it is graven upon the table of their heart, and upon the horns of your altars; +Whilst their children remember their altars and their groves by the green trees upon the high hills. +O my mountain in the field, I will give thy substance and all thy treasures to the spoil, and thy high places for sin, throughout all thy borders. +And thou, even thyself, shalt discontinue from thine heritage that I gave thee; and I will cause thee to serve thine enemies in the land which thou knowest not: for ye have kindled a fire in mine anger, which shall burn for ever. +Thus saith the LORD; Cursed be the man that trusteth in man, and maketh flesh his arm, and whose heart departeth from the LORD. +For he shall be like the heath in the desert, and shall not see when good cometh; but shall inhabit the parched places in the wilderness, in a salt land and not inhabited. +Blessed is the man that trusteth in the LORD, and whose hope the LORD is. +For he shall be as a tree planted by the waters, and that spreadeth out her roots by the river, and shall not see when heat cometh, but her leaf shall be green; and shall not be careful in the year of drought, neither shall cease from yielding fruit. +The heart is deceitful above all things, and desperately wicked: who can know it? +I the LORD search the heart, I try the reins, even to give every man according to his ways, and according to the fruit of his doings. +As the partridge sitteth on eggs, and hatcheth them not; so he that getteth riches, and not by right, shall leave them in the midst of his days, and at his end shall be a fool. +A glorious high throne from the beginning is the place of our sanctuary. +O LORD, the hope of Israel, all that forsake thee shall be ashamed, and they that depart from me shall be written in the earth, because they have forsaken the LORD, the fountain of living waters. +Heal me, O LORD, and I shall be healed; save me, and I shall be saved: for thou art my praise. +Behold, they say unto me, Where is the word of the LORD? let it come now. +As for me, I have not hastened from being a pastor to follow thee: neither have I desired the woeful day; thou knowest: that which came out of my lips was right before thee. +Be not a terror unto me: thou art my hope in the day of evil. +Let them be confounded that persecute me, but let not me be confounded: let them be dismayed, but let not me be dismayed: bring upon them the day of evil, and destroy them with double destruction. +Thus said the LORD unto me; Go and stand in the gate of the children of the people, whereby the kings of Judah come in, and by the which they go out, and in all the gates of Jerusalem; +And say unto them, Hear ye the word of the LORD, ye kings of Judah, and all Judah, and all the inhabitants of Jerusalem, that enter in by these gates: +Thus saith the LORD; Take heed to yourselves, and bear no burden on the sabbath day, nor bring it in by the gates of Jerusalem; +Neither carry forth a burden out of your houses on the sabbath day, neither do ye any work, but hallow ye the sabbath day, as I commanded your fathers. +But they obeyed not, neither inclined their ear, but made their neck stiff, that they might not hear, nor receive instruction. +And it shall come to pass, if ye diligently hearken unto me, saith the LORD, to bring in no burden through the gates of this city on the sabbath day, but hallow the sabbath day, to do no work therein; +Then shall there enter into the gates of this city kings and princes sitting upon the throne of David, riding in chariots and on horses, they, and their princes, the men of Judah, and the inhabitants of Jerusalem: and this city shall remain for ever. +And they shall come from the cities of Judah, and from the places about Jerusalem, and from the land of Benjamin, and from the plain, and from the mountains, and from the south, bringing burnt offerings, and sacrifices, and meat offerings, and incense, and bringing sacrifices of praise, unto the house of the LORD. +But if ye will not hearken unto me to hallow the sabbath day, and not to bear a burden, even entering in at the gates of Jerusalem on the sabbath day; then will I kindle a fire in the gates thereof, and it shall devour the palaces of Jerusalem, and it shall not be quenched. +The word which came to Jeremiah from the LORD, saying, +Arise, and go down to the potter's house, and there I will cause thee to hear my words. +Then I went down to the potter's house, and, behold, he wrought a work on the wheels. +And the vessel that he made of clay was marred in the hand of the potter: so he made it again another vessel, as seemed good to the potter to make it. +Then the word of the LORD came to me, saying, +O house of Israel, cannot I do with you as this potter? saith the LORD. Behold, as the clay is in the potter's hand, so are ye in mine hand, O house of Israel. +At what instant I shall speak concerning a nation, and concerning a kingdom, to pluck up, and to pull down, and to destroy it; +If that nation, against whom I have pronounced, turn from their evil, I will repent of the evil that I thought to do unto them. +And at what instant I shall speak concerning a nation, and concerning a kingdom, to build and to plant it; +If it do evil in my sight, that it obey not my voice, then I will repent of the good, wherewith I said I would benefit them. +Now therefore go to, speak to the men of Judah, and to the inhabitants of Jerusalem, saying, Thus saith the LORD; Behold, I frame evil against you, and devise a device against you: return ye now every one from his evil way, and make your ways and your doings good. +And they said, There is no hope: but we will walk after our own devices, and we will every one do the imagination of his evil heart. +Therefore thus saith the LORD; Ask ye now among the heathen, who hath heard such things: the virgin of Israel hath done a very horrible thing. +Will a man leave the snow of Lebanon which cometh from the rock of the field? or shall the cold flowing waters that come from another place be forsaken? +Because my people hath forgotten me, they have burned incense to vanity, and they have caused them to stumble in their ways from the ancient paths, to walk in paths, in a way not cast up; +To make their land desolate, and a perpetual hissing; every one that passeth thereby shall be astonished, and wag his head. +I will scatter them as with an east wind before the enemy; I will shew them the back, and not the face, in the day of their calamity. +Then said they, Come and let us devise devices against Jeremiah; for the law shall not perish from the priest, nor counsel from the wise, nor the word from the prophet. Come, and let us smite him with the tongue, and let us not give heed to any of his words. +Give heed to me, O LORD, and hearken to the voice of them that contend with me. +Shall evil be recompensed for good? for they have digged a pit for my soul. Remember that I stood before thee to speak good for them, and to turn away thy wrath from them. +Therefore deliver up their children to the famine, and pour out their blood by the force of the sword; and let their wives be bereaved of their children, and be widows; and let their men be put to death; let their young men be slain by the sword in battle. +Let a cry be heard from their houses, when thou shalt bring a troop suddenly upon them: for they have digged a pit to take me, and hid snares for my feet. +Yet, LORD, thou knowest all their counsel against me to slay me: forgive not their iniquity, neither blot out their sin from thy sight, but let them be overthrown before thee; deal thus with them in the time of thine anger. +Thus saith the LORD, Go and get a potter's earthen bottle, and take of the ancients of the people, and of the ancients of the priests; +And go forth unto the valley of the son of Hinnom, which is by the entry of the east gate, and proclaim there the words that I shall tell thee, +And say, Hear ye the word of the LORD, O kings of Judah, and inhabitants of Jerusalem; Thus saith the LORD of hosts, the God of Israel; Behold, I will bring evil upon this place, the which whosoever heareth, his ears shall tingle. +Because they have forsaken me, and have estranged this place, and have burned incense in it unto other gods, whom neither they nor their fathers have known, nor the kings of Judah, and have filled this place with the blood of innocents; +They have built also the high places of Baal, to burn their sons with fire for burnt offerings unto Baal, which I commanded not, nor spake it, neither came it into my mind: +Therefore, behold, the days come, saith the LORD, that this place shall no more be called Tophet, nor The valley of the son of Hinnom, but The valley of slaughter. +And I will make void the counsel of Judah and Jerusalem in this place; and I will cause them to fall by the sword before their enemies, and by the hands of them that seek their lives: and their carcases will I give to be meat for the fowls of the heaven, and for the beasts of the earth. +And I will make this city desolate, and an hissing; every one that passeth thereby shall be astonished and hiss because of all the plagues thereof. +And I will cause them to eat the flesh of their sons and the flesh of their daughters, and they shall eat every one the flesh of his friend in the siege and straitness, wherewith their enemies, and they that seek their lives, shall straiten them. +Then shalt thou break the bottle in the sight of the men that go with thee, +And shalt say unto them, Thus saith the LORD of hosts; Even so will I break this people and this city, as one breaketh a potter's vessel, that cannot be made whole again: and they shall bury them in Tophet, till there be no place to bury. +Thus will I do unto this place, saith the LORD, and to the inhabitants thereof, and even make this city as Tophet: +And the houses of Jerusalem, and the houses of the kings of Judah, shall be defiled as the place of Tophet, because of all the houses upon whose roofs they have burned incense unto all the host of heaven, and have poured out drink offerings unto other gods. +Then came Jeremiah from Tophet, whither the LORD had sent him to prophesy; and he stood in the court of the LORD's house; and said to all the people, +Thus saith the LORD of hosts, the God of Israel; Behold, I will bring upon this city and upon all her towns all the evil that I have pronounced against it, because they have hardened their necks, that they might not hear my words. +Now Pashur the son of Immer the priest, who was also chief governor in the house of the LORD, heard that Jeremiah prophesied these things. +Then Pashur smote Jeremiah the prophet, and put him in the stocks that were in the high gate of Benjamin, which was by the house of the LORD. +And it came to pass on the morrow, that Pashur brought forth Jeremiah out of the stocks. Then said Jeremiah unto him, The LORD hath not called thy name Pashur, but Magormissabib. +For thus saith the LORD, Behold, I will make thee a terror to thyself, and to all thy friends: and they shall fall by the sword of their enemies, and thine eyes shall behold it: and I will give all Judah into the hand of the king of Babylon, and he shall carry them captive into Babylon, and shall slay them with the sword. +Moreover I will deliver all the strength of this city, and all the labours thereof, and all the precious things thereof, and all the treasures of the kings of Judah will I give into the hand of their enemies, which shall spoil them, and take them, and carry them to Babylon. +And thou, Pashur, and all that dwell in thine house shall go into captivity: and thou shalt come to Babylon, and there thou shalt die, and shalt be buried there, thou, and all thy friends, to whom thou hast prophesied lies. +O LORD, thou hast deceived me, and I was deceived; thou art stronger than I, and hast prevailed: I am in derision daily, every one mocketh me. +For since I spake, I cried out, I cried violence and spoil; because the word of the LORD was made a reproach unto me, and a derision, daily. +Then I said, I will not make mention of him, nor speak any more in his name. But his word was in mine heart as a burning fire shut up in my bones, and I was weary with forbearing, and I could not stay. +For I heard the defaming of many, fear on every side. Report, say they, and we will report it. All my familiars watched for my halting, saying, Peradventure he will be enticed, and we shall prevail against him, and we shall take our revenge on him. +But the LORD is with me as a mighty terrible one: therefore my persecutors shall stumble, and they shall not prevail: they shall be greatly ashamed; for they shall not prosper: their everlasting confusion shall never be forgotten. +But, O LORD of hosts, that triest the righteous, and seest the reins and the heart, let me see thy vengeance on them: for unto thee have I opened my cause. +Sing unto the LORD, praise ye the LORD: for he hath delivered the soul of the poor from the hand of evildoers. +Cursed be the day wherein I was born: let not the day wherein my mother bare me be blessed. +Cursed be the man who brought tidings to my father, saying, A man child is born unto thee; making him very glad. +And let that man be as the cities which the LORD overthrew, and repented not: and let him hear the cry in the morning, and the shouting at noontide; +Because he slew me not from the womb; or that my mother might have been my grave, and her womb to be always great with me. +Wherefore came I forth out of the womb to see labour and sorrow, that my days should be consumed with shame? +The word which came unto Jeremiah from the LORD, when king Zedekiah sent unto him Pashur the son of Melchiah, and Zephaniah the son of Maaseiah the priest, saying, +Enquire, I pray thee, of the LORD for us; for Nebuchadrezzar king of Babylon maketh war against us; if so be that the LORD will deal with us according to all his wondrous works, that he may go up from us. +Then said Jeremiah unto them, Thus shall ye say to Zedekiah: +Thus saith the LORD God of Israel; Behold, I will turn back the weapons of war that are in your hands, wherewith ye fight against the king of Babylon, and against the Chaldeans, which besiege you without the walls, and I will assemble them into the midst of this city. +And I myself will fight against you with an outstretched hand and with a strong arm, even in anger, and in fury, and in great wrath. +And I will smite the inhabitants of this city, both man and beast: they shall die of a great pestilence. +And afterward, saith the LORD, I will deliver Zedekiah king of Judah, and his servants, and the people, and such as are left in this city from the pestilence, from the sword, and from the famine, into the hand of Nebuchadrezzar king of Babylon, and into the hand of their enemies, and into the hand of those that seek their life: and he shall smite them with the edge of the sword; he shall not spare them, neither have pity, nor have mercy. +And unto this people thou shalt say, Thus saith the LORD; Behold, I set before you the way of life, and the way of death. +He that abideth in this city shall die by the sword, and by the famine, and by the pestilence: but he that goeth out, and falleth to the Chaldeans that besiege you, he shall live, and his life shall be unto him for a prey. +For I have set my face against this city for evil, and not for good, saith the LORD: it shall be given into the hand of the king of Babylon, and he shall burn it with fire. +And touching the house of the king of Judah, say, Hear ye the word of the LORD; +O house of David, thus saith the LORD; Execute judgment in the morning, and deliver him that is spoiled out of the hand of the oppressor, lest my fury go out like fire, and burn that none can quench it, because of the evil of your doings. +Behold, I am against thee, O inhabitant of the valley, and rock of the plain, saith the LORD; which say, Who shall come down against us? or who shall enter into our habitations? +But I will punish you according to the fruit of your doings, saith the LORD: and I will kindle a fire in the forest thereof, and it shall devour all things round about it. +Thus saith the LORD; Go down to the house of the king of Judah, and speak there this word, +And say, Hear the word of the LORD, O king of Judah, that sittest upon the throne of David, thou, and thy servants, and thy people that enter in by these gates: +Thus saith the LORD; Execute ye judgment and righteousness, and deliver the spoiled out of the hand of the oppressor: and do no wrong, do no violence to the stranger, the fatherless, nor the widow, neither shed innocent blood in this place. +For if ye do this thing indeed, then shall there enter in by the gates of this house kings sitting upon the throne of David, riding in chariots and on horses, he, and his servants, and his people. +But if ye will not hear these words, I swear by myself, saith the LORD, that this house shall become a desolation. +For thus saith the LORD unto the king's house of Judah; Thou art Gilead unto me, and the head of Lebanon: yet surely I will make thee a wilderness, and cities which are not inhabited. +And I will prepare destroyers against thee, every one with his weapons: and they shall cut down thy choice cedars, and cast them into the fire. +And many nations shall pass by this city, and they shall say every man to his neighbour, Wherefore hath the LORD done thus unto this great city? +Then they shall answer, Because they have forsaken the covenant of the LORD their God, and worshipped other gods, and served them. +Weep ye not for the dead, neither bemoan him: but weep sore for him that goeth away: for he shall return no more, nor see his native country. +For thus saith the LORD touching Shallum the son of Josiah king of Judah, which reigned instead of Josiah his father, which went forth out of this place; He shall not return thither any more: +But he shall die in the place whither they have led him captive, and shall see this land no more. +Woe unto him that buildeth his house by unrighteousness, and his chambers by wrong; that useth his neighbour's service without wages, and giveth him not for his work; +That saith, I will build me a wide house and large chambers, and cutteth him out windows; and it is cieled with cedar, and painted with vermilion. +Shalt thou reign, because thou closest thyself in cedar? did not thy father eat and drink, and do judgment and justice, and then it was well with him? +He judged the cause of the poor and needy; then it was well with him: was not this to know me? saith the LORD. +But thine eyes and thine heart are not but for thy covetousness, and for to shed innocent blood, and for oppression, and for violence, to do it. +Therefore thus saith the LORD concerning Jehoiakim the son of Josiah king of Judah; They shall not lament for him, saying, Ah my brother! or, Ah sister! they shall not lament for him, saying, Ah lord! or, Ah his glory! +He shall be buried with the burial of an ass, drawn and cast forth beyond the gates of Jerusalem. +Go up to Lebanon, and cry; and lift up thy voice in Bashan, and cry from the passages: for all thy lovers are destroyed. +I spake unto thee in thy prosperity; but thou saidst, I will not hear. This hath been thy manner from thy youth, that thou obeyedst not my voice. +The wind shall eat up all thy pastors, and thy lovers shall go into captivity: surely then shalt thou be ashamed and confounded for all thy wickedness. +O inhabitant of Lebanon, that makest thy nest in the cedars, how gracious shalt thou be when pangs come upon thee, the pain as of a woman in travail! +As I live, saith the LORD, though Coniah the son of Jehoiakim king of Judah were the signet upon my right hand, yet would I pluck thee thence; +And I will give thee into the hand of them that seek thy life, and into the hand of them whose face thou fearest, even into the hand of Nebuchadrezzar king of Babylon, and into the hand of the Chaldeans. +And I will cast thee out, and thy mother that bare thee, into another country, where ye were not born; and there shall ye die. +But to the land whereunto they desire to return, thither shall they not return. +Is this man Coniah a despised broken idol? is he a vessel wherein is no pleasure? wherefore are they cast out, he and his seed, and are cast into a land which they know not? +O earth, earth, earth, hear the word of the LORD. +Thus saith the LORD, Write ye this man childless, a man that shall not prosper in his days: for no man of his seed shall prosper, sitting upon the throne of David, and ruling any more in Judah. +Woe be unto the pastors that destroy and scatter the sheep of my pasture! saith the LORD. +Therefore thus saith the LORD God of Israel against the pastors that feed my people; Ye have scattered my flock, and driven them away, and have not visited them: behold, I will visit upon you the evil of your doings, saith the LORD. +And I will gather the remnant of my flock out of all countries whither I have driven them, and will bring them again to their folds; and they shall be fruitful and increase. +And I will set up shepherds over them which shall feed them: and they shall fear no more, nor be dismayed, neither shall they be lacking, saith the LORD. +Behold, the days come, saith the LORD, that I will raise unto David a righteous Branch, and a King shall reign and prosper, and shall execute judgment and justice in the earth. +In his days Judah shall be saved, and Israel shall dwell safely: and this is his name whereby he shall be called, THE LORD OUR RIGHTEOUSNESS. +Therefore, behold, the days come, saith the LORD, that they shall no more say, The LORD liveth, which brought up the children of Israel out of the land of Egypt; +But, The LORD liveth, which brought up and which led the seed of the house of Israel out of the north country, and from all countries whither I had driven them; and they shall dwell in their own land. +Mine heart within me is broken because of the prophets; all my bones shake; I am like a drunken man, and like a man whom wine hath overcome, because of the LORD, and because of the words of his holiness. +For the land is full of adulterers; for because of swearing the land mourneth; the pleasant places of the wilderness are dried up, and their course is evil, and their force is not right. +For both prophet and priest are profane; yea, in my house have I found their wickedness, saith the LORD. +Wherefore their way shall be unto them as slippery ways in the darkness: they shall be driven on, and fall therein: for I will bring evil upon them, even the year of their visitation, saith the LORD. +And I have seen folly in the prophets of Samaria; they prophesied in Baal, and caused my people Israel to err. +I have seen also in the prophets of Jerusalem an horrible thing: they commit adultery, and walk in lies: they strengthen also the hands of evildoers, that none doth return from his wickedness; they are all of them unto me as Sodom, and the inhabitants thereof as Gomorrah. +Therefore thus saith the LORD of hosts concerning the prophets; Behold, I will feed them with wormwood, and make them drink the water of gall: for from the prophets of Jerusalem is profaneness gone forth into all the land. +Thus saith the LORD of hosts, Hearken not unto the words of the prophets that prophesy unto you: they make you vain: they speak a vision of their own heart, and not out of the mouth of the LORD. +They say still unto them that despise me, The LORD hath said, Ye shall have peace; and they say unto every one that walketh after the imagination of his own heart, No evil shall come upon you. +For who hath stood in the counsel of the LORD, and hath perceived and heard his word? who hath marked his word, and heard it? +Behold, a whirlwind of the LORD is gone forth in fury, even a grievous whirlwind: it shall fall grievously upon the head of the wicked. +The anger of the LORD shall not return, until he have executed, and till he have performed the thoughts of his heart: in the latter days ye shall consider it perfectly. +I have not sent these prophets, yet they ran: I have not spoken to them, yet they prophesied. +But if they had stood in my counsel, and had caused my people to hear my words, then they should have turned them from their evil way, and from the evil of their doings. +Am I a God at hand, saith the LORD, and not a God afar off? +Can any hide himself in secret places that I shall not see him? saith the LORD. Do not I fill heaven and earth? saith the LORD. +I have heard what the prophets said, that prophesy lies in my name, saying, I have dreamed, I have dreamed. +How long shall this be in the heart of the prophets that prophesy lies? yea, they are prophets of the deceit of their own heart; +Which think to cause my people to forget my name by their dreams which they tell every man to his neighbour, as their fathers have forgotten my name for Baal. +The prophet that hath a dream, let him tell a dream; and he that hath my word, let him speak my word faithfully. What is the chaff to the wheat? saith the LORD. +Is not my word like as a fire? saith the LORD; and like a hammer that breaketh the rock in pieces? +Therefore, behold, I am against the prophets, saith the LORD, that steal my words every one from his neighbour. +Behold, I am against the prophets, saith the LORD, that use their tongues, and say, He saith. +Behold, I am against them that prophesy false dreams, saith the LORD, and do tell them, and cause my people to err by their lies, and by their lightness; yet I sent them not, nor commanded them: therefore they shall not profit this people at all, saith the LORD. +And when this people, or the prophet, or a priest, shall ask thee, saying, What is the burden of the LORD? thou shalt then say unto them, What burden? I will even forsake you, saith the LORD. +And as for the prophet, and the priest, and the people, that shall say, The burden of the LORD, I will even punish that man and his house. +Thus shall ye say every one to his neighbour, and every one to his brother, What hath the LORD answered? and, What hath the LORD spoken? +And the burden of the LORD shall ye mention no more: for every man's word shall be his burden; for ye have perverted the words of the living God, of the LORD of hosts our God. +Thus shalt thou say to the prophet, What hath the LORD answered thee? and, What hath the LORD spoken? +But since ye say, The burden of the LORD; therefore thus saith the LORD; Because ye say this word, The burden of the LORD, and I have sent unto you, saying, Ye shall not say, The burden of the LORD; +Therefore, behold, I, even I, will utterly forget you, and I will forsake you, and the city that I gave you and your fathers, and cast you out of my presence: +And I will bring an everlasting reproach upon you, and a perpetual shame, which shall not be forgotten. +The LORD shewed me, and, behold, two baskets of figs were set before the temple of the LORD, after that Nebuchadrezzar king of Babylon had carried away captive Jeconiah the son of Jehoiakim king of Judah, and the princes of Judah, with the carpenters and smiths, from Jerusalem, and had brought them to Babylon. +One basket had very good figs, even like the figs that are first ripe: and the other basket had very naughty figs, which could not be eaten, they were so bad. +Then said the LORD unto me, What seest thou, Jeremiah? And I said, Figs; the good figs, very good; and the evil, very evil, that cannot be eaten, they are so evil. +Again the word of the LORD came unto me, saying, +Thus saith the LORD, the God of Israel; Like these good figs, so will I acknowledge them that are carried away captive of Judah, whom I have sent out of this place into the land of the Chaldeans for their good. +For I will set mine eyes upon them for good, and I will bring them again to this land: and I will build them, and not pull them down; and I will plant them, and not pluck them up. +And I will give them an heart to know me, that I am the LORD: and they shall be my people, and I will be their God: for they shall return unto me with their whole heart. +And as the evil figs, which cannot be eaten, they are so evil; surely thus saith the LORD, So will I give Zedekiah the king of Judah, and his princes, and the residue of Jerusalem, that remain in this land, and them that dwell in the land of Egypt: +And I will deliver them to be removed into all the kingdoms of the earth for their hurt, to be a reproach and a proverb, a taunt and a curse, in all places whither I shall drive them. +And I will send the sword, the famine, and the pestilence, among them, till they be consumed from off the land that I gave unto them and to their fathers. +The word that came to Jeremiah concerning all the people of Judah in the fourth year of Jehoiakim the son of Josiah king of Judah, that was the first year of Nebuchadrezzar king of Babylon; +The which Jeremiah the prophet spake unto all the people of Judah, and to all the inhabitants of Jerusalem, saying, +From the thirteenth year of Josiah the son of Amon king of Judah, even unto this day, that is the three and twentieth year, the word of the LORD hath come unto me, and I have spoken unto you, rising early and speaking; but ye have not hearkened. +And the LORD hath sent unto you all his servants the prophets, rising early and sending them; but ye have not hearkened, nor inclined your ear to hear. +They said, Turn ye again now every one from his evil way, and from the evil of your doings, and dwell in the land that the LORD hath given unto you and to your fathers for ever and ever: +And go not after other gods to serve them, and to worship them, and provoke me not to anger with the works of your hands; and I will do you no hurt. +Yet ye have not hearkened unto me, saith the LORD; that ye might provoke me to anger with the works of your hands to your own hurt. +Therefore thus saith the LORD of hosts; Because ye have not heard my words, +Behold, I will send and take all the families of the north, saith the LORD, and Nebuchadrezzar the king of Babylon, my servant, and will bring them against this land, and against the inhabitants thereof, and against all these nations round about, and will utterly destroy them, and make them an astonishment, and an hissing, and perpetual desolations. +Moreover I will take from them the voice of mirth, and the voice of gladness, the voice of the bridegroom, and the voice of the bride, the sound of the millstones, and the light of the candle. +And this whole land shall be a desolation, and an astonishment; and these nations shall serve the king of Babylon seventy years. +And it shall come to pass, when seventy years are accomplished, that I will punish the king of Babylon, and that nation, saith the LORD, for their iniquity, and the land of the Chaldeans, and will make it perpetual desolations. +And I will bring upon that land all my words which I have pronounced against it, even all that is written in this book, which Jeremiah hath prophesied against all the nations. +For many nations and great kings shall serve themselves of them also: and I will recompense them according to their deeds, and according to the works of their own hands. +For thus saith the LORD God of Israel unto me; Take the wine cup of this fury at my hand, and cause all the nations, to whom I send thee, to drink it. +And they shall drink, and be moved, and be mad, because of the sword that I will send among them. +Then took I the cup at the LORD's hand, and made all the nations to drink, unto whom the LORD had sent me: +To wit, Jerusalem, and the cities of Judah, and the kings thereof, and the princes thereof, to make them a desolation, an astonishment, an hissing, and a curse; as it is this day; +Pharaoh king of Egypt, and his servants, and his princes, and all his people; +And all the mingled people, and all the kings of the land of Uz, and all the kings of the land of the Philistines, and Ashkelon, and Azzah, and Ekron, and the remnant of Ashdod, +Edom, and Moab, and the children of Ammon, +And all the kings of Tyrus, and all the kings of Zidon, and the kings of the isles which are beyond the sea, +Dedan, and Tema, and Buz, and all that are in the utmost corners, +And all the kings of Arabia, and all the kings of the mingled people that dwell in the desert, +And all the kings of Zimri, and all the kings of Elam, and all the kings of the Medes, +And all the kings of the north, far and near, one with another, and all the kingdoms of the world, which are upon the face of the earth: and the king of Sheshach shall drink after them. +Therefore thou shalt say unto them, Thus saith the LORD of hosts, the God of Israel; Drink ye, and be drunken, and spue, and fall, and rise no more, because of the sword which I will send among you. +And it shall be, if they refuse to take the cup at thine hand to drink, then shalt thou say unto them, Thus saith the LORD of hosts; Ye shall certainly drink. +For, lo, I begin to bring evil on the city which is called by my name, and should ye be utterly unpunished? Ye shall not be unpunished: for I will call for a sword upon all the inhabitants of the earth, saith the LORD of hosts. +Therefore prophesy thou against them all these words, and say unto them, The LORD shall roar from on high, and utter his voice from his holy habitation; he shall mightily roar upon his habitation; he shall give a shout, as they that tread the grapes, against all the inhabitants of the earth. +A noise shall come even to the ends of the earth; for the LORD hath a controversy with the nations, he will plead with all flesh; he will give them that are wicked to the sword, saith the LORD. +Thus saith the LORD of hosts, Behold, evil shall go forth from nation to nation, and a great whirlwind shall be raised up from the coasts of the earth. +And the slain of the LORD shall be at that day from one end of the earth even unto the other end of the earth: they shall not be lamented, neither gathered, nor buried; they shall be dung upon the ground. +Howl, ye shepherds, and cry; and wallow yourselves in the ashes, ye principal of the flock: for the days of your slaughter and of your dispersions are accomplished; and ye shall fall like a pleasant vessel. +And the shepherds shall have no way to flee, nor the principal of the flock to escape. +A voice of the cry of the shepherds, and an howling of the principal of the flock, shall be heard: for the LORD hath spoiled their pasture. +And the peaceable habitations are cut down because of the fierce anger of the LORD. +He hath forsaken his covert, as the lion: for their land is desolate because of the fierceness of the oppressor, and because of his fierce anger. +In the beginning of the reign of Jehoiakim the son of Josiah king of Judah came this word from the LORD, saying, +Thus saith the LORD; Stand in the court of the LORD's house, and speak unto all the cities of Judah, which come to worship in the LORD's house, all the words that I command thee to speak unto them; diminish not a word: +If so be they will hearken, and turn every man from his evil way, that I may repent me of the evil, which I purpose to do unto them because of the evil of their doings. +And thou shalt say unto them, Thus saith the LORD; If ye will not hearken to me, to walk in my law, which I have set before you, +To hearken to the words of my servants the prophets, whom I sent unto you, both rising up early, and sending them, but ye have not hearkened; +Then will I make this house like Shiloh, and will make this city a curse to all the nations of the earth. +So the priests and the prophets and all the people heard Jeremiah speaking these words in the house of the LORD. +Now it came to pass, when Jeremiah had made an end of speaking all that the LORD had commanded him to speak unto all the people, that the priests and the prophets and all the people took him, saying, Thou shalt surely die. +Why hast thou prophesied in the name of the LORD, saying, This house shall be like Shiloh, and this city shall be desolate without an inhabitant? And all the people were gathered against Jeremiah in the house of the LORD. +When the princes of Judah heard these things, then they came up from the king's house unto the house of the LORD, and sat down in the entry of the new gate of the LORD's house. +Then spake the priests and the prophets unto the princes and to all the people, saying, This man is worthy to die; for he hath prophesied against this city, as ye have heard with your ears. +Then spake Jeremiah unto all the princes and to all the people, saying, The LORD sent me to prophesy against this house and against this city all the words that ye have heard. +Therefore now amend your ways and your doings, and obey the voice of the LORD your God; and the LORD will repent him of the evil that he hath pronounced against you. +As for me, behold, I am in your hand: do with me as seemeth good and meet unto you. +But know ye for certain, that if ye put me to death, ye shall surely bring innocent blood upon yourselves, and upon this city, and upon the inhabitants thereof: for of a truth the LORD hath sent me unto you to speak all these words in your ears. +Then said the princes and all the people unto the priests and to the prophets; This man is not worthy to die: for he hath spoken to us in the name of the LORD our God. +Then rose up certain of the elders of the land, and spake to all the assembly of the people, saying, +Micah the Morasthite prophesied in the days of Hezekiah king of Judah, and spake to all the people of Judah, saying, Thus saith the LORD of hosts; Zion shall be plowed like a field, and Jerusalem shall become heaps, and the mountain of the house as the high places of a forest. +Did Hezekiah king of Judah and all Judah put him at all to death? did he not fear the LORD, and besought the LORD, and the LORD repented him of the evil which he had pronounced against them? Thus might we procure great evil against our souls. +And there was also a man that prophesied in the name of the LORD, Urijah the son of Shemaiah of Kirjathjearim, who prophesied against this city and against this land according to all the words of Jeremiah. +And when Jehoiakim the king, with all his mighty men, and all the princes, heard his words, the king sought to put him to death: but when Urijah heard it, he was afraid, and fled, and went into Egypt; +And Jehoiakim the king sent men into Egypt, namely, Elnathan the son of Achbor, and certain men with him into Egypt. +And they fetched forth Urijah out of Egypt, and brought him unto Jehoiakim the king; who slew him with the sword, and cast his dead body into the graves of the common people. +Nevertheless the hand of Ahikam the son of Shaphan was with Jeremiah, that they should not give him into the hand of the people to put him to death. +In the beginning of the reign of Jehoiakim the son of Josiah king of Judah came this word unto Jeremiah from the LORD, saying, +Thus saith the LORD to me; Make thee bonds and yokes, and put them upon thy neck, +And send them to the king of Edom, and to the king of Moab, and to the king of the Ammonites, and to the king of Tyrus, and to the king of Zidon, by the hand of the messengers which come to Jerusalem unto Zedekiah king of Judah; +And command them to say unto their masters, Thus saith the LORD of hosts, the God of Israel; Thus shall ye say unto your masters; +I have made the earth, the man and the beast that are upon the ground, by my great power and by my outstretched arm, and have given it unto whom it seemed meet unto me. +And now have I given all these lands into the hand of Nebuchadnezzar the king of Babylon, my servant; and the beasts of the field have I given him also to serve him. +And all nations shall serve him, and his son, and his son's son, until the very time of his land come: and then many nations and great kings shall serve themselves of him. +And it shall come to pass, that the nation and kingdom which will not serve the same Nebuchadnezzar the king of Babylon, and that will not put their neck under the yoke of the king of Babylon, that nation will I punish, saith the LORD, with the sword, and with the famine, and with the pestilence, until I have consumed them by his hand. +Therefore hearken not ye to your prophets, nor to your diviners, nor to your dreamers, nor to your enchanters, nor to your sorcerers, which speak unto you, saying, Ye shall not serve the king of Babylon: +For they prophesy a lie unto you, to remove you far from your land; and that I should drive you out, and ye should perish. +But the nations that bring their neck under the yoke of the king of Babylon, and serve him, those will I let remain still in their own land, saith the LORD; and they shall till it, and dwell therein. +I spake also to Zedekiah king of Judah according to all these words, saying, Bring your necks under the yoke of the king of Babylon, and serve him and his people, and live. +Why will ye die, thou and thy people, by the sword, by the famine, and by the pestilence, as the LORD hath spoken against the nation that will not serve the king of Babylon? +Therefore hearken not unto the words of the prophets that speak unto you, saying, Ye shall not serve the king of Babylon: for they prophesy a lie unto you. +For I have not sent them, saith the LORD, yet they prophesy a lie in my name; that I might drive you out, and that ye might perish, ye, and the prophets that prophesy unto you. +Also I spake to the priests and to all this people, saying, Thus saith the LORD; Hearken not to the words of your prophets that prophesy unto you, saying, Behold, the vessels of the LORD's house shall now shortly be brought again from Babylon: for they prophesy a lie unto you. +Hearken not unto them; serve the king of Babylon, and live: wherefore should this city be laid waste? +But if they be prophets, and if the word of the LORD be with them, let them now make intercession to the LORD of hosts, that the vessels which are left in the house of the LORD, and in the house of the king of Judah, and at Jerusalem, go not to Babylon. +For thus saith the LORD of hosts concerning the pillars, and concerning the sea, and concerning the bases, and concerning the residue of the vessels that remain in this city. +Which Nebuchadnezzar king of Babylon took not, when he carried away captive Jeconiah the son of Jehoiakim king of Judah from Jerusalem to Babylon, and all the nobles of Judah and Jerusalem; +Yea, thus saith the LORD of hosts, the God of Israel, concerning the vessels that remain in the house of the LORD, and in the house of the king of Judah and of Jerusalem; +They shall be carried to Babylon, and there shall they be until the day that I visit them, saith the LORD; then will I bring them up, and restore them to this place. +And it came to pass the same year, in the beginning of the reign of Zedekiah king of Judah, in the fourth year, and in the fifth month, that Hananiah the son of Azur the prophet, which was of Gibeon, spake unto me in the house of the LORD, in the presence of the priests and of all the people, saying, +Thus speaketh the LORD of hosts, the God of Israel, saying, I have broken the yoke of the king of Babylon. +Within two full years will I bring again into this place all the vessels of the LORD's house, that Nebuchadnezzar king of Babylon took away from this place, and carried them to Babylon: +And I will bring again to this place Jeconiah the son of Jehoiakim king of Judah, with all the captives of Judah, that went into Babylon, saith the LORD: for I will break the yoke of the king of Babylon. +Then the prophet Jeremiah said unto the prophet Hananiah in the presence of the priests, and in the presence of all the people that stood in the house of the LORD, +Even the prophet Jeremiah said, Amen: the LORD do so: the LORD perform thy words which thou hast prophesied, to bring again the vessels of the LORD's house, and all that is carried away captive, from Babylon into this place. +Nevertheless hear thou now this word that I speak in thine ears, and in the ears of all the people; +The prophets that have been before me and before thee of old prophesied both against many countries, and against great kingdoms, of war, and of evil, and of pestilence. +The prophet which prophesieth of peace, when the word of the prophet shall come to pass, then shall the prophet be known, that the LORD hath truly sent him. +Then Hananiah the prophet took the yoke from off the prophet Jeremiah's neck, and brake it. +And Hananiah spake in the presence of all the people, saying, Thus saith the LORD; Even so will I break the yoke of Nebuchadnezzar king of Babylon from the neck of all nations within the space of two full years. And the prophet Jeremiah went his way. +Then the word of the LORD came unto Jeremiah the prophet, after that Hananiah the prophet had broken the yoke from off the neck of the prophet Jeremiah, saying, +Go and tell Hananiah, saying, Thus saith the LORD; Thou hast broken the yokes of wood; but thou shalt make for them yokes of iron. +For thus saith the LORD of hosts, the God of Israel; I have put a yoke of iron upon the neck of all these nations, that they may serve Nebuchadnezzar king of Babylon; and they shall serve him: and I have given him the beasts of the field also. +Then said the prophet Jeremiah unto Hananiah the prophet, Hear now, Hananiah; The LORD hath not sent thee; but thou makest this people to trust in a lie. +Therefore thus saith the LORD; Behold, I will cast thee from off the face of the earth: this year thou shalt die, because thou hast taught rebellion against the LORD. +So Hananiah the prophet died the same year in the seventh month. +Now these are the words of the letter that Jeremiah the prophet sent from Jerusalem unto the residue of the elders which were carried away captives, and to the priests, and to the prophets, and to all the people whom Nebuchadnezzar had carried away captive from Jerusalem to Babylon; +(After that Jeconiah the king, and the queen, and the eunuchs, the princes of Judah and Jerusalem, and the carpenters, and the smiths, were departed from Jerusalem;) +By the hand of Elasah the son of Shaphan, and Gemariah the son of Hilkiah, (whom Zedekiah king of Judah sent unto Babylon to Nebuchadnezzar king of Babylon) saying, +Thus saith the LORD of hosts, the God of Israel, unto all that are carried away captives, whom I have caused to be carried away from Jerusalem unto Babylon; +Build ye houses, and dwell in them; and plant gardens, and eat the fruit of them; +Take ye wives, and beget sons and daughters; and take wives for your sons, and give your daughters to husbands, that they may bear sons and daughters; that ye may be increased there, and not diminished. +And seek the peace of the city whither I have caused you to be carried away captives, and pray unto the LORD for it: for in the peace thereof shall ye have peace. +For thus saith the LORD of hosts, the God of Israel; Let not your prophets and your diviners, that be in the midst of you, deceive you, neither hearken to your dreams which ye cause to be dreamed. +For they prophesy falsely unto you in my name: I have not sent them, saith the LORD. +For thus saith the LORD, That after seventy years be accomplished at Babylon I will visit you, and perform my good word toward you, in causing you to return to this place. +For I know the thoughts that I think toward you, saith the LORD, thoughts of peace, and not of evil, to give you an expected end. +Then shall ye call upon me, and ye shall go and pray unto me, and I will hearken unto you. +And ye shall seek me, and find me, when ye shall search for me with all your heart. +And I will be found of you, saith the LORD: and I will turn away your captivity, and I will gather you from all the nations, and from all the places whither I have driven you, saith the LORD; and I will bring you again into the place whence I caused you to be carried away captive. +Because ye have said, The LORD hath raised us up prophets in Babylon; +Know that thus saith the LORD of the king that sitteth upon the throne of David, and of all the people that dwelleth in this city, and of your brethren that are not gone forth with you into captivity; +Thus saith the LORD of hosts; Behold, I will send upon them the sword, the famine, and the pestilence, and will make them like vile figs, that cannot be eaten, they are so evil. +And I will persecute them with the sword, with the famine, and with the pestilence, and will deliver them to be removed to all the kingdoms of the earth, to be a curse, and an astonishment, and an hissing, and a reproach, among all the nations whither I have driven them: +Because they have not hearkened to my words, saith the LORD, which I sent unto them by my servants the prophets, rising up early and sending them; but ye would not hear, saith the LORD. +Hear ye therefore the word of the LORD, all ye of the captivity, whom I have sent from Jerusalem to Babylon: +Thus saith the LORD of hosts, the God of Israel, of Ahab the son of Kolaiah, and of Zedekiah the son of Maaseiah, which prophesy a lie unto you in my name; Behold, I will deliver them into the hand of Nebuchadrezzar king of Babylon; and he shall slay them before your eyes; +And of them shall be taken up a curse by all the captivity of Judah which are in Babylon, saying, The LORD make thee like Zedekiah and like Ahab, whom the king of Babylon roasted in the fire; +Because they have committed villany in Israel, and have committed adultery with their neighbours' wives, and have spoken lying words in my name, which I have not commanded them; even I know, and am a witness, saith the LORD. +Thus shalt thou also speak to Shemaiah the Nehelamite, saying, +Thus speaketh the LORD of hosts, the God of Israel, saying, Because thou hast sent letters in thy name unto all the people that are at Jerusalem, and to Zephaniah the son of Maaseiah the priest, and to all the priests, saying, +The LORD hath made thee priest in the stead of Jehoiada the priest, that ye should be officers in the house of the LORD, for every man that is mad, and maketh himself a prophet, that thou shouldest put him in prison, and in the stocks. +Now therefore why hast thou not reproved Jeremiah of Anathoth, which maketh himself a prophet to you? +For therefore he sent unto us in Babylon, saying, This captivity is long: build ye houses, and dwell in them; and plant gardens, and eat the fruit of them. +And Zephaniah the priest read this letter in the ears of Jeremiah the prophet. +Then came the word of the LORD unto Jeremiah, saying, +Send to all them of the captivity, saying, Thus saith the LORD concerning Shemaiah the Nehelamite; Because that Shemaiah hath prophesied unto you, and I sent him not, and he caused you to trust in a lie: +Therefore thus saith the LORD; Behold, I will punish Shemaiah the Nehelamite, and his seed: he shall not have a man to dwell among this people; neither shall he behold the good that I will do for my people, saith the LORD; because he hath taught rebellion against the LORD. +The word that came to Jeremiah from the LORD, saying, +Thus speaketh the LORD God of Israel, saying, Write thee all the words that I have spoken unto thee in a book. +For, lo, the days come, saith the LORD, that I will bring again the captivity of my people Israel and Judah, saith the LORD: and I will cause them to return to the land that I gave to their fathers, and they shall possess it. +And these are the words that the LORD spake concerning Israel and concerning Judah. +For thus saith the LORD; We have heard a voice of trembling, of fear, and not of peace. +Ask ye now, and see whether a man doth travail with child? wherefore do I see every man with his hands on his loins, as a woman in travail, and all faces are turned into paleness? +Alas! for that day is great, so that none is like it: it is even the time of Jacob's trouble, but he shall be saved out of it. +For it shall come to pass in that day, saith the LORD of hosts, that I will break his yoke from off thy neck, and will burst thy bonds, and strangers shall no more serve themselves of him: +But they shall serve the LORD their God, and David their king, whom I will raise up unto them. +Therefore fear thou not, O my servant Jacob, saith the LORD; neither be dismayed, O Israel: for, lo, I will save thee from afar, and thy seed from the land of their captivity; and Jacob shall return, and shall be in rest, and be quiet, and none shall make him afraid. +For I am with thee, saith the LORD, to save thee: though I make a full end of all nations whither I have scattered thee, yet I will not make a full end of thee: but I will correct thee in measure, and will not leave thee altogether unpunished. +For thus saith the LORD, Thy bruise is incurable, and thy wound is grievous. +There is none to plead thy cause, that thou mayest be bound up: thou hast no healing medicines. +All thy lovers have forgotten thee; they seek thee not; for I have wounded thee with the wound of an enemy, with the chastisement of a cruel one, for the multitude of thine iniquity; because thy sins were increased. +Why criest thou for thine affliction? thy sorrow is incurable for the multitude of thine iniquity: because thy sins were increased, I have done these things unto thee. +Therefore all they that devour thee shall be devoured; and all thine adversaries, every one of them, shall go into captivity; and they that spoil thee shall be a spoil, and all that prey upon thee will I give for a prey. +For I will restore health unto thee, and I will heal thee of thy wounds, saith the LORD; because they called thee an Outcast, saying, This is Zion, whom no man seeketh after. +Thus saith the LORD; Behold, I will bring again the captivity of Jacob's tents, and have mercy on his dwellingplaces; and the city shall be builded upon her own heap, and the palace shall remain after the manner thereof. +And out of them shall proceed thanksgiving and the voice of them that make merry: and I will multiply them, and they shall not be few; I will also glorify them, and they shall not be small. +Their children also shall be as aforetime, and their congregation shall be established before me, and I will punish all that oppress them. +And their nobles shall be of themselves, and their governor shall proceed from the midst of them; and I will cause him to draw near, and he shall approach unto me: for who is this that engaged his heart to approach unto me? saith the LORD. +And ye shall be my people, and I will be your God. +Behold, the whirlwind of the LORD goeth forth with fury, a continuing whirlwind: it shall fall with pain upon the head of the wicked. +The fierce anger of the LORD shall not return, until he hath done it, and until he have performed the intents of his heart: in the latter days ye shall consider it. +At the same time, saith the LORD, will I be the God of all the families of Israel, and they shall be my people. +Thus saith the LORD, The people which were left of the sword found grace in the wilderness; even Israel, when I went to cause him to rest. +The LORD hath appeared of old unto me, saying, Yea, I have loved thee with an everlasting love: therefore with lovingkindness have I drawn thee. +Again I will build thee, and thou shalt be built, O virgin of Israel: thou shalt again be adorned with thy tabrets, and shalt go forth in the dances of them that make merry. +Thou shalt yet plant vines upon the mountains of Samaria: the planters shall plant, and shall eat them as common things. +For there shall be a day, that the watchmen upon the mount Ephraim shall cry, Arise ye, and let us go up to Zion unto the LORD our God. +For thus saith the LORD; Sing with gladness for Jacob, and shout among the chief of the nations: publish ye, praise ye, and say, O LORD, save thy people, the remnant of Israel. +Behold, I will bring them from the north country, and gather them from the coasts of the earth, and with them the blind and the lame, the woman with child and her that travaileth with child together: a great company shall return thither. +They shall come with weeping, and with supplications will I lead them: I will cause them to walk by the rivers of waters in a straight way, wherein they shall not stumble: for I am a father to Israel, and Ephraim is my firstborn. +Hear the word of the LORD, O ye nations, and declare it in the isles afar off, and say, He that scattered Israel will gather him, and keep him, as a shepherd doth his flock. +For the LORD hath redeemed Jacob, and ransomed him from the hand of him that was stronger than he. +Therefore they shall come and sing in the height of Zion, and shall flow together to the goodness of the LORD, for wheat, and for wine, and for oil, and for the young of the flock and of the herd: and their soul shall be as a watered garden; and they shall not sorrow any more at all. +Then shall the virgin rejoice in the dance, both young men and old together: for I will turn their mourning into joy, and will comfort them, and make them rejoice from their sorrow. +And I will satiate the soul of the priests with fatness, and my people shall be satisfied with my goodness, saith the LORD. +Thus saith the LORD; A voice was heard in Ramah, lamentation, and bitter weeping; Rahel weeping for her children refused to be comforted for her children, because they were not. +Thus saith the LORD; Refrain thy voice from weeping, and thine eyes from tears: for thy work shall be rewarded, saith the LORD; and they shall come again from the land of the enemy. +And there is hope in thine end, saith the LORD, that thy children shall come again to their own border. +I have surely heard Ephraim bemoaning himself thus; Thou hast chastised me, and I was chastised, as a bullock unaccustomed to the yoke: turn thou me, and I shall be turned; for thou art the LORD my God. +Surely after that I was turned, I repented; and after that I was instructed, I smote upon my thigh: I was ashamed, yea, even confounded, because I did bear the reproach of my youth. +Is Ephraim my dear son? is he a pleasant child? for since I spake against him, I do earnestly remember him still: therefore my bowels are troubled for him; I will surely have mercy upon him, saith the LORD. +Set thee up waymarks, make thee high heaps: set thine heart toward the highway, even the way which thou wentest: turn again, O virgin of Israel, turn again to these thy cities. +How long wilt thou go about, O thou backsliding daughter? for the LORD hath created a new thing in the earth, A woman shall compass a man. +Thus saith the LORD of hosts, the God of Israel; As yet they shall use this speech in the land of Judah and in the cities thereof, when I shall bring again their captivity; The LORD bless thee, O habitation of justice, and mountain of holiness. +And there shall dwell in Judah itself, and in all the cities thereof together, husbandmen, and they that go forth with flocks. +For I have satiated the weary soul, and I have replenished every sorrowful soul. +Upon this I awaked, and beheld; and my sleep was sweet unto me. +Behold, the days come, saith the LORD, that I will sow the house of Israel and the house of Judah with the seed of man, and with the seed of beast. +And it shall come to pass, that like as I have watched over them, to pluck up, and to break down, and to throw down, and to destroy, and to afflict; so will I watch over them, to build, and to plant, saith the LORD. +In those days they shall say no more, The fathers have eaten a sour grape, and the children's teeth are set on edge. +But every one shall die for his own iniquity: every man that eateth the sour grape, his teeth shall be set on edge. +Behold, the days come, saith the LORD, that I will make a new covenant with the house of Israel, and with the house of Judah: +Not according to the covenant that I made with their fathers in the day that I took them by the hand to bring them out of the land of Egypt; which my covenant they brake, although I was an husband unto them, saith the LORD: +But this shall be the covenant that I will make with the house of Israel; After those days, saith the LORD, I will put my law in their inward parts, and write it in their hearts; and will be their God, and they shall be my people. +And they shall teach no more every man his neighbour, and every man his brother, saying, Know the LORD: for they shall all know me, from the least of them unto the greatest of them, saith the LORD: for I will forgive their iniquity, and I will remember their sin no more. +Thus saith the LORD, which giveth the sun for a light by day, and the ordinances of the moon and of the stars for a light by night, which divideth the sea when the waves thereof roar; The LORD of hosts is his name: +If those ordinances depart from before me, saith the LORD, then the seed of Israel also shall cease from being a nation before me for ever. +Thus saith the LORD; If heaven above can be measured, and the foundations of the earth searched out beneath, I will also cast off all the seed of Israel for all that they have done, saith the LORD. +Behold, the days come, saith the LORD, that the city shall be built to the LORD from the tower of Hananeel unto the gate of the corner. +And the measuring line shall yet go forth over against it upon the hill Gareb, and shall compass about to Goath. +And the whole valley of the dead bodies, and of the ashes, and all the fields unto the brook of Kidron, unto the corner of the horse gate toward the east, shall be holy unto the LORD; it shall not be plucked up, nor thrown down any more for ever. +The word that came to Jeremiah from the LORD in the tenth year of Zedekiah king of Judah, which was the eighteenth year of Nebuchadrezzar. +For then the king of Babylon's army besieged Jerusalem: and Jeremiah the prophet was shut up in the court of the prison, which was in the king of Judah's house. +For Zedekiah king of Judah had shut him up, saying, Wherefore dost thou prophesy, and say, Thus saith the LORD, Behold, I will give this city into the hand of the king of Babylon, and he shall take it; +And Zedekiah king of Judah shall not escape out of the hand of the Chaldeans, but shall surely be delivered into the hand of the king of Babylon, and shall speak with him mouth to mouth, and his eyes shall behold his eyes; +And he shall lead Zedekiah to Babylon, and there shall he be until I visit him, saith the LORD: though ye fight with the Chaldeans, ye shall not prosper. +And Jeremiah said, The word of the LORD came unto me, saying, +Behold, Hanameel the son of Shallum thine uncle shall come unto thee saying, Buy thee my field that is in Anathoth: for the right of redemption is thine to buy it. +So Hanameel mine uncle's son came to me in the court of the prison according to the word of the LORD, and said unto me, Buy my field, I pray thee, that is in Anathoth, which is in the country of Benjamin: for the right of inheritance is thine, and the redemption is thine; buy it for thyself. Then I knew that this was the word of the LORD. +And I bought the field of Hanameel my uncle's son, that was in Anathoth, and weighed him the money, even seventeen shekels of silver. +And I subscribed the evidence, and sealed it, and took witnesses, and weighed him the money in the balances. +So I took the evidence of the purchase, both that which was sealed according to the law and custom, and that which was open: +And I gave the evidence of the purchase unto Baruch the son of Neriah, the son of Maaseiah, in the sight of Hanameel mine uncle's son, and in the presence of the witnesses that subscribed the book of the purchase, before all the Jews that sat in the court of the prison. +And I charged Baruch before them, saying, +Thus saith the LORD of hosts, the God of Israel; Take these evidences, this evidence of the purchase, both which is sealed, and this evidence which is open; and put them in an earthen vessel, that they may continue many days. +For thus saith the LORD of hosts, the God of Israel; Houses and fields and vineyards shall be possessed again in this land. +Now when I had delivered the evidence of the purchase unto Baruch the son of Neriah, I prayed unto the LORD, saying, +Ah Lord GOD! behold, thou hast made the heaven and the earth by thy great power and stretched out arm, and there is nothing too hard for thee: +Thou shewest lovingkindness unto thousands, and recompensest the iniquity of the fathers into the bosom of their children after them: the Great, the Mighty God, the LORD of hosts, is his name, +Great in counsel, and mighty in work: for thine eyes are open upon all the ways of the sons of men: to give every one according to his ways, and according to the fruit of his doings: +Which hast set signs and wonders in the land of Egypt, even unto this day, and in Israel, and among other men; and hast made thee a name, as at this day; +And hast brought forth thy people Israel out of the land of Egypt with signs, and with wonders, and with a strong hand, and with a stretched out arm, and with great terror; +And hast given them this land, which thou didst swear to their fathers to give them, a land flowing with milk and honey; +And they came in, and possessed it; but they obeyed not thy voice, neither walked in thy law; they have done nothing of all that thou commandedst them to do: therefore thou hast caused all this evil to come upon them: +Behold the mounts, they are come unto the city to take it; and the city is given into the hand of the Chaldeans, that fight against it, because of the sword, and of the famine, and of the pestilence: and what thou hast spoken is come to pass; and, behold, thou seest it. +And thou hast said unto me, O Lord GOD, Buy thee the field for money, and take witnesses; for the city is given into the hand of the Chaldeans. +Then came the word of the LORD unto Jeremiah, saying, +Behold, I am the LORD, the God of all flesh: is there any thing too hard for me? +Therefore thus saith the LORD; Behold, I will give this city into the hand of the Chaldeans, and into the hand of Nebuchadrezzar king of Babylon, and he shall take it: +And the Chaldeans, that fight against this city, shall come and set fire on this city, and burn it with the houses, upon whose roofs they have offered incense unto Baal, and poured out drink offerings unto other gods, to provoke me to anger. +For the children of Israel and the children of Judah have only done evil before me from their youth: for the children of Israel have only provoked me to anger with the work of their hands, saith the LORD. +For this city hath been to me as a provocation of mine anger and of my fury from the day that they built it even unto this day; that I should remove it from before my face, +Because of all the evil of the children of Israel and of the children of Judah, which they have done to provoke me to anger, they, their kings, their princes, their priests, and their prophets, and the men of Judah, and the inhabitants of Jerusalem. +And they have turned unto me the back, and not the face: though I taught them, rising up early and teaching them, yet they have not hearkened to receive instruction. +But they set their abominations in the house, which is called by my name, to defile it. +And they built the high places of Baal, which are in the valley of the son of Hinnom, to cause their sons and their daughters to pass through the fire unto Molech; which I commanded them not, neither came it into my mind, that they should do this abomination, to cause Judah to sin. +And now therefore thus saith the LORD, the God of Israel, concerning this city, whereof ye say, It shall be delivered into the hand of the king of Babylon by the sword, and by the famine, and by the pestilence; +Behold, I will gather them out of all countries, whither I have driven them in mine anger, and in my fury, and in great wrath; and I will bring them again unto this place, and I will cause them to dwell safely: +And they shall be my people, and I will be their God: +And I will give them one heart, and one way, that they may fear me for ever, for the good of them, and of their children after them: +And I will make an everlasting covenant with them, that I will not turn away from them, to do them good; but I will put my fear in their hearts, that they shall not depart from me. +Yea, I will rejoice over them to do them good, and I will plant them in this land assuredly with my whole heart and with my whole soul. +For thus saith the LORD; Like as I have brought all this great evil upon this people, so will I bring upon them all the good that I have promised them. +And fields shall be bought in this land, whereof ye say, It is desolate without man or beast; it is given into the hand of the Chaldeans. +Men shall buy fields for money, and subscribe evidences, and seal them, and take witnesses in the land of Benjamin, and in the places about Jerusalem, and in the cities of Judah, and in the cities of the mountains, and in the cities of the valley, and in the cities of the south: for I will cause their captivity to return, saith the LORD. +Moreover the word of the LORD came unto Jeremiah the second time, while he was yet shut up in the court of the prison, saying, +Thus saith the LORD the maker thereof, the LORD that formed it, to establish it; the LORD is his name; +Call unto me, and I will answer thee, and shew thee great and mighty things, which thou knowest not. +For thus saith the LORD, the God of Israel, concerning the houses of this city, and concerning the houses of the kings of Judah, which are thrown down by the mounts, and by the sword; +They come to fight with the Chaldeans, but it is to fill them with the dead bodies of men, whom I have slain in mine anger and in my fury, and for all whose wickedness I have hid my face from this city. +Behold, I will bring it health and cure, and I will cure them, and will reveal unto them the abundance of peace and truth. +And I will cause the captivity of Judah and the captivity of Israel to return, and will build them, as at the first. +And I will cleanse them from all their iniquity, whereby they have sinned against me; and I will pardon all their iniquities, whereby they have sinned, and whereby they have transgressed against me. +And it shall be to me a name of joy, a praise and an honour before all the nations of the earth, which shall hear all the good that I do unto them: and they shall fear and tremble for all the goodness and for all the prosperity that I procure unto it. +Thus saith the LORD; Again there shall be heard in this place, which ye say shall be desolate without man and without beast, even in the cities of Judah, and in the streets of Jerusalem, that are desolate, without man, and without inhabitant, and without beast, +The voice of joy, and the voice of gladness, the voice of the bridegroom, and the voice of the bride, the voice of them that shall say, Praise the LORD of hosts: for the LORD is good; for his mercy endureth for ever: and of them that shall bring the sacrifice of praise into the house of the LORD. For I will cause to return the captivity of the land, as at the first, saith the LORD. +Thus saith the LORD of hosts; Again in this place, which is desolate without man and without beast, and in all the cities thereof, shall be an habitation of shepherds causing their flocks to lie down. +In the cities of the mountains, in the cities of the vale, and in the cities of the south, and in the land of Benjamin, and in the places about Jerusalem, and in the cities of Judah, shall the flocks pass again under the hands of him that telleth them, saith the LORD. +Behold, the days come, saith the LORD, that I will perform that good thing which I have promised unto the house of Israel and to the house of Judah. +In those days, and at that time, will I cause the Branch of righteousness to grow up unto David; and he shall execute judgment and righteousness in the land. +In those days shall Judah be saved, and Jerusalem shall dwell safely: and this is the name wherewith she shall be called, The LORD our righteousness. +For thus saith the LORD; David shall never want a man to sit upon the throne of the house of Israel; +Neither shall the priests the Levites want a man before me to offer burnt offerings, and to kindle meat offerings, and to do sacrifice continually. +And the word of the LORD came unto Jeremiah, saying, +Thus saith the LORD; If ye can break my covenant of the day, and my covenant of the night, and that there should not be day and night in their season; +Then may also my covenant be broken with David my servant, that he should not have a son to reign upon his throne; and with the Levites the priests, my ministers. +As the host of heaven cannot be numbered, neither the sand of the sea measured: so will I multiply the seed of David my servant, and the Levites that minister unto me. +Moreover the word of the LORD came to Jeremiah, saying, +Considerest thou not what this people have spoken, saying, The two families which the LORD hath chosen, he hath even cast them off? thus they have despised my people, that they should be no more a nation before them. +Thus saith the LORD; If my covenant be not with day and night, and if I have not appointed the ordinances of heaven and earth; +Then will I cast away the seed of Jacob and David my servant, so that I will not take any of his seed to be rulers over the seed of Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob: for I will cause their captivity to return, and have mercy on them. +The word which came unto Jeremiah from the LORD, when Nebuchadnezzar king of Babylon, and all his army, and all the kingdoms of the earth of his dominion, and all the people, fought against Jerusalem, and against all the cities thereof, saying, +Thus saith the LORD, the God of Israel; Go and speak to Zedekiah king of Judah, and tell him, Thus saith the LORD; Behold, I will give this city into the hand of the king of Babylon, and he shall burn it with fire: +And thou shalt not escape out of his hand, but shalt surely be taken, and delivered into his hand; and thine eyes shall behold the eyes of the king of Babylon, and he shall speak with thee mouth to mouth, and thou shalt go to Babylon. +Yet hear the word of the LORD, O Zedekiah king of Judah; Thus saith the LORD of thee, Thou shalt not die by the sword: +But thou shalt die in peace: and with the burnings of thy fathers, the former kings which were before thee, so shall they burn odours for thee; and they will lament thee, saying, Ah lord! for I have pronounced the word, saith the LORD. +Then Jeremiah the prophet spake all these words unto Zedekiah king of Judah in Jerusalem, +When the king of Babylon's army fought against Jerusalem, and against all the cities of Judah that were left, against Lachish, and against Azekah: for these defenced cities remained of the cities of Judah. +This is the word that came unto Jeremiah from the LORD, after that the king Zedekiah had made a covenant with all the people which were at Jerusalem, to proclaim liberty unto them; +That every man should let his manservant, and every man his maidservant, being an Hebrew or an Hebrewess, go free; that none should serve himself of them, to wit, of a Jew his brother. +Now when all the princes, and all the people, which had entered into the covenant, heard that every one should let his manservant, and every one his maidservant, go free, that none should serve themselves of them any more, then they obeyed, and let them go. +But afterward they turned, and caused the servants and the handmaids, whom they had let go free, to return, and brought them into subjection for servants and for handmaids. +Therefore the word of the LORD came to Jeremiah from the LORD, saying, +Thus saith the LORD, the God of Israel; I made a covenant with your fathers in the day that I brought them forth out of the land of Egypt, out of the house of bondmen, saying, +At the end of seven years let ye go every man his brother an Hebrew, which hath been sold unto thee; and when he hath served thee six years, thou shalt let him go free from thee: but your fathers hearkened not unto me, neither inclined their ear. +And ye were now turned, and had done right in my sight, in proclaiming liberty every man to his neighbour; and ye had made a covenant before me in the house which is called by my name: +But ye turned and polluted my name, and caused every man his servant, and every man his handmaid, whom he had set at liberty at their pleasure, to return, and brought them into subjection, to be unto you for servants and for handmaids. +Therefore thus saith the LORD; Ye have not hearkened unto me, in proclaiming liberty, every one to his brother, and every man to his neighbour: behold, I proclaim a liberty for you, saith the LORD, to the sword, to the pestilence, and to the famine; and I will make you to be removed into all the kingdoms of the earth. +And I will give the men that have transgressed my covenant, which have not performed the words of the covenant which they had made before me, when they cut the calf in twain, and passed between the parts thereof, +The princes of Judah, and the princes of Jerusalem, the eunuchs, and the priests, and all the people of the land, which passed between the parts of the calf; +I will even give them into the hand of their enemies, and into the hand of them that seek their life: and their dead bodies shall be for meat unto the fowls of the heaven, and to the beasts of the earth. +And Zedekiah king of Judah and his princes will I give into the hand of their enemies, and into the hand of them that seek their life, and into the hand of the king of Babylon's army, which are gone up from you. +Behold, I will command, saith the LORD, and cause them to return to this city; and they shall fight against it, and take it, and burn it with fire: and I will make the cities of Judah a desolation without an inhabitant. +The word which came unto Jeremiah from the LORD in the days of Jehoiakim the son of Josiah king of Judah, saying, +Go unto the house of the Rechabites, and speak unto them, and bring them into the house of the LORD, into one of the chambers, and give them wine to drink. +Then I took Jaazaniah the son of Jeremiah, the son of Habaziniah, and his brethren, and all his sons, and the whole house of the Rechabites; +And I brought them into the house of the LORD, into the chamber of the sons of Hanan, the son of Igdaliah, a man of God, which was by the chamber of the princes, which was above the chamber of Maaseiah the son of Shallum, the keeper of the door: +And I set before the sons of the house of the Rechabites pots full of wine, and cups, and I said unto them, Drink ye wine. +But they said, We will drink no wine: for Jonadab the son of Rechab our father commanded us, saying, Ye shall drink no wine, neither ye, nor your sons for ever: +Neither shall ye build house, nor sow seed, nor plant vineyard, nor have any: but all your days ye shall dwell in tents; that ye may live many days in the land where ye be strangers. +Thus have we obeyed the voice of Jonadab the son of Rechab our father in all that he hath charged us, to drink no wine all our days, we, our wives, our sons, nor our daughters; +Nor to build houses for us to dwell in: neither have we vineyard, nor field, nor seed: +But we have dwelt in tents, and have obeyed, and done according to all that Jonadab our father commanded us. +But it came to pass, when Nebuchadrezzar king of Babylon came up into the land, that we said, Come, and let us go to Jerusalem for fear of the army of the Chaldeans, and for fear of the army of the Syrians: so we dwell at Jerusalem. +Then came the word of the LORD unto Jeremiah, saying, +Thus saith the LORD of hosts, the God of Israel; Go and tell the men of Judah and the inhabitants of Jerusalem, Will ye not receive instruction to hearken to my words? saith the LORD. +The words of Jonadab the son of Rechab, that he commanded his sons not to drink wine, are performed; for unto this day they drink none, but obey their father's commandment: notwithstanding I have spoken unto you, rising early and speaking; but ye hearkened not unto me. +I have sent also unto you all my servants the prophets, rising up early and sending them, saying, Return ye now every man from his evil way, and amend your doings, and go not after other gods to serve them, and ye shall dwell in the land which I have given to you and to your fathers: but ye have not inclined your ear, nor hearkened unto me. +Because the sons of Jonadab the son of Rechab have performed the commandment of their father, which he commanded them; but this people hath not hearkened unto me: +Therefore thus saith the LORD God of hosts, the God of Israel; Behold, I will bring upon Judah and upon all the inhabitants of Jerusalem all the evil that I have pronounced against them: because I have spoken unto them, but they have not heard; and I have called unto them, but they have not answered. +And Jeremiah said unto the house of the Rechabites, Thus saith the LORD of hosts, the God of Israel; Because ye have obeyed the commandment of Jonadab your father, and kept all his precepts, and done according unto all that he hath commanded you: +Therefore thus saith the LORD of hosts, the God of Israel; Jonadab the son of Rechab shall not want a man to stand before me for ever. +And it came to pass in the fourth year of Jehoiakim the son of Josiah king of Judah, that this word came unto Jeremiah from the LORD, saying, +Take thee a roll of a book, and write therein all the words that I have spoken unto thee against Israel, and against Judah, and against all the nations, from the day I spake unto thee, from the days of Josiah, even unto this day. +It may be that the house of Judah will hear all the evil which I purpose to do unto them; that they may return every man from his evil way; that I may forgive their iniquity and their sin. +Then Jeremiah called Baruch the son of Neriah: and Baruch wrote from the mouth of Jeremiah all the words of the LORD, which he had spoken unto him, upon a roll of a book. +And Jeremiah commanded Baruch, saying, I am shut up; I cannot go into the house of the LORD: +Therefore go thou, and read in the roll, which thou hast written from my mouth, the words of the LORD in the ears of the people in the LORD's house upon the fasting day: and also thou shalt read them in the ears of all Judah that come out of their cities. +It may be they will present their supplication before the LORD, and will return every one from his evil way: for great is the anger and the fury that the LORD hath pronounced against this people. +And Baruch the son of Neriah did according to all that Jeremiah the prophet commanded him, reading in the book the words of the LORD in the LORD's house. +And it came to pass in the fifth year of Jehoiakim the son of Josiah king of Judah, in the ninth month, that they proclaimed a fast before the LORD to all the people in Jerusalem, and to all the people that came from the cities of Judah unto Jerusalem. +Then read Baruch in the book the words of Jeremiah in the house of the LORD, in the chamber of Gemariah the son of Shaphan the scribe, in the higher court, at the entry of the new gate of the LORD's house, in the ears of all the people. +When Michaiah the son of Gemariah, the son of Shaphan, had heard out of the book all the words of the LORD, +Then he went down into the king's house, into the scribe's chamber: and, lo, all the princes sat there, even Elishama the scribe, and Delaiah the son of Shemaiah, and Elnathan the son of Achbor, and Gemariah the son of Shaphan, and Zedekiah the son of Hananiah, and all the princes. +Then Michaiah declared unto them all the words that he had heard, when Baruch read the book in the ears of the people. +Therefore all the princes sent Jehudi the son of Nethaniah, the son of Shelemiah, the son of Cushi, unto Baruch, saying, Take in thine hand the roll wherein thou hast read in the ears of the people, and come. So Baruch the son of Neriah took the roll in his hand, and came unto them. +And they said unto him, Sit down now, and read it in our ears. So Baruch read it in their ears. +Now it came to pass, when they had heard all the words, they were afraid both one and other, and said unto Baruch, We will surely tell the king of all these words. +And they asked Baruch, saying, Tell us now, How didst thou write all these words at his mouth? +Then Baruch answered them, He pronounced all these words unto me with his mouth, and I wrote them with ink in the book. +Then said the princes unto Baruch, Go, hide thee, thou and Jeremiah; and let no man know where ye be. +And they went in to the king into the court, but they laid up the roll in the chamber of Elishama the scribe, and told all the words in the ears of the king. +So the king sent Jehudi to fetch the roll: and he took it out of Elishama the scribe's chamber. And Jehudi read it in the ears of the king, and in the ears of all the princes which stood beside the king. +Now the king sat in the winterhouse in the ninth month: and there was a fire on the hearth burning before him. +And it came to pass, that when Jehudi had read three or four leaves, he cut it with the penknife, and cast it into the fire that was on the hearth, until all the roll was consumed in the fire that was on the hearth. +Yet they were not afraid, nor rent their garments, neither the king, nor any of his servants that heard all these words. +Nevertheless Elnathan and Delaiah and Gemariah had made intercession to the king that he would not burn the roll: but he would not hear them. +But the king commanded Jerahmeel the son of Hammelech, and Seraiah the son of Azriel, and Shelemiah the son of Abdeel, to take Baruch the scribe and Jeremiah the prophet: but the LORD hid them. +Then the word of the LORD came to Jeremiah, after that the king had burned the roll, and the words which Baruch wrote at the mouth of Jeremiah, saying, +Take thee again another roll, and write in it all the former words that were in the first roll, which Jehoiakim the king of Judah hath burned. +And thou shalt say to Jehoiakim king of Judah, Thus saith the LORD; Thou hast burned this roll, saying, Why hast thou written therein, saying, The king of Babylon shall certainly come and destroy this land, and shall cause to cease from thence man and beast? +Therefore thus saith the LORD of Jehoiakim king of Judah; He shall have none to sit upon the throne of David: and his dead body shall be cast out in the day to the heat, and in the night to the frost. +And I will punish him and his seed and his servants for their iniquity; and I will bring upon them, and upon the inhabitants of Jerusalem, and upon the men of Judah, all the evil that I have pronounced against them; but they hearkened not. +Then took Jeremiah another roll, and gave it to Baruch the scribe, the son of Neriah; who wrote therein from the mouth of Jeremiah all the words of the book which Jehoiakim king of Judah had burned in the fire: and there were added besides unto them many like words. +And king Zedekiah the son of Josiah reigned instead of Coniah the son of Jehoiakim, whom Nebuchadrezzar king of Babylon made king in the land of Judah. +But neither he, nor his servants, nor the people of the land, did hearken unto the words of the LORD, which he spake by the prophet Jeremiah. +And Zedekiah the king sent Jehucal the son of Shelemiah and Zephaniah the son of Maaseiah the priest to the prophet Jeremiah, saying, Pray now unto the LORD our God for us. +Now Jeremiah came in and went out among the people: for they had not put him into prison. +Then Pharaoh's army was come forth out of Egypt: and when the Chaldeans that besieged Jerusalem heard tidings of them, they departed from Jerusalem. +Then came the word of the LORD unto the prophet Jeremiah saying, +Thus saith the LORD, the God of Israel; Thus shall ye say to the king of Judah, that sent you unto me to enquire of me; Behold, Pharaoh's army, which is come forth to help you, shall return to Egypt into their own land. +And the Chaldeans shall come again, and fight against this city, and take it, and burn it with fire. +Thus saith the LORD; Deceive not yourselves, saying, The Chaldeans shall surely depart from us: for they shall not depart. +For though ye had smitten the whole army of the Chaldeans that fight against you, and there remained but wounded men among them, yet should they rise up every man in his tent, and burn this city with fire. +And it came to pass, that when the army of the Chaldeans was broken up from Jerusalem for fear of Pharaoh's army, +Then Jeremiah went forth out of Jerusalem to go into the land of Benjamin, to separate himself thence in the midst of the people. +And when he was in the gate of Benjamin, a captain of the ward was there, whose name was Irijah, the son of Shelemiah, the son of Hananiah; and he took Jeremiah the prophet, saying, Thou fallest away to the Chaldeans. +Then said Jeremiah, It is false; I fall not away to the Chaldeans. But he hearkened not to him: so Irijah took Jeremiah, and brought him to the princes. +Wherefore the princes were wroth with Jeremiah, and smote him, and put him in prison in the house of Jonathan the scribe: for they had made that the prison. +When Jeremiah was entered into the dungeon, and into the cabins, and Jeremiah had remained there many days; +Then Zedekiah the king sent, and took him out: and the king asked him secretly in his house, and said, Is there any word from the LORD? And Jeremiah said, There is: for, said he, thou shalt be delivered into the hand of the king of Babylon. +Moreover Jeremiah said unto king Zedekiah, What have I offended against thee, or against thy servants, or against this people, that ye have put me in prison? +Where are now your prophets which prophesied unto you, saying, The king of Babylon shall not come against you, nor against this land? +Therefore hear now, I pray thee, O my lord the king: let my supplication, I pray thee, be accepted before thee; that thou cause me not to return to the house of Jonathan the scribe, lest I die there. +Then Zedekiah the king commanded that they should commit Jeremiah into the court of the prison, and that they should give him daily a piece of bread out of the bakers' street, until all the bread in the city were spent. Thus Jeremiah remained in the court of the prison. +Then Shephatiah the son of Mattan, and Gedaliah the son of Pashur, and Jucal the son of Shelemiah, and Pashur the son of Malchiah, heard the words that Jeremiah had spoken unto all the people, saying, +Thus saith the LORD, He that remaineth in this city shall die by the sword, by the famine, and by the pestilence: but he that goeth forth to the Chaldeans shall live; for he shall have his life for a prey, and shall live. +Thus saith the LORD, This city shall surely be given into the hand of the king of Babylon's army, which shall take it. +Therefore the princes said unto the king, We beseech thee, let this man be put to death: for thus he weakeneth the hands of the men of war that remain in this city, and the hands of all the people, in speaking such words unto them: for this man seeketh not the welfare of this people, but the hurt. +Then Zedekiah the king said, Behold, he is in your hand: for the king is not he that can do any thing against you. +Then took they Jeremiah, and cast him into the dungeon of Malchiah the son of Hammelech, that was in the court of the prison: and they let down Jeremiah with cords. And in the dungeon there was no water, but mire: so Jeremiah sunk in the mire. +Now when Ebedmelech the Ethiopian, one of the eunuchs which was in the king's house, heard that they had put Jeremiah in the dungeon; the king then sitting in the gate of Benjamin; +Ebedmelech went forth out of the king's house, and spake to the king saying, +My lord the king, these men have done evil in all that they have done to Jeremiah the prophet, whom they have cast into the dungeon; and he is like to die for hunger in the place where he is: for there is no more bread in the city. +Then the king commanded Ebedmelech the Ethiopian, saying, Take from hence thirty men with thee, and take up Jeremiah the prophet out of the dungeon, before he die. +So Ebedmelech took the men with him, and went into the house of the king under the treasury, and took thence old cast clouts and old rotten rags, and let them down by cords into the dungeon to Jeremiah. +And Ebedmelech the Ethiopian said unto Jeremiah, Put now these old cast clouts and rotten rags under thine armholes under the cords. And Jeremiah did so. +So they drew up Jeremiah with cords, and took him up out of the dungeon: and Jeremiah remained in the court of the prison. +Then Zedekiah the king sent, and took Jeremiah the prophet unto him into the third entry that is in the house of the LORD: and the king said unto Jeremiah, I will ask thee a thing; hide nothing from me. +Then Jeremiah said unto Zedekiah, If I declare it unto thee, wilt thou not surely put me to death? and if I give thee counsel, wilt thou not hearken unto me? +So Zedekiah the king sware secretly unto Jeremiah, saying, As the LORD liveth, that made us this soul, I will not put thee to death, neither will I give thee into the hand of these men that seek thy life. +Then said Jeremiah unto Zedekiah, Thus saith the LORD, the God of hosts, the God of Israel; If thou wilt assuredly go forth unto the king of Babylon's princes, then thy soul shall live, and this city shall not be burned with fire; and thou shalt live, and thine house: +But if thou wilt not go forth to the king of Babylon's princes, then shall this city be given into the hand of the Chaldeans, and they shall burn it with fire, and thou shalt not escape out of their hand. +And Zedekiah the king said unto Jeremiah, I am afraid of the Jews that are fallen to the Chaldeans, lest they deliver me into their hand, and they mock me. +But Jeremiah said, They shall not deliver thee. Obey, I beseech thee, the voice of the LORD, which I speak unto thee: so it shall be well unto thee, and thy soul shall live. +But if thou refuse to go forth, this is the word that the LORD hath shewed me: +And, behold, all the women that are left in the king of Judah's house shall be brought forth to the king of Babylon's princes, and those women shall say, Thy friends have set thee on, and have prevailed against thee: thy feet are sunk in the mire, and they are turned away back. +So they shall bring out all thy wives and thy children to the Chaldeans: and thou shalt not escape out of their hand, but shalt be taken by the hand of the king of Babylon: and thou shalt cause this city to be burned with fire. +Then said Zedekiah unto Jeremiah, Let no man know of these words, and thou shalt not die. +But if the princes hear that I have talked with thee, and they come unto thee, and say unto thee, Declare unto us now what thou hast said unto the king, hide it not from us, and we will not put thee to death; also what the king said unto thee: +Then thou shalt say unto them, I presented my supplication before the king, that he would not cause me to return to Jonathan's house, to die there. +Then came all the princes unto Jeremiah, and asked him: and he told them according to all these words that the king had commanded. So they left off speaking with him; for the matter was not perceived. +So Jeremiah abode in the court of the prison until the day that Jerusalem was taken: and he was there when Jerusalem was taken. +In the ninth year of Zedekiah king of Judah, in the tenth month, came Nebuchadrezzar king of Babylon and all his army against Jerusalem, and they besieged it. +And in the eleventh year of Zedekiah, in the fourth month, the ninth day of the month, the city was broken up. +And all the princes of the king of Babylon came in, and sat in the middle gate, even Nergalsharezer, Samgarnebo, Sarsechim, Rabsaris, Nergalsharezer, Rabmag, with all the residue of the princes of the king of Babylon. +And it came to pass, that when Zedekiah the king of Judah saw them, and all the men of war, then they fled, and went forth out of the city by night, by the way of the king's garden, by the gate betwixt the two walls: and he went out the way of the plain. +But the Chaldeans' army pursued after them, and overtook Zedekiah in the plains of Jericho: and when they had taken him, they brought him up to Nebuchadnezzar king of Babylon to Riblah in the land of Hamath, where he gave judgment upon him. +Then the king of Babylon slew the sons of Zedekiah in Riblah before his eyes: also the king of Babylon slew all the nobles of Judah. +Moreover he put out Zedekiah's eyes, and bound him with chains, to carry him to Babylon. +And the Chaldeans burned the king's house, and the houses of the people, with fire, and brake down the walls of Jerusalem. +Then Nebuzaradan the captain of the guard carried away captive into Babylon the remnant of the people that remained in the city, and those that fell away, that fell to him, with the rest of the people that remained. +But Nebuzaradan the captain of the guard left of the poor of the people, which had nothing, in the land of Judah, and gave them vineyards and fields at the same time. +Now Nebuchadrezzar king of Babylon gave charge concerning Jeremiah to Nebuzaradan the captain of the guard, saying, +Take him, and look well to him, and do him no harm; but do unto him even as he shall say unto thee. +So Nebuzaradan the captain of the guard sent, and Nebushasban, Rabsaris, and Nergalsharezer, Rabmag, and all the king of Babylon's princes; +Even they sent, and took Jeremiah out of the court of the prison, and committed him unto Gedaliah the son of Ahikam the son of Shaphan, that he should carry him home: so he dwelt among the people. +Now the word of the LORD came unto Jeremiah, while he was shut up in the court of the prison, saying, +Go and speak to Ebedmelech the Ethiopian, saying, Thus saith the LORD of hosts, the God of Israel; Behold, I will bring my words upon this city for evil, and not for good; and they shall be accomplished in that day before thee. +But I will deliver thee in that day, saith the LORD: and thou shalt not be given into the hand of the men of whom thou art afraid. +For I will surely deliver thee, and thou shalt not fall by the sword, but thy life shall be for a prey unto thee: because thou hast put thy trust in me, saith the LORD. +The word that came to Jeremiah from the LORD, after that Nebuzaradan the captain of the guard had let him go from Ramah, when he had taken him being bound in chains among all that were carried away captive of Jerusalem and Judah, which were carried away captive unto Babylon. +And the captain of the guard took Jeremiah, and said unto him, The LORD thy God hath pronounced this evil upon this place. +Now the LORD hath brought it, and done according as he hath said: because ye have sinned against the LORD, and have not obeyed his voice, therefore this thing is come upon you. +And now, behold, I loose thee this day from the chains which were upon thine hand. If it seem good unto thee to come with me into Babylon, come; and I will look well unto thee: but if it seem ill unto thee to come with me into Babylon, forbear: behold, all the land is before thee: whither it seemeth good and convenient for thee to go, thither go. +Now while he was not yet gone back, he said, Go back also to Gedaliah the son of Ahikam the son of Shaphan, whom the king of Babylon hath made governor over the cities of Judah, and dwell with him among the people: or go wheresoever it seemeth convenient unto thee to go. So the captain of the guard gave him victuals and a reward, and let him go. +Then went Jeremiah unto Gedaliah the son of Ahikam to Mizpah; and dwelt with him among the people that were left in the land. +Now when all the captains of the forces which were in the fields, even they and their men, heard that the king of Babylon had made Gedaliah the son of Ahikam governor in the land, and had committed unto him men, and women, and children, and of the poor of the land, of them that were not carried away captive to Babylon; +Then they came to Gedaliah to Mizpah, even Ishmael the son of Nethaniah, and Johanan and Jonathan the sons of Kareah, and Seraiah the son of Tanhumeth, and the sons of Ephai the Netophathite, and Jezaniah the son of a Maachathite, they and their men. +And Gedaliah the son of Ahikam the son of Shaphan sware unto them and to their men, saying, Fear not to serve the Chaldeans: dwell in the land, and serve the king of Babylon, and it shall be well with you. +As for me, behold, I will dwell at Mizpah, to serve the Chaldeans, which will come unto us: but ye, gather ye wine, and summer fruits, and oil, and put them in your vessels, and dwell in your cities that ye have taken. +Likewise when all the Jews that were in Moab, and among the Ammonites, and in Edom, and that were in all the countries, heard that the king of Babylon had left a remnant of Judah, and that he had set over them Gedaliah the son of Ahikam the son of Shaphan; +Even all the Jews returned out of all places whither they were driven, and came to the land of Judah, to Gedaliah, unto Mizpah, and gathered wine and summer fruits very much. +Moreover Johanan the son of Kareah, and all the captains of the forces that were in the fields, came to Gedaliah to Mizpah, +And said unto him, Dost thou certainly know that Baalis the king of the Ammonites hath sent Ishmael the son of Nethaniah to slay thee? But Gedaliah the son of Ahikam believed them not. +Then Johanan the son of Kareah spake to Gedaliah in Mizpah secretly saying, Let me go, I pray thee, and I will slay Ishmael the son of Nethaniah, and no man shall know it: wherefore should he slay thee, that all the Jews which are gathered unto thee should be scattered, and the remnant in Judah perish? +But Gedaliah the son of Ahikam said unto Johanan the son of Kareah, Thou shalt not do this thing: for thou speakest falsely of Ishmael. +Now it came to pass in the seventh month, that Ishmael the son of Nethaniah the son of Elishama, of the seed royal, and the princes of the king, even ten men with him, came unto Gedaliah the son of Ahikam to Mizpah; and there they did eat bread together in Mizpah. +Then arose Ishmael the son of Nethaniah, and the ten men that were with him, and smote Gedaliah the son of Ahikam the son of Shaphan with the sword, and slew him, whom the king of Babylon had made governor over the land. +Ishmael also slew all the Jews that were with him, even with Gedaliah, at Mizpah, and the Chaldeans that were found there, and the men of war. +And it came to pass the second day after he had slain Gedaliah, and no man knew it, +That there came certain from Shechem, from Shiloh, and from Samaria, even fourscore men, having their beards shaven, and their clothes rent, and having cut themselves, with offerings and incense in their hand, to bring them to the house of the LORD. +And Ishmael the son of Nethaniah went forth from Mizpah to meet them, weeping all along as he went: and it came to pass, as he met them, he said unto them, Come to Gedaliah the son of Ahikam. +And it was so, when they came into the midst of the city, that Ishmael the son of Nethaniah slew them, and cast them into the midst of the pit, he, and the men that were with him. +But ten men were found among them that said unto Ishmael, Slay us not: for we have treasures in the field, of wheat, and of barley, and of oil, and of honey. So he forbare, and slew them not among their brethren. +Now the pit wherein Ishmael had cast all the dead bodies of the men, whom he had slain because of Gedaliah, was it which Asa the king had made for fear of Baasha king of Israel: and Ishmael the son of Nethaniah filled it with them that were slain. +Then Ishmael carried away captive all the residue of the people that were in Mizpah, even the king's daughters, and all the people that remained in Mizpah, whom Nebuzaradan the captain of the guard had committed to Gedaliah the son of Ahikam: and Ishmael the son of Nethaniah carried them away captive, and departed to go over to the Ammonites. +But when Johanan the son of Kareah, and all the captains of the forces that were with him, heard of all the evil that Ishmael the son of Nethaniah had done, +Then they took all the men, and went to fight with Ishmael the son of Nethaniah, and found him by the great waters that are in Gibeon. +Now it came to pass, that when all the people which were with Ishmael saw Johanan the son of Kareah, and all the captains of the forces that were with him, then they were glad. +So all the people that Ishmael had carried away captive from Mizpah cast about and returned, and went unto Johanan the son of Kareah. +But Ishmael the son of Nethaniah escaped from Johanan with eight men, and went to the Ammonites. +Then took Johanan the son of Kareah, and all the captains of the forces that were with him, all the remnant of the people whom he had recovered from Ishmael the son of Nethaniah, from Mizpah, after that he had slain Gedaliah the son of Ahikam, even mighty men of war, and the women, and the children, and the eunuchs, whom he had brought again from Gibeon: +And they departed, and dwelt in the habitation of Chimham, which is by Bethlehem, to go to enter into Egypt, +Because of the Chaldeans: for they were afraid of them, because Ishmael the son of Nethaniah had slain Gedaliah the son of Ahikam, whom the king of Babylon made governor in the land. +Then all the captains of the forces, and Johanan the son of Kareah, and Jezaniah the son of Hoshaiah, and all the people from the least even unto the greatest, came near, +And said unto Jeremiah the prophet, Let, we beseech thee, our supplication be accepted before thee, and pray for us unto the LORD thy God, even for all this remnant; (for we are left but a few of many, as thine eyes do behold us:) +That the LORD thy God may shew us the way wherein we may walk, and the thing that we may do. +Then Jeremiah the prophet said unto them, I have heard you; behold, I will pray unto the LORD your God according to your words; and it shall come to pass, that whatsoever thing the LORD shall answer you, I will declare it unto you; I will keep nothing back from you. +Then they said to Jeremiah, The LORD be a true and faithful witness between us, if we do not even according to all things for the which the LORD thy God shall send thee to us. +Whether it be good, or whether it be evil, we will obey the voice of the LORD our God, to whom we send thee; that it may be well with us, when we obey the voice of the LORD our God. +And it came to pass after ten days, that the word of the LORD came unto Jeremiah. +Then called he Johanan the son of Kareah, and all the captains of the forces which were with him, and all the people from the least even to the greatest, +And said unto them, Thus saith the LORD, the God of Israel, unto whom ye sent me to present your supplication before him; +If ye will still abide in this land, then will I build you, and not pull you down, and I will plant you, and not pluck you up: for I repent me of the evil that I have done unto you. +Be not afraid of the king of Babylon, of whom ye are afraid; be not afraid of him, saith the LORD: for I am with you to save you, and to deliver you from his hand. +And I will shew mercies unto you, that he may have mercy upon you, and cause you to return to your own land. +But if ye say, We will not dwell in this land, neither obey the voice of the LORD your God, +Saying, No; but we will go into the land of Egypt, where we shall see no war, nor hear the sound of the trumpet, nor have hunger of bread; and there will we dwell: +And now therefore hear the word of the LORD, ye remnant of Judah; Thus saith the LORD of hosts, the God of Israel; If ye wholly set your faces to enter into Egypt, and go to sojourn there; +Then it shall come to pass, that the sword, which ye feared, shall overtake you there in the land of Egypt, and the famine, whereof ye were afraid, shall follow close after you there in Egypt; and there ye shall die. +So shall it be with all the men that set their faces to go into Egypt to sojourn there; they shall die by the sword, by the famine, and by the pestilence: and none of them shall remain or escape from the evil that I will bring upon them. +For thus saith the LORD of hosts, the God of Israel; As mine anger and my fury hath been poured forth upon the inhabitants of Jerusalem; so shall my fury be poured forth upon you, when ye shall enter into Egypt: and ye shall be an execration, and an astonishment, and a curse, and a reproach; and ye shall see this place no more. +The LORD hath said concerning you, O ye remnant of Judah; Go ye not into Egypt: know certainly that I have admonished you this day. +For ye dissembled in your hearts, when ye sent me unto the LORD your God, saying, Pray for us unto the LORD our God; and according unto all that the LORD our God shall say, so declare unto us, and we will do it. +And now I have this day declared it to you; but ye have not obeyed the voice of the LORD your God, nor any thing for the which he hath sent me unto you. +Now therefore know certainly that ye shall die by the sword, by the famine, and by the pestilence, in the place whither ye desire to go and to sojourn. +And it came to pass, that when Jeremiah had made an end of speaking unto all the people all the words of the LORD their God, for which the LORD their God had sent him to them, even all these words, +Then spake Azariah the son of Hoshaiah, and Johanan the son of Kareah, and all the proud men, saying unto Jeremiah, Thou speakest falsely: the LORD our God hath not sent thee to say, Go not into Egypt to sojourn there: +But Baruch the son of Neriah setteth thee on against us, for to deliver us into the hand of the Chaldeans, that they might put us to death, and carry us away captives into Babylon. +So Johanan the son of Kareah, and all the captains of the forces, and all the people, obeyed not the voice of the LORD, to dwell in the land of Judah. +But Johanan the son of Kareah, and all the captains of the forces, took all the remnant of Judah, that were returned from all nations, whither they had been driven, to dwell in the land of Judah; +Even men, and women, and children, and the king's daughters, and every person that Nebuzaradan the captain of the guard had left with Gedaliah the son of Ahikam the son of Shaphan, and Jeremiah the prophet, and Baruch the son of Neriah. +So they came into the land of Egypt: for they obeyed not the voice of the LORD: thus came they even to Tahpanhes. +Then came the word of the LORD unto Jeremiah in Tahpanhes, saying, +Take great stones in thine hand, and hide them in the clay in the brickkiln, which is at the entry of Pharaoh's house in Tahpanhes, in the sight of the men of Judah; +And say unto them, Thus saith the LORD of hosts, the God of Israel; Behold, I will send and take Nebuchadrezzar the king of Babylon, my servant, and will set his throne upon these stones that I have hid; and he shall spread his royal pavilion over them. +And when he cometh, he shall smite the land of Egypt, and deliver such as are for death to death; and such as are for captivity to captivity; and such as are for the sword to the sword. +And I will kindle a fire in the houses of the gods of Egypt; and he shall burn them, and carry them away captives: and he shall array himself with the land of Egypt, as a shepherd putteth on his garment; and he shall go forth from thence in peace. +He shall break also the images of Bethshemesh, that is in the land of Egypt; and the houses of the gods of the Egyptians shall he burn with fire. +The word that came to Jeremiah concerning all the Jews which dwell in the land of Egypt, which dwell at Migdol, and at Tahpanhes, and at Noph, and in the country of Pathros, saying, +Thus saith the LORD of hosts, the God of Israel; Ye have seen all the evil that I have brought upon Jerusalem, and upon all the cities of Judah; and, behold, this day they are a desolation, and no man dwelleth therein, +Because of their wickedness which they have committed to provoke me to anger, in that they went to burn incense, and to serve other gods, whom they knew not, neither they, ye, nor your fathers. +Howbeit I sent unto you all my servants the prophets, rising early and sending them, saying, Oh, do not this abominable thing that I hate. +But they hearkened not, nor inclined their ear to turn from their wickedness, to burn no incense unto other gods. +Wherefore my fury and mine anger was poured forth, and was kindled in the cities of Judah and in the streets of Jerusalem; and they are wasted and desolate, as at this day. +Therefore now thus saith the LORD, the God of hosts, the God of Israel; Wherefore commit ye this great evil against your souls, to cut off from you man and woman, child and suckling, out of Judah, to leave you none to remain; +In that ye provoke me unto wrath with the works of your hands, burning incense unto other gods in the land of Egypt, whither ye be gone to dwell, that ye might cut yourselves off, and that ye might be a curse and a reproach among all the nations of the earth? +Have ye forgotten the wickedness of your fathers, and the wickedness of the kings of Judah, and the wickedness of their wives, and your own wickedness, and the wickedness of your wives, which they have committed in the land of Judah, and in the streets of Jerusalem? +They are not humbled even unto this day, neither have they feared, nor walked in my law, nor in my statutes, that I set before you and before your fathers. +Therefore thus saith the LORD of hosts, the God of Israel; Behold, I will set my face against you for evil, and to cut off all Judah. +And I will take the remnant of Judah, that have set their faces to go into the land of Egypt to sojourn there, and they shall all be consumed, and fall in the land of Egypt; they shall even be consumed by the sword and by the famine: they shall die, from the least even unto the greatest, by the sword and by the famine: and they shall be an execration, and an astonishment, and a curse, and a reproach. +For I will punish them that dwell in the land of Egypt, as I have punished Jerusalem, by the sword, by the famine, and by the pestilence: +So that none of the remnant of Judah, which are gone into the land of Egypt to sojourn there, shall escape or remain, that they should return into the land of Judah, to the which they have a desire to return to dwell there: for none shall return but such as shall escape. +Then all the men which knew that their wives had burned incense unto other gods, and all the women that stood by, a great multitude, even all the people that dwelt in the land of Egypt, in Pathros, answered Jeremiah, saying, +As for the word that thou hast spoken unto us in the name of the LORD, we will not hearken unto thee. +But we will certainly do whatsoever thing goeth forth out of our own mouth, to burn incense unto the queen of heaven, and to pour out drink offerings unto her, as we have done, we, and our fathers, our kings, and our princes, in the cities of Judah, and in the streets of Jerusalem: for then had we plenty of victuals, and were well, and saw no evil. +But since we left off to burn incense to the queen of heaven, and to pour out drink offerings unto her, we have wanted all things, and have been consumed by the sword and by the famine. +And when we burned incense to the queen of heaven, and poured out drink offerings unto her, did we make her cakes to worship her, and pour out drink offerings unto her, without our men? +Then Jeremiah said unto all the people, to the men, and to the women, and to all the people which had given him that answer, saying, +The incense that ye burned in the cities of Judah, and in the streets of Jerusalem, ye, and your fathers, your kings, and your princes, and the people of the land, did not the LORD remember them, and came it not into his mind? +So that the LORD could no longer bear, because of the evil of your doings, and because of the abominations which ye have committed; therefore is your land a desolation, and an astonishment, and a curse, without an inhabitant, as at this day. +Because ye have burned incense, and because ye have sinned against the LORD, and have not obeyed the voice of the LORD, nor walked in his law, nor in his statutes, nor in his testimonies; therefore this evil is happened unto you, as at this day. +Moreover Jeremiah said unto all the people, and to all the women, Hear the word of the LORD, all Judah that are in the land of Egypt: +Thus saith the LORD of hosts, the God of Israel, saying; Ye and your wives have both spoken with your mouths, and fulfilled with your hand, saying, We will surely perform our vows that we have vowed, to burn incense to the queen of heaven, and to pour out drink offerings unto her: ye will surely accomplish your vows, and surely perform your vows. +Therefore hear ye the word of the LORD, all Judah that dwell in the land of Egypt; Behold, I have sworn by my great name, saith the LORD, that my name shall no more be named in the mouth of any man of Judah in all the land of Egypt, saying, The Lord GOD liveth. +Behold, I will watch over them for evil, and not for good: and all the men of Judah that are in the land of Egypt shall be consumed by the sword and by the famine, until there be an end of them. +Yet a small number that escape the sword shall return out of the land of Egypt into the land of Judah, and all the remnant of Judah, that are gone into the land of Egypt to sojourn there, shall know whose words shall stand, mine, or their's. +And this shall be a sign unto you, saith the LORD, that I will punish you in this place, that ye may know that my words shall surely stand against you for evil: +Thus saith the LORD; Behold, I will give Pharaohhophra king of Egypt into the hand of his enemies, and into the hand of them that seek his life; as I gave Zedekiah king of Judah into the hand of Nebuchadrezzar king of Babylon, his enemy, and that sought his life. +The word that Jeremiah the prophet spake unto Baruch the son of Neriah, when he had written these words in a book at the mouth of Jeremiah, in the fourth year of Jehoiakim the son of Josiah king of Judah, saying, +Thus saith the LORD, the God of Israel, unto thee, O Baruch: +Thou didst say, Woe is me now! for the LORD hath added grief to my sorrow; I fainted in my sighing, and I find no rest. +Thus shalt thou say unto him, The LORD saith thus; Behold, that which I have built will I break down, and that which I have planted I will pluck up, even this whole land. +And seekest thou great things for thyself? seek them not: for, behold, I will bring evil upon all flesh, saith the LORD: but thy life will I give unto thee for a prey in all places whither thou goest. +The word of the LORD which came to Jeremiah the prophet against the Gentiles; +Against Egypt, against the army of Pharaohnecho king of Egypt, which was by the river Euphrates in Carchemish, which Nebuchadrezzar king of Babylon smote in the fourth year of Jehoiakim the son of Josiah king of Judah. +Order ye the buckler and shield, and draw near to battle. +Harness the horses; and get up, ye horsemen, and stand forth with your helmets; furbish the spears, and put on the brigandines. +Wherefore have I seen them dismayed and turned away back? and their mighty ones are beaten down, and are fled apace, and look not back: for fear was round about, saith the LORD. +Let not the swift flee away, nor the mighty man escape; they shall stumble, and fall toward the north by the river Euphrates. +Who is this that cometh up as a flood, whose waters are moved as the rivers? +Egypt riseth up like a flood, and his waters are moved like the rivers; and he saith, I will go up, and will cover the earth; I will destroy the city and the inhabitants thereof. +Come up, ye horses; and rage, ye chariots; and let the mighty men come forth; the Ethiopians and the Libyans, that handle the shield; and the Lydians, that handle and bend the bow. +For this is the day of the Lord GOD of hosts, a day of vengeance, that he may avenge him of his adversaries: and the sword shall devour, and it shall be satiate and made drunk with their blood: for the Lord GOD of hosts hath a sacrifice in the north country by the river Euphrates. +Go up into Gilead, and take balm, O virgin, the daughter of Egypt: in vain shalt thou use many medicines; for thou shalt not be cured. +The nations have heard of thy shame, and thy cry hath filled the land: for the mighty man hath stumbled against the mighty, and they are fallen both together. +The word that the LORD spake to Jeremiah the prophet, how Nebuchadrezzar king of Babylon should come and smite the land of Egypt. +Declare ye in Egypt, and publish in Migdol, and publish in Noph and in Tahpanhes: say ye, Stand fast, and prepare thee; for the sword shall devour round about thee. +Why are thy valiant men swept away? they stood not, because the LORD did drive them. +He made many to fall, yea, one fell upon another: and they said, Arise, and let us go again to our own people, and to the land of our nativity, from the oppressing sword. +They did cry there, Pharaoh king of Egypt is but a noise; he hath passed the time appointed. +As I live, saith the King, whose name is the LORD of hosts, Surely as Tabor is among the mountains, and as Carmel by the sea, so shall he come. +O thou daughter dwelling in Egypt, furnish thyself to go into captivity: for Noph shall be waste and desolate without an inhabitant. +Egypt is like a very fair heifer, but destruction cometh; it cometh out of the north. +Also her hired men are in the midst of her like fatted bullocks; for they also are turned back, and are fled away together: they did not stand, because the day of their calamity was come upon them, and the time of their visitation. +The voice thereof shall go like a serpent; for they shall march with an army, and come against her with axes, as hewers of wood. +They shall cut down her forest, saith the LORD, though it cannot be searched; because they are more than the grasshoppers, and are innumerable. +The daughter of Egypt shall be confounded; she shall be delivered into the hand of the people of the north. +The LORD of hosts, the God of Israel, saith; Behold, I will punish the multitude of No, and Pharaoh, and Egypt, with their gods, and their kings; even Pharaoh, and all them that trust in him: +And I will deliver them into the hand of those that seek their lives, and into the hand of Nebuchadrezzar king of Babylon, and into the hand of his servants: and afterward it shall be inhabited, as in the days of old, saith the LORD. +But fear not thou, O my servant Jacob, and be not dismayed, O Israel: for, behold, I will save thee from afar off, and thy seed from the land of their captivity; and Jacob shall return, and be in rest and at ease, and none shall make him afraid. +Fear thou not, O Jacob my servant, saith the LORD: for I am with thee; for I will make a full end of all the nations whither I have driven thee: but I will not make a full end of thee, but correct thee in measure; yet will I not leave thee wholly unpunished. +The word of the LORD that came to Jeremiah the prophet against the Philistines, before that Pharaoh smote Gaza. +Thus saith the LORD; Behold, waters rise up out of the north, and shall be an overflowing flood, and shall overflow the land, and all that is therein; the city, and them that dwell therein: then the men shall cry, and all the inhabitants of the land shall howl. +At the noise of the stamping of the hoofs of his strong horses, at the rushing of his chariots, and at the rumbling of his wheels, the fathers shall not look back to their children for feebleness of hands; +Because of the day that cometh to spoil all the Philistines, and to cut off from Tyrus and Zidon every helper that remaineth: for the LORD will spoil the Philistines, the remnant of the country of Caphtor. +Baldness is come upon Gaza; Ashkelon is cut off with the remnant of their valley: how long wilt thou cut thyself? +O thou sword of the LORD, how long will it be ere thou be quiet? put up thyself into thy scabbard, rest, and be still. +How can it be quiet, seeing the LORD hath given it a charge against Ashkelon, and against the sea shore? there hath he appointed it. +Against Moab thus saith the LORD of hosts, the God of Israel; Woe unto Nebo! for it is spoiled: Kiriathaim is confounded and taken: Misgab is confounded and dismayed. +There shall be no more praise of Moab: in Heshbon they have devised evil against it; come, and let us cut it off from being a nation. Also thou shalt be cut down, O Madmen; the sword shall pursue thee. +A voice of crying shall be from Horonaim, spoiling and great destruction. +Moab is destroyed; her little ones have caused a cry to be heard. +For in the going up of Luhith continual weeping shall go up; for in the going down of Horonaim the enemies have heard a cry of destruction. +Flee, save your lives, and be like the heath in the wilderness. +For because thou hast trusted in thy works and in thy treasures, thou shalt also be taken: and Chemosh shall go forth into captivity with his priests and his princes together. +And the spoiler shall come upon every city, and no city shall escape: the valley also shall perish, and the plain shall be destroyed, as the LORD hath spoken. +Give wings unto Moab, that it may flee and get away: for the cities thereof shall be desolate, without any to dwell therein. +Cursed be he that doeth the work of the LORD deceitfully, and cursed be he that keepeth back his sword from blood. +Moab hath been at ease from his youth, and he hath settled on his lees, and hath not been emptied from vessel to vessel, neither hath he gone into captivity: therefore his taste remained in him, and his scent is not changed. +Therefore, behold, the days come, saith the LORD, that I will send unto him wanderers, that shall cause him to wander, and shall empty his vessels, and break their bottles. +And Moab shall be ashamed of Chemosh, as the house of Israel was ashamed of Bethel their confidence. +How say ye, We are mighty and strong men for the war? +Moab is spoiled, and gone up out of her cities, and his chosen young men are gone down to the slaughter, saith the King, whose name is the LORD of hosts. +The calamity of Moab is near to come, and his affliction hasteth fast. +All ye that are about him, bemoan him; and all ye that know his name, say, How is the strong staff broken, and the beautiful rod! +Thou daughter that dost inhabit Dibon, come down from thy glory, and sit in thirst; for the spoiler of Moab shall come upon thee, and he shall destroy thy strong holds. +O inhabitant of Aroer, stand by the way, and espy; ask him that fleeth, and her that escapeth, and say, What is done? +Moab is confounded; for it is broken down: howl and cry; tell ye it in Arnon, that Moab is spoiled, +And judgment is come upon the plain country; upon Holon, and upon Jahazah, and upon Mephaath, +And upon Dibon, and upon Nebo, and upon Bethdiblathaim, +And upon Kiriathaim, and upon Bethgamul, and upon Bethmeon, +And upon Kerioth, and upon Bozrah, and upon all the cities of the land of Moab, far or near. +The horn of Moab is cut off, and his arm is broken, saith the LORD. +Make ye him drunken: for he magnified himself against the LORD: Moab also shall wallow in his vomit, and he also shall be in derision. +For was not Israel a derision unto thee? was he found among thieves? for since thou spakest of him, thou skippedst for joy. +O ye that dwell in Moab, leave the cities, and dwell in the rock, and be like the dove that maketh her nest in the sides of the hole's mouth. +We have heard the pride of Moab, (he is exceeding proud) his loftiness, and his arrogancy, and his pride, and the haughtiness of his heart. +I know his wrath, saith the LORD; but it shall not be so; his lies shall not so effect it. +Therefore will I howl for Moab, and I will cry out for all Moab; mine heart shall mourn for the men of Kirheres. +O vine of Sibmah, I will weep for thee with the weeping of Jazer: thy plants are gone over the sea, they reach even to the sea of Jazer: the spoiler is fallen upon thy summer fruits and upon thy vintage. +And joy and gladness is taken from the plentiful field, and from the land of Moab, and I have caused wine to fail from the winepresses: none shall tread with shouting; their shouting shall be no shouting. +From the cry of Heshbon even unto Elealeh, and even unto Jahaz, have they uttered their voice, from Zoar even unto Horonaim, as an heifer of three years old: for the waters also of Nimrim shall be desolate. +Moreover I will cause to cease in Moab, saith the LORD, him that offereth in the high places, and him that burneth incense to his gods. +Therefore mine heart shall sound for Moab like pipes, and mine heart shall sound like pipes for the men of Kirheres: because the riches that he hath gotten are perished. +For every head shall be bald, and every beard clipped: upon all the hands shall be cuttings, and upon the loins sackcloth. +There shall be lamentation generally upon all the housetops of Moab, and in the streets thereof: for I have broken Moab like a vessel wherein is no pleasure, saith the LORD. +They shall howl, saying, How is it broken down! how hath Moab turned the back with shame! so shall Moab be a derision and a dismaying to all them about him. +For thus saith the LORD; Behold, he shall fly as an eagle, and shall spread his wings over Moab. +Kerioth is taken, and the strong holds are surprised, and the mighty men's hearts in Moab at that day shall be as the heart of a woman in her pangs. +And Moab shall be destroyed from being a people, because he hath magnified himself against the LORD. +Fear, and the pit, and the snare, shall be upon thee, O inhabitant of Moab, saith the LORD. +He that fleeth from the fear shall fall into the pit; and he that getteth up out of the pit shall be taken in the snare: for I will bring upon it, even upon Moab, the year of their visitation, saith the LORD. +They that fled stood under the shadow of Heshbon because of the force: but a fire shall come forth out of Heshbon, and a flame from the midst of Sihon, and shall devour the corner of Moab, and the crown of the head of the tumultuous ones. +Woe be unto thee, O Moab! the people of Chemosh perisheth: for thy sons are taken captives, and thy daughters captives. +Yet will I bring again the captivity of Moab in the latter days, saith the LORD. Thus far is the judgment of Moab. +Concerning the Ammonites, thus saith the LORD; Hath Israel no sons? hath he no heir? why then doth their king inherit Gad, and his people dwell in his cities? +Therefore, behold, the days come, saith the LORD, that I will cause an alarm of war to be heard in Rabbah of the Ammonites; and it shall be a desolate heap, and her daughters shall be burned with fire: then shall Israel be heir unto them that were his heirs, saith the LORD. +Howl, O Heshbon, for Ai is spoiled: cry, ye daughters of Rabbah, gird you with sackcloth; lament, and run to and fro by the hedges; for their king shall go into captivity, and his priests and his princes together. +Wherefore gloriest thou in the valleys, thy flowing valley, O backsliding daughter? that trusted in her treasures, saying, Who shall come unto me? +Behold, I will bring a fear upon thee, saith the Lord GOD of hosts, from all those that be about thee; and ye shall be driven out every man right forth; and none shall gather up him that wandereth. +And afterward I will bring again the captivity of the children of Ammon, saith the LORD. +Concerning Edom, thus saith the LORD of hosts; Is wisdom no more in Teman? is counsel perished from the prudent? is their wisdom vanished? +Flee ye, turn back, dwell deep, O inhabitants of Dedan; for I will bring the calamity of Esau upon him, the time that I will visit him. +If grapegatherers come to thee, would they not leave some gleaning grapes? if thieves by night, they will destroy till they have enough. +But I have made Esau bare, I have uncovered his secret places, and he shall not be able to hide himself: his seed is spoiled, and his brethren, and his neighbours, and he is not. +Leave thy fatherless children, I will preserve them alive; and let thy widows trust in me. +For thus saith the LORD; Behold, they whose judgment was not to drink of the cup have assuredly drunken; and art thou he that shall altogether go unpunished? thou shalt not go unpunished, but thou shalt surely drink of it. +For I have sworn by myself, saith the LORD, that Bozrah shall become a desolation, a reproach, a waste, and a curse; and all the cities thereof shall be perpetual wastes. +I have heard a rumour from the LORD, and an ambassador is sent unto the heathen, saying, Gather ye together, and come against her, and rise up to the battle. +For, lo, I will make thee small among the heathen, and despised among men. +Thy terribleness hath deceived thee, and the pride of thine heart, O thou that dwellest in the clefts of the rock, that holdest the height of the hill: though thou shouldest make thy nest as high as the eagle, I will bring thee down from thence, saith the LORD. +Also Edom shall be a desolation: every one that goeth by it shall be astonished, and shall hiss at all the plagues thereof. +As in the overthrow of Sodom and Gomorrah and the neighbour cities thereof, saith the LORD, no man shall abide there, neither shall a son of man dwell in it. +Behold, he shall come up like a lion from the swelling of Jordan against the habitation of the strong: but I will suddenly make him run away from her: and who is a chosen man, that I may appoint over her? for who is like me? and who will appoint me the time? and who is that shepherd that will stand before me? +Therefore hear the counsel of the LORD, that he hath taken against Edom; and his purposes, that he hath purposed against the inhabitants of Teman: Surely the least of the flock shall draw them out: surely he shall make their habitations desolate with them. +The earth is moved at the noise of their fall, at the cry the noise thereof was heard in the Red sea. +Behold, he shall come up and fly as the eagle, and spread his wings over Bozrah: and at that day shall the heart of the mighty men of Edom be as the heart of a woman in her pangs. +Concerning Damascus. Hamath is confounded, and Arpad: for they have heard evil tidings: they are fainthearted; there is sorrow on the sea; it cannot be quiet. +Damascus is waxed feeble, and turneth herself to flee, and fear hath seized on her: anguish and sorrows have taken her, as a woman in travail. +How is the city of praise not left, the city of my joy! +Therefore her young men shall fall in her streets, and all the men of war shall be cut off in that day, saith the LORD of hosts. +And I will kindle a fire in the wall of Damascus, and it shall consume the palaces of Benhadad. +Concerning Kedar, and concerning the kingdoms of Hazor, which Nebuchadrezzar king of Babylon shall smite, thus saith the LORD; Arise ye, go up to Kedar, and spoil the men of the east. +Their tents and their flocks shall they take away: they shall take to themselves their curtains, and all their vessels, and their camels; and they shall cry unto them, Fear is on every side. +Flee, get you far off, dwell deep, O ye inhabitants of Hazor, saith the LORD; for Nebuchadrezzar king of Babylon hath taken counsel against you, and hath conceived a purpose against you. +Arise, get you up unto the wealthy nation, that dwelleth without care, saith the LORD, which have neither gates nor bars, which dwell alone. +And their camels shall be a booty, and the multitude of their cattle a spoil: and I will scatter into all winds them that are in the utmost corners; and I will bring their calamity from all sides thereof, saith the LORD. +And Hazor shall be a dwelling for dragons, and a desolation for ever: there shall no man abide there, nor any son of man dwell in it. +The word of the LORD that came to Jeremiah the prophet against Elam in the beginning of the reign of Zedekiah king of Judah, saying, +Thus saith the LORD of hosts; Behold, I will break the bow of Elam, the chief of their might. +And upon Elam will I bring the four winds from the four quarters of heaven, and will scatter them toward all those winds; and there shall be no nation whither the outcasts of Elam shall not come. +For I will cause Elam to be dismayed before their enemies, and before them that seek their life: and I will bring evil upon them, even my fierce anger, saith the LORD; and I will send the sword after them, till I have consumed them: +And I will set my throne in Elam, and will destroy from thence the king and the princes, saith the LORD. +But it shall come to pass in the latter days, that I will bring again the captivity of Elam, saith the LORD. +The word that the LORD spake against Babylon and against the land of the Chaldeans by Jeremiah the prophet. +Declare ye among the nations, and publish, and set up a standard; publish, and conceal not: say, Babylon is taken, Bel is confounded, Merodach is broken in pieces; her idols are confounded, her images are broken in pieces. +For out of the north there cometh up a nation against her, which shall make her land desolate, and none shall dwell therein: they shall remove, they shall depart, both man and beast. +In those days, and in that time, saith the LORD, the children of Israel shall come, they and the children of Judah together, going and weeping: they shall go, and seek the LORD their God. +They shall ask the way to Zion with their faces thitherward, saying, Come, and let us join ourselves to the LORD in a perpetual covenant that shall not be forgotten. +My people hath been lost sheep: their shepherds have caused them to go astray, they have turned them away on the mountains: they have gone from mountain to hill, they have forgotten their restingplace. +All that found them have devoured them: and their adversaries said, We offend not, because they have sinned against the LORD, the habitation of justice, even the LORD, the hope of their fathers. +Remove out of the midst of Babylon, and go forth out of the land of the Chaldeans, and be as the he goats before the flocks. +For, lo, I will raise and cause to come up against Babylon an assembly of great nations from the north country: and they shall set themselves in array against her; from thence she shall be taken: their arrows shall be as of a mighty expert man; none shall return in vain. +And Chaldea shall be a spoil: all that spoil her shall be satisfied, saith the LORD. +Because ye were glad, because ye rejoiced, O ye destroyers of mine heritage, because ye are grown fat as the heifer at grass, and bellow as bulls; +Your mother shall be sore confounded; she that bare you shall be ashamed: behold, the hindermost of the nations shall be a wilderness, a dry land, and a desert. +Because of the wrath of the LORD it shall not be inhabited, but it shall be wholly desolate: every one that goeth by Babylon shall be astonished, and hiss at all her plagues. +Put yourselves in array against Babylon round about: all ye that bend the bow, shoot at her, spare no arrows: for she hath sinned against the LORD. +Shout against her round about: she hath given her hand: her foundations are fallen, her walls are thrown down: for it is the vengeance of the LORD: take vengeance upon her; as she hath done, do unto her. +Cut off the sower from Babylon, and him that handleth the sickle in the time of harvest: for fear of the oppressing sword they shall turn every one to his people, and they shall flee every one to his own land. +Israel is a scattered sheep; the lions have driven him away: first the king of Assyria hath devoured him; and last this Nebuchadrezzar king of Babylon hath broken his bones. +Therefore thus saith the LORD of hosts, the God of Israel; Behold, I will punish the king of Babylon and his land, as I have punished the king of Assyria. +And I will bring Israel again to his habitation, and he shall feed on Carmel and Bashan, and his soul shall be satisfied upon mount Ephraim and Gilead. +In those days, and in that time, saith the LORD, the iniquity of Israel shall be sought for, and there shall be none; and the sins of Judah, and they shall not be found: for I will pardon them whom I reserve. +Go up against the land of Merathaim, even against it, and against the inhabitants of Pekod: waste and utterly destroy after them, saith the LORD, and do according to all that I have commanded thee. +A sound of battle is in the land, and of great destruction. +How is the hammer of the whole earth cut asunder and broken! how is Babylon become a desolation among the nations! +I have laid a snare for thee, and thou art also taken, O Babylon, and thou wast not aware: thou art found, and also caught, because thou hast striven against the LORD. +The LORD hath opened his armoury, and hath brought forth the weapons of his indignation: for this is the work of the Lord GOD of hosts in the land of the Chaldeans. +Come against her from the utmost border, open her storehouses: cast her up as heaps, and destroy her utterly: let nothing of her be left. +Slay all her bullocks; let them go down to the slaughter: woe unto them! for their day is come, the time of their visitation. +The voice of them that flee and escape out of the land of Babylon, to declare in Zion the vengeance of the LORD our God, the vengeance of his temple. +Call together the archers against Babylon: all ye that bend the bow, camp against it round about; let none thereof escape: recompense her according to her work; according to all that she hath done, do unto her: for she hath been proud against the LORD, against the Holy One of Israel. +Therefore shall her young men fall in the streets, and all her men of war shall be cut off in that day, saith the LORD. +Behold, I am against thee, O thou most proud, saith the Lord GOD of hosts: for thy day is come, the time that I will visit thee. +And the most proud shall stumble and fall, and none shall raise him up: and I will kindle a fire in his cities, and it shall devour all round about him. +Thus saith the LORD of hosts; The children of Israel and the children of Judah were oppressed together: and all that took them captives held them fast; they refused to let them go. +Their Redeemer is strong; the LORD of hosts is his name: he shall throughly plead their cause, that he may give rest to the land, and disquiet the inhabitants of Babylon. +A sword is upon the Chaldeans, saith the LORD, and upon the inhabitants of Babylon, and upon her princes, and upon her wise men. +A sword is upon the liars; and they shall dote: a sword is upon her mighty men; and they shall be dismayed. +A sword is upon their horses, and upon their chariots, and upon all the mingled people that are in the midst of her; and they shall become as women: a sword is upon her treasures; and they shall be robbed. +A drought is upon her waters; and they shall be dried up: for it is the land of graven images, and they are mad upon their idols. +Therefore the wild beasts of the desert with the wild beasts of the islands shall dwell there, and the owls shall dwell therein: and it shall be no more inhabited for ever; neither shall it be dwelt in from generation to generation. +As God overthrew Sodom and Gomorrah and the neighbour cities thereof, saith the LORD; so shall no man abide there, neither shall any son of man dwell therein. +Behold, a people shall come from the north, and a great nation, and many kings shall be raised up from the coasts of the earth. +They shall hold the bow and the lance: they are cruel, and will not shew mercy: their voice shall roar like the sea, and they shall ride upon horses, every one put in array, like a man to the battle, against thee, O daughter of Babylon. +The king of Babylon hath heard the report of them, and his hands waxed feeble: anguish took hold of him, and pangs as of a woman in travail. +Behold, he shall come up like a lion from the swelling of Jordan unto the habitation of the strong: but I will make them suddenly run away from her: and who is a chosen man, that I may appoint over her? for who is like me? and who will appoint me the time? and who is that shepherd that will stand before me? +Therefore hear ye the counsel of the LORD, that he hath taken against Babylon; and his purposes, that he hath purposed against the land of the Chaldeans: Surely the least of the flock shall draw them out: surely he shall make their habitation desolate with them. +At the noise of the taking of Babylon the earth is moved, and the cry is heard among the nations. +Thus saith the LORD; Behold, I will raise up against Babylon, and against them that dwell in the midst of them that rise up against me, a destroying wind; +And will send unto Babylon fanners, that shall fan her, and shall empty her land: for in the day of trouble they shall be against her round about. +Against him that bendeth let the archer bend his bow, and against him that lifteth himself up in his brigandine: and spare ye not her young men; destroy ye utterly all her host. +Thus the slain shall fall in the land of the Chaldeans, and they that are thrust through in her streets. +For Israel hath not been forsaken, nor Judah of his God, of the LORD of hosts; though their land was filled with sin against the Holy One of Israel. +Flee out of the midst of Babylon, and deliver every man his soul: be not cut off in her iniquity; for this is the time of the LORD's vengeance; he will render unto her a recompence. +Babylon hath been a golden cup in the LORD's hand, that made all the earth drunken: the nations have drunken of her wine; therefore the nations are mad. +Babylon is suddenly fallen and destroyed: howl for her; take balm for her pain, if so be she may be healed. +We would have healed Babylon, but she is not healed: forsake her, and let us go every one into his own country: for her judgment reacheth unto heaven, and is lifted up even to the skies. +The LORD hath brought forth our righteousness: come, and let us declare in Zion the work of the LORD our God. +Make bright the arrows; gather the shields: the LORD hath raised up the spirit of the kings of the Medes: for his device is against Babylon, to destroy it; because it is the vengeance of the LORD, the vengeance of his temple. +Set up the standard upon the walls of Babylon, make the watch strong, set up the watchmen, prepare the ambushes: for the LORD hath both devised and done that which he spake against the inhabitants of Babylon. +O thou that dwellest upon many waters, abundant in treasures, thine end is come, and the measure of thy covetousness. +The LORD of hosts hath sworn by himself, saying, Surely I will fill thee with men, as with caterpillers; and they shall lift up a shout against thee. +He hath made the earth by his power, he hath established the world by his wisdom, and hath stretched out the heaven by his understanding. +When he uttereth his voice, there is a multitude of waters in the heavens; and he causeth the vapours to ascend from the ends of the earth: he maketh lightnings with rain, and bringeth forth the wind out of his treasures. +Every man is brutish by his knowledge; every founder is confounded by the graven image: for his molten image is falsehood, and there is no breath in them. +They are vanity, the work of errors: in the time of their visitation they shall perish. +The portion of Jacob is not like them; for he is the former of all things: and Israel is the rod of his inheritance: the LORD of hosts is his name. +Thou art my battle axe and weapons of war: for with thee will I break in pieces the nations, and with thee will I destroy kingdoms; +And with thee will I break in pieces the horse and his rider; and with thee will I break in pieces the chariot and his rider; +With thee also will I break in pieces man and woman; and with thee will I break in pieces old and young; and with thee will I break in pieces the young man and the maid; +I will also break in pieces with thee the shepherd and his flock; and with thee will I break in pieces the husbandman and his yoke of oxen; and with thee will I break in pieces captains and rulers. +And I will render unto Babylon and to all the inhabitants of Chaldea all their evil that they have done in Zion in your sight, saith the LORD. +Behold, I am against thee, O destroying mountain, saith the LORD, which destroyest all the earth: and I will stretch out mine hand upon thee, and roll thee down from the rocks, and will make thee a burnt mountain. +And they shall not take of thee a stone for a corner, nor a stone for foundations; but thou shalt be desolate for ever, saith the LORD. +Set ye up a standard in the land, blow the trumpet among the nations, prepare the nations against her, call together against her the kingdoms of Ararat, Minni, and Ashchenaz; appoint a captain against her; cause the horses to come up as the rough caterpillers. +Prepare against her the nations with the kings of the Medes, the captains thereof, and all the rulers thereof, and all the land of his dominion. +And the land shall tremble and sorrow: for every purpose of the LORD shall be performed against Babylon, to make the land of Babylon a desolation without an inhabitant. +The mighty men of Babylon have forborn to fight, they have remained in their holds: their might hath failed; they became as women: they have burned her dwellingplaces; her bars are broken. +One post shall run to meet another, and one messenger to meet another, to shew the king of Babylon that his city is taken at one end, +And that the passages are stopped, and the reeds they have burned with fire, and the men of war are affrighted. +For thus saith the LORD of hosts, the God of Israel; The daughter of Babylon is like a threshingfloor, it is time to thresh her: yet a little while, and the time of her harvest shall come. +Nebuchadrezzar the king of Babylon hath devoured me, he hath crushed me, he hath made me an empty vessel, he hath swallowed me up like a dragon, he hath filled his belly with my delicates, he hath cast me out. +The violence done to me and to my flesh be upon Babylon, shall the inhabitant of Zion say; and my blood upon the inhabitants of Chaldea, shall Jerusalem say. +Therefore thus saith the LORD; Behold, I will plead thy cause, and take vengeance for thee; and I will dry up her sea, and make her springs dry. +And Babylon shall become heaps, a dwellingplace for dragons, an astonishment, and an hissing, without an inhabitant. +They shall roar together like lions: they shall yell as lions' whelps. +In their heat I will make their feasts, and I will make them drunken, that they may rejoice, and sleep a perpetual sleep, and not wake, saith the LORD. +I will bring them down like lambs to the slaughter, like rams with he goats. +How is Sheshach taken! and how is the praise of the whole earth surprised! how is Babylon become an astonishment among the nations! +The sea is come up upon Babylon: she is covered with the multitude of the waves thereof. +Her cities are a desolation, a dry land, and a wilderness, a land wherein no man dwelleth, neither doth any son of man pass thereby. +And I will punish Bel in Babylon, and I will bring forth out of his mouth that which he hath swallowed up: and the nations shall not flow together any more unto him: yea, the wall of Babylon shall fall. +My people, go ye out of the midst of her, and deliver ye every man his soul from the fierce anger of the LORD. +And lest your heart faint, and ye fear for the rumour that shall be heard in the land; a rumour shall both come one year, and after that in another year shall come a rumour, and violence in the land, ruler against ruler. +Therefore, behold, the days come, that I will do judgment upon the graven images of Babylon: and her whole land shall be confounded, and all her slain shall fall in the midst of her. +Then the heaven and the earth, and all that is therein, shall sing for Babylon: for the spoilers shall come unto her from the north, saith the LORD. +As Babylon hath caused the slain of Israel to fall, so at Babylon shall fall the slain of all the earth. +Ye that have escaped the sword, go away, stand not still: remember the LORD afar off, and let Jerusalem come into your mind. +We are confounded, because we have heard reproach: shame hath covered our faces: for strangers are come into the sanctuaries of the LORD's house. +Wherefore, behold, the days come, saith the LORD, that I will do judgment upon her graven images: and through all her land the wounded shall groan. +Though Babylon should mount up to heaven, and though she should fortify the height of her strength, yet from me shall spoilers come unto her, saith the LORD. +A sound of a cry cometh from Babylon, and great destruction from the land of the Chaldeans: +Because the LORD hath spoiled Babylon, and destroyed out of her the great voice; when her waves do roar like great waters, a noise of their voice is uttered: +Because the spoiler is come upon her, even upon Babylon, and her mighty men are taken, every one of their bows is broken: for the LORD God of recompences shall surely requite. +And I will make drunk her princes, and her wise men, her captains, and her rulers, and her mighty men: and they shall sleep a perpetual sleep, and not wake, saith the King, whose name is the LORD of hosts. +Thus saith the LORD of hosts; The broad walls of Babylon shall be utterly broken, and her high gates shall be burned with fire; and the people shall labour in vain, and the folk in the fire, and they shall be weary. +The word which Jeremiah the prophet commanded Seraiah the son of Neriah, the son of Maaseiah, when he went with Zedekiah the king of Judah into Babylon in the fourth year of his reign. And this Seraiah was a quiet prince. +So Jeremiah wrote in a book all the evil that should come upon Babylon, even all these words that are written against Babylon. +And Jeremiah said to Seraiah, When thou comest to Babylon, and shalt see, and shalt read all these words; +Then shalt thou say, O LORD, thou hast spoken against this place, to cut it off, that none shall remain in it, neither man nor beast, but that it shall be desolate for ever. +And it shall be, when thou hast made an end of reading this book, that thou shalt bind a stone to it, and cast it into the midst of Euphrates: +And thou shalt say, Thus shall Babylon sink, and shall not rise from the evil that I will bring upon her: and they shall be weary. Thus far are the words of Jeremiah. +Zedekiah was one and twenty years old when he began to reign, and he reigned eleven years in Jerusalem. And his mother's name was Hamutal the daughter of Jeremiah of Libnah. +And he did that which was evil in the eyes of the LORD, according to all that Jehoiakim had done. +For through the anger of the LORD it came to pass in Jerusalem and Judah, till he had cast them out from his presence, that Zedekiah rebelled against the king of Babylon. +And it came to pass in the ninth year of his reign, in the tenth month, in the tenth day of the month, that Nebuchadrezzar king of Babylon came, he and all his army, against Jerusalem, and pitched against it, and built forts against it round about. +So the city was besieged unto the eleventh year of king Zedekiah. +And in the fourth month, in the ninth day of the month, the famine was sore in the city, so that there was no bread for the people of the land. +Then the city was broken up, and all the men of war fled, and went forth out of the city by night by the way of the gate between the two walls, which was by the king's garden; (now the Chaldeans were by the city round about:) and they went by the way of the plain. +But the army of the Chaldeans pursued after the king, and overtook Zedekiah in the plains of Jericho; and all his army was scattered from him. +Then they took the king, and carried him up unto the king of Babylon to Riblah in the land of Hamath; where he gave judgment upon him. +And the king of Babylon slew the sons of Zedekiah before his eyes: he slew also all the princes of Judah in Riblah. +Then he put out the eyes of Zedekiah; and the king of Babylon bound him in chains, and carried him to Babylon, and put him in prison till the day of his death. +Now in the fifth month, in the tenth day of the month, which was the nineteenth year of Nebuchadrezzar king of Babylon, came Nebuzaradan, captain of the guard, which served the king of Babylon, into Jerusalem, +And burned the house of the LORD, and the king's house; and all the houses of Jerusalem, and all the houses of the great men, burned he with fire: +And all the army of the Chaldeans, that were with the captain of the guard, brake down all the walls of Jerusalem round about. +Then Nebuzaradan the captain of the guard carried away captive certain of the poor of the people, and the residue of the people that remained in the city, and those that fell away, that fell to the king of Babylon, and the rest of the multitude. +But Nebuzaradan the captain of the guard left certain of the poor of the land for vinedressers and for husbandmen. +Also the pillars of brass that were in the house of the LORD, and the bases, and the brasen sea that was in the house of the LORD, the Chaldeans brake, and carried all the brass of them to Babylon. +The caldrons also, and the shovels, and the snuffers, and the bowls, and the spoons, and all the vessels of brass wherewith they ministered, took they away. +And the basons, and the firepans, and the bowls, and the caldrons, and the candlesticks, and the spoons, and the cups; that which was of gold in gold, and that which was of silver in silver, took the captain of the guard away. +The two pillars, one sea, and twelve brasen bulls that were under the bases, which king Solomon had made in the house of the LORD: the brass of all these vessels was without weight. +And concerning the pillars, the height of one pillar was eighteen cubits; and a fillet of twelve cubits did compass it; and the thickness thereof was four fingers: it was hollow. +And a chapiter of brass was upon it; and the height of one chapiter was five cubits, with network and pomegranates upon the chapiters round about, all of brass. The second pillar also and the pomegranates were like unto these. +And there were ninety and six pomegranates on a side; and all the pomegranates upon the network were an hundred round about. +And the captain of the guard took Seraiah the chief priest, and Zephaniah the second priest, and the three keepers of the door: +He took also out of the city an eunuch, which had the charge of the men of war; and seven men of them that were near the king's person, which were found in the city; and the principal scribe of the host, who mustered the people of the land; and threescore men of the people of the land, that were found in the midst of the city. +So Nebuzaradan the captain of the guard took them, and brought them to the king of Babylon to Riblah. +And the king of Babylon smote them, and put them to death in Riblah in the land of Hamath. Thus Judah was carried away captive out of his own land. +This is the people whom Nebuchadrezzar carried away captive: in the seventh year three thousand Jews and three and twenty: +In the eighteenth year of Nebuchadrezzar he carried away captive from Jerusalem eight hundred thirty and two persons: +In the three and twentieth year of Nebuchadrezzar Nebuzaradan the captain of the guard carried away captive of the Jews seven hundred forty and five persons: all the persons were four thousand and six hundred. +And it came to pass in the seven and thirtieth year of the captivity of Jehoiachin king of Judah, in the twelfth month, in the five and twentieth day of the month, that Evilmerodach king of Babylon in the first year of his reign lifted up the head of Jehoiachin king of Judah, and brought him forth out of prison. +And spake kindly unto him, and set his throne above the throne of the kings that were with him in Babylon, +And changed his prison garments: and he did continually eat bread before him all the days of his life. +And for his diet, there was a continual diet given him of the king of Babylon, every day a portion until the day of his death, all the days of his life. +How doth the city sit solitary, that was full of people! how is she become as a widow! she that was great among the nations, and princess among the provinces, how is she become tributary! +She weepeth sore in the night, and her tears are on her cheeks: among all her lovers she hath none to comfort her: all her friends have dealt treacherously with her, they are become her enemies. +Judah is gone into captivity because of affliction, and because of great servitude: she dwelleth among the heathen, she findeth no rest: all her persecutors overtook her between the straits. +The ways of Zion do mourn, because none come to the solemn feasts: all her gates are desolate: her priests sigh, her virgins are afflicted, and she is in bitterness. +Her adversaries are the chief, her enemies prosper; for the LORD hath afflicted her for the multitude of her transgressions: her children are gone into captivity before the enemy. +And from the daughter of Zion all her beauty is departed: her princes are become like harts that find no pasture, and they are gone without strength before the pursuer. +Jerusalem remembered in the days of her affliction and of her miseries all her pleasant things that she had in the days of old, when her people fell into the hand of the enemy, and none did help her: the adversaries saw her, and did mock at her sabbaths. +Jerusalem hath grievously sinned; therefore she is removed: all that honoured her despise her, because they have seen her nakedness: yea, she sigheth, and turneth backward. +Her filthiness is in her skirts; she remembereth not her last end; therefore she came down wonderfully: she had no comforter. O LORD, behold my affliction: for the enemy hath magnified himself. +The adversary hath spread out his hand upon all her pleasant things: for she hath seen that the heathen entered into her sanctuary, whom thou didst command that they should not enter into thy congregation. +All her people sigh, they seek bread; they have given their pleasant things for meat to relieve the soul: see, O LORD, and consider; for I am become vile. +Is it nothing to you, all ye that pass by? behold, and see if there be any sorrow like unto my sorrow, which is done unto me, wherewith the LORD hath afflicted me in the day of his fierce anger. +From above hath he sent fire into my bones, and it prevaileth against them: he hath spread a net for my feet, he hath turned me back: he hath made me desolate and faint all the day. +The yoke of my transgressions is bound by his hand: they are wreathed, and come up upon my neck: he hath made my strength to fall, the LORD hath delivered me into their hands, from whom I am not able to rise up. +The LORD hath trodden under foot all my mighty men in the midst of me: he hath called an assembly against me to crush my young men: the LORD hath trodden the virgin, the daughter of Judah, as in a winepress. +For these things I weep; mine eye, mine eye runneth down with water, because the comforter that should relieve my soul is far from me: my children are desolate, because the enemy prevailed. +Zion spreadeth forth her hands, and there is none to comfort her: the LORD hath commanded concerning Jacob, that his adversaries should be round about him: Jerusalem is as a menstruous woman among them. +The LORD is righteous; for I have rebelled against his commandment: hear, I pray you, all people, and behold my sorrow: my virgins and my young men are gone into captivity. +I called for my lovers, but they deceived me: my priests and mine elders gave up the ghost in the city, while they sought their meat to relieve their souls. +Behold, O LORD; for I am in distress: my bowels are troubled; mine heart is turned within me; for I have grievously rebelled: abroad the sword bereaveth, at home there is as death. +They have heard that I sigh: there is none to comfort me: all mine enemies have heard of my trouble; they are glad that thou hast done it: thou wilt bring the day that thou hast called, and they shall be like unto me. +Let all their wickedness come before thee; and do unto them, as thou hast done unto me for all my transgressions: for my sighs are many, and my heart is faint. +How hath the LORD covered the daughter of Zion with a cloud in his anger, and cast down from heaven unto the earth the beauty of Israel, and remembered not his footstool in the day of his anger! +The LORD hath swallowed up all the habitations of Jacob, and hath not pitied: he hath thrown down in his wrath the strong holds of the daughter of Judah; he hath brought them down to the ground: he hath polluted the kingdom and the princes thereof. +He hath cut off in his fierce anger all the horn of Israel: he hath drawn back his right hand from before the enemy, and he burned against Jacob like a flaming fire, which devoureth round about. +He hath bent his bow like an enemy: he stood with his right hand as an adversary, and slew all that were pleasant to the eye in the tabernacle of the daughter of Zion: he poured out his fury like fire. +The LORD was as an enemy: he hath swallowed up Israel, he hath swallowed up all her palaces: he hath destroyed his strong holds, and hath increased in the daughter of Judah mourning and lamentation. +And he hath violently taken away his tabernacle, as if it were of a garden: he hath destroyed his places of the assembly: the LORD hath caused the solemn feasts and sabbaths to be forgotten in Zion, and hath despised in the indignation of his anger the king and the priest. +The LORD hath cast off his altar, he hath abhorred his sanctuary, he hath given up into the hand of the enemy the walls of her palaces; they have made a noise in the house of the LORD, as in the day of a solemn feast. +The LORD hath purposed to destroy the wall of the daughter of Zion: he hath stretched out a line, he hath not withdrawn his hand from destroying: therefore he made the rampart and the wall to lament; they languished together. +Her gates are sunk into the ground; he hath destroyed and broken her bars: her king and her princes are among the Gentiles: the law is no more; her prophets also find no vision from the LORD. +The elders of the daughter of Zion sit upon the ground, and keep silence: they have cast up dust upon their heads; they have girded themselves with sackcloth: the virgins of Jerusalem hang down their heads to the ground. +Mine eyes do fail with tears, my bowels are troubled, my liver is poured upon the earth, for the destruction of the daughter of my people; because the children and the sucklings swoon in the streets of the city. +They say to their mothers, Where is corn and wine? when they swooned as the wounded in the streets of the city, when their soul was poured out into their mothers' bosom. +What thing shall I take to witness for thee? what thing shall I liken to thee, O daughter of Jerusalem? what shall I equal to thee, that I may comfort thee, O virgin daughter of Zion? for thy breach is great like the sea: who can heal thee? +Thy prophets have seen vain and foolish things for thee: and they have not discovered thine iniquity, to turn away thy captivity; but have seen for thee false burdens and causes of banishment. +All that pass by clap their hands at thee; they hiss and wag their head at the daughter of Jerusalem, saying, Is this the city that men call The perfection of beauty, The joy of the whole earth? +All thine enemies have opened their mouth against thee: they hiss and gnash the teeth: they say, We have swallowed her up: certainly this is the day that we looked for; we have found, we have seen it. +The LORD hath done that which he had devised; he hath fulfilled his word that he had commanded in the days of old: he hath thrown down, and hath not pitied: and he hath caused thine enemy to rejoice over thee, he hath set up the horn of thine adversaries. +Their heart cried unto the LORD, O wall of the daughter of Zion, let tears run down like a river day and night: give thyself no rest; let not the apple of thine eye cease. +Arise, cry out in the night: in the beginning of the watches pour out thine heart like water before the face of the LORD: lift up thy hands toward him for the life of thy young children, that faint for hunger in the top of every street. +Behold, O LORD, and consider to whom thou hast done this. Shall the women eat their fruit, and children of a span long? shall the priest and the prophet be slain in the sanctuary of the Lord? +The young and the old lie on the ground in the streets: my virgins and my young men are fallen by the sword; thou hast slain them in the day of thine anger; thou hast killed, and not pitied. +Thou hast called as in a solemn day my terrors round about, so that in the day of the LORD's anger none escaped nor remained: those that I have swaddled and brought up hath mine enemy consumed. +I AM the man that hath seen affliction by the rod of his wrath. +He hath led me, and brought me into darkness, but not into light. +Surely against me is he turned; he turneth his hand against me all the day. +My flesh and my skin hath he made old; he hath broken my bones. +He hath builded against me, and compassed me with gall and travail. +He hath set me in dark places, as they that be dead of old. +He hath hedged me about, that I cannot get out: he hath made my chain heavy. +Also when I cry and shout, he shutteth out my prayer. +He hath inclosed my ways with hewn stone, he hath made my paths crooked. +He was unto me as a bear lying in wait, and as a lion in secret places. +He hath turned aside my ways, and pulled me in pieces: he hath made me desolate. +He hath bent his bow, and set me as a mark for the arrow. +He hath caused the arrows of his quiver to enter into my reins. +I was a derision to all my people; and their song all the day. +He hath filled me with bitterness, he hath made me drunken with wormwood. +He hath also broken my teeth with gravel stones, he hath covered me with ashes. +And thou hast removed my soul far off from peace: I forgat prosperity. +And I said, My strength and my hope is perished from the LORD: +Remembering mine affliction and my misery, the wormwood and the gall. +My soul hath them still in remembrance, and is humbled in me. +This I recall to my mind, therefore have I hope. +It is of the LORD's mercies that we are not consumed, because his compassions fail not. +They are new every morning: great is thy faithfulness. +The LORD is my portion, saith my soul; therefore will I hope in him. +The LORD is good unto them that wait for him, to the soul that seeketh him. +It is good that a man should both hope and quietly wait for the salvation of the LORD. +It is good for a man that he bear the yoke of his youth. +He sitteth alone and keepeth silence, because he hath borne it upon him. +He putteth his mouth in the dust; if so be there may be hope. +He giveth his cheek to him that smiteth him: he is filled full with reproach. +For the LORD will not cast off for ever: +But though he cause grief, yet will he have compassion according to the multitude of his mercies. +For he doth not afflict willingly nor grieve the children of men. +To crush under his feet all the prisoners of the earth. +To turn aside the right of a man before the face of the most High, +To subvert a man in his cause, the LORD approveth not. +Who is he that saith, and it cometh to pass, when the Lord commandeth it not? +Out of the mouth of the most High proceedeth not evil and good? +Wherefore doth a living man complain, a man for the punishment of his sins? +Let us search and try our ways, and turn again to the LORD. +Let us lift up our heart with our hands unto God in the heavens. +We have transgressed and have rebelled: thou hast not pardoned. +Thou hast covered with anger, and persecuted us: thou hast slain, thou hast not pitied. +Thou hast covered thyself with a cloud, that our prayer should not pass through. +Thou hast made us as the offscouring and refuse in the midst of the people. +All our enemies have opened their mouths against us. +Fear and a snare is come upon us, desolation and destruction. +Mine eye runneth down with rivers of water for the destruction of the daughter of my people. +Mine eye trickleth down, and ceaseth not, without any intermission. +Till the LORD look down, and behold from heaven. +Mine eye affecteth mine heart because of all the daughters of my city. +Mine enemies chased me sore, like a bird, without cause. +They have cut off my life in the dungeon, and cast a stone upon me. +Waters flowed over mine head; then I said, I am cut off. +I called upon thy name, O LORD, out of the low dungeon. +Thou hast heard my voice: hide not thine ear at my breathing, at my cry. +Thou drewest near in the day that I called upon thee: thou saidst, Fear not. +O LORD, thou hast pleaded the causes of my soul; thou hast redeemed my life. +O LORD, thou hast seen my wrong: judge thou my cause. +Thou hast seen all their vengeance and all their imaginations against me. +Thou hast heard their reproach, O LORD, and all their imaginations against me; +The lips of those that rose up against me, and their device against me all the day. +Behold their sitting down, and their rising up; I am their musick. +Render unto them a recompence, O LORD, according to the work of their hands. +Give them sorrow of heart, thy curse unto them. +Persecute and destroy them in anger from under the heavens of the LORD. +How is the gold become dim! how is the most fine gold changed! the stones of the sanctuary are poured out in the top of every street. +The precious sons of Zion, comparable to fine gold, how are they esteemed as earthen pitchers, the work of the hands of the potter! +Even the sea monsters draw out the breast, they give suck to their young ones: the daughter of my people is become cruel, like the ostriches in the wilderness. +The tongue of the sucking child cleaveth to the roof of his mouth for thirst: the young children ask bread, and no man breaketh it unto them. +They that did feed delicately are desolate in the streets: they that were brought up in scarlet embrace dunghills. +For the punishment of the iniquity of the daughter of my people is greater than the punishment of the sin of Sodom, that was overthrown as in a moment, and no hands stayed on her. +Her Nazarites were purer than snow, they were whiter than milk, they were more ruddy in body than rubies, their polishing was of sapphire: +Their visage is blacker than a coal; they are not known in the streets: their skin cleaveth to their bones; it is withered, it is become like a stick. +They that be slain with the sword are better than they that be slain with hunger: for these pine away, stricken through for want of the fruits of the field. +The hands of the pitiful women have sodden their own children: they were their meat in the destruction of the daughter of my people. +The LORD hath accomplished his fury; he hath poured out his fierce anger, and hath kindled a fire in Zion, and it hath devoured the foundations thereof. +The kings of the earth, and all the inhabitants of the world, would not have believed that the adversary and the enemy should have entered into the gates of Jerusalem. +For the sins of her prophets, and the iniquities of her priests, that have shed the blood of the just in the midst of her, +They have wandered as blind men in the streets, they have polluted themselves with blood, so that men could not touch their garments. +They cried unto them, Depart ye; it is unclean; depart, depart, touch not: when they fled away and wandered, they said among the heathen, They shall no more sojourn there. +The anger of the LORD hath divided them; he will no more regard them: they respected not the persons of the priests, they favoured not the elders. +As for us, our eyes as yet failed for our vain help: in our watching we have watched for a nation that could not save us. +They hunt our steps, that we cannot go in our streets: our end is near, our days are fulfilled; for our end is come. +Our persecutors are swifter than the eagles of the heaven: they pursued us upon the mountains, they laid wait for us in the wilderness. +The breath of our nostrils, the anointed of the LORD, was taken in their pits, of whom we said, Under his shadow we shall live among the heathen. +Rejoice and be glad, O daughter of Edom, that dwellest in the land of Uz; the cup also shall pass through unto thee: thou shalt be drunken, and shalt make thyself naked. +The punishment of thine iniquity is accomplished, O daughter of Zion; he will no more carry thee away into captivity: he will visit thine iniquity, O daughter of Edom; he will discover thy sins. +Remember, O LORD, what is come upon us: consider, and behold our reproach. +Our inheritance is turned to strangers, our houses to aliens. +We are orphans and fatherless, our mothers are as widows. +We have drunken our water for money; our wood is sold unto us. +Our necks are under persecution: we labour, and have no rest. +We have given the hand to the Egyptians, and to the Assyrians, to be satisfied with bread. +Our fathers have sinned, and are not; and we have borne their iniquities. +Servants have ruled over us: there is none that doth deliver us out of their hand. +We gat our bread with the peril of our lives because of the sword of the wilderness. +Our skin was black like an oven because of the terrible famine. +They ravished the women in Zion, and the maids in the cities of Judah. +Princes are hanged up by their hand: the faces of elders were not honoured. +They took the young men to grind, and the children fell under the wood. +The elders have ceased from the gate, the young men from their musick. +The joy of our heart is ceased; our dance is turned into mourning. +The crown is fallen from our head: woe unto us, that we have sinned! +For this our heart is faint; for these things our eyes are dim. +Because of the mountain of Zion, which is desolate, the foxes walk upon it. +Thou, O LORD, remainest for ever; thy throne from generation to generation. +Wherefore dost thou forget us for ever, and forsake us so long time? +Turn thou us unto thee, O LORD, and we shall be turned; renew our days as of old. +But thou hast utterly rejected us; thou art very wroth against us. +Now it came to pass in the thirtieth year, in the fourth month, in the fifth day of the month, as I was among the captives by the river of Chebar, that the heavens were opened, and I saw visions of God. +In the fifth day of the month, which was the fifth year of king Jehoiachin's captivity, +The word of the LORD came expressly unto Ezekiel the priest, the son of Buzi, in the land of the Chaldeans by the river Chebar; and the hand of the LORD was there upon him. +And I looked, and, behold, a whirlwind came out of the north, a great cloud, and a fire infolding itself, and a brightness was about it, and out of the midst thereof as the colour of amber, out of the midst of the fire. +Also out of the midst thereof came the likeness of four living creatures. And this was their appearance; they had the likeness of a man. +And every one had four faces, and every one had four wings. +And their feet were straight feet; and the sole of their feet was like the sole of a calf's foot: and they sparkled like the colour of burnished brass. +And they had the hands of a man under their wings on their four sides; and they four had their faces and their wings. +Their wings were joined one to another; they turned not when they went; they went every one straight forward. +As for the likeness of their faces, they four had the face of a man, and the face of a lion, on the right side: and they four had the face of an ox on the left side; they four also had the face of an eagle. +Thus were their faces: and their wings were stretched upward; two wings of every one were joined one to another, and two covered their bodies. +And they went every one straight forward: whither the spirit was to go, they went; and they turned not when they went. +As for the likeness of the living creatures, their appearance was like burning coals of fire, and like the appearance of lamps: it went up and down among the living creatures; and the fire was bright, and out of the fire went forth lightning. +And the living creatures ran and returned as the appearance of a flash of lightning. +Now as I beheld the living creatures, behold one wheel upon the earth by the living creatures, with his four faces. +The appearance of the wheels and their work was like unto the colour of a beryl: and they four had one likeness: and their appearance and their work was as it were a wheel in the middle of a wheel. +When they went, they went upon their four sides: and they turned not when they went. +As for their rings, they were so high that they were dreadful; and their rings were full of eyes round about them four. +And when the living creatures went, the wheels went by them: and when the living creatures were lifted up from the earth, the wheels were lifted up. +Whithersoever the spirit was to go, they went, thither was their spirit to go; and the wheels were lifted up over against them: for the spirit of the living creature was in the wheels. +When those went, these went; and when those stood, these stood; and when those were lifted up from the earth, the wheels were lifted up over against them: for the spirit of the living creature was in the wheels. +And the likeness of the firmament upon the heads of the living creature was as the colour of the terrible crystal, stretched forth over their heads above. +And under the firmament were their wings straight, the one toward the other: every one had two, which covered on this side, and every one had two, which covered on that side, their bodies. +And when they went, I heard the noise of their wings, like the noise of great waters, as the voice of the Almighty, the voice of speech, as the noise of an host: when they stood, they let down their wings. +And there was a voice from the firmament that was over their heads, when they stood, and had let down their wings. +And above the firmament that was over their heads was the likeness of a throne, as the appearance of a sapphire stone: and upon the likeness of the throne was the likeness as the appearance of a man above upon it. +And I saw as the colour of amber, as the appearance of fire round about within it, from the appearance of his loins even upward, and from the appearance of his loins even downward, I saw as it were the appearance of fire, and it had brightness round about. +As the appearance of the bow that is in the cloud in the day of rain, so was the appearance of the brightness round about. This was the appearance of the likeness of the glory of the LORD. And when I saw it, I fell upon my face, and I heard a voice of one that spake. +And he said unto me, Son of man, stand upon thy feet, and I will speak unto thee. +And the spirit entered into me when he spake unto me, and set me upon my feet, that I heard him that spake unto me. +And he said unto me, Son of man, I send thee to the children of Israel, to a rebellious nation that hath rebelled against me: they and their fathers have transgressed against me, even unto this very day. +For they are impudent children and stiffhearted. I do send thee unto them; and thou shalt say unto them, Thus saith the Lord GOD. +And they, whether they will hear, or whether they will forbear, (for they are a rebellious house,) yet shall know that there hath been a prophet among them. +And thou, son of man, be not afraid of them, neither be afraid of their words, though briers and thorns be with thee, and thou dost dwell among scorpions: be not afraid of their words, nor be dismayed at their looks, though they be a rebellious house. +And thou shalt speak my words unto them, whether they will hear, or whether they will forbear: for they are most rebellious. +But thou, son of man, hear what I say unto thee; Be not thou rebellious like that rebellious house: open thy mouth, and eat that I give thee. +And when I looked, behold, an hand was sent unto me; and, lo, a roll of a book was therein; +And he spread it before me; and it was written within and without: and there was written therein lamentations, and mourning, and woe. +Moreover he said unto me, Son of man, eat that thou findest; eat this roll, and go speak unto the house of Israel. +So I opened my mouth, and he caused me to eat that roll. +And he said unto me, Son of man, cause thy belly to eat, and fill thy bowels with this roll that I give thee. Then did I eat it; and it was in my mouth as honey for sweetness. +And he said unto me, Son of man, go, get thee unto the house of Israel, and speak with my words unto them. +For thou art not sent to a people of a strange speech and of an hard language, but to the house of Israel; +Not to many people of a strange speech and of an hard language, whose words thou canst not understand. Surely, had I sent thee to them, they would have hearkened unto thee. +But the house of Israel will not hearken unto thee; for they will not hearken unto me: for all the house of Israel are impudent and hardhearted. +Behold, I have made thy face strong against their faces, and thy forehead strong against their foreheads. +As an adamant harder than flint have I made thy forehead: fear them not, neither be dismayed at their looks, though they be a rebellious house. +Moreover he said unto me, Son of man, all my words that I shall speak unto thee receive in thine heart, and hear with thine ears. +And go, get thee to them of the captivity, unto the children of thy people, and speak unto them, and tell them, Thus saith the Lord GOD; whether they will hear, or whether they will forbear. +Then the spirit took me up, and I heard behind me a voice of a great rushing, saying, Blessed be the glory of the LORD from his place. +I heard also the noise of the wings of the living creatures that touched one another, and the noise of the wheels over against them, and a noise of a great rushing. +So the spirit lifted me up, and took me away, and I went in bitterness, in the heat of my spirit; but the hand of the LORD was strong upon me. +Then I came to them of the captivity at Telabib, that dwelt by the river of Chebar, and I sat where they sat, and remained there astonished among them seven days. +And it came to pass at the end of seven days, that the word of the LORD came unto me, saying, +Son of man, I have made thee a watchman unto the house of Israel: therefore hear the word at my mouth, and give them warning from me. +When I say unto the wicked, Thou shalt surely die; and thou givest him not warning, nor speakest to warn the wicked from his wicked way, to save his life; the same wicked man shall die in his iniquity; but his blood will I require at thine hand. +Yet if thou warn the wicked, and he turn not from his wickedness, nor from his wicked way, he shall die in his iniquity; but thou hast delivered thy soul. +Again, When a righteous man doth turn from his righteousness, and commit iniquity, and I lay a stumbling-block before him, he shall die: because thou hast not given him warning, he shall die in his sin, and his righteousness which he hath done shall not be remembered; but his blood will I require at thine hand. +Nevertheless if thou warn the righteous man, that the righteous sin not, and he doth not sin, he shall surely live, because he is warned; also thou hast delivered thy soul. +And the hand of the LORD was there upon me; and he said unto me, Arise, go forth into the plain, and I will there talk with thee. +Then I arose, and went forth into the plain: and, behold, the glory of the LORD stood there, as the glory which I saw by the river of Chebar: and I fell on my face. +Then the spirit entered into me, and set me upon my feet, and spake with me, and said unto me, Go, shut thyself within thine house. +But thou, O son of man, behold, they shall put bands upon thee, and shall bind thee with them, and thou shalt not go out among them: +And I will make thy tongue cleave to the roof of thy mouth, that thou shalt be dumb, and shalt not be to them a reprover: for they are a rebellious house. +But when I speak with thee, I will open thy mouth, and thou shalt say unto them, Thus saith the Lord GOD; He that heareth, let him hear; and he that forbeareth, let him forbear: for they are a rebellious house. +Thou also, son of man, take thee a tile, and lay it before thee, and pourtray upon it the city, even Jerusalem: +And lay siege against it, and build a fort against it, and cast a mount against it; set the camp also against it, and set battering rams against it round about. +Moreover take thou unto thee an iron pan, and set it for a wall of iron between thee and the city: and set thy face against it, and it shall be besieged, and thou shalt lay siege against it. This shall be a sign to the house of Israel. +Lie thou also upon thy left side, and lay the iniquity of the house of Israel upon it: according to the number of the days that thou shalt lie upon it thou shalt bear their iniquity. +For I have laid upon thee the years of their iniquity, according to the number of the days, three hundred and ninety days: so shalt thou bear the iniquity of the house of Israel. +And when thou hast accomplished them, lie again on thy right side, and thou shalt bear the iniquity of the house of Judah forty days: I have appointed thee each day for a year. +Therefore thou shalt set thy face toward the siege of Jerusalem, and thine arm shall be uncovered, and thou shalt prophesy against it. +And, behold, I will lay bands upon thee, and thou shalt not turn thee from one side to another, till thou hast ended the days of thy siege. +Take thou also unto thee wheat, and barley, and beans, and lentiles, and millet, and fitches, and put them in one vessel, and make thee bread thereof, according to the number of the days that thou shalt lie upon thy side, three hundred and ninety days shalt thou eat thereof. +And thy meat which thou shalt eat shall be by weight, twenty shekels a day: from time to time shalt thou eat it. +Thou shalt drink also water by measure, the sixth part of an hin: from time to time shalt thou drink. +And thou shalt eat it as barley cakes, and thou shalt bake it with dung that cometh out of man, in their sight. +And the LORD said, Even thus shall the children of Israel eat their defiled bread among the Gentiles, whither I will drive them. +Then said I, Ah Lord GOD! behold, my soul hath not been polluted: for from my youth up even till now have I not eaten of that which dieth of itself, or is torn in pieces; neither came there abominable flesh into my mouth. +Then he said unto me, Lo, I have given thee cow's dung for man's dung, and thou shalt prepare thy bread therewith. +Moreover he said unto me, Son of man, behold, I will break the staff of bread in Jerusalem: and they shall eat bread by weight, and with care; and they shall drink water by measure, and with astonishment: +That they may want bread and water, and be astonied one with another, and consume away for their iniquity. +And thou, son of man, take thee a sharp knife, take thee a barber's razor, and cause it to pass upon thine head and upon thy beard: then take thee balances to weigh, and divide the hair. +Thou shalt burn with fire a third part in the midst of the city, when the days of the siege are fulfilled: and thou shalt take a third part, and smite about it with a knife: and a third part thou shalt scatter in the wind; and I will draw out a sword after them. +Thou shalt also take thereof a few in number, and bind them in thy skirts. +Then take of them again, and cast them into the midst of the fire, and burn them in the fire; for thereof shall a fire come forth into all the house of Israel. +Thus saith the Lord GOD; This is Jerusalem: I have set it in the midst of the nations and countries that are round about her. +And she hath changed my judgments into wickedness more than the nations, and my statutes more than the countries that are round about her: for they have refused my judgments and my statutes, they have not walked in them. +Therefore thus saith the Lord GOD; Because ye multiplied more than the nations that are round about you, and have not walked in my statutes, neither have kept my judgments, neither have done according to the judgments of the nations that are round about you; +Therefore thus saith the Lord GOD; Behold, I, even I, am against thee, and will execute judgments in the midst of thee in the sight of the nations. +And I will do in thee that which I have not done, and whereunto I will not do any more the like, because of all thine abominations. +Therefore the fathers shall eat the sons in the midst of thee, and the sons shall eat their fathers; and I will execute judgments in thee, and the whole remnant of thee will I scatter into all the winds. +Wherefore, as I live, saith the Lord GOD; Surely, because thou hast defiled my sanctuary with all thy detestable things, and with all thine abominations, therefore will I also diminish thee; neither shall mine eye spare, neither will I have any pity. +A third part of thee shall die with the pestilence, and with famine shall they be consumed in the midst of thee: and a third part shall fall by the sword round about thee; and I will scatter a third part into all the winds, and I will draw out a sword after them. +Thus shall mine anger be accomplished, and I will cause my fury to rest upon them, and I will be comforted: and they shall know that I the LORD have spoken it in my zeal, when I have accomplished my fury in them. +Moreover I will make thee waste, and a reproach among the nations that are round about thee, in the sight of all that pass by. +So it shall be a reproach and a taunt, an instruction and an astonishment unto the nations that are round about thee, when I shall execute judgments in thee in anger and in fury and in furious rebukes. I the LORD have spoken it. +When I shall send upon them the evil arrows of famine, which shall be for their destruction, and which I will send to destroy you: and I will increase the famine upon you, and will break your staff of bread: +So will I send upon you famine and evil beasts, and they shall bereave thee: and pestilence and blood shall pass through thee; and I will bring the sword upon thee. I the LORD have spoken it. +And the word of the LORD came unto me, saying, +Son of man, set thy face toward the mountains of Israel, and prophesy against them, +And say, Ye mountains of Israel, hear the word of the Lord GOD; Thus saith the Lord GOD to the mountains, and to the hills, to the rivers, and to the valleys; Behold, I, even I, will bring a sword upon you, and I will destroy your high places. +And your altars shall be desolate, and your images shall be broken: and I will cast down your slain men before your idols. +And I will lay the dead carcases of the children of Israel before their idols; and I will scatter your bones round about your altars. +In all your dwellingplaces the cities shall be laid waste, and the high places shall be desolate; that your altars may be laid waste and made desolate, and your idols may be broken and cease, and your images may be cut down, and your works may be abolished. +And the slain shall fall in the midst of you, and ye shall know that I am the LORD. +Yet will I leave a remnant, that ye may have some that shall escape the sword among the nations, when ye shall be scattered through the countries. +And they that escape of you shall remember me among the nations whither they shall be carried captives, because I am broken with their whorish heart, which hath departed from me, and with their eyes, which go a whoring after their idols: and they shall lothe themselves for the evils which they have committed in all their abominations. +And they shall know that I am the LORD, and that I have not said in vain that I would do this evil unto them. +Thus saith the Lord GOD; Smite with thine hand, and stamp with thy foot, and say, Alas for all the evil abominations of the house of Israel! for they shall fall by the sword, by the famine, and by the pestilence. +He that is far off shall die of the pestilence; and he that is near shall fall by the sword; and he that remaineth and is besieged shall die by the famine: thus will I accomplish my fury upon them. +Then shall ye know that I am the LORD, when their slain men shall be among their idols round about their altars, upon every high hill, in all the tops of the mountains, and under every green tree, and under every thick oak, the place where they did offer sweet savour to all their idols. +So will I stretch out my hand upon them, and make the land desolate, yea, more desolate than the wilderness toward Diblath, in all their habitations: and they shall know that I am the LORD. +Moreover the word of the LORD came unto me, saying, +Also, thou son of man, thus saith the Lord GOD unto the land of Israel; An end, the end is come upon the four corners of the land. +Now is the end come upon thee, and I will send mine anger upon thee, and will judge thee according to thy ways, and will recompense upon thee all thine abominations. +And mine eye shall not spare thee, neither will I have pity: but I will recompense thy ways upon thee, and thine abominations shall be in the midst of thee: and ye shall know that I am the LORD. +Thus saith the Lord GOD; An evil, an only evil, behold, is come. +An end is come, the end is come: it watcheth for thee; behold, it is come. +The morning is come unto thee, O thou that dwellest in the land: the time is come, the day of trouble is near, and not the sounding again of the mountains. +Now will I shortly pour out my fury upon thee, and accomplish mine anger upon thee: and I will judge thee according to thy ways, and will recompense thee for all thine abominations. +And mine eye shall not spare, neither will I have pity: I will recompense thee according to thy ways and thine abominations that are in the midst of thee; and ye shall know that I am the LORD that smiteth. +Behold the day, behold, it is come: the morning is gone forth; the rod hath blossomed, pride hath budded. +Violence is risen up into a rod of wickedness: none of them shall remain, nor of their multitude, nor of any of their's: neither shall there be wailing for them. +The time is come, the day draweth near: let not the buyer rejoice, nor the seller mourn: for wrath is upon all the multitude thereof. +For the seller shall not return to that which is sold, although they were yet alive: for the vision is touching the whole multitude thereof, which shall not return; neither shall any strengthen himself in the iniquity of his life. +They have blown the trumpet, even to make all ready; but none goeth to the battle: for my wrath is upon all the multitude thereof. +The sword is without, and the pestilence and the famine within: he that is in the field shall die with the sword; and he that is in the city, famine and pestilence shall devour him. +But they that escape of them shall escape, and shall be on the mountains like doves of the valleys, all of them mourning, every one for his iniquity. +All hands shall be feeble, and all knees shall be weak as water. +They shall also gird themselves with sackcloth, and horror shall cover them; and shame shall be upon all faces, and baldness upon all their heads. +They shall cast their silver in the streets, and their gold shall be removed: their silver and their gold shall not be able to deliver them in the day of the wrath of the LORD: they shall not satisfy their souls, neither fill their bowels: because it is the stumblingblock of their iniquity. +As for the beauty of his ornament, he set it in majesty: but they made the images of their abominations and of their detestable things therein: therefore have I set it far from them. +And I will give it into the hands of the strangers for a prey, and to the wicked of the earth for a spoil; and they shall pollute it. +My face will I turn also from them, and they shall pollute my secret place: for the robbers shall enter into it, and defile it. +Make a chain: for the land is full of bloody crimes, and the city is full of violence. +Wherefore I will bring the worst of the heathen, and they shall possess their houses: I will also make the pomp of the strong to cease; and their holy places shall be defiled. +Destruction cometh; and they shall seek peace, and there shall be none. +Mischief shall come upon mischief, and rumour shall be upon rumour; then shall they seek a vision of the prophet; but the law shall perish from the priest, and counsel from the ancients. +The king shall mourn, and the prince shall be clothed with desolation, and the hands of the people of the land shall be troubled: I will do unto them after their way, and according to their deserts will I judge them; and they shall know that I am the LORD. +And it came to pass in the sixth year, in the sixth month, in the fifth day of the month, as I sat in mine house, and the elders of Judah sat before me, that the hand of the Lord GOD fell there upon me. +Then I beheld, and lo a likeness as the appearance of fire: from the appearance of his loins even downward, fire; and from his loins even upward, as the appearance of brightness, as the colour of amber. +And he put forth the form of an hand, and took me by a lock of mine head; and the spirit lifted me up between the earth and the heaven, and brought me in the visions of God to Jerusalem, to the door of the inner gate that looketh toward the north; where was the seat of the image of jealousy, which provoketh to jealousy. +And, behold, the glory of the God of Israel was there, according to the vision that I saw in the plain. +Then said he unto me, Son of man, lift up thine eyes now the way toward the north. So I lifted up mine eyes the way toward the north, and behold northward at the gate of the altar this image of jealousy in the entry. +He said furthermore unto me, Son of man, seest thou what they do? even the great abominations that the house of Israel committeth here, that I should go far off from my sanctuary? but turn thee yet again, and thou shalt see greater abominations. +And he brought me to the door of the court; and when I looked, behold a hole in the wall. +Then said he unto me, Son of man, dig now in the wall: and when I had digged in the wall, behold a door. +And he said unto me, Go in, and behold the wicked abominations that they do here. +So I went in and saw; and behold every form of creeping things, and abominable beasts, and all the idols of the house of Israel, pourtrayed upon the wall round about. +And there stood before them seventy men of the ancients of the house of Israel, and in the midst of them stood Jaazaniah the son of Shaphan, with every man his censer in his hand; and a thick cloud of incense went up. +Then said he unto me, Son of man, hast thou seen what the ancients of the house of Israel do in the dark, every man in the chambers of his imagery? for they say, the LORD seeth us not; the LORD hath forsaken the earth. +He said also unto me, Turn thee yet again, and thou shalt see greater abominations that they do. +Then he brought me to the door of the gate of the LORD's house which was toward the north; and, behold, there sat women weeping for Tammuz. +Then said he unto me, Hast thou seen this, O son of man? turn thee yet again, and thou shalt see greater abominations than these. +And he brought me into the inner court of the LORD's house, and, behold, at the door of the temple of the LORD, between the porch and the altar, were about five and twenty men, with their backs toward the temple of the LORD, and their faces toward the east; and they worshipped the sun toward the east. +Then he said unto me, Hast thou seen this, O son of man? Is it a light thing to the house of Judah that they commit the abominations which they commit here? for they have filled the land with violence, and have returned to provoke me to anger: and, lo, they put the branch to their nose. +Therefore will I also deal in fury: mine eye shall not spare, neither will I have pity: and though they cry in mine ears with a loud voice, yet will I not hear them. +He cried also in mine ears with a loud voice, saying, Cause them that have charge over the city to draw near, even every man with his destroying weapon in his hand. +And, behold, six men came from the way of the higher gate, which lieth toward the north, and every man a slaughter weapon in his hand; and one man among them was clothed with linen, with a writer's inkhorn by his side: and they went in, and stood beside the brasen altar. +And the glory of the God of Israel was gone up from the cherub, whereupon he was, to the threshold of the house. And he called to the man clothed with linen, which had the writer's inkhorn by his side; +And the LORD said unto him, Go through the midst of the city, through the midst of Jerusalem, and set a mark upon the foreheads of the men that sigh and that cry for all the abominations that be done in the midst thereof. +And to the others he said in mine hearing, Go ye after him through the city, and smite: let not your eye spare, neither have ye pity: +Slay utterly old and young, both maids, and little children, and women: but come not near any man upon whom is the mark; and begin at my sanctuary. Then they began at the ancient men which were before the house. +And he said unto them, Defile the house, and fill the courts with the slain: go ye forth. And they went forth, and slew in the city. +And it came to pass, while they were slaying them, and I was left, that I fell upon my face, and cried, and said, Ah Lord GOD! wilt thou destroy all the residue of Israel in thy pouring out of thy fury upon Jerusalem? +Then said he unto me, The iniquity of the house of Israel and Judah is exceeding great, and the land is full of blood, and the city full of perverseness: for they say, The LORD hath forsaken the earth, and the LORD seeth not. +And as for me also, mine eye shall not spare, neither will I have pity, but I will recompense their way upon their head. +And, behold, the man clothed with linen, which had the inkhorn by his side, reported the matter, saying, I have done as thou hast commanded me. +Then I looked, and, behold, in the firmament that was above the head of the cherubims there appeared over them as it were a sapphire stone, as the appearance of the likeness of a throne. +And he spake unto the man clothed with linen, and said, Go in between the wheels, even under the cherub, and fill thine hand with coals of fire from between the cherubims, and scatter them over the city. And he went in in my sight. +Now the cherubims stood on the right side of the house, when the man went in; and the cloud filled the inner court. +Then the glory of the LORD went up from the cherub, and stood over the threshold of the house; and the house was filled with the cloud, and the court was full of the brightness of the LORD's glory. +And the sound of the cherubims' wings was heard even to the outer court, as the voice of the Almighty God when he speaketh. +And it came to pass, that when he had commanded the man clothed with linen, saying, Take fire from between the wheels, from between the cherubims; then he went in, and stood beside the wheels. +And one cherub stretched forth his hand from between the cherubims unto the fire that was between the cherubims, and took thereof, and put it into the hands of him that was clothed with linen: who took it, and went out. +And there appeared in the cherubims the form of a man's hand under their wings. +And when I looked, behold the four wheels by the cherubims, one wheel by one cherub, and another wheel by another cherub: and the appearance of the wheels was as the colour of a beryl stone. +And as for their appearances, they four had one likeness, as if a wheel had been in the midst of a wheel. +When they went, they went upon their four sides; they turned not as they went, but to the place whither the head looked they followed it; they turned not as they went. +And their whole body, and their backs, and their hands, and their wings, and the wheels, were full of eyes round about, even the wheels that they four had. +As for the wheels, it was cried unto them in my hearing, O wheel. +And every one had four faces: the first face was the face of a cherub, and the second face was the face of a man, and the third the face of a lion, and the fourth the face of an eagle. +And the cherubims were lifted up. This is the living creature that I saw by the river of Chebar. +And when the cherubims went, the wheels went by them: and when the cherubims lifted up their wings to mount up from the earth, the same wheels also turned not from beside them. +When they stood, these stood; and when they were lifted up, these lifted up themselves also: for the spirit of the living creature was in them. +Then the glory of the LORD departed from off the threshold of the house, and stood over the cherubims. +And the cherubims lifted up their wings, and mounted up from the earth in my sight: when they went out, the wheels also were beside them, and every one stood at the door of the east gate of the LORD's house; and the glory of the God of Israel was over them above. +This is the living creature that I saw under the God of Israel by the river of Chebar; and I knew that they were the cherubims. +Every one had four faces apiece, and every one four wings; and the likeness of the hands of a man was under their wings. +And the likeness of their faces was the same faces which I saw by the river of Chebar, their appearances and themselves: they went every one straight forward. +Moreover the spirit lifted me up, and brought me unto the east gate of the LORD's house, which looketh eastward: and behold at the door of the gate five and twenty men; among whom I saw Jaazaniah the son of Azur, and Pelatiah the son of Benaiah, princes of the people. +Then said he unto me, Son of man, these are the men that devise mischief, and give wicked counsel in this city: +Which say, It is not near; let us build houses: this city is the caldron, and we be the flesh. +Therefore prophesy against them, prophesy, O son of man. +And the Spirit of the LORD fell upon me, and said unto me, Speak; Thus saith the LORD; Thus have ye said, O house of Israel: for I know the things that come into your mind, every one of them. +Ye have multiplied your slain in this city, and ye have filled the streets thereof with the slain. +Therefore thus saith the Lord GOD; Your slain whom ye have laid in the midst of it, they are the flesh, and this city is the caldron: but I will bring you forth out of the midst of it. +Ye have feared the sword; and I will bring a sword upon you, saith the Lord GOD. +And I will bring you out of the midst thereof, and deliver you into the hands of strangers, and will execute judgments among you. +Ye shall fall by the sword; I will judge you in the border of Israel; and ye shall know that I am the LORD. +This city shall not be your caldron, neither shall ye be the flesh in the midst thereof; but I will judge you in the border of Israel: +And ye shall know that I am the LORD: for ye have not walked in my statutes, neither executed my judgments, but have done after the manners of the heathen that are round about you. +And it came to pass, when I prophesied, that Pelatiah the son of Benaiah died. Then fell I down upon my face, and cried with a loud voice, and said, Ah Lord GOD! wilt thou make a full end of the remnant of Israel? +Again the word of the LORD came unto me, saying, +Son of man, thy brethren, even thy brethren, the men of thy kindred, and all the house of Israel wholly, are they unto whom the inhabitants of Jerusalem have said, Get you far from the LORD: unto us is this land given in possession. +Therefore say, Thus saith the Lord GOD; Although I have cast them far off among the heathen, and although I have scattered them among the countries, yet will I be to them as a little sanctuary in the countries where they shall come. +Therefore say, Thus saith the Lord GOD; I will even gather you from the people, and assemble you out of the countries where ye have been scattered, and I will give you the land of Israel. +And they shall come thither, and they shall take away all the detestable things thereof and all the abominations thereof from thence. +And I will give them one heart, and I will put a new spirit within you; and I will take the stony heart out of their flesh, and will give them an heart of flesh: +That they may walk in my statutes, and keep mine ordinances, and do them: and they shall be my people, and I will be their God. +But as for them whose heart walketh after the heart of their detestable things and their abominations, I will recompense their way upon their own heads, saith the Lord GOD. +Then did the cherubims lift up their wings, and the wheels beside them; and the glory of the God of Israel was over them above. +And the glory of the LORD went up from the midst of the city, and stood upon the mountain which is on the east side of the city. +Afterwards the spirit took me up, and brought me in a vision by the Spirit of God into Chaldea, to them of the captivity. So the vision that I had seen went up from me. +Then I spake unto them of the captivity all the things that the LORD had shewed me. +The word of the LORD also came unto me, saying, +Son of man, thou dwellest in the midst of a rebellious house, which have eyes to see, and see not; they have ears to hear, and hear not: for they are a rebellious house. +Therefore, thou son of man, prepare thee stuff for removing, and remove by day in their sight; and thou shalt remove from thy place to another place in their sight: it may be they will consider, though they be a rebellious house. +Then shalt thou bring forth thy stuff by day in their sight, as stuff for removing: and thou shalt go forth at even in their sight, as they that go forth into captivity. +Dig thou through the wall in their sight, and carry out thereby. +In their sight shalt thou bear it upon thy shoulders, and carry it forth in the twilight: thou shalt cover thy face, that thou see not the ground: for I have set thee for a sign unto the house of Israel. +And I did so as I was commanded: I brought forth my stuff by day, as stuff for captivity, and in the even I digged through the wall with mine hand; I brought it forth in the twilight, and I bare it upon my shoulder in their sight. +And in the morning came the word of the LORD unto me, saying, +Son of man, hath not the house of Israel, the rebellious house, said unto thee, What doest thou? +Say thou unto them, Thus saith the Lord GOD; This burden concerneth the prince in Jerusalem, and all the house of Israel that are among them. +Say, I am your sign: like as I have done, so shall it be done unto them: they shall remove and go into captivity. +And the prince that is among them shall bear upon his shoulder in the twilight, and shall go forth: they shall dig through the wall to carry out thereby: he shall cover his face, that he see not the ground with his eyes. +My net also will I spread upon him, and he shall be taken in my snare: and I will bring him to Babylon to the land of the Chaldeans; yet shall he not see it, though he shall die there. +And I will scatter toward every wind all that are about him to help him, and all his bands; and I will draw out the sword after them. +And they shall know that I am the LORD, when I shall scatter them among the nations, and disperse them in the countries. +But I will leave a few men of them from the sword, from the famine, and from the pestilence; that they may declare all their abominations among the heathen whither they come; and they shall know that I am the LORD. +Moreover the word of the LORD came to me, saying, +Son of man, eat thy bread with quaking, and drink thy water with trembling and with carefulness; +And say unto the people of the land, Thus saith the Lord GOD of the inhabitants of Jerusalem, and of the land of Israel; They shall eat their bread with carefulness, and drink their water with astonishment, that her land may be desolate from all that is therein, because of the violence of all them that dwell therein. +And the cities that are inhabited shall be laid waste, and the land shall be desolate; and ye shall know that I am the LORD. +And the word of the LORD came unto me, saying, +Son of man, what is that proverb that ye have in the land of Israel, saying, The days are prolonged, and every vision faileth? +Tell them therefore, Thus saith the Lord GOD; I will make this proverb to cease, and they shall no more use it as a proverb in Israel; but say unto them, The days are at hand, and the effect of every vision. +For there shall be no more any vain vision nor flattering divination within the house of Israel. +For I am the LORD: I will speak, and the word that I shall speak shall come to pass; it shall be no more prolonged: for in your days, O rebellious house, will I say the word, and will perform it, saith the Lord GOD. +Again the word of the LORD came to me, saying. +Son of man, behold, they of the house of Israel say, The vision that he seeth is for many days to come, and he prophesieth of the times that are far off. +Therefore say unto them, Thus saith the Lord GOD; There shall none of my words be prolonged any more, but the word which I have spoken shall be done, saith the Lord GOD. +And the word of the LORD came unto me, saying, +Son of man, prophesy against the prophets of Israel that prophesy, and say thou unto them that prophesy out of their own hearts, Hear ye the word of the LORD; +Thus saith the Lord GOD; Woe unto the foolish prophets, that follow their own spirit, and have seen nothing! +O Israel, thy prophets are like the foxes in the deserts. +Ye have not gone up into the gaps, neither made up the hedge for the house of Israel to stand in the battle in the day of the LORD. +They have seen vanity and lying divination, saying, The LORD saith: and the LORD hath not sent them: and they have made others to hope that they would confirm the word. +Have ye not seen a vain vision, and have ye not spoken a lying divination, whereas ye say, The LORD saith it; albeit I have not spoken? +Therefore thus saith the Lord GOD; Because ye have spoken vanity, and seen lies, therefore, behold, I am against you, saith the Lord GOD. +And mine hand shall be upon the prophets that see vanity, and that divine lies: they shall not be in the assembly of my people, neither shall they be written in the writing of the house of Israel, neither shall they enter into the land of Israel; and ye shall know that I am the Lord GOD. +Because, even because they have seduced my people, saying, Peace; and there was no peace; and one built up a wall, and, lo, others daubed it with untempered morter: +Say unto them which daub it with untempered morter, that it shall fall: there shall be an overflowing shower; and ye, O great hailstones, shall fall; and a stormy wind shall rend it. +Lo, when the wall is fallen, shall it not be said unto you, Where is the daubing wherewith ye have daubed it? +Therefore thus saith the Lord GOD; I will even rend it with a stormy wind in my fury; and there shall be an overflowing shower in mine anger, and great hailstones in my fury to consume it. +So will I break down the wall that ye have daubed with untempered morter, and bring it down to the ground, so that the foundation thereof shall be discovered, and it shall fall, and ye shall be consumed in the midst thereof: and ye shall know that I am the LORD. +Thus will I accomplish my wrath upon the wall, and upon them that have daubed it with untempered morter, and will say unto you, The wall is no more, neither they that daubed it; +To wit, the prophets of Israel which prophesy concerning Jerusalem, and which see visions of peace for her, and there is no peace, saith the Lord GOD. +Likewise, thou son of man, set thy face against the daughters of thy people, which prophesy out of their own heart; and prophesy thou against them, +And say, Thus saith the Lord GOD; Woe to the women that sew pillows to all armholes, and make kerchiefs upon the head of every stature to hunt souls! Will ye hunt the souls of my people, and will ye save the souls alive that come unto you? +And will ye pollute me among my people for handfuls of barley and for pieces of bread, to slay the souls that should not die, and to save the souls alive that should not live, by your lying to my people that hear your lies? +Wherefore thus saith the Lord GOD; Behold, I am against your pillows, wherewith ye there hunt the souls to make them fly, and I will tear them from your arms, and will let the souls go, even the souls that ye hunt to make them fly. +Your kerchiefs also will I tear, and deliver my people out of your hand, and they shall be no more in your hand to be hunted; and ye shall know that I am the LORD. +Because with lies ye have made the heart of the righteous sad, whom I have not made sad; and strengthened the hands of the wicked, that he should not return from his wicked way, by promising him life: +Therefore ye shall see no more vanity, nor divine divinations: for I will deliver my people out of your hand: and ye shall know that I am the LORD. +Then came certain of the elders of Israel unto me, and sat before me. +And the word of the LORD came unto me, saying, +Son of man, these men have set up their idols in their heart, and put the stumblingblock of their iniquity before their face: should I be enquired of at all by them? +Therefore speak unto them, and say unto them, Thus saith the Lord GOD; Every man of the house of Israel that setteth up his idols in his heart, and putteth the stumblingblock of his iniquity before his face, and cometh to the prophet; I the LORD will answer him that cometh according to the multitude of his idols; +That I may take the house of Israel in their own heart, because they are all estranged from me through their idols. +Therefore say unto the house of Israel, Thus saith the Lord GOD; Repent, and turn yourselves from your idols; and turn away your faces from all your abominations. +For every one of the house of Israel, or of the stranger that sojourneth in Israel, which separateth himself from me, and setteth up his idols in his heart, and putteth the stumblingblock of his iniquity before his face, and cometh to a prophet to enquire of him concerning me; I the LORD will answer him by myself: +And I will set my face against that man, and will make him a sign and a proverb, and I will cut him off from the midst of my people; and ye shall know that I am the LORD. +And if the prophet be deceived when he hath spoken a thing, I the LORD have deceived that prophet, and I will stretch out my hand upon him, and will destroy him from the midst of my people Israel. +And they shall bear the punishment of their iniquity: the punishment of the prophet shall be even as the punishment of him that seeketh unto him; +That the house of Israel may go no more astray from me, neither be polluted any more with all their transgressions; but that they may be my people, and I may be their God, saith the Lord GOD. +The word of the LORD came again to me, saying, +Son of man, when the land sinneth against me by trespassing grievously, then will I stretch out mine hand upon it, and will break the staff of the bread thereof, and will send famine upon it, and will cut off man and beast from it: +Though these three men, Noah, Daniel, and Job, were in it, they should deliver but their own souls by their righteousness, saith the Lord GOD. +If I cause noisome beasts to pass through the land, and they spoil it, so that it be desolate, that no man may pass through because of the beasts: +Though these three men were in it, as I live, saith the Lord GOD, they shall deliver neither sons nor daughters; they only shall be delivered, but the land shall be desolate. +Or if I bring a sword upon that land, and say, Sword, go through the land; so that I cut off man and beast from it: +Though these three men were in it, as I live, saith the Lord GOD, they shall deliver neither sons nor daughters, but they only shall be delivered themselves. +Or if I send a pestilence into that land, and pour out my fury upon it in blood, to cut off from it man and beast: +Though Noah, Daniel, and Job were in it, as I live, saith the Lord GOD, they shall deliver neither son nor daughter; they shall but deliver their own souls by their righteousness. +For thus saith the Lord GOD; How much more when I send my four sore judgments upon Jerusalem, the sword, and the famine, and the noisome beast, and the pestilence, to cut off from it man and beast? +Yet, behold, therein shall be left a remnant that shall be brought forth, both sons and daughters: behold, they shall come forth unto you, and ye shall see their way and their doings: and ye shall be comforted concerning the evil that I have brought upon Jerusalem, even concerning all that I have brought upon it. +And they shall comfort you, when ye see their ways and their doings: and ye shall know that I have not done without cause all that I have done in it, saith the Lord GOD. +And the word of the LORD came unto me, saying, +Son of man, what is the vine tree more than any tree, or than a branch which is among the trees of the forest? +Shall wood be taken thereof to do any work? or will men take a pin of it to hang any vessel thereon? +Behold, it is cast into the fire for fuel; the fire devoureth both the ends of it, and the midst of it is burned. Is it meet for any work? +Behold, when it was whole, it was meet for no work: how much less shall it be meet yet for any work, when the fire hath devoured it, and it is burned? +Therefore thus saith the Lord GOD; As the vine tree among the trees of the forest, which I have given to the fire for fuel, so will I give the inhabitants of Jerusalem. +And I will set my face against them; they shall go out from one fire, and another fire shall devour them; and ye shall know that I am the LORD, when I set my face against them. +And I will make the land desolate, because they have committed a trespass, saith the Lord GOD. +Again the word of the LORD came unto me, saying, +Son of man, cause Jerusalem to know her abominations, +And say, Thus saith the Lord GOD unto Jerusalem; Thy birth and thy nativity is of the land of Canaan; thy father was an Amorite, and thy mother an Hittite. +And as for thy nativity, in the day thou wast born thy navel was not cut, neither wast thou washed in water to supple thee; thou wast not salted at all, nor swaddled at all. +None eye pitied thee, to do any of these unto thee, to have compassion upon thee; but thou wast cast out in the open field, to the lothing of thy person, in the day that thou wast born. +And when I passed by thee, and saw thee polluted in thine own blood, I said unto thee when thou wast in thy blood, Live; yea, I said unto thee when thou wast in thy blood, Live. +I have caused thee to multiply as the bud of the field, and thou hast increased and waxen great, and thou art come to excellent ornaments: thy breasts are fashioned, and thine hair is grown, whereas thou wast naked and bare. +Now when I passed by thee, and looked upon thee, behold, thy time was the time of love; and I spread my skirt over thee, and covered thy nakedness: yea, I sware unto thee, and entered into a covenant with thee, saith the Lord GOD, and thou becamest mine. +Then washed I thee with water; yea, I throughly washed away thy blood from thee, and I anointed thee with oil. +I clothed thee also with broidered work, and shod thee with badgers' skin, and I girded thee about with fine linen, and I covered thee with silk. +I decked thee also with ornaments, and I put bracelets upon thy hands, and a chain on thy neck. +And I put a jewel on thy forehead, and earrings in thine ears, and a beautiful crown upon thine head. +Thus wast thou decked with gold and silver; and thy raiment was of fine linen, and silk, and broidered work; thou didst eat fine flour, and honey, and oil: and thou wast exceeding beautiful, and thou didst prosper into a kingdom. +And thy renown went forth among the heathen for thy beauty: for it was perfect through my comeliness, which I had put upon thee, saith the Lord GOD. +But thou didst trust in thine own beauty, and playedst the harlot because of thy renown, and pouredst out thy fornications on every one that passed by; his it was. +And of thy garments thou didst take, and deckedst thy high places with divers colours, and playedst the harlot thereupon: the like things shall not come, neither shall it be so. +Thou hast also taken thy fair jewels of my gold and of my silver, which I had given thee, and madest to thyself images of men, and didst commit whoredom with them, +And tookest thy broidered garments, and coveredst them: and thou hast set mine oil and mine incense before them. +My meat also which I gave thee, fine flour, and oil, and honey, wherewith I fed thee, thou hast even set it before them for a sweet savour: and thus it was, saith the Lord GOD. +Moreover thou hast taken thy sons and thy daughters, whom thou hast borne unto me, and these hast thou sacrificed unto them to be devoured. Is this of thy whoredoms a small matter, +That thou hast slain my children, and delivered them to cause them to pass through the fire for them? +And in all thine abominations and thy whoredoms thou hast not remembered the days of thy youth, when thou wast naked and bare, and wast polluted in thy blood. +And it came to pass after all thy wickedness, (woe, woe unto thee! saith the LORD GOD;) +That thou hast also built unto thee an eminent place, and hast made thee an high place in every street. +Thou hast built thy high place at every head of the way, and hast made thy beauty to be abhorred, and hast opened thy feet to every one that passed by, and multiplied thy whoredoms. +Thou hast also committed fornication with the Egyptians thy neighbours, great of flesh; and hast increased thy whoredoms, to provoke me to anger. +Behold, therefore I have stretched out my hand over thee, and have diminished thine ordinary food, and delivered thee unto the will of them that hate thee, the daughters of the Philistines, which are ashamed of thy lewd way. +Thou hast played the whore also with the Assyrians, because thou wast unsatiable; yea, thou hast played the harlot with them, and yet couldest not be satisfied. +Thou hast moreover multiplied thy fornication in the land of Canaan unto Chaldea; and yet thou wast not satisfied therewith. +How weak is thine heart, saith the LORD GOD, seeing thou doest all these things, the work of an imperious whorish woman; +In that thou buildest thine eminent place in the head of every way, and makest thine high place in every street; and hast not been as an harlot, in that thou scornest hire; +But as a wife that committeth adultery, which taketh strangers instead of her husband! +They give gifts to all whores: but thou givest thy gifts to all thy lovers, and hirest them, that they may come unto thee on every side for thy whoredom. +And the contrary is in thee from other women in thy whoredoms, whereas none followeth thee to commit whoredoms: and in that thou givest a reward, and no reward is given unto thee, therefore thou art contrary. +Wherefore, O harlot, hear the word of the LORD: +Thus saith the Lord GOD; Because thy filthiness was poured out, and thy nakedness discovered through thy whoredoms with thy lovers, and with all the idols of thy abominations, and by the blood of thy children, which thou didst give unto them; +Behold, therefore I will gather all thy lovers, with whom thou hast taken pleasure, and all them that thou hast loved, with all them that thou hast hated; I will even gather them round about against thee, and will discover thy nakedness unto them, that they may see all thy nakedness. +And I will judge thee, as women that break wedlock and shed blood are judged; and I will give thee blood in fury and jealousy. +And I will also give thee into their hand, and they shall throw down thine eminent place, and shall break down thy high places: they shall strip thee also of thy clothes, and shall take thy fair jewels, and leave thee naked and bare. +They shall also bring up a company against thee, and they shall stone thee with stones, and thrust thee through with their swords. +And they shall burn thine houses with fire, and execute judgments upon thee in the sight of many women: and I will cause thee to cease from playing the harlot, and thou also shalt give no hire any more. +So will I make my fury toward thee to rest, and my jealousy shall depart from thee, and I will be quiet, and will be no more angry. +Because thou hast not remembered the days of thy youth, but hast fretted me in all these things; behold, therefore I also will recompense thy way upon thine head, saith the Lord GOD: and thou shalt not commit this lewdness above all thine abominations. +Behold, every one that useth proverbs shall use this proverb against thee, saying, As is the mother, so is her daughter. +Thou art thy mother's daughter, that lotheth her husband and her children; and thou art the sister of thy sisters, which lothed their husbands and their children: your mother was an Hittite, and your father an Amorite. +And thine elder sister is Samaria, she and her daughters that dwell at thy left hand: and thy younger sister, that dwelleth at thy right hand, is Sodom and her daughters. +Yet hast thou not walked after their ways, nor done after their abominations: but, as if that were a very little thing, thou wast corrupted more than they in all thy ways. +As I live, saith the Lord GOD, Sodom thy sister hath not done, she nor her daughters, as thou hast done, thou and thy daughters. +Behold, this was the iniquity of thy sister Sodom, pride, fulness of bread, and abundance of idleness was in her and in her daughters, neither did she strengthen the hand of the poor and needy. +And they were haughty, and committed abomination before me: therefore I took them away as I saw good. +Neither hath Samaria committed half of thy sins; but thou hast multiplied thine abominations more than they, and hast justified thy sisters in all thine abominations which thou hast done. +Thou also, which hast judged thy sisters, bear thine own shame for thy sins that thou hast committed more abominable than they: they are more righteous than thou: yea, be thou confounded also, and bear thy shame, in that thou hast justified thy sisters. +When I shall bring again their captivity, the captivity of Sodom and her daughters, and the captivity of Samaria and her daughters, then will I bring again the captivity of thy captives in the midst of them: +That thou mayest bear thine own shame, and mayest be confounded in all that thou hast done, in that thou art a comfort unto them. +When thy sisters, Sodom and her daughters, shall return to their former estate, and Samaria and her daughters shall return to their former estate, then thou and thy daughters shall return to your former estate. +For thy sister Sodom was not mentioned by thy mouth in the day of thy pride, +Before thy wickedness was discovered, as at the time of thy reproach of the daughters of Syria, and all that are round about her, the daughters of the Philistines, which despise thee round about. +Thou hast borne thy lewdness and thine abominations, saith the LORD. +For thus saith the Lord GOD; I will even deal with thee as thou hast done, which hast despised the oath in breaking the covenant. +Nevertheless I will remember my covenant with thee in the days of thy youth, and I will establish unto thee an everlasting covenant. +Then thou shalt remember thy ways, and be ashamed, when thou shalt receive thy sisters, thine elder and thy younger: and I will give them unto thee for daughters, but not by thy covenant. +And I will establish my covenant with thee; and thou shalt know that I am the LORD: +That thou mayest remember, and be confounded, and never open thy mouth any more because of thy shame, when I am pacified toward thee for all that thou hast done, saith the Lord GOD. +And the word of the LORD came unto me, saying, +Son of man, put forth a riddle, and speak a parable unto the house of Israel; +And say, Thus saith the Lord GOD; A great eagle with great wings, longwinged, full of feathers, which had divers colours, came unto Lebanon, and took the highest branch of the cedar: +He cropped off the top of his young twigs, and carried it into a land of traffick; he set it in a city of merchants. +He took also of the seed of the land, and planted it in a fruitful field; he placed it by great waters, and set it as a willow tree. +And it grew, and became a spreading vine of low stature, whose branches turned toward him, and the roots thereof were under him: so it became a vine, and brought forth branches, and shot forth sprigs. +There was also another great eagle with great wings and many feathers: and, behold, this vine did bend her roots toward him, and shot forth her branches toward him, that he might water it by the furrows of her plantation. +It was planted in a good soil by great waters, that it might bring forth branches, and that it might bear fruit, that it might be a goodly vine. +Say thou, Thus saith the Lord GOD; Shall it prosper? shall he not pull up the roots thereof, and cut off the fruit thereof, that it wither? it shall wither in all the leaves of her spring, even without great power or many people to pluck it up by the roots thereof. +Yea, behold, being planted, shall it prosper? shall it not utterly wither, when the east wind toucheth it? it shall wither in the furrows where it grew. +Moreover the word of the LORD came unto me, saying, +Say now to the rebellious house, Know ye not what these things mean? tell them, Behold, the king of Babylon is come to Jerusalem, and hath taken the king thereof, and the princes thereof, and led them with him to Babylon; +And hath taken of the king's seed, and made a covenant with him, and hath taken an oath of him: he hath also taken the mighty of the land: +That the kingdom might be base, that it might not lift itself up, but that by keeping of his covenant it might stand. +But he rebelled against him in sending his ambassadors into Egypt, that they might give him horses and much people. Shall he prosper? shall he escape that doeth such things? or shall he break the covenant, and be delivered? +As I live, saith the Lord GOD, surely in the place where the king dwelleth that made him king, whose oath he despised, and whose covenant he brake, even with him in the midst of Babylon he shall die. +Neither shall Pharaoh with his mighty army and great company make for him in the war, by casting up mounts, and building forts, to cut off many persons: +Seeing he despised the oath by breaking the covenant, when, lo, he had given his hand, and hath done all these things, he shall not escape. +Therefore thus saith the Lord GOD; As I live, surely mine oath that he hath despised, and my covenant that he hath broken, even it will I recompense upon his own head. +And I will spread my net upon him, and he shall be taken in my snare, and I will bring him to Babylon, and will plead with him there for his trespass that he hath trespassed against me. +And all his fugitives with all his bands shall fall by the sword, and they that remain shall be scattered toward all winds: and ye shall know that I the LORD have spoken it. +Thus saith the Lord GOD; I will also take of the highest branch of the high cedar, and will set it; I will crop off from the top of his young twigs a tender one, and will plant it upon an high mountain and eminent: +In the mountain of the height of Israel will I plant it: and it shall bring forth boughs, and bear fruit, and be a goodly cedar: and under it shall dwell all fowl of every wing; in the shadow of the branches thereof shall they dwell. +And all the trees of the field shall know that I the LORD have brought down the high tree, have exalted the low tree, have dried up the green tree, and have made the dry tree to flourish: I the LORD have spoken and have done it. +The word of the LORD came unto me again, saying, +What mean ye, that ye use this proverb concerning the land of Israel, saying, The fathers have eaten sour grapes, and the children's teeth are set on edge? +As I live, saith the Lord GOD, ye shall not have occasion any more to use this proverb in Israel. +Behold, all souls are mine; as the soul of the father, so also the soul of the son is mine: the soul that sinneth, it shall die. +But if a man be just, and do that which is lawful and right, +And hath not eaten upon the mountains, neither hath lifted up his eyes to the idols of the house of Israel, neither hath defiled his neighbour's wife, neither hath come near to a menstruous woman, +And hath not oppressed any, but hath restored to the debtor his pledge, hath spoiled none by violence, hath given his bread to the hungry, and hath covered the naked with a garment; +He that hath not given forth upon usury, neither hath taken any increase, that hath withdrawn his hand from iniquity, hath executed true judgment between man and man, +Hath walked in my statutes, and hath kept my judgments, to deal truly; he is just, he shall surely live, saith the Lord GOD. +If he beget a son that is a robber, a shedder of blood, and that doeth the like to any one of these things, +And that doeth not any of those duties, but even hath eaten upon the mountains, and defiled his neighbour's wife, +Hath oppressed the poor and needy, hath spoiled by violence, hath not restored the pledge, and hath lifted up his eyes to the idols, hath committed abomination, +Hath given forth upon usury, and hath taken increase: shall he then live? he shall not live: he hath done all these abominations; he shall surely die; his blood shall be upon him. +Now, lo, if he beget a son, that seeth all his father's sins which he hath done, and considereth, and doeth not such like, +That hath not eaten upon the mountains, neither hath lifted up his eyes to the idols of the house of Israel, hath not defiled his neighbour's wife, +Neither hath oppressed any, hath not withholden the pledge, neither hath spoiled by violence, but hath given his bread to the hungry, and hath covered the naked with a garment, +That hath taken off his hand from the poor, that hath not received usury nor increase, hath executed my judgments, hath walked in my statutes; he shall not die for the iniquity of his father, he shall surely live. +As for his father, because he cruelly oppressed, spoiled his brother by violence, and did that which is not good among his people, lo, even he shall die in his iniquity. +Yet say ye, Why? doth not the son bear the iniquity of the father? When the son hath done that which is lawful and right, and hath kept all my statutes, and hath done them, he shall surely live. +The soul that sinneth, it shall die. The son shall not bear the iniquity of the father, neither shall the father bear the iniquity of the son: the righteousness of the righteous shall be upon him, and the wickedness of the wicked shall be upon him. +But if the wicked will turn from all his sins that he hath committed, and keep all my statutes, and do that which is lawful and right, he shall surely live, he shall not die. +All his transgressions that he hath committed, they shall not be mentioned unto him: in his righteousness that he hath done he shall live. +Have I any pleasure at all that the wicked should die? saith the Lord GOD: and not that he should return from his ways, and live? +But when the righteous turneth away from his righteousness, and committeth iniquity, and doeth according to all the abominations that the wicked man doeth, shall he live? All his righteousness that he hath done shall not be mentioned: in his trespass that he hath trespassed, and in his sin that he hath sinned, in them shall he die. +Yet ye say, The way of the LORD is not equal. Hear now, O house of Israel; Is not my way equal? are not your ways unequal? +When a righteous man turneth away from his righteousness, and committeth iniquity, and dieth in them; for his iniquity that he hath done shall he die. +Again, when the wicked man turneth away from his wickedness that he hath committed, and doeth that which is lawful and right, he shall save his soul alive. +Because he considereth, and turneth away from all his transgressions that he hath committed, he shall surely live, he shall not die. +Yet saith the house of Israel, The way of the LORD is not equal. O house of Israel, are not my ways equal? are not your ways unequal? +Therefore I will judge you, O house of Israel, every one according to his ways, saith the Lord GOD. Repent, and turn yourselves from all your transgressions; so iniquity shall not be your ruin. +Cast away from you all your transgressions, whereby ye have transgressed; and make you a new heart and a new spirit: for why will ye die, O house of Israel? +For I have no pleasure in the death of him that dieth, saith the Lord GOD: wherefore turn yourselves, and live ye. +Moreover take thou up a lamentation for the princes of Israel, +And say, What is thy mother? A lioness: she lay down among lions, she nourished her whelps among young lions. +And she brought up one of her whelps: it became a young lion, and it learned to catch the prey; it devoured men. +The nations also heard of him; he was taken in their pit, and they brought him with chains unto the land of Egypt. +Now when she saw that she had waited, and her hope was lost, then she took another of her whelps, and made him a young lion. +And he went up and down among the lions, he became a young lion, and learned to catch the prey, and devoured men. +And he knew their desolate palaces, and he laid waste their cities; and the land was desolate, and the fulness thereof, by the noise of his roaring. +Then the nations set against him on every side from the provinces, and spread their net over him: he was taken in their pit. +And they put him in ward in chains, and brought him to the king of Babylon: they brought him into holds, that his voice should no more be heard upon the mountains of Israel. +Thy mother is like a vine in thy blood, planted by the waters: she was fruitful and full of branches by reason of many waters. +And she had strong rods for the sceptres of them that bare rule, and her stature was exalted among the thick branches, and she appeared in her height with the multitude of her branches. +But she was plucked up in fury, she was cast down to the ground, and the east wind dried up her fruit: her strong rods were broken and withered; the fire consumed them. +And now she is planted in the wilderness, in a dry and thirsty ground. +And fire is gone out of a rod of her branches, which hath devoured her fruit, so that she hath no strong rod to be a sceptre to rule. This is a lamentation, and shall be for a lamentation. +And it came to pass in the seventh year, in the fifth month, the tenth day of the month, that certain of the elders of Israel came to enquire of the LORD, and sat before me. +Then came the word of the LORD unto me, saying, +Son of man, speak unto the elders of Israel, and say unto them, Thus saith the Lord GOD; Are ye come to enquire of me? As I live, saith the Lord GOD, I will not be enquired of by you. +Wilt thou judge them, son of man, wilt thou judge them? cause them to know the abominations of their fathers: +And say unto them, Thus saith the Lord GOD; In the day when I chose Israel, and lifted up mine hand unto the seed of the house of Jacob, and made myself known unto them in the land of Egypt, when I lifted up mine hand unto them, saying, I am the LORD your God; +In the day that I lifted up mine hand unto them, to bring them forth of the land of Egypt into a land that I had espied for them, flowing with milk and honey, which is the glory of all lands: +Then said I unto them, Cast ye away every man the abominations of his eyes, and defile not yourselves with the idols of Egypt: I am the LORD your God. +But they rebelled against me, and would not hearken unto me: they did not every man cast away the abominations of their eyes, neither did they forsake the idols of Egypt: then I said, I will pour out my fury upon them, to accomplish my anger against them in the midst of the land of Egypt. +But I wrought for my name's sake, that it should not be polluted before the heathen, among whom they were, in whose sight I made myself known unto them, in bringing them forth out of the land of Egypt. +Wherefore I caused them to go forth out of the land of Egypt, and brought them into the wilderness. +And I gave them my statutes, and shewed them my judgments, which if a man do, he shall even live in them. +Moreover also I gave them my sabbaths, to be a sign between me and them, that they might know that I am the LORD that sanctify them. +But the house of Israel rebelled against me in the wilderness: they walked not in my statutes, and they despised my judgments, which if a man do, he shall even live in them; and my sabbaths they greatly polluted: then I said, I would pour out my fury upon them in the wilderness, to consume them. +But I wrought for my name's sake, that it should not be polluted before the heathen, in whose sight I brought them out. +Yet also I lifted up my hand unto them in the wilderness, that I would not bring them into the land which I had given them, flowing with milk and honey, which is the glory of all lands; +Because they despised my judgments, and walked not in my statutes, but polluted my sabbaths: for their heart went after their idols. +Nevertheless mine eye spared them from destroying them, neither did I make an end of them in the wilderness. +But I said unto their children in the wilderness, Walk ye not in the statutes of your fathers, neither observe their judgments, nor defile yourselves with their idols: +I am the LORD your God; walk in my statutes, and keep my judgments, and do them; +And hallow my sabbaths; and they shall be a sign between me and you, that ye may know that I am the LORD your God. +Notwithstanding the children rebelled against me: they walked not in my statutes, neither kept my judgments to do them, which if a man do, he shall even live in them; they polluted my sabbaths: then I said, I would pour out my fury upon them, to accomplish my anger against them in the wilderness. +Nevertheless I withdrew mine hand, and wrought for my name's sake, that it should not be polluted in the sight of the heathen, in whose sight I brought them forth. +I lifted up mine hand unto them also in the wilderness, that I would scatter them among the heathen, and disperse them through the countries; +Because they had not executed my judgments, but had despised my statutes, and had polluted my sabbaths, and their eyes were after their fathers' idols. +Wherefore I gave them also statutes that were not good, and judgments whereby they should not live; +And I polluted them in their own gifts, in that they caused to pass through the fire all that openeth the womb, that I might make them desolate, to the end that they might know that I am the LORD. +Therefore, son of man, speak unto the house of Israel, and say unto them, Thus saith the Lord GOD; Yet in this your fathers have blasphemed me, in that they have committed a trespass against me. +For when I had brought them into the land, for the which I lifted up mine hand to give it to them, then they saw every high hill, and all the thick trees, and they offered there their sacrifices, and there they presented the provocation of their offering: there also they made their sweet savour, and poured out there their drink offerings. +Then I said unto them, What is the high place whereunto ye go? And the name whereof is called Bamah unto this day. +Wherefore say unto the house of Israel, Thus saith the Lord GOD; Are ye polluted after the manner of your fathers? and commit ye whoredom after their abominations? +For when ye offer your gifts, when ye make your sons to pass through the fire, ye pollute yourselves with all your idols, even unto this day: and shall I be enquired of by you, O house of Israel? As I live, saith the Lord GOD, I will not be enquired of by you. +And that which cometh into your mind shall not be at all, that ye say, We will be as the heathen, as the families of the countries, to serve wood and stone. +As I live, saith the Lord GOD, surely with a mighty hand, and with a stretched out arm, and with fury poured out, will I rule over you: +And I will bring you out from the people, and will gather you out of the countries wherein ye are scattered, with a mighty hand, and with a stretched out arm, and with fury poured out. +And I will bring you into the wilderness of the people, and there will I plead with you face to face. +Like as I pleaded with your fathers in the wilderness of the land of Egypt, so will I plead with you, saith the Lord GOD. +And I will cause you to pass under the rod, and I will bring you into the bond of the covenant: +And I will purge out from among you the rebels, and them that transgress against me: I will bring them forth out of the country where they sojourn, and they shall not enter into the land of Israel: and ye shall know that I am the LORD. +As for you, O house of Israel, thus saith the Lord GOD; Go ye, serve ye every one his idols, and hereafter also, if ye will not hearken unto me: but pollute ye my holy name no more with your gifts, and with your idols. +For in mine holy mountain, in the mountain of the height of Israel, saith the Lord GOD, there shall all the house of Israel, all of them in the land, serve me: there will I accept them, and there will I require your offerings, and the firstfruits of your oblations, with all your holy things. +I will accept you with your sweet savour, when I bring you out from the people, and gather you out of the countries wherein ye have been scattered; and I will be sanctified in you before the heathen. +And ye shall know that I am the LORD, when I shall bring you into the land of Israel, into the country for the which I lifted up mine hand to give it to your fathers. +And there shall ye remember your ways, and all your doings, wherein ye have been defiled; and ye shall lothe yourselves in your own sight for all your evils that ye have committed. +And ye shall know that I am the LORD when I have wrought with you for my name's sake, not according to your wicked ways, nor according to your corrupt doings, O ye house of Israel, saith the Lord GOD. +Moreover the word of the LORD came unto me, saying, +Son of man, set thy face toward the south, and drop thy word toward the south, and prophesy against the forest of the south field; +And say to the forest of the south, Hear the word of the LORD; Thus saith the Lord GOD; Behold, I will kindle a fire in thee, and it shall devour every green tree in thee, and every dry tree: the flaming flame shall not be quenched, and all faces from the south to the north shall be burned therein. +And all flesh shall see that I the LORD have kindled it: it shall not be quenched. +Then said I, Ah Lord GOD! they say of me, Doth he not speak parables? +And the word of the LORD came unto me, saying, +Son of man, set thy face toward Jerusalem, and drop thy word toward the holy places, and prophesy against the land of Israel, +And say to the land of Israel, Thus saith the LORD; Behold, I am against thee, and will draw forth my sword out of his sheath, and will cut off from thee the righteous and the wicked. +Seeing then that I will cut off from thee the righteous and the wicked, therefore shall my sword go forth out of his sheath against all flesh from the south to the north: +That all flesh may know that I the LORD have drawn forth my sword out of his sheath: it shall not return any more. +Sigh therefore, thou son of man, with the breaking of thy loins; and with bitterness sigh before their eyes. +And it shall be, when they say unto thee, Wherefore sighest thou? that thou shalt answer, For the tidings; because it cometh: and every heart shall melt, and all hands shall be feeble, and every spirit shall faint, and all knees shall be weak as water: behold, it cometh, and shall be brought to pass, saith the Lord GOD. +Again the word of the LORD came unto me, saying, +Son of man, prophesy, and say, Thus saith the LORD; Say, A sword, a sword is sharpened, and also furbished: +It is sharpened to make a sore slaughter; it is furbished that it may glitter: should we then make mirth? it contemneth the rod of my son, as every tree. +And he hath given it to be furbished, that it may be handled: this sword is sharpened, and it is furbished, to give it into the hand of the slayer. +Cry and howl, son of man: for it shall be upon my people, it shall be upon all the princes of Israel: terrors by reason of the sword shall be upon my people: smite therefore upon thy thigh. +Because it is a trial, and what if the sword contemn even the rod? it shall be no more, saith the Lord GOD. +Thou therefore, son of man, prophesy, and smite thine hands together. and let the sword be doubled the third time, the sword of the slain: it is the sword of the great men that are slain, which entereth into their privy chambers. +I have set the point of the sword against all their gates, that their heart may faint, and their ruins be multiplied: ah! it is made bright, it is wrapped up for the slaughter. +Go thee one way or other, either on the right hand, or on the left, whithersoever thy face is set. +I will also smite mine hands together, and I will cause my fury to rest: I the LORD have said it. +The word of the LORD came unto me again, saying, +Also, thou son of man, appoint thee two ways, that the sword of the king of Babylon may come: both twain shall come forth out of one land: and choose thou a place, choose it at the head of the way to the city. +Appoint a way, that the sword may come to Rabbath of the Ammonites, and to Judah in Jerusalem the defenced. +For the king of Babylon stood at the parting of the way, at the head of the two ways, to use divination: he made his arrows bright, he consulted with images, he looked in the liver. +At his right hand was the divination for Jerusalem, to appoint captains, to open the mouth in the slaughter, to lift up the voice with shouting, to appoint battering rams against the gates, to cast a mount, and to build a fort. +And it shall be unto them as a false divination in their sight, to them that have sworn oaths: but he will call to remembrance the iniquity, that they may be taken. +Therefore thus saith the Lord GOD; Because ye have made your iniquity to be remembered, in that your transgressions are discovered, so that in all your doings your sins do appear; because, I say, that ye are come to remembrance, ye shall be taken with the hand. +And thou, profane wicked prince of Israel, whose day is come, when iniquity shall have an end, +Thus saith the Lord GOD; Remove the diadem, and take off the crown: this shall not be the same: exalt him that is low, and abase him that is high. +I will overturn, overturn, overturn, it: and it shall be no more, until he come whose right it is; and I will give it him. +And thou, son of man, prophesy and say, Thus saith the Lord GOD concerning the Ammonites, and concerning their reproach; even say thou, The sword, the sword is drawn: for the slaughter it is furbished, to consume because of the glittering: +Whiles they see vanity unto thee, whiles they divine a lie unto thee, to bring thee upon the necks of them that are slain, of the wicked, whose day is come, when their iniquity shall have an end. +Shall I cause it to return into his sheath? I will judge thee in the place where thou wast created, in the land of thy nativity. +And I will pour out mine indignation upon thee, I will blow against thee in the fire of my wrath, and deliver thee into the hand of brutish men, and skilful to destroy. +Thou shalt be for fuel to the fire; thy blood shall be in the midst of the land; thou shalt be no more remembered: for I the LORD have spoken it. +Moreover the word of the LORD came unto me, saying, +Now, thou son of man, wilt thou judge, wilt thou judge the bloody city? yea, thou shalt shew her all her abominations. +Then say thou, Thus saith the Lord GOD, The city sheddeth blood in the midst of it, that her time may come, and maketh idols against herself to defile herself. +Thou art become guilty in thy blood that thou hast shed; and hast defiled thyself in thine idols which thou hast made; and thou hast caused thy days to draw near, and art come even unto thy years: therefore have I made thee a reproach unto the heathen, and a mocking to all countries. +Those that be near, and those that be far from thee, shall mock thee, which art infamous and much vexed. +Behold, the princes of Israel, every one were in thee to their power to shed blood. +In thee have they set light by father and mother: in the midst of thee have they dealt by oppression with the stranger: in thee have they vexed the fatherless and the widow. +Thou hast despised mine holy things, and hast profaned my sabbaths. +In thee are men that carry tales to shed blood: and in thee they eat upon the mountains: in the midst of thee they commit lewdness. +In thee have they discovered their fathers' nakedness: in thee have they humbled her that was set apart for pollution. +And one hath committed abomination with his neighbour's wife; and another hath lewdly defiled his daughter in law; and another in thee hath humbled his sister, his father's daughter. +In thee have they taken gifts to shed blood; thou hast taken usury and increase, and thou hast greedily gained of thy neighbours by extortion, and hast forgotten me, saith the Lord GOD. +Behold, therefore I have smitten mine hand at thy dishonest gain which thou hast made, and at thy blood which hath been in the midst of thee. +Can thine heart endure, or can thine hands be strong, in the days that I shall deal with thee? I the LORD have spoken it, and will do it. +And I will scatter thee among the heathen, and disperse thee in the countries, and will consume thy filthiness out of thee. +And thou shalt take thine inheritance in thyself in the sight of the heathen, and thou shalt know that I am the LORD. +And the word of the LORD came unto me, saying, +Son of man, the house of Israel is to me become dross: all they are brass, and tin, and iron, and lead, in the midst of the furnace; they are even the dross of silver. +Therefore thus saith the Lord GOD; Because ye are all become dross, behold, therefore I will gather you into the midst of Jerusalem. +As they gather silver, and brass, and iron, and lead, and tin, into the midst of the furnace, to blow the fire upon it, to melt it; so will I gather you in mine anger and in my fury, and I will leave you there, and melt you. +Yea, I will gather you, and blow upon you in the fire of my wrath, and ye shall be melted in the midst therof. +As silver is melted in the midst of the furnace, so shall ye be melted in the midst thereof; and ye shall know that I the LORD have poured out my fury upon you. +And the word of the LORD came unto me, saying, +Son of man, say unto her, Thou art the land that is not cleansed, nor rained upon in the day of indignation. +There is a conspiracy of her prophets in the midst thereof, like a roaring lion ravening the prey; they have devoured souls; they have taken the treasure and precious things; they have made her many widows in the midst thereof. +Her priests have violated my law, and have profaned mine holy things: they have put no difference between the holy and profane, neither have they shewed difference between the unclean and the clean, and have hid their eyes from my sabbaths, and I am profaned among them. +Her princes in the midst thereof are like wolves ravening the prey, to shed blood, and to destroy souls, to get dishonest gain. +And her prophets have daubed them with untempered morter, seeing vanity, and divining lies unto them, saying, Thus saith the Lord GOD, when the LORD hath not spoken. +The people of the land have used oppression, and exercised robbery, and have vexed the poor and needy: yea, they have oppressed the stranger wrongfully. +And I sought for a man among them, that should make up the hedge, and stand in the gap before me for the land, that I should not destroy it: but I found none. +Therefore have I poured out mine indignation upon them; I have consumed them with the fire of my wrath: their own way have I recompensed upon their heads, saith the Lord GOD. +The word of the LORD came again unto me, saying, +Son of man, there were two women, the daughters of one mother: +And they committed whoredoms in Egypt; they committed whoredoms in their youth: there were their breasts pressed, and there they bruised the teats of their virginity. +And the names of them were Aholah the elder, and Aholibah her sister: and they were mine, and they bare sons and daughters. Thus were their names; Samaria is Aholah, and Jerusalem Aholibah. +And Aholah played the harlot when she was mine; and she doted on her lovers, on the Assyrians her neighbours, +Which were clothed with blue, captains and rulers, all of them desirable young men, horsemen riding upon horses. +Thus she committed her whoredoms with them, with all them that were the chosen men of Assyria, and with all on whom she doted: with all their idols she defiled herself. +Neither left she her whoredoms brought from Egypt: for in her youth they lay with her, and they bruised the breasts of her virginity, and poured their whoredom upon her. +Wherefore I have delivered her into the hand of her lovers, into the hand of the Assyrians, upon whom she doted. +These discovered her nakedness: they took her sons and her daughters, and slew her with the sword: and she became famous among women; for they had executed judgment upon her. +And when her sister Aholibah saw this, she was more corrupt in her inordinate love than she, and in her whoredoms more than her sister in her whoredoms. +She doted upon the Assyrians her neighbours, captains and rulers clothed most gorgeously, horsemen riding upon horses, all of them desirable young men. +Then I saw that she was defiled, that they took both one way, +And that she increased her whoredoms: for when she saw men pourtrayed upon the wall, the images of the Chaldeans pourtrayed with vermilion, +Girded with girdles upon their loins, exceeding in dyed attire upon their heads, all of them princes to look to, after the manner of the Babylonians of Chaldea, the land of their nativity: +And as soon as she saw them with her eyes, she doted upon them, and sent messengers unto them into Chaldea. +And the Babylonians came to her into the bed of love, and they defiled her with their whoredom, and she was polluted with them, and her mind was alienated from them. +So she discovered her whoredoms, and discovered her nakedness: then my mind was alienated from her, like as my mind was alienated from her sister. +Yet she multiplied her whoredoms, in calling to remembrance the days of her youth, wherein she had played the harlot in the land of Egypt. +For she doted upon their paramours, whose flesh is as the flesh of asses, and whose issue is like the issue of horses. +Thus thou calledst to remembrance the lewdness of thy youth, in bruising thy teats by the Egyptians for the paps of thy youth. +Therefore, O Aholibah, thus saith the Lord GOD; Behold, I will raise up thy lovers against thee, from whom thy mind is alienated, and I will bring them against thee on every side; +The Babylonians, and all the Chaldeans, Pekod, and Shoa, and Koa, and all the Assyrians with them: all of them desirable young men, captains and rulers, great lords and renowned, all of them riding upon horses. +And they shall come against thee with chariots, wagons, and wheels, and with an assembly of people, which shall set against thee buckler and shield and helmet round about: and I will set judgment before them, and they shall judge thee according to their judgments. +And I will set my jealousy against thee, and they shall deal furiously with thee: they shall take away thy nose and thine ears; and thy remnant shall fall by the sword: they shall take thy sons and thy daughters; and thy residue shall be devoured by the fire. +They shall also strip thee out of thy clothes, and take away thy fair jewels. +Thus will I make thy lewdness to cease from thee, and thy whoredom brought from the land of Egypt: so that thou shalt not lift up thine eyes unto them, nor remember Egypt any more. +For thus saith the Lord GOD; Behold, I will deliver thee into the hand of them whom thou hatest, into the hand of them from whom thy mind is alienated: +And they shall deal with thee hatefully, and shall take away all thy labour, and shall leave thee naked and bare: and the nakedness of thy whoredoms shall be discovered, both thy lewdness and thy whoredoms. +I will do these things unto thee, because thou hast gone a whoring after the heathen, and because thou art polluted with their idols. +Thou hast walked in the way of thy sister; therefore will I give her cup into thine hand. +Thus saith the Lord GOD; Thou shalt drink of thy sister's cup deep and large: thou shalt be laughed to scorn and had in derision; it containeth much. +Thou shalt be filled with drunkenness and sorrow, with the cup of astonishment and desolation, with the cup of thy sister Samaria. +Thou shalt even drink it and suck it out, and thou shalt break the sherds thereof, and pluck off thine own breasts: for I have spoken it, saith the Lord GOD. +Therefore thus saith the Lord GOD; Because thou hast forgotten me, and cast me behind thy back, therefore bear thou also thy lewdness and thy whoredoms. +The LORD said moreover unto me; Son of man, wilt thou judge Aholah and Aholibah? yea, declare unto them their abominations; +That they have committed adultery, and blood is in their hands, and with their idols have they committed adultery, and have also caused their sons, whom they bare unto me, to pass for them through the fire, to devour them. +Moreover this they have done unto me: they have defiled my sanctuary in the same day, and have profaned my sabbaths. +For when they had slain their children to their idols, then they came the same day into my sanctuary to profane it; and, lo, thus have they done in the midst of mine house. +And furthermore, that ye have sent for men to come from far, unto whom a messenger was sent; and, lo, they came: for whom thou didst wash thyself, paintedst thy eyes, and deckedst thyself with ornaments, +And satest upon a stately bed, and a table prepared before it, whereupon thou hast set mine incense and mine oil. +And a voice of a multitude being at ease was with her: and with the men of the common sort were brought Sabeans from the wilderness, which put bracelets upon their hands, and beautiful crowns upon their heads. +Then said I unto her that was old in adulteries, Will they now commit whoredoms with her, and she with them? +Yet they went in unto her, as they go in unto a woman that playeth the harlot: so went they in unto Aholah and unto Aholibah, the lewd women. +And the righteous men, they shall judge them after the manner of adulteresses, and after the manner of women that shed blood; because they are adulteresses, and blood is in their hands. +For thus saith the Lord GOD; I will bring up a company upon them, and will give them to be removed and spoiled. +And the company shall stone them with stones, and dispatch them with their swords; they shall slay their sons and their daughters, and burn up their houses with fire. +Thus will I cause lewdness to cease out of the land, that all women may be taught not to do after your lewdness. +And they shall recompense your lewdness upon you, and ye shall bear the sins of your idols: and ye shall know that I am the Lord GOD. +Again in the ninth year, in the tenth month, in the tenth day of the month, the word of the LORD came unto me, saying, +Son of man, write thee the name of the day, even of this same day: the king of Babylon set himself against Jerusalem this same day. +And utter a parable unto the rebellious house, and say unto them, Thus saith the Lord GOD; Set on a pot, set it on, and also pour water into it: +Gather the pieces thereof into it, even every good piece, the thigh, and the shoulder; fill it with the choice bones. +Take the choice of the flock, and burn also the bones under it, and make it boil well, and let them seethe the bones of it therein. +Wherefore thus saith the Lord GOD; Woe to the bloody city, to the pot whose scum is therein, and whose scum is not gone out of it! bring it out piece by piece; let no lot fall upon it. +For her blood is in the midst of her; she set it upon the top of a rock; she poured it not upon the ground, to cover it with dust; +That it might cause fury to come up to take vengeance; I have set her blood upon the top of a rock, that it should not be covered. +Therefore thus saith the Lord GOD; Woe to the bloody city! I will even make the pile for fire great. +Heap on wood, kindle the fire, consume the flesh, and spice it well, and let the bones be burned. +Then set it empty upon the coals thereof, that the brass of it may be hot, and may burn, and that the filthiness of it may be molten in it, that the scum of it may be consumed. +She hath wearied herself with lies, and her great scum went not forth out of her: her scum shall be in the fire. +In thy filthiness is lewdness: because I have purged thee, and thou wast not purged, thou shalt not be purged from thy filthiness any more, till I have caused my fury to rest upon thee. +I the LORD have spoken it: it shall come to pass, and I will do it; I will not go back, neither will I spare, neither will I repent; according to thy ways, and according to thy doings, shall they judge thee, saith the Lord GOD. +Also the word of the LORD came unto me, saying, +Son of man, behold, I take away from thee the desire of thine eyes with a stroke: yet neither shalt thou mourn nor weep, neither shall thy tears run down. +Forbear to cry, make no mourning for the dead, bind the tire of thine head upon thee, and put on thy shoes upon thy feet, and cover not thy lips, and eat not the bread of men. +So I spake unto the people in the morning: and at even my wife died; and I did in the morning as I was commanded. +And the people said unto me, Wilt thou not tell us what these things are to us, that thou doest so? +Then I answered them, The word of the LORD came unto me, saying, +Speak unto the house of Israel, Thus saith the Lord GOD; Behold, I will profane my sanctuary, the excellency of your strength, the desire of your eyes, and that which your soul pitieth; and your sons and your daughters whom ye have left shall fall by the sword. +And ye shall do as I have done: ye shall not cover your lips, nor eat the bread of men. +And your tires shall be upon your heads, and your shoes upon your feet: ye shall not mourn nor weep; but ye shall pine away for your iniquities, and mourn one toward another. +Thus Ezekiel is unto you a sign: according to all that he hath done shall ye do: and when this cometh, ye shall know that I am the Lord GOD. +Also, thou son of man, shall it not be in the day when I take from them their strength, the joy of their glory, the desire of their eyes, and that whereupon they set their minds, their sons and their daughters, +That he that escapeth in that day shall come unto thee, to cause thee to hear it with thine ears? +In that day shall thy mouth be opened to him which is escaped, and thou shalt speak, and be no more dumb: and thou shalt be a sign unto them; and they shall know that I am the LORD. +The word of the LORD came again unto me, saying, +Son of man, set thy face against the Ammonites, and prophesy against them; +And say unto the Ammonites, Hear the word of the Lord GOD; Thus saith the Lord GOD; Because thou saidst, Aha, against my sanctuary, when it was profaned; and against the land of Israel, when it was desolate; and against the house of Judah, when they went into captivity; +Behold, therefore I will deliver thee to the men of the east for a possession, and they shall set their palaces in thee, and make their dwellings in thee: they shall eat thy fruit, and they shall drink thy milk. +And I will make Rabbah a stable for camels, and the Ammonites a couching place for flocks: and ye shall know that I am the LORD. +For thus saith the Lord GOD; Because thou hast clapped thine hands, and stamped with the feet, and rejoiced in heart with all thy despite against the land of Israel; +Behold, therefore I will stretch out mine hand upon thee, and will deliver thee for a spoil to the heathen; and I will cut thee off from the people, and I will cause thee to perish out of the countries: I will destroy thee; and thou shalt know that I am the LORD. +Thus saith the Lord GOD; Because that Moab and Seir do say, Behold, the house of Judah is like unto all the heathen; +Therefore, behold, I will open the side of Moab from the cities, from his cities which are on his frontiers, the glory of the country, Bethjeshimoth, Baalmeon, and Kiriathaim, +Unto the men of the east with the Ammonites, and will give them in possession, that the Ammonites may not be remembered among the nations. +And I will execute judgments upon Moab; and they shall know that I am the LORD. +Thus saith the Lord GOD; Because that Edom hath dealt against the house of Judah by taking vengeance, and hath greatly offended, and revenged himself upon them; +Therefore thus saith the Lord GOD; I will also stretch out mine hand upon Edom, and will cut off man and beast from it; and I will make it desolate from Teman; and they of Dedan shall fall by the sword. +And I will lay my vengeance upon Edom by the hand of my people Israel: and they shall do in Edom according to mine anger and according to my fury; and they shall know my vengeance, saith the Lord GOD. +Thus saith the Lord GOD; Because the Philistines have dealt by revenge, and have taken vengeance with a despiteful heart, to destroy it for the old hatred; +Therefore thus saith the Lord GOD; Behold, I will stretch out mine hand upon the Philistines, and I will cut off the Cherethims, and destroy the remnant of the sea coast. +And I will execute great vengeance upon them with furious rebukes; and they shall know that I am the LORD, when I shall lay my vengeance upon them. +And it came to pass in the eleventh year, in the first day of the month, that the word of the LORD came unto me, saying, +Son of man, because that Tyrus hath said against Jerusalem, Aha, she is broken that was the gates of the people: she is turned unto me: I shall be replenished, now she is laid waste: +Therefore thus saith the Lord GOD; Behold, I am against thee, O Tyrus, and will cause many nations to come up against thee, as the sea causeth his waves to come up. +And they shall destroy the walls of Tyrus, and break down her towers: I will also scrape her dust from her, and make her like the top of a rock. +It shall be a place for the spreading of nets in the midst of the sea: for I have spoken it, saith the Lord GOD: and it shall become a spoil to the nations. +And her daughters which are in the field shall be slain by the sword; and they shall know that I am the LORD. +For thus saith the Lord GOD; Behold, I will bring upon Tyrus Nebuchadrezzar king of Babylon, a king of kings, from the north, with horses, and with chariots, and with horsemen, and companies, and much people. +He shall slay with the sword thy daughters in the field: and he shall make a fort against thee, and cast a mount against thee, and lift up the buckler against thee. +And he shall set engines of war against thy walls, and with his axes he shall break down thy towers. +By reason of the abundance of his horses their dust shall cover thee: thy walls shall shake at the noise of the horsemen, and of the wheels, and of the chariots, when he shall enter into thy gates, as men enter into a city wherein is made a breach. +With the hoofs of his horses shall he tread down all thy streets: he shall slay thy people by the sword, and thy strong garrisons shall go down to the ground. +And they shall make a spoil of thy riches, and make a prey of thy merchandise: and they shall break down thy walls, and destroy thy pleasant houses: and they shall lay thy stones and thy timber and thy dust in the midst of the water. +And I will cause the noise of thy songs to cease; and the sound of thy harps shall be no more heard. +And I will make thee like the top of a rock: thou shalt be a place to spread nets upon; thou shalt be built no more: for I the LORD have spoken it, saith the Lord GOD. +Thus saith the Lord GOD to Tyrus; Shall not the isles shake at the sound of thy fall, when the wounded cry, when the slaughter is made in the midst of thee? +Then all the princes of the sea shall come down from their thrones, and lay away their robes, and put off their broidered garments: they shall clothe themselves with trembling; they shall sit upon the ground, and shall tremble at every moment, and be astonished at thee. +And they shall take up a lamentation for thee, and say to thee, How art thou destroyed, that wast inhabited of seafaring men, the renowned city, which wast strong in the sea, she and her inhabitants, which cause their terror to be on all that haunt it! +Now shall the isles tremble in the day of thy fall; yea, the isles that are in the sea shall be troubled at thy departure. +For thus saith the Lord GOD; When I shall make thee a desolate city, like the cities that are not inhabited; when I shall bring up the deep upon thee, and great waters shall cover thee; +When I shall bring thee down with them that descend into the pit, with the people of old time, and shall set thee in the low parts of the earth, in places desolate of old, with them that go down to the pit, that thou be not inhabited; and I shall set glory in the land of the living; +I will make thee a terror, and thou shalt be no more: though thou be sought for, yet shalt thou never be found again, saith the Lord GOD. +The word of the LORD came again unto me, saying, +Now, thou son of man, take up a lamentation for Tyrus; +And say unto Tyrus, O thou that art situate at the entry of the sea, which art a merchant of the people for many isles, Thus saith the Lord GOD; O Tyrus, thou hast said, I am of perfect beauty. +Thy borders are in the midst of the seas, thy builders have perfected thy beauty. +They have made all thy ship boards of fir trees of Senir: they have taken cedars from Lebanon to make masts for thee. +Of the oaks of Bashan have they made thine oars; the company of the Ashurites have made thy benches of ivory, brought out of the isles of Chittim. +Fine linen with broidered work from Egypt was that which thou spreadest forth to be thy sail; blue and purple from the isles of Elishah was that which covered thee. +The inhabitants of Zidon and Arvad were thy mariners: thy wise men, O Tyrus, that were in thee, were thy pilots. +The ancients of Gebal and the wise men thereof were in thee thy calkers: all the ships of the sea with their mariners were in thee to occupy thy merchandise. +They of Persia and of Lud and of Phut were in thine army, thy men of war: they hanged the shield and helmet in thee; they set forth thy comeliness. +The men of Arvad with thine army were upon thy walls round about, and the Gammadims were in thy towers: they hanged their shields upon thy walls round about; they have made thy beauty perfect. +Tarshish was thy merchant by reason of the multitude of all kind of riches; with silver, iron, tin, and lead, they traded in thy fairs. +Javan, Tubal, and Meshech, they were thy merchants: they traded the persons of men and vessels of brass in thy market. +They of the house of Togarmah traded in thy fairs with horses and horsemen and mules. +The men of Dedan were thy merchants; many isles were the merchandise of thine hand: they brought thee for a present horns of ivory and ebony. +Syria was thy merchant by reason of the multitude of the wares of thy making: they occupied in thy fairs with emeralds, purple, and broidered work, and fine linen, and coral, and agate. +Judah, and the land of Israel, they were thy merchants: they traded in thy market wheat of Minnith, and Pannag, and honey, and oil, and balm. +Damascus was thy merchant in the multitude of the wares of thy making, for the multitude of all riches; in the wine of Helbon, and white wool. +Dan also and Javan going to and fro occupied in thy fairs: bright iron, cassia, and calamus, were in thy market. +Dedan was thy merchant in precious clothes for chariots. +Arabia, and all the princes of Kedar, they occupied with thee in lambs, and rams, and goats: in these were they thy merchants. +The merchants of Sheba and Raamah, they were thy merchants: they occupied in thy fairs with chief of all spices, and with all precious stones, and gold. +Haran, and Canneh, and Eden, the merchants of Sheba, Asshur, and Chilmad, were thy merchants. +These were thy merchants in all sorts of things, in blue clothes, and broidered work, and in chests of rich apparel, bound with cords, and made of cedar, among thy merchandise. +The ships of Tarshish did sing of thee in thy market: and thou wast replenished, and made very glorious in the midst of the seas. +Thy rowers have brought thee into great waters: the east wind hath broken thee in the midst of the seas. +Thy riches, and thy fairs, thy merchandise, thy mariners, and thy pilots, thy calkers, and the occupiers of thy merchandise, and all thy men of war, that are in thee, and in all thy company which is in the midst of thee, shall fall into the midst of the seas in the day of thy ruin. +The suburbs shall shake at the sound of the cry of thy pilots. +And all that handle the oar, the mariners, and all the pilots of the sea, shall come down from their ships, they shall stand upon the land; +And shall cause their voice to be heard against thee, and shall cry bitterly, and shall cast up dust upon their heads, they shall wallow themselves in the ashes: +And they shall make themselves utterly bald for thee, and gird them with sackcloth, and they shall weep for thee with bitterness of heart and bitter wailing. +And in their wailing they shall take up a lamentation for thee, and lament over thee, saying, What city is like Tyrus, like the destroyed in the midst of the sea? +When thy wares went forth out of the seas, thou filledst many people; thou didst enrich the kings of the earth with the multitude of thy riches and of thy merchandise. +In the time when thou shalt be broken by the seas in the depths of the waters thy merchandise and all thy company in the midst of thee shall fall. +All the inhabitants of the isles shall be astonished at thee, and their kings shall be sore afraid, they shall be troubled in their countenance. +The merchants among the people shall hiss at thee; thou shalt be a terror, and never shalt be any more. +The word of the LORD came again unto me, saying, +Son of man, say unto the prince of Tyrus, Thus saith the Lord GOD; Because thine heart is lifted up, and thou hast said, I am a God, I sit in the seat of God, in the midst of the seas; yet thou art a man, and not God, though thou set thine heart as the heart of God: +Behold, thou art wiser than Daniel; there is no secret that they can hide from thee: +With thy wisdom and with thine understanding thou hast gotten thee riches, and hast gotten gold and silver into thy treasures: +By thy great wisdom and by thy traffick hast thou increased thy riches, and thine heart is lifted up because of thy riches: +Therefore thus saith the Lord GOD; Because thou hast set thine heart as the heart of God; +Behold, therefore I will bring strangers upon thee, the terrible of the nations: and they shall draw their swords against the beauty of thy wisdom, and they shall defile thy brightness. +They shall bring thee down to the pit, and thou shalt die the deaths of them that are slain in the midst of the seas. +Wilt thou yet say before him that slayeth thee, I am God? but thou shalt be a man, and no God, in the hand of him that slayeth thee. +Thou shalt die the deaths of the uncircumcised by the hand of strangers: for I have spoken it, saith the Lord GOD. +Moreover the word of the LORD came unto me, saying, +Son of man, take up a lamentation upon the king of Tyrus, and say unto him, Thus saith the Lord GOD; Thou sealest up the sum, full of wisdom, and perfect in beauty. +Thou hast been in Eden the garden of God; every precious stone was thy covering, the sardius, topaz, and the diamond, the beryl, the onyx, and the jasper, the sapphire, the emerald, and the carbuncle, and gold: the workmanship of thy tabrets and of thy pipes was prepared in thee in the day that thou wast created. +Thou art the anointed cherub that covereth; and I have set thee so: thou wast upon the holy mountain of God; thou hast walked up and down in the midst of the stones of fire. +Thou wast perfect in thy ways from the day that thou wast created, till iniquity was found in thee. +By the multitude of thy merchandise they have filled the midst of thee with violence, and thou hast sinned: therefore I will cast thee as profane out of the mountain of God: and I will destroy thee, O covering cherub, from the midst of the stones of fire. +Thine heart was lifted up because of thy beauty, thou hast corrupted thy wisdom by reason of thy brightness: I will cast thee to the ground, I will lay thee before kings, that they may behold thee. +Thou hast defiled thy sanctuaries by the multitude of thine iniquities, by the iniquity of thy traffick; therefore will I bring forth a fire from the midst of thee, it shall devour thee, and I will bring thee to ashes upon the earth in the sight of all them that behold thee. +All they that know thee among the people shall be astonished at thee: thou shalt be a terror, and never shalt thou be any more. +Again the word of the LORD came unto me, saying, +Son of man, set thy face against Zidon, and prophesy against it, +And say, Thus saith the Lord GOD; Behold, I am against thee, O Zidon; and I will be glorified in the midst of thee: and they shall know that I am the LORD, when I shall have executed judgments in her, and shall be sanctified in her. +For I will send into her pestilence, and blood into her streets; and the wounded shall be judged in the midst of her by the sword upon her on every side; and they shall know that I am the LORD. +And there shall be no more a pricking brier unto the house of Israel, nor any grieving thorn of all that are round about them, that despised them; and they shall know that I am the Lord GOD. +Thus saith the Lord GOD; When I shall have gathered the house of Israel from the people among whom they are scattered, and shall be sanctified in them in the sight of the heathen, then shall they dwell in their land that I have given to my servant Jacob. +And they shall dwell safely therein, and shall build houses, and plant vineyards; yea, they shall dwell with confidence, when I have executed judgments upon all those that despise them round about them; and they shall know that I am the LORD their God. +In the tenth year, in the tenth month, in the twelfth day of the month, the word of the LORD came unto me, saying, +Son of man, set thy face against Pharaoh king of Egypt, and prophesy against him, and against all Egypt: +Speak, and say, Thus saith the Lord GOD; Behold, I am against thee, Pharaoh king of Egypt, the great dragon that lieth in the midst of his rivers, which hath said, My river is mine own, and I have made it for myself. +But I will put hooks in thy jaws, and I will cause the fish of thy rivers to stick unto thy scales, and I will bring thee up out of the midst of thy rivers, and all the fish of thy rivers shall stick unto thy scales. +And I will leave thee thrown into the wilderness, thee and all the fish of thy rivers: thou shalt fall upon the open fields; thou shalt not be brought together, nor gathered: I have given thee for meat to the beasts of the field and to the fowls of the heaven. +And all the inhabitants of Egypt shall know that I am the LORD, because they have been a staff of reed to the house of Israel. +When they took hold of thee by thy hand, thou didst break, and rend all their shoulder: and when they leaned upon thee, thou brakest, and madest all their loins to be at a stand. +Therefore thus saith the Lord GOD; Behold, I will bring a sword upon thee, and cut off man and beast out of thee. +And the land of Egypt shall be desolate and waste; and they shall know that I am the LORD: because he hath said, The river is mine, and I have made it. +Behold, therefore I am against thee, and against thy rivers, and I will make the land of Egypt utterly waste and desolate, from the tower of Syene even unto the border of Ethiopia. +No foot of man shall pass through it, nor foot of beast shall pass through it, neither shall it be inhabited forty years. +And I will make the land of Egypt desolate in the midst of the countries that are desolate, and her cities among the cities that are laid waste shall be desolate forty years: and I will scatter the Egyptians among the nations, and will disperse them through the countries. +Yet thus saith the Lord GOD; At the end of forty years will I gather the Egyptians from the people whither they were scattered: +And I will bring again the captivity of Egypt, and will cause them to return into the land of Pathros, into the land of their habitation; and they shall be there a base kingdom. +It shall be the basest of the kingdoms; neither shall it exalt itself any more above the nations: for I will diminish them, that they shall no more rule over the nations. +And it shall be no more the confidence of the house of Israel, which bringeth their iniquity to remembrance, when they shall look after them: but they shall know that I am the Lord GOD. +And it came to pass in the seven and twentieth year, in the first month, in the first day of the month, the word of the LORD came unto me, saying, +Son of man, Nebuchadrezzar king of Babylon caused his army to serve a great service against Tyrus: every head was made bald, and every shoulder was peeled: yet had he no wages, nor his army, for Tyrus, for the service that he had served against it: +Therefore thus saith the Lord GOD; Behold, I will give the land of Egypt unto Nebuchadrezzar king of Babylon; and he shall take her multitude, and take her spoil, and take her prey; and it shall be the wages for his army. +I have given him the land of Egypt for his labour wherewith he served against it, because they wrought for me, saith the Lord GOD. +In that day will I cause the horn of the house of Israel to bud forth, and I will give thee the opening of the mouth in the midst of them; and they shall know that I am the LORD. +The word of the LORD came again unto me, saying, +Son of man, prophesy and say, Thus saith the Lord GOD; Howl ye, Woe worth the day! +For the day is near, even the day of the LORD is near, a cloudy day; it shall be the time of the heathen. +And the sword shall come upon Egypt, and great pain shall be in Ethiopia, when the slain shall fall in Egypt, and they shall take away her multitude, and her foundations shall be broken down. +Ethiopia, and Libya, and Lydia, and all the mingled people, and Chub, and the men of the land that is in league, shall fall with them by the sword. +Thus saith the LORD; They also that uphold Egypt shall fall; and the pride of her power shall come down: from the tower of Syene shall they fall in it by the sword, saith the Lord GOD. +And they shall be desolate in the midst of the countries that are desolate, and her cities shall be in the midst of the cities that are wasted. +And they shall know that I am the LORD, when I have set a fire in Egypt, and when all her helpers shall be destroyed. +In that day shall messengers go forth from me in ships to make the careless Ethiopians afraid, and great pain shall come upon them, as in the day of Egypt: for, lo, it cometh. +Thus saith the Lord GOD; I will also make the multitude of Egypt to cease by the hand of Nebuchadrezzar king of Babylon. +He and his people with him, the terrible of the nations, shall be brought to destroy the land: and they shall draw their swords against Egypt, and fill the land with the slain. +And I will make the rivers dry, and sell the land into the hand of the wicked: and I will make the land waste, and all that is therein, by the hand of strangers: I the LORD have spoken it. +Thus saith the Lord GOD; I will also destroy the idols, and I will cause their images to cease out of Noph; and there shall be no more a prince of the land of Egypt: and I will put a fear in the land of Egypt. +And I will make Pathros desolate, and will set fire in Zoan, and will execute judgments in No. +And I will pour my fury upon Sin, the strength of Egypt; and I will cut off the multitude of No. +And I will set fire in Egypt: Sin shall have great pain, and No shall be rent asunder, and Noph shall have distresses daily. +The young men of Aven and of Pibeseth shall fall by the sword: and these cities shall go into captivity. +At Tehaphnehes also the day shall be darkened, when I shall break there the yokes of Egypt: and the pomp of her strength shall cease in her: as for her, a cloud shall cover her, and her daughters shall go into captivity. +Thus will I execute judgments in Egypt: and they shall know that I am the LORD. +And it came to pass in the eleventh year, in the first month, in the seventh day of the month, that the word of the LORD came unto me, saying, +Son of man, I have broken the arm of Pharaoh king of Egypt; and, lo, it shall not be bound up to be healed, to put a roller to bind it, to make it strong to hold the sword. +Therefore thus saith the Lord GOD; Behold, I am against Pharaoh king of Egypt, and will break his arms, the strong, and that which was broken; and I will cause the sword to fall out of his hand. +And I will scatter the Egyptians among the nations, and will disperse them through the countries. +And I will strengthen the arms of the king of Babylon, and put my sword in his hand: but I will break Pharaoh's arms, and he shall groan before him with the groanings of a deadly wounded man. +But I will strengthen the arms of the king of Babylon, and the arms of Pharaoh shall fall down; and they shall know that I am the LORD, when I shall put my sword into the hand of the king of Babylon, and he shall stretch it out upon the land of Egypt. +And I will scatter the Egyptians among the nations, and disperse them among the countries; and they shall know that I am the LORD. +And it came to pass in the eleventh year, in the third month, in the first day of the month, that the word of the LORD came unto me, saying, +Son of man, speak unto Pharaoh king of Egypt, and to his multitude; Whom art thou like in thy greatness? +Behold, the Assyrian was a cedar in Lebanon with fair branches, and with a shadowing shroud, and of an high stature; and his top was among the thick boughs. +The waters made him great, the deep set him up on high with her rivers running round about his plants, and sent her little rivers unto all the trees of the field. +Therefore his height was exalted above all the trees of the field, and his boughs were multiplied, and his branches became long because of the multitude of waters, when he shot forth. +All the fowls of heaven made their nests in his boughs, and under his branches did all the beasts of the field bring forth their young, and under his shadow dwelt all great nations. +Thus was he fair in his greatness, in the length of his branches: for his root was by great waters. +The cedars in the garden of God could not hide him: the fir trees were not like his boughs, and the chestnut trees were not like his branches; nor any tree in the garden of God was like unto him in his beauty. +I have made him fair by the multitude of his branches: so that all the trees of Eden, that were in the garden of God, envied him. +Therefore thus saith the Lord GOD; Because thou hast lifted up thyself in height, and he hath shot up his top among the thick boughs, and his heart is lifted up in his height; +I have therefore delivered him into the hand of the mighty one of the heathen; he shall surely deal with him: I have driven him out for his wickedness. +And strangers, the terrible of the nations, have cut him off, and have left him: upon the mountains and in all the valleys his branches are fallen, and his boughs are broken by all the rivers of the land; and all the people of the earth are gone down from his shadow, and have left him. +Upon his ruin shall all the fowls of the heaven remain, and all the beasts of the field shall be upon his branches: +To the end that none of all the trees by the waters exalt themselves for their height, neither shoot up their top among the thick boughs, neither their trees stand up in their height, all that drink water: for they are all delivered unto death, to the nether parts of the earth, in the midst of the children of men, with them that go down to the pit. +Thus saith the Lord GOD; In the day when he went down to the grave I caused a mourning: I covered the deep for him, and I restrained the floods thereof, and the great waters were stayed: and I caused Lebanon to mourn for him, and all the trees of the field fainted for him. +I made the nations to shake at the sound of his fall, when I cast him down to hell with them that descend into the pit: and all the trees of Eden, the choice and best of Lebanon, all that drink water, shall be comforted in the nether parts of the earth. +They also went down into hell with him unto them that be slain with the sword; and they that were his arm, that dwelt under his shadow in the midst of the heathen. +To whom art thou thus like in glory and in greatness among the trees of Eden? yet shalt thou be brought down with the trees of Eden unto the nether parts of the earth: thou shalt lie in the midst of the uncircumcised with them that be slain by the sword. This is Pharaoh and all his multitude, saith the Lord GOD. +And it came to pass in the twelfth year, in the twelfth month, in the first day of the month, that the word of the LORD came unto me, saying, +Son of man, take up a lamentation for Pharaoh king of Egypt, and say unto him, Thou art like a young lion of the nations, and thou art as a whale in the seas: and thou camest forth with thy rivers, and troubledst the waters with thy feet, and fouledst their rivers. +Thus saith the Lord GOD; I will therefore spread out my net over thee with a company of many people; and they shall bring thee up in my net. +Then will I leave thee upon the land, I will cast thee forth upon the open field, and will cause all the fowls of the heaven to remain upon thee, and I will fill the beasts of the whole earth with thee. +And I will lay thy flesh upon the mountains, and fill the valleys with thy height. +I will also water with thy blood the land wherein thou swimmest, even to the mountains; and the rivers shall be full of thee. +And when I shall put thee out, I will cover the heaven, and make the stars thereof dark; I will cover the sun with a cloud, and the moon shall not give her light. +All the bright lights of heaven will I make dark over thee, and set darkness upon thy land, saith the Lord GOD. +I will also vex the hearts of many people, when I shall bring thy destruction among the nations, into the countries which thou hast not known. +Yea, I will make many people amazed at thee, and their kings shall be horribly afraid for thee, when I shall brandish my sword before them; and they shall tremble at every moment, every man for his own life, in the day of thy fall. +For thus saith the Lord GOD; The sword of the king of Babylon shall come upon thee. +By the swords of the mighty will I cause thy multitude to fall, the terrible of the nations, all of them: and they shall spoil the pomp of Egypt, and all the multitude thereof shall be destroyed. +I will destroy also all the beasts thereof from beside the great waters; neither shall the foot of man trouble them any more, nor the hoofs of beasts trouble them. +Then will I make their waters deep, and cause their rivers to run like oil, saith the Lord GOD. +When I shall make the land of Egypt desolate, and the country shall be destitute of that whereof it was full, when I shall smite all them that dwell therein, then shall they know that I am the LORD. +This is the lamentation wherewith they shall lament her: the daughters of the nations shall lament her: they shall lament for her, even for Egypt, and for all her multitude, saith the Lord GOD. +It came to pass also in the twelfth year, in the fifteenth day of the month, that the word of the LORD came unto me, saying, +Son of man, wail for the multitude of Egypt, and cast them down, even her, and the daughters of the famous nations, unto the nether parts of the earth, with them that go down into the pit. +Whom dost thou pass in beauty? go down, and be thou laid with the uncircumcised. +They shall fall in the midst of them that are slain by the sword: she is delivered to the sword: draw her and all her multitudes. +The strong among the mighty shall speak to him out of the midst of hell with them that help him: they are gone down, they lie uncircumcised, slain by the sword. +Asshur is there and all her company: his graves are about him: all of them slain, fallen by the sword: +Whose graves are set in the sides of the pit, and her company is round about her grave: all of them slain, fallen by the sword, which caused terror in the land of the living. +There is Elam and all her multitude round about her grave, all of them slain, fallen by the sword, which are gone down uncircumcised into the nether parts of the earth, which caused their terror in the land of the living; yet have they borne their shame with them that go down to the pit. +They have set her a bed in the midst of the slain with all her multitude: her graves are round about him: all of them uncircumcised, slain by the sword: though their terror was caused in the land of the living, yet have they borne their shame with them that go down to the pit: he is put in the midst of them that be slain. +There is Meshech, Tubal, and all her multitude: her graves are round about him: all of them uncircumcised, slain by the sword, though they caused their terror in the land of the living. +And they shall not lie with the mighty that are fallen of the uncircumcised, which are gone down to hell with their weapons of war: and they have laid their swords under their heads, but their iniquities shall be upon their bones, though they were the terror of the mighty in the land of the living. +Yea, thou shalt be broken in the midst of the uncircumcised, and shalt lie with them that are slain with the sword. +There is Edom, her kings, and all her princes, which with their might are laid by them that were slain by the sword: they shall lie with the uncircumcised, and with them that go down to the pit. +There be the princes of the north, all of them, and all the Zidonians, which are gone down with the slain; with their terror they are ashamed of their might; and they lie uncircumcised with them that be slain by the sword, and bear their shame with them that go down to the pit. +Pharaoh shall see them, and shall be comforted over all his multitude, even Pharaoh and all his army slain by the sword, saith the Lord GOD. +For I have caused my terror in the land of the living: and he shall be laid in the midst of the uncircumcised with them that are slain with the sword, even Pharaoh and all his multitude, saith the Lord GOD. +Again the word of the LORD came unto me, saying, +Son of man, speak to the children of thy people, and say unto them, When I bring the sword upon a land, if the people of the land take a man of their coasts, and set him for their watchman: +If when he seeth the sword come upon the land, he blow the trumpet, and warn the people; +Then whosoever heareth the sound of the trumpet, and taketh not warning; if the sword come, and take him away, his blood shall be upon his own head. +He heard the sound of the trumpet, and took not warning; his blood shall be upon him. But he that taketh warning shall deliver his soul. +But if the watchman see the sword come, and blow not the trumpet, and the people be not warned; if the sword come, and take any person from among them, he is taken away in his iniquity; but his blood will I require at the watchman's hand. +So thou, O son of man, I have set thee a watchman unto the house of Israel; therefore thou shalt hear the word at my mouth, and warn them from me. +When I say unto the wicked, O wicked man, thou shalt surely die; if thou dost not speak to warn the wicked from his way, that wicked man shall die in his iniquity; but his blood will I require at thine hand. +Nevertheless, if thou warn the wicked of his way to turn from it; if he do not turn from his way, he shall die in his iniquity; but thou hast delivered thy soul. +Therefore, O thou son of man, speak unto the house of Israel; Thus ye speak, saying, If our transgressions and our sins be upon us, and we pine away in them, how should we then live? +Say unto them, As I live, saith the Lord GOD, I have no pleasure in the death of the wicked; but that the wicked turn from his way and live: turn ye, turn ye from your evil ways; for why will ye die, O house of Israel? +Therefore, thou son of man, say unto the children of thy people, The righteousness of the righteous shall not deliver him in the day of his transgression: as for the wickedness of the wicked, he shall not fall thereby in the day that he turneth from his wickedness; neither shall the righteous be able to live for his righteousness in the day that he sinneth. +When I shall say to the righteous, that he shall surely live; if he trust to his own righteousness, and commit iniquity, all his righteousnesses shall not be remembered; but for his iniquity that he hath committed, he shall die for it. +Again, when I say unto the wicked, Thou shalt surely die; if he turn from his sin, and do that which is lawful and right; +If the wicked restore the pledge, give again that he had robbed, walk in the statutes of life, without committing iniquity; he shall surely live, he shall not die. +None of his sins that he hath committed shall be mentioned unto him: he hath done that which is lawful and right; he shall surely live. +Yet the children of thy people say, The way of the Lord is not equal: but as for them, their way is not equal. +When the righteous turneth from his righteousness, and committeth iniquity, he shall even die thereby. +But if the wicked turn from his wickedness, and do that which is lawful and right, he shall live thereby. +Yet ye say, The way of the Lord is not equal. O ye house of Israel, I will judge you every one after his ways. +And it came to pass in the twelfth year of our captivity, in the tenth month, in the fifth day of the month, that one that had escaped out of Jerusalem came unto me, saying, The city is smitten. +Now the hand of the LORD was upon me in the evening, afore he that was escaped came; and had opened my mouth, until he came to me in the morning; and my mouth was opened, and I was no more dumb. +Then the word of the LORD came unto me, saying, +Son of man, they that inhabit those wastes of the land of Israel speak, saying, Abraham was one, and he inherited the land: but we are many; the land is given us for inheritance. +Wherefore say unto them, Thus saith the Lord GOD; Ye eat with the blood, and lift up your eyes toward your idols, and shed blood: and shall ye possess the land? +Ye stand upon your sword, ye work abomination, and ye defile every one his neighbour's wife: and shall ye possess the land? +Say thou thus unto them, Thus saith the Lord GOD; As I live, surely they that are in the wastes shall fall by the sword, and him that is in the open field will I give to the beasts to be devoured, and they that be in the forts and in the caves shall die of the pestilence. +For I will lay the land most desolate, and the pomp of her strength shall cease; and the mountains of Israel shall be desolate, that none shall pass through. +Then shall they know that I am the LORD, when I have laid the land most desolate because of all their abominations which they have committed. +Also, thou son of man, the children of thy people still are talking against thee by the walls and in the doors of the houses, and speak one to another, every one to his brother, saying, Come, I pray you, and hear what is the word that cometh forth from the LORD. +And they come unto thee as the people cometh, and they sit before thee as my people, and they hear thy words, but they will not do them: for with their mouth they shew much love, but their heart goeth after their covetousness. +And, lo, thou art unto them as a very lovely song of one that hath a pleasant voice, and can play well on an instrument: for they hear thy words, but they do them not. +And when this cometh to pass, (lo, it will come,) then shall they know that a prophet hath been among them. +And the word of the LORD came unto me, saying, +Son of man, prophesy against the shepherds of Israel, prophesy, and say unto them, Thus saith the Lord GOD unto the shepherds; Woe be to the shepherds of Israel that do feed themselves! should not the shepherds feed the flocks? +Ye eat the fat, and ye clothe you with the wool, ye kill them that are fed: but ye feed not the flock. +The diseased have ye not strengthened, neither have ye healed that which was sick, neither have ye bound up that which was broken, neither have ye brought again that which was driven away, neither have ye sought that which was lost; but with force and with cruelty have ye ruled them. +And they were scattered, because there is no shepherd: and they became meat to all the beasts of the field, when they were scattered. +My sheep wandered through all the mountains, and upon every high hill: yea, my flock was scattered upon all the face of the earth, and none did search or seek after them. +Therefore, ye shepherds, hear the word of the LORD; +As I live, saith the Lord GOD, surely because my flock became a prey, and my flock became meat to every beast of the field, because there was no shepherd, neither did my shepherds search for my flock, but the shepherds fed themselves, and fed not my flock; +Therefore, O ye shepherds, hear the word of the LORD; +Thus saith the Lord GOD; Behold, I am against the shepherds; and I will require my flock at their hand, and cause them to cease from feeding the flock; neither shall the shepherds feed themselves any more; for I will deliver my flock from their mouth, that they may not be meat for them. +For thus saith the Lord GOD; Behold, I, even I, will both search my sheep, and seek them out. +As a shepherd seeketh out his flock in the day that he is among his sheep that are scattered; so will I seek out my sheep, and will deliver them out of all places where they have been scattered in the cloudy and dark day. +And I will bring them out from the people, and gather them from the countries, and will bring them to their own land, and feed them upon the mountains of Israel by the rivers, and in all the inhabited places of the country. +I will feed them in a good pasture, and upon the high mountains of Israel shall their fold be: there shall they lie in a good fold, and in a fat pasture shall they feed upon the mountains of Israel. +I will feed my flock, and I will cause them to lie down, saith the Lord GOD. +I will seek that which was lost, and bring again that which was driven away, and will bind up that which was broken, and will strengthen that which was sick: but I will destroy the fat and the strong; I will feed them with judgment. +And as for you, O my flock, thus saith the Lord GOD; Behold, I judge between cattle and cattle, between the rams and the he goats. +Seemeth it a small thing unto you to have eaten up the good pasture, but ye must tread down with your feet the residue of your pastures? and to have drunk of the deep waters, but ye must foul the residue with your feet? +And as for my flock, they eat that which ye have trodden with your feet; and they drink that which ye have fouled with your feet. +Therefore thus saith the Lord GOD unto them; Behold, I, even I, will judge between the fat cattle and between the lean cattle. +Because ye have thrust with side and with shoulder, and pushed all the diseased with your horns, till ye have scattered them abroad; +Therefore will I save my flock, and they shall no more be a prey; and I will judge between cattle and cattle. +And I will set up one shepherd over them, and he shall feed them, even my servant David; he shall feed them, and he shall be their shepherd. +And I the LORD will be their God, and my servant David a prince among them; I the LORD have spoken it. +And I will make with them a covenant of peace, and will cause the evil beasts to cease out of the land: and they shall dwell safely in the wilderness, and sleep in the woods. +And I will make them and the places round about my hill a blessing; and I will cause the shower to come down in his season; there shall be showers of blessing. +And the tree of the field shall yield her fruit, and the earth shall yield her increase, and they shall be safe in their land, and shall know that I am the LORD, when I have broken the bands of their yoke, and delivered them out of the hand of those that served themselves of them. +And they shall no more be a prey to the heathen, neither shall the beast of the land devour them; but they shall dwell safely, and none shall make them afraid. +And I will raise up for them a plant of renown, and they shall be no more consumed with hunger in the land, neither bear the shame of the heathen any more. +Thus shall they know that I the LORD their God am with them, and that they, even the house of Israel, are my people, saith the Lord GOD. +And ye my flock, the flock of my pasture, are men, and I am your God, saith the Lord GOD. +Moreover the word of the LORD came unto me, saying, +Son of man, set thy face against mount Seir, and prophesy against it, +And say unto it, Thus saith the Lord GOD; Behold, O mount Seir, I am against thee, and I will stretch out mine hand against thee, and I will make thee most desolate. +I will lay thy cities waste, and thou shalt be desolate, and thou shalt know that I am the LORD. +Because thou hast had a perpetual hatred, and hast shed the blood of the children of Israel by the force of the sword in the time of their calamity, in the time that their iniquity had an end: +Therefore, as I live, saith the Lord GOD, I will prepare thee unto blood, and blood shall pursue thee: sith thou hast not hated blood, even blood shall pursue thee. +Thus will I make mount Seir most desolate, and cut off from it him that passeth out and him that returneth. +And I will fill his mountains with his slain men: in thy hills, and in thy valleys, and in all thy rivers, shall they fall that are slain with the sword. +I will make thee perpetual desolations, and thy cities shall not return: and ye shall know that I am the LORD. +Because thou hast said, These two nations and these two countries shall be mine, and we will possess it; whereas the LORD was there: +Therefore, as I live, saith the Lord GOD, I will even do according to thine anger, and according to thine envy which thou hast used out of thy hatred against them; and I will make myself known among them, when I have judged thee. +And thou shalt know that I am the LORD, and that I have heard all thy blasphemies which thou hast spoken against the mountains of Israel, saying, They are laid desolate, they are given us to consume. +Thus with your mouth ye have boasted against me, and have multiplied your words against me: I have heard them. +Thus saith the Lord GOD; When the whole earth rejoiceth, I will make thee desolate. +As thou didst rejoice at the inheritance of the house of Israel, because it was desolate, so will I do unto thee: thou shalt be desolate, O mount Seir, and all Idumea, even all of it: and they shall know that I am the LORD. +Also, thou son of man, prophesy unto the mountains of Israel, and say, Ye mountains of Israel, hear the word of the LORD: +Thus saith the Lord GOD; Because the enemy hath said against you, Aha, even the ancient high places are ours in possession: +Therefore prophesy and say, Thus saith the Lord GOD; Because they have made you desolate, and swallowed you up on every side, that ye might be a possession unto the residue of the heathen, and ye are taken up in the lips of talkers, and are an infamy of the people: +Therefore, ye mountains of Israel, hear the word of the Lord GOD; Thus saith the Lord GOD to the mountains, and to the hills, to the rivers, and to the valleys, to the desolate wastes, and to the cities that are forsaken, which became a prey and derision to the residue of the heathen that are round about; +Therefore thus saith the Lord GOD; Surely in the fire of my jealousy have I spoken against the residue of the heathen, and against all Idumea, which have appointed my land into their possession with the joy of all their heart, with despiteful minds, to cast it out for a prey. +Prophesy therefore concerning the land of Israel, and say unto the mountains, and to the hills, to the rivers, and to the valleys, Thus saith the Lord GOD; Behold, I have spoken in my jealousy and in my fury, because ye have borne the shame of the heathen: +Therefore thus saith the Lord GOD; I have lifted up mine hand, Surely the heathen that are about you, they shall bear their shame. +But ye, O mountains of Israel, ye shall shoot forth your branches, and yield your fruit to my people of Israel; for they are at hand to come. +For, behold, I am for you, and I will turn unto you, and ye shall be tilled and sown: +And I will multiply men upon you, all the house of Israel, even all of it: and the cities shall be inhabited, and the wastes shall be builded: +And I will multiply upon you man and beast; and they shall increase and bring fruit: and I will settle you after your old estates, and will do better unto you than at your beginnings: and ye shall know that I am the LORD. +Yea, I will cause men to walk upon you, even my people Israel; and they shall possess thee, and thou shalt be their inheritance, and thou shalt no more henceforth bereave them of men. +Thus saith the Lord GOD; Because they say unto you, Thou land devourest up men, and hast bereaved thy nations: +Therefore thou shalt devour men no more, neither bereave thy nations any more, saith the Lord GOD. +Neither will I cause men to hear in thee the shame of the heathen any more, neither shalt thou bear the reproach of the people any more, neither shalt thou cause thy nations to fall any more, saith the Lord GOD. +Moreover the word of the LORD came unto me, saying, +Son of man, when the house of Israel dwelt in their own land, they defiled it by their own way and by their doings: their way was before me as the uncleanness of a removed woman. +Wherefore I poured my fury upon them for the blood that they had shed upon the land, and for their idols wherewith they had polluted it: +And I scattered them among the heathen, and they were dispersed through the countries: according to their way and according to their doings I judged them. +And when they entered unto the heathen, whither they went, they profaned my holy name, when they said to them, These are the people of the LORD, and are gone forth out of his land. +But I had pity for mine holy name, which the house of Israel had profaned among the heathen, whither they went. +Therefore say unto the house of Israel, thus saith the Lord GOD; I do not this for your sakes, O house of Israel, but for mine holy name's sake, which ye have profaned among the heathen, whither ye went. +And I will sanctify my great name, which was profaned among the heathen, which ye have profaned in the midst of them; and the heathen shall know that I am the LORD, saith the Lord GOD, when I shall be sanctified in you before their eyes. +For I will take you from among the heathen, and gather you out of all countries, and will bring you into your own land. +Then will I sprinkle clean water upon you, and ye shall be clean: from all your filthiness, and from all your idols, will I cleanse you. +A new heart also will I give you, and a new spirit will I put within you: and I will take away the stony heart out of your flesh, and I will give you an heart of flesh. +And I will put my spirit within you, and cause you to walk in my statutes, and ye shall keep my judgments, and do them. +And ye shall dwell in the land that I gave to your fathers; and ye shall be my people, and I will be your God. +I will also save you from all your uncleannesses: and I will call for the corn, and will increase it, and lay no famine upon you. +And I will multiply the fruit of the tree, and the increase of the field, that ye shall receive no more reproach of famine among the heathen. +Then shall ye remember your own evil ways, and your doings that were not good, and shall lothe yourselves in your own sight for your iniquities and for your abominations. +Not for your sakes do I this, saith the Lord GOD, be it known unto you: be ashamed and confounded for your own ways, O house of Israel. +Thus saith the Lord GOD; In the day that I shall have cleansed you from all your iniquities I will also cause you to dwell in the cities, and the wastes shall be builded. +And the desolate land shall be tilled, whereas it lay desolate in the sight of all that passed by. +And they shall say, This land that was desolate is become like the garden of Eden; and the waste and desolate and ruined cities are become fenced, and are inhabited. +Then the heathen that are left round about you shall know that I the LORD build the ruined places, and plant that that was desolate: I the LORD have spoken it, and I will do it. +Thus saith the Lord GOD; I will yet for this be enquired of by the house of Israel, to do it for them; I will increase them with men like a flock. +As the holy flock, as the flock of Jerusalem in her solemn feasts; so shall the waste cities be filled with flocks of men: and they shall know that I am the LORD. +The hand of the LORD was upon me, and carried me out in the spirit of the LORD, and set me down in the midst of the valley which was full of bones, +And caused me to pass by them round about: and, behold, there were very many in the open valley; and, lo, they were very dry. +And he said unto me, Son of man, can these bones live? And I answered, O Lord GOD, thou knowest. +Again he said unto me, Prophesy upon these bones, and say unto them, O ye dry bones, hear the word of the LORD. +Thus saith the Lord GOD unto these bones; Behold, I will cause breath to enter into you, and ye shall live: +And I will lay sinews upon you, and will bring up flesh upon you, and cover you with skin, and put breath in you, and ye shall live; and ye shall know that I am the LORD. +So I prophesied as I was commanded: and as I prophesied, there was a noise, and behold a shaking, and the bones came together, bone to his bone. +And when I beheld, lo, the sinews and the flesh came up upon them, and the skin covered them above: but there was no breath in them. +Then said he unto me, Prophesy unto the wind, prophesy, son of man, and say to the wind, Thus saith the Lord GOD; Come from the four winds, O breath, and breathe upon these slain, that they may live. +So I prophesied as he commanded me, and the breath came into them, and they lived, and stood up upon their feet, an exceeding great army. +Then he said unto me, Son of man, these bones are the whole house of Israel: behold, they say, Our bones are dried, and our hope is lost: we are cut off for our parts. +Therefore prophesy and say unto them, Thus saith the Lord GOD; Behold, O my people, I will open your graves, and cause you to come up out of your graves, and bring you into the land of Israel. +And ye shall know that I am the LORD, when I have opened your graves, O my people, and brought you up out of your graves, +And shall put my spirit in you, and ye shall live, and I shall place you in your own land: then shall ye know that I the LORD have spoken it, and performed it, saith the LORD. +The word of the LORD came again unto me, saying, +Moreover, thou son of man, take thee one stick, and write upon it, For Judah, and for the children of Israel his companions: then take another stick, and write upon it, For Joseph, the stick of Ephraim and for all the house of Israel his companions: +And join them one to another into one stick; and they shall become one in thine hand. +And when the children of thy people shall speak unto thee, saying, Wilt thou not shew us what thou meanest by these? +Say unto them, Thus saith the Lord GOD; Behold, I will take the stick of Joseph, which is in the hand of Ephraim, and the tribes of Israel his fellows, and will put them with him, even with the stick of Judah, and make them one stick, and they shall be one in mine hand. +And the sticks whereon thou writest shall be in thine hand before their eyes. +And say unto them, Thus saith the Lord GOD; Behold, I will take the children of Israel from among the heathen, whither they be gone, and will gather them on every side, and bring them into their own land: +And I will make them one nation in the land upon the mountains of Israel; and one king shall be king to them all: and they shall be no more two nations, neither shall they be divided into two kingdoms any more at all. +Neither shall they defile themselves any more with their idols, nor with their detestable things, nor with any of their transgressions: but I will save them out of all their dwellingplaces, wherein they have sinned, and will cleanse them: so shall they be my people, and I will be their God. +And David my servant shall be king over them; and they all shall have one shepherd: they shall also walk in my judgments, and observe my statutes, and do them. +And they shall dwell in the land that I have given unto Jacob my servant, wherein your fathers have dwelt; and they shall dwell therein, even they, and their children, and their children's children for ever: and my servant David shall be their prince for ever. +Moreover I will make a covenant of peace with them; it shall be an everlasting covenant with them: and I will place them, and multiply them, and will set my sanctuary in the midst of them for evermore. +My tabernacle also shall be with them: yea, I will be their God, and they shall be my people. +And the heathen shall know that I the LORD do sanctify Israel, when my sanctuary shall be in the midst of them for evermore. +And the word of the LORD came unto me, saying, +Son of man, set thy face against Gog, the land of Magog, the chief prince of Meshech and Tubal, and prophesy against him, +And say, Thus saith the Lord GOD; Behold, I am against thee, O Gog, the chief prince of Meshech and Tubal: +And I will turn thee back, and put hooks into thy jaws, and I will bring thee forth, and all thine army, horses and horsemen, all of them clothed with all sorts of armour, even a great company with bucklers and shields, all of them handling swords: +Persia, Ethiopia, and Libya with them; all of them with shield and helmet: +Gomer, and all his bands; the house of Togarmah of the north quarters, and all his bands: and many people with thee. +Be thou prepared, and prepare for thyself, thou, and all thy company that are assembled unto thee, and be thou a guard unto them. +After many days thou shalt be visited: in the latter years thou shalt come into the land that is brought back from the sword, and is gathered out of many people, against the mountains of Israel, which have been always waste: but it is brought forth out of the nations, and they shall dwell safely all of them. +Thou shalt ascend and come like a storm, thou shalt be like a cloud to cover the land, thou, and all thy bands, and many people with thee. +Thus saith the Lord GOD; It shall also come to pass, that at the same time shall things come into thy mind, and thou shalt think an evil thought: +And thou shalt say, I will go up to the land of unwalled villages; I will go to them that are at rest, that dwell safely, all of them dwelling without walls, and having neither bars nor gates, +To take a spoil, and to take a prey; to turn thine hand upon the desolate places that are now inhabited, and upon the people that are gathered out of the nations, which have gotten cattle and goods, that dwell in the midst of the land. +Sheba, and Dedan, and the merchants of Tarshish, with all the young lions thereof, shall say unto thee, Art thou come to take a spoil? hast thou gathered thy company to take a prey? to carry away silver and gold, to take away cattle and goods, to take a great spoil? +Therefore, son of man, prophesy and say unto Gog, Thus saith the Lord GOD; In that day when my people of Israel dwelleth safely, shalt thou not know it? +And thou shalt come from thy place out of the north parts, thou, and many people with thee, all of them riding upon horses, a great company, and a mighty army: +And thou shalt come up against my people of Israel, as a cloud to cover the land; it shall be in the latter days, and I will bring thee against my land, that the heathen may know me, when I shall be sanctified in thee, O Gog, before their eyes. +Thus saith the Lord GOD; Art thou he of whom I have spoken in old time by my servants the prophets of Israel, which prophesied in those days many years that I would bring thee against them? +And it shall come to pass at the same time when Gog shall come against the land of Israel, saith the Lord GOD, that my fury shall come up in my face. +For in my jealousy and in the fire of my wrath have I spoken, Surely in that day there shall be a great shaking in the land of Israel; +So that the fishes of the sea, and the fowls of the heaven, and the beasts of the field, and all creeping things that creep upon the earth, and all the men that are upon the face of the earth, shall shake at my presence, and the mountains shall be thrown down, and the steep places shall fall, and every wall shall fall to the ground. +And I will call for a sword against him throughout all my mountains, saith the Lord GOD: every man's sword shall be against his brother. +And I will plead against him with pestilence and with blood; and I will rain upon him, and upon his bands, and upon the many people that are with him, an overflowing rain, and great hailstones, fire, and brimstone. +Thus will I magnify myself, and sanctify myself; and I will be known in the eyes of many nations, and they shall know that I am the LORD. +Therefore, thou son of man, prophesy against Gog, and say, Thus saith the Lord GOD; Behold, I am against thee, O Gog, the chief prince of Meshech and Tubal: +And I will turn thee back, and leave but the sixth part of thee, and will cause thee to come up from the north parts, and will bring thee upon the mountains of Israel: +And I will smite thy bow out of thy left hand, and will cause thine arrows to fall out of thy right hand. +Thou shalt fall upon the mountains of Israel, thou, and all thy bands, and the people that is with thee: I will give thee unto the ravenous birds of every sort, and to the beasts of the field to be devoured. +Thou shalt fall upon the open field: for I have spoken it, saith the Lord GOD. +And I will send a fire on Magog, and among them that dwell carelessly in the isles: and they shall know that I am the LORD. +So will I make my holy name known in the midst of my people Israel; and I will not let them pollute my holy name any more: and the heathen shall know that I am the LORD, the Holy One in Israel. +Behold, it is come, and it is done, saith the Lord GOD; this is the day whereof I have spoken. +And they that dwell in the cities of Israel shall go forth, and shall set on fire and burn the weapons, both the shields and the bucklers, the bows and the arrows, and the handstaves, and the spears, and they shall burn them with fire seven years: +So that they shall take no wood out of the field, neither cut down any out of the forests; for they shall burn the weapons with fire: and they shall spoil those that spoiled them, and rob those that robbed them, saith the Lord GOD. +And it shall come to pass in that day, that I will give unto Gog a place there of graves in Israel, the valley of the passengers on the east of the sea: and it shall stop the noses of the passengers: and there shall they bury Gog and all his multitude: and they shall call it The valley of Hamongog. +And seven months shall the house of Israel be burying of them, that they may cleanse the land. +Yea, all the people of the land shall bury them; and it shall be to them a renown the day that I shall be glorified, saith the Lord GOD. +And they shall sever out men of continual employment, passing through the land to bury with the passengers those that remain upon the face of the earth, to cleanse it: after the end of seven months shall they search. +And the passengers that pass through the land, when any seeth a man's bone, then shall he set up a sign by it, till the buriers have buried it in the valley of Hamongog. +And also the name of the city shall be Hamonah. Thus shall they cleanse the land. +And, thou son of man, thus saith the Lord GOD; Speak unto every feathered fowl, and to every beast of the field, Assemble yourselves, and come; gather yourselves on every side to my sacrifice that I do sacrifice for you, even a great sacrifice upon the mountains of Israel, that ye may eat flesh, and drink blood. +Ye shall eat the flesh of the mighty, and drink the blood of the princes of the earth, of rams, of lambs, and of goats, of bullocks, all of them fatlings of Bashan. +And ye shall eat fat till ye be full, and drink blood till ye be drunken, of my sacrifice which I have sacrificed for you. +Thus ye shall be filled at my table with horses and chariots, with mighty men, and with all men of war, saith the Lord GOD. +And I will set my glory among the heathen, and all the heathen shall see my judgment that I have executed, and my hand that I have laid upon them. +So the house of Israel shall know that I am the LORD their God from that day and forward. +And the heathen shall know that the house of Israel went into captivity for their iniquity: because they trespassed against me, therefore hid I my face from them, and gave them into the hand of their enemies: so fell they all by the sword. +According to their uncleanness and according to their transgressions have I done unto them, and hid my face from them. +Therefore thus saith the Lord GOD; Now will I bring again the captivity of Jacob, and have mercy upon the whole house of Israel, and will be jealous for my holy name; +After that they have borne their shame, and all their trespasses whereby they have trespassed against me, when they dwelt safely in their land, and none made them afraid. +When I have brought them again from the people, and gathered them out of their enemies' lands, and am sanctified in them in the sight of many nations; +Then shall they know that I am the LORD their God, which caused them to be led into captivity among the heathen: but I have gathered them unto their own land, and have left none of them any more there. +Neither will I hide my face any more from them: for I have poured out my spirit upon the house of Israel, saith the Lord GOD. +In the five and twentieth year of our captivity, in the beginning of the year, in the tenth day of the month, in the fourteenth year after that the city was smitten, in the selfsame day the hand of the LORD was upon me, and brought me thither. +In the visions of God brought he me into the land of Israel, and set me upon a very high mountain, by which was as the frame of a city on the south. +And he brought me thither, and, behold, there was a man, whose appearance was like the appearance of brass, with a line of flax in his hand, and a measuring reed; and he stood in the gate. +And the man said unto me, Son of man, behold with thine eyes, and hear with thine ears, and set thine heart upon all that I shall shew thee; for to the intent that I might shew them unto thee art thou brought hither: declare all that thou seest to the house of Israel. +And behold a wall on the outside of the house round about, and in the man's hand a measuring reed of six cubits long by the cubit and an hand breadth: so he measured the breadth of the building, one reed; and the height, one reed. +Then came he unto the gate which looketh toward the east, and went up the stairs thereof, and measured the threshold of the gate, which was one reed broad; and the other threshold of the gate, which was one reed broad. +And every little chamber was one reed long, and one reed broad; and between the little chambers were five cubits; and the threshold of the gate by the porch of the gate within was one reed. +He measured also the porch of the gate within, one reed. +Then measured he the porch of the gate, eight cubits; and the posts thereof, two cubits; and the porch of the gate was inward. +And the little chambers of the gate eastward were three on this side, and three on that side; they three were of one measure: and the posts had one measure on this side and on that side. +And he measured the breadth of the entry of the gate, ten cubits; and the length of the gate, thirteen cubits. +The space also before the little chambers was one cubit on this side, and the space was one cubit on that side: and the little chambers were six cubits on this side, and six cubits on that side. +He measured then the gate from the roof of one little chamber to the roof of another: the breadth was five and twenty cubits, door against door. +He made also posts of threescore cubits, even unto the post of the court round about the gate. +And from the face of the gate of the entrance unto the face of the porch of the inner gate were fifty cubits. +And there were narrow windows to the little chambers, and to their posts within the gate round about, and likewise to the arches: and windows were round about inward: and upon each post were palm trees. +Then brought he me into the outward court, and, lo, there were chambers, and a pavement made for the court round about: thirty chambers were upon the pavement. +And the pavement by the side of the gates over against the length of the gates was the lower pavement. +Then he measured the breadth from the forefront of the lower gate unto the forefront of the inner court without, an hundred cubits eastward and northward. +And the gate of the outward court that looked toward the north, he measured the length thereof, and the breadth thereof. +And the little chambers thereof were three on this side and three on that side; and the posts thereof and the arches thereof were after the measure of the first gate: the length thereof was fifty cubits, and the breadth five and twenty cubits. +And their windows, and their arches, and their palm trees, were after the measure of the gate that looketh toward the east; and they went up unto it by seven steps; and the arches thereof were before them. +And the gate of the inner court was over against the gate toward the north, and toward the east; and he measured from gate to gate an hundred cubits. +After that he brought me toward the south, and behold a gate toward the south: and he measured the posts thereof and the arches thereof according to these measures. +And there were windows in it and in the arches thereof round about, like those windows: the length was fifty cubits, and the breadth five and twenty cubits. +And there were seven steps to go up to it, and the arches thereof were before them: and it had palm trees, one on this side, and another on that side, upon the posts thereof. +And there was a gate in the inner court toward the south: and he measured from gate to gate toward the south an hundred cubits. +And he brought me to the inner court by the south gate: and he measured the south gate according to these measures; +And the little chambers thereof, and the posts thereof, and the arches thereof, according to these measures: and there were windows in it and in the arches thereof round about: it was fifty cubits long, and five and twenty cubits broad. +And the arches round about were five and twenty cubits long, and five cubits broad. +And the arches thereof were toward the utter court; and palm trees were upon the posts thereof: and the going up to it had eight steps. +And he brought me into the inner court toward the east: and he measured the gate according to these measures. +And the little chambers thereof, and the posts thereof, and the arches thereof, were according to these measures: and there were windows therein and in the arches thereof round about: it was fifty cubits long, and five and twenty cubits broad. +And the arches thereof were toward the outward court; and palm trees were upon the posts thereof, on this side, and on that side: and the going up to it had eight steps. +And he brought me to the north gate, and measured it according to these measures; +The little chambers thereof, the posts thereof, and the arches thereof, and the windows to it round about: the length was fifty cubits, and the breadth five and twenty cubits. +And the posts thereof were toward the utter court; and palm trees were upon the posts thereof, on this side, and on that side: and the going up to it had eight steps. +And the chambers and the entries thereof were by the posts of the gates, where they washed the burnt offering. +And in the porch of the gate were two tables on this side, and two tables on that side, to slay thereon the burnt offering and the sin offering and the trespass offering. +And at the side without, as one goeth up to the entry of the north gate, were two tables; and on the other side, which was at the porch of the gate, were two tables. +Four tables were on this side, and four tables on that side, by the side of the gate; eight tables, whereupon they slew their sacrifices. +And the four tables were of hewn stone for the burnt offering, of a cubit and an half long, and a cubit and an half broad, and one cubit high: whereupon also they laid the instruments wherewith they slew the burnt offering and the sacrifice. +And within were hooks, an hand broad, fastened round about: and upon the tables was the flesh of the offering. +And without the inner gate were the chambers of the singers in the inner court, which was at the side of the north gate; and their prospect was toward the south: one at the side of the east gate having the prospect toward the north. +And he said unto me, This chamber, whose prospect is toward the south, is for the priests, the keepers of the charge of the house. +And the chamber whose prospect is toward the north is for the priests, the keepers of the charge of the altar: these are the sons of Zadok among the sons of Levi, which come near to the LORD to minister unto him. +So he measured the court, an hundred cubits long, and an hundred cubits broad, foursquare; and the altar that was before the house. +And he brought me to the porch of the house, and measured each post of the porch, five cubits on this side, and five cubits on that side: and the breadth of the gate was three cubits on this side, and three cubits on that side. +The length of the porch was twenty cubits, and the breadth eleven cubits, and he brought me by the steps whereby they went up to it: and there were pillars by the posts, one on this side, and another on that side. +Afterward he brought me to the temple, and measured the posts, six cubits broad on the one side, and six cubits broad on the other side, which was the breadth of the tabernacle. +And the breadth of the door was ten cubits; and the sides of the door were five cubits on the one side, and five cubits on the other side: and he measured the length thereof, forty cubits: and the breadth, twenty cubits. +Then went he inward, and measured the post of the door, two cubits; and the door, six cubits; and the breadth of the door, seven cubits. +So he measured the length thereof, twenty cubits; and the breadth, twenty cubits, before the temple: and he said unto me, This is the most holy place. +After he measured the wall of the house, six cubits; and the breadth of every side chamber, four cubits, round about the house on every side. +And the side chambers were three, one over another, and thirty in order; and they entered into the wall which was of the house for the side chambers round about, that they might have hold, but they had not hold in the wall of the house. +And there was an enlarging, and a winding about still upward to the side chambers: for the winding about of the house went still upward round about the house: therefore the breadth of the house was still upward, and so increased from the lowest chamber to the highest by the midst. +I saw also the height of the house round about: the foundations of the side chambers were a full reed of six great cubits. +The thickness of the wall, which was for the side chamber without, was five cubits: and that which was left was the place of the side chambers that were within. +And between the chambers was the wideness of twenty cubits round about the house on every side. +And the doors of the side chambers were toward the place that was left, one door toward the north, and another door toward the south: and the breadth of the place that was left was five cubits round about. +Now the building that was before the separate place at the end toward the west was seventy cubits broad; and the wall of the building was five cubits thick round about, and the length thereof ninety cubits. +So he measured the house, an hundred cubits long; and the separate place, and the building, with the walls thereof, an hundred cubits long; +Also the breadth of the face of the house, and of the separate place toward the east, an hundred cubits. +And he measured the length of the building over against the separate place which was behind it, and the galleries thereof on the one side and on the other side, an hundred cubits, with the inner temple, and the porches of the court; +The door posts, and the narrow windows, and the galleries round about on their three stories, over against the door, cieled with wood round about, and from the ground up to the windows, and the windows were covered; +To that above the door, even unto the inner house, and without, and by all the wall round about within and without, by measure. +And it was made with cherubims and palm trees, so that a palm tree was between a cherub and a cherub; and every cherub had two faces; +So that the face of a man was toward the palm tree on the one side, and the face of a young lion toward the palm tree on the other side: it was made through all the house round about. +From the ground unto above the door were cherubims and palm trees made, and on the wall of the temple. +The posts of the temple were squared, and the face of the sanctuary; the appearance of the one as the appearance of the other. +The altar of wood was three cubits high, and the length thereof two cubits; and the corners thereof, and the length thereof, and the walls thereof, were of wood: and he said unto me, This is the table that is before the LORD. +And the temple and the sanctuary had two doors. +And the doors had two leaves apiece, two turning leaves; two leaves for the one door, and two leaves for the other door. +And there were made on them, on the doors of the temple, cherubims and palm trees, like as were made upon the walls; and there were thick planks upon the face of the porch without. +And there were narrow windows and palm trees on the one side and on the other side, on the sides of the porch, and upon the side chambers of the house, and thick planks. +Then he brought me forth into the utter court, the way toward the north: and he brought me into the chamber that was over against the separate place, and which was before the building toward the north. +Before the length of an hundred cubits was the north door, and the breadth was fifty cubits. +Over against the twenty cubits which were for the inner court, and over against the pavement which was for the utter court, was gallery against gallery in three stories. +And before the chambers was a walk to ten cubits breadth inward, a way of one cubit; and their doors toward the north. +Now the upper chambers were shorter: for the galleries were higher than these, than the lower, and than the middlemost of the building. +For they were in three stories, but had not pillars as the pillars of the courts: therefore the building was straitened more than the lowest and the middlemost from the ground. +And the wall that was without over against the chambers, toward the utter court on the forepart of the chambers, the length thereof was fifty cubits. +For the length of the chambers that were in the utter court was fifty cubits: and, lo, before the temple were an hundred cubits. +And from under these chambers was the entry on the east side, as one goeth into them from the utter court. +The chambers were in the thickness of the wall of the court toward the east, over against the separate place, and over against the building. +And the way before them was like the appearance of the chambers which were toward the north, as long as they, and as broad as they: and all their goings out were both according to their fashions, and according to their doors. +And according to the doors of the chambers that were toward the south was a door in the head of the way, even the way directly before the wall toward the east, as one entereth into them. +Then said he unto me, The north chambers and the south chambers, which are before the separate place, they be holy chambers, where the priests that approach unto the LORD shall eat the most holy things: there shall they lay the most holy things, and the meat offering, and the sin offering, and the trespass offering; for the place is holy. +When the priests enter therein, then shall they not go out of the holy place into the utter court, but there they shall lay their garments wherein they minister; for they are holy; and shall put on other garments, and shall approach to those things which are for the people. +Now when he had made an end of measuring the inner house, he brought me forth toward the gate whose prospect is toward the east, and measured it round about. +He measured the east side with the measuring reed, five hundred reeds, with the measuring reed round about. +He measured the north side, five hundred reeds, with the measuring reed round about. +He measured the south side, five hundred reeds, with the measuring reed. +He turned about to the west side, and measured five hundred reeds with the measuring reed. +He measured it by the four sides: it had a wall round about, five hundred reeds long, and five hundred broad, to make a separation between the sanctuary and the profane place. +Afterward he brought me to the gate, even the gate that looketh toward the east: +And, behold, the glory of the God of Israel came from the way of the east: and his voice was like a noise of many waters: and the earth shined with his glory. +And it was according to the appearance of the vision which I saw, even according to the vision that I saw when I came to destroy the city: and the visions were like the vision that I saw by the river Chebar; and I fell upon my face. +And the glory of the LORD came into the house by the way of the gate whose prospect is toward the east. +So the spirit took me up, and brought me into the inner court; and, behold, the glory of the LORD filled the house. +And I heard him speaking unto me out of the house; and the man stood by me. +And he said unto me, Son of man, the place of my throne, and the place of the soles of my feet, where I will dwell in the midst of the children of Israel for ever, and my holy name, shall the house of Israel no more defile, neither they, nor their kings, by their whoredom, nor by the carcases of their kings in their high places. +In their setting of their threshold by my thresholds, and their post by my posts, and the wall between me and them, they have even defiled my holy name by their abominations that they have committed: wherefore I have consumed them in mine anger. +Now let them put away their whoredom, and the carcases of their kings, far from me, and I will dwell in the midst of them for ever. +Thou son of man, shew the house to the house of Israel, that they may be ashamed of their iniquities: and let them measure the pattern. +And if they be ashamed of all that they have done, shew them the form of the house, and the fashion thereof, and the goings out thereof, and the comings in thereof, and all the forms thereof, and all the ordinances thereof, and all the forms thereof, and all the laws thereof: and write it in their sight, that they may keep the whole form thereof, and all the ordinances thereof, and do them. +This is the law of the house; Upon the top of the mountain the whole limit thereof round about shall be most holy. Behold, this is the law of the house. +And these are the measures of the altar after the cubits: The cubit is a cubit and an hand breadth; even the bottom shall be a cubit, and the breadth a cubit, and the border thereof by the edge thereof round about shall be a span: and this shall be the higher place of the altar. +And from the bottom upon the ground even to the lower settle shall be two cubits, and the breadth one cubit; and from the lesser settle even to the greater settle shall be four cubits, and the breadth one cubit. +So the altar shall be four cubits; and from the altar and upward shall be four horns. +And the altar shall be twelve cubits long, twelve broad, square in the four squares thereof. +And the settle shall be fourteen cubits long and fourteen broad in the four squares thereof; and the border about it shall be half a cubit; and the bottom thereof shall be a cubit about; and his stairs shall look toward the east. +And he said unto me, Son of man, thus saith the Lord GOD; These are the ordinances of the altar in the day when they shall make it, to offer burnt offerings thereon, and to sprinkle blood thereon. +And thou shalt give to the priests the Levites that be of the seed of Zadok, which approach unto me, to minister unto me, saith the Lord GOD, a young bullock for a sin offering. +And thou shalt take of the blood thereof, and put it on the four horns of it, and on the four corners of the settle, and upon the border round about: thus shalt thou cleanse and purge it. +Thou shalt take the bullock also of the sin offering, and he shall burn it in the appointed place of the house, without the sanctuary. +And on the second day thou shalt offer a kid of the goats without blemish for a sin offering; and they shall cleanse the altar, as they did cleanse it with the bullock. +When thou hast made an end of cleansing it, thou shalt offer a young bullock without blemish, and a ram out of the flock without blemish. +And thou shalt offer them before the LORD, and the priests shall cast salt upon them, and they shall offer them up for a burnt offering unto the LORD. +Seven days shalt thou prepare every day a goat for a sin offering: they shall also prepare a young bullock, and a ram out of the flock, without blemish. +Seven days shall they purge the altar and purify it; and they shall consecrate themselves. +And when these days are expired, it shall be, that upon the eighth day, and so forward, the priests shall make your burnt offerings upon the altar, and your peace offerings; and I will accept you, saith the Lord GOD. +Then he brought me back the way of the gate of the outward sanctuary which looketh toward the east; and it was shut. +Then said the LORD unto me; This gate shall be shut, it shall not be opened, and no man shall enter in by it; because the LORD, the God of Israel, hath entered in by it, therefore it shall be shut. +It is for the prince; the prince, he shall sit in it to eat bread before the LORD; he shall enter by the way of the porch of that gate, and shall go out by the way of the same. +Then brought he me the way of the north gate before the house: and I looked, and, behold, the glory of the LORD filled the house of the LORD: and I fell upon my face. +And the LORD said unto me, Son of man, mark well, and behold with thine eyes, and hear with thine ears all that I say unto thee concerning all the ordinances of the house of the LORD, and all the laws thereof; and mark well the entering in of the house, with every going forth of the sanctuary. +And thou shalt say to the rebellious, even to the house of Israel, Thus saith the Lord GOD; O ye house of Israel, let it suffice you of all your abominations, +In that ye have brought into my sanctuary strangers, uncircumcised in heart, and uncircumcised in flesh, to be in my sanctuary, to pollute it, even my house, when ye offer my bread, the fat and the blood, and they have broken my covenant because of all your abominations. +And ye have not kept the charge of mine holy things: but ye have set keepers of my charge in my sanctuary for yourselves. +Thus saith the Lord GOD; No stranger, uncircumcised in heart, nor uncircumcised in flesh, shall enter into my sanctuary, of any stranger that is among the children of Israel. +And the Levites that are gone away far from me, when Israel went astray, which went astray away from me after their idols; they shall even bear their iniquity. +Yet they shall be ministers in my sanctuary, having charge at the gates of the house, and ministering to the house: they shall slay the burnt offering and the sacrifice for the people, and they shall stand before them to minister unto them. +Because they ministered unto them before their idols, and caused the house of Israel to fall into iniquity; therefore have I lifted up mine hand against them, saith the Lord GOD, and they shall bear their iniquity. +And they shall not come near unto me, to do the office of a priest unto me, nor to come near to any of my holy things, in the most holy place: but they shall bear their shame, and their abominations which they have committed. +But I will make them keepers of the charge of the house, for all the service thereof, and for all that shall be done therein. +But the priests the Levites, the sons of Zadok, that kept the charge of my sanctuary when the children of Israel went astray from me, they shall come near to me to minister unto me, and they shall stand before me to offer unto me the fat and the blood, saith the Lord GOD: +They shall enter into my sanctuary, and they shall come near to my table, to minister unto me, and they shall keep my charge. +And it shall come to pass, that when they enter in at the gates of the inner court, they shall be clothed with linen garments; and no wool shall come upon them, whiles they minister in the gates of the inner court, and within. +They shall have linen bonnets upon their heads, and shall have linen breeches upon their loins; they shall not gird themselves with any thing that causeth sweat. +And when they go forth into the utter court, even into the utter court to the people, they shall put off their garments wherein they ministered, and lay them in the holy chambers, and they shall put on other garments; and they shall not sanctify the people with their garments. +Neither shall they shave their heads, nor suffer their locks to grow long; they shall only poll their heads. +Neither shall any priest drink wine, when they enter into the inner court. +Neither shall they take for their wives a widow, nor her that is put away: but they shall take maidens of the seed of the house of Israel, or a widow that had a priest before. +And they shall teach my people the difference between the holy and profane, and cause them to discern between the unclean and the clean. +And in controversy they shall stand in judgment; and they shall judge it according to my judgments: and they shall keep my laws and my statutes in all mine assemblies; and they shall hallow my sabbaths. +And they shall come at no dead person to defile themselves: but for father, or for mother, or for son, or for daughter, for brother, or for sister that hath had no husband, they may defile themselves. +And after he is cleansed, they shall reckon unto him seven days. +And in the day that he goeth into the sanctuary, unto the inner court, to minister in the sanctuary, he shall offer his sin offering, saith the Lord GOD. +And it shall be unto them for an inheritance: I am their inheritance: and ye shall give them no possession in Israel: I am their possession. +They shall eat the meat offering, and the sin offering, and the trespass offering: and every dedicated thing in Israel shall be theirs. +And the first of all the firstfruits of all things, and every oblation of all, of every sort of your oblations, shall be the priest's: ye shall also give unto the priest the first of your dough, that he may cause the blessing to rest in thine house. +The priests shall not eat of any thing that is dead of itself, or torn, whether it be fowl or beast. +Moreover, when ye shall divide by lot the land for inheritance, ye shall offer an oblation unto the LORD, an holy portion of the land: the length shall be the length of five and twenty thousand reeds, and the breadth shall be ten thousand. This shall be holy in all the borders thereof round about. +Of this there shall be for the sanctuary five hundred in length, with five hundred in breadth, square round about; and fifty cubits round about for the suburbs thereof. +And of this measure shalt thou measure the length of five and twenty thousand, and the breadth of ten thousand: and in it shall be the sanctuary and the most holy place. +The holy portion of the land shall be for the priests the ministers of the sanctuary, which shall come near to minister unto the LORD: and it shall be a place for their houses, and an holy place for the sanctuary. +And the five and twenty thousand of length, and the ten thousand of breadth shall also the Levites, the ministers of the house, have for themselves, for a possession for twenty chambers. +And ye shall appoint the possession of the city five thousand broad, and five and twenty thousand long, over against the oblation of the holy portion: it shall be for the whole house of Israel. +And a portion shall be for the prince on the one side and on the other side of the oblation of the holy portion, and of the possession of the city, before the oblation of the holy portion, and before the possession of the city, from the west side westward, and from the east side eastward: and the length shall be over against one of the portions, from the west border unto the east border. +In the land shall be his possession in Israel: and my princes shall no more oppress my people; and the rest of the land shall they give to the house of Israel according to their tribes. +Thus saith the Lord GOD; Let it suffice you, O princes of Israel: remove violence and spoil, and execute judgment and justice, take away your exactions from my people, saith the Lord GOD. +Ye shall have just balances, and a just ephah, and a just bath. +The ephah and the bath shall be of one measure, that the bath may contain the tenth part of an homer, and the ephah the tenth part of an homer: the measure thereof shall be after the homer. +And the shekel shall be twenty gerahs: twenty shekels, five and twenty shekels, fifteen shekels, shall be your maneh. +This is the oblation that ye shall offer; the sixth part of an ephah of an homer of wheat, and ye shall give the sixth part of an ephah of an homer of barley: +Concerning the ordinance of oil, the bath of oil, ye shall offer the tenth part of a bath out of the cor, which is an homer of ten baths; for ten baths are an homer: +And one lamb out of the flock, out of two hundred, out of the fat pastures of Israel; for a meat offering, and for a burnt offering, and for peace offerings, to make reconciliation for them, saith the Lord GOD. +All the people of the land shall give this oblation for the prince in Israel. +And it shall be the prince's part to give burnt offerings, and meat offerings, and drink offerings, in the feasts, and in the new moons, and in the sabbaths, in all solemnities of the house of Israel: he shall prepare the sin offering, and the meat offering, and the burnt offering, and the peace offerings, to make reconciliation for the house of Israel. +Thus saith the Lord GOD; In the first month, in the first day of the month, thou shalt take a young bullock without blemish, and cleanse the sanctuary: +And the priest shall take of the blood of the sin offering, and put it upon the posts of the house, and upon the four corners of the settle of the altar, and upon the posts of the gate of the inner court. +And so thou shalt do the seventh day of the month for every one that erreth, and for him that is simple: so shall ye reconcile the house. +In the first month, in the fourteenth day of the month, ye shall have the passover, a feast of seven days; unleavened bread shall be eaten. +And upon that day shall the prince prepare for himself and for all the people of the land a bullock for a sin offering. +And seven days of the feast he shall prepare a burnt offering to the LORD, seven bullocks and seven rams without blemish daily the seven days; and a kid of the goats daily for a sin offering. +And he shall prepare a meat offering of an ephah for a bullock, and an ephah for a ram, and an hin of oil for an ephah. +In the seventh month, in the fifteenth day of the month, shall he do the like in the feast of the seven days, according to the sin offering, according to the burnt offering, and according to the meat offering, and according to the oil. +Thus saith the Lord GOD; The gate of the inner court that looketh toward the east shall be shut the six working days; but on the sabbath it shall be opened, and in the day of the new moon it shall be opened. +And the prince shall enter by the way of the porch of that gate without, and shall stand by the post of the gate, and the priests shall prepare his burnt offering and his peace offerings, and he shall worship at the threshold of the gate: then he shall go forth; but the gate shall not be shut until the evening. +Likewise the people of the land shall worship at the door of this gate before the LORD in the sabbaths and in the new moons. +And the burnt offering that the prince shall offer unto the LORD in the sabbath day shall be six lambs without blemish, and a ram without blemish. +And the meat offering shall be an ephah for a ram, and the meat offering for the lambs as he shall be able to give, and an hin of oil to an ephah. +And in the day of the new moon it shall be a young bullock without blemish, and six lambs, and a ram: they shall be without blemish. +And he shall prepare a meat offering, an ephah for a bullock, and an ephah for a ram, and for the lambs according as his hand shall attain unto, and an hin of oil to an ephah. +And when the prince shall enter, he shall go in by the way of the porch of that gate, and he shall go forth by the way thereof. +But when the people of the land shall come before the LORD in the solemn feasts, he that entereth in by the way of the north gate to worship shall go out by the way of the south gate; and he that entereth by the way of the south gate shall go forth by the way of the north gate: he shall not return by the way of the gate whereby he came in, but shall go forth over against it. +And the prince in the midst of them, when they go in, shall go in; and when they go forth, shall go forth. +And in the feasts and in the solemnities the meat offering shall be an ephah to a bullock, and an ephah to a ram, and to the lambs as he is able to give, and an hin of oil to an ephah. +Now when the prince shall prepare a voluntary burnt offering or peace offerings voluntarily unto the LORD, one shall then open him the gate that looketh toward the east, and he shall prepare his burnt offering and his peace offerings, as he did on the sabbath day: then he shall go forth; and after his going forth one shall shut the gate. +Thou shalt daily prepare a burnt offering unto the LORD of a lamb of the first year without blemish: thou shalt prepare it every morning. +And thou shalt prepare a meat offering for it every morning, the sixth part of an ephah, and the third part of an hin of oil, to temper with the fine flour; a meat offering continually by a perpetual ordinance unto the LORD. +Thus shall they prepare the lamb, and the meat offering, and the oil, every morning for a continual burnt offering. +Thus saith the Lord GOD; If the prince give a gift unto any of his sons, the inheritance thereof shall be his sons'; it shall be their possession by inheritance. +But if he give a gift of his inheritance to one of his servants, then it shall be his to the year of liberty; after it shall return to the prince: but his inheritance shall be his sons' for them. +Moreover the prince shall not take of the people's inheritance by oppression, to thrust them out of their possession; but he shall give his sons inheritance out of his own possession: that my people be not scattered every man from his possession. +After he brought me through the entry, which was at the side of the gate, into the holy chambers of the priests, which looked toward the north: and, behold, there was a place on the two sides westward. +Then said he unto me, This is the place where the priests shall boil the trespass offering and the sin offering, where they shall bake the meat offering; that they bear them not out into the utter court, to sanctify the people. +Then he brought me forth into the utter court, and caused me to pass by the four corners of the court; and, behold, in every corner of the court there was a court. +In the four corners of the court there were courts joined of forty cubits long and thirty broad: these four corners were of one measure. +And there was a row of building round about in them, round about them four, and it was made with boiling places under the rows round about. +Then said he unto me, These are the places of them that boil, where the ministers of the house shall boil the sacrifice of the people. +Afterward he brought me again unto the door of the house; and, behold, waters issued out from under the threshold of the house eastward: for the forefront of the house stood toward the east, and the waters came down from under from the right side of the house, at the south side of the altar. +Then brought he me out of the way of the gate northward, and led me about the way without unto the utter gate by the way that looketh eastward; and, behold, there ran out waters on the right side. +And when the man that had the line in his hand went forth eastward, he measured a thousand cubits, and he brought me through the waters; the waters were to the ankles. +Again he measured a thousand, and brought me through the waters; the waters were to the knees. Again he measured a thousand, and brought me through; the waters were to the loins. +Afterward he measured a thousand; and it was a river that I could not pass over: for the waters were risen, waters to swim in, a river that could not be passed over. +And he said unto me, Son of man, hast thou seen this? Then he brought me, and caused me to return to the brink of the river. +Now when I had returned, behold, at the bank of the river were very many trees on the one side and on the other. +Then said he unto me, These waters issue out toward the east country, and go down into the desert, and go into the sea: which being brought forth into the sea, the waters shall be healed. +And it shall come to pass, that every thing that liveth, which moveth, whithersoever the rivers shall come, shall live: and there shall be a very great multitude of fish, because these waters shall come thither: for they shall be healed; and every thing shall live whither the river cometh. +And it shall come to pass, that the fishers shall stand upon it from Engedi even unto Eneglaim; they shall be a place to spread forth nets; their fish shall be according to their kinds, as the fish of the great sea, exceeding many. +But the miry places thereof and the marishes thereof shall not be healed; they shall be given to salt. +And by the river upon the bank thereof, on this side and on that side, shall grow all trees for meat, whose leaf shall not fade, neither shall the fruit thereof be consumed: it shall bring forth new fruit according to his months, because their waters they issued out of the sanctuary: and the fruit thereof shall be for meat, and the leaf thereof for medicine. +Thus saith the Lord GOD; This shall be the border, whereby ye shall inherit the land according to the twelve tribes of Israel: Joseph shall have two portions. +And ye shall inherit it, one as well as another: concerning the which I lifted up mine hand to give it unto your fathers: and this land shall fall unto you for inheritance. +And this shall be the border of the land toward the north side, from the great sea, the way of Hethlon, as men go to Zedad; +Hamath, Berothah, Sibraim, which is between the border of Damascus and the border of Hamath; Hazarhatticon, which is by the coast of Hauran. +And the border from the sea shall be Hazarenan, the border of Damascus, and the north northward, and the border of Hamath. And this is the north side. +And the east side ye shall measure from Hauran, and from Damascus, and from Gilead, and from the land of Israel by Jordan, from the border unto the east sea. And this is the east side. +And the south side southward, from Tamar even to the waters of strife in Kadesh, the river to the great sea. And this is the south side southward. +The west side also shall be the great sea from the border, till a man come over against Hamath. This is the west side. +So shall ye divide this land unto you according to the tribes of Israel. +And it shall come to pass, that ye shall divide it by lot for an inheritance unto you, and to the strangers that sojourn among you, which shall beget children among you: and they shall be unto you as born in the country among the children of Israel; they shall have inheritance with you among the tribes of Israel. +And it shall come to pass, that in what tribe the stranger sojourneth, there shall ye give him his inheritance, saith the Lord GOD. +Now these are the names of the tribes. From the north end to the coast of the way of Hethlon, as one goeth to Hamath, Hazarenan, the border of Damascus northward, to the coast of Hamath; for these are his sides east and west; a portion for Dan. +And by the border of Dan, from the east side unto the west side, a portion for Asher. +And by the border of Asher, from the east side even unto the west side, a portion for Naphtali. +And by the border of Naphtali, from the east side unto the west side, a portion for Manasseh. +And by the border of Manasseh, from the east side unto the west side, a portion for Ephraim. +And by the border of Ephraim, from the east side even unto the west side, a portion for Reuben. +And by the border of Reuben, from the east side unto the west side, a portion for Judah. +And by the border of Judah, from the east side unto the west side, shall be the offering which ye shall offer of five and twenty thousand reeds in breadth, and in length as one of the other parts, from the east side unto the west side: and the sanctuary shall be in the midst of it. +The oblation that ye shall offer unto the LORD shall be of five and twenty thousand in length, and of ten thousand in breadth. +And for them, even for the priests, shall be this holy oblation; toward the north five and twenty thousand in length, and toward the west ten thousand in breadth, and toward the east ten thousand in breadth, and toward the south five and twenty thousand in length: and the sanctuary of the LORD shall be in the midst thereof. +It shall be for the priests that are sanctified of the sons of Zadok; which have kept my charge, which went not astray when the children of Israel went astray, as the Levites went astray. +And this oblation of the land that is offered shall be unto them a thing most holy by the border of the Levites. +And over against the border of the priests the Levites shall have five and twenty thousand in length, and ten thousand in breadth: all the length shall be five and twenty thousand, and the breadth ten thousand. +And they shall not sell of it, neither exchange, nor alienate the firstfruits of the land: for it is holy unto the LORD. +And the five thousand, that are left in the breadth over against the five and twenty thousand, shall be a profane place for the city, for dwelling, and for suburbs: and the city shall be in the midst thereof. +And these shall be the measures thereof; the north side four thousand and five hundred, and the south side four thousand and five hundred, and on the east side four thousand and five hundred, and the west side four thousand and five hundred. +And the suburbs of the city shall be toward the north two hundred and fifty, and toward the south two hundred and fifty, and toward the east two hundred and fifty, and toward the west two hundred and fifty. +And the residue in length over against the oblation of the holy portion shall be ten thousand eastward, and ten thousand westward: and it shall be over against the oblation of the holy portion; and the increase thereof shall be for food unto them that serve the city. +And they that serve the city shall serve it out of all the tribes of Israel. +All the oblation shall be five and twenty thousand by five and twenty thousand: ye shall offer the holy oblation foursquare, with the possession of the city. +And the residue shall be for the prince, on the one side and on the other of the holy oblation, and of the possession of the city, over against the five and twenty thousand of the oblation toward the east border, and westward over against the five and twenty thousand toward the west border, over against the portions for the prince: and it shall be the holy oblation; and the sanctuary of the house shall be in the midst thereof. +Moreover from the possession of the Levites, and from the possession of the city, being in the midst of that which is the prince's, between the border of Judah and the border of Benjamin, shall be for the prince. +As for the rest of the tribes, from the east side unto the west side, Benjamin shall have a portion. +And by the border of Benjamin, from the east side unto the west side, Simeon shall have a portion. +And by the border of Simeon, from the east side unto the west side, Issachar a portion. +And by the border of Issachar, from the east side unto the west side, Zebulun a portion. +And by the border of Zebulun, from the east side unto the west side, Gad a portion. +And by the border of Gad, at the south side southward, the border shall be even from Tamar unto the waters of strife in Kadesh, and to the river toward the great sea. +This is the land which ye shall divide by lot unto the tribes of Israel for inheritance, and these are their portions, saith the Lord GOD. +And these are the goings out of the city on the north side, four thousand and five hundred measures. +And the gates of the city shall be after the names of the tribes of Israel: three gates northward; one gate of Reuben, one gate of Judah, one gate of Levi. +And at the east side four thousand and five hundred: and three gates; and one gate of Joseph, one gate of Benjamin, one gate of Dan. +And at the south side four thousand and five hundred measures: and three gates; one gate of Simeon, one gate of Issachar, one gate of Zebulun. +At the west side four thousand and five hundred, with their three gates; one gate of Gad, one gate of Asher, one gate of Naphtali. +It was round about eighteen thousand measures: and the name of the city from that day shall be, The LORD is there. +In the third year of the reign of Jehoiakim king of Judah came Nebuchadnezzar king of Babylon unto Jerusalem, and besieged it. +And the Lord gave Jehoiakim king of Judah into his hand, with part of the vessels of the house of God: which he carried into the land of Shinar to the house of his god; and he brought the vessels into the treasure house of his god. +And the king spake unto Ashpenaz the master of his eunuchs, that he should bring certain of the children of Israel, and of the king's seed, and of the princes; +Children in whom was no blemish, but well favoured, and skilful in all wisdom, and cunning in knowledge, and understanding science, and such as had ability in them to stand in the king's palace, and whom they might teach the learning and the tongue of the Chaldeans. +And the king appointed them a daily provision of the king's meat, and of the wine which he drank: so nourishing them three years, that at the end thereof they might stand before the king. +Now among these were of the children of Judah, Daniel, Hananiah, Mishael, and Azariah: +Unto whom the prince of the eunuchs gave names: for he gave unto Daniel the name of Belteshazzar; and to Hananiah, of Shadrach; and to Mishael, of Meshach; and to Azariah, of Abednego. +But Daniel purposed in his heart that he would not defile himself with the portion of the king's meat, nor with the wine which he drank: therefore he requested of the prince of the eunuchs that he might not defile himself. +Now God had brought Daniel into favour and tender love with the prince of the eunuchs. +And the prince of the eunuchs said unto Daniel, I fear my lord the king, who hath appointed your meat and your drink: for why should he see your faces worse liking than the children which are of your sort? then shall ye make me endanger my head to the king. +Then said Daniel to Melzar, whom the prince of the eunuchs had set over Daniel, Hananiah, Mishael, and Azariah, +Prove thy servants, I beseech thee, ten days; and let them give us pulse to eat, and water to drink. +Then let our countenances be looked upon before thee, and the countenance of the children that eat of the portion of the king's meat: and as thou seest, deal with thy servants. +So he consented to them in this matter, and proved them ten days. +And at the end of ten days their countenances appeared fairer and fatter in flesh than all the children which did eat the portion of the king's meat. +Thus Melzar took away the portion of their meat, and the wine that they should drink; and gave them pulse. +As for these four children, God gave them knowledge and skill in all learning and wisdom: and Daniel had understanding in all visions and dreams. +Now at the end of the days that the king had said he should bring them in, then the prince of the eunuchs brought them in before Nebuchadnezzar. +And the king communed with them; and among them all was found none like Daniel, Hananiah, Mishael, and Azariah: therefore stood they before the king. +And in all matters of wisdom and understanding, that the king enquired of them, he found them ten times better than all the magicians and astrologers that were in all his realm. +And Daniel continued even unto the first year of king Cyrus. +And in the second year of the reign of Nebuchadnezzar Nebuchadnezzar dreamed dreams, wherewith his spirit was troubled, and his sleep brake from him. +Then the king commanded to call the magicians, and the astrologers, and the sorcerers, and the Chaldeans, for to shew the king his dreams. So they came and stood before the king. +And the king said unto them, I have dreamed a dream, and my spirit was troubled to know the dream. +Then spake the Chaldeans to the king in Syriack, O king, live for ever: tell thy servants the dream, and we will shew the interpretation. +The king answered and said to the Chaldeans, The thing is gone from me: if ye will not make known unto me the dream, with the interpretation thereof, ye shall be cut in pieces, and your houses shall be made a dunghill. +But if ye shew the dream, and the interpretation thereof, ye shall receive of me gifts and rewards and great honour: therefore shew me the dream, and the interpretation thereof. +They answered again and said, Let the king tell his servants the dream, and we will shew the interpretation of it. +The king answered and said, I know of certainty that ye would gain the time, because ye see the thing is gone from me. +But if ye will not make known unto me the dream, there is but one decree for you: for ye have prepared lying and corrupt words to speak before me, till the time be changed: therefore tell me the dream, and I shall know that ye can shew me the interpretation thereof. +The Chaldeans answered before the king, and said, There is not a man upon the earth that can shew the king's matter: therefore there is no king, lord, nor ruler, that asked such things at any magician, or astrologer, or Chaldean. +And it is a rare thing that the king requireth, and there is none other that can shew it before the king, except the gods, whose dwelling is not with flesh. +For this cause the king was angry and very furious, and commanded to destroy all the wise men of Babylon. +And the decree went forth that the wise men should be slain; and they sought Daniel and his fellows to be slain. +Then Daniel answered with counsel and wisdom to Arioch the captain of the king's guard, which was gone forth to slay the wise men of Babylon: +He answered and said to Arioch the king's captain, Why is the decree so hasty from the king? Then Arioch made the thing known to Daniel. +Then Daniel went in, and desired of the king that he would give him time, and that he would shew the king the interpretation. +Then Daniel went to his house, and made the thing known to Hananiah, Mishael, and Azariah, his companions: +That they would desire mercies of the God of heaven concerning this secret; that Daniel and his fellows should not perish with the rest of the wise men of Babylon. +Then was the secret revealed unto Daniel in a night vision. Then Daniel blessed the God of heaven. +Daniel answered and said, Blessed be the name of God for ever and ever: for wisdom and might are his: +And he changeth the times and the seasons: he removeth kings, and setteth up kings: he giveth wisdom unto the wise, and knowledge to them that know understanding: +He revealeth the deep and secret things: he knoweth what is in the darkness, and the light dwelleth with him. +I thank thee, and praise thee, O thou God of my fathers, who hast given me wisdom and might, and hast made known unto me now what we desired of thee: for thou hast now made known unto us the king's matter. +Therefore Daniel went in unto Arioch, whom the king had ordained to destroy the wise men of Babylon: he went and said thus unto him; Destroy not the wise men of Babylon: bring me in before the king, and I will shew unto the king the interpretation. +Then Arioch brought in Daniel before the king in haste, and said thus unto him, I have found a man of the captives of Judah, that will make known unto the king the interpretation. +The king answered and said to Daniel, whose name was Belteshazzar, Art thou able to make known unto me the dream which I have seen, and the interpretation thereof? +Daniel answered in the presence of the king, and said, The secret which the king hath demanded cannot the wise men, the astrologers, the magicians, the soothsayers, shew unto the king; +But there is a God in heaven that revealeth secrets, and maketh known to the king Nebuchadnezzar what shall be in the latter days. Thy dream, and the visions of thy head upon thy bed, are these; +As for thee, O king, thy thoughts came into thy mind upon thy bed, what should come to pass hereafter: and he that revealeth secrets maketh known to thee what shall come to pass. +But as for me, this secret is not revealed to me for any wisdom that I have more than any living, but for their sakes that shall make known the interpretation to the king, and that thou mightest know the thoughts of thy heart. +Thou, O king, sawest, and behold a great image. This great image, whose brightness was excellent, stood before thee; and the form thereof was terrible. +This image's head was of fine gold, his breast and his arms of silver, his belly and his thighs of brass, +His legs of iron, his feet part of iron and part of clay. +Thou sawest till that a stone was cut out without hands, which smote the image upon his feet that were of iron and clay, and brake them to pieces. +Then was the iron, the clay, the brass, the silver, and the gold, broken to pieces together, and became like the chaff of the summer threshingfloors; and the wind carried them away, that no place was found for them: and the stone that smote the image became a great mountain, and filled the whole earth. +This is the dream; and we will tell the interpretation thereof before the king. +Thou, O king, art a king of kings: for the God of heaven hath given thee a kingdom, power, and strength, and glory. +And wheresoever the children of men dwell, the beasts of the field and the fowls of the heaven hath he given into thine hand, and hath made thee ruler over them all. Thou art this head of gold. +And after thee shall arise another kingdom inferior to thee, and another third kingdom of brass, which shall bear rule over all the earth. +And the fourth kingdom shall be strong as iron: forasmuch as iron breaketh in pieces and subdueth all things: and as iron that breaketh all these, shall it break in pieces and bruise. +And whereas thou sawest the feet and toes, part of potters' clay, and part of iron, the kingdom shall be divided; but there shall be in it of the strength of the iron, forasmuch as thou sawest the iron mixed with miry clay. +And as the toes of the feet were part of iron, and part of clay, so the kingdom shall be partly strong, and partly broken. +And whereas thou sawest iron mixed with miry clay, they shall mingle themselves with the seed of men: but they shall not cleave one to another, even as iron is not mixed with clay. +And in the days of these kings shall the God of heaven set up a kingdom, which shall never be destroyed: and the kingdom shall not be left to other people, but it shall break in pieces and consume all these kingdoms, and it shall stand for ever. +Forasmuch as thou sawest that the stone was cut out of the mountain without hands, and that it brake in pieces the iron, the brass, the clay, the silver, and the gold; the great God hath made known to the king what shall come to pass hereafter: and the dream is certain, and the interpretation thereof sure. +Then the king Nebuchadnezzar fell upon his face, and worshipped Daniel, and commanded that they should offer an oblation and sweet odours unto him. +The king answered unto Daniel, and said, Of a truth it is, that your God is a God of gods, and a Lord of kings, and a revealer of secrets, seeing thou couldest reveal this secret. +Then the king made Daniel a great man, and gave him many great gifts, and made him ruler over the whole province of Babylon, and chief of the governors over all the wise men of Babylon. +Then Daniel requested of the king, and he set Shadrach, Meshach, and Abednego, over the affairs of the province of Babylon: but Daniel sat in the gate of the king. +Nebuchadnezzar the king made an image of gold, whose height was threescore cubits, and the breadth thereof six cubits: he set it up in the plain of Dura, in the province of Babylon. +Then Nebuchadnezzar the king sent to gather together the princes, the governors, and the captains, the judges, the treasurers, the counsellors, the sheriffs, and all the rulers of the provinces, to come to the dedication of the image which Nebuchadnezzar the king had set up. +Then the princes, the governors, and captains, the judges, the treasurers, the counsellors, the sheriffs, and all the rulers of the provinces, were gathered together unto the dedication of the image that Nebuchadnezzar the king had set up; and they stood before the image that Nebuchadnezzar had set up. +Then an herald cried aloud, To you it is commanded, O people, nations, and languages, +That at what time ye hear the sound of the cornet, flute, harp, sackbut, psaltery, dulcimer, and all kinds of musick, ye fall down and worship the golden image that Nebuchadnezzar the king hath set up: +And whoso falleth not down and worshippeth shall the same hour be cast into the midst of a burning fiery furnace. +Therefore at that time, when all the people heard the sound of the cornet, flute, harp, sackbut, psaltery, and all kinds of musick, all the people, the nations, and the languages, fell down and worshipped the golden image that Nebuchadnezzar the king had set up. +Wherefore at that time certain Chaldeans came near, and accused the Jews. +They spake and said to the king Nebuchadnezzar, O king, live for ever. +Thou, O king, hast made a decree, that every man that shall hear the sound of the cornet, flute, harp, sackbut, psaltery, and dulcimer, and all kinds of musick, shall fall down and worship the golden image: +And whoso falleth not down and worshippeth, that he should be cast into the midst of a burning fiery furnace. +There are certain Jews whom thou hast set over the affairs of the province of Babylon, Shadrach, Meshach, and Abednego; these men, O king, have not regarded thee: they serve not thy gods, nor worship the golden image which thou hast set up. +Then Nebuchadnezzar in his rage and fury commanded to bring Shadrach, Meshach, and Abednego. Then they brought these men before the king. +Nebuchadnezzar spake and said unto them, Is it true, O Shadrach, Meshach, and Abednego, do not ye serve my gods, nor worship the golden image which I have set up? +Now if ye be ready that at what time ye hear the sound of the cornet, flute, harp, sackbut, psaltery, and dulcimer, and all kinds of musick, ye fall down and worship the image which I have made; well: but if ye worship not, ye shall be cast the same hour into the midst of a burning fiery furnace; and who is that God that shall deliver you out of my hands? +Shadrach, Meshach, and Abednego, answered and said to the king, O Nebuchadnezzar, we are not careful to answer thee in this matter. +If it be so, our God whom we serve is able to deliver us from the burning fiery furnace, and he will deliver us out of thine hand, O king. +But if not, be it known unto thee, O king, that we will not serve thy gods, nor worship the golden image which thou hast set up. +Then was Nebuchadnezzar full of fury, and the form of his visage was changed against Shadrach, Meshach, and Abednego: therefore he spake, and commanded that they should heat the furnace one seven times more than it was wont to be heated. +And he commanded the most mighty men that were in his army to bind Shadrach, Meshach, and Abednego, and to cast them into the burning fiery furnace. +Then these men were bound in their coats, their hosen, and their hats, and their other garments, and were cast into the midst of the burning fiery furnace. +Therefore because the king's commandment was urgent, and the furnace exceeding hot, the flames of the fire slew those men that took up Shadrach, Meshach, and Abednego. +And these three men, Shadrach, Meshach, and Abednego, fell down bound into the midst of the burning fiery furnace. +Then Nebuchadnezzar the king was astonied, and rose up in haste, and spake, and said unto his counsellors, Did not we cast three men bound into the midst of the fire? They answered and said unto the king, True, O king. +He answered and said, Lo, I see four men loose, walking in the midst of the fire, and they have no hurt; and the form of the fourth is like the Son of God. +Then Nebuchadnezzar came near to the mouth of the burning fiery furnace, and spake, and said, Shadrach, Meshach, and Abednego, ye servants of the most high God, come forth, and come hither. Then Shadrach, Meshach, and Abednego, came forth of the midst of the fire. +And the princes, governors, and captains, and the king's counsellors, being gathered together, saw these men, upon whose bodies the fire had no power, nor was an hair of their head singed, neither were their coats changed, nor the smell of fire had passed on them. +Then Nebuchadnezzar spake, and said, Blessed be the God of Shadrach, Meshach, and Abednego, who hath sent his angel, and delivered his servants that trusted in him, and have changed the king's word, and yielded their bodies, that they might not serve nor worship any god, except their own God. +Therefore I make a decree, That every people, nation, and language, which speak any thing amiss against the God of Shadrach, Meshach, and Abednego, shall be cut in pieces, and their houses shall be made a dunghill: because there is no other God that can deliver after this sort. +Then the king promoted Shadrach, Meshach, and Abednego, in the province of Babylon. +Nebuchadnezzar the king, unto all people, nations, and languages, that dwell in all the earth; Peace be multiplied unto you. +I thought it good to shew the signs and wonders that the high God hath wrought toward me. +How great are his signs! and how mighty are his wonders! his kingdom is an everlasting kingdom, and his dominion is from generation to generation. +I Nebuchadnezzar was at rest in mine house, and flourishing in my palace: +I saw a dream which made me afraid, and the thoughts upon my bed and the visions of my head troubled me. +Therefore made I a decree to bring in all the wise men of Babylon before me, that they might make known unto me the interpretation of the dream. +Then came in the magicians, the astrologers, the Chaldeans, and the soothsayers: and I told the dream before them; but they did not make known unto me the interpretation thereof. +But at the last Daniel came in before me, whose name was Belteshazzar, according to the name of my God, and in whom is the spirit of the holy gods: and before him I told the dream, saying, +O Belteshazzar, master of the magicians, because I know that the spirit of the holy gods is in thee, and no secret troubleth thee, tell me the visions of my dream that I have seen, and the interpretation thereof. +Thus were the visions of mine head in my bed; I saw, and behold a tree in the midst of the earth, and the height thereof was great. +The tree grew, and was strong, and the height thereof reached unto heaven, and the sight thereof to the end of all the earth: +The leaves thereof were fair, and the fruit thereof much, and in it was meat for all: the beasts of the field had shadow under it, and the fowls of the heaven dwelt in the boughs thereof, and all flesh was fed of it. +I saw in the visions of my head upon my bed, and, behold, a watcher and an holy one came down from heaven; +He cried aloud, and said thus, Hew down the tree, and cut off his branches, shake off his leaves, and scatter his fruit: let the beasts get away from under it, and the fowls from his branches: +Nevertheless leave the stump of his roots in the earth, even with a band of iron and brass, in the tender grass of the field; and let it be wet with the dew of heaven, and let his portion be with the beasts in the grass of the earth: +Let his heart be changed from man's, and let a beast's heart be given unto him; and let seven times pass over him. +This matter is by the decree of the watchers, and the demand by the word of the holy ones: to the intent that the living may know that the most High ruleth in the kingdom of men, and giveth it to whomsoever he will, and setteth up over it the basest of men. +This dream I king Nebuchadnezzar have seen. Now thou, O Belteshazzar, declare the interpretation thereof, forasmuch as all the wise men of my kingdom are not able to make known unto me the interpretation: but thou art able; for the spirit of the holy gods is in thee. +Then Daniel, whose name was Belteshazzar, was astonied for one hour, and his thoughts troubled him. The king spake, and said, Belteshazzar, let not the dream, or the interpretation thereof, trouble thee. Belteshazzar answered and said, My lord, the dream be to them that hate thee, and the interpretation thereof to thine enemies. +The tree that thou sawest, which grew, and was strong, whose height reached unto the heaven, and the sight thereof to all the earth; +Whose leaves were fair, and the fruit thereof much, and in it was meat for all; under which the beasts of the field dwelt, and upon whose branches the fowls of the heaven had their habitation: +It is thou, O king, that art grown and become strong: for thy greatness is grown, and reacheth unto heaven, and thy dominion to the end of the earth. +And whereas the king saw a watcher and an holy one coming down from heaven, and saying, Hew the tree down, and destroy it; yet leave the stump of the roots thereof in the earth, even with a band of iron and brass, in the tender grass of the field; and let it be wet with the dew of heaven, and let his portion be with the beasts of the field, till seven times pass over him; +This is the interpretation, O king, and this is the decree of the most High, which is come upon my lord the king: +That they shall drive thee from men, and thy dwelling shall be with the beasts of the field, and they shall make thee to eat grass as oxen, and they shall wet thee with the dew of heaven, and seven times shall pass over thee, till thou know that the most High ruleth in the kingdom of men, and giveth it to whomsoever he will. +And whereas they commanded to leave the stump of the tree roots; thy kingdom shall be sure unto thee, after that thou shalt have known that the heavens do rule. +Wherefore, O king, let my counsel be acceptable unto thee, and break off thy sins by righteousness, and thine iniquities by shewing mercy to the poor; if it may be a lengthening of thy tranquillity. +All this came upon the king Nebuchadnezzar. +At the end of twelve months he walked in the palace of the kingdom of Babylon. +The king spake, and said, Is not this great Babylon, that I have built for the house of the kingdom by the might of my power, and for the honour of my majesty? +While the word was in the king's mouth, there fell a voice from heaven, saying, O king Nebuchadnezzar, to thee it is spoken; The kingdom is departed from thee. +And they shall drive thee from men, and thy dwelling shall be with the beasts of the field: they shall make thee to eat grass as oxen, and seven times shall pass over thee, until thou know that the most High ruleth in the kingdom of men, and giveth it to whomsoever he will. +The same hour was the thing fulfilled upon Nebuchadnezzar: and he was driven from men, and did eat grass as oxen, and his body was wet with the dew of heaven, till his hairs were grown like eagles' feathers, and his nails like birds' claws. +And at the end of the days I Nebuchadnezzar lifted up mine eyes unto heaven, and mine understanding returned unto me, and I blessed the most High, and I praised and honoured him that liveth for ever, whose dominion is an everlasting dominion, and his kingdom is from generation to generation: +And all the inhabitants of the earth are reputed as nothing: and he doeth according to his will in the army of heaven, and among the inhabitants of the earth: and none can stay his hand, or say unto him, What doest thou? +At the same time my reason returned unto me; and for the glory of my kingdom, mine honour and brightness returned unto me; and my counsellors and my lords sought unto me; and I was established in my kingdom, and excellent majesty was added unto me. +Now I Nebuchadnezzar praise and extol and honour the King of heaven, all whose works are truth, and his ways judgment: and those that walk in pride he is able to abase. +Belshazzar the king made a great feast to a thousand of his lords, and drank wine before the thousand. +Belshazzar, whiles he tasted the wine, commanded to bring the golden and silver vessels which his father Nebuchadnezzar had taken out of the temple which was in Jerusalem; that the king, and his princes, his wives, and his concubines, might drink therein. +Then they brought the golden vessels that were taken out of the temple of the house of God which was at Jerusalem; and the king, and his princes, his wives, and his concubines, drank in them. +They drank wine, and praised the gods of gold, and of silver, of brass, of iron, of wood, and of stone. +In the same hour came forth fingers of a man's hand, and wrote over against the candlestick upon the plaister of the wall of the king's palace: and the king saw the part of the hand that wrote. +Then the king's countenance was changed, and his thoughts troubled him, so that the joints of his loins were loosed, and his knees smote one against another. +The king cried aloud to bring in the astrologers, the Chaldeans, and the soothsayers. And the king spake, and said to the wise men of Babylon, Whosoever shall read this writing, and shew me the interpretation thereof, shall be clothed with scarlet, and have a chain of gold about his neck, and shall be the third ruler in the kingdom. +Then came in all the king's wise men: but they could not read the writing, nor make known to the king the interpretation thereof. +Then was king Belshazzar greatly troubled, and his countenance was changed in him, and his lords were astonied. +Now the queen by reason of the words of the king and his lords came into the banquet house: and the queen spake and said, O king, live for ever: let not thy thoughts trouble thee, nor let thy countenance be changed: +There is a man in thy kingdom, in whom is the spirit of the holy gods; and in the days of thy father light and understanding and wisdom, like the wisdom of the gods, was found in him; whom the king Nebuchadnezzar thy father, the king, I say, thy father, made master of the magicians, astrologers, Chaldeans, and soothsayers; +Forasmuch as an excellent spirit, and knowledge, and understanding, interpreting of dreams, and shewing of hard sentences, and dissolving of doubts, were found in the same Daniel, whom the king named Belteshazzar: now let Daniel be called, and he will shew the interpretation. +Then was Daniel brought in before the king. And the king spake and said unto Daniel, Art thou that Daniel, which art of the children of the captivity of Judah, whom the king my father brought out of Jewry? +I have even heard of thee, that the spirit of the gods is in thee, and that light and understanding and excellent wisdom is found in thee. +And now the wise men, the astrologers, have been brought in before me, that they should read this writing, and make known unto me the interpretation thereof: but they could not shew the interpretation of the thing: +And I have heard of thee, that thou canst make interpretations, and dissolve doubts: now if thou canst read the writing, and make known to me the interpretation thereof, thou shalt be clothed with scarlet, and have a chain of gold about thy neck, and shalt be the third ruler in the kingdom. +Then Daniel answered and said before the king, Let thy gifts be to thyself, and give thy rewards to another; yet I will read the writing unto the king, and make known to him the interpretation. +O thou king, the most high God gave Nebuchadnezzar thy father a kingdom, and majesty, and glory, and honour: +And for the majesty that he gave him, all people, nations, and languages, trembled and feared before him: whom he would he slew; and whom he would he kept alive; and whom he would he set up; and whom he would he put down. +But when his heart was lifted up, and his mind hardened in pride, he was deposed from his kingly throne, and they took his glory from him: +And he was driven from the sons of men; and his heart was made like the beasts, and his dwelling was with the wild asses: they fed him with grass like oxen, and his body was wet with the dew of heaven; till he knew that the most high God ruled in the kingdom of men, and that he appointeth over it whomsoever he will. +And thou his son, O Belshazzar, hast not humbled thine heart, though thou knewest all this; +But hast lifted up thyself against the Lord of heaven; and they have brought the vessels of his house before thee, and thou, and thy lords, thy wives, and thy concubines, have drunk wine in them; and thou hast praised the gods of silver, and gold, of brass, iron, wood, and stone, which see not, nor hear, nor know: and the God in whose hand thy breath is, and whose are all thy ways, hast thou not glorified: +Then was the part of the hand sent from him; and this writing was written. +And this is the writing that was written, MENE, MENE, TEKEL, UPHARSIN. +This is the interpretation of the thing: MENE; God hath numbered thy kingdom, and finished it. +TEKEL; Thou art weighed in the balances, and art found wanting. +PERES; Thy kingdom is divided, and given to the Medes and Persians. +Then commanded Belshazzar, and they clothed Daniel with scarlet, and put a chain of gold about his neck, and made a proclamation concerning him, that he should be the third ruler in the kingdom. +In that night was Belshazzar the king of the Chaldeans slain. +And Darius the Median took the kingdom, being about threescore and two years old. +It pleased Darius to set over the kingdom an hundred and twenty princes, which should be over the whole kingdom; +And over these three presidents; of whom Daniel was first: that the princes might give accounts unto them, and the king should have no damage. +Then this Daniel was preferred above the presidents and princes, because an excellent spirit was in him; and the king thought to set him over the whole realm. +Then the presidents and princes sought to find occasion against Daniel concerning the kingdom; but they could find none occasion nor fault; forasmuch as he was faithful, neither was there any error or fault found in him. +Then said these men, We shall not find any occasion against this Daniel, except we find it against him concerning the law of his God. +Then these presidents and princes assembled together to the king, and said thus unto him, King Darius, live for ever. +All the presidents of the kingdom, the governors, and the princes, the counsellors, and the captains, have consulted together to establish a royal statute, and to make a firm decree, that whosoever shall ask a petition of any God or man for thirty days, save of thee, O king, he shall be cast into the den of lions. +Now, O king, establish the decree, and sign the writing, that it be not changed, according to the law of the Medes and Persians, which altereth not. +Wherefore king Darius signed the writing and the decree. +Now when Daniel knew that the writing was signed, he went into his house; and his windows being open in his chamber toward Jerusalem, he kneeled upon his knees three times a day, and prayed, and gave thanks before his God, as he did aforetime. +Then these men assembled, and found Daniel praying and making supplication before his God. +Then they came near, and spake before the king concerning the king's decree; Hast thou not signed a decree, that every man that shall ask a petition of any God or man within thirty days, save of thee, O king, shall be cast into the den of lions? The king answered and said, The thing is true, according to the law of the Medes and Persians, which altereth not. +Then answered they and said before the king, That Daniel, which is of the children of the captivity of Judah, regardeth not thee, O king, nor the decree that thou hast signed, but maketh his petition three times a day. +Then the king, when he heard these words, was sore displeased with himself, and set his heart on Daniel to deliver him: and he laboured till the going down of the sun to deliver him. +Then these men assembled unto the king, and said unto the king, Know, O king, that the law of the Medes and Persians is, That no decree nor statute which the king establisheth may be changed. +Then the king commanded, and they brought Daniel, and cast him into the den of lions. Now the king spake and said unto Daniel, Thy God whom thou servest continually, he will deliver thee. +And a stone was brought, and laid upon the mouth of the den; and the king sealed it with his own signet, and with the signet of his lords; that the purpose might not be changed concerning Daniel. +Then the king went to his palace, and passed the night fasting: neither were instruments of musick brought before him: and his sleep went from him. +Then the king arose very early in the morning, and went in haste unto the den of lions. +And when he came to the den, he cried with a lamentable voice unto Daniel: and the king spake and said to Daniel, O Daniel, servant of the living God, is thy God, whom thou servest continually, able to deliver thee from the lions? +Then said Daniel unto the king, O king, live for ever. +My God hath sent his angel, and hath shut the lions' mouths, that they have not hurt me: forasmuch as before him innocency was found in me; and also before thee, O king, have I done no hurt. +Then was the king exceedingly glad for him, and commanded that they should take Daniel up out of the den. So Daniel was taken up out of the den, and no manner of hurt was found upon him, because he believed in his God. +And the king commanded, and they brought those men which had accused Daniel, and they cast them into the den of lions, them, their children, and their wives; and the lions had the mastery of them, and brake all their bones in pieces or ever they came at the bottom of the den. +Then king Darius wrote unto all people, nations, and languages, that dwell in all the earth; Peace be multiplied unto you. +I make a decree, That in every dominion of my kingdom men tremble and fear before the God of Daniel: for he is the living God, and stedfast for ever, and his kingdom that which shall not be destroyed, and his dominion shall be even unto the end. +He delivereth and rescueth, and he worketh signs and wonders in heaven and in earth, who hath delivered Daniel from the power of the lions. +So this Daniel prospered in the reign of Darius, and in the reign of Cyrus the Persian. +In the first year of Belshazzar king of Babylon Daniel had a dream and visions of his head upon his bed: then he wrote the dream, and told the sum of the matters. +Daniel spake and said, I saw in my vision by night, and, behold, the four winds of the heaven strove upon the great sea. +And four great beasts came up from the sea, diverse one from another. +The first was like a lion, and had eagle's wings: I beheld till the wings thereof were plucked, and it was lifted up from the earth, and made stand upon the feet as a man, and a man's heart was given to it. +And behold another beast, a second, like to a bear, and it raised up itself on one side, and it had three ribs in the mouth of it between the teeth of it: and they said thus unto it, Arise, devour much flesh. +After this I beheld, and lo another, like a leopard, which had upon the back of it four wings of a fowl; the beast had also four heads; and dominion was given to it. +After this I saw in the night visions, and behold a fourth beast, dreadful and terrible, and strong exceedingly; and it had great iron teeth: it devoured and brake in pieces, and stamped the residue with the feet of it: and it was diverse from all the beasts that were before it; and it had ten horns. +I considered the horns, and, behold, there came up among them another little horn, before whom there were three of the first horns plucked up by the roots: and, behold, in this horn were eyes like the eyes of man, and a mouth speaking great things. +I beheld till the thrones were cast down, and the Ancient of days did sit, whose garment was white as snow, and the hair of his head like the pure wool: his throne was like the fiery flame, and his wheels as burning fire. +A fiery stream issued and came forth from before him: thousand thousands ministered unto him, and ten thousand times ten thousand stood before him: the judgment was set, and the books were opened. +I beheld then because of the voice of the great words which the horn spake: I beheld even till the beast was slain, and his body destroyed, and given to the burning flame. +As concerning the rest of the beasts, they had their dominion taken away: yet their lives were prolonged for a season and time. +I saw in the night visions, and, behold, one like the Son of man came with the clouds of heaven, and came to the Ancient of days, and they brought him near before him. +And there was given him dominion, and glory, and a kingdom, that all people, nations, and languages, should serve him: his dominion is an everlasting dominion, which shall not pass away, and his kingdom that which shall not be destroyed. +I Daniel was grieved in my spirit in the midst of my body, and the visions of my head troubled me. +I came near unto one of them that stood by, and asked him the truth of all this. So he told me, and made me know the interpretation of the things. +These great beasts, which are four, are four kings, which shall arise out of the earth. +But the saints of the most High shall take the kingdom, and possess the kingdom for ever, even for ever and ever. +Then I would know the truth of the fourth beast, which was diverse from all the others, exceeding dreadful, whose teeth were of iron, and his nails of brass; which devoured, brake in pieces, and stamped the residue with his feet; +And of the ten horns that were in his head, and of the other which came up, and before whom three fell; even of that horn that had eyes, and a mouth that spake very great things, whose look was more stout than his fellows. +I beheld, and the same horn made war with the saints, and prevailed against them; +Until the Ancient of days came, and judgment was given to the saints of the most High; and the time came that the saints possessed the kingdom. +Thus he said, The fourth beast shall be the fourth kingdom upon earth, which shall be diverse from all kingdoms, and shall devour the whole earth, and shall tread it down, and break it in pieces. +And the ten horns out of this kingdom are ten kings that shall arise: and another shall rise after them; and he shall be diverse from the first, and he shall subdue three kings. +And he shall speak great words against the most High, and shall wear out the saints of the most High, and think to change times and laws: and they shall be given into his hand until a time and times and the dividing of time. +But the judgment shall sit, and they shall take away his dominion, to consume and to destroy it unto the end. +And the kingdom and dominion, and the greatness of the kingdom under the whole heaven, shall be given to the people of the saints of the most High, whose kingdom is an everlasting kingdom, and all dominions shall serve and obey him. +Hitherto is the end of the matter. As for me Daniel, my cogitations much troubled me, and my countenance changed in me: but I kept the matter in my heart. +In the third year of the reign of king Belshazzar a vision appeared unto me, even unto me Daniel, after that which appeared unto me at the first. +And I saw in a vision; and it came to pass, when I saw, that I was at Shushan in the palace, which is in the province of Elam; and I saw in a vision, and I was by the river of Ulai. +Then I lifted up mine eyes, and saw, and, behold, there stood before the river a ram which had two horns: and the two horns were high; but one was higher than the other, and the higher came up last. +I saw the ram pushing westward, and northward, and southward; so that no beasts might stand before him, neither was there any that could deliver out of his hand; but he did according to his will, and became great. +And as I was considering, behold, an he goat came from the west on the face of the whole earth, and touched not the ground: and the goat had a notable horn between his eyes. +And he came to the ram that had two horns, which I had seen standing before the river, and ran unto him in the fury of his power. +And I saw him come close unto the ram, and he was moved with choler against him, and smote the ram, and brake his two horns: and there was no power in the ram to stand before him, but he cast him down to the ground, and stamped upon him: and there was none that could deliver the ram out of his hand. +Therefore the he goat waxed very great: and when he was strong, the great horn was broken; and for it came up four notable ones toward the four winds of heaven. +And out of one of them came forth a little horn, which waxed exceeding great, toward the south, and toward the east, and toward the pleasant land. +And it waxed great, even to the host of heaven; and it cast down some of the host and of the stars to the ground, and stamped upon them. +Yea, he magnified himself even to the prince of the host, and by him the daily sacrifice was taken away, and the place of the sanctuary was cast down. +And an host was given him against the daily sacrifice by reason of transgression, and it cast down the truth to the ground; and it practised, and prospered. +Then I heard one saint speaking, and another saint said unto that certain saint which spake, How long shall be the vision concerning the daily sacrifice, and the transgression of desolation, to give both the sanctuary and the host to be trodden under foot? +And he said unto me, Unto two thousand and three hundred days; then shall the sanctuary be cleansed. +And it came to pass, when I, even I Daniel, had seen the vision, and sought for the meaning, then, behold, there stood before me as the appearance of a man. +And I heard a man's voice between the banks of Ulai, which called, and said, Gabriel, make this man to understand the vision. +So he came near where I stood: and when he came, I was afraid, and fell upon my face: but he said unto me, Understand, O son of man: for at the time of the end shall be the vision. +Now as he was speaking with me, I was in a deep sleep on my face toward the ground: but he touched me, and set me upright. +And he said, Behold, I will make thee know what shall be in the last end of the indignation: for at the time appointed the end shall be. +The ram which thou sawest having two horns are the kings of Media and Persia. +And the rough goat is the king of Grecia: and the great horn that is between his eyes is the first king. +Now that being broken, whereas four stood up for it, four kingdoms shall stand up out of the nation, but not in his power. +And in the latter time of their kingdom, when the transgressors are come to the full, a king of fierce countenance, and understanding dark sentences, shall stand up. +And his power shall be mighty, but not by his own power: and he shall destroy wonderfully, and shall prosper, and practise, and shall destroy the mighty and the holy people. +And through his policy also he shall cause craft to prosper in his hand; and he shall magnify himself in his heart, and by peace shall destroy many: he shall also stand up against the Prince of princes; but he shall be broken without hand. +And the vision of the evening and the morning which was told is true: wherefore shut thou up the vision; for it shall be for many days. +And I Daniel fainted, and was sick certain days; afterward I rose up, and did the king's business; and I was astonished at the vision, but none understood it. +In the first year of Darius the son of Ahasuerus, of the seed of the Medes, which was made king over the realm of the Chaldeans; +In the first year of his reign I Daniel understood by books the number of the years, whereof the word of the LORD came to Jeremiah the prophet, that he would accomplish seventy years in the desolations of Jerusalem. +And I set my face unto the Lord God, to seek by prayer and supplications, with fasting, and sackcloth, and ashes: +And I prayed unto the LORD my God, and made my confession, and said, O Lord, the great and dreadful God, keeping the covenant and mercy to them that love him, and to them that keep his commandments; +We have sinned, and have committed iniquity, and have done wickedly, and have rebelled, even by departing from thy precepts and from thy judgments: +Neither have we hearkened unto thy servants the prophets, which spake in thy name to our kings, our princes, and our fathers, and to all the people of the land. +O LORD, righteousness belongeth unto thee, but unto us confusion of faces, as at this day; to the men of Judah, and to the inhabitants of Jerusalem, and unto all Israel, that are near, and that are far off, through all the countries whither thou hast driven them, because of their trespass that they have trespassed against thee. +O Lord, to us belongeth confusion of face, to our kings, to our princes, and to our fathers, because we have sinned against thee. +To the Lord our God belong mercies and forgivenesses, though we have rebelled against him; +Neither have we obeyed the voice of the LORD our God, to walk in his laws, which he set before us by his servants the prophets. +Yea, all Israel have transgressed thy law, even by departing, that they might not obey thy voice; therefore the curse is poured upon us, and the oath that is written in the law of Moses the servant of God, because we have sinned against him. +And he hath confirmed his words, which he spake against us, and against our judges that judged us, by bringing upon us a great evil: for under the whole heaven hath not been done as hath been done upon Jerusalem. +As it is written in the law of Moses, all this evil is come upon us: yet made we not our prayer before the LORD our God, that we might turn from our iniquities, and understand thy truth. +Therefore hath the LORD watched upon the evil, and brought it upon us: for the LORD our God is righteous in all his works which he doeth: for we obeyed not his voice. +And now, O Lord our God, that hast brought thy people forth out of the land of Egypt with a mighty hand, and hast gotten thee renown, as at this day; we have sinned, we have done wickedly. +O LORD, according to all thy righteousness, I beseech thee, let thine anger and thy fury be turned away from thy city Jerusalem, thy holy mountain: because for our sins, and for the iniquities of our fathers, Jerusalem and thy people are become a reproach to all that are about us. +Now therefore, O our God, hear the prayer of thy servant, and his supplications, and cause thy face to shine upon thy sanctuary that is desolate, for the Lord's sake. +O my God, incline thine ear, and hear; open thine eyes, and behold our desolations, and the city which is called by thy name: for we do not present our supplications before thee for our righteousnesses, but for thy great mercies. +O Lord, hear; O Lord, forgive; O Lord, hearken and do; defer not, for thine own sake, O my God: for thy city and thy people are called by thy name. +And whiles I was speaking, and praying, and confessing my sin and the sin of my people Israel, and presenting my supplication before the LORD my God for the holy mountain of my God; +Yea, whiles I was speaking in prayer, even the man Gabriel, whom I had seen in the vision at the beginning, being caused to fly swiftly, touched me about the time of the evening oblation. +And he informed me, and talked with me, and said, O Daniel, I am now come forth to give thee skill and understanding. +At the beginning of thy supplications the commandment came forth, and I am come to shew thee; for thou art greatly beloved: therefore understand the matter, and consider the vision. +Seventy weeks are determined upon thy people and upon thy holy city, to finish the transgression, and to make an end of sins, and to make reconciliation for iniquity, and to bring in everlasting righteousness, and to seal up the vision and prophecy, and to anoint the most Holy. +Know therefore and understand, that from the going forth of the commandment to restore and to build Jerusalem unto the Messiah the Prince shall be seven weeks, and threescore and two weeks: the street shall be built again, and the wall, even in troublous times. +And after threescore and two weeks shall Messiah be cut off, but not for himself: and the people of the prince that shall come shall destroy the city and the sanctuary; and the end thereof shall be with a flood, and unto the end of the war desolations are determined. +And he shall confirm the covenant with many for one week: and in the midst of the week he shall cause the sacrifice and the oblation to cease, and for the overspreading of abominations he shall make it desolate, even until the consummation, and that determined shall be poured upon the desolate. +In the third year of Cyrus king of Persia a thing was revealed unto Daniel, whose name was called Belteshazzar; and the thing was true, but the time appointed was long: and he understood the thing, and had understanding of the vision. +In those days I Daniel was mourning three full weeks. +I ate no pleasant bread, neither came flesh nor wine in my mouth, neither did I anoint myself at all, till three whole weeks were fulfilled. +And in the four and twentieth day of the first month, as I was by the side of the great river, which is Hiddekel; +Then I lifted up mine eyes, and looked, and behold a certain man clothed in linen, whose loins were girded with fine gold of Uphaz: +His body also was like the beryl, and his face as the appearance of lightning, and his eyes as lamps of fire, and his arms and his feet like in colour to polished brass, and the voice of his words like the voice of a multitude. +And I Daniel alone saw the vision: for the men that were with me saw not the vision; but a great quaking fell upon them, so that they fled to hide themselves. +Therefore I was left alone, and saw this great vision, and there remained no strength in me: for my comeliness was turned in me into corruption, and I retained no strength. +Yet heard I the voice of his words: and when I heard the voice of his words, then was I in a deep sleep on my face, and my face toward the ground. +And, behold, an hand touched me, which set me upon my knees and upon the palms of my hands. +And he said unto me, O Daniel, a man greatly beloved, understand the words that I speak unto thee, and stand upright: for unto thee am I now sent. And when he had spoken this word unto me, I stood trembling. +Then said he unto me, Fear not, Daniel: for from the first day that thou didst set thine heart to understand, and to chasten thyself before thy God, thy words were heard, and I am come for thy words. +But the prince of the kingdom of Persia withstood me one and twenty days: but, lo, Michael, one of the chief princes, came to help me; and I remained there with the kings of Persia. +Now I am come to make thee understand what shall befall thy people in the latter days: for yet the vision is for many days. +And when he had spoken such words unto me, I set my face toward the ground, and I became dumb. +And, behold, one like the similitude of the sons of men touched my lips: then I opened my mouth, and spake, and said unto him that stood before me, O my lord, by the vision my sorrows are turned upon me, and I have retained no strength. +For how can the servant of this my lord talk with this my lord? for as for me, straightway there remained no strength in me, neither is there breath left in me. +Then there came again and touched me one like the appearance of a man, and he strengthened me, +And said, O man greatly beloved, fear not: peace be unto thee, be strong, yea, be strong. And when he had spoken unto me, I was strengthened, and said, Let my lord speak; for thou hast strengthened me. +Then said he, Knowest thou wherefore I come unto thee? and now will I return to fight with the prince of Persia: and when I am gone forth, lo, the prince of Grecia shall come. +But I will shew thee that which is noted in the scripture of truth: and there is none that holdeth with me in these things, but Michael your prince. +Also I in the first year of Darius the Mede, even I, stood to confirm and to strengthen him. +And now will I shew thee the truth. Behold, there shall stand up yet three kings in Persia; and the fourth shall be far richer than they all: and by his strength through his riches he shall stir up all against the realm of Grecia. +And a mighty king shall stand up, that shall rule with great dominion, and do according to his will. +And when he shall stand up, his kingdom shall be broken, and shall be divided toward the four winds of heaven; and not to his posterity, nor according to his dominion which he ruled: for his kingdom shall be plucked up, even for others beside those. +And the king of the south shall be strong, and one of his princes; and he shall be strong above him, and have dominion; his dominion shall be a great dominion. +And in the end of years they shall join themselves together; for the king's daughter of the south shall come to the king of the north to make an agreement: but she shall not retain the power of the arm; neither shall he stand, nor his arm: but she shall be given up, and they that brought her, and he that begat her, and he that strengthened her in these times. +But out of a branch of her roots shall one stand up in his estate, which shall come with an army, and shall enter into the fortress of the king of the north, and shall deal against them, and shall prevail: +And shall also carry captives into Egypt their gods, with their princes, and with their precious vessels of silver and of gold; and he shall continue more years than the king of the north. +So the king of the south shall come into his kingdom, and shall return into his own land. +But his sons shall be stirred up, and shall assemble a multitude of great forces: and one shall certainly come, and overflow, and pass through: then shall he return, and be stirred up, even to his fortress. +And the king of the south shall be moved with choler, and shall come forth and fight with him, even with the king of the north: and he shall set forth a great multitude; but the multitude shall be given into his hand. +And when he hath taken away the multitude, his heart shall be lifted up; and he shall cast down many ten thousands: but he shall not be strengthened by it. +For the king of the north shall return, and shall set forth a multitude greater than the former, and shall certainly come after certain years with a great army and with much riches. +And in those times there shall many stand up against the king of the south: also the robbers of thy people shall exalt themselves to establish the vision; but they shall fall. +So the king of the north shall come, and cast up a mount, and take the most fenced cities: and the arms of the south shall not withstand, neither his chosen people, neither shall there be any strength to withstand. +But he that cometh against him shall do according to his own will, and none shall stand before him: and he shall stand in the glorious land, which by his hand shall be consumed. +He shall also set his face to enter with the strength of his whole kingdom, and upright ones with him; thus shall he do: and he shall give him the daughter of women, corrupting her: but she shall not stand on his side, neither be for him. +After this shall he turn his face unto the isles, and shall take many: but a prince for his own behalf shall cause the reproach offered by him to cease; without his own reproach he shall cause it to turn upon him. +Then he shall turn his face toward the fort of his own land: but he shall stumble and fall, and not be found. +Then shall stand up in his estate a raiser of taxes in the glory of the kingdom: but within few days he shall be destroyed, neither in anger, nor in battle. +And in his estate shall stand up a vile person, to whom they shall not give the honour of the kingdom: but he shall come in peaceably, and obtain the kingdom by flatteries. +And with the arms of a flood shall they be overflown from before him, and shall be broken; yea, also the prince of the covenant. +And after the league made with him he shall work deceitfully: for he shall come up, and shall become strong with a small people. +He shall enter peaceably even upon the fattest places of the province; and he shall do that which his fathers have not done, nor his fathers' fathers; he shall scatter among them the prey, and spoil, and riches: yea, and he shall forecast his devices against the strong holds, even for a time. +And he shall stir up his power and his courage against the king of the south with a great army; and the king of the south shall be stirred up to battle with a very great and mighty army; but he shall not stand: for they shall forecast devices against him. +Yea, they that feed of the portion of his meat shall destroy him, and his army shall overflow: and many shall fall down slain. +And both of these kings' hearts shall be to do mischief, and they shall speak lies at one table; but it shall not prosper: for yet the end shall be at the time appointed. +Then shall he return into his land with great riches; and his heart shall be against the holy covenant; and he shall do exploits, and return to his own land. +At the time appointed he shall return, and come toward the south; but it shall not be as the former, or as the latter. +For the ships of Chittim shall come against him: therefore he shall be grieved, and return, and have indignation against the holy covenant: so shall he do; he shall even return, and have intelligence with them that forsake the holy covenant. +And arms shall stand on his part, and they shall pollute the sanctuary of strength, and shall take away the daily sacrifice, and they shall place the abomination that maketh desolate. +And such as do wickedly against the covenant shall he corrupt by flatteries: but the people that do know their God shall be strong, and do exploits. +And they that understand among the people shall instruct many: yet they shall fall by the sword, and by flame, by captivity, and by spoil, many days. +Now when they shall fall, they shall be holpen with a little help: but many shall cleave to them with flatteries. +And some of them of understanding shall fall, to try them, and to purge, and to make them white, even to the time of the end: because it is yet for a time appointed. +And the king shall do according to his will; and he shall exalt himself, and magnify himself above every god, and shall speak marvellous things against the God of gods, and shall prosper till the indignation be accomplished: for that that is determined shall be done. +Neither shall he regard the God of his fathers, nor the desire of women, nor regard any god: for he shall magnify himself above all. +But in his estate shall he honour the God of forces: and a god whom his fathers knew not shall he honour with gold, and silver, and with precious stones, and pleasant things. +Thus shall he do in the most strong holds with a strange god, whom he shall acknowledge and increase with glory: and he shall cause them to rule over many, and shall divide the land for gain. +And at the time of the end shall the king of the south push at him: and the king of the north shall come against him like a whirlwind, with chariots, and with horsemen, and with many ships; and he shall enter into the countries, and shall overflow and pass over. +He shall enter also into the glorious land, and many countries shall be overthrown: but these shall escape out of his hand, even Edom, and Moab, and the chief of the children of Ammon. +He shall stretch forth his hand also upon the countries: and the land of Egypt shall not escape. +But he shall have power over the treasures of gold and of silver, and over all the precious things of Egypt: and the Libyans and the Ethiopians shall be at his steps. +But tidings out of the east and out of the north shall trouble him: therefore he shall go forth with great fury to destroy, and utterly to make away many. +And he shall plant the tabernacles of his palace between the seas in the glorious holy mountain; yet he shall come to his end, and none shall help him. +And at that time shall Michael stand up, the great prince which standeth for the children of thy people: and there shall be a time of trouble, such as never was since there was a nation even to that same time: and at that time thy people shall be delivered, every one that shall be found written in the book. +And many of them that sleep in the dust of the earth shall awake, some to everlasting life, and some to shame and everlasting contempt. +And they that be wise shall shine as the brightness of the firmament; and they that turn many to righteousness as the stars for ever and ever. +But thou, O Daniel, shut up the words, and seal the book, even to the time of the end: many shall run to and fro, and knowledge shall be increased. +Then I Daniel looked, and, behold, there stood other two, the one on this side of the bank of the river, and the other on that side of the bank of the river. +And one said to the man clothed in linen, which was upon the waters of the river, How long shall it be to the end of these wonders? +And I heard the man clothed in linen, which was upon the waters of the river, when he held up his right hand and his left hand unto heaven, and sware by him that liveth for ever that it shall be for a time, times, and an half; and when he shall have accomplished to scatter the power of the holy people, all these things shall be finished. +And I heard, but I understood not: then said I, O my Lord, what shall be the end of these things? +And he said, Go thy way, Daniel: for the words are closed up and sealed till the time of the end. +Many shall be purified, and made white, and tried; but the wicked shall do wickedly: and none of the wicked shall understand; but the wise shall understand. +And from the time that the daily sacrifice shall be taken away, and the abomination that maketh desolate set up, there shall be a thousand two hundred and ninety days. +Blessed is he that waiteth, and cometh to the thousand three hundred and five and thirty days. +But go thou thy way till the end be: for thou shalt rest, and stand in thy lot at the end of the days. +The word of the LORD that came unto Hosea, the son of Beeri, in the days of Uzziah, Jotham, Ahaz, and Hezekiah, kings of Judah, and in the days of Jeroboam the son of Joash, king of Israel. +The beginning of the word of the LORD by Hosea. And the LORD said to Hosea, Go, take unto thee a wife of whoredoms and children of whoredoms: for the land hath committed great whoredom, departing from the LORD. +So he went and took Gomer the daughter of Diblaim; which conceived, and bare him a son. +And the LORD said unto him, Call his name Jezreel; for yet a little while, and I will avenge the blood of Jezreel upon the house of Jehu, and will cause to cease the kingdom of the house of Israel. +And it shall come to pass at that day, that I will break the bow of Israel, in the valley of Jezreel. +And she conceived again, and bare a daughter. And God said unto him, Call her name Loruhamah: for I will no more have mercy upon the house of Israel; but I will utterly take them away. +But I will have mercy upon the house of Judah, and will save them by the LORD their God, and will not save them by bow, nor by sword, nor by battle, by horses, nor by horsemen. +Now when she had weaned Loruhamah, she conceived, and bare a son. +Then said God, Call his name Loammi: for ye are not my people, and I will not be your God. +Yet the number of the children of Israel shall be as the sand of the sea, which cannot be measured nor numbered; and it shall come to pass, that in the place where it was said unto them, Ye are not my people, there it shall be said unto them, Ye are the sons of the living God. +Then shall the children of Judah and the children of Israel be gathered together, and appoint themselves one head, and they shall come up out of the land: for great shall be the day of Jezreel. +Say ye unto your brethren, Ammi; and to your sisters, Ruhamah. +Plead with your mother, plead: for she is not my wife, neither am I her husband: let her therefore put away her whoredoms out of her sight, and her adulteries from between her breasts; +Lest I strip her naked, and set her as in the day that she was born, and make her as a wilderness, and set her like a dry land, and slay her with thirst. +And I will not have mercy upon her children; for they be the children of whoredoms. +For their mother hath played the harlot: she that conceived them hath done shamefully: for she said, I will go after my lovers, that give me my bread and my water, my wool and my flax, mine oil and my drink. +Therefore, behold, I will hedge up thy way with thorns, and make a wall, that she shall not find her paths. +And she shall follow after her lovers, but she shall not overtake them; and she shall seek them, but shall not find them: then shall she say, I will go and return to my first husband; for then was it better with me than now. +For she did not know that I gave her corn, and wine, and oil, and multiplied her silver and gold, which they prepared for Baal. +Therefore will I return, and take away my corn in the time thereof, and my wine in the season thereof, and will recover my wool and my flax given to cover her nakedness. +And now will I discover her lewdness in the sight of her lovers, and none shall deliver her out of mine hand. +I will also cause all her mirth to cease, her feast days, her new moons, and her sabbaths, and all her solemn feasts. +And I will destroy her vines and her fig trees, whereof she hath said, These are my rewards that my lovers have given me: and I will make them a forest, and the beasts of the field shall eat them. +And I will visit upon her the days of Baalim, wherein she burned incense to them, and she decked herself with her earrings and her jewels, and she went after her lovers, and forgat me, saith the LORD. +Therefore, behold, I will allure her, and bring her into the wilderness, and speak comfortably unto her. +And I will give her her vineyards from thence, and the valley of Achor for a door of hope: and she shall sing there, as in the days of her youth, and as in the day when she came up out of the land of Egypt. +And it shall be at that day, saith the LORD, that thou shalt call me Ishi; and shalt call me no more Baali. +For I will take away the names of Baalim out of her mouth, and they shall no more be remembered by their name. +And in that day will I make a covenant for them with the beasts of the field and with the fowls of heaven, and with the creeping things of the ground: and I will break the bow and the sword and the battle out of the earth, and will make them to lie down safely. +And I will betroth thee unto me for ever; yea, I will betroth thee unto me in righteousness, and in judgment, and in lovingkindness, and in mercies. +I will even betroth thee unto me in faithfulness: and thou shalt know the LORD. +And it shall come to pass in that day, I will hear, saith the LORD, I will hear the heavens, and they shall hear the earth; +And the earth shall hear the corn, and the wine, and the oil; and they shall hear Jezreel. +And I will sow her unto me in the earth; and I will have mercy upon her that had not obtained mercy; and I will say to them which were not my people, Thou art my people; and they shall say, Thou art my God. +Then said the LORD unto me, Go yet, love a woman beloved of her friend, yet an adulteress, according to the love of the LORD toward the children of Israel, who look to other gods, and love flagons of wine. +So I bought her to me for fifteen pieces of silver, and for an homer of barley, and an half homer of barley: +And I said unto her, Thou shalt abide for me many days; thou shalt not play the harlot, and thou shalt not be for another man: so will I also be for thee. +For the children of Israel shall abide many days without a king, and without a prince, and without a sacrifice, and without an image, and without an ephod, and without teraphim: +Afterward shall the children of Israel return, and seek the LORD their God, and David their king; and shall fear the LORD and his goodness in the latter days. +Hear the word of the LORD, ye children of Israel: for the LORD hath a controversy with the inhabitants of the land, because there is no truth, nor mercy, nor knowledge of God in the land. +By swearing, and lying, and killing, and stealing, and committing adultery, they break out, and blood toucheth blood. +Therefore shall the land mourn, and every one that dwelleth therein shall languish, with the beasts of the field, and with the fowls of heaven; yea, the fishes of the sea also shall be taken away. +Yet let no man strive, nor reprove another: for thy people are as they that strive with the priest. +Therefore shalt thou fall in the day, and the prophet also shall fall with thee in the night, and I will destroy thy mother. +My people are destroyed for lack of knowledge: because thou hast rejected knowledge, I will also reject thee, that thou shalt be no priest to me: seeing thou hast forgotten the law of thy God, I will also forget thy children. +As they were increased, so they sinned against me: therefore will I change their glory into shame. +They eat up the sin of my people, and they set their heart on their iniquity. +And there shall be, like people, like priest: and I will punish them for their ways, and reward them their doings. +For they shall eat, and not have enough: they shall commit whoredom, and shall not increase: because they have left off to take heed to the LORD. +Whoredom and wine and new wine take away the heart. +My people ask counsel at their stocks, and their staff declareth unto them: for the spirit of whoredoms hath caused them to err, and they have gone a whoring from under their God. +They sacrifice upon the tops of the mountains, and burn incense upon the hills, under oaks and poplars and elms, because the shadow thereof is good: therefore your daughters shall commit whoredom, and your spouses shall commit adultery. +I will not punish your daughters when they commit whoredom, nor your spouses when they commit adultery: for themselves are separated with whores, and they sacrifice with harlots: therefore the people that doth not understand shall fall. +Though thou, Israel, play the harlot, yet let not Judah offend; and come not ye unto Gilgal, neither go ye up to Bethaven, nor swear, The LORD liveth. +For Israel slideth back as a backsliding heifer: now the LORD will feed them as a lamb in a large place. +Ephraim is joined to idols: let him alone. +Their drink is sour: they have committed whoredom continually: her rulers with shame do love, Give ye. +The wind hath bound her up in her wings, and they shall be ashamed because of their sacrifices. +Hear ye this, O priests; and hearken, ye house of Israel; and give ye ear, O house of the king; for judgment is toward you, because ye have been a snare on Mizpah, and a net spread upon Tabor. +And the revolters are profound to make slaughter, though I have been a rebuker of them all. +I know Ephraim, and Israel is not hid from me: for now, O Ephraim, thou committest whoredom, and Israel is defiled. +They will not frame their doings to turn unto their God: for the spirit of whoredoms is in the midst of them, and they have not known the LORD. +And the pride of Israel doth testify to his face: therefore shall Israel and Ephraim fall in their iniquity: Judah also shall fall with them. +They shall go with their flocks and with their herds to seek the LORD; but they shall not find him; he hath withdrawn himself from them. +They have dealt treacherously against the LORD: for they have begotten strange children: now shall a month devour them with their portions. +Blow ye the cornet in Gibeah, and the trumpet in Ramah: cry aloud at Bethaven, after thee, O Benjamin. +Ephraim shall be desolate in the day of rebuke: among the tribes of Israel have I made known that which shall surely be. +The princes of Judah were like them that remove the bound: therefore I will pour out my wrath upon them like water. +Ephraim is oppressed and broken in judgment, because he willingly walked after the commandment. +Therefore will I be unto Ephraim as a moth, and to the house of Judah as rottenness. +When Ephraim saw his sickness, and Judah saw his wound, then went Ephraim to the Assyrian, and sent to king Jareb: yet could he not heal you, nor cure you of your wound. +For I will be unto Ephraim as a lion, and as a young lion to the house of Judah: I, even I, will tear and go away; I will take away, and none shall rescue him. +I will go and return to my place, till they acknowledge their offence, and seek my face: in their affliction they will seek me early. +Come, and let us return unto the LORD: for he hath torn, and he will heal us; he hath smitten, and he will bind us up. +After two days will he revive us: in the third day he will raise us up, and we shall live in his sight. +Then shall we know, if we follow on to know the LORD: his going forth is prepared as the morning; and he shall come unto us as the rain, as the latter and former rain unto the earth. +O Ephraim, what shall I do unto thee? O Judah, what shall I do unto thee? for your goodness is as a morning cloud, and as the early dew it goeth away. +Therefore have I hewed them by the prophets; I have slain them by the words of my mouth: and thy judgments are as the light that goeth forth. +For I desired mercy, and not sacrifice; and the knowledge of God more than burnt offerings. +But they like men have transgressed the covenant: there have they dealt treacherously against me. +Gilead is a city of them that work iniquity, and is polluted with blood. +And as troops of robbers wait for a man, so the company of priests murder in the way by consent: for they commit lewdness. +I have seen an horrible thing in the house of Israel: there is the whoredom of Ephraim, Israel is defiled. +Also, O Judah, he hath set an harvest for thee, when I returned the captivity of my people. +When I would have healed Israel, then the iniquity of Ephraim was discovered, and the wickedness of Samaria: for they commit falsehood; and the thief cometh in, and the troop of robbers spoileth without. +And they consider not in their hearts that I remember all their wickedness: now their own doings have beset them about; they are before my face. +They make the king glad with their wickedness, and the princes with their lies. +They are all adulterers, as an oven heated by the baker, who ceaseth from raising after he hath kneaded the dough, until it be leavened. +In the day of our king the princes have made him sick with bottles of wine; he stretched out his hand with scorners. +For they have made ready their heart like an oven, whiles they lie in wait: their baker sleepeth all the night; in the morning it burneth as a flaming fire. +They are all hot as an oven, and have devoured their judges; all their kings are fallen: there is none among them that calleth unto me. +Ephraim, he hath mixed himself among the people; Ephraim is a cake not turned. +Strangers have devoured his strength, and he knoweth it not: yea, gray hairs are here and there upon him, yet he knoweth not. +And the pride of Israel testifieth to his face: and they do not return to the LORD their God, nor seek him for all this. +Ephraim also is like a silly dove without heart: they call to Egypt, they go to Assyria. +When they shall go, I will spread my net upon them; I will bring them down as the fowls of the heaven; I will chastise them, as their congregation hath heard. +Woe unto them! for they have fled from me: destruction unto them! because they have transgressed against me: though I have redeemed them, yet they have spoken lies against me. +And they have not cried unto me with their heart, when they howled upon their beds: they assemble themselves for corn and wine, and they rebel against me. +Though I have bound and strengthened their arms, yet do they imagine mischief against me. +They return, but not to the most High: they are like a deceitful bow: their princes shall fall by the sword for the rage of their tongue: this shall be their derision in the land of Egypt. +Set the trumpet to thy mouth. He shall come as an eagle against the house of the LORD, because they have transgressed my covenant, and trespassed against my law. +Israel shall cry unto me, My God, we know thee. +Israel hath cast off the thing that is good: the enemy shall pursue him. +They have set up kings, but not by me: they have made princes, and I knew it not: of their silver and their gold have they made them idols, that they may be cut off. +Thy calf, O Samaria, hath cast thee off; mine anger is kindled against them: how long will it be ere they attain to innocency? +For from Israel was it also: the workman made it; therefore it is not God: but the calf of Samaria shall be broken in pieces. +For they have sown the wind, and they shall reap the whirlwind: it hath no stalk; the bud shall yield no meal: if so be it yield, the strangers shall swallow it up. +Israel is swallowed up: now shall they be among the Gentiles as a vessel wherein is no pleasure. +For they are gone up to Assyria, a wild ass alone by himself: Ephraim hath hired lovers. +Yea, though they have hired among the nations, now will I gather them, and they shall sorrow a little for the burden of the king of princes. +Because Ephraim hath made many altars to sin, altars shall be unto him to sin. +I have written to him the great things of my law, but they were counted as a strange thing. +They sacrifice flesh for the sacrifices of mine offerings, and eat it; but the LORD accepteth them not; now will he remember their iniquity, and visit their sins: they shall return to Egypt. +For Israel hath forgotten his Maker, and buildeth temples; and Judah hath multiplied fenced cities: but I will send a fire upon his cities, and it shall devour the palaces thereof. +Rejoice not, O Israel, for joy, as other people: for thou hast gone a whoring from thy God, thou hast loved a reward upon every cornfloor. +The floor and the winepress shall not feed them, and the new wine shall fail in her. +They shall not dwell in the LORD's land; but Ephraim shall return to Egypt, and they shall eat unclean things in Assyria. +They shall not offer wine offerings to the LORD, neither shall they be pleasing unto him: their sacrifices shall be unto them as the bread of mourners; all that eat thereof shall be polluted: for their bread for their soul shall not come into the house of the LORD. +What will ye do in the solemn day, and in the day of the feast of the LORD? +For, lo, they are gone because of destruction: Egypt shall gather them up, Memphis shall bury them: the pleasant places for their silver, nettles shall possess them: thorns shall be in their tabernacles. +The days of visitation are come, the days of recompence are come; Israel shall know it: the prophet is a fool, the spiritual man is mad, for the multitude of thine iniquity, and the great hatred. +The watchman of Ephraim was with my God: but the prophet is a snare of a fowler in all his ways, and hatred in the house of his God. +They have deeply corrupted themselves, as in the days of Gibeah: therefore he will remember their iniquity, he will visit their sins. +I found Israel like grapes in the wilderness; I saw your fathers as the firstripe in the fig tree at her first time: but they went to Baalpeor, and separated themselves unto that shame; and their abominations were according as they loved. +As for Ephraim, their glory shall fly away like a bird, from the birth, and from the womb, and from the conception. +Though they bring up their children, yet will I bereave them, that there shall not be a man left: yea, woe also to them when I depart from them! +Ephraim, as I saw Tyrus, is planted in a pleasant place: but Ephraim shall bring forth his children to the murderer. +Give them, O LORD: what wilt thou give? give them a miscarrying womb and dry breasts. +All their wickedness is in Gilgal: for there I hated them: for the wickedness of their doings I will drive them out of mine house, I will love them no more: all their princes are revolters. +Ephraim is smitten, their root is dried up, they shall bear no fruit: yea, though they bring forth, yet will I slay even the beloved fruit of their womb. +My God will cast them away, because they did not hearken unto him: and they shall be wanderers among the nations. +Israel is an empty vine, he bringeth forth fruit unto himself: according to the multitude of his fruit he hath increased the altars; according to the goodness of his land they have made goodly images. +Their heart is divided; now shall they be found faulty: he shall break down their altars, he shall spoil their images. +For now they shall say, We have no king, because we feared not the LORD; what then should a king do to us? +They have spoken words, swearing falsely in making a covenant: thus judgment springeth up as hemlock in the furrows of the field. +The inhabitants of Samaria shall fear because of the calves of Bethaven: for the people thereof shall mourn over it, and the priests thereof that rejoiced on it, for the glory thereof, because it is departed from it. +It shall be also carried unto Assyria for a present to king Jareb: Ephraim shall receive shame, and Israel shall be ashamed of his own counsel. +As for Samaria, her king is cut off as the foam upon the water. +The high places also of Aven, the sin of Israel, shall be destroyed: the thorn and the thistle shall come up on their altars; and they shall say to the mountains, Cover us; and to the hills, Fall on us. +O Israel, thou hast sinned from the days of Gibeah: there they stood: the battle in Gibeah against the children of iniquity did not overtake them. +It is in my desire that I should chastise them; and the people shall be gathered against them, when they shall bind themselves in their two furrows. +And Ephraim is as an heifer that is taught, and loveth to tread out the corn; but I passed over upon her fair neck: I will make Ephraim to ride; Judah shall plow, and Jacob shall break his clods. +Sow to yourselves in righteousness, reap in mercy; break up your fallow ground: for it is time to seek the LORD, till he come and rain righteousness upon you. +Ye have plowed wickedness, ye have reaped iniquity; ye have eaten the fruit of lies: because thou didst trust in thy way, in the multitude of thy mighty men. +Therefore shall a tumult arise among thy people, and all thy fortresses shall be spoiled, as Shalman spoiled Betharbel in the day of battle: the mother was dashed in pieces upon her children. +So shall Bethel do unto you because of your great wickedness: in a morning shall the king of Israel utterly be cut off. +When Israel was a child, then I loved him, and called my son out of Egypt. +As they called them, so they went from them: they sacrificed unto Baalim, and burned incense to graven images. +I taught Ephraim also to go, taking them by their arms; but they knew not that I healed them. +I drew them with cords of a man, with bands of love: and I was to them as they that take off the yoke on their jaws, and I laid meat unto them. +He shall not return into the land of Egypt, and the Assyrian shall be his king, because they refused to return. +And the sword shall abide on his cities, and shall consume his branches, and devour them, because of their own counsels. +And my people are bent to backsliding from me: though they called them to the most High, none at all would exalt him. +How shall I give thee up, Ephraim? how shall I deliver thee, Israel? how shall I make thee as Admah? how shall I set thee as Zeboim? mine heart is turned within me, my repentings are kindled together. +I will not execute the fierceness of mine anger, I will not return to destroy Ephraim: for I am God, and not man; the Holy One in the midst of thee: and I will not enter into the city. +They shall walk after the LORD: he shall roar like a lion: when he shall roar, then the children shall tremble from the west. +They shall tremble as a bird out of Egypt, and as a dove out of the land of Assyria: and I will place them in their houses, saith the LORD. +Ephraim compasseth me about with lies, and the house of Israel with deceit: but Judah yet ruleth with God, and is faithful with the saints. +Ephraim feedeth on wind, and followeth after the east wind: he daily increaseth lies and desolation; and they do make a covenant with the Assyrians, and oil is carried into Egypt. +The LORD hath also a controversy with Judah, and will punish Jacob according to his ways; according to his doings will he recompense him. +He took his brother by the heel in the womb, and by his strength he had power with God: +Yea, he had power over the angel, and prevailed: he wept, and made supplication unto him: he found him in Bethel, and there he spake with us; +Even the LORD God of hosts; the LORD is his memorial. +Therefore turn thou to thy God: keep mercy and judgment and wait on thy God continually. +He is a merchant, the balances of deceit are in his hand: he loveth to oppress. +And Ephraim said, Yet I am become rich, I have found me out substance: in all my labours they shall find none iniquity in me that were sin. +And I that am the LORD thy God from the land of Egypt will yet make thee to dwell in tabernacles, as in the days of the solemn feast. +I have also spoken by the prophets, and I have multiplied visions, and used similitudes, by the ministry of the prophets. +Is there iniquity in Gilead? surely they are vanity: they sacrifice bullocks in Gilgal; yea, their altars are as heaps in the furrows of the fields. +And Jacob fled into the country of Syria, and Israel served for a wife, and for a wife he kept sheep. +And by a prophet the LORD brought Israel out of Egypt, and by a prophet was he preserved. +Ephraim provoked him to anger most bitterly: therefore shall he leave his blood upon him, and his reproach shall his LORD return unto him. +When Ephraim spake trembling, he exalted himself in Israel; but when he offended in Baal, he died. +And now they sin more and more, and have made them molten images of their silver, and idols according to their own understanding, all of it the work of the craftsmen: they say of them, Let the men that sacrifice kiss the calves. +Therefore they shall be as the morning cloud and as the early dew that passeth away, as the chaff that is driven with the whirlwind out of the floor, and as the smoke out of the chimney. +Yet I am the LORD thy God from the land of Egypt, and thou shalt know no god but me: for there is no saviour beside me. +I did know thee in the wilderness, in the land of great drought. +According to their pasture, so were they filled; they were filled, and their heart was exalted; therefore have they forgotten me. +Therefore I will be unto them as a lion: as a leopard by the way will I observe them: +I will meet them as a bear that is bereaved of her whelps, and will rend the caul of their heart, and there will I devour them like a lion: the wild beast shall tear them. +O Israel, thou hast destroyed thyself; but in me is thine help. +I will be thy king: where is any other that may save thee in all thy cities? and thy judges of whom thou saidst, Give me a king and princes? +I gave thee a king in mine anger, and took him away in my wrath. +The iniquity of Ephraim is bound up; his sin is hid. +The sorrows of a travailing woman shall come upon him: he is an unwise son; for he should not stay long in the place of the breaking forth of children. +I will ransom them from the power of the grave; I will redeem them from death: O death, I will be thy plagues; O grave, I will be thy destruction: repentance shall be hid from mine eyes. +Though he be fruitful among his brethren, an east wind shall come, the wind of the LORD shall come up from the wilderness, and his spring shall become dry, and his fountain shall be dried up: he shall spoil the treasure of all pleasant vessels. +Samaria shall become desolate; for she hath rebelled against her God: they shall fall by the sword: their infants shall be dashed in pieces, and their women with child shall be ripped up. +O israel, return unto the LORD thy God; for thou hast fallen by thine iniquity. +Take with you words, and turn to the LORD: say unto him, Take away all iniquity, and receive us graciously: so will we render the calves of our lips. +Asshur shall not save us; we will not ride upon horses: neither will we say any more to the work of our hands, Ye are our gods: for in thee the fatherless findeth mercy. +I will heal their backsliding, I will love them freely: for mine anger is turned away from him. +I will be as the dew unto Israel: he shall grow as the lily, and cast forth his roots as Lebanon. +His branches shall spread, and his beauty shall be as the olive tree, and his smell as Lebanon. +They that dwell under his shadow shall return; they shall revive as the corn, and grow as the vine: the scent thereof shall be as the wine of Lebanon. +Ephraim shall say, What have I to do any more with idols? I have heard him, and observed him: I am like a green fir tree. From me is thy fruit found. +Who is wise, and he shall understand these things? prudent, and he shall know them? for the ways of the LORD are right, and the just shall walk in them: but the transgressors shall fall therein. +The word of the LORD that came to Joel the son of Pethuel. +Hear this, ye old men, and give ear, all ye inhabitants of the land. Hath this been in your days, or even in the days of your fathers? +Tell ye your children of it, and let your children tell their children, and their children another generation. +That which the palmerworm hath left hath the locust eaten; and that which the locust hath left hath the cankerworm eaten; and that which the cankerworm hath left hath the caterpiller eaten. +Awake, ye drunkards, and weep; and howl, all ye drinkers of wine, because of the new wine; for it is cut off from your mouth. +For a nation is come up upon my land, strong, and without number, whose teeth are the teeth of a lion, and he hath the cheek teeth of a great lion. +He hath laid my vine waste, and barked my fig tree: he hath made it clean bare, and cast it away; the branches thereof are made white. +Lament like a virgin girded with sackcloth for the husband of her youth. +The meat offering and the drink offering is cut off from the house of the LORD; the priests, the LORD's ministers, mourn. +The field is wasted, the land mourneth; for the corn is wasted: the new wine is dried up, the oil languisheth. +Be ye ashamed, O ye husbandmen; howl, O ye vinedressers, for the wheat and for the barley; because the harvest of the field is perished. +The vine is dried up, and the fig tree languisheth; the pomegranate tree, the palm tree also, and the apple tree, even all the trees of the field, are withered: because joy is withered away from the sons of men. +Gird yourselves, and lament, ye priests: howl, ye ministers of the altar: come, lie all night in sackcloth, ye ministers of my God: for the meat offering and the drink offering is withholden from the house of your God. +Sanctify ye a fast, call a solemn assembly, gather the elders and all the inhabitants of the land into the house of the LORD your God, and cry unto the LORD, +Alas for the day! for the day of the LORD is at hand, and as a destruction from the Almighty shall it come. +Is not the meat cut off before our eyes, yea, joy and gladness from the house of our God? +The seed is rotten under their clods, the garners are laid desolate, the barns are broken down; for the corn is withered. +How do the beasts groan! the herds of cattle are perplexed, because they have no pasture; yea, the flocks of sheep are made desolate. +O LORD, to thee will I cry: for the fire hath devoured the pastures of the wilderness, and the flame hath burned all the trees of the field. +The beasts of the field cry also unto thee: for the rivers of waters are dried up, and the fire hath devoured the pastures of the wilderness. +Blow ye the trumpet in Zion, and sound an alarm in my holy mountain: let all the inhabitants of the land tremble: for the day of the LORD cometh, for it is nigh at hand; +A day of darkness and of gloominess, a day of clouds and of thick darkness, as the morning spread upon the mountains: a great people and a strong; there hath not been ever the like, neither shall be any more after it, even to the years of many generations. +A fire devoureth before them; and behind them a flame burneth: the land is as the garden of Eden before them, and behind them a desolate wilderness; yea, and nothing shall escape them. +The appearance of them is as the appearance of horses; and as horsemen, so shall they run. +Like the noise of chariots on the tops of mountains shall they leap, like the noise of a flame of fire that devoureth the stubble, as a strong people set in battle array. +Before their face the people shall be much pained: all faces shall gather blackness. +They shall run like mighty men; they shall climb the wall like men of war; and they shall march every one on his ways, and they shall not break their ranks: +Neither shall one thrust another; they shall walk every one in his path: and when they fall upon the sword, they shall not be wounded. +They shall run to and fro in the city; they shall run upon the wall, they shall climb up upon the houses; they shall enter in at the windows like a thief. +The earth shall quake before them; the heavens shall tremble: the sun and the moon shall be dark, and the stars shall withdraw their shining: +And the LORD shall utter his voice before his army: for his camp is very great: for he is strong that executeth his word: for the day of the LORD is great and very terrible; and who can abide it? +Therefore also now, saith the LORD, turn ye even to me with all your heart, and with fasting, and with weeping, and with mourning: +And rend your heart, and not your garments, and turn unto the LORD your God: for he is gracious and merciful, slow to anger, and of great kindness, and repenteth him of the evil. +Who knoweth if he will return and repent, and leave a blessing behind him; even a meat offering and a drink offering unto the LORD your God? +Blow the trumpet in Zion, sanctify a fast, call a solemn assembly: +Gather the people, sanctify the congregation, assemble the elders, gather the children, and those that suck the breasts: let the bridegroom go forth of his chamber, and the bride out of her closet. +Let the priests, the ministers of the LORD, weep between the porch and the altar, and let them say, Spare thy people, O LORD, and give not thine heritage to reproach, that the heathen should rule over them: wherefore should they say among the people, Where is their God? +Then will the LORD be jealous for his land, and pity his people. +Yea, the LORD will answer and say unto his people, Behold, I will send you corn, and wine, and oil, and ye shall be satisfied therewith: and I will no more make you a reproach among the heathen: +But I will remove far off from you the northern army, and will drive him into a land barren and desolate, with his face toward the east sea, and his hinder part toward the utmost sea, and his stink shall come up, and his ill savour shall come up, because he hath done great things. +Fear not, O land; be glad and rejoice: for the LORD will do great things. +Be not afraid, ye beasts of the field: for the pastures of the wilderness do spring, for the tree beareth her fruit, the fig tree and the vine do yield their strength. +Be glad then, ye children of Zion, and rejoice in the LORD your God: for he hath given you the former rain moderately, and he will cause to come down for you the rain, the former rain, and the latter rain in the first month. +And the floors shall be full of wheat, and the vats shall overflow with wine and oil. +And I will restore to you the years that the locust hath eaten, the cankerworm, and the caterpiller, and the palmerworm, my great army which I sent among you. +And ye shall eat in plenty, and be satisfied, and praise the name of the LORD your God, that hath dealt wondrously with you: and my people shall never be ashamed. +And ye shall know that I am in the midst of Israel, and that I am the LORD your God, and none else: and my people shall never be ashamed. +And it shall come to pass afterward, that I will pour out my spirit upon all flesh; and your sons and your daughters shall prophesy, your old men shall dream dreams, your young men shall see visions: +And also upon the servants and upon the handmaids in those days will I pour out my spirit. +And I will shew wonders in the heavens and in the earth, blood, and fire, and pillars of smoke. +The sun shall be turned into darkness, and the moon into blood, before the great and terrible day of the LORD come. +And it shall come to pass, that whosoever shall call on the name of the LORD shall be delivered: for in mount Zion and in Jerusalem shall be deliverance, as the LORD hath said, and in the remnant whom the LORD shall call. +For, behold, in those days, and in that time, when I shall bring again the captivity of Judah and Jerusalem, +I will also gather all nations, and will bring them down into the valley of Jehoshaphat, and will plead with them there for my people and for my heritage Israel, whom they have scattered among the nations, and parted my land. +And they have cast lots for my people; and have given a boy for an harlot, and sold a girl for wine, that they might drink. +Yea, and what have ye to do with me, O Tyre, and Zidon, and all the coasts of Palestine? will ye render me a recompence? and if ye recompense me, swiftly and speedily will I return your recompence upon your own head; +Because ye have taken my silver and my gold, and have carried into your temples my goodly pleasant things: +The children also of Judah and the children of Jerusalem have ye sold unto the Grecians, that ye might remove them far from their border. +Behold, I will raise them out of the place whither ye have sold them, and will return your recompence upon your own head: +And I will sell your sons and your daughters into the hand of the children of Judah, and they shall sell them to the Sabeans, to a people far off: for the LORD hath spoken it. +Proclaim ye this among the Gentiles; Prepare war, wake up the mighty men, let all the men of war draw near; let them come up: +Beat your plowshares into swords and your pruninghooks into spears: let the weak say, I am strong. +Assemble yourselves, and come, all ye heathen, and gather yourselves together round about: thither cause thy mighty ones to come down, O LORD. +Let the heathen be wakened, and come up to the valley of Jehoshaphat: for there will I sit to judge all the heathen round about. +Put ye in the sickle, for the harvest is ripe: come, get you down; for the press is full, the fats overflow; for their wickedness is great. +Multitudes, multitudes in the valley of decision: for the day of the LORD is near in the valley of decision. +The sun and the moon shall be darkened, and the stars shall withdraw their shining. +The LORD also shall roar out of Zion, and utter his voice from Jerusalem; and the heavens and the earth shall shake: but the LORD will be the hope of his people, and the strength of the children of Israel. +So shall ye know that I am the LORD your God dwelling in Zion, my holy mountain: then shall Jerusalem be holy, and there shall no strangers pass through her any more. +And it shall come to pass in that day, that the mountains shall drop down new wine, and the hills shall flow with milk, and all the rivers of Judah shall flow with waters, and a fountain shall come forth out of the house of the LORD, and shall water the valley of Shittim. +Egypt shall be a desolation, and Edom shall be a desolate wilderness, for the violence against the children of Judah, because they have shed innocent blood in their land. +But Judah shall dwell for ever, and Jerusalem from generation to generation. +For I will cleanse their blood that I have not cleansed: for the LORD dwelleth in Zion. +The words of Amos, who was among the herdmen of Tekoa, which he saw concerning Israel in the days of Uzziah king of Judah, and in the days of Jeroboam the son of Joash king of Israel, two years before the earthquake. +And he said, The LORD will roar from Zion, and utter his voice from Jerusalem; and the habitations of the shepherds shall mourn, and the top of Carmel shall wither. +Thus saith the LORD; For three transgressions of Damascus, and for four, I will not turn away the punishment thereof; because they have threshed Gilead with threshing instruments of iron: +But I will send a fire into the house of Hazael, which shall devour the palaces of Benhadad. +I will break also the bar of Damascus, and cut off the inhabitant from the plain of Aven, and him that holdeth the sceptre from the house of Eden: and the people of Syria shall go into captivity unto Kir, saith the LORD. +Thus saith the LORD; For three transgressions of Gaza, and for four, I will not turn away the punishment thereof; because they carried away captive the whole captivity, to deliver them up to Edom: +But I will send a fire on the wall of Gaza, which shall devour the palaces thereof: +And I will cut off the inhabitant from Ashdod, and him that holdeth the sceptre from Ashkelon, and I will turn mine hand against Ekron: and the remnant of the Philistines shall perish, saith the Lord GOD. +Thus saith the LORD; For three transgressions of Tyrus, and for four, I will not turn away the punishment thereof; because they delivered up the whole captivity to Edom, and remembered not the brotherly covenant: +But I will send a fire on the wall of Tyrus, which shall devour the palaces thereof. +Thus saith the LORD; For three transgressions of Edom, and for four, I will not turn away the punishment thereof; because he did pursue his brother with the sword, and did cast off all pity, and his anger did tear perpetually, and he kept his wrath for ever: +But I will send a fire upon Teman, which shall devour the palaces of Bozrah. +Thus saith the LORD; For three transgressions of the children of Ammon, and for four, I will not turn away the punishment thereof; because they have ripped up the women with child of Gilead, that they might enlarge their border: +But I will kindle a fire in the wall of Rabbah, and it shall devour the palaces thereof, with shouting in the day of battle, with a tempest in the day of the whirlwind: +And their king shall go into captivity, he and his princes together, saith the LORD. +Thus saith the LORD; For three transgressions of Moab, and for four, I will not turn away the punishment thereof; because he burned the bones of the king of Edom into lime: +But I will send a fire upon Moab, and it shall devour the palaces of Kirioth: and Moab shall die with tumult, with shouting, and with the sound of the trumpet: +And I will cut off the judge from the midst thereof, and will slay all the princes thereof with him, saith the LORD. +Thus saith the LORD; For three transgressions of Judah, and for four, I will not turn away the punishment thereof; because they have despised the law of the LORD, and have not kept his commandments, and their lies caused them to err, after the which their fathers have walked: +But I will send a fire upon Judah, and it shall devour the palaces of Jerusalem. +Thus saith the LORD; For three transgressions of Israel, and for four, I will not turn away the punishment thereof; because they sold the righteous for silver, and the poor for a pair of shoes; +That pant after the dust of the earth on the head of the poor, and turn aside the way of the meek: and a man and his father will go in unto the same maid, to profane my holy name: +And they lay themselves down upon clothes laid to pledge by every altar, and they drink the wine of the condemned in the house of their god. +Yet destroyed I the Amorite before them, whose height was like the height of the cedars, and he was strong as the oaks; yet I destroyed his fruit from above, and his roots from beneath. +Also I brought you up from the land of Egypt, and led you forty years through the wilderness, to possess the land of the Amorite. +And I raised up of your sons for prophets, and of your young men for Nazarites. Is it not even thus, O ye children of Israel? saith the LORD. +But ye gave the Nazarites wine to drink; and commanded the prophets, saying, Prophesy not. +Behold, I am pressed under you, as a cart is pressed that is full of sheaves. +Therefore the flight shall perish from the swift, and the strong shall not strengthen his force, neither shall the mighty deliver himself: +Neither shall he stand that handleth the bow; and he that is swift of foot shall not deliver himself: neither shall he that rideth the horse deliver himself. +And he that is courageous among the mighty shall flee away naked in that day, saith the LORD. +Hear this word that the LORD hath spoken against you, O children of Israel, against the whole family which I brought up from the land of Egypt, saying, +You only have I known of all the families of the earth: therefore I will punish you for all your iniquities. +Can two walk together, except they be agreed? +Will a lion roar in the forest, when he hath no prey? will a young lion cry out of his den, if he have taken nothing? +Can a bird fall in a snare upon the earth, where no gin is for him? shall one take up a snare from the earth, and have taken nothing at all? +Shall a trumpet be blown in the city, and the people not be afraid? shall there be evil in a city, and the LORD hath not done it? +Surely the Lord GOD will do nothing, but he revealeth his secret unto his servants the prophets. +The lion hath roared, who will not fear? the Lord GOD hath spoken, who can but prophesy? +Publish in the palaces at Ashdod, and in the palaces in the land of Egypt, and say, Assemble yourselves upon the mountains of Samaria, and behold the great tumults in the midst thereof, and the oppressed in the midst thereof. +For they know not to do right, saith the LORD, who store up violence and robbery in their palaces. +Therefore thus saith the Lord GOD; An adversary there shall be even round about the land; and he shall bring down thy strength from thee, and thy palaces shall be spoiled. +Thus saith the LORD; As the shepherd taketh out of the mouth of the lion two legs, or a piece of an ear; so shall the children of Israel be taken out that dwell in Samaria in the corner of a bed, and in Damascus in a couch. +Hear ye, and testify in the house of Jacob, saith the Lord GOD, the God of hosts, +That in the day that I shall visit the transgressions of Israel upon him I will also visit the altars of Bethel: and the horns of the altar shall be cut off, and fall to the ground. +And I will smite the winter house with the summer house; and the houses of ivory shall perish, and the great houses shall have an end, saith the LORD. +Hear this word, ye kine of Bashan, that are in the mountain of Samaria, which oppress the poor, which crush the needy, which say to their masters, Bring, and let us drink. +The Lord GOD hath sworn by his holiness, that, lo, the days shall come upon you, that he will take you away with hooks, and your posterity with fishhooks. +And ye shall go out at the breaches, every cow at that which is before her; and ye shall cast them into the palace, saith the LORD. +Come to Bethel, and transgress; at Gilgal multiply transgression; and bring your sacrifices every morning, and your tithes after three years: +And offer a sacrifice of thanksgiving with leaven, and proclaim and publish the free offerings: for this liketh you, O ye children of Israel, saith the Lord GOD. +And I also have given you cleanness of teeth in all your cities, and want of bread in all your places: yet have ye not returned unto me, saith the LORD. +And also I have withholden the rain from you, when there were yet three months to the harvest: and I caused it to rain upon one city, and caused it not to rain upon another city: one piece was rained upon, and the piece whereupon it rained not withered. +So two or three cities wandered unto one city, to drink water; but they were not satisfied: yet have ye not returned unto me, saith the LORD. +I have smitten you with blasting and mildew: when your gardens and your vineyards and your fig trees and your olive trees increased, the palmerworm devoured them: yet have ye not returned unto me, saith the LORD. +I have sent among you the pestilence after the manner of Egypt: your young men have I slain with the sword, and have taken away your horses; and I have made the stink of your camps to come up unto your nostrils: yet have ye not returned unto me, saith the LORD. +I have overthrown some of you, as God overthrew Sodom and Gomorrah, and ye were as a firebrand plucked out of the burning: yet have ye not returned unto me, saith the LORD. +Therefore thus will I do unto thee, O Israel: and because I will do this unto thee, prepare to meet thy God, O Israel. +For, lo, he that formeth the mountains, and createth the wind, and declareth unto man what is his thought, that maketh the morning darkness, and treadeth upon the high places of the earth, The LORD, The God of hosts, is his name. +Hear ye this word which I take up against you, even a lamentation, O house of Israel. +The virgin of Israel is fallen; she shall no more rise: she is forsaken upon her land; there is none to raise her up. +For thus saith the Lord GOD; The city that went out by a thousand shall leave an hundred, and that which went forth by an hundred shall leave ten, to the house of Israel. +For thus saith the LORD unto the house of Israel, Seek ye me, and ye shall live: +But seek not Bethel, nor enter into Gilgal, and pass not to Beersheba: for Gilgal shall surely go into captivity, and Bethel shall come to nought. +Seek the LORD, and ye shall live; lest he break out like fire in the house of Joseph, and devour it, and there be none to quench it in Bethel. +Ye who turn judgment to wormwood, and leave off righteousness in the earth, +Seek him that maketh the seven stars and Orion, and turneth the shadow of death into the morning, and maketh the day dark with night: that calleth for the waters of the sea, and poureth them out upon the face of the earth: The LORD is his name: +That strengtheneth the spoiled against the strong, so that the spoiled shall come against the fortress. +They hate him that rebuketh in the gate, and they abhor him that speaketh uprightly. +Forasmuch therefore as your treading is upon the poor, and ye take from him burdens of wheat: ye have built houses of hewn stone, but ye shall not dwell in them; ye have planted pleasant vineyards, but ye shall not drink wine of them. +For I know your manifold transgressions and your mighty sins: they afflict the just, they take a bribe, and they turn aside the poor in the gate from their right. +Therefore the prudent shall keep silence in that time; for it is an evil time. +Seek good, and not evil, that ye may live: and so the LORD, the God of hosts, shall be with you, as ye have spoken. +Hate the evil, and love the good, and establish judgment in the gate: it may be that the LORD God of hosts will be gracious unto the remnant of Joseph. +Therefore the LORD, the God of hosts, the LORD, saith thus; Wailing shall be in all streets; and they shall say in all the highways, Alas! alas! and they shall call the husbandman to mourning, and such as are skilful of lamentation to wailing. +And in all vineyards shall be wailing: for I will pass through thee, saith the LORD. +Woe unto you that desire the day of the LORD! to what end is it for you? the day of the LORD is darkness, and not light. +As if a man did flee from a lion, and a bear met him; or went into the house, and leaned his hand on the wall, and a serpent bit him. +Shall not the day of the LORD be darkness, and not light? even very dark, and no brightness in it? +I hate, I despise your feast days, and I will not smell in your solemn assemblies. +Though ye offer me burnt offerings and your meat offerings, I will not accept them: neither will I regard the peace offerings of your fat beasts. +Take thou away from me the noise of thy songs; for I will not hear the melody of thy viols. +But let judgment run down as waters, and righteousness as a mighty stream. +Have ye offered unto me sacrifices and offerings in the wilderness forty years, O house of Israel? +But ye have borne the tabernacle of your Moloch and Chiun your images, the star of your god, which ye made to yourselves. +Therefore will I cause you to go into captivity beyond Damascus, saith the LORD, whose name is The God of hosts. +Woe to them that are at ease in Zion, and trust in the mountain of Samaria, which are named chief of the nations, to whom the house of Israel came! +Pass ye unto Calneh, and see; and from thence go ye to Hamath the great: then go down to Gath of the Philistines: be they better than these kingdoms? or their border greater than your border? +Ye that put far away the evil day, and cause the seat of violence to come near; +That lie upon beds of ivory, and stretch themselves upon their couches, and eat the lambs out of the flock, and the calves out of the midst of the stall; +That chant to the sound of the viol, and invent to themselves instruments of musick, like David; +That drink wine in bowls, and anoint themselves with the chief ointments: but they are not grieved for the affliction of Joseph. +Therefore now shall they go captive with the first that go captive, and the banquet of them that stretched themselves shall be removed. +The Lord GOD hath sworn by himself, saith the LORD the God of hosts, I abhor the excellency of Jacob, and hate his palaces: therefore will I deliver up the city with all that is therein. +And it shall come to pass, if there remain ten men in one house, that they shall die. +And a man's uncle shall take him up, and he that burneth him, to bring out the bones out of the house, and shall say unto him that is by the sides of the house, Is there yet any with thee? and he shall say, No. Then shall he say, Hold thy tongue: for we may not make mention of the name of the LORD. +For, behold, the LORD commandeth, and he will smite the great house with breaches, and the little house with clefts. +Shall horses run upon the rock? will one plow there with oxen? for ye have turned judgment into gall, and the fruit of righteousness into hemlock: +Ye which rejoice in a thing of nought, which say, Have we not taken to us horns by our own strength? +But, behold, I will raise up against you a nation, O house of Israel, saith the LORD the God of hosts; and they shall afflict you from the entering in of Hemath unto the river of the wilderness. +Thus hath the Lord GOD shewed unto me; and, behold, he formed grasshoppers in the beginning of the shooting up of the latter growth; and, lo, it was the latter growth after the king's mowings. +And it came to pass, that when they had made an end of eating the grass of the land, then I said, O Lord GOD, forgive, I beseech thee: by whom shall Jacob arise? for he is small. +The LORD repented for this: It shall not be, saith the LORD. +Thus hath the Lord GOD shewed unto me: and, behold, the Lord GOD called to contend by fire, and it devoured the great deep, and did eat up a part. +Then said I, O Lord GOD, cease, I beseech thee: by whom shall Jacob arise? for he is small. +The LORD repented for this: This also shall not be, saith the Lord GOD. +Thus he shewed me: and, behold, the LORD stood upon a wall made by a plumbline, with a plumbline in his hand. +And the LORD said unto me, Amos, what seest thou? And I said, A plumbline. Then said the LORD, Behold, I will set a plumbline in the midst of my people Israel: I will not again pass by them any more: +And the high places of Isaac shall be desolate, and the sanctuaries of Israel shall be laid waste; and I will rise against the house of Jeroboam with the sword. +Then Amaziah the priest of Bethel sent to Jeroboam king of Israel, saying, Amos hath conspired against thee in the midst of the house of Israel: the land is not able to bear all his words. +For thus Amos saith, Jeroboam shall die by the sword, and Israel shall surely be led away captive out of their own land. +Also Amaziah said unto Amos, O thou seer, go, flee thee away into the land of Judah, and there eat bread, and prophesy there: +But prophesy not again any more at Bethel: for it is the king's chapel, and it is the king's court. +Then answered Amos, and said to Amaziah, I was no prophet, neither was I a prophet's son; but I was an herdman, and a gatherer of sycomore fruit: +And the LORD took me as I followed the flock, and the LORD said unto me, Go, prophesy unto my people Israel. +Now therefore hear thou the word of the LORD: Thou sayest, Prophesy not against Israel, and drop not thy word against the house of Isaac. +Therefore thus saith the LORD; Thy wife shall be an harlot in the city, and thy sons and thy daughters shall fall by the sword, and thy land shall be divided by line; and thou shalt die in a polluted land: and Israel shall surely go into captivity forth of his land. +Thus hath the Lord GOD shewed unto me: and behold a basket of summer fruit. +And he said, Amos, what seest thou? And I said, A basket of summer fruit. Then said the LORD unto me, The end is come upon my people of Israel; I will not again pass by them any more. +And the songs of the temple shall be howlings in that day, saith the Lord GOD: there shall be many dead bodies in every place; they shall cast them forth with silence. +Hear this, O ye that swallow up the needy, even to make the poor of the land to fail, +Saying, When will the new moon be gone, that we may sell corn? and the sabbath, that we may set forth wheat, making the ephah small, and the shekel great, and falsifying the balances by deceit? +That we may buy the poor for silver, and the needy for a pair of shoes; yea, and sell the refuse of the wheat? +The LORD hath sworn by the excellency of Jacob, Surely I will never forget any of their works. +Shall not the land tremble for this, and every one mourn that dwelleth therein? and it shall rise up wholly as a flood; and it shall be cast out and drowned, as by the flood of Egypt. +And it shall come to pass in that day, saith the Lord GOD, that I will cause the sun to go down at noon, and I will darken the earth in the clear day: +And I will turn your feasts into mourning, and all your songs into lamentation; and I will bring up sackcloth upon all loins, and baldness upon every head; and I will make it as the mourning of an only son, and the end thereof as a bitter day. +Behold, the days come, saith the Lord GOD, that I will send a famine in the land, not a famine of bread, nor a thirst for water, but of hearing the words of the LORD: +And they shall wander from sea to sea, and from the north even to the east, they shall run to and fro to seek the word of the LORD, and shall not find it. +In that day shall the fair virgins and young men faint for thirst. +They that swear by the sin of Samaria, and say, Thy god, O Dan, liveth; and, The manner of Beersheba liveth; even they shall fall, and never rise up again. +I saw the LORD standing upon the altar: and he said, Smite the lintel of the door, that the posts may shake: and cut them in the head, all of them; and I will slay the last of them with the sword: he that fleeth of them shall not flee away, and he that escapeth of them shall not be delivered. +Though they dig into hell, thence shall mine hand take them; though they climb up to heaven, thence will I bring them down: +And though they hide themselves in the top of Carmel, I will search and take them out thence; and though they be hid from my sight in the bottom of the sea, thence will I command the serpent, and he shall bite them: +And though they go into captivity before their enemies, thence will I command the sword, and it shall slay them: and I will set mine eyes upon them for evil, and not for good. +And the Lord GOD of hosts is he that toucheth the land, and it shall melt, and all that dwell therein shall mourn: and it shall rise up wholly like a flood; and shall be drowned, as by the flood of Egypt. +It is he that buildeth his stories in the heaven, and hath founded his troop in the earth; he that calleth for the waters of the sea, and poureth them out upon the face of the earth: The LORD is his name. +Are ye not as children of the Ethiopians unto me, O children of Israel? saith the LORD. Have not I brought up Israel out of the land of Egypt? and the Philistines from Caphtor, and the Syrians from Kir? +Behold, the eyes of the Lord GOD are upon the sinful kingdom, and I will destroy it from off the face of the earth; saving that I will not utterly destroy the house of Jacob, saith the LORD. +For, lo, I will command, and I will sift the house of Israel among all nations, like as corn is sifted in a sieve, yet shall not the least grain fall upon the earth. +All the sinners of my people shall die by the sword, which say, The evil shall not overtake nor prevent us. +In that day will I raise up the tabernacle of David that is fallen, and close up the breaches thereof; and I will raise up his ruins, and I will build it as in the days of old: +That they may possess the remnant of Edom, and of all the heathen, which are called by my name, saith the LORD that doeth this. +Behold, the days come, saith the LORD, that the plowman shall overtake the reaper, and the treader of grapes him that soweth seed; and the mountains shall drop sweet wine, and all the hills shall melt. +And I will bring again the captivity of my people of Israel, and they shall build the waste cities, and inhabit them; and they shall plant vineyards, and drink the wine thereof; they shall also make gardens, and eat the fruit of them. +And I will plant them upon their land, and they shall no more be pulled up out of their land which I have given them, saith the LORD thy God. +The vision of Obadiah. Thus saith the Lord GOD concerning Edom; We have heard a rumour from the LORD, and an ambassador is sent among the heathen, Arise ye, and let us rise up against her in battle. +Behold, I have made thee small among the heathen: thou art greatly despised. +The pride of thine heart hath deceived thee, thou that dwellest in the clefts of the rock, whose habitation is high; that saith in his heart, Who shall bring me down to the ground? +Though thou exalt thyself as the eagle, and though thou set thy nest among the stars, thence will I bring thee down, saith the LORD. +If thieves came to thee, if robbers by night, (how art thou cut off!) would they not have stolen till they had enough? if the grapegatherers came to thee, would they not leave some grapes? +How are the things of Esau searched out! how are his hidden things sought up! +All the men of thy confederacy have brought thee even to the border: the men that were at peace with thee have deceived thee, and prevailed against thee; that they eat thy bread have laid a wound under thee: there is none understanding in him. +Shall I not in that day, saith the LORD, even destroy the wise men out of Edom, and understanding out of the mount of Esau? +And thy mighty men, O Teman, shall be dismayed, to the end that every one of the mount of Esau may be cut off by slaughter. +For thy violence against thy brother Jacob shame shall cover thee, and thou shalt be cut off for ever. +In the day that thou stoodest on the other side, in the day that the strangers carried away captive his forces, and foreigners entered into his gates, and cast lots upon Jerusalem, even thou wast as one of them. +But thou shouldest not have looked on the day of thy brother in the day that he became a stranger; neither shouldest thou have rejoiced over the children of Judah in the day of their destruction; neither shouldest thou have spoken proudly in the day of distress. +Thou shouldest not have entered into the gate of my people in the day of their calamity; yea, thou shouldest not have looked on their affliction in the day of their calamity, nor have laid hands on their substance in the day of their calamity; +Neither shouldest thou have stood in the crossway, to cut off those of his that did escape; neither shouldest thou have delivered up those of his that did remain in the day of distress. +For the day of the LORD is near upon all the heathen: as thou hast done, it shall be done unto thee: thy reward shall return upon thine own head. +For as ye have drunk upon my holy mountain, so shall all the heathen drink continually, yea, they shall drink, and they shall swallow down, and they shall be as though they had not been. +But upon mount Zion shall be deliverance, and there shall be holiness; and the house of Jacob shall possess their possessions. +And the house of Jacob shall be a fire, and the house of Joseph a flame, and the house of Esau for stubble, and they shall kindle in them, and devour them; and there shall not be any remaining of the house of Esau; for the LORD hath spoken it. +And they of the south shall possess the mount of Esau; and they of the plain the Philistines: and they shall possess the fields of Ephraim, and the fields of Samaria: and Benjamin shall possess Gilead. +And the captivity of this host of the children of Israel shall possess that of the Canaanites, even unto Zarephath; and the captivity of Jerusalem, which is in Sepharad, shall possess the cities of the south. +And saviours shall come up on mount Zion to judge the mount of Esau; and the kingdom shall be the LORD's. +Now the word of the LORD came unto Jonah the son of Amittai, saying, +Arise, go to Nineveh, that great city, and cry against it; for their wickedness is come up before me. +But Jonah rose up to flee unto Tarshish from the presence of the LORD, and went down to Joppa; and he found a ship going to Tarshish: so he paid the fare thereof, and went down into it, to go with them unto Tarshish from the presence of the LORD. +But the LORD sent out a great wind into the sea, and there was a mighty tempest in the sea, so that the ship was like to be broken. +Then the mariners were afraid, and cried every man unto his god, and cast forth the wares that were in the ship into the sea, to lighten it of them. But Jonah was gone down into the sides of the ship; and he lay, and was fast asleep. +So the shipmaster came to him, and said unto him, What meanest thou, O sleeper? arise, call upon thy God, if so be that God will think upon us, that we perish not. +And they said every one to his fellow, Come, and let us cast lots, that we may know for whose cause this evil is upon us. So they cast lots, and the lot fell upon Jonah. +Then said they unto him, Tell us, we pray thee, for whose cause this evil is upon us; What is thine occupation? and whence comest thou? what is thy country? and of what people art thou? +And he said unto them, I am an Hebrew; and I fear the LORD, the God of heaven, which hath made the sea and the dry land. +Then were the men exceedingly afraid, and said unto him. Why hast thou done this? For the men knew that he fled from the presence of the LORD, because he had told them. +Then said they unto him, What shall we do unto thee, that the sea may be calm unto us? for the sea wrought, and was tempestuous. +And he said unto them, Take me up, and cast me forth into the sea; so shall the sea be calm unto you: for I know that for my sake this great tempest is upon you. +Nevertheless the men rowed hard to bring it to the land; but they could not: for the sea wrought, and was tempestuous against them. +Wherefore they cried unto the LORD, and said, We beseech thee, O LORD, we beseech thee, let us not perish for this man's life, and lay not upon us innocent blood: for thou, O LORD, hast done as it pleased thee. +So they look up Jonah, and cast him forth into the sea: and the sea ceased from her raging. +Then the men feared the LORD exceedingly, and offered a sacrifice unto the LORD, and made vows. +Now the LORD had prepared a great fish to swallow up Jonah. And Jonah was in the belly of the fish three days and three nights. +Then Jonah prayed unto the LORD his God out of the fish's belly, +And said, I cried by reason of mine affliction unto the LORD, and he heard me; out of the belly of hell cried I, and thou heardest my voice. +For thou hadst cast me into the deep, in the midst of the seas; and the floods compassed me about: all thy billows and thy waves passed over me. +Then I said, I am cast out of thy sight; yet I will look again toward thy holy temple. +The waters compassed me about, even to the soul: the depth closed me round about, the weeds were wrapped about my head. +I went down to the bottoms of the mountains; the earth with her bars was about me for ever: yet hast thou brought up my life from corruption, O LORD my God. +When my soul fainted within me I remembered the LORD: and my prayer came in unto thee, into thine holy temple. +They that observe lying vanities forsake their own mercy. +But I will sacrifice unto thee with the voice of thanksgiving; I will pay that that I have vowed. Salvation is of the LORD. +And the LORD spake unto the fish, and it vomited out Jonah upon the dry land. +And the word of the LORD came unto Jonah the second time, saying, +Arise, go unto Nineveh, that great city, and preach unto it the preaching that I bid thee. +So Jonah arose, and went unto Nineveh, according to the word of the LORD. Now Nineveh was an exceeding great city of three days' journey. +And Jonah began to enter into the city a day's journey, and he cried, and said, Yet forty days, and Nineveh shall be overthrown. +So the people of Nineveh believed God, and proclaimed a fast, and put on sackcloth, from the greatest of them even to the least of them. +For word came unto the king of Nineveh, and he arose from his throne, and he laid his robe from him, and covered him with sackcloth, and sat in ashes. +And he caused it to be proclaimed and published through Nineveh by the decree of the king and his nobles, saying, Let neither man nor beast, herd nor flock, taste any thing: let them not feed, nor drink water: +But let man and beast be covered with sackcloth, and cry mightily unto God: yea, let them turn every one from his evil way, and from the violence that is in their hands. +Who can tell if God will turn and repent, and turn away from his fierce anger, that we perish not? +And God saw their works, that they turned from their evil way; and God repented of the evil, that he had said that he would do unto them; and he did it not. +But it displeased Jonah exceedingly, and he was very angry. +And he prayed unto the LORD, and said, I pray thee, O LORD, was not this my saying, when I was yet in my country? Therefore I fled before unto Tarshish: for I knew that thou art a gracious God, and merciful, slow to anger, and of great kindness, and repentest thee of the evil. +Therefore now, O LORD, take, I beseech thee, my life from me; for it is better for me to die than to live. +Then said the LORD, Doest thou well to be angry? +So Jonah went out of the city, and sat on the east side of the city, and there made him a booth, and sat under it in the shadow, till he might see what would become of the city. +And the LORD God prepared a gourd, and made it to come up over Jonah, that it might be a shadow over his head, to deliver him from his grief. So Jonah was exceeding glad of the gourd. +But God prepared a worm when the morning rose the next day, and it smote the gourd that it withered. +And it came to pass, when the sun did arise, that God prepared a vehement east wind; and the sun beat upon the head of Jonah, that he fainted, and wished in himself to die, and said, It is better for me to die than to live. +And God said to Jonah, Doest thou well to be angry for the gourd? And he said, I do well to be angry, even unto death. +Then said the LORD, Thou hast had pity on the gourd, for the which thou hast not laboured, neither madest it grow; which came up in a night, and perished in a night: +And should not I spare Nineveh, that great city, wherein are more then sixscore thousand persons that cannot discern between their right hand and their left hand; and also much cattle? +The word of the LORD that came to Micah the Morasthite in the days of Jotham, Ahaz, and Hezekiah, kings of Judah, which he saw concerning Samaria and Jerusalem. +Hear, all ye people; hearken, O earth, and all that therein is: and let the Lord GOD be witness against you, the LORD from his holy temple. +For, behold, the LORD cometh forth out of his place, and will come down, and tread upon the high places of the earth. +And the mountains shall be molten under him, and the valleys shall be cleft, as wax before the fire, and as the waters that are poured down a steep place. +For the transgression of Jacob is all this, and for the sins of the house of Israel. What is the transgression of Jacob? is it not Samaria? and what are the high places of Judah? are they not Jerusalem? +Therefore I will make Samaria as an heap of the field, and as plantings of a vineyard: and I will pour down the stones thereof into the valley, and I will discover the foundations thereof. +And all the graven images thereof shall be beaten to pieces, and all the hires thereof shall be burned with the fire, and all the idols thereof will I lay desolate: for she gathered it of the hire of an harlot, and they shall return to the hire of an harlot. +Therefore I will wail and howl, I will go stripped and naked: I will make a wailing like the dragons, and mourning as the owls. +For her wound is incurable; for it is come unto Judah; he is come unto the gate of my people, even to Jerusalem. +Declare ye it not at Gath, weep ye not at all: in the house of Aphrah roll thyself in the dust. +Pass ye away, thou inhabitant of Saphir, having thy shame naked: the inhabitant of Zaanan came not forth in the mourning of Bethezel; he shall receive of you his standing. +For the inhabitant of Maroth waited carefully for good: but evil came down from the LORD unto the gate of Jerusalem. +O thou inhabitant of Lachish, bind the chariot to the swift beast: she is the beginning of the sin to the daughter of Zion: for the transgressions of Israel were found in thee. +Therefore shalt thou give presents to Moreshethgath: the houses of Achzib shall be a lie to the kings of Israel. +Yet will I bring an heir unto thee, O inhabitant of Mareshah: he shall come unto Adullam the glory of Israel. +Make thee bald, and poll thee for thy delicate children; enlarge thy baldness as the eagle; for they are gone into captivity from thee. +Woe to them that devise iniquity, and work evil upon their beds! when the morning is light, they practise it, because it is in the power of their hand. +And they covet fields, and take them by violence; and houses, and take them away: so they oppress a man and his house, even a man and his heritage. +Therefore thus saith the LORD; Behold, against this family do I devise an evil, from which ye shall not remove your necks; neither shall ye go haughtily: for this time is evil. +In that day shall one take up a parable against you, and lament with a doleful lamentation, and say, We be utterly spoiled: he hath changed the portion of my people: how hath he removed it from me! turning away he hath divided our fields. +Therefore thou shalt have none that shall cast a cord by lot in the congregation of the LORD. +Prophesy ye not, say they to them that prophesy: they shall not prophesy to them, that they shall not take shame. +O thou that art named the house of Jacob, is the spirit of the LORD straitened? are these his doings? do not my words do good to him that walketh uprightly? +Even of late my people is risen up as an enemy: ye pull off the robe with the garment from them that pass by securely as men averse from war. +The women of my people have ye cast out from their pleasant houses; from their children have ye taken away my glory for ever. +Arise ye, and depart; for this is not your rest: because it is polluted, it shall destroy you, even with a sore destruction. +If a man walking in the spirit and falsehood do lie, saying, I will prophesy unto thee of wine and of strong drink; he shall even be the prophet of this people. +I will surely assemble, O Jacob, all of thee; I will surely gather the remnant of Israel; I will put them together as the sheep of Bozrah, as the flock in the midst of their fold: they shall make great noise by reason of the multitude of men. +The breaker is come up before them: they have broken up, and have passed through the gate, and are gone out by it: and their king shall pass before them, and the LORD on the head of them. +And I said, Hear, I pray you, O heads of Jacob, and ye princes of the house of Israel; Is it not for you to know judgment? +Who hate the good, and love the evil; who pluck off their skin from off them, and their flesh from off their bones; +Who also eat the flesh of my people, and flay their skin from off them; and they break their bones, and chop them in pieces, as for the pot, and as flesh within the caldron. +Then shall they cry unto the LORD, but he will not hear them: he will even hide his face from them at that time, as they have behaved themselves ill in their doings. +Thus saith the LORD concerning the prophets that make my people err, that bite with their teeth, and cry, Peace; and he that putteth not into their mouths, they even prepare war against him. +Therefore night shall be unto you, that ye shall not have a vision; and it shall be dark unto you, that ye shall not divine; and the sun shall go down over the prophets, and the day shall be dark over them. +Then shall the seers be ashamed, and the diviners confounded: yea, they shall all cover their lips; for there is no answer of God. +But truly I am full of power by the spirit of the LORD, and of judgment, and of might, to declare unto Jacob his transgression, and to Israel his sin. +Hear this, I pray you, ye heads of the house of Jacob, and princes of the house of Israel, that abhor judgment, and pervert all equity. +They build up Zion with blood, and Jerusalem with iniquity. +The heads thereof judge for reward, and the priests thereof teach for hire, and the prophets thereof divine for money: yet will they lean upon the LORD, and say, Is not the LORD among us? none evil can come upon us. +Therefore shall Zion for your sake be plowed as a field, and Jerusalem shall become heaps, and the mountain of the house as the high places of the forest. +But in the last days it shall come to pass, that the mountain of the house of the LORD shall be established in the top of the mountains, and it shall be exalted above the hills; and people shall flow unto it. +And many nations shall come, and say, Come, and let us go up to the mountain of the LORD, and to the house of the God of Jacob; and he will teach us of his ways, and we will walk in his paths: for the law shall go forth of Zion, and the word of the LORD from Jerusalem. +And he shall judge among many people, and rebuke strong nations afar off; and they shall beat their swords into plowshares, and their spears into pruninghooks: nation shall not lift up a sword against nation, neither shall they learn war any more. +But they shall sit every man under his vine and under his fig tree; and none shall make them afraid: for the mouth of the LORD of hosts hath spoken it. +For all people will walk every one in the name of his god, and we will walk in the name of the LORD our God for ever and ever. +In that day, saith the LORD, will I assemble her that halteth, and I will gather her that is driven out, and her that I have afflicted; +And I will make her that halted a remnant, and her that was cast far off a strong nation: and the LORD shall reign over them in mount Zion from henceforth, even for ever. +And thou, O tower of the flock, the strong hold of the daughter of Zion, unto thee shall it come, even the first dominion; the kingdom shall come to the daughter of Jerusalem. +Now why dost thou cry out aloud? is there no king in thee? is thy counsellor perished? for pangs have taken thee as a woman in travail. +Be in pain, and labour to bring forth, O daughter of Zion, like a woman in travail: for now shalt thou go forth out of the city, and thou shalt dwell in the field, and thou shalt go even to Babylon; there shalt thou be delivered; there the LORD shall redeem thee from the hand of thine enemies. +Now also many nations are gathered against thee, that say, Let her be defiled, and let our eye look upon Zion. +But they know not the thoughts of the LORD, neither understand they his counsel: for he shall gather them as the sheaves into the floor. +Arise and thresh, O daughter of Zion: for I will make thine horn iron, and I will make thy hoofs brass: and thou shalt beat in pieces many people: and I will consecrate their gain unto the LORD, and their substance unto the Lord of the whole earth. +Now gather thyself in troops, O daughter of troops: he hath laid siege against us: they shall smite the judge of Israel with a rod upon the cheek. +But thou, Bethlehem Ephratah, though thou be little among the thousands of Judah, yet out of thee shall he come forth unto me that is to be ruler in Israel; whose goings forth have been from of old, from everlasting. +Therefore will he give them up, until the time that she which travaileth hath brought forth: then the remnant of his brethren shall return unto the children of Israel. +And he shall stand and feed in the strength of the LORD, in the majesty of the name of the LORD his God; and they shall abide: for now shall he be great unto the ends of the earth. +And this man shall be the peace, when the Assyrian shall come into our land: and when he shall tread in our palaces, then shall we raise against him seven shepherds, and eight principal men. +And they shall waste the land of Assyria with the sword, and the land of Nimrod in the entrances thereof: thus shall he deliver us from the Assyrian, when he cometh into our land, and when he treadeth within our borders. +And the remnant of Jacob shall be in the midst of many people as a dew from the LORD, as the showers upon the grass, that tarrieth not for man, nor waiteth for the sons of men. +And the remnant of Jacob shall be among the Gentiles in the midst of many people as a lion among the beasts of the forest, as a young lion among the flocks of sheep: who, if he go through, both treadeth down, and teareth in pieces, and none can deliver. +Thine hand shall be lifted up upon thine adversaries, and all thine enemies shall be cut off. +And it shall come to pass in that day, saith the LORD, that I will cut off thy horses out of the midst of thee, and I will destroy thy chariots: +And I will cut off the cities of thy land, and throw down all thy strong holds: +And I will cut off witchcrafts out of thine hand; and thou shalt have no more soothsayers: +Thy graven images also will I cut off, and thy standing images out of the midst of thee; and thou shalt no more worship the work of thine hands. +And I will pluck up thy groves out of the midst of thee: so will I destroy thy cities. +And I will execute vengeance in anger and fury upon the heathen, such as they have not heard. +Hear ye now what the LORD saith; Arise, contend thou before the mountains, and let the hills hear thy voice. +Hear ye, O mountains, the LORD's controversy, and ye strong foundations of the earth: for the LORD hath a controversy with his people, and he will plead with Israel. +O my people, what have I done unto thee? and wherein have I wearied thee? testify against me. +For I brought thee up out of the land of Egypt, and redeemed thee out of the house of servants; and I sent before thee Moses, Aaron, and Miriam. +O my people, remember now what Balak king of Moab consulted, and what Balaam the son of Beor answered him from Shittim unto Gilgal; that ye may know the righteousness of the LORD. +Wherewith shall I come before the LORD, and bow myself before the high God? shall I come before him with burnt offerings, with calves of a year old? +Will the LORD be pleased with thousands of rams, or with ten thousands of rivers of oil? shall I give my firstborn for my transgression, the fruit of my body for the sin of my soul? +He hath shewed thee, O man, what is good; and what doth the LORD require of thee, but to do justly, and to love mercy, and to walk humbly with thy God? +The LORD's voice crieth unto the city, and the man of wisdom shall see thy name: hear ye the rod, and who hath appointed it. +Are there yet the treasures of wickedness in the house of the wicked, and the scant measure that is abominable? +Shall I count them pure with the wicked balances, and with the bag of deceitful weights? +For the rich men thereof are full of violence, and the inhabitants thereof have spoken lies, and their tongue is deceitful in their mouth. +Therefore also will I make thee sick in smiting thee, in making thee desolate because of thy sins. +Thou shalt eat, but not be satisfied; and thy casting down shall be in the midst of thee; and thou shalt take hold, but shalt not deliver; and that which thou deliverest will I give up to the sword. +Thou shalt sow, but thou shalt not reap; thou shalt tread the olives, but thou shalt not anoint thee with oil; and sweet wine, but shalt not drink wine. +For the statutes of Omri are kept, and all the works of the house of Ahab, and ye walk in their counsels; that I should make thee a desolation, and the inhabitants thereof an hissing: therefore ye shall bear the reproach of my people. +Woe is me! for I am as when they have gathered the summer fruits, as the grapegleanings of the vintage: there is no cluster to eat: my soul desired the firstripe fruit. +The good man is perished out of the earth: and there is none upright among men: they all lie in wait for blood; they hunt every man his brother with a net. +That they may do evil with both hands earnestly, the prince asketh, and the judge asketh for a reward; and the great man, he uttereth his mischievous desire: so they wrap it up. +The best of them is as a brier: the most upright is sharper than a thorn hedge: the day of thy watchmen and thy visitation cometh; now shall be their perplexity. +Trust ye not in a friend, put ye not confidence in a guide: keep the doors of thy mouth from her that lieth in thy bosom. +For the son dishonoureth the father, the daughter riseth up against her mother, the daughter in law against her mother in law; a man's enemies are the men of his own house. +Therefore I will look unto the LORD; I will wait for the God of my salvation: my God will hear me. +Rejoice not against me, O mine enemy: when I fall, I shall arise; when I sit in darkness, the LORD shall be a light unto me. +I will bear the indignation of the LORD, because I have sinned against him, until he plead my cause, and execute judgment for me: he will bring me forth to the light, and I shall behold his righteousness. +Then she that is mine enemy shall see it, and shame shall cover her which said unto me, Where is the LORD thy God? mine eyes shall behold her: now shall she be trodden down as the mire of the streets. +In the day that thy walls are to be built, in that day shall the decree be far removed. +In that day also he shall come even to thee from Assyria, and from the fortified cities, and from the fortress even to the river, and from sea to sea, and from mountain to mountain. +Notwithstanding the land shall be desolate because of them that dwell therein, for the fruit of their doings. +Feed thy people with thy rod, the flock of thine heritage, which dwell solitarily in the wood, in the midst of Carmel: let them feed in Bashan and Gilead, as in the days of old. +According to the days of thy coming out of the land of Egypt will I shew unto him marvellous things. +The nations shall see and be confounded at all their might: they shall lay their hand upon their mouth, their ears shall be deaf. +They shall lick the dust like a serpent, they shall move out of their holes like worms of the earth: they shall be afraid of the LORD our God, and shall fear because of thee. +Who is a God like unto thee, that pardoneth iniquity, and passeth by the transgression of the remnant of his heritage? he retaineth not his anger for ever, because he delighteth in mercy. +He will turn again, he will have compassion upon us; he will subdue our iniquities; and thou wilt cast all their sins into the depths of the sea. +Thou wilt perform the truth to Jacob, and the mercy to Abraham, which thou hast sworn unto our fathers from the days of old. +The burden of Nineveh. The book of the vision of Nahum the Elkoshite. +God is jealous, and the LORD revengeth; the LORD revengeth, and is furious; the LORD will take vengeance on his adversaries, and he reserveth wrath for his enemies. +The LORD is slow to anger, and great in power, and will not at all acquit the wicked: the LORD hath his way in the whirlwind and in the storm, and the clouds are the dust of his feet. +He rebuketh the sea, and maketh it dry, and drieth up all the rivers: Bashan languisheth, and Carmel, and the flower of Lebanon languisheth. +The mountains quake at him, and the hills melt, and the earth is burned at his presence, yea, the world, and all that dwell therein. +Who can stand before his indignation? and who can abide in the fierceness of his anger? his fury is poured out like fire, and the rocks are thrown down by him. +The LORD is good, a strong hold in the day of trouble; and he knoweth them that trust in him. +But with an overrunning flood he will make an utter end of the place thereof, and darkness shall pursue his enemies. +What do ye imagine against the LORD? he will make an utter end: affliction shall not rise up the second time. +For while they be folden together as thorns, and while they are drunken as drunkards, they shall be devoured as stubble fully dry. +There is one come out of thee, that imagineth evil against the LORD, a wicked counsellor. +Thus saith the LORD; Though they be quiet, and likewise many, yet thus shall they be cut down, when he shall pass through. Though I have afflicted thee, I will afflict thee no more. +For now will I break his yoke from off thee, and will burst thy bonds in sunder. +And the LORD hath given a commandment concerning thee, that no more of thy name be sown: out of the house of thy gods will I cut off the graven image and the molten image: I will make thy grave; for thou art vile. +Behold upon the mountains the feet of him that bringeth good tidings, that publisheth peace! O Judah, keep thy solemn feasts, perform thy vows: for the wicked shall no more pass through thee; he is utterly cut off. +He that dasheth in pieces is come up before thy face: keep the munition, watch the way, make thy loins strong, fortify thy power mightily. +For the LORD hath turned away the excellency of Jacob, as the excellency of Israel: for the emptiers have emptied them out, and marred their vine branches. +The shield of his mighty men is made red, the valiant men are in scarlet: the chariots shall be with flaming torches in the day of his preparation, and the fir trees shall be terribly shaken. +The chariots shall rage in the streets, they shall justle one against another in the broad ways: they shall seem like torches, they shall run like the lightnings. +He shall recount his worthies: they shall stumble in their walk; they shall make haste to the wall thereof, and the defence shall be prepared. +The gates of the rivers shall be opened, and the palace shall be dissolved. +And Huzzab shall be led away captive, she shall be brought up, and her maids shall lead her as with the voice of doves, tabering upon their breasts. +But Nineveh is of old like a pool of water: yet they shall flee away. Stand, stand, shall they cry; but none shall look back. +Take ye the spoil of silver, take the spoil of gold: for there is none end of the store and glory out of all the pleasant furniture. +She is empty, and void, and waste: and the heart melteth, and the knees smite together, and much pain is in all loins, and the faces of them all gather blackness. +Where is the dwelling of the lions, and the feedingplace of the young lions, where the lion, even the old lion, walked, and the lion's whelp, and none made them afraid? +The lion did tear in pieces enough for his whelps, and strangled for his lionesses, and filled his holes with prey, and his dens with ravin. +Behold, I am against thee, saith the LORD of hosts, and I will burn her chariots in the smoke, and the sword shall devour thy young lions: and I will cut off thy prey from the earth, and the voice of thy messengers shall no more be heard. +Woe to the bloody city! it is all full of lies and robbery; the prey departeth not; +The noise of a whip, and the noise of the rattling of the wheels, and of the pransing horses, and of the jumping chariots. +The horseman lifteth up both the bright sword and the glittering spear: and there is a multitude of slain, and a great number of carcases; and there is none end of their corpses; they stumble upon their corpses: +Because of the multitude of the whoredoms of the wellfavoured harlot, the mistress of witchcrafts, that selleth nations through her whoredoms, and families through her witchcrafts. +Behold, I am against thee, saith the LORD of hosts; and I will discover thy skirts upon thy face, and I will shew the nations thy nakedness, and the kingdoms thy shame. +And I will cast abominable filth upon thee, and make thee vile, and will set thee as a gazingstock. +And it shall come to pass, that all they that look upon thee shall flee from thee, and say, Nineveh is laid waste: who will bemoan her? whence shall I seek comforters for thee? +Art thou better than populous No, that was situate among the rivers, that had the waters round about it, whose rampart was the sea, and her wall was from the sea? +Ethiopia and Egypt were her strength, and it was infinite; Put and Lubim were thy helpers. +Yet was she carried away, she went into captivity: her young children also were dashed in pieces at the top of all the streets: and they cast lots for her honourable men, and all her great men were bound in chains. +Thou also shalt be drunken: thou shalt be hid, thou also shalt seek strength because of the enemy. +All thy strong holds shall be like fig trees with the firstripe figs: if they be shaken, they shall even fall into the mouth of the eater. +Behold, thy people in the midst of thee are women: the gates of thy land shall be set wide open unto thine enemies: the fire shall devour thy bars. +Draw thee waters for the siege, fortify thy strong holds: go into clay, and tread the morter, make strong the brickkiln. +There shall the fire devour thee; the sword shall cut thee off, it shall eat thee up like the cankerworm: make thyself many as the cankerworm, make thyself many as the locusts. +Thou hast multiplied thy merchants above the stars of heaven: the cankerworm spoileth, and fleeth away. +Thy crowned are as the locusts, and thy captains as the great grasshoppers, which camp in the hedges in the cold day, but when the sun ariseth they flee away, and their place is not known where they are. +Thy shepherds slumber, O king of Assyria: thy nobles shall dwell in the dust: thy people is scattered upon the mountains, and no man gathereth them. +There is no healing of thy bruise; thy wound is grievous: all that hear the bruit of thee shall clap the hands over thee: for upon whom hath not thy wickedness passed continually? +The burden which Habakkuk the prophet did see. +O LORD, how long shall I cry, and thou wilt not hear! even cry out unto thee of violence, and thou wilt not save! +Why dost thou shew me iniquity, and cause me to behold grievance? for spoiling and violence are before me: and there are that raise up strife and contention. +Therefore the law is slacked, and judgment doth never go forth: for the wicked doth compass about the righteous; therefore wrong judgment proceedeth. +Behold ye among the heathen, and regard, and wonder marvelously: for I will work a work in your days which ye will not believe, though it be told you. +For, lo, I raise up the Chaldeans, that bitter and hasty nation, which shall march through the breadth of the land, to possess the dwellingplaces that are not their's. +They are terrible and dreadful: their judgment and their dignity shall proceed of themselves. +Their horses also are swifter than the leopards, and are more fierce than the evening wolves: and their horsemen shall spread themselves, and their horsemen shall come from far; they shall fly as the eagle that hasteth to eat. +They shall come all for violence: their faces shall sup up as the east wind, and they shall gather the captivity as the sand. +And they shall scoff at the kings, and the princes shall be a scorn unto them: they shall deride every strong hold; for they shall heap dust, and take it. +Then shall his mind change, and he shall pass over, and offend, imputing this his power unto his god. +Art thou not from everlasting, O LORD my God, mine Holy One? we shall not die. O LORD, thou hast ordained them for judgment; and, O mighty God, thou hast established them for correction. +Thou art of purer eyes than to behold evil, and canst not look on iniquity: wherefore lookest thou upon them that deal treacherously, and holdest thy tongue when the wicked devoureth the man that is more righteous than he? +And makest men as the fishes of the sea, as the creeping things, that have no ruler over them? +They take up all of them with the angle, they catch them in their net, and gather them in their drag: therefore they rejoice and are glad. +Therefore they sacrifice unto their net, and burn incense unto their drag; because by them their portion is fat, and their meat plenteous. +Shall they therefore empty their net, and not spare continually to slay the nations? +I will stand upon my watch, and set me upon the tower, and will watch to see what he will say unto me, and what I shall answer when I am reproved. +And the LORD answered me, and said, Write the vision, and make it plain upon tables, that he may run that readeth it. +For the vision is yet for an appointed time, but at the end it shall speak, and not lie: though it tarry, wait for it; because it will surely come, it will not tarry. +Behold, his soul which is lifted up is not upright in him: but the just shall live by his faith. +Yea also, because he transgresseth by wine, he is a proud man, neither keepeth at home, who enlargeth his desire as hell, and is as death, and cannot be satisfied, but gathereth unto him all nations, and heapeth unto him all people: +Shall not all these take up a parable against him, and a taunting proverb against him, and say, Woe to him that increaseth that which is not his! how long? and to him that ladeth himself with thick clay! +Shall they not rise up suddenly that shall bite thee, and awake that shall vex thee, and thou shalt be for booties unto them? +Because thou hast spoiled many nations, all the remnant of the people shall spoil thee; because of men's blood, and for the violence of the land, of the city, and of all that dwell therein. +Woe to him that coveteth an evil covetousness to his house, that he may set his nest on high, that he may be delivered from the power of evil! +Thou hast consulted shame to thy house by cutting off many people, and hast sinned against thy soul. +For the stone shall cry out of the wall, and the beam out of the timber shall answer it. +Woe to him that buildeth a town with blood, and stablisheth a city by iniquity! +Behold, is it not of the LORD of hosts that the people shall labour in the very fire, and the people shall weary themselves for very vanity? +For the earth shall be filled with the knowledge of the glory of the LORD, as the waters cover the sea. +Woe unto him that giveth his neighbour drink, that puttest thy bottle to him, and makest him drunken also, that thou mayest look on their nakedness! +Thou art filled with shame for glory: drink thou also, and let thy foreskin be uncovered: the cup of the LORD's right hand shall be turned unto thee, and shameful spewing shall be on thy glory. +For the violence of Lebanon shall cover thee, and the spoil of beasts, which made them afraid, because of men's blood, and for the violence of the land, of the city, and of all that dwell therein. +What profiteth the graven image that the maker thereof hath graven it; the molten image, and a teacher of lies, that the maker of his work trusteth therein, to make dumb idols? +Woe unto him that saith to the wood, Awake; to the dumb stone, Arise, it shall teach! Behold, it is laid over with gold and silver, and there is no breath at all in the midst of it. +But the LORD is in his holy temple: let all the earth keep silence before him. +A prayer of Habakkuk the prophet upon Shigionoth. +O LORD, I have heard thy speech, and was afraid: O LORD, revive thy work in the midst of the years, in the midst of the years make known; in wrath remember mercy. +God came from Teman, and the Holy One from mount Paran. Selah. His glory covered the heavens, and the earth was full of his praise. +And his brightness was as the light; he had horns coming out of his hand: and there was the hiding of his power. +Before him went the pestilence, and burning coals went forth at his feet. +He stood, and measured the earth: he beheld, and drove asunder the nations; and the everlasting mountains were scattered, the perpetual hills did bow: his ways are everlasting. +I saw the tents of Cushan in affliction: and the curtains of the land of Midian did tremble. +Was the LORD displeased against the rivers? was thine anger against the rivers? was thy wrath against the sea, that thou didst ride upon thine horses and thy chariots of salvation? +Thy bow was made quite naked, according to the oaths of the tribes, even thy word. Selah. Thou didst cleave the earth with rivers. +The mountains saw thee, and they trembled: the overflowing of the water passed by: the deep uttered his voice, and lifted up his hands on high. +The sun and moon stood still in their habitation: at the light of thine arrows they went, and at the shining of thy glittering spear. +Thou didst march through the land in indignation, thou didst thresh the heathen in anger. +Thou wentest forth for the salvation of thy people, even for salvation with thine anointed; thou woundedst the head out of the house of the wicked, by discovering the foundation unto the neck. Selah. +Thou didst strike through with his staves the head of his villages: they came out as a whirlwind to scatter me: their rejoicing was as to devour the poor secretly. +Thou didst walk through the sea with thine horses, through the heap of great waters. +When I heard, my belly trembled; my lips quivered at the voice: rottenness entered into my bones, and I trembled in myself, that I might rest in the day of trouble: when he cometh up unto the people, he will invade them with his troops. +Although the fig tree shall not blossom, neither shall fruit be in the vines; the labour of the olive shall fail, and the fields shall yield no meat; the flock shall be cut off from the fold, and there shall be no herd in the stalls: +Yet I will rejoice in the LORD, I will joy in the God of my salvation. +The LORD God is my strength, and he will make my feet like hinds' feet, and he will make me to walk upon mine high places. To the chief singer on my stringed instruments. +The word of the LORD which came unto Zephaniah the son of Cushi, the son of Gedaliah, the son of Amariah, the son of Hizkiah, in the days of Josiah the son of Amon, king of Judah. +I will utterly consume all things from off the land, saith the LORD. +I will consume man and beast; I will consume the fowls of the heaven, and the fishes of the sea, and the stumbling blocks with the wicked: and I will cut off man from off the land, saith the LORD. +I will also stretch out mine hand upon Judah, and upon all the inhabitants of Jerusalem; and I will cut off the remnant of Baal from this place, and the name of the Chemarims with the priests; +And them that worship the host of heaven upon the housetops; and them that worship and that swear by the LORD, and that swear by Malcham; +And them that are turned back from the LORD; and those that have not sought the LORD, nor enquired for him. +Hold thy peace at the presence of the Lord GOD: for the day of the LORD is at hand: for the LORD hath prepared a sacrifice, he hath bid his guests. +And it shall come to pass in the day of the LORD's sacrifice, that I will punish the princes, and the king's children, and all such as are clothed with strange apparel. +In the same day also will I punish all those that leap on the threshold, which fill their masters' houses with violence and deceit. +And it shall come to pass in that day, saith the LORD, that there shall be the noise of a cry from the fish gate, and an howling from the second, and a great crashing from the hills. +Howl, ye inhabitants of Maktesh, for all the merchant people are cut down; all they that bear silver are cut off. +And it shall come to pass at that time, that I will search Jerusalem with candles, and punish the men that are settled on their lees: that say in their heart, The LORD will not do good, neither will he do evil. +Therefore their goods shall become a booty, and their houses a desolation: they shall also build houses, but not inhabit them; and they shall plant vineyards, but not drink the wine thereof. +The great day of the LORD is near, it is near, and hasteth greatly, even the voice of the day of the LORD: the mighty man shall cry there bitterly. +That day is a day of wrath, a day of trouble and distress, a day of wasteness and desolation, a day of darkness and gloominess, a day of clouds and thick darkness, +A day of the trumpet and alarm against the fenced cities, and against the high towers. +And I will bring distress upon men, that they shall walk like blind men, because they have sinned against the LORD: and their blood shall be poured out as dust, and their flesh as the dung. +Neither their silver nor their gold shall be able to deliver them in the day of the LORD's wrath; but the whole land shall be devoured by the fire of his jealousy: for he shall make even a speedy riddance of all them that dwell in the land. +Gather yourselves together, yea, gather together, O nation not desired; +Before the decree bring forth, before the day pass as the chaff, before the fierce anger of the LORD come upon you, before the day of the LORD's anger come upon you. +Seek ye the LORD, all ye meek of the earth, which have wrought his judgment; seek righteousness, seek meekness: it may be ye shall be hid in the day of the LORD's anger. +For Gaza shall be forsaken, and Ashkelon a desolation: they shall drive out Ashdod at the noon day, and Ekron shall be rooted up. +Woe unto the inhabitants of the sea coast, the nation of the Cherethites! the word of the LORD is against you; O Canaan, the land of the Philistines, I will even destroy thee, that there shall be no inhabitant. +And the sea coast shall be dwellings and cottages for shepherds, and folds for flocks. +And the coast shall be for the remnant of the house of Judah; they shall feed thereupon: in the houses of Ashkelon shall they lie down in the evening: for the LORD their God shall visit them, and turn away their captivity. +I have heard the reproach of Moab, and the revilings of the children of Ammon, whereby they have reproached my people, and magnified themselves against their border. +Therefore as I live, saith the LORD of hosts, the God of Israel, Surely Moab shall be as Sodom, and the children of Ammon as Gomorrah, even the breeding of nettles, and saltpits, and a perpetual desolation: the residue of my people shall spoil them, and the remnant of my people shall possess them. +This shall they have for their pride, because they have reproached and magnified themselves against the people of the LORD of hosts. +The LORD will be terrible unto them: for he will famish all the gods of the earth; and men shall worship him, every one from his place, even all the isles of the heathen. +Ye Ethiopians also, ye shall be slain by my sword. +And he will stretch out his hand against the north, and destroy Assyria; and will make Nineveh a desolation, and dry like a wilderness. +And flocks shall lie down in the midst of her, all the beasts of the nations: both the cormorant and the bittern shall lodge in the upper lintels of it; their voice shall sing in the windows; desolation shall be in the thresholds; for he shall uncover the cedar work. +This is the rejoicing city that dwelt carelessly, that said in her heart, I am, and there is none beside me: how is she become a desolation, a place for beasts to lie down in! every one that passeth by her shall hiss, and wag his hand. +Woe to her that is filthy and polluted, to the oppressing city! +She obeyed not the voice; she received not correction; she trusted not in the LORD; she drew not near to her God. +Her princes within her are roaring lions; her judges are evening wolves; they gnaw not the bones till the morrow. +Her prophets are light and treacherous persons: her priests have polluted the sanctuary, they have done violence to the law. +The just LORD is in the midst thereof; he will not do iniquity: every morning doth he bring his judgment to light, he faileth not; but the unjust knoweth no shame. +I have cut off the nations: their towers are desolate; I made their streets waste, that none passeth by: their cities are destroyed, so that there is no man, that there is none inhabitant. +I said, Surely thou wilt fear me, thou wilt receive instruction; so their dwelling should not be cut off, howsoever I punished them: but they rose early, and corrupted all their doings. +Therefore wait ye upon me, saith the LORD, until the day that I rise up to the prey: for my determination is to gather the nations, that I may assemble the kingdoms, to pour upon them mine indignation, even all my fierce anger: for all the earth shall be devoured with the fire of my jealousy. +For then will I turn to the people a pure language, that they may all call upon the name of the LORD, to serve him with one consent. +From beyond the rivers of Ethiopia my suppliants, even the daughter of my dispersed, shall bring mine offering. +In that day shalt thou not be ashamed for all thy doings, wherein thou hast transgressed against me: for then I will take away out of the midst of thee them that rejoice in thy pride, and thou shalt no more be haughty because of my holy mountain. +I will also leave in the midst of thee an afflicted and poor people, and they shall trust in the name of the LORD. +The remnant of Israel shall not do iniquity, nor speak lies; neither shall a deceitful tongue be found in their mouth: for they shall feed and lie down, and none shall make them afraid. +Sing, O daughter of Zion; shout, O Israel; be glad and rejoice with all the heart, O daughter of Jerusalem. +The LORD hath taken away thy judgments, he hath cast out thine enemy: the king of Israel, even the LORD, is in the midst of thee: thou shalt not see evil any more. +In that day it shall be said to Jerusalem, Fear thou not: and to Zion, Let not thine hands be slack. +The LORD thy God in the midst of thee is mighty; he will save, he will rejoice over thee with joy; he will rest in his love, he will joy over thee with singing. +I will gather them that are sorrowful for the solemn assembly, who are of thee, to whom the reproach of it was a burden. +Behold, at that time I will undo all that afflict thee: and I will save her that halteth, and gather her that was driven out; and I will get them praise and fame in every land where they have been put to shame. +At that time will I bring you again, even in the time that I gather you: for I will make you a name and a praise among all people of the earth, when I turn back your captivity before your eyes, saith the LORD. +In the second year of Darius the king, in the sixth month, in the first day of the month, came the word of the LORD by Haggai the prophet unto Zerubbabel the son of Shealtiel, governor of Judah, and to Joshua the son of Josedech, the high priest, saying, +Thus speaketh the LORD of hosts, saying, This people say, The time is not come, the time that the LORD's house should be built. +Then came the word of the LORD by Haggai the prophet, saying, +Is it time for you, O ye, to dwell in your cieled houses, and this house lie waste? +Now therefore thus saith the LORD of hosts; Consider your ways. +Ye have sown much, and bring in little; ye eat, but ye have not enough; ye drink, but ye are not filled with drink; ye clothe you, but there is none warm; and he that earneth wages earneth wages to put it into a bag with holes. +Thus saith the LORD of hosts; Consider your ways. +Go up to the mountain, and bring wood, and build the house; and I will take pleasure in it, and I will be glorified, saith the LORD. +Ye looked for much, and, lo it came to little; and when ye brought it home, I did blow upon it. Why? saith the LORD of hosts. Because of mine house that is waste, and ye run every man unto his own house. +Therefore the heaven over you is stayed from dew, and the earth is stayed from her fruit. +And I called for a drought upon the land, and upon the mountains, and upon the corn, and upon the new wine, and upon the oil, and upon that which the ground bringeth forth, and upon men, and upon cattle, and upon all the labour of the hands. +Then Zerubbabel the son of Shealtiel, and Joshua the son of Josedech, the high priest, with all the remnant of the people, obeyed the voice of the LORD their God, and the words of Haggai the prophet, as the LORD their God had sent him, and the people did fear before the LORD. +Then spake Haggai the LORD's messenger in the LORD's message unto the people, saying, I am with you, saith the LORD. +And the LORD stirred up the spirit of Zerubbabel the son of Shealtiel, governor of Judah, and the spirit of Joshua the son of Josedech, the high priest, and the spirit of all the remnant of the people; and they came and did work in the house of the LORD of hosts, their God, +In the four and twentieth day of the sixth month, in the second year of Darius the king. +In the seventh month, in the one and twentieth day of the month, came the word of the LORD by the prophet Haggai, saying, +Speak now to Zerubbabel the son of Shealtiel, governor of Judah, and to Joshua the son of Josedech, the high priest, and to the residue of the people, saying, +Who is left among you that saw this house in her first glory? and how do ye see it now? is it not in your eyes in comparison of it as nothing? +Yet now be strong, O Zerubbabel, saith the LORD; and be strong, O Joshua, son of Josedech, the high priest; and be strong, all ye people of the land, saith the LORD, and work: for I am with you, saith the LORD of hosts: +According to the word that I covenanted with you when ye came out of Egypt, so my spirit remaineth among you: fear ye not. +For thus saith the LORD of hosts; Yet once, it is a little while, and I will shake the heavens, and the earth, and the sea, and the dry land; +And I will shake all nations, and the desire of all nations shall come: and I will fill this house with glory, saith the LORD of hosts. +The silver is mine, and the gold is mine, saith the LORD of hosts. +The glory of this latter house shall be greater than of the former, saith the LORD of hosts: and in this place will I give peace, saith the LORD of hosts. +In the four and twentieth day of the ninth month, in the second year of Darius, came the word of the LORD by Haggai the prophet, saying, +Thus saith the LORD of hosts; Ask now the priests concerning the law, saying, +If one bear holy flesh in the skirt of his garment, and with his skirt do touch bread, or pottage, or wine, or oil, or any meat, shall it be holy? And the priests answered and said, No. +Then said Haggai, If one that is unclean by a dead body touch any of these, shall it be unclean? And the priests answered and said, It shall be unclean. +Then answered Haggai, and said, So is this people, and so is this nation before me, saith the LORD; and so is every work of their hands; and that which they offer there is unclean. +And now, I pray you, consider from this day and upward, from before a stone was laid upon a stone in the temple of the LORD: +Since those days were, when one came to an heap of twenty measures, there were but ten: when one came to the pressfat for to draw out fifty vessels out of the press, there were but twenty. +I smote you with blasting and with mildew and with hail in all the labours of your hands; yet ye turned not to me, saith the LORD. +Consider now from this day and upward, from the four and twentieth day of the ninth month, even from the day that the foundation of the LORD's temple was laid, consider it. +Is the seed yet in the barn? yea, as yet the vine, and the fig tree, and the pomegranate, and the olive tree, hath not brought forth: from this day will I bless you. +And again the word of the LORD came unto Haggai in the four and twentieth day of the month, saying, +Speak to Zerubbabel, governor of Judah, saying, I will shake the heavens and the earth; +And I will overthrow the throne of kingdoms, and I will destroy the strength of the kingdoms of the heathen; and I will overthrow the chariots, and those that ride in them; and the horses and their riders shall come down, every one by the sword of his brother. +In that day, saith the LORD of hosts, will I take thee, O Zerubbabel, my servant, the son of Shealtiel, saith the LORD, and will make thee as a signet: for I have chosen thee, saith the LORD of hosts. +In the eighth month, in the second year of Darius, came the word of the LORD unto Zechariah, the son of Berechiah, the son of Iddo the prophet, saying, +The LORD hath been sore displeased with your fathers. +Therefore say thou unto them, Thus saith the LORD of hosts; Turn ye unto me, saith the LORD of hosts, and I will turn unto you, saith the LORD of hosts. +Be ye not as your fathers, unto whom the former prophets have cried, saying, Thus saith the LORD of hosts; Turn ye now from your evil ways, and from your evil doings: but they did not hear, nor hearken unto me, saith the LORD. +Your fathers, where are they? and the prophets, do they live for ever? +But my words and my statutes, which I commanded my servants the prophets, did they not take hold of your fathers? and they returned and said, Like as the LORD of hosts thought to do unto us, according to our ways, and according to our doings, so hath he dealt with us. +Upon the four and twentieth day of the eleventh month, which is the month Sebat, in the second year of Darius, came the word of the LORD unto Zechariah, the son of Berechiah, the son of Iddo the prophet, saying, +I saw by night, and behold a man riding upon a red horse, and he stood among the myrtle trees that were in the bottom; and behind him were there red horses, speckled, and white. +Then said I, O my lord, what are these? And the angel that talked with me said unto me, I will shew thee what these be. +And the man that stood among the myrtle trees answered and said, These are they whom the LORD hath sent to walk to and fro through the earth. +And they answered the angel of the LORD that stood among the myrtle trees, and said, We have walked to and fro through the earth, and, behold, all the earth sitteth still, and is at rest. +Then the angel of the LORD answered and said, O LORD of hosts, how long wilt thou not have mercy on Jerusalem and on the cities of Judah, against which thou hast had indignation these threescore and ten years? +And the LORD answered the angel that talked with me with good words and comfortable words. +So the angel that communed with me said unto me, Cry thou, saying, Thus saith the LORD of hosts; I am jealous for Jerusalem and for Zion with a great jealousy. +And I am very sore displeased with the heathen that are at ease: for I was but a little displeased, and they helped forward the affliction. +Therefore thus saith the LORD; I am returned to Jerusalem with mercies: my house shall be built in it, saith the LORD of hosts, and a line shall be stretched forth upon Jerusalem. +Cry yet, saying, Thus saith the LORD of hosts; My cities through prosperity shall yet be spread abroad; and the LORD shall yet comfort Zion, and shall yet choose Jerusalem. +Then lifted I up mine eyes, and saw, and behold four horns. +And I said unto the angel that talked with me, What be these? And he answered me, These are the horns which have scattered Judah, Israel, and Jerusalem. +And the LORD shewed me four carpenters. +Then said I, What come these to do? And he spake, saying, These are the horns which have scattered Judah, so that no man did lift up his head: but these are come to fray them, to cast out the horns of the Gentiles, which lifted up their horn over the land of Judah to scatter it. +I lifted up mine eyes again, and looked, and behold a man with a measuring line in his hand. +Then said I, Whither goest thou? And he said unto me, To measure Jerusalem, to see what is the breadth thereof, and what is the length thereof. +And, behold, the angel that talked with me went forth, and another angel went out to meet him, +And said unto him, Run, speak to this young man, saying, Jerusalem shall be inhabited as towns without walls for the multitude of men and cattle therein: +For I, saith the LORD, will be unto her a wall of fire round about, and will be the glory in the midst of her. +Ho, ho, come forth, and flee from the land of the north, saith the LORD: for I have spread you abroad as the four winds of the heaven, saith the LORD. +Deliver thyself, O Zion, that dwellest with the daughter of Babylon. +For thus saith the LORD of hosts; After the glory hath he sent me unto the nations which spoiled you: for he that toucheth you toucheth the apple of his eye. +For, behold, I will shake mine hand upon them, and they shall be a spoil to their servants: and ye shall know that the LORD of hosts hath sent me. +Sing and rejoice, O daughter of Zion: for, lo, I come, and I will dwell in the midst of thee, saith the LORD. +And many nations shall be joined to the LORD in that day, and shall be my people: and I will dwell in the midst of thee, and thou shalt know that the LORD of hosts hath sent me unto thee. +And the LORD shall inherit Judah his portion in the holy land, and shall choose Jerusalem again. +Be silent, O all flesh, before the LORD: for he is raised up out of his holy habitation. +And he shewed me Joshua the high priest standing before the angel of the LORD, and Satan standing at his right hand to resist him. +And the LORD said unto Satan, The LORD rebuke thee, O Satan; even the LORD that hath chosen Jerusalem rebuke thee: is not this a brand plucked out of the fire? +Now Joshua was clothed with filthy garments, and stood before the angel. +And he answered and spake unto those that stood before him, saying, Take away the filthy garments from him. And unto him he said, Behold, I have caused thine iniquity to pass from thee, and I will clothe thee with change of raiment. +And I said, Let them set a fair mitre upon his head. So they set a fair mitre upon his head, and clothed him with garments. And the angel of the LORD stood by. +And the angel of the LORD protested unto Joshua, saying, +Thus saith the LORD of hosts; If thou wilt walk in my ways, and if thou wilt keep my charge, then thou shalt also judge my house, and shalt also keep my courts, and I will give thee places to walk among these that stand by. +Hear now, O Joshua the high priest, thou, and thy fellows that sit before thee: for they are men wondered at: for, behold, I will bring forth my servant the BRANCH. +For behold the stone that I have laid before Joshua; upon one stone shall be seven eyes: behold, I will engrave the graving thereof, saith the LORD of hosts, and I will remove the iniquity of that land in one day. +In that day, saith the LORD of hosts, shall ye call every man his neighbour under the vine and under the fig tree. +And the angel that talked with me came again, and waked me, as a man that is wakened out of his sleep. +And said unto me, What seest thou? And I said, I have looked, and behold a candlestick all of gold, with a bowl upon the top of it, and his seven lamps thereon, and seven pipes to the seven lamps, which are upon the top thereof: +And two olive trees by it, one upon the right side of the bowl, and the other upon the left side thereof. +So I answered and spake to the angel that talked with me, saying, What are these, my lord? +Then the angel that talked with me answered and said unto me, Knowest thou not what these be? And I said, No, my lord. +Then he answered and spake unto me, saying, This is the word of the LORD unto Zerubbabel, saying, Not by might, nor by power, but by my spirit, saith the LORD of hosts. +Who art thou, O great mountain? before Zerubbabel thou shalt become a plain: and he shall bring forth the headstone thereof with shoutings, crying, Grace, grace unto it. +Moreover the word of the LORD came unto me, saying, +The hands of Zerubbabel have laid the foundation of this house; his hands shall also finish it; and thou shalt know that the LORD of hosts hath sent me unto you. +For who hath despised the day of small things? for they shall rejoice, and shall see the plummet in the hand of Zerubbabel with those seven; they are the eyes of the LORD, which run to and fro through the whole earth. +Then answered I, and said unto him, What are these two olive trees upon the right side of the candlestick and upon the left side thereof? +And I answered again, and said unto him, What be these two olive branches which through the two golden pipes empty the golden oil out of themselves? +And he answered me and said, Knowest thou not what these be? And I said, No, my lord. +Then said he, These are the two anointed ones, that stand by the LORD of the whole earth. +Then I turned, and lifted up mine eyes, and looked, and behold a flying roll. +And he said unto me, What seest thou? And I answered, I see a flying roll; the length thereof is twenty cubits, and the breadth thereof ten cubits. +Then said he unto me, This is the curse that goeth forth over the face of the whole earth: for every one that stealeth shall be cut off as on this side according to it; and every one that sweareth shall be cut off as on that side according to it. +I will bring it forth, saith the LORD of hosts, and it shall enter into the house of the thief, and into the house of him that sweareth falsely by my name: and it shall remain in the midst of his house, and shall consume it with the timber thereof and the stones thereof. +Then the angel that talked with me went forth, and said unto me, Lift up now thine eyes, and see what is this that goeth forth. +And I said, What is it? And he said, This is an ephah that goeth forth. He said moreover, This is their resemblance through all the earth. +And, behold, there was lifted up a talent of lead: and this is a woman that sitteth in the midst of the ephah. +And he said, This is wickedness. And he cast it into the midst of the ephah; and he cast the weight of lead upon the mouth thereof. +Then lifted I up mine eyes, and looked, and, behold, there came out two women, and the wind was in their wings; for they had wings like the wings of a stork: and they lifted up the ephah between the earth and the heaven. +Then said I to the angel that talked with me, Whither do these bear the ephah? +And he said unto me, To build it an house in the land of Shinar: and it shall be established, and set there upon her own base. +And I turned, and lifted up mine eyes, and looked, and, behold, there came four chariots out from between two mountains; and the mountains were mountains of brass. +In the first chariot were red horses; and in the second chariot black horses; +And in the third chariot white horses; and in the fourth chariot grisled and bay horses. +Then I answered and said unto the angel that talked with me, What are these, my lord? +And the angel answered and said unto me, These are the four spirits of the heavens, which go forth from standing before the LORD of all the earth. +The black horses which are therein go forth into the north country; and the white go forth after them; and the grisled go forth toward the south country. +And the bay went forth, and sought to go that they might walk to and fro through the earth: and he said, Get you hence, walk to and fro through the earth. So they walked to and fro through the earth. +Then cried he upon me, and spake unto me, saying, Behold, these that go toward the north country have quieted my spirit in the north country. +And the word of the LORD came unto me, saying, +Take of them of the captivity, even of Heldai, of Tobijah, and of Jedaiah, which are come from Babylon, and come thou the same day, and go into the house of Josiah the son of Zephaniah; +Then take silver and gold, and make crowns, and set them upon the head of Joshua the son of Josedech, the high priest; +And speak unto him, saying, Thus speaketh the LORD of hosts, saying, Behold the man whose name is The BRANCH; and he shall grow up out of his place, and he shall build the temple of the LORD: +Even he shall build the temple of the LORD; and he shall bear the glory, and shall sit and rule upon his throne; and he shall be a priest upon his throne: and the counsel of peace shall be between them both. +And the crowns shall be to Helem, and to Tobijah, and to Jedaiah, and to Hen the son of Zephaniah, for a memorial in the temple of the LORD. +And they that are far off shall come and build in the temple of the LORD, and ye shall know that the LORD of hosts hath sent me unto you. And this shall come to pass, if ye will diligently obey the voice of the LORD your God. +And it came to pass in the fourth year of king Darius, that the word of the LORD came unto Zechariah in the fourth day of the ninth month, even in Chisleu; +When they had sent unto the house of God Sherezer and Regemmelech, and their men, to pray before the LORD, +And to speak unto the priests which were in the house of the LORD of hosts, and to the prophets, saying, Should I weep in the fifth month, separating myself, as I have done these so many years? +Then came the word of the LORD of hosts unto me, saying, +Speak unto all the people of the land, and to the priests, saying, When ye fasted and mourned in the fifth and seventh month, even those seventy years, did ye at all fast unto me, even to me? +And when ye did eat, and when ye did drink, did not ye eat for yourselves, and drink for yourselves? +Should ye not hear the words which the LORD hath cried by the former prophets, when Jerusalem was inhabited and in prosperity, and the cities thereof round about her, when men inhabited the south and the plain? +And the word of the LORD came unto Zechariah, saying, +Thus speaketh the LORD of hosts, saying, Execute true judgment, and shew mercy and compassions every man to his brother: +And oppress not the widow, nor the fatherless, the stranger, nor the poor; and let none of you imagine evil against his brother in your heart. +But they refused to hearken, and pulled away the shoulder, and stopped their ears, that they should not hear. +Yea, they made their hearts as an adamant stone, lest they should hear the law, and the words which the LORD of hosts hath sent in his spirit by the former prophets: therefore came a great wrath from the LORD of hosts. +Therefore it is come to pass, that as he cried, and they would not hear; so they cried, and I would not hear, saith the LORD of hosts: +But I scattered them with a whirlwind among all the nations whom they knew not. Thus the land was desolate after them, that no man passed through nor returned: for they laid the pleasant land desolate. +Again the word of the LORD of hosts came to me, saying, +Thus saith the LORD of hosts; I was jealous for Zion with great jealousy, and I was jealous for her with great fury. +Thus saith the LORD; I am returned unto Zion, and will dwell in the midst of Jerusalem: and Jerusalem shall be called a city of truth; and the mountain of the LORD of hosts the holy mountain. +Thus saith the LORD of hosts; There shall yet old men and old women dwell in the streets of Jerusalem, and every man with his staff in his hand for very age. +And the streets of the city shall be full of boys and girls playing in the streets thereof. +Thus saith the LORD of hosts; If it be marvellous in the eyes of the remnant of this people in these days, should it also be marvellous in mine eyes? saith the LORD of hosts. +Thus saith the LORD of hosts; Behold, I will save my people from the east country, and from the west country; +And I will bring them, and they shall dwell in the midst of Jerusalem: and they shall be my people, and I will be their God, in truth and in righteousness. +Thus saith the LORD of hosts; Let your hands be strong, ye that hear in these days these words by the mouth of the prophets, which were in the day that the foundation of the house of the LORD of hosts was laid, that the temple might be built. +For before these days there was no hire for man, nor any hire for beast; neither was there any peace to him that went out or came in because of the affliction: for I set all men every one against his neighbour. +But now I will not be unto the residue of this people as in the former days, saith the LORD of hosts. +For the seed shall be prosperous; the vine shall give her fruit, and the ground shall give her increase, and the heavens shall give their dew; and I will cause the remnant of this people to possess all these things. +And it shall come to pass, that as ye were a curse among the heathen, O house of Judah, and house of Israel; so will I save you, and ye shall be a blessing: fear not, but let your hands be strong. +For thus saith the LORD of hosts; As I thought to punish you, when your fathers provoked me to wrath, saith the LORD of hosts, and I repented not: +So again have I thought in these days to do well unto Jerusalem and to the house of Judah: fear ye not. +These are the things that ye shall do; Speak ye every man the truth to his neighbour; execute the judgment of truth and peace in your gates: +And let none of you imagine evil in your hearts against his neighbour; and love no false oath: for all these are things that I hate, saith the LORD. +And the word of the LORD of hosts came unto me, saying, +Thus saith the LORD of hosts; The fast of the fourth month, and the fast of the fifth, and the fast of the seventh, and the fast of the tenth, shall be to the house of Judah joy and gladness, and cheerful feasts; therefore love the truth and peace. +Thus saith the LORD of hosts; It shall yet come to pass, that there shall come people, and the inhabitants of many cities: +And the inhabitants of one city shall go to another, saying, Let us go speedily to pray before the LORD, and to seek the LORD of hosts: I will go also. +Yea, many people and strong nations shall come to seek the LORD of hosts in Jerusalem, and to pray before the LORD. +Thus saith the LORD of hosts; In those days it shall come to pass, that ten men shall take hold out of all languages of the nations, even shall take hold of the skirt of him that is a Jew, saying, We will go with you: for we have heard that God is with you. +The burden of the word of the LORD in the land of Hadrach, and Damascus shall be the rest thereof: when the eyes of man, as of all the tribes of Israel, shall be toward the LORD. +And Hamath also shall border thereby; Tyrus, and Zidon, though it be very wise. +And Tyrus did build herself a strong hold, and heaped up silver as the dust, and fine gold as the mire of the streets. +Behold, the LORD will cast her out, and he will smite her power in the sea; and she shall be devoured with fire. +Ashkelon shall see it, and fear; Gaza also shall see it, and be very sorrowful, and Ekron; for her expectation shall be ashamed; and the king shall perish from Gaza, and Ashkelon shall not be inhabited. +And a bastard shall dwell in Ashdod, and I will cut off the pride of the Philistines. +And I will take away his blood out of his mouth, and his abominations from between his teeth: but he that remaineth, even he, shall be for our God, and he shall be as a governor in Judah, and Ekron as a Jebusite. +And I will encamp about mine house because of the army, because of him that passeth by, and because of him that returneth: and no oppressor shall pass through them any more: for now have I seen with mine eyes. +Rejoice greatly, O daughter of Zion; shout, O daughter of Jerusalem: behold, thy King cometh unto thee: he is just, and having salvation; lowly, and riding upon an ass, and upon a colt the foal of an ass. +And I will cut off the chariot from Ephraim, and the horse from Jerusalem, and the battle bow shall be cut off: and he shall speak peace unto the heathen: and his dominion shall be from sea even to sea, and from the river even to the ends of the earth. +As for thee also, by the blood of thy covenant I have sent forth thy prisoners out of the pit wherein is no water. +Turn you to the strong hold, ye prisoners of hope: even to day do I declare that I will render double unto thee; +When I have bent Judah for me, filled the bow with Ephraim, and raised up thy sons, O Zion, against thy sons, O Greece, and made thee as the sword of a mighty man. +And the LORD shall be seen over them, and his arrow shall go forth as the lightning: and the LORD God shall blow the trumpet, and shall go with whirlwinds of the south. +The LORD of hosts shall defend them; and they shall devour, and subdue with sling stones; and they shall drink, and make a noise as through wine; and they shall be filled like bowls, and as the corners of the altar. +And the LORD their God shall save them in that day as the flock of his people: for they shall be as the stones of a crown, lifted up as an ensign upon his land. +For how great is his goodness, and how great is his beauty! corn shall make the young men cheerful, and new wine the maids. +Ask ye of the LORD rain in the time of the latter rain; so the LORD shall make bright clouds, and give them showers of rain, to every one grass in the field. +For the idols have spoken vanity, and the diviners have seen a lie, and have told false dreams; they comfort in vain: therefore they went their way as a flock, they were troubled, because there was no shepherd. +Mine anger was kindled against the shepherds, and I punished the goats: for the LORD of hosts hath visited his flock the house of Judah, and hath made them as his goodly horse in the battle. +Out of him came forth the corner, out of him the nail, out of him the battle bow, out of him every oppressor together. +And they shall be as mighty men, which tread down their enemies in the mire of the streets in the battle: and they shall fight, because the LORD is with them, and the riders on horses shall be confounded. +And I will strengthen the house of Judah, and I will save the house of Joseph, and I will bring them again to place them; for I have mercy upon them: and they shall be as though I had not cast them off: for I am the LORD their God, and will hear them. +And they of Ephraim shall be like a mighty man, and their heart shall rejoice as through wine: yea, their children shall see it, and be glad; their heart shall rejoice in the LORD. +I will hiss for them, and gather them; for I have redeemed them: and they shall increase as they have increased. +And I will sow them among the people: and they shall remember me in far countries; and they shall live with their children, and turn again. +I will bring them again also out of the land of Egypt, and gather them out of Assyria; and I will bring them into the land of Gilead and Lebanon; and place shall not be found for them. +And he shall pass through the sea with affliction, and shall smite the waves in the sea, and all the deeps of the river shall dry up: and the pride of Assyria shall be brought down, and the sceptre of Egypt shall depart away. +And I will strengthen them in the LORD; and they shall walk up and down in his name, saith the LORD. +Open thy doors, O Lebanon, that the fire may devour thy cedars. +Howl, fir tree; for the cedar is fallen; because the mighty are spoiled: howl, O ye oaks of Bashan; for the forest of the vintage is come down. +There is a voice of the howling of the shepherds; for their glory is spoiled: a voice of the roaring of young lions; for the pride of Jordan is spoiled. +Thus saith the LORD my God; Feed the flock of the slaughter; +Whose possessors slay them, and hold themselves not guilty: and they that sell them say, Blessed be the LORD; for I am rich: and their own shepherds pity them not. +For I will no more pity the inhabitants of the land, saith the LORD: but, lo, I will deliver the men every one into his neighbour's hand, and into the hand of his king: and they shall smite the land, and out of their hand I will not deliver them. +And I will feed the flock of slaughter, even you, O poor of the flock. And I took unto me two staves; the one I called Beauty, and the other I called Bands; and I fed the flock. +Three shepherds also I cut off in one month; and my soul lothed them, and their soul also abhorred me. +Then said I, I will not feed you: that that dieth, let it die; and that that is to be cut off, let it be cut off; and let the rest eat every one the flesh of another. +And I took my staff, even Beauty, and cut it asunder, that I might break my covenant which I had made with all the people. +And it was broken in that day: and so the poor of the flock that waited upon me knew that it was the word of the LORD. +And I said unto them, If ye think good, give me my price; and if not, forbear. So they weighed for my price thirty pieces of silver. +And the LORD said unto me, Cast it unto the potter: a goodly price that I was prised at of them. And I took the thirty pieces of silver, and cast them to the potter in the house of the LORD. +Then I cut asunder mine other staff, even Bands, that I might break the brotherhood between Judah and Israel. +And the LORD said unto me, Take unto thee yet the instruments of a foolish shepherd. +For, lo, I will raise up a shepherd in the land, which shall not visit those that be cut off, neither shall seek the young one, nor heal that that is broken, nor feed that that standeth still: but he shall eat the flesh of the fat, and tear their claws in pieces. +Woe to the idol shepherd that leaveth the flock! the sword shall be upon his arm, and upon his right eye: his arm shall be clean dried up, and his right eye shall be utterly darkened. +The burden of the word of the LORD for Israel, saith the LORD, which stretcheth forth the heavens, and layeth the foundation of the earth, and formeth the spirit of man within him. +Behold, I will make Jerusalem a cup of trembling unto all the people round about, when they shall be in the siege both against Judah and against Jerusalem. +And in that day will I make Jerusalem a burdensome stone for all people: all that burden themselves with it shall be cut in pieces, though all the people of the earth be gathered together against it. +In that day, saith the LORD, I will smite every horse with astonishment, and his rider with madness: and I will open mine eyes upon the house of Judah, and will smite every horse of the people with blindness. +And the governors of Judah shall say in their heart, The inhabitants of Jerusalem shall be my strength in the LORD of hosts their God. +In that day will I make the governors of Judah like an hearth of fire among the wood, and like a torch of fire in a sheaf; and they shall devour all the people round about, on the right hand and on the left: and Jerusalem shall be inhabited again in her own place, even in Jerusalem. +The LORD also shall save the tents of Judah first, that the glory of the house of David and the glory of the inhabitants of Jerusalem do not magnify themselves against Judah. +In that day shall the LORD defend the inhabitants of Jerusalem; and he that is feeble among them at that day shall be as David; and the house of David shall be as God, as the angel of the LORD before them. +And it shall come to pass in that day, that I will seek to destroy all the nations that come against Jerusalem. +And I will pour upon the house of David, and upon the inhabitants of Jerusalem, the spirit of grace and of supplications: and they shall look upon me whom they have pierced, and they shall mourn for him, as one mourneth for his only son, and shall be in bitterness for him, as one that is in bitterness for his firstborn. +In that day shall there be a great mourning in Jerusalem, as the mourning of Hadadrimmon in the valley of Megiddon. +And the land shall mourn, every family apart; the family of the house of David apart, and their wives apart; the family of the house of Nathan apart, and their wives apart; +The family of the house of Levi apart, and their wives apart; the family of Shimei apart, and their wives apart; +All the families that remain, every family apart, and their wives apart. +In that day there shall be a fountain opened to the house of David and to the inhabitants of Jerusalem for sin and for uncleanness. +And it shall come to pass in that day, saith the LORD of hosts, that I will cut off the names of the idols out of the land, and they shall no more be remembered: and also I will cause the prophets and the unclean spirit to pass out of the land. +And it shall come to pass, that when any shall yet prophesy, then his father and his mother that begat him shall say unto him, Thou shalt not live; for thou speakest lies in the name of the LORD: and his father and his mother that begat him shall thrust him through when he prophesieth. +And it shall come to pass in that day, that the prophets shall be ashamed every one of his vision, when he hath prophesied; neither shall they wear a rough garment to deceive: +But he shall say, I am no prophet, I am an husbandman; for man taught me to keep cattle from my youth. +And one shall say unto him, What are these wounds in thine hands? Then he shall answer, Those with which I was wounded in the house of my friends. +Awake, O sword, against my shepherd, and against the man that is my fellow, saith the LORD of hosts: smite the shepherd, and the sheep shall be scattered: and I will turn mine hand upon the little ones. +And it shall come to pass, that in all the land, saith the LORD, two parts therein shall be cut off and die; but the third shall be left therein. +And I will bring the third part through the fire, and will refine them as silver is refined, and will try them as gold is tried: they shall call on my name, and I will hear them: I will say, It is my people: and they shall say, The LORD is my God. +Behold, the day of the LORD cometh, and thy spoil shall be divided in the midst of thee. +For I will gather all nations against Jerusalem to battle; and the city shall be taken, and the houses rifled, and the women ravished; and half of the city shall go forth into captivity, and the residue of the people shall not be cut off from the city. +Then shall the LORD go forth, and fight against those nations, as when he fought in the day of battle. +And his feet shall stand in that day upon the mount of Olives, which is before Jerusalem on the east, and the mount of Olives shall cleave in the midst thereof toward the east and toward the west, and there shall be a very great valley; and half of the mountain shall remove toward the north, and half of it toward the south. +And ye shall flee to the valley of the mountains; for the valley of the mountains shall reach unto Azal: yea, ye shall flee, like as ye fled from before the earthquake in the days of Uzziah king of Judah: and the LORD my God shall come, and all the saints with thee. +And it shall come to pass in that day, that the light shall not be clear, nor dark: +But it shall be one day which shall be known to the LORD, not day, nor night: but it shall come to pass, that at evening time it shall be light. +And it shall be in that day, that living waters shall go out from Jerusalem; half of them toward the former sea, and half of them toward the hinder sea: in summer and in winter shall it be. +And the LORD shall be king over all the earth: in that day shall there be one LORD, and his name one. +All the land shall be turned as a plain from Geba to Rimmon south of Jerusalem: and it shall be lifted up, and inhabited in her place, from Benjamin's gate unto the place of the first gate, unto the corner gate, and from the tower of Hananeel unto the king's winepresses. +And men shall dwell in it, and there shall be no more utter destruction; but Jerusalem shall be safely inhabited. +And this shall be the plague wherewith the LORD will smite all the people that have fought against Jerusalem; Their flesh shall consume away while they stand upon their feet, and their eyes shall consume away in their holes, and their tongue shall consume away in their mouth. +And it shall come to pass in that day, that a great tumult from the LORD shall be among them; and they shall lay hold every one on the hand of his neighbour, and his hand shall rise up against the hand of his neighbour. +And Judah also shall fight at Jerusalem; and the wealth of all the heathen round about shall be gathered together, gold, and silver, and apparel, in great abundance. +And so shall be the plague of the horse, of the mule, of the camel, and of the ass, and of all the beasts that shall be in these tents, as this plague. +And it shall come to pass, that every one that is left of all the nations which came against Jerusalem shall even go up from year to year to worship the King, the LORD of hosts, and to keep the feast of tabernacles. +And it shall be, that whoso will not come up of all the families of the earth unto Jerusalem to worship the King, the LORD of hosts, even upon them shall be no rain. +And if the family of Egypt go not up, and come not, that have no rain; there shall be the plague, wherewith the LORD will smite the heathen that come not up to keep the feast of tabernacles. +This shall be the punishment of Egypt, and the punishment of all nations that come not up to keep the feast of tabernacles. +In that day shall there be upon the bells of the horses, HOLINESS UNTO THE LORD; and the pots in the LORD's house shall be like the bowls before the altar. +Yea, every pot in Jerusalem and in Judah shall be holiness unto the LORD of hosts: and all they that sacrifice shall come and take of them, and seethe therein: and in that day there shall be no more the Canaanite in the house of the LORD of hosts. +The burden of the word of the LORD to Israel by Malachi. +I have loved you, saith the LORD. Yet ye say, Wherein hast thou loved us? Was not Esau Jacob's brother? saith the LORD: yet I loved Jacob, +And I hated Esau, and laid his mountains and his heritage waste for the dragons of the wilderness. +Whereas Edom saith, We are impoverished, but we will return and build the desolate places; thus saith the LORD of hosts, They shall build, but I will throw down; and they shall call them, The border of wickedness, and, The people against whom the LORD hath indignation for ever. +And your eyes shall see, and ye shall say, The LORD will be magnified from the border of Israel. +A son honoureth his father, and a servant his master: if then I be a father, where is mine honour? and if I be a master, where is my fear? saith the LORD of hosts unto you, O priests, that despise my name. And ye say, Wherein have we despised thy name? +Ye offer polluted bread upon mine altar; and ye say, Wherein have we polluted thee? In that ye say, The table of the LORD is contemptible. +And if ye offer the blind for sacrifice, is it not evil? and if ye offer the lame and sick, is it not evil? offer it now unto thy governor; will he be pleased with thee, or accept thy person? saith the LORD of hosts. +And now, I pray you, beseech God that he will be gracious unto us: this hath been by your means: will he regard your persons? saith the LORD of hosts. +Who is there even among you that would shut the doors for nought? neither do ye kindle fire on mine altar for nought. I have no pleasure in you, saith the LORD of hosts, neither will I accept an offering at your hand. +For from the rising of the sun even unto the going down of the same my name shall be great among the Gentiles; and in every place incense shall be offered unto my name, and a pure offering: for my name shall be great among the heathen, saith the LORD of hosts. +But ye have profaned it, in that ye say, The table of the LORD is polluted; and the fruit thereof, even his meat, is contemptible. +Ye said also, Behold, what a weariness is it! and ye have snuffed at it, saith the LORD of hosts; and ye brought that which was torn, and the lame, and the sick; thus ye brought an offering: should I accept this of your hand? saith the LORD. +But cursed be the deceiver, which hath in his flock a male, and voweth, and sacrificeth unto the LORD a corrupt thing: for I am a great King, saith the LORD of hosts, and my name is dreadful among the heathen. +And now, O ye priests, this commandment is for you. +If ye will not hear, and if ye will not lay it to heart, to give glory unto my name, saith the LORD of hosts, I will even send a curse upon you, and I will curse your blessings: yea, I have cursed them already, because ye do not lay it to heart. +Behold, I will corrupt your seed, and spread dung upon your faces, even the dung of your solemn feasts; and one shall take you away with it. +And ye shall know that I have sent this commandment unto you, that my covenant might be with Levi, saith the LORD of hosts. +My covenant was with him of life and peace; and I gave them to him for the fear wherewith he feared me, and was afraid before my name. +The law of truth was in his mouth, and iniquity was not found in his lips: he walked with me in peace and equity, and did turn many away from iniquity. +For the priest's lips should keep knowledge, and they should seek the law at his mouth: for he is the messenger of the LORD of hosts. +But ye are departed out of the way; ye have caused many to stumble at the law; ye have corrupted the covenant of Levi, saith the LORD of hosts. +Therefore have I also made you contemptible and base before all the people, according as ye have not kept my ways, but have been partial in the law. +Have we not all one father? hath not one God created us? why do we deal treacherously every man against his brother, by profaning the covenant of our fathers? +Judah hath dealt treacherously, and an abomination is committed in Israel and in Jerusalem; for Judah hath profaned the holiness of the LORD which he loved, and hath married the daughter of a strange god. +The LORD will cut off the man that doeth this, the master and the scholar, out of the tabernacles of Jacob, and him that offereth an offering unto the LORD of hosts. +And this have ye done again, covering the altar of the LORD with tears, with weeping, and with crying out, insomuch that he regardeth not the offering any more, or receiveth it with good will at your hand. +Yet ye say, Wherefore? Because the LORD hath been witness between thee and the wife of thy youth, against whom thou hast dealt treacherously: yet is she thy companion, and the wife of thy covenant. +And did not he make one? Yet had he the residue of the spirit. And wherefore one? That he might seek a godly seed. Therefore take heed to your spirit, and let none deal treacherously against the wife of his youth. +For the LORD, the God of Israel, saith that he hateth putting away: for one covereth violence with his garment, saith the LORD of hosts: therefore take heed to your spirit, that ye deal not treacherously. +Ye have wearied the LORD with your words. Yet ye say, Wherein have we wearied him? When ye say, Every one that doeth evil is good in the sight of the LORD, and he delighteth in them; or, Where is the God of judgment? +Behold, I will send my messenger, and he shall prepare the way before me: and the LORD, whom ye seek, shall suddenly come to his temple, even the messenger of the covenant, whom ye delight in: behold, he shall come, saith the LORD of hosts. +But who may abide the day of his coming? and who shall stand when he appeareth? for he is like a refiner's fire, and like fullers' soap: +And he shall sit as a refiner and purifier of silver: and he shall purify the sons of Levi, and purge them as gold and silver, that they may offer unto the LORD an offering in righteousness. +Then shall the offering of Judah and Jerusalem be pleasant unto the LORD, as in the days of old, and as in former years. +And I will come near to you to judgment; and I will be a swift witness against the sorcerers, and against the adulterers, and against false swearers, and against those that oppress the hireling in his wages, the widow, and the fatherless, and that turn aside the stranger from his right, and fear not me, saith the LORD of hosts. +For I am the LORD, I change not; therefore ye sons of Jacob are not consumed. +Even from the days of your fathers ye are gone away from mine ordinances, and have not kept them. Return unto me, and I will return unto you, saith the LORD of hosts. But ye said, Wherein shall we return? +Will a man rob God? Yet ye have robbed me. But ye say, Wherein have we robbed thee? In tithes and offerings. +Ye are cursed with a curse: for ye have robbed me, even this whole nation. +Bring ye all the tithes into the storehouse, that there may be meat in mine house, and prove me now herewith, saith the LORD of hosts, if I will not open you the windows of heaven, and pour you out a blessing, that there shall not be room enough to receive it. +And I will rebuke the devourer for your sakes, and he shall not destroy the fruits of your ground; neither shall your vine cast her fruit before the time in the field, saith the LORD of hosts. +And all nations shall call you blessed: for ye shall be a delightsome land, saith the LORD of hosts. +Your words have been stout against me, saith the LORD. Yet ye say, What have we spoken so much against thee? +Ye have said, It is vain to serve God: and what profit is it that we have kept his ordinance, and that we have walked mournfully before the LORD of hosts? +And now we call the proud happy; yea, they that work wickedness are set up; yea, they that tempt God are even delivered. +Then they that feared the LORD spake often one to another: and the LORD hearkened, and heard it, and a book of remembrance was written before him for them that feared the LORD, and that thought upon his name. +And they shall be mine, saith the LORD of hosts, in that day when I make up my jewels; and I will spare them, as a man spareth his own son that serveth him. +Then shall ye return, and discern between the righteous and the wicked, between him that serveth God and him that serveth him not. +For, behold, the day cometh, that shall burn as an oven; and all the proud, yea, and all that do wickedly, shall be stubble: and the day that cometh shall burn them up, saith the LORD of hosts, that it shall leave them neither root nor branch. +But unto you that fear my name shall the Sun of righteousness arise with healing in his wings; and ye shall go forth, and grow up as calves of the stall. +And ye shall tread down the wicked; for they shall be ashes under the soles of your feet in the day that I shall do this, saith the LORD of hosts. +Remember ye the law of Moses my servant, which I commanded unto him in Horeb for all Israel, with the statutes and judgments. +Behold, I will send you Elijah the prophet before the coming of the great and dreadful day of the LORD: +And he shall turn the heart of the fathers to the children, and the heart of the children to their fathers, lest I come and smite the earth with a curse. +The book of the generation of Jesus Christ, the son of David, the son of Abraham. +Abraham begat Isaac; and Isaac begat Jacob; and Jacob begat Judas and his brethren; +And Judas begat Phares and Zara of Thamar; and Phares begat Esrom; and Esrom begat Aram; +And Aram begat Aminadab; and Aminadab begat Naasson; and Naasson begat Salmon; +And Salmon begat Booz of Rachab; and Booz begat Obed of Ruth; and Obed begat Jesse; +And Jesse begat David the king; and David the king begat Solomon of her that had been the wife of Urias; +And Solomon begat Roboam; and Roboam begat Abia; and Abia begat Asa; +And Asa begat Josaphat; and Josaphat begat Joram; and Joram begat Ozias; +And Ozias begat Joatham; and Joatham begat Achaz; and Achaz begat Ezekias; +And Ezekias begat Manasses; and Manasses begat Amon; and Amon begat Josias; +And Josias begat Jechonias and his brethren, about the time they were carried away to Babylon: +And after they were brought to Babylon, Jechonias begat Salathiel; and Salathiel begat Zorobabel; +And Zorobabel begat Abiud; and Abiud begat Eliakim; and Eliakim begat Azor; +And Azor begat Sadoc; and Sadoc begat Achim; and Achim begat Eliud; +And Eliud begat Eleazar; and Eleazar begat Matthan; and Matthan begat Jacob; +And Jacob begat Joseph the husband of Mary, of whom was born Jesus, who is called Christ. +So all the generations from Abraham to David are fourteen generations; and from David until the carrying away into Babylon are fourteen generations; and from the carrying away into Babylon unto Christ are fourteen generations. +Now the birth of Jesus Christ was on this wise: When as his mother Mary was espoused to Joseph, before they came together, she was found with child of the Holy Ghost. +Then Joseph her husband, being a just man, and not willing to make her a publick example, was minded to put her away privily. +But while he thought on these things, behold, the angel of the LORD appeared unto him in a dream, saying, Joseph, thou son of David, fear not to take unto thee Mary thy wife: for that which is conceived in her is of the Holy Ghost. +And she shall bring forth a son, and thou shalt call his name JESUS: for he shall save his people from their sins. +Now all this was done, that it might be fulfilled which was spoken of the Lord by the prophet, saying, +Behold, a virgin shall be with child, and shall bring forth a son, and they shall call his name Emmanuel, which being interpreted is, God with us. +Then Joseph being raised from sleep did as the angel of the Lord had bidden him, and took unto him his wife: +And knew her not till she had brought forth her firstborn son: and he called his name JESUS. +Now when Jesus was born in Bethlehem of Judaea in the days of Herod the king, behold, there came wise men from the east to Jerusalem, +Saying, Where is he that is born King of the Jews? for we have seen his star in the east, and are come to worship him. +When Herod the king had heard these things, he was troubled, and all Jerusalem with him. +And when he had gathered all the chief priests and scribes of the people together, he demanded of them where Christ should be born. +And they said unto him, In Bethlehem of Judaea: for thus it is written by the prophet, +And thou Bethlehem, in the land of Juda, art not the least among the princes of Juda: for out of thee shall come a Governor, that shall rule my people Israel. +Then Herod, when he had privily called the wise men, enquired of them diligently what time the star appeared. +And he sent them to Bethlehem, and said, Go and search diligently for the young child; and when ye have found him, bring me word again, that I may come and worship him also. +When they had heard the king, they departed; and, lo, the star, which they saw in the east, went before them, till it came and stood over where the young child was. +When they saw the star, they rejoiced with exceeding great joy. +And when they were come into the house, they saw the young child with Mary his mother, and fell down, and worshipped him: and when they had opened their treasures, they presented unto him gifts; gold, and frankincense and myrrh. +And being warned of God in a dream that they should not return to Herod, they departed into their own country another way. +And when they were departed, behold, the angel of the Lord appeareth to Joseph in a dream, saying, Arise, and take the young child and his mother, and flee into Egypt, and be thou there until I bring thee word: for Herod will seek the young child to destroy him. +When he arose, he took the young child and his mother by night, and departed into Egypt: +And was there until the death of Herod: that it might be fulfilled which was spoken of the Lord by the prophet, saying, Out of Egypt have I called my son. +Then Herod, when he saw that he was mocked of the wise men, was exceeding wroth, and sent forth, and slew all the children that were in Bethlehem, and in all the coasts thereof, from two years old and under, according to the time which he had diligently enquired of the wise men. +Then was fulfilled that which was spoken by Jeremy the prophet, saying, +In Rama was there a voice heard, lamentation, and weeping, and great mourning, Rachel weeping for her children, and would not be comforted, because they are not. +But when Herod was dead, behold, an angel of the Lord appeareth in a dream to Joseph in Egypt, +Saying, Arise, and take the young child and his mother, and go into the land of Israel: for they are dead which sought the young child's life. +And he arose, and took the young child and his mother, and came into the land of Israel. +But when he heard that Archelaus did reign in Judaea in the room of his father Herod, he was afraid to go thither: notwithstanding, being warned of God in a dream, he turned aside into the parts of Galilee: +And he came and dwelt in a city called Nazareth: that it might be fulfilled which was spoken by the prophets, He shall be called a Nazarene. +In those days came John the Baptist, preaching in the wilderness of Judaea, +And saying, Repent ye: for the kingdom of heaven is at hand. +For this is he that was spoken of by the prophet Esaias, saying, The voice of one crying in the wilderness, Prepare ye the way of the Lord, make his paths straight. +And the same John had his raiment of camel's hair, and a leathern girdle about his loins; and his meat was locusts and wild honey. +Then went out to him Jerusalem, and all Judaea, and all the region round about Jordan, +And were baptized of him in Jordan, confessing their sins. +But when he saw many of the Pharisees and Sadducees come to his baptism, he said unto them, O generation of vipers, who hath warned you to flee from the wrath to come? +Bring forth therefore fruits meet for repentance: +And think not to say within yourselves, We have Abraham to our father: for I say unto you, that God is able of these stones to raise up children unto Abraham. +And now also the axe is laid unto the root of the trees: therefore every tree which bringeth not forth good fruit is hewn down, and cast into the fire. +I indeed baptize you with water unto repentance. but he that cometh after me is mightier than I, whose shoes I am not worthy to bear: he shall baptize you with the Holy Ghost, and with fire: +Whose fan is in his hand, and he will throughly purge his floor, and gather his wheat into the garner; but he will burn up the chaff with unquenchable fire. +Then cometh Jesus from Galilee to Jordan unto John, to be baptized of him. +But John forbad him, saying, I have need to be baptized of thee, and comest thou to me? +And Jesus answering said unto him, Suffer it to be so now: for thus it becometh us to fulfil all righteousness. Then he suffered him. +And Jesus, when he was baptized, went up straightway out of the water: and, lo, the heavens were opened unto him, and he saw the Spirit of God descending like a dove, and lighting upon him: +And lo a voice from heaven, saying, This is my beloved Son, in whom I am well pleased. +Then was Jesus led up of the spirit into the wilderness to be tempted of the devil. +And when he had fasted forty days and forty nights, he was afterward an hungred. +And when the tempter came to him, he said, If thou be the Son of God, command that these stones be made bread. +But he answered and said, It is written, Man shall not live by bread alone, but by every word that proceedeth out of the mouth of God. +Then the devil taketh him up into the holy city, and setteth him on a pinnacle of the temple, +And saith unto him, If thou be the Son of God, cast thyself down: for it is written, He shall give his angels charge concerning thee: and in their hands they shall bear thee up, lest at any time thou dash thy foot against a stone. +Jesus said unto him, It is written again, Thou shalt not tempt the Lord thy God. +Again, the devil taketh him up into an exceeding high mountain, and sheweth him all the kingdoms of the world, and the glory of them; +And saith unto him, All these things will I give thee, if thou wilt fall down and worship me. +Then saith Jesus unto him, Get thee hence, Satan: for it is written, Thou shalt worship the Lord thy God, and him only shalt thou serve. +Then the devil leaveth him, and, behold, angels came and ministered unto him. +Now when Jesus had heard that John was cast into prison, he departed into Galilee; +And leaving Nazareth, he came and dwelt in Capernaum, which is upon the sea coast, in the borders of Zabulon and Nephthalim: +That it might be fulfilled which was spoken by Esaias the prophet, saying, +The land of Zabulon, and the land of Nephthalim, by the way of the sea, beyond Jordan, Galilee of the Gentiles; +The people which sat in darkness saw great light; and to them which sat in the region and shadow of death light is sprung up. +From that time Jesus began to preach, and to say, Repent: for the kingdom of heaven is at hand. +And Jesus, walking by the sea of Galilee, saw two brethren, Simon called Peter, and Andrew his brother, casting a net into the sea: for they were fishers. +And he saith unto them, Follow me, and I will make you fishers of men. +And they straightway left their nets, and followed him. +And going on from thence, he saw other two brethren, James the son of Zebedee, and John his brother, in a ship with Zebedee their father, mending their nets; and he called them. +And they immediately left the ship and their father, and followed him. +And Jesus went about all Galilee, teaching in their synagogues, and preaching the gospel of the kingdom, and healing all manner of sickness and all manner of disease among the people. +And his fame went throughout all Syria: and they brought unto him all sick people that were taken with divers diseases and torments, and those which were possessed with devils, and those which were lunatick, and those that had the palsy; and he healed them. +And there followed him great multitudes of people from Galilee, and from Decapolis, and from Jerusalem, and from Judaea, and from beyond Jordan. +And seeing the multitudes, he went up into a mountain: and when he was set, his disciples came unto him: +And he opened his mouth, and taught them, saying, +Blessed are the poor in spirit: for theirs is the kingdom of heaven. +Blessed are they that mourn: for they shall be comforted. +Blessed are the meek: for they shall inherit the earth. +Blessed are they which do hunger and thirst after righteousness: for they shall be filled. +Blessed are the merciful: for they shall obtain mercy. +Blessed are the pure in heart: for they shall see God. +Blessed are the peacemakers: for they shall be called the children of God. +Blessed are they which are persecuted for righteousness' sake: for theirs is the kingdom of heaven. +Blessed are ye, when men shall revile you, and persecute you, and shall say all manner of evil against you falsely, for my sake. +Rejoice, and be exceeding glad: for great is your reward in heaven: for so persecuted they the prophets which were before you. +Ye are the salt of the earth: but if the salt have lost his savour, wherewith shall it be salted? it is thenceforth good for nothing, but to be cast out, and to be trodden under foot of men. +Ye are the light of the world. A city that is set on an hill cannot be hid. +Neither do men light a candle, and put it under a bushel, but on a candlestick; and it giveth light unto all that are in the house. +Let your light so shine before men, that they may see your good works, and glorify your Father which is in heaven. +Think not that I am come to destroy the law, or the prophets: I am not come to destroy, but to fulfil. +For verily I say unto you, Till heaven and earth pass, one jot or one tittle shall in no wise pass from the law, till all be fulfilled. +Whosoever therefore shall break one of these least commandments, and shall teach men so, he shall be called the least in the kingdom of heaven: but whosoever shall do and teach them, the same shall be called great in the kingdom of heaven. +For I say unto you, That except your righteousness shall exceed the righteousness of the scribes and Pharisees, ye shall in no case enter into the kingdom of heaven. +Ye have heard that it was said of them of old time, Thou shalt not kill; and whosoever shall kill shall be in danger of the judgment: +But I say unto you, That whosoever is angry with his brother without a cause shall be in danger of the judgment: and whosoever shall say to his brother, Raca, shall be in danger of the council: but whosoever shall say, Thou fool, shall be in danger of hell fire. +Therefore if thou bring thy gift to the altar, and there rememberest that thy brother hath ought against thee; +Leave there thy gift before the altar, and go thy way; first be reconciled to thy brother, and then come and offer thy gift. +Agree with thine adversary quickly, whiles thou art in the way with him; lest at any time the adversary deliver thee to the judge, and the judge deliver thee to the officer, and thou be cast into prison. +Verily I say unto thee, Thou shalt by no means come out thence, till thou hast paid the uttermost farthing. +Ye have heard that it was said by them of old time, Thou shalt not commit adultery: +But I say unto you, That whosoever looketh on a woman to lust after her hath committed adultery with her already in his heart. +And if thy right eye offend thee, pluck it out, and cast it from thee: for it is profitable for thee that one of thy members should perish, and not that thy whole body should be cast into hell. +And if thy right hand offend thee, cut it off, and cast it from thee: for it is profitable for thee that one of thy members should perish, and not that thy whole body should be cast into hell. +It hath been said, Whosoever shall put away his wife, let him give her a writing of divorcement: +But I say unto you, That whosoever shall put away his wife, saving for the cause of fornication, causeth her to commit adultery: and whosoever shall marry her that is divorced committeth adultery. +Again, ye have heard that it hath been said by them of old time, Thou shalt not forswear thyself, but shalt perform unto the Lord thine oaths: +But I say unto you, Swear not at all; neither by heaven; for it is God's throne: +Nor by the earth; for it is his footstool: neither by Jerusalem; for it is the city of the great King. +Neither shalt thou swear by thy head, because thou canst not make one hair white or black. +But let your communication be, Yea, yea; Nay, nay: for whatsoever is more than these cometh of evil. +Ye have heard that it hath been said, An eye for an eye, and a tooth for a tooth: +But I say unto you, That ye resist not evil: but whosoever shall smite thee on thy right cheek, turn to him the other also. +And if any man will sue thee at the law, and take away thy coat, let him have thy cloak also. +And whosoever shall compel thee to go a mile, go with him twain. +Give to him that asketh thee, and from him that would borrow of thee turn not thou away. +Ye have heard that it hath been said, Thou shalt love thy neighbour, and hate thine enemy. +But I say unto you, Love your enemies, bless them that curse you, do good to them that hate you, and pray for them which despitefully use you, and persecute you; +That ye may be the children of your Father which is in heaven: for he maketh his sun to rise on the evil and on the good, and sendeth rain on the just and on the unjust. +For if ye love them which love you, what reward have ye? do not even the publicans the same? +And if ye salute your brethren only, what do ye more than others? do not even the publicans so? +Be ye therefore perfect, even as your Father which is in heaven is perfect. +Take heed that ye do not your alms before men, to be seen of them: otherwise ye have no reward of your Father which is in heaven. +Therefore when thou doest thine alms, do not sound a trumpet before thee, as the hypocrites do in the synagogues and in the streets, that they may have glory of men. Verily I say unto you, They have their reward. +But when thou doest alms, let not thy left hand know what thy right hand doeth: +That thine alms may be in secret: and thy Father which seeth in secret himself shall reward thee openly. +And when thou prayest, thou shalt not be as the hypocrites are: for they love to pray standing in the synagogues and in the corners of the streets, that they may be seen of men. Verily I say unto you, They have their reward. +But thou, when thou prayest, enter into thy closet, and when thou hast shut thy door, pray to thy Father which is in secret; and thy Father which seeth in secret shall reward thee openly. +But when ye pray, use not vain repetitions, as the heathen do: for they think that they shall be heard for their much speaking. +Be not ye therefore like unto them: for your Father knoweth what things ye have need of, before ye ask him. +After this manner therefore pray ye: Our Father which art in heaven, Hallowed be thy name. +Thy kingdom come, Thy will be done in earth, as it is in heaven. +Give us this day our daily bread. +And forgive us our debts, as we forgive our debtors. +And lead us not into temptation, but deliver us from evil: For thine is the kingdom, and the power, and the glory, for ever. Amen. +For if ye forgive men their trespasses, your heavenly Father will also forgive you: +But if ye forgive not men their trespasses, neither will your Father forgive your trespasses. +Moreover when ye fast, be not, as the hypocrites, of a sad countenance: for they disfigure their faces, that they may appear unto men to fast. Verily I say unto you, They have their reward. +But thou, when thou fastest, anoint thine head, and wash thy face; +That thou appear not unto men to fast, but unto thy Father which is in secret: and thy Father, which seeth in secret, shall reward thee openly. +Lay not up for yourselves treasures upon earth, where moth and rust doth corrupt, and where thieves break through and steal: +But lay up for yourselves treasures in heaven, where neither moth nor rust doth corrupt, and where thieves do not break through nor steal: +For where your treasure is, there will your heart be also. +The light of the body is the eye: if therefore thine eye be single, thy whole body shall be full of light. +But if thine eye be evil, thy whole body shall be full of darkness. If therefore the light that is in thee be darkness, how great is that darkness! +No man can serve two masters: for either he will hate the one, and love the other; or else he will hold to the one, and despise the other. Ye cannot serve God and mammon. +Therefore I say unto you, Take no thought for your life, what ye shall eat, or what ye shall drink; nor yet for your body, what ye shall put on. Is not the life more than meat, and the body than raiment? +Behold the fowls of the air: for they sow not, neither do they reap, nor gather into barns; yet your heavenly Father feedeth them. Are ye not much better than they? +Which of you by taking thought can add one cubit unto his stature? +And why take ye thought for raiment? Consider the lilies of the field, how they grow; they toil not, neither do they spin: +And yet I say unto you, That even Solomon in all his glory was not arrayed like one of these. +Wherefore, if God so clothe the grass of the field, which to day is, and to morrow is cast into the oven, shall he not much more clothe you, O ye of little faith? +Therefore take no thought, saying, What shall we eat? or, What shall we drink? or, Wherewithal shall we be clothed? +(For after all these things do the Gentiles seek:) for your heavenly Father knoweth that ye have need of all these things. +But seek ye first the kingdom of God, and his righteousness; and all these things shall be added unto you. +Take therefore no thought for the morrow: for the morrow shall take thought for the things of itself. Sufficient unto the day is the evil thereof. +Judge not, that ye be not judged. +For with what judgment ye judge, ye shall be judged: and with what measure ye mete, it shall be measured to you again. +And why beholdest thou the mote that is in thy brother's eye, but considerest not the beam that is in thine own eye? +Or how wilt thou say to thy brother, Let me pull out the mote out of thine eye; and, behold, a beam is in thine own eye? +Thou hypocrite, first cast out the beam out of thine own eye; and then shalt thou see clearly to cast out the mote out of thy brother's eye. +Give not that which is holy unto the dogs, neither cast ye your pearls before swine, lest they trample them under their feet, and turn again and rend you. +Ask, and it shall be given you; seek, and ye shall find; knock, and it shall be opened unto you: +For every one that asketh receiveth; and he that seeketh findeth; and to him that knocketh it shall be opened. +Or what man is there of you, whom if his son ask bread, will he give him a stone? +Or if he ask a fish, will he give him a serpent? +If ye then, being evil, know how to give good gifts unto your children, how much more shall your Father which is in heaven give good things to them that ask him? +Therefore all things whatsoever ye would that men should do to you, do ye even so to them: for this is the law and the prophets. +Enter ye in at the strait gate: for wide is the gate, and broad is the way, that leadeth to destruction, and many there be which go in thereat: +Because strait is the gate, and narrow is the way, which leadeth unto life, and few there be that find it. +Beware of false prophets, which come to you in sheep's clothing, but inwardly they are ravening wolves. +Ye shall know them by their fruits. Do men gather grapes of thorns, or figs of thistles? +Even so every good tree bringeth forth good fruit; but a corrupt tree bringeth forth evil fruit. +A good tree cannot bring forth evil fruit, neither can a corrupt tree bring forth good fruit. +Every tree that bringeth not forth good fruit is hewn down, and cast into the fire. +Wherefore by their fruits ye shall know them. +Not every one that saith unto me, Lord, Lord, shall enter into the kingdom of heaven; but he that doeth the will of my Father which is in heaven. +Many will say to me in that day, Lord, Lord, have we not prophesied in thy name? and in thy name have cast out devils? and in thy name done many wonderful works? +And then will I profess unto them, I never knew you: depart from me, ye that work iniquity. +Therefore whosoever heareth these sayings of mine, and doeth them, I will liken him unto a wise man, which built his house upon a rock: +And the rain descended, and the floods came, and the winds blew, and beat upon that house; and it fell not: for it was founded upon a rock. +And every one that heareth these sayings of mine, and doeth them not, shall be likened unto a foolish man, which built his house upon the sand: +And the rain descended, and the floods came, and the winds blew, and beat upon that house; and it fell: and great was the fall of it. +And it came to pass, when Jesus had ended these sayings, the people were astonished at his doctrine: +For he taught them as one having authority, and not as the scribes. +When he was come down from the mountain, great multitudes followed him. +And, behold, there came a leper and worshipped him, saying, Lord, if thou wilt, thou canst make me clean. +And Jesus put forth his hand, and touched him, saying, I will; be thou clean. And immediately his leprosy was cleansed. +And Jesus saith unto him, See thou tell no man; but go thy way, shew thyself to the priest, and offer the gift that Moses commanded, for a testimony unto them. +And when Jesus was entered into Capernaum, there came unto him a centurion, beseeching him, +And saying, Lord, my servant lieth at home sick of the palsy, grievously tormented. +And Jesus saith unto him, I will come and heal him. +The centurion answered and said, Lord, I am not worthy that thou shouldest come under my roof: but speak the word only, and my servant shall be healed. +For I am a man under authority, having soldiers under me: and I say to this man, Go, and he goeth; and to another, Come, and he cometh; and to my servant, Do this, and he doeth it. +When Jesus heard it, he marvelled, and said to them that followed, Verily I say unto you, I have not found so great faith, no, not in Israel. +And I say unto you, That many shall come from the east and west, and shall sit down with Abraham, and Isaac, and Jacob, in the kingdom of heaven. +But the children of the kingdom shall be cast out into outer darkness: there shall be weeping and gnashing of teeth. +And Jesus said unto the centurion, Go thy way; and as thou hast believed, so be it done unto thee. And his servant was healed in the selfsame hour. +And when Jesus was come into Peter's house, he saw his wife's mother laid, and sick of a fever. +And he touched her hand, and the fever left her: and she arose, and ministered unto them. +When the even was come, they brought unto him many that were possessed with devils: and he cast out the spirits with his word, and healed all that were sick: +That it might be fulfilled which was spoken by Esaias the prophet, saying, Himself took our infirmities, and bare our sicknesses. +Now when Jesus saw great multitudes about him, he gave commandment to depart unto the other side. +And a certain scribe came, and said unto him, Master, I will follow thee whithersoever thou goest. +And Jesus saith unto him, The foxes have holes, and the birds of the air have nests; but the Son of man hath not where to lay his head. +And another of his disciples said unto him, Lord, suffer me first to go and bury my father. +But Jesus said unto him, Follow me; and let the dead bury their dead. +And when he was entered into a ship, his disciples followed him. +And, behold, there arose a great tempest in the sea, insomuch that the ship was covered with the waves: but he was asleep. +And his disciples came to him, and awoke him, saying, Lord, save us: we perish. +And he saith unto them, Why are ye fearful, O ye of little faith? Then he arose, and rebuked the winds and the sea; and there was a great calm. +But the men marvelled, saying, What manner of man is this, that even the winds and the sea obey him! +And when he was come to the other side into the country of the Gergesenes, there met him two possessed with devils, coming out of the tombs, exceeding fierce, so that no man might pass by that way. +And, behold, they cried out, saying, What have we to do with thee, Jesus, thou Son of God? art thou come hither to torment us before the time? +And there was a good way off from them an herd of many swine feeding. +So the devils besought him, saying, If thou cast us out, suffer us to go away into the herd of swine. +And he said unto them, Go. And when they were come out, they went into the herd of swine: and, behold, the whole herd of swine ran violently down a steep place into the sea, and perished in the waters. +And they that kept them fled, and went their ways into the city, and told every thing, and what was befallen to the possessed of the devils. +And, behold, the whole city came out to meet Jesus: and when they saw him, they besought him that he would depart out of their coasts. +And he entered into a ship, and passed over, and came into his own city. +And, behold, they brought to him a man sick of the palsy, lying on a bed: and Jesus seeing their faith said unto the sick of the palsy; Son, be of good cheer; thy sins be forgiven thee. +And, behold, certain of the scribes said within themselves, This man blasphemeth. +And Jesus knowing their thoughts said, Wherefore think ye evil in your hearts? +For whether is easier, to say, Thy sins be forgiven thee; or to say, Arise, and walk? +But that ye may know that the Son of man hath power on earth to forgive sins, (then saith he to the sick of the palsy,) Arise, take up thy bed, and go unto thine house. +And he arose, and departed to his house. +But when the multitudes saw it, they marvelled, and glorified God, which had given such power unto men. +And as Jesus passed forth from thence, he saw a man, named Matthew, sitting at the receipt of custom: and he saith unto him, Follow me. And he arose, and followed him. +And it came to pass, as Jesus sat at meat in the house, behold, many publicans and sinners came and sat down with him and his disciples. +And when the Pharisees saw it, they said unto his disciples, Why eateth your Master with publicans and sinners? +But when Jesus heard that, he said unto them, They that be whole need not a physician, but they that are sick. +But go ye and learn what that meaneth, I will have mercy, and not sacrifice: for I am not come to call the righteous, but sinners to repentance. +Then came to him the disciples of John, saying, Why do we and the Pharisees fast oft, but thy disciples fast not? +And Jesus said unto them, Can the children of the bridechamber mourn, as long as the bridegroom is with them? but the days will come, when the bridegroom shall be taken from them, and then shall they fast. +No man putteth a piece of new cloth unto an old garment, for that which is put in to fill it up taketh from the garment, and the rent is made worse. +Neither do men put new wine into old bottles: else the bottles break, and the wine runneth out, and the bottles perish: but they put new wine into new bottles, and both are preserved. +While he spake these things unto them, behold, there came a certain ruler, and worshipped him, saying, My daughter is even now dead: but come and lay thy hand upon her, and she shall live. +And Jesus arose, and followed him, and so did his disciples. +And, behold, a woman, which was diseased with an issue of blood twelve years, came behind him, and touched the hem of his garment: +For she said within herself, If I may but touch his garment, I shall be whole. +But Jesus turned him about, and when he saw her, he said, Daughter, be of good comfort; thy faith hath made thee whole. And the woman was made whole from that hour. +And when Jesus came into the ruler's house, and saw the minstrels and the people making a noise, +He said unto them, Give place: for the maid is not dead, but sleepeth. And they laughed him to scorn. +But when the people were put forth, he went in, and took her by the hand, and the maid arose. +And the fame hereof went abroad into all that land. +And when Jesus departed thence, two blind men followed him, crying, and saying, Thou son of David, have mercy on us. +And when he was come into the house, the blind men came to him: and Jesus saith unto them, Believe ye that I am able to do this? They said unto him, Yea, Lord. +Then touched he their eyes, saying, According to your faith be it unto you. +And their eyes were opened; and Jesus straitly charged them, saying, See that no man know it. +But they, when they were departed, spread abroad his fame in all that country. +As they went out, behold, they brought to him a dumb man possessed with a devil. +And when the devil was cast out, the dumb spake: and the multitudes marvelled, saying, It was never so seen in Israel. +But the Pharisees said, He casteth out devils through the prince of the devils. +And Jesus went about all the cities and villages, teaching in their synagogues, and preaching the gospel of the kingdom, and healing every sickness and every disease among the people. +But when he saw the multitudes, he was moved with compassion on them, because they fainted, and were scattered abroad, as sheep having no shepherd. +Then saith he unto his disciples, The harvest truly is plenteous, but the labourers are few; +Pray ye therefore the Lord of the harvest, that he will send forth labourers into his harvest. +And when he had called unto him his twelve disciples, he gave them power against unclean spirits, to cast them out, and to heal all manner of sickness and all manner of disease. +Now the names of the twelve apostles are these; The first, Simon, who is called Peter, and Andrew his brother; James the son of Zebedee, and John his brother; +Philip, and Bartholomew; Thomas, and Matthew the publican; James the son of Alphaeus, and Lebbaeus, whose surname was Thaddaeus; +Simon the Canaanite, and Judas Iscariot, who also betrayed him. +These twelve Jesus sent forth, and commanded them, saying, Go not into the way of the Gentiles, and into any city of the Samaritans enter ye not: +But go rather to the lost sheep of the house of Israel. +And as ye go, preach, saying, The kingdom of heaven is at hand. +Heal the sick, cleanse the lepers, raise the dead, cast out devils: freely ye have received, freely give. +Provide neither gold, nor silver, nor brass in your purses, +Nor scrip for your journey, neither two coats, neither shoes, nor yet staves: for the workman is worthy of his meat. +And into whatsoever city or town ye shall enter, enquire who in it is worthy; and there abide till ye go thence. +And when ye come into an house, salute it. +And if the house be worthy, let your peace come upon it: but if it be not worthy, let your peace return to you. +And whosoever shall not receive you, nor hear your words, when ye depart out of that house or city, shake off the dust of your feet. +Verily I say unto you, It shall be more tolerable for the land of Sodom and Gomorrha in the day of judgment, than for that city. +Behold, I send you forth as sheep in the midst of wolves: be ye therefore wise as serpents, and harmless as doves. +But beware of men: for they will deliver you up to the councils, and they will scourge you in their synagogues; +And ye shall be brought before governors and kings for my sake, for a testimony against them and the Gentiles. +But when they deliver you up, take no thought how or what ye shall speak: for it shall be given you in that same hour what ye shall speak. +For it is not ye that speak, but the Spirit of your Father which speaketh in you. +And the brother shall deliver up the brother to death, and the father the child: and the children shall rise up against their parents, and cause them to be put to death. +And ye shall be hated of all men for my name's sake: but he that endureth to the end shall be saved. +But when they persecute you in this city, flee ye into another: for verily I say unto you, Ye shall not have gone over the cities of Israel, till the Son of man be come. +The disciple is not above his master, nor the servant above his lord. +It is enough for the disciple that he be as his master, and the servant as his lord. If they have called the master of the house Beelzebub, how much more shall they call them of his household? +Fear them not therefore: for there is nothing covered, that shall not be revealed; and hid, that shall not be known. +What I tell you in darkness, that speak ye in light: and what ye hear in the ear, that preach ye upon the housetops. +And fear not them which kill the body, but are not able to kill the soul: but rather fear him which is able to destroy both soul and body in hell. +Are not two sparrows sold for a farthing? and one of them shall not fall on the ground without your Father. +But the very hairs of your head are all numbered. +Fear ye not therefore, ye are of more value than many sparrows. +Whosoever therefore shall confess me before men, him will I confess also before my Father which is in heaven. +But whosoever shall deny me before men, him will I also deny before my Father which is in heaven. +Think not that I am come to send peace on earth: I came not to send peace, but a sword. +For I am come to set a man at variance against his father, and the daughter against her mother, and the daughter in law against her mother in law. +And a man's foes shall be they of his own household. +He that loveth father or mother more than me is not worthy of me: and he that loveth son or daughter more than me is not worthy of me. +And he that taketh not his cross, and followeth after me, is not worthy of me. +He that findeth his life shall lose it: and he that loseth his life for my sake shall find it. +He that receiveth you receiveth me, and he that receiveth me receiveth him that sent me. +He that receiveth a prophet in the name of a prophet shall receive a prophet's reward; and he that receiveth a righteous man in the name of a righteous man shall receive a righteous man's reward. +And whosoever shall give to drink unto one of these little ones a cup of cold water only in the name of a disciple, verily I say unto you, he shall in no wise lose his reward. +And it came to pass, when Jesus had made an end of commanding his twelve disciples, he departed thence to teach and to preach in their cities. +Now when John had heard in the prison the works of Christ, he sent two of his disciples, +And said unto him, Art thou he that should come, or do we look for another? +Jesus answered and said unto them, Go and shew John again those things which ye do hear and see: +The blind receive their sight, and the lame walk, the lepers are cleansed, and the deaf hear, the dead are raised up, and the poor have the gospel preached to them. +And blessed is he, whosoever shall not be offended in me. +And as they departed, Jesus began to say unto the multitudes concerning John, What went ye out into the wilderness to see? A reed shaken with the wind? +But what went ye out for to see? A man clothed in soft raiment? behold, they that wear soft clothing are in kings' houses. +But what went ye out for to see? A prophet? yea, I say unto you, and more than a prophet. +For this is he, of whom it is written, Behold, I send my messenger before thy face, which shall prepare thy way before thee. +Verily I say unto you, Among them that are born of women there hath not risen a greater than John the Baptist: notwithstanding he that is least in the kingdom of heaven is greater than he. +And from the days of John the Baptist until now the kingdom of heaven suffereth violence, and the violent take it by force. +For all the prophets and the law prophesied until John. +And if ye will receive it, this is Elias, which was for to come. +He that hath ears to hear, let him hear. +But whereunto shall I liken this generation? It is like unto children sitting in the markets, and calling unto their fellows, +And saying, We have piped unto you, and ye have not danced; we have mourned unto you, and ye have not lamented. +For John came neither eating nor drinking, and they say, He hath a devil. +The Son of man came eating and drinking, and they say, Behold a man gluttonous, and a winebibber, a friend of publicans and sinners. But wisdom is justified of her children. +Then began he to upbraid the cities wherein most of his mighty works were done, because they repented not: +Woe unto thee, Chorazin! woe unto thee, Bethsaida! for if the mighty works, which were done in you, had been done in Tyre and Sidon, they would have repented long ago in sackcloth and ashes. +But I say unto you, It shall be more tolerable for Tyre and Sidon at the day of judgment, than for you. +And thou, Capernaum, which art exalted unto heaven, shalt be brought down to hell: for if the mighty works, which have been done in thee, had been done in Sodom, it would have remained until this day. +But I say unto you, That it shall be more tolerable for the land of Sodom in the day of judgment, than for thee. +At that time Jesus answered and said, I thank thee, O Father, Lord of heaven and earth, because thou hast hid these things from the wise and prudent, and hast revealed them unto babes. +Even so, Father: for so it seemed good in thy sight. +All things are delivered unto me of my Father: and no man knoweth the Son, but the Father; neither knoweth any man the Father, save the Son, and he to whomsoever the Son will reveal him. +Come unto me, all ye that labour and are heavy laden, and I will give you rest. +Take my yoke upon you, and learn of me; for I am meek and lowly in heart: and ye shall find rest unto your souls. +For my yoke is easy, and my burden is light. +At that time Jesus went on the sabbath day through the corn; and his disciples were an hungred, and began to pluck the ears of corn and to eat. +But when the Pharisees saw it, they said unto him, Behold, thy disciples do that which is not lawful to do upon the sabbath day. +But he said unto them, Have ye not read what David did, when he was an hungred, and they that were with him; +How he entered into the house of God, and did eat the shewbread, which was not lawful for him to eat, neither for them which were with him, but only for the priests? +Or have ye not read in the law, how that on the sabbath days the priests in the temple profane the sabbath, and are blameless? +But I say unto you, That in this place is one greater than the temple. +But if ye had known what this meaneth, I will have mercy, and not sacrifice, ye would not have condemned the guiltless. +For the Son of man is Lord even of the sabbath day. +And when he was departed thence, he went into their synagogue: +And, behold, there was a man which had his hand withered. And they asked him, saying, Is it lawful to heal on the sabbath days? that they might accuse him. +And he said unto them, What man shall there be among you, that shall have one sheep, and if it fall into a pit on the sabbath day, will he not lay hold on it, and lift it out? +How much then is a man better than a sheep? Wherefore it is lawful to do well on the sabbath days. +Then saith he to the man, Stretch forth thine hand. And he stretched it forth; and it was restored whole, like as the other. +Then the Pharisees went out, and held a council against him, how they might destroy him. +But when Jesus knew it, he withdrew himself from thence: and great multitudes followed him, and he healed them all; +And charged them that they should not make him known: +That it might be fulfilled which was spoken by Esaias the prophet, saying, +Behold my servant, whom I have chosen; my beloved, in whom my soul is well pleased: I will put my spirit upon him, and he shall shew judgment to the Gentiles. +He shall not strive, nor cry; neither shall any man hear his voice in the streets. +A bruised reed shall he not break, and smoking flax shall he not quench, till he send forth judgment unto victory. +And in his name shall the Gentiles trust. +Then was brought unto him one possessed with a devil, blind, and dumb: and he healed him, insomuch that the blind and dumb both spake and saw. +And all the people were amazed, and said, Is not this the son of David? +But when the Pharisees heard it, they said, This fellow doth not cast out devils, but by Beelzebub the prince of the devils. +And Jesus knew their thoughts, and said unto them, Every kingdom divided against itself is brought to desolation; and every city or house divided against itself shall not stand: +And if Satan cast out Satan, he is divided against himself; how shall then his kingdom stand? +And if I by Beelzebub cast out devils, by whom do your children cast them out? therefore they shall be your judges. +But if I cast out devils by the Spirit of God, then the kingdom of God is come unto you. +Or else how can one enter into a strong man's house, and spoil his goods, except he first bind the strong man? and then he will spoil his house. +He that is not with me is against me; and he that gathereth not with me scattereth abroad. +Wherefore I say unto you, All manner of sin and blasphemy shall be forgiven unto men: but the blasphemy against the Holy Ghost shall not be forgiven unto men. +And whosoever speaketh a word against the Son of man, it shall be forgiven him: but whosoever speaketh against the Holy Ghost, it shall not be forgiven him, neither in this world, neither in the world to come. +Either make the tree good, and his fruit good; or else make the tree corrupt, and his fruit corrupt: for the tree is known by his fruit. +O generation of vipers, how can ye, being evil, speak good things? for out of the abundance of the heart the mouth speaketh. +A good man out of the good treasure of the heart bringeth forth good things: and an evil man out of the evil treasure bringeth forth evil things. +But I say unto you, That every idle word that men shall speak, they shall give account thereof in the day of judgment. +For by thy words thou shalt be justified, and by thy words thou shalt be condemned. +Then certain of the scribes and of the Pharisees answered, saying, Master, we would see a sign from thee. +But he answered and said unto them, An evil and adulterous generation seeketh after a sign; and there shall no sign be given to it, but the sign of the prophet Jonas: +For as Jonas was three days and three nights in the whale's belly; so shall the Son of man be three days and three nights in the heart of the earth. +The men of Nineveh shall rise in judgment with this generation, and shall condemn it: because they repented at the preaching of Jonas; and, behold, a greater than Jonas is here. +The queen of the south shall rise up in the judgment with this generation, and shall condemn it: for she came from the uttermost parts of the earth to hear the wisdom of Solomon; and, behold, a greater than Solomon is here. +When the unclean spirit is gone out of a man, he walketh through dry places, seeking rest, and findeth none. +Then he saith, I will return into my house from whence I came out; and when he is come, he findeth it empty, swept, and garnished. +Then goeth he, and taketh with himself seven other spirits more wicked than himself, and they enter in and dwell there: and the last state of that man is worse than the first. Even so shall it be also unto this wicked generation. +While he yet talked to the people, behold, his mother and his brethren stood without, desiring to speak with him. +Then one said unto him, Behold, thy mother and thy brethren stand without, desiring to speak with thee. +But he answered and said unto him that told him, Who is my mother? and who are my brethren? +And he stretched forth his hand toward his disciples, and said, Behold my mother and my brethren! +For whosoever shall do the will of my Father which is in heaven, the same is my brother, and sister, and mother. +The same day went Jesus out of the house, and sat by the sea side. +And great multitudes were gathered together unto him, so that he went into a ship, and sat; and the whole multitude stood on the shore. +And he spake many things unto them in parables, saying, Behold, a sower went forth to sow; +And when he sowed, some seeds fell by the way side, and the fowls came and devoured them up: +Some fell upon stony places, where they had not much earth: and forthwith they sprung up, because they had no deepness of earth: +And when the sun was up, they were scorched; and because they had no root, they withered away. +And some fell among thorns; and the thorns sprung up, and choked them: +But other fell into good ground, and brought forth fruit, some an hundredfold, some sixtyfold, some thirtyfold. +Who hath ears to hear, let him hear. +And the disciples came, and said unto him, Why speakest thou unto them in parables? +He answered and said unto them, Because it is given unto you to know the mysteries of the kingdom of heaven, but to them it is not given. +For whosoever hath, to him shall be given, and he shall have more abundance: but whosoever hath not, from him shall be taken away even that he hath. +Therefore speak I to them in parables: because they seeing see not; and hearing they hear not, neither do they understand. +And in them is fulfilled the prophecy of Esaias, which saith, By hearing ye shall hear, and shall not understand; and seeing ye shall see, and shall not perceive: +For this people's heart is waxed gross, and their ears are dull of hearing, and their eyes they have closed; lest at any time they should see with their eyes and hear with their ears, and should understand with their heart, and should be converted, and I should heal them. +But blessed are your eyes, for they see: and your ears, for they hear. +For verily I say unto you, That many prophets and righteous men have desired to see those things which ye see, and have not seen them; and to hear those things which ye hear, and have not heard them. +Hear ye therefore the parable of the sower. +When any one heareth the word of the kingdom, and understandeth it not, then cometh the wicked one, and catcheth away that which was sown in his heart. This is he which received seed by the way side. +But he that received the seed into stony places, the same is he that heareth the word, and anon with joy receiveth it; +Yet hath he not root in himself, but dureth for a while: for when tribulation or persecution ariseth because of the word, by and by he is offended. +He also that received seed among the thorns is he that heareth the word; and the care of this world, and the deceitfulness of riches, choke the word, and he becometh unfruitful. +But he that received seed into the good ground is he that heareth the word, and understandeth it; which also beareth fruit, and bringeth forth, some an hundredfold, some sixty, some thirty. +Another parable put he forth unto them, saying, The kingdom of heaven is likened unto a man which sowed good seed in his field: +But while men slept, his enemy came and sowed tares among the wheat, and went his way. +But when the blade was sprung up, and brought forth fruit, then appeared the tares also. +So the servants of the householder came and said unto him, Sir, didst not thou sow good seed in thy field? from whence then hath it tares? +He said unto them, An enemy hath done this. The servants said unto him, Wilt thou then that we go and gather them up? +But he said, Nay; lest while ye gather up the tares, ye root up also the wheat with them. +Let both grow together until the harvest: and in the time of harvest I will say to the reapers, Gather ye together first the tares, and bind them in bundles to burn them: but gather the wheat into my barn. +Another parable put he forth unto them, saying, The kingdom of heaven is like to a grain of mustard seed, which a man took, and sowed in his field: +Which indeed is the least of all seeds: but when it is grown, it is the greatest among herbs, and becometh a tree, so that the birds of the air come and lodge in the branches thereof. +Another parable spake he unto them; The kingdom of heaven is like unto leaven, which a woman took, and hid in three measures of meal, till the whole was leavened. +All these things spake Jesus unto the multitude in parables; and without a parable spake he not unto them: +That it might be fulfilled which was spoken by the prophet, saying, I will open my mouth in parables; I will utter things which have been kept secret from the foundation of the world. +Then Jesus sent the multitude away, and went into the house: and his disciples came unto him, saying, Declare unto us the parable of the tares of the field. +He answered and said unto them, He that soweth the good seed is the Son of man; +The field is the world; the good seed are the children of the kingdom; but the tares are the children of the wicked one; +The enemy that sowed them is the devil; the harvest is the end of the world; and the reapers are the angels. +As therefore the tares are gathered and burned in the fire; so shall it be in the end of this world. +The Son of man shall send forth his angels, and they shall gather out of his kingdom all things that offend, and them which do iniquity; +And shall cast them into a furnace of fire: there shall be wailing and gnashing of teeth. +Then shall the righteous shine forth as the sun in the kingdom of their Father. Who hath ears to hear, let him hear. +Again, the kingdom of heaven is like unto treasure hid in a field; the which when a man hath found, he hideth, and for joy thereof goeth and selleth all that he hath, and buyeth that field. +Again, the kingdom of heaven is like unto a merchant man, seeking goodly pearls: +Who, when he had found one pearl of great price, went and sold all that he had, and bought it. +Again, the kingdom of heaven is like unto a net, that was cast into the sea, and gathered of every kind: +Which, when it was full, they drew to shore, and sat down, and gathered the good into vessels, but cast the bad away. +So shall it be at the end of the world: the angels shall come forth, and sever the wicked from among the just, +And shall cast them into the furnace of fire: there shall be wailing and gnashing of teeth. +Jesus saith unto them, Have ye understood all these things? They say unto him, Yea, Lord. +Then said he unto them, Therefore every scribe which is instructed unto the kingdom of heaven is like unto a man that is an householder, which bringeth forth out of his treasure things new and old. +And it came to pass, that when Jesus had finished these parables, he departed thence. +And when he was come into his own country, he taught them in their synagogue, insomuch that they were astonished, and said, Whence hath this man this wisdom, and these mighty works? +Is not this the carpenter's son? is not his mother called Mary? and his brethren, James, and Joses, and Simon, and Judas? +And his sisters, are they not all with us? Whence then hath this man all these things? +And they were offended in him. But Jesus said unto them, A prophet is not without honour, save in his own country, and in his own house. +And he did not many mighty works there because of their unbelief. +At that time Herod the tetrarch heard of the fame of Jesus, +And said unto his servants, This is John the Baptist; he is risen from the dead; and therefore mighty works do shew forth themselves in him. +For Herod had laid hold on John, and bound him, and put him in prison for Herodias' sake, his brother Philip's wife. +For John said unto him, It is not lawful for thee to have her. +And when he would have put him to death, he feared the multitude, because they counted him as a prophet. +But when Herod's birthday was kept, the daughter of Herodias danced before them, and pleased Herod. +Whereupon he promised with an oath to give her whatsoever she would ask. +And she, being before instructed of her mother, said, Give me here John Baptist's head in a charger. +And the king was sorry: nevertheless for the oath's sake, and them which sat with him at meat, he commanded it to be given her. +And he sent, and beheaded John in the prison. +And his head was brought in a charger, and given to the damsel: and she brought it to her mother. +And his disciples came, and took up the body, and buried it, and went and told Jesus. +When Jesus heard of it, he departed thence by ship into a desert place apart: and when the people had heard thereof, they followed him on foot out of the cities. +And Jesus went forth, and saw a great multitude, and was moved with compassion toward them, and he healed their sick. +And when it was evening, his disciples came to him, saying, This is a desert place, and the time is now past; send the multitude away, that they may go into the villages, and buy themselves victuals. +But Jesus said unto them, They need not depart; give ye them to eat. +And they say unto him, We have here but five loaves, and two fishes. +He said, Bring them hither to me. +And he commanded the multitude to sit down on the grass, and took the five loaves, and the two fishes, and looking up to heaven, he blessed, and brake, and gave the loaves to his disciples, and the disciples to the multitude. +And they did all eat, and were filled: and they took up of the fragments that remained twelve baskets full. +And they that had eaten were about five thousand men, beside women and children. +And straightway Jesus constrained his disciples to get into a ship, and to go before him unto the other side, while he sent the multitudes away. +And when he had sent the multitudes away, he went up into a mountain apart to pray: and when the evening was come, he was there alone. +But the ship was now in the midst of the sea, tossed with waves: for the wind was contrary. +And in the fourth watch of the night Jesus went unto them, walking on the sea. +And when the disciples saw him walking on the sea, they were troubled, saying, It is a spirit; and they cried out for fear. +But straightway Jesus spake unto them, saying, Be of good cheer; it is I; be not afraid. +And Peter answered him and said, Lord, if it be thou, bid me come unto thee on the water. +And he said, Come. And when Peter was come down out of the ship, he walked on the water, to go to Jesus. +But when he saw the wind boisterous, he was afraid; and beginning to sink, he cried, saying, Lord, save me. +And immediately Jesus stretched forth his hand, and caught him, and said unto him, O thou of little faith, wherefore didst thou doubt? +And when they were come into the ship, the wind ceased. +Then they that were in the ship came and worshipped him, saying, Of a truth thou art the Son of God. +And when they were gone over, they came into the land of Gennesaret. +And when the men of that place had knowledge of him, they sent out into all that country round about, and brought unto him all that were diseased; +And besought him that they might only touch the hem of his garment: and as many as touched were made perfectly whole. +Then came to Jesus scribes and Pharisees, which were of Jerusalem, saying, +Why do thy disciples transgress the tradition of the elders? for they wash not their hands when they eat bread. +But he answered and said unto them, Why do ye also transgress the commandment of God by your tradition? +For God commanded, saying, Honour thy father and mother: and, He that curseth father or mother, let him die the death. +But ye say, Whosoever shall say to his father or his mother, It is a gift, by whatsoever thou mightest be profited by me; +And honour not his father or his mother, he shall be free. Thus have ye made the commandment of God of none effect by your tradition. +Ye hypocrites, well did Esaias prophesy of you, saying, +This people draweth nigh unto me with their mouth, and honoureth me with their lips; but their heart is far from me. +But in vain they do worship me, teaching for doctrines the commandments of men. +And he called the multitude, and said unto them, Hear, and understand: +Not that which goeth into the mouth defileth a man; but that which cometh out of the mouth, this defileth a man. +Then came his disciples, and said unto him, Knowest thou that the Pharisees were offended, after they heard this saying? +But he answered and said, Every plant, which my heavenly Father hath not planted, shall be rooted up. +Let them alone: they be blind leaders of the blind. And if the blind lead the blind, both shall fall into the ditch. +Then answered Peter and said unto him, Declare unto us this parable. +And Jesus said, Are ye also yet without understanding? +Do not ye yet understand, that whatsoever entereth in at the mouth goeth into the belly, and is cast out into the draught? +But those things which proceed out of the mouth come forth from the heart; and they defile the man. +For out of the heart proceed evil thoughts, murders, adulteries, fornications, thefts, false witness, blasphemies: +These are the things which defile a man: but to eat with unwashen hands defileth not a man. +Then Jesus went thence, and departed into the coasts of Tyre and Sidon. +And, behold, a woman of Canaan came out of the same coasts, and cried unto him, saying, Have mercy on me, O Lord, thou son of David; my daughter is grievously vexed with a devil. +But he answered her not a word. And his disciples came and besought him, saying, Send her away; for she crieth after us. +But he answered and said, I am not sent but unto the lost sheep of the house of Israel. +Then came she and worshipped him, saying, Lord, help me. +But he answered and said, It is not meet to take the children's bread, and to cast it to dogs. +And she said, Truth, Lord: yet the dogs eat of the crumbs which fall from their masters' table. +Then Jesus answered and said unto her, O woman, great is thy faith: be it unto thee even as thou wilt. And her daughter was made whole from that very hour. +And Jesus departed from thence, and came nigh unto the sea of Galilee; and went up into a mountain, and sat down there. +And great multitudes came unto him, having with them those that were lame, blind, dumb, maimed, and many others, and cast them down at Jesus' feet; and he healed them: +Insomuch that the multitude wondered, when they saw the dumb to speak, the maimed to be whole, the lame to walk, and the blind to see: and they glorified the God of Israel. +Then Jesus called his disciples unto him, and said, I have compassion on the multitude, because they continue with me now three days, and have nothing to eat: and I will not send them away fasting, lest they faint in the way. +And his disciples say unto him, Whence should we have so much bread in the wilderness, as to fill so great a multitude? +And Jesus saith unto them, How many loaves have ye? And they said, Seven, and a few little fishes. +And he commanded the multitude to sit down on the ground. +And he took the seven loaves and the fishes, and gave thanks, and brake them, and gave to his disciples, and the disciples to the multitude. +And they did all eat, and were filled: and they took up of the broken meat that was left seven baskets full. +And they that did eat were four thousand men, beside women and children. +And he sent away the multitude, and took ship, and came into the coasts of Magdala. +The Pharisees also with the Sadducees came, and tempting desired him that he would shew them a sign from heaven. +He answered and said unto them, When it is evening, ye say, It will be fair weather: for the sky is red. +And in the morning, It will be foul weather to day: for the sky is red and lowering. O ye hypocrites, ye can discern the face of the sky; but can ye not discern the signs of the times? +A wicked and adulterous generation seeketh after a sign; and there shall no sign be given unto it, but the sign of the prophet Jonas. And he left them, and departed. +And when his disciples were come to the other side, they had forgotten to take bread. +Then Jesus said unto them, Take heed and beware of the leaven of the Pharisees and of the Sadducees. +And they reasoned among themselves, saying, It is because we have taken no bread. +Which when Jesus perceived, he said unto them, O ye of little faith, why reason ye among yourselves, because ye have brought no bread? +Do ye not yet understand, neither remember the five loaves of the five thousand, and how many baskets ye took up? +Neither the seven loaves of the four thousand, and how many baskets ye took up? +How is it that ye do not understand that I spake it not to you concerning bread, that ye should beware of the leaven of the Pharisees and of the Sadducees? +Then understood they how that he bade them not beware of the leaven of bread, but of the doctrine of the Pharisees and of the Sadducees. +When Jesus came into the coasts of Caesarea Philippi, he asked his disciples, saying, Whom do men say that I the Son of man am? +And they said, Some say that thou art John the Baptist: some, Elias; and others, Jeremias, or one of the prophets. +He saith unto them, But whom say ye that I am? +And Simon Peter answered and said, Thou art the Christ, the Son of the living God. +And Jesus answered and said unto him, Blessed art thou, Simon Barjona: for flesh and blood hath not revealed it unto thee, but my Father which is in heaven. +And I say also unto thee, That thou art Peter, and upon this rock I will build my church; and the gates of hell shall not prevail against it. +And I will give unto thee the keys of the kingdom of heaven: and whatsoever thou shalt bind on earth shall be bound in heaven: and whatsoever thou shalt loose on earth shall be loosed in heaven. +Then charged he his disciples that they should tell no man that he was Jesus the Christ. +From that time forth began Jesus to shew unto his disciples, how that he must go unto Jerusalem, and suffer many things of the elders and chief priests and scribes, and be killed, and be raised again the third day. +Then Peter took him, and began to rebuke him, saying, Be it far from thee, Lord: this shall not be unto thee. +But he turned, and said unto Peter, Get thee behind me, Satan: thou art an offence unto me: for thou savourest not the things that be of God, but those that be of men. +Then said Jesus unto his disciples, If any man will come after me, let him deny himself, and take up his cross, and follow me. +For whosoever will save his life shall lose it: and whosoever will lose his life for my sake shall find it. +For what is a man profited, if he shall gain the whole world, and lose his own soul? or what shall a man give in exchange for his soul? +For the Son of man shall come in the glory of his Father with his angels; and then he shall reward every man according to his works. +Verily I say unto you, There be some standing here, which shall not taste of death, till they see the Son of man coming in his kingdom. +And after six days Jesus taketh Peter, James, and John his brother, and bringeth them up into an high mountain apart, +And was transfigured before them: and his face did shine as the sun, and his raiment was white as the light. +And, behold, there appeared unto them Moses and Elias talking with him. +Then answered Peter, and said unto Jesus, Lord, it is good for us to be here: if thou wilt, let us make here three tabernacles; one for thee, and one for Moses, and one for Elias. +While he yet spake, behold, a bright cloud overshadowed them: and behold a voice out of the cloud, which said, This is my beloved Son, in whom I am well pleased; hear ye him. +And when the disciples heard it, they fell on their face, and were sore afraid. +And Jesus came and touched them, and said, Arise, and be not afraid. +And when they had lifted up their eyes, they saw no man, save Jesus only. +And as they came down from the mountain, Jesus charged them, saying, Tell the vision to no man, until the Son of man be risen again from the dead. +And his disciples asked him, saying, Why then say the scribes that Elias must first come? +And Jesus answered and said unto them, Elias truly shall first come, and restore all things. +But I say unto you, That Elias is come already, and they knew him not, but have done unto him whatsoever they listed. Likewise shall also the Son of man suffer of them. +Then the disciples understood that he spake unto them of John the Baptist. +And when they were come to the multitude, there came to him a certain man, kneeling down to him, and saying, +Lord, have mercy on my son: for he is lunatick, and sore vexed: for ofttimes he falleth into the fire, and oft into the water. +And I brought him to thy disciples, and they could not cure him. +Then Jesus answered and said, O faithless and perverse generation, how long shall I be with you? how long shall I suffer you? bring him hither to me. +And Jesus rebuked the devil; and he departed out of him: and the child was cured from that very hour. +Then came the disciples to Jesus apart, and said, Why could not we cast him out? +And Jesus said unto them, Because of your unbelief: for verily I say unto you, If ye have faith as a grain of mustard seed, ye shall say unto this mountain, Remove hence to yonder place; and it shall remove; and nothing shall be impossible unto you. +Howbeit this kind goeth not out but by prayer and fasting. +And while they abode in Galilee, Jesus said unto them, The Son of man shall be betrayed into the hands of men: +And they shall kill him, and the third day he shall be raised again. And they were exceeding sorry. +And when they were come to Capernaum, they that received tribute money came to Peter, and said, Doth not your master pay tribute? +He saith, Yes. And when he was come into the house, Jesus prevented him, saying, What thinkest thou, Simon? of whom do the kings of the earth take custom or tribute? of their own children, or of strangers? +Peter saith unto him, Of strangers. Jesus saith unto him, Then are the children free. +Notwithstanding, lest we should offend them, go thou to the sea, and cast an hook, and take up the fish that first cometh up; and when thou hast opened his mouth, thou shalt find a piece of money: that take, and give unto them for me and thee. +At the same time came the disciples unto Jesus, saying, Who is the greatest in the kingdom of heaven? +And Jesus called a little child unto him, and set him in the midst of them, +And said, Verily I say unto you, Except ye be converted, and become as little children, ye shall not enter into the kingdom of heaven. +Whosoever therefore shall humble himself as this little child, the same is greatest in the kingdom of heaven. +And whoso shall receive one such little child in my name receiveth me. +But whoso shall offend one of these little ones which believe in me, it were better for him that a millstone were hanged about his neck, and that he were drowned in the depth of the sea. +Woe unto the world because of offences! for it must needs be that offences come; but woe to that man by whom the offence cometh! +Wherefore if thy hand or thy foot offend thee, cut them off, and cast them from thee: it is better for thee to enter into life halt or maimed, rather than having two hands or two feet to be cast into everlasting fire. +And if thine eye offend thee, pluck it out, and cast it from thee: it is better for thee to enter into life with one eye, rather than having two eyes to be cast into hell fire. +Take heed that ye despise not one of these little ones; for I say unto you, That in heaven their angels do always behold the face of my Father which is in heaven. +For the Son of man is come to save that which was lost. +How think ye? if a man have an hundred sheep, and one of them be gone astray, doth he not leave the ninety and nine, and goeth into the mountains, and seeketh that which is gone astray? +And if so be that he find it, verily I say unto you, he rejoiceth more of that sheep, than of the ninety and nine which went not astray. +Even so it is not the will of your Father which is in heaven, that one of these little ones should perish. +Moreover if thy brother shall trespass against thee, go and tell him his fault between thee and him alone: if he shall hear thee, thou hast gained thy brother. +But if he will not hear thee, then take with thee one or two more, that in the mouth of two or three witnesses every word may be established. +And if he shall neglect to hear them, tell it unto the church: but if he neglect to hear the church, let him be unto thee as an heathen man and a publican. +Verily I say unto you, Whatsoever ye shall bind on earth shall be bound in heaven: and whatsoever ye shall loose on earth shall be loosed in heaven. +Again I say unto you, That if two of you shall agree on earth as touching any thing that they shall ask, it shall be done for them of my Father which is in heaven. +For where two or three are gathered together in my name, there am I in the midst of them. +Then came Peter to him, and said, Lord, how oft shall my brother sin against me, and I forgive him? till seven times? +Jesus saith unto him, I say not unto thee, Until seven times: but, Until seventy times seven. +Therefore is the kingdom of heaven likened unto a certain king, which would take account of his servants. +And when he had begun to reckon, one was brought unto him, which owed him ten thousand talents. +But forasmuch as he had not to pay, his lord commanded him to be sold, and his wife, and children, and all that he had, and payment to be made. +The servant therefore fell down, and worshipped him, saying, Lord, have patience with me, and I will pay thee all. +Then the lord of that servant was moved with compassion, and loosed him, and forgave him the debt. +But the same servant went out, and found one of his fellowservants, which owed him an hundred pence: and he laid hands on him, and took him by the throat, saying, Pay me that thou owest. +And his fellowservant fell down at his feet, and besought him, saying, Have patience with me, and I will pay thee all. +And he would not: but went and cast him into prison, till he should pay the debt. +So when his fellowservants saw what was done, they were very sorry, and came and told unto their lord all that was done. +Then his lord, after that he had called him, said unto him, O thou wicked servant, I forgave thee all that debt, because thou desiredst me: +Shouldest not thou also have had compassion on thy fellowservant, even as I had pity on thee? +And his lord was wroth, and delivered him to the tormentors, till he should pay all that was due unto him. +So likewise shall my heavenly Father do also unto you, if ye from your hearts forgive not every one his brother their trespasses. +And it came to pass, that when Jesus had finished these sayings, he departed from Galilee, and came into the coasts of Judaea beyond Jordan; +And great multitudes followed him; and he healed them there. +The Pharisees also came unto him, tempting him, and saying unto him, Is it lawful for a man to put away his wife for every cause? +And he answered and said unto them, Have ye not read, that he which made them at the beginning made them male and female, +And said, For this cause shall a man leave father and mother, and shall cleave to his wife: and they twain shall be one flesh? +Wherefore they are no more twain, but one flesh. What therefore God hath joined together, let not man put asunder. +They say unto him, Why did Moses then command to give a writing of divorcement, and to put her away? +He saith unto them, Moses because of the hardness of your hearts suffered you to put away your wives: but from the beginning it was not so. +And I say unto you, Whosoever shall put away his wife, except it be for fornication, and shall marry another, committeth adultery: and whoso marrieth her which is put away doth commit adultery. +His disciples say unto him, If the case of the man be so with his wife, it is not good to marry. +But he said unto them, All men cannot receive this saying, save they to whom it is given. +For there are some eunuchs, which were so born from their mother's womb: and there are some eunuchs, which were made eunuchs of men: and there be eunuchs, which have made themselves eunuchs for the kingdom of heaven's sake. He that is able to receive it, let him receive it. +Then were there brought unto him little children, that he should put his hands on them, and pray: and the disciples rebuked them. +But Jesus said, Suffer little children, and forbid them not, to come unto me: for of such is the kingdom of heaven. +And he laid his hands on them, and departed thence. +And, behold, one came and said unto him, Good Master, what good thing shall I do, that I may have eternal life? +And he said unto him, Why callest thou me good? there is none good but one, that is, God: but if thou wilt enter into life, keep the commandments. +He saith unto him, Which? Jesus said, Thou shalt do no murder, Thou shalt not commit adultery, Thou shalt not steal, Thou shalt not bear false witness, +Honour thy father and thy mother: and, Thou shalt love thy neighbour as thyself. +The young man saith unto him, All these things have I kept from my youth up: what lack I yet? +Jesus said unto him, If thou wilt be perfect, go and sell that thou hast, and give to the poor, and thou shalt have treasure in heaven: and come and follow me. +But when the young man heard that saying, he went away sorrowful: for he had great possessions. +Then said Jesus unto his disciples, Verily I say unto you, That a rich man shall hardly enter into the kingdom of heaven. +And again I say unto you, It is easier for a camel to go through the eye of a needle, than for a rich man to enter into the kingdom of God. +When his disciples heard it, they were exceedingly amazed, saying, Who then can be saved? +But Jesus beheld them, and said unto them, With men this is impossible; but with God all things are possible. +Then answered Peter and said unto him, Behold, we have forsaken all, and followed thee; what shall we have therefore? +And Jesus said unto them, Verily I say unto you, That ye which have followed me, in the regeneration when the Son of man shall sit in the throne of his glory, ye also shall sit upon twelve thrones, judging the twelve tribes of Israel. +And every one that hath forsaken houses, or brethren, or sisters, or father, or mother, or wife, or children, or lands, for my name's sake, shall receive an hundredfold, and shall inherit everlasting life. +But many that are first shall be last; and the last shall be first. +For the kingdom of heaven is like unto a man that is an householder, which went out early in the morning to hire labourers into his vineyard. +And when he had agreed with the labourers for a penny a day, he sent them into his vineyard. +And he went out about the third hour, and saw others standing idle in the marketplace, +And said unto them; Go ye also into the vineyard, and whatsoever is right I will give you. And they went their way. +Again he went out about the sixth and ninth hour, and did likewise. +And about the eleventh hour he went out, and found others standing idle, and saith unto them, Why stand ye here all the day idle? +They say unto him, Because no man hath hired us. He saith unto them, Go ye also into the vineyard; and whatsoever is right, that shall ye receive. +So when even was come, the lord of the vineyard saith unto his steward, Call the labourers, and give them their hire, beginning from the last unto the first. +And when they came that were hired about the eleventh hour, they received every man a penny. +But when the first came, they supposed that they should have received more; and they likewise received every man a penny. +And when they had received it, they murmured against the goodman of the house, +Saying, These last have wrought but one hour, and thou hast made them equal unto us, which have borne the burden and heat of the day. +But he answered one of them, and said, Friend, I do thee no wrong: didst not thou agree with me for a penny? +Take that thine is, and go thy way: I will give unto this last, even as unto thee. +Is it not lawful for me to do what I will with mine own? Is thine eye evil, because I am good? +So the last shall be first, and the first last: for many be called, but few chosen. +And Jesus going up to Jerusalem took the twelve disciples apart in the way, and said unto them, +Behold, we go up to Jerusalem; and the Son of man shall be betrayed unto the chief priests and unto the scribes, and they shall condemn him to death, +And shall deliver him to the Gentiles to mock, and to scourge, and to crucify him: and the third day he shall rise again. +Then came to him the mother of Zebedees children with her sons, worshipping him, and desiring a certain thing of him. +And he said unto her, What wilt thou? She saith unto him, Grant that these my two sons may sit, the one on thy right hand, and the other on the left, in thy kingdom. +But Jesus answered and said, Ye know not what ye ask. Are ye able to drink of the cup that I shall drink of, and to be baptized with the baptism that I am baptized with? They say unto him, We are able. +And he saith unto them, Ye shall drink indeed of my cup, and be baptized with the baptism that I am baptized with: but to sit on my right hand, and on my left, is not mine to give, but it shall be given to them for whom it is prepared of my Father. +And when the ten heard it, they were moved with indignation against the two brethren. +But Jesus called them unto him, and said, Ye know that the princes of the Gentiles exercise dominion over them, and they that are great exercise authority upon them. +But it shall not be so among you: but whosoever will be great among you, let him be your minister; +And whosoever will be chief among you, let him be your servant: +Even as the Son of man came not to be ministered unto, but to minister, and to give his life a ransom for many. +And as they departed from Jericho, a great multitude followed him. +And, behold, two blind men sitting by the way side, when they heard that Jesus passed by, cried out, saying, Have mercy on us, O Lord, thou son of David. +And the multitude rebuked them, because they should hold their peace: but they cried the more, saying, Have mercy on us, O Lord, thou son of David. +And Jesus stood still, and called them, and said, What will ye that I shall do unto you? +They say unto him, Lord, that our eyes may be opened. +So Jesus had compassion on them, and touched their eyes: and immediately their eyes received sight, and they followed him. +And when they drew nigh unto Jerusalem, and were come to Bethphage, unto the mount of Olives, then sent Jesus two disciples, +Saying unto them, Go into the village over against you, and straightway ye shall find an ass tied, and a colt with her: loose them, and bring them unto me. +And if any man say ought unto you, ye shall say, The Lord hath need of them; and straightway he will send them. +All this was done, that it might be fulfilled which was spoken by the prophet, saying, +Tell ye the daughter of Sion, Behold, thy King cometh unto thee, meek, and sitting upon an ass, and a colt the foal of an ass. +And the disciples went, and did as Jesus commanded them, +And brought the ass, and the colt, and put on them their clothes, and they set him thereon. +And a very great multitude spread their garments in the way; others cut down branches from the trees, and strawed them in the way. +And the multitudes that went before, and that followed, cried, saying, Hosanna to the son of David: Blessed is he that cometh in the name of the Lord; Hosanna in the highest. +And when he was come into Jerusalem, all the city was moved, saying, Who is this? +And the multitude said, This is Jesus the prophet of Nazareth of Galilee. +And Jesus went into the temple of God, and cast out all them that sold and bought in the temple, and overthrew the tables of the moneychangers, and the seats of them that sold doves, +And said unto them, It is written, My house shall be called the house of prayer; but ye have made it a den of thieves. +And the blind and the lame came to him in the temple; and he healed them. +And when the chief priests and scribes saw the wonderful things that he did, and the children crying in the temple, and saying, Hosanna to the son of David; they were sore displeased, +And said unto him, Hearest thou what these say? And Jesus saith unto them, Yea; have ye never read, Out of the mouth of babes and sucklings thou hast perfected praise? +And he left them, and went out of the city into Bethany; and he lodged there. +Now in the morning as he returned into the city, he hungered. +And when he saw a fig tree in the way, he came to it, and found nothing thereon, but leaves only, and said unto it, Let no fruit grow on thee henceforward for ever. And presently the fig tree withered away. +And when the disciples saw it, they marvelled, saying, How soon is the fig tree withered away! +Jesus answered and said unto them, Verily I say unto you, If ye have faith, and doubt not, ye shall not only do this which is done to the fig tree, but also if ye shall say unto this mountain, Be thou removed, and be thou cast into the sea; it shall be done. +And all things, whatsoever ye shall ask in prayer, believing, ye shall receive. +And when he was come into the temple, the chief priests and the elders of the people came unto him as he was teaching, and said, By what authority doest thou these things? and who gave thee this authority? +And Jesus answered and said unto them, I also will ask you one thing, which if ye tell me, I in like wise will tell you by what authority I do these things. +The baptism of John, whence was it? from heaven, or of men? And they reasoned with themselves, saying, If we shall say, From heaven; he will say unto us, Why did ye not then believe him? +But if we shall say, Of men; we fear the people; for all hold John as a prophet. +And they answered Jesus, and said, We cannot tell. And he said unto them, Neither tell I you by what authority I do these things. +But what think ye? A certain man had two sons; and he came to the first, and said, Son, go work to day in my vineyard. +He answered and said, I will not: but afterward he repented, and went. +And he came to the second, and said likewise. And he answered and said, I go, sir: and went not. +Whether of them twain did the will of his father? They say unto him, The first. Jesus saith unto them, Verily I say unto you, That the publicans and the harlots go into the kingdom of God before you. +For John came unto you in the way of righteousness, and ye believed him not: but the publicans and the harlots believed him: and ye, when ye had seen it, repented not afterward, that ye might believe him. +Hear another parable: There was a certain householder, which planted a vineyard, and hedged it round about, and digged a winepress in it, and built a tower, and let it out to husbandmen, and went into a far country: +And when the time of the fruit drew near, he sent his servants to the husbandmen, that they might receive the fruits of it. +And the husbandmen took his servants, and beat one, and killed another, and stoned another. +Again, he sent other servants more than the first: and they did unto them likewise. +But last of all he sent unto them his son, saying, They will reverence my son. +But when the husbandmen saw the son, they said among themselves, This is the heir; come, let us kill him, and let us seize on his inheritance. +And they caught him, and cast him out of the vineyard, and slew him. +When the lord therefore of the vineyard cometh, what will he do unto those husbandmen? +They say unto him, He will miserably destroy those wicked men, and will let out his vineyard unto other husbandmen, which shall render him the fruits in their seasons. +Jesus saith unto them, Did ye never read in the scriptures, The stone which the builders rejected, the same is become the head of the corner: this is the Lord's doing, and it is marvellous in our eyes? +Therefore say I unto you, The kingdom of God shall be taken from you, and given to a nation bringing forth the fruits thereof. +And whosoever shall fall on this stone shall be broken: but on whomsoever it shall fall, it will grind him to powder. +And when the chief priests and Pharisees had heard his parables, they perceived that he spake of them. +But when they sought to lay hands on him, they feared the multitude, because they took him for a prophet. +And Jesus answered and spake unto them again by parables, and said, +The kingdom of heaven is like unto a certain king, which made a marriage for his son, +And sent forth his servants to call them that were bidden to the wedding: and they would not come. +Again, he sent forth other servants, saying, Tell them which are bidden, Behold, I have prepared my dinner: my oxen and my fatlings are killed, and all things are ready: come unto the marriage. +But they made light of it, and went their ways, one to his farm, another to his merchandise: +And the remnant took his servants, and entreated them spitefully, and slew them. +But when the king heard thereof, he was wroth: and he sent forth his armies, and destroyed those murderers, and burned up their city. +Then saith he to his servants, The wedding is ready, but they which were bidden were not worthy. +Go ye therefore into the highways, and as many as ye shall find, bid to the marriage. +So those servants went out into the highways, and gathered together all as many as they found, both bad and good: and the wedding was furnished with guests. +And when the king came in to see the guests, he saw there a man which had not on a wedding garment: +And he saith unto him, Friend, how camest thou in hither not having a wedding garment? And he was speechless. +Then said the king to the servants, Bind him hand and foot, and take him away, and cast him into outer darkness, there shall be weeping and gnashing of teeth. +For many are called, but few are chosen. +Then went the Pharisees, and took counsel how they might entangle him in his talk. +And they sent out unto him their disciples with the Herodians, saying, Master, we know that thou art true, and teachest the way of God in truth, neither carest thou for any man: for thou regardest not the person of men. +Tell us therefore, What thinkest thou? Is it lawful to give tribute unto Caesar, or not? +But Jesus perceived their wickedness, and said, Why tempt ye me, ye hypocrites? +Shew me the tribute money. And they brought unto him a penny. +And he saith unto them, Whose is this image and superscription? +They say unto him, Caesar's. Then saith he unto them, Render therefore unto Caesar the things which are Caesar's; and unto God the things that are God's. +When they had heard these words, they marvelled, and left him, and went their way. +The same day came to him the Sadducees, which say that there is no resurrection, and asked him, +Saying, Master, Moses said, If a man die, having no children, his brother shall marry his wife, and raise up seed unto his brother. +Now there were with us seven brethren: and the first, when he had married a wife, deceased, and, having no issue, left his wife unto his brother: +Likewise the second also, and the third, unto the seventh. +And last of all the woman died also. +Therefore in the resurrection whose wife shall she be of the seven? for they all had her. +Jesus answered and said unto them, Ye do err, not knowing the scriptures, nor the power of God. +For in the resurrection they neither marry, nor are given in marriage, but are as the angels of God in heaven. +But as touching the resurrection of the dead, have ye not read that which was spoken unto you by God, saying, +I am the God of Abraham, and the God of Isaac, and the God of Jacob? God is not the God of the dead, but of the living. +And when the multitude heard this, they were astonished at his doctrine. +But when the Pharisees had heard that he had put the Sadducees to silence, they were gathered together. +Then one of them, which was a lawyer, asked him a question, tempting him, and saying, +Master, which is the great commandment in the law? +Jesus said unto him, Thou shalt love the Lord thy God with all thy heart, and with all thy soul, and with all thy mind. +This is the first and great commandment. +And the second is like unto it, Thou shalt love thy neighbour as thyself. +On these two commandments hang all the law and the prophets. +While the Pharisees were gathered together, Jesus asked them, +Saying, What think ye of Christ? whose son is he? They say unto him, The son of David. +He saith unto them, How then doth David in spirit call him Lord, saying, +The LORD said unto my Lord, Sit thou on my right hand, till I make thine enemies thy footstool? +If David then call him Lord, how is he his son? +And no man was able to answer him a word, neither durst any man from that day forth ask him any more questions. +Then spake Jesus to the multitude, and to his disciples, +Saying The scribes and the Pharisees sit in Moses' seat: +All therefore whatsoever they bid you observe, that observe and do; but do not ye after their works: for they say, and do not. +For they bind heavy burdens and grievous to be borne, and lay them on men's shoulders; but they themselves will not move them with one of their fingers. +But all their works they do for to be seen of men: they make broad their phylacteries, and enlarge the borders of their garments, +And love the uppermost rooms at feasts, and the chief seats in the synagogues, +And greetings in the markets, and to be called of men, Rabbi, Rabbi. +But be not ye called Rabbi: for one is your Master, even Christ; and all ye are brethren. +And call no man your father upon the earth: for one is your Father, which is in heaven. +Neither be ye called masters: for one is your Master, even Christ. +But he that is greatest among you shall be your servant. +And whosoever shall exalt himself shall be abased; and he that shall humble himself shall be exalted. +But woe unto you, scribes and Pharisees, hypocrites! for ye shut up the kingdom of heaven against men: for ye neither go in yourselves, neither suffer ye them that are entering to go in. +Woe unto you, scribes and Pharisees, hypocrites! for ye devour widows' houses, and for a pretence make long prayer: therefore ye shall receive the greater damnation. +Woe unto you, scribes and Pharisees, hypocrites! for ye compass sea and land to make one proselyte, and when he is made, ye make him twofold more the child of hell than yourselves. +Woe unto you, ye blind guides, which say, Whosoever shall swear by the temple, it is nothing; but whosoever shall swear by the gold of the temple, he is a debtor! +Ye fools and blind: for whether is greater, the gold, or the temple that sanctifieth the gold? +And, Whosoever shall swear by the altar, it is nothing; but whosoever sweareth by the gift that is upon it, he is guilty. +Ye fools and blind: for whether is greater, the gift, or the altar that sanctifieth the gift? +Whoso therefore shall swear by the altar, sweareth by it, and by all things thereon. +And whoso shall swear by the temple, sweareth by it, and by him that dwelleth therein. +And he that shall swear by heaven, sweareth by the throne of God, and by him that sitteth thereon. +Woe unto you, scribes and Pharisees, hypocrites! for ye pay tithe of mint and anise and cummin, and have omitted the weightier matters of the law, judgment, mercy, and faith: these ought ye to have done, and not to leave the other undone. +Ye blind guides, which strain at a gnat, and swallow a camel. +Woe unto you, scribes and Pharisees, hypocrites! for ye make clean the outside of the cup and of the platter, but within they are full of extortion and excess. +Thou blind Pharisee, cleanse first that which is within the cup and platter, that the outside of them may be clean also. +Woe unto you, scribes and Pharisees, hypocrites! for ye are like unto whited sepulchres, which indeed appear beautiful outward, but are within full of dead men's bones, and of all uncleanness. +Even so ye also outwardly appear righteous unto men, but within ye are full of hypocrisy and iniquity. +Woe unto you, scribes and Pharisees, hypocrites! because ye build the tombs of the prophets, and garnish the sepulchres of the righteous, +And say, If we had been in the days of our fathers, we would not have been partakers with them in the blood of the prophets. +Wherefore ye be witnesses unto yourselves, that ye are the children of them which killed the prophets. +Fill ye up then the measure of your fathers. +Ye serpents, ye generation of vipers, how can ye escape the damnation of hell? +Wherefore, behold, I send unto you prophets, and wise men, and scribes: and some of them ye shall kill and crucify; and some of them shall ye scourge in your synagogues, and persecute them from city to city: +That upon you may come all the righteous blood shed upon the earth, from the blood of righteous Abel unto the blood of Zacharias son of Barachias, whom ye slew between the temple and the altar. +Verily I say unto you, All these things shall come upon this generation. +O Jerusalem, Jerusalem, thou that killest the prophets, and stonest them which are sent unto thee, how often would I have gathered thy children together, even as a hen gathereth her chickens under her wings, and ye would not! +Behold, your house is left unto you desolate. +For I say unto you, Ye shall not see me henceforth, till ye shall say, Blessed is he that cometh in the name of the Lord. +And Jesus went out, and departed from the temple: and his disciples came to him for to shew him the buildings of the temple. +And Jesus said unto them, See ye not all these things? verily I say unto you, There shall not be left here one stone upon another, that shall not be thrown down. +And as he sat upon the mount of Olives, the disciples came unto him privately, saying, Tell us, when shall these things be? and what shall be the sign of thy coming, and of the end of the world? +And Jesus answered and said unto them, Take heed that no man deceive you. +For many shall come in my name, saying, I am Christ; and shall deceive many. +And ye shall hear of wars and rumours of wars: see that ye be not troubled: for all these things must come to pass, but the end is not yet. +For nation shall rise against nation, and kingdom against kingdom: and there shall be famines, and pestilences, and earthquakes, in divers places. +All these are the beginning of sorrows. +Then shall they deliver you up to be afflicted, and shall kill you: and ye shall be hated of all nations for my name's sake. +And then shall many be offended, and shall betray one another, and shall hate one another. +And many false prophets shall rise, and shall deceive many. +And because iniquity shall abound, the love of many shall wax cold. +But he that shall endure unto the end, the same shall be saved. +And this gospel of the kingdom shall be preached in all the world for a witness unto all nations; and then shall the end come. +When ye therefore shall see the abomination of desolation, spoken of by Daniel the prophet, stand in the holy place, (whoso readeth, let him understand:) +Then let them which be in Judaea flee into the mountains: +Let him which is on the housetop not come down to take any thing out of his house: +Neither let him which is in the field return back to take his clothes. +And woe unto them that are with child, and to them that give suck in those days! +But pray ye that your flight be not in the winter, neither on the sabbath day: +For then shall be great tribulation, such as was not since the beginning of the world to this time, no, nor ever shall be. +And except those days should be shortened, there should no flesh be saved: but for the elect's sake those days shall be shortened. +Then if any man shall say unto you, Lo, here is Christ, or there; believe it not. +For there shall arise false Christs, and false prophets, and shall shew great signs and wonders; insomuch that, if it were possible, they shall deceive the very elect. +Behold, I have told you before. +Wherefore if they shall say unto you, Behold, he is in the desert; go not forth: behold, he is in the secret chambers; believe it not. +For as the lightning cometh out of the east, and shineth even unto the west; so shall also the coming of the Son of man be. +For wheresoever the carcase is, there will the eagles be gathered together. +Immediately after the tribulation of those days shall the sun be darkened, and the moon shall not give her light, and the stars shall fall from heaven, and the powers of the heavens shall be shaken: +And then shall appear the sign of the Son of man in heaven: and then shall all the tribes of the earth mourn, and they shall see the Son of man coming in the clouds of heaven with power and great glory. +And he shall send his angels with a great sound of a trumpet, and they shall gather together his elect from the four winds, from one end of heaven to the other. +Now learn a parable of the fig tree; When his branch is yet tender, and putteth forth leaves, ye know that summer is nigh: +So likewise ye, when ye shall see all these things, know that it is near, even at the doors. +Verily I say unto you, This generation shall not pass, till all these things be fulfilled. +Heaven and earth shall pass away, but my words shall not pass away. +But of that day and hour knoweth no man, no, not the angels of heaven, but my Father only. +But as the days of Noe were, so shall also the coming of the Son of man be. +For as in the days that were before the flood they were eating and drinking, marrying and giving in marriage, until the day that Noe entered into the ark, +And knew not until the flood came, and took them all away; so shall also the coming of the Son of man be. +Then shall two be in the field; the one shall be taken, and the other left. +Two women shall be grinding at the mill; the one shall be taken, and the other left. +Watch therefore: for ye know not what hour your Lord doth come. +But know this, that if the goodman of the house had known in what watch the thief would come, he would have watched, and would not have suffered his house to be broken up. +Therefore be ye also ready: for in such an hour as ye think not the Son of man cometh. +Who then is a faithful and wise servant, whom his lord hath made ruler over his household, to give them meat in due season? +Blessed is that servant, whom his lord when he cometh shall find so doing. +Verily I say unto you, That he shall make him ruler over all his goods. +But and if that evil servant shall say in his heart, My lord delayeth his coming; +And shall begin to smite his fellowservants, and to eat and drink with the drunken; +The lord of that servant shall come in a day when he looketh not for him, and in an hour that he is not aware of, +And shall cut him asunder, and appoint him his portion with the hypocrites: there shall be weeping and gnashing of teeth. +Then shall the kingdom of heaven be likened unto ten virgins, which took their lamps, and went forth to meet the bridegroom. +And five of them were wise, and five were foolish. +They that were foolish took their lamps, and took no oil with them: +But the wise took oil in their vessels with their lamps. +While the bridegroom tarried, they all slumbered and slept. +And at midnight there was a cry made, Behold, the bridegroom cometh; go ye out to meet him. +Then all those virgins arose, and trimmed their lamps. +And the foolish said unto the wise, Give us of your oil; for our lamps are gone out. +But the wise answered, saying, Not so; lest there be not enough for us and you: but go ye rather to them that sell, and buy for yourselves. +And while they went to buy, the bridegroom came; and they that were ready went in with him to the marriage: and the door was shut. +Afterward came also the other virgins, saying, Lord, Lord, open to us. +But he answered and said, Verily I say unto you, I know you not. +Watch therefore, for ye know neither the day nor the hour wherein the Son of man cometh. +For the kingdom of heaven is as a man travelling into a far country, who called his own servants, and delivered unto them his goods. +And unto one he gave five talents, to another two, and to another one; to every man according to his several ability; and straightway took his journey. +Then he that had received the five talents went and traded with the same, and made them other five talents. +And likewise he that had received two, he also gained other two. +But he that had received one went and digged in the earth, and hid his lord's money. +After a long time the lord of those servants cometh, and reckoneth with them. +And so he that had received five talents came and brought other five talents, saying, Lord, thou deliveredst unto me five talents: behold, I have gained beside them five talents more. +His lord said unto him, Well done, thou good and faithful servant: thou hast been faithful over a few things, I will make thee ruler over many things: enter thou into the joy of thy lord. +He also that had received two talents came and said, Lord, thou deliveredst unto me two talents: behold, I have gained two other talents beside them. +His lord said unto him, Well done, good and faithful servant; thou hast been faithful over a few things, I will make thee ruler over many things: enter thou into the joy of thy lord. +Then he which had received the one talent came and said, Lord, I knew thee that thou art an hard man, reaping where thou hast not sown, and gathering where thou hast not strawed: +And I was afraid, and went and hid thy talent in the earth: lo, there thou hast that is thine. +His lord answered and said unto him, Thou wicked and slothful servant, thou knewest that I reap where I sowed not, and gather where I have not strawed: +Thou oughtest therefore to have put my money to the exchangers, and then at my coming I should have received mine own with usury. +Take therefore the talent from him, and give it unto him which hath ten talents. +For unto every one that hath shall be given, and he shall have abundance: but from him that hath not shall be taken away even that which he hath. +And cast ye the unprofitable servant into outer darkness: there shall be weeping and gnashing of teeth. +When the Son of man shall come in his glory, and all the holy angels with him, then shall he sit upon the throne of his glory: +And before him shall be gathered all nations: and he shall separate them one from another, as a shepherd divideth his sheep from the goats: +And he shall set the sheep on his right hand, but the goats on the left. +Then shall the King say unto them on his right hand, Come, ye blessed of my Father, inherit the kingdom prepared for you from the foundation of the world: +For I was an hungred, and ye gave me meat: I was thirsty, and ye gave me drink: I was a stranger, and ye took me in: +Naked, and ye clothed me: I was sick, and ye visited me: I was in prison, and ye came unto me. +Then shall the righteous answer him, saying, Lord, when saw we thee an hungred, and fed thee? or thirsty, and gave thee drink? +When saw we thee a stranger, and took thee in? or naked, and clothed thee? +Or when saw we thee sick, or in prison, and came unto thee? +And the King shall answer and say unto them, Verily I say unto you, Inasmuch as ye have done it unto one of the least of these my brethren, ye have done it unto me. +Then shall he say also unto them on the left hand, Depart from me, ye cursed, into everlasting fire, prepared for the devil and his angels: +For I was an hungred, and ye gave me no meat: I was thirsty, and ye gave me no drink: +I was a stranger, and ye took me not in: naked, and ye clothed me not: sick, and in prison, and ye visited me not. +Then shall they also answer him, saying, Lord, when saw we thee an hungred, or athirst, or a stranger, or naked, or sick, or in prison, and did not minister unto thee? +Then shall he answer them, saying, Verily I say unto you, Inasmuch as ye did it not to one of the least of these, ye did it not to me. +And these shall go away into everlasting punishment: but the righteous into life eternal. +And it came to pass, when Jesus had finished all these sayings, he said unto his disciples, +Ye know that after two days is the feast of the passover, and the Son of man is betrayed to be crucified. +Then assembled together the chief priests, and the scribes, and the elders of the people, unto the palace of the high priest, who was called Caiaphas, +And consulted that they might take Jesus by subtilty, and kill him. +But they said, Not on the feast day, lest there be an uproar among the people. +Now when Jesus was in Bethany, in the house of Simon the leper, +There came unto him a woman having an alabaster box of very precious ointment, and poured it on his head, as he sat at meat. +But when his disciples saw it, they had indignation, saying, To what purpose is this waste? +For this ointment might have been sold for much, and given to the poor. +When Jesus understood it, he said unto them, Why trouble ye the woman? for she hath wrought a good work upon me. +For ye have the poor always with you; but me ye have not always. +For in that she hath poured this ointment on my body, she did it for my burial. +Verily I say unto you, Wheresoever this gospel shall be preached in the whole world, there shall also this, that this woman hath done, be told for a memorial of her. +Then one of the twelve, called Judas Iscariot, went unto the chief priests, +And said unto them, What will ye give me, and I will deliver him unto you? And they covenanted with him for thirty pieces of silver. +And from that time he sought opportunity to betray him. +Now the first day of the feast of unleavened bread the disciples came to Jesus, saying unto him, Where wilt thou that we prepare for thee to eat the passover? +And he said, Go into the city to such a man, and say unto him, The Master saith, My time is at hand; I will keep the passover at thy house with my disciples. +And the disciples did as Jesus had appointed them; and they made ready the passover. +Now when the even was come, he sat down with the twelve. +And as they did eat, he said, Verily I say unto you, that one of you shall betray me. +And they were exceeding sorrowful, and began every one of them to say unto him, Lord, is it I? +And he answered and said, He that dippeth his hand with me in the dish, the same shall betray me. +The Son of man goeth as it is written of him: but woe unto that man by whom the Son of man is betrayed! it had been good for that man if he had not been born. +Then Judas, which betrayed him, answered and said, Master, is it I? He said unto him, Thou hast said. +And as they were eating, Jesus took bread, and blessed it, and brake it, and gave it to the disciples, and said, Take, eat; this is my body. +And he took the cup, and gave thanks, and gave it to them, saying, Drink ye all of it; +For this is my blood of the new testament, which is shed for many for the remission of sins. +But I say unto you, I will not drink henceforth of this fruit of the vine, until that day when I drink it new with you in my Father's kingdom. +And when they had sung an hymn, they went out into the mount of Olives. +Then saith Jesus unto them, All ye shall be offended because of me this night: for it is written, I will smite the shepherd, and the sheep of the flock shall be scattered abroad. +But after I am risen again, I will go before you into Galilee. +Peter answered and said unto him, Though all men shall be offended because of thee, yet will I never be offended. +Jesus said unto him, Verily I say unto thee, That this night, before the cock crow, thou shalt deny me thrice. +Peter said unto him, Though I should die with thee, yet will I not deny thee. Likewise also said all the disciples. +Then cometh Jesus with them unto a place called Gethsemane, and saith unto the disciples, Sit ye here, while I go and pray yonder. +And he took with him Peter and the two sons of Zebedee, and began to be sorrowful and very heavy. +Then saith he unto them, My soul is exceeding sorrowful, even unto death: tarry ye here, and watch with me. +And he went a little farther, and fell on his face, and prayed, saying, O my Father, if it be possible, let this cup pass from me: nevertheless not as I will, but as thou wilt. +And he cometh unto the disciples, and findeth them asleep, and saith unto Peter, What, could ye not watch with me one hour? +Watch and pray, that ye enter not into temptation: the spirit indeed is willing, but the flesh is weak. +He went away again the second time, and prayed, saying, O my Father, if this cup may not pass away from me, except I drink it, thy will be done. +And he came and found them asleep again: for their eyes were heavy. +And he left them, and went away again, and prayed the third time, saying the same words. +Then cometh he to his disciples, and saith unto them, Sleep on now, and take your rest: behold, the hour is at hand, and the Son of man is betrayed into the hands of sinners. +Rise, let us be going: behold, he is at hand that doth betray me. +And while he yet spake, lo, Judas, one of the twelve, came, and with him a great multitude with swords and staves, from the chief priests and elders of the people. +Now he that betrayed him gave them a sign, saying, Whomsoever I shall kiss, that same is he: hold him fast. +And forthwith he came to Jesus, and said, Hail, master; and kissed him. +And Jesus said unto him, Friend, wherefore art thou come? Then came they, and laid hands on Jesus and took him. +And, behold, one of them which were with Jesus stretched out his hand, and drew his sword, and struck a servant of the high priest's, and smote off his ear. +Then said Jesus unto him, Put up again thy sword into his place: for all they that take the sword shall perish with the sword. +Thinkest thou that I cannot now pray to my Father, and he shall presently give me more than twelve legions of angels? +But how then shall the scriptures be fulfilled, that thus it must be? +In that same hour said Jesus to the multitudes, Are ye come out as against a thief with swords and staves for to take me? I sat daily with you teaching in the temple, and ye laid no hold on me. +But all this was done, that the scriptures of the prophets might be fulfilled. Then all the disciples forsook him, and fled. +And they that had laid hold on Jesus led him away to Caiaphas the high priest, where the scribes and the elders were assembled. +But Peter followed him afar off unto the high priest's palace, and went in, and sat with the servants, to see the end. +Now the chief priests, and elders, and all the council, sought false witness against Jesus, to put him to death; +But found none: yea, though many false witnesses came, yet found they none. At the last came two false witnesses, +And said, This fellow said, I am able to destroy the temple of God, and to build it in three days. +And the high priest arose, and said unto him, Answerest thou nothing? what is it which these witness against thee? +But Jesus held his peace, And the high priest answered and said unto him, I adjure thee by the living God, that thou tell us whether thou be the Christ, the Son of God. +Jesus saith unto him, Thou hast said: nevertheless I say unto you, Hereafter shall ye see the Son of man sitting on the right hand of power, and coming in the clouds of heaven. +Then the high priest rent his clothes, saying, He hath spoken blasphemy; what further need have we of witnesses? behold, now ye have heard his blasphemy. +What think ye? They answered and said, He is guilty of death. +Then did they spit in his face, and buffeted him; and others smote him with the palms of their hands, +Saying, Prophesy unto us, thou Christ, Who is he that smote thee? +Now Peter sat without in the palace: and a damsel came unto him, saying, Thou also wast with Jesus of Galilee. +But he denied before them all, saying, I know not what thou sayest. +And when he was gone out into the porch, another maid saw him, and said unto them that were there, This fellow was also with Jesus of Nazareth. +And again he denied with an oath, I do not know the man. +And after a while came unto him they that stood by, and said to Peter, Surely thou also art one of them; for thy speech bewrayeth thee. +Then began he to curse and to swear, saying, I know not the man. And immediately the cock crew. +And Peter remembered the word of Jesus, which said unto him, Before the cock crow, thou shalt deny me thrice. And he went out, and wept bitterly. +When the morning was come, all the chief priests and elders of the people took counsel against Jesus to put him to death: +And when they had bound him, they led him away, and delivered him to Pontius Pilate the governor. +Then Judas, which had betrayed him, when he saw that he was condemned, repented himself, and brought again the thirty pieces of silver to the chief priests and elders, +Saying, I have sinned in that I have betrayed the innocent blood. And they said, What is that to us? see thou to that. +And he cast down the pieces of silver in the temple, and departed, and went and hanged himself. +And the chief priests took the silver pieces, and said, It is not lawful for to put them into the treasury, because it is the price of blood. +And they took counsel, and bought with them the potter's field, to bury strangers in. +Wherefore that field was called, The field of blood, unto this day. +Then was fulfilled that which was spoken by Jeremy the prophet, saying, And they took the thirty pieces of silver, the price of him that was valued, whom they of the children of Israel did value; +And gave them for the potter's field, as the Lord appointed me. +And Jesus stood before the governor: and the governor asked him, saying, Art thou the King of the Jews? And Jesus said unto him, Thou sayest. +And when he was accused of the chief priests and elders, he answered nothing. +Then said Pilate unto him, Hearest thou not how many things they witness against thee? +And he answered him to never a word; insomuch that the governor marvelled greatly. +Now at that feast the governor was wont to release unto the people a prisoner, whom they would. +And they had then a notable prisoner, called Barabbas. +Therefore when they were gathered together, Pilate said unto them, Whom will ye that I release unto you? Barabbas, or Jesus which is called Christ? +For he knew that for envy they had delivered him. +When he was set down on the judgment seat, his wife sent unto him, saying, Have thou nothing to do with that just man: for I have suffered many things this day in a dream because of him. +But the chief priests and elders persuaded the multitude that they should ask Barabbas, and destroy Jesus. +The governor answered and said unto them, Whether of the twain will ye that I release unto you? They said, Barabbas. +Pilate saith unto them, What shall I do then with Jesus which is called Christ? They all say unto him, Let him be crucified. +And the governor said, Why, what evil hath he done? But they cried out the more, saying, Let him be crucified. +When Pilate saw that he could prevail nothing, but that rather a tumult was made, he took water, and washed his hands before the multitude, saying, I am innocent of the blood of this just person: see ye to it. +Then answered all the people, and said, His blood be on us, and on our children. +Then released he Barabbas unto them: and when he had scourged Jesus, he delivered him to be crucified. +Then the soldiers of the governor took Jesus into the common hall, and gathered unto him the whole band of soldiers. +And they stripped him, and put on him a scarlet robe. +And when they had platted a crown of thorns, they put it upon his head, and a reed in his right hand: and they bowed the knee before him, and mocked him, saying, Hail, King of the Jews! +And they spit upon him, and took the reed, and smote him on the head. +And after that they had mocked him, they took the robe off from him, and put his own raiment on him, and led him away to crucify him. +And as they came out, they found a man of Cyrene, Simon by name: him they compelled to bear his cross. +And when they were come unto a place called Golgotha, that is to say, a place of a skull, +They gave him vinegar to drink mingled with gall: and when he had tasted thereof, he would not drink. +And they crucified him, and parted his garments, casting lots: that it might be fulfilled which was spoken by the prophet, They parted my garments among them, and upon my vesture did they cast lots. +And sitting down they watched him there; +And set up over his head his accusation written, THIS IS JESUS THE KING OF THE JEWS. +Then were there two thieves crucified with him, one on the right hand, and another on the left. +And they that passed by reviled him, wagging their heads, +And saying, Thou that destroyest the temple, and buildest it in three days, save thyself. If thou be the Son of God, come down from the cross. +Likewise also the chief priests mocking him, with the scribes and elders, said, +He saved others; himself he cannot save. If he be the King of Israel, let him now come down from the cross, and we will believe him. +He trusted in God; let him deliver him now, if he will have him: for he said, I am the Son of God. +The thieves also, which were crucified with him, cast the same in his teeth. +Now from the sixth hour there was darkness over all the land unto the ninth hour. +And about the ninth hour Jesus cried with a loud voice, saying, Eli, Eli, lama sabachthani? that is to say, My God, my God, why hast thou forsaken me? +Some of them that stood there, when they heard that, said, This man calleth for Elias. +And straightway one of them ran, and took a spunge, and filled it with vinegar, and put it on a reed, and gave him to drink. +The rest said, Let be, let us see whether Elias will come to save him. +Jesus, when he had cried again with a loud voice, yielded up the ghost. +And, behold, the veil of the temple was rent in twain from the top to the bottom; and the earth did quake, and the rocks rent; +And the graves were opened; and many bodies of the saints which slept arose, +And came out of the graves after his resurrection, and went into the holy city, and appeared unto many. +Now when the centurion, and they that were with him, watching Jesus, saw the earthquake, and those things that were done, they feared greatly, saying, Truly this was the Son of God. +And many women were there beholding afar off, which followed Jesus from Galilee, ministering unto him: +Among which was Mary Magdalene, and Mary the mother of James and Joses, and the mother of Zebedees children. +When the even was come, there came a rich man of Arimathaea, named Joseph, who also himself was Jesus' disciple: +He went to Pilate, and begged the body of Jesus. Then Pilate commanded the body to be delivered. +And when Joseph had taken the body, he wrapped it in a clean linen cloth, +And laid it in his own new tomb, which he had hewn out in the rock: and he rolled a great stone to the door of the sepulchre, and departed. +And there was Mary Magdalene, and the other Mary, sitting over against the sepulchre. +Now the next day, that followed the day of the preparation, the chief priests and Pharisees came together unto Pilate, +Saying, Sir, we remember that that deceiver said, while he was yet alive, After three days I will rise again. +Command therefore that the sepulchre be made sure until the third day, lest his disciples come by night, and steal him away, and say unto the people, He is risen from the dead: so the last error shall be worse than the first. +Pilate said unto them, Ye have a watch: go your way, make it as sure as ye can. +So they went, and made the sepulchre sure, sealing the stone, and setting a watch. +In the end of the sabbath, as it began to dawn toward the first day of the week, came Mary Magdalene and the other Mary to see the sepulchre. +And, behold, there was a great earthquake: for the angel of the Lord descended from heaven, and came and rolled back the stone from the door, and sat upon it. +His countenance was like lightning, and his raiment white as snow: +And for fear of him the keepers did shake, and became as dead men. +And the angel answered and said unto the women, Fear not ye: for I know that ye seek Jesus, which was crucified. +He is not here: for he is risen, as he said. Come, see the place where the Lord lay. +And go quickly, and tell his disciples that he is risen from the dead; and, behold, he goeth before you into Galilee; there shall ye see him: lo, I have told you. +And they departed quickly from the sepulchre with fear and great joy; and did run to bring his disciples word. +And as they went to tell his disciples, behold, Jesus met them, saying, All hail. And they came and held him by the feet, and worshipped him. +Then said Jesus unto them, Be not afraid: go tell my brethren that they go into Galilee, and there shall they see me. +Now when they were going, behold, some of the watch came into the city, and shewed unto the chief priests all the things that were done. +And when they were assembled with the elders, and had taken counsel, they gave large money unto the soldiers, +Saying, Say ye, His disciples came by night, and stole him away while we slept. +And if this come to the governor's ears, we will persuade him, and secure you. +So they took the money, and did as they were taught: and this saying is commonly reported among the Jews until this day. +Then the eleven disciples went away into Galilee, into a mountain where Jesus had appointed them. +And when they saw him, they worshipped him: but some doubted. +And Jesus came and spake unto them, saying, All power is given unto me in heaven and in earth. +Go ye therefore, and teach all nations, baptizing them in the name of the Father, and of the Son, and of the Holy Ghost: +Teaching them to observe all things whatsoever I have commanded you: and, lo, I am with you alway, even unto the end of the world. Amen. +The beginning of the gospel of Jesus Christ, the Son of God; +As it is written in the prophets, Behold, I send my messenger before thy face, which shall prepare thy way before thee. +The voice of one crying in the wilderness, Prepare ye the way of the Lord, make his paths straight. +John did baptize in the wilderness, and preach the baptism of repentance for the remission of sins. +And there went out unto him all the land of Judaea, and they of Jerusalem, and were all baptized of him in the river of Jordan, confessing their sins. +And John was clothed with camel's hair, and with a girdle of a skin about his loins; and he did eat locusts and wild honey; +And preached, saying, There cometh one mightier than I after me, the latchet of whose shoes I am not worthy to stoop down and unloose. +I indeed have baptized you with water: but he shall baptize you with the Holy Ghost. +And it came to pass in those days, that Jesus came from Nazareth of Galilee, and was baptized of John in Jordan. +And straightway coming up out of the water, he saw the heavens opened, and the Spirit like a dove descending upon him: +And there came a voice from heaven, saying, Thou art my beloved Son, in whom I am well pleased. +And immediately the spirit driveth him into the wilderness. +And he was there in the wilderness forty days, tempted of Satan; and was with the wild beasts; and the angels ministered unto him. +Now after that John was put in prison, Jesus came into Galilee, preaching the gospel of the kingdom of God, +And saying, The time is fulfilled, and the kingdom of God is at hand: repent ye, and believe the gospel. +Now as he walked by the sea of Galilee, he saw Simon and Andrew his brother casting a net into the sea: for they were fishers. +And Jesus said unto them, Come ye after me, and I will make you to become fishers of men. +And straightway they forsook their nets, and followed him. +And when he had gone a little farther thence, he saw James the son of Zebedee, and John his brother, who also were in the ship mending their nets. +And straightway he called them: and they left their father Zebedee in the ship with the hired servants, and went after him. +And they went into Capernaum; and straightway on the sabbath day he entered into the synagogue, and taught. +And they were astonished at his doctrine: for he taught them as one that had authority, and not as the scribes. +And there was in their synagogue a man with an unclean spirit; and he cried out, +Saying, Let us alone; what have we to do with thee, thou Jesus of Nazareth? art thou come to destroy us? I know thee who thou art, the Holy One of God. +And Jesus rebuked him, saying, Hold thy peace, and come out of him. +And when the unclean spirit had torn him, and cried with a loud voice, he came out of him. +And they were all amazed, insomuch that they questioned among themselves, saying, What thing is this? what new doctrine is this? for with authority commandeth he even the unclean spirits, and they do obey him. +And immediately his fame spread abroad throughout all the region round about Galilee. +And forthwith, when they were come out of the synagogue, they entered into the house of Simon and Andrew, with James and John. +But Simon's wife's mother lay sick of a fever, and anon they tell him of her. +And he came and took her by the hand, and lifted her up; and immediately the fever left her, and she ministered unto them. +And at even, when the sun did set, they brought unto him all that were diseased, and them that were possessed with devils. +And all the city was gathered together at the door. +And he healed many that were sick of divers diseases, and cast out many devils; and suffered not the devils to speak, because they knew him. +And in the morning, rising up a great while before day, he went out, and departed into a solitary place, and there prayed. +And Simon and they that were with him followed after him. +And when they had found him, they said unto him, All men seek for thee. +And he said unto them, Let us go into the next towns, that I may preach there also: for therefore came I forth. +And he preached in their synagogues throughout all Galilee, and cast out devils. +And there came a leper to him, beseeching him, and kneeling down to him, and saying unto him, If thou wilt, thou canst make me clean. +And Jesus, moved with compassion, put forth his hand, and touched him, and saith unto him, I will; be thou clean. +And as soon as he had spoken, immediately the leprosy departed from him, and he was cleansed. +And he straitly charged him, and forthwith sent him away; +And saith unto him, See thou say nothing to any man: but go thy way, shew thyself to the priest, and offer for thy cleansing those things which Moses commanded, for a testimony unto them. +But he went out, and began to publish it much, and to blaze abroad the matter, insomuch that Jesus could no more openly enter into the city, but was without in desert places: and they came to him from every quarter. +And again he entered into Capernaum after some days; and it was noised that he was in the house. +And straightway many were gathered together, insomuch that there was no room to receive them, no, not so much as about the door: and he preached the word unto them. +And they come unto him, bringing one sick of the palsy, which was borne of four. +And when they could not come nigh unto him for the press, they uncovered the roof where he was: and when they had broken it up, they let down the bed wherein the sick of the palsy lay. +When Jesus saw their faith, he said unto the sick of the palsy, Son, thy sins be forgiven thee. +But there was certain of the scribes sitting there, and reasoning in their hearts, +Why doth this man thus speak blasphemies? who can forgive sins but God only? +And immediately when Jesus perceived in his spirit that they so reasoned within themselves, he said unto them, Why reason ye these things in your hearts? +Whether is it easier to say to the sick of the palsy, Thy sins be forgiven thee; or to say, Arise, and take up thy bed, and walk? +But that ye may know that the Son of man hath power on earth to forgive sins, (he saith to the sick of the palsy,) +I say unto thee, Arise, and take up thy bed, and go thy way into thine house. +And immediately he arose, took up the bed, and went forth before them all; insomuch that they were all amazed, and glorified God, saying, We never saw it on this fashion. +And he went forth again by the sea side; and all the multitude resorted unto him, and he taught them. +And as he passed by, he saw Levi the son of Alphaeus sitting at the receipt of custom, and said unto him, Follow me. And he arose and followed him. +And it came to pass, that, as Jesus sat at meat in his house, many publicans and sinners sat also together with Jesus and his disciples: for there were many, and they followed him. +And when the scribes and Pharisees saw him eat with publicans and sinners, they said unto his disciples, How is it that he eateth and drinketh with publicans and sinners? +When Jesus heard it, he saith unto them, They that are whole have no need of the physician, but they that are sick: I came not to call the righteous, but sinners to repentance. +And the disciples of John and of the Pharisees used to fast: and they come and say unto him, Why do the disciples of John and of the Pharisees fast, but thy disciples fast not? +And Jesus said unto them, Can the children of the bridechamber fast, while the bridegroom is with them? as long as they have the bridegroom with them, they cannot fast. +But the days will come, when the bridegroom shall be taken away from them, and then shall they fast in those days. +No man also seweth a piece of new cloth on an old garment: else the new piece that filled it up taketh away from the old, and the rent is made worse. +And no man putteth new wine into old bottles: else the new wine doth burst the bottles, and the wine is spilled, and the bottles will be marred: but new wine must be put into new bottles. +And it came to pass, that he went through the corn fields on the sabbath day; and his disciples began, as they went, to pluck the ears of corn. +And the Pharisees said unto him, Behold, why do they on the sabbath day that which is not lawful? +And he said unto them, Have ye never read what David did, when he had need, and was an hungred, he, and they that were with him? +How he went into the house of God in the days of Abiathar the high priest, and did eat the shewbread, which is not lawful to eat but for the priests, and gave also to them which were with him? +And he said unto them, The sabbath was made for man, and not man for the sabbath: +Therefore the Son of man is Lord also of the sabbath. +And he entered again into the synagogue; and there was a man there which had a withered hand. +And they watched him, whether he would heal him on the sabbath day; that they might accuse him. +And he saith unto the man which had the withered hand, Stand forth. +And he saith unto them, Is it lawful to do good on the sabbath days, or to do evil? to save life, or to kill? But they held their peace. +And when he had looked round about on them with anger, being grieved for the hardness of their hearts, he saith unto the man, Stretch forth thine hand. And he stretched it out: and his hand was restored whole as the other. +And the Pharisees went forth, and straightway took counsel with the Herodians against him, how they might destroy him. +But Jesus withdrew himself with his disciples to the sea: and a great multitude from Galilee followed him, and from Judaea, +And from Jerusalem, and from Idumaea, and from beyond Jordan; and they about Tyre and Sidon, a great multitude, when they had heard what great things he did, came unto him. +And he spake to his disciples, that a small ship should wait on him because of the multitude, lest they should throng him. +For he had healed many; insomuch that they pressed upon him for to touch him, as many as had plagues. +And unclean spirits, when they saw him, fell down before him, and cried, saying, Thou art the Son of God. +And he straitly charged them that they should not make him known. +And he goeth up into a mountain, and calleth unto him whom he would: and they came unto him. +And he ordained twelve, that they should be with him, and that he might send them forth to preach, +And to have power to heal sicknesses, and to cast out devils: +And Simon he surnamed Peter; +And James the son of Zebedee, and John the brother of James; and he surnamed them Boanerges, which is, The sons of thunder: +And Andrew, and Philip, and Bartholomew, and Matthew, and Thomas, and James the son of Alphaeus, and Thaddaeus, and Simon the Canaanite, +And Judas Iscariot, which also betrayed him: and they went into an house. +And the multitude cometh together again, so that they could not so much as eat bread. +And when his friends heard of it, they went out to lay hold on him: for they said, He is beside himself. +And the scribes which came down from Jerusalem said, He hath Beelzebub, and by the prince of the devils casteth he out devils. +And he called them unto him, and said unto them in parables, How can Satan cast out Satan? +And if a kingdom be divided against itself, that kingdom cannot stand. +And if a house be divided against itself, that house cannot stand. +And if Satan rise up against himself, and be divided, he cannot stand, but hath an end. +No man can enter into a strong man's house, and spoil his goods, except he will first bind the strong man; and then he will spoil his house. +Verily I say unto you, All sins shall be forgiven unto the sons of men, and blasphemies wherewith soever they shall blaspheme: +But he that shall blaspheme against the Holy Ghost hath never forgiveness, but is in danger of eternal damnation. +Because they said, He hath an unclean spirit. +There came then his brethren and his mother, and, standing without, sent unto him, calling him. +And the multitude sat about him, and they said unto him, Behold, thy mother and thy brethren without seek for thee. +And he answered them, saying, Who is my mother, or my brethren? +And he looked round about on them which sat about him, and said, Behold my mother and my brethren! +For whosoever shall do the will of God, the same is my brother, and my sister, and mother. +And he began again to teach by the sea side: and there was gathered unto him a great multitude, so that he entered into a ship, and sat in the sea; and the whole multitude was by the sea on the land. +And he taught them many things by parables, and said unto them in his doctrine, +Hearken; Behold, there went out a sower to sow: +And it came to pass, as he sowed, some fell by the way side, and the fowls of the air came and devoured it up. +And some fell on stony ground, where it had not much earth; and immediately it sprang up, because it had no depth of earth: +But when the sun was up, it was scorched; and because it had no root, it withered away. +And some fell among thorns, and the thorns grew up, and choked it, and it yielded no fruit. +And other fell on good ground, and did yield fruit that sprang up and increased; and brought forth, some thirty, and some sixty, and some an hundred. +And he said unto them, He that hath ears to hear, let him hear. +And when he was alone, they that were about him with the twelve asked of him the parable. +And he said unto them, Unto you it is given to know the mystery of the kingdom of God: but unto them that are without, all these things are done in parables: +That seeing they may see, and not perceive; and hearing they may hear, and not understand; lest at any time they should be converted, and their sins should be forgiven them. +And he said unto them, Know ye not this parable? and how then will ye know all parables? +The sower soweth the word. +And these are they by the way side, where the word is sown; but when they have heard, Satan cometh immediately, and taketh away the word that was sown in their hearts. +And these are they likewise which are sown on stony ground; who, when they have heard the word, immediately receive it with gladness; +And have no root in themselves, and so endure but for a time: afterward, when affliction or persecution ariseth for the word's sake, immediately they are offended. +And these are they which are sown among thorns; such as hear the word, +And the cares of this world, and the deceitfulness of riches, and the lusts of other things entering in, choke the word, and it becometh unfruitful. +And these are they which are sown on good ground; such as hear the word, and receive it, and bring forth fruit, some thirtyfold, some sixty, and some an hundred. +And he said unto them, Is a candle brought to be put under a bushel, or under a bed? and not to be set on a candlestick? +For there is nothing hid, which shall not be manifested; neither was any thing kept secret, but that it should come abroad. +If any man have ears to hear, let him hear. +And he said unto them, Take heed what ye hear: with what measure ye mete, it shall be measured to you: and unto you that hear shall more be given. +For he that hath, to him shall be given: and he that hath not, from him shall be taken even that which he hath. +And he said, So is the kingdom of God, as if a man should cast seed into the ground; +And should sleep, and rise night and day, and the seed should spring and grow up, he knoweth not how. +For the earth bringeth forth fruit of herself; first the blade, then the ear, after that the full corn in the ear. +But when the fruit is brought forth, immediately he putteth in the sickle, because the harvest is come. +And he said, Whereunto shall we liken the kingdom of God? or with what comparison shall we compare it? +It is like a grain of mustard seed, which, when it is sown in the earth, is less than all the seeds that be in the earth: +But when it is sown, it groweth up, and becometh greater than all herbs, and shooteth out great branches; so that the fowls of the air may lodge under the shadow of it. +And with many such parables spake he the word unto them, as they were able to hear it. +But without a parable spake he not unto them: and when they were alone, he expounded all things to his disciples. +And the same day, when the even was come, he saith unto them, Let us pass over unto the other side. +And when they had sent away the multitude, they took him even as he was in the ship. And there were also with him other little ships. +And there arose a great storm of wind, and the waves beat into the ship, so that it was now full. +And he was in the hinder part of the ship, asleep on a pillow: and they awake him, and say unto him, Master, carest thou not that we perish? +And he arose, and rebuked the wind, and said unto the sea, Peace, be still. And the wind ceased, and there was a great calm. +And he said unto them, Why are ye so fearful? how is it that ye have no faith? +And they feared exceedingly, and said one to another, What manner of man is this, that even the wind and the sea obey him? +And they came over unto the other side of the sea, into the country of the Gadarenes. +And when he was come out of the ship, immediately there met him out of the tombs a man with an unclean spirit, +Who had his dwelling among the tombs; and no man could bind him, no, not with chains: +Because that he had been often bound with fetters and chains, and the chains had been plucked asunder by him, and the fetters broken in pieces: neither could any man tame him. +And always, night and day, he was in the mountains, and in the tombs, crying, and cutting himself with stones. +But when he saw Jesus afar off, he ran and worshipped him, +And cried with a loud voice, and said, What have I to do with thee, Jesus, thou Son of the most high God? I adjure thee by God, that thou torment me not. +For he said unto him, Come out of the man, thou unclean spirit. +And he asked him, What is thy name? And he answered, saying, My name is Legion: for we are many. +And he besought him much that he would not send them away out of the country. +Now there was there nigh unto the mountains a great herd of swine feeding. +And all the devils besought him, saying, Send us into the swine, that we may enter into them. +And forthwith Jesus gave them leave. And the unclean spirits went out, and entered into the swine: and the herd ran violently down a steep place into the sea, (they were about two thousand;) and were choked in the sea. +And they that fed the swine fled, and told it in the city, and in the country. And they went out to see what it was that was done. +And they come to Jesus, and see him that was possessed with the devil, and had the legion, sitting, and clothed, and in his right mind: and they were afraid. +And they that saw it told them how it befell to him that was possessed with the devil, and also concerning the swine. +And they began to pray him to depart out of their coasts. +And when he was come into the ship, he that had been possessed with the devil prayed him that he might be with him. +Howbeit Jesus suffered him not, but saith unto him, Go home to thy friends, and tell them how great things the Lord hath done for thee, and hath had compassion on thee. +And he departed, and began to publish in Decapolis how great things Jesus had done for him: and all men did marvel. +And when Jesus was passed over again by ship unto the other side, much people gathered unto him: and he was nigh unto the sea. +And, behold, there cometh one of the rulers of the synagogue, Jairus by name; and when he saw him, he fell at his feet, +And besought him greatly, saying, My little daughter lieth at the point of death: I pray thee, come and lay thy hands on her, that she may be healed; and she shall live. +And Jesus went with him; and much people followed him, and thronged him. +And a certain woman, which had an issue of blood twelve years, +And had suffered many things of many physicians, and had spent all that she had, and was nothing bettered, but rather grew worse, +When she had heard of Jesus, came in the press behind, and touched his garment. +For she said, If I may touch but his clothes, I shall be whole. +And straightway the fountain of her blood was dried up; and she felt in her body that she was healed of that plague. +And Jesus, immediately knowing in himself that virtue had gone out of him, turned him about in the press, and said, Who touched my clothes? +And his disciples said unto him, Thou seest the multitude thronging thee, and sayest thou, Who touched me? +And he looked round about to see her that had done this thing. +But the woman fearing and trembling, knowing what was done in her, came and fell down before him, and told him all the truth. +And he said unto her, Daughter, thy faith hath made thee whole; go in peace, and be whole of thy plague. +While he yet spake, there came from the ruler of the synagogue's house certain which said, Thy daughter is dead: why troublest thou the Master any further? +As soon as Jesus heard the word that was spoken, he saith unto the ruler of the synagogue, Be not afraid, only believe. +And he suffered no man to follow him, save Peter, and James, and John the brother of James. +And he cometh to the house of the ruler of the synagogue, and seeth the tumult, and them that wept and wailed greatly. +And when he was come in, he saith unto them, Why make ye this ado, and weep? the damsel is not dead, but sleepeth. +And they laughed him to scorn. But when he had put them all out, he taketh the father and the mother of the damsel, and them that were with him, and entereth in where the damsel was lying. +And he took the damsel by the hand, and said unto her, Talitha cumi; which is, being interpreted, Damsel, I say unto thee, arise. +And straightway the damsel arose, and walked; for she was of the age of twelve years. And they were astonished with a great astonishment. +And he charged them straitly that no man should know it; and commanded that something should be given her to eat. +And he went out from thence, and came into his own country; and his disciples follow him. +And when the sabbath day was come, he began to teach in the synagogue: and many hearing him were astonished, saying, From whence hath this man these things? and what wisdom is this which is given unto him, that even such mighty works are wrought by his hands? +Is not this the carpenter, the son of Mary, the brother of James, and Joses, and of Juda, and Simon? and are not his sisters here with us? And they were offended at him. +But Jesus, said unto them, A prophet is not without honour, but in his own country, and among his own kin, and in his own house. +And he could there do no mighty work, save that he laid his hands upon a few sick folk, and healed them. +And he marvelled because of their unbelief. And he went round about the villages, teaching. +And he called unto him the twelve, and began to send them forth by two and two; and gave them power over unclean spirits; +And commanded them that they should take nothing for their journey, save a staff only; no scrip, no bread, no money in their purse: +But be shod with sandals; and not put on two coats. +And he said unto them, In what place soever ye enter into an house, there abide till ye depart from that place. +And whosoever shall not receive you, nor hear you, when ye depart thence, shake off the dust under your feet for a testimony against them. Verily I say unto you, It shall be more tolerable for Sodom and Gomorrha in the day of judgment, than for that city. +And they went out, and preached that men should repent. +And they cast out many devils, and anointed with oil many that were sick, and healed them. +And king Herod heard of him; (for his name was spread abroad:) and he said, That John the Baptist was risen from the dead, and therefore mighty works do shew forth themselves in him. +Others said, That it is Elias. And others said, That it is a prophet, or as one of the prophets. +But when Herod heard thereof, he said, It is John, whom I beheaded: he is risen from the dead. +For Herod himself had sent forth and laid hold upon John, and bound him in prison for Herodias' sake, his brother Philip's wife: for he had married her. +For John had said unto Herod, It is not lawful for thee to have thy brother's wife. +Therefore Herodias had a quarrel against him, and would have killed him; but she could not: +For Herod feared John, knowing that he was a just man and an holy, and observed him; and when he heard him, he did many things, and heard him gladly. +And when a convenient day was come, that Herod on his birthday made a supper to his lords, high captains, and chief estates of Galilee; +And when the daughter of the said Herodias came in, and danced, and pleased Herod and them that sat with him, the king said unto the damsel, Ask of me whatsoever thou wilt, and I will give it thee. +And he sware unto her, Whatsoever thou shalt ask of me, I will give it thee, unto the half of my kingdom. +And she went forth, and said unto her mother, What shall I ask? And she said, The head of John the Baptist. +And she came in straightway with haste unto the king, and asked, saying, I will that thou give me by and by in a charger the head of John the Baptist. +And the king was exceeding sorry; yet for his oath's sake, and for their sakes which sat with him, he would not reject her. +And immediately the king sent an executioner, and commanded his head to be brought: and he went and beheaded him in the prison, +And brought his head in a charger, and gave it to the damsel: and the damsel gave it to her mother. +And when his disciples heard of it, they came and took up his corpse, and laid it in a tomb. +And the apostles gathered themselves together unto Jesus, and told him all things, both what they had done, and what they had taught. +And he said unto them, Come ye yourselves apart into a desert place, and rest a while: for there were many coming and going, and they had no leisure so much as to eat. +And they departed into a desert place by ship privately. +And the people saw them departing, and many knew him, and ran afoot thither out of all cities, and outwent them, and came together unto him. +And Jesus, when he came out, saw much people, and was moved with compassion toward them, because they were as sheep not having a shepherd: and he began to teach them many things. +And when the day was now far spent, his disciples came unto him, and said, This is a desert place, and now the time is far passed: +Send them away, that they may go into the country round about, and into the villages, and buy themselves bread: for they have nothing to eat. +He answered and said unto them, Give ye them to eat. And they say unto him, Shall we go and buy two hundred pennyworth of bread, and give them to eat? +He saith unto them, How many loaves have ye? go and see. And when they knew, they say, Five, and two fishes. +And he commanded them to make all sit down by companies upon the green grass. +And they sat down in ranks, by hundreds, and by fifties. +And when he had taken the five loaves and the two fishes, he looked up to heaven, and blessed, and brake the loaves, and gave them to his disciples to set before them; and the two fishes divided he among them all. +And they did all eat, and were filled. +And they took up twelve baskets full of the fragments, and of the fishes. +And they that did eat of the loaves were about five thousand men. +And straightway he constrained his disciples to get into the ship, and to go to the other side before unto Bethsaida, while he sent away the people. +And when he had sent them away, he departed into a mountain to pray. +And when even was come, the ship was in the midst of the sea, and he alone on the land. +And he saw them toiling in rowing; for the wind was contrary unto them: and about the fourth watch of the night he cometh unto them, walking upon the sea, and would have passed by them. +But when they saw him walking upon the sea, they supposed it had been a spirit, and cried out: +For they all saw him, and were troubled. And immediately he talked with them, and saith unto them, Be of good cheer: it is I; be not afraid. +And he went up unto them into the ship; and the wind ceased: and they were sore amazed in themselves beyond measure, and wondered. +For they considered not the miracle of the loaves: for their heart was hardened. +And when they had passed over, they came into the land of Gennesaret, and drew to the shore. +And when they were come out of the ship, straightway they knew him, +And ran through that whole region round about, and began to carry about in beds those that were sick, where they heard he was. +And whithersoever he entered, into villages, or cities, or country, they laid the sick in the streets, and besought him that they might touch if it were but the border of his garment: and as many as touched him were made whole. +Then came together unto him the Pharisees, and certain of the scribes, which came from Jerusalem. +And when they saw some of his disciples eat bread with defiled, that is to say, with unwashen, hands, they found fault. +For the Pharisees, and all the Jews, except they wash their hands oft, eat not, holding the tradition of the elders. +And when they come from the market, except they wash, they eat not. And many other things there be, which they have received to hold, as the washing of cups, and pots, brasen vessels, and of tables. +Then the Pharisees and scribes asked him, Why walk not thy disciples according to the tradition of the elders, but eat bread with unwashen hands? +He answered and said unto them, Well hath Esaias prophesied of you hypocrites, as it is written, This people honoureth me with their lips, but their heart is far from me. +Howbeit in vain do they worship me, teaching for doctrines the commandments of men. +For laying aside the commandment of God, ye hold the tradition of men, as the washing of pots and cups: and many other such like things ye do. +And he said unto them, Full well ye reject the commandment of God, that ye may keep your own tradition. +For Moses said, Honour thy father and thy mother; and, Whoso curseth father or mother, let him die the death: +But ye say, If a man shall say to his father or mother, It is Corban, that is to say, a gift, by whatsoever thou mightest be profited by me; he shall be free. +And ye suffer him no more to do ought for his father or his mother; +Making the word of God of none effect through your tradition, which ye have delivered: and many such like things do ye. +And when he had called all the people unto him, he said unto them, Hearken unto me every one of you, and understand: +There is nothing from without a man, that entering into him can defile him: but the things which come out of him, those are they that defile the man. +If any man have ears to hear, let him hear. +And when he was entered into the house from the people, his disciples asked him concerning the parable. +And he saith unto them, Are ye so without understanding also? Do ye not perceive, that whatsoever thing from without entereth into the man, it cannot defile him; +Because it entereth not into his heart, but into the belly, and goeth out into the draught, purging all meats? +And he said, That which cometh out of the man, that defileth the man. +For from within, out of the heart of men, proceed evil thoughts, adulteries, fornications, murders, +Thefts, covetousness, wickedness, deceit, lasciviousness, an evil eye, blasphemy, pride, foolishness: +All these evil things come from within, and defile the man. +And from thence he arose, and went into the borders of Tyre and Sidon, and entered into an house, and would have no man know it: but he could not be hid. +For a certain woman, whose young daughter had an unclean spirit, heard of him, and came and fell at his feet: +The woman was a Greek, a Syrophenician by nation; and she besought him that he would cast forth the devil out of her daughter. +But Jesus said unto her, Let the children first be filled: for it is not meet to take the children's bread, and to cast it unto the dogs. +And she answered and said unto him, Yes, Lord: yet the dogs under the table eat of the children's crumbs. +And he said unto her, For this saying go thy way; the devil is gone out of thy daughter. +And when she was come to her house, she found the devil gone out, and her daughter laid upon the bed. +And again, departing from the coasts of Tyre and Sidon, he came unto the sea of Galilee, through the midst of the coasts of Decapolis. +And they bring unto him one that was deaf, and had an impediment in his speech; and they beseech him to put his hand upon him. +And he took him aside from the multitude, and put his fingers into his ears, and he spit, and touched his tongue; +And looking up to heaven, he sighed, and saith unto him, Ephphatha, that is, Be opened. +And straightway his ears were opened, and the string of his tongue was loosed, and he spake plain. +And he charged them that they should tell no man: but the more he charged them, so much the more a great deal they published it; +And were beyond measure astonished, saying, He hath done all things well: he maketh both the deaf to hear, and the dumb to speak. +In those days the multitude being very great, and having nothing to eat, Jesus called his disciples unto him, and saith unto them, +I have compassion on the multitude, because they have now been with me three days, and have nothing to eat: +And if I send them away fasting to their own houses, they will faint by the way: for divers of them came from far. +And his disciples answered him, From whence can a man satisfy these men with bread here in the wilderness? +And he asked them, How many loaves have ye? And they said, Seven. +And he commanded the people to sit down on the ground: and he took the seven loaves, and gave thanks, and brake, and gave to his disciples to set before them; and they did set them before the people. +And they had a few small fishes: and he blessed, and commanded to set them also before them. +So they did eat, and were filled: and they took up of the broken meat that was left seven baskets. +And they that had eaten were about four thousand: and he sent them away. +And straightway he entered into a ship with his disciples, and came into the parts of Dalmanutha. +And the Pharisees came forth, and began to question with him, seeking of him a sign from heaven, tempting him. +And he sighed deeply in his spirit, and saith, Why doth this generation seek after a sign? verily I say unto you, There shall no sign be given unto this generation. +And he left them, and entering into the ship again departed to the other side. +Now the disciples had forgotten to take bread, neither had they in the ship with them more than one loaf. +And he charged them, saying, Take heed, beware of the leaven of the Pharisees, and of the leaven of Herod. +And they reasoned among themselves, saying, It is because we have no bread. +And when Jesus knew it, he saith unto them, Why reason ye, because ye have no bread? perceive ye not yet, neither understand? have ye your heart yet hardened? +Having eyes, see ye not? and having ears, hear ye not? and do ye not remember? +When I brake the five loaves among five thousand, how many baskets full of fragments took ye up? They say unto him, Twelve. +And when the seven among four thousand, how many baskets full of fragments took ye up? And they said, Seven. +And he said unto them, How is it that ye do not understand? +And he cometh to Bethsaida; and they bring a blind man unto him, and besought him to touch him. +And he took the blind man by the hand, and led him out of the town; and when he had spit on his eyes, and put his hands upon him, he asked him if he saw ought. +And he looked up, and said, I see men as trees, walking. +After that he put his hands again upon his eyes, and made him look up: and he was restored, and saw every man clearly. +And he sent him away to his house, saying, Neither go into the town, nor tell it to any in the town. +And Jesus went out, and his disciples, into the towns of Caesarea Philippi: and by the way he asked his disciples, saying unto them, Whom do men say that I am? +And they answered, John the Baptist; but some say, Elias; and others, One of the prophets. +And he saith unto them, But whom say ye that I am? And Peter answereth and saith unto him, Thou art the Christ. +And he charged them that they should tell no man of him. +And he began to teach them, that the Son of man must suffer many things, and be rejected of the elders, and of the chief priests, and scribes, and be killed, and after three days rise again. +And he spake that saying openly. And Peter took him, and began to rebuke him. +But when he had turned about and looked on his disciples, he rebuked Peter, saying, Get thee behind me, Satan: for thou savourest not the things that be of God, but the things that be of men. +And when he had called the people unto him with his disciples also, he said unto them, Whosoever will come after me, let him deny himself, and take up his cross, and follow me. +For whosoever will save his life shall lose it; but whosoever shall lose his life for my sake and the gospel's, the same shall save it. +For what shall it profit a man, if he shall gain the whole world, and lose his own soul? +Or what shall a man give in exchange for his soul? +Whosoever therefore shall be ashamed of me and of my words in this adulterous and sinful generation; of him also shall the Son of man be ashamed, when he cometh in the glory of his Father with the holy angels. +And he said unto them, Verily I say unto you, That there be some of them that stand here, which shall not taste of death, till they have seen the kingdom of God come with power. +And after six days Jesus taketh with him Peter, and James, and John, and leadeth them up into an high mountain apart by themselves: and he was transfigured before them. +And his raiment became shining, exceeding white as snow; so as no fuller on earth can white them. +And there appeared unto them Elias with Moses: and they were talking with Jesus. +And Peter answered and said to Jesus, Master, it is good for us to be here: and let us make three tabernacles; one for thee, and one for Moses, and one for Elias. +For he wist not what to say; for they were sore afraid. +And there was a cloud that overshadowed them: and a voice came out of the cloud, saying, This is my beloved Son: hear him. +And suddenly, when they had looked round about, they saw no man any more, save Jesus only with themselves. +And as they came down from the mountain, he charged them that they should tell no man what things they had seen, till the Son of man were risen from the dead. +And they kept that saying with themselves, questioning one with another what the rising from the dead should mean. +And they asked him, saying, Why say the scribes that Elias must first come? +And he answered and told them, Elias verily cometh first, and restoreth all things; and how it is written of the Son of man, that he must suffer many things, and be set at nought. +But I say unto you, That Elias is indeed come, and they have done unto him whatsoever they listed, as it is written of him. +And when he came to his disciples, he saw a great multitude about them, and the scribes questioning with them. +And straightway all the people, when they beheld him, were greatly amazed, and running to him saluted him. +And he asked the scribes, What question ye with them? +And one of the multitude answered and said, Master, I have brought unto thee my son, which hath a dumb spirit; +And wheresoever he taketh him, he teareth him: and he foameth, and gnasheth with his teeth, and pineth away: and I spake to thy disciples that they should cast him out; and they could not. +He answereth him, and saith, O faithless generation, how long shall I be with you? how long shall I suffer you? bring him unto me. +And they brought him unto him: and when he saw him, straightway the spirit tare him; and he fell on the ground, and wallowed foaming. +And he asked his father, How long is it ago since this came unto him? And he said, Of a child. +And ofttimes it hath cast him into the fire, and into the waters, to destroy him: but if thou canst do any thing, have compassion on us, and help us. +Jesus said unto him, If thou canst believe, all things are possible to him that believeth. +And straightway the father of the child cried out, and said with tears, Lord, I believe; help thou mine unbelief. +When Jesus saw that the people came running together, he rebuked the foul spirit, saying unto him, Thou dumb and deaf spirit, I charge thee, come out of him, and enter no more into him. +And the spirit cried, and rent him sore, and came out of him: and he was as one dead; insomuch that many said, He is dead. +But Jesus took him by the hand, and lifted him up; and he arose. +And when he was come into the house, his disciples asked him privately, Why could not we cast him out? +And he said unto them, This kind can come forth by nothing, but by prayer and fasting. +And they departed thence, and passed through Galilee; and he would not that any man should know it. +For he taught his disciples, and said unto them, The Son of man is delivered into the hands of men, and they shall kill him; and after that he is killed, he shall rise the third day. +But they understood not that saying, and were afraid to ask him. +And he came to Capernaum: and being in the house he asked them, What was it that ye disputed among yourselves by the way? +But they held their peace: for by the way they had disputed among themselves, who should be the greatest. +And he sat down, and called the twelve, and saith unto them, If any man desire to be first, the same shall be last of all, and servant of all. +And he took a child, and set him in the midst of them: and when he had taken him in his arms, he said unto them, +Whosoever shall receive one of such children in my name, receiveth me: and whosoever shall receive me, receiveth not me, but him that sent me. +And John answered him, saying, Master, we saw one casting out devils in thy name, and he followeth not us: and we forbad him, because he followeth not us. +But Jesus said, Forbid him not: for there is no man which shall do a miracle in my name, that can lightly speak evil of me. +For he that is not against us is on our part. +For whosoever shall give you a cup of water to drink in my name, because ye belong to Christ, verily I say unto you, he shall not lose his reward. +And whosoever shall offend one of these little ones that believe in me, it is better for him that a millstone were hanged about his neck, and he were cast into the sea. +And if thy hand offend thee, cut it off: it is better for thee to enter into life maimed, than having two hands to go into hell, into the fire that never shall be quenched: +Where their worm dieth not, and the fire is not quenched. +And if thy foot offend thee, cut it off: it is better for thee to enter halt into life, than having two feet to be cast into hell, into the fire that never shall be quenched: +Where their worm dieth not, and the fire is not quenched. +And if thine eye offend thee, pluck it out: it is better for thee to enter into the kingdom of God with one eye, than having two eyes to be cast into hell fire: +Where their worm dieth not, and the fire is not quenched. +For every one shall be salted with fire, and every sacrifice shall be salted with salt. +Salt is good: but if the salt have lost his saltness, wherewith will ye season it? Have salt in yourselves, and have peace one with another. +And he arose from thence, and cometh into the coasts of Judaea by the farther side of Jordan: and the people resort unto him again; and, as he was wont, he taught them again. +And the Pharisees came to him, and asked him, Is it lawful for a man to put away his wife? tempting him. +And he answered and said unto them, What did Moses command you? +And they said, Moses suffered to write a bill of divorcement, and to put her away. +And Jesus answered and said unto them, For the hardness of your heart he wrote you this precept. +But from the beginning of the creation God made them male and female. +For this cause shall a man leave his father and mother, and cleave to his wife; +And they twain shall be one flesh: so then they are no more twain, but one flesh. +What therefore God hath joined together, let not man put asunder. +And in the house his disciples asked him again of the same matter. +And he saith unto them, Whosoever shall put away his wife, and marry another, committeth adultery against her. +And if a woman shall put away her husband, and be married to another, she committeth adultery. +And they brought young children to him, that he should touch them: and his disciples rebuked those that brought them. +But when Jesus saw it, he was much displeased, and said unto them, Suffer the little children to come unto me, and forbid them not: for of such is the kingdom of God. +Verily I say unto you, Whosoever shall not receive the kingdom of God as a little child, he shall not enter therein. +And he took them up in his arms, put his hands upon them, and blessed them. +And when he was gone forth into the way, there came one running, and kneeled to him, and asked him, Good Master, what shall I do that I may inherit eternal life? +And Jesus said unto him, Why callest thou me good? there is none good but one, that is, God. +Thou knowest the commandments, Do not commit adultery, Do not kill, Do not steal, Do not bear false witness, Defraud not, Honour thy father and mother. +And he answered and said unto him, Master, all these have I observed from my youth. +Then Jesus beholding him loved him, and said unto him, One thing thou lackest: go thy way, sell whatsoever thou hast, and give to the poor, and thou shalt have treasure in heaven: and come, take up the cross, and follow me. +And he was sad at that saying, and went away grieved: for he had great possessions. +And Jesus looked round about, and saith unto his disciples, How hardly shall they that have riches enter into the kingdom of God! +And the disciples were astonished at his words. But Jesus answereth again, and saith unto them, Children, how hard is it for them that trust in riches to enter into the kingdom of God! +It is easier for a camel to go through the eye of a needle, than for a rich man to enter into the kingdom of God. +And they were astonished out of measure, saying among themselves, Who then can be saved? +And Jesus looking upon them saith, With men it is impossible, but not with God: for with God all things are possible. +Then Peter began to say unto him, Lo, we have left all, and have followed thee. +And Jesus answered and said, Verily I say unto you, There is no man that hath left house, or brethren, or sisters, or father, or mother, or wife, or children, or lands, for my sake, and the gospel's, +But he shall receive an hundredfold now in this time, houses, and brethren, and sisters, and mothers, and children, and lands, with persecutions; and in the world to come eternal life. +But many that are first shall be last; and the last first. +And they were in the way going up to Jerusalem; and Jesus went before them: and they were amazed; and as they followed, they were afraid. And he took again the twelve, and began to tell them what things should happen unto him, +Saying, Behold, we go up to Jerusalem; and the Son of man shall be delivered unto the chief priests, and unto the scribes; and they shall condemn him to death, and shall deliver him to the Gentiles: +And they shall mock him, and shall scourge him, and shall spit upon him, and shall kill him: and the third day he shall rise again. +And James and John, the sons of Zebedee, come unto him, saying, Master, we would that thou shouldest do for us whatsoever we shall desire. +And he said unto them, What would ye that I should do for you? +They said unto him, Grant unto us that we may sit, one on thy right hand, and the other on thy left hand, in thy glory. +But Jesus said unto them, Ye know not what ye ask: can ye drink of the cup that I drink of? and be baptized with the baptism that I am baptized with? +And they said unto him, We can. And Jesus said unto them, Ye shall indeed drink of the cup that I drink of; and with the baptism that I am baptized withal shall ye be baptized: +But to sit on my right hand and on my left hand is not mine to give; but it shall be given to them for whom it is prepared. +And when the ten heard it, they began to be much displeased with James and John. +But Jesus called them to him, and saith unto them, Ye know that they which are accounted to rule over the Gentiles exercise lordship over them; and their great ones exercise authority upon them. +But so shall it not be among you: but whosoever will be great among you, shall be your minister: +And whosoever of you will be the chiefest, shall be servant of all. +For even the Son of man came not to be ministered unto, but to minister, and to give his life a ransom for many. +And they came to Jericho: and as he went out of Jericho with his disciples and a great number of people, blind Bartimaeus, the son of Timaeus, sat by the highway side begging. +And when he heard that it was Jesus of Nazareth, he began to cry out, and say, Jesus, thou son of David, have mercy on me. +And many charged him that he should hold his peace: but he cried the more a great deal, Thou son of David, have mercy on me. +And Jesus stood still, and commanded him to be called. And they call the blind man, saying unto him, Be of good comfort, rise; he calleth thee. +And he, casting away his garment, rose, and came to Jesus. +And Jesus answered and said unto him, What wilt thou that I should do unto thee? The blind man said unto him, Lord, that I might receive my sight. +And Jesus said unto him, Go thy way; thy faith hath made thee whole. And immediately he received his sight, and followed Jesus in the way. +And when they came nigh to Jerusalem, unto Bethphage and Bethany, at the mount of Olives, he sendeth forth two of his disciples, +And saith unto them, Go your way into the village over against you: and as soon as ye be entered into it, ye shall find a colt tied, whereon never man sat; loose him, and bring him. +And if any man say unto you, Why do ye this? say ye that the Lord hath need of him; and straightway he will send him hither. +And they went their way, and found the colt tied by the door without in a place where two ways met; and they loose him. +And certain of them that stood there said unto them, What do ye, loosing the colt? +And they said unto them even as Jesus had commanded: and they let them go. +And they brought the colt to Jesus, and cast their garments on him; and he sat upon him. +And many spread their garments in the way: and others cut down branches off the trees, and strawed them in the way. +And they that went before, and they that followed, cried, saying, Hosanna; Blessed is he that cometh in the name of the Lord: +Blessed be the kingdom of our father David, that cometh in the name of the Lord: Hosanna in the highest. +And Jesus entered into Jerusalem, and into the temple: and when he had looked round about upon all things, and now the eventide was come, he went out unto Bethany with the twelve. +And on the morrow, when they were come from Bethany, he was hungry: +And seeing a fig tree afar off having leaves, he came, if haply he might find any thing thereon: and when he came to it, he found nothing but leaves; for the time of figs was not yet. +And Jesus answered and said unto it, No man eat fruit of thee hereafter for ever. And his disciples heard it. +And they come to Jerusalem: and Jesus went into the temple, and began to cast out them that sold and bought in the temple, and overthrew the tables of the moneychangers, and the seats of them that sold doves; +And would not suffer that any man should carry any vessel through the temple. +And he taught, saying unto them, Is it not written, My house shall be called of all nations the house of prayer? but ye have made it a den of thieves. +And the scribes and chief priests heard it, and sought how they might destroy him: for they feared him, because all the people was astonished at his doctrine. +And when even was come, he went out of the city. +And in the morning, as they passed by, they saw the fig tree dried up from the roots. +And Peter calling to remembrance saith unto him, Master, behold, the fig tree which thou cursedst is withered away. +And Jesus answering saith unto them, Have faith in God. +For verily I say unto you, That whosoever shall say unto this mountain, Be thou removed, and be thou cast into the sea; and shall not doubt in his heart, but shall believe that those things which he saith shall come to pass; he shall have whatsoever he saith. +Therefore I say unto you, What things soever ye desire, when ye pray, believe that ye receive them, and ye shall have them. +And when ye stand praying, forgive, if ye have ought against any: that your Father also which is in heaven may forgive you your trespasses. +But if ye do not forgive, neither will your Father which is in heaven forgive your trespasses. +And they come again to Jerusalem: and as he was walking in the temple, there come to him the chief priests, and the scribes, and the elders, +And say unto him, By what authority doest thou these things? and who gave thee this authority to do these things? +And Jesus answered and said unto them, I will also ask of you one question, and answer me, and I will tell you by what authority I do these things. +The baptism of John, was it from heaven, or of men? answer me. +And they reasoned with themselves, saying, If we shall say, From heaven; he will say, Why then did ye not believe him? +But if we shall say, Of men; they feared the people: for all men counted John, that he was a prophet indeed. +And they answered and said unto Jesus, We cannot tell. And Jesus answering saith unto them, Neither do I tell you by what authority I do these things. +And he began to speak unto them by parables. A certain man planted a vineyard, and set an hedge about it, and digged a place for the winefat, and built a tower, and let it out to husbandmen, and went into a far country. +And at the season he sent to the husbandmen a servant, that he might receive from the husbandmen of the fruit of the vineyard. +And they caught him, and beat him, and sent him away empty. +And again he sent unto them another servant; and at him they cast stones, and wounded him in the head, and sent him away shamefully handled. +And again he sent another; and him they killed, and many others; beating some, and killing some. +Having yet therefore one son, his wellbeloved, he sent him also last unto them, saying, They will reverence my son. +But those husbandmen said among themselves, This is the heir; come, let us kill him, and the inheritance shall be our's. +And they took him, and killed him, and cast him out of the vineyard. +What shall therefore the lord of the vineyard do? he will come and destroy the husbandmen, and will give the vineyard unto others. +And have ye not read this scripture; The stone which the builders rejected is become the head of the corner: +This was the Lord's doing, and it is marvellous in our eyes? +And they sought to lay hold on him, but feared the people: for they knew that he had spoken the parable against them: and they left him, and went their way. +And they send unto him certain of the Pharisees and of the Herodians, to catch him in his words. +And when they were come, they say unto him, Master, we know that thou art true, and carest for no man: for thou regardest not the person of men, but teachest the way of God in truth: Is it lawful to give tribute to Caesar, or not? +Shall we give, or shall we not give? But he, knowing their hypocrisy, said unto them, Why tempt ye me? bring me a penny, that I may see it. +And they brought it. And he saith unto them, Whose is this image and superscription? And they said unto him, Caesar's. +And Jesus answering said unto them, Render to Caesar the things that are Caesar's, and to God the things that are God's. And they marvelled at him. +Then come unto him the Sadducees, which say there is no resurrection; and they asked him, saying, +Master, Moses wrote unto us, If a man's brother die, and leave his wife behind him, and leave no children, that his brother should take his wife, and raise up seed unto his brother. +Now there were seven brethren: and the first took a wife, and dying left no seed. +And the second took her, and died, neither left he any seed: and the third likewise. +And the seven had her, and left no seed: last of all the woman died also. +In the resurrection therefore, when they shall rise, whose wife shall she be of them? for the seven had her to wife. +And Jesus answering said unto them, Do ye not therefore err, because ye know not the scriptures, neither the power of God? +For when they shall rise from the dead, they neither marry, nor are given in marriage; but are as the angels which are in heaven. +And as touching the dead, that they rise: have ye not read in the book of Moses, how in the bush God spake unto him, saying, I am the God of Abraham, and the God of Isaac, and the God of Jacob? +He is not the God of the dead, but the God of the living: ye therefore do greatly err. +And one of the scribes came, and having heard them reasoning together, and perceiving that he had answered them well, asked him, Which is the first commandment of all? +And Jesus answered him, The first of all the commandments is, Hear, O Israel; The Lord our God is one Lord: +And thou shalt love the Lord thy God with all thy heart, and with all thy soul, and with all thy mind, and with all thy strength: this is the first commandment. +And the second is like, namely this, Thou shalt love thy neighbour as thyself. There is none other commandment greater than these. +And the scribe said unto him, Well, Master, thou hast said the truth: for there is one God; and there is none other but he: +And to love him with all the heart, and with all the understanding, and with all the soul, and with all the strength, and to love his neighbour as himself, is more than all whole burnt offerings and sacrifices. +And when Jesus saw that he answered discreetly, he said unto him, Thou art not far from the kingdom of God. And no man after that durst ask him any question. +And Jesus answered and said, while he taught in the temple, How say the scribes that Christ is the son of David? +For David himself said by the Holy Ghost, The LORD said to my Lord, Sit thou on my right hand, till I make thine enemies thy footstool. +David therefore himself calleth him Lord; and whence is he then his son? And the common people heard him gladly. +And he said unto them in his doctrine, Beware of the scribes, which love to go in long clothing, and love salutations in the marketplaces, +And the chief seats in the synagogues, and the uppermost rooms at feasts: +Which devour widows' houses, and for a pretence make long prayers: these shall receive greater damnation. +And Jesus sat over against the treasury, and beheld how the people cast money into the treasury: and many that were rich cast in much. +And there came a certain poor widow, and she threw in two mites, which make a farthing. +And he called unto him his disciples, and saith unto them, Verily I say unto you, That this poor widow hath cast more in, than all they which have cast into the treasury: +For all they did cast in of their abundance; but she of her want did cast in all that she had, even all her living. +And as he went out of the temple, one of his disciples saith unto him, Master, see what manner of stones and what buildings are here! +And Jesus answering said unto him, Seest thou these great buildings? there shall not be left one stone upon another, that shall not be thrown down. +And as he sat upon the mount of Olives over against the temple, Peter and James and John and Andrew asked him privately, +Tell us, when shall these things be? and what shall be the sign when all these things shall be fulfilled? +And Jesus answering them began to say, Take heed lest any man deceive you: +For many shall come in my name, saying, I am Christ; and shall deceive many. +And when ye shall hear of wars and rumours of wars, be ye not troubled: for such things must needs be; but the end shall not be yet. +For nation shall rise against nation, and kingdom against kingdom: and there shall be earthquakes in divers places, and there shall be famines and troubles: these are the beginnings of sorrows. +But take heed to yourselves: for they shall deliver you up to councils; and in the synagogues ye shall be beaten: and ye shall be brought before rulers and kings for my sake, for a testimony against them. +And the gospel must first be published among all nations. +But when they shall lead you, and deliver you up, take no thought beforehand what ye shall speak, neither do ye premeditate: but whatsoever shall be given you in that hour, that speak ye: for it is not ye that speak, but the Holy Ghost. +Now the brother shall betray the brother to death, and the father the son; and children shall rise up against their parents, and shall cause them to be put to death. +And ye shall be hated of all men for my name's sake: but he that shall endure unto the end, the same shall be saved. +But when ye shall see the abomination of desolation, spoken of by Daniel the prophet, standing where it ought not, (let him that readeth understand,) then let them that be in Judaea flee to the mountains: +And let him that is on the housetop not go down into the house, neither enter therein, to take any thing out of his house: +And let him that is in the field not turn back again for to take up his garment. +But woe to them that are with child, and to them that give suck in those days! +And pray ye that your flight be not in the winter. +For in those days shall be affliction, such as was not from the beginning of the creation which God created unto this time, neither shall be. +And except that the Lord had shortened those days, no flesh should be saved: but for the elect's sake, whom he hath chosen, he hath shortened the days. +And then if any man shall say to you, Lo, here is Christ; or, lo, he is there; believe him not: +For false Christs and false prophets shall rise, and shall shew signs and wonders, to seduce, if it were possible, even the elect. +But take ye heed: behold, I have foretold you all things. +But in those days, after that tribulation, the sun shall be darkened, and the moon shall not give her light, +And the stars of heaven shall fall, and the powers that are in heaven shall be shaken. +And then shall they see the Son of man coming in the clouds with great power and glory. +And then shall he send his angels, and shall gather together his elect from the four winds, from the uttermost part of the earth to the uttermost part of heaven. +Now learn a parable of the fig tree; When her branch is yet tender, and putteth forth leaves, ye know that summer is near: +So ye in like manner, when ye shall see these things come to pass, know that it is nigh, even at the doors. +Verily I say unto you, that this generation shall not pass, till all these things be done. +Heaven and earth shall pass away: but my words shall not pass away. +But of that day and that hour knoweth no man, no, not the angels which are in heaven, neither the Son, but the Father. +Take ye heed, watch and pray: for ye know not when the time is. +For the Son of Man is as a man taking a far journey, who left his house, and gave authority to his servants, and to every man his work, and commanded the porter to watch. +Watch ye therefore: for ye know not when the master of the house cometh, at even, or at midnight, or at the cockcrowing, or in the morning: +Lest coming suddenly he find you sleeping. +And what I say unto you I say unto all, Watch. +After two days was the feast of the passover, and of unleavened bread: and the chief priests and the scribes sought how they might take him by craft, and put him to death. +But they said, Not on the feast day, lest there be an uproar of the people. +And being in Bethany in the house of Simon the leper, as he sat at meat, there came a woman having an alabaster box of ointment of spikenard very precious; and she brake the box, and poured it on his head. +And there were some that had indignation within themselves, and said, Why was this waste of the ointment made? +For it might have been sold for more than three hundred pence, and have been given to the poor. And they murmured against her. +And Jesus said, Let her alone; why trouble ye her? she hath wrought a good work on me. +For ye have the poor with you always, and whensoever ye will ye may do them good: but me ye have not always. +She hath done what she could: she is come aforehand to anoint my body to the burying. +Verily I say unto you, Wheresoever this gospel shall be preached throughout the whole world, this also that she hath done shall be spoken of for a memorial of her. +And Judas Iscariot, one of the twelve, went unto the chief priests, to betray him unto them. +And when they heard it, they were glad, and promised to give him money. And he sought how he might conveniently betray him. +And the first day of unleavened bread, when they killed the passover, his disciples said unto him, Where wilt thou that we go and prepare that thou mayest eat the passover? +And he sendeth forth two of his disciples, and saith unto them, Go ye into the city, and there shall meet you a man bearing a pitcher of water: follow him. +And wheresoever he shall go in, say ye to the goodman of the house, The Master saith, Where is the guestchamber, where I shall eat the passover with my disciples? +And he will shew you a large upper room furnished and prepared: there make ready for us. +And his disciples went forth, and came into the city, and found as he had said unto them: and they made ready the passover. +And in the evening he cometh with the twelve. +And as they sat and did eat, Jesus said, Verily I say unto you, One of you which eateth with me shall betray me. +And they began to be sorrowful, and to say unto him one by one, Is it I? and another said, Is it I? +And he answered and said unto them, It is one of the twelve, that dippeth with me in the dish. +The Son of man indeed goeth, as it is written of him: but woe to that man by whom the Son of man is betrayed! good were it for that man if he had never been born. +And as they did eat, Jesus took bread, and blessed, and brake it, and gave to them, and said, Take, eat: this is my body. +And he took the cup, and when he had given thanks, he gave it to them: and they all drank of it. +And he said unto them, This is my blood of the new testament, which is shed for many. +Verily I say unto you, I will drink no more of the fruit of the vine, until that day that I drink it new in the kingdom of God. +And when they had sung an hymn, they went out into the mount of Olives. +And Jesus saith unto them, All ye shall be offended because of me this night: for it is written, I will smite the shepherd, and the sheep shall be scattered. +But after that I am risen, I will go before you into Galilee. +But Peter said unto him, Although all shall be offended, yet will not I. +And Jesus saith unto him, Verily I say unto thee, That this day, even in this night, before the cock crow twice, thou shalt deny me thrice. +But he spake the more vehemently, If I should die with thee, I will not deny thee in any wise. Likewise also said they all. +And they came to a place which was named Gethsemane: and he saith to his disciples, Sit ye here, while I shall pray. +And he taketh with him Peter and James and John, and began to be sore amazed, and to be very heavy; +And saith unto them, My soul is exceeding sorrowful unto death: tarry ye here, and watch. +And he went forward a little, and fell on the ground, and prayed that, if it were possible, the hour might pass from him. +And he said, Abba, Father, all things are possible unto thee; take away this cup from me: nevertheless not what I will, but what thou wilt. +And he cometh, and findeth them sleeping, and saith unto Peter, Simon, sleepest thou? couldest not thou watch one hour? +Watch ye and pray, lest ye enter into temptation. The spirit truly is ready, but the flesh is weak. +And again he went away, and prayed, and spake the same words. +And when he returned, he found them asleep again, (for their eyes were heavy,) neither wist they what to answer him. +And he cometh the third time, and saith unto them, Sleep on now, and take your rest: it is enough, the hour is come; behold, the Son of man is betrayed into the hands of sinners. +Rise up, let us go; lo, he that betrayeth me is at hand. +And immediately, while he yet spake, cometh Judas, one of the twelve, and with him a great multitude with swords and staves, from the chief priests and the scribes and the elders. +And he that betrayed him had given them a token, saying, Whomsoever I shall kiss, that same is he; take him, and lead him away safely. +And as soon as he was come, he goeth straightway to him, and saith, Master, master; and kissed him. +And they laid their hands on him, and took him. +And one of them that stood by drew a sword, and smote a servant of the high priest, and cut off his ear. +And Jesus answered and said unto them, Are ye come out, as against a thief, with swords and with staves to take me? +I was daily with you in the temple teaching, and ye took me not: but the scriptures must be fulfilled. +And they all forsook him, and fled. +And there followed him a certain young man, having a linen cloth cast about his naked body; and the young men laid hold on him: +And he left the linen cloth, and fled from them naked. +And they led Jesus away to the high priest: and with him were assembled all the chief priests and the elders and the scribes. +And Peter followed him afar off, even into the palace of the high priest: and he sat with the servants, and warmed himself at the fire. +And the chief priests and all the council sought for witness against Jesus to put him to death; and found none. +For many bare false witness against him, but their witness agreed not together. +And there arose certain, and bare false witness against him, saying, +We heard him say, I will destroy this temple that is made with hands, and within three days I will build another made without hands. +But neither so did their witness agree together. +And the high priest stood up in the midst, and asked Jesus, saying, Answerest thou nothing? what is it which these witness against thee? +But he held his peace, and answered nothing. Again the high priest asked him, and said unto him, Art thou the Christ, the Son of the Blessed? +And Jesus said, I am: and ye shall see the Son of man sitting on the right hand of power, and coming in the clouds of heaven. +Then the high priest rent his clothes, and saith, What need we any further witnesses? +Ye have heard the blasphemy: what think ye? And they all condemned him to be guilty of death. +And some began to spit on him, and to cover his face, and to buffet him, and to say unto him, Prophesy: and the servants did strike him with the palms of their hands. +And as Peter was beneath in the palace, there cometh one of the maids of the high priest: +And when she saw Peter warming himself, she looked upon him, and said, And thou also wast with Jesus of Nazareth. +But he denied, saying, I know not, neither understand I what thou sayest. And he went out into the porch; and the cock crew. +And a maid saw him again, and began to say to them that stood by, This is one of them. +And he denied it again. And a little after, they that stood by said again to Peter, Surely thou art one of them: for thou art a Galilaean, and thy speech agreeth thereto. +But he began to curse and to swear, saying, I know not this man of whom ye speak. +And the second time the cock crew. And Peter called to mind the word that Jesus said unto him, Before the cock crow twice, thou shalt deny me thrice. And when he thought thereon, he wept. +And straightway in the morning the chief priests held a consultation with the elders and scribes and the whole council, and bound Jesus, and carried him away, and delivered him to Pilate. +And Pilate asked him, Art thou the King of the Jews? And he answering said unto them, Thou sayest it. +And the chief priests accused him of many things: but he answered nothing. +And Pilate asked him again, saying, Answerest thou nothing? behold how many things they witness against thee. +But Jesus yet answered nothing; so that Pilate marvelled. +Now at that feast he released unto them one prisoner, whomsoever they desired. +And there was one named Barabbas, which lay bound with them that had made insurrection with him, who had committed murder in the insurrection. +And the multitude crying aloud began to desire him to do as he had ever done unto them. +But Pilate answered them, saying, Will ye that I release unto you the King of the Jews? +For he knew that the chief priests had delivered him for envy. +But the chief priests moved the people, that he should rather release Barabbas unto them. +And Pilate answered and said again unto them, What will ye then that I shall do unto him whom ye call the King of the Jews? +And they cried out again, Crucify him. +Then Pilate said unto them, Why, what evil hath he done? And they cried out the more exceedingly, Crucify him. +And so Pilate, willing to content the people, released Barabbas unto them, and delivered Jesus, when he had scourged him, to be crucified. +And the soldiers led him away into the hall, called Praetorium; and they call together the whole band. +And they clothed him with purple, and platted a crown of thorns, and put it about his head, +And began to salute him, Hail, King of the Jews! +And they smote him on the head with a reed, and did spit upon him, and bowing their knees worshipped him. +And when they had mocked him, they took off the purple from him, and put his own clothes on him, and led him out to crucify him. +And they compel one Simon a Cyrenian, who passed by, coming out of the country, the father of Alexander and Rufus, to bear his cross. +And they bring him unto the place Golgotha, which is, being interpreted, The place of a skull. +And they gave him to drink wine mingled with myrrh: but he received it not. +And when they had crucified him, they parted his garments, casting lots upon them, what every man should take. +And it was the third hour, and they crucified him. +And the superscription of his accusation was written over, THE KING OF THE JEWS. +And with him they crucify two thieves; the one on his right hand, and the other on his left. +And the scripture was fulfilled, which saith, And he was numbered with the transgressors. +And they that passed by railed on him, wagging their heads, and saying, Ah, thou that destroyest the temple, and buildest it in three days, +Save thyself, and come down from the cross. +Likewise also the chief priests mocking said among themselves with the scribes, He saved others; himself he cannot save. +Let Christ the King of Israel descend now from the cross, that we may see and believe. And they that were crucified with him reviled him. +And when the sixth hour was come, there was darkness over the whole land until the ninth hour. +And at the ninth hour Jesus cried with a loud voice, saying, Eloi, Eloi, lama sabachthani? which is, being interpreted, My God, my God, why hast thou forsaken me? +And some of them that stood by, when they heard it, said, Behold, he calleth Elias. +And one ran and filled a spunge full of vinegar, and put it on a reed, and gave him to drink, saying, Let alone; let us see whether Elias will come to take him down. +And Jesus cried with a loud voice, and gave up the ghost. +And the veil of the temple was rent in twain from the top to the bottom. +And when the centurion, which stood over against him, saw that he so cried out, and gave up the ghost, he said, Truly this man was the Son of God. +There were also women looking on afar off: among whom was Mary Magdalene, and Mary the mother of James the less and of Joses, and Salome; +(Who also, when he was in Galilee, followed him, and ministered unto him;) and many other women which came up with him unto Jerusalem. +And now when the even was come, because it was the preparation, that is, the day before the sabbath, +Joseph of Arimathaea, an honourable counsellor, which also waited for the kingdom of God, came, and went in boldly unto Pilate, and craved the body of Jesus. +And Pilate marvelled if he were already dead: and calling unto him the centurion, he asked him whether he had been any while dead. +And when he knew it of the centurion, he gave the body to Joseph. +And he bought fine linen, and took him down, and wrapped him in the linen, and laid him in a sepulchre which was hewn out of a rock, and rolled a stone unto the door of the sepulchre. +And Mary Magdalene and Mary the mother of Joses beheld where he was laid. +And when the sabbath was past, Mary Magdalene, and Mary the mother of James, and Salome, had bought sweet spices, that they might come and anoint him. +And very early in the morning the first day of the week, they came unto the sepulchre at the rising of the sun. +And they said among themselves, Who shall roll us away the stone from the door of the sepulchre? +And when they looked, they saw that the stone was rolled away: for it was very great. +And entering into the sepulchre, they saw a young man sitting on the right side, clothed in a long white garment; and they were affrighted. +And he saith unto them, Be not affrighted: Ye seek Jesus of Nazareth, which was crucified: he is risen; he is not here: behold the place where they laid him. +But go your way, tell his disciples and Peter that he goeth before you into Galilee: there shall ye see him, as he said unto you. +And they went out quickly, and fled from the sepulchre; for they trembled and were amazed: neither said they any thing to any man; for they were afraid. +Now when Jesus was risen early the first day of the week, he appeared first to Mary Magdalene, out of whom he had cast seven devils. +And she went and told them that had been with him, as they mourned and wept. +And they, when they had heard that he was alive, and had been seen of her, believed not. +After that he appeared in another form unto two of them, as they walked, and went into the country. +And they went and told it unto the residue: neither believed they them. +Afterward he appeared unto the eleven as they sat at meat, and upbraided them with their unbelief and hardness of heart, because they believed not them which had seen him after he was risen. +And he said unto them, Go ye into all the world, and preach the gospel to every creature. +He that believeth and is baptized shall be saved; but he that believeth not shall be damned. +And these signs shall follow them that believe; In my name shall they cast out devils; they shall speak with new tongues; +They shall take up serpents; and if they drink any deadly thing, it shall not hurt them; they shall lay hands on the sick, and they shall recover. +So then after the Lord had spoken unto them, he was received up into heaven, and sat on the right hand of God. +And they went forth, and preached every where, the Lord working with them, and confirming the word with signs following. Amen. +Forasmuch as many have taken in hand to set forth in order a declaration of those things which are most surely believed among us, +Even as they delivered them unto us, which from the beginning were eyewitnesses, and ministers of the word; +It seemed good to me also, having had perfect understanding of all things from the very first, to write unto thee in order, most excellent Theophilus, +That thou mightest know the certainty of those things, wherein thou hast been instructed. +THERE was in the days of Herod, the king of Judaea, a certain priest named Zacharias, of the course of Abia: and his wife was of the daughters of Aaron, and her name was Elisabeth. +And they were both righteous before God, walking in all the commandments and ordinances of the Lord blameless. +And they had no child, because that Elisabeth was barren, and they both were now well stricken in years. +And it came to pass, that while he executed the priest's office before God in the order of his course, +According to the custom of the priest's office, his lot was to burn incense when he went into the temple of the Lord. +And the whole multitude of the people were praying without at the time of incense. +And there appeared unto him an angel of the Lord standing on the right side of the altar of incense. +And when Zacharias saw him, he was troubled, and fear fell upon him. +But the angel said unto him, Fear not, Zacharias: for thy prayer is heard; and thy wife Elisabeth shall bear thee a son, and thou shalt call his name John. +And thou shalt have joy and gladness; and many shall rejoice at his birth. +For he shall be great in the sight of the Lord, and shall drink neither wine nor strong drink; and he shall be filled with the Holy Ghost, even from his mother's womb. +And many of the children of Israel shall he turn to the Lord their God. +And he shall go before him in the spirit and power of Elias, to turn the hearts of the fathers to the children, and the disobedient to the wisdom of the just; to make ready a people prepared for the Lord. +And Zacharias said unto the angel, Whereby shall I know this? for I am an old man, and my wife well stricken in years. +And the angel answering said unto him, I am Gabriel, that stand in the presence of God; and am sent to speak unto thee, and to shew thee these glad tidings. +And, behold, thou shalt be dumb, and not able to speak, until the day that these things shall be performed, because thou believest not my words, which shall be fulfilled in their season. +And the people waited for Zacharias, and marvelled that he tarried so long in the temple. +And when he came out, he could not speak unto them: and they perceived that he had seen a vision in the temple: for he beckoned unto them, and remained speechless. +And it came to pass, that, as soon as the days of his ministration were accomplished, he departed to his own house. +And after those days his wife Elisabeth conceived, and hid herself five months, saying, +Thus hath the Lord dealt with me in the days wherein he looked on me, to take away my reproach among men. +And in the sixth month the angel Gabriel was sent from God unto a city of Galilee, named Nazareth, +To a virgin espoused to a man whose name was Joseph, of the house of David; and the virgin's name was Mary. +And the angel came in unto her, and said, Hail, thou that art highly favoured, the Lord is with thee: blessed art thou among women. +And when she saw him, she was troubled at his saying, and cast in her mind what manner of salutation this should be. +And the angel said unto her, Fear not, Mary: for thou hast found favour with God. +And, behold, thou shalt conceive in thy womb, and bring forth a son, and shalt call his name JESUS. +He shall be great, and shall be called the Son of the Highest: and the Lord God shall give unto him the throne of his father David: +And he shall reign over the house of Jacob for ever; and of his kingdom there shall be no end. +Then said Mary unto the angel, How shall this be, seeing I know not a man? +And the angel answered and said unto her, The Holy Ghost shall come upon thee, and the power of the Highest shall overshadow thee: therefore also that holy thing which shall be born of thee shall be called the Son of God. +And, behold, thy cousin Elisabeth, she hath also conceived a son in her old age: and this is the sixth month with her, who was called barren. +For with God nothing shall be impossible. +And Mary said, Behold the handmaid of the Lord; be it unto me according to thy word. And the angel departed from her. +And Mary arose in those days, and went into the hill country with haste, into a city of Juda; +And entered into the house of Zacharias, and saluted Elisabeth. +And it came to pass, that, when Elisabeth heard the salutation of Mary, the babe leaped in her womb; and Elisabeth was filled with the Holy Ghost: +And she spake out with a loud voice, and said, Blessed art thou among women, and blessed is the fruit of thy womb. +And whence is this to me, that the mother of my Lord should come to me? +For, lo, as soon as the voice of thy salutation sounded in mine ears, the babe leaped in my womb for joy. +And blessed is she that believed: for there shall be a performance of those things which were told her from the Lord. +And Mary said, My soul doth magnify the Lord, +And my spirit hath rejoiced in God my Saviour. +For he hath regarded the low estate of his handmaiden: for, behold, from henceforth all generations shall call me blessed. +For he that is mighty hath done to me great things; and holy is his name. +And his mercy is on them that fear him from generation to generation. +He hath shewed strength with his arm; he hath scattered the proud in the imagination of their hearts. +He hath put down the mighty from their seats, and exalted them of low degree. +He hath filled the hungry with good things; and the rich he hath sent empty away. +He hath holpen his servant Israel, in remembrance of his mercy; +As he spake to our fathers, to Abraham, and to his seed for ever. +And Mary abode with her about three months, and returned to her own house. +Now Elisabeth's full time came that she should be delivered; and she brought forth a son. +And her neighbours and her cousins heard how the Lord had shewed great mercy upon her; and they rejoiced with her. +And it came to pass, that on the eighth day they came to circumcise the child; and they called him Zacharias, after the name of his father. +And his mother answered and said, Not so; but he shall be called John. +And they said unto her, There is none of thy kindred that is called by this name. +And they made signs to his father, how he would have him called. +And he asked for a writing table, and wrote, saying, His name is John. And they marvelled all. +And his mouth was opened immediately, and his tongue loosed, and he spake, and praised God. +And fear came on all that dwelt round about them: and all these sayings were noised abroad throughout all the hill country of Judaea. +And all they that heard them laid them up in their hearts, saying, What manner of child shall this be! And the hand of the Lord was with him. +And his father Zacharias was filled with the Holy Ghost, and prophesied, saying, +Blessed be the Lord God of Israel; for he hath visited and redeemed his people, +And hath raised up an horn of salvation for us in the house of his servant David; +As he spake by the mouth of his holy prophets, which have been since the world began: +That we should be saved from our enemies, and from the hand of all that hate us; +To perform the mercy promised to our fathers, and to remember his holy covenant; +The oath which he sware to our father Abraham, +That he would grant unto us, that we being delivered out of the hand of our enemies might serve him without fear, +In holiness and righteousness before him, all the days of our life. +And thou, child, shalt be called the prophet of the Highest: for thou shalt go before the face of the Lord to prepare his ways; +To give knowledge of salvation unto his people by the remission of their sins, +Through the tender mercy of our God; whereby the dayspring from on high hath visited us, +To give light to them that sit in darkness and in the shadow of death, to guide our feet into the way of peace. +And the child grew, and waxed strong in spirit, and was in the deserts till the day of his shewing unto Israel. +And it came to pass in those days, that there went out a decree from Caesar Augustus that all the world should be taxed. +(And this taxing was first made when Cyrenius was governor of Syria.) +And all went to be taxed, every one into his own city. +And Joseph also went up from Galilee, out of the city of Nazareth, into Judaea, unto the city of David, which is called Bethlehem; (because he was of the house and lineage of David:) +To be taxed with Mary his espoused wife, being great with child. +And so it was, that, while they were there, the days were accomplished that she should be delivered. +And she brought forth her firstborn son, and wrapped him in swaddling clothes, and laid him in a manger; because there was no room for them in the inn. +And there were in the same country shepherds abiding in the field, keeping watch over their flock by night. +And, lo, the angel of the Lord came upon them, and the glory of the Lord shone round about them: and they were sore afraid. +And the angel said unto them, Fear not: for, behold, I bring you good tidings of great joy, which shall be to all people. +For unto you is born this day in the city of David a Saviour, which is Christ the Lord. +And this shall be a sign unto you; Ye shall find the babe wrapped in swaddling clothes, lying in a manger. +And suddenly there was with the angel a multitude of the heavenly host praising God, and saying, +Glory to God in the highest, and on earth peace, good will toward men. +And it came to pass, as the angels were gone away from them into heaven, the shepherds said one to another, Let us now go even unto Bethlehem, and see this thing which is come to pass, which the Lord hath made known unto us. +And they came with haste, and found Mary, and Joseph, and the babe lying in a manger. +And when they had seen it, they made known abroad the saying which was told them concerning this child. +And all they that heard it wondered at those things which were told them by the shepherds. +But Mary kept all these things, and pondered them in her heart. +And the shepherds returned, glorifying and praising God for all the things that they had heard and seen, as it was told unto them. +And when eight days were accomplished for the circumcising of the child, his name was called JESUS, which was so named of the angel before he was conceived in the womb. +And when the days of her purification according to the law of Moses were accomplished, they brought him to Jerusalem, to present him to the Lord; +(As it is written in the law of the LORD, Every male that openeth the womb shall be called holy to the Lord;) +And to offer a sacrifice according to that which is said in the law of the Lord, A pair of turtledoves, or two young pigeons. +And, behold, there was a man in Jerusalem, whose name was Simeon; and the same man was just and devout, waiting for the consolation of Israel: and the Holy Ghost was upon him. +And it was revealed unto him by the Holy Ghost, that he should not see death, before he had seen the Lord's Christ. +And he came by the Spirit into the temple: and when the parents brought in the child Jesus, to do for him after the custom of the law, +Then took he him up in his arms, and blessed God, and said, +Lord, now lettest thou thy servant depart in peace, according to thy word: +For mine eyes have seen thy salvation, +Which thou hast prepared before the face of all people; +A light to lighten the Gentiles, and the glory of thy people Israel. +And Joseph and his mother marvelled at those things which were spoken of him. +And Simeon blessed them, and said unto Mary his mother, Behold, this child is set for the fall and rising again of many in Israel; and for a sign which shall be spoken against; +(Yea, a sword shall pierce through thy own soul also,) that the thoughts of many hearts may be revealed. +And there was one Anna, a prophetess, the daughter of Phanuel, of the tribe of Aser: she was of a great age, and had lived with an husband seven years from her virginity; +And she was a widow of about fourscore and four years, which departed not from the temple, but served God with fastings and prayers night and day. +And she coming in that instant gave thanks likewise unto the Lord, and spake of him to all them that looked for redemption in Jerusalem. +And when they had performed all things according to the law of the Lord, they returned into Galilee, to their own city Nazareth. +And the child grew, and waxed strong in spirit, filled with wisdom: and the grace of God was upon him. +Now his parents went to Jerusalem every year at the feast of the passover. +And when he was twelve years old, they went up to Jerusalem after the custom of the feast. +And when they had fulfilled the days, as they returned, the child Jesus tarried behind in Jerusalem; and Joseph and his mother knew not of it. +But they, supposing him to have been in the company, went a day's journey; and they sought him among their kinsfolk and acquaintance. +And when they found him not, they turned back again to Jerusalem, seeking him. +And it came to pass, that after three days they found him in the temple, sitting in the midst of the doctors, both hearing them, and asking them questions. +And all that heard him were astonished at his understanding and answers. +And when they saw him, they were amazed: and his mother said unto him, Son, why hast thou thus dealt with us? behold, thy father and I have sought thee sorrowing. +And he said unto them, How is it that ye sought me? wist ye not that I must be about my Father's business? +And they understood not the saying which he spake unto them. +And he went down with them, and came to Nazareth, and was subject unto them: but his mother kept all these sayings in her heart. +And Jesus increased in wisdom and stature, and in favour with God and man. +Now in the fifteenth year of the reign of Tiberius Caesar, Pontius Pilate being governor of Judaea, and Herod being tetrarch of Galilee, and his brother Philip tetrarch of Ituraea and of the region of Trachonitis, and Lysanias the tetrarch of Abilene, +Annas and Caiaphas being the high priests, the word of God came unto John the son of Zacharias in the wilderness. +And he came into all the country about Jordan, preaching the baptism of repentance for the remission of sins; +As it is written in the book of the words of Esaias the prophet, saying, The voice of one crying in the wilderness, Prepare ye the way of the Lord, make his paths straight. +Every valley shall be filled, and every mountain and hill shall be brought low; and the crooked shall be made straight, and the rough ways shall be made smooth; +And all flesh shall see the salvation of God. +Then said he to the multitude that came forth to be baptized of him, O generation of vipers, who hath warned you to flee from the wrath to come? +Bring forth therefore fruits worthy of repentance, and begin not to say within yourselves, We have Abraham to our father: for I say unto you, That God is able of these stones to raise up children unto Abraham. +And now also the axe is laid unto the root of the trees: every tree therefore which bringeth not forth good fruit is hewn down, and cast into the fire. +And the people asked him, saying, What shall we do then? +He answereth and saith unto them, He that hath two coats, let him impart to him that hath none; and he that hath meat, let him do likewise. +Then came also publicans to be baptized, and said unto him, Master, what shall we do? +And he said unto them, Exact no more than that which is appointed you. +And the soldiers likewise demanded of him, saying, And what shall we do? And he said unto them, Do violence to no man, neither accuse any falsely; and be content with your wages. +And as the people were in expectation, and all men mused in their hearts of John, whether he were the Christ, or not; +John answered, saying unto them all, I indeed baptize you with water; but one mightier than I cometh, the latchet of whose shoes I am not worthy to unloose: he shall baptize you with the Holy Ghost and with fire: +Whose fan is in his hand, and he will throughly purge his floor, and will gather the wheat into his garner; but the chaff he will burn with fire unquenchable. +And many other things in his exhortation preached he unto the people. +But Herod the tetrarch, being reproved by him for Herodias his brother Philip's wife, and for all the evils which Herod had done, +Added yet this above all, that he shut up John in prison. +Now when all the people were baptized, it came to pass, that Jesus also being baptized, and praying, the heaven was opened, +And the Holy Ghost descended in a bodily shape like a dove upon him, and a voice came from heaven, which said, Thou art my beloved Son; in thee I am well pleased. +And Jesus himself began to be about thirty years of age, being (as was supposed) the son of Joseph, which was the son of Heli, +Which was the son of Matthat, which was the son of Levi, which was the son of Melchi, which was the son of Janna, which was the son of Joseph, +Which was the son of Mattathias, which was the son of Amos, which was the son of Naum, which was the son of Esli, which was the son of Nagge, +Which was the son of Maath, which was the son of Mattathias, which was the son of Semei, which was the son of Joseph, which was the son of Juda, +Which was the son of Joanna, which was the son of Rhesa, which was the son of Zorobabel, which was the son of Salathiel, which was the son of Neri, +Which was the son of Melchi, which was the son of Addi, which was the son of Cosam, which was the son of Elmodam, which was the son of Er, +Which was the son of Jose, which was the son of Eliezer, which was the son of Jorim, which was the son of Matthat, which was the son of Levi, +Which was the son of Simeon, which was the son of Juda, which was the son of Joseph, which was the son of Jonan, which was the son of Eliakim, +Which was the son of Melea, which was the son of Menan, which was the son of Mattatha, which was the son of Nathan, which was the son of David, +Which was the son of Jesse, which was the son of Obed, which was the son of Booz, which was the son of Salmon, which was the son of Naasson, +Which was the son of Aminadab, which was the son of Aram, which was the son of Esrom, which was the son of Phares, which was the son of Juda, +Which was the son of Jacob, which was the son of Isaac, which was the son of Abraham, which was the son of Thara, which was the son of Nachor, +Which was the son of Saruch, which was the son of Ragau, which was the son of Phalec, which was the son of Heber, which was the son of Sala, +Which was the son of Cainan, which was the son of Arphaxad, which was the son of Sem, which was the son of Noe, which was the son of Lamech, +Which was the son of Mathusala, which was the son of Enoch, which was the son of Jared, which was the son of Maleleel, which was the son of Cainan, +Which was the son of Enos, which was the son of Seth, which was the son of Adam, which was the son of God. +And Jesus being full of the Holy Ghost returned from Jordan, and was led by the Spirit into the wilderness, +Being forty days tempted of the devil. And in those days he did eat nothing: and when they were ended, he afterward hungered. +And the devil said unto him, If thou be the Son of God, command this stone that it be made bread. +And Jesus answered him, saying, It is written, That man shall not live by bread alone, but by every word of God. +And the devil, taking him up into an high mountain, shewed unto him all the kingdoms of the world in a moment of time. +And the devil said unto him, All this power will I give thee, and the glory of them: for that is delivered unto me; and to whomsoever I will I give it. +If thou therefore wilt worship me, all shall be thine. +And Jesus answered and said unto him, Get thee behind me, Satan: for it is written, Thou shalt worship the Lord thy God, and him only shalt thou serve. +And he brought him to Jerusalem, and set him on a pinnacle of the temple, and said unto him, If thou be the Son of God, cast thyself down from hence: +For it is written, He shall give his angels charge over thee, to keep thee: +And in their hands they shall bear thee up, lest at any time thou dash thy foot against a stone. +And Jesus answering said unto him, It is said, Thou shalt not tempt the Lord thy God. +And when the devil had ended all the temptation, he departed from him for a season. +And Jesus returned in the power of the Spirit into Galilee: and there went out a fame of him through all the region round about. +And he taught in their synagogues, being glorified of all. +And he came to Nazareth, where he had been brought up: and, as his custom was, he went into the synagogue on the sabbath day, and stood up for to read. +And there was delivered unto him the book of the prophet Esaias. And when he had opened the book, he found the place where it was written, +The Spirit of the Lord is upon me, because he hath anointed me to preach the gospel to the poor; he hath sent me to heal the brokenhearted, to preach deliverance to the captives, and recovering of sight to the blind, to set at liberty them that are bruised, +To preach the acceptable year of the Lord. +And he closed the book, and he gave it again to the minister, and sat down. And the eyes of all them that were in the synagogue were fastened on him. +And he began to say unto them, This day is this scripture fulfilled in your ears. +And all bare him witness, and wondered at the gracious words which proceeded out of his mouth. And they said, Is not this Joseph's son? +And he said unto them, Ye will surely say unto me this proverb, Physician, heal thyself: whatsoever we have heard done in Capernaum, do also here in thy country. +And he said, Verily I say unto you, No prophet is accepted in his own country. +But I tell you of a truth, many widows were in Israel in the days of Elias, when the heaven was shut up three years and six months, when great famine was throughout all the land; +But unto none of them was Elias sent, save unto Sarepta, a city of Sidon, unto a woman that was a widow. +And many lepers were in Israel in the time of Eliseus the prophet; and none of them was cleansed, saving Naaman the Syrian. +And all they in the synagogue, when they heard these things, were filled with wrath, +And rose up, and thrust him out of the city, and led him unto the brow of the hill whereon their city was built, that they might cast him down headlong. +But he passing through the midst of them went his way, +And came down to Capernaum, a city of Galilee, and taught them on the sabbath days. +And they were astonished at his doctrine: for his word was with power. +And in the synagogue there was a man, which had a spirit of an unclean devil, and cried out with a loud voice, +Saying, Let us alone; what have we to do with thee, thou Jesus of Nazareth? art thou come to destroy us? I know thee who thou art; the Holy One of God. +And Jesus rebuked him, saying, Hold thy peace, and come out of him. And when the devil had thrown him in the midst, he came out of him, and hurt him not. +And they were all amazed, and spake among themselves, saying, What a word is this! for with authority and power he commandeth the unclean spirits, and they come out. +And the fame of him went out into every place of the country round about. +And he arose out of the synagogue, and entered into Simon's house. And Simon's wife's mother was taken with a great fever; and they besought him for her. +And he stood over her, and rebuked the fever; and it left her: and immediately she arose and ministered unto them. +Now when the sun was setting, all they that had any sick with divers diseases brought them unto him; and he laid his hands on every one of them, and healed them. +And devils also came out of many, crying out, and saying, Thou art Christ the Son of God. And he rebuking them suffered them not to speak: for they knew that he was Christ. +And when it was day, he departed and went into a desert place: and the people sought him, and came unto him, and stayed him, that he should not depart from them. +And he said unto them, I must preach the kingdom of God to other cities also: for therefore am I sent. +And he preached in the synagogues of Galilee. +And it came to pass, that, as the people pressed upon him to hear the word of God, he stood by the lake of Gennesaret, +And saw two ships standing by the lake: but the fishermen were gone out of them, and were washing their nets. +And he entered into one of the ships, which was Simon's, and prayed him that he would thrust out a little from the land. And he sat down, and taught the people out of the ship. +Now when he had left speaking, he said unto Simon, Launch out into the deep, and let down your nets for a draught. +And Simon answering said unto him, Master, we have toiled all the night, and have taken nothing: nevertheless at thy word I will let down the net. +And when they had this done, they inclosed a great multitude of fishes: and their net brake. +And they beckoned unto their partners, which were in the other ship, that they should come and help them. And they came, and filled both the ships, so that they began to sink. +When Simon Peter saw it, he fell down at Jesus' knees, saying, Depart from me; for I am a sinful man, O Lord. +For he was astonished, and all that were with him, at the draught of the fishes which they had taken: +And so was also James, and John, the sons of Zebedee, which were partners with Simon. And Jesus said unto Simon, Fear not; from henceforth thou shalt catch men. +And when they had brought their ships to land, they forsook all, and followed him. +And it came to pass, when he was in a certain city, behold a man full of leprosy: who seeing Jesus fell on his face, and besought him, saying, Lord, if thou wilt, thou canst make me clean. +And he put forth his hand, and touched him, saying, I will: be thou clean. And immediately the leprosy departed from him. +And he charged him to tell no man: but go, and shew thyself to the priest, and offer for thy cleansing, according as Moses commanded, for a testimony unto them. +But so much the more went there a fame abroad of him: and great multitudes came together to hear, and to be healed by him of their infirmities. +And he withdrew himself into the wilderness, and prayed. +And it came to pass on a certain day, as he was teaching, that there were Pharisees and doctors of the law sitting by, which were come out of every town of Galilee, and Judaea, and Jerusalem: and the power of the Lord was present to heal them. +And, behold, men brought in a bed a man which was taken with a palsy: and they sought means to bring him in, and to lay him before him. +And when they could not find by what way they might bring him in because of the multitude, they went upon the housetop, and let him down through the tiling with his couch into the midst before Jesus. +And when he saw their faith, he said unto him, Man, thy sins are forgiven thee. +And the scribes and the Pharisees began to reason, saying, Who is this which speaketh blasphemies? Who can forgive sins, but God alone? +But when Jesus perceived their thoughts, he answering said unto them, What reason ye in your hearts? +Whether is easier, to say, Thy sins be forgiven thee; or to say, Rise up and walk? +But that ye may know that the Son of man hath power upon earth to forgive sins, (he said unto the sick of the palsy,) I say unto thee, Arise, and take up thy couch, and go into thine house. +And immediately he rose up before them, and took up that whereon he lay, and departed to his own house, glorifying God. +And they were all amazed, and they glorified God, and were filled with fear, saying, We have seen strange things to day. +And after these things he went forth, and saw a publican, named Levi, sitting at the receipt of custom: and he said unto him, Follow me. +And he left all, rose up, and followed him. +And Levi made him a great feast in his own house: and there was a great company of publicans and of others that sat down with them. +But their scribes and Pharisees murmured against his disciples, saying, Why do ye eat and drink with publicans and sinners? +And Jesus answering said unto them, They that are whole need not a physician; but they that are sick. +I came not to call the righteous, but sinners to repentance. +And they said unto him, Why do the disciples of John fast often, and make prayers, and likewise the disciples of the Pharisees; but thine eat and drink? +And he said unto them, Can ye make the children of the bridechamber fast, while the bridegroom is with them? +But the days will come, when the bridegroom shall be taken away from them, and then shall they fast in those days. +And he spake also a parable unto them; No man putteth a piece of a new garment upon an old; if otherwise, then both the new maketh a rent, and the piece that was taken out of the new agreeth not with the old. +And no man putteth new wine into old bottles; else the new wine will burst the bottles, and be spilled, and the bottles shall perish. +But new wine must be put into new bottles; and both are preserved. +No man also having drunk old wine straightway desireth new: for he saith, The old is better. +And it came to pass on the second sabbath after the first, that he went through the corn fields; and his disciples plucked the ears of corn, and did eat, rubbing them in their hands. +And certain of the Pharisees said unto them, Why do ye that which is not lawful to do on the sabbath days? +And Jesus answering them said, Have ye not read so much as this, what David did, when himself was an hungred, and they which were with him; +How he went into the house of God, and did take and eat the shewbread, and gave also to them that were with him; which it is not lawful to eat but for the priests alone? +And he said unto them, That the Son of man is Lord also of the sabbath. +And it came to pass also on another sabbath, that he entered into the synagogue and taught: and there was a man whose right hand was withered. +And the scribes and Pharisees watched him, whether he would heal on the sabbath day; that they might find an accusation against him. +But he knew their thoughts, and said to the man which had the withered hand, Rise up, and stand forth in the midst. And he arose and stood forth. +Then said Jesus unto them, I will ask you one thing; Is it lawful on the sabbath days to do good, or to do evil? to save life, or to destroy it? +And looking round about upon them all, he said unto the man, Stretch forth thy hand. And he did so: and his hand was restored whole as the other. +And they were filled with madness; and communed one with another what they might do to Jesus. +And it came to pass in those days, that he went out into a mountain to pray, and continued all night in prayer to God. +And when it was day, he called unto him his disciples: and of them he chose twelve, whom also he named apostles; +Simon, (whom he also named Peter,) and Andrew his brother, James and John, Philip and Bartholomew, +Matthew and Thomas, James the son of Alphaeus, and Simon called Zelotes, +And Judas the brother of James, and Judas Iscariot, which also was the traitor. +And he came down with them, and stood in the plain, and the company of his disciples, and a great multitude of people out of all Judaea and Jerusalem, and from the sea coast of Tyre and Sidon, which came to hear him, and to be healed of their diseases; +And they that were vexed with unclean spirits: and they were healed. +And the whole multitude sought to touch him: for there went virtue out of him, and healed them all. +And he lifted up his eyes on his disciples, and said, Blessed be ye poor: for yours is the kingdom of God. +Blessed are ye that hunger now: for ye shall be filled. Blessed are ye that weep now: for ye shall laugh. +Blessed are ye, when men shall hate you, and when they shall separate you from their company, and shall reproach you, and cast out your name as evil, for the Son of man's sake. +Rejoice ye in that day, and leap for joy: for, behold, your reward is great in heaven: for in the like manner did their fathers unto the prophets. +But woe unto you that are rich! for ye have received your consolation. +Woe unto you that are full! for ye shall hunger. Woe unto you that laugh now! for ye shall mourn and weep. +Woe unto you, when all men shall speak well of you! for so did their fathers to the false prophets. +But I say unto you which hear, Love your enemies, do good to them which hate you, +Bless them that curse you, and pray for them which despitefully use you. +And unto him that smiteth thee on the one cheek offer also the other; and him that taketh away thy cloak forbid not to take thy coat also. +Give to every man that asketh of thee; and of him that taketh away thy goods ask them not again. +And as ye would that men should do to you, do ye also to them likewise. +For if ye love them which love you, what thank have ye? for sinners also love those that love them. +And if ye do good to them which do good to you, what thank have ye? for sinners also do even the same. +And if ye lend to them of whom ye hope to receive, what thank have ye? for sinners also lend to sinners, to receive as much again. +But love ye your enemies, and do good, and lend, hoping for nothing again; and your reward shall be great, and ye shall be the children of the Highest: for he is kind unto the unthankful and to the evil. +Be ye therefore merciful, as your Father also is merciful. +Judge not, and ye shall not be judged: condemn not, and ye shall not be condemned: forgive, and ye shall be forgiven: +Give, and it shall be given unto you; good measure, pressed down, and shaken together, and running over, shall men give into your bosom. For with the same measure that ye mete withal it shall be measured to you again. +And he spake a parable unto them, Can the blind lead the blind? shall they not both fall into the ditch? +The disciple is not above his master: but every one that is perfect shall be as his master. +And why beholdest thou the mote that is in thy brother's eye, but perceivest not the beam that is in thine own eye? +Either how canst thou say to thy brother, Brother, let me pull out the mote that is in thine eye, when thou thyself beholdest not the beam that is in thine own eye? Thou hypocrite, cast out first the beam out of thine own eye, and then shalt thou see clearly to pull out the mote that is in thy brother's eye. +For a good tree bringeth not forth corrupt fruit; neither doth a corrupt tree bring forth good fruit. +For every tree is known by his own fruit. For of thorns men do not gather figs, nor of a bramble bush gather they grapes. +A good man out of the good treasure of his heart bringeth forth that which is good; and an evil man out of the evil treasure of his heart bringeth forth that which is evil: for of the abundance of the heart his mouth speaketh. +And why call ye me, Lord, Lord, and do not the things which I say? +Whosoever cometh to me, and heareth my sayings, and doeth them, I will shew you to whom he is like: +He is like a man which built an house, and digged deep, and laid the foundation on a rock: and when the flood arose, the stream beat vehemently upon that house, and could not shake it: for it was founded upon a rock. +But he that heareth, and doeth not, is like a man that without a foundation built an house upon the earth; against which the stream did beat vehemently, and immediately it fell; and the ruin of that house was great. +Now when he had ended all his sayings in the audience of the people, he entered into Capernaum. +And a certain centurion's servant, who was dear unto him, was sick, and ready to die. +And when he heard of Jesus, he sent unto him the elders of the Jews, beseeching him that he would come and heal his servant. +And when they came to Jesus, they besought him instantly, saying, That he was worthy for whom he should do this: +For he loveth our nation, and he hath built us a synagogue. +Then Jesus went with them. And when he was now not far from the house, the centurion sent friends to him, saying unto him, Lord, trouble not thyself: for I am not worthy that thou shouldest enter under my roof: +Wherefore neither thought I myself worthy to come unto thee: but say in a word, and my servant shall be healed. +For I also am a man set under authority, having under me soldiers, and I say unto one, Go, and he goeth; and to another, Come, and he cometh; and to my servant, Do this, and he doeth it. +When Jesus heard these things, he marvelled at him, and turned him about, and said unto the people that followed him, I say unto you, I have not found so great faith, no, not in Israel. +And they that were sent, returning to the house, found the servant whole that had been sick. +And it came to pass the day after, that he went into a city called Nain; and many of his disciples went with him, and much people. +Now when he came nigh to the gate of the city, behold, there was a dead man carried out, the only son of his mother, and she was a widow: and much people of the city was with her. +And when the Lord saw her, he had compassion on her, and said unto her, Weep not. +And he came and touched the bier: and they that bare him stood still. And he said, Young man, I say unto thee, Arise. +And he that was dead sat up, and began to speak. And he delivered him to his mother. +And there came a fear on all: and they glorified God, saying, That a great prophet is risen up among us; and, That God hath visited his people. +And this rumour of him went forth throughout all Judaea, and throughout all the region round about. +And the disciples of John shewed him of all these things. +And John calling unto him two of his disciples sent them to Jesus, saying, Art thou he that should come? or look we for another? +When the men were come unto him, they said, John Baptist hath sent us unto thee, saying, Art thou he that should come? or look we for another? +And in that same hour he cured many of their infirmities and plagues, and of evil spirits; and unto many that were blind he gave sight. +Then Jesus answering said unto them, Go your way, and tell John what things ye have seen and heard; how that the blind see, the lame walk, the lepers are cleansed, the deaf hear, the dead are raised, to the poor the gospel is preached. +And blessed is he, whosoever shall not be offended in me. +And when the messengers of John were departed, he began to speak unto the people concerning John, What went ye out into the wilderness for to see? A reed shaken with the wind? +But what went ye out for to see? A man clothed in soft raiment? Behold, they which are gorgeously apparelled, and live delicately, are in kings' courts. +But what went ye out for to see? A prophet? Yea, I say unto you, and much more than a prophet. +This is he, of whom it is written, Behold, I send my messenger before thy face, which shall prepare thy way before thee. +For I say unto you, Among those that are born of women there is not a greater prophet than John the Baptist: but he that is least in the kingdom of God is greater than he. +And all the people that heard him, and the publicans, justified God, being baptized with the baptism of John. +But the Pharisees and lawyers rejected the counsel of God against themselves, being not baptized of him. +And the Lord said, Whereunto then shall I liken the men of this generation? and to what are they like? +They are like unto children sitting in the marketplace, and calling one to another, and saying, We have piped unto you, and ye have not danced; we have mourned to you, and ye have not wept. +For John the Baptist came neither eating bread nor drinking wine; and ye say, He hath a devil. +The Son of man is come eating and drinking; and ye say, Behold a gluttonous man, and a winebibber, a friend of publicans and sinners! +But wisdom is justified of all her children. +And one of the Pharisees desired him that he would eat with him. And he went into the Pharisee's house, and sat down to meat. +And, behold, a woman in the city, which was a sinner, when she knew that Jesus sat at meat in the Pharisee's house, brought an alabaster box of ointment, +And stood at his feet behind him weeping, and began to wash his feet with tears, and did wipe them with the hairs of her head, and kissed his feet, and anointed them with the ointment. +Now when the Pharisee which had bidden him saw it, he spake within himself, saying, This man, if he were a prophet, would have known who and what manner of woman this is that toucheth him: for she is a sinner. +And Jesus answering said unto him, Simon, I have somewhat to say unto thee. And he saith, Master, say on. +There was a certain creditor which had two debtors: the one owed five hundred pence, and the other fifty. +And when they had nothing to pay, he frankly forgave them both. Tell me therefore, which of them will love him most? +Simon answered and said, I suppose that he, to whom he forgave most. And he said unto him, Thou hast rightly judged. +And he turned to the woman, and said unto Simon, Seest thou this woman? I entered into thine house, thou gavest me no water for my feet: but she hath washed my feet with tears, and wiped them with the hairs of her head. +Thou gavest me no kiss: but this woman since the time I came in hath not ceased to kiss my feet. +My head with oil thou didst not anoint: but this woman hath anointed my feet with ointment. +Wherefore I say unto thee, Her sins, which are many, are forgiven; for she loved much: but to whom little is forgiven, the same loveth little. +And he said unto her, Thy sins are forgiven. +And they that sat at meat with him began to say within themselves, Who is this that forgiveth sins also? +And he said to the woman, Thy faith hath saved thee; go in peace. +And it came to pass afterward, that he went throughout every city and village, preaching and shewing the glad tidings of the kingdom of God: and the twelve were with him, +And certain women, which had been healed of evil spirits and infirmities, Mary called Magdalene, out of whom went seven devils, +And Joanna the wife of Chuza Herod's steward, and Susanna, and many others, which ministered unto him of their substance. +And when much people were gathered together, and were come to him out of every city, he spake by a parable: +A sower went out to sow his seed: and as he sowed, some fell by the way side; and it was trodden down, and the fowls of the air devoured it. +And some fell upon a rock; and as soon as it was sprung up, it withered away, because it lacked moisture. +And some fell among thorns; and the thorns sprang up with it, and choked it. +And other fell on good ground, and sprang up, and bare fruit an hundredfold. And when he had said these things, he cried, He that hath ears to hear, let him hear. +And his disciples asked him, saying, What might this parable be? +And he said, Unto you it is given to know the mysteries of the kingdom of God: but to others in parables; that seeing they might not see, and hearing they might not understand. +Now the parable is this: The seed is the word of God. +Those by the way side are they that hear; then cometh the devil, and taketh away the word out of their hearts, lest they should believe and be saved. +They on the rock are they, which, when they hear, receive the word with joy; and these have no root, which for a while believe, and in time of temptation fall away. +And that which fell among thorns are they, which, when they have heard, go forth, and are choked with cares and riches and pleasures of this life, and bring no fruit to perfection. +But that on the good ground are they, which in an honest and good heart, having heard the word, keep it, and bring forth fruit with patience. +No man, when he hath lighted a candle, covereth it with a vessel, or putteth it under a bed; but setteth it on a candlestick, that they which enter in may see the light. +For nothing is secret, that shall not be made manifest; neither any thing hid, that shall not be known and come abroad. +Take heed therefore how ye hear: for whosoever hath, to him shall be given; and whosoever hath not, from him shall be taken even that which he seemeth to have. +Then came to him his mother and his brethren, and could not come at him for the press. +And it was told him by certain which said, Thy mother and thy brethren stand without, desiring to see thee. +And he answered and said unto them, My mother and my brethren are these which hear the word of God, and do it. +Now it came to pass on a certain day, that he went into a ship with his disciples: and he said unto them, Let us go over unto the other side of the lake. And they launched forth. +But as they sailed he fell asleep: and there came down a storm of wind on the lake; and they were filled with water, and were in jeopardy. +And they came to him, and awoke him, saying, Master, master, we perish. Then he arose, and rebuked the wind and the raging of the water: and they ceased, and there was a calm. +And he said unto them, Where is your faith? And they being afraid wondered, saying one to another, What manner of man is this! for he commandeth even the winds and water, and they obey him. +And they arrived at the country of the Gadarenes, which is over against Galilee. +And when he went forth to land, there met him out of the city a certain man, which had devils long time, and ware no clothes, neither abode in any house, but in the tombs. +When he saw Jesus, he cried out, and fell down before him, and with a loud voice said, What have I to do with thee, Jesus, thou Son of God most high? I beseech thee, torment me not. +(For he had commanded the unclean spirit to come out of the man. For oftentimes it had caught him: and he was kept bound with chains and in fetters; and he brake the bands, and was driven of the devil into the wilderness.) +And Jesus asked him, saying, What is thy name? And he said, Legion: because many devils were entered into him. +And they besought him that he would not command them to go out into the deep. +And there was there an herd of many swine feeding on the mountain: and they besought him that he would suffer them to enter into them. And he suffered them. +Then went the devils out of the man, and entered into the swine: and the herd ran violently down a steep place into the lake, and were choked. +When they that fed them saw what was done, they fled, and went and told it in the city and in the country. +Then they went out to see what was done; and came to Jesus, and found the man, out of whom the devils were departed, sitting at the feet of Jesus, clothed, and in his right mind: and they were afraid. +They also which saw it told them by what means he that was possessed of the devils was healed. +Then the whole multitude of the country of the Gadarenes round about besought him to depart from them; for they were taken with great fear: and he went up into the ship, and returned back again. +Now the man out of whom the devils were departed besought him that he might be with him: but Jesus sent him away, saying, +Return to thine own house, and shew how great things God hath done unto thee. And he went his way, and published throughout the whole city how great things Jesus had done unto him. +And it came to pass, that, when Jesus was returned, the people gladly received him: for they were all waiting for him. +And, behold, there came a man named Jairus, and he was a ruler of the synagogue: and he fell down at Jesus' feet, and besought him that he would come into his house: +For he had one only daughter, about twelve years of age, and she lay a dying. But as he went the people thronged him. +And a woman having an issue of blood twelve years, which had spent all her living upon physicians, neither could be healed of any, +Came behind him, and touched the border of his garment: and immediately her issue of blood stanched. +And Jesus said, Who touched me? When all denied, Peter and they that were with him said, Master, the multitude throng thee and press thee, and sayest thou, Who touched me? +And Jesus said, Somebody hath touched me: for I perceive that virtue is gone out of me. +And when the woman saw that she was not hid, she came trembling, and falling down before him, she declared unto him before all the people for what cause she had touched him, and how she was healed immediately. +And he said unto her, Daughter, be of good comfort: thy faith hath made thee whole; go in peace. +While he yet spake, there cometh one from the ruler of the synagogue's house, saying to him, Thy daughter is dead; trouble not the Master. +But when Jesus heard it, he answered him, saying, Fear not: believe only, and she shall be made whole. +And when he came into the house, he suffered no man to go in, save Peter, and James, and John, and the father and the mother of the maiden. +And all wept, and bewailed her: but he said, Weep not; she is not dead, but sleepeth. +And they laughed him to scorn, knowing that she was dead. +And he put them all out, and took her by the hand, and called, saying, Maid, arise. +And her spirit came again, and she arose straightway: and he commanded to give her meat. +And her parents were astonished: but he charged them that they should tell no man what was done. +Then he called his twelve disciples together, and gave them power and authority over all devils, and to cure diseases. +And he sent them to preach the kingdom of God, and to heal the sick. +And he said unto them, Take nothing for your journey, neither staves, nor scrip, neither bread, neither money; neither have two coats apiece. +And whatsoever house ye enter into, there abide, and thence depart. +And whosoever will not receive you, when ye go out of that city, shake off the very dust from your feet for a testimony against them. +And they departed, and went through the towns, preaching the gospel, and healing every where. +Now Herod the tetrarch heard of all that was done by him: and he was perplexed, because that it was said of some, that John was risen from the dead; +And of some, that Elias had appeared; and of others, that one of the old prophets was risen again. +And Herod said, John have I beheaded: but who is this, of whom I hear such things? And he desired to see him. +And the apostles, when they were returned, told him all that they had done. And he took them, and went aside privately into a desert place belonging to the city called Bethsaida. +And the people, when they knew it, followed him: and he received them, and spake unto them of the kingdom of God, and healed them that had need of healing. +And when the day began to wear away, then came the twelve, and said unto him, Send the multitude away, that they may go into the towns and country round about, and lodge, and get victuals: for we are here in a desert place. +But he said unto them, Give ye them to eat. And they said, We have no more but five loaves and two fishes; except we should go and buy meat for all this people. +For they were about five thousand men. And he said to his disciples, Make them sit down by fifties in a company. +And they did so, and made them all sit down. +Then he took the five loaves and the two fishes, and looking up to heaven, he blessed them, and brake, and gave to the disciples to set before the multitude. +And they did eat, and were all filled: and there was taken up of fragments that remained to them twelve baskets. +And it came to pass, as he was alone praying, his disciples were with him: and he asked them, saying, Whom say the people that I am? +They answering said, John the Baptist; but some say, Elias; and others say, that one of the old prophets is risen again. +He said unto them, But whom say ye that I am? Peter answering said, The Christ of God. +And he straitly charged them, and commanded them to tell no man that thing; +Saying, The Son of man must suffer many things, and be rejected of the elders and chief priests and scribes, and be slain, and be raised the third day. +And he said to them all, If any man will come after me, let him deny himself, and take up his cross daily, and follow me. +For whosoever will save his life shall lose it: but whosoever will lose his life for my sake, the same shall save it. +For what is a man advantaged, if he gain the whole world, and lose himself, or be cast away? +For whosoever shall be ashamed of me and of my words, of him shall the Son of man be ashamed, when he shall come in his own glory, and in his Father's, and of the holy angels. +But I tell you of a truth, there be some standing here, which shall not taste of death, till they see the kingdom of God. +And it came to pass about an eight days after these sayings, he took Peter and John and James, and went up into a mountain to pray. +And as he prayed, the fashion of his countenance was altered, and his raiment was white and glistering. +And, behold, there talked with him two men, which were Moses and Elias: +Who appeared in glory, and spake of his decease which he should accomplish at Jerusalem. +But Peter and they that were with him were heavy with sleep: and when they were awake, they saw his glory, and the two men that stood with him. +And it came to pass, as they departed from him, Peter said unto Jesus, Master, it is good for us to be here: and let us make three tabernacles; one for thee, and one for Moses, and one for Elias: not knowing what he said. +While he thus spake, there came a cloud, and overshadowed them: and they feared as they entered into the cloud. +And there came a voice out of the cloud, saying, This is my beloved Son: hear him. +And when the voice was past, Jesus was found alone. And they kept it close, and told no man in those days any of those things which they had seen. +And it came to pass, that on the next day, when they were come down from the hill, much people met him. +And, behold, a man of the company cried out, saying, Master, I beseech thee, look upon my son: for he is mine only child. +And, lo, a spirit taketh him, and he suddenly crieth out; and it teareth him that he foameth again, and bruising him hardly departeth from him. +And I besought thy disciples to cast him out; and they could not. +And Jesus answering said, O faithless and perverse generation, how long shall I be with you, and suffer you? Bring thy son hither. +And as he was yet a coming, the devil threw him down, and tare him. And Jesus rebuked the unclean spirit, and healed the child, and delivered him again to his father. +And they were all amazed at the mighty power of God. But while they wondered every one at all things which Jesus did, he said unto his disciples, +Let these sayings sink down into your ears: for the Son of man shall be delivered into the hands of men. +But they understood not this saying, and it was hid from them, that they perceived it not: and they feared to ask him of that saying. +Then there arose a reasoning among them, which of them should be greatest. +And Jesus, perceiving the thought of their heart, took a child, and set him by him, +And said unto them, Whosoever shall receive this child in my name receiveth me: and whosoever shall receive me receiveth him that sent me: for he that is least among you all, the same shall be great. +And John answered and said, Master, we saw one casting out devils in thy name; and we forbad him, because he followeth not with us. +And Jesus said unto him, Forbid him not: for he that is not against us is for us. +And it came to pass, when the time was come that he should be received up, he stedfastly set his face to go to Jerusalem, +And sent messengers before his face: and they went, and entered into a village of the Samaritans, to make ready for him. +And they did not receive him, because his face was as though he would go to Jerusalem. +And when his disciples James and John saw this, they said, Lord, wilt thou that we command fire to come down from heaven, and consume them, even as Elias did? +But he turned, and rebuked them, and said, Ye know not what manner of spirit ye are of. +For the Son of man is not come to destroy men's lives, but to save them. And they went to another village. +And it came to pass, that, as they went in the way, a certain man said unto him, Lord, I will follow thee whithersoever thou goest. +And Jesus said unto him, Foxes have holes, and birds of the air have nests; but the Son of man hath not where to lay his head. +And he said unto another, Follow me. But he said, Lord, suffer me first to go and bury my father. +Jesus said unto him, Let the dead bury their dead: but go thou and preach the kingdom of God. +And another also said, Lord, I will follow thee; but let me first go bid them farewell, which are at home at my house. +And Jesus said unto him, No man, having put his hand to the plough, and looking back, is fit for the kingdom of God. +After these things the LORD appointed other seventy also, and sent them two and two before his face into every city and place, whither he himself would come. +Therefore said he unto them, The harvest truly is great, but the labourers are few: pray ye therefore the Lord of the harvest, that he would send forth labourers into his harvest. +Go your ways: behold, I send you forth as lambs among wolves. +Carry neither purse, nor scrip, nor shoes: and salute no man by the way. +And into whatsoever house ye enter, first say, Peace be to this house. +And if the son of peace be there, your peace shall rest upon it: if not, it shall turn to you again. +And in the same house remain, eating and drinking such things as they give: for the labourer is worthy of his hire. Go not from house to house. +And into whatsoever city ye enter, and they receive you, eat such things as are set before you: +And heal the sick that are therein, and say unto them, The kingdom of God is come nigh unto you. +But into whatsoever city ye enter, and they receive you not, go your ways out into the streets of the same, and say, +Even the very dust of your city, which cleaveth on us, we do wipe off against you: notwithstanding be ye sure of this, that the kingdom of God is come nigh unto you. +But I say unto you, that it shall be more tolerable in that day for Sodom, than for that city. +Woe unto thee, Chorazin! woe unto thee, Bethsaida! for if the mighty works had been done in Tyre and Sidon, which have been done in you, they had a great while ago repented, sitting in sackcloth and ashes. +But it shall be more tolerable for Tyre and Sidon at the judgment, than for you. +And thou, Capernaum, which art exalted to heaven, shalt be thrust down to hell. +He that heareth you heareth me; and he that despiseth you despiseth me; and he that despiseth me despiseth him that sent me. +And the seventy returned again with joy, saying, Lord, even the devils are subject unto us through thy name. +And he said unto them, I beheld Satan as lightning fall from heaven. +Behold, I give unto you power to tread on serpents and scorpions, and over all the power of the enemy: and nothing shall by any means hurt you. +Notwithstanding in this rejoice not, that the spirits are subject unto you; but rather rejoice, because your names are written in heaven. +In that hour Jesus rejoiced in spirit, and said, I thank thee, O Father, Lord of heaven and earth, that thou hast hid these things from the wise and prudent, and hast revealed them unto babes: even so, Father; for so it seemed good in thy sight. +All things are delivered to me of my Father: and no man knoweth who the Son is, but the Father; and who the Father is, but the Son, and he to whom the Son will reveal him. +And he turned him unto his disciples, and said privately, Blessed are the eyes which see the things that ye see: +For I tell you, that many prophets and kings have desired to see those things which ye see, and have not seen them; and to hear those things which ye hear, and have not heard them. +And, behold, a certain lawyer stood up, and tempted him, saying, Master, what shall I do to inherit eternal life? +He said unto him, What is written in the law? how readest thou? +And he answering said, Thou shalt love the Lord thy God with all thy heart, and with all thy soul, and with all thy strength, and with all thy mind; and thy neighbour as thyself. +And he said unto him, Thou hast answered right: this do, and thou shalt live. +But he, willing to justify himself, said unto Jesus, And who is my neighbour? +And Jesus answering said, A certain man went down from Jerusalem to Jericho, and fell among thieves, which stripped him of his raiment, and wounded him, and departed, leaving him half dead. +And by chance there came down a certain priest that way: and when he saw him, he passed by on the other side. +And likewise a Levite, when he was at the place, came and looked on him, and passed by on the other side. +But a certain Samaritan, as he journeyed, came where he was: and when he saw him, he had compassion on him, +And went to him, and bound up his wounds, pouring in oil and wine, and set him on his own beast, and brought him to an inn, and took care of him. +And on the morrow when he departed, he took out two pence, and gave them to the host, and said unto him, Take care of him; and whatsoever thou spendest more, when I come again, I will repay thee. +Which now of these three, thinkest thou, was neighbour unto him that fell among the thieves? +And he said, He that shewed mercy on him. Then said Jesus unto him, Go, and do thou likewise. +Now it came to pass, as they went, that he entered into a certain village: and a certain woman named Martha received him into her house. +And she had a sister called Mary, which also sat at Jesus' feet, and heard his word. +But Martha was cumbered about much serving, and came to him, and said, Lord, dost thou not care that my sister hath left me to serve alone? bid her therefore that she help me. +And Jesus answered and said unto her, Martha, Martha, thou art careful and troubled about many things: +But one thing is needful: and Mary hath chosen that good part, which shall not be taken away from her. +And it came to pass, that, as he was praying in a certain place, when he ceased, one of his disciples said unto him, Lord, teach us to pray, as John also taught his disciples. +And he said unto them, When ye pray, say, Our Father which art in heaven, Hallowed be thy name. Thy kingdom come. Thy will be done, as in heaven, so in earth. +Give us day by day our daily bread. +And forgive us our sins; for we also forgive every one that is indebted to us. And lead us not into temptation; but deliver us from evil. +And he said unto them, Which of you shall have a friend, and shall go unto him at midnight, and say unto him, Friend, lend me three loaves; +For a friend of mine in his journey is come to me, and I have nothing to set before him? +And he from within shall answer and say, Trouble me not: the door is now shut, and my children are with me in bed; I cannot rise and give thee. +I say unto you, Though he will not rise and give him, because he is his friend, yet because of his importunity he will rise and give him as many as he needeth. +And I say unto you, Ask, and it shall be given you; seek, and ye shall find; knock, and it shall be opened unto you. +For every one that asketh receiveth; and he that seeketh findeth; and to him that knocketh it shall be opened. +If a son shall ask bread of any of you that is a father, will he give him a stone? or if he ask a fish, will he for a fish give him a serpent? +Or if he shall ask an egg, will he offer him a scorpion? +If ye then, being evil, know how to give good gifts unto your children: how much more shall your heavenly Father give the Holy Spirit to them that ask him? +And he was casting out a devil, and it was dumb. And it came to pass, when the devil was gone out, the dumb spake; and the people wondered. +But some of them said, He casteth out devils through Beelzebub the chief of the devils. +And others, tempting him, sought of him a sign from heaven. +But he, knowing their thoughts, said unto them, Every kingdom divided against itself is brought to desolation; and a house divided against a house falleth. +If Satan also be divided against himself, how shall his kingdom stand? because ye say that I cast out devils through Beelzebub. +And if I by Beelzebub cast out devils, by whom do your sons cast them out? therefore shall they be your judges. +But if I with the finger of God cast out devils, no doubt the kingdom of God is come upon you. +When a strong man armed keepeth his palace, his goods are in peace: +But when a stronger than he shall come upon him, and overcome him, he taketh from him all his armour wherein he trusted, and divideth his spoils. +He that is not with me is against me: and he that gathereth not with me scattereth. +When the unclean spirit is gone out of a man, he walketh through dry places, seeking rest; and finding none, he saith, I will return unto my house whence I came out. +And when he cometh, he findeth it swept and garnished. +Then goeth he, and taketh to him seven other spirits more wicked than himself; and they enter in, and dwell there: and the last state of that man is worse than the first. +And it came to pass, as he spake these things, a certain woman of the company lifted up her voice, and said unto him, Blessed is the womb that bare thee, and the paps which thou hast sucked. +But he said, Yea rather, blessed are they that hear the word of God, and keep it. +And when the people were gathered thick together, he began to say, This is an evil generation: they seek a sign; and there shall no sign be given it, but the sign of Jonas the prophet. +For as Jonas was a sign unto the Ninevites, so shall also the Son of man be to this generation. +The queen of the south shall rise up in the judgment with the men of this generation, and condemn them: for she came from the utmost parts of the earth to hear the wisdom of Solomon; and, behold, a greater than Solomon is here. +The men of Nineve shall rise up in the judgment with this generation, and shall condemn it: for they repented at the preaching of Jonas; and, behold, a greater than Jonas is here. +No man, when he hath lighted a candle, putteth it in a secret place, neither under a bushel, but on a candlestick, that they which come in may see the light. +The light of the body is the eye: therefore when thine eye is single, thy whole body also is full of light; but when thine eye is evil, thy body also is full of darkness. +Take heed therefore that the light which is in thee be not darkness. +If thy whole body therefore be full of light, having no part dark, the whole shall be full of light, as when the bright shining of a candle doth give thee light. +And as he spake, a certain Pharisee besought him to dine with him: and he went in, and sat down to meat. +And when the Pharisee saw it, he marvelled that he had not first washed before dinner. +And the Lord said unto him, Now do ye Pharisees make clean the outside of the cup and the platter; but your inward part is full of ravening and wickedness. +Ye fools, did not he that made that which is without make that which is within also? +But rather give alms of such things as ye have; and, behold, all things are clean unto you. +But woe unto you, Pharisees! for ye tithe mint and rue and all manner of herbs, and pass over judgment and the love of God: these ought ye to have done, and not to leave the other undone. +Woe unto you, Pharisees! for ye love the uppermost seats in the synagogues, and greetings in the markets. +Woe unto you, scribes and Pharisees, hypocrites! for ye are as graves which appear not, and the men that walk over them are not aware of them. +Then answered one of the lawyers, and said unto him, Master, thus saying thou reproachest us also. +And he said, Woe unto you also, ye lawyers! for ye lade men with burdens grievous to be borne, and ye yourselves touch not the burdens with one of your fingers. +Woe unto you! for ye build the sepulchres of the prophets, and your fathers killed them. +Truly ye bear witness that ye allow the deeds of your fathers: for they indeed killed them, and ye build their sepulchres. +Therefore also said the wisdom of God, I will send them prophets and apostles, and some of them they shall slay and persecute: +That the blood of all the prophets, which was shed from the foundation of the world, may be required of this generation; +From the blood of Abel unto the blood of Zacharias which perished between the altar and the temple: verily I say unto you, It shall be required of this generation. +Woe unto you, lawyers! for ye have taken away the key of knowledge: ye entered not in yourselves, and them that were entering in ye hindered. +And as he said these things unto them, the scribes and the Pharisees began to urge him vehemently, and to provoke him to speak of many things: +Laying wait for him, and seeking to catch something out of his mouth, that they might accuse him. +In the mean time, when there were gathered together an innumerable multitude of people, insomuch that they trode one upon another, he began to say unto his disciples first of all, Beware ye of the leaven of the Pharisees, which is hypocrisy. +For there is nothing covered, that shall not be revealed; neither hid, that shall not be known. +Therefore whatsoever ye have spoken in darkness shall be heard in the light; and that which ye have spoken in the ear in closets shall be proclaimed upon the housetops. +And I say unto you my friends, Be not afraid of them that kill the body, and after that have no more that they can do. +But I will forewarn you whom ye shall fear: Fear him, which after he hath killed hath power to cast into hell; yea, I say unto you, Fear him. +Are not five sparrows sold for two farthings, and not one of them is forgotten before God? +But even the very hairs of your head are all numbered. Fear not therefore: ye are of more value than many sparrows. +Also I say unto you, Whosoever shall confess me before men, him shall the Son of man also confess before the angels of God: +But he that denieth me before men shall be denied before the angels of God. +And whosoever shall speak a word against the Son of man, it shall be forgiven him: but unto him that blasphemeth against the Holy Ghost it shall not be forgiven. +And when they bring you unto the synagogues, and unto magistrates, and powers, take ye no thought how or what thing ye shall answer, or what ye shall say: +For the Holy Ghost shall teach you in the same hour what ye ought to say. +And one of the company said unto him, Master, speak to my brother, that he divide the inheritance with me. +And he said unto him, Man, who made me a judge or a divider over you? +And he said unto them, Take heed, and beware of covetousness: for a man's life consisteth not in the abundance of the things which he possesseth. +And he spake a parable unto them, saying, The ground of a certain rich man brought forth plentifully: +And he thought within himself, saying, What shall I do, because I have no room where to bestow my fruits? +And he said, This will I do: I will pull down my barns, and build greater; and there will I bestow all my fruits and my goods. +And I will say to my soul, Soul, thou hast much goods laid up for many years; take thine ease, eat, drink, and be merry. +But God said unto him, Thou fool, this night thy soul shall be required of thee: then whose shall those things be, which thou hast provided? +So is he that layeth up treasure for himself, and is not rich toward God. +And he said unto his disciples, Therefore I say unto you, Take no thought for your life, what ye shall eat; neither for the body, what ye shall put on. +The life is more than meat, and the body is more than raiment. +Consider the ravens: for they neither sow nor reap; which neither have storehouse nor barn; and God feedeth them: how much more are ye better than the fowls? +And which of you with taking thought can add to his stature one cubit? +If ye then be not able to do that thing which is least, why take ye thought for the rest? +Consider the lilies how they grow: they toil not, they spin not; and yet I say unto you, that Solomon in all his glory was not arrayed like one of these. +If then God so clothe the grass, which is to day in the field, and to morrow is cast into the oven; how much more will he clothe you, O ye of little faith? +And seek not ye what ye shall eat, or what ye shall drink, neither be ye of doubtful mind. +For all these things do the nations of the world seek after: and your Father knoweth that ye have need of these things. +But rather seek ye the kingdom of God; and all these things shall be added unto you. +Fear not, little flock; for it is your Father's good pleasure to give you the kingdom. +Sell that ye have, and give alms; provide yourselves bags which wax not old, a treasure in the heavens that faileth not, where no thief approacheth, neither moth corrupteth. +For where your treasure is, there will your heart be also. +Let your loins be girded about, and your lights burning; +And ye yourselves like unto men that wait for their lord, when he will return from the wedding; that when he cometh and knocketh, they may open unto him immediately. +Blessed are those servants, whom the lord when he cometh shall find watching: verily I say unto you, that he shall gird himself, and make them to sit down to meat, and will come forth and serve them. +And if he shall come in the second watch, or come in the third watch, and find them so, blessed are those servants. +And this know, that if the goodman of the house had known what hour the thief would come, he would have watched, and not have suffered his house to be broken through. +Be ye therefore ready also: for the Son of man cometh at an hour when ye think not. +Then Peter said unto him, Lord, speakest thou this parable unto us, or even to all? +And the Lord said, Who then is that faithful and wise steward, whom his lord shall make ruler over his household, to give them their portion of meat in due season? +Blessed is that servant, whom his lord when he cometh shall find so doing. +Of a truth I say unto you, that he will make him ruler over all that he hath. +But and if that servant say in his heart, My lord delayeth his coming; and shall begin to beat the menservants and maidens, and to eat and drink, and to be drunken; +The lord of that servant will come in a day when he looketh not for him, and at an hour when he is not aware, and will cut him in sunder, and will appoint him his portion with the unbelievers. +And that servant, which knew his lord's will, and prepared not himself, neither did according to his will, shall be beaten with many stripes. +But he that knew not, and did commit things worthy of stripes, shall be beaten with few stripes. For unto whomsoever much is given, of him shall be much required: and to whom men have committed much, of him they will ask the more. +I am come to send fire on the earth; and what will I, if it be already kindled? +But I have a baptism to be baptized with; and how am I straitened till it be accomplished! +Suppose ye that I am come to give peace on earth? I tell you, Nay; but rather division: +For from henceforth there shall be five in one house divided, three against two, and two against three. +The father shall be divided against the son, and the son against the father; the mother against the daughter, and the daughter against the mother; the mother in law against her daughter in law, and the daughter in law against her mother in law. +And he said also to the people, When ye see a cloud rise out of the west, straightway ye say, There cometh a shower; and so it is. +And when ye see the south wind blow, ye say, There will be heat; and it cometh to pass. +Ye hypocrites, ye can discern the face of the sky and of the earth; but how is it that ye do not discern this time? +Yea, and why even of yourselves judge ye not what is right? +When thou goest with thine adversary to the magistrate, as thou art in the way, give diligence that thou mayest be delivered from him; lest he hale thee to the judge, and the judge deliver thee to the officer, and the officer cast thee into prison. +I tell thee, thou shalt not depart thence, till thou hast paid the very last mite. +There were present at that season some that told him of the Galilaeans, whose blood Pilate had mingled with their sacrifices. +And Jesus answering said unto them, Suppose ye that these Galilaeans were sinners above all the Galilaeans, because they suffered such things? +I tell you, Nay: but, except ye repent, ye shall all likewise perish. +Or those eighteen, upon whom the tower in Siloam fell, and slew them, think ye that they were sinners above all men that dwelt in Jerusalem? +I tell you, Nay: but, except ye repent, ye shall all likewise perish. +He spake also this parable; A certain man had a fig tree planted in his vineyard; and he came and sought fruit thereon, and found none. +Then said he unto the dresser of his vineyard, Behold, these three years I come seeking fruit on this fig tree, and find none: cut it down; why cumbereth it the ground? +And he answering said unto him, Lord, let it alone this year also, till I shall dig about it, and dung it: +And if it bear fruit, well: and if not, then after that thou shalt cut it down. +And he was teaching in one of the synagogues on the sabbath. +And, behold, there was a woman which had a spirit of infirmity eighteen years, and was bowed together, and could in no wise lift up herself. +And when Jesus saw her, he called her to him, and said unto her, Woman, thou art loosed from thine infirmity. +And he laid his hands on her: and immediately she was made straight, and glorified God. +And the ruler of the synagogue answered with indignation, because that Jesus had healed on the sabbath day, and said unto the people, There are six days in which men ought to work: in them therefore come and be healed, and not on the sabbath day. +The Lord then answered him, and said, Thou hypocrite, doth not each one of you on the sabbath loose his ox or his ass from the stall, and lead him away to watering? +And ought not this woman, being a daughter of Abraham, whom Satan hath bound, lo, these eighteen years, be loosed from this bond on the sabbath day? +And when he had said these things, all his adversaries were ashamed: and all the people rejoiced for all the glorious things that were done by him. +Then said he, Unto what is the kingdom of God like? and whereunto shall I resemble it? +It is like a grain of mustard seed, which a man took, and cast into his garden; and it grew, and waxed a great tree; and the fowls of the air lodged in the branches of it. +And again he said, Whereunto shall I liken the kingdom of God? +It is like leaven, which a woman took and hid in three measures of meal, till the whole was leavened. +And he went through the cities and villages, teaching, and journeying toward Jerusalem. +Then said one unto him, Lord, are there few that be saved? And he said unto them, +Strive to enter in at the strait gate: for many, I say unto you, will seek to enter in, and shall not be able. +When once the master of the house is risen up, and hath shut to the door, and ye begin to stand without, and to knock at the door, saying, Lord, Lord, open unto us; and he shall answer and say unto you, I know you not whence ye are: +Then shall ye begin to say, We have eaten and drunk in thy presence, and thou hast taught in our streets. +But he shall say, I tell you, I know you not whence ye are; depart from me, all ye workers of iniquity. +There shall be weeping and gnashing of teeth, when ye shall see Abraham, and Isaac, and Jacob, and all the prophets, in the kingdom of God, and you yourselves thrust out. +And they shall come from the east, and from the west, and from the north, and from the south, and shall sit down in the kingdom of God. +And, behold, there are last which shall be first, and there are first which shall be last. +The same day there came certain of the Pharisees, saying unto him, Get thee out, and depart hence: for Herod will kill thee. +And he said unto them, Go ye, and tell that fox, Behold, I cast out devils, and I do cures to day and to morrow, and the third day I shall be perfected. +Nevertheless I must walk to day, and to morrow, and the day following: for it cannot be that a prophet perish out of Jerusalem. +O Jerusalem, Jerusalem, which killest the prophets, and stonest them that are sent unto thee; how often would I have gathered thy children together, as a hen doth gather her brood under her wings, and ye would not! +Behold, your house is left unto you desolate: and verily I say unto you, Ye shall not see me, until the time come when ye shall say, Blessed is he that cometh in the name of the Lord. +And it came to pass, as he went into the house of one of the chief Pharisees to eat bread on the sabbath day, that they watched him. +And, behold, there was a certain man before him which had the dropsy. +And Jesus answering spake unto the lawyers and Pharisees, saying, Is it lawful to heal on the sabbath day? +And they held their peace. And he took him, and healed him, and let him go; +And answered them, saying, Which of you shall have an ass or an ox fallen into a pit, and will not straightway pull him out on the sabbath day? +And they could not answer him again to these things. +And he put forth a parable to those which were bidden, when he marked how they chose out the chief rooms; saying unto them. +When thou art bidden of any man to a wedding, sit not down in the highest room; lest a more honourable man than thou be bidden of him; +And he that bade thee and him come and say to thee, Give this man place; and thou begin with shame to take the lowest room. +But when thou art bidden, go and sit down in the lowest room; that when he that bade thee cometh, he may say unto thee, Friend, go up higher: then shalt thou have worship in the presence of them that sit at meat with thee. +For whosoever exalteth himself shall be abased; and he that humbleth himself shall be exalted. +Then said he also to him that bade him, When thou makest a dinner or a supper, call not thy friends, nor thy brethren, neither thy kinsmen, nor thy rich neighbours; lest they also bid thee again, and a recompence be made thee. +But when thou makest a feast, call the poor, the maimed, the lame, the blind: +And thou shalt be blessed; for they cannot recompense thee: for thou shalt be recompensed at the resurrection of the just. +And when one of them that sat at meat with him heard these things, he said unto him, Blessed is he that shall eat bread in the kingdom of God. +Then said he unto him, A certain man made a great supper, and bade many: +And sent his servant at supper time to say to them that were bidden, Come; for all things are now ready. +And they all with one consent began to make excuse. The first said unto him, I have bought a piece of ground, and I must needs go and see it: I pray thee have me excused. +And another said, I have bought five yoke of oxen, and I go to prove them: I pray thee have me excused. +And another said, I have married a wife, and therefore I cannot come. +So that servant came, and shewed his lord these things. Then the master of the house being angry said to his servant, Go out quickly into the streets and lanes of the city, and bring in hither the poor, and the maimed, and the halt, and the blind. +And the servant said, Lord, it is done as thou hast commanded, and yet there is room. +And the lord said unto the servant, Go out into the highways and hedges, and compel them to come in, that my house may be filled. +For I say unto you, That none of those men which were bidden shall taste of my supper. +And there went great multitudes with him: and he turned, and said unto them, +If any man come to me, and hate not his father, and mother, and wife, and children, and brethren, and sisters, yea, and his own life also, he cannot be my disciple. +And whosoever doth not bear his cross, and come after me, cannot be my disciple. +For which of you, intending to build a tower, sitteth not down first, and counteth the cost, whether he have sufficient to finish it? +Lest haply, after he hath laid the foundation, and is not able to finish it, all that behold it begin to mock him, +Saying, This man began to build, and was not able to finish. +Or what king, going to make war against another king, sitteth not down first, and consulteth whether he be able with ten thousand to meet him that cometh against him with twenty thousand? +Or else, while the other is yet a great way off, he sendeth an ambassage, and desireth conditions of peace. +So likewise, whosoever he be of you that forsaketh not all that he hath, he cannot be my disciple. +Salt is good: but if the salt have lost his savour, wherewith shall it be seasoned? +It is neither fit for the land, nor yet for the dunghill; but men cast it out. He that hath ears to hear, let him hear. +Then drew near unto him all the publicans and sinners for to hear him. +And the Pharisees and scribes murmured, saying, This man receiveth sinners, and eateth with them. +And he spake this parable unto them, saying, +What man of you, having an hundred sheep, if he lose one of them, doth not leave the ninety and nine in the wilderness, and go after that which is lost, until he find it? +And when he hath found it, he layeth it on his shoulders, rejoicing. +And when he cometh home, he calleth together his friends and neighbours, saying unto them, Rejoice with me; for I have found my sheep which was lost. +I say unto you, that likewise joy shall be in heaven over one sinner that repenteth, more than over ninety and nine just persons, which need no repentance. +Either what woman having ten pieces of silver, if she lose one piece, doth not light a candle, and sweep the house, and seek diligently till she find it? +And when she hath found it, she calleth her friends and her neighbours together, saying, Rejoice with me; for I have found the piece which I had lost. +Likewise, I say unto you, there is joy in the presence of the angels of God over one sinner that repenteth. +And he said, A certain man had two sons: +And the younger of them said to his father, Father, give me the portion of goods that falleth to me. And he divided unto them his living. +And not many days after the younger son gathered all together, and took his journey into a far country, and there wasted his substance with riotous living. +And when he had spent all, there arose a mighty famine in that land; and he began to be in want. +And he went and joined himself to a citizen of that country; and he sent him into his fields to feed swine. +And he would fain have filled his belly with the husks that the swine did eat: and no man gave unto him. +And when he came to himself, he said, How many hired servants of my father's have bread enough and to spare, and I perish with hunger! +I will arise and go to my father, and will say unto him, Father, I have sinned against heaven, and before thee, +And am no more worthy to be called thy son: make me as one of thy hired servants. +And he arose, and came to his father. But when he was yet a great way off, his father saw him, and had compassion, and ran, and fell on his neck, and kissed him. +And the son said unto him, Father, I have sinned against heaven, and in thy sight, and am no more worthy to be called thy son. +But the father said to his servants, Bring forth the best robe, and put it on him; and put a ring on his hand, and shoes on his feet: +And bring hither the fatted calf, and kill it; and let us eat, and be merry: +For this my son was dead, and is alive again; he was lost, and is found. And they began to be merry. +Now his elder son was in the field: and as he came and drew nigh to the house, he heard musick and dancing. +And he called one of the servants, and asked what these things meant. +And he said unto him, Thy brother is come; and thy father hath killed the fatted calf, because he hath received him safe and sound. +And he was angry, and would not go in: therefore came his father out, and intreated him. +And he answering said to his father, Lo, these many years do I serve thee, neither transgressed I at any time thy commandment: and yet thou never gavest me a kid, that I might make merry with my friends: +But as soon as this thy son was come, which hath devoured thy living with harlots, thou hast killed for him the fatted calf. +And he said unto him, Son, thou art ever with me, and all that I have is thine. +It was meet that we should make merry, and be glad: for this thy brother was dead, and is alive again; and was lost, and is found. +And he said also unto his disciples, There was a certain rich man, which had a steward; and the same was accused unto him that he had wasted his goods. +And he called him, and said unto him, How is it that I hear this of thee? give an account of thy stewardship; for thou mayest be no longer steward. +Then the steward said within himself, What shall I do? for my lord taketh away from me the stewardship: I cannot dig; to beg I am ashamed. +I am resolved what to do, that, when I am put out of the stewardship, they may receive me into their houses. +So he called every one of his lord's debtors unto him, and said unto the first, How much owest thou unto my lord? +And he said, An hundred measures of oil. And he said unto him, Take thy bill, and sit down quickly, and write fifty. +Then said he to another, And how much owest thou? And he said, An hundred measures of wheat. And he said unto him, Take thy bill, and write fourscore. +And the lord commended the unjust steward, because he had done wisely: for the children of this world are in their generation wiser than the children of light. +And I say unto you, Make to yourselves friends of the mammon of unrighteousness; that, when ye fail, they may receive you into everlasting habitations. +He that is faithful in that which is least is faithful also in much: and he that is unjust in the least is unjust also in much. +If therefore ye have not been faithful in the unrighteous mammon, who will commit to your trust the true riches? +And if ye have not been faithful in that which is another man's, who shall give you that which is your own? +No servant can serve two masters: for either he will hate the one, and love the other; or else he will hold to the one, and despise the other. Ye cannot serve God and mammon. +And the Pharisees also, who were covetous, heard all these things: and they derided him. +And he said unto them, Ye are they which justify yourselves before men; but God knoweth your hearts: for that which is highly esteemed among men is abomination in the sight of God. +The law and the prophets were until John: since that time the kingdom of God is preached, and every man presseth into it. +And it is easier for heaven and earth to pass, than one tittle of the law to fail. +Whosoever putteth away his wife, and marrieth another, committeth adultery: and whosoever marrieth her that is put away from her husband committeth adultery. +There was a certain rich man, which was clothed in purple and fine linen, and fared sumptuously every day: +And there was a certain beggar named Lazarus, which was laid at his gate, full of sores, +And desiring to be fed with the crumbs which fell from the rich man's table: moreover the dogs came and licked his sores. +And it came to pass, that the beggar died, and was carried by the angels into Abraham's bosom: the rich man also died, and was buried; +And in hell he lift up his eyes, being in torments, and seeth Abraham afar off, and Lazarus in his bosom. +And he cried and said, Father Abraham, have mercy on me, and send Lazarus, that he may dip the tip of his finger in water, and cool my tongue; for I am tormented in this flame. +But Abraham said, Son, remember that thou in thy lifetime receivedst thy good things, and likewise Lazarus evil things: but now he is comforted, and thou art tormented. +And beside all this, between us and you there is a great gulf fixed: so that they which would pass from hence to you cannot; neither can they pass to us, that would come from thence. +Then he said, I pray thee therefore, father, that thou wouldest send him to my father's house: +For I have five brethren; that he may testify unto them, lest they also come into this place of torment. +Abraham saith unto him, They have Moses and the prophets; let them hear them. +And he said, Nay, father Abraham: but if one went unto them from the dead, they will repent. +And he said unto him, If they hear not Moses and the prophets, neither will they be persuaded, though one rose from the dead. +Then said he unto the disciples, It is impossible but that offences will come: but woe unto him, through whom they come! +It were better for him that a millstone were hanged about his neck, and he cast into the sea, than that he should offend one of these little ones. +Take heed to yourselves: If thy brother trespass against thee, rebuke him; and if he repent, forgive him. +And if he trespass against thee seven times in a day, and seven times in a day turn again to thee, saying, I repent; thou shalt forgive him. +And the apostles said unto the Lord, Increase our faith. +And the Lord said, If ye had faith as a grain of mustard seed, ye might say unto this sycamine tree, Be thou plucked up by the root, and be thou planted in the sea; and it should obey you. +But which of you, having a servant plowing or feeding cattle, will say unto him by and by, when he is come from the field, Go and sit down to meat? +And will not rather say unto him, Make ready wherewith I may sup, and gird thyself, and serve me, till I have eaten and drunken; and afterward thou shalt eat and drink? +Doth he thank that servant because he did the things that were commanded him? I trow not. +So likewise ye, when ye shall have done all those things which are commanded you, say, We are unprofitable servants: we have done that which was our duty to do. +And it came to pass, as he went to Jerusalem, that he passed through the midst of Samaria and Galilee. +And as he entered into a certain village, there met him ten men that were lepers, which stood afar off: +And they lifted up their voices, and said, Jesus, Master, have mercy on us. +And when he saw them, he said unto them, Go shew yourselves unto the priests. And it came to pass, that, as they went, they were cleansed. +And one of them, when he saw that he was healed, turned back, and with a loud voice glorified God, +And fell down on his face at his feet, giving him thanks: and he was a Samaritan. +And Jesus answering said, Were there not ten cleansed? but where are the nine? +There are not found that returned to give glory to God, save this stranger. +And he said unto him, Arise, go thy way: thy faith hath made thee whole. +And when he was demanded of the Pharisees, when the kingdom of God should come, he answered them and said, The kingdom of God cometh not with observation: +Neither shall they say, Lo here! or, lo there! for, behold, the kingdom of God is within you. +And he said unto the disciples, The days will come, when ye shall desire to see one of the days of the Son of man, and ye shall not see it. +And they shall say to you, See here; or, see there: go not after them, nor follow them. +For as the lightning, that lighteneth out of the one part under heaven, shineth unto the other part under heaven; so shall also the Son of man be in his day. +But first must he suffer many things, and be rejected of this generation. +And as it was in the days of Noe, so shall it be also in the days of the Son of man. +They did eat, they drank, they married wives, they were given in marriage, until the day that Noe entered into the ark, and the flood came, and destroyed them all. +Likewise also as it was in the days of Lot; they did eat, they drank, they bought, they sold, they planted, they builded; +But the same day that Lot went out of Sodom it rained fire and brimstone from heaven, and destroyed them all. +Even thus shall it be in the day when the Son of man is revealed. +In that day, he which shall be upon the housetop, and his stuff in the house, let him not come down to take it away: and he that is in the field, let him likewise not return back. +Remember Lot's wife. +Whosoever shall seek to save his life shall lose it; and whosoever shall lose his life shall preserve it. +I tell you, in that night there shall be two men in one bed; the one shall be taken, and the other shall be left. +Two women shall be grinding together; the one shall be taken, and the other left. +Two men shall be in the field; the one shall be taken, and the other left. +And they answered and said unto him, Where, Lord? And he said unto them, Wheresoever the body is, thither will the eagles be gathered together. +And he spake a parable unto them to this end, that men ought always to pray, and not to faint; +Saying, There was in a city a judge, which feared not God, neither regarded man: +And there was a widow in that city; and she came unto him, saying, Avenge me of mine adversary. +And he would not for a while: but afterward he said within himself, Though I fear not God, nor regard man; +Yet because this widow troubleth me, I will avenge her, lest by her continual coming she weary me. +And the Lord said, Hear what the unjust judge saith. +And shall not God avenge his own elect, which cry day and night unto him, though he bear long with them? +I tell you that he will avenge them speedily. Nevertheless when the Son of man cometh, shall he find faith on the earth? +And he spake this parable unto certain which trusted in themselves that they were righteous, and despised others: +Two men went up into the temple to pray; the one a Pharisee, and the other a publican. +The Pharisee stood and prayed thus with himself, God, I thank thee, that I am not as other men are, extortioners, unjust, adulterers, or even as this publican. +I fast twice in the week, I give tithes of all that I possess. +And the publican, standing afar off, would not lift up so much as his eyes unto heaven, but smote upon his breast, saying, God be merciful to me a sinner. +I tell you, this man went down to his house justified rather than the other: for every one that exalteth himself shall be abased; and he that humbleth himself shall be exalted. +And they brought unto him also infants, that he would touch them: but when his disciples saw it, they rebuked them. +But Jesus called them unto him, and said, Suffer little children to come unto me, and forbid them not: for of such is the kingdom of God. +Verily I say unto you, Whosoever shall not receive the kingdom of God as a little child shall in no wise enter therein. +And a certain ruler asked him, saying, Good Master, what shall I do to inherit eternal life? +And Jesus said unto him, Why callest thou me good? none is good, save one, that is, God. +Thou knowest the commandments, Do not commit adultery, Do not kill, Do not steal, Do not bear false witness, Honour thy father and thy mother. +And he said, All these have I kept from my youth up. +Now when Jesus heard these things, he said unto him, Yet lackest thou one thing: sell all that thou hast, and distribute unto the poor, and thou shalt have treasure in heaven: and come, follow me. +And when he heard this, he was very sorrowful: for he was very rich. +And when Jesus saw that he was very sorrowful, he said, How hardly shall they that have riches enter into the kingdom of God! +For it is easier for a camel to go through a needle's eye, than for a rich man to enter into the kingdom of God. +And they that heard it said, Who then can be saved? +And he said, The things which are impossible with men are possible with God. +Then Peter said, Lo, we have left all, and followed thee. +And he said unto them, Verily I say unto you, There is no man that hath left house, or parents, or brethren, or wife, or children, for the kingdom of God's sake, +Who shall not receive manifold more in this present time, and in the world to come life everlasting. +Then he took unto him the twelve, and said unto them, Behold, we go up to Jerusalem, and all things that are written by the prophets concerning the Son of man shall be accomplished. +For he shall be delivered unto the Gentiles, and shall be mocked, and spitefully entreated, and spitted on: +And they shall scourge him, and put him to death: and the third day he shall rise again. +And they understood none of these things: and this saying was hid from them, neither knew they the things which were spoken. +And it came to pass, that as he was come nigh unto Jericho, a certain blind man sat by the way side begging: +And hearing the multitude pass by, he asked what it meant. +And they told him, that Jesus of Nazareth passeth by. +And he cried, saying, Jesus, thou son of David, have mercy on me. +And they which went before rebuked him, that he should hold his peace: but he cried so much the more, Thou son of David, have mercy on me. +And Jesus stood, and commanded him to be brought unto him: and when he was come near, he asked him, +Saying, What wilt thou that I shall do unto thee? And he said, Lord, that I may receive my sight. +And Jesus said unto him, Receive thy sight: thy faith hath saved thee. +And immediately he received his sight, and followed him, glorifying God: and all the people, when they saw it, gave praise unto God. +And Jesus entered and passed through Jericho. +And, behold, there was a man named Zacchaeus, which was the chief among the publicans, and he was rich. +And he sought to see Jesus who he was; and could not for the press, because he was little of stature. +And he ran before, and climbed up into a sycomore tree to see him: for he was to pass that way. +And when Jesus came to the place, he looked up, and saw him, and said unto him, Zacchaeus, make haste, and come down; for to day I must abide at thy house. +And he made haste, and came down, and received him joyfully. +And when they saw it, they all murmured, saying, That he was gone to be guest with a man that is a sinner. +And Zacchaeus stood, and said unto the Lord: Behold, Lord, the half of my goods I give to the poor; and if I have taken any thing from any man by false accusation, I restore him fourfold. +And Jesus said unto him, This day is salvation come to this house, forsomuch as he also is a son of Abraham. +For the Son of man is come to seek and to save that which was lost. +And as they heard these things, he added and spake a parable, because he was nigh to Jerusalem, and because they thought that the kingdom of God should immediately appear. +He said therefore, A certain nobleman went into a far country to receive for himself a kingdom, and to return. +And he called his ten servants, and delivered them ten pounds, and said unto them, Occupy till I come. +But his citizens hated him, and sent a message after him, saying, We will not have this man to reign over us. +And it came to pass, that when he was returned, having received the kingdom, then he commanded these servants to be called unto him, to whom he had given the money, that he might know how much every man had gained by trading. +Then came the first, saying, Lord, thy pound hath gained ten pounds. +And he said unto him, Well, thou good servant: because thou hast been faithful in a very little, have thou authority over ten cities. +And the second came, saying, Lord, thy pound hath gained five pounds. +And he said likewise to him, Be thou also over five cities. +And another came, saying, Lord, behold, here is thy pound, which I have kept laid up in a napkin: +For I feared thee, because thou art an austere man: thou takest up that thou layedst not down, and reapest that thou didst not sow. +And he saith unto him, Out of thine own mouth will I judge thee, thou wicked servant. Thou knewest that I was an austere man, taking up that I laid not down, and reaping that I did not sow: +Wherefore then gavest not thou my money into the bank, that at my coming I might have required mine own with usury? +And he said unto them that stood by, Take from him the pound, and give it to him that hath ten pounds. +(And they said unto him, Lord, he hath ten pounds.) +For I say unto you, That unto every one which hath shall be given; and from him that hath not, even that he hath shall be taken away from him. +But those mine enemies, which would not that I should reign over them, bring hither, and slay them before me. +And when he had thus spoken, he went before, ascending up to Jerusalem. +And it came to pass, when he was come nigh to Bethphage and Bethany, at the mount called the mount of Olives, he sent two of his disciples, +Saying, Go ye into the village over against you; in the which at your entering ye shall find a colt tied, whereon yet never man sat: loose him, and bring him hither. +And if any man ask you, Why do ye loose him? thus shall ye say unto him, Because the Lord hath need of him. +And they that were sent went their way, and found even as he had said unto them. +And as they were loosing the colt, the owners thereof said unto them, Why loose ye the colt? +And they said, The Lord hath need of him. +And they brought him to Jesus: and they cast their garments upon the colt, and they set Jesus thereon. +And as he went, they spread their clothes in the way. +And when he was come nigh, even now at the descent of the mount of Olives, the whole multitude of the disciples began to rejoice and praise God with a loud voice for all the mighty works that they had seen; +Saying, Blessed be the King that cometh in the name of the Lord: peace in heaven, and glory in the highest. +And some of the Pharisees from among the multitude said unto him, Master, rebuke thy disciples. +And he answered and said unto them, I tell you that, if these should hold their peace, the stones would immediately cry out. +And when he was come near, he beheld the city, and wept over it, +Saying, If thou hadst known, even thou, at least in this thy day, the things which belong unto thy peace! but now they are hid from thine eyes. +For the days shall come upon thee, that thine enemies shall cast a trench about thee, and compass thee round, and keep thee in on every side, +And shall lay thee even with the ground, and thy children within thee; and they shall not leave in thee one stone upon another; because thou knewest not the time of thy visitation. +And he went into the temple, and began to cast out them that sold therein, and them that bought; +Saying unto them, It is written, My house is the house of prayer: but ye have made it a den of thieves. +And he taught daily in the temple. But the chief priests and the scribes and the chief of the people sought to destroy him, +And could not find what they might do: for all the people were very attentive to hear him. +And it came to pass, that on one of those days, as he taught the people in the temple, and preached the gospel, the chief priests and the scribes came upon him with the elders, +And spake unto him, saying, Tell us, by what authority doest thou these things? or who is he that gave thee this authority? +And he answered and said unto them, I will also ask you one thing; and answer me: +The baptism of John, was it from heaven, or of men? +And they reasoned with themselves, saying, If we shall say, From heaven; he will say, Why then believed ye him not? +But and if we say, Of men; all the people will stone us: for they be persuaded that John was a prophet. +And they answered, that they could not tell whence it was. +And Jesus said unto them, Neither tell I you by what authority I do these things. +Then began he to speak to the people this parable; A certain man planted a vineyard, and let it forth to husbandmen, and went into a far country for a long time. +And at the season he sent a servant to the husbandmen, that they should give him of the fruit of the vineyard: but the husbandmen beat him, and sent him away empty. +And again he sent another servant: and they beat him also, and entreated him shamefully, and sent him away empty. +And again he sent a third: and they wounded him also, and cast him out. +Then said the lord of the vineyard, What shall I do? I will send my beloved son: it may be they will reverence him when they see him. +But when the husbandmen saw him, they reasoned among themselves, saying, This is the heir: come, let us kill him, that the inheritance may be ours. +So they cast him out of the vineyard, and killed him. What therefore shall the lord of the vineyard do unto them? +He shall come and destroy these husbandmen, and shall give the vineyard to others. And when they heard it, they said, God forbid. +And he beheld them, and said, What is this then that is written, The stone which the builders rejected, the same is become the head of the corner? +Whosoever shall fall upon that stone shall be broken; but on whomsoever it shall fall, it will grind him to powder. +And the chief priests and the scribes the same hour sought to lay hands on him; and they feared the people: for they perceived that he had spoken this parable against them. +And they watched him, and sent forth spies, which should feign themselves just men, that they might take hold of his words, that so they might deliver him unto the power and authority of the governor. +And they asked him, saying, Master, we know that thou sayest and teachest rightly, neither acceptest thou the person of any, but teachest the way of God truly: +Is it lawful for us to give tribute unto Caesar, or no? +But he perceived their craftiness, and said unto them, Why tempt ye me? +Shew me a penny. Whose image and superscription hath it? They answered and said, Caesar's. +And he said unto them, Render therefore unto Caesar the things which be Caesar's, and unto God the things which be God's. +And they could not take hold of his words before the people: and they marvelled at his answer, and held their peace. +Then came to him certain of the Sadducees, which deny that there is any resurrection; and they asked him, +Saying, Master, Moses wrote unto us, If any man's brother die, having a wife, and he die without children, that his brother should take his wife, and raise up seed unto his brother. +There were therefore seven brethren: and the first took a wife, and died without children. +And the second took her to wife, and he died childless. +And the third took her; and in like manner the seven also: and they left no children, and died. +Last of all the woman died also. +Therefore in the resurrection whose wife of them is she? for seven had her to wife. +And Jesus answering said unto them, The children of this world marry, and are given in marriage: +But they which shall be accounted worthy to obtain that world, and the resurrection from the dead, neither marry, nor are given in marriage: +Neither can they die any more: for they are equal unto the angels; and are the children of God, being the children of the resurrection. +Now that the dead are raised, even Moses shewed at the bush, when he calleth the Lord the God of Abraham, and the God of Isaac, and the God of Jacob. +For he is not a God of the dead, but of the living: for all live unto him. +Then certain of the scribes answering said, Master, thou hast well said. +And after that they durst not ask him any question at all. +And he said unto them, How say they that Christ is David's son? +And David himself saith in the book of Psalms, The LORD said unto my Lord, Sit thou on my right hand, +Till I make thine enemies thy footstool. +David therefore calleth him Lord, how is he then his son? +Then in the audience of all the people he said unto his disciples, +Beware of the scribes, which desire to walk in long robes, and love greetings in the markets, and the highest seats in the synagogues, and the chief rooms at feasts; +Which devour widows' houses, and for a shew make long prayers: the same shall receive greater damnation. +And he looked up, and saw the rich men casting their gifts into the treasury. +And he saw also a certain poor widow casting in thither two mites. +And he said, Of a truth I say unto you, that this poor widow hath cast in more than they all: +For all these have of their abundance cast in unto the offerings of God: but she of her penury hath cast in all the living that she had. +And as some spake of the temple, how it was adorned with goodly stones and gifts, he said, +As for these things which ye behold, the days will come, in the which there shall not be left one stone upon another, that shall not be thrown down. +And they asked him, saying, Master, but when shall these things be? and what sign will there be when these things shall come to pass? +And he said, Take heed that ye be not deceived: for many shall come in my name, saying, I am Christ; and the time draweth near: go ye not therefore after them. +But when ye shall hear of wars and commotions, be not terrified: for these things must first come to pass; but the end is not by and by. +Then said he unto them, Nation shall rise against nation, and kingdom against kingdom: +And great earthquakes shall be in divers places, and famines, and pestilences; and fearful sights and great signs shall there be from heaven. +But before all these, they shall lay their hands on you, and persecute you, delivering you up to the synagogues, and into prisons, being brought before kings and rulers for my name's sake. +And it shall turn to you for a testimony. +Settle it therefore in your hearts, not to meditate before what ye shall answer: +For I will give you a mouth and wisdom, which all your adversaries shall not be able to gainsay nor resist. +And ye shall be betrayed both by parents, and brethren, and kinsfolks, and friends; and some of you shall they cause to be put to death. +And ye shall be hated of all men for my name's sake. +But there shall not an hair of your head perish. +In your patience possess ye your souls. +And when ye shall see Jerusalem compassed with armies, then know that the desolation thereof is nigh. +Then let them which are in Judaea flee to the mountains; and let them which are in the midst of it depart out; and let not them that are in the countries enter thereinto. +For these be the days of vengeance, that all things which are written may be fulfilled. +But woe unto them that are with child, and to them that give suck, in those days! for there shall be great distress in the land, and wrath upon this people. +And they shall fall by the edge of the sword, and shall be led away captive into all nations: and Jerusalem shall be trodden down of the Gentiles, until the times of the Gentiles be fulfilled. +And there shall be signs in the sun, and in the moon, and in the stars; and upon the earth distress of nations, with perplexity; the sea and the waves roaring; +Men's hearts failing them for fear, and for looking after those things which are coming on the earth: for the powers of heaven shall be shaken. +And then shall they see the Son of man coming in a cloud with power and great glory. +And when these things begin to come to pass, then look up, and lift up your heads; for your redemption draweth nigh. +And he spake to them a parable; Behold the fig tree, and all the trees; +When they now shoot forth, ye see and know of your own selves that summer is now nigh at hand. +So likewise ye, when ye see these things come to pass, know ye that the kingdom of God is nigh at hand. +Verily I say unto you, This generation shall not pass away, till all be fulfilled. +Heaven and earth shall pass away: but my words shall not pass away. +And take heed to yourselves, lest at any time your hearts be overcharged with surfeiting, and drunkenness, and cares of this life, and so that day come upon you unawares. +For as a snare shall it come on all them that dwell on the face of the whole earth. +Watch ye therefore, and pray always, that ye may be accounted worthy to escape all these things that shall come to pass, and to stand before the Son of man. +And in the day time he was teaching in the temple; and at night he went out, and abode in the mount that is called the mount of Olives. +And all the people came early in the morning to him in the temple, for to hear him. +Now the feast of unleavened bread drew nigh, which is called the Passover. +And the chief priests and scribes sought how they might kill him; for they feared the people. +Then entered Satan into Judas surnamed Iscariot, being of the number of the twelve. +And he went his way, and communed with the chief priests and captains, how he might betray him unto them. +And they were glad, and covenanted to give him money. +And he promised, and sought opportunity to betray him unto them in the absence of the multitude. +Then came the day of unleavened bread, when the passover must be killed. +And he sent Peter and John, saying, Go and prepare us the passover, that we may eat. +And they said unto him, Where wilt thou that we prepare? +And he said unto them, Behold, when ye are entered into the city, there shall a man meet you, bearing a pitcher of water; follow him into the house where he entereth in. +And ye shall say unto the goodman of the house, The Master saith unto thee, Where is the guestchamber, where I shall eat the passover with my disciples? +And he shall shew you a large upper room furnished: there make ready. +And they went, and found as he had said unto them: and they made ready the passover. +And when the hour was come, he sat down, and the twelve apostles with him. +And he said unto them, With desire I have desired to eat this passover with you before I suffer: +For I say unto you, I will not any more eat thereof, until it be fulfilled in the kingdom of God. +And he took the cup, and gave thanks, and said, Take this, and divide it among yourselves: +For I say unto you, I will not drink of the fruit of the vine, until the kingdom of God shall come. +And he took bread, and gave thanks, and brake it, and gave unto them, saying, This is my body which is given for you: this do in remembrance of me. +Likewise also the cup after supper, saying, This cup is the new testament in my blood, which is shed for you. +But, behold, the hand of him that betrayeth me is with me on the table. +And truly the Son of man goeth, as it was determined: but woe unto that man by whom he is betrayed! +And they began to enquire among themselves, which of them it was that should do this thing. +And there was also a strife among them, which of them should be accounted the greatest. +And he said unto them, The kings of the Gentiles exercise lordship over them; and they that exercise authority upon them are called benefactors. +But ye shall not be so: but he that is greatest among you, let him be as the younger; and he that is chief, as he that doth serve. +For whether is greater, he that sitteth at meat, or he that serveth? is not he that sitteth at meat? but I am among you as he that serveth. +Ye are they which have continued with me in my temptations. +And I appoint unto you a kingdom, as my Father hath appointed unto me; +That ye may eat and drink at my table in my kingdom, and sit on thrones judging the twelve tribes of Israel. +And the Lord said, Simon, Simon, behold, Satan hath desired to have you, that he may sift you as wheat: +But I have prayed for thee, that thy faith fail not: and when thou art converted, strengthen thy brethren. +And he said unto him, Lord, I am ready to go with thee, both into prison, and to death. +And he said, I tell thee, Peter, the cock shall not crow this day, before that thou shalt thrice deny that thou knowest me. +And he said unto them, When I sent you without purse, and scrip, and shoes, lacked ye any thing? And they said, Nothing. +Then said he unto them, But now, he that hath a purse, let him take it, and likewise his scrip: and he that hath no sword, let him sell his garment, and buy one. +For I say unto you, that this that is written must yet be accomplished in me, And he was reckoned among the transgressors: for the things concerning me have an end. +And they said, Lord, behold, here are two swords. And he said unto them, It is enough. +And he came out, and went, as he was wont, to the mount of Olives; and his disciples also followed him. +And when he was at the place, he said unto them, Pray that ye enter not into temptation. +And he was withdrawn from them about a stone's cast, and kneeled down, and prayed, +Saying, Father, if thou be willing, remove this cup from me: nevertheless not my will, but thine, be done. +And there appeared an angel unto him from heaven, strengthening him. +And being in an agony he prayed more earnestly: and his sweat was as it were great drops of blood falling down to the ground. +And when he rose up from prayer, and was come to his disciples, he found them sleeping for sorrow, +And said unto them, Why sleep ye? rise and pray, lest ye enter into temptation. +And while he yet spake, behold a multitude, and he that was called Judas, one of the twelve, went before them, and drew near unto Jesus to kiss him. +But Jesus said unto him, Judas, betrayest thou the Son of man with a kiss? +When they which were about him saw what would follow, they said unto him, Lord, shall we smite with the sword? +And one of them smote the servant of the high priest, and cut off his right ear. +And Jesus answered and said, Suffer ye thus far. And he touched his ear, and healed him. +Then Jesus said unto the chief priests, and captains of the temple, and the elders, which were come to him, Be ye come out, as against a thief, with swords and staves? +When I was daily with you in the temple, ye stretched forth no hands against me: but this is your hour, and the power of darkness. +Then took they him, and led him, and brought him into the high priest's house. And Peter followed afar off. +And when they had kindled a fire in the midst of the hall, and were set down together, Peter sat down among them. +But a certain maid beheld him as he sat by the fire, and earnestly looked upon him, and said, This man was also with him. +And he denied him, saying, Woman, I know him not. +And after a little while another saw him, and said, Thou art also of them. And Peter said, Man, I am not. +And about the space of one hour after another confidently affirmed, saying, Of a truth this fellow also was with him: for he is a Galilaean. +And Peter said, Man, I know not what thou sayest. And immediately, while he yet spake, the cock crew. +And the Lord turned, and looked upon Peter. And Peter remembered the word of the Lord, how he had said unto him, Before the cock crow, thou shalt deny me thrice. +And Peter went out, and wept bitterly. +And the men that held Jesus mocked him, and smote him. +And when they had blindfolded him, they struck him on the face, and asked him, saying, Prophesy, who is it that smote thee? +And many other things blasphemously spake they against him. +And as soon as it was day, the elders of the people and the chief priests and the scribes came together, and led him into their council, saying, +Art thou the Christ? tell us. And he said unto them, If I tell you, ye will not believe: +And if I also ask you, ye will not answer me, nor let me go. +Hereafter shall the Son of man sit on the right hand of the power of God. +Then said they all, Art thou then the Son of God? And he said unto them, Ye say that I am. +And they said, What need we any further witness? for we ourselves have heard of his own mouth. +And the whole multitude of them arose, and led him unto Pilate. +And they began to accuse him, saying, We found this fellow perverting the nation, and forbidding to give tribute to Caesar, saying that he himself is Christ a King. +And Pilate asked him, saying, Art thou the King of the Jews? And he answered him and said, Thou sayest it. +Then said Pilate to the chief priests and to the people, I find no fault in this man. +And they were the more fierce, saying, He stirreth up the people, teaching throughout all Jewry, beginning from Galilee to this place. +When Pilate heard of Galilee, he asked whether the man were a Galilaean. +And as soon as he knew that he belonged unto Herod's jurisdiction, he sent him to Herod, who himself also was at Jerusalem at that time. +And when Herod saw Jesus, he was exceeding glad: for he was desirous to see him of a long season, because he had heard many things of him; and he hoped to have seen some miracle done by him. +Then he questioned with him in many words; but he answered him nothing. +And the chief priests and scribes stood and vehemently accused him. +And Herod with his men of war set him at nought, and mocked him, and arrayed him in a gorgeous robe, and sent him again to Pilate. +And the same day Pilate and Herod were made friends together: for before they were at enmity between themselves. +And Pilate, when he had called together the chief priests and the rulers and the people, +Said unto them, Ye have brought this man unto me, as one that perverteth the people: and, behold, I, having examined him before you, have found no fault in this man touching those things whereof ye accuse him: +No, nor yet Herod: for I sent you to him; and, lo, nothing worthy of death is done unto him. +I will therefore chastise him, and release him. +(For of necessity he must release one unto them at the feast.) +And they cried out all at once, saying, Away with this man, and release unto us Barabbas: +(Who for a certain sedition made in the city, and for murder, was cast into prison.) +Pilate therefore, willing to release Jesus, spake again to them. +But they cried, saying, Crucify him, crucify him. +And he said unto them the third time, Why, what evil hath he done? I have found no cause of death in him: I will therefore chastise him, and let him go. +And they were instant with loud voices, requiring that he might be crucified. And the voices of them and of the chief priests prevailed. +And Pilate gave sentence that it should be as they required. +And he released unto them him that for sedition and murder was cast into prison, whom they had desired; but he delivered Jesus to their will. +And as they led him away, they laid hold upon one Simon, a Cyrenian, coming out of the country, and on him they laid the cross, that he might bear it after Jesus. +And there followed him a great company of people, and of women, which also bewailed and lamented him. +But Jesus turning unto them said, Daughters of Jerusalem, weep not for me, but weep for yourselves, and for your children. +For, behold, the days are coming, in the which they shall say, Blessed are the barren, and the wombs that never bare, and the paps which never gave suck. +Then shall they begin to say to the mountains, Fall on us; and to the hills, Cover us. +For if they do these things in a green tree, what shall be done in the dry? +And there were also two other, malefactors, led with him to be put to death. +And when they were come to the place, which is called Calvary, there they crucified him, and the malefactors, one on the right hand, and the other on the left. +Then said Jesus, Father, forgive them; for they know not what they do. And they parted his raiment, and cast lots. +And the people stood beholding. And the rulers also with them derided him, saying, He saved others; let him save himself, if he be Christ, the chosen of God. +And the soldiers also mocked him, coming to him, and offering him vinegar, +And saying, If thou be the king of the Jews, save thyself. +And a superscription also was written over him in letters of Greek, and Latin, and Hebrew, THIS IS THE KING OF THE JEWS. +And one of the malefactors which were hanged railed on him, saying, If thou be Christ, save thyself and us. +But the other answering rebuked him, saying, Dost not thou fear God, seeing thou art in the same condemnation? +And we indeed justly; for we receive the due reward of our deeds: but this man hath done nothing amiss. +And he said unto Jesus, Lord, remember me when thou comest into thy kingdom. +And Jesus said unto him, Verily I say unto thee, To day shalt thou be with me in paradise. +And it was about the sixth hour, and there was a darkness over all the earth until the ninth hour. +And the sun was darkened, and the veil of the temple was rent in the midst. +And when Jesus had cried with a loud voice, he said, Father, into thy hands I commend my spirit: and having said thus, he gave up the ghost. +Now when the centurion saw what was done, he glorified God, saying, Certainly this was a righteous man. +And all the people that came together to that sight, beholding the things which were done, smote their breasts, and returned. +And all his acquaintance, and the women that followed him from Galilee, stood afar off, beholding these things. +And, behold, there was a man named Joseph, a counsellor; and he was a good man, and a just: +(The same had not consented to the counsel and deed of them;) he was of Arimathaea, a city of the Jews: who also himself waited for the kingdom of God. +This man went unto Pilate, and begged the body of Jesus. +And he took it down, and wrapped it in linen, and laid it in a sepulchre that was hewn in stone, wherein never man before was laid. +And that day was the preparation, and the sabbath drew on. +And the women also, which came with him from Galilee, followed after, and beheld the sepulchre, and how his body was laid. +And they returned, and prepared spices and ointments; and rested the sabbath day according to the commandment. +Now upon the first day of the week, very early in the morning, they came unto the sepulchre, bringing the spices which they had prepared, and certain others with them. +And they found the stone rolled away from the sepulchre. +And they entered in, and found not the body of the Lord Jesus. +And it came to pass, as they were much perplexed thereabout, behold, two men stood by them in shining garments: +And as they were afraid, and bowed down their faces to the earth, they said unto them, Why seek ye the living among the dead? +He is not here, but is risen: remember how he spake unto you when he was yet in Galilee, +Saying, The Son of man must be delivered into the hands of sinful men, and be crucified, and the third day rise again. +And they remembered his words, +And returned from the sepulchre, and told all these things unto the eleven, and to all the rest. +It was Mary Magdalene and Joanna, and Mary the mother of James, and other women that were with them, which told these things unto the apostles. +And their words seemed to them as idle tales, and they believed them not. +Then arose Peter, and ran unto the sepulchre; and stooping down, he beheld the linen clothes laid by themselves, and departed, wondering in himself at that which was come to pass. +And, behold, two of them went that same day to a village called Emmaus, which was from Jerusalem about threescore furlongs. +And they talked together of all these things which had happened. +And it came to pass, that, while they communed together and reasoned, Jesus himself drew near, and went with them. +But their eyes were holden that they should not know him. +And he said unto them, What manner of communications are these that ye have one to another, as ye walk, and are sad? +And the one of them, whose name was Cleopas, answering said unto him, Art thou only a stranger in Jerusalem, and hast not known the things which are come to pass there in these days? +And he said unto them, What things? And they said unto him, Concerning Jesus of Nazareth, which was a prophet mighty in deed and word before God and all the people: +And how the chief priests and our rulers delivered him to be condemned to death, and have crucified him. +But we trusted that it had been he which should have redeemed Israel: and beside all this, to day is the third day since these things were done. +Yea, and certain women also of our company made us astonished, which were early at the sepulchre; +And when they found not his body, they came, saying, that they had also seen a vision of angels, which said that he was alive. +And certain of them which were with us went to the sepulchre, and found it even so as the women had said: but him they saw not. +Then he said unto them, O fools, and slow of heart to believe all that the prophets have spoken: +Ought not Christ to have suffered these things, and to enter into his glory? +And beginning at Moses and all the prophets, he expounded unto them in all the scriptures the things concerning himself. +And they drew nigh unto the village, whither they went: and he made as though he would have gone further. +But they constrained him, saying, Abide with us: for it is toward evening, and the day is far spent. And he went in to tarry with them. +And it came to pass, as he sat at meat with them, he took bread, and blessed it, and brake, and gave to them. +And their eyes were opened, and they knew him; and he vanished out of their sight. +And they said one to another, Did not our heart burn within us, while he talked with us by the way, and while he opened to us the scriptures? +And they rose up the same hour, and returned to Jerusalem, and found the eleven gathered together, and them that were with them, +Saying, The Lord is risen indeed, and hath appeared to Simon. +And they told what things were done in the way, and how he was known of them in breaking of bread. +And as they thus spake, Jesus himself stood in the midst of them, and saith unto them, Peace be unto you. +But they were terrified and affrighted, and supposed that they had seen a spirit. +And he said unto them, Why are ye troubled? and why do thoughts arise in your hearts? +Behold my hands and my feet, that it is I myself: handle me, and see; for a spirit hath not flesh and bones, as ye see me have. +And when he had thus spoken, he shewed them his hands and his feet. +And while they yet believed not for joy, and wondered, he said unto them, Have ye here any meat? +And they gave him a piece of a broiled fish, and of an honeycomb. +And he took it, and did eat before them. +And he said unto them, These are the words which I spake unto you, while I was yet with you, that all things must be fulfilled, which were written in the law of Moses, and in the prophets, and in the psalms, concerning me. +Then opened he their understanding, that they might understand the scriptures, +And said unto them, Thus it is written, and thus it behoved Christ to suffer, and to rise from the dead the third day: +And that repentance and remission of sins should be preached in his name among all nations, beginning at Jerusalem. +And ye are witnesses of these things. +And, behold, I send the promise of my Father upon you: but tarry ye in the city of Jerusalem, until ye be endued with power from on high. +And he led them out as far as to Bethany, and he lifted up his hands, and blessed them. +And it came to pass, while he blessed them, he was parted from them, and carried up into heaven. +And they worshipped him, and returned to Jerusalem with great joy: +And were continually in the temple, praising and blessing God. Amen. +In the beginning was the Word, and the Word was with God, and the Word was God. +The same was in the beginning with God. +All things were made by him; and without him was not any thing made that was made. +In him was life; and the life was the light of men. +And the light shineth in darkness; and the darkness comprehended it not. +There was a man sent from God, whose name was John. +The same came for a witness, to bear witness of the Light, that all men through him might believe. +He was not that Light, but was sent to bear witness of that Light. +That was the true Light, which lighteth every man that cometh into the world. +He was in the world, and the world was made by him, and the world knew him not. +He came unto his own, and his own received him not. +But as many as received him, to them gave he power to become the sons of God, even to them that believe on his name: +Which were born, not of blood, nor of the will of the flesh, nor of the will of man, but of God. +And the Word was made flesh, and dwelt among us, (and we beheld his glory, the glory as of the only begotten of the Father,) full of grace and truth. +John bare witness of him, and cried, saying, This was he of whom I spake, He that cometh after me is preferred before me: for he was before me. +And of his fulness have all we received, and grace for grace. +For the law was given by Moses, but grace and truth came by Jesus Christ. +No man hath seen God at any time, the only begotten Son, which is in the bosom of the Father, he hath declared him. +And this is the record of John, when the Jews sent priests and Levites from Jerusalem to ask him, Who art thou? +And he confessed, and denied not; but confessed, I am not the Christ. +And they asked him, What then? Art thou Elias? And he saith, I am not. Art thou that prophet? And he answered, No. +Then said they unto him, Who art thou? that we may give an answer to them that sent us. What sayest thou of thyself? +He said, I am the voice of one crying in the wilderness, Make straight the way of the Lord, as said the prophet Esaias. +And they which were sent were of the Pharisees. +And they asked him, and said unto him, Why baptizest thou then, if thou be not that Christ, nor Elias, neither that prophet? +John answered them, saying, I baptize with water: but there standeth one among you, whom ye know not; +He it is, who coming after me is preferred before me, whose shoe's latchet I am not worthy to unloose. +These things were done in Bethabara beyond Jordan, where John was baptizing. +The next day John seeth Jesus coming unto him, and saith, Behold the Lamb of God, which taketh away the sin of the world. +This is he of whom I said, After me cometh a man which is preferred before me: for he was before me. +And I knew him not: but that he should be made manifest to Israel, therefore am I come baptizing with water. +And John bare record, saying, I saw the Spirit descending from heaven like a dove, and it abode upon him. +And I knew him not: but he that sent me to baptize with water, the same said unto me, Upon whom thou shalt see the Spirit descending, and remaining on him, the same is he which baptizeth with the Holy Ghost. +And I saw, and bare record that this is the Son of God. +Again the next day after John stood, and two of his disciples; +And looking upon Jesus as he walked, he saith, Behold the Lamb of God! +And the two disciples heard him speak, and they followed Jesus. +Then Jesus turned, and saw them following, and saith unto them, What seek ye? They said unto him, Rabbi, (which is to say, being interpreted, Master,) where dwellest thou? +He saith unto them, Come and see. They came and saw where he dwelt, and abode with him that day: for it was about the tenth hour. +One of the two which heard John speak, and followed him, was Andrew, Simon Peter's brother. +He first findeth his own brother Simon, and saith unto him, We have found the Messias, which is, being interpreted, the Christ. +And he brought him to Jesus. And when Jesus beheld him, he said, Thou art Simon the son of Jona: thou shalt be called Cephas, which is by interpretation, A stone. +The day following Jesus would go forth into Galilee, and findeth Philip, and saith unto him, Follow me. +Now Philip was of Bethsaida, the city of Andrew and Peter. +Philip findeth Nathanael, and saith unto him, We have found him, of whom Moses in the law, and the prophets, did write, Jesus of Nazareth, the son of Joseph. +And Nathanael said unto him, Can there any good thing come out of Nazareth? Philip saith unto him, Come and see. +Jesus saw Nathanael coming to him, and saith of him, Behold an Israelite indeed, in whom is no guile! +Nathanael saith unto him, Whence knowest thou me? Jesus answered and said unto him, Before that Philip called thee, when thou wast under the fig tree, I saw thee. +Nathanael answered and saith unto him, Rabbi, thou art the Son of God; thou art the King of Israel. +Jesus answered and said unto him, Because I said unto thee, I saw thee under the fig tree, believest thou? thou shalt see greater things than these. +And he saith unto him, Verily, verily, I say unto you, Hereafter ye shall see heaven open, and the angels of God ascending and descending upon the Son of man. +And the third day there was a marriage in Cana of Galilee; and the mother of Jesus was there: +And both Jesus was called, and his disciples, to the marriage. +And when they wanted wine, the mother of Jesus saith unto him, They have no wine. +Jesus saith unto her, Woman, what have I to do with thee? mine hour is not yet come. +His mother saith unto the servants, Whatsoever he saith unto you, do it. +And there were set there six waterpots of stone, after the manner of the purifying of the Jews, containing two or three firkins apiece. +Jesus saith unto them, Fill the waterpots with water. And they filled them up to the brim. +And he saith unto them, Draw out now, and bear unto the governor of the feast. And they bare it. +When the ruler of the feast had tasted the water that was made wine, and knew not whence it was: (but the servants which drew the water knew;) the governor of the feast called the bridegroom, +And saith unto him, Every man at the beginning doth set forth good wine; and when men have well drunk, then that which is worse: but thou hast kept the good wine until now. +This beginning of miracles did Jesus in Cana of Galilee, and manifested forth his glory; and his disciples believed on him. +After this he went down to Capernaum, he, and his mother, and his brethren, and his disciples: and they continued there not many days. +And the Jews' passover was at hand, and Jesus went up to Jerusalem. +And found in the temple those that sold oxen and sheep and doves, and the changers of money sitting: +And when he had made a scourge of small cords, he drove them all out of the temple, and the sheep, and the oxen; and poured out the changers' money, and overthrew the tables; +And said unto them that sold doves, Take these things hence; make not my Father's house an house of merchandise. +And his disciples remembered that it was written, The zeal of thine house hath eaten me up. +Then answered the Jews and said unto him, What sign shewest thou unto us, seeing that thou doest these things? +Jesus answered and said unto them, Destroy this temple, and in three days I will raise it up. +Then said the Jews, Forty and six years was this temple in building, and wilt thou rear it up in three days? +But he spake of the temple of his body. +When therefore he was risen from the dead, his disciples remembered that he had said this unto them; and they believed the scripture, and the word which Jesus had said. +Now when he was in Jerusalem at the passover, in the feast day, many believed in his name, when they saw the miracles which he did. +But Jesus did not commit himself unto them, because he knew all men, +And needed not that any should testify of man: for he knew what was in man. +There was a man of the Pharisees, named Nicodemus, a ruler of the Jews: +The same came to Jesus by night, and said unto him, Rabbi, we know that thou art a teacher come from God: for no man can do these miracles that thou doest, except God be with him. +Jesus answered and said unto him, Verily, verily, I say unto thee, Except a man be born again, he cannot see the kingdom of God. +Nicodemus saith unto him, How can a man be born when he is old? can he enter the second time into his mother's womb, and be born? +Jesus answered, Verily, verily, I say unto thee, Except a man be born of water and of the Spirit, he cannot enter into the kingdom of God. +That which is born of the flesh is flesh; and that which is born of the Spirit is spirit. +Marvel not that I said unto thee, Ye must be born again. +The wind bloweth where it listeth, and thou hearest the sound thereof, but canst not tell whence it cometh, and whither it goeth: so is every one that is born of the Spirit. +Nicodemus answered and said unto him, How can these things be? +Jesus answered and said unto him, Art thou a master of Israel, and knowest not these things? +Verily, verily, I say unto thee, We speak that we do know, and testify that we have seen; and ye receive not our witness. +If I have told you earthly things, and ye believe not, how shall ye believe, if I tell you of heavenly things? +And no man hath ascended up to heaven, but he that came down from heaven, even the Son of man which is in heaven. +And as Moses lifted up the serpent in the wilderness, even so must the Son of man be lifted up: +That whosoever believeth in him should not perish, but have eternal life. +For God so loved the world, that he gave his only begotten Son, that whosoever believeth in him should not perish, but have everlasting life. +For God sent not his Son into the world to condemn the world; but that the world through him might be saved. +He that believeth on him is not condemned: but he that believeth not is condemned already, because he hath not believed in the name of the only begotten Son of God. +And this is the condemnation, that light is come into the world, and men loved darkness rather than light, because their deeds were evil. +For every one that doeth evil hateth the light, neither cometh to the light, lest his deeds should be reproved. +But he that doeth truth cometh to the light, that his deeds may be made manifest, that they are wrought in God. +After these things came Jesus and his disciples into the land of Judaea; and there he tarried with them, and baptized. +And John also was baptizing in Aenon near to Salim, because there was much water there: and they came, and were baptized. +For John was not yet cast into prison. +Then there arose a question between some of John's disciples and the Jews about purifying. +And they came unto John, and said unto him, Rabbi, he that was with thee beyond Jordan, to whom thou barest witness, behold, the same baptizeth, and all men come to him. +John answered and said, A man can receive nothing, except it be given him from heaven. +Ye yourselves bear me witness, that I said, I am not the Christ, but that I am sent before him. +He that hath the bride is the bridegroom: but the friend of the bridegroom, which standeth and heareth him, rejoiceth greatly because of the bridegroom's voice: this my joy therefore is fulfilled. +He must increase, but I must decrease. +He that cometh from above is above all: he that is of the earth is earthly, and speaketh of the earth: he that cometh from heaven is above all. +And what he hath seen and heard, that he testifieth; and no man receiveth his testimony. +He that hath received his testimony hath set to his seal that God is true. +For he whom God hath sent speaketh the words of God: for God giveth not the Spirit by measure unto him. +The Father loveth the Son, and hath given all things into his hand. +He that believeth on the Son hath everlasting life: and he that believeth not the Son shall not see life; but the wrath of God abideth on him. +When therefore the LORD knew how the Pharisees had heard that Jesus made and baptized more disciples than John, +(Though Jesus himself baptized not, but his disciples,) +He left Judaea, and departed again into Galilee. +And he must needs go through Samaria. +Then cometh he to a city of Samaria, which is called Sychar, near to the parcel of ground that Jacob gave to his son Joseph. +Now Jacob's well was there. Jesus therefore, being wearied with his journey, sat thus on the well: and it was about the sixth hour. +There cometh a woman of Samaria to draw water: Jesus saith unto her, Give me to drink. +(For his disciples were gone away unto the city to buy meat.) +Then saith the woman of Samaria unto him, How is it that thou, being a Jew, askest drink of me, which am a woman of Samaria? for the Jews have no dealings with the Samaritans. +Jesus answered and said unto her, If thou knewest the gift of God, and who it is that saith to thee, Give me to drink; thou wouldest have asked of him, and he would have given thee living water. +The woman saith unto him, Sir, thou hast nothing to draw with, and the well is deep: from whence then hast thou that living water? +Art thou greater than our father Jacob, which gave us the well, and drank thereof himself, and his children, and his cattle? +Jesus answered and said unto her, Whosoever drinketh of this water shall thirst again: +But whosoever drinketh of the water that I shall give him shall never thirst; but the water that I shall give him shall be in him a well of water springing up into everlasting life. +The woman saith unto him, Sir, give me this water, that I thirst not, neither come hither to draw. +Jesus saith unto her, Go, call thy husband, and come hither. +The woman answered and said, I have no husband. Jesus said unto her, Thou hast well said, I have no husband: +For thou hast had five husbands; and he whom thou now hast is not thy husband: in that saidst thou truly. +The woman saith unto him, Sir, I perceive that thou art a prophet. +Our fathers worshipped in this mountain; and ye say, that in Jerusalem is the place where men ought to worship. +Jesus saith unto her, Woman, believe me, the hour cometh, when ye shall neither in this mountain, nor yet at Jerusalem, worship the Father. +Ye worship ye know not what: we know what we worship: for salvation is of the Jews. +But the hour cometh, and now is, when the true worshippers shall worship the Father in spirit and in truth: for the Father seeketh such to worship him. +God is a Spirit: and they that worship him must worship him in spirit and in truth. +The woman saith unto him, I know that Messias cometh, which is called Christ: when he is come, he will tell us all things. +Jesus saith unto her, I that speak unto thee am he. +And upon this came his disciples, and marvelled that he talked with the woman: yet no man said, What seekest thou? or, Why talkest thou with her? +The woman then left her waterpot, and went her way into the city, and saith to the men, +Come, see a man, which told me all things that ever I did: is not this the Christ? +Then they went out of the city, and came unto him. +In the mean while his disciples prayed him, saying, Master, eat. +But he said unto them, I have meat to eat that ye know not of. +Therefore said the disciples one to another, Hath any man brought him ought to eat? +Jesus saith unto them, My meat is to do the will of him that sent me, and to finish his work. +Say not ye, There are yet four months, and then cometh harvest? behold, I say unto you, Lift up your eyes, and look on the fields; for they are white already to harvest. +And he that reapeth receiveth wages, and gathereth fruit unto life eternal: that both he that soweth and he that reapeth may rejoice together. +And herein is that saying true, One soweth, and another reapeth. +I sent you to reap that whereon ye bestowed no labour: other men laboured, and ye are entered into their labours. +And many of the Samaritans of that city believed on him for the saying of the woman, which testified, He told me all that ever I did. +So when the Samaritans were come unto him, they besought him that he would tarry with them: and he abode there two days. +And many more believed because of his own word; +And said unto the woman, Now we believe, not because of thy saying: for we have heard him ourselves, and know that this is indeed the Christ, the Saviour of the world. +Now after two days he departed thence, and went into Galilee. +For Jesus himself testified, that a prophet hath no honour in his own country. +Then when he was come into Galilee, the Galilaeans received him, having seen all the things that he did at Jerusalem at the feast: for they also went unto the feast. +So Jesus came again into Cana of Galilee, where he made the water wine. And there was a certain nobleman, whose son was sick at Capernaum. +When he heard that Jesus was come out of Judaea into Galilee, he went unto him, and besought him that he would come down, and heal his son: for he was at the point of death. +Then said Jesus unto him, Except ye see signs and wonders, ye will not believe. +The nobleman saith unto him, Sir, come down ere my child die. +Jesus saith unto him, Go thy way; thy son liveth. And the man believed the word that Jesus had spoken unto him, and he went his way. +And as he was now going down, his servants met him, and told him, saying, Thy son liveth. +Then enquired he of them the hour when he began to amend. And they said unto him, Yesterday at the seventh hour the fever left him. +So the father knew that it was at the same hour, in the which Jesus said unto him, Thy son liveth: and himself believed, and his whole house. +This is again the second miracle that Jesus did, when he was come out of Judaea into Galilee. +After this there was a feast of the Jews; and Jesus went up to Jerusalem. +Now there is at Jerusalem by the sheep market a pool, which is called in the Hebrew tongue Bethesda, having five porches. +In these lay a great multitude of impotent folk, of blind, halt, withered, waiting for the moving of the water. +For an angel went down at a certain season into the pool, and troubled the water: whosoever then first after the troubling of the water stepped in was made whole of whatsoever disease he had. +And a certain man was there, which had an infirmity thirty and eight years. +When Jesus saw him lie, and knew that he had been now a long time in that case, he saith unto him, Wilt thou be made whole? +The impotent man answered him, Sir, I have no man, when the water is troubled, to put me into the pool: but while I am coming, another steppeth down before me. +Jesus saith unto him, Rise, take up thy bed, and walk. +And immediately the man was made whole, and took up his bed, and walked: and on the same day was the sabbath. +The Jews therefore said unto him that was cured, It is the sabbath day: it is not lawful for thee to carry thy bed. +He answered them, He that made me whole, the same said unto me, Take up thy bed, and walk. +Then asked they him, What man is that which said unto thee, Take up thy bed, and walk? +And he that was healed wist not who it was: for Jesus had conveyed himself away, a multitude being in that place. +Afterward Jesus findeth him in the temple, and said unto him, Behold, thou art made whole: sin no more, lest a worse thing come unto thee. +The man departed, and told the Jews that it was Jesus, which had made him whole. +And therefore did the Jews persecute Jesus, and sought to slay him, because he had done these things on the sabbath day. +But Jesus answered them, My Father worketh hitherto, and I work. +Therefore the Jews sought the more to kill him, because he not only had broken the sabbath, but said also that God was his Father, making himself equal with God. +Then answered Jesus and said unto them, Verily, verily, I say unto you, The Son can do nothing of himself, but what he seeth the Father do: for what things soever he doeth, these also doeth the Son likewise. +For the Father loveth the Son, and sheweth him all things that himself doeth: and he will shew him greater works than these, that ye may marvel. +For as the Father raiseth up the dead, and quickeneth them; even so the Son quickeneth whom he will. +For the Father judgeth no man, but hath committed all judgment unto the Son: +That all men should honour the Son, even as they honour the Father. He that honoureth not the Son honoureth not the Father which hath sent him. +Verily, verily, I say unto you, He that heareth my word, and believeth on him that sent me, hath everlasting life, and shall not come into condemnation; but is passed from death unto life. +Verily, verily, I say unto you, The hour is coming, and now is, when the dead shall hear the voice of the Son of God: and they that hear shall live. +For as the Father hath life in himself; so hath he given to the Son to have life in himself; +And hath given him authority to execute judgment also, because he is the Son of man. +Marvel not at this: for the hour is coming, in the which all that are in the graves shall hear his voice, +And shall come forth; they that have done good, unto the resurrection of life; and they that have done evil, unto the resurrection of damnation. +I can of mine own self do nothing: as I hear, I judge: and my judgment is just; because I seek not mine own will, but the will of the Father which hath sent me. +If I bear witness of myself, my witness is not true. +There is another that beareth witness of me; and I know that the witness which he witnesseth of me is true. +Ye sent unto John, and he bare witness unto the truth. +But I receive not testimony from man: but these things I say, that ye might be saved. +He was a burning and a shining light: and ye were willing for a season to rejoice in his light. +But I have greater witness than that of John: for the works which the Father hath given me to finish, the same works that I do, bear witness of me, that the Father hath sent me. +And the Father himself, which hath sent me, hath borne witness of me. Ye have neither heard his voice at any time, nor seen his shape. +And ye have not his word abiding in you: for whom he hath sent, him ye believe not. +Search the scriptures; for in them ye think ye have eternal life: and they are they which testify of me. +And ye will not come to me, that ye might have life. +I receive not honour from men. +But I know you, that ye have not the love of God in you. +I am come in my Father's name, and ye receive me not: if another shall come in his own name, him ye will receive. +How can ye believe, which receive honour one of another, and seek not the honour that cometh from God only? +Do not think that I will accuse you to the Father: there is one that accuseth you, even Moses, in whom ye trust. +For had ye believed Moses, ye would have believed me; for he wrote of me. +But if ye believe not his writings, how shall ye believe my words? +After these things Jesus went over the sea of Galilee, which is the sea of Tiberias. +And a great multitude followed him, because they saw his miracles which he did on them that were diseased. +And Jesus went up into a mountain, and there he sat with his disciples. +And the passover, a feast of the Jews, was nigh. +When Jesus then lifted up his eyes, and saw a great company come unto him, he saith unto Philip, Whence shall we buy bread, that these may eat? +And this he said to prove him: for he himself knew what he would do. +Philip answered him, Two hundred pennyworth of bread is not sufficient for them, that every one of them may take a little. +One of his disciples, Andrew, Simon Peter's brother, saith unto him, +There is a lad here, which hath five barley loaves, and two small fishes: but what are they among so many? +And Jesus said, Make the men sit down. Now there was much grass in the place. So the men sat down, in number about five thousand. +And Jesus took the loaves; and when he had given thanks, he distributed to the disciples, and the disciples to them that were set down; and likewise of the fishes as much as they would. +When they were filled, he said unto his disciples, Gather up the fragments that remain, that nothing be lost. +Therefore they gathered them together, and filled twelve baskets with the fragments of the five barley loaves, which remained over and above unto them that had eaten. +Then those men, when they had seen the miracle that Jesus did, said, This is of a truth that prophet that should come into the world. +When Jesus therefore perceived that they would come and take him by force, to make him a king, he departed again into a mountain himself alone. +And when even was now come, his disciples went down unto the sea, +And entered into a ship, and went over the sea toward Capernaum. And it was now dark, and Jesus was not come to them. +And the sea arose by reason of a great wind that blew. +So when they had rowed about five and twenty or thirty furlongs, they see Jesus walking on the sea, and drawing nigh unto the ship: and they were afraid. +But he saith unto them, It is I; be not afraid. +Then they willingly received him into the ship: and immediately the ship was at the land whither they went. +The day following, when the people which stood on the other side of the sea saw that there was none other boat there, save that one whereinto his disciples were entered, and that Jesus went not with his disciples into the boat, but that his disciples were gone away alone; +(Howbeit there came other boats from Tiberias nigh unto the place where they did eat bread, after that the Lord had given thanks:) +When the people therefore saw that Jesus was not there, neither his disciples, they also took shipping, and came to Capernaum, seeking for Jesus. +And when they had found him on the other side of the sea, they said unto him, Rabbi, when camest thou hither? +Jesus answered them and said, Verily, verily, I say unto you, Ye seek me, not because ye saw the miracles, but because ye did eat of the loaves, and were filled. +Labour not for the meat which perisheth, but for that meat which endureth unto everlasting life, which the Son of man shall give unto you: for him hath God the Father sealed. +Then said they unto him, What shall we do, that we might work the works of God? +Jesus answered and said unto them, This is the work of God, that ye believe on him whom he hath sent. +They said therefore unto him, What sign shewest thou then, that we may see, and believe thee? what dost thou work? +Our fathers did eat manna in the desert; as it is written, He gave them bread from heaven to eat. +Then Jesus said unto them, Verily, verily, I say unto you, Moses gave you not that bread from heaven; but my Father giveth you the true bread from heaven. +For the bread of God is he which cometh down from heaven, and giveth life unto the world. +Then said they unto him, Lord, evermore give us this bread. +And Jesus said unto them, I am the bread of life: he that cometh to me shall never hunger; and he that believeth on me shall never thirst. +But I said unto you, That ye also have seen me, and believe not. +All that the Father giveth me shall come to me; and him that cometh to me I will in no wise cast out. +For I came down from heaven, not to do mine own will, but the will of him that sent me. +And this is the Father's will which hath sent me, that of all which he hath given me I should lose nothing, but should raise it up again at the last day. +And this is the will of him that sent me, that every one which seeth the Son, and believeth on him, may have everlasting life: and I will raise him up at the last day. +The Jews then murmured at him, because he said, I am the bread which came down from heaven. +And they said, Is not this Jesus, the son of Joseph, whose father and mother we know? how is it then that he saith, I came down from heaven? +Jesus therefore answered and said unto them, Murmur not among yourselves. +No man can come to me, except the Father which hath sent me draw him: and I will raise him up at the last day. +It is written in the prophets, And they shall be all taught of God. Every man therefore that hath heard, and hath learned of the Father, cometh unto me. +Not that any man hath seen the Father, save he which is of God, he hath seen the Father. +Verily, verily, I say unto you, He that believeth on me hath everlasting life. +I am that bread of life. +Your fathers did eat manna in the wilderness, and are dead. +This is the bread which cometh down from heaven, that a man may eat thereof, and not die. +I am the living bread which came down from heaven: if any man eat of this bread, he shall live for ever: and the bread that I will give is my flesh, which I will give for the life of the world. +The Jews therefore strove among themselves, saying, How can this man give us his flesh to eat? +Then Jesus said unto them, Verily, verily, I say unto you, Except ye eat the flesh of the Son of man, and drink his blood, ye have no life in you. +Whoso eateth my flesh, and drinketh my blood, hath eternal life; and I will raise him up at the last day. +For my flesh is meat indeed, and my blood is drink indeed. +He that eateth my flesh, and drinketh my blood, dwelleth in me, and I in him. +As the living Father hath sent me, and I live by the Father: so he that eateth me, even he shall live by me. +This is that bread which came down from heaven: not as your fathers did eat manna, and are dead: he that eateth of this bread shall live for ever. +These things said he in the synagogue, as he taught in Capernaum. +Many therefore of his disciples, when they had heard this, said, This is an hard saying; who can hear it? +When Jesus knew in himself that his disciples murmured at it, he said unto them, Doth this offend you? +What and if ye shall see the Son of man ascend up where he was before? +It is the spirit that quickeneth; the flesh profiteth nothing: the words that I speak unto you, they are spirit, and they are life. +But there are some of you that believe not. For Jesus knew from the beginning who they were that believed not, and who should betray him. +And he said, Therefore said I unto you, that no man can come unto me, except it were given unto him of my Father. +From that time many of his disciples went back, and walked no more with him. +Then said Jesus unto the twelve, Will ye also go away? +Then Simon Peter answered him, Lord, to whom shall we go? thou hast the words of eternal life. +And we believe and are sure that thou art that Christ, the Son of the living God. +Jesus answered them, Have not I chosen you twelve, and one of you is a devil? +He spake of Judas Iscariot the son of Simon: for he it was that should betray him, being one of the twelve. +After these things Jesus walked in Galilee: for he would not walk in Jewry, because the Jews sought to kill him. +Now the Jew's feast of tabernacles was at hand. +His brethren therefore said unto him, Depart hence, and go into Judaea, that thy disciples also may see the works that thou doest. +For there is no man that doeth any thing in secret, and he himself seeketh to be known openly. If thou do these things, shew thyself to the world. +For neither did his brethren believe in him. +Then Jesus said unto them, My time is not yet come: but your time is alway ready. +The world cannot hate you; but me it hateth, because I testify of it, that the works thereof are evil. +Go ye up unto this feast: I go not up yet unto this feast: for my time is not yet full come. +When he had said these words unto them, he abode still in Galilee. +But when his brethren were gone up, then went he also up unto the feast, not openly, but as it were in secret. +Then the Jews sought him at the feast, and said, Where is he? +And there was much murmuring among the people concerning him: for some said, He is a good man: others said, Nay; but he deceiveth the people. +Howbeit no man spake openly of him for fear of the Jews. +Now about the midst of the feast Jesus went up into the temple, and taught. +And the Jews marvelled, saying, How knoweth this man letters, having never learned? +Jesus answered them, and said, My doctrine is not mine, but his that sent me. +If any man will do his will, he shall know of the doctrine, whether it be of God, or whether I speak of myself. +He that speaketh of himself seeketh his own glory: but he that seeketh his glory that sent him, the same is true, and no unrighteousness is in him. +Did not Moses give you the law, and yet none of you keepeth the law? Why go ye about to kill me? +The people answered and said, Thou hast a devil: who goeth about to kill thee? +Jesus answered and said unto them, I have done one work, and ye all marvel. +Moses therefore gave unto you circumcision; (not because it is of Moses, but of the fathers;) and ye on the sabbath day circumcise a man. +If a man on the sabbath day receive circumcision, that the law of Moses should not be broken; are ye angry at me, because I have made a man every whit whole on the sabbath day? +Judge not according to the appearance, but judge righteous judgment. +Then said some of them of Jerusalem, Is not this he, whom they seek to kill? +But, lo, he speaketh boldly, and they say nothing unto him. Do the rulers know indeed that this is the very Christ? +Howbeit we know this man whence he is: but when Christ cometh, no man knoweth whence he is. +Then cried Jesus in the temple as he taught, saying, Ye both know me, and ye know whence I am: and I am not come of myself, but he that sent me is true, whom ye know not. +But I know him: for I am from him, and he hath sent me. +Then they sought to take him: but no man laid hands on him, because his hour was not yet come. +And many of the people believed on him, and said, When Christ cometh, will he do more miracles than these which this man hath done? +The Pharisees heard that the people murmured such things concerning him; and the Pharisees and the chief priests sent officers to take him. +Then said Jesus unto them, Yet a little while am I with you, and then I go unto him that sent me. +Ye shall seek me, and shall not find me: and where I am, thither ye cannot come. +Then said the Jews among themselves, Whither will he go, that we shall not find him? will he go unto the dispersed among the Gentiles, and teach the Gentiles? +What manner of saying is this that he said, Ye shall seek me, and shall not find me: and where I am, thither ye cannot come? +In the last day, that great day of the feast, Jesus stood and cried, saying, If any man thirst, let him come unto me, and drink. +He that believeth on me, as the scripture hath said, out of his belly shall flow rivers of living water. +(But this spake he of the Spirit, which they that believe on him should receive: for the Holy Ghost was not yet given; because that Jesus was not yet glorified.) +Many of the people therefore, when they heard this saying, said, Of a truth this is the Prophet. +Others said, This is the Christ. But some said, Shall Christ come out of Galilee? +Hath not the scripture said, That Christ cometh of the seed of David, and out of the town of Bethlehem, where David was? +So there was a division among the people because of him. +And some of them would have taken him; but no man laid hands on him. +Then came the officers to the chief priests and Pharisees; and they said unto them, Why have ye not brought him? +The officers answered, Never man spake like this man. +Then answered them the Pharisees, Are ye also deceived? +Have any of the rulers or of the Pharisees believed on him? +But this people who knoweth not the law are cursed. +Nicodemus saith unto them, (he that came to Jesus by night, being one of them,) +Doth our law judge any man, before it hear him, and know what he doeth? +They answered and said unto him, Art thou also of Galilee? Search, and look: for out of Galilee ariseth no prophet. +And every man went unto his own house. +Jesus went unto the mount of Olives. +And early in the morning he came again into the temple, and all the people came unto him; and he sat down, and taught them. +And the scribes and Pharisees brought unto him a woman taken in adultery; and when they had set her in the midst, +They say unto him, Master, this woman was taken in adultery, in the very act. +Now Moses in the law commanded us, that such should be stoned: but what sayest thou? +This they said, tempting him, that they might have to accuse him. But Jesus stooped down, and with his finger wrote on the ground, as though he heard them not. +So when they continued asking him, he lifted up himself, and said unto them, He that is without sin among you, let him first cast a stone at her. +And again he stooped down, and wrote on the ground. +And they which heard it, being convicted by their own conscience, went out one by one, beginning at the eldest, even unto the last: and Jesus was left alone, and the woman standing in the midst. +When Jesus had lifted up himself, and saw none but the woman, he said unto her, Woman, where are those thine accusers? hath no man condemned thee? +She said, No man, Lord. And Jesus said unto her, Neither do I condemn thee: go, and sin no more. +Then spake Jesus again unto them, saying, I am the light of the world: he that followeth me shall not walk in darkness, but shall have the light of life. +The Pharisees therefore said unto him, Thou bearest record of thyself; thy record is not true. +Jesus answered and said unto them, Though I bear record of myself, yet my record is true: for I know whence I came, and whither I go; but ye cannot tell whence I come, and whither I go. +Ye judge after the flesh; I judge no man. +And yet if I judge, my judgment is true: for I am not alone, but I and the Father that sent me. +It is also written in your law, that the testimony of two men is true. +I am one that bear witness of myself, and the Father that sent me beareth witness of me. +Then said they unto him, Where is thy Father? Jesus answered, Ye neither know me, nor my Father: if ye had known me, ye should have known my Father also. +These words spake Jesus in the treasury, as he taught in the temple: and no man laid hands on him; for his hour was not yet come. +Then said Jesus again unto them, I go my way, and ye shall seek me, and shall die in your sins: whither I go, ye cannot come. +Then said the Jews, Will he kill himself? because he saith, Whither I go, ye cannot come. +And he said unto them, Ye are from beneath; I am from above: ye are of this world; I am not of this world. +I said therefore unto you, that ye shall die in your sins: for if ye believe not that I am he, ye shall die in your sins. +Then said they unto him, Who art thou? And Jesus saith unto them, Even the same that I said unto you from the beginning. +I have many things to say and to judge of you: but he that sent me is true; and I speak to the world those things which I have heard of him. +They understood not that he spake to them of the Father. +Then said Jesus unto them, When ye have lifted up the Son of man, then shall ye know that I am he, and that I do nothing of myself; but as my Father hath taught me, I speak these things. +And he that sent me is with me: the Father hath not left me alone; for I do always those things that please him. +As he spake these words, many believed on him. +Then said Jesus to those Jews which believed on him, If ye continue in my word, then are ye my disciples indeed; +And ye shall know the truth, and the truth shall make you free. +They answered him, We be Abraham's seed, and were never in bondage to any man: how sayest thou, Ye shall be made free? +Jesus answered them, Verily, verily, I say unto you, Whosoever committeth sin is the servant of sin. +And the servant abideth not in the house for ever: but the Son abideth ever. +If the Son therefore shall make you free, ye shall be free indeed. +I know that ye are Abraham's seed; but ye seek to kill me, because my word hath no place in you. +I speak that which I have seen with my Father: and ye do that which ye have seen with your father. +They answered and said unto him, Abraham is our father. Jesus saith unto them, If ye were Abraham's children, ye would do the works of Abraham. +But now ye seek to kill me, a man that hath told you the truth, which I have heard of God: this did not Abraham. +Ye do the deeds of your father. Then said they to him, We be not born of fornication; we have one Father, even God. +Jesus said unto them, If God were your Father, ye would love me: for I proceeded forth and came from God; neither came I of myself, but he sent me. +Why do ye not understand my speech? even because ye cannot hear my word. +Ye are of your father the devil, and the lusts of your father ye will do. He was a murderer from the beginning, and abode not in the truth, because there is no truth in him. When he speaketh a lie, he speaketh of his own: for he is a liar, and the father of it. +And because I tell you the truth, ye believe me not. +Which of you convinceth me of sin? And if I say the truth, why do ye not believe me? +He that is of God heareth God's words: ye therefore hear them not, because ye are not of God. +Then answered the Jews, and said unto him, Say we not well that thou art a Samaritan, and hast a devil? +Jesus answered, I have not a devil; but I honour my Father, and ye do dishonour me. +And I seek not mine own glory: there is one that seeketh and judgeth. +Verily, verily, I say unto you, If a man keep my saying, he shall never see death. +Then said the Jews unto him, Now we know that thou hast a devil. Abraham is dead, and the prophets; and thou sayest, If a man keep my saying, he shall never taste of death. +Art thou greater than our father Abraham, which is dead? and the prophets are dead: whom makest thou thyself? +Jesus answered, If I honour myself, my honour is nothing: it is my Father that honoureth me; of whom ye say, that he is your God: +Yet ye have not known him; but I know him: and if I should say, I know him not, I shall be a liar like unto you: but I know him, and keep his saying. +Your father Abraham rejoiced to see my day: and he saw it, and was glad. +Then said the Jews unto him, Thou art not yet fifty years old, and hast thou seen Abraham? +Jesus said unto them, Verily, verily, I say unto you, Before Abraham was, I am. +Then took they up stones to cast at him: but Jesus hid himself, and went out of the temple, going through the midst of them, and so passed by. +And as Jesus passed by, he saw a man which was blind from his birth. +And his disciples asked him, saying, Master, who did sin, this man, or his parents, that he was born blind? +Jesus answered, Neither hath this man sinned, nor his parents: but that the works of God should be made manifest in him. +I must work the works of him that sent me, while it is day: the night cometh, when no man can work. +As long as I am in the world, I am the light of the world. +When he had thus spoken, he spat on the ground, and made clay of the spittle, and he anointed the eyes of the blind man with the clay, +And said unto him, Go, wash in the pool of Siloam, (which is by interpretation, Sent.) He went his way therefore, and washed, and came seeing. +The neighbours therefore, and they which before had seen him that he was blind, said, Is not this he that sat and begged? +Some said, This is he: others said, He is like him: but he said, I am he. +Therefore said they unto him, How were thine eyes opened? +He answered and said, A man that is called Jesus made clay, and anointed mine eyes, and said unto me, Go to the pool of Siloam, and wash: and I went and washed, and I received sight. +Then said they unto him, Where is he? He said, I know not. +They brought to the Pharisees him that aforetime was blind. +And it was the sabbath day when Jesus made the clay, and opened his eyes. +Then again the Pharisees also asked him how he had received his sight. He said unto them, He put clay upon mine eyes, and I washed, and do see. +Therefore said some of the Pharisees, This man is not of God, because he keepeth not the sabbath day. Others said, How can a man that is a sinner do such miracles? And there was a division among them. +They say unto the blind man again, What sayest thou of him, that he hath opened thine eyes? He said, He is a prophet. +But the Jews did not believe concerning him, that he had been blind, and received his sight, until they called the parents of him that had received his sight. +And they asked them, saying, Is this your son, who ye say was born blind? how then doth he now see? +His parents answered them and said, We know that this is our son, and that he was born blind: +But by what means he now seeth, we know not; or who hath opened his eyes, we know not: he is of age; ask him: he shall speak for himself. +These words spake his parents, because they feared the Jews: for the Jews had agreed already, that if any man did confess that he was Christ, he should be put out of the synagogue. +Therefore said his parents, He is of age; ask him. +Then again called they the man that was blind, and said unto him, Give God the praise: we know that this man is a sinner. +He answered and said, Whether he be a sinner or no, I know not: one thing I know, that, whereas I was blind, now I see. +Then said they to him again, What did he to thee? how opened he thine eyes? +He answered them, I have told you already, and ye did not hear: wherefore would ye hear it again? will ye also be his disciples? +Then they reviled him, and said, Thou art his disciple; but we are Moses' disciples. +We know that God spake unto Moses: as for this fellow, we know not from whence he is. +The man answered and said unto them, Why herein is a marvellous thing, that ye know not from whence he is, and yet he hath opened mine eyes. +Now we know that God heareth not sinners: but if any man be a worshipper of God, and doeth his will, him he heareth. +Since the world began was it not heard that any man opened the eyes of one that was born blind. +If this man were not of God, he could do nothing. +They answered and said unto him, Thou wast altogether born in sins, and dost thou teach us? And they cast him out. +Jesus heard that they had cast him out; and when he had found him, he said unto him, Dost thou believe on the Son of God? +He answered and said, Who is he, Lord, that I might believe on him? +And Jesus said unto him, Thou hast both seen him, and it is he that talketh with thee. +And he said, Lord, I believe. And he worshipped him. +And Jesus said, For judgment I am come into this world, that they which see not might see; and that they which see might be made blind. +And some of the Pharisees which were with him heard these words, and said unto him, Are we blind also? +Jesus said unto them, If ye were blind, ye should have no sin: but now ye say, We see; therefore your sin remaineth. +Verily, verily, I say unto you, He that entereth not by the door into the sheepfold, but climbeth up some other way, the same is a thief and a robber. +But he that entereth in by the door is the shepherd of the sheep. +To him the porter openeth; and the sheep hear his voice: and he calleth his own sheep by name, and leadeth them out. +And when he putteth forth his own sheep, he goeth before them, and the sheep follow him: for they know his voice. +And a stranger will they not follow, but will flee from him: for they know not the voice of strangers. +This parable spake Jesus unto them: but they understood not what things they were which he spake unto them. +Then said Jesus unto them again, Verily, verily, I say unto you, I am the door of the sheep. +All that ever came before me are thieves and robbers: but the sheep did not hear them. +I am the door: by me if any man enter in, he shall be saved, and shall go in and out, and find pasture. +The thief cometh not, but for to steal, and to kill, and to destroy: I am come that they might have life, and that they might have it more abundantly. +I am the good shepherd: the good shepherd giveth his life for the sheep. +But he that is an hireling, and not the shepherd, whose own the sheep are not, seeth the wolf coming, and leaveth the sheep, and fleeth: and the wolf catcheth them, and scattereth the sheep. +The hireling fleeth, because he is an hireling, and careth not for the sheep. +I am the good shepherd, and know my sheep, and am known of mine. +As the Father knoweth me, even so know I the Father: and I lay down my life for the sheep. +And other sheep I have, which are not of this fold: them also I must bring, and they shall hear my voice; and there shall be one fold, and one shepherd. +Therefore doth my Father love me, because I lay down my life, that I might take it again. +No man taketh it from me, but I lay it down of myself. I have power to lay it down, and I have power to take it again. This commandment have I received of my Father. +There was a division therefore again among the Jews for these sayings. +And many of them said, He hath a devil, and is mad; why hear ye him? +Others said, These are not the words of him that hath a devil. Can a devil open the eyes of the blind? +And it was at Jerusalem the feast of the dedication, and it was winter. +And Jesus walked in the temple in Solomon's porch. +Then came the Jews round about him, and said unto him, How long dost thou make us to doubt? If thou be the Christ, tell us plainly. +Jesus answered them, I told you, and ye believed not: the works that I do in my Father's name, they bear witness of me. +But ye believe not, because ye are not of my sheep, as I said unto you. +My sheep hear my voice, and I know them, and they follow me: +And I give unto them eternal life; and they shall never perish, neither shall any man pluck them out of my hand. +My Father, which gave them me, is greater than all; and no man is able to pluck them out of my Father's hand. +I and my Father are one. +Then the Jews took up stones again to stone him. +Jesus answered them, Many good works have I shewed you from my Father; for which of those works do ye stone me? +The Jews answered him, saying, For a good work we stone thee not; but for blasphemy; and because that thou, being a man, makest thyself God. +Jesus answered them, Is it not written in your law, I said, Ye are gods? +If he called them gods, unto whom the word of God came, and the scripture cannot be broken; +Say ye of him, whom the Father hath sanctified, and sent into the world, Thou blasphemest; because I said, I am the Son of God? +If I do not the works of my Father, believe me not. +But if I do, though ye believe not me, believe the works: that ye may know, and believe, that the Father is in me, and I in him. +Therefore they sought again to take him: but he escaped out of their hand, +And went away again beyond Jordan into the place where John at first baptized; and there he abode. +And many resorted unto him, and said, John did no miracle: but all things that John spake of this man were true. +And many believed on him there. +Now a certain man was sick, named Lazarus, of Bethany, the town of Mary and her sister Martha. +(It was that Mary which anointed the Lord with ointment, and wiped his feet with her hair, whose brother Lazarus was sick.) +Therefore his sisters sent unto him, saying, Lord, behold, he whom thou lovest is sick. +When Jesus heard that, he said, This sickness is not unto death, but for the glory of God, that the Son of God might be glorified thereby. +Now Jesus loved Martha, and her sister, and Lazarus. +When he had heard therefore that he was sick, he abode two days still in the same place where he was. +Then after that saith he to his disciples, Let us go into Judaea again. +His disciples say unto him, Master, the Jews of late sought to stone thee; and goest thou thither again? +Jesus answered, Are there not twelve hours in the day? If any man walk in the day, he stumbleth not, because he seeth the light of this world. +But if a man walk in the night, he stumbleth, because there is no light in him. +These things said he: and after that he saith unto them, Our friend Lazarus sleepeth; but I go, that I may awake him out of sleep. +Then said his disciples, Lord, if he sleep, he shall do well. +Howbeit Jesus spake of his death: but they thought that he had spoken of taking of rest in sleep. +Then said Jesus unto them plainly, Lazarus is dead. +And I am glad for your sakes that I was not there, to the intent ye may believe; nevertheless let us go unto him. +Then said Thomas, which is called Didymus, unto his fellowdisciples, Let us also go, that we may die with him. +Then when Jesus came, he found that he had lain in the grave four days already. +Now Bethany was nigh unto Jerusalem, about fifteen furlongs off: +And many of the Jews came to Martha and Mary, to comfort them concerning their brother. +Then Martha, as soon as she heard that Jesus was coming, went and met him: but Mary sat still in the house. +Then said Martha unto Jesus, Lord, if thou hadst been here, my brother had not died. +But I know, that even now, whatsoever thou wilt ask of God, God will give it thee. +Jesus saith unto her, Thy brother shall rise again. +Martha saith unto him, I know that he shall rise again in the resurrection at the last day. +Jesus said unto her, I am the resurrection, and the life: he that believeth in me, though he were dead, yet shall he live: +And whosoever liveth and believeth in me shall never die. Believest thou this? +She saith unto him, Yea, Lord: I believe that thou art the Christ, the Son of God, which should come into the world. +And when she had so said, she went her way, and called Mary her sister secretly, saying, The Master is come, and calleth for thee. +As soon as she heard that, she arose quickly, and came unto him. +Now Jesus was not yet come into the town, but was in that place where Martha met him. +The Jews then which were with her in the house, and comforted her, when they saw Mary, that she rose up hastily and went out, followed her, saying, She goeth unto the grave to weep there. +Then when Mary was come where Jesus was, and saw him, she fell down at his feet, saying unto him, Lord, if thou hadst been here, my brother had not died. +When Jesus therefore saw her weeping, and the Jews also weeping which came with her, he groaned in the spirit, and was troubled. +And said, Where have ye laid him? They said unto him, Lord, come and see. +Jesus wept. +Then said the Jews, Behold how he loved him! +And some of them said, Could not this man, which opened the eyes of the blind, have caused that even this man should not have died? +Jesus therefore again groaning in himself cometh to the grave. It was a cave, and a stone lay upon it. +Jesus said, Take ye away the stone. Martha, the sister of him that was dead, saith unto him, Lord, by this time he stinketh: for he hath been dead four days. +Jesus saith unto her, Said I not unto thee, that, if thou wouldest believe, thou shouldest see the glory of God? +Then they took away the stone from the place where the dead was laid. And Jesus lifted up his eyes, and said, Father, I thank thee that thou hast heard me. +And I knew that thou hearest me always: but because of the people which stand by I said it, that they may believe that thou hast sent me. +And when he thus had spoken, he cried with a loud voice, Lazarus, come forth. +And he that was dead came forth, bound hand and foot with graveclothes: and his face was bound about with a napkin. Jesus saith unto them, Loose him, and let him go. +Then many of the Jews which came to Mary, and had seen the things which Jesus did, believed on him. +But some of them went their ways to the Pharisees, and told them what things Jesus had done. +Then gathered the chief priests and the Pharisees a council, and said, What do we? for this man doeth many miracles. +If we let him thus alone, all men will believe on him: and the Romans shall come and take away both our place and nation. +And one of them, named Caiaphas, being the high priest that same year, said unto them, Ye know nothing at all, +Nor consider that it is expedient for us, that one man should die for the people, and that the whole nation perish not. +And this spake he not of himself: but being high priest that year, he prophesied that Jesus should die for that nation; +And not for that nation only, but that also he should gather together in one the children of God that were scattered abroad. +Then from that day forth they took counsel together for to put him to death. +Jesus therefore walked no more openly among the Jews; but went thence unto a country near to the wilderness, into a city called Ephraim, and there continued with his disciples. +And the Jews' passover was nigh at hand: and many went out of the country up to Jerusalem before the passover, to purify themselves. +Then sought they for Jesus, and spake among themselves, as they stood in the temple, What think ye, that he will not come to the feast? +Now both the chief priests and the Pharisees had given a commandment, that, if any man knew where he were, he should shew it, that they might take him. +Then Jesus six days before the passover came to Bethany, where Lazarus was, which had been dead, whom he raised from the dead. +There they made him a supper; and Martha served: but Lazarus was one of them that sat at the table with him. +Then took Mary a pound of ointment of spikenard, very costly, and anointed the feet of Jesus, and wiped his feet with her hair: and the house was filled with the odour of the ointment. +Then saith one of his disciples, Judas Iscariot, Simon's son, which should betray him, +Why was not this ointment sold for three hundred pence, and given to the poor? +This he said, not that he cared for the poor; but because he was a thief, and had the bag, and bare what was put therein. +Then said Jesus, Let her alone: against the day of my burying hath she kept this. +For the poor always ye have with you; but me ye have not always. +Much people of the Jews therefore knew that he was there: and they came not for Jesus' sake only, but that they might see Lazarus also, whom he had raised from the dead. +But the chief priests consulted that they might put Lazarus also to death; +Because that by reason of him many of the Jews went away, and believed on Jesus. +On the next day much people that were come to the feast, when they heard that Jesus was coming to Jerusalem, +Took branches of palm trees, and went forth to meet him, and cried, Hosanna: Blessed is the King of Israel that cometh in the name of the Lord. +And Jesus, when he had found a young ass, sat thereon; as it is written, +Fear not, daughter of Sion: behold, thy King cometh, sitting on an ass's colt. +These things understood not his disciples at the first: but when Jesus was glorified, then remembered they that these things were written of him, and that they had done these things unto him. +The people therefore that was with him when he called Lazarus out of his grave, and raised him from the dead, bare record. +For this cause the people also met him, for that they heard that he had done this miracle. +The Pharisees therefore said among themselves, Perceive ye how ye prevail nothing? behold, the world is gone after him. +And there were certain Greeks among them that came up to worship at the feast: +The same came therefore to Philip, which was of Bethsaida of Galilee, and desired him, saying, Sir, we would see Jesus. +Philip cometh and telleth Andrew: and again Andrew and Philip tell Jesus. +And Jesus answered them, saying, The hour is come, that the Son of man should be glorified. +Verily, verily, I say unto you, Except a corn of wheat fall into the ground and die, it abideth alone: but if it die, it bringeth forth much fruit. +He that loveth his life shall lose it; and he that hateth his life in this world shall keep it unto life eternal. +If any man serve me, let him follow me; and where I am, there shall also my servant be: if any man serve me, him will my Father honour. +Now is my soul troubled; and what shall I say? Father, save me from this hour: but for this cause came I unto this hour. +Father, glorify thy name. Then came there a voice from heaven, saying, I have both glorified it, and will glorify it again. +The people therefore, that stood by, and heard it, said that it thundered: others said, An angel spake to him. +Jesus answered and said, This voice came not because of me, but for your sakes. +Now is the judgment of this world: now shall the prince of this world be cast out. +And I, if I be lifted up from the earth, will draw all men unto me. +This he said, signifying what death he should die. +The people answered him, We have heard out of the law that Christ abideth for ever: and how sayest thou, The Son of man must be lifted up? who is this Son of man? +Then Jesus said unto them, Yet a little while is the light with you. Walk while ye have the light, lest darkness come upon you: for he that walketh in darkness knoweth not whither he goeth. +While ye have light, believe in the light, that ye may be the children of light. These things spake Jesus, and departed, and did hide himself from them. +But though he had done so many miracles before them, yet they believed not on him: +That the saying of Esaias the prophet might be fulfilled, which he spake, Lord, who hath believed our report? and to whom hath the arm of the Lord been revealed? +Therefore they could not believe, because that Esaias said again, +He hath blinded their eyes, and hardened their heart; that they should not see with their eyes, nor understand with their heart, and be converted, and I should heal them. +These things said Esaias, when he saw his glory, and spake of him. +Nevertheless among the chief rulers also many believed on him; but because of the Pharisees they did not confess him, lest they should be put out of the synagogue: +For they loved the praise of men more than the praise of God. +Jesus cried and said, He that believeth on me, believeth not on me, but on him that sent me. +And he that seeth me seeth him that sent me. +I am come a light into the world, that whosoever believeth on me should not abide in darkness. +And if any man hear my words, and believe not, I judge him not: for I came not to judge the world, but to save the world. +He that rejecteth me, and receiveth not my words, hath one that judgeth him: the word that I have spoken, the same shall judge him in the last day. +For I have not spoken of myself; but the Father which sent me, he gave me a commandment, what I should say, and what I should speak. +And I know that his commandment is life everlasting: whatsoever I speak therefore, even as the Father said unto me, so I speak. +Now before the feast of the passover, when Jesus knew that his hour was come that he should depart out of this world unto the Father, having loved his own which were in the world, he loved them unto the end. +And supper being ended, the devil having now put into the heart of Judas Iscariot, Simon's son, to betray him; +Jesus knowing that the Father had given all things into his hands, and that he was come from God, and went to God; +He riseth from supper, and laid aside his garments; and took a towel, and girded himself. +After that he poureth water into a bason, and began to wash the disciples' feet, and to wipe them with the towel wherewith he was girded. +Then cometh he to Simon Peter: and Peter saith unto him, Lord, dost thou wash my feet? +Jesus answered and said unto him, What I do thou knowest not now; but thou shalt know hereafter. +Peter saith unto him, Thou shalt never wash my feet. Jesus answered him, If I wash thee not, thou hast no part with me. +Simon Peter saith unto him, Lord, not my feet only, but also my hands and my head. +Jesus saith to him, He that is washed needeth not save to wash his feet, but is clean every whit: and ye are clean, but not all. +For he knew who should betray him; therefore said he, Ye are not all clean. +So after he had washed their feet, and had taken his garments, and was set down again, he said unto them, Know ye what I have done to you? +Ye call me Master and Lord: and ye say well; for so I am. +If I then, your Lord and Master, have washed your feet; ye also ought to wash one another's feet. +For I have given you an example, that ye should do as I have done to you. +Verily, verily, I say unto you, The servant is not greater than his lord; neither he that is sent greater than he that sent him. +If ye know these things, happy are ye if ye do them. +I speak not of you all: I know whom I have chosen: but that the scripture may be fulfilled, He that eateth bread with me hath lifted up his heel against me. +Now I tell you before it come, that, when it is come to pass, ye may believe that I am he. +Verily, verily, I say unto you, He that receiveth whomsoever I send receiveth me; and he that receiveth me receiveth him that sent me. +When Jesus had thus said, he was troubled in spirit, and testified, and said, Verily, verily, I say unto you, that one of you shall betray me. +Then the disciples looked one on another, doubting of whom he spake. +Now there was leaning on Jesus' bosom one of his disciples, whom Jesus loved. +Simon Peter therefore beckoned to him, that he should ask who it should be of whom he spake. +He then lying on Jesus' breast saith unto him, Lord, who is it? +Jesus answered, He it is, to whom I shall give a sop, when I have dipped it. And when he had dipped the sop, he gave it to Judas Iscariot, the son of Simon. +And after the sop Satan entered into him. Then said Jesus unto him, That thou doest, do quickly. +Now no man at the table knew for what intent he spake this unto him. +For some of them thought, because Judas had the bag, that Jesus had said unto him, Buy those things that we have need of against the feast; or, that he should give something to the poor. +He then having received the sop went immediately out: and it was night. +Therefore, when he was gone out, Jesus said, Now is the Son of man glorified, and God is glorified in him. +If God be glorified in him, God shall also glorify him in himself, and shall straightway glorify him. +Little children, yet a little while I am with you. Ye shall seek me: and as I said unto the Jews, Whither I go, ye cannot come; so now I say to you. +A new commandment I give unto you, That ye love one another; as I have loved you, that ye also love one another. +By this shall all men know that ye are my disciples, if ye have love one to another. +Simon Peter said unto him, Lord, whither goest thou? Jesus answered him, Whither I go, thou canst not follow me now; but thou shalt follow me afterwards. +Peter said unto him, Lord, why cannot I follow thee now? I will lay down my life for thy sake. +Jesus answered him, Wilt thou lay down thy life for my sake? Verily, verily, I say unto thee, The cock shall not crow, till thou hast denied me thrice. +Let not your heart be troubled: ye believe in God, believe also in me. +In my Father's house are many mansions: if it were not so, I would have told you. I go to prepare a place for you. +And if I go and prepare a place for you, I will come again, and receive you unto myself; that where I am, there ye may be also. +And whither I go ye know, and the way ye know. +Thomas saith unto him, Lord, we know not whither thou goest; and how can we know the way? +Jesus saith unto him, I am the way, the truth, and the life: no man cometh unto the Father, but by me. +If ye had known me, ye should have known my Father also: and from henceforth ye know him, and have seen him. +Philip saith unto him, Lord, shew us the Father, and it sufficeth us. +Jesus saith unto him, Have I been so long time with you, and yet hast thou not known me, Philip? he that hath seen me hath seen the Father; and how sayest thou then, Shew us the Father? +Believest thou not that I am in the Father, and the Father in me? the words that I speak unto you I speak not of myself: but the Father that dwelleth in me, he doeth the works. +Believe me that I am in the Father, and the Father in me: or else believe me for the very works' sake. +Verily, verily, I say unto you, He that believeth on me, the works that I do shall he do also; and greater works than these shall he do; because I go unto my Father. +And whatsoever ye shall ask in my name, that will I do, that the Father may be glorified in the Son. +If ye shall ask any thing in my name, I will do it. +If ye love me, keep my commandments. +And I will pray the Father, and he shall give you another Comforter, that he may abide with you for ever; +Even the Spirit of truth; whom the world cannot receive, because it seeth him not, neither knoweth him: but ye know him; for he dwelleth with you, and shall be in you. +I will not leave you comfortless: I will come to you. +Yet a little while, and the world seeth me no more; but ye see me: because I live, ye shall live also. +At that day ye shall know that I am in my Father, and ye in me, and I in you. +He that hath my commandments, and keepeth them, he it is that loveth me: and he that loveth me shall be loved of my Father, and I will love him, and will manifest myself to him. +Judas saith unto him, not Iscariot, Lord, how is it that thou wilt manifest thyself unto us, and not unto the world? +Jesus answered and said unto him, If a man love me, he will keep my words: and my Father will love him, and we will come unto him, and make our abode with him. +He that loveth me not keepeth not my sayings: and the word which ye hear is not mine, but the Father's which sent me. +These things have I spoken unto you, being yet present with you. +But the Comforter, which is the Holy Ghost, whom the Father will send in my name, he shall teach you all things, and bring all things to your remembrance, whatsoever I have said unto you. +Peace I leave with you, my peace I give unto you: not as the world giveth, give I unto you. Let not your heart be troubled, neither let it be afraid. +Ye have heard how I said unto you, I go away, and come again unto you. If ye loved me, ye would rejoice, because I said, I go unto the Father: for my Father is greater than I. +And now I have told you before it come to pass, that, when it is come to pass, ye might believe. +Hereafter I will not talk much with you: for the prince of this world cometh, and hath nothing in me. +But that the world may know that I love the Father; and as the Father gave me commandment, even so I do. Arise, let us go hence. +I am the true vine, and my Father is the husbandman. +Every branch in me that beareth not fruit he taketh away: and every branch that beareth fruit, he purgeth it, that it may bring forth more fruit. +Now ye are clean through the word which I have spoken unto you. +Abide in me, and I in you. As the branch cannot bear fruit of itself, except it abide in the vine; no more can ye, except ye abide in me. +I am the vine, ye are the branches: He that abideth in me, and I in him, the same bringeth forth much fruit: for without me ye can do nothing. +If a man abide not in me, he is cast forth as a branch, and is withered; and men gather them, and cast them into the fire, and they are burned. +If ye abide in me, and my words abide in you, ye shall ask what ye will, and it shall be done unto you. +Herein is my Father glorified, that ye bear much fruit; so shall ye be my disciples. +As the Father hath loved me, so have I loved you: continue ye in my love. +If ye keep my commandments, ye shall abide in my love; even as I have kept my Father's commandments, and abide in his love. +These things have I spoken unto you, that my joy might remain in you, and that your joy might be full. +This is my commandment, That ye love one another, as I have loved you. +Greater love hath no man than this, that a man lay down his life for his friends. +Ye are my friends, if ye do whatsoever I command you. +Henceforth I call you not servants; for the servant knoweth not what his lord doeth: but I have called you friends; for all things that I have heard of my Father I have made known unto you. +Ye have not chosen me, but I have chosen you, and ordained you, that ye should go and bring forth fruit, and that your fruit should remain: that whatsoever ye shall ask of the Father in my name, he may give it you. +These things I command you, that ye love one another. +If the world hate you, ye know that it hated me before it hated you. +If ye were of the world, the world would love his own: but because ye are not of the world, but I have chosen you out of the world, therefore the world hateth you. +Remember the word that I said unto you, The servant is not greater than his lord. If they have persecuted me, they will also persecute you; if they have kept my saying, they will keep yours also. +But all these things will they do unto you for my name's sake, because they know not him that sent me. +If I had not come and spoken unto them, they had not had sin: but now they have no cloak for their sin. +He that hateth me hateth my Father also. +If I had not done among them the works which none other man did, they had not had sin: but now have they both seen and hated both me and my Father. +But this cometh to pass, that the word might be fulfilled that is written in their law, They hated me without a cause. +But when the Comforter is come, whom I will send unto you from the Father, even the Spirit of truth, which proceedeth from the Father, he shall testify of me: +And ye also shall bear witness, because ye have been with me from the beginning. +These things have I spoken unto you, that ye should not be offended. +They shall put you out of the synagogues: yea, the time cometh, that whosoever killeth you will think that he doeth God service. +And these things will they do unto you, because they have not known the Father, nor me. +But these things have I told you, that when the time shall come, ye may remember that I told you of them. And these things I said not unto you at the beginning, because I was with you. +But now I go my way to him that sent me; and none of you asketh me, Whither goest thou? +But because I have said these things unto you, sorrow hath filled your heart. +Nevertheless I tell you the truth; It is expedient for you that I go away: for if I go not away, the Comforter will not come unto you; but if I depart, I will send him unto you. +And when he is come, he will reprove the world of sin, and of righteousness, and of judgment: +Of sin, because they believe not on me; +Of righteousness, because I go to my Father, and ye see me no more; +Of judgment, because the prince of this world is judged. +I have yet many things to say unto you, but ye cannot bear them now. +Howbeit when he, the Spirit of truth, is come, he will guide you into all truth: for he shall not speak of himself; but whatsoever he shall hear, that shall he speak: and he will shew you things to come. +He shall glorify me: for he shall receive of mine, and shall shew it unto you. +All things that the Father hath are mine: therefore said I, that he shall take of mine, and shall shew it unto you. +A little while, and ye shall not see me: and again, a little while, and ye shall see me, because I go to the Father. +Then said some of his disciples among themselves, What is this that he saith unto us, A little while, and ye shall not see me: and again, a little while, and ye shall see me: and, Because I go to the Father? +They said therefore, What is this that he saith, A little while? we cannot tell what he saith. +Now Jesus knew that they were desirous to ask him, and said unto them, Do ye enquire among yourselves of that I said, A little while, and ye shall not see me: and again, a little while, and ye shall see me? +Verily, verily, I say unto you, That ye shall weep and lament, but the world shall rejoice: and ye shall be sorrowful, but your sorrow shall be turned into joy. +A woman when she is in travail hath sorrow, because her hour is come: but as soon as she is delivered of the child, she remembereth no more the anguish, for joy that a man is born into the world. +And ye now therefore have sorrow: but I will see you again, and your heart shall rejoice, and your joy no man taketh from you. +And in that day ye shall ask me nothing. Verily, verily, I say unto you, Whatsoever ye shall ask the Father in my name, he will give it you. +Hitherto have ye asked nothing in my name: ask, and ye shall receive, that your joy may be full. +These things have I spoken unto you in proverbs: but the time cometh, when I shall no more speak unto you in proverbs, but I shall shew you plainly of the Father. +At that day ye shall ask in my name: and I say not unto you, that I will pray the Father for you: +For the Father himself loveth you, because ye have loved me, and have believed that I came out from God. +I came forth from the Father, and am come into the world: again, I leave the world, and go to the Father. +His disciples said unto him, Lo, now speakest thou plainly, and speakest no proverb. +Now are we sure that thou knowest all things, and needest not that any man should ask thee: by this we believe that thou camest forth from God. +Jesus answered them, Do ye now believe? +Behold, the hour cometh, yea, is now come, that ye shall be scattered, every man to his own, and shall leave me alone: and yet I am not alone, because the Father is with me. +These things I have spoken unto you, that in me ye might have peace. In the world ye shall have tribulation: but be of good cheer; I have overcome the world. +These words spake Jesus, and lifted up his eyes to heaven, and said, Father, the hour is come; glorify thy Son, that thy Son also may glorify thee: +As thou hast given him power over all flesh, that he should give eternal life to as many as thou hast given him. +And this is life eternal, that they might know thee the only true God, and Jesus Christ, whom thou hast sent. +I have glorified thee on the earth: I have finished the work which thou gavest me to do. +And now, O Father, glorify thou me with thine own self with the glory which I had with thee before the world was. +I have manifested thy name unto the men which thou gavest me out of the world: thine they were, and thou gavest them me; and they have kept thy word. +Now they have known that all things whatsoever thou hast given me are of thee. +For I have given unto them the words which thou gavest me; and they have received them, and have known surely that I came out from thee, and they have believed that thou didst send me. +I pray for them: I pray not for the world, but for them which thou hast given me; for they are thine. +And all mine are thine, and thine are mine; and I am glorified in them. +And now I am no more in the world, but these are in the world, and I come to thee. Holy Father, keep through thine own name those whom thou hast given me, that they may be one, as we are. +While I was with them in the world, I kept them in thy name: those that thou gavest me I have kept, and none of them is lost, but the son of perdition; that the scripture might be fulfilled. +And now come I to thee; and these things I speak in the world, that they might have my joy fulfilled in themselves. +I have given them thy word; and the world hath hated them, because they are not of the world, even as I am not of the world. +I pray not that thou shouldest take them out of the world, but that thou shouldest keep them from the evil. +They are not of the world, even as I am not of the world. +Sanctify them through thy truth: thy word is truth. +As thou hast sent me into the world, even so have I also sent them into the world. +And for their sakes I sanctify myself, that they also might be sanctified through the truth. +Neither pray I for these alone, but for them also which shall believe on me through their word; +That they all may be one; as thou, Father, art in me, and I in thee, that they also may be one in us: that the world may believe that thou hast sent me. +And the glory which thou gavest me I have given them; that they may be one, even as we are one: +I in them, and thou in me, that they may be made perfect in one; and that the world may know that thou hast sent me, and hast loved them, as thou hast loved me. +Father, I will that they also, whom thou hast given me, be with me where I am; that they may behold my glory, which thou hast given me: for thou lovedst me before the foundation of the world. +O righteous Father, the world hath not known thee: but I have known thee, and these have known that thou hast sent me. +And I have declared unto them thy name, and will declare it: that the love wherewith thou hast loved me may be in them, and I in them. +When Jesus had spoken these words, he went forth with his disciples over the brook Cedron, where was a garden, into the which he entered, and his disciples. +And Judas also, which betrayed him, knew the place: for Jesus ofttimes resorted thither with his disciples. +Judas then, having received a band of men and officers from the chief priests and Pharisees, cometh thither with lanterns and torches and weapons. +Jesus therefore, knowing all things that should come upon him, went forth, and said unto them, Whom seek ye? +They answered him, Jesus of Nazareth. Jesus saith unto them, I am he. And Judas also, which betrayed him, stood with them. +As soon then as he had said unto them, I am he, they went backward, and fell to the ground. +Then asked he them again, Whom seek ye? And they said, Jesus of Nazareth. +Jesus answered, I have told you that I am he: if therefore ye seek me, let these go their way: +That the saying might be fulfilled, which he spake, Of them which thou gavest me have I lost none. +Then Simon Peter having a sword drew it, and smote the high priest's servant, and cut off his right ear. The servant's name was Malchus. +Then said Jesus unto Peter, Put up thy sword into the sheath: the cup which my Father hath given me, shall I not drink it? +Then the band and the captain and officers of the Jews took Jesus, and bound him, +And led him away to Annas first; for he was father in law to Caiaphas, which was the high priest that same year. +Now Caiaphas was he, which gave counsel to the Jews, that it was expedient that one man should die for the people. +And Simon Peter followed Jesus, and so did another disciple: that disciple was known unto the high priest, and went in with Jesus into the palace of the high priest. +But Peter stood at the door without. Then went out that other disciple, which was known unto the high priest, and spake unto her that kept the door, and brought in Peter. +Then saith the damsel that kept the door unto Peter, Art not thou also one of this man's disciples? He saith, I am not. +And the servants and officers stood there, who had made a fire of coals; for it was cold: and they warmed themselves: and Peter stood with them, and warmed himself. +The high priest then asked Jesus of his disciples, and of his doctrine. +Jesus answered him, I spake openly to the world; I ever taught in the synagogue, and in the temple, whither the Jews always resort; and in secret have I said nothing. +Why askest thou me? ask them which heard me, what I have said unto them: behold, they know what I said. +And when he had thus spoken, one of the officers which stood by struck Jesus with the palm of his hand, saying, Answerest thou the high priest so? +Jesus answered him, If I have spoken evil, bear witness of the evil: but if well, why smitest thou me? +Now Annas had sent him bound unto Caiaphas the high priest. +And Simon Peter stood and warmed himself. They said therefore unto him, Art not thou also one of his disciples? He denied it, and said, I am not. +One of the servants of the high priest, being his kinsman whose ear Peter cut off, saith, Did not I see thee in the garden with him? +Peter then denied again: and immediately the cock crew. +Then led they Jesus from Caiaphas unto the hall of judgment: and it was early; and they themselves went not into the judgment hall, lest they should be defiled; but that they might eat the passover. +Pilate then went out unto them, and said, What accusation bring ye against this man? +They answered and said unto him, If he were not a malefactor, we would not have delivered him up unto thee. +Then said Pilate unto them, Take ye him, and judge him according to your law. The Jews therefore said unto him, It is not lawful for us to put any man to death: +That the saying of Jesus might be fulfilled, which he spake, signifying what death he should die. +Then Pilate entered into the judgment hall again, and called Jesus, and said unto him, Art thou the King of the Jews? +Jesus answered him, Sayest thou this thing of thyself, or did others tell it thee of me? +Pilate answered, Am I a Jew? Thine own nation and the chief priests have delivered thee unto me: what hast thou done? +Jesus answered, My kingdom is not of this world: if my kingdom were of this world, then would my servants fight, that I should not be delivered to the Jews: but now is my kingdom not from hence. +Pilate therefore said unto him, Art thou a king then? Jesus answered, Thou sayest that I am a king. To this end was I born, and for this cause came I into the world, that I should bear witness unto the truth. Every one that is of the truth heareth my voice. +Pilate saith unto him, What is truth? And when he had said this, he went out again unto the Jews, and saith unto them, I find in him no fault at all. +But ye have a custom, that I should release unto you one at the passover: will ye therefore that I release unto you the King of the Jews? +Then cried they all again, saying, Not this man, but Barabbas. Now Barabbas was a robber. +Then Pilate therefore took Jesus, and scourged him. +And the soldiers platted a crown of thorns, and put it on his head, and they put on him a purple robe, +And said, Hail, King of the Jews! and they smote him with their hands. +Pilate therefore went forth again, and saith unto them, Behold, I bring him forth to you, that ye may know that I find no fault in him. +Then came Jesus forth, wearing the crown of thorns, and the purple robe. And Pilate saith unto them, Behold the man! +When the chief priests therefore and officers saw him, they cried out, saying, Crucify him, crucify him. Pilate saith unto them, Take ye him, and crucify him: for I find no fault in him. +The Jews answered him, We have a law, and by our law he ought to die, because he made himself the Son of God. +When Pilate therefore heard that saying, he was the more afraid; +And went again into the judgment hall, and saith unto Jesus, Whence art thou? But Jesus gave him no answer. +Then saith Pilate unto him, Speakest thou not unto me? knowest thou not that I have power to crucify thee, and have power to release thee? +Jesus answered, Thou couldest have no power at all against me, except it were given thee from above: therefore he that delivered me unto thee hath the greater sin. +And from thenceforth Pilate sought to release him: but the Jews cried out, saying, If thou let this man go, thou art not Caesar's friend: whosoever maketh himself a king speaketh against Caesar. +When Pilate therefore heard that saying, he brought Jesus forth, and sat down in the judgment seat in a place that is called the Pavement, but in the Hebrew, Gabbatha. +And it was the preparation of the passover, and about the sixth hour: and he saith unto the Jews, Behold your King! +But they cried out, Away with him, away with him, crucify him. Pilate saith unto them, Shall I crucify your King? The chief priests answered, We have no king but Caesar. +Then delivered he him therefore unto them to be crucified. And they took Jesus, and led him away. +And he bearing his cross went forth into a place called the place of a skull, which is called in the Hebrew Golgotha: +Where they crucified him, and two other with him, on either side one, and Jesus in the midst. +And Pilate wrote a title, and put it on the cross. And the writing was JESUS OF NAZARETH THE KING OF THE JEWS. +This title then read many of the Jews: for the place where Jesus was crucified was nigh to the city: and it was written in Hebrew, and Greek, and Latin. +Then said the chief priests of the Jews to Pilate, Write not, The King of the Jews; but that he said, I am King of the Jews. +Pilate answered, What I have written I have written. +Then the soldiers, when they had crucified Jesus, took his garments, and made four parts, to every soldier a part; and also his coat: now the coat was without seam, woven from the top throughout. +They said therefore among themselves, Let us not rend it, but cast lots for it, whose it shall be: that the scripture might be fulfilled, which saith, They parted my raiment among them, and for my vesture they did cast lots. These things therefore the soldiers did. +Now there stood by the cross of Jesus his mother, and his mother's sister, Mary the wife of Cleophas, and Mary Magdalene. +When Jesus therefore saw his mother, and the disciple standing by, whom he loved, he saith unto his mother, Woman, behold thy son! +Then saith he to the disciple, Behold thy mother! And from that hour that disciple took her unto his own home. +After this, Jesus knowing that all things were now accomplished, that the scripture might be fulfilled, saith, I thirst. +Now there was set a vessel full of vinegar: and they filled a spunge with vinegar, and put it upon hyssop, and put it to his mouth. +When Jesus therefore had received the vinegar, he said, It is finished: and he bowed his head, and gave up the ghost. +The Jews therefore, because it was the preparation, that the bodies should not remain upon the cross on the sabbath day, (for that sabbath day was an high day,) besought Pilate that their legs might be broken, and that they might be taken away. +Then came the soldiers, and brake the legs of the first, and of the other which was crucified with him. +But when they came to Jesus, and saw that he was dead already, they brake not his legs: +But one of the soldiers with a spear pierced his side, and forthwith came there out blood and water. +And he that saw it bare record, and his record is true: and he knoweth that he saith true, that ye might believe. +For these things were done, that the scripture should be fulfilled, A bone of him shall not be broken. +And again another scripture saith, They shall look on him whom they pierced. +And after this Joseph of Arimathaea, being a disciple of Jesus, but secretly for fear of the Jews, besought Pilate that he might take away the body of Jesus: and Pilate gave him leave. He came therefore, and took the body of Jesus. +And there came also Nicodemus, which at the first came to Jesus by night, and brought a mixture of myrrh and aloes, about an hundred pound weight. +Then took they the body of Jesus, and wound it in linen clothes with the spices, as the manner of the Jews is to bury. +Now in the place where he was crucified there was a garden; and in the garden a new sepulchre, wherein was never man yet laid. +There laid they Jesus therefore because of the Jews' preparation day; for the sepulchre was nigh at hand. +The first day of the week cometh Mary Magdalene early, when it was yet dark, unto the sepulchre, and seeth the stone taken away from the sepulchre. +Then she runneth, and cometh to Simon Peter, and to the other disciple, whom Jesus loved, and saith unto them, They have taken away the LORD out of the sepulchre, and we know not where they have laid him. +Peter therefore went forth, and that other disciple, and came to the sepulchre. +So they ran both together: and the other disciple did outrun Peter, and came first to the sepulchre. +And he stooping down, and looking in, saw the linen clothes lying; yet went he not in. +Then cometh Simon Peter following him, and went into the sepulchre, and seeth the linen clothes lie, +And the napkin, that was about his head, not lying with the linen clothes, but wrapped together in a place by itself. +Then went in also that other disciple, which came first to the sepulchre, and he saw, and believed. +For as yet they knew not the scripture, that he must rise again from the dead. +Then the disciples went away again unto their own home. +But Mary stood without at the sepulchre weeping: and as she wept, she stooped down, and looked into the sepulchre, +And seeth two angels in white sitting, the one at the head, and the other at the feet, where the body of Jesus had lain. +And they say unto her, Woman, why weepest thou? She saith unto them, Because they have taken away my LORD, and I know not where they have laid him. +And when she had thus said, she turned herself back, and saw Jesus standing, and knew not that it was Jesus. +Jesus saith unto her, Woman, why weepest thou? whom seekest thou? She, supposing him to be the gardener, saith unto him, Sir, if thou have borne him hence, tell me where thou hast laid him, and I will take him away. +Jesus saith unto her, Mary. She turned herself, and saith unto him, Rabboni; which is to say, Master. +Jesus saith unto her, Touch me not; for I am not yet ascended to my Father: but go to my brethren, and say unto them, I ascend unto my Father, and your Father; and to my God, and your God. +Mary Magdalene came and told the disciples that she had seen the LORD, and that he had spoken these things unto her. +Then the same day at evening, being the first day of the week, when the doors were shut where the disciples were assembled for fear of the Jews, came Jesus and stood in the midst, and saith unto them, Peace be unto you. +And when he had so said, he shewed unto them his hands and his side. Then were the disciples glad, when they saw the LORD. +Then said Jesus to them again, Peace be unto you: as my Father hath sent me, even so send I you. +And when he had said this, he breathed on them, and saith unto them, Receive ye the Holy Ghost: +Whose soever sins ye remit, they are remitted unto them; and whose soever sins ye retain, they are retained. +But Thomas, one of the twelve, called Didymus, was not with them when Jesus came. +The other disciples therefore said unto him, We have seen the LORD. But he said unto them, Except I shall see in his hands the print of the nails, and put my finger into the print of the nails, and thrust my hand into his side, I will not believe. +And after eight days again his disciples were within, and Thomas with them: then came Jesus, the doors being shut, and stood in the midst, and said, Peace be unto you. +Then saith he to Thomas, Reach hither thy finger, and behold my hands; and reach hither thy hand, and thrust it into my side: and be not faithless, but believing. +And Thomas answered and said unto him, My LORD and my God. +Jesus saith unto him, Thomas, because thou hast seen me, thou hast believed: blessed are they that have not seen, and yet have believed. +And many other signs truly did Jesus in the presence of his disciples, which are not written in this book: +But these are written, that ye might believe that Jesus is the Christ, the Son of God; and that believing ye might have life through his name. +After these things Jesus shewed himself again to the disciples at the sea of Tiberias; and on this wise shewed he himself. +There were together Simon Peter, and Thomas called Didymus, and Nathanael of Cana in Galilee, and the sons of Zebedee, and two other of his disciples. +Simon Peter saith unto them, I go a fishing. They say unto him, We also go with thee. They went forth, and entered into a ship immediately; and that night they caught nothing. +But when the morning was now come, Jesus stood on the shore: but the disciples knew not that it was Jesus. +Then Jesus saith unto them, Children, have ye any meat? They answered him, No. +And he said unto them, Cast the net on the right side of the ship, and ye shall find. They cast therefore, and now they were not able to draw it for the multitude of fishes. +Therefore that disciple whom Jesus loved saith unto Peter, It is the Lord. Now when Simon Peter heard that it was the Lord, he girt his fisher's coat unto him, (for he was naked,) and did cast himself into the sea. +And the other disciples came in a little ship; (for they were not far from land, but as it were two hundred cubits,) dragging the net with fishes. +As soon then as they were come to land, they saw a fire of coals there, and fish laid thereon, and bread. +Jesus saith unto them, Bring of the fish which ye have now caught. +Simon Peter went up, and drew the net to land full of great fishes, an hundred and fifty and three: and for all there were so many, yet was not the net broken. +Jesus saith unto them, Come and dine. And none of the disciples durst ask him, Who art thou? knowing that it was the Lord. +Jesus then cometh, and taketh bread, and giveth them, and fish likewise. +This is now the third time that Jesus shewed himself to his disciples, after that he was risen from the dead. +So when they had dined, Jesus saith to Simon Peter, Simon, son of Jonas, lovest thou me more than these? He saith unto him, Yea, Lord; thou knowest that I love thee. He saith unto him, Feed my lambs. +He saith to him again the second time, Simon, son of Jonas, lovest thou me? He saith unto him, Yea, Lord; thou knowest that I love thee. He saith unto him, Feed my sheep. +He saith unto him the third time, Simon, son of Jonas, lovest thou me? Peter was grieved because he said unto him the third time, Lovest thou me? And he said unto him, Lord, thou knowest all things; thou knowest that I love thee. Jesus saith unto him, Feed my sheep. +Verily, verily, I say unto thee, When thou wast young, thou girdest thyself, and walkedst whither thou wouldest: but when thou shalt be old, thou shalt stretch forth thy hands, and another shall gird thee, and carry thee whither thou wouldest not. +This spake he, signifying by what death he should glorify God. And when he had spoken this, he saith unto him, Follow me. +Then Peter, turning about, seeth the disciple whom Jesus loved following; which also leaned on his breast at supper, and said, Lord, which is he that betrayeth thee? +Peter seeing him saith to Jesus, Lord, and what shall this man do? +Jesus saith unto him, If I will that he tarry till I come, what is that to thee? follow thou me. +Then went this saying abroad among the brethren, that that disciple should not die: yet Jesus said not unto him, He shall not die; but, If I will that he tarry till I come, what is that to thee? +This is the disciple which testifieth of these things, and wrote these things: and we know that his testimony is true. +And there are also many other things which Jesus did, the which, if they should be written every one, I suppose that even the world itself could not contain the books that should be written. Amen. +The former treatise have I made, O Theophilus, of all that Jesus began both to do and teach, +Until the day in which he was taken up, after that he through the Holy Ghost had given commandments unto the apostles whom he had chosen: +To whom also he shewed himself alive after his passion by many infallible proofs, being seen of them forty days, and speaking of the things pertaining to the kingdom of God: +And, being assembled together with them, commanded them that they should not depart from Jerusalem, but wait for the promise of the Father, which, saith he, ye have heard of me. +For John truly baptized with water; but ye shall be baptized with the Holy Ghost not many days hence. +When they therefore were come together, they asked of him, saying, Lord, wilt thou at this time restore again the kingdom to Israel? +And he said unto them, It is not for you to know the times or the seasons, which the Father hath put in his own power. +But ye shall receive power, after that the Holy Ghost is come upon you: and ye shall be witnesses unto me both in Jerusalem, and in all Judaea, and in Samaria, and unto the uttermost part of the earth. +And when he had spoken these things, while they beheld, he was taken up; and a cloud received him out of their sight. +And while they looked stedfastly toward heaven as he went up, behold, two men stood by them in white apparel; +Which also said, Ye men of Galilee, why stand ye gazing up into heaven? this same Jesus, which is taken up from you into heaven, shall so come in like manner as ye have seen him go into heaven. +Then returned they unto Jerusalem from the mount called Olivet, which is from Jerusalem a sabbath day's journey. +And when they were come in, they went up into an upper room, where abode both Peter, and James, and John, and Andrew, Philip, and Thomas, Bartholomew, and Matthew, James the son of Alphaeus, and Simon Zelotes, and Judas the brother of James. +These all continued with one accord in prayer and supplication, with the women, and Mary the mother of Jesus, and with his brethren. +And in those days Peter stood up in the midst of the disciples, and said, (the number of names together were about an hundred and twenty,) +Men and brethren, this scripture must needs have been fulfilled, which the Holy Ghost by the mouth of David spake before concerning Judas, which was guide to them that took Jesus. +For he was numbered with us, and had obtained part of this ministry. +Now this man purchased a field with the reward of iniquity; and falling headlong, he burst asunder in the midst, and all his bowels gushed out. +And it was known unto all the dwellers at Jerusalem; insomuch as that field is called in their proper tongue, Aceldama, that is to say, The field of blood. +For it is written in the book of Psalms, Let his habitation be desolate, and let no man dwell therein: and his bishoprick let another take. +Wherefore of these men which have companied with us all the time that the Lord Jesus went in and out among us, +Beginning from the baptism of John, unto that same day that he was taken up from us, must one be ordained to be a witness with us of his resurrection. +And they appointed two, Joseph called Barsabas, who was surnamed Justus, and Matthias. +And they prayed, and said, Thou, Lord, which knowest the hearts of all men, shew whether of these two thou hast chosen, +That he may take part of this ministry and apostleship, from which Judas by transgression fell, that he might go to his own place. +And they gave forth their lots; and the lot fell upon Matthias; and he was numbered with the eleven apostles. +And when the day of Pentecost was fully come, they were all with one accord in one place. +And suddenly there came a sound from heaven as of a rushing mighty wind, and it filled all the house where they were sitting. +And there appeared unto them cloven tongues like as of fire, and it sat upon each of them. +And they were all filled with the Holy Ghost, and began to speak with other tongues, as the Spirit gave them utterance. +And there were dwelling at Jerusalem Jews, devout men, out of every nation under heaven. +Now when this was noised abroad, the multitude came together, and were confounded, because that every man heard them speak in his own language. +And they were all amazed and marvelled, saying one to another, Behold, are not all these which speak Galilaeans? +And how hear we every man in our own tongue, wherein we were born? +Parthians, and Medes, and Elamites, and the dwellers in Mesopotamia, and in Judaea, and Cappadocia, in Pontus, and Asia, +Phrygia, and Pamphylia, in Egypt, and in the parts of Libya about Cyrene, and strangers of Rome, Jews and proselytes, +Cretes and Arabians, we do hear them speak in our tongues the wonderful works of God. +And they were all amazed, and were in doubt, saying one to another, What meaneth this? +Others mocking said, These men are full of new wine. +But Peter, standing up with the eleven, lifted up his voice, and said unto them, Ye men of Judaea, and all ye that dwell at Jerusalem, be this known unto you, and hearken to my words: +For these are not drunken, as ye suppose, seeing it is but the third hour of the day. +But this is that which was spoken by the prophet Joel; +And it shall come to pass in the last days, saith God, I will pour out of my Spirit upon all flesh: and your sons and your daughters shall prophesy, and your young men shall see visions, and your old men shall dream dreams: +And on my servants and on my handmaidens I will pour out in those days of my Spirit; and they shall prophesy: +And I will shew wonders in heaven above, and signs in the earth beneath; blood, and fire, and vapour of smoke: +The sun shall be turned into darkness, and the moon into blood, before the great and notable day of the Lord come: +And it shall come to pass, that whosoever shall call on the name of the Lord shall be saved. +Ye men of Israel, hear these words; Jesus of Nazareth, a man approved of God among you by miracles and wonders and signs, which God did by him in the midst of you, as ye yourselves also know: +Him, being delivered by the determinate counsel and foreknowledge of God, ye have taken, and by wicked hands have crucified and slain: +Whom God hath raised up, having loosed the pains of death: because it was not possible that he should be holden of it. +For David speaketh concerning him, I foresaw the Lord always before my face, for he is on my right hand, that I should not be moved: +Therefore did my heart rejoice, and my tongue was glad; moreover also my flesh shall rest in hope: +Because thou wilt not leave my soul in hell, neither wilt thou suffer thine Holy One to see corruption. +Thou hast made known to me the ways of life; thou shalt make me full of joy with thy countenance. +Men and brethren, let me freely speak unto you of the patriarch David, that he is both dead and buried, and his sepulchre is with us unto this day. +Therefore being a prophet, and knowing that God had sworn with an oath to him, that of the fruit of his loins, according to the flesh, he would raise up Christ to sit on his throne; +He seeing this before spake of the resurrection of Christ, that his soul was not left in hell, neither his flesh did see corruption. +This Jesus hath God raised up, whereof we all are witnesses. +Therefore being by the right hand of God exalted, and having received of the Father the promise of the Holy Ghost, he hath shed forth this, which ye now see and hear. +For David is not ascended into the heavens: but he saith himself, The Lord said unto my Lord, Sit thou on my right hand, +Until I make thy foes thy footstool. +Therefore let all the house of Israel know assuredly, that God hath made the same Jesus, whom ye have crucified, both Lord and Christ. +Now when they heard this, they were pricked in their heart, and said unto Peter and to the rest of the apostles, Men and brethren, what shall we do? +Then Peter said unto them, Repent, and be baptized every one of you in the name of Jesus Christ for the remission of sins, and ye shall receive the gift of the Holy Ghost. +For the promise is unto you, and to your children, and to all that are afar off, even as many as the LORD our God shall call. +And with many other words did he testify and exhort, saying, Save yourselves from this untoward generation. +Then they that gladly received his word were baptized: and the same day there were added unto them about three thousand souls. +And they continued stedfastly in the apostles' doctrine and fellowship, and in breaking of bread, and in prayers. +And fear came upon every soul: and many wonders and signs were done by the apostles. +And all that believed were together, and had all things common; +And sold their possessions and goods, and parted them to all men, as every man had need. +And they, continuing daily with one accord in the temple, and breaking bread from house to house, did eat their meat with gladness and singleness of heart, +Praising God, and having favour with all the people. And the Lord added to the church daily such as should be saved. +Now Peter and John went up together into the temple at the hour of prayer, being the ninth hour. +And a certain man lame from his mother's womb was carried, whom they laid daily at the gate of the temple which is called Beautiful, to ask alms of them that entered into the temple; +Who seeing Peter and John about to go into the temple asked an alms. +And Peter, fastening his eyes upon him with John, said, Look on us. +And he gave heed unto them, expecting to receive something of them. +Then Peter said, Silver and gold have I none; but such as I have give I thee: In the name of Jesus Christ of Nazareth rise up and walk. +And he took him by the right hand, and lifted him up: and immediately his feet and ankle bones received strength. +And he leaping up stood, and walked, and entered with them into the temple, walking, and leaping, and praising God. +And all the people saw him walking and praising God: +And they knew that it was he which sat for alms at the Beautiful gate of the temple: and they were filled with wonder and amazement at that which had happened unto him. +And as the lame man which was healed held Peter and John, all the people ran together unto them in the porch that is called Solomon's, greatly wondering. +And when Peter saw it, he answered unto the people, Ye men of Israel, why marvel ye at this? or why look ye so earnestly on us, as though by our own power or holiness we had made this man to walk? +The God of Abraham, and of Isaac, and of Jacob, the God of our fathers, hath glorified his Son Jesus; whom ye delivered up, and denied him in the presence of Pilate, when he was determined to let him go. +But ye denied the Holy One and the Just, and desired a murderer to be granted unto you; +And killed the Prince of life, whom God hath raised from the dead; whereof we are witnesses. +And his name through faith in his name hath made this man strong, whom ye see and know: yea, the faith which is by him hath given him this perfect soundness in the presence of you all. +And now, brethren, I wot that through ignorance ye did it, as did also your rulers. +But those things, which God before had shewed by the mouth of all his prophets, that Christ should suffer, he hath so fulfilled. +Repent ye therefore, and be converted, that your sins may be blotted out, when the times of refreshing shall come from the presence of the Lord. +And he shall send Jesus Christ, which before was preached unto you: +Whom the heaven must receive until the times of restitution of all things, which God hath spoken by the mouth of all his holy prophets since the world began. +For Moses truly said unto the fathers, A prophet shall the Lord your God raise up unto you of your brethren, like unto me; him shall ye hear in all things whatsoever he shall say unto you. +And it shall come to pass, that every soul, which will not hear that prophet, shall be destroyed from among the people. +Yea, and all the prophets from Samuel and those that follow after, as many as have spoken, have likewise foretold of these days. +Ye are the children of the prophets, and of the covenant which God made with our fathers, saying unto Abraham, And in thy seed shall all the kindreds of the earth be blessed. +Unto you first God, having raised up his Son Jesus, sent him to bless you, in turning away every one of you from his iniquities. +And as they spake unto the people, the priests, and the captain of the temple, and the Sadducees, came upon them, +Being grieved that they taught the people, and preached through Jesus the resurrection from the dead. +And they laid hands on them, and put them in hold unto the next day: for it was now eventide. +Howbeit many of them which heard the word believed; and the number of the men was about five thousand. +And it came to pass on the morrow, that their rulers, and elders, and scribes, +And Annas the high priest, and Caiaphas, and John, and Alexander, and as many as were of the kindred of the high priest, were gathered together at Jerusalem. +And when they had set them in the midst, they asked, By what power, or by what name, have ye done this? +Then Peter, filled with the Holy Ghost, said unto them, Ye rulers of the people, and elders of Israel, +If we this day be examined of the good deed done to the impotent man, by what means he is made whole; +Be it known unto you all, and to all the people of Israel, that by the name of Jesus Christ of Nazareth, whom ye crucified, whom God raised from the dead, even by him doth this man stand here before you whole. +This is the stone which was set at nought of you builders, which is become the head of the corner. +Neither is there salvation in any other: for there is none other name under heaven given among men, whereby we must be saved. +Now when they saw the boldness of Peter and John, and perceived that they were unlearned and ignorant men, they marvelled; and they took knowledge of them, that they had been with Jesus. +And beholding the man which was healed standing with them, they could say nothing against it. +But when they had commanded them to go aside out of the council, they conferred among themselves, +Saying, What shall we do to these men? for that indeed a notable miracle hath been done by them is manifest to all them that dwell in Jerusalem; and we cannot deny it. +But that it spread no further among the people, let us straitly threaten them, that they speak henceforth to no man in this name. +And they called them, and commanded them not to speak at all nor teach in the name of Jesus. +But Peter and John answered and said unto them, Whether it be right in the sight of God to hearken unto you more than unto God, judge ye. +For we cannot but speak the things which we have seen and heard. +So when they had further threatened them, they let them go, finding nothing how they might punish them, because of the people: for all men glorified God for that which was done. +For the man was above forty years old, on whom this miracle of healing was shewed. +And being let go, they went to their own company, and reported all that the chief priests and elders had said unto them. +And when they heard that, they lifted up their voice to God with one accord, and said, Lord, thou art God, which hast made heaven, and earth, and the sea, and all that in them is: +Who by the mouth of thy servant David hast said, Why did the heathen rage, and the people imagine vain things? +The kings of the earth stood up, and the rulers were gathered together against the Lord, and against his Christ. +For of a truth against thy holy child Jesus, whom thou hast anointed, both Herod, and Pontius Pilate, with the Gentiles, and the people of Israel, were gathered together, +For to do whatsoever thy hand and thy counsel determined before to be done. +And now, Lord, behold their threatenings: and grant unto thy servants, that with all boldness they may speak thy word, +By stretching forth thine hand to heal; and that signs and wonders may be done by the name of thy holy child Jesus. +And when they had prayed, the place was shaken where they were assembled together; and they were all filled with the Holy Ghost, and they spake the word of God with boldness. +And the multitude of them that believed were of one heart and of one soul: neither said any of them that ought of the things which he possessed was his own; but they had all things common. +And with great power gave the apostles witness of the resurrection of the Lord Jesus: and great grace was upon them all. +Neither was there any among them that lacked: for as many as were possessors of lands or houses sold them, and brought the prices of the things that were sold, +And laid them down at the apostles' feet: and distribution was made unto every man according as he had need. +And Joses, who by the apostles was surnamed Barnabas, (which is, being interpreted, The son of consolation,) a Levite, and of the country of Cyprus, +Having land, sold it, and brought the money, and laid it at the apostles' feet. +But a certain man named Ananias, with Sapphira his wife, sold a possession, +And kept back part of the price, his wife also being privy to it, and brought a certain part, and laid it at the apostles' feet. +But Peter said, Ananias, why hath Satan filled thine heart to lie to the Holy Ghost, and to keep back part of the price of the land? +Whiles it remained, was it not thine own? and after it was sold, was it not in thine own power? why hast thou conceived this thing in thine heart? thou hast not lied unto men, but unto God. +And Ananias hearing these words fell down, and gave up the ghost: and great fear came on all them that heard these things. +And the young men arose, wound him up, and carried him out, and buried him. +And it was about the space of three hours after, when his wife, not knowing what was done, came in. +And Peter answered unto her, Tell me whether ye sold the land for so much? And she said, Yea, for so much. +Then Peter said unto her, How is it that ye have agreed together to tempt the Spirit of the Lord? behold, the feet of them which have buried thy husband are at the door, and shall carry thee out. +Then fell she down straightway at his feet, and yielded up the ghost: and the young men came in, and found her dead, and, carrying her forth, buried her by her husband. +And great fear came upon all the church, and upon as many as heard these things. +And by the hands of the apostles were many signs and wonders wrought among the people; (and they were all with one accord in Solomon's porch. +And of the rest durst no man join himself to them: but the people magnified them. +And believers were the more added to the Lord, multitudes both of men and women.) +Insomuch that they brought forth the sick into the streets, and laid them on beds and couches, that at the least the shadow of Peter passing by might overshadow some of them. +There came also a multitude out of the cities round about unto Jerusalem, bringing sick folks, and them which were vexed with unclean spirits: and they were healed every one. +Then the high priest rose up, and all they that were with him, (which is the sect of the Sadducees,) and were filled with indignation, +And laid their hands on the apostles, and put them in the common prison. +But the angel of the Lord by night opened the prison doors, and brought them forth, and said, +Go, stand and speak in the temple to the people all the words of this life. +And when they heard that, they entered into the temple early in the morning, and taught. But the high priest came, and they that were with him, and called the council together, and all the senate of the children of Israel, and sent to the prison to have them brought. +But when the officers came, and found them not in the prison, they returned and told, +Saying, The prison truly found we shut with all safety, and the keepers standing without before the doors: but when we had opened, we found no man within. +Now when the high priest and the captain of the temple and the chief priests heard these things, they doubted of them whereunto this would grow. +Then came one and told them, saying, Behold, the men whom ye put in prison are standing in the temple, and teaching the people. +Then went the captain with the officers, and brought them without violence: for they feared the people, lest they should have been stoned. +And when they had brought them, they set them before the council: and the high priest asked them, +Saying, Did not we straitly command you that ye should not teach in this name? and, behold, ye have filled Jerusalem with your doctrine, and intend to bring this man's blood upon us. +Then Peter and the other apostles answered and said, We ought to obey God rather than men. +The God of our fathers raised up Jesus, whom ye slew and hanged on a tree. +Him hath God exalted with his right hand to be a Prince and a Saviour, for to give repentance to Israel, and forgiveness of sins. +And we are his witnesses of these things; and so is also the Holy Ghost, whom God hath given to them that obey him. +When they heard that, they were cut to the heart, and took counsel to slay them. +Then stood there up one in the council, a Pharisee, named Gamaliel, a doctor of the law, had in reputation among all the people, and commanded to put the apostles forth a little space; +And said unto them, Ye men of Israel, take heed to yourselves what ye intend to do as touching these men. +For before these days rose up Theudas, boasting himself to be somebody; to whom a number of men, about four hundred, joined themselves: who was slain; and all, as many as obeyed him, were scattered, and brought to nought. +After this man rose up Judas of Galilee in the days of the taxing, and drew away much people after him: he also perished; and all, even as many as obeyed him, were dispersed. +And now I say unto you, Refrain from these men, and let them alone: for if this counsel or this work be of men, it will come to nought: +But if it be of God, ye cannot overthrow it; lest haply ye be found even to fight against God. +And to him they agreed: and when they had called the apostles, and beaten them, they commanded that they should not speak in the name of Jesus, and let them go. +And they departed from the presence of the council, rejoicing that they were counted worthy to suffer shame for his name. +And daily in the temple, and in every house, they ceased not to teach and preach Jesus Christ. +And in those days, when the number of the disciples was multiplied, there arose a murmuring of the Grecians against the Hebrews, because their widows were neglected in the daily ministration. +Then the twelve called the multitude of the disciples unto them, and said, It is not reason that we should leave the word of God, and serve tables. +Wherefore, brethren, look ye out among you seven men of honest report, full of the Holy Ghost and wisdom, whom we may appoint over this business. +But we will give ourselves continually to prayer, and to the ministry of the word. +And the saying pleased the whole multitude: and they chose Stephen, a man full of faith and of the Holy Ghost, and Philip, and Prochorus, and Nicanor, and Timon, and Parmenas, and Nicolas a proselyte of Antioch: +Whom they set before the apostles: and when they had prayed, they laid their hands on them. +And the word of God increased; and the number of the disciples multiplied in Jerusalem greatly; and a great company of the priests were obedient to the faith. +And Stephen, full of faith and power, did great wonders and miracles among the people. +Then there arose certain of the synagogue, which is called the synagogue of the Libertines, and Cyrenians, and Alexandrians, and of them of Cilicia and of Asia, disputing with Stephen. +And they were not able to resist the wisdom and the spirit by which he spake. +Then they suborned men, which said, We have heard him speak blasphemous words against Moses, and against God. +And they stirred up the people, and the elders, and the scribes, and came upon him, and caught him, and brought him to the council, +And set up false witnesses, which said, This man ceaseth not to speak blasphemous words against this holy place, and the law: +For we have heard him say, that this Jesus of Nazareth shall destroy this place, and shall change the customs which Moses delivered us. +And all that sat in the council, looking stedfastly on him, saw his face as it had been the face of an angel. +Then said the high priest, Are these things so? +And he said, Men, brethren, and fathers, hearken; The God of glory appeared unto our father Abraham, when he was in Mesopotamia, before he dwelt in Charran, +And said unto him, Get thee out of thy country, and from thy kindred, and come into the land which I shall shew thee. +Then came he out of the land of the Chaldaeans, and dwelt in Charran: and from thence, when his father was dead, he removed him into this land, wherein ye now dwell. +And he gave him none inheritance in it, no, not so much as to set his foot on: yet he promised that he would give it to him for a possession, and to his seed after him, when as yet he had no child. +And God spake on this wise, That his seed should sojourn in a strange land; and that they should bring them into bondage, and entreat them evil four hundred years. +And the nation to whom they shall be in bondage will I judge, said God: and after that shall they come forth, and serve me in this place. +And he gave him the covenant of circumcision: and so Abraham begat Isaac, and circumcised him the eighth day; and Isaac begat Jacob; and Jacob begat the twelve patriarchs. +And the patriarchs, moved with envy, sold Joseph into Egypt: but God was with him, +And delivered him out of all his afflictions, and gave him favour and wisdom in the sight of Pharaoh king of Egypt; and he made him governor over Egypt and all his house. +Now there came a dearth over all the land of Egypt and Chanaan, and great affliction: and our fathers found no sustenance. +But when Jacob heard that there was corn in Egypt, he sent out our fathers first. +And at the second time Joseph was made known to his brethren; and Joseph's kindred was made known unto Pharaoh. +Then sent Joseph, and called his father Jacob to him, and all his kindred, threescore and fifteen souls. +So Jacob went down into Egypt, and died, he, and our fathers, +And were carried over into Sychem, and laid in the sepulchre that Abraham bought for a sum of money of the sons of Emmor the father of Sychem. +But when the time of the promise drew nigh, which God had sworn to Abraham, the people grew and multiplied in Egypt, +Till another king arose, which knew not Joseph. +The same dealt subtilly with our kindred, and evil entreated our fathers, so that they cast out their young children, to the end they might not live. +In which time Moses was born, and was exceeding fair, and nourished up in his father's house three months: +And when he was cast out, Pharaoh's daughter took him up, and nourished him for her own son. +And Moses was learned in all the wisdom of the Egyptians, and was mighty in words and in deeds. +And when he was full forty years old, it came into his heart to visit his brethren the children of Israel. +And seeing one of them suffer wrong, he defended him, and avenged him that was oppressed, and smote the Egyptian: +For he supposed his brethren would have understood how that God by his hand would deliver them: but they understood not. +And the next day he shewed himself unto them as they strove, and would have set them at one again, saying, Sirs, ye are brethren; why do ye wrong one to another? +But he that did his neighbour wrong thrust him away, saying, Who made thee a ruler and a judge over us? +Wilt thou kill me, as thou diddest the Egyptian yesterday? +Then fled Moses at this saying, and was a stranger in the land of Madian, where he begat two sons. +And when forty years were expired, there appeared to him in the wilderness of mount Sina an angel of the Lord in a flame of fire in a bush. +When Moses saw it, he wondered at the sight: and as he drew near to behold it, the voice of the LORD came unto him, +Saying, I am the God of thy fathers, the God of Abraham, and the God of Isaac, and the God of Jacob. Then Moses trembled, and durst not behold. +Then said the Lord to him, Put off thy shoes from thy feet: for the place where thou standest is holy ground. +I have seen, I have seen the affliction of my people which is in Egypt, and I have heard their groaning, and am come down to deliver them. And now come, I will send thee into Egypt. +This Moses whom they refused, saying, Who made thee a ruler and a judge? the same did God send to be a ruler and a deliverer by the hand of the angel which appeared to him in the bush. +He brought them out, after that he had shewed wonders and signs in the land of Egypt, and in the Red sea, and in the wilderness forty years. +This is that Moses, which said unto the children of Israel, A prophet shall the Lord your God raise up unto you of your brethren, like unto me; him shall ye hear. +This is he, that was in the church in the wilderness with the angel which spake to him in the mount Sina, and with our fathers: who received the lively oracles to give unto us: +To whom our fathers would not obey, but thrust him from them, and in their hearts turned back again into Egypt, +Saying unto Aaron, Make us gods to go before us: for as for this Moses, which brought us out of the land of Egypt, we wot not what is become of him. +And they made a calf in those days, and offered sacrifice unto the idol, and rejoiced in the works of their own hands. +Then God turned, and gave them up to worship the host of heaven; as it is written in the book of the prophets, O ye house of Israel, have ye offered to me slain beasts and sacrifices by the space of forty years in the wilderness? +Yea, ye took up the tabernacle of Moloch, and the star of your god Remphan, figures which ye made to worship them: and I will carry you away beyond Babylon. +Our fathers had the tabernacle of witness in the wilderness, as he had appointed, speaking unto Moses, that he should make it according to the fashion that he had seen. +Which also our fathers that came after brought in with Jesus into the possession of the Gentiles, whom God drave out before the face of our fathers, unto the days of David; +Who found favour before God, and desired to find a tabernacle for the God of Jacob. +But Solomon built him an house. +Howbeit the most High dwelleth not in temples made with hands; as saith the prophet, +Heaven is my throne, and earth is my footstool: what house will ye build me? saith the Lord: or what is the place of my rest? +Hath not my hand made all these things? +Ye stiffnecked and uncircumcised in heart and ears, ye do always resist the Holy Ghost: as your fathers did, so do ye. +Which of the prophets have not your fathers persecuted? and they have slain them which shewed before of the coming of the Just One; of whom ye have been now the betrayers and murderers: +Who have received the law by the disposition of angels, and have not kept it. +When they heard these things, they were cut to the heart, and they gnashed on him with their teeth. +But he, being full of the Holy Ghost, looked up stedfastly into heaven, and saw the glory of God, and Jesus standing on the right hand of God, +And said, Behold, I see the heavens opened, and the Son of man standing on the right hand of God. +Then they cried out with a loud voice, and stopped their ears, and ran upon him with one accord, +And cast him out of the city, and stoned him: and the witnesses laid down their clothes at a young man's feet, whose name was Saul. +And they stoned Stephen, calling upon God, and saying, Lord Jesus, receive my spirit. +And he kneeled down, and cried with a loud voice, Lord, lay not this sin to their charge. And when he had said this, he fell asleep. +And Saul was consenting unto his death. And at that time there was a great persecution against the church which was at Jerusalem; and they were all scattered abroad throughout the regions of Judaea and Samaria, except the apostles. +And devout men carried Stephen to his burial, and made great lamentation over him. +As for Saul, he made havock of the church, entering into every house, and haling men and women committed them to prison. +Therefore they that were scattered abroad went every where preaching the word. +Then Philip went down to the city of Samaria, and preached Christ unto them. +And the people with one accord gave heed unto those things which Philip spake, hearing and seeing the miracles which he did. +For unclean spirits, crying with loud voice, came out of many that were possessed with them: and many taken with palsies, and that were lame, were healed. +And there was great joy in that city. +But there was a certain man, called Simon, which beforetime in the same city used sorcery, and bewitched the people of Samaria, giving out that himself was some great one: +To whom they all gave heed, from the least to the greatest, saying, This man is the great power of God. +And to him they had regard, because that of long time he had bewitched them with sorceries. +But when they believed Philip preaching the things concerning the kingdom of God, and the name of Jesus Christ, they were baptized, both men and women. +Then Simon himself believed also: and when he was baptized, he continued with Philip, and wondered, beholding the miracles and signs which were done. +Now when the apostles which were at Jerusalem heard that Samaria had received the word of God, they sent unto them Peter and John: +Who, when they were come down, prayed for them, that they might receive the Holy Ghost: +(For as yet he was fallen upon none of them: only they were baptized in the name of the Lord Jesus.) +Then laid they their hands on them, and they received the Holy Ghost. +And when Simon saw that through laying on of the apostles' hands the Holy Ghost was given, he offered them money, +Saying, Give me also this power, that on whomsoever I lay hands, he may receive the Holy Ghost. +But Peter said unto him, Thy money perish with thee, because thou hast thought that the gift of God may be purchased with money. +Thou hast neither part nor lot in this matter: for thy heart is not right in the sight of God. +Repent therefore of this thy wickedness, and pray God, if perhaps the thought of thine heart may be forgiven thee. +For I perceive that thou art in the gall of bitterness, and in the bond of iniquity. +Then answered Simon, and said, Pray ye to the LORD for me, that none of these things which ye have spoken come upon me. +And they, when they had testified and preached the word of the Lord, returned to Jerusalem, and preached the gospel in many villages of the Samaritans. +And the angel of the Lord spake unto Philip, saying, Arise, and go toward the south unto the way that goeth down from Jerusalem unto Gaza, which is desert. +And he arose and went: and, behold, a man of Ethiopia, an eunuch of great authority under Candace queen of the Ethiopians, who had the charge of all her treasure, and had come to Jerusalem for to worship, +Was returning, and sitting in his chariot read Esaias the prophet. +Then the Spirit said unto Philip, Go near, and join thyself to this chariot. +And Philip ran thither to him, and heard him read the prophet Esaias, and said, Understandest thou what thou readest? +And he said, How can I, except some man should guide me? And he desired Philip that he would come up and sit with him. +The place of the scripture which he read was this, He was led as a sheep to the slaughter; and like a lamb dumb before his shearer, so opened he not his mouth: +In his humiliation his judgment was taken away: and who shall declare his generation? for his life is taken from the earth. +And the eunuch answered Philip, and said, I pray thee, of whom speaketh the prophet this? of himself, or of some other man? +Then Philip opened his mouth, and began at the same scripture, and preached unto him Jesus. +And as they went on their way, they came unto a certain water: and the eunuch said, See, here is water; what doth hinder me to be baptized? +And Philip said, If thou believest with all thine heart, thou mayest. And he answered and said, I believe that Jesus Christ is the Son of God. +And he commanded the chariot to stand still: and they went down both into the water, both Philip and the eunuch; and he baptized him. +And when they were come up out of the water, the Spirit of the Lord caught away Philip, that the eunuch saw him no more: and he went on his way rejoicing. +But Philip was found at Azotus: and passing through he preached in all the cities, till he came to Caesarea. +And Saul, yet breathing out threatenings and slaughter against the disciples of the Lord, went unto the high priest, +And desired of him letters to Damascus to the synagogues, that if he found any of this way, whether they were men or women, he might bring them bound unto Jerusalem. +And as he journeyed, he came near Damascus: and suddenly there shined round about him a light from heaven: +And he fell to the earth, and heard a voice saying unto him, Saul, Saul, why persecutest thou me? +And he said, Who art thou, Lord? And the Lord said, I am Jesus whom thou persecutest: it is hard for thee to kick against the pricks. +And he trembling and astonished said, Lord, what wilt thou have me to do? And the Lord said unto him, Arise, and go into the city, and it shall be told thee what thou must do. +And the men which journeyed with him stood speechless, hearing a voice, but seeing no man. +And Saul arose from the earth; and when his eyes were opened, he saw no man: but they led him by the hand, and brought him into Damascus. +And he was three days without sight, and neither did eat nor drink. +And there was a certain disciple at Damascus, named Ananias; and to him said the Lord in a vision, Ananias. And he said, Behold, I am here, Lord. +And the Lord said unto him, Arise, and go into the street which is called Straight, and enquire in the house of Judas for one called Saul, of Tarsus: for, behold, he prayeth, +And hath seen in a vision a man named Ananias coming in, and putting his hand on him, that he might receive his sight. +Then Ananias answered, Lord, I have heard by many of this man, how much evil he hath done to thy saints at Jerusalem: +And here he hath authority from the chief priests to bind all that call on thy name. +But the Lord said unto him, Go thy way: for he is a chosen vessel unto me, to bear my name before the Gentiles, and kings, and the children of Israel: +For I will shew him how great things he must suffer for my name's sake. +And Ananias went his way, and entered into the house; and putting his hands on him said, Brother Saul, the Lord, even Jesus, that appeared unto thee in the way as thou camest, hath sent me, that thou mightest receive thy sight, and be filled with the Holy Ghost. +And immediately there fell from his eyes as it had been scales: and he received sight forthwith, and arose, and was baptized. +And when he had received meat, he was strengthened. Then was Saul certain days with the disciples which were at Damascus. +And straightway he preached Christ in the synagogues, that he is the Son of God. +But all that heard him were amazed, and said; Is not this he that destroyed them which called on this name in Jerusalem, and came hither for that intent, that he might bring them bound unto the chief priests? +But Saul increased the more in strength, and confounded the Jews which dwelt at Damascus, proving that this is very Christ. +And after that many days were fulfilled, the Jews took counsel to kill him: +But their laying await was known of Saul. And they watched the gates day and night to kill him. +Then the disciples took him by night, and let him down by the wall in a basket. +And when Saul was come to Jerusalem, he assayed to join himself to the disciples: but they were all afraid of him, and believed not that he was a disciple. +But Barnabas took him, and brought him to the apostles, and declared unto them how he had seen the Lord in the way, and that he had spoken to him, and how he had preached boldly at Damascus in the name of Jesus. +And he was with them coming in and going out at Jerusalem. +And he spake boldly in the name of the Lord Jesus, and disputed against the Grecians: but they went about to slay him. +Which when the brethren knew, they brought him down to Caesarea, and sent him forth to Tarsus. +Then had the churches rest throughout all Judaea and Galilee and Samaria, and were edified; and walking in the fear of the Lord, and in the comfort of the Holy Ghost, were multiplied. +And it came to pass, as Peter passed throughout all quarters, he came down also to the saints which dwelt at Lydda. +And there he found a certain man named Aeneas, which had kept his bed eight years, and was sick of the palsy. +And Peter said unto him, Aeneas, Jesus Christ maketh thee whole: arise, and make thy bed. And he arose immediately. +And all that dwelt at Lydda and Saron saw him, and turned to the Lord. +Now there was at Joppa a certain disciple named Tabitha, which by interpretation is called Dorcas: this woman was full of good works and almsdeeds which she did. +And it came to pass in those days, that she was sick, and died: whom when they had washed, they laid her in an upper chamber. +And forasmuch as Lydda was nigh to Joppa, and the disciples had heard that Peter was there, they sent unto him two men, desiring him that he would not delay to come to them. +Then Peter arose and went with them. When he was come, they brought him into the upper chamber: and all the widows stood by him weeping, and shewing the coats and garments which Dorcas made, while she was with them. +But Peter put them all forth, and kneeled down, and prayed; and turning him to the body said, Tabitha, arise. And she opened her eyes: and when she saw Peter, she sat up. +And he gave her his hand, and lifted her up, and when he had called the saints and widows, presented her alive. +And it was known throughout all Joppa; and many believed in the Lord. +And it came to pass, that he tarried many days in Joppa with one Simon a tanner. +There was a certain man in Caesarea called Cornelius, a centurion of the band called the Italian band, +A devout man, and one that feared God with all his house, which gave much alms to the people, and prayed to God alway. +He saw in a vision evidently about the ninth hour of the day an angel of God coming in to him, and saying unto him, Cornelius. +And when he looked on him, he was afraid, and said, What is it, Lord? And he said unto him, Thy prayers and thine alms are come up for a memorial before God. +And now send men to Joppa, and call for one Simon, whose surname is Peter: +He lodgeth with one Simon a tanner, whose house is by the sea side: he shall tell thee what thou oughtest to do. +And when the angel which spake unto Cornelius was departed, he called two of his household servants, and a devout soldier of them that waited on him continually; +And when he had declared all these things unto them, he sent them to Joppa. +On the morrow, as they went on their journey, and drew nigh unto the city, Peter went up upon the housetop to pray about the sixth hour: +And he became very hungry, and would have eaten: but while they made ready, he fell into a trance, +And saw heaven opened, and a certain vessel descending upon him, as it had been a great sheet knit at the four corners, and let down to the earth: +Wherein were all manner of fourfooted beasts of the earth, and wild beasts, and creeping things, and fowls of the air. +And there came a voice to him, Rise, Peter; kill, and eat. +But Peter said, Not so, Lord; for I have never eaten any thing that is common or unclean. +And the voice spake unto him again the second time, What God hath cleansed, that call not thou common. +This was done thrice: and the vessel was received up again into heaven. +Now while Peter doubted in himself what this vision which he had seen should mean, behold, the men which were sent from Cornelius had made enquiry for Simon's house, and stood before the gate, +And called, and asked whether Simon, which was surnamed Peter, were lodged there. +While Peter thought on the vision, the Spirit said unto him, Behold, three men seek thee. +Arise therefore, and get thee down, and go with them, doubting nothing: for I have sent them. +Then Peter went down to the men which were sent unto him from Cornelius; and said, Behold, I am he whom ye seek: what is the cause wherefore ye are come? +And they said, Cornelius the centurion, a just man, and one that feareth God, and of good report among all the nation of the Jews, was warned from God by an holy angel to send for thee into his house, and to hear words of thee. +Then called he them in, and lodged them. And on the morrow Peter went away with them, and certain brethren from Joppa accompanied him. +And the morrow after they entered into Caesarea. And Cornelius waited for them, and he had called together his kinsmen and near friends. +And as Peter was coming in, Cornelius met him, and fell down at his feet, and worshipped him. +But Peter took him up, saying, Stand up; I myself also am a man. +And as he talked with him, he went in, and found many that were come together. +And he said unto them, Ye know how that it is an unlawful thing for a man that is a Jew to keep company, or come unto one of another nation; but God hath shewed me that I should not call any man common or unclean. +Therefore came I unto you without gainsaying, as soon as I was sent for: I ask therefore for what intent ye have sent for me? +And Cornelius said, Four days ago I was fasting until this hour; and at the ninth hour I prayed in my house, and, behold, a man stood before me in bright clothing, +And said, Cornelius, thy prayer is heard, and thine alms are had in remembrance in the sight of God. +Send therefore to Joppa, and call hither Simon, whose surname is Peter; he is lodged in the house of one Simon a tanner by the sea side: who, when he cometh, shall speak unto thee. +Immediately therefore I sent to thee; and thou hast well done that thou art come. Now therefore are we all here present before God, to hear all things that are commanded thee of God. +Then Peter opened his mouth, and said, Of a truth I perceive that God is no respecter of persons: +But in every nation he that feareth him, and worketh righteousness, is accepted with him. +The word which God sent unto the children of Israel, preaching peace by Jesus Christ: (he is Lord of all:) +That word, I say, ye know, which was published throughout all Judaea, and began from Galilee, after the baptism which John preached; +How God anointed Jesus of Nazareth with the Holy Ghost and with power: who went about doing good, and healing all that were oppressed of the devil; for God was with him. +And we are witnesses of all things which he did both in the land of the Jews, and in Jerusalem; whom they slew and hanged on a tree: +Him God raised up the third day, and shewed him openly; +Not to all the people, but unto witnesses chosen before God, even to us, who did eat and drink with him after he rose from the dead. +And he commanded us to preach unto the people, and to testify that it is he which was ordained of God to be the Judge of quick and dead. +To him give all the prophets witness, that through his name whosoever believeth in him shall receive remission of sins. +While Peter yet spake these words, the Holy Ghost fell on all them which heard the word. +And they of the circumcision which believed were astonished, as many as came with Peter, because that on the Gentiles also was poured out the gift of the Holy Ghost. +For they heard them speak with tongues, and magnify God. Then answered Peter, +Can any man forbid water, that these should not be baptized, which have received the Holy Ghost as well as we? +And he commanded them to be baptized in the name of the Lord. Then prayed they him to tarry certain days. +And the apostles and brethren that were in Judaea heard that the Gentiles had also received the word of God. +And when Peter was come up to Jerusalem, they that were of the circumcision contended with him, +Saying, Thou wentest in to men uncircumcised, and didst eat with them. +But Peter rehearsed the matter from the beginning, and expounded it by order unto them, saying, +I was in the city of Joppa praying: and in a trance I saw a vision, A certain vessel descend, as it had been a great sheet, let down from heaven by four corners; and it came even to me: +Upon the which when I had fastened mine eyes, I considered, and saw fourfooted beasts of the earth, and wild beasts, and creeping things, and fowls of the air. +And I heard a voice saying unto me, Arise, Peter; slay and eat. +But I said, Not so, Lord: for nothing common or unclean hath at any time entered into my mouth. +But the voice answered me again from heaven, What God hath cleansed, that call not thou common. +And this was done three times: and all were drawn up again into heaven. +And, behold, immediately there were three men already come unto the house where I was, sent from Caesarea unto me. +And the Spirit bade me go with them, nothing doubting. Moreover these six brethren accompanied me, and we entered into the man's house: +And he shewed us how he had seen an angel in his house, which stood and said unto him, Send men to Joppa, and call for Simon, whose surname is Peter; +Who shall tell thee words, whereby thou and all thy house shall be saved. +And as I began to speak, the Holy Ghost fell on them, as on us at the beginning. +Then remembered I the word of the Lord, how that he said, John indeed baptized with water; but ye shall be baptized with the Holy Ghost. +Forasmuch then as God gave them the like gift as he did unto us, who believed on the Lord Jesus Christ; what was I, that I could withstand God? +When they heard these things, they held their peace, and glorified God, saying, Then hath God also to the Gentiles granted repentance unto life. +Now they which were scattered abroad upon the persecution that arose about Stephen travelled as far as Phenice, and Cyprus, and Antioch, preaching the word to none but unto the Jews only. +And some of them were men of Cyprus and Cyrene, which, when they were come to Antioch, spake unto the Grecians, preaching the LORD Jesus. +And the hand of the Lord was with them: and a great number believed, and turned unto the Lord. +Then tidings of these things came unto the ears of the church which was in Jerusalem: and they sent forth Barnabas, that he should go as far as Antioch. +Who, when he came, and had seen the grace of God, was glad, and exhorted them all, that with purpose of heart they would cleave unto the Lord. +For he was a good man, and full of the Holy Ghost and of faith: and much people was added unto the Lord. +Then departed Barnabas to Tarsus, for to seek Saul: +And when he had found him, he brought him unto Antioch. And it came to pass, that a whole year they assembled themselves with the church, and taught much people. And the disciples were called Christians first in Antioch. +And in these days came prophets from Jerusalem unto Antioch. +And there stood up one of them named Agabus, and signified by the Spirit that there should be great dearth throughout all the world: which came to pass in the days of Claudius Caesar. +Then the disciples, every man according to his ability, determined to send relief unto the brethren which dwelt in Judaea: +Which also they did, and sent it to the elders by the hands of Barnabas and Saul. +Now about that time Herod the king stretched forth his hands to vex certain of the church. +And he killed James the brother of John with the sword. +And because he saw it pleased the Jews, he proceeded further to take Peter also. (Then were the days of unleavened bread.) +And when he had apprehended him, he put him in prison, and delivered him to four quaternions of soldiers to keep him; intending after Easter to bring him forth to the people. +Peter therefore was kept in prison: but prayer was made without ceasing of the church unto God for him. +And when Herod would have brought him forth, the same night Peter was sleeping between two soldiers, bound with two chains: and the keepers before the door kept the prison. +And, behold, the angel of the Lord came upon him, and a light shined in the prison: and he smote Peter on the side, and raised him up, saying, Arise up quickly. And his chains fell off from his hands. +And the angel said unto him, Gird thyself, and bind on thy sandals. And so he did. And he saith unto him, Cast thy garment about thee, and follow me. +And he went out, and followed him; and wist not that it was true which was done by the angel; but thought he saw a vision. +When they were past the first and the second ward, they came unto the iron gate that leadeth unto the city; which opened to them of his own accord: and they went out, and passed on through one street; and forthwith the angel departed from him. +And when Peter was come to himself, he said, Now I know of a surety, that the LORD hath sent his angel, and hath delivered me out of the hand of Herod, and from all the expectation of the people of the Jews. +And when he had considered the thing, he came to the house of Mary the mother of John, whose surname was Mark; where many were gathered together praying. +And as Peter knocked at the door of the gate, a damsel came to hearken, named Rhoda. +And when she knew Peter's voice, she opened not the gate for gladness, but ran in, and told how Peter stood before the gate. +And they said unto her, Thou art mad. But she constantly affirmed that it was even so. Then said they, It is his angel. +But Peter continued knocking: and when they had opened the door, and saw him, they were astonished. +But he, beckoning unto them with the hand to hold their peace, declared unto them how the Lord had brought him out of the prison. And he said, Go shew these things unto James, and to the brethren. And he departed, and went into another place. +Now as soon as it was day, there was no small stir among the soldiers, what was become of Peter. +And when Herod had sought for him, and found him not, he examined the keepers, and commanded that they should be put to death. And he went down from Judaea to Caesarea, and there abode. +And Herod was highly displeased with them of Tyre and Sidon: but they came with one accord to him, and, having made Blastus the king's chamberlain their friend, desired peace; because their country was nourished by the king's country. +And upon a set day Herod, arrayed in royal apparel, sat upon his throne, and made an oration unto them. +And the people gave a shout, saying, It is the voice of a god, and not of a man. +And immediately the angel of the Lord smote him, because he gave not God the glory: and he was eaten of worms, and gave up the ghost. +But the word of God grew and multiplied. +And Barnabas and Saul returned from Jerusalem, when they had fulfilled their ministry, and took with them John, whose surname was Mark. +Now there were in the church that was at Antioch certain prophets and teachers; as Barnabas, and Simeon that was called Niger, and Lucius of Cyrene, and Manaen, which had been brought up with Herod the tetrarch, and Saul. +As they ministered to the Lord, and fasted, the Holy Ghost said, Separate me Barnabas and Saul for the work whereunto I have called them. +And when they had fasted and prayed, and laid their hands on them, they sent them away. +So they, being sent forth by the Holy Ghost, departed unto Seleucia; and from thence they sailed to Cyprus. +And when they were at Salamis, they preached the word of God in the synagogues of the Jews: and they had also John to their minister. +And when they had gone through the isle unto Paphos, they found a certain sorcerer, a false prophet, a Jew, whose name was Barjesus: +Which was with the deputy of the country, Sergius Paulus, a prudent man; who called for Barnabas and Saul, and desired to hear the word of God. +But Elymas the sorcerer (for so is his name by interpretation) withstood them, seeking to turn away the deputy from the faith. +Then Saul, (who also is called Paul,) filled with the Holy Ghost, set his eyes on him. +And said, O full of all subtilty and all mischief, thou child of the devil, thou enemy of all righteousness, wilt thou not cease to pervert the right ways of the Lord? +And now, behold, the hand of the Lord is upon thee, and thou shalt be blind, not seeing the sun for a season. And immediately there fell on him a mist and a darkness; and he went about seeking some to lead him by the hand. +Then the deputy, when he saw what was done, believed, being astonished at the doctrine of the Lord. +Now when Paul and his company loosed from Paphos, they came to Perga in Pamphylia: and John departing from them returned to Jerusalem. +But when they departed from Perga, they came to Antioch in Pisidia, and went into the synagogue on the sabbath day, and sat down. +And after the reading of the law and the prophets the rulers of the synagogue sent unto them, saying, Ye men and brethren, if ye have any word of exhortation for the people, say on. +Then Paul stood up, and beckoning with his hand said, Men of Israel, and ye that fear God, give audience. +The God of this people of Israel chose our fathers, and exalted the people when they dwelt as strangers in the land of Egypt, and with an high arm brought he them out of it. +And about the time of forty years suffered he their manners in the wilderness. +And when he had destroyed seven nations in the land of Chanaan, he divided their land to them by lot. +And after that he gave unto them judges about the space of four hundred and fifty years, until Samuel the prophet. +And afterward they desired a king: and God gave unto them Saul the son of Cis, a man of the tribe of Benjamin, by the space of forty years. +And when he had removed him, he raised up unto them David to be their king; to whom also he gave their testimony, and said, I have found David the son of Jesse, a man after mine own heart, which shall fulfil all my will. +Of this man's seed hath God according to his promise raised unto Israel a Saviour, Jesus: +When John had first preached before his coming the baptism of repentance to all the people of Israel. +And as John fulfilled his course, he said, Whom think ye that I am? I am not he. But, behold, there cometh one after me, whose shoes of his feet I am not worthy to loose. +Men and brethren, children of the stock of Abraham, and whosoever among you feareth God, to you is the word of this salvation sent. +For they that dwell at Jerusalem, and their rulers, because they knew him not, nor yet the voices of the prophets which are read every sabbath day, they have fulfilled them in condemning him. +And though they found no cause of death in him, yet desired they Pilate that he should be slain. +And when they had fulfilled all that was written of him, they took him down from the tree, and laid him in a sepulchre. +But God raised him from the dead: +And he was seen many days of them which came up with him from Galilee to Jerusalem, who are his witnesses unto the people. +And we declare unto you glad tidings, how that the promise which was made unto the fathers, +God hath fulfilled the same unto us their children, in that he hath raised up Jesus again; as it is also written in the second psalm, Thou art my Son, this day have I begotten thee. +And as concerning that he raised him up from the dead, now no more to return to corruption, he said on this wise, I will give you the sure mercies of David. +Wherefore he saith also in another psalm, Thou shalt not suffer thine Holy One to see corruption. +For David, after he had served his own generation by the will of God, fell on sleep, and was laid unto his fathers, and saw corruption: +But he, whom God raised again, saw no corruption. +Be it known unto you therefore, men and brethren, that through this man is preached unto you the forgiveness of sins: +And by him all that believe are justified from all things, from which ye could not be justified by the law of Moses. +Beware therefore, lest that come upon you, which is spoken of in the prophets; +Behold, ye despisers, and wonder, and perish: for I work a work in your days, a work which ye shall in no wise believe, though a man declare it unto you. +And when the Jews were gone out of the synagogue, the Gentiles besought that these words might be preached to them the next sabbath. +Now when the congregation was broken up, many of the Jews and religious proselytes followed Paul and Barnabas: who, speaking to them, persuaded them to continue in the grace of God. +And the next sabbath day came almost the whole city together to hear the word of God. +But when the Jews saw the multitudes, they were filled with envy, and spake against those things which were spoken by Paul, contradicting and blaspheming. +Then Paul and Barnabas waxed bold, and said, It was necessary that the word of God should first have been spoken to you: but seeing ye put it from you, and judge yourselves unworthy of everlasting life, lo, we turn to the Gentiles. +For so hath the Lord commanded us, saying, I have set thee to be a light of the Gentiles, that thou shouldest be for salvation unto the ends of the earth. +And when the Gentiles heard this, they were glad, and glorified the word of the Lord: and as many as were ordained to eternal life believed. +And the word of the Lord was published throughout all the region. +But the Jews stirred up the devout and honourable women, and the chief men of the city, and raised persecution against Paul and Barnabas, and expelled them out of their coasts. +But they shook off the dust of their feet against them, and came unto Iconium. +And the disciples were filled with joy, and with the Holy Ghost. +And it came to pass in Iconium, that they went both together into the synagogue of the Jews, and so spake, that a great multitude both of the Jews and also of the Greeks believed. +But the unbelieving Jews stirred up the Gentiles, and made their minds evil affected against the brethren. +Long time therefore abode they speaking boldly in the Lord, which gave testimony unto the word of his grace, and granted signs and wonders to be done by their hands. +But the multitude of the city was divided: and part held with the Jews, and part with the apostles. +And when there was an assault made both of the Gentiles, and also of the Jews with their rulers, to use them despitefully, and to stone them, +They were ware of it, and fled unto Lystra and Derbe, cities of Lycaonia, and unto the region that lieth round about: +And there they preached the gospel. +And there sat a certain man at Lystra, impotent in his feet, being a cripple from his mother's womb, who never had walked: +The same heard Paul speak: who stedfastly beholding him, and perceiving that he had faith to be healed, +Said with a loud voice, Stand upright on thy feet. And he leaped and walked. +And when the people saw what Paul had done, they lifted up their voices, saying in the speech of Lycaonia, The gods are come down to us in the likeness of men. +And they called Barnabas, Jupiter; and Paul, Mercurius, because he was the chief speaker. +Then the priest of Jupiter, which was before their city, brought oxen and garlands unto the gates, and would have done sacrifice with the people. +Which when the apostles, Barnabas and Paul, heard of, they rent their clothes, and ran in among the people, crying out, +And saying, Sirs, why do ye these things? We also are men of like passions with you, and preach unto you that ye should turn from these vanities unto the living God, which made heaven, and earth, and the sea, and all things that are therein: +Who in times past suffered all nations to walk in their own ways. +Nevertheless he left not himself without witness, in that he did good, and gave us rain from heaven, and fruitful seasons, filling our hearts with food and gladness. +And with these sayings scarce restrained they the people, that they had not done sacrifice unto them. +And there came thither certain Jews from Antioch and Iconium, who persuaded the people, and having stoned Paul, drew him out of the city, supposing he had been dead. +Howbeit, as the disciples stood round about him, he rose up, and came into the city: and the next day he departed with Barnabas to Derbe. +And when they had preached the gospel to that city, and had taught many, they returned again to Lystra, and to Iconium, and Antioch, +Confirming the souls of the disciples, and exhorting them to continue in the faith, and that we must through much tribulation enter into the kingdom of God. +And when they had ordained them elders in every church, and had prayed with fasting, they commended them to the Lord, on whom they believed. +And after they had passed throughout Pisidia, they came to Pamphylia. +And when they had preached the word in Perga, they went down into Attalia: +And thence sailed to Antioch, from whence they had been recommended to the grace of God for the work which they fulfilled. +And when they were come, and had gathered the church together, they rehearsed all that God had done with them, and how he had opened the door of faith unto the Gentiles. +And there they abode long time with the disciples. +And certain men which came down from Judaea taught the brethren, and said, Except ye be circumcised after the manner of Moses, ye cannot be saved. +When therefore Paul and Barnabas had no small dissension and disputation with them, they determined that Paul and Barnabas, and certain other of them, should go up to Jerusalem unto the apostles and elders about this question. +And being brought on their way by the church, they passed through Phenice and Samaria, declaring the conversion of the Gentiles: and they caused great joy unto all the brethren. +And when they were come to Jerusalem, they were received of the church, and of the apostles and elders, and they declared all things that God had done with them. +But there rose up certain of the sect of the Pharisees which believed, saying, That it was needful to circumcise them, and to command them to keep the law of Moses. +And the apostles and elders came together for to consider of this matter. +And when there had been much disputing, Peter rose up, and said unto them, Men and brethren, ye know how that a good while ago God made choice among us, that the Gentiles by my mouth should hear the word of the gospel, and believe. +And God, which knoweth the hearts, bare them witness, giving them the Holy Ghost, even as he did unto us; +And put no difference between us and them, purifying their hearts by faith. +Now therefore why tempt ye God, to put a yoke upon the neck of the disciples, which neither our fathers nor we were able to bear? +But we believe that through the grace of the LORD Jesus Christ we shall be saved, even as they. +Then all the multitude kept silence, and gave audience to Barnabas and Paul, declaring what miracles and wonders God had wrought among the Gentiles by them. +And after they had held their peace, James answered, saying, Men and brethren, hearken unto me: +Simeon hath declared how God at the first did visit the Gentiles, to take out of them a people for his name. +And to this agree the words of the prophets; as it is written, +After this I will return, and will build again the tabernacle of David, which is fallen down; and I will build again the ruins thereof, and I will set it up: +That the residue of men might seek after the Lord, and all the Gentiles, upon whom my name is called, saith the Lord, who doeth all these things. +Known unto God are all his works from the beginning of the world. +Wherefore my sentence is, that we trouble not them, which from among the Gentiles are turned to God: +But that we write unto them, that they abstain from pollutions of idols, and from fornication, and from things strangled, and from blood. +For Moses of old time hath in every city them that preach him, being read in the synagogues every sabbath day. +Then pleased it the apostles and elders with the whole church, to send chosen men of their own company to Antioch with Paul and Barnabas; namely, Judas surnamed Barsabas and Silas, chief men among the brethren: +And they wrote letters by them after this manner; The apostles and elders and brethren send greeting unto the brethren which are of the Gentiles in Antioch and Syria and Cilicia. +Forasmuch as we have heard, that certain which went out from us have troubled you with words, subverting your souls, saying, Ye must be circumcised, and keep the law: to whom we gave no such commandment: +It seemed good unto us, being assembled with one accord, to send chosen men unto you with our beloved Barnabas and Paul, +Men that have hazarded their lives for the name of our Lord Jesus Christ. +We have sent therefore Judas and Silas, who shall also tell you the same things by mouth. +For it seemed good to the Holy Ghost, and to us, to lay upon you no greater burden than these necessary things; +That ye abstain from meats offered to idols, and from blood, and from things strangled, and from fornication: from which if ye keep yourselves, ye shall do well. Fare ye well. +So when they were dismissed, they came to Antioch: and when they had gathered the multitude together, they delivered the epistle: +Which when they had read, they rejoiced for the consolation. +And Judas and Silas, being prophets also themselves, exhorted the brethren with many words, and confirmed them. +And after they had tarried there a space, they were let go in peace from the brethren unto the apostles. +Notwithstanding it pleased Silas to abide there still. +Paul also and Barnabas continued in Antioch, teaching and preaching the word of the Lord, with many others also. +And some days after Paul said unto Barnabas, Let us go again and visit our brethren in every city where we have preached the word of the LORD, and see how they do. +And Barnabas determined to take with them John, whose surname was Mark. +But Paul thought not good to take him with them, who departed from them from Pamphylia, and went not with them to the work. +And the contention was so sharp between them, that they departed asunder one from the other: and so Barnabas took Mark, and sailed unto Cyprus; +And Paul chose Silas, and departed, being recommended by the brethren unto the grace of God. +And he went through Syria and Cilicia, confirming the churches. +Then came he to Derbe and Lystra: and, behold, a certain disciple was there, named Timotheus, the son of a certain woman, which was a Jewess, and believed; but his father was a Greek: +Which was well reported of by the brethren that were at Lystra and Iconium. +Him would Paul have to go forth with him; and took and circumcised him because of the Jews which were in those quarters: for they knew all that his father was a Greek. +And as they went through the cities, they delivered them the decrees for to keep, that were ordained of the apostles and elders which were at Jerusalem. +And so were the churches established in the faith, and increased in number daily. +Now when they had gone throughout Phrygia and the region of Galatia, and were forbidden of the Holy Ghost to preach the word in Asia, +After they were come to Mysia, they assayed to go into Bithynia: but the Spirit suffered them not. +And they passing by Mysia came down to Troas. +And a vision appeared to Paul in the night; There stood a man of Macedonia, and prayed him, saying, Come over into Macedonia, and help us. +And after he had seen the vision, immediately we endeavoured to go into Macedonia, assuredly gathering that the Lord had called us for to preach the gospel unto them. +Therefore loosing from Troas, we came with a straight course to Samothracia, and the next day to Neapolis; +And from thence to Philippi, which is the chief city of that part of Macedonia, and a colony: and we were in that city abiding certain days. +And on the sabbath we went out of the city by a river side, where prayer was wont to be made; and we sat down, and spake unto the women which resorted thither. +And a certain woman named Lydia, a seller of purple, of the city of Thyatira, which worshipped God, heard us: whose heart the Lord opened, that she attended unto the things which were spoken of Paul. +And when she was baptized, and her household, she besought us, saying, If ye have judged me to be faithful to the Lord, come into my house, and abide there. And she constrained us. +And it came to pass, as we went to prayer, a certain damsel possessed with a spirit of divination met us, which brought her masters much gain by soothsaying: +The same followed Paul and us, and cried, saying, These men are the servants of the most high God, which shew unto us the way of salvation. +And this did she many days. But Paul, being grieved, turned and said to the spirit, I command thee in the name of Jesus Christ to come out of her. And he came out the same hour. +And when her masters saw that the hope of their gains was gone, they caught Paul and Silas, and drew them into the marketplace unto the rulers, +And brought them to the magistrates, saying, These men, being Jews, do exceedingly trouble our city, +And teach customs, which are not lawful for us to receive, neither to observe, being Romans. +And the multitude rose up together against them: and the magistrates rent off their clothes, and commanded to beat them. +And when they had laid many stripes upon them, they cast them into prison, charging the jailor to keep them safely: +Who, having received such a charge, thrust them into the inner prison, and made their feet fast in the stocks. +And at midnight Paul and Silas prayed, and sang praises unto God: and the prisoners heard them. +And suddenly there was a great earthquake, so that the foundations of the prison were shaken: and immediately all the doors were opened, and every one's bands were loosed. +And the keeper of the prison awaking out of his sleep, and seeing the prison doors open, he drew out his sword, and would have killed himself, supposing that the prisoners had been fled. +But Paul cried with a loud voice, saying, Do thyself no harm: for we are all here. +Then he called for a light, and sprang in, and came trembling, and fell down before Paul and Silas, +And brought them out, and said, Sirs, what must I do to be saved? +And they said, Believe on the Lord Jesus Christ, and thou shalt be saved, and thy house. +And they spake unto him the word of the Lord, and to all that were in his house. +And he took them the same hour of the night, and washed their stripes; and was baptized, he and all his, straightway. +And when he had brought them into his house, he set meat before them, and rejoiced, believing in God with all his house. +And when it was day, the magistrates sent the serjeants, saying, Let those men go. +And the keeper of the prison told this saying to Paul, The magistrates have sent to let you go: now therefore depart, and go in peace. +But Paul said unto them, They have beaten us openly uncondemned, being Romans, and have cast us into prison; and now do they thrust us out privily? nay verily; but let them come themselves and fetch us out. +And the serjeants told these words unto the magistrates: and they feared, when they heard that they were Romans. +And they came and besought them, and brought them out, and desired them to depart out of the city. +And they went out of the prison, and entered into the house of Lydia: and when they had seen the brethren, they comforted them, and departed. +Now when they had passed through Amphipolis and Apollonia, they came to Thessalonica, where was a synagogue of the Jews: +And Paul, as his manner was, went in unto them, and three sabbath days reasoned with them out of the scriptures, +Opening and alleging, that Christ must needs have suffered, and risen again from the dead; and that this Jesus, whom I preach unto you, is Christ. +And some of them believed, and consorted with Paul and Silas; and of the devout Greeks a great multitude, and of the chief women not a few. +But the Jews which believed not, moved with envy, took unto them certain lewd fellows of the baser sort, and gathered a company, and set all the city on an uproar, and assaulted the house of Jason, and sought to bring them out to the people. +And when they found them not, they drew Jason and certain brethren unto the rulers of the city, crying, These that have turned the world upside down are come hither also; +Whom Jason hath received: and these all do contrary to the decrees of Caesar, saying that there is another king, one Jesus. +And they troubled the people and the rulers of the city, when they heard these things. +And when they had taken security of Jason, and of the other, they let them go. +And the brethren immediately sent away Paul and Silas by night unto Berea: who coming thither went into the synagogue of the Jews. +These were more noble than those in Thessalonica, in that they received the word with all readiness of mind, and searched the scriptures daily, whether those things were so. +Therefore many of them believed; also of honourable women which were Greeks, and of men, not a few. +But when the Jews of Thessalonica had knowledge that the word of God was preached of Paul at Berea, they came thither also, and stirred up the people. +And then immediately the brethren sent away Paul to go as it were to the sea: but Silas and Timotheus abode there still. +And they that conducted Paul brought him unto Athens: and receiving a commandment unto Silas and Timotheus for to come to him with all speed, they departed. +Now while Paul waited for them at Athens, his spirit was stirred in him, when he saw the city wholly given to idolatry. +Therefore disputed he in the synagogue with the Jews, and with the devout persons, and in the market daily with them that met with him. +Then certain philosophers of the Epicureans, and of the Stoicks, encountered him. And some said, What will this babbler say? other some, He seemeth to be a setter forth of strange gods: because he preached unto them Jesus, and the resurrection. +And they took him, and brought him unto Areopagus, saying, May we know what this new doctrine, whereof thou speakest, is? +For thou bringest certain strange things to our ears: we would know therefore what these things mean. +(For all the Athenians and strangers which were there spent their time in nothing else, but either to tell, or to hear some new thing.) +Then Paul stood in the midst of Mars' hill, and said, Ye men of Athens, I perceive that in all things ye are too superstitious. +For as I passed by, and beheld your devotions, I found an altar with this inscription, TO THE UNKNOWN GOD. Whom therefore ye ignorantly worship, him declare I unto you. +God that made the world and all things therein, seeing that he is Lord of heaven and earth, dwelleth not in temples made with hands; +Neither is worshipped with men's hands, as though he needed any thing, seeing he giveth to all life, and breath, and all things; +And hath made of one blood all nations of men for to dwell on all the face of the earth, and hath determined the times before appointed, and the bounds of their habitation; +That they should seek the Lord, if haply they might feel after him, and find him, though he be not far from every one of us: +For in him we live, and move, and have our being; as certain also of your own poets have said, For we are also his offspring. +Forasmuch then as we are the offspring of God, we ought not to think that the Godhead is like unto gold, or silver, or stone, graven by art and man's device. +And the times of this ignorance God winked at; but now commandeth all men every where to repent: +Because he hath appointed a day, in the which he will judge the world in righteousness by that man whom he hath ordained; whereof he hath given assurance unto all men, in that he hath raised him from the dead. +And when they heard of the resurrection of the dead, some mocked: and others said, We will hear thee again of this matter. +So Paul departed from among them. +Howbeit certain men clave unto him, and believed: among the which was Dionysius the Areopagite, and a woman named Damaris, and others with them. +After these things Paul departed from Athens, and came to Corinth; +And found a certain Jew named Aquila, born in Pontus, lately come from Italy, with his wife Priscilla; (because that Claudius had commanded all Jews to depart from Rome:) and came unto them. +And because he was of the same craft, he abode with them, and wrought: for by their occupation they were tentmakers. +And he reasoned in the synagogue every sabbath, and persuaded the Jews and the Greeks. +And when Silas and Timotheus were come from Macedonia, Paul was pressed in the spirit, and testified to the Jews that Jesus was Christ. +And when they opposed themselves, and blasphemed, he shook his raiment, and said unto them, Your blood be upon your own heads; I am clean; from henceforth I will go unto the Gentiles. +And he departed thence, and entered into a certain man's house, named Justus, one that worshipped God, whose house joined hard to the synagogue. +And Crispus, the chief ruler of the synagogue, believed on the Lord with all his house; and many of the Corinthians hearing believed, and were baptized. +Then spake the Lord to Paul in the night by a vision, Be not afraid, but speak, and hold not thy peace: +For I am with thee, and no man shall set on thee to hurt thee: for I have much people in this city. +And he continued there a year and six months, teaching the word of God among them. +And when Gallio was the deputy of Achaia, the Jews made insurrection with one accord against Paul, and brought him to the judgment seat, +Saying, This fellow persuadeth men to worship God contrary to the law. +And when Paul was now about to open his mouth, Gallio said unto the Jews, If it were a matter of wrong or wicked lewdness, O ye Jews, reason would that I should bear with you: +But if it be a question of words and names, and of your law, look ye to it; for I will be no judge of such matters. +And he drave them from the judgment seat. +Then all the Greeks took Sosthenes, the chief ruler of the synagogue, and beat him before the judgment seat. And Gallio cared for none of those things. +And Paul after this tarried there yet a good while, and then took his leave of the brethren, and sailed thence into Syria, and with him Priscilla and Aquila; having shorn his head in Cenchrea: for he had a vow. +And he came to Ephesus, and left them there: but he himself entered into the synagogue, and reasoned with the Jews. +When they desired him to tarry longer time with them, he consented not; +But bade them farewell, saying, I must by all means keep this feast that cometh in Jerusalem: but I will return again unto you, if God will. And he sailed from Ephesus. +And when he had landed at Caesarea, and gone up, and saluted the church, he went down to Antioch. +And after he had spent some time there, he departed, and went over all the country of Galatia and Phrygia in order, strengthening all the disciples. +And a certain Jew named Apollos, born at Alexandria, an eloquent man, and mighty in the scriptures, came to Ephesus. +This man was instructed in the way of the Lord; and being fervent in the spirit, he spake and taught diligently the things of the Lord, knowing only the baptism of John. +And he began to speak boldly in the synagogue: whom when Aquila and Priscilla had heard, they took him unto them, and expounded unto him the way of God more perfectly. +And when he was disposed to pass into Achaia, the brethren wrote, exhorting the disciples to receive him: who, when he was come, helped them much which had believed through grace: +For he mightily convinced the Jews, and that publickly, shewing by the scriptures that Jesus was Christ. +And it came to pass, that, while Apollos was at Corinth, Paul having passed through the upper coasts came to Ephesus: and finding certain disciples, +He said unto them, Have ye received the Holy Ghost since ye believed? And they said unto him, We have not so much as heard whether there be any Holy Ghost. +And he said unto them, Unto what then were ye baptized? And they said, Unto John's baptism. +Then said Paul, John verily baptized with the baptism of repentance, saying unto the people, that they should believe on him which should come after him, that is, on Christ Jesus. +When they heard this, they were baptized in the name of the Lord Jesus. +And when Paul had laid his hands upon them, the Holy Ghost came on them; and they spake with tongues, and prophesied. +And all the men were about twelve. +And he went into the synagogue, and spake boldly for the space of three months, disputing and persuading the things concerning the kingdom of God. +But when divers were hardened, and believed not, but spake evil of that way before the multitude, he departed from them, and separated the disciples, disputing daily in the school of one Tyrannus. +And this continued by the space of two years; so that all they which dwelt in Asia heard the word of the Lord Jesus, both Jews and Greeks. +And God wrought special miracles by the hands of Paul: +So that from his body were brought unto the sick handkerchiefs or aprons, and the diseases departed from them, and the evil spirits went out of them. +Then certain of the vagabond Jews, exorcists, took upon them to call over them which had evil spirits the name of the LORD Jesus, saying, We adjure you by Jesus whom Paul preacheth. +And there were seven sons of one Sceva, a Jew, and chief of the priests, which did so. +And the evil spirit answered and said, Jesus I know, and Paul I know; but who are ye? +And the man in whom the evil spirit was leaped on them, and overcame them, and prevailed against them, so that they fled out of that house naked and wounded. +And this was known to all the Jews and Greeks also dwelling at Ephesus; and fear fell on them all, and the name of the Lord Jesus was magnified. +And many that believed came, and confessed, and shewed their deeds. +Many of them also which used curious arts brought their books together, and burned them before all men: and they counted the price of them, and found it fifty thousand pieces of silver. +So mightily grew the word of God and prevailed. +After these things were ended, Paul purposed in the spirit, when he had passed through Macedonia and Achaia, to go to Jerusalem, saying, After I have been there, I must also see Rome. +So he sent into Macedonia two of them that ministered unto him, Timotheus and Erastus; but he himself stayed in Asia for a season. +And the same time there arose no small stir about that way. +For a certain man named Demetrius, a silversmith, which made silver shrines for Diana, brought no small gain unto the craftsmen; +Whom he called together with the workmen of like occupation, and said, Sirs, ye know that by this craft we have our wealth. +Moreover ye see and hear, that not alone at Ephesus, but almost throughout all Asia, this Paul hath persuaded and turned away much people, saying that they be no gods, which are made with hands: +So that not only this our craft is in danger to be set at nought; but also that the temple of the great goddess Diana should be despised, and her magnificence should be destroyed, whom all Asia and the world worshippeth. +And when they heard these sayings, they were full of wrath, and cried out, saying, Great is Diana of the Ephesians. +And the whole city was filled with confusion: and having caught Gaius and Aristarchus, men of Macedonia, Paul's companions in travel, they rushed with one accord into the theatre. +And when Paul would have entered in unto the people, the disciples suffered him not. +And certain of the chief of Asia, which were his friends, sent unto him, desiring him that he would not adventure himself into the theatre. +Some therefore cried one thing, and some another: for the assembly was confused: and the more part knew not wherefore they were come together. +And they drew Alexander out of the multitude, the Jews putting him forward. And Alexander beckoned with the hand, and would have made his defence unto the people. +But when they knew that he was a Jew, all with one voice about the space of two hours cried out, Great is Diana of the Ephesians. +And when the townclerk had appeased the people, he said, Ye men of Ephesus, what man is there that knoweth not how that the city of the Ephesians is a worshipper of the great goddess Diana, and of the image which fell down from Jupiter? +Seeing then that these things cannot be spoken against, ye ought to be quiet, and to do nothing rashly. +For ye have brought hither these men, which are neither robbers of churches, nor yet blasphemers of your goddess. +Wherefore if Demetrius, and the craftsmen which are with him, have a matter against any man, the law is open, and there are deputies: let them implead one another. +But if ye enquire any thing concerning other matters, it shall be determined in a lawful assembly. +For we are in danger to be called in question for this day's uproar, there being no cause whereby we may give an account of this concourse. +And when he had thus spoken, he dismissed the assembly. +And after the uproar was ceased, Paul called unto him the disciples, and embraced them, and departed for to go into Macedonia. +And when he had gone over those parts, and had given them much exhortation, he came into Greece, +And there abode three months. And when the Jews laid wait for him, as he was about to sail into Syria, he purposed to return through Macedonia. +And there accompanied him into Asia Sopater of Berea; and of the Thessalonians, Aristarchus and Secundus; and Gaius of Derbe, and Timotheus; and of Asia, Tychicus and Trophimus. +These going before tarried for us at Troas. +And we sailed away from Philippi after the days of unleavened bread, and came unto them to Troas in five days; where we abode seven days. +And upon the first day of the week, when the disciples came together to break bread, Paul preached unto them, ready to depart on the morrow; and continued his speech until midnight. +And there were many lights in the upper chamber, where they were gathered together. +And there sat in a window a certain young man named Eutychus, being fallen into a deep sleep: and as Paul was long preaching, he sunk down with sleep, and fell down from the third loft, and was taken up dead. +And Paul went down, and fell on him, and embracing him said, Trouble not yourselves; for his life is in him. +When he therefore was come up again, and had broken bread, and eaten, and talked a long while, even till break of day, so he departed. +And they brought the young man alive, and were not a little comforted. +And we went before to ship, and sailed unto Assos, there intending to take in Paul: for so had he appointed, minding himself to go afoot. +And when he met with us at Assos, we took him in, and came to Mitylene. +And we sailed thence, and came the next day over against Chios; and the next day we arrived at Samos, and tarried at Trogyllium; and the next day we came to Miletus. +For Paul had determined to sail by Ephesus, because he would not spend the time in Asia: for he hasted, if it were possible for him, to be at Jerusalem the day of Pentecost. +And from Miletus he sent to Ephesus, and called the elders of the church. +And when they were come to him, he said unto them, Ye know, from the first day that I came into Asia, after what manner I have been with you at all seasons, +Serving the LORD with all humility of mind, and with many tears, and temptations, which befell me by the lying in wait of the Jews: +And how I kept back nothing that was profitable unto you, but have shewed you, and have taught you publickly, and from house to house, +Testifying both to the Jews, and also to the Greeks, repentance toward God, and faith toward our Lord Jesus Christ. +And now, behold, I go bound in the spirit unto Jerusalem, not knowing the things that shall befall me there: +Save that the Holy Ghost witnesseth in every city, saying that bonds and afflictions abide me. +But none of these things move me, neither count I my life dear unto myself, so that I might finish my course with joy, and the ministry, which I have received of the Lord Jesus, to testify the gospel of the grace of God. +And now, behold, I know that ye all, among whom I have gone preaching the kingdom of God, shall see my face no more. +Wherefore I take you to record this day, that I am pure from the blood of all men. +For I have not shunned to declare unto you all the counsel of God. +Take heed therefore unto yourselves, and to all the flock, over the which the Holy Ghost hath made you overseers, to feed the church of God, which he hath purchased with his own blood. +For I know this, that after my departing shall grievous wolves enter in among you, not sparing the flock. +Also of your own selves shall men arise, speaking perverse things, to draw away disciples after them. +Therefore watch, and remember, that by the space of three years I ceased not to warn every one night and day with tears. +And now, brethren, I commend you to God, and to the word of his grace, which is able to build you up, and to give you an inheritance among all them which are sanctified. +I have coveted no man's silver, or gold, or apparel. +Yea, ye yourselves know, that these hands have ministered unto my necessities, and to them that were with me. +I have shewed you all things, how that so labouring ye ought to support the weak, and to remember the words of the Lord Jesus, how he said, It is more blessed to give than to receive. +And when he had thus spoken, he kneeled down, and prayed with them all. +And they all wept sore, and fell on Paul's neck, and kissed him, +Sorrowing most of all for the words which he spake, that they should see his face no more. And they accompanied him unto the ship. +And it came to pass, that after we were gotten from them, and had launched, we came with a straight course unto Coos, and the day following unto Rhodes, and from thence unto Patara: +And finding a ship sailing over unto Phenicia, we went aboard, and set forth. +Now when we had discovered Cyprus, we left it on the left hand, and sailed into Syria, and landed at Tyre: for there the ship was to unlade her burden. +And finding disciples, we tarried there seven days: who said to Paul through the Spirit, that he should not go up to Jerusalem. +And when we had accomplished those days, we departed and went our way; and they all brought us on our way, with wives and children, till we were out of the city: and we kneeled down on the shore, and prayed. +And when we had taken our leave one of another, we took ship; and they returned home again. +And when we had finished our course from Tyre, we came to Ptolemais, and saluted the brethren, and abode with them one day. +And the next day we that were of Paul's company departed, and came unto Caesarea: and we entered into the house of Philip the evangelist, which was one of the seven; and abode with him. +And the same man had four daughters, virgins, which did prophesy. +And as we tarried there many days, there came down from Judaea a certain prophet, named Agabus. +And when he was come unto us, he took Paul's girdle, and bound his own hands and feet, and said, Thus saith the Holy Ghost, So shall the Jews at Jerusalem bind the man that owneth this girdle, and shall deliver him into the hands of the Gentiles. +And when we heard these things, both we, and they of that place, besought him not to go up to Jerusalem. +Then Paul answered, What mean ye to weep and to break mine heart? for I am ready not to be bound only, but also to die at Jerusalem for the name of the Lord Jesus. +And when he would not be persuaded, we ceased, saying, The will of the Lord be done. +And after those days we took up our carriages, and went up to Jerusalem. +There went with us also certain of the disciples of Caesarea, and brought with them one Mnason of Cyprus, an old disciple, with whom we should lodge. +And when we were come to Jerusalem, the brethren received us gladly. +And the day following Paul went in with us unto James; and all the elders were present. +And when he had saluted them, he declared particularly what things God had wrought among the Gentiles by his ministry. +And when they heard it, they glorified the Lord, and said unto him, Thou seest, brother, how many thousands of Jews there are which believe; and they are all zealous of the law: +And they are informed of thee, that thou teachest all the Jews which are among the Gentiles to forsake Moses, saying that they ought not to circumcise their children, neither to walk after the customs. +What is it therefore? the multitude must needs come together: for they will hear that thou art come. +Do therefore this that we say to thee: We have four men which have a vow on them; +Them take, and purify thyself with them, and be at charges with them, that they may shave their heads: and all may know that those things, whereof they were informed concerning thee, are nothing; but that thou thyself also walkest orderly, and keepest the law. +As touching the Gentiles which believe, we have written and concluded that they observe no such thing, save only that they keep themselves from things offered to idols, and from blood, and from strangled, and from fornication. +Then Paul took the men, and the next day purifying himself with them entered into the temple, to signify the accomplishment of the days of purification, until that an offering should be offered for every one of them. +And when the seven days were almost ended, the Jews which were of Asia, when they saw him in the temple, stirred up all the people, and laid hands on him, +Crying out, Men of Israel, help: This is the man, that teacheth all men every where against the people, and the law, and this place: and further brought Greeks also into the temple, and hath polluted this holy place. +(For they had seen before with him in the city Trophimus an Ephesian, whom they supposed that Paul had brought into the temple.) +And all the city was moved, and the people ran together: and they took Paul, and drew him out of the temple: and forthwith the doors were shut. +And as they went about to kill him, tidings came unto the chief captain of the band, that all Jerusalem was in an uproar. +Who immediately took soldiers and centurions, and ran down unto them: and when they saw the chief captain and the soldiers, they left beating of Paul. +Then the chief captain came near, and took him, and commanded him to be bound with two chains; and demanded who he was, and what he had done. +And some cried one thing, some another, among the multitude: and when he could not know the certainty for the tumult, he commanded him to be carried into the castle. +And when he came upon the stairs, so it was, that he was borne of the soldiers for the violence of the people. +For the multitude of the people followed after, crying, Away with him. +And as Paul was to be led into the castle, he said unto the chief captain, May I speak unto thee? Who said, Canst thou speak Greek? +Art not thou that Egyptian, which before these days madest an uproar, and leddest out into the wilderness four thousand men that were murderers? +But Paul said, I am a man which am a Jew of Tarsus, a city in Cilicia, a citizen of no mean city: and, I beseech thee, suffer me to speak unto the people. +And when he had given him licence, Paul stood on the stairs, and beckoned with the hand unto the people. And when there was made a great silence, he spake unto them in the Hebrew tongue, saying, +Men, brethren, and fathers, hear ye my defence which I make now unto you. +(And when they heard that he spake in the Hebrew tongue to them, they kept the more silence: and he saith,) +I am verily a man which am a Jew, born in Tarsus, a city in Cilicia, yet brought up in this city at the feet of Gamaliel, and taught according to the perfect manner of the law of the fathers, and was zealous toward God, as ye all are this day. +And I persecuted this way unto the death, binding and delivering into prisons both men and women. +As also the high priest doth bear me witness, and all the estate of the elders: from whom also I received letters unto the brethren, and went to Damascus, to bring them which were there bound unto Jerusalem, for to be punished. +And it came to pass, that, as I made my journey, and was come nigh unto Damascus about noon, suddenly there shone from heaven a great light round about me. +And I fell unto the ground, and heard a voice saying unto me, Saul, Saul, why persecutest thou me? +And I answered, Who art thou, Lord? And he said unto me, I am Jesus of Nazareth, whom thou persecutest. +And they that were with me saw indeed the light, and were afraid; but they heard not the voice of him that spake to me. +And I said, What shall I do, LORD? And the Lord said unto me, Arise, and go into Damascus; and there it shall be told thee of all things which are appointed for thee to do. +And when I could not see for the glory of that light, being led by the hand of them that were with me, I came into Damascus. +And one Ananias, a devout man according to the law, having a good report of all the Jews which dwelt there, +Came unto me, and stood, and said unto me, Brother Saul, receive thy sight. And the same hour I looked up upon him. +And he said, The God of our fathers hath chosen thee, that thou shouldest know his will, and see that Just One, and shouldest hear the voice of his mouth. +For thou shalt be his witness unto all men of what thou hast seen and heard. +And now why tarriest thou? arise, and be baptized, and wash away thy sins, calling on the name of the Lord. +And it came to pass, that, when I was come again to Jerusalem, even while I prayed in the temple, I was in a trance; +And saw him saying unto me, Make haste, and get thee quickly out of Jerusalem: for they will not receive thy testimony concerning me. +And I said, Lord, they know that I imprisoned and beat in every synagogue them that believed on thee: +And when the blood of thy martyr Stephen was shed, I also was standing by, and consenting unto his death, and kept the raiment of them that slew him. +And he said unto me, Depart: for I will send thee far hence unto the Gentiles. +And they gave him audience unto this word, and then lifted up their voices, and said, Away with such a fellow from the earth: for it is not fit that he should live. +And as they cried out, and cast off their clothes, and threw dust into the air, +The chief captain commanded him to be brought into the castle, and bade that he should be examined by scourging; that he might know wherefore they cried so against him. +And as they bound him with thongs, Paul said unto the centurion that stood by, Is it lawful for you to scourge a man that is a Roman, and uncondemned? +When the centurion heard that, he went and told the chief captain, saying, Take heed what thou doest: for this man is a Roman. +Then the chief captain came, and said unto him, Tell me, art thou a Roman? He said, Yea. +And the chief captain answered, With a great sum obtained I this freedom. And Paul said, But I was free born. +Then straightway they departed from him which should have examined him: and the chief captain also was afraid, after he knew that he was a Roman, and because he had bound him. +On the morrow, because he would have known the certainty wherefore he was accused of the Jews, he loosed him from his bands, and commanded the chief priests and all their council to appear, and brought Paul down, and set him before them. +And Paul, earnestly beholding the council, said, Men and brethren, I have lived in all good conscience before God until this day. +And the high priest Ananias commanded them that stood by him to smite him on the mouth. +Then said Paul unto him, God shall smite thee, thou whited wall: for sittest thou to judge me after the law, and commandest me to be smitten contrary to the law? +And they that stood by said, Revilest thou God's high priest? +Then said Paul, I wist not, brethren, that he was the high priest: for it is written, Thou shalt not speak evil of the ruler of thy people. +But when Paul perceived that the one part were Sadducees, and the other Pharisees, he cried out in the council, Men and brethren, I am a Pharisee, the son of a Pharisee: of the hope and resurrection of the dead I am called in question. +And when he had so said, there arose a dissension between the Pharisees and the Sadducees: and the multitude was divided. +For the Sadducees say that there is no resurrection, neither angel, nor spirit: but the Pharisees confess both. +And there arose a great cry: and the scribes that were of the Pharisees' part arose, and strove, saying, We find no evil in this man: but if a spirit or an angel hath spoken to him, let us not fight against God. +And when there arose a great dissension, the chief captain, fearing lest Paul should have been pulled in pieces of them, commanded the soldiers to go down, and to take him by force from among them, and to bring him into the castle. +And the night following the Lord stood by him, and said, Be of good cheer, Paul: for as thou hast testified of me in Jerusalem, so must thou bear witness also at Rome. +And when it was day, certain of the Jews banded together, and bound themselves under a curse, saying that they would neither eat nor drink till they had killed Paul. +And they were more than forty which had made this conspiracy. +And they came to the chief priests and elders, and said, We have bound ourselves under a great curse, that we will eat nothing until we have slain Paul. +Now therefore ye with the council signify to the chief captain that he bring him down unto you to morrow, as though ye would enquire something more perfectly concerning him: and we, or ever he come near, are ready to kill him. +And when Paul's sister's son heard of their lying in wait, he went and entered into the castle, and told Paul. +Then Paul called one of the centurions unto him, and said, Bring this young man unto the chief captain: for he hath a certain thing to tell him. +So he took him, and brought him to the chief captain, and said, Paul the prisoner called me unto him, and prayed me to bring this young man unto thee, who hath something to say unto thee. +Then the chief captain took him by the hand, and went with him aside privately, and asked him, What is that thou hast to tell me? +And he said, The Jews have agreed to desire thee that thou wouldest bring down Paul to morrow into the council, as though they would enquire somewhat of him more perfectly. +But do not thou yield unto them: for there lie in wait for him of them more than forty men, which have bound themselves with an oath, that they will neither eat nor drink till they have killed him: and now are they ready, looking for a promise from thee. +So the chief captain then let the young man depart, and charged him, See thou tell no man that thou hast shewed these things to me. +And he called unto him two centurions, saying, Make ready two hundred soldiers to go to Caesarea, and horsemen threescore and ten, and spearmen two hundred, at the third hour of the night; +And provide them beasts, that they may set Paul on, and bring him safe unto Felix the governor. +And he wrote a letter after this manner: +Claudius Lysias unto the most excellent governor Felix sendeth greeting. +This man was taken of the Jews, and should have been killed of them: then came I with an army, and rescued him, having understood that he was a Roman. +And when I would have known the cause wherefore they accused him, I brought him forth into their council: +Whom I perceived to be accused of questions of their law, but to have nothing laid to his charge worthy of death or of bonds. +And when it was told me how that the Jews laid wait for the man, I sent straightway to thee, and gave commandment to his accusers also to say before thee what they had against him. Farewell. +Then the soldiers, as it was commanded them, took Paul, and brought him by night to Antipatris. +On the morrow they left the horsemen to go with him, and returned to the castle: +Who, when they came to Caesarea and delivered the epistle to the governor, presented Paul also before him. +And when the governor had read the letter, he asked of what province he was. And when he understood that he was of Cilicia; +I will hear thee, said he, when thine accusers are also come. And he commanded him to be kept in Herod's judgment hall. +And after five days Ananias the high priest descended with the elders, and with a certain orator named Tertullus, who informed the governor against Paul. +And when he was called forth, Tertullus began to accuse him, saying, Seeing that by thee we enjoy great quietness, and that very worthy deeds are done unto this nation by thy providence, +We accept it always, and in all places, most noble Felix, with all thankfulness. +Notwithstanding, that I be not further tedious unto thee, I pray thee that thou wouldest hear us of thy clemency a few words. +For we have found this man a pestilent fellow, and a mover of sedition among all the Jews throughout the world, and a ringleader of the sect of the Nazarenes: +Who also hath gone about to profane the temple: whom we took, and would have judged according to our law. +But the chief captain Lysias came upon us, and with great violence took him away out of our hands, +Commanding his accusers to come unto thee: by examining of whom thyself mayest take knowledge of all these things, whereof we accuse him. +And the Jews also assented, saying that these things were so. +Then Paul, after that the governor had beckoned unto him to speak, answered, Forasmuch as I know that thou hast been of many years a judge unto this nation, I do the more cheerfully answer for myself: +Because that thou mayest understand, that there are yet but twelve days since I went up to Jerusalem for to worship. +And they neither found me in the temple disputing with any man, neither raising up the people, neither in the synagogues, nor in the city: +Neither can they prove the things whereof they now accuse me. +But this I confess unto thee, that after the way which they call heresy, so worship I the God of my fathers, believing all things which are written in the law and in the prophets: +And have hope toward God, which they themselves also allow, that there shall be a resurrection of the dead, both of the just and unjust. +And herein do I exercise myself, to have always a conscience void to offence toward God, and toward men. +Now after many years I came to bring alms to my nation, and offerings. +Whereupon certain Jews from Asia found me purified in the temple, neither with multitude, nor with tumult. +Who ought to have been here before thee, and object, if they had ought against me. +Or else let these same here say, if they have found any evil doing in me, while I stood before the council, +Except it be for this one voice, that I cried standing among them, Touching the resurrection of the dead I am called in question by you this day. +And when Felix heard these things, having more perfect knowledge of that way, he deferred them, and said, When Lysias the chief captain shall come down, I will know the uttermost of your matter. +And he commanded a centurion to keep Paul, and to let him have liberty, and that he should forbid none of his acquaintance to minister or come unto him. +And after certain days, when Felix came with his wife Drusilla, which was a Jewess, he sent for Paul, and heard him concerning the faith in Christ. +And as he reasoned of righteousness, temperance, and judgment to come, Felix trembled, and answered, Go thy way for this time; when I have a convenient season, I will call for thee. +He hoped also that money should have been given him of Paul, that he might loose him: wherefore he sent for him the oftener, and communed with him. +But after two years Porcius Festus came into Felix' room: and Felix, willing to shew the Jews a pleasure, left Paul bound. +Now when Festus was come into the province, after three days he ascended from Caesarea to Jerusalem. +Then the high priest and the chief of the Jews informed him against Paul, and besought him, +And desired favour against him, that he would send for him to Jerusalem, laying wait in the way to kill him. +But Festus answered, that Paul should be kept at Caesarea, and that he himself would depart shortly thither. +Let them therefore, said he, which among you are able, go down with me, and accuse this man, if there be any wickedness in him. +And when he had tarried among them more than ten days, he went down unto Caesarea; and the next day sitting on the judgment seat commanded Paul to be brought. +And when he was come, the Jews which came down from Jerusalem stood round about, and laid many and grievous complaints against Paul, which they could not prove. +While he answered for himself, Neither against the law of the Jews, neither against the temple, nor yet against Caesar, have I offended any thing at all. +But Festus, willing to do the Jews a pleasure, answered Paul, and said, Wilt thou go up to Jerusalem, and there be judged of these things before me? +Then said Paul, I stand at Caesar's judgment seat, where I ought to be judged: to the Jews have I done no wrong, as thou very well knowest. +For if I be an offender, or have committed any thing worthy of death, I refuse not to die: but if there be none of these things whereof these accuse me, no man may deliver me unto them. I appeal unto Caesar. +Then Festus, when he had conferred with the council, answered, Hast thou appealed unto Caesar? unto Caesar shalt thou go. +And after certain days king Agrippa and Bernice came unto Caesarea to salute Festus. +And when they had been there many days, Festus declared Paul's cause unto the king, saying, There is a certain man left in bonds by Felix: +About whom, when I was at Jerusalem, the chief priests and the elders of the Jews informed me, desiring to have judgment against him. +To whom I answered, It is not the manner of the Romans to deliver any man to die, before that he which is accused have the accusers face to face, and have licence to answer for himself concerning the crime laid against him. +Therefore, when they were come hither, without any delay on the morrow I sat on the judgment seat, and commanded the man to be brought forth. +Against whom when the accusers stood up, they brought none accusation of such things as I supposed: +But had certain questions against him of their own superstition, and of one Jesus, which was dead, whom Paul affirmed to be alive. +And because I doubted of such manner of questions, I asked him whether he would go to Jerusalem, and there be judged of these matters. +But when Paul had appealed to be reserved unto the hearing of Augustus, I commanded him to be kept till I might send him to Caesar. +Then Agrippa said unto Festus, I would also hear the man myself. To morrow, said he, thou shalt hear him. +And on the morrow, when Agrippa was come, and Bernice, with great pomp, and was entered into the place of hearing, with the chief captains, and principal men of the city, at Festus' commandment Paul was brought forth. +And Festus said, King Agrippa, and all men which are here present with us, ye see this man, about whom all the multitude of the Jews have dealt with me, both at Jerusalem, and also here, crying that he ought not to live any longer. +But when I found that he had committed nothing worthy of death, and that he himself hath appealed to Augustus, I have determined to send him. +Of whom I have no certain thing to write unto my lord. Wherefore I have brought him forth before you, and specially before thee, O king Agrippa, that, after examination had, I might have somewhat to write. +For it seemeth to me unreasonable to send a prisoner, and not withal to signify the crimes laid against him. +Then Agrippa said unto Paul, Thou art permitted to speak for thyself. Then Paul stretched forth the hand, and answered for himself: +I think myself happy, king Agrippa, because I shall answer for myself this day before thee touching all the things whereof I am accused of the Jews: +Especially because I know thee to be expert in all customs and questions which are among the Jews: wherefore I beseech thee to hear me patiently. +My manner of life from my youth, which was at the first among mine own nation at Jerusalem, know all the Jews; +Which knew me from the beginning, if they would testify, that after the most straitest sect of our religion I lived a Pharisee. +And now I stand and am judged for the hope of the promise made of God, unto our fathers: +Unto which promise our twelve tribes, instantly serving God day and night, hope to come. For which hope's sake, king Agrippa, I am accused of the Jews. +Why should it be thought a thing incredible with you, that God should raise the dead? +I verily thought with myself, that I ought to do many things contrary to the name of Jesus of Nazareth. +Which thing I also did in Jerusalem: and many of the saints did I shut up in prison, having received authority from the chief priests; and when they were put to death, I gave my voice against them. +And I punished them oft in every synagogue, and compelled them to blaspheme; and being exceedingly mad against them, I persecuted them even unto strange cities. +Whereupon as I went to Damascus with authority and commission from the chief priests, +At midday, O king, I saw in the way a light from heaven, above the brightness of the sun, shining round about me and them which journeyed with me. +And when we were all fallen to the earth, I heard a voice speaking unto me, and saying in the Hebrew tongue, Saul, Saul, why persecutest thou me? it is hard for thee to kick against the pricks. +And I said, Who art thou, Lord? And he said, I am Jesus whom thou persecutest. +But rise, and stand upon thy feet: for I have appeared unto thee for this purpose, to make thee a minister and a witness both of these things which thou hast seen, and of those things in the which I will appear unto thee; +Delivering thee from the people, and from the Gentiles, unto whom now I send thee, +To open their eyes, and to turn them from darkness to light, and from the power of Satan unto God, that they may receive forgiveness of sins, and inheritance among them which are sanctified by faith that is in me. +Whereupon, O king Agrippa, I was not disobedient unto the heavenly vision: +But shewed first unto them of Damascus, and at Jerusalem, and throughout all the coasts of Judaea, and then to the Gentiles, that they should repent and turn to God, and do works meet for repentance. +For these causes the Jews caught me in the temple, and went about to kill me. +Having therefore obtained help of God, I continue unto this day, witnessing both to small and great, saying none other things than those which the prophets and Moses did say should come: +That Christ should suffer, and that he should be the first that should rise from the dead, and should shew light unto the people, and to the Gentiles. +And as he thus spake for himself, Festus said with a loud voice, Paul, thou art beside thyself; much learning doth make thee mad. +But he said, I am not mad, most noble Festus; but speak forth the words of truth and soberness. +For the king knoweth of these things, before whom also I speak freely: for I am persuaded that none of these things are hidden from him; for this thing was not done in a corner. +King Agrippa, believest thou the prophets? I know that thou believest. +Then Agrippa said unto Paul, Almost thou persuadest me to be a Christian. +And Paul said, I would to God, that not only thou, but also all that hear me this day, were both almost, and altogether such as I am, except these bonds. +And when he had thus spoken, the king rose up, and the governor, and Bernice, and they that sat with them: +And when they were gone aside, they talked between themselves, saying, This man doeth nothing worthy of death or of bonds. +Then said Agrippa unto Festus, This man might have been set at liberty, if he had not appealed unto Caesar. +And when it was determined that we should sail into Italy, they delivered Paul and certain other prisoners unto one named Julius, a centurion of Augustus' band. +And entering into a ship of Adramyttium, we launched, meaning to sail by the coasts of Asia; one Aristarchus, a Macedonian of Thessalonica, being with us. +And the next day we touched at Sidon. And Julius courteously entreated Paul, and gave him liberty to go unto his friends to refresh himself. +And when we had launched from thence, we sailed under Cyprus, because the winds were contrary. +And when we had sailed over the sea of Cilicia and Pamphylia, we came to Myra, a city of Lycia. +And there the centurion found a ship of Alexandria sailing into Italy; and he put us therein. +And when we had sailed slowly many days, and scarce were come over against Cnidus, the wind not suffering us, we sailed under Crete, over against Salmone; +And, hardly passing it, came unto a place which is called The fair havens; nigh whereunto was the city of Lasea. +Now when much time was spent, and when sailing was now dangerous, because the fast was now already past, Paul admonished them, +And said unto them, Sirs, I perceive that this voyage will be with hurt and much damage, not only of the lading and ship, but also of our lives. +Nevertheless the centurion believed the master and the owner of the ship, more than those things which were spoken by Paul. +And because the haven was not commodious to winter in, the more part advised to depart thence also, if by any means they might attain to Phenice, and there to winter; which is an haven of Crete, and lieth toward the south west and north west. +And when the south wind blew softly, supposing that they had obtained their purpose, loosing thence, they sailed close by Crete. +But not long after there arose against it a tempestuous wind, called Euroclydon. +And when the ship was caught, and could not bear up into the wind, we let her drive. +And running under a certain island which is called Clauda, we had much work to come by the boat: +Which when they had taken up, they used helps, undergirding the ship; and, fearing lest they should fall into the quicksands, strake sail, and so were driven. +And we being exceedingly tossed with a tempest, the next day they lightened the ship; +And the third day we cast out with our own hands the tackling of the ship. +And when neither sun nor stars in many days appeared, and no small tempest lay on us, all hope that we should be saved was then taken away. +But after long abstinence Paul stood forth in the midst of them, and said, Sirs, ye should have hearkened unto me, and not have loosed from Crete, and to have gained this harm and loss. +And now I exhort you to be of good cheer: for there shall be no loss of any man's life among you, but of the ship. +For there stood by me this night the angel of God, whose I am, and whom I serve, +Saying, Fear not, Paul; thou must be brought before Caesar: and, lo, God hath given thee all them that sail with thee. +Wherefore, sirs, be of good cheer: for I believe God, that it shall be even as it was told me. +Howbeit we must be cast upon a certain island. +But when the fourteenth night was come, as we were driven up and down in Adria, about midnight the shipmen deemed that they drew near to some country; +And sounded, and found it twenty fathoms: and when they had gone a little further, they sounded again, and found it fifteen fathoms. +Then fearing lest we should have fallen upon rocks, they cast four anchors out of the stern, and wished for the day. +And as the shipmen were about to flee out of the ship, when they had let down the boat into the sea, under colour as though they would have cast anchors out of the foreship, +Paul said to the centurion and to the soldiers, Except these abide in the ship, ye cannot be saved. +Then the soldiers cut off the ropes of the boat, and let her fall off. +And while the day was coming on, Paul besought them all to take meat, saying, This day is the fourteenth day that ye have tarried and continued fasting, having taken nothing. +Wherefore I pray you to take some meat: for this is for your health: for there shall not an hair fall from the head of any of you. +And when he had thus spoken, he took bread, and gave thanks to God in presence of them all: and when he had broken it, he began to eat. +Then were they all of good cheer, and they also took some meat. +And we were in all in the ship two hundred threescore and sixteen souls. +And when they had eaten enough, they lightened the ship, and cast out the wheat into the sea. +And when it was day, they knew not the land: but they discovered a certain creek with a shore, into the which they were minded, if it were possible, to thrust in the ship. +And when they had taken up the anchors, they committed themselves unto the sea, and loosed the rudder bands, and hoised up the mainsail to the wind, and made toward shore. +And falling into a place where two seas met, they ran the ship aground; and the forepart stuck fast, and remained unmoveable, but the hinder part was broken with the violence of the waves. +And the soldiers' counsel was to kill the prisoners, lest any of them should swim out, and escape. +But the centurion, willing to save Paul, kept them from their purpose; and commanded that they which could swim should cast themselves first into the sea, and get to land: +And the rest, some on boards, and some on broken pieces of the ship. And so it came to pass, that they escaped all safe to land. +And when they were escaped, then they knew that the island was called Melita. +And the barbarous people shewed us no little kindness: for they kindled a fire, and received us every one, because of the present rain, and because of the cold. +And when Paul had gathered a bundle of sticks, and laid them on the fire, there came a viper out of the heat, and fastened on his hand. +And when the barbarians saw the venomous beast hang on his hand, they said among themselves, No doubt this man is a murderer, whom, though he hath escaped the sea, yet vengeance suffereth not to live. +And he shook off the beast into the fire, and felt no harm. +Howbeit they looked when he should have swollen, or fallen down dead suddenly: but after they had looked a great while, and saw no harm come to him, they changed their minds, and said that he was a god. +In the same quarters were possessions of the chief man of the island, whose name was Publius; who received us, and lodged us three days courteously. +And it came to pass, that the father of Publius lay sick of a fever and of a bloody flux: to whom Paul entered in, and prayed, and laid his hands on him, and healed him. +So when this was done, others also, which had diseases in the island, came, and were healed: +Who also honoured us with many honours; and when we departed, they laded us with such things as were necessary. +And after three months we departed in a ship of Alexandria, which had wintered in the isle, whose sign was Castor and Pollux. +And landing at Syracuse, we tarried there three days. +And from thence we fetched a compass, and came to Rhegium: and after one day the south wind blew, and we came the next day to Puteoli: +Where we found brethren, and were desired to tarry with them seven days: and so we went toward Rome. +And from thence, when the brethren heard of us, they came to meet us as far as Appii forum, and The three taverns: whom when Paul saw, he thanked God, and took courage. +And when we came to Rome, the centurion delivered the prisoners to the captain of the guard: but Paul was suffered to dwell by himself with a soldier that kept him. +And it came to pass, that after three days Paul called the chief of the Jews together: and when they were come together, he said unto them, Men and brethren, though I have committed nothing against the people, or customs of our fathers, yet was I delivered prisoner from Jerusalem into the hands of the Romans. +Who, when they had examined me, would have let me go, because there was no cause of death in me. +But when the Jews spake against it, I was constrained to appeal unto Caesar; not that I had ought to accuse my nation of. +For this cause therefore have I called for you, to see you, and to speak with you: because that for the hope of Israel I am bound with this chain. +And they said unto him, We neither received letters out of Judaea concerning thee, neither any of the brethren that came shewed or spake any harm of thee. +But we desire to hear of thee what thou thinkest: for as concerning this sect, we know that every where it is spoken against. +And when they had appointed him a day, there came many to him into his lodging; to whom he expounded and testified the kingdom of God, persuading them concerning Jesus, both out of the law of Moses, and out of the prophets, from morning till evening. +And some believed the things which were spoken, and some believed not. +And when they agreed not among themselves, they departed, after that Paul had spoken one word, Well spake the Holy Ghost by Esaias the prophet unto our fathers, +Saying, Go unto this people, and say, Hearing ye shall hear, and shall not understand; and seeing ye shall see, and not perceive: +For the heart of this people is waxed gross, and their ears are dull of hearing, and their eyes have they closed; lest they should see with their eyes, and hear with their ears, and understand with their heart, and should be converted, and I should heal them. +Be it known therefore unto you, that the salvation of God is sent unto the Gentiles, and that they will hear it. +And when he had said these words, the Jews departed, and had great reasoning among themselves. +And Paul dwelt two whole years in his own hired house, and received all that came in unto him, +Preaching the kingdom of God, and teaching those things which concern the Lord Jesus Christ, with all confidence, no man forbidding him. +Paul, a servant of Jesus Christ, called to be an apostle, separated unto the gospel of God, +(Which he had promised afore by his prophets in the holy scriptures,) +Concerning his Son Jesus Christ our Lord, which was made of the seed of David according to the flesh; +And declared to be the Son of God with power, according to the spirit of holiness, by the resurrection from the dead: +By whom we have received grace and apostleship, for obedience to the faith among all nations, for his name: +Among whom are ye also the called of Jesus Christ: +To all that be in Rome, beloved of God, called to be saints: Grace to you and peace from God our Father, and the Lord Jesus Christ. +First, I thank my God through Jesus Christ for you all, that your faith is spoken of throughout the whole world. +For God is my witness, whom I serve with my spirit in the gospel of his Son, that without ceasing I make mention of you always in my prayers; +Making request, if by any means now at length I might have a prosperous journey by the will of God to come unto you. +For I long to see you, that I may impart unto you some spiritual gift, to the end ye may be established; +That is, that I may be comforted together with you by the mutual faith both of you and me. +Now I would not have you ignorant, brethren, that oftentimes I purposed to come unto you, (but was let hitherto,) that I might have some fruit among you also, even as among other Gentiles. +I am debtor both to the Greeks, and to the Barbarians; both to the wise, and to the unwise. +So, as much as in me is, I am ready to preach the gospel to you that are at Rome also. +For I am not ashamed of the gospel of Christ: for it is the power of God unto salvation to every one that believeth; to the Jew first, and also to the Greek. +For therein is the righteousness of God revealed from faith to faith: as it is written, The just shall live by faith. +For the wrath of God is revealed from heaven against all ungodliness and unrighteousness of men, who hold the truth in unrighteousness; +Because that which may be known of God is manifest in them; for God hath shewed it unto them. +For the invisible things of him from the creation of the world are clearly seen, being understood by the things that are made, even his eternal power and Godhead; so that they are without excuse: +Because that, when they knew God, they glorified him not as God, neither were thankful; but became vain in their imaginations, and their foolish heart was darkened. +Professing themselves to be wise, they became fools, +And changed the glory of the uncorruptible God into an image made like to corruptible man, and to birds, and fourfooted beasts, and creeping things. +Wherefore God also gave them up to uncleanness through the lusts of their own hearts, to dishonour their own bodies between themselves: +Who changed the truth of God into a lie, and worshipped and served the creature more than the Creator, who is blessed for ever. Amen. +For this cause God gave them up unto vile affections: for even their women did change the natural use into that which is against nature: +And likewise also the men, leaving the natural use of the woman, burned in their lust one toward another; men with men working that which is unseemly, and receiving in themselves that recompence of their error which was meet. +And even as they did not like to retain God in their knowledge, God gave them over to a reprobate mind, to do those things which are not convenient; +Being filled with all unrighteousness, fornication, wickedness, covetousness, maliciousness; full of envy, murder, debate, deceit, malignity; whisperers, +Backbiters, haters of God, despiteful, proud, boasters, inventors of evil things, disobedient to parents, +Without understanding, covenantbreakers, without natural affection, implacable, unmerciful: +Who knowing the judgment of God, that they which commit such things are worthy of death, not only do the same, but have pleasure in them that do them. +Therefore thou art inexcusable, O man, whosoever thou art that judgest: for wherein thou judgest another, thou condemnest thyself; for thou that judgest doest the same things. +But we are sure that the judgment of God is according to truth against them which commit such things. +And thinkest thou this, O man, that judgest them which do such things, and doest the same, that thou shalt escape the judgment of God? +Or despisest thou the riches of his goodness and forbearance and longsuffering; not knowing that the goodness of God leadeth thee to repentance? +But after thy hardness and impenitent heart treasurest up unto thyself wrath against the day of wrath and revelation of the righteous judgment of God; +Who will render to every man according to his deeds: +To them who by patient continuance in well doing seek for glory and honour and immortality, eternal life: +But unto them that are contentious, and do not obey the truth, but obey unrighteousness, indignation and wrath, +Tribulation and anguish, upon every soul of man that doeth evil, of the Jew first, and also of the Gentile; +But glory, honour, and peace, to every man that worketh good, to the Jew first, and also to the Gentile: +For there is no respect of persons with God. +For as many as have sinned without law shall also perish without law: and as many as have sinned in the law shall be judged by the law; +(For not the hearers of the law are just before God, but the doers of the law shall be justified. +For when the Gentiles, which have not the law, do by nature the things contained in the law, these, having not the law, are a law unto themselves: +Which shew the work of the law written in their hearts, their conscience also bearing witness, and their thoughts the mean while accusing or else excusing one another;) +In the day when God shall judge the secrets of men by Jesus Christ according to my gospel. +Behold, thou art called a Jew, and restest in the law, and makest thy boast of God, +And knowest his will, and approvest the things that are more excellent, being instructed out of the law; +And art confident that thou thyself art a guide of the blind, a light of them which are in darkness, +An instructor of the foolish, a teacher of babes, which hast the form of knowledge and of the truth in the law. +Thou therefore which teachest another, teachest thou not thyself? thou that preachest a man should not steal, dost thou steal? +Thou that sayest a man should not commit adultery, dost thou commit adultery? thou that abhorrest idols, dost thou commit sacrilege? +Thou that makest thy boast of the law, through breaking the law dishonourest thou God? +For the name of God is blasphemed among the Gentiles through you, as it is written. +For circumcision verily profiteth, if thou keep the law: but if thou be a breaker of the law, thy circumcision is made uncircumcision. +Therefore if the uncircumcision keep the righteousness of the law, shall not his uncircumcision be counted for circumcision? +And shall not uncircumcision which is by nature, if it fulfil the law, judge thee, who by the letter and circumcision dost transgress the law? +For he is not a Jew, which is one outwardly; neither is that circumcision, which is outward in the flesh: +But he is a Jew, which is one inwardly; and circumcision is that of the heart, in the spirit, and not in the letter; whose praise is not of men, but of God. +What advantage then hath the Jew? or what profit is there of circumcision? +Much every way: chiefly, because that unto them were committed the oracles of God. +For what if some did not believe? shall their unbelief make the faith of God without effect? +God forbid: yea, let God be true, but every man a liar; as it is written, That thou mightest be justified in thy sayings, and mightest overcome when thou art judged. +But if our unrighteousness commend the righteousness of God, what shall we say? Is God unrighteous who taketh vengeance? (I speak as a man) +God forbid: for then how shall God judge the world? +For if the truth of God hath more abounded through my lie unto his glory; why yet am I also judged as a sinner? +And not rather, (as we be slanderously reported, and as some affirm that we say,) Let us do evil, that good may come? whose damnation is just. +What then? are we better than they? No, in no wise: for we have before proved both Jews and Gentiles, that they are all under sin; +As it is written, There is none righteous, no, not one: +There is none that understandeth, there is none that seeketh after God. +They are all gone out of the way, they are together become unprofitable; there is none that doeth good, no, not one. +Their throat is an open sepulchre; with their tongues they have used deceit; the poison of asps is under their lips: +Whose mouth is full of cursing and bitterness: +Their feet are swift to shed blood: +Destruction and misery are in their ways: +And the way of peace have they not known: +There is no fear of God before their eyes. +Now we know that what things soever the law saith, it saith to them who are under the law: that every mouth may be stopped, and all the world may become guilty before God. +Therefore by the deeds of the law there shall no flesh be justified in his sight: for by the law is the knowledge of sin. +But now the righteousness of God without the law is manifested, being witnessed by the law and the prophets; +Even the righteousness of God which is by faith of Jesus Christ unto all and upon all them that believe: for there is no difference: +For all have sinned, and come short of the glory of God; +Being justified freely by his grace through the redemption that is in Christ Jesus: +Whom God hath set forth to be a propitiation through faith in his blood, to declare his righteousness for the remission of sins that are past, through the forbearance of God; +To declare, I say, at this time his righteousness: that he might be just, and the justifier of him which believeth in Jesus. +Where is boasting then? It is excluded. By what law? of works? Nay: but by the law of faith. +Therefore we conclude that a man is justified by faith without the deeds of the law. +Is he the God of the Jews only? is he not also of the Gentiles? Yes, of the Gentiles also: +Seeing it is one God, which shall justify the circumcision by faith, and uncircumcision through faith. +Do we then make void the law through faith? God forbid: yea, we establish the law. +What shall we say then that Abraham our father, as pertaining to the flesh, hath found? +For if Abraham were justified by works, he hath whereof to glory; but not before God. +For what saith the scripture? Abraham believed God, and it was counted unto him for righteousness. +Now to him that worketh is the reward not reckoned of grace, but of debt. +But to him that worketh not, but believeth on him that justifieth the ungodly, his faith is counted for righteousness. +Even as David also describeth the blessedness of the man, unto whom God imputeth righteousness without works, +Saying, Blessed are they whose iniquities are forgiven, and whose sins are covered. +Blessed is the man to whom the Lord will not impute sin. +Cometh this blessedness then upon the circumcision only, or upon the uncircumcision also? for we say that faith was reckoned to Abraham for righteousness. +How was it then reckoned? when he was in circumcision, or in uncircumcision? Not in circumcision, but in uncircumcision. +And he received the sign of circumcision, a seal of the righteousness of the faith which he had yet being uncircumcised: that he might be the father of all them that believe, though they be not circumcised; that righteousness might be imputed unto them also: +And the father of circumcision to them who are not of the circumcision only, but who also walk in the steps of that faith of our father Abraham, which he had being yet uncircumcised. +For the promise, that he should be the heir of the world, was not to Abraham, or to his seed, through the law, but through the righteousness of faith. +For if they which are of the law be heirs, faith is made void, and the promise made of none effect: +Because the law worketh wrath: for where no law is, there is no transgression. +Therefore it is of faith, that it might be by grace; to the end the promise might be sure to all the seed; not to that only which is of the law, but to that also which is of the faith of Abraham; who is the father of us all, +(As it is written, I have made thee a father of many nations,) before him whom he believed, even God, who quickeneth the dead, and calleth those things which be not as though they were. +Who against hope believed in hope, that he might become the father of many nations, according to that which was spoken, So shall thy seed be. +And being not weak in faith, he considered not his own body now dead, when he was about an hundred years old, neither yet the deadness of Sarah's womb: +He staggered not at the promise of God through unbelief; but was strong in faith, giving glory to God; +And being fully persuaded that, what he had promised, he was able also to perform. +And therefore it was imputed to him for righteousness. +Now it was not written for his sake alone, that it was imputed to him; +But for us also, to whom it shall be imputed, if we believe on him that raised up Jesus our Lord from the dead; +Who was delivered for our offences, and was raised again for our justification. +Therefore being justified by faith, we have peace with God through our Lord Jesus Christ: +By whom also we have access by faith into this grace wherein we stand, and rejoice in hope of the glory of God. +And not only so, but we glory in tribulations also: knowing that tribulation worketh patience; +And patience, experience; and experience, hope: +And hope maketh not ashamed; because the love of God is shed abroad in our hearts by the Holy Ghost which is given unto us. +For when we were yet without strength, in due time Christ died for the ungodly. +For scarcely for a righteous man will one die: yet peradventure for a good man some would even dare to die. +But God commendeth his love toward us, in that, while we were yet sinners, Christ died for us. +Much more then, being now justified by his blood, we shall be saved from wrath through him. +For if, when we were enemies, we were reconciled to God by the death of his Son, much more, being reconciled, we shall be saved by his life. +And not only so, but we also joy in God through our Lord Jesus Christ, by whom we have now received the atonement. +Wherefore, as by one man sin entered into the world, and death by sin; and so death passed upon all men, for that all have sinned: +(For until the law sin was in the world: but sin is not imputed when there is no law. +Nevertheless death reigned from Adam to Moses, even over them that had not sinned after the similitude of Adam's transgression, who is the figure of him that was to come. +But not as the offence, so also is the free gift. For if through the offence of one many be dead, much more the grace of God, and the gift by grace, which is by one man, Jesus Christ, hath abounded unto many. +And not as it was by one that sinned, so is the gift: for the judgment was by one to condemnation, but the free gift is of many offences unto justification. +For if by one man's offence death reigned by one; much more they which receive abundance of grace and of the gift of righteousness shall reign in life by one, Jesus Christ.) +Therefore as by the offence of one judgment came upon all men to condemnation; even so by the righteousness of one the free gift came upon all men unto justification of life. +For as by one man's disobedience many were made sinners, so by the obedience of one shall many be made righteous. +Moreover the law entered, that the offence might abound. But where sin abounded, grace did much more abound: +That as sin hath reigned unto death, even so might grace reign through righteousness unto eternal life by Jesus Christ our Lord. +What shall we say then? Shall we continue in sin, that grace may abound? +God forbid. How shall we, that are dead to sin, live any longer therein? +Know ye not, that so many of us as were baptized into Jesus Christ were baptized into his death? +Therefore we are buried with him by baptism into death: that like as Christ was raised up from the dead by the glory of the Father, even so we also should walk in newness of life. +For if we have been planted together in the likeness of his death, we shall be also in the likeness of his resurrection: +Knowing this, that our old man is crucified with him, that the body of sin might be destroyed, that henceforth we should not serve sin. +For he that is dead is freed from sin. +Now if we be dead with Christ, we believe that we shall also live with him: +Knowing that Christ being raised from the dead dieth no more; death hath no more dominion over him. +For in that he died, he died unto sin once: but in that he liveth, he liveth unto God. +Likewise reckon ye also yourselves to be dead indeed unto sin, but alive unto God through Jesus Christ our Lord. +Let not sin therefore reign in your mortal body, that ye should obey it in the lusts thereof. +Neither yield ye your members as instruments of unrighteousness unto sin: but yield yourselves unto God, as those that are alive from the dead, and your members as instruments of righteousness unto God. +For sin shall not have dominion over you: for ye are not under the law, but under grace. +What then? shall we sin, because we are not under the law, but under grace? God forbid. +Know ye not, that to whom ye yield yourselves servants to obey, his servants ye are to whom ye obey; whether of sin unto death, or of obedience unto righteousness? +But God be thanked, that ye were the servants of sin, but ye have obeyed from the heart that form of doctrine which was delivered you. +Being then made free from sin, ye became the servants of righteousness. +I speak after the manner of men because of the infirmity of your flesh: for as ye have yielded your members servants to uncleanness and to iniquity unto iniquity; even so now yield your members servants to righteousness unto holiness. +For when ye were the servants of sin, ye were free from righteousness. +What fruit had ye then in those things whereof ye are now ashamed? for the end of those things is death. +But now being made free from sin, and become servants to God, ye have your fruit unto holiness, and the end everlasting life. +For the wages of sin is death; but the gift of God is eternal life through Jesus Christ our Lord. +Know ye not, brethren, (for I speak to them that know the law,) how that the law hath dominion over a man as long as he liveth? +For the woman which hath an husband is bound by the law to her husband so long as he liveth; but if the husband be dead, she is loosed from the law of her husband. +So then if, while her husband liveth, she be married to another man, she shall be called an adulteress: but if her husband be dead, she is free from that law; so that she is no adulteress, though she be married to another man. +Wherefore, my brethren, ye also are become dead to the law by the body of Christ; that ye should be married to another, even to him who is raised from the dead, that we should bring forth fruit unto God. +For when we were in the flesh, the motions of sins, which were by the law, did work in our members to bring forth fruit unto death. +But now we are delivered from the law, that being dead wherein we were held; that we should serve in newness of spirit, and not in the oldness of the letter. +What shall we say then? Is the law sin? God forbid. Nay, I had not known sin, but by the law: for I had not known lust, except the law had said, Thou shalt not covet. +But sin, taking occasion by the commandment, wrought in me all manner of concupiscence. For without the law sin was dead. +For I was alive without the law once: but when the commandment came, sin revived, and I died. +And the commandment, which was ordained to life, I found to be unto death. +For sin, taking occasion by the commandment, deceived me, and by it slew me. +Wherefore the law is holy, and the commandment holy, and just, and good. +Was then that which is good made death unto me? God forbid. But sin, that it might appear sin, working death in me by that which is good; that sin by the commandment might become exceeding sinful. +For we know that the law is spiritual: but I am carnal, sold under sin. +For that which I do I allow not: for what I would, that do I not; but what I hate, that do I. +If then I do that which I would not, I consent unto the law that it is good. +Now then it is no more I that do it, but sin that dwelleth in me. +For I know that in me (that is, in my flesh,) dwelleth no good thing: for to will is present with me; but how to perform that which is good I find not. +For the good that I would I do not: but the evil which I would not, that I do. +Now if I do that I would not, it is no more I that do it, but sin that dwelleth in me. +I find then a law, that, when I would do good, evil is present with me. +For I delight in the law of God after the inward man: +But I see another law in my members, warring against the law of my mind, and bringing me into captivity to the law of sin which is in my members. +O wretched man that I am! who shall deliver me from the body of this death? +I thank God through Jesus Christ our Lord. So then with the mind I myself serve the law of God; but with the flesh the law of sin. +There is therefore now no condemnation to them which are in Christ Jesus, who walk not after the flesh, but after the Spirit. +For the law of the Spirit of life in Christ Jesus hath made me free from the law of sin and death. +For what the law could not do, in that it was weak through the flesh, God sending his own Son in the likeness of sinful flesh, and for sin, condemned sin in the flesh: +That the righteousness of the law might be fulfilled in us, who walk not after the flesh, but after the Spirit. +For they that are after the flesh do mind the things of the flesh; but they that are after the Spirit the things of the Spirit. +For to be carnally minded is death; but to be spiritually minded is life and peace. +Because the carnal mind is enmity against God: for it is not subject to the law of God, neither indeed can be. +So then they that are in the flesh cannot please God. +But ye are not in the flesh, but in the Spirit, if so be that the Spirit of God dwell in you. Now if any man have not the Spirit of Christ, he is none of his. +And if Christ be in you, the body is dead because of sin; but the Spirit is life because of righteousness. +But if the Spirit of him that raised up Jesus from the dead dwell in you, he that raised up Christ from the dead shall also quicken your mortal bodies by his Spirit that dwelleth in you. +Therefore, brethren, we are debtors, not to the flesh, to live after the flesh. +For if ye live after the flesh, ye shall die: but if ye through the Spirit do mortify the deeds of the body, ye shall live. +For as many as are led by the Spirit of God, they are the sons of God. +For ye have not received the spirit of bondage again to fear; but ye have received the Spirit of adoption, whereby we cry, Abba, Father. +The Spirit itself beareth witness with our spirit, that we are the children of God: +And if children, then heirs; heirs of God, and joint-heirs with Christ; if so be that we suffer with him, that we may be also glorified together. +For I reckon that the sufferings of this present time are not worthy to be compared with the glory which shall be revealed in us. +For the earnest expectation of the creature waiteth for the manifestation of the sons of God. +For the creature was made subject to vanity, not willingly, but by reason of him who hath subjected the same in hope, +Because the creature itself also shall be delivered from the bondage of corruption into the glorious liberty of the children of God. +For we know that the whole creation groaneth and travaileth in pain together until now. +And not only they, but ourselves also, which have the firstfruits of the Spirit, even we ourselves groan within ourselves, waiting for the adoption, to wit, the redemption of our body. +For we are saved by hope: but hope that is seen is not hope: for what a man seeth, why doth he yet hope for? +But if we hope for that we see not, then do we with patience wait for it. +Likewise the Spirit also helpeth our infirmities: for we know not what we should pray for as we ought: but the Spirit itself maketh intercession for us with groanings which cannot be uttered. +And he that searcheth the hearts knoweth what is the mind of the Spirit, because he maketh intercession for the saints according to the will of God. +And we know that all things work together for good to them that love God, to them who are the called according to his purpose. +For whom he did foreknow, he also did predestinate to be conformed to the image of his Son, that he might be the firstborn among many brethren. +Moreover whom he did predestinate, them he also called: and whom he called, them he also justified: and whom he justified, them he also glorified. +What shall we then say to these things? If God be for us, who can be against us? +He that spared not his own Son, but delivered him up for us all, how shall he not with him also freely give us all things? +Who shall lay any thing to the charge of God's elect? It is God that justifieth. +Who is he that condemneth? It is Christ that died, yea rather, that is risen again, who is even at the right hand of God, who also maketh intercession for us. +Who shall separate us from the love of Christ? shall tribulation, or distress, or persecution, or famine, or nakedness, or peril, or sword? +As it is written, For thy sake we are killed all the day long; we are accounted as sheep for the slaughter. +Nay, in all these things we are more than conquerors through him that loved us. +For I am persuaded, that neither death, nor life, nor angels, nor principalities, nor powers, nor things present, nor things to come, +Nor height, nor depth, nor any other creature, shall be able to separate us from the love of God, which is in Christ Jesus our Lord. +I say the truth in Christ, I lie not, my conscience also bearing me witness in the Holy Ghost, +That I have great heaviness and continual sorrow in my heart. +For I could wish that myself were accursed from Christ for my brethren, my kinsmen according to the flesh: +Who are Israelites; to whom pertaineth the adoption, and the glory, and the covenants, and the giving of the law, and the service of God, and the promises; +Whose are the fathers, and of whom as concerning the flesh Christ came, who is over all, God blessed for ever. Amen. +Not as though the word of God hath taken none effect. For they are not all Israel, which are of Israel: +Neither, because they are the seed of Abraham, are they all children: but, In Isaac shall thy seed be called. +That is, They which are the children of the flesh, these are not the children of God: but the children of the promise are counted for the seed. +For this is the word of promise, At this time will I come, and Sarah shall have a son. +And not only this; but when Rebecca also had conceived by one, even by our father Isaac; +(For the children being not yet born, neither having done any good or evil, that the purpose of God according to election might stand, not of works, but of him that calleth;) +It was said unto her, The elder shall serve the younger. +As it is written, Jacob have I loved, but Esau have I hated. +What shall we say then? Is there unrighteousness with God? God forbid. +For he saith to Moses, I will have mercy on whom I will have mercy, and I will have compassion on whom I will have compassion. +So then it is not of him that willeth, nor of him that runneth, but of God that sheweth mercy. +For the scripture saith unto Pharaoh, Even for this same purpose have I raised thee up, that I might shew my power in thee, and that my name might be declared throughout all the earth. +Therefore hath he mercy on whom he will have mercy, and whom he will he hardeneth. +Thou wilt say then unto me, Why doth he yet find fault? For who hath resisted his will? +Nay but, O man, who art thou that repliest against God? Shall the thing formed say to him that formed it, Why hast thou made me thus? +Hath not the potter power over the clay, of the same lump to make one vessel unto honour, and another unto dishonour? +What if God, willing to shew his wrath, and to make his power known, endured with much longsuffering the vessels of wrath fitted to destruction: +And that he might make known the riches of his glory on the vessels of mercy, which he had afore prepared unto glory, +Even us, whom he hath called, not of the Jews only, but also of the Gentiles? +As he saith also in Osee, I will call them my people, which were not my people; and her beloved, which was not beloved. +And it shall come to pass, that in the place where it was said unto them, Ye are not my people; there shall they be called the children of the living God. +Esaias also crieth concerning Israel, Though the number of the children of Israel be as the sand of the sea, a remnant shall be saved: +For he will finish the work, and cut it short in righteousness: because a short work will the Lord make upon the earth. +And as Esaias said before, Except the Lord of Sabaoth had left us a seed, we had been as Sodoma, and been made like unto Gomorrha. +What shall we say then? That the Gentiles, which followed not after righteousness, have attained to righteousness, even the righteousness which is of faith. +But Israel, which followed after the law of righteousness, hath not attained to the law of righteousness. +Wherefore? Because they sought it not by faith, but as it were by the works of the law. For they stumbled at that stumblingstone; +As it is written, Behold, I lay in Sion a stumblingstone and rock of offence: and whosoever believeth on him shall not be ashamed. +Brethren, my heart's desire and prayer to God for Israel is, that they might be saved. +For I bear them record that they have a zeal of God, but not according to knowledge. +For they being ignorant of God's righteousness, and going about to establish their own righteousness, have not submitted themselves unto the righteousness of God. +For Christ is the end of the law for righteousness to every one that believeth. +For Moses describeth the righteousness which is of the law, That the man which doeth those things shall live by them. +But the righteousness which is of faith speaketh on this wise, Say not in thine heart, Who shall ascend into heaven? (that is, to bring Christ down from above:) +Or, Who shall descend into the deep? (that is, to bring up Christ again from the dead.) +But what saith it? The word is nigh thee, even in thy mouth, and in thy heart: that is, the word of faith, which we preach; +That if thou shalt confess with thy mouth the Lord Jesus, and shalt believe in thine heart that God hath raised him from the dead, thou shalt be saved. +For with the heart man believeth unto righteousness; and with the mouth confession is made unto salvation. +For the scripture saith, Whosoever believeth on him shall not be ashamed. +For there is no difference between the Jew and the Greek: for the same Lord over all is rich unto all that call upon him. +For whosoever shall call upon the name of the Lord shall be saved. +How then shall they call on him in whom they have not believed? and how shall they believe in him of whom they have not heard? and how shall they hear without a preacher? +And how shall they preach, except they be sent? as it is written, How beautiful are the feet of them that preach the gospel of peace, and bring glad tidings of good things! +But they have not all obeyed the gospel. For Esaias saith, Lord, who hath believed our report? +So then faith cometh by hearing, and hearing by the word of God. +But I say, Have they not heard? Yes verily, their sound went into all the earth, and their words unto the ends of the world. +But I say, Did not Israel know? First Moses saith, I will provoke you to jealousy by them that are no people, and by a foolish nation I will anger you. +But Esaias is very bold, and saith, I was found of them that sought me not; I was made manifest unto them that asked not after me. +But to Israel he saith, All day long I have stretched forth my hands unto a disobedient and gainsaying people. +I say then, Hath God cast away his people? God forbid. For I also am an Israelite, of the seed of Abraham, of the tribe of Benjamin. +God hath not cast away his people which he foreknew. Wot ye not what the scripture saith of Elias? how he maketh intercession to God against Israel saying, +Lord, they have killed thy prophets, and digged down thine altars; and I am left alone, and they seek my life. +But what saith the answer of God unto him? I have reserved to myself seven thousand men, who have not bowed the knee to the image of Baal. +Even so then at this present time also there is a remnant according to the election of grace. +And if by grace, then is it no more of works: otherwise grace is no more grace. But if it be of works, then it is no more grace: otherwise work is no more work. +What then? Israel hath not obtained that which he seeketh for; but the election hath obtained it, and the rest were blinded. +(According as it is written, God hath given them the spirit of slumber, eyes that they should not see, and ears that they should not hear;) unto this day. +And David saith, Let their table be made a snare, and a trap, and a stumblingblock, and a recompence unto them: +Let their eyes be darkened, that they may not see, and bow down their back alway. +I say then, Have they stumbled that they should fall? God forbid: but rather through their fall salvation is come unto the Gentiles, for to provoke them to jealousy. +Now if the fall of them be the riches of the world, and the diminishing of them the riches of the Gentiles; how much more their fulness? +For I speak to you Gentiles, inasmuch as I am the apostle of the Gentiles, I magnify mine office: +If by any means I may provoke to emulation them which are my flesh, and might save some of them. +For if the casting away of them be the reconciling of the world, what shall the receiving of them be, but life from the dead? +For if the firstfruit be holy, the lump is also holy: and if the root be holy, so are the branches. +And if some of the branches be broken off, and thou, being a wild olive tree, wert graffed in among them, and with them partakest of the root and fatness of the olive tree; +Boast not against the branches. But if thou boast, thou bearest not the root, but the root thee. +Thou wilt say then, The branches were broken off, that I might be graffed in. +Well; because of unbelief they were broken off, and thou standest by faith. Be not highminded, but fear: +For if God spared not the natural branches, take heed lest he also spare not thee. +Behold therefore the goodness and severity of God: on them which fell, severity; but toward thee, goodness, if thou continue in his goodness: otherwise thou also shalt be cut off. +And they also, if they abide not still in unbelief, shall be graffed in: for God is able to graff them in again. +For if thou wert cut out of the olive tree which is wild by nature, and wert graffed contrary to nature into a good olive tree: how much more shall these, which be the natural branches, be graffed into their own olive tree? +For I would not, brethren, that ye should be ignorant of this mystery, lest ye should be wise in your own conceits; that blindness in part is happened to Israel, until the fulness of the Gentiles be come in. +And so all Israel shall be saved: as it is written, There shall come out of Sion the Deliverer, and shall turn away ungodliness from Jacob: +For this is my covenant unto them, when I shall take away their sins. +As concerning the gospel, they are enemies for your sakes: but as touching the election, they are beloved for the father's sakes. +For the gifts and calling of God are without repentance. +For as ye in times past have not believed God, yet have now obtained mercy through their unbelief: +Even so have these also now not believed, that through your mercy they also may obtain mercy. +For God hath concluded them all in unbelief, that he might have mercy upon all. +O the depth of the riches both of the wisdom and knowledge of God! how unsearchable are his judgments, and his ways past finding out! +For who hath known the mind of the Lord? or who hath been his counsellor? +Or who hath first given to him, and it shall be recompensed unto him again? +For of him, and through him, and to him, are all things: to whom be glory for ever. Amen. +I beseech you therefore, brethren, by the mercies of God, that ye present your bodies a living sacrifice, holy, acceptable unto God, which is your reasonable service. +And be not conformed to this world: but be ye transformed by the renewing of your mind, that ye may prove what is that good, and acceptable, and perfect, will of God. +For I say, through the grace given unto me, to every man that is among you, not to think of himself more highly than he ought to think; but to think soberly, according as God hath dealt to every man the measure of faith. +For as we have many members in one body, and all members have not the same office: +So we, being many, are one body in Christ, and every one members one of another. +Having then gifts differing according to the grace that is given to us, whether prophecy, let us prophesy according to the proportion of faith; +Or ministry, let us wait on our ministering: or he that teacheth, on teaching; +Or he that exhorteth, on exhortation: he that giveth, let him do it with simplicity; he that ruleth, with diligence; he that sheweth mercy, with cheerfulness. +Let love be without dissimulation. Abhor that which is evil; cleave to that which is good. +Be kindly affectioned one to another with brotherly love; in honour preferring one another; +Not slothful in business; fervent in spirit; serving the Lord; +Rejoicing in hope; patient in tribulation; continuing instant in prayer; +Distributing to the necessity of saints; given to hospitality. +Bless them which persecute you: bless, and curse not. +Rejoice with them that do rejoice, and weep with them that weep. +Be of the same mind one toward another. Mind not high things, but condescend to men of low estate. Be not wise in your own conceits. +Recompense to no man evil for evil. Provide things honest in the sight of all men. +If it be possible, as much as lieth in you, live peaceably with all men. +Dearly beloved, avenge not yourselves, but rather give place unto wrath: for it is written, Vengeance is mine; I will repay, saith the Lord. +Therefore if thine enemy hunger, feed him; if he thirst, give him drink: for in so doing thou shalt heap coals of fire on his head. +Be not overcome of evil, but overcome evil with good. +Let every soul be subject unto the higher powers. For there is no power but of God: the powers that be are ordained of God. +Whosoever therefore resisteth the power, resisteth the ordinance of God: and they that resist shall receive to themselves damnation. +For rulers are not a terror to good works, but to the evil. Wilt thou then not be afraid of the power? do that which is good, and thou shalt have praise of the same: +For he is the minister of God to thee for good. But if thou do that which is evil, be afraid; for he beareth not the sword in vain: for he is the minister of God, a revenger to execute wrath upon him that doeth evil. +Wherefore ye must needs be subject, not only for wrath, but also for conscience sake. +For for this cause pay ye tribute also: for they are God's ministers, attending continually upon this very thing. +Render therefore to all their dues: tribute to whom tribute is due; custom to whom custom; fear to whom fear; honour to whom honour. +Owe no man any thing, but to love one another: for he that loveth another hath fulfilled the law. +For this, Thou shalt not commit adultery, Thou shalt not kill, Thou shalt not steal, Thou shalt not bear false witness, Thou shalt not covet; and if there be any other commandment, it is briefly comprehended in this saying, namely, Thou shalt love thy neighbour as thyself. +Love worketh no ill to his neighbour: therefore love is the fulfilling of the law. +And that, knowing the time, that now it is high time to awake out of sleep: for now is our salvation nearer than when we believed. +The night is far spent, the day is at hand: let us therefore cast off the works of darkness, and let us put on the armour of light. +Let us walk honestly, as in the day; not in rioting and drunkenness, not in chambering and wantonness, not in strife and envying. +But put ye on the Lord Jesus Christ, and make not provision for the flesh, to fulfil the lusts thereof. +Him that is weak in the faith receive ye, but not to doubtful disputations. +For one believeth that he may eat all things: another, who is weak, eateth herbs. +Let not him that eateth despise him that eateth not; and let not him which eateth not judge him that eateth: for God hath received him. +Who art thou that judgest another man's servant? to his own master he standeth or falleth. Yea, he shall be holden up: for God is able to make him stand. +One man esteemeth one day above another: another esteemeth every day alike. Let every man be fully persuaded in his own mind. +He that regardeth the day, regardeth it unto the Lord; and he that regardeth not the day, to the Lord he doth not regard it. He that eateth, eateth to the Lord, for he giveth God thanks; and he that eateth not, to the Lord he eateth not, and giveth God thanks. +For none of us liveth to himself, and no man dieth to himself. +For whether we live, we live unto the Lord; and whether we die, we die unto the Lord: whether we live therefore, or die, we are the Lord's. +For to this end Christ both died, and rose, and revived, that he might be Lord both of the dead and living. +But why dost thou judge thy brother? or why dost thou set at nought thy brother? for we shall all stand before the judgment seat of Christ. +For it is written, As I live, saith the Lord, every knee shall bow to me, and every tongue shall confess to God. +So then every one of us shall give account of himself to God. +Let us not therefore judge one another any more: but judge this rather, that no man put a stumblingblock or an occasion to fall in his brother's way. +I know, and am persuaded by the Lord Jesus, that there is nothing unclean of itself: but to him that esteemeth any thing to be unclean, to him it is unclean. +But if thy brother be grieved with thy meat, now walkest thou not charitably. Destroy not him with thy meat, for whom Christ died. +Let not then your good be evil spoken of: +For the kingdom of God is not meat and drink; but righteousness, and peace, and joy in the Holy Ghost. +For he that in these things serveth Christ is acceptable to God, and approved of men. +Let us therefore follow after the things which make for peace, and things wherewith one may edify another. +For meat destroy not the work of God. All things indeed are pure; but it is evil for that man who eateth with offence. +It is good neither to eat flesh, nor to drink wine, nor any thing whereby thy brother stumbleth, or is offended, or is made weak. +Hast thou faith? have it to thyself before God. Happy is he that condemneth not himself in that thing which he alloweth. +And he that doubteth is damned if he eat, because he eateth not of faith: for whatsoever is not of faith is sin. +We then that are strong ought to bear the infirmities of the weak, and not to please ourselves. +Let every one of us please his neighbour for his good to edification. +For even Christ pleased not himself; but, as it is written, The reproaches of them that reproached thee fell on me. +For whatsoever things were written aforetime were written for our learning, that we through patience and comfort of the scriptures might have hope. +Now the God of patience and consolation grant you to be likeminded one toward another according to Christ Jesus: +That ye may with one mind and one mouth glorify God, even the Father of our Lord Jesus Christ. +Wherefore receive ye one another, as Christ also received us to the glory of God. +Now I say that Jesus Christ was a minister of the circumcision for the truth of God, to confirm the promises made unto the fathers: +And that the Gentiles might glorify God for his mercy; as it is written, For this cause I will confess to thee among the Gentiles, and sing unto thy name. +And again he saith, Rejoice, ye Gentiles, with his people. +And again, Praise the Lord, all ye Gentiles; and laud him, all ye people. +And again, Esaias saith, There shall be a root of Jesse, and he that shall rise to reign over the Gentiles; in him shall the Gentiles trust. +Now the God of hope fill you with all joy and peace in believing, that ye may abound in hope, through the power of the Holy Ghost. +And I myself also am persuaded of you, my brethren, that ye also are full of goodness, filled with all knowledge, able also to admonish one another. +Nevertheless, brethren, I have written the more boldly unto you in some sort, as putting you in mind, because of the grace that is given to me of God, +That I should be the minister of Jesus Christ to the Gentiles, ministering the gospel of God, that the offering up of the Gentiles might be acceptable, being sanctified by the Holy Ghost. +I have therefore whereof I may glory through Jesus Christ in those things which pertain to God. +For I will not dare to speak of any of those things which Christ hath not wrought by me, to make the Gentiles obedient, by word and deed, +Through mighty signs and wonders, by the power of the Spirit of God; so that from Jerusalem, and round about unto Illyricum, I have fully preached the gospel of Christ. +Yea, so have I strived to preach the gospel, not where Christ was named, lest I should build upon another man's foundation: +But as it is written, To whom he was not spoken of, they shall see: and they that have not heard shall understand. +For which cause also I have been much hindered from coming to you. +But now having no more place in these parts, and having a great desire these many years to come unto you; +Whensoever I take my journey into Spain, I will come to you: for I trust to see you in my journey, and to be brought on my way thitherward by you, if first I be somewhat filled with your company. +But now I go unto Jerusalem to minister unto the saints. +For it hath pleased them of Macedonia and Achaia to make a certain contribution for the poor saints which are at Jerusalem. +It hath pleased them verily; and their debtors they are. For if the Gentiles have been made partakers of their spiritual things, their duty is also to minister unto them in carnal things. +When therefore I have performed this, and have sealed to them this fruit, I will come by you into Spain. +And I am sure that, when I come unto you, I shall come in the fulness of the blessing of the gospel of Christ. +Now I beseech you, brethren, for the Lord Jesus Christ's sake, and for the love of the Spirit, that ye strive together with me in your prayers to God for me; +That I may be delivered from them that do not believe in Judaea; and that my service which I have for Jerusalem may be accepted of the saints; +That I may come unto you with joy by the will of God, and may with you be refreshed. +Now the God of peace be with you all. Amen. +I commend unto you Phebe our sister, which is a servant of the church which is at Cenchrea: +That ye receive her in the Lord, as becometh saints, and that ye assist her in whatsoever business she hath need of you: for she hath been a succourer of many, and of myself also. +Greet Priscilla and Aquila my helpers in Christ Jesus: +Who have for my life laid down their own necks: unto whom not only I give thanks, but also all the churches of the Gentiles. +Likewise greet the church that is in their house. Salute my well-beloved Epaenetus, who is the firstfruits of Achaia unto Christ. +Greet Mary, who bestowed much labour on us. +Salute Andronicus and Junia, my kinsmen, and my fellow-prisoners, who are of note among the apostles, who also were in Christ before me. +Greet Amplias my beloved in the Lord. +Salute Urbane, our helper in Christ, and Stachys my beloved. +Salute Apelles approved in Christ. Salute them which are of Aristobulus' household. +Salute Herodion my kinsman. Greet them that be of the household of Narcissus, which are in the Lord. +Salute Tryphena and Tryphosa, who labour in the Lord. Salute the beloved Persis, which laboured much in the Lord. +Salute Rufus chosen in the Lord, and his mother and mine. +Salute Asyncritus, Phlegon, Hermas, Patrobas, Hermes, and the brethren which are with them. +Salute Philologus, and Julia, Nereus, and his sister, and Olympas, and all the saints which are with them. +Salute one another with an holy kiss. The churches of Christ salute you. +Now I beseech you, brethren, mark them which cause divisions and offences contrary to the doctrine which ye have learned; and avoid them. +For they that are such serve not our Lord Jesus Christ, but their own belly; and by good words and fair speeches deceive the hearts of the simple. +For your obedience is come abroad unto all men. I am glad therefore on your behalf: but yet I would have you wise unto that which is good, and simple concerning evil. +And the God of peace shall bruise Satan under your feet shortly. The grace of our Lord Jesus Christ be with you. Amen. +Timotheus my workfellow, and Lucius, and Jason, and Sosipater, my kinsmen, salute you. +I Tertius, who wrote this epistle, salute you in the Lord. +Gaius mine host, and of the whole church, saluteth you. Erastus the chamberlain of the city saluteth you, and Quartus a brother. +The grace of our Lord Jesus Christ be with you all. Amen. +Now to him that is of power to stablish you according to my gospel, and the preaching of Jesus Christ, according to the revelation of the mystery, which was kept secret since the world began, +But now is made manifest, and by the scriptures of the prophets, according to the commandment of the everlasting God, made known to all nations for the obedience of faith: +To God only wise, be glory through Jesus Christ for ever. Amen. +Paul called to be an apostle of Jesus Christ through the will of God, and Sosthenes our brother, +Unto the church of God which is at Corinth, to them that are sanctified in Christ Jesus, called to be saints, with all that in every place call upon the name of Jesus Christ our Lord, both their's and our's: +Grace be unto you, and peace, from God our Father, and from the Lord Jesus Christ. +I thank my God always on your behalf, for the grace of God which is given you by Jesus Christ; +That in every thing ye are enriched by him, in all utterance, and in all knowledge; +Even as the testimony of Christ was confirmed in you: +So that ye come behind in no gift; waiting for the coming of our Lord Jesus Christ: +Who shall also confirm you unto the end, that ye may be blameless in the day of our Lord Jesus Christ. +God is faithful, by whom ye were called unto the fellowship of his Son Jesus Christ our Lord. +Now I beseech you, brethren, by the name of our Lord Jesus Christ, that ye all speak the same thing, and that there be no divisions among you; but that ye be perfectly joined together in the same mind and in the same judgment. +For it hath been declared unto me of you, my brethren, by them which are of the house of Chloe, that there are contentions among you. +Now this I say, that every one of you saith, I am of Paul; and I of Apollos; and I of Cephas; and I of Christ. +Is Christ divided? was Paul crucified for you? or were ye baptized in the name of Paul? +I thank God that I baptized none of you, but Crispus and Gaius; +Lest any should say that I had baptized in mine own name. +And I baptized also the household of Stephanas: besides, I know not whether I baptized any other. +For Christ sent me not to baptize, but to preach the gospel: not with wisdom of words, lest the cross of Christ should be made of none effect. +For the preaching of the cross is to them that perish foolishness; but unto us which are saved it is the power of God. +For it is written, I will destroy the wisdom of the wise, and will bring to nothing the understanding of the prudent. +Where is the wise? where is the scribe? where is the disputer of this world? hath not God made foolish the wisdom of this world? +For after that in the wisdom of God the world by wisdom knew not God, it pleased God by the foolishness of preaching to save them that believe. +For the Jews require a sign, and the Greeks seek after wisdom: +But we preach Christ crucified, unto the Jews a stumblingblock, and unto the Greeks foolishness; +But unto them which are called, both Jews and Greeks, Christ the power of God, and the wisdom of God. +Because the foolishness of God is wiser than men; and the weakness of God is stronger than men. +For ye see your calling, brethren, how that not many wise men after the flesh, not many mighty, not many noble, are called: +But God hath chosen the foolish things of the world to confound the wise; and God hath chosen the weak things of the world to confound the things which are mighty; +And base things of the world, and things which are despised, hath God chosen, yea, and things which are not, to bring to nought things that are: +That no flesh should glory in his presence. +But of him are ye in Christ Jesus, who of God is made unto us wisdom, and righteousness, and sanctification, and redemption: +That, according as it is written, He that glorieth, let him glory in the Lord. +And I, brethren, when I came to you, came not with excellency of speech or of wisdom, declaring unto you the testimony of God. +For I determined not to know any thing among you, save Jesus Christ, and him crucified. +And I was with you in weakness, and in fear, and in much trembling. +And my speech and my preaching was not with enticing words of man's wisdom, but in demonstration of the Spirit and of power: +That your faith should not stand in the wisdom of men, but in the power of God. +Howbeit we speak wisdom among them that are perfect: yet not the wisdom of this world, nor of the princes of this world, that come to nought: +But we speak the wisdom of God in a mystery, even the hidden wisdom, which God ordained before the world unto our glory: +Which none of the princes of this world knew: for had they known it, they would not have crucified the Lord of glory. +But as it is written, Eye hath not seen, nor ear heard, neither have entered into the heart of man, the things which God hath prepared for them that love him. +But God hath revealed them unto us by his Spirit: for the Spirit searcheth all things, yea, the deep things of God. +For what man knoweth the things of a man, save the spirit of man which is in him? even so the things of God knoweth no man, but the Spirit of God. +Now we have received, not the spirit of the world, but the spirit which is of God; that we might know the things that are freely given to us of God. +Which things also we speak, not in the words which man's wisdom teacheth, but which the Holy Ghost teacheth; comparing spiritual things with spiritual. +But the natural man receiveth not the things of the Spirit of God: for they are foolishness unto him: neither can he know them, because they are spiritually discerned. +But he that is spiritual judgeth all things, yet he himself is judged of no man. +For who hath known the mind of the Lord, that he may instruct him? but we have the mind of Christ. +And I, brethren, could not speak unto you as unto spiritual, but as unto carnal, even as unto babes in Christ. +I have fed you with milk, and not with meat: for hitherto ye were not able to bear it, neither yet now are ye able. +For ye are yet carnal: for whereas there is among you envying, and strife, and divisions, are ye not carnal, and walk as men? +For while one saith, I am of Paul; and another, I am of Apollos; are ye not carnal? +Who then is Paul, and who is Apollos, but ministers by whom ye believed, even as the Lord gave to every man? +I have planted, Apollos watered; but God gave the increase. +So then neither is he that planteth any thing, neither he that watereth; but God that giveth the increase. +Now he that planteth and he that watereth are one: and every man shall receive his own reward according to his own labour. +For we are labourers together with God: ye are God's husbandry, ye are God's building. +According to the grace of God which is given unto me, as a wise masterbuilder, I have laid the foundation, and another buildeth thereon. But let every man take heed how he buildeth thereupon. +For other foundation can no man lay than that is laid, which is Jesus Christ. +Now if any man build upon this foundation gold, silver, precious stones, wood, hay, stubble; +Every man's work shall be made manifest: for the day shall declare it, because it shall be revealed by fire; and the fire shall try every man's work of what sort it is. +If any man's work abide which he hath built thereupon, he shall receive a reward. +If any man's work shall be burned, he shall suffer loss: but he himself shall be saved; yet so as by fire. +Know ye not that ye are the temple of God, and that the Spirit of God dwelleth in you? +If any man defile the temple of God, him shall God destroy; for the temple of God is holy, which temple ye are. +Let no man deceive himself. If any man among you seemeth to be wise in this world, let him become a fool, that he may be wise. +For the wisdom of this world is foolishness with God. For it is written, He taketh the wise in their own craftiness. +And again, The Lord knoweth the thoughts of the wise, that they are vain. +Therefore let no man glory in men. For all things are your's; +Whether Paul, or Apollos, or Cephas, or the world, or life, or death, or things present, or things to come; all are your's; +And ye are Christ's; and Christ is God's. +Let a man so account of us, as of the ministers of Christ, and stewards of the mysteries of God. +Moreover it is required in stewards, that a man be found faithful. +But with me it is a very small thing that I should be judged of you, or of man's judgment: yea, I judge not mine own self. +For I know nothing by myself; yet am I not hereby justified: but he that judgeth me is the Lord. +Therefore judge nothing before the time, until the Lord come, who both will bring to light the hidden things of darkness, and will make manifest the counsels of the hearts: and then shall every man have praise of God. +And these things, brethren, I have in a figure transferred to myself and to Apollos for your sakes; that ye might learn in us not to think of men above that which is written, that no one of you be puffed up for one against another. +For who maketh thee to differ from another? and what hast thou that thou didst not receive? now if thou didst receive it, why dost thou glory, as if thou hadst not received it? +Now ye are full, now ye are rich, ye have reigned as kings without us: and I would to God ye did reign, that we also might reign with you. +For I think that God hath set forth us the apostles last, as it were appointed to death: for we are made a spectacle unto the world, and to angels, and to men. +We are fools for Christ's sake, but ye are wise in Christ; we are weak, but ye are strong; ye are honourable, but we are despised. +Even unto this present hour we both hunger, and thirst, and are naked, and are buffeted, and have no certain dwellingplace; +And labour, working with our own hands: being reviled, we bless; being persecuted, we suffer it: +Being defamed, we intreat: we are made as the filth of the world, and are the offscouring of all things unto this day. +I write not these things to shame you, but as my beloved sons I warn you. +For though ye have ten thousand instructers in Christ, yet have ye not many fathers: for in Christ Jesus I have begotten you through the gospel. +Wherefore I beseech you, be ye followers of me. +For this cause have I sent unto you Timotheus, who is my beloved son, and faithful in the Lord, who shall bring you into remembrance of my ways which be in Christ, as I teach every where in every church. +Now some are puffed up, as though I would not come to you. +But I will come to you shortly, if the Lord will, and will know, not the speech of them which are puffed up, but the power. +For the kingdom of God is not in word, but in power. +What will ye? shall I come unto you with a rod, or in love, and in the spirit of meekness? +It is reported commonly that there is fornication among you, and such fornication as is not so much as named among the Gentiles, that one should have his father's wife. +And ye are puffed up, and have not rather mourned, that he that hath done this deed might be taken away from among you. +For I verily, as absent in body, but present in spirit, have judged already, as though I were present, concerning him that hath so done this deed, +In the name of our Lord Jesus Christ, when ye are gathered together, and my spirit, with the power of our Lord Jesus Christ, +To deliver such an one unto Satan for the destruction of the flesh, that the spirit may be saved in the day of the Lord Jesus. +Your glorying is not good. Know ye not that a little leaven leaveneth the whole lump? +Purge out therefore the old leaven, that ye may be a new lump, as ye are unleavened. For even Christ our passover is sacrificed for us: +Therefore let us keep the feast, not with old leaven, neither with the leaven of malice and wickedness; but with the unleavened bread of sincerity and truth. +I wrote unto you in an epistle not to company with fornicators: +Yet not altogether with the fornicators of this world, or with the covetous, or extortioners, or with idolaters; for then must ye needs go out of the world. +But now I have written unto you not to keep company, if any man that is called a brother be a fornicator, or covetous, or an idolator, or a railer, or a drunkard, or an extortioner; with such an one no not to eat. +For what have I to do to judge them also that are without? do not ye judge them that are within? +But them that are without God judgeth. Therefore put away from among yourselves that wicked person. +Dare any of you, having a matter against another, go to law before the unjust, and not before the saints? +Do ye not know that the saints shall judge the world? and if the world shall be judged by you, are ye unworthy to judge the smallest matters? +Know ye not that we shall judge angels? how much more things that pertain to this life? +If then ye have judgments of things pertaining to this life, set them to judge who are least esteemed in the church. +I speak to your shame. Is it so, that there is not a wise man among you? no, not one that shall be able to judge between his brethren? +But brother goeth to law with brother, and that before the unbelievers. +Now therefore there is utterly a fault among you, because ye go to law one with another. Why do ye not rather take wrong? why do ye not rather suffer yourselves to be defrauded? +Nay, ye do wrong, and defraud, and that your brethren. +Know ye not that the unrighteous shall not inherit the kingdom of God? Be not deceived: neither fornicators, nor idolaters, nor adulterers, nor effeminate, nor abusers of themselves with mankind, +Nor thieves, nor covetous, nor drunkards, nor revilers, nor extortioners, shall inherit the kingdom of God. +And such were some of you: but ye are washed, but ye are sanctified, but ye are justified in the name of the Lord Jesus, and by the Spirit of our God. +All things are lawful unto me, but all things are not expedient: all things are lawful for me, but I will not be brought under the power of any. +Meats for the belly, and the belly for meats: but God shall destroy both it and them. Now the body is not for fornication, but for the Lord; and the Lord for the body. +And God hath both raised up the Lord, and will also raise up us by his own power. +Know ye not that your bodies are the members of Christ? shall I then take the members of Christ, and make them the members of an harlot? God forbid. +What? know ye not that he which is joined to an harlot is one body? for two, saith he, shall be one flesh. +But he that is joined unto the Lord is one spirit. +Flee fornication. Every sin that a man doeth is without the body; but he that committeth fornication sinneth against his own body. +What? know ye not that your body is the temple of the Holy Ghost which is in you, which ye have of God, and ye are not your own? +For ye are bought with a price: therefore glorify God in your body, and in your spirit, which are God's. +Now concerning the things whereof ye wrote unto me: It is good for a man not to touch a woman. +Nevertheless, to avoid fornication, let every man have his own wife, and let every woman have her own husband. +Let the husband render unto the wife due benevolence: and likewise also the wife unto the husband. +The wife hath not power of her own body, but the husband: and likewise also the husband hath not power of his own body, but the wife. +Defraud ye not one the other, except it be with consent for a time, that ye may give yourselves to fasting and prayer; and come together again, that Satan tempt you not for your incontinency. +But I speak this by permission, and not of commandment. +For I would that all men were even as I myself. But every man hath his proper gift of God, one after this manner, and another after that. +I say therefore to the unmarried and widows, it is good for them if they abide even as I. +But if they cannot contain, let them marry: for it is better to marry than to burn. +And unto the married I command, yet not I, but the Lord, Let not the wife depart from her husband: +But and if she depart, let her remain unmarried or be reconciled to her husband: and let not the husband put away his wife. +But to the rest speak I, not the Lord: If any brother hath a wife that believeth not, and she be pleased to dwell with him, let him not put her away. +And the woman which hath an husband that believeth not, and if he be pleased to dwell with her, let her not leave him. +For the unbelieving husband is sanctified by the wife, and the unbelieving wife is sanctified by the husband: else were your children unclean; but now are they holy. +But if the unbelieving depart, let him depart. A brother or a sister is not under bondage in such cases: but God hath called us to peace. +For what knowest thou, O wife, whether thou shalt save thy husband? or how knowest thou, O man, whether thou shalt save thy wife? +But as God hath distributed to every man, as the Lord hath called every one, so let him walk. And so ordain I in all churches. +Is any man called being circumcised? let him not become uncircumcised. Is any called in uncircumcision? let him not be circumcised. +Circumcision is nothing, and uncircumcision is nothing, but the keeping of the commandments of God. +Let every man abide in the same calling wherein he was called. +Art thou called being a servant? care not for it: but if thou mayest be made free, use it rather. +For he that is called in the Lord, being a servant, is the Lord's freeman: likewise also he that is called, being free, is Christ's servant. +Ye are bought with a price; be not ye the servants of men. +Brethren, let every man, wherein he is called, therein abide with God. +Now concerning virgins I have no commandment of the Lord: yet I give my judgment, as one that hath obtained mercy of the Lord to be faithful. +I suppose therefore that this is good for the present distress, I say, that it is good for a man so to be. +Art thou bound unto a wife? seek not to be loosed. Art thou loosed from a wife? seek not a wife. +But and if thou marry, thou hast not sinned; and if a virgin marry, she hath not sinned. Nevertheless such shall have trouble in the flesh: but I spare you. +But this I say, brethren, the time is short: it remaineth, that both they that have wives be as though they had none; +And they that weep, as though they wept not; and they that rejoice, as though they rejoiced not; and they that buy, as though they possessed not; +And they that use this world, as not abusing it: for the fashion of this world passeth away. +But I would have you without carefulness. He that is unmarried careth for the things that belong to the Lord, how he may please the Lord: +But he that is married careth for the things that are of the world, how he may please his wife. +There is difference also between a wife and a virgin. The unmarried woman careth for the things of the Lord, that she may be holy both in body and in spirit: but she that is married careth for the things of the world, how she may please her husband. +And this I speak for your own profit; not that I may cast a snare upon you, but for that which is comely, and that ye may attend upon the Lord without distraction. +But if any man think that he behaveth himself uncomely toward his virgin, if she pass the flower of her age, and need so require, let him do what he will, he sinneth not: let them marry. +Nevertheless he that standeth stedfast in his heart, having no necessity, but hath power over his own will, and hath so decreed in his heart that he will keep his virgin, doeth well. +So then he that giveth her in marriage doeth well; but he that giveth her not in marriage doeth better. +The wife is bound by the law as long as her husband liveth; but if her husband be dead, she is at liberty to be married to whom she will; only in the Lord. +But she is happier if she so abide, after my judgment: and I think also that I have the Spirit of God. +Now as touching things offered unto idols, we know that we all have knowledge. Knowledge puffeth up, but charity edifieth. +And if any man think that he knoweth any thing, he knoweth nothing yet as he ought to know. +But if any man love God, the same is known of him. +As concerning therefore the eating of those things that are offered in sacrifice unto idols, we know that an idol is nothing in the world, and that there is none other God but one. +For though there be that are called gods, whether in heaven or in earth, (as there be gods many, and lords many,) +But to us there is but one God, the Father, of whom are all things, and we in him; and one Lord Jesus Christ, by whom are all things, and we by him. +Howbeit there is not in every man that knowledge: for some with conscience of the idol unto this hour eat it as a thing offered unto an idol; and their conscience being weak is defiled. +But meat commendeth us not to God: for neither, if we eat, are we the better; neither, if we eat not, are we the worse. +But take heed lest by any means this liberty of your's become a stumbling block to them that are weak. +For if any man see thee which hast knowledge sit at meat in the idol's temple, shall not the conscience of him which is weak be emboldened to eat those things which are offered to idols; +And through thy knowledge shall the weak brother perish, for whom Christ died? +But when ye sin so against the brethren, and wound their weak conscience, ye sin against Christ. +Wherefore, if meat make my brother to offend, I will eat no flesh while the world standeth, lest I make my brother to offend. +Am I am not an apostle? am I not free? have I not seen Jesus Christ our Lord? are not ye my work in the Lord? +If I be not an apostle unto others, yet doubtless I am to you: for the seal of mine apostleship are ye in the Lord. +Mine answer to them that do examine me is this, +Have we not power to eat and to drink? +Have we not power to lead about a sister, a wife, as well as other apostles, and as the brethren of the Lord, and Cephas? +Or I only and Barnabas, have not we power to forbear working? +Who goeth a warfare any time at his own charges? who planteth a vineyard, and eateth not of the fruit thereof? or who feedeth a flock, and eateth not of the milk of the flock? +Say I these things as a man? or saith not the law the same also? +For it is written in the law of Moses, thou shalt not muzzle the mouth of the ox that treadeth out the corn. Doth God take care for oxen? +Or saith he it altogether for our sakes? For our sakes, no doubt, this is written: that he that ploweth should plow in hope; and that he that thresheth in hope should be partaker of his hope. +If we have sown unto you spiritual things, is it a great thing if we shall reap your carnal things? +If others be partakers of this power over you, are not we rather? Nevertheless we have not used this power; but suffer all things, lest we should hinder the gospel of Christ. +Do ye not know that they which minister about holy things live of the things of the temple? and they which wait at the altar are partakers with the altar? +Even so hath the Lord ordained that they which preach the gospel should live of the gospel. +But I have used none of these things: neither have I written these things, that it should be so done unto me: for it were better for me to die, than that any man should make my glorying void. +For though I preach the gospel, I have nothing to glory of: for necessity is laid upon me; yea, woe is unto me, if I preach not the gospel! +For if I do this thing willingly, I have a reward: but if against my will, a dispensation of the gospel is committed unto me. +What is my reward then? Verily that, when I preach the gospel, I may make the gospel of Christ without charge, that I abuse not my power in the gospel. +For though I be free from all men, yet have I made myself servant unto all, that I might gain the more. +And unto the Jews I became as a Jew, that I might gain the Jews; to them that are under the law, as under the law, that I might gain them that are under the law; +To them that are without law, as without law, (being not without law to God, but under the law to Christ,) that I might gain them that are without law. +To the weak became I as weak, that I might gain the weak: I am made all things to all men, that I might by all means save some. +And this I do for the gospel's sake, that I might be partaker thereof with you. +Know ye not that they which run in a race run all, but one receiveth the prize? So run, that ye may obtain. +And every man that striveth for the mastery is temperate in all things. Now they do it to obtain a corruptible crown; but we an incorruptible. +I therefore so run, not as uncertainly; so fight I, not as one that beateth the air: +But I keep under my body, and bring it into subjection: lest that by any means, when I have preached to others, I myself should be a castaway. +Moreover, brethren, I would not that ye should be ignorant, how that all our fathers were under the cloud, and all passed through the sea; +And were all baptized unto Moses in the cloud and in the sea; +And did all eat the same spiritual meat; +And did all drink the same spiritual drink: for they drank of that spiritual Rock that followed them: and that Rock was Christ. +But with many of them God was not well pleased: for they were overthrown in the wilderness. +Now these things were our examples, to the intent we should not lust after evil things, as they also lusted. +Neither be ye idolaters, as were some of them; as it is written, The people sat down to eat and drink, and rose up to play. +Neither let us commit fornication, as some of them committed, and fell in one day three and twenty thousand. +Neither let us tempt Christ, as some of them also tempted, and were destroyed of serpents. +Neither murmur ye, as some of them also murmured, and were destroyed of the destroyer. +Now all these things happened unto them for ensamples: and they are written for our admonition, upon whom the ends of the world are come. +Wherefore let him that thinketh he standeth take heed lest he fall. +There hath no temptation taken you but such as is common to man: but God is faithful, who will not suffer you to be tempted above that ye are able; but will with the temptation also make a way to escape, that ye may be able to bear it. +Wherefore, my dearly beloved, flee from idolatry. +I speak as to wise men; judge ye what I say. +The cup of blessing which we bless, is it not the communion of the blood of Christ? The bread which we break, is it not the communion of the body of Christ? +For we being many are one bread, and one body: for we are all partakers of that one bread. +Behold Israel after the flesh: are not they which eat of the sacrifices partakers of the altar? +What say I then? that the idol is any thing, or that which is offered in sacrifice to idols is any thing? +But I say, that the things which the Gentiles sacrifice, they sacrifice to devils, and not to God: and I would not that ye should have fellowship with devils. +Ye cannot drink the cup of the Lord, and the cup of devils: ye cannot be partakers of the Lord's table, and of the table of devils. +Do we provoke the Lord to jealousy? are we stronger than he? +All things are lawful for me, but all things are not expedient: all things are lawful for me, but all things edify not. +Let no man seek his own, but every man another's wealth. +Whatsoever is sold in the shambles, that eat, asking no question for conscience sake: +For the earth is the Lord's, and the fulness thereof. +If any of them that believe not bid you to a feast, and ye be disposed to go; whatsoever is set before you, eat, asking no question for conscience sake. +But if any man say unto you, this is offered in sacrifice unto idols, eat not for his sake that shewed it, and for conscience sake: for the earth is the Lord's, and the fulness thereof: +Conscience, I say, not thine own, but of the other: for why is my liberty judged of another man's conscience? +For if I by grace be a partaker, why am I evil spoken of for that for which I give thanks? +Whether therefore ye eat, or drink, or whatsoever ye do, do all to the glory of God. +Give none offence, neither to the Jews, nor to the Gentiles, nor to the church of God: +Even as I please all men in all things, not seeking mine own profit, but the profit of many, that they may be saved. +Be ye followers of me, even as I also am of Christ. +Now I praise you, brethren, that ye remember me in all things, and keep the ordinances, as I delivered them to you. +But I would have you know, that the head of every man is Christ; and the head of the woman is the man; and the head of Christ is God. +Every man praying or prophesying, having his head covered, dishonoureth his head. +But every woman that prayeth or prophesieth with her head uncovered dishonoureth her head: for that is even all one as if she were shaven. +For if the woman be not covered, let her also be shorn: but if it be a shame for a woman to be shorn or shaven, let her be covered. +For a man indeed ought not to cover his head, forasmuch as he is the image and glory of God: but the woman is the glory of the man. +For the man is not of the woman: but the woman of the man. +Neither was the man created for the woman; but the woman for the man. +For this cause ought the woman to have power on her head because of the angels. +Nevertheless neither is the man without the woman, neither the woman without the man, in the Lord. +For as the woman is of the man, even so is the man also by the woman; but all things of God. +Judge in yourselves: is it comely that a woman pray unto God uncovered? +Doth not even nature itself teach you, that, if a man have long hair, it is a shame unto him? +But if a woman have long hair, it is a glory to her: for her hair is given her for a covering. +But if any man seem to be contentious, we have no such custom, neither the churches of God. +Now in this that I declare unto you I praise you not, that ye come together not for the better, but for the worse. +For first of all, when ye come together in the church, I hear that there be divisions among you; and I partly believe it. +For there must be also heresies among you, that they which are approved may be made manifest among you. +When ye come together therefore into one place, this is not to eat the Lord's supper. +For in eating every one taketh before other his own supper: and one is hungry, and another is drunken. +What? have ye not houses to eat and to drink in? or despise ye the church of God, and shame them that have not? what shall I say to you? shall I praise you in this? I praise you not. +For I have received of the Lord that which also I delivered unto you, that the Lord Jesus the same night in which he was betrayed took bread: +And when he had given thanks, he brake it, and said, Take, eat: this is my body, which is broken for you: this do in remembrance of me. +After the same manner also he took the cup, when he had supped, saying, this cup is the new testament in my blood: this do ye, as oft as ye drink it, in remembrance of me. +For as often as ye eat this bread, and drink this cup, ye do shew the Lord's death till he come. +Wherefore whosoever shall eat this bread, and drink this cup of the Lord, unworthily, shall be guilty of the body and blood of the Lord. +But let a man examine himself, and so let him eat of that bread, and drink of that cup. +For he that eateth and drinketh unworthily, eateth and drinketh damnation to himself, not discerning the Lord's body. +For this cause many are weak and sickly among you, and many sleep. +For if we would judge ourselves, we should not be judged. +But when we are judged, we are chastened of the Lord, that we should not be condemned with the world. +Wherefore, my brethren, when ye come together to eat, tarry one for another. +And if any man hunger, let him eat at home; that ye come not together unto condemnation. And the rest will I set in order when I come. +Now concerning spiritual gifts, brethren, I would not have you ignorant. +Ye know that ye were Gentiles, carried away unto these dumb idols, even as ye were led. +Wherefore I give you to understand, that no man speaking by the Spirit of God calleth Jesus accursed: and that no man can say that Jesus is the Lord, but by the Holy Ghost. +Now there are diversities of gifts, but the same Spirit. +And there are differences of administrations, but the same Lord. +And there are diversities of operations, but it is the same God which worketh all in all. +But the manifestation of the Spirit is given to every man to profit withal. +For to one is given by the Spirit the word of wisdom; to another the word of knowledge by the same Spirit; +To another faith by the same Spirit; to another the gifts of healing by the same Spirit; +To another the working of miracles; to another prophecy; to another discerning of spirits; to another divers kinds of tongues; to another the interpretation of tongues: +But all these worketh that one and the selfsame Spirit, dividing to every man severally as he will. +For as the body is one, and hath many members, and all the members of that one body, being many, are one body: so also is Christ. +For by one Spirit are we all baptized into one body, whether we be Jews or Gentiles, whether we be bond or free; and have been all made to drink into one Spirit. +For the body is not one member, but many. +If the foot shall say, Because I am not the hand, I am not of the body; is it therefore not of the body? +And if the ear shall say, Because I am not the eye, I am not of the body; is it therefore not of the body? +If the whole body were an eye, where were the hearing? If the whole were hearing, where were the smelling? +But now hath God set the members every one of them in the body, as it hath pleased him. +And if they were all one member, where were the body? +But now are they many members, yet but one body. +And the eye cannot say unto the hand, I have no need of thee: nor again the head to the feet, I have no need of you. +Nay, much more those members of the body, which seem to be more feeble, are necessary: +And those members of the body, which we think to be less honourable, upon these we bestow more abundant honour; and our uncomely parts have more abundant comeliness. +For our comely parts have no need: but God hath tempered the body together, having given more abundant honour to that part which lacked. +That there should be no schism in the body; but that the members should have the same care one for another. +And whether one member suffer, all the members suffer with it; or one member be honoured, all the members rejoice with it. +Now ye are the body of Christ, and members in particular. +And God hath set some in the church, first apostles, secondarily prophets, thirdly teachers, after that miracles, then gifts of healings, helps, governments, diversities of tongues. +Are all apostles? are all prophets? are all teachers? are all workers of miracles? +Have all the gifts of healing? do all speak with tongues? do all interpret? +But covet earnestly the best gifts: and yet shew I unto you a more excellent way. +Though I speak with the tongues of men and of angels, and have not charity, I am become as sounding brass, or a tinkling cymbal. +And though I have the gift of prophecy, and understand all mysteries, and all knowledge; and though I have all faith, so that I could remove mountains, and have not charity, I am nothing. +And though I bestow all my goods to feed the poor, and though I give my body to be burned, and have not charity, it profiteth me nothing. +Charity suffereth long, and is kind; charity envieth not; charity vaunteth not itself, is not puffed up, +Doth not behave itself unseemly, seeketh not her own, is not easily provoked, thinketh no evil; +Rejoiceth not in iniquity, but rejoiceth in the truth; +Beareth all things, believeth all things, hopeth all things, endureth all things. +Charity never faileth: but whether there be prophecies, they shall fail; whether there be tongues, they shall cease; whether there be knowledge, it shall vanish away. +For we know in part, and we prophesy in part. +But when that which is perfect is come, then that which is in part shall be done away. +When I was a child, I spake as a child, I understood as a child, I thought as a child: but when I became a man, I put away childish things. +For now we see through a glass, darkly; but then face to face: now I know in part; but then shall I know even as also I am known. +And now abideth faith, hope, charity, these three; but the greatest of these is charity. +Follow after charity, and desire spiritual gifts, but rather that ye may prophesy. +For he that speaketh in an unknown tongue speaketh not unto men, but unto God: for no man understandeth him; howbeit in the spirit he speaketh mysteries. +But he that prophesieth speaketh unto men to edification, and exhortation, and comfort. +He that speaketh in an unknown tongue edifieth himself; but he that prophesieth edifieth the church. +I would that ye all spake with tongues but rather that ye prophesied: for greater is he that prophesieth than he that speaketh with tongues, except he interpret, that the church may receive edifying. +Now, brethren, if I come unto you speaking with tongues, what shall I profit you, except I shall speak to you either by revelation, or by knowledge, or by prophesying, or by doctrine? +And even things without life giving sound, whether pipe or harp, except they give a distinction in the sounds, how shall it be known what is piped or harped? +For if the trumpet give an uncertain sound, who shall prepare himself to the battle? +So likewise ye, except ye utter by the tongue words easy to be understood, how shall it be known what is spoken? for ye shall speak into the air. +There are, it may be, so many kinds of voices in the world, and none of them is without signification. +Therefore if I know not the meaning of the voice, I shall be unto him that speaketh a barbarian, and he that speaketh shall be a barbarian unto me. +Even so ye, forasmuch as ye are zealous of spiritual gifts, seek that ye may excel to the edifying of the church. +Wherefore let him that speaketh in an unknown tongue pray that he may interpret. +For if I pray in an unknown tongue, my spirit prayeth, but my understanding is unfruitful. +What is it then? I will pray with the spirit, and I will pray with the understanding also: I will sing with the spirit, and I will sing with the understanding also. +Else when thou shalt bless with the spirit, how shall he that occupieth the room of the unlearned say Amen at thy giving of thanks, seeing he understandeth not what thou sayest? +For thou verily givest thanks well, but the other is not edified. +I thank my God, I speak with tongues more than ye all: +Yet in the church I had rather speak five words with my understanding, that by my voice I might teach others also, than ten thousand words in an unknown tongue. +Brethren, be not children in understanding: howbeit in malice be ye children, but in understanding be men. +In the law it is written, With men of other tongues and other lips will I speak unto this people; and yet for all that will they not hear me, saith the Lord. +Wherefore tongues are for a sign, not to them that believe, but to them that believe not: but prophesying serveth not for them that believe not, but for them which believe. +If therefore the whole church be come together into one place, and all speak with tongues, and there come in those that are unlearned, or unbelievers, will they not say that ye are mad? +But if all prophesy, and there come in one that believeth not, or one unlearned, he is convinced of all, he is judged of all: +And thus are the secrets of his heart made manifest; and so falling down on his face he will worship God, and report that God is in you of a truth. +How is it then, brethren? when ye come together, every one of you hath a psalm, hath a doctrine, hath a tongue, hath a revelation, hath an interpretation. Let all things be done unto edifying. +If any man speak in an unknown tongue, let it be by two, or at the most by three, and that by course; and let one interpret. +But if there be no interpreter, let him keep silence in the church; and let him speak to himself, and to God. +Let the prophets speak two or three, and let the other judge. +If any thing be revealed to another that sitteth by, let the first hold his peace. +For ye may all prophesy one by one, that all may learn, and all may be comforted. +And the spirits of the prophets are subject to the prophets. +For God is not the author of confusion, but of peace, as in all churches of the saints. +Let your women keep silence in the churches: for it is not permitted unto them to speak; but they are commanded to be under obedience as also saith the law. +And if they will learn any thing, let them ask their husbands at home: for it is a shame for women to speak in the church. +What? came the word of God out from you? or came it unto you only? +If any man think himself to be a prophet, or spiritual, let him acknowledge that the things that I write unto you are the commandments of the Lord. +But if any man be ignorant, let him be ignorant. +Wherefore, brethren, covet to prophesy, and forbid not to speak with tongues. +Let all things be done decently and in order. +Moreover, brethren, I declare unto you the gospel which I preached unto you, which also ye have received, and wherein ye stand; +By which also ye are saved, if ye keep in memory what I preached unto you, unless ye have believed in vain. +For I delivered unto you first of all that which I also received, how that Christ died for our sins according to the scriptures; +And that he was buried, and that he rose again the third day according to the scriptures: +And that he was seen of Cephas, then of the twelve: +After that, he was seen of above five hundred brethren at once; of whom the greater part remain unto this present, but some are fallen asleep. +After that, he was seen of James; then of all the apostles. +And last of all he was seen of me also, as of one born out of due time. +For I am the least of the apostles, that am not meet to be called an apostle, because I persecuted the church of God. +But by the grace of God I am what I am: and his grace which was bestowed upon me was not in vain; but I laboured more abundantly than they all: yet not I, but the grace of God which was with me. +Therefore whether it were I or they, so we preach, and so ye believed. +Now if Christ be preached that he rose from the dead, how say some among you that there is no resurrection of the dead? +But if there be no resurrection of the dead, then is Christ not risen: +And if Christ be not risen, then is our preaching vain, and your faith is also vain. +Yea, and we are found false witnesses of God; because we have testified of God that he raised up Christ: whom he raised not up, if so be that the dead rise not. +For if the dead rise not, then is not Christ raised: +And if Christ be not raised, your faith is vain; ye are yet in your sins. +Then they also which are fallen asleep in Christ are perished. +If in this life only we have hope in Christ, we are of all men most miserable. +But now is Christ risen from the dead, and become the firstfruits of them that slept. +For since by man came death, by man came also the resurrection of the dead. +For as in Adam all die, even so in Christ shall all be made alive. +But every man in his own order: Christ the firstfruits; afterward they that are Christ's at his coming. +Then cometh the end, when he shall have delivered up the kingdom to God, even the Father; when he shall have put down all rule and all authority and power. +For he must reign, till he hath put all enemies under his feet. +The last enemy that shall be destroyed is death. +For he hath put all things under his feet. But when he saith all things are put under him, it is manifest that he is excepted, which did put all things under him. +And when all things shall be subdued unto him, then shall the Son also himself be subject unto him that put all things under him, that God may be all in all. +Else what shall they do which are baptized for the dead, if the dead rise not at all? why are they then baptized for the dead? +And why stand we in jeopardy every hour? +I protest by your rejoicing which I have in Christ Jesus our Lord, I die daily. +If after the manner of men I have fought with beasts at Ephesus, what advantageth it me, if the dead rise not? let us eat and drink; for to morrow we die. +Be not deceived: evil communications corrupt good manners. +Awake to righteousness, and sin not; for some have not the knowledge of God: I speak this to your shame. +But some man will say, How are the dead raised up? and with what body do they come? +Thou fool, that which thou sowest is not quickened, except it die: +And that which thou sowest, thou sowest not that body that shall be, but bare grain, it may chance of wheat, or of some other grain: +But God giveth it a body as it hath pleased him, and to every seed his own body. +All flesh is not the same flesh: but there is one kind of flesh of men, another flesh of beasts, another of fishes, and another of birds. +There are also celestial bodies, and bodies terrestrial: but the glory of the celestial is one, and the glory of the terrestrial is another. +There is one glory of the sun, and another glory of the moon, and another glory of the stars: for one star differeth from another star in glory. +So also is the resurrection of the dead. It is sown in corruption; it is raised in incorruption: +It is sown in dishonour; it is raised in glory: it is sown in weakness; it is raised in power: +It is sown a natural body; it is raised a spiritual body. There is a natural body, and there is a spiritual body. +And so it is written, The first man Adam was made a living soul; the last Adam was made a quickening spirit. +Howbeit that was not first which is spiritual, but that which is natural; and afterward that which is spiritual. +The first man is of the earth, earthy; the second man is the Lord from heaven. +As is the earthy, such are they also that are earthy: and as is the heavenly, such are they also that are heavenly. +And as we have borne the image of the earthy, we shall also bear the image of the heavenly. +Now this I say, brethren, that flesh and blood cannot inherit the kingdom of God; neither doth corruption inherit incorruption. +Behold, I shew you a mystery; We shall not all sleep, but we shall all be changed, +In a moment, in the twinkling of an eye, at the last trump: for the trumpet shall sound, and the dead shall be raised incorruptible, and we shall be changed. +For this corruptible must put on incorruption, and this mortal must put on immortality. +So when this corruptible shall have put on incorruption, and this mortal shall have put on immortality, then shall be brought to pass the saying that is written, Death is swallowed up in victory. +O death, where is thy sting? O grave, where is thy victory? +The sting of death is sin; and the strength of sin is the law. +But thanks be to God, which giveth us the victory through our Lord Jesus Christ. +Therefore, my beloved brethren, be ye stedfast, unmoveable, always abounding in the work of the Lord, forasmuch as ye know that your labour is not in vain in the Lord. +Now concerning the collection for the saints, as I have given order to the churches of Galatia, even so do ye. +Upon the first day of the week let every one of you lay by him in store, as God hath prospered him, that there be no gatherings when I come. +And when I come, whomsoever ye shall approve by your letters, them will I send to bring your liberality unto Jerusalem. +And if it be meet that I go also, they shall go with me. +Now I will come unto you, when I shall pass through Macedonia: for I do pass through Macedonia. +And it may be that I will abide, yea, and winter with you, that ye may bring me on my journey whithersoever I go. +For I will not see you now by the way; but I trust to tarry a while with you, if the Lord permit. +But I will tarry at Ephesus until Pentecost. +For a great door and effectual is opened unto me, and there are many adversaries. +Now if Timotheus come, see that he may be with you without fear: for he worketh the work of the Lord, as I also do. +Let no man therefore despise him: but conduct him forth in peace, that he may come unto me: for I look for him with the brethren. +As touching our brother Apollos, I greatly desired him to come unto you with the brethren: but his will was not at all to come at this time; but he will come when he shall have convenient time. +Watch ye, stand fast in the faith, quit you like men, be strong. +Let all your things be done with charity. +I beseech you, brethren, (ye know the house of Stephanas, that it is the firstfruits of Achaia, and that they have addicted themselves to the ministry of the saints,) +That ye submit yourselves unto such, and to every one that helpeth with us, and laboureth. +I am glad of the coming of Stephanas and Fortunatus and Achaicus: for that which was lacking on your part they have supplied. +For they have refreshed my spirit and your's: therefore acknowledge ye them that are such. +The churches of Asia salute you. Aquila and Priscilla salute you much in the Lord, with the church that is in their house. +All the brethren greet you. Greet ye one another with an holy kiss. +The salutation of me Paul with mine own hand. +If any man love not the Lord Jesus Christ, let him be Anathema Maranatha. +The grace of our Lord Jesus Christ be with you. +My love be with you all in Christ Jesus. Amen. +Paul, an apostle of Jesus Christ by the will of God, and Timothy our brother, unto the church of God which is at Corinth, with all the saints which are in all Achaia: +Grace be to you and peace from God our Father, and from the Lord Jesus Christ. +Blessed be God, even the Father of our Lord Jesus Christ, the Father of mercies, and the God of all comfort; +Who comforteth us in all our tribulation, that we may be able to comfort them which are in any trouble, by the comfort wherewith we ourselves are comforted of God. +For as the sufferings of Christ abound in us, so our consolation also aboundeth by Christ. +And whether we be afflicted, it is for your consolation and salvation, which is effectual in the enduring of the same sufferings which we also suffer: or whether we be comforted, it is for your consolation and salvation. +And our hope of you is stedfast, knowing, that as ye are partakers of the sufferings, so shall ye be also of the consolation. +For we would not, brethren, have you ignorant of our trouble which came to us in Asia, that we were pressed out of measure, above strength, insomuch that we despaired even of life: +But we had the sentence of death in ourselves, that we should not trust in ourselves, but in God which raiseth the dead: +Who delivered us from so great a death, and doth deliver: in whom we trust that he will yet deliver us; +Ye also helping together by prayer for us, that for the gift bestowed upon us by the means of many persons thanks may be given by many on our behalf. +For our rejoicing is this, the testimony of our conscience, that in simplicity and godly sincerity, not with fleshly wisdom, but by the grace of God, we have had our conversation in the world, and more abundantly to you-ward. +For we write none other things unto you, that what ye read or acknowledge; and I trust ye shall acknowledge even to the end; +As also ye have acknowledged us in part, that we are your rejoicing, even as ye also are our's in the day of the Lord Jesus. +And in this confidence I was minded to come unto you before, that ye might have a second benefit; +And to pass by you into Macedonia, and to come again out of Macedonia unto you, and of you to be brought on my way toward Judaea. +When I therefore was thus minded, did I use lightness? or the things that I purpose, do I purpose according to the flesh, that with me there should be yea yea, and nay nay? +But as God is true, our word toward you was not yea and nay. +For the Son of God, Jesus Christ, who was preached among you by us, even by me and Silvanus and Timotheus, was not yea and nay, but in him was yea. +For all the promises of God in him are yea, and in him Amen, unto the glory of God by us. +Now he which stablisheth us with you in Christ, and hath anointed us, is God; +Who hath also sealed us, and given the earnest of the Spirit in our hearts. +Moreover I call God for a record upon my soul, that to spare you I came not as yet unto Corinth. +Not for that we have dominion over your faith, but are helpers of your joy: for by faith ye stand. +But I determined this with myself, that I would not come again to you in heaviness. +For if I make you sorry, who is he then that maketh me glad, but the same which is made sorry by me? +And I wrote this same unto you, lest, when I came, I should have sorrow from them of whom I ought to rejoice; having confidence in you all, that my joy is the joy of you all. +For out of much affliction and anguish of heart I wrote unto you with many tears; not that ye should be grieved, but that ye might know the love which I have more abundantly unto you. +But if any have caused grief, he hath not grieved me, but in part: that I may not overcharge you all. +Sufficient to such a man is this punishment, which was inflicted of many. +So that contrariwise ye ought rather to forgive him, and comfort him, lest perhaps such a one should be swallowed up with overmuch sorrow. +Wherefore I beseech you that ye would confirm your love toward him. +For to this end also did I write, that I might know the proof of you, whether ye be obedient in all things. +To whom ye forgive any thing, I forgive also: for if I forgave any thing, to whom I forgave it, for your sakes forgave I it in the person of Christ; +Lest Satan should get an advantage of us: for we are not ignorant of his devices. +Furthermore, when I came to Troas to preach Christ's gospel, and a door was opened unto me of the Lord, +I had no rest in my spirit, because I found not Titus my brother: but taking my leave of them, I went from thence into Macedonia. +Now thanks be unto God, which always causeth us to triumph in Christ, and maketh manifest the savour of his knowledge by us in every place. +For we are unto God a sweet savour of Christ, in them that are saved, and in them that perish: +To the one we are the savour of death unto death; and to the other the savour of life unto life. And who is sufficient for these things? +For we are not as many, which corrupt the word of God: but as of sincerity, but as of God, in the sight of God speak we in Christ. +Do we begin again to commend ourselves? or need we, as some others, epistles of commendation to you, or letters of commendation from you? +Ye are our epistle written in our hearts, known and read of all men: +Forasmuch as ye are manifestly declared to be the epistle of Christ ministered by us, written not with ink, but with the Spirit of the living God; not in tables of stone, but in fleshy tables of the heart. +And such trust have we through Christ to God-ward: +Not that we are sufficient of ourselves to think any thing as of ourselves; but our sufficiency is of God; +Who also hath made us able ministers of the new testament; not of the letter, but of the spirit: for the letter killeth, but the spirit giveth life. +But if the ministration of death, written and engraven in stones, was glorious, so that the children of Israel could not stedfastly behold the face of Moses for the glory of his countenance; which glory was to be done away: +How shall not the ministration of the spirit be rather glorious? +For if the ministration of condemnation be glory, much more doth the ministration of righteousness exceed in glory. +For even that which was made glorious had no glory in this respect, by reason of the glory that excelleth. +For if that which is done away was glorious, much more that which remaineth is glorious. +Seeing then that we have such hope, we use great plainness of speech: +And not as Moses, which put a vail over his face, that the children of Israel could not stedfastly look to the end of that which is abolished: +But their minds were blinded: for until this day remaineth the same vail untaken away in the reading of the old testament; which vail is done away in Christ. +But even unto this day, when Moses is read, the vail is upon their heart. +Nevertheless when it shall turn to the Lord, the vail shall be taken away. +Now the Lord is that Spirit: and where the Spirit of the Lord is, there is liberty. +But we all, with open face beholding as in a glass the glory of the Lord, are changed into the same image from glory to glory, even as by the Spirit of the Lord. +Therefore seeing we have this ministry, as we have received mercy, we faint not; +But have renounced the hidden things of dishonesty, not walking in craftiness, nor handling the word of God deceitfully; but by manifestation of the truth commending ourselves to every man's conscience in the sight of God. +But if our gospel be hid, it is hid to them that are lost: +In whom the god of this world hath blinded the minds of them which believe not, lest the light of the glorious gospel of Christ, who is the image of God, should shine unto them. +For we preach not ourselves, but Christ Jesus the Lord; and ourselves your servants for Jesus' sake. +For God, who commanded the light to shine out of darkness, hath shined in our hearts, to give the light of the knowledge of the glory of God in the face of Jesus Christ. +But we have this treasure in earthen vessels, that the excellency of the power may be of God, and not of us. +We are troubled on every side, yet not distressed; we are perplexed, but not in despair; +Persecuted, but not forsaken; cast down, but not destroyed; +Always bearing about in the body the dying of the Lord Jesus, that the life also of Jesus might be made manifest in our body. +For we which live are alway delivered unto death for Jesus' sake, that the life also of Jesus might be made manifest in our mortal flesh. +So then death worketh in us, but life in you. +We having the same spirit of faith, according as it is written, I believed, and therefore have I spoken; we also believe, and therefore speak; +Knowing that he which raised up the Lord Jesus shall raise up us also by Jesus, and shall present us with you. +For all things are for your sakes, that the abundant grace might through the thanksgiving of many redound to the glory of God. +For which cause we faint not; but though our outward man perish, yet the inward man is renewed day by day. +For our light affliction, which is but for a moment, worketh for us a far more exceeding and eternal weight of glory; +While we look not at the things which are seen, but at the things which are not seen: for the things which are seen are temporal; but the things which are not seen are eternal. +For we know that if our earthly house of this tabernacle were dissolved, we have a building of God, an house not made with hands, eternal in the heavens. +For in this we groan, earnestly desiring to be clothed upon with our house which is from heaven: +If so be that being clothed we shall not be found naked. +For we that are in this tabernacle do groan, being burdened: not for that we would be unclothed, but clothed upon, that mortality might be swallowed up of life. +Now he that hath wrought us for the selfsame thing is God, who also hath given unto us the earnest of the Spirit. +Therefore we are always confident, knowing that, whilst we are at home in the body, we are absent from the Lord: +(For we walk by faith, not by sight:) +We are confident, I say, and willing rather to be absent from the body, and to be present with the Lord. +Wherefore we labour, that, whether present or absent, we may be accepted of him. +For we must all appear before the judgment seat of Christ; that every one may receive the things done in his body, according to that he hath done, whether it be good or bad. +Knowing therefore the terror of the Lord, we persuade men; but we are made manifest unto God; and I trust also are made manifest in your consciences. +For we commend not ourselves again unto you, but give you occasion to glory on our behalf, that ye may have somewhat to answer them which glory in appearance, and not in heart. +For whether we be beside ourselves, it is to God: or whether we be sober, it is for your cause. +For the love of Christ constraineth us; because we thus judge, that if one died for all, then were all dead: +And that he died for all, that they which live should not henceforth live unto themselves, but unto him which died for them, and rose again. +Wherefore henceforth know we no man after the flesh: yea, though we have known Christ after the flesh, yet now henceforth know we him no more. +Therefore if any man be in Christ, he is a new creature: old things are passed away; behold, all things are become new. +And all things are of God, who hath reconciled us to himself by Jesus Christ, and hath given to us the ministry of reconciliation; +To wit, that God was in Christ, reconciling the world unto himself, not imputing their trespasses unto them; and hath committed unto us the word of reconciliation. +Now then we are ambassadors for Christ, as though God did beseech you by us: we pray you in Christ's stead, be ye reconciled to God. +For he hath made him to be sin for us, who knew no sin; that we might be made the righteousness of God in him. +We then, as workers together with him, beseech you also that ye receive not the grace of God in vain. +(For he saith, I have heard thee in a time accepted, and in the day of salvation have I succoured thee: behold, now is the accepted time; behold, now is the day of salvation.) +Giving no offence in any thing, that the ministry be not blamed: +But in all things approving ourselves as the ministers of God, in much patience, in afflictions, in necessities, in distresses, +In stripes, in imprisonments, in tumults, in labours, in watchings, in fastings; +By pureness, by knowledge, by long suffering, by kindness, by the Holy Ghost, by love unfeigned, +By the word of truth, by the power of God, by the armour of righteousness on the right hand and on the left, +By honour and dishonour, by evil report and good report: as deceivers, and yet true; +As unknown, and yet well known; as dying, and, behold, we live; as chastened, and not killed; +As sorrowful, yet alway rejoicing; as poor, yet making many rich; as having nothing, and yet possessing all things. +O ye Corinthians, our mouth is open unto you, our heart is enlarged. +Ye are not straitened in us, but ye are straitened in your own bowels. +Now for a recompence in the same, (I speak as unto my children,) be ye also enlarged. +Be ye not unequally yoked together with unbelievers: for what fellowship hath righteousness with unrighteousness? and what communion hath light with darkness? +And what concord hath Christ with Belial? or what part hath he that believeth with an infidel? +And what agreement hath the temple of God with idols? for ye are the temple of the living God; as God hath said, I will dwell in them, and walk in them; and I will be their God, and they shall be my people. +Wherefore come out from among them, and be ye separate, saith the Lord, and touch not the unclean thing; and I will receive you. +And will be a Father unto you, and ye shall be my sons and daughters, saith the Lord Almighty. +Having therefore these promises, dearly beloved, let us cleanse ourselves from all filthiness of the flesh and spirit, perfecting holiness in the fear of God. +Receive us; we have wronged no man, we have corrupted no man, we have defrauded no man. +I speak not this to condemn you: for I have said before, that ye are in our hearts to die and live with you. +Great is my boldness of speech toward you, great is my glorying of you: I am filled with comfort, I am exceeding joyful in all our tribulation. +For, when we were come into Macedonia, our flesh had no rest, but we were troubled on every side; without were fightings, within were fears. +Nevertheless God, that comforteth those that are cast down, comforted us by the coming of Titus; +And not by his coming only, but by the consolation wherewith he was comforted in you, when he told us your earnest desire, your mourning, your fervent mind toward me; so that I rejoiced the more. +For though I made you sorry with a letter, I do not repent, though I did repent: for I perceive that the same epistle hath made you sorry, though it were but for a season. +Now I rejoice, not that ye were made sorry, but that ye sorrowed to repentance: for ye were made sorry after a godly manner, that ye might receive damage by us in nothing. +For godly sorrow worketh repentance to salvation not to be repented of: but the sorrow of the world worketh death. +For behold this selfsame thing, that ye sorrowed after a godly sort, what carefulness it wrought in you, yea, what clearing of yourselves, yea, what indignation, yea, what fear, yea, what vehement desire, yea, what zeal, yea, what revenge! In all things ye have approved yourselves to be clear in this matter. +Wherefore, though I wrote unto you, I did it not for his cause that had done the wrong, nor for his cause that suffered wrong, but that our care for you in the sight of God might appear unto you. +Therefore we were comforted in your comfort: yea, and exceedingly the more joyed we for the joy of Titus, because his spirit was refreshed by you all. +For if I have boasted any thing to him of you, I am not ashamed; but as we spake all things to you in truth, even so our boasting, which I made before Titus, is found a truth. +And his inward affection is more abundant toward you, whilst he remembereth the obedience of you all, how with fear and trembling ye received him. +I rejoice therefore that I have confidence in you in all things. +Moreover, brethren, we do you to wit of the grace of God bestowed on the churches of Macedonia; +How that in a great trial of affliction the abundance of their joy and their deep poverty abounded unto the riches of their liberality. +For to their power, I bear record, yea, and beyond their power they were willing of themselves; +Praying us with much intreaty that we would receive the gift, and take upon us the fellowship of the ministering to the saints. +And this they did, not as we hoped, but first gave their own selves to the Lord, and unto us by the will of God. +Insomuch that we desired Titus, that as he had begun, so he would also finish in you the same grace also. +Therefore, as ye abound in every thing, in faith, and utterance, and knowledge, and in all diligence, and in your love to us, see that ye abound in this grace also. +I speak not by commandment, but by occasion of the forwardness of others, and to prove the sincerity of your love. +For ye know the grace of our Lord Jesus Christ, that, though he was rich, yet for your sakes he became poor, that ye through his poverty might be rich. +And herein I give my advice: for this is expedient for you, who have begun before, not only to do, but also to be forward a year ago. +Now therefore perform the doing of it; that as there was a readiness to will, so there may be a performance also out of that which ye have. +For it there be first a willing mind, it is accepted according to that a man hath, and not according to that he hath not. +For I mean not that other men be eased, and ye burdened: +But by an equality, that now at this time your abundance may be a supply for their want, that their abundance also may be a supply for your want: that there may be equality: +As it is written, He that had gathered much had nothing over; and he that had gathered little had no lack. +But thanks be to God, which put the same earnest care into the heart of Titus for you. +For indeed he accepted the exhortation; but being more forward, of his own accord he went unto you. +And we have sent with him the brother, whose praise is in the gospel throughout all the churches; +And not that only, but who was also chosen of the churches to travel with us with this grace, which is administered by us to the glory of the same Lord, and declaration of your ready mind: +Avoiding this, that no man should blame us in this abundance which is administered by us: +Providing for honest things, not only in the sight of the Lord, but also in the sight of men. +And we have sent with them our brother, whom we have oftentimes proved diligent in many things, but now much more diligent, upon the great confidence which I have in you. +Whether any do enquire of Titus, he is my partner and fellowhelper concerning you: or our brethren be enquired of, they are the messengers of the churches, and the glory of Christ. +Wherefore shew ye to them, and before the churches, the proof of your love, and of our boasting on your behalf. +For as touching the ministering to the saints, it is superfluous for me to write to you: +For I know the forwardness of your mind, for which I boast of you to them of Macedonia, that Achaia was ready a year ago; and your zeal hath provoked very many. +Yet have I sent the brethren, lest our boasting of you should be in vain in this behalf; that, as I said, ye may be ready: +Lest haply if they of Macedonia come with me, and find you unprepared, we (that we say not, ye) should be ashamed in this same confident boasting. +Therefore I thought it necessary to exhort the brethren, that they would go before unto you, and make up beforehand your bounty, whereof ye had notice before, that the same might be ready, as a matter of bounty, and not as of covetousness. +But this I say, He which soweth sparingly shall reap also sparingly; and he which soweth bountifully shall reap also bountifully. +Every man according as he purposeth in his heart, so let him give; not grudgingly, or of necessity: for God loveth a cheerful giver. +And God is able to make all grace abound toward you; that ye, always having all sufficiency in all things, may abound to every good work: +(As it is written, He hath dispersed abroad; he hath given to the poor: his righteousness remaineth for ever. +Now he that ministereth seed to the sower both minister bread for your food, and multiply your seed sown, and increase the fruits of your righteousness;) +Being enriched in every thing to all bountifulness, which causeth through us thanksgiving to God. +For the administration of this service not only supplieth the want of the saints, but is abundant also by many thanksgivings unto God; +Whiles by the experiment of this ministration they glorify God for your professed subjection unto the gospel of Christ, and for your liberal distribution unto them, and unto all men; +And by their prayer for you, which long after you for the exceeding grace of God in you. +Thanks be unto God for his unspeakable gift. +Now I Paul myself beseech you by the meekness and gentleness of Christ, who in presence am base among you, but being absent am bold toward you: +But I beseech you, that I may not be bold when I am present with that confidence, wherewith I think to be bold against some, which think of us as if we walked according to the flesh. +For though we walk in the flesh, we do not war after the flesh: +(For the weapons of our warfare are not carnal, but mighty through God to the pulling down of strong holds;) +Casting down imaginations, and every high thing that exalteth itself against the knowledge of God, and bringing into captivity every thought to the obedience of Christ; +And having in a readiness to revenge all disobedience, when your obedience is fulfilled. +Do ye look on things after the outward appearance? if any man trust to himself that he is Christ's, let him of himself think this again, that, as he is Christ's, even so are we Christ's. +For though I should boast somewhat more of our authority, which the Lord hath given us for edification, and not for your destruction, I should not be ashamed: +That I may not seem as if I would terrify you by letters. +For his letters, say they, are weighty and powerful; but his bodily presence is weak, and his speech contemptible. +Let such an one think this, that, such as we are in word by letters when we are absent, such will we be also in deed when we are present. +For we dare not make ourselves of the number, or compare ourselves with some that commend themselves: but they measuring themselves by themselves, and comparing themselves among themselves, are not wise. +But we will not boast of things without our measure, but according to the measure of the rule which God hath distributed to us, a measure to reach even unto you. +For we stretch not ourselves beyond our measure, as though we reached not unto you: for we are come as far as to you also in preaching the gospel of Christ: +Not boasting of things without our measure, that is, of other men's labours; but having hope, when your faith is increased, that we shall be enlarged by you according to our rule abundantly, +To preach the gospel in the regions beyond you, and not to boast in another man's line of things made ready to our hand. +But he that glorieth, let him glory in the Lord. +For not he that commendeth himself is approved, but whom the Lord commendeth. +Would to God ye could bear with me a little in my folly: and indeed bear with me. +For I am jealous over you with godly jealousy: for I have espoused you to one husband, that I may present you as a chaste virgin to Christ. +But I fear, lest by any means, as the serpent beguiled Eve through his subtilty, so your minds should be corrupted from the simplicity that is in Christ. +For if he that cometh preacheth another Jesus, whom we have not preached, or if ye receive another spirit, which ye have not received, or another gospel, which ye have not accepted, ye might well bear with him. +For I suppose I was not a whit behind the very chiefest apostles. +But though I be rude in speech, yet not in knowledge; but we have been throughly made manifest among you in all things. +Have I committed an offence in abasing myself that ye might be exalted, because I have preached to you the gospel of God freely? +I robbed other churches, taking wages of them, to do you service. +And when I was present with you, and wanted, I was chargeable to no man: for that which was lacking to me the brethren which came from Macedonia supplied: and in all things I have kept myself from being burdensome unto you, and so will I keep myself. +As the truth of Christ is in me, no man shall stop me of this boasting in the regions of Achaia. +Wherefore? because I love you not? God knoweth. +But what I do, that I will do, that I may cut off occasion from them which desire occasion; that wherein they glory, they may be found even as we. +For such are false apostles, deceitful workers, transforming themselves into the apostles of Christ. +And no marvel; for Satan himself is transformed into an angel of light. +Therefore it is no great thing if his ministers also be transformed as the ministers of righteousness; whose end shall be according to their works. +I say again, let no man think me a fool; if otherwise, yet as a fool receive me, that I may boast myself a little. +That which I speak, I speak it not after the Lord, but as it were foolishly, in this confidence of boasting. +Seeing that many glory after the flesh, I will glory also. +For ye suffer fools gladly, seeing ye yourselves are wise. +For ye suffer, if a man bring you into bondage, if a man devour you, if a man take of you, if a man exalt himself, if a man smite you on the face. +I speak as concerning reproach, as though we had been weak. Howbeit whereinsoever any is bold, (I speak foolishly,) I am bold also. +Are they Hebrews? so am I. Are they Israelites? so am I. Are they the seed of Abraham? so am I. +Are they ministers of Christ? (I speak as a fool) I am more; in labours more abundant, in stripes above measure, in prisons more frequent, in deaths oft. +Of the Jews five times received I forty stripes save one. +Thrice was I beaten with rods, once was I stoned, thrice I suffered shipwreck, a night and a day I have been in the deep; +In journeyings often, in perils of waters, in perils of robbers, in perils by mine own countrymen, in perils by the heathen, in perils in the city, in perils in the wilderness, in perils in the sea, in perils among false brethren; +In weariness and painfulness, in watchings often, in hunger and thirst, in fastings often, in cold and nakedness. +Beside those things that are without, that which cometh upon me daily, the care of all the churches. +Who is weak, and I am not weak? who is offended, and I burn not? +If I must needs glory, I will glory of the things which concern mine infirmities. +The God and Father of our Lord Jesus Christ, which is blessed for evermore, knoweth that I lie not. +In Damascus the governor under Aretas the king kept the city of the damascenes with a garrison, desirous to apprehend me: +And through a window in a basket was I let down by the wall, and escaped his hands. +It is not expedient for me doubtless to glory. I will come to visions and revelations of the Lord. +I knew a man in Christ above fourteen years ago, (whether in the body, I cannot tell; or whether out of the body, I cannot tell: God knoweth;) such an one caught up to the third heaven. +And I knew such a man, (whether in the body, or out of the body, I cannot tell: God knoweth;) +How that he was caught up into paradise, and heard unspeakable words, which it is not lawful for a man to utter. +Of such an one will I glory: yet of myself I will not glory, but in mine infirmities. +For though I would desire to glory, I shall not be a fool; for I will say the truth: but now I forbear, lest any man should think of me above that which he seeth me to be, or that he heareth of me. +And lest I should be exalted above measure through the abundance of the revelations, there was given to me a thorn in the flesh, the messenger of Satan to buffet me, lest I should be exalted above measure. +For this thing I besought the Lord thrice, that it might depart from me. +And he said unto me, My grace is sufficient for thee: for my strength is made perfect in weakness. Most gladly therefore will I rather glory in my infirmities, that the power of Christ may rest upon me. +Therefore I take pleasure in infirmities, in reproaches, in necessities, in persecutions, in distresses for Christ's sake: for when I am weak, then am I strong. +I am become a fool in glorying; ye have compelled me: for I ought to have been commended of you: for in nothing am I behind the very chiefest apostles, though I be nothing. +Truly the signs of an apostle were wrought among you in all patience, in signs, and wonders, and mighty deeds. +For what is it wherein ye were inferior to other churches, except it be that I myself was not burdensome to you? forgive me this wrong. +Behold, the third time I am ready to come to you; and I will not be burdensome to you: for I seek not your's but you: for the children ought not to lay up for the parents, but the parents for the children. +And I will very gladly spend and be spent for you; though the more abundantly I love you, the less I be loved. +But be it so, I did not burden you: nevertheless, being crafty, I caught you with guile. +Did I make a gain of you by any of them whom I sent unto you? +I desired Titus, and with him I sent a brother. Did Titus make a gain of you? walked we not in the same spirit? walked we not in the same steps? +Again, think ye that we excuse ourselves unto you? we speak before God in Christ: but we do all things, dearly beloved, for your edifying. +For I fear, lest, when I come, I shall not find you such as I would, and that I shall be found unto you such as ye would not: lest there be debates, envyings, wraths, strifes, backbitings, whisperings, swellings, tumults: +And lest, when I come again, my God will humble me among you, and that I shall bewail many which have sinned already, and have not repented of the uncleanness and fornication and lasciviousness which they have committed. +This is the third time I am coming to you. In the mouth of two or three witnesses shall every word be established. +I told you before, and foretell you, as if I were present, the second time; and being absent now I write to them which heretofore have sinned, and to all other, that, if I come again, I will not spare: +Since ye seek a proof of Christ speaking in me, which to you-ward is not weak, but is mighty in you. +For though he was crucified through weakness, yet he liveth by the power of God. For we also are weak in him, but we shall live with him by the power of God toward you. +Examine yourselves, whether ye be in the faith; prove your own selves. Know ye not your own selves, how that Jesus Christ is in you, except ye be reprobates? +But I trust that ye shall know that we are not reprobates. +Now I pray to God that ye do no evil; not that we should appear approved, but that ye should do that which is honest, though we be as reprobates. +For we can do nothing against the truth, but for the truth. +For we are glad, when we are weak, and ye are strong: and this also we wish, even your perfection. +Therefore I write these things being absent, lest being present I should use sharpness, according to the power which the Lord hath given me to edification, and not to destruction. +Finally, brethren, farewell. Be perfect, be of good comfort, be of one mind, live in peace; and the God of love and peace shall be with you. +Greet one another with an holy kiss. +All the saints salute you. +The grace of the Lord Jesus Christ, and the love of God, and the communion of the Holy Ghost, be with you all. Amen. +Paul, an apostle, (not of men, neither by man, but by Jesus Christ, and God the Father, who raised him from the dead;) +And all the brethren which are with me, unto the churches of Galatia: +Grace be to you and peace from God the Father, and from our Lord Jesus Christ, +Who gave himself for our sins, that he might deliver us from this present evil world, according to the will of God and our Father: +To whom be glory for ever and ever. Amen. +I marvel that ye are so soon removed from him that called you into the grace of Christ unto another gospel: +Which is not another; but there be some that trouble you, and would pervert the gospel of Christ. +But though we, or an angel from heaven, preach any other gospel unto you than that which we have preached unto you, let him be accursed. +As we said before, so say I now again, if any man preach any other gospel unto you than that ye have received, let him be accursed. +For do I now persuade men, or God? or do I seek to please men? for if I yet pleased men, I should not be the servant of Christ. +But I certify you, brethren, that the gospel which was preached of me is not after man. +For I neither received it of man, neither was I taught it, but by the revelation of Jesus Christ. +For ye have heard of my conversation in time past in the Jews' religion, how that beyond measure I persecuted the church of God, and wasted it: +And profited in the Jews' religion above many my equals in mine own nation, being more exceedingly zealous of the traditions of my fathers. +But when it pleased God, who separated me from my mother's womb, and called me by his grace, +To reveal his Son in me, that I might preach him among the heathen; immediately I conferred not with flesh and blood: +Neither went I up to Jerusalem to them which were apostles before me; but I went into Arabia, and returned again unto Damascus. +Then after three years I went up to Jerusalem to see Peter, and abode with him fifteen days. +But other of the apostles saw I none, save James the Lord's brother. +Now the things which I write unto you, behold, before God, I lie not. +Afterwards I came into the regions of Syria and Cilicia; +And was unknown by face unto the churches of Judaea which were in Christ: +But they had heard only, That he which persecuted us in times past now preacheth the faith which once he destroyed. +And they glorified God in me. +Then fourteen years after I went up again to Jerusalem with Barnabas, and took Titus with me also. +And I went up by revelation, and communicated unto them that gospel which I preach among the Gentiles, but privately to them which were of reputation, lest by any means I should run, or had run, in vain. +But neither Titus, who was with me, being a Greek, was compelled to be circumcised: +And that because of false brethren unawares brought in, who came in privily to spy out our liberty which we have in Christ Jesus, that they might bring us into bondage: +To whom we gave place by subjection, no, not for an hour; that the truth of the gospel might continue with you. +But of these who seemed to be somewhat, (whatsoever they were, it maketh no matter to me: God accepteth no man's person:) for they who seemed to be somewhat in conference added nothing to me: +But contrariwise, when they saw that the gospel of the uncircumcision was committed unto me, as the gospel of the circumcision was unto Peter; +(For he that wrought effectually in Peter to the apostleship of the circumcision, the same was mighty in me toward the Gentiles:) +And when James, Cephas, and John, who seemed to be pillars, perceived the grace that was given unto me, they gave to me and Barnabas the right hands of fellowship; that we should go unto the heathen, and they unto the circumcision. +Only they would that we should remember the poor; the same which I also was forward to do. +But when Peter was come to Antioch, I withstood him to the face, because he was to be blamed. +For before that certain came from James, he did eat with the Gentiles: but when they were come, he withdrew and separated himself, fearing them which were of the circumcision. +And the other Jews dissembled likewise with him; insomuch that Barnabas also was carried away with their dissimulation. +But when I saw that they walked not uprightly according to the truth of the gospel, I said unto Peter before them all, If thou, being a Jew, livest after the manner of Gentiles, and not as do the Jews, why compellest thou the Gentiles to live as do the Jews? +We who are Jews by nature, and not sinners of the Gentiles, +Knowing that a man is not justified by the works of the law, but by the faith of Jesus Christ, even we have believed in Jesus Christ, that we might be justified by the faith of Christ, and not by the works of the law: for by the works of the law shall no flesh be justified. +But if, while we seek to be justified by Christ, we ourselves also are found sinners, is therefore Christ the minister of sin? God forbid. +For if I build again the things which I destroyed, I make myself a transgressor. +For I through the law am dead to the law, that I might live unto God. +I am crucified with Christ: neverthless I live; yet not I, but Christ liveth in me: and the life which I now live in the flesh I live by the faith of the Son of God, who loved me, and gave himself for me. +I do not frustrate the grace of God: for if righteousness come by the law, then Christ is dead in vain. +O foolish Galatians, who hath bewitched you, that ye should not obey the truth, before whose eyes Jesus Christ hath been evidently set forth, crucified among you? +This only would I learn of you, Received ye the Spirit by the works of the law, or by the hearing of faith? +Are ye so foolish? having begun in the Spirit, are ye now made perfect by the flesh? +Have ye suffered so many things in vain? if it be yet in vain. +He therefore that ministereth to you the Spirit, and worketh miracles among you, doeth he it by the works of the law, or by the hearing of faith? +Even as Abraham believed God, and it was accounted to him for righteousness. +Know ye therefore that they which are of faith, the same are the children of Abraham. +And the scripture, foreseeing that God would justify the heathen through faith, preached before the gospel unto Abraham, saying, In thee shall all nations be blessed. +So then they which be of faith are blessed with faithful Abraham. +For as many as are of the works of the law are under the curse: for it is written, Cursed is every one that continueth not in all things which are written in the book of the law to do them. +But that no man is justified by the law in the sight of God, it is evident: for, The just shall live by faith. +And the law is not of faith: but, The man that doeth them shall live in them. +Christ hath redeemed us from the curse of the law, being made a curse for us: for it is written, Cursed is every one that hangeth on a tree: +That the blessing of Abraham might come on the Gentiles through Jesus Christ; that we might receive the promise of the Spirit through faith. +Brethren, I speak after the manner of men; Though it be but a man's covenant, yet if it be confirmed, no man disannulleth, or addeth thereto. +Now to Abraham and his seed were the promises made. He saith not, And to seeds, as of many; but as of one, And to thy seed, which is Christ. +And this I say, that the covenant, that was confirmed before of God in Christ, the law, which was four hundred and thirty years after, cannot disannul, that it should make the promise of none effect. +For if the inheritance be of the law, it is no more of promise: but God gave it to Abraham by promise. +Wherefore then serveth the law? It was added because of transgressions, till the seed should come to whom the promise was made; and it was ordained by angels in the hand of a mediator. +Now a mediator is not a mediator of one, but God is one. +Is the law then against the promises of God? God forbid: for if there had been a law given which could have given life, verily righteousness should have been by the law. +But the scripture hath concluded all under sin, that the promise by faith of Jesus Christ might be given to them that believe. +But before faith came, we were kept under the law, shut up unto the faith which should afterwards be revealed. +Wherefore the law was our schoolmaster to bring us unto Christ, that we might be justified by faith. +But after that faith is come, we are no longer under a schoolmaster. +For ye are all the children of God by faith in Christ Jesus. +For as many of you as have been baptized into Christ have put on Christ. +There is neither Jew nor Greek, there is neither bond nor free, there is neither male nor female: for ye are all one in Christ Jesus. +And if ye be Christ's, then are ye Abraham's seed, and heirs according to the promise. +Now I say, That the heir, as long as he is a child, differeth nothing from a servant, though he be lord of all; +But is under tutors and governors until the time appointed of the father. +Even so we, when we were children, were in bondage under the elements of the world: +But when the fulness of the time was come, God sent forth his Son, made of a woman, made under the law, +To redeem them that were under the law, that we might receive the adoption of sons. +And because ye are sons, God hath sent forth the Spirit of his Son into your hearts, crying, Abba, Father. +Wherefore thou art no more a servant, but a son; and if a son, then an heir of God through Christ. +Howbeit then, when ye knew not God, ye did service unto them which by nature are no gods. +But now, after that ye have known God, or rather are known of God, how turn ye again to the weak and beggarly elements, whereunto ye desire again to be in bondage? +Ye observe days, and months, and times, and years. +I am afraid of you, lest I have bestowed upon you labour in vain. +Brethren, I beseech you, be as I am; for I am as ye are: ye have not injured me at all. +Ye know how through infirmity of the flesh I preached the gospel unto you at the first. +And my temptation which was in my flesh ye despised not, nor rejected; but received me as an angel of God, even as Christ Jesus. +Where is then the blessedness ye spake of? for I bear you record, that, if it had been possible, ye would have plucked out your own eyes, and have given them to me. +Am I therefore become your enemy, because I tell you the truth? +They zealously affect you, but not well; yea, they would exclude you, that ye might affect them. +But it is good to be zealously affected always in a good thing, and not only when I am present with you. +My little children, of whom I travail in birth again until Christ be formed in you, +I desire to be present with you now, and to change my voice; for I stand in doubt of you. +Tell me, ye that desire to be under the law, do ye not hear the law? +For it is written, that Abraham had two sons, the one by a bondmaid, the other by a freewoman. +But he who was of the bondwoman was born after the flesh; but he of the freewoman was by promise. +Which things are an allegory: for these are the two covenants; the one from the mount Sinai, which gendereth to bondage, which is Agar. +For this Agar is mount Sinai in Arabia, and answereth to Jerusalem which now is, and is in bondage with her children. +But Jerusalem which is above is free, which is the mother of us all. +For it is written, Rejoice, thou barren that bearest not; break forth and cry, thou that travailest not: for the desolate hath many more children than she which hath an husband. +Now we, brethren, as Isaac was, are the children of promise. +But as then he that was born after the flesh persecuted him that was born after the Spirit, even so it is now. +Nevertheless what saith the scripture? Cast out the bondwoman and her son: for the son of the bondwoman shall not be heir with the son of the freewoman. +So then, brethren, we are not children of the bondwoman, but of the free. +Stand fast therefore in the liberty wherewith Christ hath made us free, and be not entangled again with the yoke of bondage. +Behold, I Paul say unto you, that if ye be circumcised, Christ shall profit you nothing. +For I testify again to every man that is circumcised, that he is a debtor to do the whole law. +Christ is become of no effect unto you, whosoever of you are justified by the law; ye are fallen from grace. +For we through the Spirit wait for the hope of righteousness by faith. +For in Jesus Christ neither circumcision availeth any thing, nor uncircumcision; but faith which worketh by love. +Ye did run well; who did hinder you that ye should not obey the truth? +This persuasion cometh not of him that calleth you. +A little leaven leaveneth the whole lump. +I have confidence in you through the Lord, that ye will be none otherwise minded: but he that troubleth you shall bear his judgment, whosoever he be. +And I, brethren, if I yet preach circumcision, why do I yet suffer persecution? then is the offence of the cross ceased. +I would they were even cut off which trouble you. +For, brethren, ye have been called unto liberty; only use not liberty for an occasion to the flesh, but by love serve one another. +For all the law is fulfilled in one word, even in this; Thou shalt love thy neighbour as thyself. +But if ye bite and devour one another, take heed that ye be not consumed one of another. +This I say then, Walk in the Spirit, and ye shall not fulfil the lust of the flesh. +For the flesh lusteth against the Spirit, and the Spirit against the flesh: and these are contrary the one to the other: so that ye cannot do the things that ye would. +But if ye be led of the Spirit, ye are not under the law. +Now the works of the flesh are manifest, which are these; Adultery, fornication, uncleanness, lasciviousness, +Idolatry, witchcraft, hatred, variance, emulations, wrath, strife, seditions, heresies, +Envyings, murders, drunkenness, revellings, and such like: of the which I tell you before, as I have also told you in time past, that they which do such things shall not inherit the kingdom of God. +But the fruit of the Spirit is love, joy, peace, longsuffering, gentleness, goodness, faith, +Meekness, temperance: against such there is no law. +And they that are Christ's have crucified the flesh with the affections and lusts. +If we live in the Spirit, let us also walk in the Spirit. +Let us not be desirous of vain glory, provoking one another, envying one another. +Brethren, if a man be overtaken in a fault, ye which are spiritual, restore such an one in the spirit of meekness; considering thyself, lest thou also be tempted. +Bear ye one another's burdens, and so fulfil the law of Christ. +For if a man think himself to be something, when he is nothing, he deceiveth himself. +But let every man prove his own work, and then shall he have rejoicing in himself alone, and not in another. +For every man shall bear his own burden. +Let him that is taught in the word communicate unto him that teacheth in all good things. +Be not deceived; God is not mocked: for whatsoever a man soweth, that shall he also reap. +For he that soweth to his flesh shall of the flesh reap corruption; but he that soweth to the Spirit shall of the Spirit reap life everlasting. +And let us not be weary in well doing: for in due season we shall reap, if we faint not. +As we have therefore opportunity, let us do good unto all men, especially unto them who are of the household of faith. +Ye see how large a letter I have written unto you with mine own hand. +As many as desire to make a fair shew in the flesh, they constrain you to be circumcised; only lest they should suffer persecution for the cross of Christ. +For neither they themselves who are circumcised keep the law; but desire to have you circumcised, that they may glory in your flesh. +But God forbid that I should glory, save in the cross of our Lord Jesus Christ, by whom the world is crucified unto me, and I unto the world. +For in Christ Jesus neither circumcision availeth any thing, nor uncircumcision, but a new creature. +And as many as walk according to this rule, peace be on them, and mercy, and upon the Israel of God. +From henceforth let no man trouble me: for I bear in my body the marks of the Lord Jesus. +Brethren, the grace of our Lord Jesus Christ be with your spirit. Amen. +Paul, an apostle of Jesus Christ by the will of God, to the saints which are at Ephesus, and to the faithful in Christ Jesus: +Grace be to you, and peace, from God our Father, and from the Lord Jesus Christ. +Blessed be the God and Father of our Lord Jesus Christ, who hath blessed us with all spiritual blessings in heavenly places in Christ: +According as he hath chosen us in him before the foundation of the world, that we should be holy and without blame before him in love: +Having predestinated us unto the adoption of children by Jesus Christ to himself, according to the good pleasure of his will, +To the praise of the glory of his grace, wherein he hath made us accepted in the beloved. +In whom we have redemption through his blood, the forgiveness of sins, according to the riches of his grace; +Wherein he hath abounded toward us in all wisdom and prudence; +Having made known unto us the mystery of his will, according to his good pleasure which he hath purposed in himself: +That in the dispensation of the fulness of times he might gather together in one all things in Christ, both which are in heaven, and which are on earth; even in him: +In whom also we have obtained an inheritance, being predestinated according to the purpose of him who worketh all things after the counsel of his own will: +That we should be to the praise of his glory, who first trusted in Christ. +In whom ye also trusted, after that ye heard the word of truth, the gospel of your salvation: in whom also after that ye believed, ye were sealed with that holy Spirit of promise, +Which is the earnest of our inheritance until the redemption of the purchased possession, unto the praise of his glory. +Wherefore I also, after I heard of your faith in the Lord Jesus, and love unto all the saints, +Cease not to give thanks for you, making mention of you in my prayers; +That the God of our Lord Jesus Christ, the Father of glory, may give unto you the spirit of wisdom and revelation in the knowledge of him: +The eyes of your understanding being enlightened; that ye may know what is the hope of his calling, and what the riches of the glory of his inheritance in the saints, +And what is the exceeding greatness of his power to us-ward who believe, according to the working of his mighty power, +Which he wrought in Christ, when he raised him from the dead, and set him at his own right hand in the heavenly places, +Far above all principality, and power, and might, and dominion, and every name that is named, not only in this world, but also in that which is to come: +And hath put all things under his feet, and gave him to be the head over all things to the church, +Which is his body, the fulness of him that filleth all in all. +And you hath he quickened, who were dead in trespasses and sins; +Wherein in time past ye walked according to the course of this world, according to the prince of the power of the air, the spirit that now worketh in the children of disobedience: +Among whom also we all had our conversation in times past in the lusts of our flesh, fulfilling the desires of the flesh and of the mind; and were by nature the children of wrath, even as others. +But God, who is rich in mercy, for his great love wherewith he loved us, +Even when we were dead in sins, hath quickened us together with Christ, (by grace ye are saved;) +And hath raised us up together, and made us sit together in heavenly places in Christ Jesus: +That in the ages to come he might shew the exceeding riches of his grace in his kindness toward us through Christ Jesus. +For by grace are ye saved through faith; and that not of yourselves: it is the gift of God: +Not of works, lest any man should boast. +For we are his workmanship, created in Christ Jesus unto good works, which God hath before ordained that we should walk in them. +Wherefore remember, that ye being in time past Gentiles in the flesh, who are called Uncircumcision by that which is called the Circumcision in the flesh made by hands; +That at that time ye were without Christ, being aliens from the commonwealth of Israel, and strangers from the covenants of promise, having no hope, and without God in the world: +But now in Christ Jesus ye who sometimes were far off are made nigh by the blood of Christ. +For he is our peace, who hath made both one, and hath broken down the middle wall of partition between us; +Having abolished in his flesh the enmity, even the law of commandments contained in ordinances; for to make in himself of twain one new man, so making peace; +And that he might reconcile both unto God in one body by the cross, having slain the enmity thereby: +And came and preached peace to you which were afar off, and to them that were nigh. +For through him we both have access by one Spirit unto the Father. +Now therefore ye are no more strangers and foreigners, but fellowcitizens with the saints, and of the household of God; +And are built upon the foundation of the apostles and prophets, Jesus Christ himself being the chief corner stone; +In whom all the building fitly framed together groweth unto an holy temple in the Lord: +In whom ye also are builded together for an habitation of God through the Spirit. +For this cause I Paul, the prisoner of Jesus Christ for you Gentiles, +If ye have heard of the dispensation of the grace of God which is given me to you-ward: +How that by revelation he made known unto me the mystery; (as I wrote afore in few words, +Whereby, when ye read, ye may understand my knowledge in the mystery of Christ) +Which in other ages was not made known unto the sons of men, as it is now revealed unto his holy apostles and prophets by the Spirit; +That the Gentiles should be fellowheirs, and of the same body, and partakers of his promise in Christ by the gospel: +Whereof I was made a minister, according to the gift of the grace of God given unto me by the effectual working of his power. +Unto me, who am less than the least of all saints, is this grace given, that I should preach among the Gentiles the unsearchable riches of Christ; +And to make all men see what is the fellowship of the mystery, which from the beginning of the world hath been hid in God, who created all things by Jesus Christ: +To the intent that now unto the principalities and powers in heavenly places might be known by the church the manifold wisdom of God, +According to the eternal purpose which he purposed in Christ Jesus our Lord: +In whom we have boldness and access with confidence by the faith of him. +Wherefore I desire that ye faint not at my tribulations for you, which is your glory. +For this cause I bow my knees unto the Father of our Lord Jesus Christ, +Of whom the whole family in heaven and earth is named, +That he would grant you, according to the riches of his glory, to be strengthened with might by his Spirit in the inner man; +That Christ may dwell in your hearts by faith; that ye, being rooted and grounded in love, +May be able to comprehend with all saints what is the breadth, and length, and depth, and height; +And to know the love of Christ, which passeth knowledge, that ye might be filled with all the fulness of God. +Now unto him that is able to do exceeding abundantly above all that we ask or think, according to the power that worketh in us, +Unto him be glory in the church by Christ Jesus throughout all ages, world without end. Amen. +I therefore, the prisoner of the Lord, beseech you that ye walk worthy of the vocation wherewith ye are called, +With all lowliness and meekness, with longsuffering, forbearing one another in love; +Endeavouring to keep the unity of the Spirit in the bond of peace. +There is one body, and one Spirit, even as ye are called in one hope of your calling; +One Lord, one faith, one baptism, +One God and Father of all, who is above all, and through all, and in you all. +But unto every one of us is given grace according to the measure of the gift of Christ. +Wherefore he saith, When he ascended up on high, he led captivity captive, and gave gifts unto men. +(Now that he ascended, what is it but that he also descended first into the lower parts of the earth? +He that descended is the same also that ascended up far above all heavens, that he might fill all things.) +And he gave some, apostles; and some, prophets; and some, evangelists; and some, pastors and teachers; +For the perfecting of the saints, for the work of the ministry, for the edifying of the body of Christ: +Till we all come in the unity of the faith, and of the knowledge of the Son of God, unto a perfect man, unto the measure of the stature of the fulness of Christ: +That we henceforth be no more children, tossed to and fro, and carried about with every wind of doctrine, by the sleight of men, and cunning craftiness, whereby they lie in wait to deceive; +But speaking the truth in love, may grow up into him in all things, which is the head, even Christ: +From whom the whole body fitly joined together and compacted by that which every joint supplieth, according to the effectual working in the measure of every part, maketh increase of the body unto the edifying of itself in love. +This I say therefore, and testify in the Lord, that ye henceforth walk not as other Gentiles walk, in the vanity of their mind, +Having the understanding darkened, being alienated from the life of God through the ignorance that is in them, because of the blindness of their heart: +Who being past feeling have given themselves over unto lasciviousness, to work all uncleanness with greediness. +But ye have not so learned Christ; +If so be that ye have heard him, and have been taught by him, as the truth is in Jesus: +That ye put off concerning the former conversation the old man, which is corrupt according to the deceitful lusts; +And be renewed in the spirit of your mind; +And that ye put on the new man, which after God is created in righteousness and true holiness. +Wherefore putting away lying, speak every man truth with his neighbour: for we are members one of another. +Be ye angry, and sin not: let not the sun go down upon your wrath: +Neither give place to the devil. +Let him that stole steal no more: but rather let him labour, working with his hands the thing which is good, that he may have to give to him that needeth. +Let no corrupt communication proceed out of your mouth, but that which is good to the use of edifying, that it may minister grace unto the hearers. +And grieve not the holy Spirit of God, whereby ye are sealed unto the day of redemption. +Let all bitterness, and wrath, and anger, and clamour, and evil speaking, be put away from you, with all malice: +And be ye kind one to another, tenderhearted, forgiving one another, even as God for Christ's sake hath forgiven you. +Be ye therefore followers of God, as dear children; +And walk in love, as Christ also hath loved us, and hath given himself for us an offering and a sacrifice to God for a sweetsmelling savour. +But fornication, and all uncleanness, or covetousness, let it not be once named among you, as becometh saints; +Neither filthiness, nor foolish talking, nor jesting, which are not convenient: but rather giving of thanks. +For this ye know, that no whoremonger, nor unclean person, nor covetous man, who is an idolater, hath any inheritance in the kingdom of Christ and of God. +Let no man deceive you with vain words: for because of these things cometh the wrath of God upon the children of disobedience. +Be not ye therefore partakers with them. +For ye were sometimes darkness, but now are ye light in the Lord: walk as children of light: +(For the fruit of the Spirit is in all goodness and righteousness and truth;) +Proving what is acceptable unto the Lord. +And have no fellowship with the unfruitful works of darkness, but rather reprove them. +For it is a shame even to speak of those things which are done of them in secret. +But all things that are reproved are made manifest by the light: for whatsoever doth make manifest is light. +Wherefore he saith, Awake thou that sleepest, and arise from the dead, and Christ shall give thee light. +See then that ye walk circumspectly, not as fools, but as wise, +Redeeming the time, because the days are evil. +Wherefore be ye not unwise, but understanding what the will of the Lord is. +And be not drunk with wine, wherein is excess; but be filled with the Spirit; +Speaking to yourselves in psalms and hymns and spiritual songs, singing and making melody in your heart to the Lord; +Giving thanks always for all things unto God and the Father in the name of our Lord Jesus Christ; +Submitting yourselves one to another in the fear of God. +Wives, submit yourselves unto your own husbands, as unto the Lord. +For the husband is the head of the wife, even as Christ is the head of the church: and he is the saviour of the body. +Therefore as the church is subject unto Christ, so let the wives be to their own husbands in every thing. +Husbands, love your wives, even as Christ also loved the church, and gave himself for it; +That he might sanctify and cleanse it with the washing of water by the word, +That he might present it to himself a glorious church, not having spot, or wrinkle, or any such thing; but that it should be holy and without blemish. +So ought men to love their wives as their own bodies. He that loveth his wife loveth himself. +For no man ever yet hated his own flesh; but nourisheth and cherisheth it, even as the Lord the church: +For we are members of his body, of his flesh, and of his bones. +For this cause shall a man leave his father and mother, and shall be joined unto his wife, and they two shall be one flesh. +This is a great mystery: but I speak concerning Christ and the church. +Nevertheless let every one of you in particular so love his wife even as himself; and the wife see that she reverence her husband. +Children, obey your parents in the Lord: for this is right. +Honour thy father and mother; which is the first commandment with promise; +That it may be well with thee, and thou mayest live long on the earth. +And, ye fathers, provoke not your children to wrath: but bring them up in the nurture and admonition of the Lord. +Servants, be obedient to them that are your masters according to the flesh, with fear and trembling, in singleness of your heart, as unto Christ; +Not with eyeservice, as menpleasers; but as the servants of Christ, doing the will of God from the heart; +With good will doing service, as to the Lord, and not to men: +Knowing that whatsoever good thing any man doeth, the same shall he receive of the Lord, whether he be bond or free. +And, ye masters, do the same things unto them, forbearing threatening: knowing that your Master also is in heaven; neither is there respect of persons with him. +Finally, my brethren, be strong in the Lord, and in the power of his might. +Put on the whole armour of God, that ye may be able to stand against the wiles of the devil. +For we wrestle not against flesh and blood, but against principalities, against powers, against the rulers of the darkness of this world, against spiritual wickedness in high places. +Wherefore take unto you the whole armour of God, that ye may be able to withstand in the evil day, and having done all, to stand. +Stand therefore, having your loins girt about with truth, and having on the breastplate of righteousness; +And your feet shod with the preparation of the gospel of peace; +Above all, taking the shield of faith, wherewith ye shall be able to quench all the fiery darts of the wicked. +And take the helmet of salvation, and the sword of the Spirit, which is the word of God: +Praying always with all prayer and supplication in the Spirit, and watching thereunto with all perseverance and supplication for all saints; +And for me, that utterance may be given unto me, that I may open my mouth boldly, to make known the mystery of the gospel, +For which I am an ambassador in bonds: that therein I may speak boldly, as I ought to speak. +But that ye also may know my affairs, and how I do, Tychicus, a beloved brother and faithful minister in the Lord, shall make known to you all things: +Whom I have sent unto you for the same purpose, that ye might know our affairs, and that he might comfort your hearts. +Peace be to the brethren, and love with faith, from God the Father and the Lord Jesus Christ. +Grace be with all them that love our Lord Jesus Christ in sincerity. Amen. +Paul and Timotheus, the servants of Jesus Christ, to all the saints in Christ Jesus which are at Philippi, with the bishops and deacons: +Grace be unto you, and peace, from God our Father, and from the Lord Jesus Christ. +I thank my God upon every remembrance of you, +Always in every prayer of mine for you all making request with joy, +For your fellowship in the gospel from the first day until now; +Being confident of this very thing, that he which hath begun a good work in you will perform it until the day of Jesus Christ: +Even as it is meet for me to think this of you all, because I have you in my heart; inasmuch as both in my bonds, and in the defence and confirmation of the gospel, ye all are partakers of my grace. +For God is my record, how greatly I long after you all in the bowels of Jesus Christ. +And this I pray, that your love may abound yet more and more in knowledge and in all judgment; +That ye may approve things that are excellent; that ye may be sincere and without offence till the day of Christ. +Being filled with the fruits of righteousness, which are by Jesus Christ, unto the glory and praise of God. +But I would ye should understand, brethren, that the things which happened unto me have fallen out rather unto the furtherance of the gospel; +So that my bonds in Christ are manifest in all the palace, and in all other places; +And many of the brethren in the Lord, waxing confident by my bonds, are much more bold to speak the word without fear. +Some indeed preach Christ even of envy and strife; and some also of good will: +The one preach Christ of contention, not sincerely, supposing to add affliction to my bonds: +But the other of love, knowing that I am set for the defence of the gospel. +What then? notwithstanding, every way, whether in pretence, or in truth, Christ is preached; and I therein do rejoice, yea, and will rejoice. +For I know that this shall turn to my salvation through your prayer, and the supply of the Spirit of Jesus Christ, +According to my earnest expectation and my hope, that in nothing I shall be ashamed, but that with all boldness, as always, so now also Christ shall be magnified in my body, whether it be by life, or by death. +For to me to live is Christ, and to die is gain. +But if I live in the flesh, this is the fruit of my labour: yet what I shall choose I wot not. +For I am in a strait betwixt two, having a desire to depart, and to be with Christ; which is far better: +Nevertheless to abide in the flesh is more needful for you. +And having this confidence, I know that I shall abide and continue with you all for your furtherance and joy of faith; +That your rejoicing may be more abundant in Jesus Christ for me by my coming to you again. +Only let your conversation be as it becometh the gospel of Christ: that whether I come and see you, or else be absent, I may hear of your affairs, that ye stand fast in one spirit, with one mind striving together for the faith of the gospel; +And in nothing terrified by your adversaries: which is to them an evident token of perdition, but to you of salvation, and that of God. +For unto you it is given in the behalf of Christ, not only to believe on him, but also to suffer for his sake; +Having the same conflict which ye saw in me, and now hear to be in me. +If there be therefore any consolation in Christ, if any comfort of love, if any fellowship of the Spirit, if any bowels and mercies, +Fulfil ye my joy, that ye be likeminded, having the same love, being of one accord, of one mind. +Let nothing be done through strife or vainglory; but in lowliness of mind let each esteem other better than themselves. +Look not every man on his own things, but every man also on the things of others. +Let this mind be in you, which was also in Christ Jesus: +Who, being in the form of God, thought it not robbery to be equal with God: +But made himself of no reputation, and took upon him the form of a servant, and was made in the likeness of men: +And being found in fashion as a man, he humbled himself, and became obedient unto death, even the death of the cross. +Wherefore God also hath highly exalted him, and given him a name which is above every name: +That at the name of Jesus every knee should bow, of things in heaven, and things in earth, and things under the earth; +And that every tongue should confess that Jesus Christ is Lord, to the glory of God the Father. +Wherefore, my beloved, as ye have always obeyed, not as in my presence only, but now much more in my absence, work out your own salvation with fear and trembling. +For it is God which worketh in you both to will and to do of his good pleasure. +Do all things without murmurings and disputings: +That ye may be blameless and harmless, the sons of God, without rebuke, in the midst of a crooked and perverse nation, among whom ye shine as lights in the world; +Holding forth the word of life; that I may rejoice in the day of Christ, that I have not run in vain, neither laboured in vain. +Yea, and if I be offered upon the sacrifice and service of your faith, I joy, and rejoice with you all. +For the same cause also do ye joy, and rejoice with me. +But I trust in the Lord Jesus to send Timotheus shortly unto you, that I also may be of good comfort, when I know your state. +For I have no man likeminded, who will naturally care for your state. +For all seek their own, not the things which are Jesus Christ's. +But ye know the proof of him, that, as a son with the father, he hath served with me in the gospel. +Him therefore I hope to send presently, so soon as I shall see how it will go with me. +But I trust in the Lord that I also myself shall come shortly. +Yet I supposed it necessary to send to you Epaphroditus, my brother, and companion in labour, and fellowsoldier, but your messenger, and he that ministered to my wants. +For he longed after you all, and was full of heaviness, because that ye had heard that he had been sick. +For indeed he was sick nigh unto death: but God had mercy on him; and not on him only, but on me also, lest I should have sorrow upon sorrow. +I sent him therefore the more carefully, that, when ye see him again, ye may rejoice, and that I may be the less sorrowful. +Receive him therefore in the Lord with all gladness; and hold such in reputation: +Because for the work of Christ he was nigh unto death, not regarding his life, to supply your lack of service toward me. +Finally, my brethren, rejoice in the Lord. To write the same things to you, to me indeed is not grievous, but for you it is safe. +Beware of dogs, beware of evil workers, beware of the concision. +For we are the circumcision, which worship God in the spirit, and rejoice in Christ Jesus, and have no confidence in the flesh. +Though I might also have confidence in the flesh. If any other man thinketh that he hath whereof he might trust in the flesh, I more: +Circumcised the eighth day, of the stock of Israel, of the tribe of Benjamin, an Hebrew of the Hebrews; as touching the law, a Pharisee; +Concerning zeal, persecuting the church; touching the righteousness which is in the law, blameless. +But what things were gain to me, those I counted loss for Christ. +Yea doubtless, and I count all things but loss for the excellency of the knowledge of Christ Jesus my Lord: for whom I have suffered the loss of all things, and do count them but dung, that I may win Christ, +And be found in him, not having mine own righteousness, which is of the law, but that which is through the faith of Christ, the righteousness which is of God by faith: +That I may know him, and the power of his resurrection, and the fellowship of his sufferings, being made conformable unto his death; +If by any means I might attain unto the resurrection of the dead. +Not as though I had already attained, either were already perfect: but I follow after, if that I may apprehend that for which also I am apprehended of Christ Jesus. +Brethren, I count not myself to have apprehended: but this one thing I do, forgetting those things which are behind, and reaching forth unto those things which are before, +I press toward the mark for the prize of the high calling of God in Christ Jesus. +Let us therefore, as many as be perfect, be thus minded: and if in any thing ye be otherwise minded, God shall reveal even this unto you. +Nevertheless, whereto we have already attained, let us walk by the same rule, let us mind the same thing. +Brethren, be followers together of me, and mark them which walk so as ye have us for an ensample. +(For many walk, of whom I have told you often, and now tell you even weeping, that they are the enemies of the cross of Christ: +Whose end is destruction, whose God is their belly, and whose glory is in their shame, who mind earthly things.) +For our conversation is in heaven; from whence also we look for the Saviour, the Lord Jesus Christ: +Who shall change our vile body, that it may be fashioned like unto his glorious body, according to the working whereby he is able even to subdue all things unto himself. +Therefore, my brethren dearly beloved and longed for, my joy and crown, so stand fast in the Lord, my dearly beloved. +I beseech Euodias, and beseech Syntyche, that they be of the same mind in the Lord. +And I intreat thee also, true yokefellow, help those women which laboured with me in the gospel, with Clement also, and with other my fellowlabourers, whose names are in the book of life. +Rejoice in the Lord alway: and again I say, Rejoice. +Let your moderation be known unto all men. The Lord is at hand. +Be careful for nothing; but in every thing by prayer and supplication with thanksgiving let your requests be made known unto God. +And the peace of God, which passeth all understanding, shall keep your hearts and minds through Christ Jesus. +Finally, brethren, whatsoever things are true, whatsoever things are honest, whatsoever things are just, whatsoever things are pure, whatsoever things are lovely, whatsoever things are of good report; if there be any virtue, and if there be any praise, think on these things. +Those things, which ye have both learned, and received, and heard, and seen in me, do: and the God of peace shall be with you. +But I rejoiced in the Lord greatly, that now at the last your care of me hath flourished again; wherein ye were also careful, but ye lacked opportunity. +Not that I speak in respect of want: for I have learned, in whatsoever state I am, therewith to be content. +I know both how to be abased, and I know how to abound: every where and in all things I am instructed both to be full and to be hungry, both to abound and to suffer need. +I can do all things through Christ which strengtheneth me. +Notwithstanding ye have well done, that ye did communicate with my affliction. +Now ye Philippians know also, that in the beginning of the gospel, when I departed from Macedonia, no church communicated with me as concerning giving and receiving, but ye only. +For even in Thessalonica ye sent once and again unto my necessity. +Not because I desire a gift: but I desire fruit that may abound to your account. +But I have all, and abound: I am full, having received of Epaphroditus the things which were sent from you, an odour of a sweet smell, a sacrifice acceptable, wellpleasing to God. +But my God shall supply all your need according to his riches in glory by Christ Jesus. +Now unto God and our Father be glory for ever and ever. Amen. +Salute every saint in Christ Jesus. The brethren which are with me greet you. +All the saints salute you, chiefly they that are of Caesar's household. +The grace of our Lord Jesus Christ be with you all. Amen. +Paul, an apostle of Jesus Christ by the will of God, and Timotheus our brother, +To the saints and faithful brethren in Christ which are at Colosse: Grace be unto you, and peace, from God our Father and the Lord Jesus Christ. +We give thanks to God and the Father of our Lord Jesus Christ, praying always for you, +Since we heard of your faith in Christ Jesus, and of the love which ye have to all the saints, +For the hope which is laid up for you in heaven, whereof ye heard before in the word of the truth of the gospel; +Which is come unto you, as it is in all the world; and bringeth forth fruit, as it doth also in you, since the day ye heard of it, and knew the grace of God in truth: +As ye also learned of Epaphras our dear fellowservant, who is for you a faithful minister of Christ; +Who also declared unto us your love in the Spirit. +For this cause we also, since the day we heard it, do not cease to pray for you, and to desire that ye might be filled with the knowledge of his will in all wisdom and spiritual understanding; +That ye might walk worthy of the Lord unto all pleasing, being fruitful in every good work, and increasing in the knowledge of God; +Strengthened with all might, according to his glorious power, unto all patience and longsuffering with joyfulness; +Giving thanks unto the Father, which hath made us meet to be partakers of the inheritance of the saints in light: +Who hath delivered us from the power of darkness, and hath translated us into the kingdom of his dear Son: +In whom we have redemption through his blood, even the forgiveness of sins: +Who is the image of the invisible God, the firstborn of every creature: +For by him were all things created, that are in heaven, and that are in earth, visible and invisible, whether they be thrones, or dominions, or principalities, or powers: all things were created by him, and for him: +And he is before all things, and by him all things consist. +And he is the head of the body, the church: who is the beginning, the firstborn from the dead; that in all things he might have the preeminence. +For it pleased the Father that in him should all fulness dwell; +And, having made peace through the blood of his cross, by him to reconcile all things unto himself; by him, I say, whether they be things in earth, or things in heaven. +And you, that were sometime alienated and enemies in your mind by wicked works, yet now hath he reconciled +In the body of his flesh through death, to present you holy and unblameable and unreproveable in his sight: +If ye continue in the faith grounded and settled, and be not moved away from the hope of the gospel, which ye have heard, and which was preached to every creature which is under heaven; whereof I Paul am made a minister; +Who now rejoice in my sufferings for you, and fill up that which is behind of the afflictions of Christ in my flesh for his body's sake, which is the church: +Whereof I am made a minister, according to the dispensation of God which is given to me for you, to fulfil the word of God; +Even the mystery which hath been hid from ages and from generations, but now is made manifest to his saints: +To whom God would make known what is the riches of the glory of this mystery among the Gentiles; which is Christ in you, the hope of glory: +Whom we preach, warning every man, and teaching every man in all wisdom; that we may present every man perfect in Christ Jesus: +Whereunto I also labour, striving according to his working, which worketh in me mightily. +For I would that ye knew what great conflict I have for you, and for them at Laodicea, and for as many as have not seen my face in the flesh; +That their hearts might be comforted, being knit together in love, and unto all riches of the full assurance of understanding, to the acknowledgement of the mystery of God, and of the Father, and of Christ; +In whom are hid all the treasures of wisdom and knowledge. +And this I say, lest any man should beguile you with enticing words. +For though I be absent in the flesh, yet am I with you in the spirit, joying and beholding your order, and the stedfastness of your faith in Christ. +As ye have therefore received Christ Jesus the Lord, so walk ye in him: +Rooted and built up in him, and stablished in the faith, as ye have been taught, abounding therein with thanksgiving. +Beware lest any man spoil you through philosophy and vain deceit, after the tradition of men, after the rudiments of the world, and not after Christ. +For in him dwelleth all the fulness of the Godhead bodily. +And ye are complete in him, which is the head of all principality and power: +In whom also ye are circumcised with the circumcision made without hands, in putting off the body of the sins of the flesh by the circumcision of Christ: +Buried with him in baptism, wherein also ye are risen with him through the faith of the operation of God, who hath raised him from the dead. +And you, being dead in your sins and the uncircumcision of your flesh, hath he quickened together with him, having forgiven you all trespasses; +Blotting out the handwriting of ordinances that was against us, which was contrary to us, and took it out of the way, nailing it to his cross; +And having spoiled principalities and powers, he made a shew of them openly, triumphing over them in it. +Let no man therefore judge you in meat, or in drink, or in respect of an holyday, or of the new moon, or of the sabbath days: +Which are a shadow of things to come; but the body is of Christ. +Let no man beguile you of your reward in a voluntary humility and worshipping of angels, intruding into those things which he hath not seen, vainly puffed up by his fleshly mind, +And not holding the Head, from which all the body by joints and bands having nourishment ministered, and knit together, increaseth with the increase of God. +Wherefore if ye be dead with Christ from the rudiments of the world, why, as though living in the world, are ye subject to ordinances, +(Touch not; taste not; handle not; +Which all are to perish with the using;) after the commandments and doctrines of men? +Which things have indeed a shew of wisdom in will worship, and humility, and neglecting of the body: not in any honour to the satisfying of the flesh. +If ye then be risen with Christ, seek those things which are above, where Christ sitteth on the right hand of God. +Set your affection on things above, not on things on the earth. +For ye are dead, and your life is hid with Christ in God. +When Christ, who is our life, shall appear, then shall ye also appear with him in glory. +Mortify therefore your members which are upon the earth; fornication, uncleanness, inordinate affection, evil concupiscence, and covetousness, which is idolatry: +For which things' sake the wrath of God cometh on the children of disobedience: +In the which ye also walked some time, when ye lived in them. +But now ye also put off all these; anger, wrath, malice, blasphemy, filthy communication out of your mouth. +Lie not one to another, seeing that ye have put off the old man with his deeds; +And have put on the new man, which is renewed in knowledge after the image of him that created him: +Where there is neither Greek nor Jew, circumcision nor uncircumcision, Barbarian, Scythian, bond nor free: but Christ is all, and in all. +Put on therefore, as the elect of God, holy and beloved, bowels of mercies, kindness, humbleness of mind, meekness, longsuffering; +Forbearing one another, and forgiving one another, if any man have a quarrel against any: even as Christ forgave you, so also do ye. +And above all these things put on charity, which is the bond of perfectness. +And let the peace of God rule in your hearts, to the which also ye are called in one body; and be ye thankful. +Let the word of Christ dwell in you richly in all wisdom; teaching and admonishing one another in psalms and hymns and spiritual songs, singing with grace in your hearts to the Lord. +And whatsoever ye do in word or deed, do all in the name of the Lord Jesus, giving thanks to God and the Father by him. +Wives, submit yourselves unto your own husbands, as it is fit in the Lord. +Husbands, love your wives, and be not bitter against them. +Children, obey your parents in all things: for this is well pleasing unto the Lord. +Fathers, provoke not your children to anger, lest they be discouraged. +Servants, obey in all things your masters according to the flesh; not with eyeservice, as menpleasers; but in singleness of heart, fearing God; +And whatsoever ye do, do it heartily, as to the Lord, and not unto men; +Knowing that of the Lord ye shall receive the reward of the inheritance: for ye serve the Lord Christ. +But he that doeth wrong shall receive for the wrong which he hath done: and there is no respect of persons. +Masters, give unto your servants that which is just and equal; knowing that ye also have a Master in heaven. +Continue in prayer, and watch in the same with thanksgiving; +Withal praying also for us, that God would open unto us a door of utterance, to speak the mystery of Christ, for which I am also in bonds: +That I may make it manifest, as I ought to speak. +Walk in wisdom toward them that are without, redeeming the time. +Let your speech be alway with grace, seasoned with salt, that ye may know how ye ought to answer every man. +All my state shall Tychicus declare unto you, who is a beloved brother, and a faithful minister and fellowservant in the Lord: +Whom I have sent unto you for the same purpose, that he might know your estate, and comfort your hearts; +With Onesimus, a faithful and beloved brother, who is one of you. They shall make known unto you all things which are done here. +Aristarchus my fellowprisoner saluteth you, and Marcus, sister's son to Barnabas, (touching whom ye received commandments: if he come unto you, receive him;) +And Jesus, which is called Justus, who are of the circumcision. These only are my fellowworkers unto the kingdom of God, which have been a comfort unto me. +Epaphras, who is one of you, a servant of Christ, saluteth you, always labouring fervently for you in prayers, that ye may stand perfect and complete in all the will of God. +For I bear him record, that he hath a great zeal for you, and them that are in Laodicea, and them in Hierapolis. +Luke, the beloved physician, and Demas, greet you. +Salute the brethren which are in Laodicea, and Nymphas, and the church which is in his house. +And when this epistle is read among you, cause that it be read also in the church of the Laodiceans; and that ye likewise read the epistle from Laodicea. +And say to Archippus, Take heed to the ministry which thou hast received in the Lord, that thou fulfil it. +The salutation by the hand of me Paul. Remember my bonds. Grace be with you. Amen. +Paul, and Silvanus, and Timotheus, unto the church of the Thessalonians which is in God the Father and in the Lord Jesus Christ: Grace be unto you, and peace, from God our Father, and the Lord Jesus Christ. +We give thanks to God always for you all, making mention of you in our prayers; +Remembering without ceasing your work of faith, and labour of love, and patience of hope in our Lord Jesus Christ, in the sight of God and our Father; +Knowing, brethren beloved, your election of God. +For our gospel came not unto you in word only, but also in power, and in the Holy Ghost, and in much assurance; as ye know what manner of men we were among you for your sake. +And ye became followers of us, and of the Lord, having received the word in much affliction, with joy of the Holy Ghost. +So that ye were ensamples to all that believe in Macedonia and Achaia. +For from you sounded out the word of the Lord not only in Macedonia and Achaia, but also in every place your faith to God-ward is spread abroad; so that we need not to speak any thing. +For they themselves shew of us what manner of entering in we had unto you, and how ye turned to God from idols to serve the living and true God; +And to wait for his Son from heaven, whom he raised from the dead, even Jesus, which delivered us from the wrath to come. +For yourselves, brethren, know our entrance in unto you, that it was not in vain: +But even after that we had suffered before, and were shamefully entreated, as ye know, at Philippi, we were bold in our God to speak unto you the gospel of God with much contention. +For our exhortation was not of deceit, nor of uncleanness, nor in guile: +But as we were allowed of God to be put in trust with the gospel, even so we speak; not as pleasing men, but God, which trieth our hearts. +For neither at any time used we flattering words, as ye know, nor a cloke of covetousness; God is witness: +Nor of men sought we glory, neither of you, nor yet of others, when we might have been burdensome, as the apostles of Christ. +But we were gentle among you, even as a nurse cherisheth her children: +So being affectionately desirous of you, we were willing to have imparted unto you, not the gospel of God only, but also our own souls, because ye were dear unto us. +For ye remember, brethren, our labour and travail: for labouring night and day, because we would not be chargeable unto any of you, we preached unto you the gospel of God. +Ye are witnesses, and God also, how holily and justly and unblameably we behaved ourselves among you that believe: +As ye know how we exhorted and comforted and charged every one of you, as a father doth his children, +That ye would walk worthy of God, who hath called you unto his kingdom and glory. +For this cause also thank we God without ceasing, because, when ye received the word of God which ye heard of us, ye received it not as the word of men, but as it is in truth, the word of God, which effectually worketh also in you that believe. +For ye, brethren, became followers of the churches of God which in Judaea are in Christ Jesus: for ye also have suffered like things of your own countrymen, even as they have of the Jews: +Who both killed the Lord Jesus, and their own prophets, and have persecuted us; and they please not God, and are contrary to all men: +Forbidding us to speak to the Gentiles that they might be saved, to fill up their sins alway: for the wrath is come upon them to the uttermost. +But we, brethren, being taken from you for a short time in presence, not in heart, endeavoured the more abundantly to see your face with great desire. +Wherefore we would have come unto you, even I Paul, once and again; but Satan hindered us. +For what is our hope, or joy, or crown of rejoicing? Are not even ye in the presence of our Lord Jesus Christ at his coming? +For ye are our glory and joy. +Wherefore when we could no longer forbear, we thought it good to be left at Athens alone; +And sent Timotheus, our brother, and minister of God, and our fellowlabourer in the gospel of Christ, to establish you, and to comfort you concerning your faith: +That no man should be moved by these afflictions: for yourselves know that we are appointed thereunto. +For verily, when we were with you, we told you before that we should suffer tribulation; even as it came to pass, and ye know. +For this cause, when I could no longer forbear, I sent to know your faith, lest by some means the tempter have tempted you, and our labour be in vain. +But now when Timotheus came from you unto us, and brought us good tidings of your faith and charity, and that ye have good remembrance of us always, desiring greatly to see us, as we also to see you: +Therefore, brethren, we were comforted over you in all our affliction and distress by your faith: +For now we live, if ye stand fast in the Lord. +For what thanks can we render to God again for you, for all the joy wherewith we joy for your sakes before our God; +Night and day praying exceedingly that we might see your face, and might perfect that which is lacking in your faith? +Now God himself and our Father, and our Lord Jesus Christ, direct our way unto you. +And the Lord make you to increase and abound in love one toward another, and toward all men, even as we do toward you: +To the end he may stablish your hearts unblameable in holiness before God, even our Father, at the coming of our Lord Jesus Christ with all his saints. +Furthermore then we beseech you, brethren, and exhort you by the Lord Jesus, that as ye have received of us how ye ought to walk and to please God, so ye would abound more and more. +For ye know what commandments we gave you by the Lord Jesus. +For this is the will of God, even your sanctification, that ye should abstain from fornication: +That every one of you should know how to possess his vessel in sanctification and honour; +Not in the lust of concupiscence, even as the Gentiles which know not God: +That no man go beyond and defraud his brother in any matter: because that the Lord is the avenger of all such, as we also have forewarned you and testified. +For God hath not called us unto uncleanness, but unto holiness. +He therefore that despiseth, despiseth not man, but God, who hath also given unto us his holy Spirit. +But as touching brotherly love ye need not that I write unto you: for ye yourselves are taught of God to love one another. +And indeed ye do it toward all the brethren which are in all Macedonia: but we beseech you, brethren, that ye increase more and more; +And that ye study to be quiet, and to do your own business, and to work with your own hands, as we commanded you; +That ye may walk honestly toward them that are without, and that ye may have lack of nothing. +But I would not have you to be ignorant, brethren, concerning them which are asleep, that ye sorrow not, even as others which have no hope. +For if we believe that Jesus died and rose again, even so them also which sleep in Jesus will God bring with him. +For this we say unto you by the word of the Lord, that we which are alive and remain unto the coming of the Lord shall not prevent them which are asleep. +For the Lord himself shall descend from heaven with a shout, with the voice of the archangel, and with the trump of God: and the dead in Christ shall rise first: +Then we which are alive and remain shall be caught up together with them in the clouds, to meet the Lord in the air: and so shall we ever be with the Lord. +Wherefore comfort one another with these words. +But of the times and the seasons, brethren, ye have no need that I write unto you. +For yourselves know perfectly that the day of the Lord so cometh as a thief in the night. +For when they shall say, Peace and safety; then sudden destruction cometh upon them, as travail upon a woman with child; and they shall not escape. +But ye, brethren, are not in darkness, that that day should overtake you as a thief. +Ye are all the children of light, and the children of the day: we are not of the night, nor of darkness. +Therefore let us not sleep, as do others; but let us watch and be sober. +For they that sleep sleep in the night; and they that be drunken are drunken in the night. +But let us, who are of the day, be sober, putting on the breastplate of faith and love; and for an helmet, the hope of salvation. +For God hath not appointed us to wrath, but to obtain salvation by our Lord Jesus Christ, +Who died for us, that, whether we wake or sleep, we should live together with him. +Wherefore comfort yourselves together, and edify one another, even as also ye do. +And we beseech you, brethren, to know them which labour among you, and are over you in the Lord, and admonish you; +And to esteem them very highly in love for their work's sake. And be at peace among yourselves. +Now we exhort you, brethren, warn them that are unruly, comfort the feebleminded, support the weak, be patient toward all men. +See that none render evil for evil unto any man; but ever follow that which is good, both among yourselves, and to all men. +Rejoice evermore. +Pray without ceasing. +In every thing give thanks: for this is the will of God in Christ Jesus concerning you. +Quench not the Spirit. +Despise not prophesyings. +Prove all things; hold fast that which is good. +Abstain from all appearance of evil. +And the very God of peace sanctify you wholly; and I pray God your whole spirit and soul and body be preserved blameless unto the coming of our Lord Jesus Christ. +Faithful is he that calleth you, who also will do it. +Brethren, pray for us. +Greet all the brethren with an holy kiss. +I charge you by the Lord that this epistle be read unto all the holy brethren. +The grace of our Lord Jesus Christ be with you. Amen. +Paul, and Silvanus, and Timotheus, unto the church of the Thessalonians in God our Father and the Lord Jesus Christ: +Grace unto you, and peace, from God our Father and the Lord Jesus Christ. +We are bound to thank God always for you, brethren, as it is meet, because that your faith groweth exceedingly, and the charity of every one of you all toward each other aboundeth; +So that we ourselves glory in you in the churches of God for your patience and faith in all your persecutions and tribulations that ye endure: +Which is a manifest token of the righteous judgment of God, that ye may be counted worthy of the kingdom of God, for which ye also suffer: +Seeing it is a righteous thing with God to recompense tribulation to them that trouble you; +And to you who are troubled rest with us, when the Lord Jesus shall be revealed from heaven with his mighty angels, +In flaming fire taking vengeance on them that know not God, and that obey not the gospel of our Lord Jesus Christ: +Who shall be punished with everlasting destruction from the presence of the Lord, and from the glory of his power; +When he shall come to be glorified in his saints, and to be admired in all them that believe (because our testimony among you was believed) in that day. +Wherefore also we pray always for you, that our God would count you worthy of this calling, and fulfil all the good pleasure of his goodness, and the work of faith with power: +That the name of our Lord Jesus Christ may be glorified in you, and ye in him, according to the grace of our God and the Lord Jesus Christ. +Now we beseech you, brethren, by the coming of our Lord Jesus Christ, and by our gathering together unto him, +That ye be not soon shaken in mind, or be troubled, neither by spirit, nor by word, nor by letter as from us, as that the day of Christ is at hand. +Let no man deceive you by any means: for that day shall not come, except there come a falling away first, and that man of sin be revealed, the son of perdition; +Who opposeth and exalteth himself above all that is called God, or that is worshipped; so that he as God sitteth in the temple of God, shewing himself that he is God. +Remember ye not, that, when I was yet with you, I told you these things? +And now ye know what withholdeth that he might be revealed in his time. +For the mystery of iniquity doth already work: only he who now letteth will let, until he be taken out of the way. +And then shall that Wicked be revealed, whom the Lord shall consume with the spirit of his mouth, and shall destroy with the brightness of his coming: +Even him, whose coming is after the working of Satan with all power and signs and lying wonders, +And with all deceivableness of unrighteousness in them that perish; because they received not the love of the truth, that they might be saved. +And for this cause God shall send them strong delusion, that they should believe a lie: +That they all might be damned who believed not the truth, but had pleasure in unrighteousness. +But we are bound to give thanks alway to God for you, brethren beloved of the Lord, because God hath from the beginning chosen you to salvation through sanctification of the Spirit and belief of the truth: +Whereunto he called you by our gospel, to the obtaining of the glory of our Lord Jesus Christ. +Therefore, brethren, stand fast, and hold the traditions which ye have been taught, whether by word, or our epistle. +Now our Lord Jesus Christ himself, and God, even our Father, which hath loved us, and hath given us everlasting consolation and good hope through grace, +Comfort your hearts, and stablish you in every good word and work. +Finally, brethren, pray for us, that the word of the Lord may have free course, and be glorified, even as it is with you: +And that we may be delivered from unreasonable and wicked men: for all men have not faith. +But the Lord is faithful, who shall stablish you, and keep you from evil. +And we have confidence in the Lord touching you, that ye both do and will do the things which we command you. +And the Lord direct your hearts into the love of God, and into the patient waiting for Christ. +Now we command you, brethren, in the name of our Lord Jesus Christ, that ye withdraw yourselves from every brother that walketh disorderly, and not after the tradition which he received of us. +For yourselves know how ye ought to follow us: for we behaved not ourselves disorderly among you; +Neither did we eat any man's bread for nought; but wrought with labour and travail night and day, that we might not be chargeable to any of you: +Not because we have not power, but to make ourselves an ensample unto you to follow us. +For even when we were with you, this we commanded you, that if any would not work, neither should he eat. +For we hear that there are some which walk among you disorderly, working not at all, but are busybodies. +Now them that are such we command and exhort by our Lord Jesus Christ, that with quietness they work, and eat their own bread. +But ye, brethren, be not weary in well doing. +And if any man obey not our word by this epistle, note that man, and have no company with him, that he may be ashamed. +Yet count him not as an enemy, but admonish him as a brother. +Now the Lord of peace himself give you peace always by all means. The Lord be with you all. +The salutation of Paul with mine own hand, which is the token in every epistle: so I write. +The grace of our Lord Jesus Christ be with you all. Amen. +Paul, an apostle of Jesus Christ by the commandment of God our Saviour, and Lord Jesus Christ, which is our hope; +Unto Timothy, my own son in the faith: Grace, mercy, and peace, from God our Father and Jesus Christ our Lord. +As I besought thee to abide still at Ephesus, when I went into Macedonia, that thou mightest charge some that they teach no other doctrine, +Neither give heed to fables and endless genealogies, which minister questions, rather than godly edifying which is in faith: so do. +Now the end of the commandment is charity out of a pure heart, and of a good conscience, and of faith unfeigned: +From which some having swerved have turned aside unto vain jangling; +Desiring to be teachers of the law; understanding neither what they say, nor whereof they affirm. +But we know that the law is good, if a man use it lawfully; +Knowing this, that the law is not made for a righteous man, but for the lawless and disobedient, for the ungodly and for sinners, for unholy and profane, for murderers of fathers and murderers of mothers, for manslayers, +For whoremongers, for them that defile themselves with mankind, for menstealers, for liars, for perjured persons, and if there be any other thing that is contrary to sound doctrine; +According to the glorious gospel of the blessed God, which was committed to my trust. +And I thank Christ Jesus our Lord, who hath enabled me, for that he counted me faithful, putting me into the ministry; +Who was before a blasphemer, and a persecutor, and injurious: but I obtained mercy, because I did it ignorantly in unbelief. +And the grace of our Lord was exceeding abundant with faith and love which is in Christ Jesus. +This is a faithful saying, and worthy of all acceptation, that Christ Jesus came into the world to save sinners; of whom I am chief. +Howbeit for this cause I obtained mercy, that in me first Jesus Christ might shew forth all longsuffering, for a pattern to them which should hereafter believe on him to life everlasting. +Now unto the King eternal, immortal, invisible, the only wise God, be honour and glory for ever and ever. Amen. +This charge I commit unto thee, son Timothy, according to the prophecies which went before on thee, that thou by them mightest war a good warfare; +Holding faith, and a good conscience; which some having put away concerning faith have made shipwreck: +Of whom is Hymenaeus and Alexander; whom I have delivered unto Satan, that they may learn not to blaspheme. +I exhort therefore, that, first of all, supplications, prayers, intercessions, and giving of thanks, be made for all men; +For kings, and for all that are in authority; that we may lead a quiet and peaceable life in all godliness and honesty. +For this is good and acceptable in the sight of God our Saviour; +Who will have all men to be saved, and to come unto the knowledge of the truth. +For there is one God, and one mediator between God and men, the man Christ Jesus; +Who gave himself a ransom for all, to be testified in due time. +Whereunto I am ordained a preacher, and an apostle, (I speak the truth in Christ, and lie not;) a teacher of the Gentiles in faith and verity. +I will therefore that men pray every where, lifting up holy hands, without wrath and doubting. +In like manner also, that women adorn themselves in modest apparel, with shamefacedness and sobriety; not with broided hair, or gold, or pearls, or costly array; +But (which becometh women professing godliness) with good works. +Let the woman learn in silence with all subjection. +But I suffer not a woman to teach, nor to usurp authority over the man, but to be in silence. +For Adam was first formed, then Eve. +And Adam was not deceived, but the woman being deceived was in the transgression. +Notwithstanding she shall be saved in childbearing, if they continue in faith and charity and holiness with sobriety. +This is a true saying, if a man desire the office of a bishop, he desireth a good work. +A bishop then must be blameless, the husband of one wife, vigilant, sober, of good behaviour, given to hospitality, apt to teach; +Not given to wine, no striker, not greedy of filthy lucre; but patient, not a brawler, not covetous; +One that ruleth well his own house, having his children in subjection with all gravity; +(For if a man know not how to rule his own house, how shall he take care of the church of God?) +Not a novice, lest being lifted up with pride he fall into the condemnation of the devil. +Moreover he must have a good report of them which are without; lest he fall into reproach and the snare of the devil. +Likewise must the deacons be grave, not doubletongued, not given to much wine, not greedy of filthy lucre; +Holding the mystery of the faith in a pure conscience. +And let these also first be proved; then let them use the office of a deacon, being found blameless. +Even so must their wives be grave, not slanderers, sober, faithful in all things. +Let the deacons be the husbands of one wife, ruling their children and their own houses well. +For they that have used the office of a deacon well purchase to themselves a good degree, and great boldness in the faith which is in Christ Jesus. +These things write I unto thee, hoping to come unto thee shortly: +But if I tarry long, that thou mayest know how thou oughtest to behave thyself in the house of God, which is the church of the living God, the pillar and ground of the truth. +And without controversy great is the mystery of godliness: God was manifest in the flesh, justified in the Spirit, seen of angels, preached unto the Gentiles, believed on in the world, received up into glory. +Now the Spirit speaketh expressly, that in the latter times some shall depart from the faith, giving heed to seducing spirits, and doctrines of devils; +Speaking lies in hypocrisy; having their conscience seared with a hot iron; +Forbidding to marry, and commanding to abstain from meats, which God hath created to be received with thanksgiving of them which believe and know the truth. +For every creature of God is good, and nothing to be refused, if it be received with thanksgiving: +For it is sanctified by the word of God and prayer. +If thou put the brethren in remembrance of these things, thou shalt be a good minister of Jesus Christ, nourished up in the words of faith and of good doctrine, whereunto thou hast attained. +But refuse profane and old wives' fables, and exercise thyself rather unto godliness. +For bodily exercise profiteth little: but godliness is profitable unto all things, having promise of the life that now is, and of that which is to come. +This is a faithful saying and worthy of all acceptation. +For therefore we both labour and suffer reproach, because we trust in the living God, who is the Saviour of all men, specially of those that believe. +These things command and teach. +Let no man despise thy youth; but be thou an example of the believers, in word, in conversation, in charity, in spirit, in faith, in purity. +Till I come, give attendance to reading, to exhortation, to doctrine. +Neglect not the gift that is in thee, which was given thee by prophecy, with the laying on of the hands of the presbytery. +Meditate upon these things; give thyself wholly to them; that thy profiting may appear to all. +Take heed unto thyself, and unto the doctrine; continue in them: for in doing this thou shalt both save thyself, and them that hear thee. +Rebuke not an elder, but intreat him as a father; and the younger men as brethren; +The elder women as mothers; the younger as sisters, with all purity. +Honour widows that are widows indeed. +But if any widow have children or nephews, let them learn first to shew piety at home, and to requite their parents: for that is good and acceptable before God. +Now she that is a widow indeed, and desolate, trusteth in God, and continueth in supplications and prayers night and day. +But she that liveth in pleasure is dead while she liveth. +And these things give in charge, that they may be blameless. +But if any provide not for his own, and specially for those of his own house, he hath denied the faith, and is worse than an infidel. +Let not a widow be taken into the number under threescore years old, having been the wife of one man. +Well reported of for good works; if she have brought up children, if she have lodged strangers, if she have washed the saints' feet, if she have relieved the afflicted, if she have diligently followed every good work. +But the younger widows refuse: for when they have begun to wax wanton against Christ, they will marry; +Having damnation, because they have cast off their first faith. +And withal they learn to be idle, wandering about from house to house; and not only idle, but tattlers also and busybodies, speaking things which they ought not. +I will therefore that the younger women marry, bear children, guide the house, give none occasion to the adversary to speak reproachfully. +For some are already turned aside after Satan. +If any man or woman that believeth have widows, let them relieve them, and let not the church be charged; that it may relieve them that are widows indeed. +Let the elders that rule well be counted worthy of double honour, especially they who labour in the word and doctrine. +For the scripture saith, thou shalt not muzzle the ox that treadeth out the corn. And, The labourer is worthy of his reward. +Against an elder receive not an accusation, but before two or three witnesses. +Them that sin rebuke before all, that others also may fear. +I charge thee before God, and the Lord Jesus Christ, and the elect angels, that thou observe these things without preferring one before another, doing nothing by partiality. +Lay hands suddenly on no man, neither be partaker of other men's sins: keep thyself pure. +Drink no longer water, but use a little wine for thy stomach's sake and thine often infirmities. +Some men's sins are open beforehand, going before to judgment; and some men they follow after. +Likewise also the good works of some are manifest beforehand; and they that are otherwise cannot be hid. +Let as many servants as are under the yoke count their own masters worthy of all honour, that the name of God and his doctrine be not blasphemed. +And they that have believing masters, let them not despise them, because they are brethren; but rather do them service, because they are faithful and beloved, partakers of the benefit. These things teach and exhort. +If any man teach otherwise, and consent not to wholesome words, even the words of our Lord Jesus Christ, and to the doctrine which is according to godliness; +He is proud, knowing nothing, but doting about questions and strifes of words, whereof cometh envy, strife, railings, evil surmisings, +Perverse disputings of men of corrupt minds, and destitute of the truth, supposing that gain is godliness: from such withdraw thyself. +But godliness with contentment is great gain. +For we brought nothing into this world, and it is certain we can carry nothing out. +And having food and raiment let us be therewith content. +But they that will be rich fall into temptation and a snare, and into many foolish and hurtful lusts, which drown men in destruction and perdition. +For the love of money is the root of all evil: which while some coveted after, they have erred from the faith, and pierced themselves through with many sorrows. +But thou, O man of God, flee these things; and follow after righteousness, godliness, faith, love, patience, meekness. +Fight the good fight of faith, lay hold on eternal life, whereunto thou art also called, and hast professed a good profession before many witnesses. +I give thee charge in the sight of God, who quickeneth all things, and before Christ Jesus, who before Pontius Pilate witnessed a good confession; +That thou keep this commandment without spot, unrebukable, until the appearing of our Lord Jesus Christ: +Which in his times he shall shew, who is the blessed and only Potentate, the King of kings, and Lord of lords; +Who only hath immortality, dwelling in the light which no man can approach unto; whom no man hath seen, nor can see: to whom be honour and power everlasting. Amen. +Charge them that are rich in this world, that they be not highminded, nor trust in uncertain riches, but in the living God, who giveth us richly all things to enjoy; +That they do good, that they be rich in good works, ready to distribute, willing to communicate; +Laying up in store for themselves a good foundation against the time to come, that they may lay hold on eternal life. +O Timothy, keep that which is committed to thy trust, avoiding profane and vain babblings, and oppositions of science falsely so called: +Which some professing have erred concerning the faith. Grace be with thee. Amen. +Paul, an apostle of Jesus Christ by the will of God, according to the promise of life which is in Christ Jesus, +To Timothy, my dearly beloved son: Grace, mercy, and peace, from God the Father and Christ Jesus our Lord. +I thank God, whom I serve from my forefathers with pure conscience, that without ceasing I have remembrance of thee in my prayers night and day; +Greatly desiring to see thee, being mindful of thy tears, that I may be filled with joy; +When I call to remembrance the unfeigned faith that is in thee, which dwelt first in thy grandmother Lois, and thy mother Eunice; and I am persuaded that in thee also. +Wherefore I put thee in remembrance that thou stir up the gift of God, which is in thee by the putting on of my hands. +For God hath not given us the spirit of fear; but of power, and of love, and of a sound mind. +Be not thou therefore ashamed of the testimony of our Lord, nor of me his prisoner: but be thou partaker of the afflictions of the gospel according to the power of God; +Who hath saved us, and called us with an holy calling, not according to our works, but according to his own purpose and grace, which was given us in Christ Jesus before the world began, +But is now made manifest by the appearing of our Saviour Jesus Christ, who hath abolished death, and hath brought life and immortality to light through the gospel: +Whereunto I am appointed a preacher, and an apostle, and a teacher of the Gentiles. +For the which cause I also suffer these things: nevertheless I am not ashamed: for I know whom I have believed, and am persuaded that he is able to keep that which I have committed unto him against that day. +Hold fast the form of sound words, which thou hast heard of me, in faith and love which is in Christ Jesus. +That good thing which was committed unto thee keep by the Holy Ghost which dwelleth in us. +This thou knowest, that all they which are in Asia be turned away from me; of whom are Phygellus and Hermogenes. +The Lord give mercy unto the house of Onesiphorus; for he oft refreshed me, and was not ashamed of my chain: +But, when he was in Rome, he sought me out very diligently, and found me. +The Lord grant unto him that he may find mercy of the Lord in that day: and in how many things he ministered unto me at Ephesus, thou knowest very well. +Thou therefore, my son, be strong in the grace that is in Christ Jesus. +And the things that thou hast heard of me among many witnesses, the same commit thou to faithful men, who shall be able to teach others also. +Thou therefore endure hardness, as a good soldier of Jesus Christ. +No man that warreth entangleth himself with the affairs of this life; that he may please him who hath chosen him to be a soldier. +And if a man also strive for masteries, yet is he not crowned, except he strive lawfully. +The husbandman that laboureth must be first partaker of the fruits. +Consider what I say; and the Lord give thee understanding in all things. +Remember that Jesus Christ of the seed of David was raised from the dead according to my gospel: +Wherein I suffer trouble, as an evil doer, even unto bonds; but the word of God is not bound. +Therefore I endure all things for the elect's sakes, that they may also obtain the salvation which is in Christ Jesus with eternal glory. +It is a faithful saying: For if we be dead with him, we shall also live with him: +If we suffer, we shall also reign with him: if we deny him, he also will deny us: +If we believe not, yet he abideth faithful: he cannot deny himself. +Of these things put them in remembrance, charging them before the Lord that they strive not about words to no profit, but to the subverting of the hearers. +Study to shew thyself approved unto God, a workman that needeth not to be ashamed, rightly dividing the word of truth. +But shun profane and vain babblings: for they will increase unto more ungodliness. +And their word will eat as doth a canker: of whom is Hymenaeus and Philetus; +Who concerning the truth have erred, saying that the resurrection is past already; and overthrow the faith of some. +Nevertheless the foundation of God standeth sure, having this seal, The Lord knoweth them that are his. And, let every one that nameth the name of Christ depart from iniquity. +But in a great house there are not only vessels of gold and of silver, but also of wood and of earth; and some to honour, and some to dishonour. +If a man therefore purge himself from these, he shall be a vessel unto honour, sanctified, and meet for the master's use, and prepared unto every good work. +Flee also youthful lusts: but follow righteousness, faith, charity, peace, with them that call on the Lord out of a pure heart. +But foolish and unlearned questions avoid, knowing that they do gender strifes. +And the servant of the Lord must not strive; but be gentle unto all men, apt to teach, patient, +In meekness instructing those that oppose themselves; if God peradventure will give them repentance to the acknowledging of the truth; +And that they may recover themselves out of the snare of the devil, who are taken captive by him at his will. +This know also, that in the last days perilous times shall come. +For men shall be lovers of their own selves, covetous, boasters, proud, blasphemers, disobedient to parents, unthankful, unholy, +Without natural affection, trucebreakers, false accusers, incontinent, fierce, despisers of those that are good, +Traitors, heady, highminded, lovers of pleasures more than lovers of God; +Having a form of godliness, but denying the power thereof: from such turn away. +For of this sort are they which creep into houses, and lead captive silly women laden with sins, led away with divers lusts, +Ever learning, and never able to come to the knowledge of the truth. +Now as Jannes and Jambres withstood Moses, so do these also resist the truth: men of corrupt minds, reprobate concerning the faith. +But they shall proceed no further: for their folly shall be manifest unto all men, as their's also was. +But thou hast fully known my doctrine, manner of life, purpose, faith, longsuffering, charity, patience, +Persecutions, afflictions, which came unto me at Antioch, at Iconium, at Lystra; what persecutions I endured: but out of them all the Lord delivered me. +Yea, and all that will live godly in Christ Jesus shall suffer persecution. +But evil men and seducers shall wax worse and worse, deceiving, and being deceived. +But continue thou in the things which thou hast learned and hast been assured of, knowing of whom thou hast learned them; +And that from a child thou hast known the holy scriptures, which are able to make thee wise unto salvation through faith which is in Christ Jesus. +All scripture is given by inspiration of God, and is profitable for doctrine, for reproof, for correction, for instruction in righteousness: +That the man of God may be perfect, throughly furnished unto all good works. +I charge thee therefore before God, and the Lord Jesus Christ, who shall judge the quick and the dead at his appearing and his kingdom; +Preach the word; be instant in season, out of season; reprove, rebuke, exhort with all long suffering and doctrine. +For the time will come when they will not endure sound doctrine; but after their own lusts shall they heap to themselves teachers, having itching ears; +And they shall turn away their ears from the truth, and shall be turned unto fables. +But watch thou in all things, endure afflictions, do the work of an evangelist, make full proof of thy ministry. +For I am now ready to be offered, and the time of my departure is at hand. +I have fought a good fight, I have finished my course, I have kept the faith: +Henceforth there is laid up for me a crown of righteousness, which the Lord, the righteous judge, shall give me at that day: and not to me only, but unto all them also that love his appearing. +Do thy diligence to come shortly unto me: +For Demas hath forsaken me, having loved this present world, and is departed unto Thessalonica; Crescens to Galatia, Titus unto Dalmatia. +Only Luke is with me. Take Mark, and bring him with thee: for he is profitable to me for the ministry. +And Tychicus have I sent to Ephesus. +The cloke that I left at Troas with Carpus, when thou comest, bring with thee, and the books, but especially the parchments. +Alexander the coppersmith did me much evil: the Lord reward him according to his works: +Of whom be thou ware also; for he hath greatly withstood our words. +At my first answer no man stood with me, but all men forsook me: I pray God that it may not be laid to their charge. +Notwithstanding the Lord stood with me, and strengthened me; that by me the preaching might be fully known, and that all the Gentiles might hear: and I was delivered out of the mouth of the lion. +And the Lord shall deliver me from every evil work, and will preserve me unto his heavenly kingdom: to whom be glory for ever and ever. Amen. +Salute Prisca and Aquila, and the household of Onesiphorus. +Erastus abode at Corinth: but Trophimus have I left at Miletum sick. +Do thy diligence to come before winter. Eubulus greeteth thee, and Pudens, and Linus, and Claudia, and all the brethren. +The Lord Jesus Christ be with thy spirit. Grace be with you. Amen. +Paul, a servant of God, and an apostle of Jesus Christ, according to the faith of God's elect, and the acknowledging of the truth which is after godliness; +In hope of eternal life, which God, that cannot lie, promised before the world began; +But hath in due times manifested his word through preaching, which is committed unto me according to the commandment of God our Saviour; +To Titus, mine own son after the common faith: Grace, mercy, and peace, from God the Father and the Lord Jesus Christ our Saviour. +For this cause left I thee in Crete, that thou shouldest set in order the things that are wanting, and ordain elders in every city, as I had appointed thee: +If any be blameless, the husband of one wife, having faithful children not accused of riot or unruly. +For a bishop must be blameless, as the steward of God; not selfwilled, not soon angry, not given to wine, no striker, not given to filthy lucre; +But a lover of hospitality, a lover of good men, sober, just, holy, temperate; +Holding fast the faithful word as he hath been taught, that he may be able by sound doctrine both to exhort and to convince the gainsayers. +For there are many unruly and vain talkers and deceivers, specially they of the circumcision: +Whose mouths must be stopped, who subvert whole houses, teaching things which they ought not, for filthy lucre's sake. +One of themselves, even a prophet of their own, said, the Cretians are alway liars, evil beasts, slow bellies. +This witness is true. Wherefore rebuke them sharply, that they may be sound in the faith; +Not giving heed to Jewish fables, and commandments of men, that turn from the truth. +Unto the pure all things are pure: but unto them that are defiled and unbelieving is nothing pure; but even their mind and conscience is defiled. +They profess that they know God; but in works they deny him, being abominable, and disobedient, and unto every good work reprobate. +But speak thou the things which become sound doctrine: +That the aged men be sober, grave, temperate, sound in faith, in charity, in patience. +The aged women likewise, that they be in behaviour as becometh holiness, not false accusers, not given to much wine, teachers of good things; +That they may teach the young women to be sober, to love their husbands, to love their children, +To be discreet, chaste, keepers at home, good, obedient to their own husbands, that the word of God be not blasphemed. +Young men likewise exhort to be sober minded. +In all things shewing thyself a pattern of good works: in doctrine shewing uncorruptness, gravity, sincerity, +Sound speech, that cannot be condemned; that he that is of the contrary part may be ashamed, having no evil thing to say of you. +Exhort servants to be obedient unto their own masters, and to please them well in all things; not answering again; +Not purloining, but shewing all good fidelity; that they may adorn the doctrine of God our Saviour in all things. +For the grace of God that bringeth salvation hath appeared to all men, +Teaching us that, denying ungodliness and worldly lusts, we should live soberly, righteously, and godly, in this present world; +Looking for that blessed hope, and the glorious appearing of the great God and our Saviour Jesus Christ; +Who gave himself for us, that he might redeem us from all iniquity, and purify unto himself a peculiar people, zealous of good works. +These things speak, and exhort, and rebuke with all authority. Let no man despise thee. +Put them in mind to be subject to principalities and powers, to obey magistrates, to be ready to every good work, +To speak evil of no man, to be no brawlers, but gentle, shewing all meekness unto all men. +For we ourselves also were sometimes foolish, disobedient, deceived, serving divers lusts and pleasures, living in malice and envy, hateful, and hating one another. +But after that the kindness and love of God our Saviour toward man appeared, +Not by works of righteousness which we have done, but according to his mercy he saved us, by the washing of regeneration, and renewing of the Holy Ghost; +Which he shed on us abundantly through Jesus Christ our Saviour; +That being justified by his grace, we should be made heirs according to the hope of eternal life. +This is a faithful saying, and these things I will that thou affirm constantly, that they which have believed in God might be careful to maintain good works. These things are good and profitable unto men. +But avoid foolish questions, and genealogies, and contentions, and strivings about the law; for they are unprofitable and vain. +A man that is an heretick after the first and second admonition reject; +Knowing that he that is such is subverted, and sinneth, being condemned of himself. +When I shall send Artemas unto thee, or Tychicus, be diligent to come unto me to Nicopolis: for I have determined there to winter. +Bring Zenas the lawyer and Apollos on their journey diligently, that nothing be wanting unto them. +And let our's also learn to maintain good works for necessary uses, that they be not unfruitful. +All that are with me salute thee. Greet them that love us in the faith. Grace be with you all. Amen. +Paul, a prisoner of Jesus Christ, and Timothy our brother, unto Philemon our dearly beloved, and fellowlabourer, +And to our beloved Apphia, and Archippus our fellowsoldier, and to the church in thy house: +Grace to you, and peace, from God our Father and the Lord Jesus Christ. +I thank my God, making mention of thee always in my prayers, +Hearing of thy love and faith, which thou hast toward the Lord Jesus, and toward all saints; +That the communication of thy faith may become effectual by the acknowledging of every good thing which is in you in Christ Jesus. +For we have great joy and consolation in thy love, because the bowels of the saints are refreshed by thee, brother. +Wherefore, though I might be much bold in Christ to enjoin thee that which is convenient, +Yet for love's sake I rather beseech thee, being such an one as Paul the aged, and now also a prisoner of Jesus Christ. +I beseech thee for my son Onesimus, whom I have begotten in my bonds: +Which in time past was to thee unprofitable, but now profitable to thee and to me: +Whom I have sent again: thou therefore receive him, that is, mine own bowels: +Whom I would have retained with me, that in thy stead he might have ministered unto me in the bonds of the gospel: +But without thy mind would I do nothing; that thy benefit should not be as it were of necessity, but willingly. +For perhaps he therefore departed for a season, that thou shouldest receive him for ever; +Not now as a servant, but above a servant, a brother beloved, specially to me, but how much more unto thee, both in the flesh, and in the Lord? +If thou count me therefore a partner, receive him as myself. +If he hath wronged thee, or oweth thee ought, put that on mine account; +I Paul have written it with mine own hand, I will repay it: albeit I do not say to thee how thou owest unto me even thine own self besides. +Yea, brother, let me have joy of thee in the Lord: refresh my bowels in the Lord. +Having confidence in thy obedience I wrote unto thee, knowing that thou wilt also do more than I say. +But withal prepare me also a lodging: for I trust that through your prayers I shall be given unto you. +There salute thee Epaphras, my fellowprisoner in Christ Jesus; +Marcus, Aristarchus, Demas, Lucas, my fellowlabourers. +The grace of our Lord Jesus Christ be with your spirit. Amen. +God, who at sundry times and in divers manners spake in time past unto the fathers by the prophets, +Hath in these last days spoken unto us by his Son, whom he hath appointed heir of all things, by whom also he made the worlds; +Who being the brightness of his glory, and the express image of his person, and upholding all things by the word of his power, when he had by himself purged our sins, sat down on the right hand of the Majesty on high: +Being made so much better than the angels, as he hath by inheritance obtained a more excellent name than they. +For unto which of the angels said he at any time, Thou art my Son, this day have I begotten thee? And again, I will be to him a Father, and he shall be to me a Son? +And again, when he bringeth in the firstbegotten into the world, he saith, And let all the angels of God worship him. +And of the angels he saith, Who maketh his angels spirits, and his ministers a flame of fire. +But unto the Son he saith, Thy throne, O God, is for ever and ever: a sceptre of righteousness is the sceptre of thy kingdom. +Thou hast loved righteousness, and hated iniquity; therefore God, even thy God, hath anointed thee with the oil of gladness above thy fellows. +And, Thou, Lord, in the beginning hast laid the foundation of the earth; and the heavens are the works of thine hands: +They shall perish; but thou remainest; and they all shall wax old as doth a garment; +And as a vesture shalt thou fold them up, and they shall be changed: but thou art the same, and thy years shall not fail. +But to which of the angels said he at any time, Sit on my right hand, until I make thine enemies thy footstool? +Are they not all ministering spirits, sent forth to minister for them who shall be heirs of salvation? +Therefore we ought to give the more earnest heed to the things which we have heard, lest at any time we should let them slip. +For if the word spoken by angels was stedfast, and every transgression and disobedience received a just recompence of reward; +How shall we escape, if we neglect so great salvation; which at the first began to be spoken by the Lord, and was confirmed unto us by them that heard him; +God also bearing them witness, both with signs and wonders, and with divers miracles, and gifts of the Holy Ghost, according to his own will? +For unto the angels hath he not put in subjection the world to come, whereof we speak. +But one in a certain place testified, saying, What is man, that thou art mindful of him? or the son of man that thou visitest him? +Thou madest him a little lower than the angels; thou crownedst him with glory and honour, and didst set him over the works of thy hands: +Thou hast put all things in subjection under his feet. For in that he put all in subjection under him, he left nothing that is not put under him. But now we see not yet all things put under him. +But we see Jesus, who was made a little lower than the angels for the suffering of death, crowned with glory and honour; that he by the grace of God should taste death for every man. +For it became him, for whom are all things, and by whom are all things, in bringing many sons unto glory, to make the captain of their salvation perfect through sufferings. +For both he that sanctifieth and they who are sanctified are all of one: for which cause he is not ashamed to call them brethren, +Saying, I will declare thy name unto my brethren, in the midst of the church will I sing praise unto thee. +And again, I will put my trust in him. And again, Behold I and the children which God hath given me. +Forasmuch then as the children are partakers of flesh and blood, he also himself likewise took part of the same; that through death he might destroy him that had the power of death, that is, the devil; +And deliver them who through fear of death were all their lifetime subject to bondage. +For verily he took not on him the nature of angels; but he took on him the seed of Abraham. +Wherefore in all things it behoved him to be made like unto his brethren, that he might be a merciful and faithful high priest in things pertaining to God, to make reconciliation for the sins of the people. +For in that he himself hath suffered being tempted, he is able to succour them that are tempted. +Wherefore, holy brethren, partakers of the heavenly calling, consider the Apostle and High Priest of our profession, Christ Jesus; +Who was faithful to him that appointed him, as also Moses was faithful in all his house. +For this man was counted worthy of more glory than Moses, inasmuch as he who hath builded the house hath more honour than the house. +For every house is builded by some man; but he that built all things is God. +And Moses verily was faithful in all his house, as a servant, for a testimony of those things which were to be spoken after; +But Christ as a son over his own house; whose house are we, if we hold fast the confidence and the rejoicing of the hope firm unto the end. +Wherefore (as the Holy Ghost saith, To day if ye will hear his voice, +Harden not your hearts, as in the provocation, in the day of temptation in the wilderness: +When your fathers tempted me, proved me, and saw my works forty years. +Wherefore I was grieved with that generation, and said, They do alway err in their heart; and they have not known my ways. +So I sware in my wrath, They shall not enter into my rest.) +Take heed, brethren, lest there be in any of you an evil heart of unbelief, in departing from the living God. +But exhort one another daily, while it is called To day; lest any of you be hardened through the deceitfulness of sin. +For we are made partakers of Christ, if we hold the beginning of our confidence stedfast unto the end; +While it is said, To day if ye will hear his voice, harden not your hearts, as in the provocation. +For some, when they had heard, did provoke: howbeit not all that came out of Egypt by Moses. +But with whom was he grieved forty years? was it not with them that had sinned, whose carcases fell in the wilderness? +And to whom sware he that they should not enter into his rest, but to them that believed not? +So we see that they could not enter in because of unbelief. +Let us therefore fear, lest, a promise being left us of entering into his rest, any of you should seem to come short of it. +For unto us was the gospel preached, as well as unto them: but the word preached did not profit them, not being mixed with faith in them that heard it. +For we which have believed do enter into rest, as he said, As I have sworn in my wrath, if they shall enter into my rest: although the works were finished from the foundation of the world. +For he spake in a certain place of the seventh day on this wise, And God did rest the seventh day from all his works. +And in this place again, If they shall enter into my rest. +Seeing therefore it remaineth that some must enter therein, and they to whom it was first preached entered not in because of unbelief: +Again, he limiteth a certain day, saying in David, To day, after so long a time; as it is said, To day if ye will hear his voice, harden not your hearts. +For if Jesus had given them rest, then would he not afterward have spoken of another day. +There remaineth therefore a rest to the people of God. +For he that is entered into his rest, he also hath ceased from his own works, as God did from his. +Let us labour therefore to enter into that rest, lest any man fall after the same example of unbelief. +For the word of God is quick, and powerful, and sharper than any twoedged sword, piercing even to the dividing asunder of soul and spirit, and of the joints and marrow, and is a discerner of the thoughts and intents of the heart. +Neither is there any creature that is not manifest in his sight: but all things are naked and opened unto the eyes of him with whom we have to do. +Seeing then that we have a great high priest, that is passed into the heavens, Jesus the Son of God, let us hold fast our profession. +For we have not an high priest which cannot be touched with the feeling of our infirmities; but was in all points tempted like as we are, yet without sin. +Let us therefore come boldly unto the throne of grace, that we may obtain mercy, and find grace to help in time of need. +For every high priest taken from among men is ordained for men in things pertaining to God, that he may offer both gifts and sacrifices for sins: +Who can have compassion on the ignorant, and on them that are out of the way; for that he himself also is compassed with infirmity. +And by reason hereof he ought, as for the people, so also for himself, to offer for sins. +And no man taketh this honour unto himself, but he that is called of God, as was Aaron. +So also Christ glorified not himself to be made an high priest; but he that said unto him, Thou art my Son, to day have I begotten thee. +As he saith also in another place, Thou art a priest for ever after the order of Melchisedec. +Who in the days of his flesh, when he had offered up prayers and supplications with strong crying and tears unto him that was able to save him from death, and was heard in that he feared; +Though he were a Son, yet learned he obedience by the things which he suffered; +And being made perfect, he became the author of eternal salvation unto all them that obey him; +Called of God an high priest after the order of Melchisedec. +Of whom we have many things to say, and hard to be uttered, seeing ye are dull of hearing. +For when for the time ye ought to be teachers, ye have need that one teach you again which be the first principles of the oracles of God; and are become such as have need of milk, and not of strong meat. +For every one that useth milk is unskilful in the word of righteousness: for he is a babe. +But strong meat belongeth to them that are of full age, even those who by reason of use have their senses exercised to discern both good and evil. +Therefore leaving the principles of the doctrine of Christ, let us go on unto perfection; not laying again the foundation of repentance from dead works, and of faith toward God, +Of the doctrine of baptisms, and of laying on of hands, and of resurrection of the dead, and of eternal judgment. +And this will we do, if God permit. +For it is impossible for those who were once enlightened, and have tasted of the heavenly gift, and were made partakers of the Holy Ghost, +And have tasted the good word of God, and the powers of the world to come, +If they shall fall away, to renew them again unto repentance; seeing they crucify to themselves the Son of God afresh, and put him to an open shame. +For the earth which drinketh in the rain that cometh oft upon it, and bringeth forth herbs meet for them by whom it is dressed, receiveth blessing from God: +But that which beareth thorns and briers is rejected, and is nigh unto cursing; whose end is to be burned. +But, beloved, we are persuaded better things of you, and things that accompany salvation, though we thus speak. +For God is not unrighteous to forget your work and labour of love, which ye have shewed toward his name, in that ye have ministered to the saints, and do minister. +And we desire that every one of you do shew the same diligence to the full assurance of hope unto the end: +That ye be not slothful, but followers of them who through faith and patience inherit the promises. +For when God made promise to Abraham, because he could swear by no greater, he sware by himself, +Saying, Surely blessing I will bless thee, and multiplying I will multiply thee. +And so, after he had patiently endured, he obtained the promise. +For men verily swear by the greater: and an oath for confirmation is to them an end of all strife. +Wherein God, willing more abundantly to shew unto the heirs of promise the immutability of his counsel, confirmed it by an oath: +That by two immutable things, in which it was impossible for God to lie, we might have a strong consolation, who have fled for refuge to lay hold upon the hope set before us: +Which hope we have as an anchor of the soul, both sure and stedfast, and which entereth into that within the veil; +Whither the forerunner is for us entered, even Jesus, made an high priest for ever after the order of Melchisedec. +For this Melchisedec, king of Salem, priest of the most high God, who met Abraham returning from the slaughter of the kings, and blessed him; +To whom also Abraham gave a tenth part of all; first being by interpretation King of righteousness, and after that also King of Salem, which is, King of peace; +Without father, without mother, without descent, having neither beginning of days, nor end of life; but made like unto the Son of God; abideth a priest continually. +Now consider how great this man was, unto whom even the patriarch Abraham gave the tenth of the spoils. +And verily they that are of the sons of Levi, who receive the office of the priesthood, have a commandment to take tithes of the people according to the law, that is, of their brethren, though they come out of the loins of Abraham: +But he whose descent is not counted from them received tithes of Abraham, and blessed him that had the promises. +And without all contradiction the less is blessed of the better. +And here men that die receive tithes; but there he receiveth them, of whom it is witnessed that he liveth. +And as I may so say, Levi also, who receiveth tithes, payed tithes in Abraham. +For he was yet in the loins of his father, when Melchisedec met him. +If therefore perfection were by the Levitical priesthood, (for under it the people received the law,) what further need was there that another priest should rise after the order of Melchisedec, and not be called after the order of Aaron? +For the priesthood being changed, there is made of necessity a change also of the law. +For he of whom these things are spoken pertaineth to another tribe, of which no man gave attendance at the altar. +For it is evident that our Lord sprang out of Juda; of which tribe Moses spake nothing concerning priesthood. +And it is yet far more evident: for that after the similitude of Melchisedec there ariseth another priest, +Who is made, not after the law of a carnal commandment, but after the power of an endless life. +For he testifieth, Thou art a priest for ever after the order of Melchisedec. +For there is verily a disannulling of the commandment going before for the weakness and unprofitableness thereof. +For the law made nothing perfect, but the bringing in of a better hope did; by the which we draw nigh unto God. +And inasmuch as not without an oath he was made priest: +(For those priests were made without an oath; but this with an oath by him that said unto him, The Lord sware and will not repent, Thou art a priest for ever after the order of Melchisedec:) +By so much was Jesus made a surety of a better testament. +And they truly were many priests, because they were not suffered to continue by reason of death: +But this man, because he continueth ever, hath an unchangeable priesthood. +Wherefore he is able also to save them to the uttermost that come unto God by him, seeing he ever liveth to make intercession for them. +For such an high priest became us, who is holy, harmless, undefiled, separate from sinners, and made higher than the heavens; +Who needeth not daily, as those high priests, to offer up sacrifice, first for his own sins, and then for the people's: for this he did once, when he offered up himself. +For the law maketh men high priests which have infirmity; but the word of the oath, which was since the law, maketh the Son, who is consecrated for evermore. +Now of the things which we have spoken this is the sum: We have such an high priest, who is set on the right hand of the throne of the Majesty in the heavens; +A minister of the sanctuary, and of the true tabernacle, which the Lord pitched, and not man. +For every high priest is ordained to offer gifts and sacrifices: wherefore it is of necessity that this man have somewhat also to offer. +For if he were on earth, he should not be a priest, seeing that there are priests that offer gifts according to the law: +Who serve unto the example and shadow of heavenly things, as Moses was admonished of God when he was about to make the tabernacle: for, See, saith he, that thou make all things according to the pattern shewed to thee in the mount. +But now hath he obtained a more excellent ministry, by how much also he is the mediator of a better covenant, which was established upon better promises. +For if that first covenant had been faultless, then should no place have been sought for the second. +For finding fault with them, he saith, Behold, the days come, saith the Lord, when I will make a new covenant with the house of Israel and with the house of Judah: +Not according to the covenant that I made with their fathers in the day when I took them by the hand to lead them out of the land of Egypt; because they continued not in my covenant, and I regarded them not, saith the Lord. +For this is the covenant that I will make with the house of Israel after those days, saith the Lord; I will put my laws into their mind, and write them in their hearts: and I will be to them a God, and they shall be to me a people: +And they shall not teach every man his neighbour, and every man his brother, saying, Know the Lord: for all shall know me, from the least to the greatest. +For I will be merciful to their unrighteousness, and their sins and their iniquities will I remember no more. +In that he saith, A new covenant, he hath made the first old. Now that which decayeth and waxeth old is ready to vanish away. +Then verily the first covenant had also ordinances of divine service, and a worldly sanctuary. +For there was a tabernacle made; the first, wherein was the candlestick, and the table, and the shewbread; which is called the sanctuary. +And after the second veil, the tabernacle which is called the Holiest of all; +Which had the golden censer, and the ark of the covenant overlaid round about with gold, wherein was the golden pot that had manna, and Aaron's rod that budded, and the tables of the covenant; +And over it the cherubims of glory shadowing the mercyseat; of which we cannot now speak particularly. +Now when these things were thus ordained, the priests went always into the first tabernacle, accomplishing the service of God. +But into the second went the high priest alone once every year, not without blood, which he offered for himself, and for the errors of the people: +The Holy Ghost this signifying, that the way into the holiest of all was not yet made manifest, while as the first tabernacle was yet standing: +Which was a figure for the time then present, in which were offered both gifts and sacrifices, that could not make him that did the service perfect, as pertaining to the conscience; +Which stood only in meats and drinks, and divers washings, and carnal ordinances, imposed on them until the time of reformation. +But Christ being come an high priest of good things to come, by a greater and more perfect tabernacle, not made with hands, that is to say, not of this building; +Neither by the blood of goats and calves, but by his own blood he entered in once into the holy place, having obtained eternal redemption for us. +For if the blood of bulls and of goats, and the ashes of an heifer sprinkling the unclean, sanctifieth to the purifying of the flesh: +How much more shall the blood of Christ, who through the eternal Spirit offered himself without spot to God, purge your conscience from dead works to serve the living God? +And for this cause he is the mediator of the new testament, that by means of death, for the redemption of the transgressions that were under the first testament, they which are called might receive the promise of eternal inheritance. +For where a testament is, there must also of necessity be the death of the testator. +For a testament is of force after men are dead: otherwise it is of no strength at all while the testator liveth. +Whereupon neither the first testament was dedicated without blood. +For when Moses had spoken every precept to all the people according to the law, he took the blood of calves and of goats, with water, and scarlet wool, and hyssop, and sprinkled both the book, and all the people, +Saying, This is the blood of the testament which God hath enjoined unto you. +Moreover he sprinkled with blood both the tabernacle, and all the vessels of the ministry. +And almost all things are by the law purged with blood; and without shedding of blood is no remission. +It was therefore necessary that the patterns of things in the heavens should be purified with these; but the heavenly things themselves with better sacrifices than these. +For Christ is not entered into the holy places made with hands, which are the figures of the true; but into heaven itself, now to appear in the presence of God for us: +Nor yet that he should offer himself often, as the high priest entereth into the holy place every year with blood of others; +For then must he often have suffered since the foundation of the world: but now once in the end of the world hath he appeared to put away sin by the sacrifice of himself. +And as it is appointed unto men once to die, but after this the judgment: +So Christ was once offered to bear the sins of many; and unto them that look for him shall he appear the second time without sin unto salvation. +For the law having a shadow of good things to come, and not the very image of the things, can never with those sacrifices which they offered year by year continually make the comers thereunto perfect. +For then would they not have ceased to be offered? because that the worshippers once purged should have had no more conscience of sins. +But in those sacrifices there is a remembrance again made of sins every year. +For it is not possible that the blood of bulls and of goats should take away sins. +Wherefore when he cometh into the world, he saith, Sacrifice and offering thou wouldest not, but a body hast thou prepared me: +In burnt offerings and sacrifices for sin thou hast had no pleasure. +Then said I, Lo, I come (in the volume of the book it is written of me,) to do thy will, O God. +Above when he said, Sacrifice and offering and burnt offerings and offering for sin thou wouldest not, neither hadst pleasure therein; which are offered by the law; +Then said he, Lo, I come to do thy will, O God. He taketh away the first, that he may establish the second. +By the which will we are sanctified through the offering of the body of Jesus Christ once for all. +And every priest standeth daily ministering and offering oftentimes the same sacrifices, which can never take away sins: +But this man, after he had offered one sacrifice for sins for ever, sat down on the right hand of God; +From henceforth expecting till his enemies be made his footstool. +For by one offering he hath perfected for ever them that are sanctified. +Whereof the Holy Ghost also is a witness to us: for after that he had said before, +This is the covenant that I will make with them after those days, saith the Lord, I will put my laws into their hearts, and in their minds will I write them; +And their sins and iniquities will I remember no more. +Now where remission of these is, there is no more offering for sin. +Having therefore, brethren, boldness to enter into the holiest by the blood of Jesus, +By a new and living way, which he hath consecrated for us, through the veil, that is to say, his flesh; +And having an high priest over the house of God; +Let us draw near with a true heart in full assurance of faith, having our hearts sprinkled from an evil conscience, and our bodies washed with pure water. +Let us hold fast the profession of our faith without wavering; (for he is faithful that promised;) +And let us consider one another to provoke unto love and to good works: +Not forsaking the assembling of ourselves together, as the manner of some is; but exhorting one another: and so much the more, as ye see the day approaching. +For if we sin wilfully after that we have received the knowledge of the truth, there remaineth no more sacrifice for sins, +But a certain fearful looking for of judgment and fiery indignation, which shall devour the adversaries. +He that despised Moses' law died without mercy under two or three witnesses: +Of how much sorer punishment, suppose ye, shall he be thought worthy, who hath trodden under foot the Son of God, and hath counted the blood of the covenant, wherewith he was sanctified, an unholy thing, and hath done despite unto the Spirit of grace? +For we know him that hath said, Vengeance belongeth unto me, I will recompense, saith the Lord. And again, The Lord shall judge his people. +It is a fearful thing to fall into the hands of the living God. +But call to remembrance the former days, in which, after ye were illuminated, ye endured a great fight of afflictions; +Partly, whilst ye were made a gazingstock both by reproaches and afflictions; and partly, whilst ye became companions of them that were so used. +For ye had compassion of me in my bonds, and took joyfully the spoiling of your goods, knowing in yourselves that ye have in heaven a better and an enduring substance. +Cast not away therefore your confidence, which hath great recompence of reward. +For ye have need of patience, that, after ye have done the will of God, ye might receive the promise. +For yet a little while, and he that shall come will come, and will not tarry. +Now the just shall live by faith: but if any man draw back, my soul shall have no pleasure in him. +But we are not of them who draw back unto perdition; but of them that believe to the saving of the soul. +Now faith is the substance of things hoped for, the evidence of things not seen. +For by it the elders obtained a good report. +Through faith we understand that the worlds were framed by the word of God, so that things which are seen were not made of things which do appear. +By faith Abel offered unto God a more excellent sacrifice than Cain, by which he obtained witness that he was righteous, God testifying of his gifts: and by it he being dead yet speaketh. +By faith Enoch was translated that he should not see death; and was not found, because God had translated him: for before his translation he had this testimony, that he pleased God. +But without faith it is impossible to please him: for he that cometh to God must believe that he is, and that he is a rewarder of them that diligently seek him. +By faith Noah, being warned of God of things not seen as yet, moved with fear, prepared an ark to the saving of his house; by the which he condemned the world, and became heir of the righteousness which is by faith. +By faith Abraham, when he was called to go out into a place which he should after receive for an inheritance, obeyed; and he went out, not knowing whither he went. +By faith he sojourned in the land of promise, as in a strange country, dwelling in tabernacles with Isaac and Jacob, the heirs with him of the same promise: +For he looked for a city which hath foundations, whose builder and maker is God. +Through faith also Sara herself received strength to conceive seed, and was delivered of a child when she was past age, because she judged him faithful who had promised. +Therefore sprang there even of one, and him as good as dead, so many as the stars of the sky in multitude, and as the sand which is by the sea shore innumerable. +These all died in faith, not having received the promises, but having seen them afar off, and were persuaded of them, and embraced them, and confessed that they were strangers and pilgrims on the earth. +For they that say such things declare plainly that they seek a country. +And truly, if they had been mindful of that country from whence they came out, they might have had opportunity to have returned. +But now they desire a better country, that is, an heavenly: wherefore God is not ashamed to be called their God: for he hath prepared for them a city. +By faith Abraham, when he was tried, offered up Isaac: and he that had received the promises offered up his only begotten son, +Of whom it was said, That in Isaac shall thy seed be called: +Accounting that God was able to raise him up, even from the dead; from whence also he received him in a figure. +By faith Isaac blessed Jacob and Esau concerning things to come. +By faith Jacob, when he was a dying, blessed both the sons of Joseph; and worshipped, leaning upon the top of his staff. +By faith Joseph, when he died, made mention of the departing of the children of Israel; and gave commandment concerning his bones. +By faith Moses, when he was born, was hid three months of his parents, because they saw he was a proper child; and they were not afraid of the king's commandment. +By faith Moses, when he was come to years, refused to be called the son of Pharaoh's daughter; +Choosing rather to suffer affliction with the people of God, than to enjoy the pleasures of sin for a season; +Esteeming the reproach of Christ greater riches than the treasures in Egypt: for he had respect unto the recompence of the reward. +By faith he forsook Egypt, not fearing the wrath of the king: for he endured, as seeing him who is invisible. +Through faith he kept the passover, and the sprinkling of blood, lest he that destroyed the firstborn should touch them. +By faith they passed through the Red sea as by dry land: which the Egyptians assaying to do were drowned. +By faith the walls of Jericho fell down, after they were compassed about seven days. +By faith the harlot Rahab perished not with them that believed not, when she had received the spies with peace. +And what shall I more say? for the time would fail me to tell of Gedeon, and of Barak, and of Samson, and of Jephthae; of David also, and Samuel, and of the prophets: +Who through faith subdued kingdoms, wrought righteousness, obtained promises, stopped the mouths of lions. +Quenched the violence of fire, escaped the edge of the sword, out of weakness were made strong, waxed valiant in fight, turned to flight the armies of the aliens. +Women received their dead raised to life again: and others were tortured, not accepting deliverance; that they might obtain a better resurrection: +And others had trial of cruel mockings and scourgings, yea, moreover of bonds and imprisonment: +They were stoned, they were sawn asunder, were tempted, were slain with the sword: they wandered about in sheepskins and goatskins; being destitute, afflicted, tormented; +(Of whom the world was not worthy:) they wandered in deserts, and in mountains, and in dens and caves of the earth. +And these all, having obtained a good report through faith, received not the promise: +God having provided some better thing for us, that they without us should not be made perfect. +Wherefore seeing we also are compassed about with so great a cloud of witnesses, let us lay aside every weight, and the sin which doth so easily beset us, and let us run with patience the race that is set before us, +Looking unto Jesus the author and finisher of our faith; who for the joy that was set before him endured the cross, despising the shame, and is set down at the right hand of the throne of God. +For consider him that endured such contradiction of sinners against himself, lest ye be wearied and faint in your minds. +Ye have not yet resisted unto blood, striving against sin. +And ye have forgotten the exhortation which speaketh unto you as unto children, My son, despise not thou the chastening of the Lord, nor faint when thou art rebuked of him: +For whom the Lord loveth he chasteneth, and scourgeth every son whom he receiveth. +If ye endure chastening, God dealeth with you as with sons; for what son is he whom the father chasteneth not? +But if ye be without chastisement, whereof all are partakers, then are ye bastards, and not sons. +Furthermore we have had fathers of our flesh which corrected us, and we gave them reverence: shall we not much rather be in subjection unto the Father of spirits, and live? +For they verily for a few days chastened us after their own pleasure; but he for our profit, that we might be partakers of his holiness. +Now no chastening for the present seemeth to be joyous, but grievous: nevertheless afterward it yieldeth the peaceable fruit of righteousness unto them which are exercised thereby. +Wherefore lift up the hands which hang down, and the feeble knees; +And make straight paths for your feet, lest that which is lame be turned out of the way; but let it rather be healed. +Follow peace with all men, and holiness, without which no man shall see the Lord: +Looking diligently lest any man fail of the grace of God; lest any root of bitterness springing up trouble you, and thereby many be defiled; +Lest there be any fornicator, or profane person, as Esau, who for one morsel of meat sold his birthright. +For ye know how that afterward, when he would have inherited the blessing, he was rejected: for he found no place of repentance, though he sought it carefully with tears. +For ye are not come unto the mount that might be touched, and that burned with fire, nor unto blackness, and darkness, and tempest, +And the sound of a trumpet, and the voice of words; which voice they that heard intreated that the word should not be spoken to them any more: +(For they could not endure that which was commanded, And if so much as a beast touch the mountain, it shall be stoned, or thrust through with a dart: +And so terrible was the sight, that Moses said, I exceedingly fear and quake:) +But ye are come unto mount Sion, and unto the city of the living God, the heavenly Jerusalem, and to an innumerable company of angels, +To the general assembly and church of the firstborn, which are written in heaven, and to God the Judge of all, and to the spirits of just men made perfect, +And to Jesus the mediator of the new covenant, and to the blood of sprinkling, that speaketh better things that that of Abel. +See that ye refuse not him that speaketh. For if they escaped not who refused him that spake on earth, much more shall not we escape, if we turn away from him that speaketh from heaven: +Whose voice then shook the earth: but now he hath promised, saying, Yet once more I shake not the earth only, but also heaven. +And this word, Yet once more, signifieth the removing of those things that are shaken, as of things that are made, that those things which cannot be shaken may remain. +Wherefore we receiving a kingdom which cannot be moved, let us have grace, whereby we may serve God acceptably with reverence and godly fear: +For our God is a consuming fire. +Let brotherly love continue. +Be not forgetful to entertain strangers: for thereby some have entertained angels unawares. +Remember them that are in bonds, as bound with them; and them which suffer adversity, as being yourselves also in the body. +Marriage is honourable in all, and the bed undefiled: but whoremongers and adulterers God will judge. +Let your conversation be without covetousness; and be content with such things as ye have: for he hath said, I will never leave thee, nor forsake thee. +So that we may boldly say, The Lord is my helper, and I will not fear what man shall do unto me. +Remember them which have the rule over you, who have spoken unto you the word of God: whose faith follow, considering the end of their conversation. +Jesus Christ the same yesterday, and to day, and for ever. +Be not carried about with divers and strange doctrines. For it is a good thing that the heart be established with grace; not with meats, which have not profited them that have been occupied therein. +We have an altar, whereof they have no right to eat which serve the tabernacle. +For the bodies of those beasts, whose blood is brought into the sanctuary by the high priest for sin, are burned without the camp. +Wherefore Jesus also, that he might sanctify the people with his own blood, suffered without the gate. +Let us go forth therefore unto him without the camp, bearing his reproach. +For here have we no continuing city, but we seek one to come. +By him therefore let us offer the sacrifice of praise to God continually, that is, the fruit of our lips giving thanks to his name. +But to do good and to communicate forget not: for with such sacrifices God is well pleased. +Obey them that have the rule over you, and submit yourselves: for they watch for your souls, as they that must give account, that they may do it with joy, and not with grief: for that is unprofitable for you. +Pray for us: for we trust we have a good conscience, in all things willing to live honestly. +But I beseech you the rather to do this, that I may be restored to you the sooner. +Now the God of peace, that brought again from the dead our Lord Jesus, that great shepherd of the sheep, through the blood of the everlasting covenant, +Make you perfect in every good work to do his will, working in you that which is wellpleasing in his sight, through Jesus Christ; to whom be glory for ever and ever. Amen. +And I beseech you, brethren, suffer the word of exhortation: for I have written a letter unto you in few words. +Know ye that our brother Timothy is set at liberty; with whom, if he come shortly, I will see you. +Salute all them that have the rule over you, and all the saints. They of Italy salute you. +Grace be with you all. Amen. +James, a servant of God and of the Lord Jesus Christ, to the twelve tribes which are scattered abroad, greeting. +My brethren, count it all joy when ye fall into divers temptations; +Knowing this, that the trying of your faith worketh patience. +But let patience have her perfect work, that ye may be perfect and entire, wanting nothing. +If any of you lack wisdom, let him ask of God, that giveth to all men liberally, and upbraideth not; and it shall be given him. +But let him ask in faith, nothing wavering. For he that wavereth is like a wave of the sea driven with the wind and tossed. +For let not that man think that he shall receive any thing of the Lord. +A double minded man is unstable in all his ways. +Let the brother of low degree rejoice in that he is exalted: +But the rich, in that he is made low: because as the flower of the grass he shall pass away. +For the sun is no sooner risen with a burning heat, but it withereth the grass, and the flower thereof falleth, and the grace of the fashion of it perisheth: so also shall the rich man fade away in his ways. +Blessed is the man that endureth temptation: for when he is tried, he shall receive the crown of life, which the Lord hath promised to them that love him. +Let no man say when he is tempted, I am tempted of God: for God cannot be tempted with evil, neither tempteth he any man: +But every man is tempted, when he is drawn away of his own lust, and enticed. +Then when lust hath conceived, it bringeth forth sin: and sin, when it is finished, bringeth forth death. +Do not err, my beloved brethren. +Every good gift and every perfect gift is from above, and cometh down from the Father of lights, with whom is no variableness, neither shadow of turning. +Of his own will begat he us with the word of truth, that we should be a kind of firstfruits of his creatures. +Wherefore, my beloved brethren, let every man be swift to hear, slow to speak, slow to wrath: +For the wrath of man worketh not the righteousness of God. +Wherefore lay apart all filthiness and superfluity of naughtiness, and receive with meekness the engrafted word, which is able to save your souls. +But be ye doers of the word, and not hearers only, deceiving your own selves. +For if any be a hearer of the word, and not a doer, he is like unto a man beholding his natural face in a glass: +For he beholdeth himself, and goeth his way, and straightway forgetteth what manner of man he was. +But whoso looketh into the perfect law of liberty, and continueth therein, he being not a forgetful hearer, but a doer of the work, this man shall be blessed in his deed. +If any man among you seem to be religious, and bridleth not his tongue, but deceiveth his own heart, this man's religion is vain. +Pure religion and undefiled before God and the Father is this, To visit the fatherless and widows in their affliction, and to keep himself unspotted from the world. +My brethren, have not the faith of our Lord Jesus Christ, the Lord of glory, with respect of persons. +For if there come unto your assembly a man with a gold ring, in goodly apparel, and there come in also a poor man in vile raiment; +And ye have respect to him that weareth the gay clothing, and say unto him, Sit thou here in a good place; and say to the poor, Stand thou there, or sit here under my footstool: +Are ye not then partial in yourselves, and are become judges of evil thoughts? +Hearken, my beloved brethren, Hath not God chosen the poor of this world rich in faith, and heirs of the kingdom which he hath promised to them that love him? +But ye have despised the poor. Do not rich men oppress you, and draw you before the judgment seats? +Do not they blaspheme that worthy name by the which ye are called? +If ye fulfil the royal law according to the scripture, Thou shalt love thy neighbour as thyself, ye do well: +But if ye have respect to persons, ye commit sin, and are convinced of the law as transgressors. +For whosoever shall keep the whole law, and yet offend in one point, he is guilty of all. +For he that said, Do not commit adultery, said also, Do not kill. Now if thou commit no adultery, yet if thou kill, thou art become a transgressor of the law. +So speak ye, and so do, as they that shall be judged by the law of liberty. +For he shall have judgment without mercy, that hath shewed no mercy; and mercy rejoiceth against judgment. +What doth it profit, my brethren, though a man say he hath faith, and have not works? can faith save him? +If a brother or sister be naked, and destitute of daily food, +And one of you say unto them, Depart in peace, be ye warmed and filled; notwithstanding ye give them not those things which are needful to the body; what doth it profit? +Even so faith, if it hath not works, is dead, being alone. +Yea, a man may say, Thou hast faith, and I have works: shew me thy faith without thy works, and I will shew thee my faith by my works. +Thou believest that there is one God; thou doest well: the devils also believe, and tremble. +But wilt thou know, O vain man, that faith without works is dead? +Was not Abraham our father justified by works, when he had offered Isaac his son upon the altar? +Seest thou how faith wrought with his works, and by works was faith made perfect? +And the scripture was fulfilled which saith, Abraham believed God, and it was imputed unto him for righteousness: and he was called the Friend of God. +Ye see then how that by works a man is justified, and not by faith only. +Likewise also was not Rahab the harlot justified by works, when she had received the messengers, and had sent them out another way? +For as the body without the spirit is dead, so faith without works is dead also. +My brethren, be not many masters, knowing that we shall receive the greater condemnation. +For in many things we offend all. If any man offend not in word, the same is a perfect man, and able also to bridle the whole body. +Behold, we put bits in the horses' mouths, that they may obey us; and we turn about their whole body. +Behold also the ships, which though they be so great, and are driven of fierce winds, yet are they turned about with a very small helm, whithersoever the governor listeth. +Even so the tongue is a little member, and boasteth great things. Behold, how great a matter a little fire kindleth! +And the tongue is a fire, a world of iniquity: so is the tongue among our members, that it defileth the whole body, and setteth on fire the course of nature; and it is set on fire of hell. +For every kind of beasts, and of birds, and of serpents, and of things in the sea, is tamed, and hath been tamed of mankind: +But the tongue can no man tame; it is an unruly evil, full of deadly poison. +Therewith bless we God, even the Father; and therewith curse we men, which are made after the similitude of God. +Out of the same mouth proceedeth blessing and cursing. My brethren, these things ought not so to be. +Doth a fountain send forth at the same place sweet water and bitter? +Can the fig tree, my brethren, bear olive berries? either a vine, figs? so can no fountain both yield salt water and fresh. +Who is a wise man and endued with knowledge among you? let him shew out of a good conversation his works with meekness of wisdom. +But if ye have bitter envying and strife in your hearts, glory not, and lie not against the truth. +This wisdom descendeth not from above, but is earthly, sensual, devilish. +For where envying and strife is, there is confusion and every evil work. +But the wisdom that is from above is first pure, then peaceable, gentle, and easy to be intreated, full of mercy and good fruits, without partiality, and without hypocrisy. +And the fruit of righteousness is sown in peace of them that make peace. +From whence come wars and fightings among you? come they not hence, even of your lusts that war in your members? +Ye lust, and have not: ye kill, and desire to have, and cannot obtain: ye fight and war, yet ye have not, because ye ask not. +Ye ask, and receive not, because ye ask amiss, that ye may consume it upon your lusts. +Ye adulterers and adulteresses, know ye not that the friendship of the world is enmity with God? whosoever therefore will be a friend of the world is the enemy of God. +Do ye think that the scripture saith in vain, The spirit that dwelleth in us lusteth to envy? +But he giveth more grace. Wherefore he saith, God resisteth the proud, but giveth grace unto the humble. +Submit yourselves therefore to God. Resist the devil, and he will flee from you. +Draw nigh to God, and he will draw nigh to you. Cleanse your hands, ye sinners; and purify your hearts, ye double minded. +Be afflicted, and mourn, and weep: let your laughter be turned to mourning, and your joy to heaviness. +Humble yourselves in the sight of the Lord, and he shall lift you up. +Speak not evil one of another, brethren. He that speaketh evil of his brother, and judgeth his brother, speaketh evil of the law, and judgeth the law: but if thou judge the law, thou art not a doer of the law, but a judge. +There is one lawgiver, who is able to save and to destroy: who art thou that judgest another? +Go to now, ye that say, To day or to morrow we will go into such a city, and continue there a year, and buy and sell, and get gain: +Whereas ye know not what shall be on the morrow. For what is your life? It is even a vapour, that appeareth for a little time, and then vanisheth away. +For that ye ought to say, If the Lord will, we shall live, and do this, or that. +But now ye rejoice in your boastings: all such rejoicing is evil. +Therefore to him that knoweth to do good, and doeth it not, to him it is sin. +Go to now, ye rich men, weep and howl for your miseries that shall come upon you. +Your riches are corrupted, and your garments are motheaten. +Your gold and silver is cankered; and the rust of them shall be a witness against you, and shall eat your flesh as it were fire. Ye have heaped treasure together for the last days. +Behold, the hire of the labourers who have reaped down your fields, which is of you kept back by fraud, crieth: and the cries of them which have reaped are entered into the ears of the Lord of sabaoth. +Ye have lived in pleasure on the earth, and been wanton; ye have nourished your hearts, as in a day of slaughter. +Ye have condemned and killed the just; and he doth not resist you. +Be patient therefore, brethren, unto the coming of the Lord. Behold, the husbandman waiteth for the precious fruit of the earth, and hath long patience for it, until he receive the early and latter rain. +Be ye also patient; stablish your hearts: for the coming of the Lord draweth nigh. +Grudge not one against another, brethren, lest ye be condemned: behold, the judge standeth before the door. +Take, my brethren, the prophets, who have spoken in the name of the Lord, for an example of suffering affliction, and of patience. +Behold, we count them happy which endure. Ye have heard of the patience of Job, and have seen the end of the Lord; that the Lord is very pitiful, and of tender mercy. +But above all things, my brethren, swear not, neither by heaven, neither by the earth, neither by any other oath: but let your yea be yea; and your nay, nay; lest ye fall into condemnation. +Is any among you afflicted? let him pray. Is any merry? let him sing psalms. +Is any sick among you? let him call for the elders of the church; and let them pray over him, anointing him with oil in the name of the Lord: +And the prayer of faith shall save the sick, and the Lord shall raise him up; and if he have committed sins, they shall be forgiven him. +Confess your faults one to another, and pray one for another, that ye may be healed. The effectual fervent prayer of a righteous man availeth much. +Elias was a man subject to like passions as we are, and he prayed earnestly that it might not rain: and it rained not on the earth by the space of three years and six months. +And he prayed again, and the heaven gave rain, and the earth brought forth her fruit. +Brethren, if any of you do err from the truth, and one convert him; +Let him know, that he which converteth the sinner from the error of his way shall save a soul from death, and shall hide a multitude of sins. +Peter, an apostle of Jesus Christ, to the strangers scattered throughout Pontus, Galatia, Cappadocia, Asia, and Bithynia, +Elect according to the foreknowledge of God the Father, through sanctification of the Spirit, unto obedience and sprinkling of the blood of Jesus Christ: Grace unto you, and peace, be multiplied. +Blessed be the God and Father of our Lord Jesus Christ, which according to his abundant mercy hath begotten us again unto a lively hope by the resurrection of Jesus Christ from the dead, +To an inheritance incorruptible, and undefiled, and that fadeth not away, reserved in heaven for you, +Who are kept by the power of God through faith unto salvation ready to be revealed in the last time. +Wherein ye greatly rejoice, though now for a season, if need be, ye are in heaviness through manifold temptations: +That the trial of your faith, being much more precious than of gold that perisheth, though it be tried with fire, might be found unto praise and honour and glory at the appearing of Jesus Christ: +Whom having not seen, ye love; in whom, though now ye see him not, yet believing, ye rejoice with joy unspeakable and full of glory: +Receiving the end of your faith, even the salvation of your souls. +Of which salvation the prophets have enquired and searched diligently, who prophesied of the grace that should come unto you: +Searching what, or what manner of time the Spirit of Christ which was in them did signify, when it testified beforehand the sufferings of Christ, and the glory that should follow. +Unto whom it was revealed, that not unto themselves, but unto us they did minister the things, which are now reported unto you by them that have preached the gospel unto you with the Holy Ghost sent down from heaven; which things the angels desire to look into. +Wherefore gird up the loins of your mind, be sober, and hope to the end for the grace that is to be brought unto you at the revelation of Jesus Christ; +As obedient children, not fashioning yourselves according to the former lusts in your ignorance: +But as he which hath called you is holy, so be ye holy in all manner of conversation; +Because it is written, Be ye holy; for I am holy. +And if ye call on the Father, who without respect of persons judgeth according to every man's work, pass the time of your sojourning here in fear: +Forasmuch as ye know that ye were not redeemed with corruptible things, as silver and gold, from your vain conversation received by tradition from your fathers; +But with the precious blood of Christ, as of a lamb without blemish and without spot: +Who verily was foreordained before the foundation of the world, but was manifest in these last times for you, +Who by him do believe in God, that raised him up from the dead, and gave him glory; that your faith and hope might be in God. +Seeing ye have purified your souls in obeying the truth through the Spirit unto unfeigned love of the brethren, see that ye love one another with a pure heart fervently: +Being born again, not of corruptible seed, but of incorruptible, by the word of God, which liveth and abideth for ever. +For all flesh is as grass, and all the glory of man as the flower of grass. The grass withereth, and the flower thereof falleth away: +But the word of the Lord endureth for ever. And this is the word which by the gospel is preached unto you. +Wherefore laying aside all malice, and all guile, and hypocrisies, and envies, all evil speakings, +As newborn babes, desire the sincere milk of the word, that ye may grow thereby: +If so be ye have tasted that the Lord is gracious. +To whom coming, as unto a living stone, disallowed indeed of men, but chosen of God, and precious, +Ye also, as lively stones, are built up a spiritual house, an holy priesthood, to offer up spiritual sacrifices, acceptable to God by Jesus Christ. +Wherefore also it is contained in the scripture, Behold, I lay in Sion a chief corner stone, elect, precious: and he that believeth on him shall not be confounded. +Unto you therefore which believe he is precious: but unto them which be disobedient, the stone which the builders disallowed, the same is made the head of the corner, +And a stone of stumbling, and a rock of offence, even to them which stumble at the word, being disobedient: whereunto also they were appointed. +But ye are a chosen generation, a royal priesthood, an holy nation, a peculiar people; that ye should shew forth the praises of him who hath called you out of darkness into his marvellous light; +Which in time past were not a people, but are now the people of God: which had not obtained mercy, but now have obtained mercy. +Dearly beloved, I beseech you as strangers and pilgrims, abstain from fleshly lusts, which war against the soul; +Having your conversation honest among the Gentiles: that, whereas they speak against you as evildoers, they may by your good works, which they shall behold, glorify God in the day of visitation. +Submit yourselves to every ordinance of man for the Lord's sake: whether it be to the king, as supreme; +Or unto governors, as unto them that are sent by him for the punishment of evildoers, and for the praise of them that do well. +For so is the will of God, that with well doing ye may put to silence the ignorance of foolish men: +As free, and not using your liberty for a cloke of maliciousness, but as the servants of God. +Honour all men. Love the brotherhood. Fear God. Honour the king. +Servants, be subject to your masters with all fear; not only to the good and gentle, but also to the froward. +For this is thankworthy, if a man for conscience toward God endure grief, suffering wrongfully. +For what glory is it, if, when ye be buffeted for your faults, ye shall take it patiently? but if, when ye do well, and suffer for it, ye take it patiently, this is acceptable with God. +For even hereunto were ye called: because Christ also suffered for us, leaving us an example, that ye should follow his steps: +Who did no sin, neither was guile found in his mouth: +Who, when he was reviled, reviled not again; when he suffered, he threatened not; but committed himself to him that judgeth righteously: +Who his own self bare our sins in his own body on the tree, that we, being dead to sins, should live unto righteousness: by whose stripes ye were healed. +For ye were as sheep going astray; but are now returned unto the Shepherd and Bishop of your souls. +Likewise, ye wives, be in subjection to your own husbands; that, if any obey not the word, they also may without the word be won by the conversation of the wives; +While they behold your chaste conversation coupled with fear. +Whose adorning let it not be that outward adorning of plaiting the hair, and of wearing of gold, or of putting on of apparel; +But let it be the hidden man of the heart, in that which is not corruptible, even the ornament of a meek and quiet spirit, which is in the sight of God of great price. +For after this manner in the old time the holy women also, who trusted in God, adorned themselves, being in subjection unto their own husbands: +Even as Sara obeyed Abraham, calling him lord: whose daughters ye are, as long as ye do well, and are not afraid with any amazement. +Likewise, ye husbands, dwell with them according to knowledge, giving honour unto the wife, as unto the weaker vessel, and as being heirs together of the grace of life; that your prayers be not hindered. +Finally, be ye all of one mind, having compassion one of another, love as brethren, be pitiful, be courteous: +Not rendering evil for evil, or railing for railing: but contrariwise blessing; knowing that ye are thereunto called, that ye should inherit a blessing. +For he that will love life, and see good days, let him refrain his tongue from evil, and his lips that they speak no guile: +Let him eschew evil, and do good; let him seek peace, and ensue it. +For the eyes of the Lord are over the righteous, and his ears are open unto their prayers: but the face of the Lord is against them that do evil. +And who is he that will harm you, if ye be followers of that which is good? +But and if ye suffer for righteousness' sake, happy are ye: and be not afraid of their terror, neither be troubled; +But sanctify the Lord God in your hearts: and be ready always to give an answer to every man that asketh you a reason of the hope that is in you with meekness and fear: +Having a good conscience; that, whereas they speak evil of you, as of evildoers, they may be ashamed that falsely accuse your good conversation in Christ. +For it is better, if the will of God be so, that ye suffer for well doing, than for evil doing. +For Christ also hath once suffered for sins, the just for the unjust, that he might bring us to God, being put to death in the flesh, but quickened by the Spirit: +By which also he went and preached unto the spirits in prison; +Which sometime were disobedient, when once the longsuffering of God waited in the days of Noah, while the ark was a preparing, wherein few, that is, eight souls were saved by water. +The like figure whereunto even baptism doth also now save us (not the putting away of the filth of the flesh, but the answer of a good conscience toward God,) by the resurrection of Jesus Christ: +Who is gone into heaven, and is on the right hand of God; angels and authorities and powers being made subject unto him. +Forasmuch then as Christ hath suffered for us in the flesh, arm yourselves likewise with the same mind: for he that hath suffered in the flesh hath ceased from sin; +That he no longer should live the rest of his time in the flesh to the lusts of men, but to the will of God. +For the time past of our life may suffice us to have wrought the will of the Gentiles, when we walked in lasciviousness, lusts, excess of wine, revellings, banquetings, and abominable idolatries: +Wherein they think it strange that ye run not with them to the same excess of riot, speaking evil of you: +Who shall give account to him that is ready to judge the quick and the dead. +For for this cause was the gospel preached also to them that are dead, that they might be judged according to men in the flesh, but live according to God in the spirit. +But the end of all things is at hand: be ye therefore sober, and watch unto prayer. +And above all things have fervent charity among yourselves: for charity shall cover the multitude of sins. +Use hospitality one to another without grudging. +As every man hath received the gift, even so minister the same one to another, as good stewards of the manifold grace of God. +If any man speak, let him speak as the oracles of God; if any man minister, let him do it as of the ability which God giveth: that God in all things may be glorified through Jesus Christ, to whom be praise and dominion for ever and ever. Amen. +Beloved, think it not strange concerning the fiery trial which is to try you, as though some strange thing happened unto you: +But rejoice, inasmuch as ye are partakers of Christ's sufferings; that, when his glory shall be revealed, ye may be glad also with exceeding joy. +If ye be reproached for the name of Christ, happy are ye; for the spirit of glory and of God resteth upon you: on their part he is evil spoken of, but on your part he is glorified. +But let none of you suffer as a murderer, or as a thief, or as an evildoer, or as a busybody in other men's matters. +Yet if any man suffer as a Christian, let him not be ashamed; but let him glorify God on this behalf. +For the time is come that judgment must begin at the house of God: and if it first begin at us, what shall the end be of them that obey not the gospel of God? +And if the righteous scarcely be saved, where shall the ungodly and the sinner appear? +Wherefore let them that suffer according to the will of God commit the keeping of their souls to him in well doing, as unto a faithful Creator. +The elders which are among you I exhort, who am also an elder, and a witness of the sufferings of Christ, and also a partaker of the glory that shall be revealed: +Feed the flock of God which is among you, taking the oversight thereof, not by constraint, but willingly; not for filthy lucre, but of a ready mind; +Neither as being lords over God's heritage, but being ensamples to the flock. +And when the chief Shepherd shall appear, ye shall receive a crown of glory that fadeth not away. +Likewise, ye younger, submit yourselves unto the elder. Yea, all of you be subject one to another, and be clothed with humility: for God resisteth the proud, and giveth grace to the humble. +Humble yourselves therefore under the mighty hand of God, that he may exalt you in due time: +Casting all your care upon him; for he careth for you. +Be sober, be vigilant; because your adversary the devil, as a roaring lion, walketh about, seeking whom he may devour: +Whom resist stedfast in the faith, knowing that the same afflictions are accomplished in your brethren that are in the world. +But the God of all grace, who hath called us unto his eternal glory by Christ Jesus, after that ye have suffered a while, make you perfect, stablish, strengthen, settle you. +To him be glory and dominion for ever and ever. Amen. +By Silvanus, a faithful brother unto you, as I suppose, I have written briefly, exhorting, and testifying that this is the true grace of God wherein ye stand. +The church that is at Babylon, elected together with you, saluteth you; and so doth Marcus my son. +Greet ye one another with a kiss of charity. Peace be with you all that are in Christ Jesus. Amen. +Simon Peter, a servant and an apostle of Jesus Christ, to them that have obtained like precious faith with us through the righteousness of God and our Saviour Jesus Christ: +Grace and peace be multiplied unto you through the knowledge of God, and of Jesus our Lord, +According as his divine power hath given unto us all things that pertain unto life and godliness, through the knowledge of him that hath called us to glory and virtue: +Whereby are given unto us exceeding great and precious promises: that by these ye might be partakers of the divine nature, having escaped the corruption that is in the world through lust. +And beside this, giving all diligence, add to your faith virtue; and to virtue knowledge; +And to knowledge temperance; and to temperance patience; and to patience godliness; +And to godliness brotherly kindness; and to brotherly kindness charity. +For if these things be in you, and abound, they make you that ye shall neither be barren nor unfruitful in the knowledge of our Lord Jesus Christ. +But he that lacketh these things is blind, and cannot see afar off, and hath forgotten that he was purged from his old sins. +Wherefore the rather, brethren, give diligence to make your calling and election sure: for if ye do these things, ye shall never fall: +For so an entrance shall be ministered unto you abundantly into the everlasting kingdom of our Lord and Saviour Jesus Christ. +Wherefore I will not be negligent to put you always in remembrance of these things, though ye know them, and be established in the present truth. +Yea, I think it meet, as long as I am in this tabernacle, to stir you up by putting you in remembrance; +Knowing that shortly I must put off this my tabernacle, even as our Lord Jesus Christ hath shewed me. +Moreover I will endeavour that ye may be able after my decease to have these things always in remembrance. +For we have not followed cunningly devised fables, when we made known unto you the power and coming of our Lord Jesus Christ, but were eyewitnesses of his majesty. +For he received from God the Father honour and glory, when there came such a voice to him from the excellent glory, This is my beloved Son, in whom I am well pleased. +And this voice which came from heaven we heard, when we were with him in the holy mount. +We have also a more sure word of prophecy; whereunto ye do well that ye take heed, as unto a light that shineth in a dark place, until the day dawn, and the day star arise in your hearts: +Knowing this first, that no prophecy of the scripture is of any private interpretation. +For the prophecy came not in old time by the will of man: but holy men of God spake as they were moved by the Holy Ghost. +But there were false prophets also among the people, even as there shall be false teachers among you, who privily shall bring in damnable heresies, even denying the Lord that bought them, and bring upon themselves swift destruction. +And many shall follow their pernicious ways; by reason of whom the way of truth shall be evil spoken of. +And through covetousness shall they with feigned words make merchandise of you: whose judgment now of a long time lingereth not, and their damnation slumbereth not. +For if God spared not the angels that sinned, but cast them down to hell, and delivered them into chains of darkness, to be reserved unto judgment; +And spared not the old world, but saved Noah the eighth person, a preacher of righteousness, bringing in the flood upon the world of the ungodly; +And turning the cities of Sodom and Gomorrha into ashes condemned them with an overthrow, making them an ensample unto those that after should live ungodly; +And delivered just Lot, vexed with the filthy conversation of the wicked: +(For that righteous man dwelling among them, in seeing and hearing, vexed his righteous soul from day to day with their unlawful deeds;) +The Lord knoweth how to deliver the godly out of temptations, and to reserve the unjust unto the day of judgment to be punished: +But chiefly them that walk after the flesh in the lust of uncleanness, and despise government. Presumptuous are they, selfwilled, they are not afraid to speak evil of dignities. +Whereas angels, which are greater in power and might, bring not railing accusation against them before the Lord. +But these, as natural brute beasts, made to be taken and destroyed, speak evil of the things that they understand not; and shall utterly perish in their own corruption; +And shall receive the reward of unrighteousness, as they that count it pleasure to riot in the day time. Spots they are and blemishes, sporting themselves with their own deceivings while they feast with you; +Having eyes full of adultery, and that cannot cease from sin; beguiling unstable souls: an heart they have exercised with covetous practices; cursed children: +Which have forsaken the right way, and are gone astray, following the way of Balaam the son of Bosor, who loved the wages of unrighteousness; +But was rebuked for his iniquity: the dumb ass speaking with man's voice forbad the madness of the prophet. +These are wells without water, clouds that are carried with a tempest; to whom the mist of darkness is reserved for ever. +For when they speak great swelling words of vanity, they allure through the lusts of the flesh, through much wantonness, those that were clean escaped from them who live in error. +While they promise them liberty, they themselves are the servants of corruption: for of whom a man is overcome, of the same is he brought in bondage. +For if after they have escaped the pollutions of the world through the knowledge of the Lord and Saviour Jesus Christ, they are again entangled therein, and overcome, the latter end is worse with them than the beginning. +For it had been better for them not to have known the way of righteousness, than, after they have known it, to turn from the holy commandment delivered unto them. +But it is happened unto them according to the true proverb, The dog is turned to his own vomit again; and the sow that was washed to her wallowing in the mire. +This second epistle, beloved, I now write unto you; in both which I stir up your pure minds by way of remembrance: +That ye may be mindful of the words which were spoken before by the holy prophets, and of the commandment of us the apostles of the Lord and Saviour: +Knowing this first, that there shall come in the last days scoffers, walking after their own lusts, +And saying, Where is the promise of his coming? for since the fathers fell asleep, all things continue as they were from the beginning of the creation. +For this they willingly are ignorant of, that by the word of God the heavens were of old, and the earth standing out of the water and in the water: +Whereby the world that then was, being overflowed with water, perished: +But the heavens and the earth, which are now, by the same word are kept in store, reserved unto fire against the day of judgment and perdition of ungodly men. +But, beloved, be not ignorant of this one thing, that one day is with the Lord as a thousand years, and a thousand years as one day. +The Lord is not slack concerning his promise, as some men count slackness; but is longsuffering to us-ward, not willing that any should perish, but that all should come to repentance. +But the day of the Lord will come as a thief in the night; in the which the heavens shall pass away with a great noise, and the elements shall melt with fervent heat, the earth also and the works that are therein shall be burned up. +Seeing then that all these things shall be dissolved, what manner of persons ought ye to be in all holy conversation and godliness, +Looking for and hasting unto the coming of the day of God, wherein the heavens being on fire shall be dissolved, and the elements shall melt with fervent heat? +Nevertheless we, according to his promise, look for new heavens and a new earth, wherein dwelleth righteousness. +Wherefore, beloved, seeing that ye look for such things, be diligent that ye may be found of him in peace, without spot, and blameless. +And account that the longsuffering of our Lord is salvation; even as our beloved brother Paul also according to the wisdom given unto him hath written unto you; +As also in all his epistles, speaking in them of these things; in which are some things hard to be understood, which they that are unlearned and unstable wrest, as they do also the other scriptures, unto their own destruction. +Ye therefore, beloved, seeing ye know these things before, beware lest ye also, being led away with the error of the wicked, fall from your own stedfastness. +But grow in grace, and in the knowledge of our Lord and Saviour Jesus Christ. To him be glory both now and for ever. Amen. +That which was from the beginning, which we have heard, which we have seen with our eyes, which we have looked upon, and our hands have handled, of the Word of life; +(For the life was manifested, and we have seen it, and bear witness, and shew unto you that eternal life, which was with the Father, and was manifested unto us;) +That which we have seen and heard declare we unto you, that ye also may have fellowship with us: and truly our fellowship is with the Father, and with his Son Jesus Christ. +And these things write we unto you, that your joy may be full. +This then is the message which we have heard of him, and declare unto you, that God is light, and in him is no darkness at all. +If we say that we have fellowship with him, and walk in darkness, we lie, and do not the truth: +But if we walk in the light, as he is in the light, we have fellowship one with another, and the blood of Jesus Christ his Son cleanseth us from all sin. +If we say that we have no sin, we deceive ourselves, and the truth is not in us. +If we confess our sins, he is faithful and just to forgive us our sins, and to cleanse us from all unrighteousness. +If we say that we have not sinned, we make him a liar, and his word is not in us. +My little children, these things write I unto you, that ye sin not. And if any man sin, we have an advocate with the Father, Jesus Christ the righteous: +And he is the propitiation for our sins: and not for our's only, but also for the sins of the whole world. +And hereby we do know that we know him, if we keep his commandments. +He that saith, I know him, and keepeth not his commandments, is a liar, and the truth is not in him. +But whoso keepeth his word, in him verily is the love of God perfected: hereby know we that we are in him. +He that saith he abideth in him ought himself also so to walk, even as he walked. +Brethren, I write no new commandment unto you, but an old commandment which ye had from the beginning. The old commandment is the word which ye have heard from the beginning. +Again, a new commandment I write unto you, which thing is true in him and in you: because the darkness is past, and the true light now shineth. +He that saith he is in the light, and hateth his brother, is in darkness even until now. +He that loveth his brother abideth in the light, and there is none occasion of stumbling in him. +But he that hateth his brother is in darkness, and walketh in darkness, and knoweth not whither he goeth, because that darkness hath blinded his eyes. +I write unto you, little children, because your sins are forgiven you for his name's sake. +I write unto you, fathers, because ye have known him that is from the beginning. I write unto you, young men, because ye have overcome the wicked one. I write unto you, little children, because ye have known the Father. +I have written unto you, fathers, because ye have known him that is from the beginning. I have written unto you, young men, because ye are strong, and the word of God abideth in you, and ye have overcome the wicked one. +Love not the world, neither the things that are in the world. If any man love the world, the love of the Father is not in him. +For all that is in the world, the lust of the flesh, and the lust of the eyes, and the pride of life, is not of the Father, but is of the world. +And the world passeth away, and the lust thereof: but he that doeth the will of God abideth for ever. +Little children, it is the last time: and as ye have heard that antichrist shall come, even now are there many antichrists; whereby we know that it is the last time. +They went out from us, but they were not of us; for if they had been of us, they would no doubt have continued with us: but they went out, that they might be made manifest that they were not all of us. +But ye have an unction from the Holy One, and ye know all things. +I have not written unto you because ye know not the truth, but because ye know it, and that no lie is of the truth. +Who is a liar but he that denieth that Jesus is the Christ? He is antichrist, that denieth the Father and the Son. +Whosoever denieth the Son, the same hath not the Father: he that acknowledgeth the Son hath the Father also. +Let that therefore abide in you, which ye have heard from the beginning. If that which ye have heard from the beginning shall remain in you, ye also shall continue in the Son, and in the Father. +And this is the promise that he hath promised us, even eternal life. +These things have I written unto you concerning them that seduce you. +But the anointing which ye have received of him abideth in you, and ye need not that any man teach you: but as the same anointing teacheth you of all things, and is truth, and is no lie, and even as it hath taught you, ye shall abide in him. +And now, little children, abide in him; that, when he shall appear, we may have confidence, and not be ashamed before him at his coming. +If ye know that he is righteous, ye know that every one that doeth righteousness is born of him. +Behold, what manner of love the Father hath bestowed upon us, that we should be called the sons of God: therefore the world knoweth us not, because it knew him not. +Beloved, now are we the sons of God, and it doth not yet appear what we shall be: but we know that, when he shall appear, we shall be like him; for we shall see him as he is. +And every man that hath this hope in him purifieth himself, even as he is pure. +Whosoever committeth sin transgresseth also the law: for sin is the transgression of the law. +And ye know that he was manifested to take away our sins; and in him is no sin. +Whosoever abideth in him sinneth not: whosoever sinneth hath not seen him, neither known him. +Little children, let no man deceive you: he that doeth righteousness is righteous, even as he is righteous. +He that committeth sin is of the devil; for the devil sinneth from the beginning. For this purpose the Son of God was manifested, that he might destroy the works of the devil. +Whosoever is born of God doth not commit sin; for his seed remaineth in him: and he cannot sin, because he is born of God. +In this the children of God are manifest, and the children of the devil: whosoever doeth not righteousness is not of God, neither he that loveth not his brother. +For this is the message that ye heard from the beginning, that we should love one another. +Not as Cain, who was of that wicked one, and slew his brother. And wherefore slew he him? Because his own works were evil, and his brother's righteous. +Marvel not, my brethren, if the world hate you. +We know that we have passed from death unto life, because we love the brethren. He that loveth not his brother abideth in death. +Whosoever hateth his brother is a murderer: and ye know that no murderer hath eternal life abiding in him. +Hereby perceive we the love of God, because he laid down his life for us: and we ought to lay down our lives for the brethren. +But whoso hath this world's good, and seeth his brother have need, and shutteth up his bowels of compassion from him, how dwelleth the love of God in him? +My little children, let us not love in word, neither in tongue; but in deed and in truth. +And hereby we know that we are of the truth, and shall assure our hearts before him. +For if our heart condemn us, God is greater than our heart, and knoweth all things. +Beloved, if our heart condemn us not, then have we confidence toward God. +And whatsoever we ask, we receive of him, because we keep his commandments, and do those things that are pleasing in his sight. +And this is his commandment, That we should believe on the name of his Son Jesus Christ, and love one another, as he gave us commandment. +And he that keepeth his commandments dwelleth in him, and he in him. And hereby we know that he abideth in us, by the Spirit which he hath given us. +Beloved, believe not every spirit, but try the spirits whether they are of God: because many false prophets are gone out into the world. +Hereby know ye the Spirit of God: Every spirit that confesseth that Jesus Christ is come in the flesh is of God: +And every spirit that confesseth not that Jesus Christ is come in the flesh is not of God: and this is that spirit of antichrist, whereof ye have heard that it should come; and even now already is it in the world. +Ye are of God, little children, and have overcome them: because greater is he that is in you, than he that is in the world. +They are of the world: therefore speak they of the world, and the world heareth them. +We are of God: he that knoweth God heareth us; he that is not of God heareth not us. Hereby know we the spirit of truth, and the spirit of error. +Beloved, let us love one another: for love is of God; and every one that loveth is born of God, and knoweth God. +He that loveth not knoweth not God; for God is love. +In this was manifested the love of God toward us, because that God sent his only begotten Son into the world, that we might live through him. +Herein is love, not that we loved God, but that he loved us, and sent his Son to be the propitiation for our sins. +Beloved, if God so loved us, we ought also to love one another. +No man hath seen God at any time. If we love one another, God dwelleth in us, and his love is perfected in us. +Hereby know we that we dwell in him, and he in us, because he hath given us of his Spirit. +And we have seen and do testify that the Father sent the Son to be the Saviour of the world. +Whosoever shall confess that Jesus is the Son of God, God dwelleth in him, and he in God. +And we have known and believed the love that God hath to us. God is love; and he that dwelleth in love dwelleth in God, and God in him. +Herein is our love made perfect, that we may have boldness in the day of judgment: because as he is, so are we in this world. +There is no fear in love; but perfect love casteth out fear: because fear hath torment. He that feareth is not made perfect in love. +We love him, because he first loved us. +If a man say, I love God, and hateth his brother, he is a liar: for he that loveth not his brother whom he hath seen, how can he love God whom he hath not seen? +And this commandment have we from him, That he who loveth God love his brother also. +Whosoever believeth that Jesus is the Christ is born of God: and every one that loveth him that begat loveth him also that is begotten of him. +By this we know that we love the children of God, when we love God, and keep his commandments. +For this is the love of God, that we keep his commandments: and his commandments are not grievous. +For whatsoever is born of God overcometh the world: and this is the victory that overcometh the world, even our faith. +Who is he that overcometh the world, but he that believeth that Jesus is the Son of God? +This is he that came by water and blood, even Jesus Christ; not by water only, but by water and blood. And it is the Spirit that beareth witness, because the Spirit is truth. +For there are three that bear record in heaven, the Father, the Word, and the Holy Ghost: and these three are one. +And there are three that bear witness in earth, the Spirit, and the water, and the blood: and these three agree in one. +If we receive the witness of men, the witness of God is greater: for this is the witness of God which he hath testified of his Son. +He that believeth on the Son of God hath the witness in himself: he that believeth not God hath made him a liar; because he believeth not the record that God gave of his Son. +And this is the record, that God hath given to us eternal life, and this life is in his Son. +He that hath the Son hath life; and he that hath not the Son of God hath not life. +These things have I written unto you that believe on the name of the Son of God; that ye may know that ye have eternal life, and that ye may believe on the name of the Son of God. +And this is the confidence that we have in him, that, if we ask any thing according to his will, he heareth us: +And if we know that he hear us, whatsoever we ask, we know that we have the petitions that we desired of him. +If any man see his brother sin a sin which is not unto death, he shall ask, and he shall give him life for them that sin not unto death. There is a sin unto death: I do not say that he shall pray for it. +All unrighteousness is sin: and there is a sin not unto death. +We know that whosoever is born of God sinneth not; but he that is begotten of God keepeth himself, and that wicked one toucheth him not. +And we know that we are of God, and the whole world lieth in wickedness. +And we know that the Son of God is come, and hath given us an understanding, that we may know him that is true, and we are in him that is true, even in his Son Jesus Christ. This is the true God, and eternal life. +Little children, keep yourselves from idols. Amen. +The elder unto the elect lady and her children, whom I love in the truth; and not I only, but also all they that have known the truth; +For the truth's sake, which dwelleth in us, and shall be with us for ever. +Grace be with you, mercy, and peace, from God the Father, and from the Lord Jesus Christ, the Son of the Father, in truth and love. +I rejoiced greatly that I found of thy children walking in truth, as we have received a commandment from the Father. +And now I beseech thee, lady, not as though I wrote a new commandment unto thee, but that which we had from the beginning, that we love one another. +And this is love, that we walk after his commandments. This is the commandment, That, as ye have heard from the beginning, ye should walk in it. +For many deceivers are entered into the world, who confess not that Jesus Christ is come in the flesh. This is a deceiver and an antichrist. +Look to yourselves, that we lose not those things which we have wrought, but that we receive a full reward. +Whosoever transgresseth, and abideth not in the doctrine of Christ, hath not God. He that abideth in the doctrine of Christ, he hath both the Father and the Son. +If there come any unto you, and bring not this doctrine, receive him not into your house, neither bid him God speed: +For he that biddeth him God speed is partaker of his evil deeds. +Having many things to write unto you, I would not write with paper and ink: but I trust to come unto you, and speak face to face, that our joy may be full. +The children of thy elect sister greet thee. Amen. +The elder unto the wellbeloved Gaius, whom I love in the truth. +Beloved, I wish above all things that thou mayest prosper and be in health, even as thy soul prospereth. +For I rejoiced greatly, when the brethren came and testified of the truth that is in thee, even as thou walkest in the truth. +I have no greater joy than to hear that my children walk in truth. +Beloved, thou doest faithfully whatsoever thou doest to the brethren, and to strangers; +Which have borne witness of thy charity before the church: whom if thou bring forward on their journey after a godly sort, thou shalt do well: +Because that for his name's sake they went forth, taking nothing of the Gentiles. +We therefore ought to receive such, that we might be fellowhelpers to the truth. +I wrote unto the church: but Diotrephes, who loveth to have the preeminence among them, receiveth us not. +Wherefore, if I come, I will remember his deeds which he doeth, prating against us with malicious words: and not content therewith, neither doth he himself receive the brethren, and forbiddeth them that would, and casteth them out of the church. +Beloved, follow not that which is evil, but that which is good. He that doeth good is of God: but he that doeth evil hath not seen God. +Demetrius hath good report of all men, and of the truth itself: yea, and we also bear record; and ye know that our record is true. +I had many things to write, but I will not with ink and pen write unto thee: +But I trust I shall shortly see thee, and we shall speak face to face. Peace be to thee. Our friends salute thee. Greet the friends by name. +Jude, the servant of Jesus Christ, and brother of James, to them that are sanctified by God the Father, and preserved in Jesus Christ, and called: +Mercy unto you, and peace, and love, be multiplied. +Beloved, when I gave all diligence to write unto you of the common salvation, it was needful for me to write unto you, and exhort you that ye should earnestly contend for the faith which was once delivered unto the saints. +For there are certain men crept in unawares, who were before of old ordained to this condemnation, ungodly men, turning the grace of our God into lasciviousness, and denying the only Lord God, and our Lord Jesus Christ. +I will therefore put you in remembrance, though ye once knew this, how that the Lord, having saved the people out of the land of Egypt, afterward destroyed them that believed not. +And the angels which kept not their first estate, but left their own habitation, he hath reserved in everlasting chains under darkness unto the judgment of the great day. +Even as Sodom and Gomorrha, and the cities about them in like manner, giving themselves over to fornication, and going after strange flesh, are set forth for an example, suffering the vengeance of eternal fire. +Likewise also these filthy dreamers defile the flesh, despise dominion, and speak evil of dignities. +Yet Michael the archangel, when contending with the devil he disputed about the body of Moses, durst not bring against him a railing accusation, but said, The Lord rebuke thee. +But these speak evil of those things which they know not: but what they know naturally, as brute beasts, in those things they corrupt themselves. +Woe unto them! for they have gone in the way of Cain, and ran greedily after the error of Balaam for reward, and perished in the gainsaying of Core. +These are spots in your feasts of charity, when they feast with you, feeding themselves without fear: clouds they are without water, carried about of winds; trees whose fruit withereth, without fruit, twice dead, plucked up by the roots; +Raging waves of the sea, foaming out their own shame; wandering stars, to whom is reserved the blackness of darkness for ever. +And Enoch also, the seventh from Adam, prophesied of these, saying, Behold, the Lord cometh with ten thousands of his saints, +To execute judgment upon all, and to convince all that are ungodly among them of all their ungodly deeds which they have ungodly committed, and of all their hard speeches which ungodly sinners have spoken against him. +These are murmurers, complainers, walking after their own lusts; and their mouth speaketh great swelling words, having men's persons in admiration because of advantage. +But, beloved, remember ye the words which were spoken before of the apostles of our Lord Jesus Christ; +How that they told you there should be mockers in the last time, who should walk after their own ungodly lusts. +These be they who separate themselves, sensual, having not the Spirit. +But ye, beloved, building up yourselves on your most holy faith, praying in the Holy Ghost, +Keep yourselves in the love of God, looking for the mercy of our Lord Jesus Christ unto eternal life. +And of some have compassion, making a difference: +And others save with fear, pulling them out of the fire; hating even the garment spotted by the flesh. +Now unto him that is able to keep you from falling, and to present you faultless before the presence of his glory with exceeding joy, +To the only wise God our Saviour, be glory and majesty, dominion and power, both now and ever. Amen. +The Revelation of Jesus Christ, which God gave unto him, to shew unto his servants things which must shortly come to pass; and he sent and signified it by his angel unto his servant John: +Who bare record of the word of God, and of the testimony of Jesus Christ, and of all things that he saw. +Blessed is he that readeth, and they that hear the words of this prophecy, and keep those things which are written therein: for the time is at hand. +John to the seven churches which are in Asia: Grace be unto you, and peace, from him which is, and which was, and which is to come; and from the seven Spirits which are before his throne; +And from Jesus Christ, who is the faithful witness, and the first begotten of the dead, and the prince of the kings of the earth. Unto him that loved us, and washed us from our sins in his own blood, +And hath made us kings and priests unto God and his Father; to him be glory and dominion for ever and ever. Amen. +Behold, he cometh with clouds; and every eye shall see him, and they also which pierced him: and all kindreds of the earth shall wail because of him. Even so, Amen. +I am Alpha and Omega, the beginning and the ending, saith the Lord, which is, and which was, and which is to come, the Almighty. +I John, who also am your brother, and companion in tribulation, and in the kingdom and patience of Jesus Christ, was in the isle that is called Patmos, for the word of God, and for the testimony of Jesus Christ. +I was in the Spirit on the Lord's day, and heard behind me a great voice, as of a trumpet, +Saying, I am Alpha and Omega, the first and the last: and, What thou seest, write in a book, and send it unto the seven churches which are in Asia; unto Ephesus, and unto Smyrna, and unto Pergamos, and unto Thyatira, and unto Sardis, and unto Philadelphia, and unto Laodicea. +And I turned to see the voice that spake with me. And being turned, I saw seven golden candlesticks; +And in the midst of the seven candlesticks one like unto the Son of man, clothed with a garment down to the foot, and girt about the paps with a golden girdle. +His head and his hairs were white like wool, as white as snow; and his eyes were as a flame of fire; +And his feet like unto fine brass, as if they burned in a furnace; and his voice as the sound of many waters. +And he had in his right hand seven stars: and out of his mouth went a sharp twoedged sword: and his countenance was as the sun shineth in his strength. +And when I saw him, I fell at his feet as dead. And he laid his right hand upon me, saying unto me, Fear not; I am the first and the last: +I am he that liveth, and was dead; and, behold, I am alive for evermore, Amen; and have the keys of hell and of death. +Write the things which thou hast seen, and the things which are, and the things which shall be hereafter; +The mystery of the seven stars which thou sawest in my right hand, and the seven golden candlesticks. The seven stars are the angels of the seven churches: and the seven candlesticks which thou sawest are the seven churches. +Unto the angel of the church of Ephesus write; These things saith he that holdeth the seven stars in his right hand, who walketh in the midst of the seven golden candlesticks; +I know thy works, and thy labour, and thy patience, and how thou canst not bear them which are evil: and thou hast tried them which say they are apostles, and are not, and hast found them liars: +And hast borne, and hast patience, and for my name's sake hast laboured, and hast not fainted. +Nevertheless I have somewhat against thee, because thou hast left thy first love. +Remember therefore from whence thou art fallen, and repent, and do the first works; or else I will come unto thee quickly, and will remove thy candlestick out of his place, except thou repent. +But this thou hast, that thou hatest the deeds of the Nicolaitanes, which I also hate. +He that hath an ear, let him hear what the Spirit saith unto the churches; To him that overcometh will I give to eat of the tree of life, which is in the midst of the paradise of God. +And unto the angel of the church in Smyrna write; These things saith the first and the last, which was dead, and is alive; +I know thy works, and tribulation, and poverty, (but thou art rich) and I know the blasphemy of them which say they are Jews, and are not, but are the synagogue of Satan. +Fear none of those things which thou shalt suffer: behold, the devil shall cast some of you into prison, that ye may be tried; and ye shall have tribulation ten days: be thou faithful unto death, and I will give thee a crown of life. +He that hath an ear, let him hear what the Spirit saith unto the churches; He that overcometh shall not be hurt of the second death. +And to the angel of the church in Pergamos write; These things saith he which hath the sharp sword with two edges; +I know thy works, and where thou dwellest, even where Satan's seat is: and thou holdest fast my name, and hast not denied my faith, even in those days wherein Antipas was my faithful martyr, who was slain among you, where Satan dwelleth. +But I have a few things against thee, because thou hast there them that hold the doctrine of Balaam, who taught Balac to cast a stumblingblock before the children of Israel, to eat things sacrificed unto idols, and to commit fornication. +So hast thou also them that hold the doctrine of the Nicolaitanes, which thing I hate. +Repent; or else I will come unto thee quickly, and will fight against them with the sword of my mouth. +He that hath an ear, let him hear what the Spirit saith unto the churches; To him that overcometh will I give to eat of the hidden manna, and will give him a white stone, and in the stone a new name written, which no man knoweth saving he that receiveth it. +And unto the angel of the church in Thyatira write; These things saith the Son of God, who hath his eyes like unto a flame of fire, and his feet are like fine brass; +I know thy works, and charity, and service, and faith, and thy patience, and thy works; and the last to be more than the first. +Notwithstanding I have a few things against thee, because thou sufferest that woman Jezebel, which calleth herself a prophetess, to teach and to seduce my servants to commit fornication, and to eat things sacrificed unto idols. +And I gave her space to repent of her fornication; and she repented not. +Behold, I will cast her into a bed, and them that commit adultery with her into great tribulation, except they repent of their deeds. +And I will kill her children with death; and all the churches shall know that I am he which searcheth the reins and hearts: and I will give unto every one of you according to your works. +But unto you I say, and unto the rest in Thyatira, as many as have not this doctrine, and which have not known the depths of Satan, as they speak; I will put upon you none other burden. +But that which ye have already hold fast till I come. +And he that overcometh, and keepeth my works unto the end, to him will I give power over the nations: +And he shall rule them with a rod of iron; as the vessels of a potter shall they be broken to shivers: even as I received of my Father. +And I will give him the morning star. +He that hath an ear, let him hear what the Spirit saith unto the churches. +And unto the angel of the church in Sardis write; These things saith he that hath the seven Spirits of God, and the seven stars; I know thy works, that thou hast a name that thou livest, and art dead. +Be watchful, and strengthen the things which remain, that are ready to die: for I have not found thy works perfect before God. +Remember therefore how thou hast received and heard, and hold fast, and repent. If therefore thou shalt not watch, I will come on thee as a thief, and thou shalt not know what hour I will come upon thee. +Thou hast a few names even in Sardis which have not defiled their garments; and they shall walk with me in white: for they are worthy. +He that overcometh, the same shall be clothed in white raiment; and I will not blot out his name out of the book of life, but I will confess his name before my Father, and before his angels. +He that hath an ear, let him hear what the Spirit saith unto the churches. +And to the angel of the church in Philadelphia write; These things saith he that is holy, he that is true, he that hath the key of David, he that openeth, and no man shutteth; and shutteth, and no man openeth; +I know thy works: behold, I have set before thee an open door, and no man can shut it: for thou hast a little strength, and hast kept my word, and hast not denied my name. +Behold, I will make them of the synagogue of Satan, which say they are Jews, and are not, but do lie; behold, I will make them to come and worship before thy feet, and to know that I have loved thee. +Because thou hast kept the word of my patience, I also will keep thee from the hour of temptation, which shall come upon all the world, to try them that dwell upon the earth. +Behold, I come quickly: hold that fast which thou hast, that no man take thy crown. +Him that overcometh will I make a pillar in the temple of my God, and he shall go no more out: and I will write upon him the name of my God, and the name of the city of my God, which is new Jerusalem, which cometh down out of heaven from my God: and I will write upon him my new name. +He that hath an ear, let him hear what the Spirit saith unto the churches. +And unto the angel of the church of the Laodiceans write; These things saith the Amen, the faithful and true witness, the beginning of the creation of God; +I know thy works, that thou art neither cold nor hot: I would thou wert cold or hot. +So then because thou art lukewarm, and neither cold nor hot, I will spue thee out of my mouth. +Because thou sayest, I am rich, and increased with goods, and have need of nothing; and knowest not that thou art wretched, and miserable, and poor, and blind, and naked: +I counsel thee to buy of me gold tried in the fire, that thou mayest be rich; and white raiment, that thou mayest be clothed, and that the shame of thy nakedness do not appear; and anoint thine eyes with eyesalve, that thou mayest see. +As many as I love, I rebuke and chasten: be zealous therefore, and repent. +Behold, I stand at the door, and knock: if any man hear my voice, and open the door, I will come in to him, and will sup with him, and he with me. +To him that overcometh will I grant to sit with me in my throne, even as I also overcame, and am set down with my Father in his throne. +He that hath an ear, let him hear what the Spirit saith unto the churches. +After this I looked, and, behold, a door was opened in heaven: and the first voice which I heard was as it were of a trumpet talking with me; which said, Come up hither, and I will shew thee things which must be hereafter. +And immediately I was in the spirit: and, behold, a throne was set in heaven, and one sat on the throne. +And he that sat was to look upon like a jasper and a sardine stone: and there was a rainbow round about the throne, in sight like unto an emerald. +And round about the throne were four and twenty seats: and upon the seats I saw four and twenty elders sitting, clothed in white raiment; and they had on their heads crowns of gold. +And out of the throne proceeded lightnings and thunderings and voices: and there were seven lamps of fire burning before the throne, which are the seven Spirits of God. +And before the throne there was a sea of glass like unto crystal: and in the midst of the throne, and round about the throne, were four beasts full of eyes before and behind. +And the first beast was like a lion, and the second beast like a calf, and the third beast had a face as a man, and the fourth beast was like a flying eagle. +And the four beasts had each of them six wings about him; and they were full of eyes within: and they rest not day and night, saying, Holy, holy, holy, LORD God Almighty, which was, and is, and is to come. +And when those beasts give glory and honour and thanks to him that sat on the throne, who liveth for ever and ever, +The four and twenty elders fall down before him that sat on the throne, and worship him that liveth for ever and ever, and cast their crowns before the throne, saying, +Thou art worthy, O Lord, to receive glory and honour and power: for thou hast created all things, and for thy pleasure they are and were created. +And I saw in the right hand of him that sat on the throne a book written within and on the backside, sealed with seven seals. +And I saw a strong angel proclaiming with a loud voice, Who is worthy to open the book, and to loose the seals thereof? +And no man in heaven, nor in earth, neither under the earth, was able to open the book, neither to look thereon. +And I wept much, because no man was found worthy to open and to read the book, neither to look thereon. +And one of the elders saith unto me, Weep not: behold, the Lion of the tribe of Juda, the Root of David, hath prevailed to open the book, and to loose the seven seals thereof. +And I beheld, and, lo, in the midst of the throne and of the four beasts, and in the midst of the elders, stood a Lamb as it had been slain, having seven horns and seven eyes, which are the seven Spirits of God sent forth into all the earth. +And he came and took the book out of the right hand of him that sat upon the throne. +And when he had taken the book, the four beasts and four and twenty elders fell down before the Lamb, having every one of them harps, and golden vials full of odours, which are the prayers of saints. +And they sung a new song, saying, Thou art worthy to take the book, and to open the seals thereof: for thou wast slain, and hast redeemed us to God by thy blood out of every kindred, and tongue, and people, and nation; +And hast made us unto our God kings and priests: and we shall reign on the earth. +And I beheld, and I heard the voice of many angels round about the throne and the beasts and the elders: and the number of them was ten thousand times ten thousand, and thousands of thousands; +Saying with a loud voice, Worthy is the Lamb that was slain to receive power, and riches, and wisdom, and strength, and honour, and glory, and blessing. +And every creature which is in heaven, and on the earth, and under the earth, and such as are in the sea, and all that are in them, heard I saying, Blessing, and honour, and glory, and power, be unto him that sitteth upon the throne, and unto the Lamb for ever and ever. +And the four beasts said, Amen. And the four and twenty elders fell down and worshipped him that liveth for ever and ever. +And I saw when the Lamb opened one of the seals, and I heard, as it were the noise of thunder, one of the four beasts saying, Come and see. +And I saw, and behold a white horse: and he that sat on him had a bow; and a crown was given unto him: and he went forth conquering, and to conquer. +And when he had opened the second seal, I heard the second beast say, Come and see. +And there went out another horse that was red: and power was given to him that sat thereon to take peace from the earth, and that they should kill one another: and there was given unto him a great sword. +And when he had opened the third seal, I heard the third beast say, Come and see. And I beheld, and lo a black horse; and he that sat on him had a pair of balances in his hand. +And I heard a voice in the midst of the four beasts say, A measure of wheat for a penny, and three measures of barley for a penny; and see thou hurt not the oil and the wine. +And when he had opened the fourth seal, I heard the voice of the fourth beast say, Come and see. +And I looked, and behold a pale horse: and his name that sat on him was Death, and Hell followed with him. And power was given unto them over the fourth part of the earth, to kill with sword, and with hunger, and with death, and with the beasts of the earth. +And when he had opened the fifth seal, I saw under the altar the souls of them that were slain for the word of God, and for the testimony which they held: +And they cried with a loud voice, saying, How long, O Lord, holy and true, dost thou not judge and avenge our blood on them that dwell on the earth? +And white robes were given unto every one of them; and it was said unto them, that they should rest yet for a little season, until their fellowservants also and their brethren, that should be killed as they were, should be fulfilled. +And I beheld when he had opened the sixth seal, and, lo, there was a great earthquake; and the sun became black as sackcloth of hair, and the moon became as blood; +And the stars of heaven fell unto the earth, even as a fig tree casteth her untimely figs, when she is shaken of a mighty wind. +And the heaven departed as a scroll when it is rolled together; and every mountain and island were moved out of their places. +And the kings of the earth, and the great men, and the rich men, and the chief captains, and the mighty men, and every bondman, and every free man, hid themselves in the dens and in the rocks of the mountains; +And said to the mountains and rocks, Fall on us, and hide us from the face of him that sitteth on the throne, and from the wrath of the Lamb: +For the great day of his wrath is come; and who shall be able to stand? +And after these things I saw four angels standing on the four corners of the earth, holding the four winds of the earth, that the wind should not blow on the earth, nor on the sea, nor on any tree. +And I saw another angel ascending from the east, having the seal of the living God: and he cried with a loud voice to the four angels, to whom it was given to hurt the earth and the sea, +Saying, Hurt not the earth, neither the sea, nor the trees, till we have sealed the servants of our God in their foreheads. +And I heard the number of them which were sealed: and there were sealed an hundred and forty and four thousand of all the tribes of the children of Israel. +Of the tribe of Juda were sealed twelve thousand. Of the tribe of Reuben were sealed twelve thousand. Of the tribe of Gad were sealed twelve thousand. +Of the tribe of Aser were sealed twelve thousand. Of the tribe of Nephthalim were sealed twelve thousand. Of the tribe of Manasses were sealed twelve thousand. +Of the tribe of Simeon were sealed twelve thousand. Of the tribe of Levi were sealed twelve thousand. Of the tribe of Issachar were sealed twelve thousand. +Of the tribe of Zabulon were sealed twelve thousand. Of the tribe of Joseph were sealed twelve thousand. Of the tribe of Benjamin were sealed twelve thousand. +After this I beheld, and, lo, a great multitude, which no man could number, of all nations, and kindreds, and people, and tongues, stood before the throne, and before the Lamb, clothed with white robes, and palms in their hands; +And cried with a loud voice, saying, Salvation to our God which sitteth upon the throne, and unto the Lamb. +And all the angels stood round about the throne, and about the elders and the four beasts, and fell before the throne on their faces, and worshipped God, +Saying, Amen: Blessing, and glory, and wisdom, and thanksgiving, and honour, and power, and might, be unto our God for ever and ever. Amen. +And one of the elders answered, saying unto me, What are these which are arrayed in white robes? and whence came they? +And I said unto him, Sir, thou knowest. And he said to me, These are they which came out of great tribulation, and have washed their robes, and made them white in the blood of the Lamb. +Therefore are they before the throne of God, and serve him day and night in his temple: and he that sitteth on the throne shall dwell among them. +They shall hunger no more, neither thirst any more; neither shall the sun light on them, nor any heat. +For the Lamb which is in the midst of the throne shall feed them, and shall lead them unto living fountains of waters: and God shall wipe away all tears from their eyes. +And when he had opened the seventh seal, there was silence in heaven about the space of half an hour. +And I saw the seven angels which stood before God; and to them were given seven trumpets. +And another angel came and stood at the altar, having a golden censer; and there was given unto him much incense, that he should offer it with the prayers of all saints upon the golden altar which was before the throne. +And the smoke of the incense, which came with the prayers of the saints, ascended up before God out of the angel's hand. +And the angel took the censer, and filled it with fire of the altar, and cast it into the earth: and there were voices, and thunderings, and lightnings, and an earthquake. +And the seven angels which had the seven trumpets prepared themselves to sound. +The first angel sounded, and there followed hail and fire mingled with blood, and they were cast upon the earth: and the third part of trees was burnt up, and all green grass was burnt up. +And the second angel sounded, and as it were a great mountain burning with fire was cast into the sea: and the third part of the sea became blood; +And the third part of the creatures which were in the sea, and had life, died; and the third part of the ships were destroyed. +And the third angel sounded, and there fell a great star from heaven, burning as it were a lamp, and it fell upon the third part of the rivers, and upon the fountains of waters; +And the name of the star is called Wormwood: and the third part of the waters became wormwood; and many men died of the waters, because they were made bitter. +And the fourth angel sounded, and the third part of the sun was smitten, and the third part of the moon, and the third part of the stars; so as the third part of them was darkened, and the day shone not for a third part of it, and the night likewise. +And I beheld, and heard an angel flying through the midst of heaven, saying with a loud voice, Woe, woe, woe, to the inhabiters of the earth by reason of the other voices of the trumpet of the three angels, which are yet to sound! +And the fifth angel sounded, and I saw a star fall from heaven unto the earth: and to him was given the key of the bottomless pit. +And he opened the bottomless pit; and there arose a smoke out of the pit, as the smoke of a great furnace; and the sun and the air were darkened by reason of the smoke of the pit. +And there came out of the smoke locusts upon the earth: and unto them was given power, as the scorpions of the earth have power. +And it was commanded them that they should not hurt the grass of the earth, neither any green thing, neither any tree; but only those men which have not the seal of God in their foreheads. +And to them it was given that they should not kill them, but that they should be tormented five months: and their torment was as the torment of a scorpion, when he striketh a man. +And in those days shall men seek death, and shall not find it; and shall desire to die, and death shall flee from them. +And the shapes of the locusts were like unto horses prepared unto battle; and on their heads were as it were crowns like gold, and their faces were as the faces of men. +And they had hair as the hair of women, and their teeth were as the teeth of lions. +And they had breastplates, as it were breastplates of iron; and the sound of their wings was as the sound of chariots of many horses running to battle. +And they had tails like unto scorpions, and there were stings in their tails: and their power was to hurt men five months. +And they had a king over them, which is the angel of the bottomless pit, whose name in the Hebrew tongue is Abaddon, but in the Greek tongue hath his name Apollyon. +One woe is past; and, behold, there come two woes more hereafter. +And the sixth angel sounded, and I heard a voice from the four horns of the golden altar which is before God, +Saying to the sixth angel which had the trumpet, Loose the four angels which are bound in the great river Euphrates. +And the four angels were loosed, which were prepared for an hour, and a day, and a month, and a year, for to slay the third part of men. +And the number of the army of the horsemen were two hundred thousand thousand: and I heard the number of them. +And thus I saw the horses in the vision, and them that sat on them, having breastplates of fire, and of jacinth, and brimstone: and the heads of the horses were as the heads of lions; and out of their mouths issued fire and smoke and brimstone. +By these three was the third part of men killed, by the fire, and by the smoke, and by the brimstone, which issued out of their mouths. +For their power is in their mouth, and in their tails: for their tails were like unto serpents, and had heads, and with them they do hurt. +And the rest of the men which were not killed by these plagues yet repented not of the works of their hands, that they should not worship devils, and idols of gold, and silver, and brass, and stone, and of wood: which neither can see, nor hear, nor walk: +Neither repented they of their murders, nor of their sorceries, nor of their fornication, nor of their thefts. +And I saw another mighty angel come down from heaven, clothed with a cloud: and a rainbow was upon his head, and his face was as it were the sun, and his feet as pillars of fire: +And he had in his hand a little book open: and he set his right foot upon the sea, and his left foot on the earth, +And cried with a loud voice, as when a lion roareth: and when he had cried, seven thunders uttered their voices. +And when the seven thunders had uttered their voices, I was about to write: and I heard a voice from heaven saying unto me, Seal up those things which the seven thunders uttered, and write them not. +And the angel which I saw stand upon the sea and upon the earth lifted up his hand to heaven, +And sware by him that liveth for ever and ever, who created heaven, and the things that therein are, and the earth, and the things that therein are, and the sea, and the things which are therein, that there should be time no longer: +But in the days of the voice of the seventh angel, when he shall begin to sound, the mystery of God should be finished, as he hath declared to his servants the prophets. +And the voice which I heard from heaven spake unto me again, and said, Go and take the little book which is open in the hand of the angel which standeth upon the sea and upon the earth. +And I went unto the angel, and said unto him, Give me the little book. And he said unto me, Take it, and eat it up; and it shall make thy belly bitter, but it shall be in thy mouth sweet as honey. +And I took the little book out of the angel's hand, and ate it up; and it was in my mouth sweet as honey: and as soon as I had eaten it, my belly was bitter. +And he said unto me, Thou must prophesy again before many peoples, and nations, and tongues, and kings. +And there was given me a reed like unto a rod: and the angel stood, saying, Rise, and measure the temple of God, and the altar, and them that worship therein. +But the court which is without the temple leave out, and measure it not; for it is given unto the Gentiles: and the holy city shall they tread under foot forty and two months. +And I will give power unto my two witnesses, and they shall prophesy a thousand two hundred and threescore days, clothed in sackcloth. +These are the two olive trees, and the two candlesticks standing before the God of the earth. +And if any man will hurt them, fire proceedeth out of their mouth, and devoureth their enemies: and if any man will hurt them, he must in this manner be killed. +These have power to shut heaven, that it rain not in the days of their prophecy: and have power over waters to turn them to blood, and to smite the earth with all plagues, as often as they will. +And when they shall have finished their testimony, the beast that ascendeth out of the bottomless pit shall make war against them, and shall overcome them, and kill them. +And their dead bodies shall lie in the street of the great city, which spiritually is called Sodom and Egypt, where also our Lord was crucified. +And they of the people and kindreds and tongues and nations shall see their dead bodies three days and an half, and shall not suffer their dead bodies to be put in graves. +And they that dwell upon the earth shall rejoice over them, and make merry, and shall send gifts one to another; because these two prophets tormented them that dwelt on the earth. +And after three days and an half the spirit of life from God entered into them, and they stood upon their feet; and great fear fell upon them which saw them. +And they heard a great voice from heaven saying unto them, Come up hither. And they ascended up to heaven in a cloud; and their enemies beheld them. +And the same hour was there a great earthquake, and the tenth part of the city fell, and in the earthquake were slain of men seven thousand: and the remnant were affrighted, and gave glory to the God of heaven. +The second woe is past; and, behold, the third woe cometh quickly. +And the seventh angel sounded; and there were great voices in heaven, saying, The kingdoms of this world are become the kingdoms of our Lord, and of his Christ; and he shall reign for ever and ever. +And the four and twenty elders, which sat before God on their seats, fell upon their faces, and worshipped God, +Saying, We give thee thanks, O LORD God Almighty, which art, and wast, and art to come; because thou hast taken to thee thy great power, and hast reigned. +And the nations were angry, and thy wrath is come, and the time of the dead, that they should be judged, and that thou shouldest give reward unto thy servants the prophets, and to the saints, and them that fear thy name, small and great; and shouldest destroy them which destroy the earth. +And the temple of God was opened in heaven, and there was seen in his temple the ark of his testament: and there were lightnings, and voices, and thunderings, and an earthquake, and great hail. +And there appeared a great wonder in heaven; a woman clothed with the sun, and the moon under her feet, and upon her head a crown of twelve stars: +And she being with child cried, travailing in birth, and pained to be delivered. +And there appeared another wonder in heaven; and behold a great red dragon, having seven heads and ten horns, and seven crowns upon his heads. +And his tail drew the third part of the stars of heaven, and did cast them to the earth: and the dragon stood before the woman which was ready to be delivered, for to devour her child as soon as it was born. +And she brought forth a man child, who was to rule all nations with a rod of iron: and her child was caught up unto God, and to his throne. +And the woman fled into the wilderness, where she hath a place prepared of God, that they should feed her there a thousand two hundred and threescore days. +And there was war in heaven: Michael and his angels fought against the dragon; and the dragon fought and his angels, +And prevailed not; neither was their place found any more in heaven. +And the great dragon was cast out, that old serpent, called the Devil, and Satan, which deceiveth the whole world: he was cast out into the earth, and his angels were cast out with him. +And I heard a loud voice saying in heaven, Now is come salvation, and strength, and the kingdom of our God, and the power of his Christ: for the accuser of our brethren is cast down, which accused them before our God day and night. +And they overcame him by the blood of the Lamb, and by the word of their testimony; and they loved not their lives unto the death. +Therefore rejoice, ye heavens, and ye that dwell in them. Woe to the inhabiters of the earth and of the sea! for the devil is come down unto you, having great wrath, because he knoweth that he hath but a short time. +And when the dragon saw that he was cast unto the earth, he persecuted the woman which brought forth the man child. +And to the woman were given two wings of a great eagle, that she might fly into the wilderness, into her place, where she is nourished for a time, and times, and half a time, from the face of the serpent. +And the serpent cast out of his mouth water as a flood after the woman, that he might cause her to be carried away of the flood. +And the earth helped the woman, and the earth opened her mouth, and swallowed up the flood which the dragon cast out of his mouth. +And the dragon was wroth with the woman, and went to make war with the remnant of her seed, which keep the commandments of God, and have the testimony of Jesus Christ. +And I stood upon the sand of the sea, and saw a beast rise up out of the sea, having seven heads and ten horns, and upon his horns ten crowns, and upon his heads the name of blasphemy. +And the beast which I saw was like unto a leopard, and his feet were as the feet of a bear, and his mouth as the mouth of a lion: and the dragon gave him his power, and his seat, and great authority. +And I saw one of his heads as it were wounded to death; and his deadly wound was healed: and all the world wondered after the beast. +And they worshipped the dragon which gave power unto the beast: and they worshipped the beast, saying, Who is like unto the beast? who is able to make war with him? +And there was given unto him a mouth speaking great things and blasphemies; and power was given unto him to continue forty and two months. +And he opened his mouth in blasphemy against God, to blaspheme his name, and his tabernacle, and them that dwell in heaven. +And it was given unto him to make war with the saints, and to overcome them: and power was given him over all kindreds, and tongues, and nations. +And all that dwell upon the earth shall worship him, whose names are not written in the book of life of the Lamb slain from the foundation of the world. +If any man have an ear, let him hear. +He that leadeth into captivity shall go into captivity: he that killeth with the sword must be killed with the sword. Here is the patience and the faith of the saints. +And I beheld another beast coming up out of the earth; and he had two horns like a lamb, and he spake as a dragon. +And he exerciseth all the power of the first beast before him, and causeth the earth and them which dwell therein to worship the first beast, whose deadly wound was healed. +And he doeth great wonders, so that he maketh fire come down from heaven on the earth in the sight of men, +And deceiveth them that dwell on the earth by the means of those miracles which he had power to do in the sight of the beast; saying to them that dwell on the earth, that they should make an image to the beast, which had the wound by a sword, and did live. +And he had power to give life unto the image of the beast, that the image of the beast should both speak, and cause that as many as would not worship the image of the beast should be killed. +And he causeth all, both small and great, rich and poor, free and bond, to receive a mark in their right hand, or in their foreheads: +And that no man might buy or sell, save he that had the mark, or the name of the beast, or the number of his name. +Here is wisdom. Let him that hath understanding count the number of the beast: for it is the number of a man; and his number is Six hundred threescore and six. +And I looked, and, lo, a Lamb stood on the mount Sion, and with him an hundred forty and four thousand, having his Father's name written in their foreheads. +And I heard a voice from heaven, as the voice of many waters, and as the voice of a great thunder: and I heard the voice of harpers harping with their harps: +And they sung as it were a new song before the throne, and before the four beasts, and the elders: and no man could learn that song but the hundred and forty and four thousand, which were redeemed from the earth. +These are they which were not defiled with women; for they are virgins. These are they which follow the Lamb whithersoever he goeth. These were redeemed from among men, being the firstfruits unto God and to the Lamb. +And in their mouth was found no guile: for they are without fault before the throne of God. +And I saw another angel fly in the midst of heaven, having the everlasting gospel to preach unto them that dwell on the earth, and to every nation, and kindred, and tongue, and people, +Saying with a loud voice, Fear God, and give glory to him; for the hour of his judgment is come: and worship him that made heaven, and earth, and the sea, and the fountains of waters. +And there followed another angel, saying, Babylon is fallen, is fallen, that great city, because she made all nations drink of the wine of the wrath of her fornication. +And the third angel followed them, saying with a loud voice, If any man worship the beast and his image, and receive his mark in his forehead, or in his hand, +The same shall drink of the wine of the wrath of God, which is poured out without mixture into the cup of his indignation; and he shall be tormented with fire and brimstone in the presence of the holy angels, and in the presence of the Lamb: +And the smoke of their torment ascendeth up for ever and ever: and they have no rest day nor night, who worship the beast and his image, and whosoever receiveth the mark of his name. +Here is the patience of the saints: here are they that keep the commandments of God, and the faith of Jesus. +And I heard a voice from heaven saying unto me, Write, Blessed are the dead which die in the Lord from henceforth: Yea, saith the Spirit, that they may rest from their labours; and their works do follow them. +And I looked, and behold a white cloud, and upon the cloud one sat like unto the Son of man, having on his head a golden crown, and in his hand a sharp sickle. +And another angel came out of the temple, crying with a loud voice to him that sat on the cloud, Thrust in thy sickle, and reap: for the time is come for thee to reap; for the harvest of the earth is ripe. +And he that sat on the cloud thrust in his sickle on the earth; and the earth was reaped. +And another angel came out of the temple which is in heaven, he also having a sharp sickle. +And another angel came out from the altar, which had power over fire; and cried with a loud cry to him that had the sharp sickle, saying, Thrust in thy sharp sickle, and gather the clusters of the vine of the earth; for her grapes are fully ripe. +And the angel thrust in his sickle into the earth, and gathered the vine of the earth, and cast it into the great winepress of the wrath of God. +And the winepress was trodden without the city, and blood came out of the winepress, even unto the horse bridles, by the space of a thousand and six hundred furlongs. +And I saw another sign in heaven, great and marvellous, seven angels having the seven last plagues; for in them is filled up the wrath of God. +And I saw as it were a sea of glass mingled with fire: and them that had gotten the victory over the beast, and over his image, and over his mark, and over the number of his name, stand on the sea of glass, having the harps of God. +And they sing the song of Moses the servant of God, and the song of the Lamb, saying, Great and marvellous are thy works, Lord God Almighty; just and true are thy ways, thou King of saints. +Who shall not fear thee, O Lord, and glorify thy name? for thou only art holy: for all nations shall come and worship before thee; for thy judgments are made manifest. +And after that I looked, and, behold, the temple of the tabernacle of the testimony in heaven was opened: +And the seven angels came out of the temple, having the seven plagues, clothed in pure and white linen, and having their breasts girded with golden girdles. +And one of the four beasts gave unto the seven angels seven golden vials full of the wrath of God, who liveth for ever and ever. +And the temple was filled with smoke from the glory of God, and from his power; and no man was able to enter into the temple, till the seven plagues of the seven angels were fulfilled. +And I heard a great voice out of the temple saying to the seven angels, Go your ways, and pour out the vials of the wrath of God upon the earth. +And the first went, and poured out his vial upon the earth; and there fell a noisome and grievous sore upon the men which had the mark of the beast, and upon them which worshipped his image. +And the second angel poured out his vial upon the sea; and it became as the blood of a dead man: and every living soul died in the sea. +And the third angel poured out his vial upon the rivers and fountains of waters; and they became blood. +And I heard the angel of the waters say, Thou art righteous, O Lord, which art, and wast, and shalt be, because thou hast judged thus. +For they have shed the blood of saints and prophets, and thou hast given them blood to drink; for they are worthy. +And I heard another out of the altar say, Even so, Lord God Almighty, true and righteous are thy judgments. +And the fourth angel poured out his vial upon the sun; and power was given unto him to scorch men with fire. +And men were scorched with great heat, and blasphemed the name of God, which hath power over these plagues: and they repented not to give him glory. +And the fifth angel poured out his vial upon the seat of the beast; and his kingdom was full of darkness; and they gnawed their tongues for pain, +And blasphemed the God of heaven because of their pains and their sores, and repented not of their deeds. +And the sixth angel poured out his vial upon the great river Euphrates; and the water thereof was dried up, that the way of the kings of the east might be prepared. +And I saw three unclean spirits like frogs come out of the mouth of the dragon, and out of the mouth of the beast, and out of the mouth of the false prophet. +For they are the spirits of devils, working miracles, which go forth unto the kings of the earth and of the whole world, to gather them to the battle of that great day of God Almighty. +Behold, I come as a thief. Blessed is he that watcheth, and keepeth his garments, lest he walk naked, and they see his shame. +And he gathered them together into a place called in the Hebrew tongue Armageddon. +And the seventh angel poured out his vial into the air; and there came a great voice out of the temple of heaven, from the throne, saying, It is done. +And there were voices, and thunders, and lightnings; and there was a great earthquake, such as was not since men were upon the earth, so mighty an earthquake, and so great. +And the great city was divided into three parts, and the cities of the nations fell: and great Babylon came in remembrance before God, to give unto her the cup of the wine of the fierceness of his wrath. +And every island fled away, and the mountains were not found. +And there fell upon men a great hail out of heaven, every stone about the weight of a talent: and men blasphemed God because of the plague of the hail; for the plague thereof was exceeding great. +And there came one of the seven angels which had the seven vials, and talked with me, saying unto me, Come hither; I will shew unto thee the judgment of the great whore that sitteth upon many waters: +With whom the kings of the earth have committed fornication, and the inhabitants of the earth have been made drunk with the wine of her fornication. +So he carried me away in the spirit into the wilderness: and I saw a woman sit upon a scarlet coloured beast, full of names of blasphemy, having seven heads and ten horns. +And the woman was arrayed in purple and scarlet colour, and decked with gold and precious stones and pearls, having a golden cup in her hand full of abominations and filthiness of her fornication: +And upon her forehead was a name written, MYSTERY, BABYLON THE GREAT, THE MOTHER OF HARLOTS AND ABOMINATIONS OF THE EARTH. +And I saw the woman drunken with the blood of the saints, and with the blood of the martyrs of Jesus: and when I saw her, I wondered with great admiration. +And the angel said unto me, Wherefore didst thou marvel? I will tell thee the mystery of the woman, and of the beast that carrieth her, which hath the seven heads and ten horns. +The beast that thou sawest was, and is not; and shall ascend out of the bottomless pit, and go into perdition: and they that dwell on the earth shall wonder, whose names were not written in the book of life from the foundation of the world, when they behold the beast that was, and is not, and yet is. +And here is the mind which hath wisdom. The seven heads are seven mountains, on which the woman sitteth. +And there are seven kings: five are fallen, and one is, and the other is not yet come; and when he cometh, he must continue a short space. +And the beast that was, and is not, even he is the eighth, and is of the seven, and goeth into perdition. +And the ten horns which thou sawest are ten kings, which have received no kingdom as yet; but receive power as kings one hour with the beast. +These have one mind, and shall give their power and strength unto the beast. +These shall make war with the Lamb, and the Lamb shall overcome them: for he is Lord of lords, and King of kings: and they that are with him are called, and chosen, and faithful. +And he saith unto me, The waters which thou sawest, where the whore sitteth, are peoples, and multitudes, and nations, and tongues. +And the ten horns which thou sawest upon the beast, these shall hate the whore, and shall make her desolate and naked, and shall eat her flesh, and burn her with fire. +For God hath put in their hearts to fulfil his will, and to agree, and give their kingdom unto the beast, until the words of God shall be fulfilled. +And the woman which thou sawest is that great city, which reigneth over the kings of the earth. +And after these things I saw another angel come down from heaven, having great power; and the earth was lightened with his glory. +And he cried mightily with a strong voice, saying, Babylon the great is fallen, is fallen, and is become the habitation of devils, and the hold of every foul spirit, and a cage of every unclean and hateful bird. +For all nations have drunk of the wine of the wrath of her fornication, and the kings of the earth have committed fornication with her, and the merchants of the earth are waxed rich through the abundance of her delicacies. +And I heard another voice from heaven, saying, Come out of her, my people, that ye be not partakers of her sins, and that ye receive not of her plagues. +For her sins have reached unto heaven, and God hath remembered her iniquities. +Reward her even as she rewarded you, and double unto her double according to her works: in the cup which she hath filled fill to her double. +How much she hath glorified herself, and lived deliciously, so much torment and sorrow give her: for she saith in her heart, I sit a queen, and am no widow, and shall see no sorrow. +Therefore shall her plagues come in one day, death, and mourning, and famine; and she shall be utterly burned with fire: for strong is the Lord God who judgeth her. +And the kings of the earth, who have committed fornication and lived deliciously with her, shall bewail her, and lament for her, when they shall see the smoke of her burning, +Standing afar off for the fear of her torment, saying, Alas, alas that great city Babylon, that mighty city! for in one hour is thy judgment come. +And the merchants of the earth shall weep and mourn over her; for no man buyeth their merchandise any more: +The merchandise of gold, and silver, and precious stones, and of pearls, and fine linen, and purple, and silk, and scarlet, and all thyine wood, and all manner vessels of ivory, and all manner vessels of most precious wood, and of brass, and iron, and marble, +And cinnamon, and odours, and ointments, and frankincense, and wine, and oil, and fine flour, and wheat, and beasts, and sheep, and horses, and chariots, and slaves, and souls of men. +And the fruits that thy soul lusted after are departed from thee, and all things which were dainty and goodly are departed from thee, and thou shalt find them no more at all. +The merchants of these things, which were made rich by her, shall stand afar off for the fear of her torment, weeping and wailing, +And saying, Alas, alas that great city, that was clothed in fine linen, and purple, and scarlet, and decked with gold, and precious stones, and pearls! +For in one hour so great riches is come to nought. And every shipmaster, and all the company in ships, and sailors, and as many as trade by sea, stood afar off, +And cried when they saw the smoke of her burning, saying, What city is like unto this great city! +And they cast dust on their heads, and cried, weeping and wailing, saying, Alas, alas that great city, wherein were made rich all that had ships in the sea by reason of her costliness! for in one hour is she made desolate. +Rejoice over her, thou heaven, and ye holy apostles and prophets; for God hath avenged you on her. +And a mighty angel took up a stone like a great millstone, and cast it into the sea, saying, Thus with violence shall that great city Babylon be thrown down, and shall be found no more at all. +And the voice of harpers, and musicians, and of pipers, and trumpeters, shall be heard no more at all in thee; and no craftsman, of whatsoever craft he be, shall be found any more in thee; and the sound of a millstone shall be heard no more at all in thee; +And the light of a candle shall shine no more at all in thee; and the voice of the bridegroom and of the bride shall be heard no more at all in thee: for thy merchants were the great men of the earth; for by thy sorceries were all nations deceived. +And in her was found the blood of prophets, and of saints, and of all that were slain upon the earth. +And after these things I heard a great voice of much people in heaven, saying, Alleluia; Salvation, and glory, and honour, and power, unto the Lord our God: +For true and righteous are his judgments: for he hath judged the great whore, which did corrupt the earth with her fornication, and hath avenged the blood of his servants at her hand. +And again they said, Alleluia And her smoke rose up for ever and ever. +And the four and twenty elders and the four beasts fell down and worshipped God that sat on the throne, saying, Amen; Alleluia. +And a voice came out of the throne, saying, Praise our God, all ye his servants, and ye that fear him, both small and great. +And I heard as it were the voice of a great multitude, and as the voice of many waters, and as the voice of mighty thunderings, saying, Alleluia: for the Lord God omnipotent reigneth. +Let us be glad and rejoice, and give honour to him: for the marriage of the Lamb is come, and his wife hath made herself ready. +And to her was granted that she should be arrayed in fine linen, clean and white: for the fine linen is the righteousness of saints. +And he saith unto me, Write, Blessed are they which are called unto the marriage supper of the Lamb. And he saith unto me, These are the true sayings of God. +And I fell at his feet to worship him. And he said unto me, See thou do it not: I am thy fellowservant, and of thy brethren that have the testimony of Jesus: worship God: for the testimony of Jesus is the spirit of prophecy. +And I saw heaven opened, and behold a white horse; and he that sat upon him was called Faithful and True, and in righteousness he doth judge and make war. +His eyes were as a flame of fire, and on his head were many crowns; and he had a name written, that no man knew, but he himself. +And he was clothed with a vesture dipped in blood: and his name is called The Word of God. +And the armies which were in heaven followed him upon white horses, clothed in fine linen, white and clean. +And out of his mouth goeth a sharp sword, that with it he should smite the nations: and he shall rule them with a rod of iron: and he treadeth the winepress of the fierceness and wrath of Almighty God. +And he hath on his vesture and on his thigh a name written, KING OF KINGS, AND LORD OF LORDS. +And I saw an angel standing in the sun; and he cried with a loud voice, saying to all the fowls that fly in the midst of heaven, Come and gather yourselves together unto the supper of the great God; +That ye may eat the flesh of kings, and the flesh of captains, and the flesh of mighty men, and the flesh of horses, and of them that sit on them, and the flesh of all men, both free and bond, both small and great. +And I saw the beast, and the kings of the earth, and their armies, gathered together to make war against him that sat on the horse, and against his army. +And the beast was taken, and with him the false prophet that wrought miracles before him, with which he deceived them that had received the mark of the beast, and them that worshipped his image. These both were cast alive into a lake of fire burning with brimstone. +And the remnant were slain with the sword of him that sat upon the horse, which sword proceeded out of his mouth: and all the fowls were filled with their flesh. +And I saw an angel come down from heaven, having the key of the bottomless pit and a great chain in his hand. +And he laid hold on the dragon, that old serpent, which is the Devil, and Satan, and bound him a thousand years, +And cast him into the bottomless pit, and shut him up, and set a seal upon him, that he should deceive the nations no more, till the thousand years should be fulfilled: and after that he must be loosed a little season. +And I saw thrones, and they sat upon them, and judgment was given unto them: and I saw the souls of them that were beheaded for the witness of Jesus, and for the word of God, and which had not worshipped the beast, neither his image, neither had received his mark upon their foreheads, or in their hands; and they lived and reigned with Christ a thousand years. +But the rest of the dead lived not again until the thousand years were finished. This is the first resurrection. +Blessed and holy is he that hath part in the first resurrection: on such the second death hath no power, but they shall be priests of God and of Christ, and shall reign with him a thousand years. +And when the thousand years are expired, Satan shall be loosed out of his prison, +And shall go out to deceive the nations which are in the four quarters of the earth, Gog, and Magog, to gather them together to battle: the number of whom is as the sand of the sea. +And they went up on the breadth of the earth, and compassed the camp of the saints about, and the beloved city: and fire came down from God out of heaven, and devoured them. +And the devil that deceived them was cast into the lake of fire and brimstone, where the beast and the false prophet are, and shall be tormented day and night for ever and ever. +And I saw a great white throne, and him that sat on it, from whose face the earth and the heaven fled away; and there was found no place for them. +And I saw the dead, small and great, stand before God; and the books were opened: and another book was opened, which is the book of life: and the dead were judged out of those things which were written in the books, according to their works. +And the sea gave up the dead which were in it; and death and hell delivered up the dead which were in them: and they were judged every man according to their works. +And death and hell were cast into the lake of fire. This is the second death. +And whosoever was not found written in the book of life was cast into the lake of fire. +And I saw a new heaven and a new earth: for the first heaven and the first earth were passed away; and there was no more sea. +And I John saw the holy city, new Jerusalem, coming down from God out of heaven, prepared as a bride adorned for her husband. +And I heard a great voice out of heaven saying, Behold, the tabernacle of God is with men, and he will dwell with them, and they shall be his people, and God himself shall be with them, and be their God. +And God shall wipe away all tears from their eyes; and there shall be no more death, neither sorrow, nor crying, neither shall there be any more pain: for the former things are passed away. +And he that sat upon the throne said, Behold, I make all things new. And he said unto me, Write: for these words are true and faithful. +And he said unto me, It is done. I am Alpha and Omega, the beginning and the end. I will give unto him that is athirst of the fountain of the water of life freely. +He that overcometh shall inherit all things; and I will be his God, and he shall be my son. +But the fearful, and unbelieving, and the abominable, and murderers, and whoremongers, and sorcerers, and idolaters, and all liars, shall have their part in the lake which burneth with fire and brimstone: which is the second death. +And there came unto me one of the seven angels which had the seven vials full of the seven last plagues, and talked with me, saying, Come hither, I will shew thee the bride, the Lamb's wife. +And he carried me away in the spirit to a great and high mountain, and shewed me that great city, the holy Jerusalem, descending out of heaven from God, +Having the glory of God: and her light was like unto a stone most precious, even like a jasper stone, clear as crystal; +And had a wall great and high, and had twelve gates, and at the gates twelve angels, and names written thereon, which are the names of the twelve tribes of the children of Israel: +On the east three gates; on the north three gates; on the south three gates; and on the west three gates. +And the wall of the city had twelve foundations, and in them the names of the twelve apostles of the Lamb. +And he that talked with me had a golden reed to measure the city, and the gates thereof, and the wall thereof. +And the city lieth foursquare, and the length is as large as the breadth: and he measured the city with the reed, twelve thousand furlongs. The length and the breadth and the height of it are equal. +And he measured the wall thereof, an hundred and forty and four cubits, according to the measure of a man, that is, of the angel. +And the building of the wall of it was of jasper: and the city was pure gold, like unto clear glass. +And the foundations of the wall of the city were garnished with all manner of precious stones. The first foundation was jasper; the second, sapphire; the third, a chalcedony; the fourth, an emerald; +The fifth, sardonyx; the sixth, sardius; the seventh, chrysolyte; the eighth, beryl; the ninth, a topaz; the tenth, a chrysoprasus; the eleventh, a jacinth; the twelfth, an amethyst. +And the twelve gates were twelve pearls: every several gate was of one pearl: and the street of the city was pure gold, as it were transparent glass. +And I saw no temple therein: for the Lord God Almighty and the Lamb are the temple of it. +And the city had no need of the sun, neither of the moon, to shine in it: for the glory of God did lighten it, and the Lamb is the light thereof. +And the nations of them which are saved shall walk in the light of it: and the kings of the earth do bring their glory and honour into it. +And the gates of it shall not be shut at all by day: for there shall be no night there. +And they shall bring the glory and honour of the nations into it. +And there shall in no wise enter into it any thing that defileth, neither whatsoever worketh abomination, or maketh a lie: but they which are written in the Lamb's book of life. +And he shewed me a pure river of water of life, clear as crystal, proceeding out of the throne of God and of the Lamb. +In the midst of the street of it, and on either side of the river, was there the tree of life, which bare twelve manner of fruits, and yielded her fruit every month: and the leaves of the tree were for the healing of the nations. +And there shall be no more curse: but the throne of God and of the Lamb shall be in it; and his servants shall serve him: +And they shall see his face; and his name shall be in their foreheads. +And there shall be no night there; and they need no candle, neither light of the sun; for the Lord God giveth them light: and they shall reign for ever and ever. +And he said unto me, These sayings are faithful and true: and the Lord God of the holy prophets sent his angel to shew unto his servants the things which must shortly be done. +Behold, I come quickly: blessed is he that keepeth the sayings of the prophecy of this book. +And I John saw these things, and heard them. And when I had heard and seen, I fell down to worship before the feet of the angel which shewed me these things. +Then saith he unto me, See thou do it not: for I am thy fellowservant, and of thy brethren the prophets, and of them which keep the sayings of this book: worship God. +And he saith unto me, Seal not the sayings of the prophecy of this book: for the time is at hand. +He that is unjust, let him be unjust still: and he which is filthy, let him be filthy still: and he that is righteous, let him be righteous still: and he that is holy, let him be holy still. +And, behold, I come quickly; and my reward is with me, to give every man according as his work shall be. +I am Alpha and Omega, the beginning and the end, the first and the last. +Blessed are they that do his commandments, that they may have right to the tree of life, and may enter in through the gates into the city. +For without are dogs, and sorcerers, and whoremongers, and murderers, and idolaters, and whosoever loveth and maketh a lie. +I Jesus have sent mine angel to testify unto you these things in the churches. I am the root and the offspring of David, and the bright and morning star. +And the Spirit and the bride say, Come. And let him that heareth say, Come. And let him that is athirst come. And whosoever will, let him take the water of life freely. +For I testify unto every man that heareth the words of the prophecy of this book, If any man shall add unto these things, God shall add unto him the plagues that are written in this book: +And if any man shall take away from the words of the book of this prophecy, God shall take away his part out of the book of life, and out of the holy city, and from the things which are written in this book. +He which testifieth these things saith, Surely I come quickly. Amen. Even so, come, Lord Jesus. +The grace of our Lord Jesus Christ be with you all. Amen. + diff --git a/test/canterbury-corpus/large/world192.txt b/test/canterbury-corpus/large/world192.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..2d62fe9 --- /dev/null +++ b/test/canterbury-corpus/large/world192.txt @@ -0,0 +1,65119 @@ +****The Project Gutenberg Edition of THE WORLD FACTBOOK 1992**** +******This file should be named world92.zip or world92.txt****** + +Corrected EDITIONS of our etexts get a new NUMBER, world921.txt. +VERSIONS based on separate sources get new LETTER, world92a.txt. + +Information about Project Gutenberg (one page) + +We produce about one million dollars for each hour we work. One +hundred hours is a conservative estimate for how long it we take +to get any etext selected, entered, proofread, edited, copyright +searched and analyzed, the copyright letters written, etc. This +projected audience is one hundred million readers. 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We can be reached at: + +Project Gutenberg Director of Communications (PGDIRCOM) + +Internet: pgdircom@vmd.cso.uiuc.edu +Bitnet: pgdircom@uiucvmd +CompuServe: >internet:pgdircom@.vmd.cso.uiuc.edu +Attmail: internet!vmd.cso.uiuc.edu!pgdircom + +Drafted by CHARLES B. KRAMER, Attorney +CompuServe: 72600,2026 + Internet: 72600.2026@compuserve.com + Tel: (212) 254-5093 +*END*THE SMALL PRINT! FOR PUBLIC DOMAIN ETEXTS*Ver.07.02.92*END* + + + +The Project Gutenberg Edition of THE WORLD FACTBOOK 1992: January 1, 1993 + +This edition, as are all Project Gutenberg Editions, is Plain Vanilla ASCII, +meaning there are no characters other than what you would see on paper, thus +no page returns, no markup, nothing but the characters you would type if you +were to copy this from a book on a typewriter. Repetitive paged headers and +trailing spaces are not present. Leading spaces have been preserved in fact +sections for readability. + +Mail subject headers can be searched with leading :'s. . .such as: + +:Afghanistan Geography +:Afghanistan People +:Afghanistan Government +:Afghanistan Government +:Afghanistan Economy +:Afghanistan Economy +:Afghanistan Communications +:Afghanistan Defense Forces + +To find the beginning of any country, search for :country +To find internal information, search for :country section, as above. + + +THE WORLD FACTBOOK 1992 + + +:Afghanistan Geography + +Total area: + 647,500 km2 +Land area: + 647,500 km2 +Comparative area: + slightly smaller than Texas +Land boundaries: + 5,529 km total; China 76 km, Iran 936 km, Pakistan 2,430 km, Tajikistan + 1,206 km, Turkmenistan 744 km, Uzbekistan 137 km +Coastline: + none - landlocked +Maritime claims: + none - landlocked +Disputes: + Pashtunistan issue over the North-West Frontier Province with Pakistan; + periodic disputes with Iran over Helmand water rights; Pakistan, Saudi + Arabia, and Iran continue to support clients in country; power struggles + among various groups for control of Kabul, regional rivalries among emerging + warlords, and traditional tribal disputes continue +Climate: + arid to semiarid; cold winters and hot summers +Terrain: + mostly rugged mountains; plains in north and southwest +Natural resources: + natural gas, crude oil, coal, copper, talc, barites, sulphur, lead, zinc, + iron ore, salt, precious and semiprecious stones +Land use: + arable land 12%; permanent crops NEGL%; meadows and pastures 46%; forest and + woodland 3%; other 39%; includes irrigated NEGL% +Environment: + damaging earthquakes occur in Hindu Kush mountains; soil degradation, + desertification, overgrazing, deforestation, pollution +Note: + landlocked + +:Afghanistan People + +Population: + US Bureau of the Census - 16,095,664 (July 1992), growth rate 2.4% (1992) + and excludes 3,750,796 refugees in Pakistan and 1,607,281 refugees in Iran; + note - another report indicates a July 1990 population of 16,904,904, + including 3,271,580 refugees in Pakistan and 1,277,700 refugees in Iran +Birth rate: + 44 births/1,000 population (1992) +Death rate: + 20 deaths/1,000 population (1992) +Net migration rate: + 0 migrants/1,000 population (1992); note - there are flows across the border + in both directions, but data are fragmentary and unreliable +Infant mortality rate: + 162 deaths/1,000 live births (1992) +Life expectancy at birth: + 45 years male, 43 years female (1992) +Total fertility rate: + 6.4 children born/woman (1992) +Nationality: + noun - Afghan(s); adjective - Afghan +Ethnic divisions: + Pashtun 38%, Tajik 25%, Uzbek 6%, Hazara 19%; minor ethnic groups include + Chahar Aimaks, Turkmen, Baloch, and others +Religions: + Sunni Muslim 84%, Shi`a Muslim 15%, other 1% +Languages: + Pashtu 35%, Afghan Persian (Dari) 50%, Turkic languages (primarily Uzbek and + Turkmen) 11%, 30 minor languages (primarily Balochi and Pashai) 4%; much + bilingualism +Literacy: + 29% (male 44%, female 14%) age 15 and over can read and write (1990 est.) +Labor force: + 4,980,000; agriculture and animal husbandry 67.8%, industry 10.2%, + construction 6.3%, commerce 5.0%, services and other 10.7%, (1980 est.) +Organized labor: + some small government-controlled unions existed under the former regime but + probably now have disbanded + +:Afghanistan Government + +Long-form name: + Islamic State of Afghanistan +Type: + transitional +Capital: + Kabul +Administrative divisions: + 30 provinces (velayat, singular - velayat); Badakhshan, Badghis, Baghlan, + Balkh, Bamian, Farah, Faryab, Ghazni, Ghowr, Helmand, Herat, Jowzjan, Kabol, + Kandahar, Kapisa, Konar, Kondoz, Laghman, Lowgar, Nangarhar, Nimruz, + Oruzgan, Paktia, Paktika, Parvan, Samangan, Sar-e Pol, Takhar, Vardak, + Zabol; note - there may be a new province of Nurestan (Nuristan) +Independence: + 19 August 1919 (from UK) +Constitution: + the old Communist-era constitution probably will be replaced with an Islamic + constitution +Legal system: + a new legal system has not been adopted but the transitional government has + declared it will follow Islamic law (Shari`a) +National holiday: + 28 April, Victory of the Muslim Nation; 4 May, Remembrance Day for Martyrs + and Disabled; 19 August, Independence Day +Executive branch: + a 51-member transitional council headed by Sibghatullah MOJADDEDI rules + Kabul; this body is to turn over power to a leadership council, which will + function as the government and organize elections; Burhanuddin RABBANI will + serve as interim President +Legislative branch: + previous bicameral legislature has been abolished +Judicial branch: + an interim Chief Justice of the Supreme Court has been appointed, but a new + court system has not yet been organized +Leaders: + Chief of State and Head of Government: + Interim President Burhanuddin RABBANI; First Vice President Abdul Wahed + SORABI (since 7 January 1991); Prime Minister Fazil Haq KHALIQYAR (since 21 + May 1990) +Political parties and leaders: + the former resistance parties represent the only current political + organizations and include Jamiat-i-Islami (Islamic Society), Burhanuddin + RABBANI; Hizbi Islami-Gulbuddin (Islamic Party), Gulbuddin Hikmatyar + Faction; Hizbi Islami-Khalis (Islamic Party) Yunis Khalis Faction; + Ittihad-i-Islami Barai Azadi Afghanistan (Islamic Union for the Liberation + of Afghanistan), Abdul Rasul SAYYAF; Harakat-Inqilab-i-Islami (Islamic + Revolutionary Movement), Mohammad Nabi MOHAMMADI; Jabha-i-Najat-i-Milli + Afghanistan (Afghanistan National Liberation Front), Sibghatullah MOJADDEDI; + Mahaz-i-Milli-Islami (National Islamic Front), Sayed Ahamad GAILANI; + Jonbesh-i-Milli Islami (National Islamic Movement), Ahmad Shah MASOOD and + Rashid DOSTAM; Hizbi Wahdat (Islamic Unity Party), and a number of minor + resistance parties; the former ruling Watan Party has been disbanded +Suffrage: + undetermined; previously universal, male ages 15-50 +Elections: + the transition government has promised elections in October 1992 +Communists: + the former ruling Watan (Homeland) Party has been disbanded + +:Afghanistan Government + +Other political or pressure groups: + the former resistance commanders are the major power brokers in the + countryside; shuras (councils) of commanders are now administering most + cities outside Kabul; ulema (religious scholars); tribal elders +Member of: + Has previously been a member of AsDB, CP, ESCAP, FAO, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, + ICAO, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, INTELSAT, IOC, ITU, LORCS, NAM, OIC, + UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WFTU, WHO, WMO, WTO; note - the new + government has not yet announced whether it will continue to be a member of + these bodies; the former resistance government in exile (Afghan Interim + Government) was given membership in the OIC in 1989 +Diplomatic representation: + previous Minister-Counselor, Charge d'Affaires Abdul Ghafur JOUSHAN; + Chancery at 2341 Wyoming Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008; telephone (202) + 234-3770 or 3771; a new representative has not yet been named + US: + Charge d'Affaires (vacant); Embassy at Ansari Wat, Wazir Akbar Khan Mina, + Kabul; telephone 62230 through 62235 or 62436; note - US Embassy in Kabul + was closed in January 1989 +Flag: + a new flag of unknown description reportedly has been adopted; previous flag + consisted of three equal horizontal bands of black (top), red, and green, + with the national coat of arms superimposed on the hoist side of the black + and red bands; similar to the flag of Malawi, which is shorter and bears a + radiant, rising red sun centered in the black band + +:Afghanistan Economy + +Overview: + Fundamentally, Afghanistan is an extremely poor, landlocked country, highly + dependent on farming (wheat especially) and livestock raising (sheep and + goats). Economic considerations, however, have played second fiddle to + political and military upheavals during more than 13 years of war, including + the nearly 10-year Soviet military occupation (which ended 15 February + 1989). Over the past decade, one-third of the population fled the country, + with Pakistan sheltering more than 3 million refugees and Iran about 1.3 + million. Another 1 million probably moved into and around urban areas within + Afghanistan. Although reliable data are unavailable, gross domestic product + is lower than 12 years ago because of the loss of labor and capital and the + disruption of trade and transport. +GDP: + exchange rate conversion - $3 billion, per capita $200; real growth rate 0% + (1989 est.) +Inflation rate (consumer prices): + over 90% (1991 est.) +Unemployment rate: + NA% +Budget: + revenues NA; expenditures NA, including capital expenditures of NA +Exports: + $236 million (f.o.b., FY91 est.) + commodities: + natural gas 55%, fruits and nuts 24%, handwoven carpets, wool, cotton, + hides, and pelts + partners: + mostly former USSR +Imports: + $874 million (c.i.f., FY91 est.) + commodities: + food and petroleum products + partners: + mostly former USSR +External debt: + $2.3 billion (March 1991 est.) +Industrial production: + growth rate 2.3% (FY91 est.); accounts for about 25% of GDP +Electricity: + 480,000 kW capacity; 1,450 million kWh produced, 90 kWh per capita (1991) +Industries: + small-scale production of textiles, soap, furniture, shoes, fertilizer, and + cement; handwoven carpets; natural gas, oil, coal, copper +Agriculture: + largely subsistence farming and nomadic animal husbandry; cash products - + wheat, fruits, nuts, karakul pelts, wool, mutton +Illicit drugs: + an illicit producer of opium poppy and cannabis for the international drug + trade; world's second-largest opium producer (after Burma) and a major + source of hashish +Economic aid: + US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $380 million; Western (non-US) + countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $510 million; OPEC + bilateral aid (1979-89), $57 million; Communist countries (1970-89), $4.1 + billion; net official Western disbursements (1985-89), $270 million +Currency: + afghani (plural - afghanis); 1 afghani (Af) = 100 puls + +:Afghanistan Economy + +Exchange rates: + afghanis (Af) per US$1 - 550 (May 1992, free market exchange rate), 900 + (free market exchange rate as of November 1991), 850 (1991), 700 (1989-90), + 220 (1988-89); note - these rates reflect the bazaar rates rather than the + official exchange rates +Fiscal year: + 21 March - 20 March + +:Afghanistan Communications + +Railroads: + 9.6 km (single track) 1.524-meter gauge from Kushka (Turkmenistan) to + Towraghondi and 15.0 km from Termez (Uzbekistan) to Kheyrabad transshipment + point on south bank of Amu Darya +Highways: + 21,000 km total (1984); 2,800 km hard surface, 1,650 km bituminous-treated + gravel and improved earth, 16,550 km unimproved earth and tracks +Inland waterways: + total navigability 1,200 km; chiefly Amu Darya, which handles steamers up to + about 500 metric tons +Pipelines: + petroleum products - former USSR to Bagram and former USSR to Shindand; + natural gas 180 km +Ports: + Shir Khan and Kheyrabad (river ports) +Civil air: + 2 Tu-154, 2 Boeing 727, 4 Yak-40, assorted smaller transports +Airports: + 41 total, 37 usable; 9 with permanent-surface runways; none with runways + over 3,659 m; 10 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 18 with runways 1,220-2,439 m +Telecommunications: + limited telephone, telegraph, and radiobroadcast services; television + introduced in 1980; 31,200 telephones; broadcast stations - 5 AM, no FM, 1 + TV; 1 satellite earth station + +:Afghanistan Defense Forces + +Branches: + the military currently is being reorganized by the new government and does + not yet exist on a national scale; some elements of the former Army, Air and + Air Defense Forces, National Guard, Border Guard Forces, National Police + Force (Sarandoi), and Tribal Militias remain intact and are supporting the + new government; the government has asked all military personnel to return to + their stations; a large number of former resistance groups also field + irregular military forces; the Ministry of State Security (WAD) has been + disbanded +Manpower availability: + males 15-49, 3,989,232; 2,139,771 fit for military service; 150,572 reach + military age (22) annually +Defense expenditures: + the new government has not yet adopted a defense budget + +:Albania Geography + +Total area: + 28,750 km2 +Land area: + 27,400 km2 +Comparative area: + slightly larger than Maryland +Land boundaries: + 720 km total; Greece 282 km, Macedonia 151 km, Serbia and Montenegro 287 km + (114 km with Serbia, 173 km with Montenegro) +Coastline: + 362 km +Maritime claims: + Continental shelf: + not specified + Territorial sea: + 12 nm +Disputes: + Kosovo question with Serbia and Montenegro; Northern Epirus question with + Greece +Climate: + mild temperate; cool, cloudy, wet winters; hot, clear, dry summers; interior + is cooler and wetter +Terrain: + mostly mountains and hills; small plains along coast +Natural resources: + crude oil, natural gas, coal, chromium, copper, timber, nickel +Land use: + arable land 21%; permanent crops 4%; meadows and pastures 15%; forest and + woodland 38%; other 22%; includes irrigated 1% +Environment: + subject to destructive earthquakes; tsunami occur along southwestern coast +Note: + strategic location along Strait of Otranto (links Adriatic Sea to Ionian Sea + and Mediterranean Sea) + +:Albania People + +Population: + 3,285,224 (July 1992), growth rate 1.1% (1992) +Birth rate: + 23 births/1,000 population (1992) +Death rate: + 5 deaths/1,000 population (1992) +Net migration rate: + --6 migrants/1,000 population (1992) +Infant mortality rate: + 27 deaths/1,000 live births (1992) +Life expectancy at birth: + 71 years male, 78 years female (1992) +Total fertility rate: + 2.8 children born/woman (1992) +Nationality: + noun - Albanian(s); adjective - Albanian +Ethnic divisions: + Albanian 90%, Greeks 8%, other 2% (Vlachs, Gypsies, Serbs, and Bulgarians) + (1989 est.) +Religions: + all mosques and churches were closed in 1967 and religious observances + prohibited; in November 1990, Albania began allowing private religious + practice; estimates of religious affiliation - Muslim 70%, Greek Orthodox + 20%, Roman Catholic 10% +Languages: + Albanian (Tosk is official dialect), Greek +Literacy: + 72% (male 80%, female 63%) age 9 and over can read and write (1955) +Labor force: + 1,500,000 (1987); agriculture about 60%, industry and commerce 40% (1986) +Organized labor: + Independent Trade Union Federation of Albania; Confederation of Trade Unions + +:Albania Government + +Long-form name: + Republic of Albania +Type: + nascent democracy +Capital: + Tirane +Administrative divisions: + 26 districts (rrethe, singular - rreth); Berat, Dibre, Durres, Elbasan, + Fier, Gjirokaster, Gramsh, Kolonje, Kore, Kruje, Kukes, Lezhe, Librazhd, + Lushnje, Mat, Mirdite, Permet, Pogradec, Puke, Sarande, Shkoder, Skrapar, + Tepelene, Tirane, Tropoje, Vlore +Independence: + 28 November 1912 (from Ottoman Empire); People's Socialist Republic of + Albania declared 11 January 1946 +Constitution: + an interim basic law was approved by the People's Assembly on 29 April 1991; + a new constitution is to be drafted for adoption in 1992 +Legal system: + has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction +National holiday: + Liberation Day, 29 November (1944) +Executive branch: + president, prime minister of the Council of Ministers, two deputy prime + ministers of the Council of Ministers +Legislative branch: + unicameral People's Assembly (Kuvendi Popullor) +Judicial branch: + Supreme Court +Leaders: + Chief of State: + President of the Republic Sali BERISHA (since 9 April 1992) + Head of Government: + Prime Minister of the Council of Ministers Aleksander MEKSI (since 10 April + 1992) +Political parties and leaders: + there are at least 18 political parties; most prominent are the Albanian + Socialist Party (ASP), Fatos NANO, first secretary; Democratic Party (DP), + Eduard SELAMI, chairman; Albanian Republican Party (RP), Sabri GODO; Omonia + (Greek minority party), leader NA (ran in 1992 election as Unity for Human + Rights Party (UHP)); Social Democratic Party (SDP), Skender GJINUSHI; note - + in December 1990 then President ALIA allowed new political parties to be + formed in addition to the then AWP for the first time since 1944 +Suffrage: + universal and compulsory at age 18 +Elections: + People's Assembly: + last held 22 March 1992; results - DP 62.29%, ASP 25.57%, SDP 4.33%, RP + 3.15%, UHP 2.92%, other 1.74%; seats - (140 total) DP 92, ASP 38, SDP 7, RP + 1, UHP 2 +Member of: + CSCE, EBRD, ECE, FAO, IAEA, IBRD, IMF, INTERPOL, IOC, ISO, ITU, LORCS, OIC, + UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WFTU, WHO, WMO +Diplomatic representation: + Minister-Counselor, Charge d'Affaires ad interim (30 April 1991) Sazan Hyda + BEJO; chancery (temporary) at 320 East 79th Street, New York, NY 10021; + telephone (212) 249-2059 + US: + Ambassador (vacant); Embassy at Rruga Labinoti 103, room 2921, Tirane + (mailing address is APO AE 09624); telephone 355-42-32875; FAX 355-42-32222 + +:Albania Government + +Flag: + red with a black two-headed eagle in the center + +:Albania Economy + +Overview: + The Albanian economy, already providing the lowest standard of living in + Europe, contracted sharply in 1991, with most industries producing at only a + fraction of past levels and an unemployment rate estimated at 40%. For over + 40 years, the Stalinist-type economy has operated on the principle of + central planning and state ownership of the means of production. Albania + began fitful economic reforms during 1991, including the liberalization of + prices and trade, the privatization of shops and transport, and land reform. + These reform measures were crippled, however, by the widespread civil + disorder that accompanied the collapse of the Communist state. Following + their overwhelming victory in the 22 March 1991 elections, the new + Democratic government announced a program of shock therapy to stabilize the + economy and establish a market economy. In an effort to expand international + ties, Tirane has reestablished diplomatic relations with the former Soviet + Union and the US and has joined the IMF and World Bank. The Albanians have + also passed legislation allowing foreign investment. Albania possesses + considerable mineral resources and, until 1990, was largely self-sufficient + in food; however, the breakup of cooperative farms in 1991 and general + economic decline forced Albania to rely on foreign aid to maintain adequate + supplies. Available statistics on Albanian economic activity are rudimentary + and subject to an especially wide margin of error. +GNP: + purchasing power equivalent - $2.7 billion, per capita $820; real growth + rate --35% (1991 est.) +Inflation rate (consumer prices): + 100% (1991 est.) +Unemployment rate: + 40% (1992 est.) +Budget: + revenues $1.1 billion; expenditures $1.4 billion, including capital + expenditures of $70 million (1991 est.) +Exports: + $80 million (f.o.b., 1991 est.) + commodities: + asphalt, petroleum products, metals and metallic ores, electricity, crude + oil, vegetables, fruits, tobacco + partners: + Italy, Yugoslavia, Germany, Greece, Czechoslovakia, Poland, Romania, + Bulgaria, Hungary +Imports: + $147 million (f.o.b., 1991 est.) + commodities: + machinery, machine tools, iron and steel products, textiles, chemicals, + pharmaceuticals + partners: + Italy, Yugoslavia, Germany, Czechoslovakia, Romania, Poland, Hungary, + Bulgaria +External debt: + $500 million (1991 est.) +Industrial production: + growth rate --55% (1991 est.) +Electricity: + 1,690,000 kW capacity; 5,000 million kWh produced, 1,530 kWh per capita + (1990) +Industries: + food processing, textiles and clothing, lumber, oil, cement, chemicals, + basic metals, hydropower + +:Albania Economy + +Agriculture: + arable land per capita among lowest in Europe; over 60% of arable land now + in private hands; one-half of work force engaged in farming; wide range of + temperate-zone crops and livestock; severe dislocations suffered in 1991 +Economic aid: + $190 million humanitarian aid, $94 million in loans/guarantees/credits +Currency: + lek (plural - leke); 1 lek (L) = 100 qintars +Exchange rates: + leke (L) per US$1 - 50 (January 1992), 25 (September 1991) +Fiscal year: + calendar year + +:Albania Communications + +Railroads: + 543 km total; 509 1.435-meter standard gauge, single track and 34 km narrow + gauge, single track (1990); line connecting Titograd (Serbia and Montenegro) + and Shkoder (Albania) completed August 1986 +Highways: + 16,700 km total; 6,700 km highways, 10,000 km forest and agricultural cart + roads (1990) +Inland waterways: + 43 km plus Albanian sections of Lake Scutari, Lake Ohrid, and Lake Prespa + (1990) +Pipelines: + crude oil 145 km; petroleum products 55 km; natural gas 64 km (1988) +Ports: + Durres, Sarande, Vlore +Merchant marine: + 11 cargo ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 52,886 GRT/76,449 DWT +Airports: + 12 total, 10 usable; more than 5 with permanent-surface runways; more than 5 + with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 5 with runways 1,220-2,439 m +Telecommunications: + inadequate service; 15,000 telephones; broadcast stations - 13 AM, 1 TV; + 514,000 radios, 255,000 TVs (1987 est.) + +:Albania Defense Forces + +Branches: + Army, Coastal Defense Command, Air and Air Defense Forces, Interior Ministry + Troops, Border Troops +Manpower availability: + males 15-49, 886,032; 731,072 fit for military service; 33,028 reach + military age (19) annually +Defense expenditures: + exchange rate conversion - 1.0 billion leks, NA% of GNP (FY90); note - + conversion of defense expenditures into US dollars using the current + exchange rate could produce misleading results + +:Algeria Geography + +Total area: + 2,381,740 km2 +Land area: + 2,381,740 km2 +Comparative area: + slightly less than 3.5 times the size of Texas +Land boundaries: + 6,343 km total; Libya 982 km, Mali 1,376 km, Mauritania 463 km, Morocco + 1,559 km, Niger 956 km, Tunisia 965 km, Western Sahara 42 km +Coastline: + 998 km +Maritime claims: + Territorial sea: + 12 nm +Disputes: + Libya claims about 19,400 km2 in southeastern Algeria; land boundary + disputes with Tunisia under discussion +Climate: + arid to semiarid; mild, wet winters with hot, dry summers along coast; drier + with cold winters and hot summers on high plateau; sirocco is a hot, + dust/sand-laden wind especially common in summer +Terrain: + mostly high plateau and desert; some mountains; narrow, discontinuous + coastal plain +Natural resources: + crude oil, natural gas, iron ore, phosphates, uranium, lead, zinc +Land use: + arable land 3%; permanent crops NEGL%; meadows and pastures 13%; forest and + woodland 2%; other 82%; includes irrigated NEGL% +Environment: + mountainous areas subject to severe earthquakes; desertification +Note: + second-largest country in Africa (after Sudan) + +:Algeria People + +Population: + 26,666,921 (July 1992), growth rate 2.5% (1992) +Birth rate: + 31 births/1,000 population (1992) +Death rate: + 7 deaths/1,000 population (1992) +Net migration rate: + 0 migrants/1,000 population (1992) +Infant mortality rate: + 56 deaths/1,000 live births (1992) +Life expectancy at birth: + 66 years male, 68 years female (1992) +Total fertility rate: + 4.1 children born/woman (1992) +Nationality: + noun - Algerian(s); adjective - Algerian +Ethnic divisions: + Arab-Berber 99%, European less than 1% +Religions: + Sunni Muslim (state religion) 99%, Christian and Jewish 1% +Languages: + Arabic (official), French, Berber dialects +Literacy: + 50% (male 63%, female 36%) age 15 and over can read and write (1987) +Labor force: + 3,700,000; industry and commerce 40%, agriculture 24%, government 17%, + services 10% (1984) +Organized labor: + 16-19% of labor force claimed; General Union of Algerian Workers (UGTA) is + the only labor organization and is subordinate to the National Liberation + Front + +:Algeria Government + +Long-form name: + Democratic and Popular Republic of Algeria +Type: + republic +Capital: + Algiers +Administrative divisions: + 48 provinces (wilayast, singular - wilaya); Adrar, Ain Defla, Ain + Temouchent, Alger, Annaba, Batna, Bechar, Bejaia, Biskra, Blida, Bordj Bou + Arreridj, Bouira, Boumerdes, Chlef, Constantine, Djelfa, El Bayadh, El Oued, + El Tarf, Ghardaia, Guelma, Illizi, Jijel, Khenchela, Laghouat, Mascara, + Medea, Mila, Mostaganem, M'Sila, Naama, Oran, Ouargla, Oum el Bouaghi, + Relizane, Saida, Setif, Sidi Bel Abbes, Skikda, Souk Ahras, Tamanghasset, + Tebessa, Tiaret, Tindouf, Tipaza, Tissemsilt, Tizi Ouzou, Tlemcen +Independence: + 5 July 1962 (from France) +Constitution: + 19 November 1976, effective 22 November 1976; revised February 1989 +Legal system: + socialist, based on French and Islamic law; judicial review of legislative + acts in ad hoc Constitutional Council composed of various public officials, + including several Supreme Court justices; has not accepted compulsory ICJ + jurisdiction +National holiday: + Anniversary of the Revolution, 1 November (1954) +Executive branch: + president, prime minister, Council of Ministers (cabinet) +Legislative branch: + unicameral National People's Assembly (Al-Majlis Ech-Chaabi Al-Watani) +Judicial branch: + Supreme Court (Cour Supreme) +Leaders: + Chief of State: + President Mohamed BOUDIAF; assassinated 29 June 1992 + Head of Government: + Interim Prime Minister Sid Ahmed GHOZALI (since 6 June 1991) +Political parties and leaders: + National Liberation Front (FLN); Socialist Forces Front (FFS), Hocine Ait + AHMED, Secretary General; the government established a multiparty system in + September 1989, and, as of 31 December 1990, over 30 legal parties existed +Suffrage: + universal at age 18 +Elections: + National People's Assembly: + first round held on 26 December 1991 (second round canceled by the military + after President BENJEDID resigned 11 January 1992); results - percent of + vote by party NA; seats - (281 total); the fundamentalist FIS won 188 of the + 231 seats contested in the first round; note - elections (municipal and + wilaya) were held in June 1990, the first in Algerian history; results - FIS + 55%, FLN 27.5%, other 17.5%, with 65% of the voters participating + President: + next election to be held December 1993 +Communists: + 400 (est.); Communist party banned 1962 +Member of: + ABEDA, AfDB, AFESD, AL, AMF, AMU, CCC, ECA, FAO, G-15, G-24, G-77, IAEA, + IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IDB, IFAD, ILO, IMF, IMO, INMARSAT, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, + IOC, ISO, ITU, LORCS, NAM, OAPEC, OAS (observer), OAU, OIC, OPEC, UN, + UNAVEM, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UPU, WCL, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO + +:Algeria Government + +Diplomatic representation: + Ambassador Abderrahmane BENSID; Chancery at 2118 Kalorama Road NW, + Washington, DC 20008; telephone (202) 265-2800 + US: + Ambassador Mary Ann CASEY; Embassy at 4 Chemin Cheich Bachir El-Ibrahimi, + Algiers (mailing address is B. P. Box 549, Alger-Gare, 16000 Algiers); + telephone [213] (2) 601-425 or 255, 186; FAX [213] (2) 603979; there is a US + Consulate in Oran +Flag: + two equal vertical bands of green (hoist side) and white with a red + five-pointed star within a red crescent; the crescent, star, and color green + are traditional symbols of Islam (the state religion) + +:Algeria Economy + +Overview: + The oil and natural gas sector forms the backbone of the economy. Algeria + depends on hydrocarbons for nearly all of its export receipts, about 30% of + government revenues, and nearly 25% of GDP. In 1973-74 the sharp increase in + oil prices led to a booming economy and helped to finance an ambitious + program of industrialization. Plunging oil and gas prices, combined with the + mismanagement of Algeria's highly centralized economy, has brought the + nation to its most serious social and economic crisis since independence in + 1988. The government has promised far-reaching reforms, including + privatization of some public- sector companies, encouraging private-sector + activity, boosting gas and nonhydrocarbon exports, and proposing a major + overhaul of the banking and financial systems, but to date it has made only + limited progress. +GDP: + exchange rate conversion - $54 billion, per capita $2,130; real growth rate + 2.5% (1990 est.) +Inflation rate (consumer prices): + 30% (1991 est.) +Unemployment rate: + 30% (1991 est.) +Budget: + revenues $16.7 billion; expenditures $17.3 billion, including capital + expenditures of $6.6 billion (1990 est.) +Exports: + $11.7 billion (f.o.b., 1991 est.) + commodities: + petroleum and natural gas 97% + partners: + Netherlands, Czechoslovakia, Romania, Italy, France, US +Imports: + $9 billion (f.o.b., 1991 est.) + commodities: + capital goods 29%, consumer goods 30% + partners: + France 25%, Italy 8%, FRG 8%, US 6-7% +External debt: + $26.4 billion +Industrial production: + growth rate --3% (1989 est.); accounts for 30% of GDP, including petroleum +Electricity: + 6,380,000 kW capacity; 16,700 million kWh produced, 640 kWh per capita + (1991) +Industries: + petroleum, light industries, natural gas, mining, electrical, petrochemical, + food processing +Agriculture: + accounts for 11% of GDP and employs 24% of labor force; net importer of food + - grain, vegetable oil, and sugar; farm production includes wheat, barley, + oats, grapes, olives, citrus, fruits, sheep, and cattle +Economic aid: + US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-85), $1.4 billion; Western (non-US) + countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $925 million; OPEC + bilateral aid (1979-89), $1.8 billion; Communist countries (1970-89), $2.7 + billion; net official disbursements (1985-89), --$375 million +Currency: + Algerian dinar (plural - dinars); 1 Algerian dinar (DA) = 100 centimes +Exchange rates: + Algerian dinars (DA) per US$1 - 21.862 (January 1992), 18.473 (1991), 8.958 + (1990), 7.6086 (1989), 5.9148 (1988), 4.8497 (1987) + +:Algeria Economy + +Fiscal year: + calendar year + +:Algeria Communications + +Railroads: + 4,060 km total; 2,616 km standard gauge (1.435 m), 1,188 km 1.055-meter + gauge, 256 km 1.000-meter gauge; 300 km electrified; 215 km double track +Highways: + 80,000 km total; 60,000 km concrete or bituminous, 20,000 km gravel, crushed + stone, unimproved earth +Pipelines: + crude oil 6,612 km; petroleum products 298 km; natural gas 2,948 km +Ports: + Algiers, Annaba, Arzew, Bejaia, Djendjene, Ghazaouet, Jijel, Mers el Kebir, + Mostaganem, Oran, Skikda +Merchant marine: + 75 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 903,179 GRT/1,064,246 DWT; includes 5 + short-sea passenger, 27 cargo, 12 roll-on/roll-off cargo, 5 petroleum + tanker, 9 liquefied gas, 7 chemical tanker, 9 bulk, 1 specialized tanker +Civil air: + 42 major transport aircraft +Airports: + 141 total, 124 usable; 53 with permanent-surface runways; 2 with runways + over 3,659 m; 32 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 65 with runways 1,220-2,439 m +Telecommunications: + excellent domestic and international service in the north, sparse in the + south; 822,000 telephones; broadcast stations - 26 AM, no FM, 18 TV; + 1,600,000 TV sets; 5,200,000 radios; 5 submarine cables; radio relay to + Italy, France, Spain, Morocco, and Tunisia; coaxial cable to Morocco and + Tunisia; satellite earth stations - 1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT, 1 Indian + Ocean INTELSAT, 1 Intersputnik, l ARABSAT, and 15 domestic + +:Algeria Defense Forces + +Branches: + National Popular Army, Navy, Air Force, Territorial Air Defense, National + Gendarmerie +Manpower availability: + males 15-49, 6,386,157; 3,928,029 fit for military service; 283,068 reach + military age (19) annually +Defense expenditures: + exchange rate conversion - $867 million, approximately 1.8% of GDP (1992) + +:American Samoa Geography + +Total area: + 199 km2 +Land area: + 199 km2; includes Rose Island and Swains Island +Comparative area: + slightly larger than Washington, DC +Land boundaries: + none +Coastline: + 116 km +Maritime claims: + Contiguous zone: + 12 nm + Continental shelf: + 200 m (depth) + Exclusive economic zone: + 200 nm + Territorial sea: + 12 nm +Disputes: + none +Climate: + tropical marine, moderated by southeast trade winds; annual rainfall + averages 124 inches; rainy season from November to April, dry season from + May to October; little seasonal temperature variation +Terrain: + five volcanic islands with rugged peaks and limited coastal plains, two + coral atolls +Natural resources: + pumice and pumicite +Land use: + arable land 10%; permanent crops 5%; meadows and pastures 0%; forest and + woodland 75%; other 10% +Environment: + typhoons common from December to March +Note: + Pago Pago has one of the best natural deepwater harbors in the South Pacific + Ocean, sheltered by shape from rough seas and protected by peripheral + mountains from high winds; strategic location about 3,700 km south-southwest + of Honolulu in the South Pacific Ocean about halfway between Hawaii and New + Zealand + +:American Samoa People + +Population: + 51,115 (July 1992), growth rate 3.9% (1992); about 65,000 American Samoans + live in the states of California and Washington and 20,000 in Hawaii +Birth rate: + 37 births/1,000 population (1992) +Death rate: + 4 deaths/1,000 population (1992) +Net migration rate: + 6 immigrants/1,000 population (1992) +Infant mortality rate: + 19 deaths/1,000 live births (1992) +Life expectancy at birth: + 71 years male, 75 years female (1992) +Total fertility rate: + 4.5 children born/woman (1992) +Nationality: + noun - American Samoan(s); adjective - American Samoan; US, noncitizen + nationals +Ethnic divisions: + Samoan (Polynesian) 90%, Caucasian 2%, Tongan 2%, other 6% +Religions: + Christian Congregationalist 50%, Roman Catholic 20%, Protestant + denominations and other 30% +Languages: + Samoan (closely related to Hawaiian and other Polynesian languages) and + English; most people are bilingual +Literacy: + 97% (male 97%, female 97%) age 15 and over can read and write (1980) +Labor force: + 14,400 (1990); government 48%, tuna canneries 33%, other 19% (1986 est.) +Organized labor: + NA + +:American Samoa Government + +Long-form name: + Territory of American Samoa +Type: + unincorporated and unorganized territory of the US; + administered by the US Department of Interior, Office of Territorial and + International Affairs; indigenous inhabitants are US nationals, not citizens + of the US +Capital: + Pago Pago +Administrative divisions: + none (territory of the US) +Independence: + none (territory of the US) +Constitution: + ratified 1966, in effect 1967; note - a comprehensive revision is awaiting + ratification by the US Congress (1992) +National holiday: + Territorial Flag Day, 17 April (1900) +Executive branch: + popularly elected governor and lieutenant governor +Legislative branch: + bicameral Legislative Assembly (Fono) consists of an upper house or Senate + and a lower house or House of Representatives +Judicial branch: + High Court, district courts, and village courts +Leaders: + Chief of State: + President George BUSH (since 20 January 1989); Vice President Dan QUAYLE + (since 20 January 1989) + Head of Government: + Governor Peter Tali COLEMAN (since 20 January 1989); Lieutenant Governor + Galea'i POUMELE (since NA 1989) +Suffrage: + universal at age 18; indigenous inhabitants are US nationals, not US + citizens +Elections: + Governor: + last held 7 November 1988 (next to be held November 1992); results - Peter + T. COLEMAN was elected (percent of vote NA) + House of Representatives: + last held November 1990 (next to be held November 1992); results - + representatives popularly elected from 17 house districts; seats - (21 + total, 20 elected, and 1 nonvoting delegate from Swain's Island) + Senate: + last held 7 November 1988 (next to be held November 1992); results - + senators elected by county councils from 12 senate districts; seats - (18 + total) number of seats by party NA + US House of Representatives: + last held 19 November 1990 (next to be held November 1992); results - Eni R. + F. H. FALEOMAVAEGA reelected as a nonvoting delegate +Member of: + ESCAP, IOC, SPC +Diplomatic representation: + none (territory of the US) +Flag: + blue with a white triangle edged in red that is based on the fly side and + extends to the hoist side; a brown and white American bald eagle flying + toward the hoist side is carrying two traditional Samoan symbols of + authority, a staff and a war club + +:American Samoa Economy + +Overview: + Economic development is strongly linked to the US, with which American Samoa + does nearly 90% of its foreign trade. Tuna fishing and tuna processing + plants are the backbone of the private-sector economy, with canned tuna the + primary export. The tuna canneries and the government are by far the two + largest employers. Other economic activities include a slowly developing + tourist industry. +GNP: + purchasing power equivalent - $128 million, per capita $2,500; real growth + rate NA% (1990) +Inflation rate (consumer prices): + 4.3% (1989) +Unemployment rate: + 12% (1991) +Budget: + revenues $126,394,000 (consisting of $46,441,000 local revenue and + $79,953,000 grant revenue); including capital expenditures of $NA million + (1990) +Exports: + $307 million (f.o.b., 1989) + commodities: + canned tuna 93% + partners: + US 99.6% +Imports: + $377.9 million (c.i.f., 1989) + commodities: + materials for canneries 56%, food 8%, petroleum 7%, machinery and parts 6% + partners: + US 72%, Japan 7%, NZ 7%, Australia 5%, other 9% +External debt: + $NA +Industrial production: + growth rate NA% +Electricity: + 42,000 kW capacity; 85 million kWh produced, 2,020 kWh per capita (1990) +Industries: + tuna canneries (largely dependent on foreign supplies of raw tuna), meat + canning, handicrafts +Agriculture: + bananas, coconuts, vegetables, taro, breadfruit, yams, copra, pineapples, + papayas, dairy farming +Economic aid: + $21,042,650 in operational funds and $5,948,931 in construction funds for + capital improvement projects from the US Department of Interior (1991) +Currency: + US currency is used +Exchange rates: + US currency is used +Fiscal year: + 1 October - 30 September + +:American Samoa Communications + +Railroads: + none +Highways: + 350 km total; 150 km paved, 200 km unpaved +Ports: + Pago Pago, Ta'u +Airports: + 4 total, 4 usable; 2 with permanent-surface runways; none with runways over + 3,659 m; 1 with runways 2,440 to 3,659 m (international airport at Tafuna, + near Pago Pago); small airstrips on Ta'u and Ofu +Telecommunications: + 6,500 telephones; broadcast stations - 1 AM, 2 FM, 1 TV; good telex, + telegraph, and facsimile services; 1 Pacific Ocean INTELSAT earth station, 1 + COMSAT earth station + +:American Samoa Defense Forces + +Note: + defense is the responsibility of the US + +:Andorra Geography + +Total area: + 450 km2 +Land area: + 450 km2 +Comparative area: + slightly more than 2.5 times the size of Washington, DC +Land boundaries: + 125 km total; France 60 km, Spain 65 km +Coastline: + none - landlocked +Maritime claims: + none - landlocked +Disputes: + none +Climate: + temperate; snowy, cold winters and cool, dry summers +Terrain: + rugged mountains dissected by narrow valleys +Natural resources: + hydropower, mineral water, timber, iron ore, lead +Land use: + arable land 2%; permanent crops 0%; meadows and pastures 56%; forest and + woodland 22%; other 20% +Environment: + deforestation, overgrazing +Note: + landlocked + +:Andorra People + +Population: + 54,428 (July 1992), growth rate 2.2% (1992) +Birth rate: + 11 births/1,000 population (1992) +Death rate: + 4 deaths/1,000 population (1992) +Net migration rate: + 15 migrants/1,000 population (1992) +Infant mortality rate: + 7 deaths/1,000 live births (1992) +Life expectancy at birth: + 74 years male, 81 years female (1992) +Total fertility rate: + 1.3 children born/woman (1992) +Nationality: + noun - Andorran(s); adjective - Andorran +Ethnic divisions: + Catalan stock; Spanish 61%, Andorran 30%, French 6%, other 3% +Religions: + virtually all Roman Catholic +Languages: + Catalan (official); many also speak some French and Castilian +Literacy: + NA% (male NA%, female NA%) +Labor force: + NA +Organized labor: + none + +:Andorra Government + +Long-form name: + Principality of Andorra +Type: + unique coprincipality under formal sovereignty of president of France and + Spanish bishop of Seo de Urgel, who are represented locally by officials + called veguers +Capital: + Andorra la Vella +Administrative divisions: + 7 parishes (parroquies, singular - parroquia); Andorra, Canillo, Encamp, La + Massana, Les Escaldes, Ordino, Sant Julia de Loria +Independence: + 1278 +Constitution: + none; some pareatges and decrees, mostly custom and usage +Legal system: + based on French and Spanish civil codes; no judicial review of legislative + acts; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction +National holiday: + Mare de Deu de Meritxell, 8 September +Executive branch: + two co-princes (president of France, bishop of Seo de Urgel in Spain), two + designated representatives (French veguer, Episcopal veguer), two permanent + delegates (French prefect for the department of Pyrenees-Orientales, Spanish + vicar general for the Seo de Urgel diocese), president of government, + Executive Council +Legislative branch: + unicameral General Council of the Valleys (Consell General de las Valls) +Judicial branch: + civil cases - Supreme Court of Andorra at Perpignan (France) or the + Ecclesiastical Court of the bishop of Seo de Urgel (Spain); criminal cases - + Tribunal of the Courts (Tribunal des Cortes) +Leaders: + Chiefs of State: + French Co-Prince Francois MITTERRAND (since 21 May 1981), represented by + Veguer de Franca Jean Pierre COURTOIS; Spanish Episcopal Co-Prince Mgr. Joan + MARTI y Alanis (since 31 January 1971), represented by Veguer Episcopal + Francesc BADIA Batalla + Head of Government: + Oscar RIBAS Reig (since January 1990) +Political parties and leaders: + political parties not yet legally recognized; traditionally no political + parties but partisans for particular independent candidates for the General + Council on the basis of competence, personality, and orientation toward + Spain or France; various small pressure groups developed in 1972; first + formal political party, Andorran Democratic Association, was formed in 1976 + and reorganized in 1979 as Andorran Democratic Party +Suffrage: + universal at age 18 +Elections: + General Council of the Valleys: + last held 11 December 1989 (next to be held December 1993); results - + percent of vote by party NA; seats - (28 total) number of seats by party NA +Member of: + INTERPOL, IOC +Diplomatic representation: + Andorra has no mission in the US + +:Andorra Government + + US: + includes Andorra within the Barcelona (Spain) Consular District, and the US + Consul General visits Andorra periodically; Consul General Carolee HEILEMAN; + Consulate General at Via Layetana 33, 08003 Barcelona (mailing address APO + AE 09646); telephone [34] (3) 319-9550 +Flag: + three equal vertical bands of blue (hoist side), yellow, and red with the + national coat of arms centered in the yellow band; the coat of arms features + a quartered shield; similar to the flags of Chad and Romania that do not + have a national coat of arms in the center + +:Andorra Economy + +Overview: + The mainstay of Andorra's economy is tourism. An estimated 13 million + tourists visit annually, attracted by Andorra's duty-free status and by its + summer and winter resorts. Agricultural production is limited by a scarcity + of arable land, and most food has to be imported. The principal livestock + activity is sheep raising. Manufacturing consists mainly of cigarettes, + cigars, and furniture. The rapid pace of European economic integration is a + potential threat to Andorra's advantages from its duty-free status. +GDP: + purchasing power equivalent - $727 million, per capita $14,000; real growth + rate NA% (1990 est.) +Inflation rate (consumer prices): + NA% +Unemployment rate: + none +Budget: + revenues $NA; expenditures $NA, including capital expenditures of $NA +Exports: + $0.017 million (f.o.b., 1986) + commodities: + electricity + partners: + France, Spain +Imports: + $531 million (f.o.b., 1986) + commodities: + consumer goods, food + partners: + France, Spain +External debt: + $NA +Industrial production: + growth rate NA% +Electricity: + 35,000 kW capacity; 140 million kWh produced, 2,800 kWh per capita (1991) +Industries: + tourism (particularly skiing), sheep, timber, tobacco, banking +Agriculture: + sheep raising; small quantities of tobacco, rye, wheat, barley, oats, and + some vegetables +Economic aid: + none +Currency: + French franc (plural - francs) and Spanish peseta (plural - pesetas); 1 + French franc (F) = 100 centimes and 1 Spanish peseta (Pta) = 100 centimos +Exchange rates: + French francs (F) per US$1 - 5.3801 January (1992), 5.6421 (1991), 5.4453 + (1990), 6.3801 (1989), 5.9569 (1988), 6.0107 (1987); Spanish pesetas (Ptas) + per US$1 - 100.02 (January 1992), 103.91 (1991), 101.93 (1990), 118.38 + (1989), 116.49 (1988), 123.48 (1987) +Fiscal year: + calendar year + +:Andorra Communications + +Highways: + 96 km +Telecommunications: + international digital microwave network; international landline circuits to + France and Spain; broadcast stations - 1 AM, no FM, no TV; 17,700 telephones + +:Andorra Defense Forces + +Note: + defense is the responsibility of France and Spain + +:Angola Geography + +Total area: + 1,246,700 km2 +Land area: + 1,246,700 km2 +Comparative area: + slightly less than twice the size of Texas +Land boundaries: + 5,198 km total; Congo 201 km, Namibia 1,376 km, Zaire 2,511 km, Zambia 1,110 + km +Coastline: + 1,600 km +Maritime claims: + Exclusive fishing zone: + 200 nm + Territorial sea: + 20 nm +Disputes: + civil war since independence on 11 November 1975; on 31 May 1991 Angolan + President Jose Eduardo dos SANTOS and Jonas SAVIMBI, leader of the National + Union for the Total Independence of Angola (UNITA), signed a peace treaty + that calls for multiparty elections in late September 1992, an + internationally monitored cease-fire, and termination of outside military + assistance +Climate: + semiarid in south and along coast to Luanda; north has cool, dry season (May + to October) and hot, rainy season (November to April) +Terrain: + narrow coastal plain rises abruptly to vast interior plateau +Natural resources: + petroleum, diamonds, iron ore, phosphates, copper, feldspar, gold, bauxite, + uranium +Land use: + arable land 2%; permanent crops NEGL%; meadows and pastures 23%; forest and + woodland 43%; other 32% +Environment: + locally heavy rainfall causes periodic flooding on plateau; desertification +Note: + Cabinda is separated from rest of country by Zaire + +:Angola People + +Population: + 8,902,076 (July 1992), growth rate 2.7% (1992) +Birth rate: + 46 births/1,000 population (1992) +Death rate: + 19 deaths/1,000 population (1992) +Net migration rate: + NEGL migrants/1,000 population (1992) +Infant mortality rate: + 152 deaths/1,000 live births (1992) +Life expectancy at birth: + 43 years male, 47 years female (1992) +Total fertility rate: + 6.6 children born/woman (1992) +Nationality: + noun - Angolan(s); adjective - Angolan +Ethnic divisions: + Ovimbundu 37%, Kimbundu 25%, Bakongo 13%, Mestico 2%,European 1%, other 22% +Religions: + indigenous beliefs 47%, Roman Catholic 38%, Protestant 15% (est.) +Languages: + Portuguese (official); various Bantu dialects +Literacy: + 42% (male 56%, female 28%) age 15 and over can read and write (1990 est.) +Labor force: + 2,783,000 economically active; agriculture 85%, industry 15% (1985 est.) +Organized labor: + about 450,695 (1980) + +:Angola Government + +Long-form name: + People's Republic of Angola +Type: + in transition from a one-party Marxist state to a multiparty democracy with + a strong presidential system +Capital: + Luanda +Administrative divisions: + 18 provinces (provincias, singular - provincia); Bengo, Benguela, Bie, + Cabinda, Cuando Cubango, Cuanza Norte, Cuanza Sul, Cunene, Huambo, Huila, + Luanda, Lunda Norte, Lunda Sul, Malanje, Moxico, Namibe, Uige, Zaire +Independence: + 11 November 1975 (from Portugal) +Constitution: + 11 November 1975; revised 7 January 1978, 11 August 1980, and 6 March 1991 +Legal system: + based on Portuguese civil law system and customary law; recently modified to + accommodate multipartyism and increased use of free markets +National holiday: + Independence Day, 11 November (1975) +Executive branch: + president, prime minister, chairman of the Council of Ministers, Council of + Ministers (cabinet) +Legislative branch: + unicameral People's Assembly (Assembleia do Povo) +Judicial branch: + Supreme Court (Tribunal da Relacaao) +Leaders: + Chief of State: + President Jose Eduardo dos SANTOS (since 21 September 1979) + Head of Government: + Prime Minister Fernando Jose Franca VAN DUNEM (since 21 July 1991) +Political parties and leaders: + the Popular Movement for the Liberation of Angola - Labor Party (MPLA), led + by Jose Eduardo dos SANTOS, is the ruling party that has been in power in + Angola's one-party system since 1975. The National Union for the Total + Independence of Angola (UNITA), led by Jonas SAVIMBI, has been in insurgency + since 1975, but as a result of the peace accords is now a legally recognized + political party. Some 30 other political parties now exist in Angola, but + few of them are viable and only a couple have met the requirements to become + legally recognized. +Suffrage: + universal at age 18 +Elections: + first nationwide, multiparty elections to be held between September and + November 1992 +Member of: + ACP, AfDB, CCC, CEEAC (observer), ECA, FAO, FLS, G-77, IBRD, ICAO, IFAD, + ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, ITU, LORCS, NAM, OAU, SADCC, UN, + UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WCL, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO +Diplomatic representation: + none; note - US Liaison Office (USLO) established after Peace Accords in May + 1991 as a precursor to establishing an embassy after election in 1992; + address - Luanda (USLO), BPA Building, llth floor, telephone [244] (2) + 39-02-42; FAX [244] (2) 39-05-15 +Flag: + two equal horizontal bands of red (top) and black with a centered yellow + emblem consisting of a five-pointed star within half a cogwheel crossed by a + machete (in the style of a hammer and sickle) + +:Angola Economy + +Overview: + Subsistence agriculture provides the main livelihood for 80-90% of the + population, but accounts for less than 15% of GDP. Oil production is vital + to the economy, contributing about 60% to GDP. In recent years, a bitter + internal war has severely affected the nonoil economy, and food has to be + imported. For the long run, Angola has the advantage of rich natural + resources in addition to oil, notably gold, diamonds, and arable land. To + realize its economic potential Angola not only must secure domestic peace + but also must reform government policies that have led to distortions and + imbalances throughout the economy. +GDP: + exchange rate conversion - $8.3 billion, per capita $950; real growth rate + 1.7% (1991 est.) +Inflation rate (consumer prices): + 6.1% (1990 est.) +Unemployment rate: + NA% +Budget: + revenues $2.6 billion; expenditures $4.4 billion, including capital + expenditures of $963 million (1990 est.) +Exports: + $3.9 billion (f.o.b., 1990 est.) + commodities: + oil, liquefied petroleum gas, diamonds, coffee, sisal, fish and fish + products, timber, cotton + partners: + US, USSR, Cuba, Portugal, Brazil, France +Imports: + $1.5 billion (f.o.b., 1990 est.) + commodities: + capital equipment (machinery and electrical equipment), food, vehicles and + spare parts, textiles and clothing, medicines; substantial military + deliveries + partners: + US, USSR, Cuba, Portugal, Brazil +External debt: + $7.0 billion (1990) +Industrial production: + growth rate NA%; accounts for about 60% of GDP, including petroleum output +Electricity: + 510,000 kW capacity; 770 million kWh produced, 90 kWh per capita (1991) +Industries: + petroleum, diamonds, mining, fish processing, food processing, brewing, + tobacco, sugar, textiles, cement, basic metal products +Agriculture: + cash crops - coffee, sisal, corn, cotton, sugar, manioc, tobacco; food crops + - cassava, corn, vegetables, plantains, bananas; livestock production + accounts for 20%, fishing 4%, forestry 2% of total agricultural output; + disruptions caused by civil war and marketing deficiencies require food + imports +Economic aid: + US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $265 million; Western (non-US) + countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $1,105 million; + Communist countries (1970-89), $1.3 billion; net official disbursements + (1985-89), $750 million +Currency: + kwanza (plural - kwanza); 1 kwanza (Kz) = 100 lwei +Exchange rates: + kwanza (Kz) per US$1 - 180.0 + +:Angola Economy + +Fiscal year: + calendar year + +:Angola Communications + +Railroads: + 3,189 km total; 2,879 km 1.067-meter gauge, 310 km 0.600-meter gauge; + limited trackage in use because of landmines still in place from the civil + war; majority of the Benguela Railroad also closed because of civil war +Highways: + 73,828 km total; 8,577 km bituminous-surface treatment, 29,350 km crushed + stone, gravel, or improved earth, remainder unimproved earth +Inland waterways: + 1,295 km navigable +Pipelines: + crude oil 179 km +Ports: + Luanda, Lobito, Namibe, Cabinda +Merchant marine: + 12 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 66,348 GRT/102,825 DWT; includes 11 + cargo, 1 petroleum tanker +Civil air: + 28 major transport aircraft +Airports: + 309 total, 177 usable; 30 with permanent-surface runways; 2 with runways + over 3,659 m; 15 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 54 with runways 1,220-2,439 m +Telecommunications: + limited system of wire, radio relay, and troposcatter routes; high frequency + radio used extensively for military links; 40,300 telephones; broadcast + stations - 17 AM, 13 FM, 6 TV; 2 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT earth stations + +:Angola Defense Forces + +Branches: + Army, Navy, Air Force/Air Defense, People's Defense Organization and + Territorial Troops, Frontier Guard +Manpower availability: + males 15-49, 2,129,877; 1,072,323 fit for military service; 89,585 reach + military age (18) annually +Defense expenditures: + exchange rate conversion - $NA, NA% of GDP + +:Anguilla Geography + +Total area: + 91 km2 +Land area: + 91 km2 +Comparative area: + about half the size of Washington, DC +Land boundaries: + none +Coastline: + 61 km +Maritime claims: + Exclusive fishing zone: + 200 nm + Territorial sea: + 3 nm +Disputes: + none +Climate: + tropical; moderated by northeast trade winds +Terrain: + flat and low-lying island of coral and limestone +Natural resources: + negligible; salt, fish, lobster +Land use: + arable land NA%; permanent crops NA%; meadows and pastures NA%; forest and + woodland NA%; other NA%; mostly rock with sparse scrub oak, few trees, some + commercial salt ponds +Environment: + frequent hurricanes, other tropical storms (July to October) +Note: + located 270 km east of Puerto Rico + +:Anguilla People + +Population: + 6,963 (July 1992), growth rate 0.6% (1992) +Birth rate: + 24 births/1,000 population (1992) +Death rate: + 8 deaths/1,000 population (1992) +Net migration rate: + --10 migrants/1,000 population (1992) +Infant mortality rate: + 18 deaths/1,000 live births (1992) +Life expectancy at birth: + 71 years male, 77 years female (1992) +Total fertility rate: + 3.1 children born/woman (1992) +Nationality: + noun - Anguillan(s); adjective - Anguillan +Ethnic divisions: + mainly of black African descent +Religions: + Anglican 40%, Methodist 33%, Seventh-Day Adventist 7%, Baptist 5%, Roman + Catholic 3%, other 12% +Languages: + English (official) +Literacy: + 95% (male 95%, female 95%) age 12 and over can read and write (1984) +Labor force: + 2,780 (1984) +Organized labor: + NA + +:Anguilla Government + +Long-form name: + none +Type: + dependent territory of the UK +Capital: + The Valley +Administrative divisions: + none (dependent territory of the UK) +Independence: + none (dependent territory of the UK) +Constitution: + 1 April 1982 +Legal system: + based on English common law +National holiday: + Anguilla Day, 30 May +Executive branch: + British monarch, governor, chief minister, Executive Council (cabinet) +Legislative branch: + unicameral House of Assembly +Judicial branch: + High Court +Leaders: + Chief of State: + Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952), represented by Governor Brian G. + J. CANTY (since NA 1989) + Head of Government: + Chief Minister Emile GUMBS (since March 1984, served previously from + February 1977 to May 1980) +Political parties and leaders: + Anguilla National Alliance (ANA), Emile GUMBS; Anguilla United Party (AUP), + Hubert HUGHES; Anguilla Democratic Party (ADP), Victor BANKS +Suffrage: + universal at age 18 +Elections: + House of Assembly: + last held 27 February 1989 (next to be held February 1994); results - + percent of vote by party NA; seats - (11 total, 7 elected) ANA 3, AUP 2, ADP + 1, independent 1 +Member of: + CARICOM (observer), CDB +Diplomatic representation: + none (dependent territory of the UK) +Flag: + two horizontal bands of white (top, almost triple width) and light blue with + three orange dolphins in an interlocking circular design centered in the + white band; a new flag may have been in use since 30 May 1990 + +:Anguilla Economy + +Overview: + Anguilla has few natural resources, and the economy depends heavily on + lobster fishing, offshore banking, tourism, and remittances from emigrants. + In recent years the economy has benefited from a boom in tourism. + Development plans center around the improvement of the infrastructure, + particularly transport and tourist facilities, and also light industry. +GDP: + exchange rate conversion - $23 million, per capita $3,300; real growth rate + 8.2% (1988 est.) +Inflation rate (consumer prices): + 4.5% (1988 est.) +Unemployment rate: + 5.0% (1988 est.) +Budget: + revenues $13.8 million; expenditures $15.2 million, including capital + expenditures of $2.4 million (1992 est.) +Exports: + $NA + commodities: + lobster and salt + partners: + NA +Imports: + $NA + commodities: + NA + partners: + NA +External debt: + $NA +Industrial production: + growth rate NA% +Electricity: + 2,000 kW capacity; 6 million kWh produced, 867 kWh per capita (1991) +Industries: + tourism, boat building, salt, fishing (including lobster) +Agriculture: + pigeon peas, corn, sweet potatoes, sheep, goats, pigs, cattle, poultry +Economic aid: + Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $38 + million +Currency: + East Caribbean dollar (plural - dollars); 1 EC dollar (EC$) = 100 cents +Exchange rates: + East Caribbean dollars (EC$) per US$1 - 2.70 (fixed rate since 1976) +Fiscal year: + NA + +:Anguilla Communications + +Highways: + 60 km surfaced +Ports: + Road Bay, Blowing Point +Civil air: + no major transport aircraft +Airports: + 3 total, 3 usable; 1 with permanent-surface runways of 1,100 m (Wallblake + Airport) +Telecommunications: + modern internal telephone system; 890 telephones; broadcast stations - 3 AM, + 1 FM, no TV; radio relay link to island of Saint Martin + +:Anguilla Defense Forces + +Note: + defense is the responsibility of the UK + +:Antarctica Geography + +Total area: + 14,000,000 km2 (est.) +Land area: + about 14,000,000 km2 +Comparative area: + slightly less than 1.5 times the size of the US; second-smallest continent + (after Australia) +Land boundaries: + none, but see entry on Disputes +Coastline: + 17,968 km +Maritime claims: + none, but see entry on Disputes +Disputes: + Antarctic Treaty defers claims (see Antarctic Treaty Summary below); + sections (some overlapping) claimed by Argentina, Australia, Chile, France + (Adelie Land), New Zealand (Ross Dependency), Norway (Queen Maud Land), and + UK; the US and Russia do not recognize the territorial claims of other + nations and have made no claims themselves (but reserve the right to do so); + no formal claims have been made in the sector between 90. west and 150. + west, where, because of floating ice, Antarctica is unapproachable from the + sea +Climate: + severe low temperatures vary with latitude, elevation, and distance from the + ocean; East Antarctica is colder than West Antarctica because of its higher + elevation; Antarctic Peninsula has the most moderate climate; higher + temperatures occur in January along the coast and average slightly below + freezing +Terrain: + about 98% thick continental ice sheet and 2% barren rock, with average + elevations between 2,000 and 4,000 meters; mountain ranges up to 4,897 + meters high; ice-free coastal areas include parts of southern Victoria Land, + Wilkes Land, the Antarctic Peninsula area, and Ross Island on McMurdo Sound; + glaciers form ice shelves along about half of the coastline, and floating + ice shelves constitute 11% of the area of the continent +Natural resources: + none presently exploited; iron, chromium, copper, gold, nickel, platinum, + and other minerals, and coal and hydrocarbons have been found in small, + uncommercial quantities +Land use: + no arable land and no plant growth; ice 98%, barren rock 2% +Environment: + mostly uninhabitable; katabatic (gravity-driven) winds blow coastward from + the high interior; frequent blizzards form near the foot of the plateau; a + circumpolar ocean current flows clockwise along the coast as do cyclonic + storms that form over the ocean; during summer more solar radiation reaches + the surface at the South Pole than is received at the Equator in an + equivalent period; in October 1991 it was reported that the ozone shield, + which protects the Earth's surface from harmful ultraviolet radiation, had + dwindled to its lowest level ever over Antarctica; active volcanism on + Deception Island and isolated areas of West Antarctica; other seismic + activity rare and weak +Note: + the coldest, windiest, highest, and driest continent + +:Antarctica People + +Population: + no indigenous inhabitants; staffing of research stations varies seasonally +Population: + Summer (January) population: + 4,115; Argentina 207, Australia 268, Belgium 13, Brazil 80, Chile 256, China + NA, Ecuador NA, Finland 11, France 78, Germany 32, Greenpeace 12, India 60, + Italy 210, Japan 59, South Korea 14, Netherlands 10, New Zealand 264, Norway + 23, Peru 39, Poland NA, South Africa 79, Spain 43, Sweden 10, UK 116, + Uruguay NA, US 1,666, Russia 565 (1989-90) + Summer only stations: + over 40; Argentina 7, Australia 3, Chile 5, Germany 3, India 1, Italy 1, + Japan 4, New Zealand 2, Norway 1, Peru 1, South Africa 1, Spain 1, Sweden 2, + UK 1, US numerous, Russia 5 (1989-90); note - the disintegration of the + former Soviet Union has placed the status and future of its Antarctic + facilities in doubt. Stations may be subject to closings at any time because + of ongoing economic difficulties. + Winter (July) population: + 1,066 total; Argentina 150, Australia 71, Brazil 12, Chile 73, China NA, + France 33, Germany 19, Greenpeace 5, India 1, Japan 38, South Korea 14, NZ + 11, Poland NA, South Africa 12, UK 69, Uruguay NA, US 225, Russia 313 + (1989-90) + Year-round stations: + 43 total; Argentina 6, Australia 3, Brazil 1, Chile 3, China 2, Finland 1, + France 1, Germany 1, India 1, Japan 2, South Korea 1, NZ 1, Poland 1, South + Africa 3, UK 5, Uruguay 1, US 3, Russia 6 (1990-91) + +:Antarctica Government + +Long-form name: + none +Type: + Antarctic Treaty Summary: Article 1: + area to be used for peaceful purposes only; military activity, such as + weapons testing, is prohibited, but military personnel and equipment may be + used for scientific research or any other peaceful purposes + Article 2: + freedom of scientific investigation and cooperation shall continue + Article 3: + free exchange of information and personnel in cooperation with the UN and + other international agencies + Article 4: + does not recognize, dispute, or establish territorial claims and no new + claims shall be asserted while the treaty is in force + Article 5: + prohibits nuclear explosions or disposal of radioactive wastes + Article 6: + includes under the treaty all land and ice shelves south of 60. 00' south + Article 7: + treaty-state observers have free access, including aerial observation, to + any area and may inspect all stations, installations, and equipment; advance + notice of all activities and of the introduction of military personnel must + be given + Article 8: + allows for jurisdiction over observers and scientists by their own states + Article 9: + frequent consultative meetings take place among member nations + Article 10: + treaty states will discourage activities by any country in Antarctica that + are contrary to the treaty + Article 11: + disputes to be settled peacefully by the parties concerned or, ultimately, + by the ICJ + Article 12, 13, 14: + deal with upholding, interpreting, and amending the treaty among involved + nations + Other agreements: + more than 170 recommendations adopted at treaty consultative meetings and + ratified by governments include - Agreed Measures for the Conservation of + Antarctic Fauna and Flora (1964); Convention for the Conservation of + Antarctic Seals (1972); Convention on the Conservation of Antarctic Marine + Living Resources (1980); a mineral resources agreement was signed in 1988 + but was subsequently rejected; in 1991 the Protocol on Environmental + Protection to the Antarctic Treaty was signed and awaits ratification; this + agreement provides for the protection of the Antarctic environment through + five specific annexes on marine pollution, fauna, and flora, environmental + impact assessments, waste management, and protected areas; it also prohibits + all activities relating to mineral resources except scientific research + +:Antarctica Economy + +Overview: + No economic activity at present except for fishing off the coast and + small-scale tourism, both based abroad. + +:Antarctica Communications + +Ports: + none; offshore anchorage only at most coastal stations +Airports: + 41 airport facilities at different locations operated by 14 national + governments party to the Treaty; one additional air facility operated by + commercial (nongovernmental) tourist organization; helicopter pads at 28 of + these locations; runways at 9 locations are gravel, sea ice, glacier ice, or + compacted snow surface suitable for wheeled fixed-wing aircraft; no paved + runways; 16 locations have snow-surface skiways limited to use by + ski-equipped planes - 9 runways/skiways 1,000 to 3,000 m, 4 runways/skiways + less than 1,000 m, 5 runways/skiways greater than 3,000 m, and 7 of + unspecified or variable length; airports generally subject to severe + restrictions and limitations resulting from extreme seasonal and geographic + conditions + +:Antarctica Defense Forces + +Note: + none; Article 7 of the Antarctic Treaty states that advance notice of all + military activities and the introduction of military personnel must be given + +:Antigua and Barbuda Geography + +Total area: + 440 km2 +Land area: + 440 km2; includes Redonda +Comparative area: + slightly less than 2.5 times the size of Washington, DC +Land boundaries: + none +Coastline: + 153 km +Maritime claims: + Contiguous zone: + 24 nm + Exclusive economic zone: + 200 nm + Territorial sea: + 12 nm +Disputes: + none +Climate: + tropical marine; little seasonal temperature variation +Terrain: + mostly low-lying limestone and coral islands with some higher volcanic areas +Natural resources: + negligible; pleasant climate fosters tourism +Land use: + arable land 18%; permanent crops 0%; meadows and pastures 7%; forest and + woodland 16%; other 59% +Environment: + subject to hurricanes and tropical storms (July to October); insufficient + freshwater resources; deeply indented coastline provides many natural + harbors +Note: + 420 km east-southeast of Puerto Rico + +:Antigua and Barbuda People + +Population: + 64,110 (July 1992), growth rate 0.4% (1992) +Birth rate: + 18 births/1,000 population (1992) +Death rate: + 6 deaths/1,000 population (1992) +Net migration rate: + --8 migrants/1,000 population (1992) +Infant mortality rate: + 20 deaths/1,000 live births (1992) +Life expectancy at birth: + 71 years male, 75 years female (1992) +Total fertility rate: + 1.7 children born/woman (1992) +Nationality: + noun - Antiguan(s), Barbudan(s); adjective - Antiguan, Barbudan +Ethnic divisions: + almost entirely of black African origin; some of British, Portuguese, + Lebanese, and Syrian origin +Religions: + Anglican (predominant), other Protestant sects, some Roman Catholic +Languages: + English (official), local dialects +Literacy: + 89% (male 90%, female 88%) age 15 and over having completed 5 or more years + of schooling (1960) +Labor force: + 30,000; commerce and services 82%, agriculture 11%, industry 7% (1983) +Organized labor: + Antigua and Barbuda Public Service Association (ABPSA), membership 500; + Antigua Trades and Labor Union (ATLU), 10,000 members; Antigua Workers Union + (AWU), 10,000 members (1986 est.) + +:Antigua and Barbuda Government + +Long-form name: + none +Type: + parliamentary democracy +Capital: + Saint John's +Administrative divisions: + 6 parishes and 2 dependencies*; Barbuda*, Redonda*, Saint George, Saint + John, Saint Mary, Saint Paul, Saint Peter, Saint Philip +Independence: + 1 November 1981 (from UK) +Constitution: + 1 November 1981 +Legal system: + based on English common law +National holiday: + Independence Day, 1 November (1981) +Executive branch: + British monarch, governor general, prime minister, Cabinet +Legislative branch: + bicameral Parliament consists of an upper house or Senate and a lower house + or House of Representatives +Judicial branch: + Eastern Caribbean Supreme Court +Leaders: + Chief of State: + Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952), represented by Governor General + Sir Wilfred Ebenezer JACOBS (since 1 November 1981, previously Governor + since 1976) + Head of Government: + Prime Minister Vere Cornwall BIRD, Sr. (since NA 1976); Deputy Prime + Minister (vacant) +Political parties and leaders: + Antigua Labor Party (ALP), Vere C. BIRD, Sr., Lester BIRD; United + Progressive Party (UPP), Baldwin SPENCER +Suffrage: + universal at age 18 +Elections: + House of Representatives: + last held 9 March 1989 (next to be held NA 1994); results - percent of vote + by party NA; seats - (17 total) ALP 15, UPP 1, independent 1 +Other political or pressure groups: + United Progressive Party (UPP), a coalition of three opposition political + parties - the United National Democratic Party (UNDP), the Antigua Caribbean + Liberation Movement (ACLM), and the Progressive Labor Movement (PLM), the + UPP is led by Baldwin SPENCER; Antigua Trades and Labor Union (ATLU), headed + by Noel THOMAS +Member of: + ACP, C, CARICOM, CDB, ECLAC, FAO, G-77, GATT, IBRD, ICAO, ICFTU, IFAD, IFC, + ILO, IMF, IMO, INTERPOL, IOC, ITU, NAM (observer), OAS, OECS, OPANAL, UN, + UNCTAD, UNESCO, WCL, WHO, WMO +Diplomatic representation: + Ambassador Patrick Albert LEWIS; Chancery at Suite 2H, 3400 International + Drive NW, Washington, DC 20008; telephone (202) 362-5211 or 5166, 5122, + 5225; there is an Antiguan Consulate in Miami + +:Antigua and Barbuda Government + + US: + the US Ambassador to Barbados is accredited to Antigua and Barbuda, and, in + his absence, the Embassy is headed by Charge d'Affaires Bryant SALTER; + Embassy at Queen Elizabeth Highway, Saint John's (mailing address is FPO AA + 34054); telephone (809) 462-3505 or 3506; FAX (809) 462-3516 +Flag: + red with an inverted isosceles triangle based on the top edge of the flag; + the triangle contains three horizontal bands of black (top), light blue, and + white with a yellow rising sun in the black band + +:Antigua and Barbuda Economy + +Overview: + The economy is primarily service oriented, with tourism the most important + determinant of economic performance. During the period 1987-90, real GDP + expanded at an annual average rate of about 6%. Tourism makes a direct + contribution to GDP of about 13% and also affects growth in other sectors - + particularly in construction, communications, and public utilities. Although + Antigua and Barbuda is one of the few areas in the Caribbean experiencing a + labor shortage in some sectors of the economy, it was hurt in 1991 by a + downturn in tourism caused by the Persian Gulf war and the US recession. +GDP: + exchange rate conversion - $418 million, per capita $6,500 (1989); real + growth rate 4.2% (1990 est.) +Inflation rate (consumer prices): + 7% (1990 est.) +Unemployment rate: + 5.0% (1988 est.) +Budget: + revenues $92.8 million; expenditures $101 million, including capital + expenditures of $NA (1990 est.) +Exports: + $33.2 million (f.o.b., 1990) + commodities: + petroleum products 48%, manufactures 23%, food and live animals 4%, + machinery and transport equipment 17% + partners: + OECS 26%, Barbados 15%, Guyana 4%, Trinidad and Tobago 2%, US 0.3% +Imports: + $325.9 million (c.i.f., 1990) + commodities: + food and live animals, machinery and transport equipment, manufactures, + chemicals, oil + partners: + US 27%, UK 16%, Canada 4%, OECS 3%, other 50% +External debt: + $250 million (1990 est.) +Industrial production: + growth rate 3% (1989 est.); accounts for 3% of GDP +Electricity: + 52,100 kW capacity; 95 million kWh produced, 1,482 kWh per capita (1991) +Industries: + tourism, construction, light manufacturing (clothing, alcohol, household + appliances) +Agriculture: + accounts for 4% of GDP; expanding output of cotton, fruits, vegetables, and + livestock; other crops - bananas, coconuts, cucumbers, mangoes, sugarcane; + not self-sufficient in food +Economic aid: + US commitments, $10 million (1985-88); Western (non-US) countries, ODA and + OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $50 million +Currency: + East Caribbean dollar (plural - dollars); 1 EC dollar (EC$) = 100 cents +Exchange rates: + East Caribbean dollars (EC$) per US$1 - 2.70 (fixed rate since 1976) +Fiscal year: + 1 April - 31 March + +:Antigua and Barbuda Communications + +Railroads: + 64 km 0.760-meter narrow gauge and 13 km 0.610-meter gauge used almost + exclusively for handling sugarcane +Highways: + 240 km +Ports: + Saint John's +Merchant marine: + 105 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 364,891 GRT/552,475 DWT; includes 71 + cargo, 3 refrigerated cargo, 12 container, 3 roll-on/roll-off cargo, 1 + multifunction large load carrier, 1 oil tanker, 12 chemical tanker, 2 bulk; + note - a flag of convenience registry +Civil air: + 11 major transport aircraft +Airports: + 3 total, 3 usable; 2 with permanent-surface runways; 1 with runways + 2,440-3,659 m; 2 with runways less than 1,220 m +Telecommunications: + good automatic telephone system; 6,700 telephones; tropospheric scatter + links with Saba and Guadeloupe; broadcast stations - 4 AM, 2 FM, 2 TV, 2 + shortwave; 1 coaxial submarine cable; 1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT earth + station + +:Antigua and Barbuda Defense Forces + +Branches: + Royal Antigua and Barbuda Defense Force, Royal Antigua and Barbuda Police + Force (including the Coast Guard) +Manpower availability: + NA +Defense expenditures: + exchange rate conversion - $1.4 million, 1% of GDP (FY91) + +:Arctic Ocean Geography + +Total area: + 14,056,000 km2 +Land area: + 14,056,000 km2; includes Baffin Bay, Barents Sea, Beaufort Sea, Chukchi Sea, + East Siberian Sea, Greenland Sea, Hudson Bay, Hudson Strait, Kara Sea, + Laptev Sea, and other tributary water bodies +Comparative area: + slightly more than 1.5 times the size of the US; smallest of the world's + four oceans (after Pacific Ocean, Atlantic Ocean, and Indian Ocean) +Coastline: + 45,389 km +Disputes: + some maritime disputes (see littoral states) +Climate: + persistent cold and relatively narrow annual temperature ranges; winters + characterized by continuous darkness, cold and stable weather conditions, + and clear skies; summers characterized by continuous daylight, damp and + foggy weather, and weak cyclones with rain or snow +Terrain: + central surface covered by a perennial drifting polar icepack that averages + about 3 meters in thickness, although pressure ridges may be three times + that size; clockwise drift pattern in the Beaufort Gyral Stream, but nearly + straight line movement from the New Siberian Islands (Russia) to Denmark + Strait (between Greenland and Iceland); the ice pack is surrounded by open + seas during the summer, but more than doubles in size during the winter and + extends to the encircling land masses; the ocean floor is about 50% + continental shelf (highest percentage of any ocean) with the remainder a + central basin interrupted by three submarine ridges (Alpha Cordillera, + Nansen Cordillera, and Lomonsov Ridge); maximum depth is 4,665 meters in the + Fram Basin +Natural resources: + sand and gravel aggregates, placer deposits, polymetallic nodules, oil and + gas fields, fish, marine mammals (seals, whales) +Environment: + endangered marine species include walruses and whales; ice islands + occasionally break away from northern Ellesmere Island; icebergs calved from + glaciers in western Greenland and extreme northeastern Canada; maximum snow + cover in March or April about 20 to 50 centimeters over the frozen ocean and + lasts about 10 months; permafrost in islands; virtually icelocked from + October to June; fragile ecosystem slow to change and slow to recover from + disruptions or damage +Note: + major chokepoint is the southern Chukchi Sea (northern access to the Pacific + Ocean via the Bering Strait); ships subject to superstructure icing from + October to May; strategic location between North America and Russia; + shortest marine link between the extremes of eastern and western Russia, + floating research stations operated by the US and Russia + +:Arctic Ocean Economy + +Overview: + Economic activity is limited to the exploitation of natural resources, + including crude oil, natural gas, fish, and seals. + +:Arctic Ocean Communications + +Ports: + Churchill (Canada), Murmansk (Russia), Prudhoe Bay (US) +Telecommunications: + no submarine cables +Note: + sparse network of air, ocean, river, and land routes; the Northwest Passage + (North America) and Northern Sea Route (Asia) are important seasonal + waterways + +:Argentina Geography + +Total area: + 2,766,890 km2 +Land area: + 2,736,690 km2 +Comparative area: + slightly more than four times the size of Texas +Land boundaries: + 9,665 km total; Bolivia 832 km, Brazil 1,224 km, Chile 5,150 km, Paraguay + 1,880 km, Uruguay 579 km +Coastline: + 4,989 km +Maritime claims: + Continental shelf: + 200 m (depth) or to depth of exploitation + Exclusive economic zone: + nm limits unknown + Territorial sea: + 12 nm (overflight and navigation permitted beyond 12 nm) +Disputes: + short section of the boundary with Uruguay is in dispute; short section of + the boundary with Chile is indefinite; claims British-administered Falkland + Islands (Islas Malvinas); claims British- administered South Georgia and the + South Sandwich Islands; territorial claim in Antarctica +Climate: + mostly temperate; arid in southeast; subantarctic in southwest +Terrain: + rich plains of the Pampas in northern half, flat to rolling plateau of + Patagonia in south, rugged Andes along western border +Natural resources: + fertile plains of the pampas, lead, zinc, tin, copper, iron ore, manganese, + crude oil, uranium +Land use: + arable land 9%; permanent crops 4%; meadows and pastures 52%; forest and + woodland 22%; other 13%; includes irrigated 1% +Environment: + Tucuman and Mendoza areas in Andes subject to earthquakes; pamperos are + violent windstorms that can strike Pampas and northeast; irrigated soil + degradation; desertification; air and water pollution in Buenos Aires +Note: + second-largest country in South America (after Brazil); strategic location + relative to sea lanes between South Atlantic and South Pacific Oceans + (Strait of Magellan, Beagle Channel, Drake Passage) + +:Argentina People + +Population: + 32,901,234 (July 1992), growth rate 1.1% (1992) +Birth rate: + 20 births/1,000 population (1992) +Death rate: + 9 deaths/1,000 population (1992) +Net migration rate: + NEGL migrants/1,000 population (1992) +Infant mortality rate: + 34 deaths/1,000 live births (1992) +Life expectancy at birth: + 67 years male, 74 years female (1992) +Total fertility rate: + 2.8 children born/woman (1992) +Nationality: + noun - Argentine(s); adjective - Argentine +Ethnic divisions: + white 85%; mestizo, Indian, or other nonwhite groups 15% +Religions: + nominally Roman Catholic 90% (less than 20% practicing), Protestant 2%, + Jewish 2%, other 6% +Languages: + Spanish (official), English, Italian, German, French +Literacy: + 95% (male 96%, female 95%) age 15 and over can read and write (1990 est.) +Labor force: + 10,900,000; agriculture 12%, industry 31%, services 57% (1985 est.) +Organized labor: + 3,000,000; 28% of labor force + +:Argentina Government + +Long-form name: + Argentine Republic +Type: + republic +Capital: + Buenos Aires +Administrative divisions: + 23 provinces (provincias, singular - provincia), and 1 district** + (distrito); Buenos Aires, Catamarca, Chaco, Chubut, Cordoba, Corrientes, + Distrito Federal**, Entre Rios, Formosa, Jujuy, La Pampa, La Rioja, Mendoza, + Misiones, Neuquen, Rio Negro, Salta, San Juan, San Luis, Santa Cruz, Santa + Fe, Santiago del Estero, Tierra del Fuego, Tucuman; note - the national + territory is in the process of becoming a province; the US does not + recognize claims to Antarctica +Independence: + 9 July 1816 (from Spain) +Constitution: + 1 May 1853 +Legal system: + mixture of US and West European legal systems; has not accepted compulsory + ICJ jurisdiction +National holiday: + Revolution Day, 25 May (1810) +Executive branch: + president, vice president, Cabinet +Legislative branch: + bicameral National Congress (Congreso Nacional) consists of an upper chamber + or Senate (Senado) and a lower chamber or Chamber of Deputies (Camara de + Diputados) +Judicial branch: + Supreme Court (Corte Suprema) +Leaders: + Chief of State and Head of Government: + President Carlos Saul MENEM (since 8 July 1989); Vice President (position + vacant) +Political parties and leaders: + Justicialist Party (JP), Carlos Saul MENEM, Peronist umbrella political + organization; Radical Civic Union (UCR), Mario LOSADA, moderately left of + center; Union of the Democratic Center (UCD), Jorge AGUADO, conservative + party; Intransigent Party (PI), Dr. Oscar ALENDE, leftist party; several + provincial parties +Suffrage: + universal at age 18 +Elections: + Chamber of Deputies: + last held in three phases during late 1991 for half of 254 seats, total + current breakdown of seats - JP 122, UCR 85, UCD 10, other 37 + President: + last held 14 May 1989 (next to be held NA May 1995); results - Carlos Saul + MENEM was elected + Senate: + last held May 1989, but provincial elections in late 1991 set the stage for + indirect elections by provincial senators for one-third of 46 seats in the + national senate in May 1992; total current breakdown of seats - JP 27, UCR + 14, others 5 +Communists: + some 70,000 members in various party organizations, including a small + nucleus of activists + +:Argentina Government + +Other political or pressure groups: + Peronist-dominated labor movement, General Confederation of Labor + (Peronist-leaning umbrella labor organization), Argentine Industrial Union + (manufacturers' association), Argentine Rural Society (large landowners' + association), business organizations, students, the Roman Catholic Church, + the Armed Forces +Member of: + AfDB, AG (observer), CCC, ECLAC, FAO, G-6, G-11, G-15, G-19, G-24, G-77, + GATT, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICFTU, IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, + INMARSAT, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, IOM, ISO, ITU, LAES, LAIA, LORCS, + MERCOSUR, OAS, PCA, RG, UN, UNAVEM, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNIIMOG, + UNTSO, UPU, WCL, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO +Diplomatic representation: + Ambassador Carlos ORTIZ DE ROZAS; Chancery at 1600 New Hampshire Avenue NW, + Washington, DC 20009; telephone (202) 939-6400 through 6403; there are + Argentine Consulates General in Houston, Miami, New Orleans, New York, San + Francisco, and San Juan (Puerto Rico), and Consulates in Baltimore, Chicago, + and Los Angeles + US: + Ambassador Terence A. TODMAN; Embassy at 4300 Colombia, 1425 Buenos Aires + (mailing address is APO AA 34034); telephone [54] (1) 774- 7611 or 8811, + 9911; Telex 18156 AMEMBAR +Flag: + three equal horizontal bands of light blue (top), white, and light blue; + centered in the white band is a radiant yellow sun with a human face known + as the Sun of May + +:Argentina Economy + +Overview: + Argentina is rich in natural resources and has a highly literate population, + an export-oriented agricultural sector, and a diversified industrial base. + Nevertheless, following decades of mismanagement and statist policies, the + economy has encountered major problems in recent years, leading to + escalating inflation and a recession during 1988-90. Since 1978, Argentina's + external debt has nearly doubled to $58 billion, creating severe debt + servicing difficulties and hurting the country's creditworthiness with + international lenders. Elected in 1989, President Menem has implemented a + comprehensive economic restructuring program that shows signs of reversing + Argentina's economic decline and putting it on a path of stable, sustainable + growth. +GDP: + exchange rate conversion - $101.2 billion, per capita $3,100; real growth + rate 5.5% (1991 est.) +Inflation rate (consumer prices): + 83.8% (1991) +Unemployment rate: + 6.4% (October 1991) +Budget: + revenues $13.6 billion; expenditures $16.6 billion, including capital + expenditures of $2.5 billion (1991) +Exports: + $12 billion (f.o.b., 1991) + commodities: + meat, wheat, corn, oilseed, hides, wool + partners: + US 12%, USSR, Italy, Brazil, Japan, Netherlands +Imports: + $8 billion (c.i.f., 1991) + commodities: + machinery and equipment, chemicals, metals, fuels and lubricants, + agricultural products + partners: + US 22%, Brazil, FRG, Bolivia, Japan, Italy, Netherlands +External debt: + $61 billion (January 1992) +Industrial production: + growth rate 20% (1991 est.); accounts for 30% of GDP +Electricity: + 17,059,000 kW capacity; 47,357 million kWh produced, 1,450 kWh per capita + (1991) +Industries: + food processing, motor vehicles, consumer durables, textiles, chemicals and + petrochemicals, printing, metallurgy, steel +Agriculture: + accounts for 15% of GNP (including fishing); produces abundant food for both + domestic consumption and exports; among world's top five exporters of grain + and beef; principal crops - wheat, corn, sorghum, soybeans, sugar beets +Illicit drugs: + increasing use as a transshipment country for cocaine headed for the US and + Europe +Economic aid: + US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $1.0 billion; Western (non-US) + countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $4.4 billion; + Communist countries (1970-89), $718 million +Currency: + peso (plural - pesos); 1 pesos = 100 centavos + +:Argentina Economy + +Exchange rates: + pesos per US$1 - 0.99076 (Feburary 1992), 0.95355 (1991), 0.48759 (1990), + 0.04233 (1989), 0.00088 (1988), 0.00021 (1987) +Fiscal year: + calendar year + +:Argentina Communications + +Railroads: + 34,172 km total (includes 209 km electrified); includes a mixture of + 1.435-meter standard gauge, 1.676-meter broad gauge, 1.000-meter narrow + gauge, and 0.750-meter narrow gauge +Highways: + 208,350 km total; 47,550 km paved, 39,500 km gravel, 101,000 km improved + earth, 20,300 km unimproved earth +Inland waterways: + 11,000 km navigable +Pipelines: + crude oil 4,090 km; petroleum products 2,900 km; natural gas 9,918 km +Ports: + Bahia Blanca, Buenos Aires, Necochea, Rio Gallegos, Rosario, Santa Fe +Merchant marine: + 98 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 1,235,385 GRT/1,952,307 DWT; includes + 35 cargo, 6 refrigerated cargo, 6 container, 1 railcar carrier, 33 oil + tanker, 4 chemical tanker, 3 liquefied gas, 10 bulk; in addition, 2 naval + tankers and 1 military transport are sometimes used commercially +Civil air: + 56 major transport aircraft +Airports: + 1,702 total, 1,473 usable; 137 with permanent-surface runways; 1 with + runways over 3,659 m; 31 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 326 with runways + 1,220-2,439 m +Telecommunications: + extensive modern system; 2,650,000 telephones (12,000 public telephones); + microwave widely used; broadcast stations - 171 AM, no FM, 231 TV, 13 + shortwave; 2 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT earth stations; domestic satellite + network has 40 earth stations + +:Argentina Defense Forces + +Branches: + Argentine Army, Navy of the Argentine Republic, Argentine Air Force, + National Gendarmerie, Argentine Naval Prefecture (Coast Guard only), + National Aeronautical Police Force +Manpower availability: + males 15-49, 8,101,856; 6,568,885 fit for military service; 276,457 reach + military age (20) annually +Defense expenditures: + exchange rate conversion - $700 million, 1.5% of GDP (1991) + +:Armenia Geography + +Total area: + 29,800 km2 +Land area: + 28,400 km2 +Comparative area: + slightly larger than Maryland +Land boundaries: + 1,254 km total; Azerbaijan (east) 566 km, Azerbaijan (south) 221 km, Georgia + 164 km, Iran 35 km, Turkey 268 km +Coastline: + none - landlocked +Maritime claims: + none - landlocked +Disputes: + violent and longstanding dispute with Azerbaijan over ethnically Armenian + exclave of Nagorno-Karabakh; some irredentism by Armenians living in + southern Georgia; traditional demands on former Armenian lands in Turkey + have greatly subsided +Climate: + continental, hot, and subject to drought +Terrain: + high Armenian Plateau with mountain; little forest land; fast flowing + rivers; good soil in Aras River valley +Natural resources: + small deposits of gold, copper, molybdenum, zinc, alumina +Land use: + 10% arable land; NA% permanent crops; NA% meadows and pastures; NA% forest + and woodland; NA% other; NA% irrigated +Environment: + pollution of Razdan and Aras Rivers; air pollution in Yerevan + +:Armenia People + +Population: + 3,415,566 (July 1992), growth rate 0.8% (1992) +Birth rate: + 22 births/1,000 population (1992) +Death rate: + 7 deaths/1,000 population (1992) +Net migration rate: + --7 migrants/1,000 population (1992) +Infant mortality rate: + 35 deaths/1,000 live births (1992) +Life expectancy at birth: + 68 years male, 74 years female (1992) +Total fertility rate: + 2.7 children born/woman (1992) +Nationality: + noun - Armenian(s); adjective - Armenian +Ethnic divisions: + Armenian 93.3%, Russian 1.5%, Kurd 1.7%, other 3.5% +Religions: + Armenian Orthodox 94% +Languages: + Armenian 93%, Russian 2%, other 5% +Literacy: + NA% (male NA%, female NA%) age 15 and over can read and write (NA) +Labor force: + 1,630,000; industry and construction 42%, agriculture and forestry 18%, + other 40%(1990) +Organized labor: + NA + +:Armenia Government + +Long-form name: + Republic of Armenia +Type: + republic +Capital: + Yerevan +Administrative divisions: + none - all rayons are under direct republic jurisdiction +Independence: + Armenian Republic formed 29 November 1920 and became part of the Soviet + Union on 30 December 1922; on 23 September 1991, Armenia renamed itself the + Republic of Armenia +Constitution: + adopted NA April 1978, effective NA +Legal system: + based on civil law system +National holiday: + NA +Executive branch: + President, Council of Ministers, prime minister +Legislative branch: + unicameral body - Supreme Soviet +Judicial branch: + Supreme Court +Leaders: + Chief of State: + President Levon Akopovich TER-PETROSYAN (since 16 October 1991), Vice + President Gagik ARUTYUNYAN (since 16 October 1991) + Head of Government: + Prime Minister Gagik ARUTYUNYAN (since November 1991), First Deputy Prime + Minister Grant BAGRATYAN (since NA September 1990); Supreme Soviet Chairman + - Babken ARARKTSYAN +Political parties and leaders: + Armenian National Movement, Husik LAZARYAN, chairman; National + Self-Determination Association, Pakvyr HAYRIKIAN, chairman; National + Democratic Union, Vazgen MANUKYAN, chairman; Democratic Liberal Party, + Ramkavar AZATAKAN, chairman; Dashnatktsutyan Party, Rouben MIRZAKHANIN; + Chairman of Parliamentary opposition - Mekhak GABRIYELYAN +Suffrage: + universal at age 18 +Elections: + President: + last held 16 October 1990 (next to be held NA); results - elected by the + Supreme Soviet, Levon Akopovich TER-PETROSYAN 86%; radical nationalists + about 7% + Supreme Soviet: + last held 20 May 1990 (next to be held NA); results - percent of vote by + party NA; seats - (259 total); number of seats by party NA +Other political or pressure groups: + NA +Member of: + CSCE, NACC, UN, UNCTAD +Diplomatic representation: + Charge d'Affaires ad interim, Aleksandr ARZOUMANIAN + US: + Ambassador (vacant); Steven R. MANN, Charge d'Affaires; Embassy at Hotel + Hrazdan (telephone 8-011-7-8852-53-53-32); (mailing address is APO AE + 09862); telephone 8-011-7-885-215-1122 (voice and FAX); 8-011-7-885-215-1144 + (voice) + +:Armenia Government + +Flag: + NA + +:Armenia Economy + +Overview: + Armenia under the old centrally planned Soviet system had built up textile, + machine-building, and other industries and had become a key supplier to + sister republics. In turn, Armenia had depended on supplies of raw materials + and energy from the other republics. Most of these supplies enter the + republic by rail through Azerbaijan (85%) and Georgia (15%). The economy has + been severely hurt by ethnic strife with Azerbaijan over control of the + Nagorno-Karabakh Autonomous Oblast, a mostly Armenian-populated enclave + within the national boundaries of Azerbaijan. In addition to outright + warfare, the strife has included interdiction of Armenian imports on the + Azerbaijani railroads and expensive airlifts of supplies to beleagured + Armenians in Nagorno-Karabakh. An earthquake in December 1988 destroyed + about one-tenth of industrial capacity and housing, the repair of which has + not been possible because the supply of funds and real resources has been + disrupted by the reorganization and subsequent dismantling of the central + USSR administrative apparatus. Among facilities made unserviceable by the + earthquake are the Yerevan nuclear power plant, which had supplied 40% of + Armenia's needs for electric power and a plant that produced one-quarter of + the output of elevators in the former USSR. Armenia has some deposits of + nonferrous metal ores (bauxite, copper, zinc, and molybdenum) that are + largely unexploited. For the mid-term, Armenia's economic prospects seem + particularly bleak because of ethnic strife and the unusually high + dependence on outside areas, themselves in a chaotic state of + transformation. +GDP: + $NA, per capita $NA; real growth rate --10% (1991) +Inflation rate (consumer prices): + 91% +Unemployment rate: + NA% +Budget: + revenues $NA; expenditures $NA, including capital expenditures of $NA +Exports: + $176 million (f.o.b., 1990) + commodities: + machinery and transport equipment, ferrous and nonferrous metals, and + chemicals (1991) + partners: + NA +Imports: + $1.5 billion (c.i.f., 1990) + commodities: + machinery, energy, consumer goods (1991) + partners: + NA +External debt: + $650 million (December 1991 est.) +Industrial production: + growth rate --9.6% (1991) +Electricity: + NA kW capacity; 10,433 million kWh produced, about 3,000 kWh per capita + (1990) +Industries: + diverse, including (in percent of output of former USSR) metalcutting + machine tools (6.7%), forging-pressing machines (4.7%), electric motors + (8.7%), tires (2.1%), knitted wear (5.6%), hosiery (2.3%), shoes (2.2%), + silk fabric (5.3%), washing machines (2.0%); also chemicals, trucks, + watches, instruments, and microelectronics + +:Armenia Economy + +Agriculture: + only 10% of land area is arable; employs 18% of labor force; citrus, cotton, + and dairy farming; vineyards near Yerevan are famous for brandy and other + liqueurs +Illicit drugs: + illicit producer of cannabis mostly for domestic consumption; used as a + transshipment point for illicit drugs to Western Europe +Economic aid: + NA +Currency: + as of May 1992, retaining ruble as currency +Exchange rates: + NA +Fiscal year: + calendar year + +:Armenia Communications + +Railroads: + 840 km all 1.000-meter gauge (includes NA km electrified); does not include + industrial lines (1990) +Highways: + 11,300 km total (1990); 10,500 km hard surfaced, 800 km earth +Inland waterways: + NA km perennially navigable +Pipelines: + NA +Ports: + none - landlocked +Merchant marine: + none: + landlocked +Civil air: + none +Airports: + NA total, NA usable; NA with permanent-surface runways; NA with runways over + 3,659 m; NA with runways 2,440-3,659 m; NA with runways 1,220-2,439 m +Telecommunications: + Armenia has about 260,000 telephones, of which about 110,000 are in Yerevan; + average telephone density is 8 per 100 persons; international connections to + other former republics of the USSR are by landline or microwave and to other + countries by satellite and by leased connection through the Moscow + international gateway switch; broadcast stations - 100% of population + receives Armenian and Russian TV programs; satellite earth station - + INTELSAT + +:Armenia Defense Forces + +Branches: + Republic Security Forces (internal and border troops), National Guard; CIS + Forces (Ground and Air Defense) +Manpower availability: + males 15-49, NA; NA fit for military service; NA reach military age (18) + annually +Defense expenditures: + $NA, NA% of GDP + +:Aruba Geography + +Total area: + 193 km2 +Land area: + 193 km2 +Comparative area: + slightly larger than Washington, DC +Land boundaries: + none +Coastline: + 68.5 km +Maritime claims: + Exclusive fishing zone: + 12 nm + Territorial sea: + 12 nm +Disputes: + none +Climate: + tropical marine; little seasonal temperature variation +Terrain: + flat with a few hills; scant vegetation +Natural resources: + negligible; white sandy beaches +Land use: + arable land 0%; permanent crops 0%; meadows and pastures 0%; forest and + woodland 0%; other 100% +Environment: + lies outside the Caribbean hurricane belt +Note: + 28 km north of Venezuela + +:Aruba People + +Population: + 64,692 (July 1992), growth rate 0.7% (1992) +Birth rate: + 16 births/1,000 population (1992) +Death rate: + 6 deaths/1,000 population (1992) +Net migration rate: + --3 migrants/1,000 population (1992) +Infant mortality rate: + 9 deaths/1,000 live births (1992) +Life expectancy at birth: + 73 years male, 80 years female (1992) +Total fertility rate: + 1.8 children born/woman (1992) +Nationality: + noun - Aruban(s); adjective - Aruban +Ethnic divisions: + mixed European/Caribbean Indian 80% +Religions: + Roman Catholic 82%, Protestant 8%, also small Hindu, Muslim, Confucian, and + Jewish minority +Languages: + Dutch (official), Papiamento (a Spanish, Portuguese, Dutch, English + dialect), English (widely spoken), Spanish +Literacy: + NA% (male NA%, female NA%) +Labor force: + NA, but most employment is in the tourist industry (1986) +Organized labor: + Aruban Workers' Federation (FTA) + +:Aruba Government + +Long-form name: + none +Type: + part of the Dutch realm - full autonomy in internal affairs obtained in 1986 + upon separation from the Netherlands Antilles +Capital: + Oranjestad +Administrative divisions: + none (self-governing part of the Netherlands) +Independence: + none (part of the Dutch realm); note - in 1990, Aruba requested and received + from the Netherlands cancellation of the agreement to automatically give + independence to the island in 1996 +Constitution: + 1 January 1986 +Legal system: + based on Dutch civil law system, with some English common law influence +National holiday: + Flag Day, 18 March +Executive branch: + Dutch monarch, governor, prime minister, Council of Ministers (cabinet) +Legislative branch: + unicameral legislature (Staten) +Judicial branch: + Joint High Court of Justice +Leaders: + Chief of State: + Queen BEATRIX Wilhelmina Armgard (since 30 April 1980), represented by + Governor General Felipe B. TROMP (since 1 January 1986) + Head of Government: + Prime Minister Nelson ODUBER (since NA February 1989) +Political parties and leaders: + Electoral Movement Party (MEP), Nelson ODUBER; Aruban People's Party (AVP), + Henny EMAN; National Democratic Action (ADN), Pedro Charro KELLY; New + Patriotic Party (PPN), Eddy WERLEMEN; Aruban Patriotic Party (PPA), Benny + NISBET; Aruban Democratic Party (PDA), Leo BERLINSKI; Democratic Action '86 + (AD '86), Arturo ODUBER; Organization for Aruban Liberty (OHA), Glenbert + CROES; governing coalition includes the MEP, PPA, and ADN +Suffrage: + universal at age 18 +Elections: + Legislature: + last held 6 January 1989 (next to be held by NA January 1993); results - + percent of vote by party NA; seats - (21 total) MEP 10, AVP 8, ADN 1, PPN 1, + PPA 1 +Member of: + ECLAC (associate), INTERPOL, IOC, UNESCO (associate), WCL, WTO (associate) +Diplomatic representation: + none (self-governing part of the Netherlands) +Flag: + blue with two narrow horizontal yellow stripes across the lower portion and + a red, four-pointed star outlined in white in the upper hoist-side corner + +:Aruba Economy + +Overview: + Tourism is the mainstay of the economy, although offshore banking and oil + refining and storage are also important. Hotel capacity expanded rapidly + between 1985 and 1989 and nearly doubled in 1990 alone. Unemployment has + steadily declined from about 20% in 1986 to about 3% in 1991. The reopening + of the local oil refinery, once a major source of employment and foreign + exchange earnings, promises to give the economy an additional boost. +GDP: + exchange rate conversion - $854 million, per capita $13,600; real growth + rate l0% (1990 est.) +Inflation rate (consumer prices): + 8% (1990 est.) +Unemployment rate: + 3% (1991 est.) +Budget: + revenues $145 million; expenditures $185 million, including capital + expenditures of $42 million (1988) +Exports: + $134.4 million (f.o.b., 1990) + commodities: + mostly petroleum products + partners: + US 64%, EC +Imports: + $488 million (f.o.b., 1990) + commodities: + food, consumer goods, manufactures + partners: + US 8%, EC +External debt: + $81 million (1987) +Industrial production: + growth rate NA +Electricity: + 310,000 kW capacity; 945 million kWh produced, 15,000 kWh per capita (1990) +Industries: + tourism, transshipment facilities, oil refining +Agriculture: + poor quality soils and low rainfall limit agricultural activity to the + cultivation of aloes, some livestock, and fishing +Economic aid: + Western (non-US) countries ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1980-89), $220 + million +Currency: + Aruban florin (plural - florins); 1 Aruban florin (Af.) = 100 cents +Exchange rates: + Aruban florins (Af.) per US$1 - 1.7900 (fixed rate since 1986) +Fiscal year: + calendar year + +:Aruba Communications + +Highways: + Aruba has a system of all-weather highways +Ports: + Oranjestad, Sint Nicolaas +Civil air: + Air Aruba has a fleet of 3 intermediate-range Boeing aircraft +Airports: + government-owned airport east of Oranjestad accepts transatlantic flights +Telecommunications: + generally adequate; extensive interisland radio relay links; 72,168 + telephones; broadcast stations - 4 AM, 4 FM, 1 TV; 1 sea cable to Sint + Maarten + +:Aruba Defense Forces + +Note: + defense is the responsibility of the Netherlands + +:Ashmore and Cartier Islands Geography + +Total area: + 5 km2 +Land area: + 5 km2; includes Ashmore Reef (West, Middle, and East Islets) and Cartier + Island +Comparative area: + about 8.5 times the size of The Mall in Washington, DC +Land boundaries: + none +Coastline: + 74.1 km +Maritime claims: + Contiguous zone: + 12 nm + Continental shelf: + 200 m (depth) or to depth of exploration + Exclusive fishing zone: + 200 nm + Territorial sea: + 3 nm +Disputes: + none +Climate: + tropical +Terrain: + low with sand and coral +Natural resources: + fish +Land use: + arable land 0%; permanent crops 0%; meadows and pastures 0%; forest and + woodland 0%; other - grass and sand 100% +Environment: + surrounded by shoals and reefs; Ashmore Reef National Nature Reserve + established in August 1983 +Note: + located in extreme eastern Indian Ocean between Australia and Indonesia, 320 + km off the northwest coast of Australia + +:Ashmore and Cartier Islands People + +Population: + no permanent inhabitants; seasonal caretakers + +:Ashmore and Cartier Islands Government + +Long-form name: + Territory of Ashmore and Cartier Islands +Type: + territory of Australia administered by the Australian Minister for Arts, + Sports, the Environment, Tourism, and Territories - Roslyn KELLY +Capital: + none; administered from Canberra, Australia +Administrative divisions: + none (territory of Australia) +Legal system: + relevant laws of the Northern Territory of Australia +Diplomatic representation: + none (territory of Australia) + +:Ashmore and Cartier Islands Economy + +Overview: + no economic activity + +:Ashmore and Cartier Islands Communications + +Ports: + none; offshore anchorage only + +:Ashmore and Cartier Islands Defense Forces + +Note: + defense is the responsibility of Australia; periodic visits by the Royal + Australian Navy and Royal Australian Air Force + +:Atlantic Ocean Geography + +Total area: + 82,217,000 km2 +Land area: + 82,217,000 km2; includes Baltic Sea, Black Sea, Caribbean Sea, Davis Strait, + Denmark Strait, Drake Passage, Gulf of Mexico, Mediterranean Sea, North Sea, + Norwegian Sea, Weddell Sea, and other tributary water bodies +Comparative area: + slightly less than nine times the size of the US; second-largest of the + world's four oceans (after the Pacific Ocean, but larger than Indian Ocean + or Arctic Ocean) +Coastline: + 111,866 km +Disputes: + some maritime disputes (see littoral states) +Climate: + tropical cyclones (hurricanes) develop off the coast of Africa near Cape + Verde and move westward into the Caribbean Sea; hurricanes can occur from + May to December, but are most frequent from August to November +Terrain: + surface usually covered with sea ice in Labrador Sea, Denmark Strait, and + Baltic Sea from October to June; clockwise warm water gyre (broad, circular + system of currents) in the north Atlantic, counterclockwise warm water gyre + in the south Atlantic; the ocean floor is dominated by the Mid-Atlantic + Ridge, a rugged north-south centerline for the entire Atlantic basin; + maximum depth is 8,605 meters in the Puerto Rico Trench +Natural resources: + oil and gas fields, fish, marine mammals (seals and whales), sand and gravel + aggregates, placer deposits, polymetallic nodules, precious stones +Environment: + endangered marine species include the manatee, seals, sea lions, turtles, + and whales; municipal sludge pollution off eastern US, southern Brazil, and + eastern Argentina; oil pollution in Caribbean Sea, Gulf of Mexico, Lake + Maracaibo, Mediterranean Sea, and North Sea; industrial waste and municipal + sewage pollution in Baltic Sea, North Sea, and Mediterranean Sea; icebergs + common in Davis Strait, Denmark Strait, and the northwestern Atlantic from + February to August and have been spotted as far south as Bermuda and the + Madeira Islands; icebergs from Antarctica occur in the extreme southern + Atlantic +Note: + ships subject to superstructure icing in extreme north Atlantic from October + to May and extreme south Atlantic from May to October; persistent fog can be + a hazard to shipping from May to September; major choke points include the + Dardanelles, Strait of Gibraltar, access to the Panama and Suez Canals; + strategic straits include the Dover Strait, Straits of Florida, Mona + Passage, The Sound (Oresund), and Windward Passage; north Atlantic shipping + lanes subject to icebergs from February to August; the Equator divides the + Atlantic Ocean into the North Atlantic Ocean and South Atlantic Ocean + Kiel Canal and Saint Lawrence Seaway are two important waterways + +:Atlantic Ocean Economy + +Overview: + Economic activity is limited to exploitation of natural resources, + especially fish, dredging aragonite sands (The Bahamas), and crude oil and + natural gas production (Caribbean Sea and North Sea). + +:Atlantic Ocean Communications + +Ports: + Alexandria (Egypt), Algiers (Algeria), Antwerp (Belgium), Barcelona (Spain), + Buenos Aires (Argentina), Casablanca (Morocco), Colon (Panama), Copenhagen + (Denmark), Dakar (Senegal), Gdansk (Poland), Hamburg (Germany), Helsinki + (Finland), Las Palmas (Canary Islands, Spain), Le Havre (France), Lisbon + (Portugal), London (UK), Marseille (France), Montevideo (Uruguay), Montreal + (Canada), Naples (Italy), New Orleans (US), New York (US), Oran (Algeria), + Oslo (Norway), Piraeus (Greece), Rio de Janeiro (Brazil), Rotterdam + (Netherlands), Saint Petersburg (formerly Leningrad; Russia), Stockholm + (Sweden) +Telecommunications: + numerous submarine cables with most between continental Europe and the UK, + North America and the UK, and in the Mediterranean; numerous direct links + across Atlantic via INTELSAT satellite network + +:Australia Geography + +Total area: + 7,686,850 km2 +Land area: + 7,617,930 km2; includes Macquarie Island +Comparative area: + slightly smaller than the US +Land boundaries: + none +Coastline: + 25,760 km +Maritime claims: + Contiguous zone: + 12 nm + Continental shelf: + 200 m (depth) or to depth of exploitation + Exclusive fishing zone: + 200 nm + Territorial sea: + 12 nm +Disputes: + territorial claim in Antarctica (Australian Antarctic Territory) +Climate: + generally arid to semiarid; temperate in south and east; tropical in north +Terrain: + mostly low plateau with deserts; fertile plain in southeast +Natural resources: + bauxite, coal, iron ore, copper, tin, silver, uranium, nickel, tungsten, + mineral sands, lead, zinc, diamonds, natural gas, crude oil +Land use: + arable land 6%; permanent crops NEGL%; meadows and pastures 58%; forest and + woodland 14%; other 22%; includes irrigated NEGL% +Environment: + subject to severe droughts and floods; cyclones along coast; limited + freshwater availability; irrigated soil degradation; regular, tropical, + invigorating, sea breeze known as the doctor occurs along west coast in + summer; desertification +Note: + world's smallest continent but sixth-largest country + +:Australia People + +Population: + 17,576,354 (July 1992), growth rate 1.4% (1992) +Birth rate: + 15 births/1,000 population (1992) +Death rate: + 7 deaths/1,000 population (1992) +Net migration rate: + 7 migrants/1,000 population (1992) +Infant mortality rate: + 8 deaths/1,000 live births (1992) +Life expectancy at birth: + 74 years male, 80 years female (1992) +Total fertility rate: + 1.8 children born/woman (1992) +Nationality: + noun - Australian(s); adjective - Australian +Ethnic divisions: + Caucasian 95%, Asian 4%, Aboriginal and other 1% +Religions: + Anglican 26.1%, Roman Catholic 26.0%, other Christian 24.3% +Languages: + English, native languages +Literacy: + 100% (male 100%, female 100%) age 15 and over can read and write (1980 est.) +Labor force: + 8,630,000 (September 1991); finance and services 33.8%, public and community + services 22.3%, wholesale and retail trade 20.1%, manufacturing and industry + 16.2%, agriculture 6.1% (1987) +Organized labor: + 40% of labor force (November 1991) + +:Australia Government + +Long-form name: + Commonwealth of Australia +Type: + federal parliamentary state +Capital: + Canberra +Administrative divisions: + 6 states and 2 territories*; Australian Capital Territory*, New South Wales, + Northern Territory*, Queensland, South Australia, Tasmania, Victoria, + Western Australia +Independence: + 1 January 1901 (federation of UK colonies) +Constitution: + 9 July 1900, effective 1 January 1901 +Dependent areas: + Ashmore and Cartier Islands, Christmas Island, Cocos (Keeling) Islands, + Coral Sea Islands, Heard Island and McDonald Islands, Norfolk Island +Legal system: + based on English common law; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with + reservations +National holiday: + Australia Day, 26 January +Executive branch: + British monarch, governor general, prime minister, deputy prime minister, + Cabinet +Legislative branch: + bicameral Federal Parliament consists of an upper house or Senate and a + lower house or House of Representatives +Judicial branch: + High Court +Leaders: + Chief of State: + Queen ELIZABETH II (since February 1952), represented by Governor General + William George HAYDEN (since 16 February 1989) + Head of Government: + Prime Minister Paul John KEATING (since 20 December 1991); Deputy Prime + Minister Brian HOWE (since 4 June 1991) +Political parties and leaders: + government: + Australian Labor Party, Paul John KEATING + opposition: + Liberal Party, John HEWSON; National Party, Timothy FISCHER; Australian + Democratic Party, John COULTER +Suffrage: + universal and compulsory at age 18 +Elections: + House of Representatives: + last held 24 March 1990 (next to be held by NA November 1993); results - + Labor 39.7%, Liberal-National 43%, Australian Democrats and independents + 11.1%; seats - (148 total) Labor 78, Liberal-National 69, independent 1 + Senate: + last held 11 July 1987 (next to be held by NA July 1993); results - Labor + 43%, Liberal-National 42%, Australian Democrats 8%, independents 2%; seats - + (76 total) Labor 32, Liberal-National 34, Australian Democrats 7, + independents 3 +Communists: + 4,000 members (est.) + +:Australia Government + +Other political or pressure groups: + Australian Democratic Labor Party (anti-Communist Labor Party splinter + group); Peace and Nuclear Disarmament Action (Nuclear Disarmament Party + splinter group) +Member of: + AfDB, AG (observer), ANZUS, APEC, AsDB, Australia Group, BIS, C, CCC, COCOM, + CP, EBRD, ESCAP, FAO, GATT, G-8, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICFTU, IDA, IEA, + IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INMARSAT, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, IOM, ISO, ITU, + LORCS, MTCR, NAM (guest), NEA, NSG, OECD, PCA, SPC, SPF, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, + UNFICYP, UNHCR, UNIIMOG, UNTAG, UNTSO, UPU, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO, ZC +Diplomatic representation: + Ambassador Michael J. COOK; Chancery at 1601 Massachusetts Avenue NW, + Washington, DC 20036; telephone (202) 797-3000; there are Australian + Consulates General in Chicago, Honolulu, Houston, Los Angeles, New York, + Pago Pago (American Samoa), and San Francisco + US: + Ambassador Melvin F. SEMBLER; Moonah Place, Yarralumla, Canberra, Australian + Capital Territory 2600 (mailing address is APO AP 96549); telephone [61] (6) + 270-5000; FAX [61] (6) 270-5970; there are US Consulates General in + Melbourne, Perth, and Sydney, and a Consulate in Brisbane +Flag: + blue with the flag of the UK in the upper hoist-side quadrant and a large + seven-pointed star in the lower hoist-side quadrant; the remaining half is a + representation of the Southern Cross constellation in white with one small + five-pointed star and four, larger, seven-pointed stars + +:Australia Economy + +Overview: + Australia has a prosperous Western-style capitalist economy, with a per + capita GDP comparable to levels in industrialized West European countries. + Rich in natural resources, Australia is a major exporter of agricultural + products, minerals, metals, and fossil fuels. Of the top 25 exports, 21 are + primary products, so that, as happened during 1983-84, a downturn in world + commodity prices can have a big impact on the economy. The government is + pushing for increased exports of manufactured goods, but competition in + international markets continues to be severe. +GDP: + purchasing power equivalent - $280.8 billion, per capita $16,200; real + growth rate --0.6% (1991 est.) +Inflation rate (consumer prices): + 3.3% (September 1991) +Unemployment rate: + 10.5% (November 1991) +Budget: + revenues $76.9 billion; expenditures $75.4 billion, including capital + expenditures of NA (FY91) +Exports: + $41.7 billion (f.o.b., FY91) + commodities: + metals, minerals, coal, wool, cereals, meat, manufacturers + partners: + Japan 26%, US 11%, NZ 6%, South Korea 4%, Singapore 4%, UK, Taiwan, Hong + Kong +Imports: + $37.8 billion (f.o.b., FY91) + commodities: + manufactured raw materials, capital equipment, consumer goods + partners: + US 24%, Japan 19%, UK 6%, FRG 7%, NZ 4% (1990) +External debt: + $130.4 billion (June 1991) +Industrial production: + growth rate --0.9% (1991); accounts for 32% of GDP +Electricity: + 40,000,000 kW capacity; 155,000 million kWh produced, 8,960 kWh per capita + (1991) +Industries: + mining, industrial and transportation equipment, food processing, chemicals, + steel, motor vehicles +Agriculture: + accounts for 5% of GNP and 37% of export revenues; world's largest exporter + of beef and wool, second-largest for mutton, and among top wheat exporters; + major crops - wheat, barley, sugarcane, fruit; livestock - cattle, sheep, + poultry +Illicit drugs: + Tasmania is one of the world's major suppliers of licit opiate products; + government maintains strict controls over areas of opium poppy cultivation + and output of poppy straw concentrate +Economic aid: + donor - ODA and OOF commitments (1970-89), $10.4 billion +Currency: + Australian dollar (plural - dollars); 1 Australian dollar ($A) = 100 cents +Exchange rates: + Australian dollars ($A) per US$1 - 1.3360 (January 1992), 1.2836 (1991), + 1.2618 (1989), 1.2752 (1988), 1.4267 (1987) + +:Australia Economy + +Fiscal year: + 1 July - 30 June + +:Australia Communications + +Railroads: + 40,478 km total; 7,970 km 1.600-meter gauge, 16,201 km 1.435-meter standard + gauge, 16,307 km 1.067-meter gauge; 183 km dual gauge; 1,130 km electrified; + government owned (except for a few hundred kilometers of privately owned + track) (1985) +Highways: + 837,872 km total; 243,750 km paved, 228,396 km gravel, crushed stone, or + stabilized soil surface, 365,726 km unimproved earth +Inland waterways: + 8,368 km; mainly by small, shallow-draft craft +Pipelines: + crude oil 2,500 km; petroleum products 500 km; natural gas 5,600 km +Ports: + Adelaide, Brisbane, Cairns, Darwin, Devonport, Fremantle, Geelong, Hobart, + Launceston, Mackay, Melbourne, Sydney, Townsville +Merchant marine: + 85 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 2,324,803 GRT/3,504,385 DWT; includes + 2 short-sea passenger, 8 cargo, 8 container, 11 roll-on/roll-off, 1 vehicle + carrier, 17 petroleum tanker, 2 chemical tanker, 4 liquefied gas, 1 + combination ore/oil, 30 bulk, 1 combination bulk +Civil air: + about 150 major transport aircraft +Airports: + 481 total, 440 usable; 237 with permanent-surface runways, 1 with runway + over 3,659 m; 20 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 268 with runways 1,220-2,439 m +Telecommunications: + good international and domestic service; 8.7 million telephones; broadcast + stations - 258 AM, 67 FM, 134 TV; submarine cables to New Zealand, Papua New + Guinea, and Indonesia; domestic satellite service; satellite stations - 4 + Indian Ocean INTELSAT, 6 Pacific Ocean INTELSAT earth stations + +:Australia Defense Forces + +Branches: + Australian Army, Royal Australian Navy, Royal Australian Air Force +Manpower availability: + males 15-49, 4,769,005; 4,153,060 fit for military service; 138,117 reach + military age (17) annually +Defense expenditures: + exchange rate conversion - $7.5 billion, 2.4% of GDP (FY92 budget) + +:Austria Geography + +Total area: + 83,850 km2 +Land area: + 82,730 km2 +Comparative area: + slightly smaller than Maine +Land boundaries: + 2,591 km total; Czechoslovakia 548 km, Germany 784 km, Hungary 366 km, Italy + 430 km, Liechtenstein 37 km, Slovenia 262 km, Switzerland 164 km +Coastline: + none - landlocked +Maritime claims: + none - landlocked +Disputes: + none +Climate: + temperate; continental, cloudy; cold winters with frequent rain in lowlands + and snow in mountains; cool summers with occasional showers +Terrain: + mostly mountains with Alps in west and south; mostly flat, with gentle + slopes along eastern and northern margins +Natural resources: + iron ore, crude oil, timber, magnesite, aluminum, lead, coal, lignite, + copper, hydropower +Land use: + arable land 17%; permanent crops 1%; meadows and pastures 24%; forest and + woodland 39%; other 19%; includes irrigated NEGL% +Environment: + because of steep slopes, poor soils, and cold temperatures, population is + concentrated on eastern lowlands +Note: + landlocked; strategic location at the crossroads of central Europe with many + easily traversable Alpine passes and valleys; major river is the Danube + +:Austria People + +Population: + 7,867,541 (July 1992), growth rate 0.7% (1992) +Birth rate: + 12 births/1,000 population (1992) +Death rate: + 11 deaths/1,000 population (1992) +Net migration rate: + 5 migrants/1,000 population (1992) +Infant mortality rate: + 8 deaths/1,000 live births (1992) +Life expectancy at birth: + 73 years male, 80 years female (1992) +Total fertility rate: + 1.5 children born/woman (1992) +Nationality: + noun - Austrian(s); adjective - Austrian +Ethnic divisions: + German 99.4%, Croatian 0.3%, Slovene 0.2%, other 0.1% +Religions: + Roman Catholic 85%, Protestant 6%, other 9% +Languages: + German +Literacy: + 99% (male NA%, female NA%) age 15 and over can read and write (1974 est.) +Labor force: + 3,470,000 (1989); services 56.4%, industry and crafts 35.4%, agriculture and + forestry 8.1%; an estimated 200,000 Austrians are employed in other European + countries; foreign laborers in Austria number 177,840, about 6% of labor + force (1988) +Organized labor: + 60.1% of work force; the Austrian Trade Union Federation has 1,644,408 + members (1989) + +:Austria Government + +Long-form name: + Republic of Austria +Type: + federal republic +Capital: + Vienna +Administrative divisions: + 9 states (bundeslander, singular - bundesland); Burgenland, Karnten, + Niederosterreich, Oberosterreich, Salzburg, Steiermark, Tirol, Vorarlberg, + Wien +Independence: + 12 November 1918 (from Austro-Hungarian Empire) +Constitution: + 1920; revised 1929 (reinstated 1945) +Legal system: + civil law system with Roman law origin; judicial review of legislative acts + by a Constitutional Court; separate administrative and civil/penal supreme + courts; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction +National holiday: + National Day, 26 October (1955) +Executive branch: + president, chancellor, vice chancellor, Council of Ministers (cabinet) +Legislative branch: + bicameral Federal Assembly (Bundesversammlung) consists of an upper council + or Federal Council (Bundesrat) and a lower council or National Council + (Nationalrat) +Judicial branch: + Supreme Judicial Court (Oberster Gerichtshof) for civil and criminal cases, + Administrative Court (Verwaltungsgerichtshof) for bureaucratic cases, + Constitutional Court (Verfassungsgerichtshof) for constitutional cases +Leaders: + Chief of State: + President Thomas KLESTIL (since 8 July 1992) + Head of Government: + Chancellor Franz VRANITZKY (since 16 June 1986); Vice Chancellor Erhard + BUSEK (since 2 July 1991) +Political parties and leaders: + Social Democratic Party of Austria (SPO), Franz VRANITZKY, chairman; + Austrian People's Party (OVP), Erhard BUSEK, chairman; Freedom Party of + Austria (FPO), Jorg HAIDER, chairman; Communist Party (KPO), Walter + SILBERMAYER, chairman; Green Alternative List (GAL), Johannes VOGGENHUBER, + chairman +Suffrage: + universal at age 19; compulsory for presidential elections +Elections: + National Council: + last held 7 October 1990 (next to be held October 1994); results - SPO 43%, + OVP 32.1%, FPO 16.6%, GAL 4.5%, KPO 0.7%, other 0.32%; seats - (183 total) + SPO 80, OVP 60, FPO 33, GAL 10 + President: + last held 24 May 1992 (next to be held 1996); results of Second Ballot - + Thomas KLESTIL 57%, Rudolf STREICHER 43% +Communists: + membership 15,000 est.; activists 7,000-8,000 + +:Austria Government + +Other political or pressure groups: + Federal Chamber of Commerce and Industry; Austrian Trade Union Federation + (primarily Socialist); three composite leagues of the Austrian People's + Party (OVP) representing business, labor, and farmers; OVP-oriented League + of Austrian Industrialists; Roman Catholic Church, including its chief lay + organization, Catholic Action +Member of: + AfDB, AG (observer), AsDB, Australia Group, BIS, CCC, CE, CERN, COCOM, CSCE, + EBRD, ECE, EFTA, ESA, FAO, G-9, GATT, HG, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, + ICFTU, IDA, IEA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, IOM, + ISO, ITU, LORCS, MTRC, NAM (guest), NEA, NSG, OAS (observer), OECD, PCA, UN, + UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNDOF, UNFICYP, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNIIMOG, UNTSO, UPU, WCL, + WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO, ZC +Diplomatic representation: + Ambassador Friedrich HOESS; Embassy at 3524 International Court NW, + Washington, DC 20008; telephone (202) 895-6700; there are Austrian + Consulates General in Chicago, Los Angeles, and New York + US: + Ambassador Roy Michael HUFFINGTON; Embassy at Boltzmanngasse 16, A-1091, + Vienna (mailing address is APO AE 09108-0001); telephone [43] (1) 31-55-11; + FAX [43] (1) 310-0682; there is a US Consulate General in Salzburg +Flag: + three equal horizontal bands of red (top), white, and red + +:Austria Economy + +Overview: + Austria boasts a prosperous and stable capitalist economy with a sizable + proportion of nationalized industry and extensive welfare benefits. Thanks + to an excellent raw material endowment, a technically skilled labor force, + and strong links to German industrial firms, Austria occupies specialized + niches in European industry and services (tourism, banking) and produces + almost enough food to feed itself with only 8% of the labor force in + agriculture. Improved export prospects resulting from German unification and + the opening of Eastern Europe, boosted the economy during 1990 and to a + lesser extent in 1991. GDP growth slowed from 4.9% in 1990 to 3% in 1991 - + mainly due to the weaker world economy - and is expected to drop to around + 2% in 1992. Inflation is forecasted at about 4%, while unemployment probably + will increase moderately through 1992 before declining in 1993. Living + standards are comparable with the large industrial countries of Western + Europe. Problems for the l990s include an aging population, the high level + of subsidies, and the struggle to keep welfare benefits within budget + capabilities. Austria, which has applied for EC membership, was involved in + EC and European Free Trade Association negotiations for a European Economic + Area and will have to adapt its economy to achieve freer interchange of + goods, services, capital, and labor within the EC. +GDP: + purchasing power equivalent - $164.1 billion, per capita $20,985; real + growth rate 3% (1991) +Inflation rate (consumer prices): + 3.3% (1991, annual rate) +Unemployment rate: + 5.8% (1991) +Budget: + revenues $47.7 billion; expenditures $53.0 billion, including capital + expenditures of $NA (1990) +Exports: + $40 billion (1991) + commodities: + machinery and equipment, iron and steel, lumber, textiles, paper products, + chemicals + partners: + EC 65.8%, (Germany 39%), EFTA 9.1%, Eastern Europe/former USSR 9.0%, Japan + 1.7%, US 2.8% +Imports: + $50.2 billion (1991) + commodities: + petroleum, foodstuffs, machinery and equipment, vehicles, chemicals, + textiles and clothing, pharmaceuticals + partners: + EC 67.8% (Germany is 43.0%), EFTA 6.9%, Eastern Europe/former USSR 6.0%, + Japan 4.8%, US 3.9% +External debt: + $11.8 billion (1990 est.) +Industrial production: + 2.0% (1991) +Electricity: + 17,600,000 kW capacity; 49,500 million kWh produced, 6,500 kWh per capita + (1991) +Industries: + foods, iron and steel, machines, textiles, chemicals, electrical, paper and + pulp, tourism, mining + +:Austria Economy + +Agriculture: + accounts for 3.2% of GDP (including forestry); principal crops and animals - + grains, fruit, potatoes, sugar beets, sawn wood, cattle, pigs, poultry; + 80-90% self-sufficient in food +Economic aid: + donor - ODA and OOF commitments (1970-89), $2.4 billion +Currency: + Austrian schilling (plural - schillings); 1 Austrian schilling (S) = 100 + groschen +Exchange rates: + Austrian schillings (S) per US$1 - 11.068 (January 1992), 11.676 (1991), + 11.370 (1990), 13.231 (1989), 12.348 (1988), 12.643 (1987) +Fiscal year: + calendar year + +:Austria Communications + +Railroads: + 6,028 km total; 5,388 km government owned and 640 km privately owned (1.435- + and 1.000-meter gauge); 5,403 km 1.435-meter standard gauge of which 3,051 + km is electrified and 1,520 km is double tracked; 363 km 0.760-meter narrow + gauge of which 91 km is electrified +Highways: + 95,412 km total; 34,612 km are the primary network (including 1,012 km of + autobahn, 10,400 km of federal, and 23,200 km of provincial roads); of this + number, 21,812 km are paved and 12,800 km are unpaved; in addition, there + are 60,800 km of communal roads (mostly gravel, crushed stone, earth) +Inland waterways: + 446 km +Pipelines: + crude oil 554 km; natural gas 2,611 km; petroleum products 171 km +Ports: + Vienna, Linz (river ports) +Merchant marine: + 31 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 130,966 GRT/219,130 DWT; includes 26 + cargo, 1 container, 4 bulk +Civil air: + 25 major transport aircraft +Airports: + 55 total, 55 usable; 20 with permanent-surface runways; none with runways + over 3,659 m; 6 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 4 with runways 1,220-2,439 m +Telecommunications: + highly developed and efficient; 4,014,000 telephones; broadcast stations - 6 + AM, 21 (545 repeaters) FM, 47 (870 repeaters) TV; satellite ground stations + for Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT, Indian Ocean INTELSAT, and EUTELSAT systems + +:Austria Defense Forces + +Branches: + Army, Flying Division, Gendarmerie +Manpower availability: + males 15-49, 2,011,895; 1,693,244 fit for military service; 51,788 reach + military age (19) annually +Defense expenditures: + exchange rate conversion - $1.8 billion, 1% of GDP (1991) + +:Azerbaijan Geography + +Total area: + 86,600 km2 +Land area: + 86,100 km2; includes the Nakhichevan' Autonomous Republic and the + Nagorno-Karabakh Autonomous Oblast; region's autonomy was abolished by + Azerbaijan Supreme Soviet on 26 November 1991 +Comparative area: + slightly larger than Maine +Land boundaries: + 2,013 km total; Armenia (west) 566 km, Armenia (southwest) 221 km, Georgia + 322 km, Iran (south) 432 km, Iran (southwest) 179 km, Russia 284 km, Turkey + 9 km +Coastline: + none - landlocked +Maritime claims: + NA + Exclusive fishing zone: + NA nm; Azerbaijani claims in Caspian Sea unknown; 10 nm fishing zone + provided for in 1940 treaty regarding trade and navigation between Soviet + Union and Iran +Disputes: + violent and longstanding dispute with Armenia over status of + Nagorno-Karabakh, lesser dispute concerns Nakhichevan'; some Azeris desire + absorption of and/or unification with the ethnically Azeri portion of Iran; + minor irredentist disputes along Georgia border +Climate: + dry, semiarid steppe; subject to drought +Terrain: + large, flat Kura Lowland (much of it below sea level) with Great Caucasus + Mountains to the north, Karabakh Upland in west; Baku lies on Aspheson + Peninsula that juts into Caspian Sea +Natural resources: + petroleum, natural gas, iron ore, nonferrous metals, alumina +Land use: + NA% arable land; NA% permanent crops; NA% meadows and pastures; NA% forest + and woodland; NA% other; includes 70% of cultivated land irrigated (1.2 + million hectares) +Environment: + local scientists consider Apsheron Peninsula, including Baku and Sumgait, + and the Caspian Sea to be "most ecologically devastated area in the world" + because of severe air and water pollution +Note: + landlocked; major polluters are oil, gas, and chemical industries + +:Azerbaijan People + +Population: + 7,450,787 (July 1992), growth rate 1.6% (1992) +Birth rate: + 26 births/1,000 population (1992) +Death rate: + 7 deaths/1,000 population (1992) +Net migration rate: + --3 migrants/1,000 population (1992) +Infant mortality rate: + 45 deaths/1,000 live births (1992) +Life expectancy at birth: + 65 years male, 73 years female (1992) +Total fertility rate: + 2.9 children born/woman (1992) +Nationality: + noun - Azerbaijani(s); adjective - Azerbaijani +Ethnic divisions: + Azeri 82.7%, Russian 5.6%, Armenian 5.6%, Daghestanis 3.2%, other 2.9%; note + - Armenian share may be less than 5.6% because many Armenians have fled the + ethnic violence since 1989 census +Religions: + Moslem 87%, Russian Orthodox 5.6%, Armenian Orthodox 5.6%, other 1.8% +Languages: + Azeri 82%, Russian 7%, Armenian 5%, other 6% +Literacy: + NA% (male NA%, female NA%) age 15 and over can read and write (1992 est.) +Labor force: + 2,789,000; agriculture and forestry 32%, industry and construction 26%, + other 42% (1990) +Organized labor: + NA (1992) + +:Azerbaijan Government + +Long-form name: + Azerbaijani Republic; short-form name: Azerbaijan +Type: + republic +Capital: + Baku (Baky) +Administrative divisions: + 1 autonomous republic (avtomnaya respublika), Nakhichevan' (administrative + center at Nakhichevan'); note - all rayons except for the exclave of + Nakhichevan' are under direct republic jurisdiction;1 autonomous oblast, + Nagorno-Karabakh (officially abolished by Azerbaijani Supreme Soviet on 26 + November 1991) has declared itself Nagorno-Karabakh Republic +Independence: + 28 May 1918; on 28 April 1920, Azerbaijan became the Soviet Socialist + Republic of Azerbaijan; on 30 April 1992 it became the Azerbaijani Republic; + independence declared 30 August 1991 +Constitution: + adopted NA April 1978 +Legal system: + based on civil law system +National holiday: + NA +Executive branch: + president, Council of Ministers +Legislative branch: + National Parliament (Milli Majlis) was formed on the basis of the National + Council (Milli Shura) +Judicial branch: + Supreme Court +Leaders: + Chief of State: + President-elect Ebulfez ELCIBEY (since 7 June 1992) + Head of Government: + Prime Minister Rahim GUSEYNOV (since 14 May 1992) +Political parties and leaders: + NA +Suffrage: + universal at age 18 +Elections: + National Parliament: + last held NA September 1990 (next expected to be held late 1992); results - + seats - (360 total) Communists 280, Democratic Bloc 45 (grouping of + opposition parties), other 15, vacant 20; note - these figures are + approximate + President: + held 8 September 1991 (next to be held 7 June 1992); results - Ebulfez + ELCIBEY (6,390 unofficial) +Other political or pressure groups: + Self-proclaimed Armenian Nagorno-Karabakh Republic +Member of: + CIS, CSCE, IMF, OIC, UN, UNCTAD +Diplomatic representation: + NA + US: + Ambassador (vacant); Robert MILES, Charge d'Affaires; Embassy at Hotel + Intourist (telephone 8-011-7-8922-91-79-56) plus 8 hours; (mailing address + is APO New York is 09862); telephone NA + +:Azerbaijan Government + +Flag: + three equal horizontal bands of blue (top), red, and green; a crescent and + eight-pointed star in white are centered in red band + +:Azerbaijan Economy + +Overview: + Azerbaijan is less developed industrially than either Armenia or Georgia, + the other Transcaucasian states. It resembles the Central Asian states in + its majority Muslim population, high structural unemployment, and low + standard of living. The economy's most prominent products are cotton, oil, + and gas. Production from the Caspian oil and gas field has been in decline + for several years. With foreign assistance, the oil industry might generate + the funds needed to spur industrial development. However, civil unrest, + marked by armed conflict in the Nagorno-Karabakh region between Muslim + Azeris and Christian Armenians, makes foreign investors wary. Azerbaijan + accounts for 1.5% to 2% of the capital stock and output of the former Soviet + Union. Although immediate economic prospects are not favorable because of + civil strife, lack of economic reform, political disputes about new economic + arrangements, and the skittishness of foreign investors, Azerbaijan's + economic performance was the best of all former Soviet republics in 1991 + largely because of its reliance on domestic resources for industrial output. +GDP: + $NA, per capita $NA; real growth rate --0.7% (1991) +Inflation rate (consumer prices): + 87% (1991) +Unemployment rate: + NA% +Budget: + revenues $NA; expenditures $NA, including capital expenditures of $NA (1992) +Exports: + $780 million (f.o.b., 1991) + commodities: + oil and gas, chemicals, oilfield equipment, textiles, cotton (1991) + partners: + mostly CIS countries +Imports: + $2.2 billion (c.i.f., 1990) + commodities: + machinery and parts, consumer durables, foodstuffs, textiles (1991) +External debt: + $1.3 billion (1991 est.) +Industrial production: + growth rate 3.8% (1991) +Electricity: + 6,025,000 kW capacity; 23,300 million kWh produced, 3,280 kWh per capita + (1991) +Industries: + petroleum and natural gas, petroleum products, oilfield equipment; steel, + iron ore, cement; chemicals and petrochemicals; textiles +Agriculture: + cotton, grain, rice, grapes, fruit, vegetables, tea, tobacco; cattle, pigs, + sheep and goats +Illicit drugs: + illicit producer of cannabis and opium; mostly for domestic consumption; + status of government eradication programs unknown; used as transshipment + points for illicit drugs to Western Europe +Economic aid: + NA +Currency: + as of May 1992, retaining ruble as currency +Exchange rates: + NA +Fiscal year: + calendar year + +:Azerbaijan Communications + +Railroads: + 2,090 km (includes NA km electrified); does not include industrial lines + (1990) +Highways: + 36,700 km total (1990); 31,800 km hard surfaced; 4,900 km earth +Inland waterways: + NA km perennially navigable +Pipelines: + NA +Ports: + inland - Baku (Baky) +Merchant marine: + none - landlocked +Civil air: + none +Airports: + NA +Telecommunications: + quality of local telephone service is poor; connections to other former USSR + republics by landline or microwave and to countries beyond the former USSR + via the Moscow international gateway switch; Azeri and Russian TV broadcasts + are received; Turkish and Iranian TV broadcasts are received from INTELSAT + through a TV receive-only earth station + +:Azerbaijan Defense Forces + +Branches: + Republic Security Forces (internal and border troops), National Guard; CIS + Forces (Ground, Navy, Air, Air Defense) +Manpower availability: + males 15-49, NA; NA fit for military service; NA reach military age (18) + annually +Defense expenditures: + $NA million, NA% of GDP + +:The Bahamas Geography + +Total area: + 13,940 km2 +Land area: + 10,070 km2 +Comparative area: + slightly larger than Connecticut +Land boundaries: + none +Coastline: + 3,542 km +Maritime claims: + Continental shelf: + 200 m (depth) or to depth of exploitation + Exclusive fishing zone: + 200 nm + Territorial sea: + 3 nm +Disputes: + none +Climate: + tropical marine; moderated by warm waters of Gulf Stream +Terrain: + long, flat coral formations with some low rounded hills +Natural resources: + salt, aragonite, timber +Land use: + arable land 1%; permanent crops NEGL%; meadows and pastures NEGL%; forest + and woodland 32%; other 67% +Environment: + subject to hurricanes and other tropical storms that cause extensive flood + damage +Note: + strategic location adjacent to US and Cuba; extensive island chain + +:The Bahamas People + +Population: + 255,811 (July 1992), growth rate 1.4% (1992) +Birth rate: + 19 births/1,000 population (1992) +Death rate: + 5 deaths/1,000 population (1992) +Net migration rate: + 0 migrants/1,000 population (1992) +Infant mortality rate: + 19 deaths/1,000 live births (1992) +Life expectancy at birth: + 69 years male, 76 years female (1992) +Total fertility rate: + 2.2 children born/woman (1992) +Nationality: + noun--Bahamian(s); adjective--Bahamian +Ethnic divisions: + black 85%, white 15% +Religions: + Baptist 32%, Anglican 20%, Roman Catholic 19%, Methodist 6%, Church of God + 6%, other Protestant 12%, none or unknown 3%, other 2% (1980) +Languages: + English; some Creole among Haitian immigrants +Literacy: + 90% (male 90%, female 89%) age 15 and over but definition of literacy not + available (1963 est.) +Labor force: + 127,400; government 30%, hotels and restaurants 25%, business services + 10%, agriculture 5% (1989) +Organized labor: + 25% of labor force + +:The Bahamas Government + +Long-form name: + The Commonwealth of The Bahamas +Type: + commonwealth +Capital: + Nassau +Administrative divisions: + 21 districts; Abaco, Acklins Island, Andros Island, Berry Islands, + Biminis, Cat Island, Cay Lobos, Crooked Island, Eleuthera, Exuma, Grand + Bahama, Harbour Island, Inagua, Long Cay, Long Island, Mayaguana, + New Providence, Ragged Island, Rum Cay, San Salvador, + Spanish Wells +Independence: + 10 July 1973 (from UK) +Constitution: + 10 July 1973 +Legal system: + based on English common law +National holiday: + National Day, 10 July (1973) +Executive branch: + British monarch, governor general, prime minister, deputy prime + minister, Cabinet +Legislative branch: + bicameral Parliament consists of an upper house or Senate and a lower + house or House of Assembly +Judicial branch: + Supreme Court +Leaders: + Chief of State: + Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952), represented by + Acting Governor General Sir Clifford DARLING (since 2 January 1992) + Head of Government: + Prime Minister Sir Lynden Oscar PINDLING (since 16 January 1967) +Political parties and leaders: + Progressive Liberal Party (PLP), Sir Lynden O. PINDLING; Free National + Movement (FNM), Hubert Alexander INGRAHAM +Suffrage: + universal at age 18 +Elections: + House of Assembly: + last held 19 June 1987 (next to be held by NA June 1992); + results--percent of vote by party NA; seats--(49 total) PLP 32, FNM 17 + *** No entry for this item *** +Other political or pressure groups: + Vanguard Nationalist and Socialist Party (VNSP), a small leftist party + headed + by Lionel CAREY; Trade Union Congress (TUC), headed by Arlington MILLER +Member of: + ACP, C, CCC, CARICOM, CDB, ECLAC, FAO, G-77, IADB, IBRD, ICAO, + ICFTU, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, ITU, LORCS, NAM, + OAS, OPANAL, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO +Diplomatic representation: + Ambassador Margaret E. McDONALD; Chancery at 2220 Massachusetts + Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008; telephone (202) 319-2660; there are + Bahamian Consulates General in Miami and New York; + +:The Bahamas Government + + US: + Ambassador Chic HECHT; Embassy at Mosmar Building, Queen Street, Nassau + (mailing address is P. O. Box N-8197, Nassau); telephone (809) 322-1181 or + 328-2206; FAX (809) 328-7838 +Diplomatic representation: + *** No entry for this item *** +Flag: + three equal horizontal bands of aquamarine (top), gold, and aquamarine with + a black equilateral triangle based on the hoist side + +:The Bahamas Economy + +Overview: + The Bahamas is a stable, middle-income developing nation whose economy is + based primarily on tourism and offshore banking. Tourism alone provides + about 50% of GDP and directly or indirectly employs about 50,000 people or + 40% of the local work force. The economy has slackened in recent years, as + the annual increase in the number of tourists slowed. Nonetheless, the per + capita GDP of $9,900 is one of the highest in the region. +GDP: + purchasing power equivalent--$2.5 billion, per capita $9,900; real growth + rate 1.0% (1990 est.) + *** No entry for this item *** +Inflation rate (consumer prices): + 7.3% (1991 est.) +Unemployment rate: + 16.0% (1991) +Budget: + revenues $627.5 million; expenditures $727.5 million, including capital + expenditures of $100 million (1992, projected) + *** No entry for this item *** +Exports: + $306 million (f.o.b., 1991 est.); + commodities: + pharmaceuticals, cement, rum, crawfish; + partners: + US 41%, Norway 30%, Denmark 4% +Imports: + $1.14 billion (c.i.f., 1991 est.); + commodities: + foodstuffs, manufactured goods, mineral fuels; + partners: + US 35%, Nigeria 21%, Japan 13%, Angola 11% +External debt: + $1.2 billion (December 1990) +Industrial production: + growth rate 3% (1990); accounts for 15% of GDP +Electricity: + 368,000 kw capacity; 857 million kWh produced 3,339 kWh per capita + (1991) +Industries: + tourism, banking, cement, oil refining and transshipment, salt production, + rum, aragonite, pharmaceuticals, spiral welded steel pipe + *** No entry for this item *** +Agriculture: + accounts for less than 5% of GDP; dominated by small-scale producers; + principal products--citrus fruit, vegetables, poultry; large net importer of + food + *** No entry for this item *** +Illicit drugs: + transshipment point for cocaine +Economic aid: + US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY85-89), $1.0 million; Western + (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $345 + million +Currency: + Bahamian dollar (plural--dollars); 1 Bahamian dollar (B$) = 100 cents +Exchange rates: + Bahamian dollar (B$) per US$1--1.00 (fixed rate) +Fiscal year: + calendar year + +:The Bahamas Communications + +Highways: + 2,400 km total; 1,350 km paved, 1,050 km gravel +Ports: + Freeport, Nassau +Merchant marine: + 778 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 18,129,173 GRT/30,002,421 DWT; + includes 48 passenger, 19 short-sea passenger, 152 cargo, 37 + roll-on/roll-off cargo, 42 container, 6 vehicle carrier, 1 railcar carrier, + 172 petroleum tanker, 9 liquefied gas, 16 combination ore/oil, 47 chemical + tanker, 1 specialized tanker, 143 bulk, 7 combination bulk, 78 refrigerated + cargo; + note--a flag of convenience registry + *** No entry for this item *** +Civil air: + 11 major transport aircraft +Airports: + 59 total, 54 usable; 30 with permanent-surface runways; none with + runways over 3,659 m; 3 with runways 2,440-3, 659 m; 26 with runways + 1,220-2,439 m +Telecommunications: + highly developed; 99,000 telephones in totally automatic system; + tropospheric scatter and submarine cable links to Florida; broadcast + stations--3 AM, 2 FM, 1 TV; 3 coaxial submarine cables; 1 Atlantic Ocean + INTELSAT earth station + *** No entry for this item *** + +:The Bahamas Defense Forces + +Branches: + Royal Bahamas Defense Force (Coast Guard only), Royal Bahamas Police +Branches: + Force +Manpower availability: + males 15-49, 68,020; NA fit for military service +Defense expenditures: + exchange rate conversion--$65 million, 2.7% of GDP (1990) + +:Bahrain Geography + +Total area: + 620 km2 +Land area: + 620 km2 +Comparative area: + slightly less than 3.5 times the size of Washington, DC +Land boundaries: + none +Coastline: + 161 km +Maritime claims: + Continental shelf: + not specific + Territorial sea: + 3 nm +Disputes: + territorial dispute with Qatar over the Hawar Islands; maritime boundary + with Qatar +Climate: + arid; mild, pleasant winters; very hot, humid summers +Terrain: + mostly low desert plain rising gently to low central escarpment +Natural resources: + oil, associated and nonassociated natural gas, fish +Land use: + arable land 2%; permanent crops 2%; meadows and pastures 6%; forest and + woodland 0%; other 90%, includes irrigated NEGL% +Environment: + subsurface water sources being rapidly depleted (requires development of + desalination facilities); dust storms; desertification +Note: + close to primary Middle Eastern crude oil sources; strategic location in + Persian Gulf through which much of Western world's crude oil must transit to + reach open ocean + +:Bahrain People + +Population: + 551,513 (July 1992), growth rate 3.1% (1992) +Birth rate: + 27 births/1,000 population (1992) +Death rate: + 4 deaths/1,000 population (1992) +Net migration rate: + 7 migrants/1,000 population (1992) +Infant mortality rate: + 21 deaths/1,000 live births (1992) +Life expectancy at birth: + 70 years male, 75 years female (1992) +Total fertility rate: + 4.0 children born/woman (1992) +Nationality: + noun - Bahraini(s); adjective - Bahraini +Ethnic divisions: + Bahraini 63%, Asian 13%, other Arab 10%, Iranian 8%, other 6% +Religions: + Muslim (Shi`a 70%, Sunni 30%) +Languages: + Arabic (official); English also widely spoken; Farsi, Urdu +Literacy: + 77% (male 82%, female 69%) age 15 and over can read and write (1990 est.) +Labor force: + 140,000; 42% of labor force is Bahraini; industry and commerce 85%, + agriculture 5%, services 5%, government 3% (1982) +Organized labor: + General Committee for Bahrain Workers exists in only eight major designated + companies + +:Bahrain Government + +Long-form name: + State of Bahrain +Type: + traditional monarchy +Capital: + Manama +Administrative divisions: + 12 districts (manatiq, singular - mintaqah); Al Hadd, Al Manamah, Al + Mintaqah al Gharbiyah, Al Mintaqah al Wusta, Al Mintaqah ash Shamaliyah, Al + Muharraq, Ar Rifa`wa al Mintaqah al Janubiyah, Jidd Hafs, Madinat Hamad, + Madinat `Isa, Mintaqat Juzur Hawar, Sitrah +Independence: + 15 August 1971 (from UK) +Constitution: + 26 May 1973, effective 6 December 1973 +Legal system: + based on Islamic law and English common law +National holiday: + Independence Day, 16 December +Executive branch: + amir, crown prince and heir apparent, prime minister, Cabinet +Legislative branch: + unicameral National Assembly was dissolved 26 August 1975 and legislative + powers were assumed by the Cabinet +Judicial branch: + High Civil Appeals Court +Leaders: + Chief of State: + Amir `ISA bin Salman Al Khalifa (since 2 November 1961); Heir Apparent HAMAD + bin `Isa Al Khalifa (son of Amir; born 28 January 1950) + Head of Government: + Prime Minister KHALIFA bin Salman Al Khalifa (since 19 January 1970) +Political parties and leaders: + political parties prohibited; several small, clandestine leftist and Islamic + fundamentalist groups are active +Suffrage: + none +Elections: + none +Member of: + ABEDA, AFESD, AL, AMF, ESCWA, FAO, G-77, GCC, IBRD, ICAO, IDB, ILO, IMF, + IMO, INMARSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, ISO (correspondent), ITU, LORCS, NAM, OAPEC, + OIC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WFTU, WHO, WMO +Diplomatic representation: + Ambassador `Abd al-Rahman Faris Al KHALIFA; Chancery at 3502 International + Drive NW, Washington, DC 20008; telephone (202) 342-0741 or 342-0742; there + is a Bahraini Consulate General in New York + US: + Ambassador Dr. Charles W. HOSTLER; Embassy at Road No. 3119 (next to Alahli + Sports Club), Zinj; (mailing address is P. O. 26431, Manama, or FPO AE + 09834-6210); telephone [973] 273-300; FAX (973) 272-594 +Flag: + red with a white serrated band (eight white points) on the hoist side + +:Bahrain Economy + +Overview: + Petroleum production and processing account for about 80% of export + receipts, 60% of government revenues, and 31% of GDP. Economic conditions + have fluctuated with the changing fortunes of oil since 1985, for example, + the Gulf crisis of 1990-91. The liberation of Kuwait in early 1991 has + improved short- to medium-term prospects and has raised investors' + confidence. Bahrain with its highly developed communication and transport + facilities is home to numerous multinational firms with business in the + Gulf. A large share of exports is petroleum products made from imported + crude. +GDP: + exchange rate conversion - $4.0 billion, per capita $7,500 (1990); real + growth rate 6.7% (1988) +Inflation rate (consumer prices): + 1.5% (1989) +Unemployment rate: + 8-10% (1989) +Budget: + revenues $1.2 billion; expenditures $1.32 billion, including capital + expenditures of $NA (1989) +Exports: + $3.7 billion (f.o.b., 1990 est.) + commodities: + petroleum and petroleum products 80%, aluminum 7%, other 13% + partners: + UAE 18%, Japan 12%, India 11%, US 6% +Imports: + $3.7 billion (f.o.b., 1989) + commodities: + nonoil 59%, crude oil 41% + partners: + Saudi Arabia 41%, US 23%, Japan 8%, UK 8% +External debt: + $1.1 billion (December 1989 est.) +Industrial production: + growth rate 3.8% (1988); accounts for 44% of GDP +Electricity: + 3,600,000 kW capacity; 10,500 million kWh produced, 21,000 kWh per capita + (1991) +Industries: + petroleum processing and refining, aluminum smelting, offshore banking, ship + repairing +Agriculture: + including fishing, accounts for less than 2% of GDP; not self-sufficient in + food production; heavily subsidized sector produces fruit, vegetables, + poultry, dairy products, shrimp, and fish; fish catch 9,000 metric tons in + 1987 +Economic aid: + US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-79), $24 million; Western (non-US) + countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $45 million; OPEC + bilateral aid (1979-89), $9.8 billion +Currency: + Bahraini dinar (plural - dinars); 1 Bahraini dinar (BD) = 1,000 fils +Exchange rates: + Bahraini dinars (BD) per US$1 - 0.3760 (fixed rate) +Fiscal year: + calendar year + +:Bahrain Communications + +Highways: + 200 km bituminous surfaced, including 25 km bridge-causeway to Saudi Arabia + opened in November 1986; NA km natural surface tracks +Pipelines: + crude oil 56 km; petroleum products 16 km; natural gas 32 km +Ports: + Mina' Salman, Manama, Sitrah +Merchant marine: + 9 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 186,367 GRT/249,441 DWT; includes 5 + cargo, 2 container, 1 liquefied gas, 1 bulk +Civil air: + 27 major transport aircraft +Airports: + 3 total, 3 usable; 2 with permanent-surface runways; 2 with runways over + 3,659 m; 1 with runways 1,220-2,439 m +Telecommunications: + excellent international telecommunications; good domestic services; 98,000 + telephones; broadcast stations - 2 AM, 3 FM, 2 TV; satellite earth stations + - 1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT, 1 Indian Ocean INTELSAT, 1 ARABSAT; + tropospheric scatter to Qatar, UAE, and microwave to Saudi Arabia; submarine + cable to Qatar, UAE, and Saudi Arabia + +:Bahrain Defense Forces + +Branches: + Army, Navy, Air Force, Air Defense, Police Force +Manpower availability: + males 15-49, 190,937; 105,857 fit for military service +Defense expenditures: + exchange rate conversion - $194 million, 6% of GDP (1990) + +:Baker Island Geography + +Total area: + 1.4 km2 +Land area: + 1.4 km2 +Comparative area: + about 2.3 times the size of the Mall in Washington, DC +Land boundaries: + none +Coastline: + 4.8 km +Maritime claims: + Contiguous zone: + 12 nm + Continental shelf: + 200 m (depth) + Exclusive economic zone: + 200 nm + Territorial sea: + 12 nm +Disputes: + none +Climate: + equatorial; scant rainfall, constant wind, burning sun +Terrain: + low, nearly level coral island surrounded by a narrow fringing reef +Natural resources: + guano (deposits worked until 1891) +Land use: + arable land 0%; permanent crops 0%; meadows and pastures 0%; forest and + woodland 0%; other 100% +Environment: + treeless, sparse and scattered vegetation consisting of grasses, prostrate + vines, and low growing shrubs; lacks fresh water; primarily a nesting, + roosting, and foraging habitat for seabirds, shorebirds, and marine wildlife +Note: + remote location 2,575 km southwest of Honolulu in the North Pacific Ocean, + just north of the Equator, about halfway between Hawaii and Australia + +:Baker Island People + +Population: + uninhabited; American civilians evacuated in 1942 after Japanese air and + naval attacks during World War II; occupied by US military during World War + II, but abandoned after the war; public entry is by special-use permit only + and generally restricted to scientists and educators + +:Baker Island Government + +Long-form name: + none +Type: + unincorporated territory of the US administered by the Fish and Wildlife + Service of the US Department of the Interior as part of the National + Wildlife Refuge system +Capital: + none; administered from Washington, DC + +:Baker Island Economy + +Overview: + no economic activity + +:Baker Island Communications + +Ports: + none; offshore anchorage only, one boat landing area along the middle of the + west coast +Airports: + 1 abandoned World War II runway of 1,665 m +Telecommunications: + there is a day beacon near the middle of the west coast + +:Baker Island Defense Forces + +Note: + defense is the responsibility of the US; visited annually by the US Coast + Guard + +:Bangladesh Geography + +Total area: + 144,000 km2 +Land area: + 133,910 km2 +Comparative area: + slightly smaller than Wisconsin +Land boundaries: + 4,246 km total; Burma 193 km, India 4,053 km +Coastline: + 580 km +Maritime claims: + Contiguous zone: + 18 nm + Continental shelf: + up to outer limits of continental margin + Exclusive economic zone: + 200 nm + Territorial sea: + 12 nm +Disputes: + a portion of the boundary with India is in dispute; water sharing problems + with upstream riparian India over the Ganges +Climate: + tropical; cool, dry winter (October to March); hot, humid summer (March to + June); cool, rainy monsoon (June to October) +Terrain: + mostly flat alluvial plain; hilly in southeast +Natural resources: + natural gas, uranium, arable land, timber +Land use: + arable land 67%; permanent crops 2%; meadows and pastures 4%; forest and + woodland 16%; other 11%; includes irrigated 14% +Environment: + vulnerable to droughts; much of country routinely flooded during summer + monsoon season; overpopulation; deforestation +Note: + almost completely surrounded by India + +:Bangladesh People + +Population: + 119,411,711 (July 1992), growth rate 2.4% (1992) +Birth rate: + 36 births/1,000 population (1992) +Death rate: + 12 deaths/1,000 population (1992) +Net migration rate: + 0 migrants/1,000 population (1992) +Infant mortality rate: + 112 deaths/1,000 live births (1992) +Life expectancy at birth: + 55 years male, 54 years female (1992) +Total fertility rate: + 4.6 children born/woman (1992) +Nationality: + noun - Bangladeshi(s); adjective - Bangladesh +Ethnic divisions: + Bengali 98%, Biharis 250,000, and tribals less than 1 million +Religions: + Muslim 83%, Hindu 16%, Buddhist, Christian, and other less than 1% +Languages: + Bangla (official), English widely used +Literacy: + 35% (male 47%, female 22%) age 15 and over can read and write (1990 est.) +Labor force: + 35,100,000; agriculture 74%, services 15%, industry and commerce 11% (FY86); + extensive export of labor to Saudi Arabia, UAE, and Oman (1991) +Organized labor: + 3% of labor force belongs to 2,614 registered unions (1986 est.) + +:Bangladesh Government + +Long-form name: + People's Republic of Bangladesh +Type: + republic +Capital: + Dhaka +Administrative divisions: + 64 districts (zillagulo, singular - zilla); Bagerhat, Bandarban, Barguna, + Barisal, Bhola, Bogra, Brahmanbaria, Chandpur, Chapai Nawabganj, Chattagram, + Chuadanga, Comilla, Cox's Bazar, Dhaka, Dinajpur, Faridpur, Feni, Gaibandha, + Gazipur, Gopalganj, Habiganj, Jaipurhat, Jamalpur, Jessore, Jhalakati, + Jhenaidah, Khagrachari, Khulna, Kishorganj, Kurigram, Kushtia, Laksmipur, + Lalmonirhat, Madaripur, Magura, Manikganj, Meherpur, Moulavibazar, + Munshiganj, Mymensingh, Naogaon, Narail, Narayanganj, Narsingdi, Nator, + Netrakona, Nilphamari, Noakhali, Pabna, Panchagar, Parbattya Chattagram, + Patuakhali, Pirojpur, Rajbari, Rajshahi, Rangpur, Satkhira, Shariyatpur, + Sherpur, Sirajganj, Sunamganj, Sylhet, Tangail, Thakurgaon +Independence: + 16 December 1971 (from Pakistan; formerly East Pakistan) +Constitution: + 4 November 1972, effective 16 December 1972, suspended following coup of 24 + March 1982, restored 10 November 1986, amended NA March 1991 +Legal system: + based on English common law +National holiday: + Independence Day, 26 March (1971) +Executive branch: + president, prime minister, Cabinet +Legislative branch: + unicameral National Parliament (Jatiya Sangsad) +Judicial branch: + Supreme Court +Leaders: + Chief of State: + President Abdur Rahman BISWAS (since 8 October 1991) + Head of Government: + Prime Minister Khaleda ZIAUR Rahman (since 20 March 1991) +Political parties and leaders: + Bangladesh Nationalist Party (BNP), Khaleda ZIAUR Rahman; Awami League (AL), + Sheikh Hasina WAZED; Jatiyo Party (JP), Hussain Mohammad ERSHAD; + Jamaat-E-Islami (JI), Ali KHAN; Bangladesh Communist Party (BCP), Saifuddin + Ahmed MANIK; National Awami Party (Muzaffar); Workers Party, leader NA; + Jatiyo Samajtantik Dal (National Socialist Party - SIRAJ), M. A. JALIL; + Ganotantri Party, leader NA; Islami Oikya Jote, leader NA; National + Democratic Party (NDP), leader NA; Muslim League, Khan A. SABUR; Democratic + League, Khondakar MUSHTAQUE Ahmed; United People's Party, Kazi ZAFAR Ahmed +Suffrage: + universal at age 18 +Elections: + National Parliament: + last held 27 February 1991 (next to be held NA February 1996); results - + percent of vote by party NA; seats - (330 total, 300 elected and 30 seats + reserved for women) BNP 168, AL 93, JP 35, JI 20, CBP 5, National Awami + Party (Muzaffar) 1, Workers Party 1, SIRAJ 1, Ganotantri Party 1, Islami + Oikya Jote 1, NDP 1, independents 3 + President: + last held 8 October 1991 (next to be held by NA October 1996); results - + Abdur Rahman BISWAS received 52.1% of parliamentary vote + +:Bangladesh Government + +Communists: + 5,000 members (1987 est.) +Member of: + AsDB, C, CCC, CP, ESCAP, FAO, G-77, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICFTU, IDA, IDB, + IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, IOM, ISO, ITU, LORCS, + NAM, OIC, SAARC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNIIMOG, UPU, WHO, WFTU, WIPO, + WCL, WMO, WTO +Diplomatic representation: + Ambassador Abul AHSAN; Chancery at 2201 Wisconsin Avenue NW, Washington, DC + 20007; telephone (202) 342-8372 through 8376; there is a Bangladesh + Consulate General in New York + US: + Ambassador William B. MILAM; Embassy at Diplomatic Enclave, Madani Avenue, + Baridhara, Dhaka (mailing address is G. P. O. Box 323, Dhaka 1212); + telephone [880] (2) 884700-22; FAX [880] (2) 883648 +Flag: + green with a large red disk slightly to the hoist side of center; green is + the traditional color of Islam + +:Bangladesh Economy + +Overview: + Bangladesh is one of the poorest nations in the world. The economy is based + on the output of a narrow range of agricultural products, such as jute, + which is the main cash crop and major source of export earnings, and rice. + Bangladesh is hampered by a relative lack of natural resources, population + growth of more than 2% a year, large-scale unemployment, and a limited + infrastructure; furthermore, it is highly vulnerable to natural disasters. + Despite these constraints, real GDP growth averaged about 3.5% annually + during 1985-89. A strong agricultural performance in FY90 pushed the growth + rate up to 6.2%, and FY91 saw further, though smaller, increases in output. + Alleviation of poverty remains the cornerstone of the government's + development strategy. +GDP: + exchange rate conversion - $23.1 billion, per capita $200; real growth rate + 3.2% (FY91) +Inflation rate (consumer prices): + 8.9% (FY91 est.) +Unemployment rate: + 30%, including underemployment (FY90 est.) +Budget: + revenues $2.24 billion; expenditures $3.7 billion (FY91) +Exports: + $1.7 billion (FY91 est.) + commodities: + garments, jute and jute goods, leather, shrimp + partners: + US 32%, Italy 8.1%, UK 6.2% (FY90) +Imports: + $3.5 billion (FY91 est.) + commodities: + capital goods, petroleum, food, textiles + partners: + Japan 9.2%, India 6.2%, Singapore 5.9%, US 5.7% +External debt: + $11.1 billion (FY91 est.) +Industrial production: + growth rate 1% (FY91 est.); accounts for 10% of GDP +Electricity: + 1,990,000 kW capacity; 5,700 million kWh produced, 50 kWh per capita (1990) +Industries: + jute manufacturing, cotton textiles, food processing, steel, fertilizer +Agriculture: + accounts for about 40% of GDP, 70% of employment, and one-third of exports; + imports 10% of food grain requirements; world's largest exporter of jute; + commercial products - jute, rice, wheat, tea, sugarcane, potatoes, beef, + milk, poultry; shortages include wheat, vegetable oils and cotton; fish + catch 778,000 metric tons in 1986 +Economic aid: + US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $3.4 billion; Western (non-US) + countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1980-89), $11.65 million; OPEC + bilateral aid (1979-89), $6.52 million; Communist countries (1970-89), $1.5 + billion +Currency: + taka (plural - taka); 1 taka (Tk) = 100 paise +Exchange rates: + taka (Tk) per US$1 - 38.800 (January 1992), 36.596 (1991), 34.569 (1990), + 32.270 (1989), 31.733 (1988), 30.950 (1987) +Fiscal year: + 1 July - 30 June + +:Bangladesh Communications + +Railroads: + 2,892 km total (1986); 1,914 km 1.000 meter gauge, 978 km 1.676 meter broad + gauge +Highways: + 7,240 km total (1985); 3,840 km paved, 3,400 km unpaved +Inland waterways: + 5,150-8,046 km navigable waterways (includes 2,575-3,058 km main cargo + routes) +Pipelines: + natural gas 1,220 km +Ports: + Chittagong, Chalna +Merchant marine: + 44 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 328,382 GRT/479,985 DWT; includes 36 + cargo, 2 petroleum tanker, 3 refrigerated cargo, 3 bulk +Civil air: + 15 major transport aircraft +Airports: + 16 total, 12 usable; 12 with permanent-surface runways; none with runways + over 3,659 m; 4 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 6 with runways 1,220-2,439 m +Telecommunications: + adequate international radio communications and landline service; fair + domestic wire and microwave service; fair broadcast service; 241,250 + telephones; broadcast stations - 9 AM, 6 FM, 11 TV; 2 Indian Ocean INTELSAT + satellite earth stations + +:Bangladesh Defense Forces + +Branches: + Army, Navy, Air Force; paramilitary forces - Bangladesh Rifles, Bangladesh + Ansars, Armed Police Reserve, Coastal Police +Manpower availability: + males 15-49, 29,891,224; 17,745,343 fit for military service +Defense expenditures: + exchange rate conversion - $339 million, 1.5% of GDP (FY92 budget) + +:Barbados Geography + +Total area: + 430 km2 +Land area: + 430 km2 +Comparative area: + slightly less than 2.5 times the size of Washington, DC +Land boundaries: + none +Coastline: + 97 km +Maritime claims: + Exclusive economic zone: + 200 nm + Territorial sea: + 12 nm +Disputes: + none +Climate: + tropical; rainy season (June to October) +Terrain: + relatively flat; rises gently to central highland region +Natural resources: + crude oil, fishing, natural gas +Land use: + arable land 77%; permanent crops 0%; meadows and pastures 9%; forest and + woodland 0%; other 14% +Environment: + subject to hurricanes (especially June to October) +Note: + easternmost Caribbean island + +:Barbados People + +Population: + 254,934 (July 1992), growth rate 0.1% (1992) +Birth rate: + 16 births/1,000 population (1992) +Death rate: + 9 deaths/1,000 population (1992) +Net migration rate: + --6 migrants/1,000 population (1992) +Infant mortality rate: + 22 deaths/1,000 live births (1992) +Life expectancy at birth: + 70 years male, 76 years female (1992) +Total fertility rate: + 1.8 children born/woman (1992) +Nationality: + noun - Barbadian(s); adjective - Barbadian +Ethnic divisions: + African 80%, mixed 16%, European 4% +Religions: + Protestant 67% (Anglican 40%, Pentecostal 8%, Methodist 7%, other 12%), + Roman Catholic 4%; none 17%, unknown 3%, other 9% (1980) +Languages: + English +Literacy: + 99% (male 99%, female 99%) age 15 and over having ever attended school + (1970) +Labor force: + 120,900 (1991); services and government 37%; commerce 22%; manufacturing and + construction 22%; transportation, storage, communications, and financial + institutions 9%; agriculture 8%; utilities 2% (1985 est.) +Organized labor: + 32% of labor force + +:Barbados Government + +Long-form name: + none +Type: + parliamentary democracy +Capital: + Bridgetown +Administrative divisions: + 11 parishes; Christ Church, Saint Andrew, Saint George, Saint James, Saint + John, Saint Joseph, Saint Lucy, Saint Michael, Saint Peter, Saint Philip, + Saint Thomas; note - there may be a new city of Bridgetown +Independence: + 30 November 1966 (from UK) +Constitution: + 30 November 1966 +Legal system: + English common law; no judicial review of legislative acts +National holiday: + Independence Day, 30 November (1966) +Executive branch: + British monarch, governor general, prime minister, deputy prime minister, + Cabinet +Legislative branch: + bicameral Parliament consists of an upper house or Senate and a lower house + or House of Assembly +Judicial branch: + Supreme Court of Judicature +Leaders: + Chief of State: + Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952), represented by Governor General + Dame Nita BARROW (since 6 June 1990) + Head of Government: + Prime Minister Lloyd Erskine SANDIFORD (since 2 June 1987) +Political parties and leaders: + Democratic Labor Party (DLP), Erskine SANDIFORD; Barbados Labor Party (BLP), + Henry FORDE; National Democratic Party (NDP), Richie HAYNES +Suffrage: + universal at age 18 +Elections: + House of Assembly: + last held 22 January 1991 (next to be held by January 1996); results - DLP + 49.8%; seats - (28 total) DLP 18, BLP 10 +Other political or pressure groups: + Industrial and General Workers Union, Sir Frank WALCOTT; People's + Progressive Movement, Eric SEALY; Workers' Party of Barbados, Dr. George + BELLE +Member of: + ACP, C, CARICOM, CDB, ECLAC, FAO, G-77, GATT, IADB, IBRD, ICAO, ICFTU, IFAD, + IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, ISO (correspondent), ITU, LAES, + LORCS, NAM, OAS, OPANAL, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO +Diplomatic representation: + Ambassador Dr. Rudi WEBSTER; Chancery at 2144 Wyoming Avenue NW, Washington, + DC 20008; telephone (202) 939-9200 through 9202; there is a Barbadian + Consulate General in New York and a Consulate in Los Angeles + US: + Ambassador G. Philip HUGHES; Embassy at Canadian Imperial Bank of Commerce + Building, Broad Street, Bridgetown (mailing address is P. O. Box 302, Box B, + FPO AA 34054); telephone (809) 436-4950 through 4957; FAX (809) 429-5246 + +:Barbados Government + +Flag: + three equal vertical bands of blue (hoist side), yellow, and blue with the + head of a black trident centered on the gold band; the trident head + represents independence and a break with the past (the colonial coat of arms + contained a complete trident) + +:Barbados Economy + +Overview: + A per capita income of $6,500 gives Barbados one of the highest standards of + living of all the small island states of the eastern Caribbean. + Historically, the economy was based on the cultivation of sugarcane and + related activities. In recent years, however, the economy has diversified + into manufacturing and tourism. The tourist industry is now a major employer + of the labor force and a primary source of foreign exchange. The economy + slowed in 1990-91, however, and Bridgetown's declining hard currency + reserves and inability to finance its deficits have caused it to adopt an + austere economic reform program. +GDP: + purchasing power equivalent - $1.7 billion, per capita $6,500; real growth + rate--3.1% (1990) +Inflation rate (consumer prices): + 3.4% (1990) +Unemployment rate: + 18% (1991) +Budget: + revenues $514 million; expenditures $615 million (FY91-92) +Exports: + $210.6 million (f.o.b., 1990) + commodities: + sugar and molasses, chemicals, electrical components, clothing, rum, + machinery and transport equipment + partners: + CARICOM 30%, US 20%, UK 20% +Imports: + $704 million (c.i.f., 1990) + commodities: + foodstuffs, consumer durables, raw materials, machinery, crude oil, + construction materials, chemicals + partners: + US 35%, CARICOM 13%, UK 12%, Japan 6%, Canada 8%, Venezuela 4% +External debt: + $539.9 million (1990) +Industrial production: + growth rate--2.7% (1990); accounts for 14% of GDP +Electricity: + 152,100 kW capacity; 539 million kWh produced, 2,117 kWh per capita (1991) +Industries: + tourism, sugar, light manufacturing, component assembly for export +Agriculture: + accounts for 10% of GDP; major cash crop is sugarcane; other crops - + vegetables and cotton; not self-sufficient in food +Economic aid: + US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $15 million; Western (non-US) + countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $171 million +Currency: + Barbadian dollars (plural - dollars); 1 Barbadian dollar (Bds$) = 100 cents +Exchange rates: + Barbadian dollars (Bds$) per US$1 - 2.0113 (fixed rate) +Fiscal year: + 1 April - 31 March + +:Barbados Communications + +Highways: + 1,570 km total; 1,475 km paved, 95 km gravel and earth +Ports: + Bridgetown +Merchant marine: + 2 cargo ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 3,200 GRT/7,338 DWT +Civil air: + no major transport aircraft +Airports: + 1 with permanent-surface runways 2,440-3,659 m +Telecommunications: + islandwide automatic telephone system with 89,000 telephones; tropospheric + scatter link to Trinidad and Saint Lucia; broadcast stations - 3 AM, 2 FM, 2 + (1 is pay) TV; 1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT earth station + +:Barbados Defense Forces + +Branches: + Royal Barbados Defense Force, Coast Guard, Royal Barbados Police Force +Manpower availability: + males 15-49, 69,678; 48,803 fit for military service, no conscription +Defense expenditures: + exchange rate conversion - $10 million, 0.7% of GDP (1989) + +:Bassas da India Geography + +Total area: + NA +Land area: + undetermined +Comparative area: + undetermined +Land boundaries: + none +Coastline: + 35.2 km +Maritime claims: + Contiguous zone: + 12 nm + Continental shelf: + 200 m (depth) or to depth of exploitation + Exclusive economic zone: + 200 nm + Territorial sea: + 12 nm +Disputes: + claimed by Madagascar +Climate: + tropical +Terrain: + a volcanic rock 2.4 m high +Natural resources: + none +Land use: + arable land 0%; permanent crops 0%; meadows and pastures 0%; forest and + woodland 0%; other (rock) 100% +Environment: + surrounded by reefs; subject to periodic cyclones +Note: + navigational hazard since it is usually under water during high tide; + located in southern Mozambique Channel about halfway between Africa and + Madagascar + +:Bassas da India People + +Population: + uninhabited + +:Bassas da India Government + +Long-form name: + none +Type: + French possession administered by Commissioner of the Republic Jacques + DEWATRE (since July 1991), resident in Reunion +Capital: + none; administered by France from Reunion + +:Bassas da India Economy + +Overview: + no economic activity + +:Bassas da India Communications + +Ports: + none; offshore anchorage only + +:Bassas da India Defense Forces + +Note: + defense is the responsibility of France + +:Belarus Geography + +Total area: + 207,600 km2 +Land area: + 207,600 km2 +Comparative area: + slightly smaller than Kansas +Land boundaries: + 3,098 km total; Latvia 141 km, Lithuania 502 km, Poland 605 km, Russia 959 + km, Ukraine 891 km +Coastline: + none - landlocked +Maritime claims: + none - landlocked +Disputes: + none +Climate: + mild and moist; transitional between continental and maritime +Terrain: + generally flat and contains much marshland +Natural resources: + forest land and peat deposits +Land use: + arable land NA%; permanent crops NA%; meadows and pastures NA%; forest and + woodland NA%; other NA%; includes irrigated NA% +Environment: + southern part of Belarus + highly contaminated with fallout from 1986 nuclear reactor accident at + Chernobyl' +Note: + landlocked + +:Belarus People + +Population: + 10,373,881 (July 1992), growth rate 0.5% (1992) +Birth rate: + 15 births/1,000 population (1992) +Death rate: + 11 deaths/1,000 population (1992) +Net migration rate: + 1 migrant/1,000 population (1992) +Infant mortality rate: + 20 deaths/1,000 live births (1992) +Life expectancy at birth: + 66 years male, 76 years female (1992) +Total fertility rate: + 2.1 children born/woman (1992) +Nationality: + noun - Belarusian(s); adjective - Belarusian +Ethnic divisions: + Byelorussian 77.9%, Russian 13.2%, Poles 4.1%, Ukrainian 2.9%, Jews 1.1%, + other 0.8% +Religions: + Russian Orthodox NA%, unknown NA%, none NA%, other NA% +Languages: + Byelorussian NA%, Russian NA%, other NA% +Literacy: + NA% (male NA%, female NA%) age 15 and over can read and write +Labor force: + 5,418,000; industry and construction 42%, agriculture and forestry 20%, + other 38% (1990) +Organized labor: + NA + +:Belarus Government + +Long-form name: + Republic of Belarus +Type: + republic +Capital: + Mensk +Administrative divisions: + 6 oblasts (oblastey, singular - oblast'); Brest, Gomel', Grodno, Minsk, + Mogilev, Vitebsk; note - all oblasts have the same name as their + administrative center +Independence: + 1 January 1919 Belorussian Republic; 30 December 1922 joined with the USSR; + 25 August 1991 redeclared independence +Constitution: + adopted April 1978 +Legal system: + based on civil law system +National holiday: + 24 August (1991) +Executive branch: + NA +Legislative branch: + unicameral with 360 seats +Judicial branch: + NA +Leaders: + Chief of State: + Chairman of the Supreme Soviet Stanislav S. SHUSHKEVICH (since NA 1991) + Head of Government: + Prime Minister Vyacheslav F. KEBICH (since NA April 1990), First Deputy + Prime Minister Mikhail MYASNIKOVICH (since early 1991) +Political parties and leaders: + Belarusian Popular Front, Zenon POZNYAK, chairman; United Democratic Party, + Stanislav GUSAK, co-chairman; Social Democratic Gramada, Mikhail TKACHEV, + chairman; Belarus Workers Union, Mikhail SOBOL, Chairman +Suffrage: + universal at age 18 +Elections: + President: + NA + Supreme Soviet: + last held 4 March 1990 (next to be held NA); results - percent of vote by + party NA; seats - (360 total) number of seats by party NA; note - 50 seats + are for public bodies +Communists: + NA +Other political or pressure groups: + NA +Member of: + CE, CIS, CSCE, ECE, IAEA, ILO, INMARSAT, IOC, ITU, NACC, PCA, UN, UNCTAD, + UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO +Diplomatic representation: + Ambassador Martynov; Chancery at NA NW, Washington, DC 200__; telephone NA + US: + Ambassador (vacant); David SWARTZ, Charge d'Affaires; Embassy at Hotel + Belarus (telephone 8-011-7-0172-69-08-02) plus 7 hours; (mailing address is + APO New York is 09862); telephone NA +Flag: + white, red, and white + +:Belarus Economy + +Overview: + In many ways Belarus resembles the three Baltic states, for example, in its + industrial competence, its higher-than-average standard of living, and its + critical dependence on the other former Soviet states for fuels and raw + materials. Belarus ranks fourth in gross output among the former Soviet + republics, producing 4% of the total GDP and employing 4% of the labor + force. Once a mainly agricultural area, it now supplies important producer + and consumer goods - sometimes as the sole producer - to the other states. + The soil in Belarus is not as fertile as the black earth of Ukraine, but by + emphasizing favorable crops and livestock (especially pigs and chickens), + Belarus has become a net exporter to the other republics of meat, milk, + eggs, flour, and potatoes. Belarus produces only small amounts of oil and + gas and receives most of its fuel from Russia through the Druzhba oil + pipeline and the Northern Lights gas pipeline. These pipelines transit + Belarus enroute to Eastern Europe. Belarus produces petrochemicals, + plastics, synthetic fibers (nearly 30% of former Soviet output), and + fertilizer (20% of former Soviet output). Raw material resources are limited + to potash and peat deposits. The peat (more than one-third of the total for + the former Soviet Union) is used in domestic heating as boiler fuel for + electric power stations and in the production of chemicals. The potash + supports fertilizer production. +GDP: + NA - $NA, per capita $NA; real growth rate --2% (1991) +Inflation rate (consumer prices): + 81% (1991) +Unemployment rate: + NA% +Budget: + revenues $NA million; expenditures $NA million, including capital + expenditures of $NA million +Exports: + $4.3 billion (f.o.b., 1990) + commodities: + machinery and transport equipment, chemicals, foodstuffs + partners: + NA +Imports: + $5.6 billion (c.i.f., 1990) + commodities: + machinery, chemicals, textiles + partners: + NA +External debt: + $2.6 billion (end of 1991) +Industrial production: + growth rate --1.5% (1991) +Electricity: + 7,500,000 kW capacity; 38,700 million kWh produced, 3,770 kWh per capita + (1991) + +:Belarus Economy + +Industries: + employ about 27% of labor force and produce a wide variety of products + essential to the other states; products include (in percent share of total + output of former Soviet Union): tractors(12%); metal-cutting machine tools + (11%); off-highway dump trucksup to 110-metric- ton load capacity (100%); + wheel-type earthmovers for construction and mining (100%); eight- + wheel-drive, high-flotation trucks with cargo capacity of 25 metric tons for + use in tundra and roadless areas (100%); equipment for animal husbandry and + livestock feeding (25%); motorcycles (21.3%); television sets (11%); + chemical fibers (28%); fertilizer (18%); linen fabric (11%); wool fabric + (7%); radios; refrigerators; and other consumer goods +Agriculture: + accounts for 5.7% of total agricultural output of former Soviet Union; + employs 29% of the labor force; in 1988 produced the following (in percent + of total Soviet production): grain (3.6%), potatoes (12.2%), vegetables + (3.0%), meat (6.0%), milk (7.0%); net exporter of meat, milk, eggs, flour, + and potatoes +Illicit drugs: + illicit producer of opium mostly for the domestic market; transshipment + point for illicit drugs to Western Europe +Economic aid: + NA +Currency: + as of May 1992, retaining ruble as currency +Exchange rates: + NA +Fiscal year: + calendar year + +:Belarus Communications + +Railroads: + 5,570 km (includes NA km electrified); does not include industrial lines + (1990) +Highways: + 98,200 km total (1990); 66,100 km hard surfaced, 32,100 km earth +Inland waterways: + NA km +Pipelines: + NA +Ports: + none - landlocked +Merchant marine: + none - landlocked +Civil air: + NA major transport aircraft +Airports: + NA +Telecommunications: + telephone network has 1.7 million lines, 15% of which are switched + automatically; Minsk has 450,000 lines; telephone density is approximately + 17 per 100 persons; as of 31 January 1990, 721,000 applications from + households for telephones were still unsatisfied; international connections + to other former Soviet republics are by landline or microwave and to other + countries by leased connection through the Moscow international gateway + switch + +:Belarus Defense Forces + +Branches: + Republic Security Forces (internal and border troops); CIS Forces (Ground, + Air, Air Defense, Strategic Rocket) +Manpower availability: + males 15-49, NA; NA fit for military service; NA reach military age (18) + annually +Defense expenditures: + $NA, NA% of GDP + +:Belgium Geography + +Total area: + 30,510 km2 +Land area: + 30,230 km2 +Comparative area: + slightly larger than Maryland +Land boundaries: + 1,385 km total; France 620 km, Germany 167 km, Luxembourg 148 km, + Netherlands 450 km +Coastline: + 64 km +Maritime claims: + Continental shelf: + not specific + Exclusive fishing zone: + equidistant line with neighbors (extends about 68 km from coast) + Territorial sea: + 12 nm +Disputes: + none +Climate: + temperate; mild winters, cool summers; rainy, humid, cloudy +Terrain: + flat coastal plains in northwest, central rolling hills, rugged mountains of + Ardennes Forest in southeast +Natural resources: + coal, natural gas +Land use: + arable land 24%; permanent crops 1%; meadows and pastures 20%; forest and + woodland 21%; other 34%, includes irrigated NEGL% +Environment: + air and water pollution +Note: + majority of West European capitals within 1,000 km of Brussels; crossroads + of Western Europe; Brussels is the seat of the EC + +:Belgium People + +Population: + 10,016,623 (July 1992), growth rate 0.3% (1992) +Birth rate: + 12 births/1,000 population (1992) +Death rate: + 10 deaths/1,000 population (1992) +Net migration rate: + 1 migrant/1,000 population (1992) +Infant mortality rate: + 8 deaths/1,000 live births (1992) +Life expectancy at birth: + 73 years male, 80 years female (1992) +Total fertility rate: + 1.6 children born/woman (1992) +Nationality: + noun - Belgian(s); adjective - Belgian +Ethnic divisions: + Fleming 55%, Walloon 33%, mixed or other 12% +Religions: + Roman Catholic 75%, remainder Protestant or other +Languages: + Flemish (Dutch) 56%, French 32%, German 1%; legally bilingual 11%; divided + along ethnic lines +Literacy: + 99% (male 99%, female 99%) age 15 and over can read and write (1980 est.) +Labor force: + 4,126,000; services 63.6%, industry 28%, construction 6.1%, agriculture 2.3% + (1988) +Organized labor: + 70% of labor force + +:Belgium Government + +Long-form name: + Kingdom of Belgium +Type: + constitutional monarchy +Capital: + Brussels +Administrative divisions: + 9 provinces (French - provinces, singular - province; Flemish - provincien, + singular - provincie); Antwerpen, Brabant, Hainaut, Liege, Limburg, + Luxembourg, Namur, Oost-Vlaanderen, West-Vlaanderen +Independence: + 4 October 1830 (from the Netherlands) +Constitution: + 7 February 1831, last revised 8-9 August 1980; the government is in the + process of revising the Constitution with the aim of federalizing the + Belgian state +Legal system: + civil law system influenced by English constitutional theory; judicial + review of legislative acts; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with + reservations +National holiday: + National Day, 21 July (ascension of King Leopold to the throne in 1831) +Executive branch: + monarch, prime minister, three deputy prime ministers, Cabinet +Legislative branch: + bicameral Parliament consists of an upper chamber or Senate (Flemish - + Senaat, French - Senat) and a lower chamber or Chamber of Representatives + (Flemish - Kamer van Volksvertegenwoordigers, French - Chambre des + Representants) +Judicial branch: + Supreme Court of Justice (Flemish - Hof van Cassatie, French - Cour de + Cassation) +Leaders: + Chief of State: + King BAUDOUIN I (since 17 July 1951); Heir Apparent Prince ALBERT of Liege + (brother of the King; born 6 June 1934) + Head of Government: + Prime Minister Jean-Luc DEHAENE (since 6 March 1992) +Political parties and leaders: + Flemish Social Christian (CVP), Herman van ROMPUY, president; Walloon Social + Christian (PSC) , Gerard DEPREZ, president; Flemish Socialist (SP), Frank + VANDENBROUCKE, president; Walloon Socialist (PS), NA; Flemish Liberal (PVV), + Guy VERHOF STADT, president; Walloon Liberal (PRL), Antoine DUQUESNE, + president; Francophone Democratic Front (FDF), Georges CLERFAYT, president; + Volksunie (VU), Jaak GABRIELS, president; Communist Party (PCB), Louis van + GEYT, president; Vlaams Blok (VB), Karel DILLEN, chairman; ROSSEM, Jean + Pierre VAN ROSSEM; National Front (FN), Werner van STEEN; Live Differently + (AGALEV), Leo COX; Ecologist (ECOLO), NA; other minor parties +Suffrage: + universal and compulsory at age 18 +Elections: + Chamber of Representatives: + last held 24 November 1991 (next to be held by November 1996); results - + percent of vote by party NA; seats - (212 total) number of seats by party NA + Senate: + last held 24 November 1991 (next to be held by November 1996); results - + percent of vote by party NA; seats - (106 total) number of seats by party NA + +:Belgium Government + +Other political or pressure groups: + Christian and Socialist Trade Unions; Federation of Belgian Industries; + numerous other associations representing bankers, manufacturers, + middle-class artisans, and the legal and medical professions; various + organizations represent the cultural interests of Flanders and Wallonia; + various peace groups such as the Flemish Action Committee Against Nuclear + Weapons and Pax Christi +Member of: + ACCT, AfDB, AG, AsDB, Benelux, BIS, CCC, CE, CERN, COCOM, CSCE, EBRD, EC, + ECE, EIB, ESA, FAO, G-9, G-10, GATT, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICFTU, + IDA, IEA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INMARSAT, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, IOM, + ISO, ITU, LORCS, MTCR, NACC, NATO, NEA, OAS (observer), OECD, PCA, UN, + UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNMOGIP, UNRWA, UNTSO, UPU, WCL, WEU, WHO, + WIPO, WMO, WTO, ZC +Diplomatic representation: + Ambassador Juan CASSIERS; Chancery at 3330 Garfield Street NW, Washington, + DC 20008; telephone (202) 333-6900; there are Belgian Consulates General in + Atlanta, Chicago, Los Angeles, and New York + US: + Ambassador Bruce S. GELB; Embassy at 27 Boulevard du Regent, B-1000 Brussels + (mailing address is APO AE 09724); telephone [32] (2) 513-3830; FAX [32] (2) + 511-2725; there is a US Consulate General in Antwerp +Flag: + three equal vertical bands of black (hoist side), yellow, and red; the + design was based on the flag of France + +:Belgium Economy + +Overview: + This small private enterprise economy has capitalized on its central + geographic location, highly developed transport network, and diversified + industrial and commercial base. Industry is concentrated mainly in the + populous Flemish area in the north, although the government is encouraging + reinvestment in the southern region of Walloon. With few natural resources + Belgium must import essential raw materials, making its economy closely + dependent on the state of world markets. Over 70% of trade is with other EC + countries. During the period 1988-90, Belgium's economic performance was + marked by 4% average growth, moderate inflation, and a substantial external + surplus. Growth fell to 1.4% in 1991. +GDP: + purchasing power equivalent - $171.8 billion, per capita $17,300; real + growth rate 1.4% (1991 est.) +Inflation rate (consumer prices): + 3.2% (1991 est.) +Unemployment rate: + 9.4% est. (1991 est.) +Budget: + revenues $45.0 billion; expenditures $55.3 billion, including capital + expenditures of NA (1989) +Exports: + $118 billion (f.o.b., 1990) Belgium-Luxembourg Economic Union + commodities: + iron and steel, transportation equipment, tractors, diamonds, petroleum + products + partners: + EC 74%, US 5%, former Communist countries 2% (1989) +Imports: + $120 billion (c.i.f., 1990) Belgium-Luxembourg Economic Union + commodities: + fuels, grains, chemicals, foodstuffs + partners: + EC 73%, US 4%, oil-exporting less developed countries 4%, former Communist + countries 3% (1989) +External debt: + $28.8 billion (1990 est.) +Industrial production: + growth rate 1.2% (1991 est.); accounts for almost 30% of GDP +Electricity: + 17,400,000 kW capacity; 67,100 million kWh produced, 6,767 kWh per capita + (1991) +Industries: + engineering and metal products, processed food and beverages, chemicals, + basic metals, textiles, glass, petroleum, coal +Agriculture: + accounts for 2.3% of GDP; emphasis on livestock production - beef, veal, + pork, milk; major crops are sugar beets, fresh vegetables, fruits, grain, + and tobacco; net importer of farm products +Economic aid: + donor - ODA and OOF commitments (1970-89), $5.8 billion +Currency: + Belgian franc (plural - francs); 1 Belgian franc (BF) = 100 centimes +Exchange rates: + Belgian francs (BF) per US$1 - 32.462 (January 1992), 34.148 (1991), 33.418 + (1990), 39.404 (1989), 36.768 (1988), 37.334 (1987) +Fiscal year: + calendar year + +:Belgium Communications + +Railroads: + Belgian National Railways (SNCB) operates 3,667 km 1.435-meter standard + gauge, government owned; 2,563 km double track; 1,978 km electrified; 191 km + 1.000-meter gauge, government owned and operated +Highways: + 103,396 km total; 1,317 km limited access, divided autoroute; 11,717 km + national highway; 1,362 km provincial road; about 38,000 km paved and 51,000 + km unpaved rural roads +Inland waterways: + 2,043 km (1,528 km in regular commercial use) +Pipelines: + petroleum products 1,167 km; crude oil 161 km; natural gas 3,300 km +Ports: + Antwerp, Brugge, Gent, Oostende, Zeebrugge +Merchant marine: + 23 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 62,979 GRT/88,738 DWT; includes 10 + cargo, 4 petroleum tanker, 1 liquefied gas, 5 chemical tanker, 1 bulk, 2 + refrigerated cargo +Civil air: + 47 major transport aircraft +Airports: + 42 total, 42 usable; 24 with permanent-surface runways; none with runways + over 3,659 m; 14 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 3 with runways 1,220-2,439 m +Telecommunications: + highly developed, technologically advanced, and completely automated + domestic and international telephone and telegraph facilities; extensive + cable network; limited radio relay network; 4,720,000 telephones; broadcast + stations - 3 AM, 39 FM, 32 TV; 5 submarine cables; 2 satellite earth + stations - Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT and EUTELSAT systems; nationwide mobile + phone system + +:Belgium Defense Forces + +Branches: + Army, Navy, Air Force, National Gendarmerie +Manpower availability: + males 15-49, 2,550,088; 2,133,483 fit for military service; 66,249 reach + military age (19) annually +Defense expenditures: + exchange rate conversion - $4.2 billion, 2.7% of GDP (1991) + +:Belize Geography + +Total area: + 22,960 km2 +Land area: + 22,800 km2 +Comparative area: + slightly larger than Massachusetts +Land boundaries: + 516 km total; Guatemala 266 km, Mexico 250 km +Coastline: + 386 km +Maritime claims: + Territorial sea: + 12 nm in the north and 3 nm in the south; note - from the mouth of the + Sarstoon River to Ranguana Caye, Belize's territorial sea is 3 miles; + according to Belize's Maritime Areas Act, 1992, the purpose of this + limitation is to provide a framework for the negotiation of a definitive + agreement on territorial differences with the Republic of Guatemala'' +Disputes: + claimed by Guatemala, but boundary negotiations to resolve the dispute have + begun +Climate: + tropical; very hot and humid; rainy season (May to February) +Terrain: + flat, swampy coastal plain; low mountains in south +Natural resources: + arable land potential, timber, fish +Land use: + arable land 2%; permanent crops NEGL%; meadows and pastures 2%; forest and + woodland 44%; other 52%, includes irrigated NEGL% +Environment: + frequent devastating hurricanes (September to December) and coastal flooding + (especially in south); deforestation +Note: + national capital moved 80 km inland from Belize City to Belmopan because of + hurricanes; only country in Central America without a coastline on the North + Pacific Ocean + +:Belize People + +Population: + 229,143 (July 1992), growth rate 3.0% (1992) +Birth rate: + 31 births/1,000 population (1992) +Death rate: + 5 deaths/1,000 population (1992) +Net migration rate: + 4 migrants/1,000 population (1992) +Infant mortality rate: + 30 deaths/1,000 live births (1992) +Life expectancy at birth: + 67 years male, 73 years female (1992) +Total fertility rate: + 3.8 children born/woman (1992) +Nationality: + noun - Belizean(s); adjective - Belizean +Ethnic divisions: + Creole 39.7%, Mestizo 33.1%, Maya 9.5%, Garifuna 7.6%, East Indian 2.1%, + other 8.0% +Religions: + Roman Catholic 62%, Protestant 30% (Anglican 12%, Methodist 6%, Mennonite + 4%, Seventh-Day Adventist 3%, Pentecostal 2%, Jehovah's Witnesses 1%, other + 2%), none 2%, unknown 3%, other 3% (1980) +Languages: + English (official), Spanish, Maya, Garifuna (Carib) +Literacy: + 91% (male 91%, female 91%) age 15 and over having ever attended school + (1970) +Labor force: + 51,500; agriculture 30.0%, services 16.0%, government 15.4%, commerce 11.2%, + manufacturing 10.3%; shortage of skilled labor and all types of technical + personnel (1985) +Organized labor: + 12% of labor force; 7 unions currently active + +:Belize Government + +Long-form name: + none +Type: + parliamentary democracy +Capital: + Belmopan +Administrative divisions: + 6 districts; Belize, Cayo, Corozal, Orange Walk, Stann Creek, Toledo +Independence: + 21 September 1981 (from UK; formerly British Honduras) +Constitution: + 21 September 1981 +Legal system: + English law +National holiday: + Independence Day, 21 September +Executive branch: + British monarch, governor general, prime minister, deputy prime minister, + Cabinet +Legislative branch: + bicameral National Assembly consists of an upper house or Senate and a lower + house or House of Representatives +Judicial branch: + Supreme Court +Leaders: + Chief of State: + Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952), represented by Governor General + Dame Elmira Minita GORDON (since 21 September 1981) + Head of Government: + Prime Minister George Cadle PRICE (since 4 September 1989) +Political parties and leaders: + People's United Party (PUP), George PRICE, Florencio MARIN, Said MUSA; + United Democratic Party (UDP), Manuel ESQUIVEL, Dean LINDO, Dean BARROW; + Belize Popular Party (BPP), Louis SYLVESTRE +Suffrage: + universal at age 18 +Elections: + National Assembly: + last held 4 September 1989 (next to be held September 1994); results - + percent of vote by party NA; seats - (28 total) PUP 15, UDP 13; note - in + January 1990 one member expelled from UDP joined PUP, making the seat count + PUP 16, UDP 12 +Other political or pressure groups: + Society for the Promotion of Education and Research (SPEAR) headed by former + PUP minister; United Workers Front +Member of: + ACP, C, CARICOM, CDB, ECLAC, FAO, G-77, GATT, IBRD, ICO, IDA, IFAD, IFC, + ILO, IMF, IMO, INTERPOL, IOC, IOM (observer), ITU, LORCS, NAM, OAS, UN, + UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WCL, WMO +Diplomatic representation: + Ambassador James V. HYDE; Chancery at 2535 Massachusetts Avenue NW, + Washington, DC 20008; telephone (202) 332-9636 + US: + Ambassador Eugene L. SCASSA; Embassy at Gabourel Lane and Hutson Street, + Belize City (mailing address is P. O. Box 286, Belize City); telephone [501] + (2) 77161; FAX [501] (2) 30802 +Flag: + on a scroll at the bottom, all encircled by a green garland + +:Belize Government + + blue with a narrow red stripe along the top and the bottom edges; centered + is a large white disk bearing the coat of arms; the coat of arms features a + shield flanked by two workers in front of a mahogany tree with the related + motto RA FLOREO (I Flourish in the Shade) + +:Belize Economy + +Overview: + The economy is based primarily on agriculture, agro-based industry, and + merchandising, with tourism and construction assuming increasing importance. + Agriculture accounts for about 30% of GDP and provides 75% of export + earnings, while sugar, the chief crop, accounts for almost 40% of hard + currency earnings. The US, Belize's main trading partner, is assisting in + efforts to reduce dependency on sugar with an agricultural diversification + program. +GDP: + exchange rate conversion - $373 million, per capita $1,635; real growth rate + 10% (1990 est.) +Inflation rate (consumer prices): + 3.5% (1990 est.) +Unemployment rate: + 12% (1988) +Budget: + revenues $126.8 million; expenditures $123.1 million, including capital + expenditures of $44.8 million (FY91 est.) +Exports: + $134 million (f.o.b., 1991 est.) + commodities: + sugar, clothing, seafood, molasses, citrus, wood and wood products + partners: + US 47%, UK, Trinidad and Tobago, Canada (1987) +Imports: + $194 million (c.i.f., 1991 est.) + commodities: + machinery and transportation equipment, food, manufactured goods, fuels, + chemicals, pharmaceuticals + partners: + US 56%, UK, Netherlands Antilles, Mexico (1991) +External debt: + $142 million (December 1991) +Industrial production: + growth rate 9.7% (1989); accounts for 16% of GDP +Electricity: + 34,532 kW capacity; 90 million kWh produced, 395 kWh per capita (1991) +Industries: + garment production, citrus concentrates, sugar refining, rum, beverages, + tourism +Agriculture: + accounts for 30% of GDP (including fish and forestry); commercial crops + include sugarcane, bananas, coca, citrus fruits; expanding output of lumber + and cultured shrimp; net importer of basic foods +Illicit drugs: + an illicit producer of cannabis for the international drug trade; + eradication program cut marijuana production from 200 metric tons in 1987 to + about 50 metric tons in 1991; transshipment point for cocaine +Economic aid: + US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $104 million; Western (non-US) + countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $215 million +Currency: + Belizean dollar (plural - dollars); 1 Belizean dollar (Bz$) = 100 cents +Exchange rates: + Belizean dollars (Bz$) per US$1 - 2.00 (fixed rate) +Fiscal year: + 1 April - 31 March + +:Belize Communications + +Highways: + 2,710 km total; 500 km paved, 1,600 km gravel, 300 km improved earth, and + 310 km unimproved earth +Inland waterways: + 825 km river network used by shallow-draft craft; seasonally navigable +Ports: + Belize City; additional ports for shallow draught craft include Corozol, + Punta Gorda, Big Creek +Merchant marine: + 2 cargo ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 3,127 GRT/5,885 DWT +Civil air: + 2 major transport aircraft +Airports: + 44 total, 34 usable; 3 with permanent-surface runways; none with runways + over 2,439 m; 2 with runways 1,220-2,439 m +Telecommunications: + 8,650 telephones; above-average system based on radio relay; broadcast + stations - 6 AM, 5 FM, 1 TV, 1 shortwave; 1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT earth + station + +:Belize Defense Forces + +Branches: + British Forces Belize, Belize Defense Force (including Army, Navy, Air + Force, and Volunteer Guard) +Manpower availability: + males 15-49, 55,333; 33,040 fit for military service; 2,509 reach military + age (18) annually +Defense expenditures: + exchange rate conversion - $4.8 million, 1.8% of GDP (FY91) + +:Benin Geography + +Total area: + 112,620 km2 +Land area: + 110,620 km2 +Comparative area: + slightly smaller than Pennsylvania +Land boundaries: + 1,989 km total; Burkina 306 km, Niger 266 km, Nigeria 773 km, Togo 644 km +Coastline: + 121 km +Maritime claims: + Territorial sea: + 200 nm +Disputes: + none +Climate: + tropical; hot, humid in south; semiarid in north +Terrain: + mostly flat to undulating plain; some hills and low mountains +Natural resources: + small offshore oil deposits, limestone, marble, timber +Land use: + arable land 12%; permanent crops 4%; meadows and pastures 4%; forest and + woodland 35%; other 45%, includes irrigated NEGL% +Environment: + hot, dry, dusty harmattan wind may affect north in winter; deforestation; + desertification +Note: + recent droughts have severely affected marginal agriculture in north; no + natural harbors + +:Benin People + +Population: + 4,997,599 (July 1992), growth rate 3.3% (1992) +Birth rate: + 49 births/1,000 population (1992) +Death rate: + 15 deaths/1,000 population (1992) +Net migration rate: + 0 migrants/1,000 population (1992) +Infant mortality rate: + 115 deaths/1,000 live births (1992) +Life expectancy at birth: + 49 years male, 53 years female (1992) +Total fertility rate: + 6.9 children born/woman (1992) +Nationality: + noun - Beninese (singular and plural); adjective - Beninese +Ethnic divisions: + African 99% (42 ethnic groups, most important being Fon, Adja, Yoruba, + Bariba); Europeans 5,500 +Religions: + indigenous beliefs 70%, Muslim 15%, Christian 15% +Languages: + French (official); Fon and Yoruba most common vernaculars in south; at least + six major tribal languages in north +Literacy: + 23% (male 32%, female 16%) age 15 and over can read and write (1990 est.) +Labor force: + 1,900,000 (1987); agriculture 60%, transport, commerce, and public services + 38%, industry less than 2%; 49% of population of working age (1985) +Organized labor: + about 75% of wage earners + +:Benin Government + +Long-form name: + Republic of Benin +Type: + republic under multiparty democratic rule; dropped Marxism-Leninism December + 1989; democratic reforms adopted February 1990; transition to multiparty + system completed 4 April 1991 +Capital: + Porto-Novo +Administrative divisions: + 6 provinces; Atakora, Atlantique, Borgou, Mono, Oueme, Zou +Independence: + 1 August 1960 (from France; formerly Dahomey) +Constitution: + 2 December 1990 +Legal system: + based on French civil law and customary law; has not accepted compulsory ICJ + jurisdiction +National holiday: + National Day, 1 August (1990) +Executive branch: + president, cabinet +Legislative branch: + unicameral National Assembly (Assemblee Nationale) +Judicial branch: + Supreme Court (Cour Supreme) +Leaders: + Chief of State and Head of Government: + President Nicephore SOGLO (since 4 April 1991) +Political parties and leaders: + Alliance of the Democratic Union for the Forces of Progress (UDFP), Timothee + ADANLIN; Movement for Democracy and Social Progress (MDPS), Jean-Roger + AHOYO; and the Union for Liberty and Development (ULD), Marcellin DEGBE; + Alliance of the National Party for Democracy and Development (PNDD) and the + Democratic Renewal Party (PRD), Pascal Chabi KAO; Alliance of the Social + Democratic Party (PSD) and the National Union for Solidarity and Progress + (UNSP), Bruno AMOUSSOU; Our Common Cause (NCC), Albert TEVOEDJRE; National + Rally for Democracy (RND), Joseph KEKE; Alliance of the National Movement + for Democracy and Development (MNDD), Bertin BORNA; Movement for Solidarity, + Union, and Progress (MSUP), Adebo ADENIYI; and Union for Democracy and + National Reconstruction (UDRN), Azaria FAKOREDE; Union for Democracy and + National Solidarity (UDS), Mama Amadou N'DIAYE; Assembly of Liberal + Democrats for National Reconstruction (RDL), Severin ADJOVI; Alliance of the + Alliance for Social Democracy (ASD), Robert DOSSOU, and Bloc for Social + Democracy (BSD), Michel MAGNIDE; Alliance of the Alliance for Democracy and + Progress (ADP), Akindes ADEKPEDJOU, and Democratic Union for Social Renewal + (UDRS), Bio Gado Seko N'GOYE; National Union for Democracy and Progress + (UNDP), Robert TAGNON; numerous other small parties +Suffrage: + universal at age 18 +Elections: + National Assembly: + last held 10 and 24 March 1991; results - percent of vote by party NA; seats + - (64 total) UDFP-MDPS-ULD 12, PNDD/PRD 9, PSD/UNSP 8, NCC 7, RND 7, + MNDD/MSUP/UDRN 6, UDS 5, RDL 4, ASD/BSD 3, ADP/UDRS 2, UNDP 1 + President: + last held 10 and 24 March 1991; results - Nicephore SOGLO 68%, Mathieu + KEREKOU 32% +Communists: + Communist Party of Dahomey (PCD) remains active + +:Benin Government + +Member of: + ACCT, ACP, AfDB, CEAO, ECA, ECOWAS, Entente, FAO, FZ, G-77, GATT, IBRD, + ICAO, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, ITU, + LORCS, NAM, OAU, OIC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WADB, WCL, WHO, WIPO, + WMO, WTO +Diplomatic representation: + Ambassador Candide AHOUANSOU; Chancery at 2737 Cathedral Avenue NW, + Washington, DC 20008; telephone (202) 232-6656 + US: + Ambassador Harriet W. ISOM; Embassy at Rue Caporal Anani Bernard, Cotonou + (mailing address is B. P. 2012, Cotonou); telephone [229] 30-06-50, + 30-05-13, 30-17-92; FAX [229] 30-14-39 and 30-19-74 +Flag: + two equal horizontal bands of yellow (top) and red with a vertical green + band on the hoist side + +:Benin Economy + +Overview: + Benin is one of the least developed countries in the world because of + limited natural resources and a poorly developed infrastructure. Agriculture + accounts for about 35% of GDP, employs about 60% of the labor force, and + generates a major share of foreign exchange earnings. The industrial sector + contributes only about 15% to GDP and employs 2% of the work force. Low + prices in recent years have kept down hard currency earnings from Benin's + major exports of agricultural products and crude oil. +GDP: + exchange rate conversion - $2.0 billion, per capita $410; real growth rate + 3% (1991) +Inflation rate (consumer prices): + 3.0% (1990) +Unemployment rate: + NA% +Budget: + revenues $194 million; expenditures $390 million, including capital + expenditures of $104 million (1990 est.) +Exports: + $263.3 million (f.o.b., 1990 est.) + commodities: + crude oil, cotton, palm products, cocoa + partners: + FRG 36%, France 16%, Spain 14%, Italy 8%, UK 4% +Imports: + $428 million (f.o.b., 1990 est.) + commodities: + foodstuffs, beverages, tobacco, petroleum products, intermediate goods, + capital goods, light consumer goods + partners: + France 34%, Netherlands 10%, Japan 7%, Italy 6%, US 4% +External debt: + $1.0 billion (December 1990 est.) +Industrial production: + growth rate --0.7% (1988); accounts for 15% of GDP +Electricity: + 30,000 kW capacity; 25 million kWh produced, 5 kWh per capita (1991) +Industries: + textiles, cigarettes, construction materials, beverages, food production, + petroleum +Agriculture: + small farms produce 90% of agricultural output; production is dominated by + food crops - corn, sorghum, cassava, beans, and rice; cash crops include + cotton, palm oil, and peanuts; poultry and livestock output has not kept up + with consumption +Economic aid: + US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $46 million; Western (non-US) + countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $1,300 million; OPEC + bilateral aid (1979-89), $19 million; Communist countries (1970-89), $101 + million +Currency: + Communaute Financiere Africaine franc (plural - francs); 1 CFA franc (CFAF) + = 100 centimes +Exchange rates: + Communaute Financiere Africaine francs (CFAF) per US$1 - 269.01 (January + 1992), 282.11 (1991), 272.26 (1990), 319.01 (1989), 297.85 (1988), 300.54 + (1987) +Fiscal year: + calendar year + +:Benin Communications + +Railroads: + 578 km, all 1.000-meter gauge, single track +Highways: + 5,050 km total; 920 km paved, 2,600 laterite, 1,530 km improved earth +Inland waterways: + navigable along small sections, important only locally +Ports: + Cotonou +Civil air: + no major transport aircraft +Airports: + 6 total, 5 usable; 1 with permanent-surface runways; none with runways over + 2,439 m; 4 with runways 1,220-2,439 m +Telecommunications: + fair system of open wire, submarine cable, and radio relay; broadcast + stations - 2 AM, 2 FM, 2 TV; 1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT earth station + +:Benin Defense Forces + +Branches: + Armed Forces (including Army, Navy, Air Force), National Gendarmerie +Manpower availability: + eligible 15-49, 2,165,515; of the 1,031,738 males 15-49, 528,366 are fit for + military service; of the 1,133,777 females 15-49, 572,603 are fit for + military service; about 55,697 males and 53,786 females reach military age + (18) annually; both sexes are liable for military service +Defense expenditures: + exchange rate conversion - $29 million, 1.7% of GDP (1988 est.) + +:Bermuda Geography + +Total area: + 50 km2 +Land area: + 50 km2 +Comparative area: + about 0.3 times the size of Washington, DC +Land boundaries: + none +Coastline: + 103 km +Maritime claims: + Exclusive fishing zone: + 200 nm + Territorial sea: + 12 nm +Climate: + subtropical; mild, humid; gales, strong winds common in winter +Terrain: + low hills separated by fertile depressions +Natural resources: + limestone, pleasant climate fostering tourism +Land use: + arable land 0%; permanent crops 0%; meadows and pastures 0%; forest and + woodland 20%; other 80% +Environment: + ample rainfall, but no rivers or freshwater lakes; consists of about 360 + small coral islands +Note: + 1,050 km east of North Carolina; some reclaimed land leased by US Government + +:Bermuda People + +Population: + 60,213 (July 1992), growth rate 0.8% (1992) +Birth rate: + 15 births/1,000 population (1992) +Death rate: + 7 deaths/1,000 population (1992) +Net migration rate: + NEGL migrants/1,000 population (1992) +Infant mortality rate: + 13 deaths/1,000 live births (1992) +Life expectancy at birth: + 73 years male, 77 years female (1992) +Total fertility rate: + 1.8 children born/woman (1992) +Nationality: + noun - Bermudian(s); adjective - Bermudian +Ethnic divisions: + black 61%, white and other 39% +Religions: + Anglican 37%, Roman Catholic 14%, African Methodist Episcopal (Zion) 10%, + Methodist 6%, Seventh-Day Adventist 5%, other 28% +Languages: + English +Literacy: + 98% (male 98%, female 99%) age 15 and over can read and write (1970) +Labor force: + 32,000; clerical 25%, services 22%, laborers 21%, professional and technical + 13%, administrative and managerial 10%, sales 7%, agriculture and fishing 2% + (1984) +Organized labor: + 8,573 members (1985); largest union is Bermuda Industrial Union + +:Bermuda Government + +Long-form name: + none +Type: + dependent territory of the UK +Capital: + Hamilton +Administrative divisions: + 9 parishes and 2 municipalities*; Devonshire, Hamilton, Hamilton*, Paget, + Pembroke, Saint George*, Saint George's, Sandys, Smiths, Southampton, + Warwick +Independence: + none (dependent territory of the UK) +Constitution: + 8 June 1968 +Legal system: + English law +National holiday: + Bermuda Day, 22 May +Executive branch: + British monarch, governor, deputy governor, premier, deputy premier, + Executive Council (cabinet) +Legislative branch: + bicameral Parliament consists of an upper house or Senate and a lower house + or House of Assembly +Judicial branch: + Supreme Court +Leaders: + Chief of State: + Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952), represented by Governor Lord + David WADDINGTON + Head of Government: + Premier John William David SWAN (since January 1982) +Political parties and leaders: + United Bermuda Party (UBP), John W. D. SWAN; Progressive Labor Party (PLP), + Frederick WADE; National Liberal Party (NLP), Gilbert DARRELL +Suffrage: + universal at age 21 +Elections: + House of Assembly: + last held 9 February 1989 (next to be held by February 1994); results - + percent of vote by party NA; seats - (40 total) UBP 23, PLP 15, NLP 1, other + 1 +Other political or pressure groups: + Bermuda Industrial Union (BIU), headed by Ottiwell SIMMONS +Member of: + CARICOM (observer), CCC, ICFTU, IOC +Diplomatic representation: + as a dependent territory of the UK, Bermuda's interests in the US are + represented by the UK + US: + Consul General L. Ebersole GAINES; Consulate General at Crown Hill, 16 + Middle Road, Devonshire, Hamilton (mailing address is P. O. Box HM325, + Hamilton HMBX; PSC 1002, FPO AE 09727-1002); telephone (809) 295-1342; FAX + (809) 295-1592 +Flag: + red with the flag of the UK in the upper hoist-side quadrant and the + Bermudian coat of arms (white and blue shield with a red lion holding a + scrolled shield showing the sinking of the ship Sea Venture off Bermuda in + 1609) centered on the outer half of the flag + +:Bermuda Economy + +Overview: + Bermuda enjoys one of the highest per capita incomes in the world, having + successfully exploited its location by providing luxury tourist facilities + and financial services. The tourist industry attracts more than 90% of its + business from North America. The industrial sector is small, and agriculture + is severely limited by a lack of suitable land. About 80% of food needs are + imported. +GDP: + purchasing power equivalent - $1.3 billion, per capita $22,400; real growth + rate 2.0% (1989 est.) +Inflation rate (consumer prices): + 5.8% (June 1989, annual rate) +Unemployment rate: + 2.0% (1988) +Budget: + revenues $361.6 million; expenditures $396.1 million, including capital + expenditures of $74.1 million (FY91 est.) +Exports: + $30 million (f.o.b., FY88) + commodities: + semitropical produce, light manufactures + partners: + US 25%, Italy 25%, UK 14%, Canada 5%, other 31% +Imports: + $420 million (c.i.f., FY88) + commodities: + fuel, foodstuffs, machinery + partners: + US 58%, Netherlands Antilles 9%, UK 8%, Canada 6%, Japan 5%, other 14% +External debt: + NA +Industrial production: + growth rate NA% +Electricity: + 154,000 kW capacity; 504 million kWh produced, 8,625 kWh per capita (1991) +Industries: + tourism, finance, structural concrete products, paints, pharmaceuticals, + ship repairing +Agriculture: + accounts for less than 1% of GDP; most basic foods must be imported; + produces bananas, vegetables, citrus fruits, flowers, dairy products +Economic aid: + US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-81), $34 million; Western (non-US) + countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $277 million +Currency: + Bermudian dollar (plural - dollars); 1 Bermudian dollar (Bd$) = 100 cents +Exchange rates: + Bermudian dollar (Bd$) per US$1 - 1.0000 (fixed rate) +Fiscal year: + 1 April - 31 March + +:Bermuda Communications + +Highways: + 210 km public roads, all paved (about 400 km of private roads) +Ports: + Freeport, Hamilton, Saint George +Merchant marine: + 73 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 3,511,972 GRT/6,093,321 DWT; includes + 4 cargo, 5 refrigerated cargo, 4 container, 7 roll-on/roll-off, 23 petroleum + tanker, 12 liquefied gas, 18 bulk; note - a flag of convenience registry +Civil air: + 16 major transport aircraft +Airports: + 1 with permanent-surface runways 2,440-3,659 m +Telecommunications: + modern with fully automatic telephone system; 52,670 telephones; broadcast + stations - 5 AM, 3 FM, 2 TV; 3 submarine cables; 2 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT + earth stations + +:Bermuda Defense Forces + +Branches: + Bermuda Regiment, Bermuda Police Force, Bermuda Reserve Constabulary +Note: + defense is the responsibility of the UK + +:Bhutan Geography + +Total area: + 47,000 km2 +Land area: + 47,000 km2 +Comparative area: + slightly more than half the size of Indiana +Land boundaries: + 1,075 km; China 470 km, India 605 km +Coastline: + none - landlocked +Maritime claims: + none - landlocked +Disputes: + none +Climate: + varies; tropical in southern plains; cool winters and hot summers in central + valleys; severe winters and cool summers in Himalayas +Terrain: + mostly mountainous with some fertile valleys and savanna +Natural resources: + timber, hydropower, gypsum, calcium carbide, tourism potential +Land use: + arable land 2%; permanent crops NEGL%; meadows and pastures 5%; forest and + woodland 70%; other 23% +Environment: + violent storms coming down from the Himalayas were the source of the country + name which translates as Land of the Thunder Dragon +Note: + landlocked; strategic location between China and India; controls several key + Himalayan mountain passes + +:Bhutan People + +Population: + 1,660,167 (July 1992), growth rate 2.3% (1992) +Birth rate: + 40 births/1,000 population (1992) +Death rate: + 17 deaths/1,000 population (1992) +Net migration rate: + 0 migrants/1,000 population (1992) +Infant mortality rate: + 126 deaths/1,000 live births (1992) +Life expectancy at birth: + 50 years male, 49 years female (1992) +Total fertility rate: + 5.5 children born/woman (1992) +Nationality: + noun - Bhutanese (singular and plural); adjective - Bhutanese +Ethnic divisions: + Bhote 60%, ethnic Nepalese 25%, indigenous or migrant tribes 15% +Religions: + Lamaistic Buddhism 75%, Indian- and Nepalese-influenced Hinduism 25% +Languages: + Bhotes speak various Tibetan dialects - most widely spoken dialect is + Dzongkha (official); Nepalese speak various Nepalese dialects +Literacy: + NA% (male NA%, female NA%) +Labor force: + NA; agriculture 93%, services 5%, industry and commerce 2%; massive lack of + skilled labor +Organized labor: + not permitted + +:Bhutan Government + +Long-form name: + Kingdom of Bhutan +Type: + monarchy; special treaty relationship with India +Capital: + Thimphu +Administrative divisions: + 18 districts (dzongkhag, singular and plural); Bumthang, Chhukha, Chirang, + Daga, Geylegphug, Ha, Lhuntshi, Mongar, Paro, Pemagatsel, Punakha, Samchi, + Samdrup Jongkhar, Shemgang, Tashigang, Thimphu, Tongsa, Wangdi Phodrang +Independence: + 8 August 1949 (from India) +Constitution: + no written constitution or bill of rights +Legal system: + based on Indian law and English common law; has not accepted compulsory ICJ + jurisdiction +National holiday: + National Day (Ugyen Wangchuck became first hereditary king), 17 December + (1907) +Executive branch: + monarch, chairman of the Royal Advisory Council, Royal Advisory Council + (Lodoi Tsokde), chairman of the Council of Ministers, Council of Ministers + (Lhengye Shungtsog) +Legislative branch: + unicameral National Assembly (Tshogdu) +Judicial branch: + High Court +Leaders: + Chief of State and Head of Government: + King Jigme Singye WANGCHUCK (since 24 July 1972) +Political parties and leaders: + no legal parties +Suffrage: + each family has one vote in village-level elections +Elections: + no national elections +Communists: + no overt Communist presence +Other political or pressure groups: + Buddhist clergy, Indian merchant community; ethnic Nepalese organizations + leading militant antigovernment campaign +Member of: + AsDB, CP, ESCAP, FAO, G-77, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IFAD, IMF, IOC, ITU, NAM, + SAARC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WHO +Diplomatic representation: + no formal diplomatic relations, although informal contact is maintained + between the Bhutanese and US Embassies in New Delhi (India); the Bhutanese + mission to the UN in New York has consular jurisdiction in the US +Flag: + divided diagonally from the lower hoist side corner; the upper triangle is + orange and the lower triangle is red; centered along the dividing line is a + large black and white dragon facing away from the hoist side + +:Bhutan Economy + +Overview: + The economy, one of the world's least developed, is based on agriculture and + forestry, which provide the main livelihood for 90% of the population and + account for about 50% of GDP. Rugged mountains dominate the terrain and make + the building of roads and other infrastructure difficult and expensive. The + economy is closely aligned with that of India through strong trade and + monetary links. Low wages in industry lead most Bhutanese to stay in + agriculture. Most development projects, such as road construction, rely on + Indian migrant labor. Bhutan's hydropower potential and its attraction for + tourists are its most important natural resources. +GDP: + exchange rate conversion - $320 million, per capita $200; real growth rate + 3.1% (1991 est.) +Inflation rate (consumer prices): + 12% (FY90) +Unemployment rate: + NA +Budget: + revenues $112 million; expenditures $121 million, including capital + expenditures of $58 million (FY91 est.) +Exports: + $74 million (f.o.b., FY91) + commodities: + cardamon, gypsum, timber, handicrafts, cement, fruit + partners: + India 93% +Imports: + $106.4 million (c.i.f., FY91 est.) + commodities: + fuel and lubricants, grain, machinery and parts, vehicles, fabrics + partners: + India 67% +External debt: + $80 million (FY91 est.) +Industrial production: + growth rate NA; accounts for 18% of GDP +Electricity: + 353,000 kW capacity; 2,000 million kWh produced, 1,280 kWh per capita (1990) +Industries: + cement, wood products, processed fruits, alcoholic beverages, calcium + carbide +Agriculture: + accounts for 50% of GDP; based on subsistence farming and animal husbandry; + self-sufficient in food except for foodgrains; other production - rice, + corn, root crops, citrus fruit, dairy, and eggs +Economic aid: + Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), + $115 million; OPEC bilateral aid (1979-89), $11 million +Currency: + ngultrum (plural - ngultrum); 1 ngultrum (Nu) = 100 chetrum; note - Indian + currency is also legal tender +Exchange rates: + ngultrum (Nu) per US$1 - 25.927 (January 1992), 22.742 (1991), 17.504 + (1990), 16.226 (1989), 13.917 (1988), 12.962 (1987); note - the Bhutanese + ngultrum is at par with the Indian rupee +Fiscal year: + 1 July - 30 June + +:Bhutan Communications + +Highways: + 1,304 km total; 418 km surfaced, 515 km improved, 371 km unimproved earth +Civil air: + 1 jet, 2 prop +Airports: + 2 total, 2 usable; 1 with permanent-surface runways; none with runways over + 2,439 m; 2 with runways 1,220-2,439 m +Telecommunications: + inadequate; 1,990 telephones (1988); 22,000 radios (1990 est.); 85 TVs + (1985); broadcast stations - 1 AM, 1 FM, no TV (1990) + +:Bhutan Defense Forces + +Branches: + Royal Bhutan Army, Palace Guard, Militia +Manpower availability: + males 15-49, 406,360; 217,348 fit for military service; 17,316 reach + military age (18) annually +Defense expenditures: + exchange rate conversion - $NA, NA% of GDP + +:Bolivia Geography + +Total area: + 1,098,580 km2 +Land area: + 1,084,390 km2 +Comparative area: + slightly less than three times the size of Montana +Land boundaries: + 6,743 km; Argentina 832 km, Brazil 3,400 km, Chile 861 km, Paraguay 750 km, + Peru 900 km +Coastline: + none - landlocked +Maritime claims: + none - landlocked +Disputes: + has wanted a sovereign corridor to the South Pacific Ocean since the Atacama + area was lost to Chile in 1884; dispute with Chile over Rio Lauca water + rights +Climate: + varies with altitude; humid and tropical to cold and semiarid +Terrain: + rugged Andes Mountains with a highland plateau (Altiplano), hills, lowland + plains of the Amazon basin +Natural resources: + tin, natural gas, crude oil, zinc, tungsten, antimony, silver, iron ore, + lead, gold, timber +Land use: + arable land 3%; permanent crops NEGL%; meadows and pastures 25%; forest and + woodland 52%; other 20%; includes irrigated NEGL% +Environment: + cold, thin air of high plateau is obstacle to efficient fuel combustion; + overgrazing; soil erosion; desertification +Note: + landlocked; shares control of Lago Titicaca, world's highest navigable lake, + with Peru + +:Bolivia People + +Population: + 7,323,048 (July 1992), growth rate 2.3% (1992) +Birth rate: + 33 births/1,000 population (1992) +Death rate: + 9 deaths/1,000 population (1992) +Net migration rate: + --1 migrant/1,000 population (1992) +Infant mortality rate: + 82 deaths/1,000 live births (1992) +Life expectancy at birth: + 59 years male, 64 years female (1992) +Total fertility rate: + 4.5 children born/woman (1992) +Nationality: + noun - Bolivian(s); adjective - Bolivian +Ethnic divisions: + Quechua 30%, Aymara 25%, mixed 25-30%, European 5-15% +Religions: + Roman Catholic 95%; active Protestant minority, especially Evangelical + Methodist +Languages: + Spanish, Quechua, and Aymara (all official) +Literacy: + 78% (male 85%, female 71%) age 15 and over can read and write (1990 est.) +Labor force: + 1,700,000; agriculture 50%, services and utilities 26%, manufacturing 10%, + mining 4%, other 10% (1983) +Organized labor: + 150,000-200,000, concentrated in mining, industry, construction, and + transportation; mostly organized under Bolivian Workers' Central (COB) labor + federation + +:Bolivia Government + +Long-form name: + Republic of Bolivia +Type: + republic +Capital: + La Paz (seat of government); Sucre (legal capital and seat of judiciary) +Administrative divisions: + 9 departments (departamentos, singular - departamento); Chuquisaca, + Cochabamba, Beni, La Paz, Oruro, Pando, Potosi, Santa Cruz, Tarija +Independence: + 6 August 1825 (from Spain) +Constitution: + 2 February 1967 +Legal system: + based on Spanish law and Code Napoleon; has not accepted compulsory ICJ + jurisdiction +National holiday: + Independence Day, 6 August (1825) +Executive branch: + president, vice president, Cabinet +Legislative branch: + bicameral National Congress (Congreso Nacional) consists of an upper chamber + or Chamber of Senators (Camara de Senadores) and a lower chamber or Chamber + of Deputies (Camara de Diputados) +Judicial branch: + Supreme Court (Corte Suprema) +Leaders: + Chief of State and Head of Government: + President Jaime PAZ Zamora (since 6 August 1989); Vice President Luis OSSIO + Sanjines (since 6 August 1989) +Political parties and leaders: + Movement of the Revolutionary Left (MIR), Jaime PAZ Zamora; Nationalist + Democratic Action (ADN), Hugo BANZER Suarez; Nationalist Revolutionary + Movement (MNR), Gonzalo SANCHEZ de Lozada; Civic Solidarity Union (UCS), Max + FERNANDEZ Rojas; Conscience of the Fatherland (CONDEPA), Carlos PALENQUE + Aviles; Christian Democratic Party (PDC), Jorge AGREDO; Free Bolivia + Movement (MBL), led by Antonio ARANIBAR; United Left (IU), a coalition of + leftist parties that includes Patriotic National Convergency Axis (EJE-P) + led by Walter DELGADILLO, and Bolivian Communist Party (PCB) led by Humberto + RAMIREZ; Revolutionary Vanguard - 9th of April (VR-9), Carlos SERRATE Reich +Suffrage: + universal and compulsory at age 18 (married) or 21 (single) +Elections: + Chamber of Deputies: + last held 7 May 1989 (next to be held May 1993); results - percent of vote + by party NA; note - legislative and presidential candidates run on a unified + slate, so vote percentages are the same as in section on presidential + election results; seats - (130 total) MNR 40, ADN 35, MIR 33, IU 10, CONDEPA + 9, PDC 3 + Chamber of Senators: + last held 7 May 1989 (next to be held May 1993); results - percent of vote + by party NA; note - legislative and presidential candidates run on a unified + slate, so vote percentages are the same as in section on presidential + election results; seats - (27 total) MNR 9, ADN 7, MIR 8, CONDEPA 2, PDC 1 + +:Bolivia Government + + President: + last held 7 May 1989 (next to be held May 1993); results - Gonzalo SANCHEZ + de Lozada (MNR) 23%, Hugo BANZER Suarez (ADN) 22%, Jaime PAZ Zamora (MIR) + 19%; no candidate received a majority of the popular vote; Jaime PAZ Zamora + (MIR) formed a coalition with Hugo BANZER (ADN); with ADN support PAZ Zamora + won the congressional runoff election on 4 August and was inaugurated on 6 + August 1989 +Member of: + AG, ECLAC, FAO, G-11, G-77, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICO, IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, + IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, IOM, ITU, LAES, LAIA, LORCS, NAM, OAS, OPANAL, + PCA, RG, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WCL, WFTU, WHO, WMO, WTO +Diplomatic representation: + Ambassador Jorge CRESPO; Chancery at 3014 Massachusetts Avenue NW, + Washington, DC 20008; telephone (202) 483-4410 through 4412; there are + Bolivian Consulates General in Los Angeles, Miami, New York, and San + Francisco + US: + Ambassador Charles R. BOWERS; Embassy at Banco Popular del Peru Building, + corner of Calles Mercado y Colon, La Paz (mailing address is P. O. Box 425, + La Paz, or APO AA 34032); telephone [591] (2) 350251 or 350120; FAX [591] + (2) 359875 +Flag: + three equal horizontal bands of red (top), yellow, and green with the coat + of arms centered on the yellow band; similar to the flag of Ghana, which has + a large black five-pointed star centered in the yellow band + +:Bolivia Economy + +Overview: + The Bolivian economy steadily deteriorated between 1980 and 1985 as La Paz + financed growing budget deficits by expanding the money supply, and + inflation spiraled - peaking at 11,700%. An austere orthodox economic + program adopted by then President Paz Estenssoro in 1985, however, succeeded + in reducing inflation to between 10% and 20% annually since 1987, eventually + restarting economic growth. Since August 1989, President Paz Zamora has + retained the economic policies of the previous government, keeping inflation + down and continuing moderate growth. Nevertheless, Bolivia continues to be + one of the poorest countries in Latin America, with widespread poverty and + unemployment, and it remains vulnerable to price fluctuations for its + limited exports - agricultural products, minerals, and natural gas. + Moreover, for many farmers, who constitute half of the country's work force, + the main cash crop is coca, which is sold for cocaine processing. +GDP: + exchange rate conversion - $4.6 billion, per capita $630; real growth rate + 4% (1991) +Inflation rate (consumer prices): + 15% (1991) +Unemployment rate: + 7% (1991 est.) +Budget: + revenues $900 million; expenditures $825 million, including capital + expenditures of $300 million (1991 est.) +Exports: + $970 million (f.o.b., 1991) + commodities: + metals 45%, natural gas 25%, other 30% (coffee, soybeans, sugar, cotton, + timber) + partners: + US 15%, Argentina +Imports: + $760 million (c.i.f., 1991) + commodities: + food, petroleum, consumer goods, capital goods + partners: + US 22% +External debt: + $3.3 billion (December 1991) +Industrial production: + growth rate 6% (1991); accounts for almost 30% of GDP +Electricity: + 849,000 kW capacity; 1,798 million kWh produced, 251 kWh per capita (1991) +Industries: + mining, smelting, petroleum, food and beverage, tobacco, handicrafts, + clothing; illicit drug industry reportedly produces significant revenues +Agriculture: + accounts for about 20% of GDP (including forestry and fisheries); principal + commodities - coffee, coca, cotton, corn, sugarcane, rice, potatoes, timber; + self-sufficient in food +Illicit drugs: + world's second-largest producer of coca (after Peru) with an estimated + 47,900 hectares under cultivation; voluntary and forced eradication program + unable to prevent production from rising to 78,400 metric tons in 1991 from + 74,700 tons in 1989; government considers all but 12,000 hectares illicit; + intermediate coca products and cocaine exported to or through Colombia and + Brazil to the US and other international drug markets + +:Bolivia Economy + +Economic aid: + US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $990 million; Western (non-US) + countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $2,025 million; + Communist countries (1970-89), $340 million +Currency: + boliviano (plural - bolivianos); 1 boliviano ($B) = 100 centavos +Exchange rates: + bolivianos ($B) per US$1 - 3.7534 (January 1992), 3.5806 (1991), 3.1727 + (1990), 2.6917 (1989), 2.3502 (1988), 2.0549 (1987) +Fiscal year: + calendar year + +:Bolivia Communications + +Railroads: + 3,684 km total, all narrow gauge; 3,652 km 1.000-meter gauge and 32 km + 0.760-meter gauge, all government owned, single track +Highways: + 38,836 km total; 1,300 km paved, 6,700 km gravel, 30,836 km improved and + unimproved earth +Inland waterways: + 10,000 km of commercially navigable waterways +Pipelines: + crude oil 1,800 km; petroleum products 580 km; natural gas 1,495 km +Ports: + none; maritime outlets are Arica and Antofagasta in Chile, Matarani and Ilo + in Peru +Merchant marine: + 2 cargo and 1 container ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 16,951 GRT/26,320 + DWT +Civil air: + 56 major transport aircraft +Airports: + 1,105 total, 943 usable; 9 with permanent-surface runways; 2 with runways + over 3,659 m; 7 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 146 with runways 1,220-2,439 m +Telecommunications: + radio relay system being expanded; improved international services; 144,300 + telephones; broadcast stations - 129 AM, no FM, 43 TV, 68 shortwave; 1 + Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT earth station + +:Bolivia Defense Forces + +Branches: + Army, Navy (including Marines), Air Force, National Police Force +Manpower availability: + males 15-49, 1,727,101; 1,122,224 fit for military service; 72,977 reach + military age (18) annually +Defense expenditures: + exchange rate conversion - $80 million, 1.6% of GDP (1990 est). + +:Bosnia and Herzegovina Geography + +Total area: + 51,233 km2 +Land area: + 51,233 km2 +Comparative area: + slightly larger than Tennessee +Land boundaries: + 1,369 km; Croatia (northwest) 751 km, Croatia (south) 91 km, Serbia and + Montenegro 527 km +Coastline: + 20 km +Maritime claims: + Contiguous zone: + NA nm + Continental shelf: + 20-meter depth + Exclusive economic zone: + 12 nm + Exclusive fishing zone: + 12 nm + Territorial sea: + 12 nm +Disputes: + Serbia and Croatia seek to cantonize Bosnia and Herzegovina; Muslim majority + being forced from many areas +Climate: + hot summers and cold winters; areas of high elevation have short, cool + summers and long, severe winters; mild, rainy winters along coast +Terrain: + mountains and valleys +Natural resources: + coal, iron, bauxite, manganese, timber, wood products, copper, chromium, + lead, zinc +Land use: + 20% arable land; 2% permanent crops; 25% meadows and pastures; 36% forest + and woodland; 16% other; includes 1% irrigated +Environment: + air pollution from metallurgical plants; water scarce; sites for disposing + of urban waste are limited; subject to frequent and destructive earthquakes +Note: + Controls large percentage of important land routes from Western Europe to + Aegean Sea and Turkish Straits + +:Bosnia and Herzegovina People + +Population: + 4,364,000 (July 1991), growth rate 0.5% (1991) +Birth rate: + 14.5 births/1,000 population (1991) +Death rate: + 6.5 deaths/1,000 population (1991) +Net migration rate: + NA migrants/1,000 population (1991) +Infant mortality rate: + 15.2 deaths/1,000 live births (1991) +Life expectancy at birth: + 68 years male, 73 years female (1980-82) +Total fertility rate: + NA children born/woman (1991) +Nationality: + noun - Muslim, Serb, Croat (s); adjective - Muslim, Serbian, Croatian +Ethnic divisions: + Muslim 44%, Serb 33%, Croat 17% +Religions: + Slavic Muslim 40%, Orthodox 31%, Catholic 15%, Protestant 4% +Languages: + Serbo-Croatian 99% +Literacy: + 85.5% (male 94.5%, female 76.7%) age 10 and over can read and write (1981 + est.) +Labor force: + 1,026,254; 2% agriculture, industry, mining 45% (1991 est.) +Organized labor: + NA + +:Bosnia and Herzegovina Government + +Long-form name: + none +Type: + emerging democracy +Capital: + Sarajevo +Administrative divisions: + NA +Independence: + December 1918; April 1992 from Yugoslavia +Constitution: + NA +Legal system: + based on civil law system +National holiday: + NA +Executive branch: + president, prime minister, deputy prime minister +Legislative branch: + NA +Judicial branch: + NA +Leaders: + Chief of State: + President Alija IZETBEGOVIC (since December 1990), Vice President NA + Head of Government: + Prime Minister Jore PELIVAN (since January 1991), Deputy Prime Minister + Muhamed CENGIC and Rusmir MAHMUTCEHAJIC (since January 1991) +Political parties and leaders: + Party of Democratic Action, Alija IZETBEGOVIC; Croatian Democratic Union, + Mate BOBAN; Serbian Democratic Party, Radovah KARADZIC; Muslim Bosnian + Organization, Muhamed Zulfikar PASIC; Socialist Democratic Party, Nijaz + DURAKOVIC +Suffrage: + at age 16 if employed; universal at age 18 +Elections: + NA +Other political or pressure groups: + NA +Member of: + CSCE +Diplomatic representation: + NA +Flag: + NA + +:Bosnia and Herzegovina Economy + +Overview: + Bosnia and Herzegovina ranked next to Macedonia as the poorest component in + the old Yugoslav federation. Although agriculture has been almost all in + private hands, farms have been small and inefficient, and the republic + traditionally has been a net importer of food. Industry has been greatly + overstaffed, one reflection of the rigidities of Communist central planning + and management. Tito had pushed the development of military industries in + the republic with the result that Bosnia hosted a large share of + Yugoslavia's defense plants. As of April 1992, the newly independent + republic was being torn apart by bitter interethnic warfare that has caused + production to plummet, unemployment and inflation to soar, and human misery + to multiply. The survival of the republic as a political and economic unit + is in doubt. Both Serbia and Croatia have imposed various economic blockades + and may permanently take over large areas populated by fellow ethnic groups. + These areas contain most of the industry. If a much smaller core Muslim + state survives, it will share many Third World problems of poverty, + technological backwardness, and dependence on historically soft foreign + markets for its primary products. In these circumstances, other Muslim + countries might offer assistance. +GDP: + $14 billion; real growth rate --37% (1991) +Inflation rate (consumer prices): + 80% per month (1991) +Unemployment rate: + 28% (February 1992 est.) +Budget: + revenues $NA million; expenditures $NA million, including capital + expenditures of $NA million (19__) +Exports: + $2,054 million (1990) + commodities: + manufactured goods (31%), machinery and transport equipment (20.8%), raw + materials (18%), miscellaneous manufactured articles (17.3%), chemicals + (9.4%), fuel and lubricants (1.4%), food and live animals (1.2%) + partners: + principally the other former Yugoslav republics +Imports: + $1,891 million (1990) + commodities: + fuels and lubricants (32%), machinery and transport equipment (23.3%), other + manufactures (21.3%), chemicals (10%), raw materials (6.7%), food and live + animals (5.5%), beverages and tobacco (1.9%) + partners: + principally the other former Yugoslav republics +External debt: + NA +Industrial production: + sharply down because of interethnic and interrepublic warfare (1991-92) +Electricity: + 14,400 million kW capacity; NA million kWh produced, 3,303 kWh per capita + (1991) +Industries: + steel production, mining (coal, iron ore, lead, zinc, manganese, and + bauxite), manufacturing (vehicle assembly, textiles, tobacco products, + wooden furniture, 40% of former Yugoslavia's armaments including tank and + aircraft assembly, domestic appliances), oil refining + +:Bosnia and Herzegovina Economy + +Agriculture: + accounted for 8.6% of national income in 1989; regularly produces less than + 50% of food needs; the foothills of northern Bosnia support orchards, + vineyards, livestock, and some wheat and corn; long winters and heavy + precipitation leach soil fertility reducing agricultural output in the + mountains; farms are mostly privately held, small, and not very productive +Illicit drugs: + NA +Economic aid: + US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-87), $NA billion; Western (non-US) + countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-86), $NA million; + Communist countries (1971-86), $NA million +Currency: + none; note - Croatian dinar used in ethnic Croat areas, Yugoslav dinar used + in all other areas +Exchange rates: + NA +Fiscal year: + calendar year + +:Bosnia and Herzegovina Communications + +Railroads: + NA km all 1.000-meter gauge (includes NA km electrified) +Highways: + 21,168 km total (1991); 11,436 km paved, 8,146 km gravel, 1,586 km earth +Inland waterways: + NA km perennially navigable +Pipelines: + crude oil 174 km, petroleum products NA km, natural gas NA km +Ports: + maritime - none; inland - Bosanski Brod +Merchant marine: + NA ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling NA GRT/NA DWT; includes NA cargo, NA + container, NA liquefied gas, NA petroleum tanker +Civil air: + NA major transport aircraft +Airports: + 2 main, NA usable; NA with permanent-surface runways; NA with runways over + 3,659 m; NA with runways 2,440-3,659 m; NA with runways 1,220-2,439 m +Telecommunications: + Bosnia's telephone and telegraph network is in need of modernization and + expansion, many urban areas being below average compared with services in + other former Yugoslav republics; 727,000 telephones; broadcast stations - 9 + AM, 2 FM, 6 (0 repeaters) TV; 840,000 radios; 1,012,094 TVs; NA submarine + coaxial cables; satellite ground stations - none + +:Bosnia and Herzegovina Defense Forces + +Branches: + Territorial Defense Force +Manpower availability: + males 15-49, NA; NA fit for military service; 39,000 reach military age (18) + annually +Defense expenditures: + $NA, NA% of GDP + +:Botswana Geography + +Total area: + 600,370 km2 +Land area: + 585, 370 km2 +Comparative area: + slightly smaller than Texas +Land boundaries: + 4,013 km; Namibia 1,360 km, South Africa 1,840 km, Zimbabwe 813 km +Coastline: + none - landlocked +Maritime claims: + none - landlocked +Disputes: + none +Climate: + semiarid; warm winters and hot summers +Terrain: + predominately flat to gently rolling tableland; Kalahari Desert in southwest +Natural resources: + diamonds, copper, nickel, salt, soda, ash, potash, coal, iron ore, silver, + natural gas +Land use: + urable land 2%; permanent crops 0%; meadows and pastures 75%; forest and + woodland 2%; other 21%; includes irrigated NEGL% +Environment: + rains in early 1988 broke six years of drought that had severely affected + the important cattle industry; overgazing; desertification +Note: + landlocked + +:Botswana People + +Population: + 1,292,210 (July 1992), growth rate 2.6% (1992) +Birth rate: + 35 births/1,000 population (1992) +Death rate: + 8 deaths/1,000 population (1992) +Net migration rate: + 0 migrants/1,000 population (1992) +Infant mortality rate: + 42 deaths/1,000 live births (1992) +Life expectancy at birth: + 59 years male, 65 years female (1992) +Total fertility rate: + 4.4 children born/woman (1992) +Nationality: + noun and ajective - Motswana (singular), Batswana (plural) +Ethnic divisions: + Batswana 95%; Kalanga, Basarwa, and Kgalagadi about 4%; white about 1% +Religions: + indigenous beliefs 50%, Christian 50% +Languages: + English (official), Setswana +Literacy: + 23% (male 32%, female 16%) age 15 and over can read and write (1990 est.) +Labor force: + 400,000; 198,500 formal sector employees, most others are engaged in cattle + raising and subsistence agriculture (1990 est.); 14,600 are employed in + various mines in South Africa (1990) +Organized labor: + 19 trade unions + +:Botswana Government + +Long-form name: + Republic of Botswana +Type: + parliamentary republic +Capital: + Gaborone +Administrative divisions: + 10 districts: Central, Chobe, Ghanzi, Kgalagadi, Kgatleng, Kweneng, + Ngamiland, North-East, South-East, Southern; note - in addition, there may + now be 4 town councils named Francistown, Gaborone, Lobaste Selebi-Pikwe +Independence: + 30 September 1966 (from UK; formerly Bechuanaland) +Constitution: + March 1965, effective 30 September 1966 +Legal system: + based on Roman-Dutch law and local customary law; judicial review limited to + matters of interpretation; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction +National holiday: + Independence Day, 30 September (1966) +Executive branch: + president, vice president, Cabinet +Legislative branch: + bicameral National Assembly consists of an upper house or House of Chiefs + and a lower house or National Assembly +Judicial branch: + High Court, Court of Appeal +Leaders: + Chief of State and Head of Government: + President Quett K. J. MASIRE (since 13 July 1980); Vice President Peter S. + MMUSI (since 3 January 1983) +Political parties and leaders: + Botswana Democratic Party (BDP), Quett MASIRE; Botswana National Front + (BNF), Kenneth KOMA; Boswana People's Party (BPP), Knight MARIPE; Botswana + Independence Party (BIP), Motsamai MPHO +Suffrage: + universal at age 21 +Elections: + National Assembly: + last held 7 October 1989 (next to be held October 1994); results - percent + of vote by party NA; seats - (38 total, 34 elected) BDP 35, BNF 3 + President: + last held 7 October 1989 (next to be held October 1994); results - President + Quett K. J. MASIRE was reelected by the National Assembly +Communists: + no known Communist organization; Kenneth KOMA of BNF has long history of + Communist contacts +Member of: + ACP, AfDB, C, CCC, ECA, FAO, FLS, G-77, GATT, IBRD, ICAO, ICFTU, IDA, IFAD, + IFC, ILO, IMF, INTERPOL, IOC, ITU, LORCS, NAM, OAU, SACU, SADCC, UN, UNCTAD, + UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WCL, WHO, WMO +Diplomatic representation: + Ambassador Botsweletse Kingsley SEBELE; Chancery at Suite 7M, 3400 + International Drive NW, Washington, DC 20008; telephone (202) 244-4990 or + 4991 + US: + Ambassador Davie PASSAGE; Embassy at Gaborone (mailing address is P. O. Box + 90, Gaborone); telephone [267] 353-982; FAX [267] 356-947 +Flag: + light blue with a horizontal white-edged black stripe in the center + +:Botswana Economy + +Overview: + The economy has historically been based on cattle raising and crops. + Agriculture today provides a livelihood for more than 80% of the population, + but produces only about 50% of food needs. The driving force behind the + rapid economic growth of the 1970s and 1980s has been the mining industry. + This sector, mostly on the strength of diamonds, has gone from generating + 25% of GDP in 1980 to over 50% in 1989. No other sector has experienced such + growth, especially not agriculture, which is plagued by erratic rainfall and + poor soils. The unemployment rate remains a problem at 25%. Although diamond + production remained level in FY91, substantial gains in coal output and + manufacturing helped boost the economy +GDP: + purchasing power equivalent - $3.6 billion, per capita $2,800; real growth + rate 6.3% (1991 est.) +Inflation rate (consumer prices): + 12.6% (1991) +Unemployment rate: + 25% (1989) +Budget: + revenues $1,935 million; expenditures $1,885 million, including capital + expenditures of $658 million (FY93) +Exports: + $1.8 billion (f.o.b. 1990) + commodities: + diamonds 80%, copper and nickel 9%, meat 4%, cattle, animal products + partners: + Switzerland, UK, SACU (Southern African Customs Union) +Imports: + $1.6 billion (c.i.f., 1990 est.) + commodities: + foodstuffs, vehicles and transport equipment, textiles, petroleum products + partners: + Switzerland, SACU (Southern African Customs Union), UK, US +External debt: + $780 million (December 1990 est.) +Industrial production: + growth rate 16.8% (FY86); accounts for about 57% of GDP, including mining +Electricity: + 220,000 kW capacity; 630 million kWh produced 858 kWh per capita (1991) +Industries: + mining of diamonds, copper, nickel, coal, salt, soda ash, potash; livestock + processing +Agriculture: + accounts for only 3% of DGP; subsistence farming predominates; cattle + raising supports 50% of the population; must import large share of food + needs +Economic aid: + US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $257 million; Western (non-US) + countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $1,875 million; OPEC + bilateral aid (1979-89), $43 million; Communist countries (1970-89), $29 + million +Currency: + pula (plural - pula); 1 pula (P) = 100 thebe +Exchange rates: + pula (P) per US$1 - 2.1683 (March 1992), 2.0173 (1991), 1.8601 (1990), + 2.0125 (1989), 1.8159 (1988), 1.6779 (1987) +Fiscal year: + 1 April - 31 March + +:Botswana Communications + +Railroads: + 712 km 1.067-meter gauge +Highways: + 11,514 km total; 1,600 km paved; 1,700 km crushed stone or gravel, 5,177 km + improved earth, 3,037 km unimproved earth +Civil air: + 5 major transport aircraft +Airports: + 100 total, 87 unable; 8 with permanent-surface runways; none with runways + over 3,659 m; 1 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 27 with runways 1,220-2,439 m +Telecommunications: + the small system is a combination of open-wire lines, radio relay links, and + a few radio-communications stations; 26,000 telephones; broadcast stations - + 7 AM, 13 FM, no TV; 1 Indian Ocean INTELSAT earth station + +:Botswana Defense Forces + +Branches: + Botswana Defense Force (including Army and Air Wing); Botswana National + Police +Manpower availability: + males 15-49, 271,511; 142,947 fit for military service; 14,473 reach + military age (18) annually +Defense expenditures: + exchange rate conversion - $136.4 million, 4.4% of GDP (FY92) + +:Bouvet Island Geography + +Total area: + 58 km2 +Land area: + 58 km2 +Comparative area: + about 0.3 times the size of Washington, DC +Land boundaries: + none +Coastline: + 29.6 km +Maritime claims: + Territorial sea: + 4 nm +Disputes: + none +Climate: + antarctic +Terrain: + volcanic; maximum elevation about 800 meters; coast is mostly inacessible +Natural resources: + none +Land use: + arable land 0%; permanent crops 0%; meadows and pastures 0%; forest and + woodland 0%; other 100% (ice) +Environment: + covered by glacial ice +Note: + located in the South Atlantic Ocean 2,575 km south-southwest of the Cape of + Good Hope, South Africa + +:Bouvet Island People + +Population: + uninhabited + +:Bouvet Island Government + +Long-form name: + none +Type: + territory of Norway +Capital: + none; administered from Oslo, Norway + +:Bouvet Island Economy + +Overview: + no economic activity + +:Bouvet Island Communications + +Ports: + none; offshore anchorage only +Telecommunications: + automatic meteorological station + +:Bouvet Island Defense Forces + +Note: + defense is the responsibility of Norway + +:Brazil Geography + +Total area: + 8,511,965 km2 +Land area: + 8,456,510 km2; includes Arquipelago de Fernando de Noronha, Atol das Rocas, + Ilha da Trindade, Ilhas Martin Vaz, and Penedos de Sao Pedro e Sao Paulo +Comparative area: + slightly smaller than the US +Land boundaries: + 14,691 km; Argentina 1,224 km, Bolivia 3,400 km, Colombia 1,643 km, French + Guiana 673 km, Guyana 1,119 km, Paraguay 1,290 km, Peru 1,560 km, Suriname + 597 km, Uruguay 985 km, Venezuela 2,200 km +Coastline: + 7,491 km +Maritime claims: + Continental shelf: + 200 m (depth) or to depth of exploitation + Exclusive fishing zone: + 200 nm + Territorial sea: + 200 nm +Disputes: + short section of the boundary with Paraguay (just west of Guaira Falls on + the Rio Parana) is in dispute; two short sections of boundary with Uruguay + are in dispute (Arroyo de la Invernada area of the Rio Quarai and the + islands at the confluence of the Rio Quarai and the Uruguay) +Climate: + mostly tropical, but temperate in south +Terrain: + mostly flat to rolling lowlands in north; some plains, hills, mountains, and + narrow coastal belt +Natural resources: + iron ore, manganese, bauxite, nickel, uranium, phosphates, tin, hydropower, + gold, platinum, crude oil, timber +Land use: + arable land 7%; permanent crops 1%; meadows and pastures 19%; forest and + woodland 67%; other 6%; includes irrigated NEGL% +Environment: + recurrent droughts in northeast; floods and frost in south; deforestation in + Amazon basin; air and water pollution in Rio de Janeiro and Sao Paulo +Note: + largest country in South America; shares common boundaries with every South + American country except Chile and Ecuador + +:Brazil People + +Population: + 158,202,019 (July 1992), growth rate 1.8% (1992) +Birth rate: + 25 births/1,000 population (1992) +Death rate: + 7 deaths/1,000 population (1992) +Net migration rate: + 0 migrants/1,000 population (1992) +Infant mortality rate: + 67 deaths/1,000 live births (1992) +Life expectancy at birth: + 62 years male, 69 years female (1992) +Total fertility rate: + 3.0 children born/woman (1992) +Nationality: + noun - Brazilian(s); adjective - Brazilian +Ethnic divisions: + Portuguese, Italian, German, Japanese, black, Amerindian; white 55%, mixed + 38%, black 6%, other 1% +Religions: + Roman Catholic (nominal) 90% +Languages: + Portuguese (official), Spanish, English, French +Literacy: + 81% (male 82%, female 80%) age 15 and over can read and write (1990 est.) +Labor force: + 57,000,000 (1989 est.); services 42%, agriculture 31%, industry 27% +Organized labor: + 13,000,000 dues paying members (1989 est.) + +:Brazil Government + +Long-form name: + Federative Republic of Brazil +Type: + federal republic +Capital: + Brasilia +Administrative divisions: + 26 states (estados, singular - estado) and 1 federal district* (distrito + federal); Acre, Alagoas, Amapa, Amazonas, Bahia, Ceara, Distrito Federal*, + Espirito Santo, Goias, Maranhao, Mato Grosso, Mato Grosso do Sul, Minas + Gerais, Para, Paraiba, Parana, Pernambuco, Piaui, Rio de Janeiro, Rio Grande + do Norte, Rio Grande do Sul, Rondonia, Roraima, Santa Catarina, Sao Paulo, + Sergipe, Tocantins; note - the former territories of Amapa and Roraima + became states in January 1991 +Independence: + 7 September 1822 (from Portugal) +Constitution: + 5 October 1988 +Legal system: + based on Latin codes; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction +National holiday: + Independence Day, 7 September (1822) +Executive branch: + president, vice president, Cabinet +Legislative branch: + bicameral National Congress (Congresso Nacional) consists of an upper + chamber or Federal Senate (Senado Federal) and a lower chamber or Chamber of + Deputies (Camara dos Deputados) +Judicial branch: + Supreme Federal Tribunal +Leaders: + Chief of State and Head of Government: + President Fernando Affonso COLLOR de Mello (since 15 March 1990); Vice + President Itamar FRANCO (since 15 March 1990) +Political parties and leaders: + National Reconstruction Party (PRN), Daniel TOURINHO, president; Brazilian + Democratic Movement Party (PMDB), Orestes QUERCIA, president; Liberal Front + Party (PFL), Hugo NAPOLEAO, president; Workers' Party (PT), Luis Ignacio + (Lula) da SILVA, president; Brazilian Labor Party (PTB), Luiz GONZAGA de + Paiva Muniz, president; Democratic Labor Party (PDT), Leonel BRIZOLA, + president; Democratic Social Party (PPS), Paulo MALUF, president; Brazilian + Social Democracy Party (PSDB), Tasso JEREISSATI, president; Popular + Socialist Party (PPS), Roberto FREIRE, president; Communist Party of Brazil + (PCdoB), Joao AMAZONAS, secretary general; Christian Democratic Party (PDC), + Siqueira CAMPOS, president +Suffrage: + voluntary at age 16; compulsory between ages 18 and 70; voluntary at age 70 +Elections: + Chamber of Deputies: + last held 3 October 1990 (next to be held November 1994); results - PMDB + 21%, PFL 17%, PDT 9%, PDS 8%, PRN 7.9%, PTB 7%, PT 7%, other 23.1%; seats - + (503 total as of 3 February 1991) PMDB 108, PFL 87, PDT 46, PDS 43, PRN 40, + PTB 35, PT 35, other 109 + Federal Senate: + last held 3 October 1990 (next to be held November 1994); results - percent + of vote by party NA; seats - (81 total as of 3 February 1991) PMDB 27, PFL + 15, PSDB 10, PTB 8, PDT 5, other 16 + +:Brazil Government + + President: + last held 15 November 1989, with runoff on 17 December 1989 (next to be held + November 1994); results - Fernando COLLOR de Mello 53%, Luis Inacio da SILVA + 47%; note - first free, direct presidential election since 1960 +Communists: + less than 30,000 +Other political or pressure groups: + left wing of the Catholic Church and labor unions allied to leftist Worker's + Party are critical of government's social and economic policies +Member of: + AfDB, AG (observer), CCC, ECLAC, FAO, G-11, G-15, G-19, G-24, G-77, GATT, + IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICFTU, IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INMARSAT, + INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, IOM (observer), ISO, ITU, LAES, LAIA, LORCS, + MERCOSUR, NAM (observer), OAS, OPANAL, PCA, RG, UN, UNAVEM, UNCTAD, UNESCO, + UNHCR, UNIDO, UPU, WCL, WHO, WFTU, WIPO, WMO, WTO +Diplomatic representation: + Ambassador Rubens RICUPERO; Chancery at 3006 Massachusetts Avenue NW, + Washington, DC 20008; telephone (202) 745-2700; there are Brazilian + Consulates General in Chicago, Los Angeles, Miami, New Orleans, and New + York, and Consulates in Dallas, Houston, and San Francisco + US: + Ambassador Richard MELTON; Embassy at Avenida das Nacoes, Lote 3, Brasilia, + Distrito Federal (mailing address is APO AA 34030); telephone [55] (61) + 321-7272; FAX [55] (61) 225-9136; there are US Consulates General in Rio de + Janeiro and Sao Paulo, and Consulates in PortoAlegre and Recife +Flag: + green with a large yellow diamond in the center bearing a blue celestial + globe with 23 white five-pointed stars (one for each state) arranged in the + same pattern as the night sky over Brazil; the globe has a white equatorial + band with the motto ORDEM E PROGRESSO (Order and Progress) + +:Brazil Economy + +Overview: + The economy, with large agrarian, mining, and manufacturing sectors, entered + the 1990s with declining real growth, runaway inflation, an unserviceable + foreign debt of $122 billion, and a lack of policy direction. In addition, + the economy remained highly regulated, inward-looking, and protected by + substantial trade and investment barriers. Ownership of major industrial and + mining facilities is divided among private interests - including several + multinationals - and the government. Most large agricultural holdings are + private, with the government channeling financing to this sector. Conflicts + between large landholders and landless peasants have produced intermittent + violence. The Collor government, which assumed office in March 1990, is + embarked on an ambitious reform program that seeks to modernize and + reinvigorate the economy by stabilizing prices, deregulating the economy, + and opening it to increased foreign competition. The government in December + 1991 signed a letter of intent with the IMF for a 20-month standby loan. + Having reached an agreement on the repayment of interest arrears accumulated + during 1989 and 1990, Brazilian officials and commercial bankers are engaged + in talks on the reduction of medium- and long-term debt and debt service + payments and on the elimination of remaining interest arrears. A major + long-run strength is Brazil's vast natural resources. +GDP: + exchange rate conversion - $358 billion, per capita $2,300; real growth rate + 1.2% (1991) +Inflation rate (consumer prices): + 478.5% (December 1991, annual rate) +Unemployment rate: + 4.3% (1991) +Budget: + revenues $164.3 billion; expenditures $170.6 billion, including capital + expenditures of $32.9 billion (1990) +Exports: + $31.6 billion (1991) + commodities: + iron ore, soybean bran, orange juice, footwear, coffee + partners: + EC 31%, US 24%, Latin America 11%, Japan 8% (1990) +Imports: + $21.0 billion (1991) + commodities: + crude oil, capital goods, chemical products, foodstuffs, coal + partners: + Middle East and Africa 22%, US 21%, EC 21%, Latin America 18%, Japan 6% + (1990) +External debt: + $118 billion (December 1991) +Industrial production: + growth rate--0.5% (1991); accounts for 39% of GDP +Electricity: + 58,500,000 kW capacity; 229,824 million kWh produced, 1,479 kWh per capita + (1991) +Industries: + textiles and other consumer goods, shoes, chemicals, cement, lumber, iron + ore, steel, motor vehicles and auto parts, metalworking, capital goods, tin +Agriculture: + world's largest producer and exporter of coffee and orange juice concentrate + and second- largest exporter of soybeans; other products - rice, corn, + sugarcane, cocoa, beef; self-sufficient in food, except for wheat + +:Brazil Economy + +Illicit drugs: + illicit producer of cannabis and coca, mostly for domestic consumption; + government has a modest eradication program to control cannabis and coca + cultivation; important transshipment country for Bolivian and Colombian + cocaine headed for the US and Europe +Economic aid: + US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $2.5 billion; Western (non-US) + countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $10.2 million; OPEC + bilateral aid (1979-89), $284 million; former Communist countries (1970-89), + $1.3 billion +Currency: + cruzeiro (plural - cruzeiros); 1 cruzeiro (Cr$) = 100 centavos +Exchange rates: + cruzeiros (Cr$) per US$1 - 1,197.38 (January 1992), 406.61 (1991), 68.300 + (1990), 2.834 (1989), 0.26238 (1988), 0.03923 (1987) +Fiscal year: + calendar year + +:Brazil Communications + +Railroads: + 28,828 km total; 24,864 km 1.000-meter gauge, 3,877 km 1.600-meter gauge, 74 + km mixed 1.600-1.000-meter gauge, 13 km 0.760-meter gauge; 2,360 km + electrified +Highways: + 1,448,000 km total; 48,000 km paved, 1,400,000 km gravel or earth +Inland waterways: + 50,000 km navigable +Pipelines: + crude oil 2,000 km; petroleum products 3,804 km; natural gas 1,095 km +Ports: + Belem, Fortaleza, Ilheus, Manaus, Paranagua, Porto Alegre, Recife, Rio de + Janeiro, Rio Grande, Salvador, Santos +Merchant marine: + 245 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 5,693,500 GRT/9,623,918 DWT; includes + 3 passenger-cargo, 49 cargo, 1 refrigerated cargo, 13 container, 9 + roll-on/roll-off, 57 petroleum tanker, 15 chemical tanker, 11 liquefied gas, + 14 combination ore/oil, 71 bulk, 2 combination bulk; in addition, 2 naval + tankers and 4 military transport are sometimes used commercially +Civil air: + 198 major transport aircraft +Airports: + 3,563 total, 2,911 usable; 420 with permanent-surface runways; 2 with + runways over 3,659 m; 22 with runways 2,240-3,659 m; 550 with runways + 1,220-2,439 m +Telecommunications: + good system; extensive radio relay facilities; 9.86 million telephones; + broadcast stations - 1,223 AM, no FM, 112 TV, 151 shortwave; 3 coaxial + submarine cables, 3 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT earth stations and 64 domestic + satellite earth stations + +:Brazil Defense Forces + +Branches: + Brazilian Army, Navy of Brazil (including Marines), Brazilian Air Force, + Military Police (paramilitary) +Manpower availability: + males 15-49, 41,515,103; 27,987,257 fit for military service; 1,644,571 + reach military age (18) annually +Defense expenditures: + exchange rate conversion - $1.1 billion, 0.3% of GDP (1990) + +:British Indian Ocean Territory Geography + +Total area: + 60 km2 +Land area: + 60 km2; includes the island of Diego Garcia +Comparative area: + about 0.3 times the size of Washington, DC +Land boundaries: + none +Coastline: + 698 km +Maritime claims: + Territorial sea: + UK announced establishment of 200-nm fishery zone in August 1991 +Disputes: + the entire Chagos Archipelago is claimed by Mauritius +Climate: + tropical marine; hot, humid, moderated by trade winds +Terrain: + flat and low (up to 4 meters in elevation) +Natural resources: + coconuts, fish +Land use: + arable land 0%; permanent crops 0%; meadows and pastures 0%; forest and + woodland 0%; other 100% +Environment: + archipelago of 2,300 islands +Note: + Diego Garcia, largest and southernmost island, occupies strategic location + in central Indian Ocean; island is site of joint US-UK military facility + +:British Indian Ocean Territory People + +Population: + no permanent civilian population; formerly about 3,000 islanders +Ethnic divisions: + civilian inhabitants, known as the Ilois, evacuated to Mauritius before + construction of UK and US defense facilities + +:British Indian Ocean Territory Government + +Long-form name: + British Indian Ocean Territory (no short-form name); abbreviated BIOT +Type: + dependent territory of the UK +Capital: + none +Leaders: + Chief of State: + Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952) + Head of Government: + Commissioner Mr. T. G. HARRIS; Administrator Mr. R. G. WELLS (since NA + 1991); note - both reside in the UK +Diplomatic representation: + none (dependent territory of UK) +Flag: + white with the flag of the UK in the upper hoist-side quadrant and six blue + wavy horizontal stripes bearing a palm tree and yellow crown centered on the + outer half of the flag + +:British Indian Ocean Territory Economy + +Overview: + All economic activity is concentrated on the largest island of Diego Garcia, + where joint UK-US defense facilities are located. Construction projects and + various services needed to support the military installations are done by + military and contract employees from the UK and the US. There are no + industrial or agricultural activities on the islands. +Electricity: + provided by the US military + +:British Indian Ocean Territory Communications + +Highways: + short stretch of paved road between port and airfield on Diego Garcia +Ports: + Diego Garcia +Airports: + 1 with permanent-surface runways over 3,659 m on Diego Garcia +Telecommunications: + minimal facilities; broadcast stations (operated by US Navy) - 1 AM, 1 FM, 1 + TV; 1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT earth station + +:British Indian Ocean Territory Defense Forces + +Note: + defense is the responsibility of the UK + +:British Virgin Islands Geography + +Total area: + 150 km2 +Land area: + 150 km2; includes the island of Anegada +Comparative area: + about 0.8 times the size of Washington, DC +Coastline: + 80 km +Maritime claims: + Exclusive fishing zone: + 200 nm + Territorial sea: + 3 nm +Disputes: + none +Climate: + subtropical; humid; temperatures moderated by trade winds +Terrain: + coral islands relatively flat; volcanic islands steep, hilly +Natural resources: + negligible +Land use: + arable land 20%; permanent crops 7%; meadows and pastures 33%; forest and + woodland 7%; other 33% +Environment: + subject to hurricanes and tropical storms from July to October +Note: + strong ties to nearby US Virgin Islands and Puerto Rico + +:British Virgin Islands People + +Population: + 12,555 (July 1992), growth rate 1.2% (1992) +Birth rate: + 20 births/1,000 population (1992) +Death rate: + 6 deaths/1,000 population (1992) +Net migration rate: + --2 migrants/1,000 population (1992) +Infant mortality rate: + 20 deaths/1,000 live births (1992) +Life expectancy at birth: + 71 years male, 75 years female (1992) +Total fertility rate: + 2.3 children born/woman (1992) +Nationality: + noun - British Virgin Islander(s); adjective - British Virgin Islander +Ethnic divisions: + over 90% black, remainder of white and Asian origin +Religions: + Protestant 86% (Methodist 45%, Anglican 21%, Church of God 7%, Seventh-Day + Adventist 5%, Baptist 4%, Jehovah's Witnesses 2%, other 2%), Roman Catholic + 6%, none 2%, other 6% (1981) +Languages: + English (official) +Literacy: + 98% (male 98%, female 98%) age 15 and over can read and write (1970) +Labor force: + 4,911 (1980) +Organized labor: + NA% of labor force + +:British Virgin Islands Government + +Long-form name: + none +Type: + dependent territory of the UK +Capital: + Road Town +Administrative divisions: + none (dependent territory of the UK) +Independence: + none (dependent territory of the UK) +Constitution: + 1 June 1977 +Legal system: + English law +National holiday: + Territory Day, 1 July +Executive branch: + British monarch, governor, chief minister, Executive Council (cabinet) +Legislative branch: + unicameral Legislative Council +Judicial branch: + Eastern Caribbean Supreme Court +Leaders: + Chief of State: + Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952), represented by Governor P. A. + PENFOLD (since NA 1991) + Head of Government: + Chief Minister H. Lavity STOUTT (since NA 1986) +Political parties and leaders: + United Party (UP), Conrad MADURO; Virgin Islands Party (VIP), H. Lavity + STOUTT; Independent Progressive Movement (IPM), Cyril B. ROMNEY +Suffrage: + universal at age 18 +Elections: + Legislative Council: + last held 12 November 1990 (next to be held by November 1995); results - + percent of vote by party NA; seats - (9 total) VIP 6, IPM 1, independents 2 +Member of: + CARICOM (associate), CDB, ECLAC (associate), IOC, OECS, UNESCO (associate) +Diplomatic representation: + none (dependent territory of UK) +Flag: + blue with the flag of the UK in the upper hoist-side quadrant and the Virgin + Islander coat of arms centered in the outer half of the flag; the coat of + arms depicts a woman flanked on either side by a vertical column of six oil + lamps above a scroll bearing the Latin word + VIGILATE (Be Watchful) + +:British Virgin Islands Economy + +Overview: + The economy, one of the most prosperous in the Caribbean area, is highly + dependent on the tourist industry, which generates about 21% of the national + income. In 1985 the government offered offshore registration to companies + wishing to incorporate in the islands, and, in consequence, incorporation + fees generated about $2 million in 1987. Livestock raising is the most + significant agricultural activity. The islands' crops, limited by poor + soils, are unable to meet food requirements. +GDP: + purchasing power equivalent - $130 million, per capita $10,600; real growth + rate 6.3% (1990) +Inflation rate (consumer prices): + 2.5% (1990 est.) +Unemployment rate: + NEGL% +Budget: + revenues $51 million; expenditures $88 million, including capital + expenditures of $38 million (1991) +Exports: + $2.7 million (f.o.b., 1988) + commodities: + rum, fresh fish, gravel, sand, fruits, animals + partners: + Virgin Islands (US), Puerto Rico, US +Imports: + $11.5 million (c.i.f., 1988) + commodities: + building materials, automobiles, foodstuffs, machinery + partners: + Virgin Islands (US), Puerto Rico, US +External debt: + $4.5 million (1985) +Industrial production: + growth rate--4.0% (1985) +Electricity: + 10,500 kW capacity; 43 million kWh produced, 3,510 kWh per capita (1990) +Industries: + tourism, light industry, construction, rum, concrete block, offshore + financial center +Agriculture: + livestock (including poultry), fish, fruit, vegetables +Economic aid: + NA +Currency: + US currency is used +Exchange rates: + US currency is used +Fiscal year: + 1 April - 31 March + +:British Virgin Islands Communications + +Highways: + 106 km motorable roads (1983) +Ports: + Road Town +Airports: + 3 total, 3 usable; 2 with permanent-surface runways less than 1,220 m +Telecommunications: + 3,000 telephones; worldwide external telephone service; submarine cable + communication links to Bermuda; broadcast stations - 1 AM, no FM, 1 TV + +:British Virgin Islands Defense Forces + +Note: + defense is the responsibility of the UK + +:Brunei Geography + +Total area: + 5,770 km2 +Land area: + 5,270 km2 +Comparative area: + slightly larger than Delaware +Land boundaries: + 381 km; Malysia 381 km +Coastline: + 161 km +Maritime claims: + Exclusive fishing zone: + 200 nm + Territorial sea: + 12 nm +Disputes: + may wish to purchase the Malaysian salient that divides the country; all of + the Spratly Islands are claimed by China, Taiwan, and Vietnam; parts of them + are claimed by Malaysia and the Philippines; in 1984, Brunei established an + exclusive fishing zone that encompasses Louisa Reef, but has not publicly + claimed the island +Climate: + tropical; hot, humid, rainy +Terrain: + flat coastal plain rises to mountains in east; hilly lowland in west +Natural resources: + crude oil, natural gas, timber +Land use: + arable land 1%; permanent crops 1%; meadows and pastures 1%; forest and + woodland 79%; other 18%; includes irrigated NEGL% +Environment: + typhoons, earthquakes, and severe flooding are rare +Note: + close to vital sea lanes through South China Sea linking Indian and Pacific + Oceans; two parts physically separated by Malaysia; almost an enclave of + Malaysia + +:Brunei People + +Population: + 269,319 (July 1992), growth rate 2.9% (1992) +Birth rate: + 27 births/1,000 population (1992) +Death rate: + 5 deaths/1,000 population (1992) +Net migration rate: + 7 migrants/1,000 population (1992) +Infant mortality rate: + 26 deaths/1,000 live births (1992) +Life expectancy at birth: + 69 years male, 73 years female (1992) +Total fertility rate: + 3.5 children born/woman (1992) +Nationality: + noun - Bruneian(s); adjective - Bruneian +Ethnic divisions: + Malay 64%, Chinese 20%, other 16% +Religions: + Muslim (official) 63%, Buddhism 14%, Christian 8%, indigenous beliefs and + other 15% (1981) +Languages: + Malay (official), English, and Chinese +Literacy: + 77% (male 85%, female 69%) age 15 and over can read and write (1981) +Labor force: + 89,000 (includes members of the Army); 33% of labor force is foreign (1988); + government 47.5%; production of oil, natural gas, services, and construction + 41.9%; agriculture, forestry, and fishing 3.8% (1986) +Organized labor: + 2% of labor force + +:Brunei Government + +Long-form name: + Negara Brunei Darussalam +Type: + constitutional sultanate +Capital: + Bandar Seri Begawan +Administrative divisions: + 4 districts (daerah-daerah, singular - daerah); Belait, Brunei and Muara, + Temburong, Tutong +Independence: + 1 January 1984 (from UK) +Constitution: + 29 September 1959 (some provisions suspended under a State of Emergency + since December 1962, others since independence on 1 January 1984) +Legal system: + based on Islamic law +National holiday: + 23 February (1984) +Executive branch: + sultan, prime minister, Council of Cabinet Ministers +Legislative branch: + unicameral Legislative Council (Majlis Masyuarat Megeri) +Judicial branch: + Supreme Court +Leaders: + Chief of State and Head of Government: + Sultan and Prime Minister His Majesty Paduka Seri Baginda Sultan Haji + HASSANAL Bolkiah Mu`izzaddin Waddaulah (since 5 October 1967) +Political parties and leaders: + Brunei United National Party (inactive), Anak HASANUDDIN, chairman; Brunei + National Democratic Party (the first legal political party and now banned), + leader NA +Suffrage: + none +Elections: + Legislative Council: + last held in March 1962; in 1970 the Council was changed to an appointive + body by decree of the sultan and no elections are planned +Member of: + APEC, ASEAN, C, ESCAP, G-77, ICAO, IDB, IMO, INTERPOL, IOC, ISO + (correspondent), ITU, OIC, UN, UNCTAD, UPU, WHO, WMO +Diplomatic representation: + Ambassador Mohamed KASSIM bin Haji Mohamed Daud; Chancery at 2600 Virginia + Avenue NW, Suite 3000, Washington, DC 20037; telephone (202) 342-0159 + US: + Ambassador (vacant); Embassy at Third Floor, Teck Guan Plaza, Jalan Sultan, + American Embassy Box B, APO AP 96440; telephone [673] (2) 229-670; FAX [673] + (2) 225-293 +Flag: + yellow with two diagonal bands of white (top, almost double width) and black + starting from the upper hoist side; the national emblem in red is + superimposed at the center; the emblem includes a swallow-tailed flag on top + of a winged column within an upturned crescent above a scroll and flanked by + two upraised hands + +:Brunei Economy + +Overview: + The economy is a mixture of foreign and domestic entrepreneurship, + government regulation and welfare measures, and village tradition. It is + almost totally supported by exports of crude oil and natural gas, with + revenues from the petroleum sector accounting for more than 50% of GDP. Per + capita GDP of $8,800 is among the highest in the Third World, and + substantial income from overseas investment supplements domestic production. + The government provides for all medical services and subsidizes food and + housing. +GDP: + exchange rate conversion - $3.5 billion, per capita $8,800; real growth rate + 1% (1990 est.) +Inflation rate (consumer prices): + 1.3% (1989) +Unemployment rate: + 3.7%, shortage of skilled labor (1989) +Budget: + revenues $1.3 billion; expenditures $1.5 billion, including capital + expenditures of $255 million (1989 est.) +Exports: + $2.2 billion (f.o.b., 1990 est.) + commodities: + crude oil, liquefied natural gas, petroleum products + partners: + Japan 53%, UK 12%, South Korea 9%, Thailand 7%, Singapore 5% (1990) +Imports: + $1.7 billion (c.i.f., 1990 est.) + commodities: + machinery and transport equipment, manufactured goods, food, chemicals + partners: + Singapore 35%, UK 26%, Switzerland 9%, US 9%, Japan 5% (1990) +External debt: + none +Industrial production: + growth rate 12.9% (1987); accounts for 52.4% of GDP +Electricity: + 310,000 kW capacity; 890 million kWh produced, 2,400 kWh per capita (1990) +Industries: + petroleum, petroleum refining, liquefied natural gas, construction +Agriculture: + imports about 80% of its food needs; principal crops and livestock include + rice, cassava, bananas, buffaloes, and pigs +Economic aid: + US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-87), $20.6 million; Western (non-US) + countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $153 million +Currency: + Bruneian dollar (plural - dollars); 1 Bruneian dollar (B$) = 100 cents +Exchange rates: + Bruneian dollars (B$) per US$1 - 1.7454 (January 1991), 1.8125 (1990), + 1.9503 (1989), 2.0124 (1988), 2.1060 (1987), 2.1774 (1986); note - the + Bruneian dollar is at par with the Singapore dollar +Fiscal year: + calendar year + +:Brunei Communications + +Railroads: + 13 km 0.610-meter narrow-gauge private line +Highways: + 1,090 km total; 370 km paved (bituminous treated) and another 52 km under + construction, 720 km gravel or unimproved +Inland waterways: + 209 km; navigable by craft drawing less than 1.2 meters +Pipelines: + crude oil 135 km; petroleum products 418 km; natural gas 920 km +Ports: + Kuala Belait, Muara +Merchant marine: + 7 liquefied gas carriers (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 348,476 GRT/340,635 + DWT +Civil air: + 4 major transport aircraft (3 Boeing 757-200, 1 Boeing 737-200) +Airports: + 2 total, 2 usable; 1 with permanent-surface runways; 1 with runway over + 3,659 m; 1 with runway 1,406 m +Telecommunications: + service throughout country is adequate for present needs; international + service good to adjacent Malaysia; radiobroadcast coverage good; 33,000 + telephones (1987); broadcast stations - 4 AM/FM, 1 TV; 74,000 radio + receivers (1987); satellite earth stations - 1 Indian Ocean INTELSAT and 1 + Pacific Ocean INTELSAT + +:Brunei Defense Forces + +Branches: + Ground Forces, Navy, Air Force, and Royal Brunei Police +Manpower availability: + males 15-49, 75,330; 43,969 fit for military service; 2,595 reach military + age (18) annually +Defense expenditures: + exchange rate conversion - $233.1 million, 7.1% of GDP (1988) + +:Bulgaria Geography + +Total area: + 110,910 km2 +Land area: + 110,550 km2 +Comparative area: + slightly larger than Tennessee +Land boundaries: + 1,881 km; Greece 494 km, Macedonia 148 km, Romania 608 km, Serbia and + Montenegro 318 km, Turkey 240 km +Coastline: + 354 km +Maritime claims: + Contiguous zone: + 24 nm + Exclusive economic zone: + 200 nm + Territorial sea: + 12 nm +Disputes: + Macedonia question with Greece and Macedonia +Climate: + temperate; cold, damp winters; hot, dry summers +Terrain: + mostly mountains with lowlands in north and south +Natural resources: + bauxite, copper, lead, zinc, coal, timber, arable land +Land use: + arable land 34%; permanent crops 3%; meadows and pastures 18%; forest and + woodland 35%; other 10%; includes irrigated 11% +Environment: + subject to earthquakes, landslides; deforestation; air pollution +Note: + strategic location near Turkish Straits; controls key land routes from + Europe to Middle East and Asia + +:Bulgaria People + +Population: + 8,869,161 (July 1992), growth rate --0.5% (1992) +Birth rate: + 12 births/1,000 population (1992) +Death rate: + 12 deaths/1,000 population (1992) +Net migration rate: + --5 migrants/1,000 population (1992) +Infant mortality rate: + 13 deaths/1,000 live births (1992) +Life expectancy at birth: + 69 years male, 76 years female (1992) +Total fertility rate: + 1.7 children born/woman (1992) +Nationality: + noun - Bulgarian(s); adjective - Bulgarian +Ethnic divisions: + Bulgarian 85.3%, Turk 8.5%, Gypsy 2.6%, Macedonian 2.5%, Armenian 0.3%, + Russian 0.2%, other 0.6% +Religions: + Bulgarian Orthodox 85%; Muslim 13%; Jewish 0.8%; Roman Catholic 0.5%; Uniate + Catholic 0.2%; Protestant, Gregorian-Armenian, and other 0.5% +Languages: + Bulgarian; secondary languages closely correspond to ethnic breakdown +Literacy: + 93% (male NA%, female NA%) age 15 and over can read and write (1970 est.) +Labor force: + 4,300,000; industry 33%, agriculture 20%, other 47% (1987) +Organized labor: + Confederation of Independent Trade Unions of Bulgaria (KNSB); Edinstvo + (Unity) People's Trade Union (splinter confederation from KNSB); Podkrepa + (Support) Labor Confederation, legally registered in January 1990 + +:Bulgaria Government + +Long-form name: + Republic of Bulgaria +Type: + emerging democracy, diminishing Communist Party influence +Capital: + Sofia +Administrative divisions: + 9 provinces (oblasti, singular - oblast); Burgas, Grad Sofiya, Khaskovo, + Lovech, Mikhaylovgrad, Plovdiv, Razgrad, Sofiya, Varna +Independence: + 22 September 1908 (from Ottoman Empire) +Constitution: + adopted 12 July 1991 +Legal system: + based on civil law system, with Soviet law influence; has accepted + compulsory ICJ jurisdiction +National holiday: + 3 March (1878) +Executive branch: + president, chairman of the Council of Ministers (premier), two deputy + chairmen of the Council of Ministers, Council of Ministers +Legislative branch: + unicameral National Assembly (Narodno Sobranie) +Judicial branch: + Supreme Court; Constitutional Court +Leaders: + Chief of State: + President Zhelyu ZHELEV (since 1 August 1990) + Head of Government: + Chairman of the Council of Ministers (Premier) Filip DIMITROV (since 8 + November 1991); Deputy Chairman of the Council of Ministers (Deputy Prime + Minister) Stoyan GANEV (since 8 November 1991); Deputy Chairman of the + Council of Ministers Nikolay VASILEV (since 8 November 1991) +Political parties and leaders: + government: + Union of Democratic Forces (UDF), Filip DIMITROV, chairman, consisting of + United Democratic Center, Democratic Party, Radical Democratic Party, + Christian Democratic Union, Alternative Social Liberal Party, Republican + Party, Civic Initiative Movement, Union of the Repressed, and about a dozen + other groups; Movement for Rights and Freedoms (pro-Muslim party) (MRF), + Ahmed DOGAN, chairman, supports UDF but not officially in coalition with it + opposition: + Bulgarian Socialist Party (BSP), formerly Bulgarian Communist Party (BCP), + Zhan VIDENOV, chairman +Suffrage: + universalandcompulsoryatage 18 +Elections: + National Assembly: + last held 13 October 1991; results - BSP 33%, UDF 34%, MRF 7.5%; seats - + (240 total) BSP 106, UDF 110, Movement for Rights and Freedoms 24 + President: + last held 12 January 1992; second round held 19 January 1992; results - + Zhelyu ZHELEV was elected by popular vote +Communists: + Bulgarian Socialist Party (BSP), formerly Bulgarian Communist Party (BCP), + 501,793 members; several small Communist parties + +:Bulgaria Government + +Other political or pressure groups: + Ecoglasnost; Podkrepa (Support) Labor Confederation; Fatherland Union; + Bulgarian Democratic Youth (formerly Communist Youth Union); Confederation + of Independent Trade Unions of Bulgaria (KNSB); Nationwide Committee for + Defense of National Interests; Peasant Youth League; Bulgarian Agrarian + National Union - United (BZNS); Bulgarian Democratic Center; "Nikola Petkov" + Bulgarian Agrarian National Union; Internal Macedonian Revolutionary + Organization - Union of Macedonian Societies (IMRO-UMS); numerous regional, + ethnic, and national interest groups with various agendas +Member of: + BIS, CCC, CE, CSCE, EBRD, ECE, FAO, G-9, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICFTU, IIB, ILO, + IMF, IMO, INMARSAT, IOC, ISO, ITU, LORCS, NACC, NSG, PCA, UN, UNCTAD, + UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO +Diplomatic representation: + Ambassador Ognyan PISHEV; Chancery at 1621 22nd Street NW, Washington, DC + 20008; telephone (202) 387-7969 + US: + Ambassador Hugh Kenneth HILL; Embassy at 1 Alexander Stamboliski Boulevard, + Sofia (mailing address is APO AE 09213-5740); telephone [359] (2) 88-48-01 + through 05; Embassy has no FAX machine +Flag: + three equal horizontal bands of white (top), green, and red; the national + emblem formerly on the hoist side of the white stripe has been removed - it + contained a rampant lion within a wreath of wheat ears below a red + five-pointed star and above a ribbon bearing the dates 681 (first Bulgarian + state established) and 1944 (liberation from Nazi control) + +:Bulgaria Economy + +Overview: + Growth in the lackluster Bulgarian economy fell to the 2% annual level in + the 1980s. By 1990, Sofia's foreign debt had skyrocketed to over $10 billion + - giving a debt-service ratio of more than 40% of hard currency earnings and + leading the regime to declare a moratorium on its hard currency payments. + The post-Communist government faces major problems of renovating an aging + industrial plant; coping with worsening energy, food, and consumer goods + shortages; keeping abreast of rapidly unfolding technological developments; + investing in additional energy capacity (the portion of electric power from + nuclear energy reached over one-third in 1990); and motivating workers, in + part by giving them a share in the earnings of their enterprises. Bulgaria's + new government, led by Prime Minister Filip Dimitrov, is strongly committed + to economic reform. The previous government, even though dominated by former + Communists, had taken the first steps toward dismantling the central + planning system, bringing the economy back into balance, and reducing + inflationary pressures. The program produced some encouraging early results, + including eased restrictions on foreign investment, increased support from + international financial institutions, and liberalized currency trading. + Small entrepreneurs have begun to emerge and some privatization of small + enterprises has taken place. The government has passed bills to privatize + large state-owned enterprises and reform the banking system. Negotiations on + an association agreement with the EC began in late 1991. +GNP: + purchasing power equivalent - $36.4 billion, per capita $4,100; real growth + rate --22% (1991 est.) +Inflation rate (consumer prices): + 420% (1991 est.) +Unemployment rate: + 10% (1991 est.) +Budget: + revenues NA; expenditures NA, including capital expenditures of $NA billion + (1991) +Exports: + $8.4 billion (f.o.b., 1990) + commodities: + machinery and equipment 55.3%; agricultural products 15.0%; manufactured + consumer goods 10.0%; fuels, minerals, raw materials, and metals 18.4%; + other 1.3% (1990) + partners: + former CMEA countries 70.6% (USSR 56.2%, Czechoslovakia 3.9%, Poland 2.5%); + developed countries 13.6% (Germany 2.1%, Greece 1.2%); less developed + countries 13.1% (Libya 5.8%, Iran 0.5%) (1990) +Imports: + $9.6 billion (f.o.b., 1990) + commodities: + fuels, minerals, and raw materials 43.7%; machinery and equipment 45.2%; + manufactured consumer goods 6.7%; agricultural products 3.8%; other 0.6% + partners: + former CMEA countries 70.9% (former USSR 52.7%, Poland 4.1%); developed + countries 20.2% (Germany 5.0%, Austria 2.1%); less developed countries 7.2% + (Libya 2.0%, Iran 0.7%) +External debt: + $11.2 billion (1991) +Industrial production: + growth rate --14.7% (1990); accounts for about 37% of GNP (1990) +Electricity: + 11,500,000 kW capacity; 45,000 million kWh produced, 5,040 kWh per capita + (1990) + +:Bulgaria Economy + +Industries: + machine building and metal working, food processing, chemicals, textiles, + building materials, ferrous and nonferrous metals +Agriculture: + accounts for 22% of GNP (1990); climate and soil conditions support + livestock raising and the growing of various grain crops, oilseeds, + vegetables, fruits, and tobacco; more than one-third of the arable land + devoted to grain; world's fourth-largest tobacco exporter; surplus food + producer +Illicit drugs: + transshipment point for southwest Asian heroin transiting the Balkan route +Economic aid: + donor - $1.6 billion in bilateral aid to non-Communist less developed + countries (1956-89) +Currency: + lev (plural - leva); 1 lev (Lv) = 100 stotinki +Exchange rates: + leva (Lv) per US$1 - 17.18 (1 January 1992), 16.13 (March 1991), 0.7446 + (November 1990), 0.84 (1989), 0.82 (1988), 0.90 (1987); note - floating + exchange rate since February 1991 +Fiscal year: + calendar year + +:Bulgaria Communications + +Railroads: + 4,300 km total, all government owned (1987); 4,055 km 1.435-meter standard + gauge, 245 km narrow gauge; 917 km double track; 2,510 km electrified +Highways: + 36,908 km total; 33,535 km hard surface (including 242 km superhighways); + 3,373 km earth roads (1987) +Inland waterways: + 470 km (1987) +Pipelines: + crude oil 193 km; petroleum products 418 km; natural gas 1,400 km (1986) +Ports: + Burgas, Varna, Varna West; river ports are Ruse, Vidin, and Lom on the + Danube +Merchant marine: + 110 ships (1,000 GRT and over) totaling 1,234,657 GRT/1,847,759 DWT; + includes 2 short-sea passenger, 30 cargo, 2 container, 1 passenger-cargo + training, 6 roll-on/roll-off, 15 petroleum tanker, 4 chemical carrier, 2 + railcar carrier, 48 bulk; Bulgaria owns 1 ship (1,000 GRT or over) totaling + 8,717 DWT operating under Liberian registry +Civil air: + 86 major transport aircraft +Airports: + 380 total, 380 usable; about 120 with permanent-surface runways; 20 with + runways 2,440-3,659 m; 20 with runways 1,220-2,439 m +Telecommunications: + extensive radio relay; 2.5 million telephones; direct dialing to 36 + countries; phone density is 25 phones per 100 persons; 67% of Sofia + households now have a phone (November 1988); broadcast stations - 20 AM, 15 + FM, and 29 TV, with 1 Soviet TV repeater in Sofia; 2.1 million TV sets + (1990); 92% of country receives No. 1 television program (May 1990); 1 + satellite ground station using Intersputnik; INTELSAT is used through a + Greek earth station + +:Bulgaria Defense Forces + +Branches: + Army, Navy, Air and Air Defense Forces, Frontier Troops, Internal Troops +Manpower availability: + males 15-49, 2,181,421; 1,823,678 fit for military service; 65,942 reach + military age (19) annually +Defense expenditures: + exchange rate conversion - 4.413 billion leva, 4.4% of GNP (1991); note - + conversion of defense expenditures into US dollars using the current + exchange rate could produce misleading results + +:Burkina Geography + +Total area: + 274,200 km2 +Land area: + 273,800 km2 +Comparative area: + slightly larger than Colorado +Land boundaries: + 3,192 km; Benin 306 km, Ghana 548 km, Ivory Coast 584 km, Mali 1,000 km, + Niger 628 km, Togo 126 km +Coastline: + none - landlocked +Maritime claims: + none - landlocked +Disputes: + the disputed international boundary between Burkina and Mali was submitted + to the International Court of Justice (ICJ) in October 1983 and the ICJ + issued its final ruling in December 1986, which both sides agreed to accept; + Burkina and Mali are proceeding with boundary demarcation, including the + tripoint with Niger +Climate: + tropical; warm, dry winters; hot, wet summers +Terrain: + mostly flat to dissected, undulating plains; hills in west and southeast +Natural resources: + manganese, limestone, marble; small deposits of gold, antimony, copper, + nickel, bauxite, lead, phosphates, zinc, silver +Land use: + arable land 10%; permanent crops NEGL%; meadows and pastures 37%; forest and + woodland 26%; other 27%, includes irrigated NEGL% +Environment: + recent droughts and desertification severely affecting marginal agricultural + activities, population distribution, economy; overgrazing; deforestation +Note: + landlocked + +:Burkina People + +Population: + 9,653,672 (July 1992), growth rate 3.1% (1992) +Birth rate: + 49 births/1,000 population (1992) +Death rate: + 16 deaths/1,000 population (1992) +Net migration rate: + --2 migrants/1,000 population (1992) +Infant mortality rate: + 117 deaths/1,000 live births (1992) +Life expectancy at birth: + 52 years male, 53 years female (1992) +Total fertility rate: + 7.1 children born/woman (1992) +Nationality: + noun - Burkinabe (singular and plural); adjective - Burkinabe +Ethnic divisions: + more than 50 tribes; principal tribe is Mossi (about 2.5 million); other + important groups are Gurunsi, Senufo, Lobi, Bobo, Mande, and Fulani +Religions: + indigenous beliefs about 65%, Muslim 25%, Christian (mainly Roman Catholic) + 10% +Languages: + French (official); tribal languages belong to Sudanic family, spoken by 90% + of the population +Literacy: + 18% (male 28%, female 9%) age 15 and over can read and write (1990 est.) +Labor force: + 3,300,000 residents; 30,000 are wage earners; agriculture 82%, industry 13%, + commerce, services, and government 5%; 20% of male labor force migrates + annually to neighboring countries for seasonal employment (1984); 44% of + population of working age (1985) +Organized labor: + four principal trade union groups represent less than 1% of population + +:Burkina Government + +Long-form name: + Burkina Faso +Type: + military; established by coup on 4 August 1983 +Capital: + Ouagadougou +Administrative divisions: + 30 provinces; Bam, Bazega, Bougouriba, Boulgou, Boulkiemde, Ganzourgou, + Gnagna, Gourma, Houet, Kadiogo, Kenedougou, Komoe, Kossi, Kouritenga, + Mouhoun, Namentenga, Naouri, Oubritenga, Oudalan, Passore, Poni, Sanguie, + Sanmatenga, Seno, Sissili, Soum, Sourou, Tapoa, Yatenga, Zoundweogo +Independence: + 5 August 1960 (from France; formerly Upper Volta) +Constitution: + June 1991 +Legal system: + based on French civil law system and customary law +National holiday: + Anniversary of the Revolution, 4 August (1983) +Executive branch: + President, Council of Ministers +Legislative branch: + unicameral National Assembly (Assemblee Nationale) was dissolved on 25 + November 1980 +Judicial branch: + Appeals Court +Leaders: + Chief of State and Head of Government: + President Captain Blaise COMPAORE (since 15 October 1987) +Political parties and leaders: + Organization for Popular Democracy (ODP/MT), ruling party; Coordination of + Democratic Forces (CFD), composed of opposition parties +Suffrage: + none +Elections: + the National Assembly was dissolved 25 November 1980; presidential election + held December 1991 and legislative election scheduled for 24 May 1992 +Communists: + small Communist party front group; some sympathizers +Other political or pressure groups: + committees for the defense of the revolution, watchdog/political action + groups throughout the country in both organizations and communities +Member of: + ACCT, ACP, AfDB, CCC, CEAO, ECA, ECOWAS, Entente, FAO, FZ, G-77, GATT, IBRD, + ICAO, ICC, ICFTU, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, + ITU, LORCS, NAM, OAU, OIC, PCA, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WADB, WCL, + WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO +Diplomatic representation: + Ambassador Paul Desire KABORE; Chancery at 2340 Massachusetts Avenue NW, + Washington, DC 20008; telephone (202) 332-5577 or 6895 + US: + Ambassador Edward P. BYRNN; Embassy at Avenue Raoul Follerau, Ouagadougou + (mailing address is 01 B. P. 35, Ouagadougou); telephone [226] 30-67- 23 + through 25 and [226] 33-34-22; FAX [226] 31-23-68 +Flag: + two equal horizontal bands of red (top) and green with a yellow five-pointed + star in the center; uses the popular pan-African colors of Ethiopia + +:Burkina Economy + +Overview: + One of the poorest countries in the world, Burkina has a high population + density, few natural resources, and relatively infertile soil. Economic + development is hindered by a poor communications network within a landlocked + country. Agriculture provides about 40% of GDP and is entirely of a + subsistence nature. Industry, dominated by unprofitable + government-controlled corporations, accounts for about 15% of GDP. +GDP: + exchange rate conversion - $2.9 billion, per capita $320 (1988); real growth + rate 1.3% (1990 est.) +Inflation rate (consumer prices): + --0.5% (1989) +Unemployment rate: + NA% +Budget: + revenues $275 million; expenditures $287 million, including capital + expenditures of $NA (1989) +Exports: + $262 million (f.o.b., 1989) + commodities: + oilseeds, cotton, live animals, gold + partners: + EC 42% (France 30%, other 12%), Taiwan 17%, Ivory Coast 15% (1985) +Imports: + $619 million (f.o.b., 1989) + commodities: + grain, dairy products, petroleum, machinery + partners: + EC 37% (France 23%, other 14%), Africa 31%, US 15% (1985) +External debt: + $962 million (December 1990 est.) +Industrial production: + growth rate 5.7% (1990 est.), accounts for about 15% of GDP (1988) +Electricity: + 120,000 kW capacity; 320 million kWh produced, 40 kWh per capita (1991) +Industries: + cotton lint, beverages, agricultural processing, soap, cigarettes, textiles, + gold +Agriculture: + accounts for about 40% of GDP; cash crops - peanuts, shea nuts, sesame, + cotton; food crops - sorghum, millet, corn, rice; livestock; not + self-sufficient in food grains +Economic aid: + US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $294 million; Western (non-US) + countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $2.9 billion; + Communist countries (1970-89), $113 million +Currency: + Communaute Financiere Africaine franc (plural - francs); 1 CFA franc (CFAF) + = 100 centimes +Exchange rates: + CFA francs (CFAF) per US$1 - 269.01 (January 1992), 282.11 (1991), 272.26 + (1990), 319.01 (1989), 297.85 (1988), 300.54 (1987) +Fiscal year: + calendar year + +:Burkina Communications + +Railroads: + 620 km total; 520 km Ouagadougou to Ivory Coast border and 100 km + Ouagadougou to Kaya; all 1.00-meter gauge and single track +Highways: + 16,500 km total; 1,300 km paved, 7,400 km improved, 7,800 km unimproved + (1985) +Civil air: + 2 major transport aircraft +Airports: + 48 total, 38 usable; 2 with permanent-surface runways; none with runways + over 3,659 m; 2 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 8 with runways 1,220-2,439 m +Telecommunications: + all services only fair; radio relay, wire, and radio communication stations + in use; broadcast stations - 2 AM, 1 FM, 2 TV; 1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT + earth station + +:Burkina Defense Forces + +Branches: + Army, Air Force, National Gendarmerie, National Police, Peoples' Militia +Manpower availability: + males 15-49, 1,904,647; 971,954 fit for military service; no conscription +Defense expenditures: + exchange rate conversion - $55 million, 2.7% of GDP (1988 est.) + +:Burma Geography + +Total area: + 678,500 km2 +Land area: + 657,740 km2 +Comparative area: + slightly smaller than Texas +Land boundaries: + 5,876 km; Bangladesh 193 km, China 2,185 km, India 1,463 km, Laos 235 km, + Thailand 1,800 km +Coastline: + 1,930 km +Maritime claims: + Contiguous zone: + 24 nm + Continental shelf: + edge of continental margin or 200 nm + Exclusive economic zone: + 200 nm + Territorial sea: + 12 nm +Disputes: + none +Climate: + tropical monsoon; cloudy, rainy, hot, humid summers (southwest monsoon, June + to September); less cloudy, scant rainfall, mild temperatures, lower + humidity during winter (northeast monsoon, December to April) +Terrain: + central lowlands ringed by steep, rugged highlands +Natural resources: + crude oil, timber, tin, antimony, zinc, copper, tungsten, lead, coal, some + marble, limestone, precious stones, natural gas +Land use: + arable land 15%; permanent crops 1%; meadows and pastures 1%; forest and + woodland 49%; other 34%; includes irrigated 2% +Environment: + subject to destructive earthquakes and cyclones; flooding and landslides + common during rainy season (June to September); deforestation +Note: + strategic location near major Indian Ocean shipping lanes + +:Burma People + +Population: + 42,642,418 (July 1992), growth rate 1.9% (1992) +Birth rate: + 29 births/1,000 population (1992) +Death rate: + 10 deaths/1,000 population (1992) +Net migration rate: + 0 migrants/1,000 population (1992) +Infant mortality rate: + 68 deaths/1,000 live births (1992) +Life expectancy at birth: + 57 years male, 61 years female (1992) +Total fertility rate: + 3.8 children born/woman (1992) +Nationality: + noun - Burmese (singular and plural); adjective - Burmese +Ethnic divisions: + Burman 68%, Shan 9%, Karen 7%, Rakhine 4%, Chinese 3%, Mon 2%, Indian 2%, + other 5% +Religions: + Buddhist 89%, Christian 4% (Baptist 3%, Roman Catholic 1%), Muslim 4%, + animist beliefs 1%, other 2% +Languages: + Burmese; minority ethnic groups have their own languages +Literacy: + 81% (male 89%, female 72%) age 15 and over can read and write (1990 est.) +Labor force: + 16,036,000; agriculture 65.2%, industry 14.3%, trade 10.1%, government 6.3%, + other 4.1% (FY89 est.) +Organized labor: + Workers' Asiayone (association), 1,800,000 members; Peasants' Asiayone, + 7,600,000 members + +:Burma Government + +Long-form name: + Union of Burma; note - the local official name is Pyidaungzu Myanma + Naingngandaw, which has been translated by the US Government as Union of + Myanma and by the Burmese as Union of Myanmar +Type: + military regime +Capital: + Rangoon (sometimes translated as Yangon) +Administrative divisions: + 7 divisions* (yin-mya, singular - yin) and 7 states (pyine-mya, singular - + pyine); Chin State, Irrawaddy*, Kachin State, Karan State, Kayah State, + Magwe*, Mandalay*, Mon State, Pegu*, Rakhine State, Rangoon*, Sagaing*, Shan + State, Tenasserim* +Independence: + 4 January 1948 (from UK) +Constitution: + 3 January 1974 (suspended since 18 September 1988) +Legal system: + martial law in effect throughout most of the country; has not accepted + compulsory ICJ jurisdiction +National holiday: + Independence Day, 4 January (1948) +Executive branch: + chairman of the State Law and Order Restoration Council, State Law and Order + Restoration Council +Legislative branch: + unicameral People's Assembly (Pyithu Hluttaw) was dissolved after the coup + of 18 September 1988 +Judicial branch: + Council of People's Justices was abolished after the coup of 18 September + 1988 +Leaders: + Chief of State and Head of Government: + Chairman of the State Law and Order Restoration Council Gen. THAN SHWE + (since 23 April 1992) +Political parties and leaders: + National Unity Party (NUP; proregime), THA KYAW; National League for + Democracy (NLD), U AUNG SHWE; National Coalition of Union of Burma (NCGUB), + SEIN WIN - consists of individuals legitimately elected but not recognized + by military regime; fled to border area and joined with insurgents in + December 1990 to form a parallel government +Suffrage: + universal at age 18 +Elections: + People's Assembly: + last held 27 May 1990, but Assembly never convened; results - NLD 80%; seats + - (485 total) NLD 396, the regime-favored NUP 10, other 79 +Communists: + several hundred (est.) in Burma Communist Party (BCP) +Other political or pressure groups: + Kachin Independence Army (KIA), United Wa State Army (UWSA), Karen National + Union (KNU) , several Shan factions, including the Shan United Army (SUA) + (all ethnically based insurgent groups) +Member of: + AsDB, CP, ESCAP, FAO, G-77, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, + IMF, IMO, INTERPOL, IOC, ITU, LORCS, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WMO + +:Burma Government + +Diplomatic representation: + Ambassador U THAUNG; Chancery at 2300 S Street NW, Washington, DC 20008; + telephone (202) 332-9044 through 9046; there is a Burmese Consulate General + in New York + US: + Ambassador (vacant); Deputy Chief of Mission, Charge d'Affaires Franklin P. + HUDDLE, Jr.; Embassy at 581 Merchant Street, Rangoon (mailing address is GPO + Box 521, AMEMB Box B, APO AP 96546); telephone [95] (1) 82055, 82181; FAX + [95] (1) 80409 +Flag: + red with a blue rectangle in the upper hoist-side corner bearing, all in + white, 14 five-pointed stars encircling a cogwheel containing a stalk of + rice; the 14 stars represent the 14 administrative divisions + +:Burma Economy + +Overview: + Burma is a poor Asian country, with a per capita GDP of about $500. The + nation has been unable to achieve any substantial improvement in export + earnings because of falling prices for many of its major commodity exports. + For rice, traditionally the most important export, the drop in world prices + has been accompanied by shrinking markets and a smaller volume of sales. In + 1985 teak replaced rice as the largest export and continues to hold this + position. The economy is heavily dependent on the agricultural sector, which + generates about 40% of GDP and provides employment for 65% of the work + force. Burma has been largely isolated from international economic forces + and has been trying to encourage foreign investment, so far with little + success. +GDP: + exchange rate conversion - $22.2 billion, per capita $530; real growth rate + 5.6% (1991) +Inflation rate (consumer prices): + 40% (1991) +Unemployment rate: + 9.6% in urban areas (FY89 est.) +Budget: + revenues $7.2 billion; expenditures $9.3 billion, including capital + expenditures of $6 billion (1991) +Exports: + $568 million + commodities: + teak, rice, oilseed, metals, rubber, gems + partners: + Southeast Asia, India, Japan, China, EC, Africa +Imports: + $1.16 billion + commodities: + machinery, transport equipment, chemicals, food products + partners: + Japan, EC, China, Southeast Asia +External debt: + $4.2 billion (1991) +Industrial production: + growth rate 2.6% (FY90 est.); accounts for 10% of GDP +Electricity: + 950,000 kW capacity; 2,900 million kWh produced, 70 kWh per capita (1990) +Industries: + agricultural processing; textiles and footwear; wood and wood products; + petroleum refining; mining of copper, tin, tungsten, iron; construction + materials; pharmaceuticals; fertilizer +Agriculture: + accounts for 40% of GDP (including fish and forestry); self-sufficient in + food; principal crops - paddy rice, corn, oilseed, sugarcane, pulses; + world's largest stand of hardwood trees; rice and teak account for 55% of + export revenues; fish catch of 740,000 metric tons (FY90) +Illicit drugs: + world's largest illicit producer of opium poppy and minor producer of + cannabis for the international drug trade; opium production is on the + increase as growers respond to the collapse of Rangoon's antinarcotic + programs +Economic aid: + US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $158 million; Western (non-US) + countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $3.9 billion; + Communist countries (1970-89), $424 million + +:Burma Economy + +Currency: + kyat (plural - kyats); 1 kyat (K) = 100 pyas +Exchange rates: + kyats (K) per US$1 - 6.0963 (January 1992), 6.2837 (1991), 6.3386 (1990), + 6.7049 (1989), 6.46 (1988), 6.6535 (1987) +Fiscal year: + 1 April - 31 March + +:Burma Communications + +Railroads: + 3,991 km total, all government owned; 3,878 km 1.000-meter gauge, 113 km + narrow-gauge industrial lines; 362 km double track +Highways: + 27,000 km total; 3,200 km bituminous, 17,700 km improved earth or gravel, + 6,100 km unimproved earth +Inland waterways: + 12,800 km; 3,200 km navigable by large commercial vessels +Pipelines: + crude oil 1,343 km; natural gas 330 km +Ports: + Rangoon, Moulmein, Bassein +Merchant marine: + 71 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 1,036,018 GRT/1,514,121 DWT; includes + 3 passenger-cargo, 19 cargo, 5 refrigerated cargo, 3 vehicle carrier, 3 + container, 2 petroleum tanker, 6 chemical, 1 combination ore/oil, 27 bulk, 1 + combination bulk, 1 roll-on/roll-off +Civil air: + 17 major transport aircraft (including 3 helicopters) +Airports: + 85 total, 82 usable; 27 with permanent-surface runways; none with runways + over 3,659 m; 3 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 38 with runways 1,220-2,439 m +Telecommunications: + meets minimum requirements for local and intercity service; international + service is good; 53,000 telephones (1986); radiobroadcast coverage is + limited to the most populous areas; broadcast stations - 2 AM, 1 FM, 1 TV + (1985); 1 Indian Ocean INTELSAT earth station + +:Burma Defense Forces + +Branches: + Army, Navy, Air Force +Manpower availability: + eligible 15-49, 21,447,878; of the 10,745,530 males 15-49, 5,759,840 are fit + for military service; of the 10,702,348 females 15-49, 5,721,868 are fit for + military service; 424,474 males and 410,579 females reach military age (18) + annually; both sexes are liable for military service +Defense expenditures: + exchange rate conversion - $1.28 billion, FY(91-92) + +:Burundi Geography + +Total area: + 27,830 km2 +Land area: + 25,650 km2 +Comparative area: + slightly larger than Maryland +Land boundaries: + 974 km; Rwanda 290 km, Tanzania 451 km, Zaire 233 km +Coastline: + none - landlocked +Maritime claims: + none - landlocked +Disputes: + none +Climate: + temperate; warm; occasional frost in uplands +Terrain: + mostly rolling to hilly highland; some plains +Natural resources: + nickel, uranium, rare earth oxide, peat, cobalt, copper, platinum (not yet + exploited), vanadium +Land use: + arable land 43%; permanent crops 8%; meadows and pastures 35%; forest and + woodland 2%; other 12%; includes irrigated NEGL% +Environment: + soil exhaustion; soil erosion; deforestation +Note: + landlocked; straddles crest of the Nile-Congo watershed + +:Burundi People + +Population: + 6,022,341 (July 1992), growth rate 3.2% (1992) +Birth rate: + 46 births/1,000 population (1992) +Death rate: + 14 deaths/1,000 population (1992) +Net migration rate: + 0 migrants/1,000 population (1992) +Infant mortality rate: + 106 deaths/1,000 live births (1992) +Life expectancy at birth: + 51 years male, 55 years female (1992) +Total fertility rate: + 6.8 children born/woman (1992) +Nationality: + noun - Burundian(s); adjective - Burundi +Ethnic divisions: + Africans - Hutu (Bantu) 85%, Tutsi (Hamitic) 14%, Twa (Pygmy) 1%; other + Africans include about 70,000 refugees, mostly Rwandans and Zairians; + non-Africans include about 3,000 Europeans and 2,000 South Asians +Religions: + Christian about 67% (Roman Catholic 62%, Protestant 5%), indigenous beliefs + 32%, Muslim 1% +Languages: + Kirundi and French (official); Swahili (along Lake Tanganyika and in the + Bujumbura area) +Literacy: + 50% (male 61%, female 40%) age 15 and over can read and write (1990 est.) +Labor force: + 1,900,000 (1983 est.); agriculture 93.0%, government 4.0%, industry and + commerce 1.5%, services 1.5%; 52% of population of working age (1985) +Organized labor: + sole group is the Union of Burundi Workers (UTB); by charter, membership is + extended to all Burundi workers (informally); active membership figures NA + +:Burundi Government + +Long-form name: + Republic of Burundi +Type: + republic +Capital: + Bujumbura +Administrative divisions: + 15 provinces; Bubanza, Bujumbura, Bururi, Cankuzo, Cibitoke, Gitega, Karuzi, + Kayanza, Kirundo, Makamba, Muramvya, Muyinga, Ngozi, Rutana, Ruyigi +Independence: + 1 July 1962 (from UN trusteeship under Belgian administration) +Constitution: + 20 November 1981; suspended following the coup of 3 September 1987; a + constitutional committee was charged with drafting a new constitution + created in February 1991; a referendum on the new constitution scheduled for + March 1992 +Legal system: + based on German and Belgian civil codes and customary law; has not accepted + compulsory ICJ jurisdiction +National holiday: + Independence Day, 1 July (1962) +Executive branch: + president; chairman of the Central Committee of the National Party of Unity + and Progress (UPRONA), prime minister +Legislative branch: + unicameral National Assembly (Assemblee Nationale) was dissolved following + the coup of 3 September 1987; at an extraordinary party congress held from + 27 to 29 December 1990, the Central Committee of the National Party of Unity + and Progress (UPRONA) replaced the Military Committee for National + Salvation, and became the supreme governing body during the transition to + constitutional government +Judicial branch: + Supreme Court (Cour Supreme) +Leaders: + Chief of State: + Major Pierre BUYOYA, President (since 9 September 1987) + Head of Government: + Prime Minister Adrien SIBOMANA (since 26 October 1988) +Political parties and leaders: + only party - National Party of Unity and Progress (UPRONA), Nicolas MAYUGI, + secretary general; note - although Burundi is still officially a one-party + state, at least four political parties were formed in 1991 in anticipation + of proposed constitutional reform in 1992 - Burundi Democratic Front + (FRODEBU), Organization of the People of Burundi (RPB), Socialist Party of + Burundi (PSB), Movement for Peace and Democracy (MPD) - the Party for the + Liberation of the Hutu People (PALIPEHUTU), formed in exile in the early + 1980s, is an ethnically based political party dedicated to majority rule; + the government has long accused PALIPEHUTU of practicing devisive ethnic + politics and fomenting violence against the state. PALIPEHUTU's exclusivist + charter makes it an unlikely candidate for legalization under the new + constitution that will require party membership open to all ethnic groups +Suffrage: + universal adult at age NA +Elections: + National Assembly: + dissolved after the coup of 3 September 1987; note - The National Unity + Charter outlining the principles for constitutional government was adopted + by a national referendum on 5 February 1991 + +:Burundi Government + +Member of: + ACCT, ACP, AfDB, CCC, CEEAC, CEPGL, ECA, FAO, G-77, GATT, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, + IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, INTERPOL, ITU, LORCS, NAM, OAU, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, + UNIDO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO +Diplomatic representation: + Ambassador Julien KAVAKURE; Chancery at Suite 212, 2233 Wisconsin Avenue NW, + Washington, DC 20007; telephone (202) 342-2574 + US: + Ambassador Cynthia Shepherd PERRY; B. P. 1720, Avenue des Etats-Unis, + Bujumbura; telephone [257] (222) 454; FAX [257] (222) 926 +Flag: + divided by a white diagonal cross into red panels (top and bottom) and green + panels (hoist side and outer side) with a white disk superimposed at the + center bearing three red six-pointed stars outlined in green arranged in a + triangular design (one star above, two stars below) + +:Burundi Economy + +Overview: + A landlocked, resource-poor country in an early stage of economic + development, Burundi is predominately agricultural with only a few basic + industries. Its economic health depends on the coffee crop, which accounts + for an average 90% of foreign exchange earnings each year. The ability to + pay for imports therefore continues to rest largely on the vagaries of the + climate and the international coffee market. As part of its economic reform + agenda, launched in February 1991 with IMF and World Bank support, Burundi + is trying to diversify its export agriculture capability and attract foreign + investment in industry. Several state-owned coffee companies were privatized + via public auction in September 1991. +GDP: + exchange rate conversion - $1.13 billion, per capita $200; real growth rate + 3.4% (1990 est.) +Inflation rate (consumer prices): + 7.1% (1990 est.) +Unemployment rate: + NA% +Budget: + revenues $158 million; expenditures $204 million, including capital + expenditures of $131 million (1989 est.) +Exports: + $74.7 million (f.o.b., 1990) + commodities: + coffee 88%, tea, hides, and skins + partners: + EC 83%, US 5%, Asia 2% +Imports: + $234.6 million (c.i.f., 1990) + commodities: + capital goods 31%, petroleum products 15%, foodstuffs, consumer goods + partners: + EC 57%, Asia 23%, US 3% +External debt: + $1.0 billion (1990 est.) +Industrial production: + real growth rate 5.1% (1986); accounts for about 10% of GDP +Electricity: + 55,000 kW capacity; 105 million kWh produced, 20 kWh per capita (1991) +Industries: + light consumer goods such as blankets, shoes, soap; assembly of imports; + public works construction; food processing +Agriculture: + accounts for 60% of GDP; 90% of population dependent on subsistence farming; + marginally self-sufficient in food production; cash crops - coffee, cotton, + tea; food crops - corn, sorghum, sweet potatoes, bananas, manioc; livestock + - meat, milk, hides, and skins +Economic aid: + US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $71 million; Western (non-US) + countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $10.2 billion; OPEC + bilateral aid (1979-89), $32 million; Communist countries (1970-89), $175 + million +Currency: + Burundi franc (plural - francs); 1 Burundi franc (FBu) = 100 centimes +Exchange rates: + Burundi francs (FBu) per US$1 - 193.72 (January 1992), 181.51 (1991), 171.26 + (1990), 158.67 (1989), 140.40 (1988), 123. 56 (1987) +Fiscal year: + calendar year + +:Burundi Communications + +Highways: + 5,900 km total; 400 km paved, 2,500 km gravel or laterite, 3,000 km improved + or unimproved earth +Inland waterways: + Lake Tanganyika +Ports: + Bujumbura (lake port) connects to transportation systems of Tanzania and + Zaire +Civil air: + no major transport aircraft +Airports: + 6 total, 6 usable; 1 with permanent-surface runways; none with runways over + 3,659 m; 1 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; none with runways 1,220 to 2,439 m +Telecommunications: + sparse system of wire, radiocommunications, and low-capacity radio relay + links; 8,000 telephones; broadcast stations - 2 AM, 2 FM, 1 TV; 1 Indian + Ocean INTELSAT earth station + +:Burundi Defense Forces + +Branches: + Army (includes naval and air units); paramilitary Gendarmerie +Manpower availability: + males 15-49, 1,306,611; 681,050 fit for military service; 59,676 reach + military age (16) annually +Defense expenditures: + exchange rate conversion - $28 million, 3.7% of GDP (1989) + +:Cambodia Geography + +Total area: + 181,040 km2 +Land area: + 176,520 km2 +Comparative area: + slightly smaller than Oklahoma +Land boundaries: + 2,572 km; Laos 541 km, Thailand 803 km, Vietnam 1,228 km +Coastline: + 443 km +Maritime claims: + Contiguous zone: + 24 nm + Continental shelf: + 200 nm + Exclusive economic zone: + 200 nm + Territorial sea: + 12 nm +Disputes: + offshore islands and three sections of the boundary with Vietnam are in + dispute; maritime boundary with Vietnam not defined +Climate: + tropical; rainy, monsoon season (May to October); dry season (December to + March); little seasonal temperature variation +Terrain: + mostly low, flat plains; mountains in southwest and north +Natural resources: + timber, gemstones, some iron ore, manganese, phosphates, hydropower + potential +Land use: + arable land 16%; permanent crops 1%; meadows and pastures 3%; forest and + woodland 76%; other 4%; includes irrigated 1% +Environment: + a land of paddies and forests dominated by Mekong River and Tonle Sap +Note: + buffer between Thailand and Vietnam + +:Cambodia People + +Population: + 7,295,706 (July 1992), growth rate 2.1% (1992) +Birth rate: + 37 births/1,000 population (1992) +Death rate: + 15 deaths/1,000 population (1992) +Net migration rate: + 0 migrants/1,000 population (1992) +Infant mortality rate: + 121 deaths/1,000 live births (1992) +Life expectancy at birth: + 48 years male, 51 years female (1992) +Total fertility rate: + 4.4 children born/woman (1992) +Nationality: + noun - Cambodian(s); adjective - Cambodian +Ethnic divisions: + Khmer 90%, Chinese 5%, other 5% +Religions: + Theravada Buddhism 95%, other 5% +Languages: + Khmer (official), French +Literacy: + 35% (male 48%, female 22%) age 15 and over can read and write (1990 est.) +Labor force: + 2.5-3.0 million; agriculture 80% (1988 est.) +Organized labor: + Kampuchea Federation of Trade Unions (FSC); under government control + +:Cambodia Government + +Long-form name: + none +Type: + currently administered by the Supreme National Council (SNC), a body set up + under United Nations' auspices, in preparation for an internationally + supervised election in 1993 and including representatives from each of the + country's four political factions +Capital: + Phnom Penh +Administrative divisions: + 19 provinces (khet, singular and plural) and 2 autonomous cities* Banteay + Meanchey, Batdambang, Kampong Cham, Kampong Chhnang, Kampong Saom City*, + Kampong Spoe, Kampong Thum, Kampot, Kandal, Kaoh Kong, Kracheh, Mondol Kiri, + Phnom Phen City*, Pouthisat, Preah Vihear, Prey Veng, Rotanokiri, + Siemreab-Otdar Meanchey, Stoeng Treng, Svay Rieng, Takev +Independence: + 8 November 1949 (from France) +Constitution: + a new constitution will be drafted after the national election in 1993 +National holiday: + NGC - Independence Day, 17 April (1975); SOC - Liberation Day, 7 January + (1979) +Executive branch: + a twelve-member Supreme National Council (SNC), chaired by Prince NORODOM + SIHANOUK, composed of representatives from each of the four political + factions; faction names and delegation leaders are: State of Cambodia (SOC) + - HUN SEN; Democratic Kampuchea (DK or Khmer Rouge) - KHIEU SAMPHAN; Khmer + People's National Liberation Front (KPNLF) - SON SANN; National United Front + for an Independent, Peaceful, Neutral, and Cooperative Cambodia (FUNCINPEC) + - Prince NORODOM RANARIDDH +Legislative branch: + pending a national election in 1993, the incumbent SOC faction's National + Assembly is the only functioning national legislative body +Judicial branch: + pending a national election in 1993, the incumbent SOC faction's Supreme + People's Court is the only functioning national judicial body +Leaders: + Chief of State: + SNC - Chairman Prince NORODOM SIHANOUK, under United Nations's supervision + Head of Government: + NGC - vacant, formerly held by SON SANN (since July 1982); will be + determined following the national election in 1993; SOC - Chairman of the + Council of Ministers HUN SEN (since 14 January 1985) +Political parties and leaders: + Democratic Kampuchea (DK, also known as the Khmer Rouge) under KHIEU + SAMPHAN; Cambodian Pracheachon Party or Cambodian People's Party (CPP) (name + changed and HENG SAMRIN replaced in October 1991) under CHEA SIM; Khmer + People's National Liberation Front (KPNLF) under SON SANN; National United + Front for an Independent, Neutral, Peaceful, and Cooperative Cambodia + (FUNCINPEC) under Prince NORODOM RANNARIDH +Suffrage: + universal at age 18 +Elections: + UN-supervised election for a 120-member constituent assembly based on + proportional representation within each province will be held nine months + after UN-organized voter registration is complete; the election is not + anticipated before April 1993; the assembly will draft and approve a + constitution and then transform itself into a legislature that will create a + new Cambodian Government + +:Cambodia Government + +Member of: + AsDB, CP, ESCAP, FAO, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTERPOL, + ITU, LORCS, NAM, PCA, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UPU, WFTU, WHO, WMO, WTO +Diplomatic representation: + the Supreme National Council (SNC) represents Cambodia in international + organizations - it filled UN seat in September 1991 + US: + Charles TWINNING is the US representative to Cambodia +Flag: + SNC - blue background with white map of Cambodia in middle; SOC - two equal + horizontal bands of red (top) and blue with a gold stylized five-towered + temple representing Angkor Wat in the center + +:Cambodia Economy + +Overview: + Cambodia is a desperately poor country whose economic development has been + stymied by deadly political infighting. The economy is based on agriculture + and related industries. Over the past decade Cambodia has been slowly + recovering from its near destruction by war and political upheaval. The food + situation remains precarious; during the 1980s famine was averted only + through international relief. In 1986 the production level of rice, the + staple food crop, was able to meet only 80% of domestic needs. The biggest + success of the nation's recovery program has been in new rubber plantings + and in fishing. Industry, other than rice processing, is almost nonexistent. + Foreign trade has been primarily with the former USSR and Vietnam, and both + trade and foreign aid are being adversely affected by the breakup of the + USSR. Statistical data on the economy continue to be sparse and unreliable. + Foreign aid from the former USSR and Eastern Europe has virtually stopped. +GDP: + exchange rate conversion - $930 million, per capita $130; real growth rate + NA (1991 est.) +Inflation rate (consumer prices): + 53% (1990 est.) +Unemployment rate: + NA% +Budget: + revenues $178 million expenditures $NA, including capital expenditures of + $NA (1991) +Exports: + $32 million (f.o.b., 1988) + commodities: + natural rubber, rice, pepper, wood + partners: + Vietnam, USSR, Eastern Europe, Japan, India +Imports: + $147 million (c.i.f., 1988) + commodities: + international food aid; fuels, consumer goods, machinery + partners: + Vietnam, USSR, Eastern Europe, Japan, India +External debt: + $600 million (1989) +Industrial production: + growth rate NA% +Electricity: + 140,000 kW capacity; 200 million kWh produced, 30 kWh per capita (1991) +Industries: + rice milling, fishing, wood and wood products, rubber, cement, gem mining +Agriculture: + mainly subsistence farming except for rubber plantations; main crops - rice, + rubber, corn; food shortages - rice, meat, vegetables, dairy products, + sugar, flour +Economic aid: + US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $725 million; Western (non-US + countries) (1970-89), $300 million; Communist countries (1970-89), $1.8 + billion +Currency: + riel (plural - riels); 1 riel (CR) = 100 sen +Exchange rates: + riels (CR) per US$1 - 714 (May 1992), 500 (December 1991), 560 (1990), + 159.00 (1988), 100.00 (1987) +Fiscal year: + calendar year + +:Cambodia Communications + +Railroads: + 612 km 1.000-meter gauge, government owned +Highways: + 13,351 km total; 2,622 km bituminous; 7,105 km crushed stone, gravel, or + improved earth; 3,624 km unimproved earth; some roads in disrepair +Inland waterways: + 3,700 km navigable all year to craft drawing 0.6 meters; 282 km navigable to + craft drawing 1.8 meters +Ports: + Kampong Saom, Phnom Penh +Airports: + 16 total, 8 usable; 5 with permanent-surface runways; none with runways over + 3,659 m; 2 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 4 with runways 1,220-2,439 m +Telecommunications: + service barely adequate for government requirements and virtually + nonexistent for general public; international service limited to Vietnam and + other adjacent countries; broadcast stations - 1 AM, no FM, 1 TV + +:Cambodia Defense Forces + +Branches: + SOC - Cambodian People's Armed Forces (CPAF); Communist resistance forces - + National Army of Democratic Kampuchea (Khmer Rouge); non-Communist + resistance forces - Armee National Kampuchea Independent (ANKI), which is + sometimes anglicized as National Army of Independent Cambodia (NAIC), and + Khmer People's National Liberation Armed Forces (KPNLAF) - under the Paris + peace agreement of October 1991, all four factions are to observe a + cease-fire and prepare for UN-supervised cantonment, disarmament, and 70% + demobilization before the election, with the fate of the remaining 30% to be + determined by the newly elected government - the United Nations Transitional + Authority in Cambodia (UNTAC) will verify the cease-fire and disarm the + combatants +Manpower availability: + males 15-49, 1,877,339; 1,032,102 fit for military service; 61,807 reach + military age (18) annually +Defense expenditures: + exchange rate conversion - $NA, NA% of GDP + +:Cameroon Geography + +Total area: + 475,440 km2 +Land area: + 469,440 km2 +Comparative area: + slightly larger than California +Land boundaries: + 4,591 km; Central African Republic 797 km, Chad 1,094 km, Congo 523 km, + Equatorial Guinea 189 km, Gabon 298 km, Nigeria 1,690 km +Coastline: + 402 km +Maritime claims: + Territorial sea: + 50 nm +Disputes: + demarcation of international boundaries in Lake Chad, the lack of which has + led to border incidents in the past, is completed and awaiting ratification + by Cameroon, Chad, Niger, and Nigeria; boundary commission created with + Nigeria to discuss unresolved land and maritime boundaries - has not yet + convened +Climate: + varies with terrain from tropical along coast to semiarid and hot in north +Terrain: + diverse, with coastal plain in southwest, dissected plateau in center, + mountains in west, plains in north +Natural resources: + crude oil, bauxite, iron ore, timber, hydropower potential +Land use: + arable land 13%; permanent crops 2%; meadows and pastures 18%; forest and + woodland 54%; other 13%; includes irrigated NEGL% +Environment: + recent volcanic activity with release of poisonous gases; deforestation; + overgrazing; desertification +Note: + sometimes referred to as the hinge of Africa + +:Cameroon People + +Population: + 12,658,439 (July 1992), growth rate 3.3% (1992) +Birth rate: + 44 births/1,000 population (1992) +Death rate: + 11 deaths/1,000 population (1992) +Net migration rate: + 0 migrants/1,000 population (1992) +Infant mortality rate: + 81 deaths/1,000 live births (1992) +Life expectancy at birth: + 55 years male, 60 years female (1992) +Total fertility rate: + 6.4 children born/woman (1992) +Nationality: + noun - Cameroonian(s); adjective - Cameroonian +Ethnic divisions: + over 200 tribes of widely differing background; Cameroon Highlanders 31%, + Equatorial Bantu 19%, Kirdi 11%, Fulani 10%, Northwestern Bantu 8%, Eastern + Nigritic 7%, other African 13%, non-African less than 1% +Religions: + indigenous beliefs 51%, Christian 33%, Muslim 16% +Languages: + English and French (official), 24 major African language groups +Literacy: + 54% (male 66%, female 43%) age 15 and over can read and write (1990 est.) +Labor force: + NA; agriculture 74.4%, industry and transport 11.4%, other services 14.2% + (1983); 50% of population of working age (15-64 years) (1985) +Organized labor: + under 45% of wage labor force + +:Cameroon Government + +Long-form name: + Republic of Cameroon +Type: + unitary republic; multiparty presidential regime (opposition parties + legalized 1990) +Capital: + Yaounde +Administrative divisions: + 10 provinces; Adamaoua, Centre, Est, Extreme-Nord, Littoral, Nord, + Nord-Ouest, Ouest, Sud, Sud-Ouest +Independence: + 1 January 1960 (from UN trusteeship under French administration; formerly + French Cameroon) +Constitution: + 20 May 1972 +Legal system: + based on French civil law system, with common law influence; has not + accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction +National holiday: + National Day, 20 May (1972) +Executive branch: + president, Cabinet +Legislative branch: + unicameral National Assembly (Assemblee Nationale) +Judicial branch: + Supreme Court +Leaders: + Chief of State: + President Paul BIYA (since 6 November 1982) + Head of Government: + interim Prime Minister Sadou HAYATOU (since 25 April 1991) +Political parties and leaders: + Cameroon People's Democratic Movement (RDPC), Paul BIYA, president, is + government-controlled and was formerly the only party; numerous small + parties formed since opposition parties were legalized in 1990 +Suffrage: + universal at age 20 +Elections: + National Assembly: + next to be held 1 March 1992 + President: + last held 24 April 1988 (next to be held April 1993); results - President + Paul BIYA reelected without opposition +Other political or pressure groups: + NA +Member of: + ACCT (associate), ACP, AfDB, BDEAC, CCC, CEEAC, ECA, FAO, FZ, G-19, G-77, + GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INMARSAT, + INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, ITU, LORCS, NAM, OAU, OIC, PCA, UDEAC, UN, UNCTAD, + UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WCL, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO +Diplomatic representation: + Ambassador Paul PONDI; Chancery at 2349 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, + DC 20008; telephone (202) 265-8790 through 8794 + US: + Ambassador Frances D. COOK; Embassy at Rue Nachtigal, Yaounde (mailing + address is B. P. 817, Yaounde); telephone [237] 234014; FAX [237] 230753; + there is a US Consulate General in Douala + +:Cameroon Government + +Flag: + three equal vertical bands of green (hoist side), red, and yellow with a + yellow five-pointed star centered in the red band; uses the popular + pan-African colors of Ethiopia + +:Cameroon Economy + +Overview: + Because of its offshore oil resources, Cameroon has one of the highest + incomes per capita in tropical Africa. Still, it faces many of the serious + problems facing other underdeveloped countries, such as political + instability, a top-heavy civil service, and a generally unfavorable climate + for business enterprise. The development of the oil sector led rapid + economic growth between 1970 and 1985. Growth came to an abrupt halt in 1986 + precipitated by steep declines in the prices of major exports: coffee, + cocoa, and petroleum. Export earnings were cut by almost one-third, and + inefficiencies in fiscal management were exposed. In 1990-92, with support + from the IMF and World Bank, the government has begun to introduce reforms + designed to spur business investment, increase efficiency in agriculture, + and recapitalize the nation's banks. Nationwide strikes organized by + opposition parties in 1991, however, undermined these efforts. +GDP: + exchange rate conversion - $11.5 billion, per capita $1,040; real growth + rate 0.7% (1990 est.) +Inflation rate (consumer prices): + 8.6% (FY88) +Unemployment rate: + 25% (1990 est.) +Budget: + revenues $1.2 billion; expenditures $1.8 billion, including capital + expenditures of $NA million (FY89) +Exports: + $2.1 billion (f.o.b., 1990 est.) + commodities: + petroleum products 56%, coffee, cocoa, timber, manufactures + partners: + EC (particularly France) about 50%, US 10% +Imports: + $2.1 billion (c.i.f., 1990 est.) + commodities: + machines and electrical equipment, transport equipment, chemical products, + consumer goods + partners: + France 41%, Germany 9%, US 4% +External debt: + $4.9 billion (December 1989 est.) +Industrial production: + growth rate - 6.4% (FY87); accounts for 30% of GDP +Electricity: + 755,000 kW capacity; 2,940 million kWh produced, 270 kWh per capita (1991) +Industries: + crude oil products, food processing, light consumer goods, textiles, + sawmills +Agriculture: + the agriculture and forestry sectors provide employment for the majority of + the population, contributing nearly 25% to GDP and providing a high degree + of self-sufficiency in staple foods; commercial and food crops include + coffee, cocoa, timber, cotton, rubber, bananas, oilseed, grains, livestock, + root starches +Economic aid: + US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $440 million; Western (non-US) + countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $4.5 billion; OPEC + bilateral aid (1979-89), $29 million; Communist countries (1970-89), $125 + million + +:Cameroon Economy + +Currency: + Communaute Financiere Africaine franc (plural - francs); 1 CFA franc (CFAF) + = 100 centimes +Exchange rates: + Communaute Financiere Africaine francs (CFAF) per US$1 - 269.01 (January + 1992), 282.11 (1991), 272.26 (1990), 319.01 (1989), 297.85 (1988), 300.54 + (1987) +Fiscal year: + 1 July - 30 June + +:Cameroon Communications + +Railroads: + 1,003 km total; 858 km 1.000-meter gauge, 145 km 0.600-meter gauge +Highways: + about 65,000 km total; includes 2,682 km paved, 32,318 km gravel and + improved earth, and 30,000 km of unimproved earth +Inland waterways: + 2,090 km; of decreasing importance +Ports: + Douala +Merchant marine: + 2 cargo ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 24,122 GRT/33,509 DWT +Civil air: + 5 major transport aircraft +Airports: + 56 total, 50 usable; 10 with permanent-surface runways; 1 with runways over + 3,659 m; 5 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 21 with runways 1,220-2,439 m +Telecommunications: + good system of open wire, cable, troposcatter, and radio relay; 26,000 + telephones; broadcast stations - 11 AM, 11 FM, 1 TV; 2 Atlantic Ocean + INTELSAT earth stations + +:Cameroon Defense Forces + +Branches: + Army, Navy (including naval infantry), Air Force; National Gendarmerie, + Presidential Guards +Manpower availability: + males 15-49, 2,753,059; 1,385,706 fit for military service; 120,011 reach + military age (18) annually +Defense expenditures: + exchange rate conversion - $219 million, 1.7% of GDP (1990 est.) + +:Canada Geography + +Total area: + 9,976,140 km2 +Land area: + 9,220,970 km2 +Comparative area: + slightly larger than US +Land boundaries: + 8,893 km with US (includes 2,477 km with Alaska) +Coastline: + 243,791 km +Maritime claims: + Continental shelf: + 200 m (depth) or to depth of exploitation + Exclusive fishing zone: + 200 nm + Territorial sea: + 12 nm +Disputes: + maritime boundary disputes with the US +Climate: + varies from temperate in south to subarctic and arctic in north +Terrain: + mostly plains with mountains in west and lowlands in southeast +Natural resources: + nickel, zinc, copper, gold, lead, molybdenum, potash, silver, fish, timber, + wildlife, coal, crude oil, natural gas +Land use: + arable land 5%; permanent crops NEGL%; meadows and pastures 3%; forest and + woodland 35%; other 57%; includes NEGL% irrigated +Environment: + 80% of population concentrated within 160 km of US border; continuous + permafrost in north a serious obstacle to development +Note: + second-largest country in world (after Russia); strategic location between + Russia and US via north polar route + +:Canada People + +Population: + 27,351,509 (July 1992), growth rate 1.3% (1992) +Birth rate: + 14 births/1,000 population (1992) +Death rate: + 7 deaths/1,000 population (1992) +Net migration rate: + 6 migrants/1,000 population (1992) +Infant mortality rate: + 7 deaths/1,000 live births (1992) +Life expectancy at birth: + 74 years male, 81 years female (1992) +Total fertility rate: + 1.8 children born/woman (1992) +Nationality: + noun - Canadian(s); adjective - Canadian +Ethnic divisions: + British Isles origin 40%, French origin 27%, other European 20%, indigenous + Indian and Eskimo 1.5% +Religions: + Roman Catholic 46%, United Church 16%, Anglican 10% +Languages: + English and French (both official) +Literacy: + 99% (male NA%, female NA%) age 15 and over can read and write (1981 est.) +Labor force: + 13,380,000; services 75%, manufacturing 14%, agriculture 4%, construction + 3%, other 4% (1988) +Organized labor: + 30.6% of labor force; 39.6% of nonagricultural paid workers + +:Canada Government + +Long-form name: + none +Type: + confederation with parliamentary democracy +Capital: + Ottawa +Administrative divisions: + 10 provinces and 2 territories*; Alberta, British Columbia, Manitoba, New + Brunswick, Newfoundland, Northwest Territories*, Nova Scotia, Ontario, + Prince Edward Island, Quebec, Saskatchewan, Yukon Territory* +Independence: + 1 July 1867 (from UK) +Constitution: + amended British North America Act 1867 patriated to Canada 17 April 1982; + charter of rights and unwritten customs +Legal system: + based on English common law, except in Quebec, where civil law system based + on French law prevails; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with + reservations +National holiday: + Canada Day, 1 July (1867) +Executive branch: + British monarch, governor general, prime minister, deputy prime minister, + Cabinet +Legislative branch: + bicameral Parliament (Parlement) consists of an upper house or Senate + (Senat) and a lower house or House of Commons (Chambre des Communes) +Judicial branch: + Supreme Court +Leaders: + Chief of State: + Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952), represented by Governor General + Raymond John HNATSHYN (since 29 January 1990) + Head of Government: + Prime Minister (Martin) Brian MULRONEY (since 4 September 1984); Deputy + Prime Minister Donald Frank MAZANKOWSKI (since June 1986) +Political parties and leaders: + Progressive Conservative Party, Brian MULRONEY; Liberal Party, Jean + CHRETIEN; New Democratic Party, Audrey McLAUGHLIN +Suffrage: + universal at age 18 +Elections: + House of Commons: + last held 21 November 1988 (next to be held by November 1993); results - + Progressive Conservative Party 43.0%, Liberal Party 32%, New Democratic + Party 20%, other 5%; seats - (295 total) Progressive Conservative Party 159, + Liberal Party 80, New Democratic Party 44, independents 12 +Communists: + 3,000 +Member of: + ACCT, AfDB, AG (observer), APEC, AsDB, Australia Group, BIS, C, CCC, CDB, + COCOM, CP, CSCE, EBRD, ECE, ECLAC, FAO, G-7, G-8, G-10, GATT, IADB, IAEA, + IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICFTU, IDA, IEA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INMARSAT, + INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, IOM, ISO, ITU, LORCS, MTCR, NACC, NATO, NEA, NSG, + OAS, OECD, PCA, UN, UNCTAD, UNDOF, UNESCO, UNFICYP, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNIIMOG, + UNTSO, UPU, WCL, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO, ZC + +:Canada Government + +Diplomatic representation: + Ambassador Derek BURNEY; Chancery at 501 Pennsylvania Avenue NW, Washington, + DC 20001; telephone (202) 682-1740; there are Canadian Consulates General in + Atlanta, Boston, Buffalo, Chicago, Cleveland, Dallas, Detroit, Los Angeles, + Minneapolis, New York, Philadelphia, San Francisco, and Seattle + US: + Ambassador Peter TEELEY; Embassy at 100 Wellington Street, K1P 5T1, Ottawa + (mailing address is P. O. Box 5000, Ogdensburg, NY 13669-0430); telephone + (613) 238-5335 or (613) 238-4470; FAX (613) 238-5720; there are US + Consulates General in Calgary, Halifax, Montreal, Quebec, Toronto, and + Vancouver +Flag: + three vertical bands of red (hoist side), white (double width, square), and + red with a red maple leaf centered in the white band + +:Canada Economy + +Overview: + As an affluent, high-tech industrial society, Canada today closely resembles + the US in per capita output, market-oriented economic system, and pattern of + production. Since World War II the impressive growth of the manufacturing, + mining, and service sectors has transformed the nation from a largely rural + economy into one primarily industrial and urban. In the 1980s, Canada + registered one of the highest rates of real growth among the OECD nations, + averaging about 3.2%. With its great natural resources, skilled labor force, + and modern capital plant, Canada has excellent economic prospects. However, + the continuing constitutional impasse between English- and French-speaking + areas has observers discussing a possible split in the confederation; + foreign investors are becoming edgy. +GDP: + purchasing power equivalent - $521.5 billion, per capita $19,400; real + growth rate -1.1% (1991 est.) +Inflation rate (consumer prices): + 4.2% (November 1991, annual rate) +Unemployment rate: + 10.3% (November 1991) +Budget: + revenues $111.8 billion; expenditures $138.3 billion, including capital + expenditures of $NA (FY90 est.) +Exports: + $124.0 billion (f.o.b., 1991) + commodities: + newsprint, wood pulp, timber, crude petroleum, machinery, natural gas, + aluminum, motor vehicles and parts; telecommunications equipment + partners: + US, Japan, UK, Germany, South Korea, Netherlands, China +Imports: + $118 billion (c.i.f., 1991) + commodities: + crude petroleum, chemicals, motor vehicles and parts, durable consumer + goods, electronic computers; telecommunications equipment and parts + partners: + US, Japan, UK, Germany, France, Mexico, Taiwan, South Korea +External debt: + $247 billion (1987) +Industrial production: + growth rate -3.8% (August 1991); accounts for 34% of GDP +Electricity: + 106,464,000 kW capacity; 479,600 million kWh produced, 17,872 kWh per capita + (1991) +Industries: + processed and unprocessed minerals, food products, wood and paper products, + transportation equipment, chemicals, fish products, petroleum and natural + gas +Agriculture: + accounts for about 3% of GDP; one of the world's major producers and + exporters of grain (wheat and barley); key source of US agricultural + imports; large forest resources cover 35% of total land area; commercial + fisheries provide annual catch of 1.5 million metric tons, of which 75% is + exported +Illicit drugs: + illicit producer of cannabis for the domestic drug market; use of + hydroponics technology permits growers to plant large quantities of + high-quality marijuana indoors; growing role as a transit point for heroin + and cocaine entering the US market + +:Canada Economy + +Economic aid: + donor - ODA and OOF commitments (1970-89), $7.2 billion +Currency: + Canadian dollar (plural - dollars); 1 Canadian dollar (Can$) = 100 cents +Exchange rates: + Canadian dollars (Can$) per US$1 - 1.1565 (January 1992), 1.1457 (1991), + 1.1668 (1990), 1.1840 (1989), 1.2307 (1988), 1.3260 (1987) +Fiscal year: + 1 April - 31 March + +:Canada Communications + +Railroads: + 93,544 km total; two major transcontinental freight railway systems - + Canadian National (government owned) and Canadian Pacific Railway; passenger + service - VIA (government operated) +Highways: + 884,272 km total; 712,936 km surfaced (250,023 km paved), 171,336 km earth +Inland waterways: + 3,000 km, including Saint Lawrence Seaway +Pipelines: + crude and refined oil 23,564 km; natural gas 74,980 km +Ports: + Halifax, Montreal, Quebec, Saint John (New Brunswick), Saint John's + (Newfoundland), Toronto, Vancouver +Merchant marine: + 70 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 500,904 GRT/727,118 DWT; includes 1 + passenger, 3 short-sea passenger, 2 passenger-cargo, 10 cargo, 2 railcar + carrier, 1 refrigerated cargo, 8 roll-on/roll-off, 1 container, 28 petroleum + tanker, 5 chemical tanker, 1 specialized tanker, 8 bulk; note - does not + include ships used exclusively in the Great Lakes +Civil air: + 636 major transport aircraft; Air Canada is the major carrier +Airports: + 1,416 total, 1,168 usable; 455 with permanent-surface runways; 4 with + runways over 3,659 m; 30 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 338 with runways + 1,220-2,439 m +Telecommunications: + excellent service provided by modern media; 18.0 million telephones; + broadcast stations - 900 AM, 29 FM, 53 (1,400 repeaters) TV; 5 coaxial + submarine cables; over 300 earth stations operating in INTELSAT (including 4 + Atlantic Ocean and 1 Pacific Ocean) and domestic systems + +:Canada Defense Forces + +Branches: + Canadian Armed Forces (including Mobile Command, Maritime Command, Air + Command, Communications Command, Canadian Forces Europe, Training Commands), + Royal Canadian Mounted Police (RCMP) +Manpower availability: + males 15-49, 7,366,675; 6,387,459 fit for military service; 190,752 reach + military age (17) annually +Defense expenditures: + exchange rate conversion - $11.4 billion, 1.7% of GDP (FY91); $10.5 billion, + NA% of GDP (FY 92) + +:Cape Verde Geography + +Total area: + 4,030 km2 +Land area: + 4,030 km2 +Comparative area: + slightly larger than Rhode Island +Land boundaries: + none +Coastline: + 965 km +Maritime claims: + (measured from claimed archipelagic baselines) + Exclusive economic zone: + 200 nm + Territorial sea: + 12 nm +Disputes: + none +Climate: + temperate; warm, dry, summer; precipitation very erratic +Terrain: + steep, rugged, rocky, volcanic +Natural resources: + salt, basalt rock, pozzolana, limestone, kaolin, fish +Land use: + arable land 9%; permanent crops NEGL%; meadows and pastures 6%; forest and + woodland NEGL%; other 85%; includes irrigated 1% +Environment: + subject to prolonged droughts; harmattan wind can obscure visibility; + volcanically and seismically active; deforestation; overgrazing +Note: + strategic location 500 km from African coast near major north-south sea + routes; important communications station; important sea and air refueling + site + +:Cape Verde People + +Population: + 398,276 (July 1992), growth rate 3.0% (1992) +Birth rate: + 48 births/1,000 population (1992) +Death rate: + 10 deaths/1,000 population (1992) +Net migration rate: + - 8 migrants/1,000 population (1992) +Infant mortality rate: + 61 deaths/1,000 live births (1992) +Life expectancy at birth: + 60 years male, 64 years female (1992) +Total fertility rate: + 6.5 children born/woman (1992) +Nationality: + noun - Cape Verdean(s); adjective - Cape Verdean +Ethnic divisions: + Creole (mulatto) about 71%, African 28%, European 1% +Religions: + Roman Catholicism fused with indigenous beliefs +Languages: + Portuguese and Crioulo, a blend of Portuguese and West African words +Literacy: + 66% (male NA%, female NA%) age 15 and over can read and write (1989 est.) +Labor force: + 102,000 (1985 est.); agriculture (mostly subsistence) 57%, services 29%, + industry 14% (1981); 51% of population of working age (1985) +Organized labor: + Trade Unions of Cape Verde Unity Center (UNTC-CS) + +:Cape Verde Government + +Long-form name: + Republic of Cape Verde +Type: + republic +Capital: + Praia +Administrative divisions: + 14 districts (concelhos, singular - concelho); Boa Vista, Brava, Fogo, Maio, + Paul, Praia, Porto Novo, Ribeira Grande, Sal, Santa Catarina, Santa Cruz, + Sao Nicolau, Sao Vicente, Tarrafal +Independence: + 5 July 1975 (from Portugal) +Constitution: + 7 September 1980; amended 12 February 1981, December 1988, and 28 September + 1990 (legalized opposition parties) +National holiday: + Independence Day, 5 July (1975) +Executive branch: + president, prime minister, deputy minister, secretaries of state, Council of + Ministers (cabinet) +Legislative branch: + unicameral People's National Assembly (Assembleia Nacional Popular) +Judicial branch: + Supreme Tribunal of Justice (Supremo Tribunal de Justia) +Leaders: + Chief of State: + President Antonio Monteiro MASCARENHAS (since 22 March 1991) + Head of Government: + Prime Minister Carlos VEIGA (since 13 January 1991) +Political parties and leaders: + Movement for Democracy (MPD), Prime Minister Carlos VEIGA, founder and + chairman; African Party for Independence of Cape Verde (PAICV), Pedro Verona + Rodrigues PIRES, chairman +Suffrage: + universal at age 18 +Elections: + People's National Assembly: + last held 13 January 1991 (next to be held January 1996); results - percent + of vote by party NA; seats - (79 total) MPD 56, PAICV 23; note - this + multiparty Assembly election ended 15 years of single-party rule + President: + last held 17 February 1991 (next to be held February 1996); results - + Antonio Monteiro MASCARENHAS (MPD) received 72.6% of vote +Member of: + ACP, AfDB, ECA, ECOWAS, FAO, G-77, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IFAD, ILO, IMF, IMO, + INTERPOL, IOM (observer), ITU, LORCS, NAM, OAU, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, + UPU, WCL, WHO, WMO +Diplomatic representation: + Ambassador Carlos Alberto Santos SILVA; Chancery at 3415 Massachusetts + Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20007; telephone (202) 965-6820; there is a Cape + Verdean Consulate General in Boston + US: + Ambassador Francis T. (Terry) McNAMARA; Embassy at Rua Hoji Ya Henda Yenna + 81, Praia (mailing address is C. P. 201, Praia); telephone [238] 61-43-63 or + 61-42-53; FAX [238] 61-13-55 + +:Cape Verde Government + +Flag: + two equal horizontal bands of yellow (top) and green with a vertical red + band on the hoist side; in the upper portion of the red band is a black + five-pointed star framed by two corn stalks and a yellow clam shell; uses + the popular pan-African colors of Ethiopia; similar to the flag of + Guinea-Bissau, which is longer and has an unadorned black star centered in + the red band + +:Cape Verde Economy + +Overview: + Cape Verde's low per capita GDP reflects a poor natural resource base, a + 17-year drought, and a high birthrate. The economy is service oriented, with + commerce, transport, and public services accounting for 65% of GDP during + the period 1985-88. Although nearly 70% of the population lives in rural + areas, agriculture's share of GDP is only 16%; the fishing sector accounts + for 4%. About 90% of food must be imported. The fishing potential, mostly + lobster and tuna, is not fully exploited. In 1988 fishing represented only + 3.5% of GDP. Cape Verde annually runs a high trade deficit, financed by + remittances from emigrants and foreign aid. Economic reforms launched by the + new democratic government in February 1991 are aimed at developing the + private sector and attracting foreign investment to diversify the economy. +GDP: + exchange rate conversion - $310 million, per capita $800; real growth rate + 4% (1990 est.) +Inflation rate (consumer prices): + 10% (1990 est.) +Unemployment rate: + 25% (1988) +Budget: + revenues $98.3 million; expenditures $138.4 million, including capital + expenditures of $NA (1988 est.) +Exports: + $10.9 million (f.o.b., 1989 est.) + commodities: + fish, bananas, salt + partners: + Portugal 40%, Algeria 31%, Angola, Netherlands (1990 est.) +Imports: + $107.8 million (c.i.f., 1989) + commodities: + petroleum, foodstuffs, consumer goods, industrial products + partners: + Sweden 33%, Spain 11%, Germany 5%, Portugal 3%, France 3%, Netherlands, US + (1990 est.) +External debt: + $150 million (December 1990 est.) +Industrial production: + growth rate 18% (1988 est.); accounts for 7% of GDP +Electricity: + 15,000 kW capacity; 15 million kWh produced, 40 kWh per capita (1991) +Industries: + fish processing, salt mining, clothing factories, ship repair, construction + materials, food and beverage production +Agriculture: + accounts for 16% of GDP; largely subsistence farming; bananas are the only + export crop; other crops - corn, beans, sweet potatoes, coffee; growth + potential of agricultural sector limited by poor soils and limited rainfall; + annual food imports required; fish catch provides for both domestic + consumption and small exports +Economic aid: + US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY75-89), $88 million; Western (non-US) + countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $537 million; OPEC + bilateral aid (1979-89), $12 million; Communist countries (1970-89), $36 + million +Currency: + Cape Verdean escudo (plural - escudos); 1 Cape Verdean escudo (CVEsc) = 100 + centavos + +:Cape Verde Economy + +Exchange rates: + Cape Verdean escudos (CVEsc) per US$1 - 71.28 (March 1992), 71.41 (1991), + 64.10 (November 1990), 74.86 (December 1989), 72.01 (1988), 72.5 (1987) +Fiscal year: + calendar year + +:Cape Verde Communications + +Ports: + Mindelo, Praia +Merchant marine: + 7 cargo ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 11,717 GRT/19,000 DWT +Civil air: + 3 major transport aircraft +Airports: + 6 total, 6 usable; 6 with permanent-surface runways; none with runways over + 3,659 m; 1 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 2 with runways 1,220-2,439 m +Telecommunications: + interisland radio relay system, high-frequency radio to Senegal and + Guinea-Bissau; over 1,700 telephones; broadcast stations - 1 AM, 6 FM, 1 TV; + 2 coaxial submarine cables; 1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT earth station + +:Cape Verde Defense Forces + +Branches: + People's Revolutionary Armed Forces (FARP) - Army and Navy are separate + components of FARP; Security Service +Manpower availability: + males 15-49, 72,916; 43,010 fit for military service +Defense expenditures: + exchange rate conversion - $NA, NA% of GDP + +:Cayman Islands Geography + +Total area: + 260 km2 +Land area: + 260 km2 +Comparative area: + slightly less than 1.5 times the size of Washington, DC +Land boundaries: + none +Coastline: + 160 km +Maritime claims: + Exclusive fishing zone: + 200 nm + Territorial sea: + 3 nm +Disputes: + none +Climate: + tropical marine; warm, rainy summers (May to October) and cool, relatively + dry winters (November to April) +Terrain: + low-lying limestone base surrounded by coral reefs +Natural resources: + fish, climate and beaches that foster tourism +Land use: + arable land 0%; permanent crops 0%; meadows and pastures 8%; forest and + woodland 23%; other 69% +Environment: + within the Caribbean hurricane belt +Note: + important location between Cuba and Central America + +:Cayman Islands People + +Population: + 29,139 (July 1992), growth rate 4.4% (1992) +Birth rate: + 16 births/1,000 population (1992) +Death rate: + 5 deaths/1,000 population (1992) +Net migration rate: + 33 migrants/1,000 population (1992) +Infant mortality rate: + 8 deaths/1,000 live births (1992) +Life expectancy at birth: + 75 years male, 79 years female (1992) +Total fertility rate: + 1.5 children born/woman (1992) +Nationality: + noun - Caymanian(s); adjective - Caymanian +Ethnic divisions: + 40% mixed, 20% white, 20% black, 20% expatriates of various ethnic groups +Religions: + United Church (Presbyterian and Congregational), Anglican, Baptist, Roman + Catholic, Church of God, other Protestant denominations +Languages: + English +Literacy: + 98% (male 98%, female 98%) age 15 and over having ever attended school + (1970) +Labor force: + 8,061; service workers 18.7%, clerical 18.6%, construction 12.5%, finance + and investment 6.7%, directors and business managers 5.9% (1979) +Organized labor: + Global Seaman's Union; Cayman All Trade Union + +:Cayman Islands Government + +Long-form name: + none +Type: + dependent territory of the UK +Capital: + George Town +Administrative divisions: + 8 districts; Creek, Eastern, Midland, South Town, Spot Bay, Stake Bay, West + End, Western +Independence: + none (dependent territory of the UK) +Constitution: + 1959, revised 1972 +Legal system: + British common law and local statutes +National holiday: + Constitution Day (first Monday in July) +Executive branch: + British monarch, governor, Executive Council (cabinet) +Legislative branch: + unicameral Legislative Assembly +Judicial branch: + Grand Court, Cayman Islands Court of Appeal +Leaders: + Chief of State: + Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952), represented by Governor Michael + GORE (since May 1992) + Head of Government: + Governor and President of the Executive Council Alan James SCOTT (since NA + 1987) +Political parties and leaders: + no formal political parties +Suffrage: + universal at age 18 +Elections: + Legislative Assembly: + last held November 1988 (next to be held November 1992); results - percent + of vote by party NA; seats - (15 total, 12 elected) +Member of: + CARICOM (observer), CDB, IOC +Diplomatic representation: + as a dependent territory of the UK, Caymanian interests in the US are + represented by the UK + US: + none +Flag: + blue, with the flag of the UK in the upper hoist-side quadrant and the + Caymanian coat of arms on a white disk centered on the outer half of the + flag; the coat of arms includes a pineapple and turtle above a shield with + three stars (representing the three islands) and a scroll at the bottom + bearing the motto HE HATH FOUNDED IT UPON THE SEAS + HE HATH FOUNDED IT UPON THE SEAS + +:Cayman Islands Economy + +Overview: + The economy depends heavily on tourism (70% of GDP and 75% of export + earnings) and offshore financial services, with the tourist industry aimed + at the luxury market and catering mainly to visitors from North America. + About 90% of the islands' food and consumer goods needs must be imported. + The Caymanians enjoy one of the highest standards of living in the region. +GDP: + exchange rate conversion - $384 million, per capita $14,500 (1989); real + growth rate 8% (1990) +Inflation rate (consumer prices): + 8% (1990 est.) +Unemployment rate: + NA% +Budget: + revenues $83.6 million; expenditures $98.9 million, including capital + expenditures of $13.6 million (1990) +Exports: + $1.5 million (f.o.b., 1987 est.) + commodities: + turtle products, manufactured consumer goods + partners: + mostly US +Imports: + $136 million (c.i.f., 1987 est.) + commodities: + foodstuffs, manufactured goods + partners: + US, Trinidad and Tobago, UK, Netherlands Antilles, Japan +External debt: + $15 million (1986) +Industrial production: + growth rate NA% +Electricity: + 74,000 kW capacity; 256 million kWh produced, 9,313 kWh per capita (1991) +Industries: + tourism, banking, insurance and finance, construction, building materials, + furniture making +Agriculture: + minor production of vegetables, fruit, livestock; turtle farming +Economic aid: + US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $26.7 million; Western (non-US) + countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $35 million +Currency: + Caymanian dollar (plural - dollars); 1 Caymanian dollar (CI$) = 100 cents +Exchange rates: + Caymanian dollars (CI$) per US$1 - 1.20 (fixed rate) +Fiscal year: + 1 April - 31 March + +:Cayman Islands Communications + +Highways: + 160 km of main roads +Ports: + George Town, Cayman Brac +Merchant marine: + 32 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 364,174 GRT/560,241 DWT; includes 1 + passenger-cargo, 7 cargo, 8 roll-on/roll-off cargo, 6 petroleum tanker, 1 + chemical tanker, 1 specialized tanker, 1 liquefied gas carrier, 5 bulk, 2 + combination bulk; note - a flag of convenience registry +Civil air: + 2 major transport aircraft +Airports: + 3 total; 3 usable; 2 with permanent-surface runways; none with runways over + 2,439 m; 2 with runways 1,220-2,439 m +Telecommunications: + 35,000 telephones; telephone system uses 1 submarine coaxial cable and 1 + Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT earth station to link islands and access + international services; broadcast stations - 2 AM, 1 FM, no TV + +:Cayman Islands Defense Forces + +Branches: + Royal Cayman Islands Police Force (RCIPF) +Note: + defense is the responsibility of the UK + +:Central African Republic Geography + +Total area: + 622,980 km2 +Land area: + 622,980 km2 +Comparative area: + slightly smaller than Texas +Land boundaries: + 5,203 km; Cameroon 797 km, Chad 1,197 km, Congo 467 km, Sudan 1,165 km, + Zaire 1,577 km +Coastline: + none - landlocked +Maritime claims: + none - landlocked +Disputes: + none +Climate: + tropical; hot, dry winters; mild to hot, wet summers +Terrain: + vast, flat to rolling, monotonous plateau; scattered hills in northeast and + southwest +Natural resources: + diamonds, uranium, timber, gold, oil +Land use: + arable land 3%; permanent crops NEGL%; meadows and pastures 5%; forest and + woodland 64%; other 28% +Environment: + hot, dry, dusty harmattan winds affect northern areas; poaching has + diminished reputation as one of last great wildlife refuges; desertification +Note: + landlocked; almost the precise center of Africa + +:Central African Republic People + +Population: + 3,029,080 (July 1992), growth rate 2.6% (1992) +Birth rate: + 43 births/1,000 population (1992) +Death rate: + 18 deaths/1,000 population (1992) +Net migration rate: + 0 migrants/1,000 population (1992) +Infant mortality rate: + 135 deaths/1,000 live births (1992) +Life expectancy at birth: + 46 years male, 49 years female (1992) +Total fertility rate: + 5.5 children born/woman (1992) +Nationality: + noun - Central African(s); adjective - Central African +Ethnic divisions: + about 80 ethnic groups, the majority of which have related ethnic and + linguistic characteristics; Baya 34%, Banda 27%, Sara 10%, Mandjia 21%, + Mboum 4%, M'Baka 4%; 6,500 Europeans, of whom 3,600 are French +Religions: + indigenous beliefs 24%, Protestant 25%, Roman Catholic 25%, Muslim 15%, + other 11%; animistic beliefs and practices strongly influence the Christian + majority +Languages: + French (official); Sangho (lingua franca and national language); Arabic, + Hunsa, Swahili +Literacy: + 27% (male 33%, female 15%) age 15 and over can read and write (1990 est.) +Labor force: + 775,413 (1986 est.); agriculture 85%, commerce and services 9%, industry 3%, + government 3%; about 64,000 salaried workers; 55% of population of working + age (1985) +Organized labor: + 1% of labor force + +:Central African Republic Government + +Long-form name: + Central African Republic (no short-form name); abbreviated CAR +Type: + republic, one-party presidential regime since 1986 +Capital: + Bangui +Administrative divisions: + 14 prefectures (prefectures, singular - prefecture), 2 economic prefectures* + (prefectures economiques, singular - prefecture economique), and 1 + commune**; Bamingui-Bangoran, Bangui** Basse-Kotto, Gribingui*, Haute-Kotto, + Haute-Sangha, Haut-Mbomou, Kemo-Gribingui, Lobaye, Mbomou, Nana-Mambere, + Ombella-Mpoko, Ouaka, Ouham, Ouham-Pende, Sangha*, Vakaga +Independence: + 13 August 1960 (from France; formerly Central African Empire) +Constitution: + 21 November 1986 +Legal system: + based on French law +National holiday: + National Day (proclamation of the republic), 1 December (1958) +Executive branch: + president, prime minister, Council of Ministers (cabinet) +Legislative branch: + unicameral National Assembly (Assemblee Nationale) advised by the Economic + and Regional Council (Conseil Economique et Regional); when they sit + together this is known as the Congress (Congres) +Judicial branch: + Supreme Court (Cour Supreme) +Leaders: + Chief of State:: + President Andre-Dieudonne KOLINGBA (since 1 September 1981) + Head of Government:: + Prime Minister Edouard FRANCK (since 15 March 1991) +Political parties and leaders: + Centrafrican Democratic Rally Party (RDC), Andre-Dieudonne KOLINGBA; note - + as part of political reforms leading to a democratic system announced in + April 1991, 18 opposition parties have been legalized +Suffrage: + universal at age 21 +Elections: + National Assembly: + last held 31 July 1987 (next to be held by end of 1992); results - RDC is + the only party; seats - (52 total) RDC 52 + President: + last held 21 November 1986 (next to be held by end of 1992); results - + President KOLINGBA was reelected without opposition +Communists: + small number of Communist sympathizers +Member of: + ACCT, ACP, AfDB, BDEAC, CCC, CEEAC, ECA, FAO, FZ, G-77, GATT, IBRD, ICAO, + ICFTU, IDA, IFAD, ILO, IMF, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, ITU, LORCS, NAM, OAU, + UDEAC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WCL, WHO, WIPO, WMO +Diplomatic representation: + Ambassador Jean-Pierre SOHAHONG-KOMBET; Chancery at 1618 22nd Street NW, + Washington, DC 20008; telephone (202) 483-7800 or 7801 + US: + Ambassador Daniel H. SIMPSON; Embassy at Avenue du President David Dacko, + Bangui (mailing address is B. P. 924, Bangui); telephone 61-02-00, 61-25-78, + or 61-43-33; FAX [190] (236) 61-44-94 + +:Central African Republic Government + +Flag: + four equal horizontal bands of blue (top), white, green, and yellow with a + vertical red band in center; there is a yellow five-pointed star on the + hoist side of the blue band + +:Central African Republic Economy + +Overview: + Subsistence agriculture, including forestry, is the backbone of the CAR + economy, with more than 70% of the population living in the countryside. In + 1988 the agricultural sector generated about 40% of GDP. Agricultural + products accounted for about 60% of export earnings and the diamond industry + for 30%. The country's 1991 budget deficit was US $70 million and in 1992 is + expected to be about the same. Important constraints to economic development + include the CAR's landlocked position, a poor transportation system, and a + weak human resource base. Multilateral and bilateral development assistance, + particularly from France, plays a major role in providing capital for new + investment. +GDP: + exchange rate conversion - $1.3 billion, per capita $440; real growth rate - + 3.0% (1990 est.) +Inflation rate (consumer prices): + -3.0% (1990 est.) +Unemployment rate: + 30% in Bangui (1988 est.) +Budget: + revenues $121 million; expenditures $193 million, including capital + expenditures of $NA million (1991 est.) +Exports: + $151.3 million (1990 est.) + commodities: + diamonds, cotton, coffee, timber, tobacco + partners: + France, Belgium, Italy, Japan, US +Imports: + $214.5 million (1990 est.) + commodities: + food, textiles, petroleum products, machinery, electrical equipment, motor + vehicles, chemicals, pharmaceuticals, consumer goods, industrial products + partners: + France, other EC countries, Japan, Algeria, Yugoslavia +External debt: + $700 million (1990 est.) +Industrial production: + 0.8% (1988); accounts for 12% of GDP +Electricity: + 40,000 kW capacity; 95 million kWh produced, 30 kWh per capita (1991) +Industries: + diamond mining, sawmills, breweries, textiles, footwear, assembly of + bicycles and motorcycles +Agriculture: + accounts for 40% of GDP; self-sufficient in food production except for + grain; commercial crops - cotton, coffee, tobacco, timber; food crops - + manioc, yams, millet, corn, bananas +Economic aid: + US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $49 million; Western (non-US) + countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $1.5 billion; OPEC + bilateral aid (1979-89), $6 million; Communist countries (1970-89), $38 + million +Currency: + Communaute Financiere Africaine franc (plural - francs); 1 CFA franc (CFAF) + = 100 centimes +Exchange rates: + Communaute Financiere Africaine francs (CFAF) per US$1 - 269.01 (January + 1992), 282.11 (1991), 272.26 (1990), 319.01 (1989), 297.85 (1988), 300.54 + (1987) + +:Central African Republic Economy + +Fiscal year: + calendar year + +:Central African Republic Communications + +Highways: + 22,000 km total; 458 km bituminous, 10,542 km improved earth, 11,000 + unimproved earth +Inland waterways: + 800 km; traditional trade carried on by means of shallow-draft dugouts; + Oubangui is the most important river +Civil air: + 2 major transport aircraft +Airports: + 66 total, 52 usable; 4 with permanent-surface runways; none with runways + over 3,659 m; 2 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 22 with runways 1,220-2,439 m +Telecommunications: + fair system; network relies primarily on radio relay links, with + low-capacity, low-powered radiocommunication also used; broadcast stations - + 1 AM, 1 FM, 1 TV; 1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT earth station + +:Central African Republic Defense Forces + +Branches: + Central African Army (including Republican Guard), Air Force, National + Gendarmerie, Police Force +Manpower availability: + males 15-49, 677,889; 354,489 fit for military service +Defense expenditures: + exchange rate conversion - $23 million, 1.8% of GDP (1989 est.) + +:Chad Geography + +Total area: + 1,284,000 km2 +Land area: + 1,259,200 km2 +Comparative area: + slightly more than three times the size of California +Land boundaries: + 5,968 km; Cameroon 1,094 km, Central African Republic 1,197 km, Libya 1,055 + km, Niger 1,175 km, Nigeria 87 km, Sudan 1,360 km +Coastline: + none - landlocked +Maritime claims: + none - landlocked +Disputes: + Libya claims and occupies the 100,000 km2 Aozou Strip in the far north; + demarcation of international boundaries in Lake Chad, the lack of which has + led to border incidents in the past, is completed and awaiting ratification + by Cameroon, Chad, Niger, and Nigeria +Climate: + tropical in south, desert in north +Terrain: + broad, arid plains in center, desert in north, mountains in northwest, + lowlands in south +Natural resources: + crude oil (unexploited but exploration under way), uranium, natron, kaolin, + fish (Lake Chad) +Land use: + arable land 2%; permanent crops NEGL%; meadows and pastures 36%; forest and + woodland 11%; other 51%; includes irrigated NEGL% +Environment: + hot, dry, dusty harmattan winds occur in north; drought and desertification + adversely affecting south; subject to plagues of locusts +Note: + landlocked; Lake Chad is the most significant water body in the Sahel + +:Chad People + +Population: + 5,238,908 (July 1992), growth rate 2.1% (1992) +Birth rate: + 42 births/1,000 population (1992) +Death rate: + 21 deaths/1,000 population (1992) +Net migration rate: + 0 migrants/1,000 population (1992) +Infant mortality rate: + 136 deaths/1,000 live births (1992) +Life expectancy at birth: + 39 years male, 41 years female (1992) +Total fertility rate: + 5.3 children born/woman (1992) +Nationality: + noun - Chadian(s); adjective - Chadian +Ethnic divisions: + some 200 distinct ethnic groups, most of whom are Muslims (Arabs, Toubou, + Hadjerai, Fulbe, Kotoko, Kanembou, Baguirmi, Boulala, Zaghawa, and Maba) in + the north and center and non-Muslims (Sara, Ngambaye, Mbaye, Goulaye, + Moundang, Moussei, Massa) in the south; some 150,000 nonindigenous, of whom + 1,000 are French +Religions: + Muslim 44%, Christian 33%, indigenous beliefs, animism 23% +Languages: + French and Arabic (official); Sara and Sango in south; more than 100 + different languages and dialects are spoken +Literacy: + 30% (male 42%, female 18%) age 15 and over can read and write French or + Arabic (1990 est.) +Labor force: + NA; agriculture (engaged in unpaid subsistence farming, herding, and + fishing) 85% +Organized labor: + about 20% of wage labor force + +:Chad Government + +Long-form name: + Republic of Chad +Type: + republic +Capital: + N'Djamena +Administrative divisions: + 14 prefectures (prefectures, singular - prefecture); Batha, Biltine, + Borkou-Ennedi-Tibesti, Chari-Baguirmi, Guera, Kanem, Lac, Logone Occidental, + Logone Oriental, Mayo-Kebbi, Moyen-Chari, Ouaddai, Salamat, Tandjile +Independence: + 11 August 1960 (from France) +Constitution: + 22 December 1989, suspended 3 December 1990; Provisional National Charter 1 + March 1991 +Legal system: + based on French civil law system and Chadian customary law; has not accepted + compulsory ICJ jurisdiction +National holiday: + 11 August +Executive branch: + president, Council of State (cabinet) +Legislative branch: + the National Consultative Council (Conseil National Consultatif) was + disbanded 3 December 1990 and replaced by the Provisional Council of the + Republic; 30 members appointed by President DEBY on 8 March 1991 +Judicial branch: + Court of Appeal +Leaders: + Chief of State: + Col. Idriss DEBY (since 4 December 1990) + Head of Government: + Prime Minister Jean ALINGUE Bawoyeu (since 8 March 1991) +Political parties and leaders: + Patriotic Salvation Movement (MPS; former dissident group), Idriss DEBY, + chairman; President DEBY has promised political pluralism, a new + constitution, and free elections by September 1993; numerous dissident + groups; national conference to be held in 1992 +Suffrage: + universal at age NA +Elections: + National Consultative Council: + last held 8 July 1990; disbanded 3 December 1990 + President: + last held 10 December 1989 (next to be held NA); results - President Hissein + HABRE was elected without opposition; note - the government of then + President HABRE fell on 1 December 1990, and Idriss DEBY seized power on 3 + December 1990; national conference scheduled for mid-1992 and election to + follow in 1993 +Communists: + no front organizations or underground party; probably a few Communists and + some sympathizers +Other political or pressure groups: + NA +Member of: + ACCT, ACP, AfDB, BDEAC, CEEAC, ECA, FAO, FZ, G-77, GATT, IBRD, ICAO, ICFTU, + IDA, IDB, IFAD, ILO, IMF, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, ITU, LORCS, NAM, OAU, + OIC, UDEAC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UPU, WCL, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO + +:Chad Government + +Diplomatic representation: + Ambassador ACHEIKH ibn Oumar; Chancery at 2002 R Street NW, Washington, DC + 20009; telephone (202) 462-4009 + US: + Ambassador Richard W. BOGOSIAN; Embassy at Avenue Felix Eboue, N'Djamena + (mailing address is B. P. 413, N'Djamena); telephone [235] (51) 62-18, + 40-09, or 51-62-11; FAX [235] 51-33-72 +Flag: + three equal vertical bands of blue (hoist side), yellow, and red; similar to + the flag of Romania; also similar to the flag of Andorra, which has a + national coat of arms featuring a quartered shield centered in the yellow + band; design was based on the flag of France + +:Chad Economy + +Overview: + The climate, geographic location, and lack of infrastructure and natural + resources potential make Chad one of the most underdeveloped countries in + the world. Its economy is burdened by the ravages of civil war, conflict + with Libya, drought, and food shortages. In 1986 real GDP returned to its + 1977 level, with cotton, the major cash crop, accounting for 48% of exports. + Over 80% of the work force is employed in subsistence farming and fishing. + Industry is based almost entirely on the processing of agricultural + products, including cotton, sugarcane, and cattle. Chad is highly dependent + on foreign aid, with its economy in trouble and many regions suffering from + shortages. Oil companies are exploring areas north of Lake Chad and in the + Doba basin in the south. Since coming to power in December 1990, the Deby + government has experienced a year of economic chaos. +GDP: + exchange rate conversion - $1.0 billion, per capita $205; real growth rate + 0.9% (1989 est.) +Inflation rate (consumer prices): + --4.9% (1989) +Unemployment rate: + NA +Budget: + entirely funded by outside donors +Exports: + $174 million (f.o.b., 1990 est.) + commodities: + cotton 48%, cattle 35%, textiles 5%, fish + partners: + France, Nigeria, Cameroon +Imports: + $264 million (c.i.f., 1990 est.) + commodities: + machinery and transportation equipment 39%, industrial goods 20%, petroleum + products 13%, foodstuffs 9%; note - excludes military equipment + partners: + US, France, Nigeria, Cameroon +External debt: + $530 million (December 1990 est.) +Industrial production: + growth rate 12.9% (1989 est.); accounts for nearly 15% of GDP +Electricity: + 40,000 kW capacity; 70 million kWh produced, 15 kWh per capita (1991) +Industries: + cotton textile mills, slaughterhouses, brewery, natron (sodium carbonate), + soap, cigarettes +Agriculture: + accounts for about 45% of GDP; largely subsistence farming; cotton most + important cash crop; food crops include sorghum, millet, peanuts, rice, + potatoes, manioc; livestock - cattle, sheep, goats, camels; self-sufficient + in food in years of adequate rainfall +Economic aid: + US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $198 million; Western (non-US) + countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $1.5 billion; OPEC + bilateral aid (1979-89), $28 million; Communist countries (1970-89), $80 + million +Currency: + Communaute Financiere Africaine franc (plural - francs); 1 CFA franc (CFAF) + = 100 centimes + +:Chad Economy + +Exchange rates: + Communaute Financiere Africaine Francs (CFAF) per US$1 - 269.01 (January + 1992), 282.11 (1991), 272.26 (1990), 319.01 (1989), 297.85 (1988), 300.54 + (1987) +Fiscal year: + calendar year + +:Chad Communications + +Highways: + 31,322 km total; 32 km bituminous; 7,300 km gravel and laterite; remainder + unimproved earth +Inland waterways: + 2,000 km navigable +Civil air: + 3 major transport aircraft +Airports: + 71 total, 55 usable; 4 with permanent-surface runways; none with runways + over 3,659 m; 4 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 25 with runways 1,220-2,439 m +Telecommunications: + fair system of radiocommunication stations for intercity links; broadcast + stations - 6 AM, 1 FM, limited TV service; many facilities are inoperative; + 1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT earth station + +:Chad Defense Forces + +Branches: + Army (includes Ground Forces, Air Force, and Gendarmerie), National Police, + Republican Guard +Manpower availability: + males 15-49, 1,217,728; 632,833 fit for military service; 50,966 reach + military age (20) annually +Defense expenditures: + exchange rate conversion - $39 million, 4.3% of GDP (1988) + +:Chile Geography + +Total area: + 756,950 km2 +Land area: + 748,800 km2; includes Isla de Pascua (Easter Island) and Isla Sala y Gomez +Comparative area: + slightly smaller than twice the size of Montana +Land boundaries: + 6,171 km; Argentina 5,150 km, Bolivia 861 km, Peru 160 km +Coastline: + 6,435 km +Maritime claims: + Contiguous zone: + 24 nm + Continental shelf: + 200 nm + Exclusive economic zone: + 200 nm + Territorial sea: + 12 nm +Disputes: + short section of the southern boundary with Argentina is indefinite; Bolivia + has wanted a sovereign corridor to the South Pacific Ocean since the Atacama + area was lost to Chile in 1884; dispute with Bolivia over Rio Lauca water + rights; territorial claim in Antarctica (Chilean Antarctic Territory) + partially overlaps Argentine claim +Climate: + temperate; desert in north; cool and damp in south +Terrain: + low coastal mountains; fertile central valley; rugged Andes in east +Natural resources: + copper, timber, iron ore, nitrates, precious metals, molybdenum +Land use: + arable land 7%; permanent crops NEGL%; meadows and pastures 16%; forest and + woodland 21%; other 56%; includes irrigated 2% +Environment: + subject to severe earthquakes, active volcanism, tsunami; Atacama Desert one + of world's driest regions; desertification +Note: + strategic location relative to sea lanes between Atlantic and Pacific Oceans + (Strait of Magellan, Beagle Channel, Drake Passage) + +:Chile People + +Population: + 13,528,945 (July 1992), growth rate 1.6% (1992) +Birth rate: + 21 births/1,000 population (1992) +Death rate: + 6 deaths/1,000 population (1992) +Net migration rate: + 0 migrants/1,000 population (1992) +Infant mortality rate: + 17 deaths/1,000 live births (1992) +Life expectancy at birth: + 71 years male, 77 years female (1992) +Total fertility rate: + 2.5 children born/woman (1992) +Nationality: + noun - Chilean(s); adjective - Chilean +Ethnic divisions: + European and European-Indian 95%, Indian 3%, other 2% +Religions: + Roman Catholic 89%, Protestant 11%, and small Jewish population +Languages: + Spanish +Literacy: + 93% (male 94%, female 93%) age 15 and over can read and write (1990 est.) +Labor force: + 4,728,000; services 38.3% (includes government 12%); industry and commerce + 33.8%; agriculture, forestry, and fishing 19.2%; mining 2.3%; construction + 6.4% (1990) +Organized labor: + 13% of labor force (1990) + +:Chile Government + +Long-form name: + Republic of Chile +Type: + republic +Capital: + Santiago +Administrative divisions: + 13 regions (regiones, singular - region); Aisen del General Carlos Ibanez + del Campo, Antofagasta, Araucania, Atacama, Bio-Bio, Coquimbo, Libertador + General Bernardo O'Higgins, Los Lagos, Magallanes y de la Antartica Chilena, + Maule, Region Metropolitana, Tarapaca, Valparaiso; note - the US does not + recognize claims to Antarctica +Independence: + 18 September 1810 (from Spain) +Constitution: + 11 September 1980, effective 11 March 1981; amended 30 July 1989 +Legal system: + based on Code of 1857 derived from Spanish law and subsequent codes + influenced by French and Austrian law; judicial review of legislative acts + in the Supreme Court; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction +National holiday: + Independence Day, 18 September (1810) +Executive branch: + president, Cabinet +Legislative branch: + bicameral National Congress (Congreso Nacional) consisting of an upper house + or Senate (Senado) and a lower house or Chamber of Deputies (Camara de + Diputados) +Judicial branch: + Supreme Court (Corte Suprema) +Leaders: + Chief of State and Head of Government: + President Patricio AYLWIN Azocar (since 11 March 1990) +Political parties and leaders: + Concertation of Parties for Democracy now consists mainly of five parties - + Christian Democratic Party (PDC), Eduardo FREI Ruiz-Tagle; Party for + Democracy (PPD), Erich SCHNAKE; Radical Party (PR), Carlos GONZALEZ Marquez; + Social Democratic Party (PSP), Roberto MUNOZ Barros; Socialist Party (PS), + Ricardo NUNEZ; National Renovation (RN), Andres ALLAMAND; Independent + Democratic Union (UDI), Julio DITTBORN; Center-Center Union (UCC), Francisco + Juner ERRAZURIZA; Communist Party of Chile (PCCh), Volodia TEITELBOIM; + Movement of Revolutionary Left (MIR) is splintered, no single leader +Suffrage: + universal and compulsory at age 18 +Elections: + Chamber of Deputies: + last held 14 December 1989 (next to be held December 1993 or January 1994); + results - percent of vote by party NA; seats - (120 total) Concertation of + Parties for Democracy 72 (PDC 38, PPD 17, PR 5, other 12), RN 29, UDI 11, + right-wing independents 8 + President: + last held 14 December 1989 (next to be held December 1993 or January 1994); + results - Patricio AYLWIN (PDC) 55.2%, Hernan BUCHI 29.4%, other 15.4% + Senate: + last held 14 December 1989 (next to be held December 1993 or January 1994); + results - percent of vote by party NA; seats - (46 total, 38 elected) + Concertation of Parties for Democracy 22 (PDC 13, PPD 5, PR 2, PSD 1, PRSD + 1), RN 6, UDI 2, independents 8 + +:Chile Government + +Communists: + The PCCh has legal party status and has less than 60,000 members +Other political or pressure groups: + revitalized university student federations at all major universities + dominated by opposition political groups; labor - United Labor Central (CUT) + includes trade unionists from the country's five largest labor + confederations; Roman Catholic Church +Member of: + CCC, ECLAC, FAO, G-11, G-77, GATT, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICFTU, IDA, IFAD, + IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INMARSAT, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, IOM, ISO, ITU, LAES, + LAIA, LORCS, OAS, OPANAL, PCA, RG, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNMOGIP, + UNTSO, UPU, WCL, WFTV, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO +Diplomatic representation: + Ambassador Patricio SILVA Echenique; Chancery at 1732 Massachusetts Avenue + NW, Washington, DC 20036; telephone (202) 785-1746; there are Chilean + Consulates General in Houston, Los Angeles, Miami, New York, Philadelphia, + and San Francisco + US: + Ambassador Curtis KAMMAN; Embassy at Codina Building, 1343 Agustinas, + Santiago (mailing address is APO AA 34033); telephone [56] (2) 671-0133; FAX + [56] (2) 699-1141 +Flag: + two equal horizontal bands of white (top) and red; there is a blue square + the same height as the white band at the hoist-side end of the white band; + the square bears a white five-pointed star in the center; design was based + on the US flag + +:Chile Economy + +Overview: + The government of President Aylwin, which took power in 1990, has opted to + retain the orthodox economic policies of Pinochet, although the share of + spending for social welfare has risen slightly. In 1991 growth in GDP + recovered to 5.5% (led by consumer spending) after only 2.1% growth in 1990. + The tight monetary policy of 1990 helped cut the rate of inflation from + 27.3% in 1990 to 18.7% in 1991. Despite a 12% drop in copper prices, the + trade surplus rose in 1991, and international reserves increased. + Inflationary pressures are not expected to ease much in 1992, and economic + growth is likely to approach 7%. +GDP: + exchange rate conversion - $30.5 billion, per capita $2,300; real growth + rate 5.5% (1991 est.) +Inflation rate (consumer prices): + 18.7% (1991) +Unemployment rate: + 6.5% (1991) +Budget: + revenues $7.6 billion; expenditures $8.3 billion, including capital + expenditures of $772 million (1991 est.) +Exports: + $8.9 billion (f.o.b., 1991) + commodities: + copper 50%, other metals and minerals 7%, wood products 6.5%, fish and + fishmeal 9%, fruits 5% (1989) + partners: + EC 36%, US 18%, Japan 14%, Brazil 6% (1989) +Imports: + $7.4 billion (f.o.b., 1991) + commodities: + petroleum, wheat, capital goods, spare parts, raw materials + partners: + EC 20%, US 20%, Japan 11%, Brazil 10% (1989) +External debt: + $16.2 billion (October 1991) +Industrial production: + growth rate 5.9% (1991 est.); accounts for 36% of GDP +Electricity: + 5,502,800 kW capacity; 21,470 million kWh produced, 1,616 kWh per capita + (1991) +Industries: + copper, other minerals, foodstuffs, fish processing, iron and steel, wood + and wood products, transport equipment, cement, textiles +Agriculture: + accounts for about 9% of GDP (including fishing and forestry); major + exporter of fruit, fish, and timber products; major crops - wheat, corn, + grapes, beans, sugar beets, potatoes, deciduous fruit; livestock products - + beef, poultry, wool; self-sufficient in most foods; 1989 fish catch of 6.1 + million metric tons; net agricultural importer +Economic aid: + US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $521 million; Western (non-US) + countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $1.6 billion; + Communist countries (1970-89), $386 million +Currency: + Chilean peso (plural - pesos); 1 Chilean peso (Ch$) = 100 centavos +Exchange rates: + Chilean pesos (Ch$) per US$1 - 368.66 (January 1992), 349.37 (1991), 305.06 + (1990), 267.16 (1989), 245.05 (1988), 219.54 (1987) + +:Chile Economy + +Fiscal year: + calendar year + +:Chile Communications + +Railroads: + 7,766 km total; 3,974 km 1.676-meter gauge, 150 km 1.435-meter standard + gauge, 3,642 km 1.000-meter gauge; electrification, 1,865 km 1.676-meter + gauge, 80 km 1.000-meter gauge +Highways: + 79,025 km total; 9,913 km paved, 33,140 km gravel, 35,972 km improved and + unimproved earth (1984) +Inland waterways: + 725 km +Pipelines: + crude oil 755 km; petroleum products 785 km; natural gas 320 km +Ports: + Antofagasta, Iquique, Puerto Montt, Punta Arenas, Valparaiso, San Antonio, + Talcahuano, Arica +Merchant marine: + 33 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 468,873 GRT/780,932 DWT; includes 11 + cargo, 1 refrigerated cargo, 3 roll-on/roll-off cargo, 2 petroleum tanker, 1 + chemical tanker, 3 liquefied gas, 3 combination ore/oil, 9 bulk; note - in + addition, 2 naval tanker and 2 military transport are sometimes used + commercially +Civil air: + 29 major transport aircraft +Airports: + 390 total, 349 usable; 48 with permanent-surface runways; none with runways + over 3,659 m; 12 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 58 with runways 1,220-2,439 m +Telecommunications: + modern telephone system based on extensive microwave relay facilities; + 768,000 telephones; broadcast stations - 159 AM, no FM, 131 TV, 11 + shortwave; satellite ground stations - 2 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT and 3 + domestic + +:Chile Defense Forces + +Branches: + Army of the Nation, National Navy (including Naval Air, Coast Guard, and + Marines), Air Force of the Nation, Carabineros of Chile (National Police), + Investigative Police +Manpower availability: + males 15-49, 3,600,654; 2,685,924 fit for military service; 118,480 reach + military age (19) annually +Defense expenditures: + exchange rate conversion - $1 billion, 3.4% of GDP (1991 est.) + +:China Geography + +Total area: + 9,596,960 km2 +Land area: + 9,326,410 km2 +Comparative area: + slightly larger than the US +Land boundaries: + 22,143.34 km; Afghanistan 76 km, Bhutan 470 km, Burma 2,185 km, Hong Kong 30 + km, India 3,380 km, Kazakhstan 1,533 km, North Korea 1,416 km, Kyrgyzstan + 858 km, Laos 423 km, Macau 0.34 km, Mongolia 4,673 km, Nepal 1,236 km, + Pakistan 523 km, Russia (northeast) 3,605 km, Russia (northwest) 40 km, + Tajikistan 414 km, Vietnam 1,281 km +Coastline: + 14,500 km +Maritime claims: + Continental shelf: + claim to shallow areas of East China Sea and Yellow Sea + Territorial sea: + 12 nm +Disputes: + boundary with India; bilateral negotiations are under way to resolve + disputed sections of the boundary with Russia; boundary with Tajikistan + under dispute: a short section of the boundary with North Korea is + indefinite; involved in a complex dispute over the Spratly Islands with + Malaysia, Philippines, Taiwan, Vietnam, and possibly Brunei; maritime + boundary dispute with Vietnam in the Gulf of Tonkin; Paracel Islands + occupied by China, but claimed by Vietnam and Taiwan; claims + Japanese-administered Senkaku-shoto, as does Taiwan, (Senkaku Islands/Diaoyu + Tai) +Climate: + extremely diverse; tropical in south to subarctic in north +Terrain: + mostly mountains, high plateaus, deserts in west; plains, deltas, and hills + in east +Natural resources: + coal, iron ore, crude oil, mercury, tin, tungsten, antimony, manganese, + molybdenum, vanadium, magnetite, aluminum, lead, zinc, uranium, world's + largest hydropower potential +Land use: + arable land 10%; permanent crops NEGL%; meadows and pastures 31%; forest and + woodland 14%; other 45%; includes irrigated 5% +Environment: + frequent typhoons (about five times per year along southern and eastern + coasts), damaging floods, tsunamis, earthquakes; deforestation; soil + erosion; industrial pollution; water pollution; air pollution; + desertification +Note: + world's third-largest country (after Russia and Canada) + +:China People + +Population: + 1,169,619,601 (July 1992), growth rate 1.6% (1992) +Birth rate: + 22 births/1,000 population (1992) +Death rate: + 7 deaths/1,000 population (1992) +Net migration rate: + 0 migrants/1,000 population (1992) +Infant mortality rate: + 32 deaths/1,000 live births (1992) +Life expectancy at birth: + 69 years male, 72 years female (1992) +Total fertility rate: + 2.3 children born/woman (1992) +Nationality: + noun - Chinese (singular and plural); adjective - Chinese +Ethnic divisions: + Han Chinese 93.3%; Zhuang, Uygur, Hui, Yi, Tibetan, Miao, Manchu, Mongol, + Buyi, Korean, and other nationalities 6.7% +Religions: + officially atheist, but traditionally pragmatic and eclectic; most important + elements of religion are Confucianism, Taoism, and Buddhism; Muslim 2-3%, + Christian 1% (est.) +Languages: + Standard Chinese (Putonghua) or Mandarin (based on the Beijing dialect); + also Yue (Cantonese), Wu (Shanghainese), Minbei (Fuzhou), Minnan + (Hokkien-Taiwanese), Xiang, Gan, Hakka dialects, and minority languages (see + ethnic divisions) +Literacy: + 73% (male 84%, female 62%) age 15 and over can read and write (1990 est.) +Labor force: + 567,400,000; agriculture and forestry 60%, industry and commerce 25%, + construction and mining 5%, social services 5%, other 5% (1990 est.) +Organized labor: + All-China Federation of Trade Unions (ACFTU) follows the leadership of the + Chinese Communist Party; membership over 80 million or about 65% of the + urban work force (1985) + +:China Government + +Long-form name: + People's Republic of China; abbreviated PRC +Type: + Communist Party - led state +Capital: + Beijing +Administrative divisions: + 23 provinces (sheng, singular and plural), 5 autonomous regions* (zizhiqu, + singular and plural), and 3 municipalities** (shi, singular and plural); + Anhui, Beijing Shi**, Fujian, Gansu, Guangdong, Guangxi*, Guizhou, Hainan, + Hebei, Heilongjiang, Henan, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Jilin, Liaoning, + Nei Mongol*, Ningxia*, Qinghai, Shaanxi, Shandong, Shanghai Shi**, Shanxi, + Sichuan, Tianjin Shi**, Xinjiang*, Xizang*, Yunnan, Zhejiang; note - China + considers Taiwan its 23rd province +Independence: + unification under the Qin (Ch'in) Dynasty 221 BC, Qing (Ch'ing) Dynasty + replaced by the Republic on 12 February 1912, People's Republic established + 1 October 1949 +Constitution: + most recent promulgated 4 December 1982 +Legal system: + a complex amalgam of custom and statute, largely criminal law; rudimentary + civil code in effect since 1 January 1987; new legal codes in effect since 1 + January 1980; continuing efforts are being made to improve civil, + administrative, criminal, and commercial law +National holiday: + National Day, 1 October (1949) +Executive branch: + president, vice president, premier, five vice premiers, State Council +Legislative branch: + unicameral National People's Congress (Quanguo Renmin Daibiao Dahui) +Judicial branch: + Supreme People's Court +Leaders: + Chief of State: + President YANG Shangkun (since 8 April 1988); Vice President WANG Zhen + (since 8 April 1988) + Chief of State and Head of Government (de facto): + DENG Xiaoping (since mid-1977) + Head of Government: + Premier LI Peng (Acting Premier since 24 November 1987, Premier since 9 + April 1988); Vice Premier YAO Yilin (since 2 July 1979); Vice Premier TIAN + Jiyun (since 20 June 1983); Vice Premier WU Xueqian (since 12 April 1988); + Vice Premier ZOU Jiahua (since 8 April 1991); Vice Premier ZHU Rongji (since + 8 April 1991) +Political parties and leaders: + - Chinese Communist Party (CCP), JIANG Zemin, general secretary of the + Central Committee (since 24 June 1989); also, eight registered small parties + controlled by CCP +Suffrage: + universal at age 18 +Elections: + National People's Congress: + last held March 1988 (next to be held March 1993); results - CCP is the only + party but there are also independents; seats - (2,976 total) CCP and + independents 2,976 (indirectly elected at county or xian level) + President: + last held 8 April 1988 (next to be held March 1993); results - YANG Shangkun + was nominally elected by the Seventh National People's Congress + +:China Government + +Communists: + 49,000,000 party members (1990 est.) +Other political or pressure groups: + such meaningful opposition as exists consists of loose coalitions, usually + within the party and government organization, that vary by issue +Member of: + AfDB, APEC, AsDB, CCC, ESCAP, FAO, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, + IMF, IMO, INMARSAT, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, ISO, ITU, LORCS, PCA, UN, + UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UN Security Council, UNTSO, UN Trusteeship + Council, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO +Diplomatic representation: + Ambassador ZHU Qizhen; Chancery at 2300 Connecticut Avenue NW, Washington, + DC 20008; telephone (202) 328-2500 through 2502; there are Chinese + Consulates General in Chicago, Houston, Los Angeles, New York, and San + Francisco + US: + Ambassador J. Stapleton ROY; Embassy at Xiu Shui Bei Jie 3, Beijing (mailing + address is 100600, PSC 461, Box 50, Beijing or FPO AP 96521-0002); telephone + [86] (1) 532-3831; FAX [86] (1) 532-3178; there are US Consulates General in + Chengdu, Guangzhou, Shanghai, and Shenyang +Flag: + red with a large yellow five-pointed star and four smaller yellow + five-pointed stars (arranged in a vertical arc toward the middle of the + flag) in the upper hoist-side corner + +:China Economy + +Overview: + Beginning in late 1978 the Chinese leadership has been trying to move the + economy from the sluggish Soviet-style centrally planned economy to a more + productive and flexible economy with market elements, but still within the + framework of monolithic Communist control. To this end the authorities have + switched to a system of household responsibility in agriculture in place of + the old collectivization, increased the authority of local officials and + plant managers in industry, permitted a wide variety of small-scale + enterprise in services and light manufacturing, and opened the foreign + economic sector to increased trade and joint ventures. The most gratifying + result has been a strong spurt in production, particularly in agriculture in + the early 1980s. Industry also has posted major gains, especially in coastal + areas near Hong Kong and opposite Taiwan, where foreign investment and + modern production methods have helped spur production of both domestic and + export goods. Aggregate output has more than doubled since 1978. On the + darker side, the leadership has often experienced in its hybrid system the + worst results of socialism (bureaucracy, lassitude, corruption) and of + capitalism (windfall gains and stepped-up inflation). Beijing thus has + periodically backtracked, retightening central controls at intervals and + thereby lessening the credibility of the reform process. In 1991 output rose + substantially, particularly in the favored coastal areas. Popular + resistance, changes in central policy, and loss of authority by rural cadres + have weakened China's population control program, which is essential to the + nation's long-term economic viability. +GNP: + $NA, per capita $NA; real growth rate 6% (1991) +Inflation rate (consumer prices): + 2.1% (1991) +Unemployment rate: + 4.0% in urban areas (1991) +Budget: + deficit $9.5 billion (1990) +Exports: + $71.9 billion (f.o.b., 1991) + commodities: + textiles, garments, telecommunications and recording equipment, petroleum, + minerals + partners: + Hong Kong, Japan, US, USSR, Singapore (1990) +Imports: + $63.8 billion (c.i.f., 1991) + commodities: + specialized industrial machinery, chemicals, manufactured goods, steel, + textile yarn, fertilizer + partners: + Hong Kong, Japan, US, Germany, Taiwan (1990) +External debt: + $51 billion (1990 est.) +Industrial production: + growth rate 14.0% (1991); accounts for 45% of GNP +Electricity: + 138,000,000 kW capacity (1990); 670,000 million kWh produced (1991), 582 kWh + per capita (1991) +Industries: + iron, steel, coal, machine building, armaments, textiles, petroleum, cement, + chemical fertilizers, consumer durables, food processing + +:China Economy + +Agriculture: + accounts for 26% of GNP; among the world's largest producers of rice, + potatoes, sorghum, peanuts, tea, millet, barley, and pork; commercial crops + include cotton, other fibers, and oilseeds; produces variety of livestock + products; basically self-sufficient in food; fish catch of 8 million metric + tons in 1986 +Illicit drugs: + transshipment point for heroin produced in the Golden Triangle +Economic aid: + donor - to less developed countries (1970-89) $7.0 billion; US commitments, + including Ex-Im (FY70-87), $220.7 million; Western (non-US) countries, ODA + and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-87), $13.5 billion +Currency: + yuan (plural - yuan); 1 yuan (Y) = 10 jiao +Exchange rates: + yuan (Y) per US$1 - 5.4481 (January 1992), 5.3234 (1991), 4.7832 (1990), + 3.7651 (1989), 3.7221 (1988), 3.7221 (1987) +Fiscal year: + calendar year + +:China Communications + +Railroads: + total about 54,000 km common carrier lines; 53,400 km 1.435-meter standard + gauge; 600 km 1.000-meter gauge; of these 11,200 km are double track + standard-gauge lines; 6,900 km electrified (1990); 10,000 km dedicated + industrial lines (gauges range from 0.762 to 1.067 meters) +Highways: + about 1,029,000 km (1990) all types roads; 170,000 km (est.) paved roads, + 648,000 km (est.) gravel/improved earth roads, 211,000 km (est.) unimproved + earth roads and tracks +Inland waterways: + 138,600 km; about 109,800 km navigable +Pipelines: + crude oil 9,700 km (1990); petroleum products 1,100 km; natural gas 6,200 km +Ports: + Dalian, Guangzhou, Huangpu, Qingdao, Qinhuangdao, Shanghai, Xingang, + Zhanjiang, Ningbo, Xiamen, Tanggu, Shantou +Merchant marine: + 1,454 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 13,887,312 GRT/20,916,127 DWT; + includes 25 passenger, 42 short-sea passenger, 18 passenger-cargo, 6 + cargo/training, 801 cargo, 10 refrigerated cargo, 77 container, 19 + roll-on/roll-off cargo, 1 multifunction/barge carrier, 177 petroleum tanker, + 10 chemical tanker, 254 bulk, 3 liquefied gas, 1 vehicle carrier, 9 + combination bulk, 1 barge carrier; note - China beneficially owns an + additional 194 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling approximately 7,077,089 + DWT that operate under Panamanian, British, Hong Kong, Maltese, Liberian, + Vanuatu, Cyprus, and Saint Vincent registry +Civil air: + 284 major transport aircraft (1988 est.) +Airports: + 330 total, 330 usable; 260 with permanent-surface runways; fewer than 10 + with runways over 3,500 m; 90 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 200 with runways + 1,220-2,439 m +Telecommunications: + domestic and international services are increasingly available for private + use; unevenly distributed internal system serves principal cities, + industrial centers, and most townships; 11,000,000 telephones (December + 1989); broadcast stations - 274 AM, unknown FM, 202 (2,050 repeaters) TV; + more than 215 million radio receivers; 75 million TVs; satellite earth + stations - 4 Pacific Ocean INTELSAT, 1 Indian Ocean INTELSAT, 1 INMARSAT, + and 55 domestic + +:China Defense Forces + +Branches: + People's Liberation Army (PLA), PLA Navy (including Marines), PLA Air Force, + People's Armed Police +Manpower availability: + males 15-49, 339,554,712; 188,995,620 fit for military service; 11,691,967 + reach military age (18) annually +Defense expenditures: + exchange rate conversion - $12-15 billion, NA of GNP (1991 est.) + +:Christmas Island Geography + +Total area: + 135 km2 +Land area: + 135 km2 +Comparative area: + about 0.8 times the size of Washington, DC +Land boundaries: + none +Coastline: + 138.9 km +Maritime claims: + Contiguous zone: + 12 nm + Exclusive fishing zone: + 200 nm + Territorial sea: + 3 nm +Disputes: + none +Climate: + tropical; heat and humidity moderated by trade winds +Terrain: + steep cliffs along coast rise abruptly to central plateau +Natural resources: + phosphate +Land use: + arable land 0%; permanent crops 0%; meadows and pastures 0%; forest and + woodland 0%; other 100% +Environment: + almost completely surrounded by a reef +Note: + located along major sea lanes of Indian Ocean + +:Christmas Island People + +Population: + 929 (July 1992), growth rate NA% (1992) +Birth rate: + NA births/1,000 population (1992) +Death rate: + NA deaths/1,000 population (1992) +Net migration rate: + NA migrants/1,000 population (1992) +Infant mortality rate: + NA deaths/1,000 live births (1992) +Life expectancy at birth: + NA years male, NA years female (1992) +Total fertility rate: + NA children born/woman (1992) +Nationality: + noun - Christmas Islander(s); adjective - Christmas Island +Ethnic divisions: + Chinese 61%, Malay 25%, European 11%, other 3%; no indigenous population +Religions: + Buddhist 36.1%, Muslim 25.4%, Christian 17.7% (Roman Catholic 8.2%, Church + of England 3.2%, Presbyterian 0.9%, Uniting Church 0.4%, Methodist 0.2%, + Baptist 0.1%, and other 4.7%), none 12.7%, unknown 4.6%, other 3.5% (1981) +Languages: + English +Literacy: + NA% (male NA%, female NA%) +Labor force: + NA; all workers are employees of the Phosphate Mining Company of Christmas + Island, Ltd. +Organized labor: + NA + +:Christmas Island Government + +Long-form name: + Territory of Christmas Island +Type: + territory of Australia +Capital: + The Settlement +Administrative divisions: + none (territory of Australia) +Independence: + none (territory of Australia) +Constitution: + Christmas Island Act of 1958 +Legal system: + under the authority of the governor general of Australia +National holiday: + NA +Executive branch: + British monarch, governor general of Australia, administrator, Advisory + Council (cabinet) +Legislative branch: + none +Judicial branch: + none +Leaders: + Chief of State: + Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952) + Head of Government: + Administrator W. A. MCKENZIE (since NA) +Member of: + none +Diplomatic representation: + none (territory of Australia) +Flag: + the flag of Australia is used + +:Christmas Island Economy + +Overview: + Phosphate mining had been the only significant economic activity, but in + December 1987 the Australian Government closed the mine as no longer + economically viable. Plans have been under way to reopen the mine and also + to build a casino and hotel to develop tourism, with a possible opening date + during the first half of 1992. +GDP: + NA - $NA, per capita $NA; real growth rate NA% +Inflation rate (consumer prices): + NA% +Unemployment rate: + NA% +Budget: + revenues $NA; expenditures $NA, including capital expenditures of $NA +Exports: + $NA + commodities: + phosphate + partners: + Australia, NZ +Imports: + $NA + commodities: + NA + partners: + NA +External debt: + $NA +Industrial production: + growth rate NA% +Electricity: + 11,000 kW capacity; 30 million kWh produced, 13,170 kWh per capita (1990) +Industries: + phosphate extraction (near depletion) +Agriculture: + NA +Economic aid: + none +Currency: + Australian dollar (plural - dollars); 1 Australian dollar ($A) = 100 cents +Exchange rates: + Australian dollars ($A) per US$1 - 1.3360 (January 1992), 1.2836 (1991), + 1.2799 (1990), 1.2618 (1989), 1.2752 (1988), 1.4267 (1987) +Fiscal year: + 1 July - 30 June + +:Christmas Island Communications + +Ports: + Flying Fish Cove +Airports: + 1 usable with permanent-surface runway 1,220-2,439 m +Telecommunications: + 4,000 radios (1982) + +:Christmas Island Defense Forces + +Note: + defense is the responsibility of Australia + +:Clipperton Island Geography + +Total area: + 7 km2 +Land area: + 7 km2 +Comparative area: + about 12 times the size of the Mall in Washington, DC +Land boundaries: + none +Coastline: + 11.1 km +Maritime claims: + Exclusive economic zone: + 200 nm + Territorial sea: + 12 nm +Disputes: + claimed by Mexico +Climate: + tropical +Terrain: + coral atoll +Natural resources: + none +Land use: + arable land 0%; permanent crops 0%; meadows and pastures 0%; forest and + woodland 0%; other (coral) 100% +Environment: + reef about 8 km in circumference +Note: + located 1,120 km southwest of Mexico in the North Pacific Ocean; also called + Ile de la Passion + +:Clipperton Island People + +Population: + uninhabited + +:Clipperton Island Government + +Long-form name: + none +Type: + French possession administered by France from French Polynesia by High + Commissioner of the Republic Jean MONTPEZAT +Capital: + none; administered by France from French Polynesia + +:Clipperton Island Economy + +Overview: + The only economic activity is a tuna fishing station. + +:Clipperton Island Communications + +Ports: + none; offshore anchorage only + +:Clipperton Island Defense Forces + +Note: + defense is the responsibility of France + +:Cocos Islands Geography + +Total area: + 14 km2 +Land area: + 14 km2; main islands are West Island and Home Island +Comparative area: + about 24 times the size of the Mall in Washington, DC +Land boundaries: + none +Coastline: + 2.6 km +Maritime claims: + Exclusive fishing zone: + 200 nm + Territorial sea: + 3 nm +Disputes: + none +Climate: + pleasant, modified by the southeasttrade wind for about nine months of the + year; moderate rain fall +Terrain: + flat, low-lying coral atolls +Natural resources: + fish +Land use: + arable land 0%; permanent crops 0%; meadows and pastures 0%; forest and + woodland 0%; other 100% +Environment: + two coral atolls thickly covered with coconut palms and other vegetation +Note: + located 1,070 km southwest of Sumatra (Indonesia) in the Indian Ocean about + halfway between Australia and Sri Lanka + +:Cocos Islands People + +Population: + 597 (July 1992), growth rate - 0.5% (1992) +Birth rate: + NA births/1,000 population (1992) +Death rate: + NA deaths/1,000 population (1992) +Net migration rate: + NA migrants/1,000 population (1992) +Infant mortality rate: + NA deaths/1,000 live births (1992) +Life expectancy at birth: + NA years male, NA years female (1992) +Total fertility rate: + NA children born/woman (1992) +Nationality: + noun - Cocos Islander(s); adjective - Cocos Islander +Ethnic divisions: + mostly Europeans on West Island and Cocos Malays on Home Island +Religions: + almost all Sunni Muslims +Languages: + English +Literacy: + NA% (male NA%, female NA%) +Labor force: + NA +Organized labor: + none + +:Cocos Islands Government + +Long-form name: + Territory of Cocos (Keeling) Islands +Type: + territory of Australia +Capital: + West Island +Administrative divisions: + none (territory of Australia) +Independence: + none (territory of Australia) +Constitution: + Cocos (Keeling) Islands Act of 1955 +Legal system: + based upon the laws of Australia and local laws +National holiday: + NA +Executive branch: + British monarch, governor general of Australia, administrator, chairman of + the Islands Council +Legislative branch: + unicameral Islands Council +Judicial branch: + Supreme Court +Leaders: + Chief of State: + Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952) + Head of Government: + Administrator B. CUNNINGHAM (since NA); Chairman of the Islands Council Haji + Wahin bin BYNIE (since NA) +Suffrage: + NA +Elections: + NA +Member of: + none +Diplomatic representation: + none (territory of Australia) +Flag: + the flag of Australia is used + +:Cocos Islands Economy + +Overview: + Grown throughout the islands, coconuts are the sole cash crop. Copra and + fresh coconuts are the major export earners. Small local gardens and fishing + contribute to the food supply, but additional food and most other + necessities must be imported from Australia. +GDP: + $NA, per capita $NA; real growth rate NA% +Inflation rate (consumer prices): + NA% +Budget: + revenues $NA; expenditures $NA, including capital expenditures of $NA +Exports: + $NA + commodities: + copra + partners: + Australia +Imports: + $NA + commodities: + foodstuffs + partners: + Australia +External debt: + $NA +Industrial production: + growth rate NA% +Electricity: + 1,000 kW capacity; 2 million kWh produced, 2,980 kWh per capita (1990) +Industries: + copra products +Agriculture: + gardens provide vegetables, bananas, pawpaws, coconuts +Economic aid: + none +Currency: + Australian dollar (plural - dollars); 1 Australian dollar ($A) = 100 cents +Exchange rates: + Australian dollars ($A) per US$1 - 1.3360 (January 1992), 1.2836 (1991), + 1.2799 (1990), 1.2618 (1989), 1.2752 (1988), 1.4267 (1987) +Fiscal year: + 1 July - 30 June + +:Cocos Islands Communications + +Ports: + none; lagoon anchorage only +Airports: + 1 airfield with permanent-surface runway, 1,220-2,439 m; airport on West + Island is a link in service between Australia and South Africa +Telecommunications: + 250 radios (1985); linked by telephone, telex, and facsimile communications + via satellite with Australia; broadcast stations - 1 AM, no FM, no TV + +:Cocos Islands Defense Forces + +Note: + defense is the responsibility of Australia + +:Colombia Geography + +Total area: + 1,138,910 km2 +Land area: + 1,038,700 km2; includes Isla de Malpelo, Roncador Cay, Serrana Bank, and + Serranilla Bank +Comparative area: + slightly less than three times the size of Montana +Land boundaries: + 7,408 km; Brazil 1,643 km, Ecuador 590 km, Panama 225 km, Peru 2,900, + Venezuela 2,050 km +Coastline: + 3,208 km; Caribbean Sea 1,760 km, North Pacific Ocean 1,448 km +Maritime claims: + Continental shelf: + not specified + Exclusive economic zone: + 200 nm + Territorial sea: + 12 nm +Disputes: + maritime boundary dispute with Venezuela in the Gulf of Venezuela; + territorial dispute with Nicaragua over Archipelago de San Andres y + Providencia and Quita Sueno Bank +Climate: + tropical along coast and eastern plains; cooler in highlands +Terrain: + flat coastal lowlands, central highlands, high Andes mountains, eastern + lowland plains +Natural resources: + crude oil, natural gas, coal, iron ore, nickel, gold, copper, emeralds +Land use: + arable land 4%; permanent crops 2%; meadows and pastures 29%; forest and + woodland 49%; other 16%; includes irrigated NEGL% +Environment: + highlands subject to volcanic eruptions; deforestation; soil damage from + overuse of pesticides; periodic droughts +Note: + only South American country with coastlines on both North Pacific Ocean and + Caribbean Sea + +:Colombia People + +Population: + 34,296,941 (July 1992), growth rate 1.9% (1992) +Birth rate: + 24 births/1,000 population (1992) +Death rate: + 5 deaths/1,000 population (1992) +Net migration rate: + NEGL migrants/1,000 population (1992) +Infant mortality rate: + 31 deaths/1,000 live births (1992) +Life expectancy at birth: + 69 years male, 74 years female (1992) +Total fertility rate: + 2.6 children born/woman (1992) +Nationality: + noun - Colombian(s); adjective - Colombian +Ethnic divisions: + mestizo 58%, white 20%, mulatto 14%, black 4%, mixed black-Indian 3%, Indian + 1% +Religions: + Roman Catholic 95% +Languages: + Spanish +Literacy: + 87% (male 88%, female 86%) age 15 and over can read and write (1990 est.) +Labor force: + 12,000,000 (1990); services 46%, agriculture 30%, industry 24% (1990) +Organized labor: + 984,000 members (1989), about 8.2% of labor force; the Communist-backed + Unitary Workers Central or CUT is the largest labor organization, with about + 725,000 members (including all affiliate unions) + +:Colombia Government + +Long-form name: + Republic of Colombia +Type: + republic; executive branch dominates government structure +Capital: + Bogota +Administrative divisions: + 23 departments (departamentos, singular - departamento), 5 commissariats* + (comisarias, singular - comisaria), and 4 intendancies** (intendencias, + singular - intendencia); Amazonas*, Antioquia, Arauca**, Atlantico, Bolivar, + Boyaca, Caldas, Caqueta, Casanare**, Cauca, Cesar, Choco, Cordoba, + Cundinamarca, Guainia*, Guaviare*, Huila, La Guajira, Magdalena, Meta, + Narino, Norte de Santander, Putumayo**, Quindio, Risaralda, San Andres y + Providencia**, Santander, Sucre, Tolima, Valle del Cauca, Vaupes*, Vichada*; + note - there may be a new special district (distrito especial) named Bogota; + the Constitution of 5 July 1991 states that the commissariats and + intendancies are to become full departments and a capital district (distrito + capital) of Santa Fe de Bogota is to be established by 1997 +Independence: + 20 July 1810 (from Spain) +Constitution: + 5 July 1991 +Legal system: + based on Spanish law; judicial review of legislative acts in the Supreme + Court; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with reservations +National holiday: + Independence Day, 20 July (1810) +Executive branch: + president, presidential designate, Cabinet +Legislative branch: + bicameral Congress (Congreso) consists of a nationally elected upper chamber + or Senate (Senado) and a nationally elected lower chamber or House of + Representatives (Camara de Representantes) +Judicial branch: + Supreme Court of Justice (Corte Suprema de Justica) +Leaders: + Chief of State and Head of Government: + President Cesar GAVIRIA Trujillo (since 7 August 1990) +Political parties and leaders: + Liberal Party (PL), Cesar GAVIRIA Trujillo, president; Social Conservative + Party (PCS), Misael PASTRANA Borrero; National Salvation Movement (MSN), + Alvaro GOMEZ Hurtado; Democratic Alliance M-19 (AD/M-19) is headed by 19th + of April Movement (M-19) leader Antonio NAVARRO Wolf, coalition of small + leftist parties and dissident liberals and conservatives; Patriotic Union + (UP) is a legal political party formed by Revolutionary Armed Forces of + Colombia (FARC) and Colombian Communist Party (PCC), Carlos ROMERO +Suffrage: + universal at age 18 +Elections: + President: + last held 27 May 1990 (next to be held May 1994); results - Cesar GAVIRIA + Trujillo (Liberal) 47%, Alvaro GOMEZ Hurtado (National Salvation Movement) + 24%, Antonio NAVARRO Wolff (M-19) 13%, Rodrigo LLOREDA (Conservative) 12% + Senate: + last held 27 October 1991 (next to be held March 1994); results - percent of + vote by party NA; seats - (102 total) Liberal 58, Conservative 22, AD/M-19 + 9, MSN 5, UP 1, others 7 + +:Colombia Government + + House of Representatives: + last held 27 October 1991 (next to be held March 1994); results - percent of + vote by party NA; seats - (161 total) Liberal 87, Conservative 31, AD/M-19 + 13, MSN 10, UP 3, other 17 +Communists: + 18,000 members (est.), including Communist Party Youth Organization (JUCO) +Other political or pressure groups: + three insurgent groups are active in Colombia - Revolutionary Armed Forces + of Colombia (FARC), led by Manuel MARULANDA and Alfonso CANO; National + Liberation Army (ELN), led by Manuel PEREZ; and dissidents of the recently + demobilized People's Liberation Army (EPL) led by Francisco CARABALLO +Member of: + AG, CDB, CG, ECLAC, FAO, G-3, G-11, G-24, G-77, GATT, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, + ICAO, ICC, ICFTU, IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INMARSAT, INTELSAT, + INTERPOL, IOC, IOM, ISO, ITU, LAES, LAIA, LORCS, NAM, OAS, OPANAL, PCA, RG, + UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UPU, WCL, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO +Diplomatic representation: + Ambassador Jaime GARCIA Parra; Chancery at 2118 Leroy Place NW, Washington, + DC 20008; telephone (202) 387-8338; there are Colombian Consulates General + in Chicago, Houston, Miami, New Orleans, New York, San Francisco, and San + Juan (Puerto Rico), and Consulates in Atlanta, Boston, Detroit, Los Angeles, + and Tampa + US: + Ambassador Morris D. BUSBY; Embassy at Calle 38, No. 8-61, Bogota (mailing + address is P. O. Box A. A. 3831, Bogota or APO AA 34038); telephone [57] (1) + 285-1300 or 1688; FAX [571] 288-5687; there is a US Consulate in + Barranquilla +Flag: + three horizontal bands of yellow (top, double-width), blue, and red; similar + to the flag of Ecuador, which is longer and bears the Ecuadorian coat of + arms superimposed in the center + +:Colombia Economy + +Overview: + Economic development has slowed gradually since 1986, but growth rates + remain high by Latin American standards. Conservative economic policies have + kept inflation and unemployment near 30% and 10%, respectively. The rapid + development of oil, coal, and other nontraditional industries over the past + four years has helped to offset the decline in coffee prices - Colombia's + major export. The collapse of the International Coffee Agreement in the + summer of 1989, a troublesome rural insurgency, and drug-related violence + have dampened growth, but significant economic reforms are likely to + facilitate a resurgent economy in the medium term. These reforms center on + fiscal restraint, trade liberalization, and privatization of state utilities + and commercial banks. +GDP: + exchange rate conversion - $45 billion, per capita $1,300; real growth rate + 3.7% (1990 est.) +Inflation rate (consumer prices): + 26.8% (1991) +Unemployment rate: + 10.5% (1991) +Budget: + revenues $4.39 billion; current expenditures $3.93 billion, capital + expenditures $1.03 billion (1989 est.) +Exports: + $7.5 billion (f.o.b., 1991) + commodities: + petroleum (19%), coffee, coal, bananas, fresh cut flowers + partners: + US 40%, EC 21%, Japan 5%, Netherlands 4%, Sweden 3% +Imports: + $6.1 billion (c.i.f., 1991) + commodities: + industrial equipment, transportation equipment, foodstuffs, chemicals, paper + products + partners: + US 36%, EC 16%, Brazil 4%, Venezuela 3%, Japan 3% +External debt: + $17.0 billion (1991) +Industrial production: + growth rate 1% (1991 est.); accounts for 21% of GDP +Electricity: + 9,624,000 kW capacity; 38,856 million kWh produced, 1,150 kWh per capita + (1991) +Industries: + textiles, food processing, oil, clothing and footwear, beverages, chemicals, + metal products, cement; mining - gold, coal, emeralds, iron, nickel, silver, + salt +Agriculture: + growth rate 3% (1991 est.) accounts for 22% of GDP; crops make up two-thirds + and livestock one-third of agricultural output; climate and soils permit a + wide variety of crops, such as coffee, rice, tobacco, corn, sugarcane, cocoa + beans, oilseeds, vegetables; forest products and shrimp farming are becoming + more important +Illicit drugs: + illicit producer of cannabis, coca, and opium; about 37,500 hectares of coca + under cultivation; major supplier of cocaine to the US and other + international drug markets + +:Colombia Economy + +Economic aid: + US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $1.6 billion; Western (non-US) + countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $3.3 billion, + Communist countries (1970-89), $399 million +Currency: + Colombian peso (plural - pesos); 1 Colombian peso (Col$) = 100 centavos +Exchange rates: + Colombian pesos (Col$) per US$1 - 711.88 (January 1992), 633.08 (1991), + 550.00 (1990), 435.00 (1989), 336.00 (1988), 242.61 (1987) +Fiscal year: + calendar year + +:Colombia Communications + +Railroads: + 3,386 km; 3,236 km 0.914-meter gauge, single track (2,611 km in use), 150 km + 1. 435-meter gauge +Highways: + 75,450 km total; 9,350 km paved, 66,100 km earth and gravel surfaces +Inland waterways: + 14,300 km, navigable by river boats +Pipelines: + crude oil 3,585 km; petroleum products 1,350 km; natural gas 830 km; natural + gas liquids 125 km +Ports: + Barranquilla, Buenaventura, Cartagena, Covenas, San Andres, Santa Marta, + Tumaco +Merchant marine: + 31 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 289,794 GRT/443,369 DWT; includes 9 + cargo, 1 chemical tanker, 3 petroleum tanker, 8 bulk, 10 container; note - + in addition, 2 naval tankers are sometimes used commercially +Civil air: + 83 major transport aircraft +Airports: + 1,167 total, 1,023 usable; 70 with permanent-surface runways; 1 with runways + over 3,659 m; 8 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 191 with runways 1,220-2,439 m +Telecommunications: + nationwide radio relay system; 1,890,000 telephones; broadcast stations - + 413 AM, no FM, 33 TV, 28 shortwave; 2 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT earth stations + and 11 domestic satellite earth stations + +:Colombia Defense Forces + +Branches: + Army (Ejercito Nacional), Navy (Armada Nacional, including Marines), Air + Force (Fuerza Aerea de Colombia), National Police (Policia Nacional) +Manpower availability: + males 15-49, 9,214,691; 6,240,601 fit for military service; 353,691 reach + military age (18) annually +Defense expenditures: + exchange rate conversion - $624 million, 1.4% of GDP (1991) + +:Comoros Geography + +Total area: + 2,170 km2 +Land area: + 2,170 km2 +Comparative area: + slightly more than 12 times the size of Washington, DC +Land boundaries: + none +Coastline: + 340 km +Maritime claims: + Exclusive economic zone: + 200 nm + Territorial sea: + 12 nm +Disputes: + claims French-administered Mayotte +Climate: + tropical marine; rainy season (November to May) +Terrain: + volcanic islands, interiors vary from steep mountains to low hills +Natural resources: + negligible +Land use: + arable land 35%; permanent crops 8%; meadows and pastures 7%; forest and + woodland 16%; other 34% +Environment: + soil degradation and erosion; deforestation; cyclones possible during rainy + season +Note: + important location at northern end of Mozambique Channel + +:Comoros People + +Population: + 493,853 (July 1992), growth rate 3.5% (1992) +Birth rate: + 47 births/1,000 population (1992) +Death rate: + 12 deaths/1,000 population (1992) +Net migration rate: + 0 migrants/1,000 population (1992) +Infant mortality rate: + 84 deaths/1,000 live births (1992) +Life expectancy at birth: + 55 years male, 59 years female (1992) +Total fertility rate: + 6.9 children born/woman (1992) +Nationality: + noun - Comoran(s); adjective - Comoran +Ethnic divisions: + Antalote, Cafre, Makoa, Oimatsaha, Sakalava +Religions: + Sunni Muslim 86%, Roman Catholic 14% +Languages: + official languages are Arabic and French but majority of population speak + Comoran, a blend of Swahili and Arabic +Literacy: + 48% (male 56%, female 40%) age 15 and over can read and write (1980) +Labor force: + 140,000 (1982); agriculture 80%, government 3%; 51% of population of working + age (1985) +Organized labor: + NA + +:Comoros Government + +Long-form name: + Federal Islamic Republic of the Comoros +Type: + independent republic +Capital: + Moroni +Administrative divisions: + three islands; Njazidja, Nzwani, and Mwali, formerly Grand Comore, Anjouan, + and Moheli respectively; note - there are also four municipalities named + Domoni, Fomboni, Moroni, and Mutsamudu +Independence: + 31 December 1975 (from France) +Constitution: + 1 October 1978, amended October 1982 and January 1985 +Legal system: + French and Muslim law in a new consolidated code +National holiday: + Independence Day, 6 July (1975) +Executive branch: + president, Council of Ministers (cabinet) +Legislative branch: + unicameral Federal Assembly (Assemblee Federale) +Judicial branch: + Supreme Court (Cour Supreme) +Leaders: + Chief of State and Head of Government: + President Said Mohamed DJOHAR (since 11 March 1990); coordinator of National + Unity Government (de facto prime minister) - Mohamed Taki ABDULKARIM (1 + January 1992) +Suffrage: + universal at age 18 +Elections: + Federal Assembly: + last held 22 March 1987 (next to be held March 1992); results - percent of + vote by party NA; seats - (42 total) Udzima 42 + President: + last held 11 March 1990 (next to be held March 1996); results - Said Mohamed + DJOHAR (Udzima) 55%, Mohamed TAKI Abdulkarim (UNDC) 45% +Member of: + ACCT, ACP, AfDB, ECA, FAO, FZ, G-77, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IDB, IFAD, ILO, IMF, + ITU, NAM, OAU, OIC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WHO, WMO +Diplomatic representation: + Ambassador Amini Ali MOUMIN; Chancery (temporary) at the Comoran Permanent + Mission to the UN, 336 East 45th Street, 2nd Floor, New York, NY 10017; + telephone (212) 972-8010 + US: + Ambassador Kenneth N. PELTIER; Embassy at address NA, Moroni (mailing + address B. P. 1318, Moroni); telephone 73-22-03, 73-29-22 +Flag: + green with a white crescent placed diagonally (closed side of the crescent + points to the upper hoist-side corner of the flag); there are four white + five-pointed stars placed in a line between the points of the crescent; the + crescent, stars, and color green are traditional symbols of Islam; the four + stars represent the four main islands of the archipelago - Mwali, Njazidja, + Nzwani, and Mayotte (which is a territorial collectivity of France, but + claimed by the Comoros) + +:Comoros Economy + +Overview: + One of the world's poorest countries, Comoros is made up of several islands + that have poor transportation links, a young and rapidly increasing + population, and few natural resources. The low educational level of the + labor force contributes to a low level of economic activity, high + unemployment, and a heavy dependence on foreign grants and technical + assistance. Agriculture, including fishing, hunting, and forestry, is the + leading sector of the economy. It contributes about 34% to GDP, employs 80% + of the labor force, and provides most of the exports. The country is not + self-sufficient in food production, and rice, the main staple, accounts for + 90% of imports. During the period 1982-86 the industrial sector grew at an + annual average rate of 5.3%, but its contribution to GDP was only 5% in + 1988. Despite major investment in the tourist industry, which accounts for + about 25% of GDP, growth has stagnated since 1983. A sluggish growth rate of + 1.5% during 1985-90 has led to large budget deficits, declining incomes, and + balance-of-payments difficulties. Preliminary estimates for 1991 show a + moderate increase in the growth rate based on increased exports, tourism, + and government investment outlays. +GDP: + exchange rate conversion - $260 million, per capita $540; real growth rate + 2.7% (1991 est.) +Inflation rate (consumer prices): + 4.0% (1991 est.) +Unemployment rate: + over 16% (1988 est.) +Budget: + revenues $88 million; expenditures $92 million, including capital + expenditures of $13 million (1990 est.) +Exports: + $16 million (f.o.b., 1990 est.) + commodities: + vanilla, cloves, perfume oil, copra, ylang-ylang + partners: + US 53%, France 41%, Africa 4%, FRG 2% (1988) +Imports: + $41 million (f.o.b., 1990 est.) + commodities: + rice and other foodstuffs, cement, petroleum products, consumer goods + partners: + Europe 62% (France 22%), Africa 5%, Pakistan, China (1988) +External debt: + $196 million (1991 est.) +Industrial production: + growth rate 3.4% (1988 est.); accounts for 5% of GDP +Electricity: + 16,000 kW capacity; 25 million kWh produced, 50 kWh per capita (1991) +Industries: + perfume distillation, textiles, furniture, jewelry, construction materials, + soft drinks +Agriculture: + accounts for 34% of GDP; most of population works in subsistence agriculture + and fishing; plantations produce cash crops for export - vanilla, cloves, + perfume essences, and copra; principal food crops - coconuts, bananas, + cassava; world's leading producer of essence of ylang-ylang (for perfumes) + and second-largest producer of vanilla; large net food importer + +:Comoros Economy + +Economic aid: + US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY80-89), $10 million; Western (non-US) + countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $435 million; OPEC + bilateral aid (1979-89), $22 million; Communist countries (1970-89), $18 + million +Currency: + Comoran franc (plural - francs); 1 Comoran franc (CF) = 100 centimes +Exchange rates: + Comoran francs (CF) per US$1 - 269.01 (January 1992), 282.11 (1991), 272.26 + (1990), 319.01 (1989), 297.85 (1988), 300.54 (1987); note - linked to the + French franc at 50 to 1 French franc +Fiscal year: + calendar year + +:Comoros Communications + +Highways: + 750 km total; about 210 km bituminous, remainder crushed stone or gravel +Ports: + Mutsamudu, Moroni +Civil air: + 1 major transport aircraft +Airports: + 4 total, 4 usable; 4 with permanent-surface runways; none with runways over + 3,659 m; 1 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 3 with runways 1,220-2,439 m +Telecommunications: + sparse system of radio relay and high-frequency radio communication stations + for interisland and external communications to Madagascar and Reunion; over + 1,800 telephones; broadcast stations - 2 AM, 1 FM, no TV + +:Comoros Defense Forces + +Branches: + Comoran Security Forces (FCS), Federal Gendarmerie (GFC) +Manpower availability: + males 15-49, 105,022; 62,808 fit for military service +Defense expenditures: + $NA, NA of GDP + +:Congo Geography + +Total area: + 342,000 km2 +Land area: + 341,500 km2 +Comparative area: + slightly smaller than Montana +Land boundaries: + 5,504 km; Angola 201 km, Cameroon 523 km, Central African Republic 467 km, + Gabon 1,903 km, Zaire 2,410 km +Coastline: + 169 km +Maritime claims: + Territorial sea: + 200 nm +Disputes: + long section with Zaire along the Congo River is indefinite (no division of + the river or its islands has been made) +Climate: + tropical; rainy season (March to June); dry season (June to October); + constantly high temperatures and humidity; particularly enervating climate + astride the Equator +Terrain: + coastal plain, southern basin, central plateau, northern basin +Natural resources: + petroleum, timber, potash, lead, zinc, uranium, copper, phosphates, natural + gas +Land use: + arable land 2%; permanent crops NEGL%; meadows and pastures 29%; forest and + woodland 62%; other 7% +Environment: + deforestation; about 70% of the population lives in Brazzaville, Pointe + Noire, or along the railroad between them + +:Congo People + +Population: + 2,376,687 (July 1992), growth rate 2.9% (1992) +Birth rate: + 42 births/1,000 population (1992) +Death rate: + 13 deaths/1,000 population (1992) +Net migration rate: + 0 migrants/1,000 population (1992) +Infant mortality rate: + 109 deaths/1,000 live births (1992) +Life expectancy at birth: + 53 years male, 56 years female (1992) +Total fertility rate: + 5.7 children born/woman (1992) +Nationality: + noun - Congolese (singular and plural); adjective - Congolese or Congo +Ethnic divisions: + about 15 ethnic groups divided into some 75 tribes, almost all Bantu; most + important ethnic groups are Kongo (48%) in the south, Sangha (20%) and + M'Bochi (12%) in the north, Teke (17%) in the center; about 8,500 Europeans, + mostly French +Religions: + Christian 50%, animist 48%, Muslim 2% +Languages: + French (official); many African languages with Lingala and Kikongo most + widely used +Literacy: + 57% (male 70%, female 44%) age 15 and over can read and write (1990 est.) +Labor force: + 79,100 wage earners; agriculture 75%, commerce, industry, and government + 25%; 51% of population of working age; 40% of population economically active + (1985) +Organized labor: + 20% of labor force (1979 est.) + +:Congo Government + +Long-form name: + Republic of the Congo +Type: + republic +Capital: + Brazzaville +Administrative divisions: + 9 regions (regions, singular - region) and 1 commune*; Bouenza, + Brazzaville*, Cuvette, Kouilou, Lekoumou, Likouala, Niari, Plateaux, Pool, + Sangha +Independence: + 15 August 1960 (from France; formerly Congo/Brazzaville) +Constitution: + 8 July 1979, currently being modified +Legal system: + based on French civil law system and customary law +National holiday: + Congolese National Day, 15 August (1960) +Executive branch: + president, prime minister, Council of Ministers (cabinet) +Legislative branch: + a transitional National Assembly +Judicial branch: + Supreme Court (Cour Supreme) +Leaders: + Chief of State: + President Denis SASSOU-NGUESSO (since 8 February 1979); stripped of most + powers by National Conference in May 1991 + Head of Government: + Prime Minister Andre MILONGO (since May 1991) +Political parties and leaders: + Congolese Labor Party (PCT), President Denis SASSOU-NGUESSO, leader; note - + multiparty system legalized, with over 50 parties established +Suffrage: + universal at age 18 +Elections: + National Assembly: + transitional body selected by National Conference in May 1991; election for + new legislative body to be held spring 1992 + President: + last held 26-31 July 1989 (next to be held June 1992); results - President + SASSOU-NGUESSO unanimously reelected leader of the PCT by the Party + Congress, which automatically made him president +Communists: + small number of Communists and sympathizers +Other political or pressure groups: + Union of Congolese Socialist Youth (UJSC), Congolese Trade Union Congress + (CSC), Revolutionary Union of Congolese Women (URFC), General Union of + Congolese Pupils and Students (UGEEC) +Member of: + ACCT, ACP, AfDB, BDEAC, CCC, CEEAC, ECA, FAO, FZ, G-77, GATT, IBRD, ICAO, + IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, ITU, LORCS, NAM, + OAU, UDEAC, UN, UNAVEM, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, + WTO +Diplomatic representation: + Ambassador Roger ISSOMBO; Chancery at 4891 Colorado Avenue NW, Washington, + DC 20011; telephone (202) 726-5500 + +:Congo Government + + US: + Ambassador James Daniel PHILLIPS; Embassy at Avenue Amilcar Cabral, + Brazzaville (mailing address is B. P. 1015, Brazzaville, or Box C, APO AE + 09828); telephone (242) 83-20-70; FAX [242] 83-63-38 +Flag: + red, divided diagonally from the lower hoist side by a yellow band; the + upper triangle (hoist side) is green and the lower triangle is red; uses the + popular pan-African colors of Ethiopia + +:Congo Economy + +Overview: + Congo's economy is a mixture of village agriculture and handicrafts, a + beginning industrial sector based largely on oil, supporting services, and a + government characterized by budget problems and overstaffing. A reform + program, supported by the IMF and World Bank, ran into difficulties in + 1990-91 because of problems in changing to a democratic political regime and + a heavy debt-servicing burden. Oil has supplanted forestry as the mainstay + of the economy, providing about two-thirds of government revenues and + exports. In the early 1980s rapidly rising oil revenues enabled Congo to + finance large-scale development projects with growth averaging 5% annually, + one of the highest rates in Africa. During the period 1987-91, however, + growth has slowed to an average of roughly 1.5% annually, only half the + population growth rate. +GDP: + exchange rate conversion - $2.4 billion, per capita $1,070; real growth rate + 0.5% (1990 est.) +Inflation rate (consumer prices): + 4.6% (1989 est.) +Unemployment rate: + NA% +Budget: + revenues $522 million; expenditures $767 million, including capital + expenditures of $141 million (1989) +Exports: + $751 million (f.o.b., 1988) + commodities: + crude petroleum 72%, lumber, plywood, coffee, cocoa, sugar, diamonds + partners: + US, France, other EC +Imports: + $564 million (c.i.f., 1988) + commodities: + foodstuffs, consumer goods, intermediate manufactures, capital equipment + partners: + France, Italy, other EC, US, FRG, Spain, Japan, Brazil +External debt: + $4.5 billion (December 1988) +Industrial production: + growth rate 1.2% (1989); accounts for 33% of GDP, including petroleum +Electricity: + 140,000 kW capacity; 315 million kWh produced, 135 kWh per capita (1991) +Industries: + crude oil, cement, sawmills, brewery, sugar mill, palm oil, soap, cigarettes +Agriculture: + accounts for 10% of GDP (including fishing and forestry); cassava accounts + for 90% of food output; other crops - rice, corn, peanuts, vegetables; cash + crops include coffee and cocoa; forest products important export earner; + imports over 90% of food needs +Economic aid: + US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $60 million; Western (non-US) + countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $2.3 billion; OPEC + bilateral aid (1979-89), $15 million; Communist countries (1970-89), $338 + million +Currency: + Communaute Financiere Africaine franc (plural - francs); 1 CFA franc (CFAF) + = 100 centimes + +:Congo Economy + +Exchange rates: + Communaute Financiere Africaine francs (CFAF) per US$1 - 269.01 (January + 1992), 282.11 (1991), 272.26 (1990), 319.01 (1989), 297.85 (1988), 300.54 + (1987) +Fiscal year: + calendar year + +:Congo Communications + +Railroads: + 797 km, 1.067-meter gauge, single track (includes 285 km that are privately + owned) +Highways: + 11,960 km total; 560 km paved; 850 km gravel and laterite; 5,350 km improved + earth; 5,200 km unimproved earth +Inland waterways: + the Congo and Ubangi (Oubangui) Rivers provide 1,120 km of commercially + navigable water transport; the rest are used for local traffic only +Pipelines: + crude oil 25 km +Ports: + Pointe-Noire (ocean port), Brazzaville (river port) +Civil air: + 4 major transport aircraft +Airports: + 46 total, 42 usable; 6 with permanent-surface runways; none with runways + over 3,659 m; 1 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 17 with runways 1,220-2,439 m +Telecommunications: + services adequate for government use; primary network is composed of radio + relay routes and coaxial cables; key centers are Brazzaville, Pointe-Noire, + and Loubomo; 18,100 telephones; broadcast stations - 4 AM, 1 FM, 4 TV; 1 + Atlantic Ocean satellite earth station + +:Congo Defense Forces + +Branches: + Army, Navy (including Naval Infantry), Air Force, National Police +Manpower availability: + males 15-49, 526,058; 267,393 fit for military service; 23,884 reach + military age (20) annually +Defense expenditures: + exchange rate conversion - $100 million, 4.6% of GDP (1987 est.) + +:Cook Islands Geography + +Total area: + 240 km2 +Land area: + 240 km2 +Comparative area: + slightly less than 1.3 times the size of Washington, DC +Land boundaries: + none +Coastline: + 120 km +Maritime claims: + Continental shelf: + edge of continental margin or minimum of 200 nm + Exclusive economic zone: + 200 nm + Territorial sea: + 12 nm +Disputes: + none +Climate: + tropical; moderated by trade winds +Terrain: + low coral atolls in north; volcanic, hilly islands in south +Natural resources: + negligible +Land use: + arable land 4%; permanent crops 22%; meadows and pastures 0%; forest and + woodland 0%; other 74% +Environment: + subject to typhoons from November to March +Note: + located 4,500 km south of Hawaii in the South Pacific Ocean + +:Cook Islands People + +Population: + 17,977 (July 1992), growth rate 0.5% (1992) +Birth rate: + 22 births/1,000 population (1992) +Death rate: + 6 deaths/1,000 population (1992) +Net migration rate: + -10 migrants/1,000 population (1992) +Infant mortality rate: + 25 deaths/1,000 live births (1992) +Life expectancy at birth: + 69 years male, 73 years female (1992) +Total fertility rate: + 3.0 children born/woman (1992) +Nationality: + noun - Cook Islander(s); adjective - Cook Islander +Ethnic divisions: + Polynesian (full blood) 81.3%, Polynesian and European 7.7%, Polynesian and + other 7.7%, European 2.4%, other 0.9% +Religions: + Christian, majority of populace members of Cook Islands Christian Church +Languages: + English (official); Maori +Literacy: + NA% (male NA%, female NA%) +Labor force: + 5,810; agriculture 29%, government 27%, services 25%, industry 15%, and + other 4% (1981) +Organized labor: + NA + +:Cook Islands Government + +Long-form name: + none +Type: + self-governing in free association with New Zealand; Cook Islands fully + responsible for internal affairs; New Zealand retains responsibility for + external affairs, in consultation with the Cook Islands +Capital: + Avarua +Administrative divisions: + none +Independence: + became self-governing in free association with New Zealand on 4 August 1965 + and has the right at any time to move to full independence by unilateral + action +Constitution: + 4 August 1965 +National holiday: + Constitution Day, 4 August +Executive branch: + British monarch, representative of the UK, representative of New Zealand, + prime minister, deputy prime minister, Cabinet +Legislative branch: + unicameral Parliament; note - the House of Arikis (chiefs) advises on + traditional matters, but has no legislative powers +Judicial branch: + High Court +Leaders: + Chief of State: + Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952); Representative of the UK Sir + Tangaroa TANGAROA (since NA); Representative of New Zealand Adrian SINCOCK + (since NA) + Head of Government: + Prime Minister Geoffrey HENRY (since 1 February 1989); Deputy Prime Minister + Inatio AKARURU (since February 1989) +Political parties and leaders: + Cook Islands Party, Geoffrey HENRY; Democratic Tumu Party, Vincent INGRAM; + Democratic Party, Terepai MAOATE; Cook Islands Labor Party, Rena JONASSEN; + Cook Islands People's Party, Sadaraka SADARAKA +Suffrage: + universal adult at age NA +Elections: + Parliament: + last held 19 January 1989 (next to be held by January 1994); results - + percent of vote by party NA; seats - (24 total) Cook Islands Party 12, + Democratic Tumu Party 2, opposition coalition (including Democratic Party) + 9, independent 1 +Member of: + AsDB, ESCAP (associate), FAO, ICAO, IOC, SPC, SPF, UNESCO, WHO +Diplomatic representation: + none (self-governing in free association with New Zealand) +Flag: + blue, with the flag of the UK in the upper hoist-side quadrant and a large + circle of 15 white five-pointed stars (one for every island) centered in the + outer half of the flag + +:Cook Islands Economy + +Overview: + Agriculture provides the economic base. The major export earners are fruit, + copra, and clothing. Manufacturing activities are limited to a + fruit-processing plant and several clothing factories. Economic development + is hindered by the isolation of the islands from foreign markets and a lack + of natural resources and good transportation links. A large trade deficit is + annually made up for by remittances from emigrants and from foreign aid. + Current economic development plans call for exploiting the tourism potential + and expanding the fishing industry. +GDP: + exchange rate conversion - $40.0 million, per capita $2,200 (1988 est.); + real growth rate 5.3% (1986-88 est.) +Inflation rate (consumer prices): + 8.0% (1988) +Unemployment rate: + NA% +Budget: + revenues $33.8 million; expenditures $34.4 million, including capital + expenditures of $NA (1990 est.) +Exports: + $4.0 million (f.o.b., 1988) + commodities: + copra, fresh and canned fruit, clothing + partners: + NZ 80%, Japan +Imports: + $38.7 million (c.i.f., 1988) + commodities: + foodstuffs, textiles, fuels, timber + partners: + NZ 49%, Japan, Australia, US +External debt: + $NA +Industrial production: + growth rate NA% +Electricity: + 14,000 kW capacity; 21 million kWh produced, 1,170 kWh per capita (1990) +Industries: + fruit processing, tourism +Agriculture: + export crops - copra, citrus fruits, pineapples, tomatoes, bananas; + subsistence crops - yams, taro +Economic aid: + Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), + $128 million +Currency: + New Zealand dollar (plural - dollars); 1 New Zealand dollar (NZ$) = 100 + cents +Exchange rates: + New Zealand dollars (NZ$) per US$1 - 1.8502 (January 1992), 1.7266 (1991), + 1.6750 (1990), 1.6711 (1989), 1.5244 (1988), 1.6886 (1987) +Fiscal year: + 1 April - 31 March + +:Cook Islands Communications + +Highways: + 187 km total (1980); 35 km paved, 35 km gravel, 84 km improved earth, 33 km + unimproved earth +Ports: + Avatiu +Merchant marine: + 1 cargo ship (1,000 or over) totaling 1,464 GRT/2,181 DWT +Civil air: + no major transport aircraft +Airports: + 6 total, 6 usable; 1 with permanent-surface runways; none with runways over + 2,439 m; 4 with runways 1,220-2,439 m +Telecommunications: + broadcast stations - 2 AM, no FM, no TV; 10,000 radio receivers; 2,052 + telephones; 1 Pacific Ocean INTELSAT earth station + +:Cook Islands Defense Forces + +Note: + defense is the responsibility of New Zealand + +:Coral Sea Islands Geography + +Total area: + less than 3 km2 +Land area: + less than 3 km2; includes numerous small islands and reefs scattered over a + sea area of about 1 million km2, with Willis Islets the most important +Comparative area: + undetermined +Land boundaries: + none +Coastline: + 3,095 km +Maritime claims: + Exclusive fishing zone: + 200 nm + Territorial sea: + 3 nm +Disputes: + none +Climate: + tropical +Terrain: + sand and coral reefs and islands (or cays) +Natural resources: + negligible +Land use: + arable land 0%; permanent crops 0%; meadows and pastures 0%; forest and + woodland 0%; other, mostly grass or scrub cover 100%; Lihou Reef Reserve and + Coringa-Herald Reserve were declared National Nature Reserves on 3 August + 1982 +Environment: + subject to occasional tropical cyclones; no permanent fresh water; important + nesting area for birds and turtles +Note: + the islands are located just off the northeast coast of Australia in the + Coral Sea + +:Coral Sea Islands People + +Population: + 3 meteorologists (1992) + +:Coral Sea Islands Government + +Long-form name: + Coral Sea Islands Territory +Type: + territory of Australia administered by the Minister for Arts, Sport, the + Environment, Tourism, and Territories Roslyn KELLY +Capital: + none; administered from Canberra, Australia +Flag: + the flag of Australia is used + +:Coral Sea Islands Economy + +Overview: + no economic activity + +:Coral Sea Islands Communications + +Ports: + none; offshore anchorages only + +:Coral Sea Islands Defense Forces + +Note: + defense is the responsibility of Australia; visited regularly by the Royal + Australian Navy; Australia has control over the activities of visitors + +:Costa Rica Geography + +Total area: + 51,100 km2 +Land area: + 50,660 km2; includes Isla del Coco +Comparative area: + slightly smaller than West Virginia +Land boundaries: + 639 km; Nicaragua 309 km, Panama 330 km +Coastline: + 1,290 km +Maritime claims: + Continental shelf: + 200 nm + Exclusive economic zone: + 200 nm + Territorial sea: + 12 nm +Disputes: + none +Climate: + tropical; dry season (December to April); rainy season (May to November) +Terrain: + coastal plains separated by rugged mountains +Natural resources: + hydropower potential +Land use: + arable land 6%; permanent crops 7%; meadows and pastures 45%; forest and + woodland 34%; other 8%; includes irrigated 1% +Environment: + subject to occasional earthquakes, hurricanes along Atlantic coast; frequent + flooding of lowlands at onset of rainy season; active volcanoes; + deforestation; soil erosion + +:Costa Rica People + +Population: + 3,187,085 (July 1992), growth rate 2.4% (1992) +Birth rate: + 27 births/1,000 population (1992) +Death rate: + 4 deaths/1,000 population (1992) +Net migration rate: + 1 migrant/1,000 population (1992) +Infant mortality rate: + 12 deaths/1,000 live births (1992) +Life expectancy at birth: + 75 years male, 79 years female (1992) +Total fertility rate: + 3.2 children born/woman (1992) +Nationality: + noun - Costa Rican(s); adjective - Costa Rican +Ethnic divisions: + white (including mestizo) 96%, black 2%, Indian 1%, Chinese 1% +Religions: + Roman Catholic 95% +Languages: + Spanish (official), English spoken around Puerto Limon +Literacy: + 93% (male 93%, female 93%) age 15 and over can read and write (1990 est.) +Labor force: + 868,300; industry and commerce 35.1%, government and services 33%, + agriculture 27%, other 4.9% (1985 est.) +Organized labor: + 15.1% of labor force + +:Costa Rica Government + +Long-form name: + Republic of Costa Rica +Type: + democratic republic +Capital: + San Jose +Administrative divisions: + 7 provinces (provincias, singular - provincia); Alajuela, Cartago, + Guanacaste, Heredia, Limon, Puntarenas, San Jose +Independence: + 15 September 1821 (from Spain) +Constitution: + 9 November 1949 +Legal system: + based on Spanish civil law system; judicial review of legislative acts in + the Supreme Court; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction +National holiday: + Independence Day, 15 September (1821) +Executive branch: + president, two vice presidents, Cabinet +Legislative branch: + unicameral Legislative Assembly (Asamblea Legislativa) +Judicial branch: + Supreme Court (Corte Suprema) +Leaders: + Chief of State and Head of Government: + President Rafael Angel CALDERON Fournier (since 8 May 1990); First Vice + President German SERRANO Pinto (since 8 May 1990); Second Vice President + Arnoldo LOPEZ Echandi (since 8 May 1990) +Political parties and leaders: + National Liberation Party (PLN), Carlos Manuel CASTILLO Morales; Social + Christian Unity Party (PUSC), Rafael Angel CALDERON Fournier; Marxist + Popular Vanguard Party (PVP), Humberto VARGAS Carbonell; New Republic + Movement (MNR), Sergio Erick ARDON Ramirez; Progressive Party (PP), Isaac + Felipe AZOFEIFA Bolanos; People's Party of Costa Rica (PPC), Lenin CHACON + Vargas; Radical Democratic Party (PRD), Juan Jose ECHEVERRIA Brealey +Suffrage: + universal and compulsory at age 18 +Elections: + Legislative Assembly: + last held 4 February 1990 (next to be held February 1994); results - percent + of vote by party NA; seats - (57 total) PUSC 29, PLN 25, PVP/PPC 1, regional + parties 2 + President: + last held 4 February 1990 (next to be held February 1994); results - Rafael + Angel CALDERON Fournier 51%, Carlos Manuel CASTILLO 47% +Communists: + 7,500 members and sympathizers +Other political or pressure groups: + Costa Rican Confederation of Democratic Workers (CCTD; Liberation Party + affiliate), Confederated Union of Workers (CUT; Communist Party affiliate), + Authentic Confederation of Democratic Workers (CATD; Communist Party + affiliate), Chamber of Coffee Growers, National Association for Economic + Development (ANFE), Free Costa Rica Movement (MCRL; rightwing militants), + National Association of Educators (ANDE) + +:Costa Rica Government + +Member of: + AG (observer), BCIE, CACM, ECLAC, FAO, G-77, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICFTU, + IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, IOM, ITU, LAES, + LORCS, NAM (observer), OAS, OPANAL, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WCL, + WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO +Diplomatic representation: + Ambassador Gonzalo FACIO Segreda; Chancery at Suite 211, 1825 Connecticut + Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20009; telephone (202) 234-2945 through 2947; + there are Costa Rican Consulates General at Albuquerque, Houston, Los + Angeles, Miami, New Orleans, New York, San Diego, San Francisco, and San + Juan (Puerto Rico), and a Consulate in Buffalo + US: + Ambassador Luis GUINOT, Jr.; Embassy at Pavas Road, San Jose (mailing + address is APO AA 34020); telephone [506] 20-39-39 FAX (506) 20-2305 +Flag: + five horizontal bands of blue (top), white, red (double width), white, and + blue, with the coat of arms in a white disk on the hoist side of the red + band + +:Costa Rica Economy + +Overview: + In 1991 the economy grew at an estimated 2.5%, down somewhat from the 3.6% + gain of 1990 and below the strong 5.5% gain of 1989. Increases in + agricultural production (on the strength of good coffee and banana crops) + and in construction have been offset by lower rates of growth for industry. + In 1991 consumer prices rose by 27%, about the same as in 1990. The trade + deficit of $270 million was substantially below the 1990 deficit of $677 + million. Unemployment is officially reported at 4.6%, but much + underemployment remains. External debt, on a per capita basis, is among the + world's highest. +GDP: + exchange rate conversion - $5.9 billion, per capita $1,900; real growth rate + 2.5% (1991 est.) +Inflation rate (consumer prices): + 27% (1991 est.) +Unemployment rate: + 4.6% (1991) +Budget: + revenues $831 million; expenditures $1.08 billion, including capital + expenditures of $NA (1990 est.) +Exports: + $1.5 billion (f.o.b., 1991 est.) + commodities: + coffee, bananas, textiles, sugar + partners: + US 75%, Germany, Guatemala, Netherlands, UK, Japan +Imports: + $1.8 billion (c.i.f., 1991 est.) + commodities: + petroleum, machinery, consumer durables, chemicals, fertilizer, foodstuffs + partners: + US 40%, Japan, Guatemala, Germany +External debt: + $4.5 billion (1990) +Industrial production: + growth rate 2.3% (1990 est.); accounts for 23% of GDP +Electricity: + 927,000 kW capacity; 3,408 million kWh produced, 1,095 kWh per capita (1991) +Industries: + food processing, textiles and clothing, construction materials, fertilizer, + plastic products +Agriculture: + accounts for 20-25% of GDP and 70% of exports; cash commodities - coffee, + beef, bananas, sugar; other food crops include corn, rice, beans, potatoes; + normally self-sufficient in food except for grain; depletion of forest + resources resulting in lower timber output +Illicit drugs: + illicit production of cannabis on small scattered plots; transshipment + country for cocaine from South America +Economic aid: + US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $1.4 billion; Western (non-US) + countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $935 million; + Communist countries (1971-89), $27 million +Currency: + Costa Rican colon (plural - colones); 1 Costa Rican colon (C) = 100 centimos +Exchange rates: + Costa Rican colones (C) per US$1 - 136.35 (January 1992), 122.43 (1991), + 91.58 (1990), 81.504 (1989), 75.805 (1988), 62.776 (1987) + +:Costa Rica Economy + +Fiscal year: + calendar year + +:Costa Rica Communications + +Railroads: + 950 km total, all 1.067-meter gauge; 260 km electrified +Highways: + 15,400 km total; 7,030 km paved, 7,010 km gravel, 1,360 km unimproved earth +Inland waterways: + about 730 km, seasonally navigable +Pipelines: + petroleum products 176 km +Ports: + Puerto Limon, Caldera, Golfito, Moin, Puntarenas +Merchant marine: + 1 cargo ship (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 2,878 GRT/4,506 DWT +Civil air: + 11 major transport aircraft +Airports: + 164 total, 149 usable; 28 with permanent-surface runways; none with runways + over 3,659 m; 1 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 10 with runways 1,220-2,439 m +Telecommunications: + very good domestic telephone service; 292,000 telephones; connection into + Central American Microwave System; broadcast stations - 71 AM, no FM, 18 TV, + 13 shortwave; 1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT earth station + +:Costa Rica Defense Forces + +Branches: + Civil Guard, Rural Assistance Guard; note - Constitution prohibits armed + forces +Manpower availability: + males 15-49, 829,576; 559,575 fit for military service; 31,828 reach + military age (18) annually +Defense expenditures: + exchange rate conversion - $22 million, 0.5% of GDP (1989) + +:Croatia Geography + +Total area: + 56,538 km2 +Land area: + 56,410 km2 +Comparative area: + slightly smaller than West Virginia +Land boundaries: + 1,843 km; Bosnia and Hercegovina (east) 751 km, Bosnia and Hercegovina + (southeast) 91 km, Hungary 292 km, Serbia and Montenegro 254 km, Slovenia + 455 km +Coastline: + 5,790 km; mainland 1,778 km, islands 4,012 km +Maritime claims: + Contiguous zone: + NA nm + Continental shelf: + 200-meter depth or to depth of exploitation + Exclusive economic zone: + 12 nm + Exclusive fishing zone: + 12 nm + Territorial sea: + 12 nm +Disputes: + Serbian enclaves in eastern Slavonia and along the western Bosnia and + Hercegovinian border; dispute with Slovenia over fishing rights in Adriatic +Climate: + Mediterranean and continental; continental climate predominant with hot + summers and cold winters; mild winters, dry summers along coast +Terrain: + geographically diverse; flat plains along Hungarian border, low mountains + and highlands near Adriatic coast, coastline, and islands +Natural resources: + oil, some coal, bauxite, low-grade iron ore, calcium, natural asphalt, + silica, mica, clays, salt, fruit, livestock +Land use: + 32% arable land; 20% permanent crops; 18% meadows and pastures; 15% forest + and woodland; 9% other; includes 5% irrigated +Environment: + air pollution from metallurgical plants; damaged forest; coastal pollution + from industrial and domestic waste; subject to frequent and destructive + earthquakes +Note: + controls most land routes from Western Europe to Aegean Sea and Turkish + Straits + +:Croatia People + +Population: + 4,784,000 (July 1991), growth rate 0.39% (for the period 1981-91) +Birth rate: + 12.2 births/1,000 population (1991) +Death rate: + 11.3 deaths/1,000 population (1991) +Net migration rate: + NA migrants/1,000 population (1991) +Infant mortality rate: + 10 deaths/1,000 live births (1990) +Life expectancy at birth: + 67 years male, 74 years female (1980-82) +Total fertility rate: + NA children born/woman (1991) +Nationality: + noun - Croat(s); adjective - Croatian +Ethnic divisions: + Croat 78%, Serb 12%, Muslims 0.9%, Hungarian 0.5%, Slovenian 0.5%, others + 7.8% +Religions: + Catholic 76.5%, Orthodox 11.1%, Slavic Muslim 1.2%, Protestant 1.4%, others + and unknown 11% +Languages: + Serbo-Croatian 96% +Literacy: + 96.5% (male 98.6%, female 94.5%) age 10 and over can read and write (1991 + census) +Labor force: + 1,509,489; industry and mining 37%, agriculture 4%, government NA%, other +Organized labor: + NA + +:Croatia Government + +Long-form name: + None +Type: + parliamentary democracy +Capital: + Zagreb +Administrative divisions: + 102 districts (opcine, singular - opcina) +Independence: + June 1991 from Yugoslavia +Constitution: + promulgated on 22 December 1990 +Legal system: + based on civil law system; judicial/no judicial review of legislative acts; + does/does not accept compulsory ICJ jurisdiction +National holiday: + 30 May, Statehood Day (1990) +Executive branch: + president, prime minister +Legislative branch: + bicameral +Judicial branch: + Supreme Court, Constitutional Court +Leaders: + Chief of State: + President Franjo TUDJMAN (since April 1990), Vice President NA (since NA) + Head of Government: + Prime Minister Franjo GREGURIC (since August 1991), Deputy Prime Minister + Mila RAMLJAK (since NA ) +Political parties and leaders: + Christian Democratic Union, TUDJMAN; Croatian Democratic Union (HDZ), + Stjepan Mesic; Croatian National Party, Savka DABCEVIC-KUCAR; Croatian + Christian Democratic Party (HKDS), Ivan CESAR; Croatian Party of Rights, + Dobroslav Paraga; Croatian Social Liberal Party (HSLS), Drazen BUDISA +Suffrage: + at age 16 if employed, universal at age 18 +Elections: + Parliament: + last held May 1990 (next to be held NA); results - HDZ won 205 seats; seats + - 349 (total) + President: + NA +Other political or pressure groups: + NA +Member of: + CSCE +Diplomatic representation: + Ambassador Dr. Franc Vinko GOLEM, Office of Republic of Croatia, 256 + Massachusetts Avenue, NW, Washington, DC 20036; telephone (202) 543-5586 + US: + Ambassador NA; Embassy at NA (mailing address is APO New York is 09862); + telephone NA +Flag: + red, white, and blue with Croatian coat of arms (red and white checkered) + +:Croatia Economy + +Overview: + Before the political disintegration of Yugoslavia, the republic of Croatia + stood next to Slovenia as the most prosperous and industrialized area, with + a per capita output roughly comparable to that of Portugal and perhaps + one-third above the Yugoslav average. Serbia and the Serb-dominated army of + the old Yugoslavia, however, have seized Croatian territory, and the + overriding determinant of Croatia's long-term economic prospects will be the + final border settlement. Under the most favorable circumstances, Croatia + will retain the Dalmatian coast with its major tourist attractions and + Slavonia with its oilfields and rich agricultural land. Even so, Croatia + would face monumental problems stemming from: the legacy of longtime + Communist mismanagement of the economy; large foreign debt; damage during + the fighting to bridges, factories, powerlines, buildings, and houses; and + the disruption of economic ties to Serbia and the other former Yugoslav + republics. At the minimum, extensive Western aid and investment, especially + in the tourist and oil industries, would seem necessary to salvage a + desperate economic situation. However, peace and political stability must + come first. +GDP: + NA - $26.3 billion, per capita $5,600; real growth rate -25% (1991 est.) +Inflation rate (consumer prices): + 14.3% (March 1992) +Unemployment rate: + 20% (December 1991) +Budget: + revenues $NA million; expenditures $NA million, including capital + expenditures of $NA million +Exports: + $2.9 billion (1990) + commodities: + machinery and transport equipment (30%), other manufacturers (37%), + chemicals (11%), food and live animals (9%), raw materials (6.5%), fuels and + lubricants (5%) + partners: + principally the other former Yugoslav republics +Imports: + $4.4 billion (1990) + commodities: + machinery and transport equipment (21%), fuels and lubricants (19%), food + and live animals (16%), chemicals (14%), manufactured goods (13%), + miscellaneous manufactured articles (9%), raw materials (6.5%), beverages + and tobacco (1%) + partners: + principally other former Yugoslav republics +External debt: + $2.6 billion (may assume some part of foreign debt of former Yugoslavia) +Industrial production: + declined as much as 11% in 1990 and probably another 29% in 1991 +Electricity: + 3,570,000 kW capacity; 8,830 million kWh produced, 1,855 kWh per capita + 1991) +Industries: + chemicals and plastics, machine tools, fabricated metal, electronics, pig + iron and rolled steel products, aluminum reduction, paper, wood products + (including furniture), building materials (including cement), textiles, + shipbuilding, petroleum and petroleum refining, food processing and + beverages + +:Croatia Economy + +Agriculture: + Croatia normally produces a food surplus; most agricultural land in private + hands and concentrated in Croat-majority districts in Slavonia and Istria; + much of Slavonia's land has been put out of production by fighting; wheat, + corn, sugar beets, sunflowers, alfalfa, and clover are main crops in + Slavonia; central Croatian highlands are less fertile but support cereal + production, orchards, vineyards, livestock breeding, and dairy farming; + coastal areas and offshore islands grow olives, citrus fruits, and + vegetables +Economic aid: + NA +Currency: + Croatian dinar(s) +Exchange rates: + Croatian dinar per US $1 - 60.00 (April 1992) +Fiscal year: + calendar year + +:Croatia Communications + +Railroads: + 2,698 km (34.5% electrified) +Highways: + 32,071 km total (1990); 23,305 km paved, 8,439 km gravel, 327 km earth +Inland waterways: + 785 km perennially navigable +Pipelines: + crude oil 670 km, petroleum products 20 km, natural gas 310 km +Ports: + maritime - Rijeka, Split, Kardeljevo (Ploce); inland - Vukovar, Osijek, + Sisak, Vinkovci +Merchant marine: + 11 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 60,802 GRT/65,560 DWT; includes 1 + cargo, 3 roll-on/roll-off, 5 passenger ferries, 2 bulk carriers; note - also + controlled by Croatian shipowners are 196 ships (1,000 GRT or over) under + flags of convenience - primarily Malta and St. Vincent - totaling 2,593,429 + GRT/4,101,119 DWT; includes 91 general cargo, 7 roll-on/ roll-off, 6 + refrigerated cargo, 13 container ships, 3 multifunction large load carriers, + 52 bulk carriers, 3 passenger ships, 11 petroleum tankers, 4 chemical + tankers, 6 service vessels +Civil air: + NA major transport aircraft +Airports: + 8 total, NA usable; NA with permanent-surface runways; NA with runways over + 3,659 m; 7 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; NA with runways 1,220-2,439 m; 1 with + runways 900 m +Telecommunications: + 350,000 telephones; broadcast stations - 14 AM, 8 FM, 12 (2 repeaters) TV; + 1,100,000 radios; 1,027,000 TVs; NA submarine coaxial cables; satellite + ground stations - none + +:Croatia Defense Forces + +Branches: + Ground Forces, Naval Forces, Air and Air Defense Forces, Frontier Guard, + Home Guard, Civil Defense +Manpower availability: + males 15-49, 1,188,576; NA fit for military service; 42,664 reach military + age (18) annually +Defense expenditures: + $NA, NA% of GDP + +:Cuba Geography + +Total area: + 110,860 km2 +Land area: + 110,860 km2 +Comparative area: + slightly smaller than Pennsylvania +Land boundaries: + 29.1 km; US Naval Base at Guantanamo 29.1 km + note: + Guantanamo is leased and as such remains part of Cuba +Coastline: + 3,735 km +Maritime claims: + Exclusive economic zone: + 200 nm + Territorial sea: + 12 nm +Disputes: + US Naval Base at Guantanamo is leased to US and only mutual agreement or US + abandonment of the area can terminate the lease +Climate: + tropical; moderated by trade winds; dry season (November to April); rainy + season (May to October) +Terrain: + mostly flat to rolling plains with rugged hills and mountains in the + southeast +Natural resources: + cobalt, nickel, iron ore, copper, manganese, salt, timber, silica +Land use: + arable land 23%; permanent crops 6%; meadows and pastures 23%; forest and + woodland 17%; other 31%; includes irrigated 10% +Environment: + averages one hurricane every other year +Note: + largest country in Caribbean; 145 km south of Florida + +:Cuba People + +Population: + 10,846,821 (July 1992), growth rate 1.0% (1992) +Birth rate: + 17 births/1,000 population (1992) +Death rate: + 6 deaths/1,000 population (1992) +Net migration rate: + -1 migrant/1,000 population (1992) +Infant mortality rate: + 11 deaths/1,000 live births (1992) +Life expectancy at birth: + 74 years male, 79 years female (1992) +Total fertility rate: + 1.8 children born/woman (1992) +Nationality: + noun - Cuban(s); adjective - Cuban +Ethnic divisions: + mulatto 51%, white 37%, black 11%, Chinese 1% +Religions: + 85% nominally Roman Catholic before Castro assumed power +Languages: + Spanish +Literacy: + 94% (male 95%, female 93%) age 15 and over can read and write (1990 est.) +Labor force: + 3,578,800 in state sector; services and government 30%, industry 22%, + agriculture 20%, commerce 11%, construction 10%, transportation and + communications 7% (June 1990); economically active population 4,620,800 + (1988) +Organized labor: + Workers Central Union of Cuba (CTC), only labor federation approved by + government; 2,910,000 members; the CTC is an umbrella organization composed + of 17 member unions + +:Cuba Government + +Long-form name: + Republic of Cuba +Type: + Communist state +Capital: + Havana +Administrative divisions: + 14 provinces (provincias, singular - provincia) and 1 special municipality* + (municipio especial); Camaguey, Ciego de Avila, Cienfuegos, Ciudad de La + Habana, Granma, Guantanamo, Holguin, Isla de la Juventud*, La Habana, Las + Tunas, Matanzas, Pinar del Rio, Sancti Spiritus, Santiago de Cuba, Villa + Clara +Independence: + 20 May 1902 (from Spain 10 December 1898); administered by the US from 1898 + to 1902 +Constitution: + 24 February 1976 +Legal system: + based on Spanish and American law, with large elements of Communist legal + theory; does not accept compulsory ICJ jurisdiction +National holiday: + Rebellion Day, 26 July (1953) +Executive branch: + president of the Council of State, first vice president of the Council of + State, Council of State, president of the Council of Ministers, first vice + president of the Council of Ministers, Council of Ministers +Legislative branch: + unicameral National Assembly of the People's Power (Asamblea Nacional del + Poder Popular) +Judicial branch: + People's Supreme Court (Tribunal Supremo Popular) +Leaders: + Chief of State and Head of Government: + President of the Council of State and President of the Council of Ministers + Fidel CASTRO Ruz (became Prime Minister in February 1959 and President since + 2 December 1976); First Vice President of the Council of State and First + Vice President of the Council of Ministers Gen. Raul CASTRO Ruz (since 2 + December 1976) +Political parties and leaders: + only party - Cuban Communist Party (PCC), Fidel CASTRO Ruz, first secretary +Suffrage: + universal at age 16 +Elections: + National Assembly of the People's Power: + last held December 1986 (next to be held before December 1992); results - + PCC is the only party; seats - (510 total) indirectly elected +Communists: + about 600,000 full and candidate members +Member of: + CCC, ECLAC, FAO, G-77, GATT, IAEA, IBEC, ICAO, IFAD, ILO, IMO, INTERPOL, + IOC, ISO, ITU, LAES, LORCS, NAM, OAS (excluded from formal participation + since 1962), PCA, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WCL, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, + WTO +Diplomatic representation: + none; protecting power in the US is Switzerland - Cuban Interests Section; + position vacant since March 1992; 2630 and 2639 16th Street NW, Washington, + DC 20009; telephone (202) 797-8518 or 8519, 8520, 8609, 8610 + +:Cuba Government + + US: + protecting power in Cuba is Switzerland - US Interests Section, Swiss + Embassy; Principal Officer Alan H. FLANIGAN; Calzada entre L Y M, Vedado + Seccion, Havana (mailing address is USINT, Swiss Embassy, Havana, Calzada + Entre L Y M, Vedado); telephone 32-0051, 32-0543 +Flag: + five equal horizontal bands of blue (top and bottom) alternating with white; + a red equilateral triangle based on the hoist side bears a white + five-pointed star in the center + +:Cuba Economy + +Overview: + The economy, centrally planned and largely state owned, is highly dependent + on the agricultural sector and foreign trade. Sugar provided about + two-thirds of export revenues in 1991, and over half was exported to the + former Soviet republics. The economy has stagnated since 1985 under policies + that have deemphasized material incentives in the workplace, abolished + farmers' informal produce markets, and raised prices of government-supplied + goods and services. In 1990 the economy probably fell 5% largely as a result + of declining trade with the former Soviet Union and Eastern Europe. Recently + the government has been trying to increase trade with Latin America and + China. Cuba has had difficulty servicing its foreign debt since 1982. The + government currently is encouraging foreign investment in tourist facilities + and in industrial plants idled by falling imports from the former Soviet + Union. Other investment priorities include sugar, basic foods, and nickel. + The annual Soviet subsidy dropped from $4 billion in 1990 to about $1 + billion in 1991 because of a lower price paid for Cuban sugar and a sharp + decline in Soviet exports to Cuba. The former Soviet republics have + indicated they will no longer extend aid to Cuba beginning in 1992. Instead + of highly subsidized trade, Cuba has been shifting to trade at market prices + in convertible currencies. Because of increasingly severe shortages of + fuels, industrial raw materials, and spare parts, aggregate output dropped + by one-fifth in 1991. +GNP: + $17 billion, per capita $1,580; real growth rate -20% (1991 est.) +Inflation rate (consumer prices): + NA% +Budget: + revenues $12.46 billion; expenditures $14.45 billion, including capital + expenditures of $NA (1990 est.) +Exports: + $3.6 billion (f.o.b., 1991 est.) + commodities: + sugar, nickel, medical products, shellfish, citrus, tobacco, coffee + partners: + former USSR 63%, China 6%, Canada 4%, Japan 4% (1991 est.) +Imports: + $3.7 billion (c.i.f., 1991 est.) + commodities: + petroleum, capital goods, industrial raw materials, food + partners: + former USSR 47%, Spain 8%, China 6%, Argentina 5%, Italy 4%, Mexico 3% (1991 + est.) +External debt: + $6.8 billion (convertible currency, July 1989) +Industrial production: + growth rate 0%; accounts for 45% of GDP (1989) +Electricity: + 3,889,000 kW capacity; 16,272 million kWh produced, 1,516 kWh per capita + (1991) +Industries: + sugar milling, petroleum refining, food and tobacco processing, textiles, + chemicals, paper and wood products, metals (particularly nickel), cement, + fertilizers, consumer goods, agricultural machinery +Agriculture: + accounts for 11% of GNP (including fishing and forestry); key commercial + crops - sugarcane, tobacco, and citrus fruits; other products - coffee, + rice, potatoes, meat, beans; world's largest sugar exporter; not + self-sufficient in food (excluding sugar) + +:Cuba Economy + +Economic aid: + Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), + $710 million; Communist countries (1970-89), $18.5 billion +Currency: + Cuban peso (plural - pesos); 1 Cuban peso (Cu$) = 100 centavos +Exchange rates: + Cuban pesos (Cu$) per US$1 - 1.0000 (linked to the US dollar) +Fiscal year: + calendar year + +:Cuba Communications + +Railroads: + 12,947 km total; Cuban National Railways operates 5,053 km of 1.435-meter + gauge track; 151.7 km electrified; 7,742 km of sugar plantation lines of + 0.914-m and 1.435-m gauge +Highways: + 26,477 km total; 14,477 km paved, 12,000 km gravel and earth surfaced (1989 + est.) +Inland waterways: + 240 km +Ports: + Cienfuegos, Havana, Mariel, Matanzas, Santiago de Cuba; 7 secondary, 35 + minor +Merchant marine: + 77 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 537,464 GRT/755,824 DWT; includes 46 + cargo, 10 refrigerated cargo, 1 cargo/training, 11 petroleum tanker, 1 + chemical tanker, 4 liquefied gas, 4 bulk; note - Cuba beneficially owns an + additional 45 ships (1,000 GRT and over) totaling 574,047 DWT under the + registry of Panama, Cyprus, and Malta +Civil air: + 88 major transport aircraft +Airports: + 189 total, 167 usable; 73 with permanent-surface runways; 3 with runways + over 3,659 m; 12 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 18 with runways 1,220-2,439 m +Telecommunications: + broadcast stations - 150 AM, 5 FM, 58 TV; 1,530,000 TVs; 2,140,000 radios; + 229,000 telephones; 1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT earth station + +:Cuba Defense Forces + +Branches: + Revolutionary Armed Forces (including Ground Forces, Revolutionary Navy + (MGR), Air and Air Defense Force[DAAFR]), Ministry of Interior and Ministry + of Defense Special Troops, Border Guard Troops, Territorial Militia Troops, + Youth Labor Army, Civil Defense, National Revolutionary Police +Manpower availability: + eligible 15-49, 6,130,641; of the 3,076,276 males 15-49, 1,925,648 are fit + for military service; of the 3,054,365 females 15-49, 1,907,281 are fit for + military service; 97,973 males and 94,514 females reach military age (17) + annually +Defense expenditures: + exchange rate conversion - $1.2-1.4 billion, 6% of GNP (1989 est.) + +:Cyprus Geography + +Total area: + 9,250 km2 +Land area: + 9,240 km2 +Comparative area: + about 0.7 times the size of Connecticut +Land boundaries: + none +Coastline: + 648 km +Maritime claims: + Continental shelf: + 200 m (depth) or to depth of exploitation + Territorial sea: + 12 nm +Disputes: + 1974 hostilities divided the island into two de facto autonomous areas - a + Greek area controlled by the Cypriot Government (60% of the island's land + area) and a Turkish-Cypriot area (35% of the island) that are separated by a + narrow UN buffer zone; in addition, there are two UK sovereign base areas + (about 5% of the island's land area) +Climate: + temperate, Mediterranean with hot, dry summers and cool, wet winters +Terrain: + central plain with mountains to north and south +Natural resources: + copper, pyrites, asbestos, gypsum, timber, salt, marble, clay earth pigment +Land use: + arable land 40%; permanent crops 7%; meadows and pastures 10%; forest and + woodland 18%; other 25%; includes irrigated 10% (most irrigated lands are in + the Turkish-Cypriot area of the island) +Environment: + moderate earthquake activity; water resource problems (no natural reservoir + catchments, seasonal disparity in rainfall, and most potable resources + concentrated in the Turkish-Cypriot area) + +:Cyprus People + +Population: + 716,492 (July 1992), growth rate 1.0% (1992) +Birth rate: + 18 births/1,000 population (1992) +Death rate: + 8 deaths/1,000 population (1992) +Net migration rate: + 0 migrants/1,000 population (1992) +Infant mortality rate: + 10 deaths/1,000 live births (1992) +Life expectancy at birth: + 74 years male, 78 years female (1992) +Total fertility rate: + 2.4 children born/woman (1992) +Nationality: + noun - Cypriot(s); adjective - Cypriot +Ethnic divisions: + Greek 78%; Turkish 18%; other 4% +Religions: + Greek Orthodox 78%, Muslim 18%, Maronite, Armenian, Apostolic, and other 4% +Languages: + Greek, Turkish, English +Literacy: + 90% (male 96%, female 85%) age 10 and over can read and write (1976) +Labor force: + Greek area - 278,000; services 45%, industry 35%, agriculture 14%; Turkish + area - 71,500 (1990); services 21%, industry 30%, agriculture 27% +Organized labor: + 156,000 (1985 est.) + +:Cyprus Government + +Long-form name: + Republic of Cyprus +Type: + republic; a disaggregation of the two ethnic communities inhabiting the + island began after the outbreak of communal strife in 1963; this separation + was further solidified following the Turkish invasion of the island in July + 1974, which gave the Turkish Cypriots de facto control in the north; Greek + Cypriots control the only internationally recognized government; on 15 + November 1983 Turkish Cypriot President Rauf DENKTASH declared independence + and the formation of a Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus (TRNC), which has + been recognized only by Turkey; both sides publicly call for the resolution + of intercommunal differences and creation of a new federal system of + government +Capital: + Nicosia +Administrative divisions: + 6 districts; Famagusta, Kyrenia, Larnaca, Limassol, Nicosia, Paphos +Independence: + 16 August 1960 (from UK) +Constitution: + 16 August 1960; negotiations to create the basis for a new or revised + constitution to govern the island and to better relations between Greek and + Turkish Cypriots have been held intermittently; in 1975 Turkish Cypriots + created their own Constitution and governing bodies within the Turkish + Federated State of Cyprus, which was renamed the Turkish Republic of + Northern Cyprus in 1983; a new Constitution for the Turkish area passed by + referendum in May 1985 +Legal system: + based on common law, with civil law modifications +National holiday: + Independence Day, 1 October (15 November is celebrated as Independence Day + in the Turkish area) +Executive branch: + president, Council of Ministers (cabinet); note - there is a president, + prime minister, and Council of Ministers (cabinet) in the Turkish area +Legislative branch: + unicameral House of Representatives (Vouli Antiprosopon); note - there is a + unicameral Assembly of the Republic (Cumhuriyet Meclisi) in the Turkish area +Judicial branch: + Supreme Court; note - there is also a Supreme Court in the Turkish area +Leaders: + Chief of State and Head of Government: + President George VASSILIOU (since February 1988); note - Rauf R. DENKTASH + has been president of the Turkish area since 13 February 1975 +Political parties and leaders: + Greek Cypriot: + Progressive Party of the Working People (AKEL; Communist Party), Dimitrios + CHRISTOFIAS; Democratic Rally (DESY), Glafkos KLERIDES; Democratic Party + (DEKO), Spyros KYPRIANOU; United Democratic Union of the Center (EDEK), + Vassos LYSSARIDES; Socialist Democratic Renewal Movement (ADESOK), Mikhalis + PAPAPETROU; Liberal Party, Nikos ROLANDIS + +:Cyprus Government + + Turkish area: + National Unity Party (UBP), Dervis EROGLU; Communal Liberation Party (TKP), + Mustafa AKINCI; Republican Turkish Party (CTP), Ozker OZGUR; New Cyprus + Party (YKP), Alpay DURDURAN; Social Democratic Party (SDP), Ergun VEHBI; New + Birth Party (YDP), Ali Ozkan ALTINISHIK; Free Democratic Party (HDP), Ismet + KOTAK; note - CTP, TKP, and YDP joined in the coalition Democratic Struggle + Party (DMP) for the 22 April 1990 legislative election; the CTP and TKP + boycotted the byelection of 13 October 1991, which was for 12 seats; the DMP + was dissolved after the 1990 election; National Justice Party (MAP), Zorlu + TORE; United Sovereignty Party, Arif Salih KIRDAG +Suffrage: + universal at age 18 +Elections: + President: + last held 14 February and 21 February 1988 (next to be held February 1993); + results - George VASSILIOU 52%, Glafkos KLERIDES 48% + House of Representatives: + last held 19 May 1991; results - DESY 35.8%, AKEL (Communist) 30.6, DEKO + 19.5%, EDEK 10. 9%; others 3.2% seats - (56 total) DESY 20, AKEL (Communist) + 18, DEKO 11, EDEK 7 + Turkish Area: President: + last held 22 April 1990 (next to be held April 1995); results - Rauf R. + DENKTASH 66%, Ismail BOZKURT 32.05% + Turkish Area: Assembly of the Republic: + last held 6 May 1990 (next to be held May 1995); results - UBP + (conservative) 54.4%, DMP 44.4% YKP .9%; seats - (50 total) UBP + (conservative) 45, SDP 1, HDP 2, YDP 2; note - by-election of 13 October + 1991 was for 12 seats +Communists: + about 12,000 +Other political or pressure groups: + United Democratic Youth Organization (EDON; Communist controlled); Union of + Cyprus Farmers (EKA; Communist controlled); Cyprus Farmers Union (PEK; + pro-West); Pan-Cyprian Labor Federation (PEO; Communist controlled) ; + Confederation of Cypriot Workers (SEK; pro-West); Federation of Turkish + Cypriot Labor Unions (Turk-Sen); Confederation of Revolutionary Labor Unions + (Dev-Is) +Member of: + C, CCC, CE, CSCE, EBRD, ECE, FAO, G-77, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICFTU, + IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, IOM, ISO, ITU, NAM, + OAS (observer), UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WCL, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, + WTO; note - the Turkish-Cypriot administered area of Cyprus has observer + status in the OIC +Diplomatic representation: + Ambassador Michael E. SHERIFIS; Chancery at 2211 R Street NW, Washington, DC + 20008; telephone (202) 462-5772 + US: + Ambassador Robert E. LAMB; Embassy at the corner of Therissos Street and + Dositheos Street, Nicosia (mailing address is APO AE 09836); telephone [357] + (2) 465151; FAX [357] (2) 459-571 +Flag: + white with a copper-colored silhouette of the island (the name Cyprus is + derived from the Greek word for copper) above two green crossed olive + branches in the center of the flag; the branches symbolize the hope for + peace and reconciliation between the Greek and Turkish communities; note - + the Turkish cypriot flag has a horizontal red stripe at the top and bottom + with a red crescent and red star on a white field + +:Cyprus Economy + +Overview: + The Greek Cypriot economy is small, diversified, and prosperous. Industry + contributes 24% to GDP and employs 35% of the labor force, while the service + sector contributes 44% to GDP and employs 45% of the labor force. Rapid + growth in exports of agricultural and manufactured products and in tourism + have played important roles in the average 6.4% rise in GDP between 1985 and + 1990. In mid-1991, the World Bank "graduated" Cyprus off its list of + developing countries. In contrast to the bright picture in the south, the + Turkish Cypriot economy has less than half the per capita GDP and suffered a + series of reverses in 1991. Crippled by the effects of the Gulf war, the + collapse of the fruit-to-electronics conglomerate, Polly Peck, Ltd., and a + drought, the Turkish area in late 1991 asked for a multibillion-dollar grant + from Turkey to help ease the burden of the economic crisis. Turkey normally + underwrites a substantial portion of the TRNC economy. +GDP: + purchasing power equivalent - Greek area: $5.5 billion, per capita $9,600; + real growth rate 6.0%; Turkish area: $600 million, per capita $4,000; real + growth rate 5.9% (1990) +Inflation rate (consumer prices): + Greek area: 4.5%; Turkish area: 69.4% (1990) +Unemployment rate: + Greek area: 1.8%; Turkish area: 1.2% (1990) +Budget: + revenues $1.2 billion; expenditures $2.0 billion, including capital + expenditures of $250 million (1991) +Exports: + $847 million (f.o.b., 1990) + commodities: + citrus, potatoes, grapes, wine, cement, clothing and shoes + partners: + UK 23%, Greece 10%, Lebanon 10%, Germany 5% +Imports: + $2.3 billion (f.o.b., 1990) + commodities: + consumer goods, petroleum and lubricants, food and feed grains, machinery + partners: + UK 13%, Japan 12%, Italy 10%, Germany 9.1% +External debt: + $2.8 billion (1990) +Industrial production: + growth rate 5.6% (1990); accounts for 24% of GDP +Electricity: + 620,000 kW capacity; 1,770 million kWh produced, 2,530 kWh per capita (1991) +Industries: + food, beverages, textiles, chemicals, metal products, tourism, wood products +Agriculture: + accounts for 7% of GDP and employs 14% of labor force in the south; major + crops - potatoes, vegetables, barley, grapes, olives, and citrus fruits; + vegetables and fruit provide 25% of export revenues +Economic aid: + US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $292 million; Western (non-US) + countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $250 million; OPEC + bilateral aid (1979-89), $62 million; Communist countries (1970-89), $24 + million +Currency: + Cypriot pound (plural - pounds) and in Turkish area, Turkish lira (plural - + liras); 1 Cypriot pound (#C) = 100 cents and 1 Turkish lira (TL) = 100 kurus + +:Cyprus Economy + +Exchange rates: + Cypriot pounds (#C) per US$1 - 0.4683 (March 1992), 0.4615 (1991), 0.4572 + (1990), 0.4933 (1989), 0.4663 (1988), 0.4807 (1987); in Turkish area, + Turkish liras (TL) per US$1 - 6,098.4 (March 1992), 4,173.9 (1991), 2,608.6 + (1990), 2,121.7 (1989), 1,422.3 (1988), 857.2 (1987) +Fiscal year: + calendar year + +:Cyprus Communications + +Highways: + 10,780 km total; 5,170 km paved; 5,610 km gravel, crushed stone, and earth +Ports: + Famagusta, Kyrenia, Larnaca, Limassol, Paphos +Merchant marine: + 1,228 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 20,053,213 GRT/35,647,964 DWT; + includes 8 short-sea passenger, 2 passenger-cargo, 440 cargo, 83 + refrigerated cargo, 22 roll-on/roll-off, 52 container, 5 multifunction large + load carrier, 107 petroleum tanker, 3 specialized tanker, 3 liquefied gas, + 20 chemical tanker, 32 combination ore/oil, 394 bulk, 3 vehicle carrier, 49 + combination bulk, 2 railcar carrier, 2 passenger, 1 passenger cargo; note - + a flag of convenience registry; Cuba owns at least 30 of these ships, + republics of the former USSR own 58, Latvia also has 5 ships, Yugoslavia + owns 1, and Romania 3 +Civil air: + 11 major transport aircraft (Greek Cypriots); 2 (Turkish Cypriots) +Airports: + 14 total, 14 usable; 12 with permanent-surface runways; none with runways + over 3,659 m; 7 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 3 with runways 1,220-2,439 m +Telecommunications: + excellent in both the area controlled by the Cypriot Government (Greek + area), and in the Turkish-Cypriot administered area; 210,000 telephones; + largely open-wire and radio relay; broadcast stations - 11 AM, 8 FM, 1 (34 + repeaters) TV in Greek sector and 2 AM, 6 FM and 1 TV in Turkish sector; + international service by tropospheric scatter, 3 submarine cables, and + satellite earth stations - 1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT, 1 Indian Ocean + INTELSAT and EUTELSAT earth stations + +:Cyprus Defense Forces + +Branches: + Greek area - Greek Cypriot National Guard (GCNG; including air and naval + elements), Greek Cypriot Police; Turkish area - Turkish Cypriot Security + Force +Manpower availability: + males 15-49, 183,899; 126,664 fit for military service; 5,030 reach military + age (18) annually +Defense expenditures: + exchange rate conversion - $209 million, 5% of GDP (1990 est.) + +:Czechoslovakia Geography + +Total area: + 127,870 km2 +Land area: + 125,460 km2 +Comparative area: + slightly larger than New York State +Land boundaries: + 3,438 km; Austria 548 km, Germany 815 km, Hungary 676 km, Poland 1,309 km, + Ukraine 90 km +Coastline: + none - landlocked +Maritime claims: + none - landlocked +Disputes: + Gabcikovo Nagymaros Dam dispute with Hungary +Climate: + temperate; cool summers; cold, cloudy, humid winters +Terrain: + mixture of hills and mountains separated by plains and basins +Natural resources: + hard coal, timber, lignite, uranium, magnesite, iron ore, copper, zinc +Land use: + arable land 37%; permanent crops 1%; meadows and pastures 13%; forest and + woodland 36%; other 13%; includes irrigated 1% +Environment: + infrequent earthquakes; acid rain; water pollution; air pollution +Note: + landlocked; strategically located astride some of oldest and most + significant land routes in Europe; Moravian Gate is a traditional military + corridor between the North European Plain and the Danube in central Europe + +:Czechoslovakia People + +Population: + 15,725,680 (July 1992), growth rate 0.2% (1992) +Birth rate: + 13 births/1,000 population (1992) +Death rate: + 11 deaths/1,000 population (1992) +Net migration rate: + NEGL migrants/1,000 population (1992) +Infant mortality rate: + 11 deaths/1,000 live births (1992) +Life expectancy at birth: + 68 years male, 76 years female (1992) +Total fertility rate: + 1.9 children born/woman (1992) +Nationality: + noun - Czechoslovak(s); adjective - Czechoslovak +Ethnic divisions: + Czech 62.9%, Slovak 31.8%, Hungarian 3.8%, Polish 0.5%, German 0.3%, + Ukrainian 0.3%, Russian 0.1%, other 0.3% +Religions: + Roman Catholic 50%, Protestant 20%, Orthodox 2%, other 28% +Languages: + Czech and Slovak (official), Hungarian +Literacy: + 99% (male NA%, female NA%) age 15 and over can read and write (1970 est.) +Labor force: + 8,200,000 (1987); industry 36.9%, agriculture 12.3%, construction, + communications, and other 50.8% (1982) +Organized labor: + Czech and Slovak Confederation of Trade Unions (CSKOS); several new + independent trade unions established + +:Czechoslovakia Government + +Long-form name: + Czech and Slovak Federal Republic +Type: + federal republic in transition +Capital: + Prague +Administrative divisions: + 2 republics (republiky, singular - republika); Czech Republic (Ceska + Republika), Slovak Republic (Slovenska Republika); note - 11 regions (kraj, + singular); Severocesky, Zapadocesky, Jihocesky, Vychodocesky, Praha, + Severomoravsky, Jihomoravsky, Bratislava, Zapadoslovensky, Stredoslovensky, + Vychodoslovensky +Independence: + 28 October 1918 (from Austro-Hungarian Empire) +Constitution: + 11 July 1960; amended in 1968 and 1970; new Czech, Slovak, and federal + constitutions to be drafted in 1992 +Legal system: + civil law system based on Austro-Hungarian codes, modified by Communist + legal theory; constitutional court currently being established; has not + accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction; legal code in process of modification + to bring it in line with Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe + (CSCE) obligations and to expunge Marxist-Leninist legal theory +National holiday: + National Liberation Day, 9 May (1945) and Founding of the Republic, 28 + October (1918) +Executive branch: + president, prime minister, Cabinet +Legislative branch: + bicameral Federal Assembly (Federalni Shromazdeni) consists of an upper + house or Chamber of Nations (Snemovna Narodu) and a lower house or Chamber + of the People (Snemovna Lidu) +Judicial branch: + Supreme Court +Leaders: + Chief of State: + President Vaclav HAVEL; (interim president from 29 December 1989 and + president since 5 July 1990) + Head of Government: + Prime Minister Marian CALFA (since 10 December 1989); Deputy Prime Minister + Vaclav KLAUS (since 3 October 1991); Deputy Prime Minister Jiri DIENSTBIER + (since 28 June 1990); Deputy Prime Minister Jozef MIKLOSKO (since 28 June + 1990); Deputy Prime Minister Pavel RYCHETSKY (since 28 June 1990); Deputy + Prime Minister Pavel HOFFMAN (since 3 October 1991); note - generally, + "prime minister" is used at the federal level, "premier" at the republic + level; Czech Premier - Petr PITHART; Slovak Premier - Jan CARNOGVRSKY + +:Czechoslovakia Government + +Political parties and leaders: + note - there are very few federation-wide parties; party affiliation is + indicted as Czech (C) or Slovak (S); Civic Democratic Party, Vaclav KLAUS, + chairman, (C/S); Civic Movement, Jiri DIENSTBIER, chairman, (C); Civic + Democratic Alliance, Jan KALVODA, chairman; Christian Democratic Union + Public Against Violence, Martin PORUBJAK, chairman, (S); Christian + Democratic Party, Vaclav BENDA, (C); Christian Democratic Movement, Jan + CARNOGURSKY,(S); Communist Party of Bohemia and Moravia, Juri SVOBODA, + chairman; Movement for a Democratic Slovakia, Vladimir MECIAR, chairman - + removed from power in November 1989 by massive antiregime demonstrations; + Czechoslovak Social Democracy, Jiri HORAK, chairman, (C); Czechoslovak + Socialist Party, Ladislav DVORAK, chairman, (C)(S); Movement for + Self-Governing Democracy Society for Moravia and Silesia, Jan KRYCER, + chairman, (C); Party of the Democratic Left, Peter WEISS, chairman + (Slovakia's renamed Communists) (S); Slovak National Party, Jozef PROKES, + chairman, (S); Democratic Party, Jan HOLCIK, chairman, (S); Coexistence, + (C)(S) +Suffrage: + universal at age 18 +Elections: + Federal Assembly: + last held 8-9 June 1990 (next to be held 5-6 June 1992); results - Civic + Forum/Public Against Violence coalition 46%, KSC 13.6%; seats - (300 total) + Civic Forum/Public Against Violence coalition 170, KSC 47, Christian and + Democratic Union/Christian Democratic Movement 40, Czech, Slovak, Moravian, + and Hungarian groups 43 + President: + last held 5 July 1990 (next to be held 3 July 1992); results - Vaclav HAVEL + elected by the Federal Assembly +Communists: + 760,000 party members (September 1990); about 1,000,000 members lost since + November 1989 +Other political or pressure groups: + Czechoslovak Socialist Party, Czechoslovak People's Party, Czechoslovak + Social Democracy, Slovak Nationalist Party, Slovak Revival Party, Christian + Democratic Party; over 80 registered political groups fielded candidates in + the 8-9 June 1990 legislative election +Member of: + BIS, CCC, CE, CSCE, EC (associate) ECE, FAO, GATT, HG, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, + IFCTU, ILO, IMF, IMO, INMARSAT, IOC, ISO, ITU, LORCS, NACC, NSG, PCA, UN, + UNAVEM, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, ZC +Diplomatic representation: + Ambassador Rita KLIMOVA; Chancery at 3900 Linnean Avenue NW, Washington, DC + 20008; telephone (202) 363-6315 or 6316 + US: + Ambassador Shirley Temple BLACK; Embassy at Trziste 15, 125 48, Prague 1 + (mailing address is Unit 25402; APO AE 09213-5630); telephone [42] (2) + 536-641/6; FAX [42] (2) 532-457 +Flag: + two equal horizontal bands of white (top) and red with a blue isosceles + triangle based on the hoist side + +:Czechoslovakia Economy + +Overview: + Czechoslovakia is highly industrialized by East European standards and has a + well-educated and skilled labor force. GDP per capita has been the highest + in Eastern Europe. Annual GDP growth slowed to less than 1 percent during + the 1985-90 period. The country is deficient in energy and in many raw + materials. Moreover, its aging capital plant lags well behind West European + standards. In January 1991, Prague launched a sweeping program to convert + its almost entirely state-owned and controlled economy to a market system. + The koruna now enjoys almost full internal convertibility and over 90% of + prices are set by the market. The government is planning to privatize all + small businesses and roughly two-thirds of large enterprises by the end of + 1993. New private-sector activity is also expanding. Agriculture - 95% + socialized - is to be privatized by the end of 1992. Reform has taken its + toll on the economy: inflation was roughly 50% in 1991, unemployment was + nearly 70%, and GDP dropped an estimated 15%. In 1992 the government is + anticipating inflation of 10-15%, unemployment of 11-12%, and a drop in GDP + of up to 8%. As of mid-1992, the nation appears to be splitting in two - + into the industrial Czech area and the more agarian Slovak area. +GDP: + purchasing power equivalent - $108.9 billion, per capita $6,900; real growth + rate -15% (1991 est.) +Inflation rate (consumer prices): + 52% (1991 est.) +Unemployment rate: + officially 6.7% (1991 est.) +Budget: + revenues $4.5 billion; expenditures $4.5 billion, including capital + expenditures of $200 million (1992) +Exports: + $12.0 billion (f.o.b., 1990) + commodities: + machinery and equipment 39.2%; fuels, minerals, and metals 8.1%; + agricultural and forestry products 6.2%, other 46.5% + partners: + USSR, Germany, Poland, Austria, Hungary, Yugoslavia, Italy, France, US, UK +Imports: + $13.3 billion (f.o.b., 1990) + commodities: + machinery and equipment 37.3%; fuels, minerals, and metals 22.6%; + agricultural and forestry products 7.0%; other 33.1% + partners: + USSR, Germany, Austria, Poland, Switzerland, Hungary, Yugoslavia, UK, Italy +External debt: + $9.1 billion, hard currency indebtedness (December 1991) +Industrial production: + growth rate -22% (1991 est.); accounts for almost 60% of GNP +Electricity: + 23,000,000 kW capacity; 90,000 million kWh produced, 5,740 kWh per capita + (1990) +Industries: + iron and steel, machinery and equipment, cement, sheet glass, motor + vehicles, armaments, chemicals, ceramics, wood, paper products, footwear +Agriculture: + accounts for 9% of GDP (includes forestry); largely self-sufficient in food + production; diversified crop and livestock production, including grains, + potatoes, sugar beets, hops, fruit, hogs, cattle, and poultry; exporter of + forest products + +:Czechoslovakia Economy + +Illicit drugs: + transshipment point for Southwest Asian heroin and emerging as a + transshipment point for Latin American cocaine E +Economic aid: + donor - $4.2 billion in bilateral aid to non-Communist less developed + countries (1954-89) +Currency: + koruna (plural - koruny); 1 koruna (Kc) = 100 haleru +Exchange rates: + koruny (Kcs) per US$1 - 28.36 (January 1992), 29.53 (1991), 17.95 (1990), + 15.05 (1989), 14.36 (1988), 13.69 (1987) +Fiscal year: + calendar year + +:Czechoslovakia Communications + +Railroads: + 13,103 km total; 12,855 km 1.435-meter standard gauge, 102 km 1.520-meter + broad gauge, 146 km 0.750- and 0.760-meter narrow gauge; 2,861 km double + track; 3,798 km electrified; government owned (1988) +Highways: + 73,540 km total; including 517 km superhighway (1988) +Inland waterways: + 475 km (1988); the Elbe (Labe) is the principal river +Pipelines: + crude oil 1,448 km; petroleum products 1,500 km; natural gas 8,100 km +Ports: + maritime outlets are in Poland (Gdynia, Gdansk, Szczecin), Croatia (Rijeka), + Slovenia (Koper), Germany (Hamburg, Rostock); principal river ports are + Prague on the Vltava, Decin on the Elbe (Labe), Komarno on the Danube, + Bratislava on the Danube +Merchant marine: + 22 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 290,185 GRT/437,291 DWT; includes 13 + cargo, 9 bulk +Civil air: + 47 major transport aircraft +Airports: + 158 total, 158 usable; 40 with permanent-surface runways; 19 with runways + 2,440-3,659 m; 37 with runways 1,220-2,439 m +Telecommunications: + inadequate circuit capacity; 4 million telephones; Radrel backbone of + network; 25% of households have a telephone; broadcast stations - 32 AM, 15 + FM, 41 TV (11 Soviet TV repeaters); 4.4 million TVs (1990); 1 satellite + earth station using INTELSAT and Intersputnik + +:Czechoslovakia Defense Forces + +Branches: + Army, Air and Air Defense Forces, Civil Defense, Border Guard +Manpower availability: + males 15-49, 4,110,628; 3,142,457 fit for military service; 142,239 reach + military age (18) annually +Defense expenditures: + exchange rate conversion - 28 billion koruny, NA% of GNP (1991); note - + conversion of defense expenditures into US dollars using the current + exchange rate would produce misleading results + +:Denmark Geography + +Total area: + 43,070 km2 +Land area: + 42,370 km2; includes the island of Bornholm in the Baltic Sea and the rest + of metropolitan Denmark, but excludes the Faroe Islands and Greenland +Comparative area: + slightly more than twice the size of Massachusetts +Land boundaries: + 68 km; Germany 68 km +Coastline: + 3,379 km +Maritime claims: + Contiguous zone: + 4 nm + Continental shelf: + 200 m (depth) or to depth of exploitation + Exclusive fishing zone: + 200 nm + Territorial sea: + 3 nm +Disputes: + Rockall continental shelf dispute involving Iceland, Ireland, and the UK + (Ireland and the UK have signed a boundary agreement in the Rockall area); + Denmark has challenged Norway's maritime claims between Greenland and Jan + Mayen +Climate: + temperate; humid and overcast; mild, windy winters and cool summers +Terrain: + low and flat to gently rolling plains +Natural resources: + crude oil, natural gas, fish, salt, limestone +Land use: + arable land 61%; permanent crops NEGL%; meadows and pastures 6%; forest and + woodland 12%; other 21%; includes irrigated 9% +Environment: + air and water pollution +Note: + controls Danish Straits linking Baltic and North Seas + +:Denmark People + +Population: + 5,163,955 (July 1992), growth rate 0.2% (1992) +Birth rate: + 13 births/1,000 population (1992) +Death rate: + 12 deaths/1,000 population (1992) +Net migration rate: + 1 migrant/1,000 population (1992) +Infant mortality rate: + 7 deaths/1,000 live births (1992) +Life expectancy at birth: + 72 years male, 78 years female (1992) +Total fertility rate: + 1.7 children born/woman (1992) +Nationality: + noun - Dane(s); adjective - Danish +Ethnic divisions: + Scandinavian, Eskimo, Faroese, German +Religions: + Evangelical Lutheran 91%, other Protestant and Roman Catholic 2%, other 7% + (1988) +Languages: + Danish, Faroese, Greenlandic (an Eskimo dialect); small German-speaking + minority +Literacy: + 99% (male NA%, female NA%) age 15 and over can read and write (1980 est.) +Labor force: + 2,581,400; private services 36.4%; government services 30.2%; manufacturing + and mining 20%; construction 6.8%; agriculture, forestry, and fishing 5.9%; + electricity/gas/water 0.7% (1990) +Organized labor: + 65% of labor force + +:Denmark Government + +Long-form name: + Kingdom of Denmark +Type: + constitutional monarchy +Capital: + Copenhagen +Administrative divisions: + metropolitan Denmark - 14 counties (amter, singular - amt) and 1 city* + (stad); Arhus, Bornholm, Frederiksborg, Fyn, Kbenhavn, Nordjylland, Ribe, + Ringkbing, Roskilde, Snderjylland, Staden Kbenhavn*, Storstrm, Vejle, + Vestsjaelland, Viborg; note - see separate entries for the Faroe Islands and + Greenland, which are part of the Danish realm and self-governing + administrative divisions +Independence: + became a constitutional monarchy in 1849 +Constitution: + 5 June 1953 +Legal system: + civil law system; judicial review of legislative acts; accepts compulsory + ICJ jurisdiction, with reservations +National holiday: + Birthday of the Queen, 16 April (1940) +Executive branch: + monarch, heir apparent, prime minister, Cabinet +Legislative branch: + unicameral parliament (Folketing) +Judicial branch: + Supreme Court +Leaders: + Chief of State: + Queen MARGRETHE II (since January 1972); Heir Apparent Crown Prince + FREDERIK, elder son of the Queen (born 26 May 1968) + Head of Government: + Prime Minister Poul SCHLUTER (since 10 September 1982) +Political parties and leaders: + Social Democratic Party, Paul Nyrup RASMUSSEN; Conservative Party, Poul + SCHLUTER; Liberal Party, Uffe ELLEMANN-JENSEN; Socialist People's Party, + Holger K. NIELSEN; Progress Party, Pia KJAERSGAARD; Center Democratic Party, + Mimi Stilling JAKOBSEN; Radical Liberal Party, Marianne JELVED; Christian + People's Party, Jam SJURSEN; Left Socialist Party, Elizabeth BRUN-OLESEN; + Justice Party, Poul Gerhard KRISTIANSEN; Socialist Workers Party, leader NA; + Communist Workers' Party (KAP), leader NA; Common Course, Preben Meller + HANSEN; Green Party, Inger BORLEHMANN +Suffrage: + universal at age 21 +Elections: + Parliament: + last held 12 December 1990 (next to be held by December 1994); results - + Social Democratic Party 37.4%, Conservative Party 16.0%, Liberal 15.8%, + Socialist People's Party 8.3%, Progress Party 6.4%, Center Democratic Party + 5.1%, Radical Liberal Party 3.5%, Christian People's Party 2.3%, other 5.2%; + seats - (179 total; includes 2 from Greenland and 2 from the Faroe Islands) + Social Democratic 69, Conservative 30, Liberal 29, Socialist People's 15, + Progress Party 12, Center Democratic 9, Radical Liberal 7, Christian + People's 4 + +:Denmark Government + +Member of: + AfDB, AG (observer), AsDB, Australia Group, BIS, CCC, CE, CERN, COCOM, CSCE, + EBRD, EC, ECE, EIB, ESA, FAO, G-9, GATT, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICFTU, + IDA, IEA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INMARSAT, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, IOM, + ISO, ITU, LORCS, MTCR, NACC, NATO, NC, NEA, NIB, NSG, OECD, PCA, UN, UNCTAD, + UNESCO, UNFICYP, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNIIMOG, UNMOGIP, UNTSO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WM, + ZC +Diplomatic representation: + Ambassador Peter Pedersen DYVIG; Chancery at 3200 Whitehaven Street NW, + Washington, DC 20008; telephone (202) 234-4300; there are Danish Consulates + General in Chicago, Los Angeles, and New York + US: + Ambassador Richard B. STONE; Embassy at Dag Hammarskjolds Alle 24, 2100 + Copenhagen O (mailing address is APO AE 09716); telephone [45] (31) + 42-31-44; FAX [45] (35) 43-0223 +Flag: + red with a white cross that extends to the edges of the flag; the vertical + part of the cross is shifted to the hoist side, and that design element of + the (Danish flag) was subsequently adopted by the other Nordic countries of + Finland, Iceland, Norway, and Sweden + +:Denmark Economy + +Overview: + This modern economy features high-tech agriculture, up-to-date small-scale + and corporate industry, extensive government welfare measures, comfortable + living standards, and high dependence on foreign trade. Denmark probably + will continue its successful economic recovery in 1992 with tight fiscal and + monetary policies and export- oriented growth. Prime Minister Schluter's + main priorities are to maintain a current account surplus in order to pay + off extensive external debt and to continue to freeze public-sector + expenditures in order to reduce the budget deficit. The rate of growth by + 1993 - boosted by increased investment and domestic demand - may be + sufficient to start to cut Denmark's high unemployment rate, which is + expected to remain at about 11% in 1992. Low inflation, low wage increases, + and the current account surplus put Denmark in a good competitive position + for the EC's anticipated single market, although Denmark must cut its VAT + and income taxes. +GDP: + purchasing power equivalent - $91.1 billion, per capita $17,700; real growth + rate 2.0% (1991) +Inflation rate (consumer prices): + 2.4% (1991) +Unemployment rate: + 10.6% (1991) +Budget: + revenues $44.1 billion; expenditures $50 billion, including capital + expenditures of $NA billion (1991 est.) +Exports: + $37.8 billion (f.o.b., 1991) + commodities: + meat and meat products, dairy products, transport equipment (shipbuilding), + fish, chemicals, industrial machinery + partners: + EC 54.2% (Germany 22.5%, UK 10.3%, France 5.9%), Sweden 11.5%, Norway 5.8%, + US 5.0%, Japan 3.6% (1991) +Imports: + $31.6 billion (c.i.f., 1991) + commodities: + petroleum, machinery and equipment, chemicals, grain and foodstuffs, + textiles, paper + partners: + EC 52.8% (Germany 22.5%, UK 8.1%), Sweden 10.8%, US 6.3% (1991) +External debt: + $45 billion (1991) +Industrial production: + growth rate 0% (1991 est.) +Electricity: + 11,215,000 kW capacity; 31,000 million kWh produced, 6,030 kWh per capita + (1991) +Industries: + food processing, machinery and equipment, textiles and clothing, chemical + products, electronics, construction, furniture, and other wood products +Agriculture: + accounts for 4.5% of GDP and employs 6% of labor force (includes fishing and + forestry); farm products account for nearly 15% of export revenues; + principal products - meat, dairy, grain, potatoes, rape, sugar beets, fish; + self-sufficient in food production +Economic aid: + donor - ODA and OOF commitments (1970-89) $5.9 billion +Currency: + Danish krone (plural - kroner); 1 Danish krone (DKr) = 100 re + +:Denmark Economy + +Exchange rates: + Danish kroner (DKr) per US$1 - 6.116 (January 1992), 6.396 (1991), 6.189 + (1990), 7.310 (1989), 6.732 (1988), 6.840 (1987) +Fiscal year: + calendar year + +:Denmark Communications + +Railroads: + 2,675 km 1.435-meter standard gauge; Danish State Railways (DSB) operate + 2,120 km (1,999 km rail line and 121 km rail ferry services); 188 km + electrified, 730 km double tracked; 650 km of standard- gauge lines are + privately owned and operated +Highways: + 66,482 km total; 64,551 km concrete, bitumen, or stone block; 1,931 km + gravel, crushed stone, improved earth +Inland waterways: + 417 km +Pipelines: + crude oil 110 km; petroleum products 578 km; natural gas 700 km +Ports: + Alborg, Arhus, Copenhagen, Esbjerg, Fredericia; numerous secondary and minor + ports +Merchant marine: + 317 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 5,367,063 GRT/7,921,891 DWT; includes + 13 short-sea passenger, 94 cargo, 21 refrigerated cargo, 38 container, 39 + roll-on/roll-off, 1 railcar carrier, 42 petroleum tanker, 14 chemical + tanker, 33 liquefied gas, 4 livestock carrier, 17 bulk, 1 combination bulk; + note - Denmark has created its own internal register, called the Danish + International Ship register (DIS); DIS ships do not have to meet Danish + manning regulations, and they amount to a flag of convenience within the + Danish register; by the end of 1990, 258 of the Danish-flag ships belonged + to the DIS +Civil air: + 69 major transport aircraft +Airports: + 121 total, 108 usable; 27 with permanent-surface runways; none with runways + over 3,659 m; 9 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 6 with runways 1,220-2,439 m +Telecommunications: + excellent telephone, telegraph, and broadcast services; 4,509,000 + telephones; buried and submarine cables and radio relay support trunk + network; broadcast stations - 3 AM, 2 FM, 50 TV; 19 submarine coaxial + cables; 7 earth stations operating in INTELSAT, EUTELSAT, and INMARSAT + +:Denmark Defense Forces + +Branches: + Royal Danish Army, Royal Danish Navy, Royal Danish Air Force, Home Guard +Manpower availability: + males 15-49, 1,372,878; 1,181,857 fit for military service; 38,221 reach + military age (20) annually +Defense expenditures: + exchange rate conversion - $2.5 billion, 2% of GDP (1991) + +:Djibouti Geography + +Total area: + 22,000 km2 +Land area: + 21,980 km2 +Comparative area: + slightly larger than Massachusetts +Land boundaries: + 517 km; Ethiopia 459 km, Somalia 58 km +Coastline: + 314 km +Maritime claims: + Contiguous zone: + 24 nm + Exclusive economic zone: + 200 nm + Territorial sea: + 12 nm +Disputes: + possible claim by Somalia based on unification of ethnic Somalis +Climate: + desert; torrid, dry +Terrain: + coastal plain and plateau separated by central mountains +Natural resources: + geothermal areas +Land use: + arable land 0%; permanent crops 0%; meadows and pastures 9%; forest and + woodland NEGL%; other 91% +Environment: + vast wasteland +Note: + strategic location near world's busiest shipping lanes and close to Arabian + oilfields; terminus of rail traffic into Ethiopia + +:Djibouti People + +Population: + 390,906 (July 1992), growth rate 2.7% (1992) +Birth rate: + 43 births/1,000 population (1992) +Death rate: + 16 deaths/1,000 population (1992) +Net migration rate: + 0 migrants/1,000 population (1992) +Infant mortality rate: + 115 deaths/1,000 live births (1992) +Life expectancy at birth: + 47 years male, 50 years female (1992) +Total fertility rate: + 6.3 children born/woman (1992) +Nationality: + noun - Djiboutian(s); adjective - Djiboutian +Ethnic divisions: + Somali 60%, Afar 35%, French, Arab, Ethiopian, and Italian 5% +Religions: + Muslim 94%, Christian 6% +Languages: + French and Arabic (both official); Somali and Afar widely used +Literacy: + 48% (male 63%, female 34%) age 15 and over can read and write (1990) +Labor force: + NA, but a small number of semiskilled laborers at the port and 3,000 railway + workers; 52% of population of working age (1983) +Organized labor: + 3,000 railway workers, General Union of Djiboutian Workers (UGTD), + government affiliated; some smaller unions + +:Djibouti Government + +Long-form name: + Republic of Djibouti +Type: + republic +Capital: + Djibouti +Administrative divisions: + 5 districts (cercles, singular - cercle); `Ali Sabih, Dikhil, Djibouti, + Obock, Tadjoura +Independence: + 27 June 1977 (from France; formerly French Territory of the Afars and Issas) +Constitution: + partial constitution ratified January 1981 by the National Assembly +Legal system: + based on French civil law system, traditional practices, and Islamic law +National holiday: + Independence Day, 27 June (1977) +Executive branch: + president, prime minister, Council of Ministers +Legislative branch: + National Assembly (Assemblee Nationale) +Judicial branch: + Supreme Court (Cour Supreme) +Leaders: + Chief of State: + President Hassan GOULED Aptidon (since 24 June 1977) + Head of Government: + Prime Minister BARKAT Gourad Hamadou (since 30 September 1978) +Political parties and leaders: + only party - People's Progress Assembly (RPP), Hassan GOULED Aptidon +Suffrage: + universal adult at age NA +Elections: + National Assembly: + last held 24 April 1987 (next scheduled for May 1992 but post- poned); + results - RPP is the only party; seats - (65 total) RPP 65 + President: + last held 24 April 1987 (next to be held April 1993); results - President + Hassan GOULED Aptidon was reelected without opposition +Other political or pressure groups: + Front for the Restoration of Unity and Democracy and affiliates +Member of: + ACCT, ACP, AfDB, AFESD, AL, ECA, FAO, G-77, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, + IGADD, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTERPOL, IOC, ITU, LORCS, NAM, OAU, OIC, UN, UNESCO, + UNCTAD, UPU, WHO, WMO +Diplomatic representation: + Ambassador Roble OLHAYE; Chancery at Suite 515, 1156 15th Street NW, + Washington, DC 20005; telephone (202) 331-0270 + US: + Ambassador Charles R. BAQUET III; Embassy at Villa Plateau du Serpent, + Boulevard Marechal Joffre, Djibouti (mailing address is B. P. 185, + Djibouti); telephone [253] 35-39-95; FAX [253] 35-39-40 +Flag: + two equal horizontal bands of light blue (top) and light green with a white + isosceles triangle based on the hoist side bearing a red five-pointed star + in the center + +:Djibouti Economy + +Overview: + The economy is based on service activities connected with the country's + strategic location and status as a free trade zone in northeast Africa. + Djibouti provides services as both a transit port for the region and an + international transshipment and refueling center. It has few natural + resources and little industry. The nation is, therefore, heavily dependent + on foreign assistance to help support its balance of payments and to finance + development projects. An unemployment rate of over 30% continues to be a + major problem. Per capita consumption dropped an estimated 35% over the last + five years because of recession and a high population growth rate (including + immigrants and refugees). +GDP: + exchange rate conversion - $340 million, $1,000 per capita; real growth rate + -1.0% (1989 est.) +Inflation rate (consumer prices): + 3.7% (1989) +Unemployment rate: + over 30% (1989) +Budget: + revenues $131 million; expenditures $154 million, including capital + expenditures of $25 million (1990 est.) +Exports: + $190 million (f.o.b., 1990 est.) + commodities: + hides and skins, coffee (in transit) + partners: + Middle East 50%, Africa 43%, Western Europe 7% +Imports: + $311 million (f.o.b., 1990 est.) + commodities: + foods, beverages, transport equipment, chemicals, petroleum products + partners: + EC 36%, Africa 21%, Asia 12%, US 2% +External debt: + $355 million (December 1990) +Industrial production: + growth rate 0.1% (1989); manufacturing accounts for 4% of GDP +Electricity: + 115,000 kW capacity; 200 million kWh produced, 580 kWh per capita (1991) +Industries: + limited to a few small-scale enterprises, such as dairy products and + mineral-water bottling +Agriculture: + accounts for only 5% of GDP; scanty rainfall limits crop production to + mostly fruit and vegetables; half of population pastoral nomads herding + goats, sheep, and camels; imports bulk of food needs +Economic aid: + US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY78-89), $39 million; Western (non-US) + countries, including ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $1.1 + billion; OPEC bilateral aid (1979-89), $149 million; Communist countries + (1970-89), $35 million +Currency: + Djiboutian franc (plural - francs); 1 Djiboutian franc (DF) = 100 centimes +Exchange rates: + Djiboutian francs (DF) per US$1 - 177.721 (fixed rate since 1973) +Fiscal year: + calendar year + +:Djibouti Communications + +Railroads: + the Ethiopian-Djibouti railroad extends for 97 km through Djibouti +Highways: + 2,900 km total; 280 km paved; 2,620 km improved or unimproved earth (1982) +Ports: + Djibouti +Civil air: + 1 major transport aircraft +Airports: + 13 total, 11 usable; 2 with permanent-surface runways; none with runways + over 3,659 m; 2 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 5 with runways 1,220-2,439 m +Telecommunications: + fair system of urban facilities in Djibouti and radio relay stations at + outlying places; broadcast stations - 2 AM, 1 FM, 1 TV; 1 Indian Ocean + INTELSAT earth station and 1 ARABSAT; 1 submarine cable to Saudi Arabia + +:Djibouti Defense Forces + +Branches: + Djibouti National Army (including Navy and Air Force), National Security + Force (Force Nationale de Securite), National Police Force +Manpower availability: + males 15-49, 96,150; 56,077 fit for military service +Defense expenditures: + exchange rate conversion - $29.9 million, NA% of GDP (1986) + +:Dominica Geography + +Total area: + 750 km2 +Land area: + 750 km2 +Comparative area: + slightly more than four times the size of Washington, DC +Land boundaries: + none +Coastline: + 148 km +Maritime claims: + Contiguous zone: + 24 nm + Exclusive economic zone: + 200 nm + Territorial sea: + 12 nm +Disputes: + none +Climate: + tropical; moderated by northeast trade winds; heavy rainfall +Terrain: + rugged mountains of volcanic origin +Natural resources: + timber +Land use: + arable land 9%; permanent crops 13%; meadows and pastures 3%; forest and + woodland 41%; other 34% +Environment: + flash floods a constant hazard; occasional hurricanes +Note: + located 550 km southeast of Puerto Rico in the Caribbean Sea + +:Dominica People + +Population: + 87,035 (July 1992), growth rate 1.6% (1992) +Birth rate: + 24 births/1,000 population (1992) +Death rate: + 5 deaths/1,000 population (1992) +Net migration rate: + -3 migrants/1,000 population (1992) +Infant mortality rate: + 11 deaths/1,000 live births (1992) +Life expectancy at birth: + 74 years male, 79 years female (1992) +Total fertility rate: + 2.4 children born/woman (1992) +Nationality: + noun - Dominican(s); adjective - Dominican +Ethnic divisions: + mostly black; some Carib Indians +Religions: + Roman Catholic 77%, Protestant 15% (Methodist 5%, Pentecostal 3%, + Seventh-Day Adventist 3%, Baptist 2%, other 2%), none 2%, unknown 1%, other + 5% +Languages: + English (official); French patois widely spoken +Literacy: + 94% (male 94%, female 94%) age 15 and over having ever attended school + (1970) +Labor force: + 25,000; agriculture 40%, industry and commerce 32%, services 28% (1984) +Organized labor: + 25% of labor force + +:Dominica Government + +Long-form name: + Commonwealth of Dominica +Type: + parliamentary democracy +Capital: + Roseau +Administrative divisions: + 10 parishes; Saint Andrew, Saint David, Saint George, Saint John, Saint + Joseph, Saint Luke, Saint Mark, Saint Patrick, Saint Paul, Saint Peter +Independence: + 3 November 1978 (from UK) +Constitution: + 3 November 1978 +Legal system: + based on English common law +National holiday: + Independence Day, 3 November (1978) +Executive branch: + president, prime minister, Cabinet +Legislative branch: + unicameral House of Assembly +Judicial branch: + Eastern Caribbean Supreme Court +Leaders: + Chief of State: + President Sir Clarence Augustus SEIGNORET (since 19 December 1983) + Head of Government: + Prime Minister (Mary) Eugenia CHARLES (since 21 July 1980, elected for a + third term 28 May 1990) +Political parties and leaders: + Dominica Freedom Party (DFP), (Mary) Eugenia CHARLES; Dominica Labor Party + (DLP), Pierre CHARLES; United Workers Party (UWP), Edison JAMES +Suffrage: + universal at age 18 +Elections: + House of Assembly: + last held 28 May 1990 (next to be held May 1995); results - percent of vote + by party NA; seats - (30 total; 9 appointed senators and 21 elected + representatives) DFP 11, UWP 6, DLP 4 + President: + last held 20 December 1988 (next to be held December 1993); results - + President Sir Clarence Augustus SEIGNORET was reelected by the House of + Assembly +Other political or pressure groups: + Dominica Liberation Movement (DLM), a small leftist group +Member of: + ACCT, ACP, C, CARICOM, CDB, ECLAC, FAO, G-77, IBRD, ICFTU, IDA, IFAD, IFC, + ILO, IMF, IMO, INTERPOL, LORCS, NAM (observer), OAS, OECS, UN, UNCTAD, + UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WCL, WHO, WMO +Diplomatic representation: + there is no Chancery in the US + US: + no official presence since the Ambassador resides in Bridgetown (Barbados), + but travels frequently to Dominica + +:Dominica Government + +Flag: + green with a centered cross of three equal bands - the vertical part is + yellow (hoist side), black, and white - the horizontal part is yellow (top), + black, and white; superimposed in the center of the cross is a red disk + bearing a sisserou parrot encircled by 10 green five-pointed stars edged in + yellow; the 10 stars represent the 10 administrative divisions (parishes) + +:Dominica Economy + +Overview: + The economy is dependent on agriculture and thus is highly vulnerable to + climatic conditions. Agriculture accounts for about 30% of GDP and employs + 40% of the labor force. Principal products include bananas, citrus, mangoes, + root crops, and coconuts. In 1990, GDP grew by 7%, bouncing back from the + 1.6% decline of 1989. The tourist industry remains undeveloped because of a + rugged coastline and the lack of an international airport. +GDP: + purchasing power equivalent - $170 million, per capita $2,000; real growth + rate 7.0% (1990 est.) +Inflation rate (consumer prices): + 4.7% (1990) +Unemployment rate: + 10% (1989 est.) +Budget: + revenues $48 million; expenditures $85 million, including capital + expenditures of $41 million (FY90) +Exports: + $59.9 million (f.o.b., 1990) + commodities: + bananas, coconuts, grapefruit, soap, galvanized sheets + partners: + UK 72%, Jamaica 10%, OECS 6%, US 3%, other 9% +Imports: + $103.9 million (c.i.f., 1990) + commodities: + food, oils and fats, chemicals, fuels and lubricants, manufactured goods, + machinery and equipment + partners: + US 23%, UK 18%, CARICOM 15%, OECS 15%, Japan 5%, Canada 3%, other 21% +External debt: + $73 million (1990 est.) +Industrial production: + growth rate 4.5% in manufacturing (1988 est.); accounts for 11% of GDP +Electricity: + 7,000 kW capacity; 16 million kWh produced, 185 kWh per capita (1991) +Industries: + soap, beverages, tourism, food processing, furniture, cement blocks, shoes +Agriculture: + accounts for 30% of GDP; principal crops - bananas, citrus, mangoes, root + crops, and coconuts; bananas provide the bulk of export earnings; forestry + and fisheries potential not exploited +Economic aid: + Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), + $120 million +Currency: + East Caribbean dollar (plural - dollars); 1 EC dollar (EC$) = 100 cents +Exchange rates: + East Caribbean dollars (EC$) per US$1 - 2.70 (fixed rate since 1976) +Fiscal year: + 1 July - 30 June + +:Dominica Communications + +Highways: + 750 km total; 370 km paved, 380 km gravel and earth +Ports: + Roseau, Portsmouth +Civil air: + NA +Airports: + 2 total, 2 usable; 2 with permanent-surface runways; none with runways over + 2,439 m; 1 with runways 1,220-2,439 m +Telecommunications: + 4,600 telephones in fully automatic network; VHF and UHF link to Saint + Lucia; new SHF links to Martinique and Guadeloupe; broadcast stations - 3 + AM, 2 FM, 1 cable TV + +:Dominica Defense Forces + +Branches: + Commonwealth of Dominica Police Force (including Coast Guard) +Manpower availability: + NA +Defense expenditures: + exchange rate conversion - $NA, NA% of GDP + +:Dominican Republic Geography + +Total area: + 48,730 km2 +Land area: + 48,380 km2 +Comparative area: + slightly more than twice the size of New Hampshire +Land boundaries: + 275 km; Haiti 275 km +Coastline: + 1,288 km +Maritime claims: + Contiguous zone: + 24 nm + Continental shelf: + outer edge of continental margin or 200 nm + Exclusive economic zone: + 200 nm + Territorial sea: + 6 nm +Disputes: + none +Climate: + tropical maritime; little seasonal temperature variation +Terrain: + rugged highlands and mountains with fertile valleys interspersed +Natural resources: + nickel, bauxite, gold, silver +Land use: + arable land 23%; permanent crops 7%; meadows and pastures 43%; forest and + woodland 13%; other 14%; includes irrigated 4% +Environment: + subject to occasional hurricanes (July to October); deforestation +Note: + shares island of Hispaniola with Haiti (western one-third is Haiti, eastern + two-thirds is the Dominican Republic) + +:Dominican Republic People + +Population: + 7,515,892 (July 1992), growth rate 1.9% (1992) +Birth rate: + 26 births/1,000 population (1992) +Death rate: + 7 deaths/1,000 population (1992) +Net migration rate: + -1 migrant/1,000 population (1992) +Infant mortality rate: + 56 deaths/1,000 live births (1992) +Life expectancy at birth: + 66 years male, 70 years female (1992) +Total fertility rate: + 3.0 children born/woman (1992) +Nationality: + noun - Dominican(s); adjective - Dominican +Ethnic divisions: + mixed 73%, white 16%, black 11% +Religions: + Roman Catholic 95% +Languages: + Spanish +Literacy: + 83% (male 85%, female 82%) age 15 and over can read and write (1990 est.) +Labor force: + 2,300,000 to 2,600,000; agriculture 49%, services 33%, industry 18% (1986) +Organized labor: + 12% of labor force (1989 est.) + +:Dominican Republic Government + +Long-form name: + Dominican Republic (no short-form name) +Type: + republic +Capital: + Santo Domingo +Administrative divisions: + 29 provinces (provincias, singular - provincia) and 1 district* (distrito); + Azua, Baoruco, Barahona, Dajabon, Distrito Nacional*, Duarte, Elias Pina, El + Seibo, Espaillat, Hato Mayor, Independencia, La Altagracia, La Romana, La + Vega, Maria Trinidad Sanchez, Monsenor Nouel, Monte Cristi, Monte Plata, + Pedernales, Peravia, Puerto Plata, Salcedo, Samana, Sanchez Ramirez, San + Cristobal, San Juan, San Pedro De Macoris, Santiago, Santiago Rodriguez, + Valverde +Independence: + 27 February 1844 (from Haiti) +Constitution: + 28 November 1966 +Legal system: + based on French civil codes +National holiday: + Independence Day, 27 February (1844) +Executive branch: + president, vice president, Cabinet +Legislative branch: + bicameral National Congress (Congreso Nacional) consists of an upper chamber + or Senate (Senado) and lower chamber or Chamber of Deputies (Camara de + Diputados) +Judicial branch: + Supreme Court (Corte Suprema) +Leaders: + Chief of State and Head of Government: + President Joaquin BALAGUER Ricardo (since 16 August 1986, fifth elected term + began 16 August 1990); Vice President Carlos A. MORALES Troncoso (since 16 + August 1986) +Political parties and leaders: + Major parties: + Social Christian Reformist Party (PRSC), Joaquin BALAGUER Ricardo; Dominican + Revolutionary Party (PRD), Jose Franciso PENA Gomez; Dominican Liberation + Party (PLD), Juan BOSCH Gavino; Independent Revolutionary Party (PRI), + Jacobo MAJLUTA + Minor parties: + National Veterans and Civilian Party (PNVC), Juan Rene BEAUCHAMPS Javier; + Liberal Party of the Dominican Republic (PLRD), Andres Van Der HORST; + Democratic Quisqueyan Party (PQD), Elias WESSIN Chavez; National Progressive + Force (FNP), Marino VINICIO Castillo; Popular Christian Party (PPC), Rogelio + DELGADO Bogaert; Dominican Communist Party (PCD) Narciso ISA Conde; + Dominican Workers' Party (PTD), Ivan RODRIGUEZ; Anti-Imperialist Patriotic + Union (UPA), Ignacio RODRIGUEZ Chiappini + Note: + in 1983 several leftist parties, including the PCD, joined to form the + Dominican Leftist Front (FID); however, they still retain individual party + structures +Suffrage: + universal and compulsory at age 18 or if married; members of the armed + forces and police cannot vote + +:Dominican Republic Government + +Elections: + Chamber of Deputies: + last held 16 May 1990 (next to be held May 1994); results - percent of vote + by party NA; seats - (120 total) PLD 44, PRSC 41, PRD 33, PRI 2 + President: + last held 16 May 1990 (next to be held May 1994); results - Joaquin BALAGUER + (PRSC) 35.7%, Juan BOSCH Gavino (PLD) 34.4% + Senate: + last held 16 May 1990 (next to be held May 1994); results - percent of vote + by party NA; seats - (30 total) PRSC 16, PLD 12, PRD 2 +Communists: + an estimated 8,000 to 10,000 members in several legal and illegal factions; + effectiveness limited by ideological differences, organizational + inadequacies, and severe funding shortages +Member of: + ACP, CARICOM (observer), ECLAC, FAO, G-11, G-77, GATT, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, + ICAO, ICFTU, IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, IOM, + ITU, LAES, LORCS, NAM (guest), OAS, OPANAL, PCA, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, + UPU, WCL, WFTU, WHO, WMO, WTO +Diplomatic representation: + Ambassador Jose del Carmen ARIZA Gomez; Chancery at 1715 22nd Street NW, + Washington, DC 20008; telephone (202) 332-6280; there are Dominican + Consulates General in Boston, Chicago, Los Angeles, Mayaguez (Puerto Rico), + Miami, New Orleans, New York, Philadelphia, San Juan (Puerto Rico), and + Consulates in Charlotte Amalie (Virgin Islands), Detroit, Houston, + Jacksonville, Minneapolis, Mobile, Ponce (Puerto Rico), and San Francisco + US: + Ambassador Robert S. PASTORINO; Embassy at the corner of Calle Cesar Nicolas + Penson and Calle Leopoldo Navarro, Santo Domingo (mailing address is APO AA + 34041-0008); telephone (809) 5412171 +Flag: + a centered white cross that extends to the edges, divides the flag into four + rectangles - the top ones are blue (hoist side) and red, the bottom ones are + red (hoist side) and blue; a small coat of arms is at the center of the + cross + +:Dominican Republic Economy + +Overview: + The economy is largely dependent on trade; imported components average 60% + of the value of goods consumed in the domestic market. Rapid growth of free + trade zones has established a significant expansion of manufacturing for + export, especially wearing apparel. Over the past decade, tourism has also + increased in importance and is a major earner of foreign exchange and a + source of new jobs. Agriculture remains a key sector of the economy. The + principal commercial crop is sugarcane, followed by coffee, cotton, cocoa, + and tobacco. Domestic industry is based on the processing of agricultural + products, durable consumer goods, minerals, and chemicals. Unemployment is + officially reported at about 30%, but there is considerable underemployment. + A fiscal austerity program has brought inflation under control, but in 1991 + the economy contracted for a second straight year. +GDP: + exchange rate conversion - $7 billion, per capita $950; real growth rate -2% + (1991 est.) +Inflation rate (consumer prices): + 9% (1991 est.) +Unemployment rate: + 30% (1991 est.) +Budget: + revenues NA; expenditures $1.1 billion, including capital expenditures of NA + (1992 est.) +Exports: + $775 million (f.o.b., 1991 est.) + commodities: + sugar, coffee, cocoa, gold, ferronickel + partners: + US 60%, EC 19%, Puerto Rico 8% (1990) +Imports: + $1.8 billion (c.i.f., 1991 est.) + commodities: + foodstuffs, petroleum, cotton and fabrics, chemicals and pharmaceuticals + partners: + US 50% +External debt: + $4.7 billion (1991 est.) +Industrial production: + growth rate NA; accounts for 20% of GDP +Electricity: + 2,133,000 kW capacity; 4,410 million kWh produced, 597 kWh per capita (1991) +Industries: + tourism, sugar processing, ferronickel and gold mining, textiles, cement, + tobacco +Agriculture: + accounts for 15% of GDP and employs 49% of labor force; sugarcane is the + most important commercial crop, followed by coffee, cotton, cocoa, and + tobacco; food crops - rice, beans, potatoes, corn, bananas; animal output - + cattle, hogs, dairy products, meat, eggs; not self-sufficient in food +Economic aid: + US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY85-89), $575 million; Western (non-US) + countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $655 million +Currency: + Dominican peso (plural - pesos); 1 Dominican peso (RD$) = 100 centavos +Exchange rates: + Dominican pesos (RD$) per US$1 - 12.609 (January 1992), 12.692 (1991), 8.525 + (1990), 6.340 (1989), 6.113 (1988), 3.845 (1987) +Fiscal year: + calendar year + +:Dominican Republic Communications + +Railroads: + 1,655 km total in numerous segments; 4 different gauges from 0.558 m to + 1.435 m +Highways: + 12,000 km total; 5,800 km paved, 5,600 km gravel and improved earth, 600 km + unimproved +Pipelines: + crude oil 96 km; petroleum products 8 km +Ports: + Santo Domingo, Haina, San Pedro de Macoris, Puerto Plata +Merchant marine: + 1 cargo ship (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 1,587 GRT/1,165 DWT +Civil air: + 23 major transport aircraft +Airports: + 36 total, 30 usable; 12 with permanent-surface runways; none with runways + over 3,659 m; 3 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 9 with runways 1,220-2,439 m +Telecommunications: + relatively efficient domestic system based on islandwide microwave relay + network; 190,000 telephones; broadcast stations - 120 AM, no FM, 18 TV, 6 + shortwave; 1 coaxial submarine cable; 1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT earth + station + +:Dominican Republic Defense Forces + +Branches: + Army, Navy, Air Force, National Police +Manpower availability: + males 15-49, 2,013,294; 1,271,772 fit for military service; 80,117 reach + military age (18) annually +Defense expenditures: + exchange rate conversion - $70 million, 1% of GDP (1990) + +:Ecuador Geography + +Total area: + 283,560 km2 +Land area: + 276,840 km2; includes Galapagos Islands +Comparative area: + slightly smaller than Nevada +Land boundaries: + 2,010 km; Colombia 590 km, Peru 1,420 km +Coastline: + 2,237 km +Maritime claims: + Continental shelf: + claims continental shelf between mainland and Galapagos Islands + Territorial sea: + 200 nm +Disputes: + three sections of the boundary with Peru are in dispute +Climate: + tropical along coast becoming cooler inland +Terrain: + coastal plain (Costa), inter-Andean central highlands (Sierra), and flat to + rolling eastern jungle (Oriente) +Natural resources: + petroleum, fish, timber +Land use: + arable land 6%; permanent crops 3%; meadows and pastures 17%; forest and + woodland 51%; other 23%; includes irrigated 2% +Environment: + subject to frequent earthquakes, landslides, volcanic activity; + deforestation; desertification; soil erosion; periodic droughts +Note: + Cotopaxi in Andes is highest active volcano in world + +:Ecuador People + +Population: + 10,933,143 (July 1992), growth rate 2.2% (1992) +Birth rate: + 28 births/1,000 population (1992) +Death rate: + 6 deaths/1,000 population (1992) +Net migration rate: + 0 migrants/1,000 population (1992) +Infant mortality rate: + 42 deaths/1,000 live births (1992) +Life expectancy at birth: + 67 years male, 72 years female (1992) +Total fertility rate: + 3.5 children born/woman (1992) +Nationality: + noun - Ecuadorian(s); adjective - Ecuadorian +Ethnic divisions: + mestizo (mixed Indian and Spanish) 55%, Indian 25%, Spanish 10%, black 10% +Religions: + Roman Catholic 95% +Languages: + Spanish (official); Indian languages, especially Quechua +Literacy: + 86% (male 88%, female 84%) age 15 and over can read and write (1990 est.) +Labor force: + 2,800,000; agriculture 35%, manufacturing 21%, commerce 16%, services and + other activities 28% (1982) +Organized labor: + less than 15% of labor force + +:Ecuador Government + +Long-form name: + Republic of Ecuador +Type: + republic +Capital: + Quito +Administrative divisions: + 21 provinces (provincias, singular - provincia); Azuay, Bolivar, Canar, + Carchi, Chimborazo, Cotopaxi, El Oro, Esmeraldas, Galapagos, Guayas, + Imbabura, Loja, Los Rios, Manabi, Morona-Santiago, Napo, Pastaza, Pichincha, + Sucumbios, Tungurahua, Zamora-Chinchipe +Independence: + 24 May 1822 (from Spain; Battle of Pichincha) +Constitution: + 10 August 1979 +Legal system: + based on civil law system; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction +National holiday: + Independence Day, 10 August (1809, independence of Quito) +Executive branch: + president, vice president, Cabinet +Legislative branch: + unicameral National Congress (Congreso Nacional) +Judicial branch: + Supreme Court (Corte Suprema) +Leaders: + Chief of State and Head of Government: + President Rodrigo BORJA Cevallos (since 10 August 1988); Vice President Luis + PARODI Valverde (since 10 August 1988) +Suffrage: + universal at age 18; compulsory for literate persons ages 18-65, optional + for other eligible voters +Elections: + National Congress: + last held 17 June 1990 (next to be held 17 May 1992); results - percent of + vote by party NA; seats - (72 total) PSC 16, ID 14, PRE 13, PSE 8, DP 7, CFP + 3, PC 3, PLR 3, FADI 2, FRA 2, MPD 1 + President: + runoff election held 5 July 1992; results - Sixto DURAN elected as president + and Alberto DAHIK elected as vice president +Communists: + Communist Party of Ecuador (PCE, pro-Moscow), Rene Mauge MOSQUERA, secretary + general, 5,000 members; Communist Party of Ecuador/Marxist-Leninist (PCMLE, + Maoist), 3,000 members; Socialist Party of Ecuador (PSE, pro-Cuba), 5,000 + members (est.); National Liberation Party (PLN, Communist), less than 5,000 + members (est.) +Member of: + AG, ECLAC, FAO, G-11, G-77, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICFTU, IDA, IFAD, + IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, IOM, ITU, LAES, LAIA, LORCS, + NAM, OAS, OPANAL, OPEC, PCA, RG, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WCL, WFTU, + WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO +Diplomatic representation: + Ambassador Jaime MONCAYO; Chancery at 2535 15th Street NW, Washington, DC + 20009; telephone (202) 234-7200; there are Ecuadorian Consulates General in + Chicago, Houston, Los Angeles, Miami, New Orleans, New York, and San + Francisco, and a Consulate in San Diego + +:Ecuador Government + + US: + Ambassador vacant; Embassy at Avenida 12 de Octubre y Avenida Patria; Quito + (mailing address is P. O. Box 538, Quito, or APO AA 34039); telephone [593] + (2) 562-890; FAX [593] (2) 502-052; there is a US Consulate General in + Guayaquil +Flag: + three horizontal bands of yellow (top, double width), blue, and red with the + coat of arms superimposed at the center of the flag; similar to the flag of + Colombia that is shorter and does not bear a coat of arms + +:Ecuador Economy + +Overview: + Ecuador has substantial oil resources and rich agricultural areas. Growth + has been uneven because of natural disasters (for example, a major + earthquake in 1987), fluctuations in global oil prices, and government + policies designed to curb inflation. The government has not taken a + supportive attitude toward either domestic or foreign investment, although + its agreement to enter the Andean free trade zone is an encouraging move. As + 1991 ended, Ecuador received a standby IMF loan of $105 million, which will + permit the country to proceed with the rescheduling of Paris Club debt. +GDP: + exchange rate conversion - $11.5 billion, per capita $1,070; real growth + rate 2.5% (1991) +Inflation rate (consumer prices): + 49% (1991) +Unemployment rate: + 8.0% (1990) +Budget: + revenues $2.2 billion; expenditures $2.2 billion, including capital + expenditures of $375 million (1991) +Exports: + $2.9 billion (f.o.b., 1991) + commodities: + petroleum 47%, coffee, bananas, cocoa products, shrimp, fish products + partners: + US 60%, Latin America, Caribbean, EC countries +Imports: + $1.95 billion (f.o.b., 1991) + commodities: + transport equipment, vehicles, machinery, chemicals + partners: + US 34%, Latin America, Caribbean, EC, Japan +External debt: + $12.4 billion (December 1991) +Industrial production: + growth rate -3.8% (1989); accounts for almost 40% of GDP, including + petroleum +Electricity: + 2,344,000 kW capacity; 6,430 million kWh produced, 598 kWh per capita (1991) +Industries: + petroleum, food processing, textiles, metal works, paper products, wood + products, chemicals, plastics, fishing, timber +Agriculture: + accounts for 18% of GDP and 35% of labor force (including fishing and + forestry); leading producer and exporter of bananas and balsawood; other + exports - coffee, cocoa, fish, shrimp; crop production - rice, potatoes, + manioc, plantains, sugarcane; livestock sector - cattle, sheep, hogs, beef, + pork, dairy products; net importer of foodgrains, dairy products, and sugar +Illicit drugs: + minor illicit producer of coca following the successful eradication campaign + of 1985-87; significant transit country, however, for derivatives of coca + originating in Colombia, Bolivia, and Peru +Economic aid: + US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $498 million; Western (non-US) + countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $2.15 billion; + Communist countries (1970-89), $64 million +Currency: + sucre (plural - sucres); 1 sucre (S/) = 100 centavos + +:Ecuador Economy + +Exchange rates: + sucres (S/) per US$1 - 1,046.25 (1991), 869.54 (December 1990), 767.75 + (1990), 526.35 (1989), 301.61 (1988), 170.46 (1987) +Fiscal year: + calendar year + +:Ecuador Communications + +Railroads: + 965 km total; all 1.067-meter-gauge single track +Highways: + 28,000 km total; 3,600 km paved, 17,400 km gravel and improved earth, 7,000 + km unimproved earth +Inland waterways: + 1,500 km +Pipelines: + crude oil 800 km; petroleum products 1,358 km +Ports: + Guayaquil, Manta, Puerto Bolivar, Esmeraldas +Merchant marine: + 46 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 337,999 GRT/491,996 DWT; includes 2 + passenger, 4 cargo, 17 refrigerated cargo, 4 container, 1 roll-on/roll-off, + 15 petroleum tanker, 1 liquefied gas, 2 bulk +Civil air: + 23 major transport aircraft +Airports: + 143 total, 142 usable; 43 with permanent-surface runways; 1 with runway over + 3,659 m; 6 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 23 with runways 1,220-2,439 m +Telecommunications: + domestic facilities generally adequate; 318,000 telephones; broadcast + stations - 272 AM, no FM, 33 TV, 39 shortwave; 1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT + earth station + +:Ecuador Defense Forces + +Branches: + Army (Ejercito Ecuatoriano), Navy (Armada Ecuatoriana), Air Force (Fuerza + Aerea Ecuatoriana), National Police +Manpower availability: + males 15-49, 2,804,260; 1,898,401 fit for military service; 115,139 reach + military age (20) annually +Defense expenditures: + exchange rate conversion - $NA, NA% of GDP + +:Egypt Geography + +Total area: + 1,001,450 km2 +Land area: + 995,450 km2 +Comparative area: + slightly more than three times the size of New Mexico +Land boundaries: + 2,689 km; Gaza Strip 11 km, Israel 255 km, Libya 1,150 km, Sudan 1,273 km +Coastline: + 2,450 km +Maritime claims: + Contiguous zone: + 24 nm + Continental shelf: + 200 m (depth) or to depth of exploitation + Exclusive economic zone: + undefined + Territorial sea: + 12 nm +Disputes: + Administrative boundary with Sudan does not coincide with international + boundary +Climate: + desert; hot, dry summers with moderate winters +Terrain: + vast desert plateau interrupted by Nile valley and delta +Natural resources: + crude oil, natural gas, iron ore, phosphates, manganese, limestone, gypsum, + talc, asbestos, lead, zinc +Land use: + arable land 3%; permanent crops 2%; meadows and pastures 0%; forest and + woodland NEGL%; other 95%; includes irrigated 5% +Environment: + Nile is only perennial water source; increasing soil salinization below + Aswan High Dam; hot, driving windstorm called khamsin occurs in spring; + water pollution; desertification +Note: + controls Sinai Peninsula, only land bridge between Africa and remainder of + Eastern Hemisphere; controls Suez Canal, shortest sea link between Indian + Ocean and Mediterranean; size and juxtaposition to Israel establish its + major role in Middle Eastern geopolitics + +:Egypt People + +Population: + 56,368,950 (July 1992), growth rate 2.3% (1992) +Birth rate: + 33 births/1,000 population (1992) +Death rate: + 9 deaths/1,000 population (1992) +Net migration rate: + NEGL migrants/1,000 population (1992) +Infant mortality rate: + 80 deaths/1,000 live births (1992) +Life expectancy at birth: + 58 years male, 62 years female (1992) +Total fertility rate: + 4.4 children born/woman (1992) +Nationality: + noun - Egyptian(s); adjective - Egyptian +Ethnic divisions: + Eastern Hamitic stock 90%; Greek, Italian, Syro-Lebanese 10% +Religions: + (official estimate) Muslim (mostly Sunni) 94%; Coptic Christian and other 6% +Languages: + Arabic (official); English and French widely understood by educated classes +Literacy: + 48% (male 63%, female 34%) age 15 and over can read and write (1990 est.) +Labor force: + 15,000,000 (1989 est.); government, public sector enterprises, and armed + forces 36%; agriculture 34%; privately owned service and manufacturing + enterprises 20% (1984); shortage of skilled labor; 2,500,000 Egyptians work + abroad, mostly in Iraq and the Gulf Arab states (1988 est.) +Organized labor: + 2,500,000 (est.) + +:Egypt Government + +Long-form name: + Arab Republic of Egypt +Type: + republic +Capital: + Cairo +Administrative divisions: + 26 governorates (muhafazah, singular - muhafazah); Ad Daqahliyah, Al Bahr al + Ahmar, Al Buchayrah, Al Fayyum, Al Gharbiyah, Al Iskandariyah, Al + Isma`iliyah, Al Jizah, Al Minufiyah, Al Minya, Al Qahirah, Al Qalyubiyah, Al + Wadi al Jadid, Ash Sharqiyah, As Suways, Aswan, Asyu`t, Bani Suwayf, Bur + Sa`id, Dumyat, Janub Sina, Kafr ash Shaykh, Matruh, Qina, Shamal Sina, Suhaj +Independence: + 28 February 1922 (from UK); formerly United Arab Republic +Constitution: + 11 September 1971 +Legal system: + based on English common law, Islamic law, and Napoleonic codes; judicial + review by Supreme Court and Council of State (oversees validity of + administrative decisions); accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with + reservations +National holiday: + Anniversary of the Revolution, 23 July (1952) +Executive branch: + president, prime minister, Cabinet +Legislative branch: + unicameral People's Assembly (Majlis al-Cha'b); note - there is an Advisory + Council (Majlis al-Shura) that functions in a consultative role +Judicial branch: + Supreme Constitutional Court +Leaders: + Chief of State: + President Mohammed Hosni MUBARAK (was made acting President on 6 October + 1981 upon the assassination of President SADAT and sworn in as President on + 14 October 1981) + Head of Government: + Prime Minister Atef Mohammed Najib SEDKY (since 12 November 1986) +Political parties and leaders: + formation of political parties must be approved by government; National + Democratic Party (NDP), President Mohammed Hosni MUBARAK, leader, is the + dominant party; legal opposition parties are Socialist Liberal Party (SLP), + Kamal MURAD; Socialist Labor Party, Ibrahim SHUKRI; National Progressive + Unionist Grouping (NPUG), Khalid MUHYI-AL-DIN; Umma Party, Ahmad al-SABAHI; + New Wafd Party (NWP), Fu'd SIRAJ AL-DIN; Misr al-Fatah Party (Young Egypt + Party), Ali al-Din SALIH; The Greens Party, Hasan RAJAB; Nasserist Arab + Democratic Party, Dia' AL-DIN DAWOUD +Suffrage: + universal and compulsory at age 18 +Elections: + Advisory Council: + last held 8 June 1989 (next to be held June 1995); results - NDP 100%; seats + - (258 total, 172 elected) NDP 172 + People's Assembly: + last held 29 November 1990 (next to be held November 1995); results - NDP + 78.4%, NPUG 1.4%, independents 18.7%; seats - (437 total, 444 elected) - + including NDP 348, NPUG 6, independents 83; note - most opposition parties + boycotted + +:Egypt Government + + President: + last held 5 October 1987 (next to be held October 1993); results - President + Hosni MUBARAK was reelected +Communists: + about 500 party members +Other political or pressure groups: + Islamic groups are illegal, but the largest one, the Muslim Brotherhood, is + tolerated by the government; trade unions and professional associations are + officially sanctioned +Member of: + ACC, ACCT (associate), AfDB, AFESD, AG (observer), AL, AMF, CAEU, CCC, EBRD, + ECA, ESCWA, FAO, G-15, G-19, G-24, G-77, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, IDA, + IDB, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INMARSAT, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, IOM + (observer), ISO, ITU, LORCS, NAM, OAPEC, OAS (observer), OAU, OIC, PCA, UN, + UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNRWA, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO +Diplomatic representation: + Ambassador El Sayed Abdel Raouf EL REEDY; Chancery at 2310 Decatur Place NW, + Washington, DC 20008; telephone (202) 232-5400; there are Egyptian + Consulates General in Chicago, Houston, New York, and San Francisco + US: + Ambassador Robert PELLETREAU; Embassy at Lazougi Street, Garden City, Cairo + (mailing address is APO AE 09839); telephone [20] (2) 355-7371; FAX [20] (2) + 355-7375; there is a US Consulate General in Alexandria +Flag: + three equal horizontal bands of red (top), white, and black with the + national emblem (a shield superimposed on a golden eagle facing the hoist + side above a scroll bearing the name of the country in Arabic) centered in + the white band; similar to the flag of Yemen, which has a plain white band; + also similar to the flag of Syria that has two green stars and to the flag + of Iraq, which has three green stars (plus an Arabic inscription) in a + horizontal line centered in the white band + +:Egypt Economy + +Overview: + Egypt has one of the largest public sectors of all the Third World + economies, most industrial plants being owned by the government. + Overregulation holds back technical modernization and foreign investment. + Even so, the economy grew rapidly during the late 1970s and early 1980s, but + in 1986 the collapse of world oil prices and an increasingly heavy burden of + debt servicing led Egypt to begin negotiations with the IMF for + balance-of-payments support. As part of the 1987 agreement with the IMF, the + government agreed to institute a reform program to reduce inflation, promote + economic growth, and improve its external position. The reforms have been + slow in coming, however, and the economy has been largely stagnant for the + past four years. The addition of 1 million people every seven months to + Egypt's population exerts enormous pressure on the 5% of the total land area + available for agriculture. +GDP: + exchange rate conversion - $39.2 billion, per capita $720; real growth rate + 2% (1991 est.) +Inflation rate (consumer prices): + 17% (1991 est.) +Unemployment rate: + 15% (1991 est.) +Budget: + revenues $9.4 billion; expenditures $15.9 billion, including capital + expenditures of $6 billion (FY90 est.) +Exports: + $4.5 billion (f.o.b., 1991 est.) + commodities: + crude oil and petroleum products, cotton yarn, raw cotton, textiles, metal + products, chemicals + partners: + EC, Eastern Europe, US, Japan +Imports: + $11.7 billion (f.o.b., 1991 est.) + commodities: + machinery and equipment, foods, fertilizers, wood products, durable consumer + goods, capital goods + partners: + EC, US, Japan, Eastern Europe +External debt: + $38 billion (December 1991 est.) +Industrial production: + growth rate 7.3% (FY89 est.); accounts for 18% of GDP +Electricity: + 13,500,000 kW capacity; 45,000 million kWh produced, 820 kWh per capita + (1991) +Industries: + textiles, food processing, tourism, chemicals, petroleum, construction, + cement, metals +Agriculture: + accounts for 20% of GDP and employs more than one-third of labor force; + dependent on irrigation water from the Nile; world's sixth-largest cotton + exporter; other crops produced include rice, corn, wheat, beans, fruit, + vegetables; not self-sufficient in food; livestock - cattle, water buffalo, + sheep, and goats; annual fish catch about 140,000 metric tons +Economic aid: + US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $15.7 billion; Western (non-US) + countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-88), $10.1 billion; OPEC + bilateral aid (1979-89), $2.9 billion; Communist countries (1970-89), $2.4 + billion + +:Egypt Economy + +Currency: + Egyptian pound (plural - pounds); 1 Egyptian pound (#E) = 100 piasters +Exchange rates: + Egyptian pounds (#E) per US$1 - 3.3310 (January 1992), 2.7072 (1990), 2.5171 + (1989), 2.2233 (1988), 1.5183 (1987) +Fiscal year: + 1 July - 30 June + +:Egypt Communications + +Railroads: + 5,110 km total; 4,763 km 1,435-meter standard gauge, 347 km 0.750-meter + gauge; 951 km double track; 25 km electrified +Highways: + 51,925 km total; 17,900 km paved, 2,500 km gravel, 13,500 km improved earth, + 18,025 km unimproved earth +Inland waterways: + 3,500 km (including the Nile, Lake Nasser, Alexandria-Cairo Waterway, and + numerous smaller canals in the delta); Suez Canal, 193.5 km long (including + approaches), used by oceangoing vessels drawing up to 16.1 meters of water +Pipelines: + crude oil 1,171 km; petroleum products 596 km; natural gas 460 km +Ports: + Alexandria, Port Said, Suez, Bur Safajah, Damietta +Merchant marine: + 150 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 1,019,182 GRT/1,499,880 DWT; includes + 11 passenger, 5 short-sea passenger, 2 passenger-cargo, 86 cargo, 3 + refrigerated cargo, 15 roll-on/roll-off, 12 petroleum tanker, 15 bulk, 1 + container +Civil air: + 50 major transport aircraft +Airports: + 92 total, 82 usable; 66 with permanent-surface runways; 2 with runways over + 3,659 m; 44 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 24 with runways 1,220-2,439 m +Telecommunications: + system is large but still inadequate for needs; principal centers are + Alexandria, Cairo, Al Mansurah, Ismailia, Suez and Tanta; intercity + connections by coaxial cable and microwave; extensive upgrading in progress; + 600,000 telephones (est.); broadcast stations - 39 AM, 6 FM, 41 TV; + satellite earth stations - 1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT, 1 Indian Ocean + INTELSAT, 1 INMARSAT, 1 ARABSAT; 5 submarine coaxial cables; tropospheric + scatter to Sudan; radio relay to Libya, Israel, and Jordan + +:Egypt Defense Forces + +Branches: + Army, Navy, Air Force, Air Defense Command +Manpower availability: + males 15-49, 13,911,006; 9,044,425 fit for military service; 563,321 reach + military age (20) annually +Defense expenditures: + exchange rate conversion - $2.5 billion, 6.4% of GDP (1991) + +:El Salvador Geography + +Total area: + 21,040 km2 +Land area: + 20,720 km2 +Comparative area: + slightly smaller than Massachusetts +Land boundaries: + 545 km; Guatemala 203 km, Honduras 342 km +Coastline: + 307 km +Maritime claims: + Territorial sea: + 200 nm (overflight and navigation permitted beyond 12 nm) +Disputes: + dispute with Honduras over several sections of the land boundary; dispute + over Golfo de Fonseca maritime boundary because of disputed sovereignty of + islands +Climate: + tropical; rainy season (May to October); dry season (November to April) +Terrain: + mostly mountains with narrow coastal belt and central plateau +Natural resources: + hydropower, geothermal power, crude oil +Land use: + arable land 27%; permanent crops 8%; meadows and pastures 29%; forest and + woodland 6%; other 30%; includes irrigated 5% +Environment: + The Land of Volcanoes; subject to frequent and sometimes very destructive + earthquakes; deforestation; soil erosion; water pollution +Note: + smallest Central American country and only one without a coastline on + Caribbean Sea + +:El Salvador People + +Population: + 5,574,279 (July 1992), growth rate 2.2% (1992) +Birth rate: + 33 births/1,000 population (1992) +Death rate: + 5 deaths/1,000 population (1992) +Net migration rate: + - 6 migrants/1,000 population (1992) +Infant mortality rate: + 26 deaths/1,000 live births (1992) +Life expectancy at birth: + 68 years male, 75 years female (1992) +Total fertility rate: + 4.0 children born/woman (1992) +Nationality: + noun - Salvadoran(s); adjective - Salvadoran +Ethnic divisions: + mestizo 89%, Indian 10%, white 1% +Religions: + Roman Catholic about 75%, with extensive activity by Protestant groups + throughout the country (more than 1 million Protestant evangelicals in El + Salvador at the end of 1990) +Languages: + Spanish, Nahua (among some Indians) +Literacy: + 73% (male 76%, female 70%) age 15 and over can read and write (1990 est.) +Labor force: + 1,700,000 (1982 est.); agriculture 40%, commerce 16%, manufacturing 15%, + government 13%, financial services 9%, transportation 6%, other 1%; shortage + of skilled labor and a large pool of unskilled labor, but manpower training + programs improving situation (1984 est.) +Organized labor: + total labor force 15%; agricultural labor force 10%; urban labor force 7% + (1987 est.) + +:El Salvador Government + +Long-form name: + Republic of El Salvador +Type: + republic +Capital: + San Salvador +Administrative divisions: + 14 departments (departamentos, singular - departamento); Ahuachapan, + Cabanas, Chalatenango, Cuscatlan, La Libertad, La Paz, La Union, Morazan, + San Miguel, San Salvador, Santa Ana, San Vicente, Sonsonate, Usulutan +Independence: + 15 September 1821 (from Spain) +Constitution: + 20 December 1983 +Legal system: + based on civil and Roman law, with traces of common law; judicial review of + legislative acts in the Supreme Court; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, + with reservations +National holiday: + Independence Day, 15 September (1821) +Executive branch: + president, vice president, Council of Ministers (cabinet) +Legislative branch: + unicameral Legislative Assembly (Asamblea Legislativa) +Judicial branch: + Supreme Court (Corte Suprema) +Leaders: + Chief of State and Head of Government: + President Alfredo CRISTIANI Buchard (since 1 June 1989); Vice President Jose + Francisco MERINO (since 1 June 1989) +Political parties and leaders: + National Republican Alliance (ARENA), Armando CALDERON Sol; Christian + Democratic Party (PDC), Fidel CHAVEZ Mena; National Conciliation Party + (PCN), Ciro CRUZ Zepeda; National Democratic Union (UDN), Mario AGUINADA + Carranza; the Democratic Convergence (CD) is a coalition of three parties - + the Social Democratic Party (PSD), Wilfredo BARILLAS; the National + Revolutionary Movement (MNR), Victor VALLE; and the Popular Social Christian + Movement (MPSC), Ruben ZAMORA; Authentic Christian Movement (MAC), Julio REY + PRENDES; Democratic Action (AD), Ricardo GONZALEZ Camacho +Suffrage: + universal at age 18 +Elections: + Legislative Assembly: + last held 10 March 1991 (next to be held March 1994); results - ARENA 44.3%, + PDC 27.96%, CD 12.16%, PCN 8.99%, MAC 3.23%, UDN 2.68%; seats - (84 total) + ARENA 39, PDC 26, PCN 9, CD 8, UDN 1, MAC 1 + President: + last held 19 March 1989 (next to be held March 1994); results - Alfredo + CRISTIANI (ARENA) 53.8%, Fidel CHAVEZ Mena (PDC) 36.6%, other 9.6% +Other political or pressure groups: + Business organizations: + National Association of Private Enterprise (ANEP), conservative; Productive + Alliance (AP), conservative; National Federation of Salvadoran Small + Businessmen (FENAPES), conservative + +:El Salvador Government + + FMLN front organizations: + Labor fronts include - National Union of Salvadoran Workers (UNTS), leftist + umbrella front group, leads FMLN front network; National Federation of + Salvadoran Workers (FENASTRAS), best organized of front groups and + controlled by FMLN's National Resistance (RN); Social Security Institute + Workers Union (STISSS), one of the most militant fronts, is controlled by + FMLN's Armed Forces of National Resistance (FARN) and RN; Association of + Telecommunications Workers (ASTTEL); Centralized Union Federation of El + Salvador (FUSS); Treasury Ministry Employees (AGEMHA); Nonlabor fronts + include - Committee of Mothers and Families of Political Prisoners, + Disappeared Persons, and Assassinated of El Salvador (COMADRES); + Nongovernmental Human Rights Commission (CDHES); Committee of Dismissed and + Unemployed of El Salvador (CODYDES); General Association of Salvadoran + University Students (AGEUS); National Association of Salvadoran Educators + (ANDES-21 DE JUNIO); Salvadoran Revolutionary Student Front (FERS), + associated with the Popular Forces of Liberation (FPL); Association of + National University Educators (ADUES); Salvadoran University Students Front + (FEUS); Christian Committee for the Displaced of El Salvador (CRIPDES), an + FPL front; The Association for Communal Development in El Salvador + (PADECOES), controlled by the People's Revolutionary Army (ERP); + Confederation of Cooperative Associations of El Salvador (COACES) +Other political or pressure groups: + Labor organizations: + Federation of Construction and Transport Workers Unions (FESINCONSTRANS), + independent; Salvadoran Communal Union (UCS), peasant association; Unitary + Federation of Salvadoran Unions (FUSS), leftist; National Federation of + Salvadoran Workers (FENASTRAS), leftist; Democratic Workers Central (CTD), + moderate; General Confederation of Workers (CGT), moderate; National Unity + of Salvadoran Workers (UNTS), leftist; National Union of Workers and + Peasants (UNOC), moderate labor coalition of democratic labor organizations; + United Workers Front (FUT) + Leftist political parties: + National Democratic Union (UDN), National Revolutionary Movement (MNR), and + Popular Social Movement (MPSC) + Leftist revolutionary movement: + Farabundo Marti National Liberation Front (FMLN), leadership body of the + insurgency, five factions - Popular Liberation Forces (FPL), Armed Forces of + National Resistance (FARN), People's Revolutionary Army (ERP), Salvadoran + Communist Party/Armed Forces of Liberation (PCES/FAL), and Central American + Workers' Revolutionary Party (PRTC)/Popular Liberation Revolutionary Armed + Forces (FARLP) +Member of: + BCIE, CACM, ECLAC, FAO, G-77, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICFTU, IDA, IFAD, IFC, + ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, IOC, IOM, ITU, LAES, LORCS, NAM (observer), OAS, + OPANAL, PCA, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WCL, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO +Diplomatic representation: + Ambassador Miguel Angel SALAVERRIA; Chancery at 2308 California Street NW, + Washington, DC 20008; telephone (202) 265-9671 through 3482; there are + Salvadoran Consulates General in Houston, Los Angeles, Miami, New Orleans, + New York, and San Francisco + US: + Ambassador William G. WALKER; Embassy at 25 Avenida Norte No. 1230, San + Salvador (mailing address is APO AA 34023); telephone [503] 26-7100; FAX + [503] (26) 5839 + +:El Salvador Government + +Flag: + three equal horizontal bands of blue (top), white, and blue with the + national coat of arms centered in the white band; the coat of arms features + a round emblem encircled by the words REPUBLICA DE EL SALVADOR EN LA AMERICA + CENTRAL; similar to the flag of Nicaragua, which has a different coat of + arms centered in the white band - it features a triangle encircled by the + words REPUBLICA DE NICARAGUA on top and AMERICA CENTRAL on the bottom; also + similar to the flag of Honduras, which has five blue stars arranged in an X + pattern centered in the white band + +:El Salvador Economy + +Overview: + The agricultural sector accounts for 25% of GDP, employs about 40% of the + labor force, and contributes about 66% to total exports. Coffee is the major + commercial crop, accounting for 45% of export earnings. The manufacturing + sector, based largely on food and beverage processing, accounts for 18% of + GDP and 15% of employment. Economic losses because of guerrilla sabotage + total more than $2 billion since 1979. The costs of maintaining a large + military seriously constrain the government's efforts to provide essential + social services. Nevertheless, growth in national output during the period + 1990-91 exceeded growth in population for the first time since 1987. +GDP: + exchange rate conversion - $5.5 billion, per capita $1,010; real growth rate + 3% (1991 est.) +Inflation rate (consumer prices): + 19% (1990) +Unemployment rate: + 10% (1989) +Budget: + revenues $751 million; expenditures $790 million, including capital + expenditures of $NA (1990 est.) +Exports: + $580 million (f.o.b., 1990 est.) + commodities: + coffee 45%, sugar, cotton, shrimp + partners: + US 49%, Germany 24%, Guatemala 7%, Costa Rica 4%, Japan 4% +Imports: + $1.2 billion (c.i.f., 1990 est.) + commodities: + petroleum products, consumer goods, foodstuffs, machinery, construction + materials, fertilizer + partners: + US 40%, Guatemala 12%, Venezuela 7%, Mexico 7%, Germany 5%, Japan 4% +External debt: + $2.0 billion (December 1990 est.) +Industrial production: + growth rate 2.4% (1990); accounts for 22% of GDP +Electricity: + 682,000 kW capacity; 1,927 million kWh produced, 356 kWh per capita (1991) +Industries: + food processing, textiles, clothing, beverages, petroleum, tobacco products, + chemicals, furniture +Agriculture: + accounts for 25% of GDP and 40% of labor force (including fishing and + forestry); coffee most important commercial crop; other products - + sugarcane, corn, rice, beans, oilseeds, beef, dairy products, shrimp; not + self-sufficient in food +Illicit drugs: + transshipment point for cocaine +Economic aid: + US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-90), $2.95 billion; Western (non-US) + countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $525 million +Currency: + Salvadoran colon (plural - colones); 1 Salvadoran colon (C) = 100 centavos +Exchange rates: + Salvadoran colones (C) per US$1 - 8.1 (January 1992), floating rate since + mid-1990); 5.0000 (fixed rate 1986 to mid-1990) +Fiscal year: + calendar year + +:El Salvador Communications + +Railroads: + 602 km 0.914-meter gauge, single track +Highways: + 10,000 km total; 1,500 km paved, 4,100 km gravel, 4,400 km improved and + unimproved earth +Inland waterways: + Rio Lempa partially navigable +Ports: + Acajutla, Cutuco +Civil air: + 7 major transport aircraft +Airports: + 107 total, 77 usable; 5 with permanent-surface runways; none with runways + over 3,659 m; 1 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 4 with runways 1,220-2,439 m +Telecommunications: + nationwide trunk radio relay system; connection into Central American + Microwave System; 116,000 telephones; broadcast stations - 77 AM, no FM, 5 + TV, 2 shortwave; 1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT earth station + +:El Salvador Defense Forces + +Branches: + Army, Navy, Air Force, National Guard, National Police, Treasury Police +Manpower availability: + males 15-49, 1,265,149; 809,419 fit for military service; 68,445 reach + military age (18) annually +Defense expenditures: + exchange rate conversion - $220 million, 3.6% of GDP (1991) + +:Equatorial Guinea Geography + +Total area: + 28,050 km2 +Land area: + 28,050 km2 +Comparative area: + slightly larger than Maryland +Land boundaries: + 539 km; Cameroon 189 km, Gabon 350 km +Coastline: + 296 km +Maritime claims: + Exclusive economic zone: + 200 nm + Territorial sea: + 12 nm +Disputes: + maritime boundary dispute with Gabon because of disputed sovereignty over + islands in Corisco Bay +Climate: + tropical; always hot, humid +Terrain: + coastal plains rise to interior hills; islands are volcanic +Natural resources: + timber, crude oil, small unexploited deposits of gold, manganese, uranium +Land use: + arable land 8%; permanent crops 4%; meadows and pastures 4%; forest and + woodland 51%; other 33% +Environment: + subject to violent windstorms +Note: + insular and continental regions rather widely separated + +:Equatorial Guinea People + +Population: + 388,799 (July 1992), growth rate 2.6% (1992) +Birth rate: + 42 births/1,000 population (1992) +Death rate: + 15 deaths/1,000 population (1992) +Net migration rate: + 0 migrants/1,000 population (1992) +Infant mortality rate: + 107 deaths/1,000 live births (1992) +Life expectancy at birth: + 49 years male, 53 years female (1992) +Total fertility rate: + 5.4 children born/woman (1992) +Nationality: + noun - Equatorial Guinean(s) or Equatoguinean(s); adjective - Equatorial + Guinean or Equatoguinean +Ethnic divisions: + indigenous population of Bioko, primarily Bubi, some Fernandinos; Rio Muni, + primarily Fang; less than 1,000 Europeans, mostly Spanish +Religions: + natives all nominally Christian and predominantly Roman Catholic; some pagan + practices retained +Languages: + Spanish (official), pidgin English, Fang, Bubi, Ibo +Literacy: + 50% (male 64%, female 37%) age 15 and over can read and write (1990 est.) +Labor force: + 172,000 (1986 est.); agriculture 66%, services 23%, industry 11% (1980); + labor shortages on plantations; 58% of population of working age (1985) +Organized labor: + no formal trade unions + +:Equatorial Guinea Government + +Long-form name: + Republic of Equatorial Guinea +Type: + republic in transition to multiparty democracy +Capital: + Malabo +Administrative divisions: + 7 provinces (provincias, singular - provincia); Annobon, Bioko Norte, Bioko + Sur, Centro Sur, Kie-Ntem, Litoral, Wele-Nzas +Independence: + 12 October 1968 (from Spain; formerly Spanish Guinea) +Constitution: + new constitution 17 November 1991 +Legal system: + partly based on Spanish civil law and tribal custom +National holiday: + Independence Day, 12 October (1968) +Executive branch: + president, prime minister, deputy prime minister, Council of Ministers + (cabinet) +Legislative branch: + unicameral House of Representatives of the People (Camara de Representantes + del Pueblo) +Judicial branch: + Supreme Tribunal +Leaders: + Chief of State: + President Brig. Gen. (Ret.) Teodoro OBIANG NGUEMA MBASOGO (since 3 August + 1979) + Head of Government: + Prime Minister Cristino SERICHE BIOKO MALABO (since 15 August 1982); Deputy + Prime Minister Isidoro Eyi MONSUY ANDEME (since 15 August 1989) +Political parties and leaders: + only party - Democratic Party for Equatorial Guinea (PDGE), Brig. Gen. + (Ret.) Teodoro OBIANG NGUEMA MBASOGO, party leader; multipartyism legalized + in new constitution of November 1991, promulgated January 1992 +Suffrage: + universal adult at age NA +Elections: + Chamber of People's Representatives: + last held 10 July 1988 (next to be held 10 July 1993); results - PDGE is the + only party; seats - (41 total) PDGE 41 + President: + last held 25 June 1989 (next to be held 25 June 1996); results - President + Brig. Gen. (Ret.) Teodoro OBIANG NGUEMA MBASOGO was reelected without + opposition +Member of: + ACP, AfDB, BDEAC, CEEAC, ECA, FAO, FZ, G-77, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IFAD, ILO, + IMF, IMO, INTERPOL, IOC, ITU, LORCS (associate), NAM, OAS (observer), OAU, + UDEAC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WHO +Diplomatic representation: + Ambassador Damaso OBIANG NDONG; Chancery (temporary) 57 Magnolia Avenue, + Mount Vernon, NY 10553; telephone (914) 667-9664 + US: + Ambassador John E. BENNETT; Embassy at Calle de Los Ministros, Malabo + (mailing address is P.O. Box 597, Malabo); telephone [240] (9) 2185, 2406, + 2507; FAX [240] (9) 2164 + +:Equatorial Guinea Government + +Flag: + three equal horizontal bands of green (top), white, and red with a blue + isosceles triangle based on the hoist side and the coat of arms centered in + the white band; the coat of arms has six yellow six-pointed stars + (representing the mainland and five offshore islands) above a gray shield + bearing a silk-cotton tree and below which is a scroll with the motto + UNIDAD, PAZ, JUSTICIA (Unity, Peace, Justice) + +:Equatorial Guinea Economy + +Overview: + The economy, destroyed during the regime of former President Macias NGUEMA, + is now based on agriculture, forestry, and fishing, which account for about + half of GDP and nearly all exports. Subsistence agriculture predominates, + with cocoa, coffee, and wood products providing income, foreign exchange, + and government revenues. There is little industry. Commerce accounts for + about 8% of GDP and the construction, public works, and service sectors for + about 38%. Undeveloped natural resources include titanium, iron ore, + manganese, uranium, and alluvial gold. Oil exploration, taking place under + concessions offered to US, French, and Spanish firms, has been moderately + successful. +GDP: + exchange rate conversion - $156 million, per capita $400; real growth rate + 1.6% (1988 est.) +Inflation rate (consumer prices): + 3.6% (1990 est.) +Unemployment rate: + NA% +Budget: + revenues $27 million; expenditures $29 million, including capital + expenditures of NA (1990 est.) +Exports: + $37 million (f.o.b., 1990 est.) + commodities: + coffee, timber, cocoa beans + partners: + Spain 38.2%, Italy 12.2%, Netherlands 11.4%, FRG 6.9%, Nigeria 12.4 (1988) +Imports: + $68.3 million (c.i.f., 1990) + commodities: + petroleum, food, beverages, clothing, machinery + partners: + France 25.9%, Spain 21.0%, Italy 16%, US 12.8%, Netherlands 8%, Germany + 3.1%, Gabon 2.9%, Nigeria 1.8 (1988) +External debt: + $213 million (1990) +Industrial production: + growth rate - 6.8% (1990 est.) +Electricity: + 23,000 kW capacity; 60 million kWh produced, 160 kWh per capita (1991) +Industries: + fishing, sawmilling +Agriculture: + cash crops - timber and coffee from Rio Muni, cocoa from Bioko; food crops - + rice, yams, cassava, bananas, oil palm nuts, manioc, livestock +Illicit drugs: + transshipment point for illicit drugs from Central and Southwest Asia to + Western Europe +Economic aid: + US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY81-89), $14 million; Western (non-US) + countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89) $130 million; + Communist countries (1970-89), $55 million +Currency: + Communaute Financiere Africaine franc (plural - francs); 1 CFA franc (CFAF) + = 100 centimes +Exchange rates: + Communaute Financiere Africaine francs (CFAF) per US$1 - 269.01 (January + 1992), 282.11 (1991), 272.26 (1990), 319.01 (1989), 297.85 (1988), 300.54 + (1987) + +:Equatorial Guinea Economy + +Fiscal year: + 1 April - 31 March + +:Equatorial Guinea Communications + +Highways: + Rio Muni - 2,460 km; Bioko - 300 km +Ports: + Malabo, Bata +Merchant marine: + 2 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 6,413 GRT/6,699 DWT; includes 1 cargo + and 1 passenger-cargo +Civil air: + 1 major transport aircraft +Airports: + 3 total, 3 usable; 2 with permanent-surface runways; none with runways over + 3,659 m; 1 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 1 with runways 1,220-2,439 m +Telecommunications: + poor system with adequate government services; international communications + from Bata and Malabo to African and European countries; 2,000 telephones; + broadcast stations - 2 AM, no FM, 1 TV; 1 Indian Ocean INTELSAT earth + station + +:Equatorial Guinea Defense Forces + +Branches: + Army, Navy, Air Force, National Guard, National Police +Manpower availability: + males 15-49, 81,850; 41,528 fit for military service +Defense expenditures: + exchange rate conversion - $NA, NA% of GNP + +:Estonia Geography + +Total area: + 45,100 km2 +Land area: + 43,200 km2; (includes 1,520 islands in the Baltic Sea) +Comparative area: + slightly larger than New Hampshire and Vermont combined +Land boundaries: + 557 km; Latvia 267 km, Russia 290 km +Coastline: + 1,393 km +Maritime claims: + Contiguous zone: + NA nm + Continental shelf: + NA meter depth + Exclusive economic zone: + NA nm + Exclusive fishing zone: + NA nm + Territorial sea: + NA nm +Disputes: + international small border strips along the northern (Narva) and southern + (Petseri) sections of eastern border with Russia ceded to Russia in 1945 by + the Estonian SSR +Climate: + maritime, wet, moderate winters +Terrain: + marshy, lowlands +Natural resources: + shale oil, peat, phosphorite, amber +Land use: + 22% arable land; NA% permanent crops; 11% meadows and pastures; 31% forest + and woodland; 21% other; includes NA% irrigated; 15% swamps and lakes +Environment: + coastal waters largely polluted + +:Estonia People + +Population: + 1,607,349 (July 1992), growth rate 0.7% (1992) +Birth rate: + 16 births/1,000 population (1992) +Death rate: + 12 deaths/1,000 population (1992) +Net migration rate: + 3 migrants/1,000 population (1992) +Infant mortality rate: + 25 deaths/1,000 live births (1992) +Life expectancy at birth: + 65 years male, 74 years female (1992) +Total fertility rate: + 2.3 children born/woman (1992) +Nationality: + noun - Estonian(s); adjective - Estonian +Ethnic divisions: + Estonian 61.5%, Russian 30.3%, Ukrainian 3.17%, Byelorussian 1.8%, Finn + 1.1%, other 2.13% (1989) +Religions: + Lutheran is primary denomination +Languages: + Estonian NA% (official), Latvian NA%, Lithuanian NA%, Russian NA%, other NA% +Literacy: + NA% (male NA%, female NA%) +Labor force: + 796,000; industry and construction 42%, agriculture and forestry 13%, other + 45% (1990) +Organized labor: + NA + +:Estonia Government + +Long-form name: + Republic of Estonia +Type: + republic +Capital: + Tallinn +Administrative divisions: + none - all districts are under direct republic jurisdiction +Independence: + 8 November 1917; occupied by Germany in March 1918 and restored to power in + November 1918; annexed by USSR 6 August 1940; declared independence 20 + August 1991 and regained independence from USSR 6 September 1991 +Constitution: + currently rewriting constitution, but readopted the constitution of 1938 +Legal system: + based on civil law system; no judicial review of legislative acts +National holiday: + Independence Day, 24 February (1918) +Executive branch: + prime minister +Legislative branch: + unicameral Supreme Council +Judicial branch: + Supreme Court +Leaders: + Chief of State: + Chairman, Supreme Council Arnold R'UTEL (since April 1983) + Head of Government: + Prime Minister Tiit VAHI (since January 1992) +Political parties and leaders: + Popular Front of Estonia (Rahvarinne), NA chairman; Estonian Christian + Democratic Party, Aivar KALA, chairman; Estonian Christian Democratic Union, + Illar HALLASTE, chairman; Estonian Heritage Society (EMS), Trivimi VELLISTE, + chairman; Estonian National Independence Party (ERSP), Lagle PAREK, + chairman; Estonian Social Democratic Party, Marju LAURISTIN, chairman; + Estonian Green Party, Tonu OJA; Independent Estonian Communist Party, Vaino + VALJAS; People's Centrist Party, Edgar SAVISAAR, chairman +Suffrage: + universal at age 18 +Elections: + Congress of Estonia: + last held March 1990 (next to be held NA); note - Congress of Estonia is a + quasi-governmental structure; results - percent of vote by party NA; seats - + (495 total) number of seats by party NA + President: + last held NA 1990; (next to be held NA); results - NA + Supreme Council: + last held 18 March 1990; (next to be held NA); results - percent of vote by + party NA; seats - (105 total) number of seats by party NA +Other political or pressure groups: + NA +Member of: + CSCE, IAEA, ICFTU, NACC, UN, UNCTAD +Diplomatic representation: + Ambassador Ernst JAAKSON, Legation of Estonia, Office of Consulate General, + 9 Rockefeller Plaza, Suite 1421, New York, NY 10020; telephone (212) + 247-1450 + +:Estonia Government + + US: + Ambassador Robert C. FRASURE; Embassy at Kentmanni 20, Tallin EE 0001; + telephone 011-[358] (49) 303-182 (cellular); FAX [358] (49) 306-817 + (cellular); note - dialing to Baltics still requires use of an international + operator unless you use the cellular phone lines +Flag: + pre-1940 flag restored by Supreme Soviet in May 1990; flag is three equal + horizontal bands of blue, black, and white + +:Estonia Economy + +Overview: + Starting in July 1991, under a new law on private ownership, small + enterprises, such as retail shops and restaurants, were sold to private + owners. The auctioning of large-scale enterprises is now in progress with + the proceeds being held in escrow until the prior ownership (that is, + Estonian or the Commonwealth of Independent States) can be established. + Estonia ranks first in per capita consumption among the former Soviet + republics. Agriculture is well developed, especially meat production, and + provides a surplus for export. Only about one-fifth of the work force is in + agriculture. The major share of the work force engages in manufacturing both + capital and consumer goods based on raw materials and intermediate products + from the other former Soviet republics. These manufactures are of high + quality by ex-Soviet standards and are exported to the other republics. + Estonia's mineral resources are limited to major deposits of shale oil (60% + of old Soviet total) and phosphorites (400 million tons). Estonia has a + large, relatively modern port and produces more than half of its own energy + needs at highly polluting shale oil power plants. Like the other 14 + successor republics, Estonia is suffering through a difficult transitional + period - between a collapsed command economic structure and a + still-to-be-built market structure. It has advantages in the transition, not + having suffered so long under the Soviet yoke and having better chances of + developing profitable ties to the Nordic and West European countries. +GDP: + $NA billion, per capita $NA; real growth rate -11% (1992) +Inflation rate (consumer prices): + approximately 200% (1991) +Unemployment rate: + NA% +Budget: + revenues $NA million; expenditures $NA million, including capital + expenditures of $NA million +Exports: + $186 million (f.o.b., 1990) + commodities: + machinery 30%, food 17%, chemicals 11%, electric power 9% + partners: + Russia 50%, other former Soviet republics 30%, Ukraine 15%, West 5% +Imports: + $1.2 billion (c.i.f., 1990) + commodities: + machinery 45%, oil 13%, chemicals 12% + partners: + NA +External debt: + $650 million (end of 1991) +Industrial production: + growth rate -9% (1991) +Electricity: + 3,305,000 kW capacity; 17,200 million kWh produced, 10,865 kWh per capita + (1990) +Industries: + accounts for 30% of labor force; oil shale, shipbuilding, phosphates, + electric motors, excavators, cement, furniture, clothing, textiles, paper, + shoes, apparel +Agriculture: + employs 20% of work force; very efficient; net exports of meat, fish, dairy + products, and potatoes; imports feedgrains for livestock; fruits and + vegetables + +:Estonia Economy + +Illicit drugs: + transshipment point for illicit drugs from Central and Southwest Asia to + Western Europe +Economic aid: + US commitments, including Ex-Im (1992), $10 million; Western (non-US) + countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-86), $NA million; + Communist countries (1971-86), $NA million +Currency: + kroon; to be introduced in 1992 +Exchange rates: + NA +Fiscal year: + calendar year + +:Estonia Communications + +Railroads: + 1,030 km (includes NA km electrified); does not include industrial lines + (1990) +Highways: + 30,300 km total (1990); 29,200 km hard surfaced; 1,100 km earth +Inland waterways: + 500 km perennially navigable +Pipelines: + crude oil NA km, refined products NA km, natural gas NA km +Ports: + maritime - Tallinn, Parnu; inland - Narva +Merchant marine: + 65 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 386,634 GRT/516,866 DWT; includes 51 + cargo, 6 roll-on/roll-off, 2 short-sea passenger, 6 bulk +Civil air: + NA major transport aircraft +Airports: + NA total, NA usable; NA with permanent-surface runways; NA with runways over + 3,659 m; NA with runways 2,440-3,659 m; NA with runways 1,220-2,439 m +Telecommunications: + telephone diversity - NA; broadcast stations - 3 TV (provide Estonian + programs as well as Moscow Ostenkino's first and second programs); + international traffic is carried to the other former USSR republics by + landline or microwave and to other countries by leased connection to the + Moscow international gateway switch, by the Finnish cellular net, and by an + old copper submarine cable to Finland + +:Estonia Defense Forces + +Branches: + Republic Security Forces (internal and border troops), National Guard; + Russian Forces (Ground, Navy, Air, Air Defense, and Border Guard) +Manpower availability: + males 15-49, total mobilized force projected 120,000-130,000; NA fit for + military service; between 10,000-12,000 reach military age (18) annually +Defense expenditures: + $NA, NA% of GDP + +:Ethiopia Geography + +Total area: + 1,221,900 km2 +Land area: + 1,101,000 km2 +Comparative area: + slightly less than twice the size of Texas +Land boundaries: + 5,141 km; Djibouti 459 km, Kenya 861 km, Somalia 1,600 km, Sudan 2,221 km +Coastline: + 1,094 km +Maritime claims: + Territorial sea: + 12 nm +Disputes: + southern half of the boundary with Somalia is a Provisional Administrative + Line; possible claim by Somalia based on unification of ethnic Somalis; + territorial dispute with Somalia over the Ogaden; independence referendum in + Eritrea scheduled for April 1992 +Climate: + tropical monsoon with wide topographic-induced variation; some areas prone + to extended droughts +Terrain: + high plateau with central mountain range divided by Great Rift Valley +Natural resources: + small reserves of gold, platinum, copper, potash +Land use: + arable land 12%; permanent crops 1%; meadows and pastures 41%; forest and + woodland 24%; other 22%; includes irrigated NEGL% +Environment: + geologically active Great Rift Valley susceptible to earthquakes, volcanic + eruptions; deforestation; overgrazing; soil erosion; desertification; + frequent droughts; famine +Note: + strategic geopolitical position along world's busiest shipping lanes and + close to Arabian oilfields + +:Ethiopia People + +Population: + 54,270,464 (July 1992), growth rate 3.2% (1992) +Birth rate: + 45 births/1,000 population (1992) +Death rate: + 14 deaths/1,000 population (1992) +Net migration rate: + 2 migrants/1,000 population (1992) +Infant mortality rate: + 112 deaths/1,000 live births (1992) +Life expectancy at birth: + 50 years male, 53 years female (1992) +Total fertility rate: + 6.9 children born/woman (1992) +Nationality: + noun - Ethiopian(s); adjective - Ethiopian +Ethnic divisions: + Oromo 40%, Amhara and Tigrean 32%, Sidamo 9%, Shankella 6%, Somali 6%, Afar + 4%, Gurage 2%, other 1% +Religions: + Muslim 40-45%, Ethiopian Orthodox 35-40%, animist 15-20%, other 5% +Languages: + Amharic (official), Tigrinya, Orominga, Guaraginga, Somali, Arabic, English + (major foreign language taught in schools) +Literacy: + 62% (male NA%, female NA%) age 10 and over can read and write (1983 est.) +Labor force: + 18,000,000; agriculture and animal husbandry 80%, government and services + 12%, industry and construction 8% (1985) +Organized labor: + All Ethiopian Trade Union formed by the government in January 1977 to + represent 273,000 registered trade union members; was dissolved when the TGE + came to power; labor code of 1975 is being redrafted + +:Ethiopia Government + +Long-form name: + none +Type: + on 28 May 1991 the Ethiopian People's Revolutionary Democratic Front (EPRDF) + toppled the authoritarian government of MENGISTU Haile-Mariam and took + control in Addis Ababa; the Transitional Government of Ethiopia (TGE), + announced as a two-year transitional period; on 29 May 1991, Issayas + AFEWORKE, secretary general of the Eritrean People's Liberation Front + (EPLF), announced the formation of the Provisional Government in Eritrea + (PGE), in preparation for an eventual referendum on independence for the + province +Capital: + Addis Ababa +Administrative divisions: + 14 administrative regions (astedader akababiwach, singular - astedader + akababi) and 1 autonomous region* (rasgez akababi); Addis Ababa (Addis + Ababa), Afar, Agew, Amhara, Benishangul, Ertra (Eritrea)*, Gambela, + Gurage-Hadiya-Wolayta, Harer, Kefa, Omo, Oromo, Sidamo, Somali, Tigray +Independence: + oldest independent country in Africa and one of the oldest in the world - at + least 2,000 years +Constitution: + to be redrafted by 1993 +Legal system: + NA +National holiday: + National Revolution Day 12 September (1974) +Executive branch: + president, prime minister, Council of Ministers +Legislative branch: + Council of Representatives +Judicial branch: + Supreme Court +Leaders: + Chief of State: + Interim President Meles ZENAWI (since 1 June 1991); transitional government + Head of Government: + Acting Prime Minister Tamirat LAYNE (since 6 June 1991) +Political parties and leaders: + NA +Suffrage: + universal at age 18 +Elections: + Council of Representatives: + last held 14 June 1987 (next to be held after new constitution drafted) + President: + last held 10 September 1987; next election planned after new constitution + drafted; results - MENGISTU Haile-Mariam elected by the now defunct National + Assembly, but resigned and left Ethiopia on 21 May 1991 +Other political or pressure groups: + Oromo Liberation Front (OLF); Ethiopian People's Revolutionary Party (EPRP); + numerous small, ethnic-based groups have formed since Mengistu's resignation +Member of: + ACP, AfDB, CCC, ECA, FAO, G-24, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IFAD, IFC, + IGADD, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, ISO, ITU, LORCS, NAM, OAU, + UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WFTU, WHO, WMO, WTO +Diplomatic representation: + Counselor, Charge d'Affaires ad interim Girma AMARE; Chancery at 2134 + Kalorama Road NW, Washington, DC 20008; telephone (202) 234-2281 or 2282 + +:Ethiopia Government + + US: + Charge d'Affaires Marc A. BAAS; Embassy at Entoto Street, Addis Ababa + (mailing address is P. O. Box 1014, Addis Ababa); telephone [251] (01) + 550666; FAX [251] (1) 551-166 +Flag: + three equal horizontal bands of green (top), yellow, and red; Ethiopia is + the oldest independent country in Africa, and the colors of her flag were so + often adopted by other African countries upon independence that they became + known as the pan-African colors + +:Ethiopia Economy + +Overview: + Ethiopia is one of the poorest and least developed countries in Africa. Its + economy is based on subsistence agriculture, which accounts for about 45% of + GDP, 90% of exports, and 80% of total employment; coffee generates 60% of + export earnings. The manufacturing sector is heavily dependent on inputs + from the agricultural sector. Over 90% of large-scale industry, but less + than 10% of agriculture, is state run; the government is considering selling + off a portion of state-owned plants. Favorable agricultural weather largely + explains the 4.5% growth in output in FY89, whereas drought and + deteriorating internal security conditions prevented growth in FY90. In 1991 + the lack of law and order, particularly in the south, interfered with + economic development and growth. +GDP: + exchange rate conversion - $6.6 billion, per capita $130, real growth rate- + 0.4% (FY90 est.) +Inflation rate (consumer prices): + 5.2% (1989) +Unemployment rate: + NA +Budget: + revenues $1.8 billion; expenditures $1.7 billion, including capital + expenditures of $842 million (FY88) +Exports: + $429 million (f.o.b., FY88) + commodities: + coffee 60%, hides + partners: + US, FRG, Djibouti, Japan, PDRY, France, Italy, Saudi Arabia +Imports: + $1.1 billion (c.i.f., FY88) + commodities: + food, fuels, capital goods + partners: + USSR, Italy, FRG, Japan, UK, US, France +External debt: + $2.6 billion (1988) +Industrial production: + growth rate 2.3% (FY89 est.); accounts for 13% of GDP +Electricity: + 330,000 kW capacity; 650 million kWh produced, 10 kWh per capita (1991) +Industries: + food processing, beverages, textiles, chemicals, metals processing, cement +Agriculture: + accounts for 45% of GDP and is the most important sector of the economy even + though frequent droughts and poor cultivation practices keep farm output + low; famines not uncommon; export crops of coffee and oilseeds grown partly + on state farms; estimated 50% of agricultural production at subsistence + level; principal crops and livestock - cereals, pulses, coffee, oilseeds, + sugarcane, potatoes and other vegetables, hides and skins, cattle, sheep, + goats +Economic aid: + US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $504 million; Western (non-US) + countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $3.4 billion; OPEC + bilateral aid (1979-89), $8 million; Communist countries (1970-89), $2.0 + billion +Currency: + birr (plural - birr); 1 birr (Br) = 100 cents +Exchange rates: + birr (Br) per US$1 - 2.0700 (fixed rate) + +:Ethiopia Economy + +Fiscal year: + 8 July - 7 July + +:Ethiopia Communications + +Railroads: + 988 km total; 681 km 1.000-meter gauge; 307 km 0.950-meter gauge + (nonoperational) +Highways: + 44,300 km total; 3,650 km paved, 9,650 km gravel, 3,000 km improved earth, + 28,000 km unimproved earth +Ports: + Aseb, Mitsiwa +Merchant marine: + 12 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 62,627 GRT/88,909 DWT; includes 8 + cargo, 1 roll-on/roll off, 1 livestock carrier, 2 petroleum tanker +Civil air: + 25 major transport aircraft +Airports: + 123 total, 86 usable; 9 with permanent-surface runways; 1 with runways over + 3,659 m; 13 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 38 with runways 1,220-2,439 m +Telecommunications: + open-wire and radio relay system adequate for government use; open-wire to + Sudan and Djibouti; radio relay to Kenya and Djibouti; broadcast stations - + 4 AM, no FM, 1 TV; 100,000 TV sets; 9,000,000 radios; 1 Atlantic Ocean + INTELSAT earth station + +:Ethiopia Defense Forces + +Branches: + Army, Navy, Air Force, Police Force +Manpower availability: + males 15-49, 12,015,589; 6,230,680 fit for military service; 572,982 reach + military age (18) annually +Defense expenditures: + exchange rate conversion - $760 million, 12.8% of GDP (1989) + +:Europa Island Geography + +Total area: + 28 km2 +Land area: + 28 km2 +Comparative area: + about 0.2 times the size of Washington, DC +Land boundaries: + none +Coastline: + 22.2 km +Maritime claims: + Exclusive economic zone: + 200 nm + Territorial sea: + 12 nm +Disputes: + claimed by Madagascar +Climate: + tropical +Terrain: + NA +Natural resources: + negligible +Land use: + arable land NA%; permanent crops NA%; meadows and pastures NA%; forest and + woodland NA%; other NA%; heavily wooded +Environment: + wildlife sanctuary +Note: + located in the Mozambique Channel 340 km west of Madagascar + +:Europa Island People + +Population: + uninhabited + +:Europa Island Government + +Long-form name: + none +Type: + French possession administered by Commissioner of the Republic Jacques + DEWATRE (as of July 1991); resident in Reunion +Capital: + none; administered by France from Reunion + +:Europa Island Economy + +Overview: + no economic activity + +:Europa Island Communications + +Ports: + none; offshore anchorage only +Airports: + 1 with runways 1,220 to 2,439 m +Telecommunications: + 1 meteorological station + +:Europa Island Defense Forces + +Note: + defense is the responsibility of France + +:Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas) Geography + +Total area: + 12,170 km2 +Land area: + 12,170 km2; includes the two main islands of East and West Falkland and + about 200 small islands +Comparative area: + slightly smaller than Connecticut +Land boundaries: + none +Coastline: + 1,288 km +Maritime claims: + Continental shelf: + 100 meter depth + Exclusive fishing zone: + 150 nm + Territorial sea: + 12 nm +Disputes: + administered by the UK, claimed by Argentina +Climate: + cold marine; strong westerly winds, cloudy, humid; rain occurs on more than + half of days in year; occasional snow all year, except in January and + February, but does not accumulate +Terrain: + rocky, hilly, mountainous with some boggy, undulating plains +Natural resources: + fish and wildlife +Land use: + arable land 0%; permanent crops 0%; meadows and pastures 99%; forest and + woodland 0%; other 1% +Environment: + poor soil fertility and a short growing season +Note: + deeply indented coast provides good natural harbors + +:Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas) People + +Population: + 1,900 (July 1992), growth rate 0.2% (1992) +Birth rate: + NA births/1,000 population (1992) +Death rate: + NA deaths/1,000 population (1992) +Net migration rate: + NA migrants/1,000 population (1992) +Infant mortality rate: + NA deaths/1,000 live births (1992) +Life expectancy at birth: + NA years male, NA years female (1992) +Total fertility rate: + NA children born/woman (1992) +Nationality: + noun - Falkland Islander(s); adjective - Falkland Island +Ethnic divisions: + almost totally British +Religions: + primarily Anglican, Roman Catholic, and United Free Church; Evangelist + Church, Jehovah's Witnesses, Lutheran, Seventh-Day Adventist +Languages: + English +Literacy: + NA% (male NA%, female NA%) but compulsory education age 5 to 15 (1988) +Labor force: + 1,100 (est.); agriculture, mostly sheepherding about 95% +Organized labor: + Falkland Islands General Employees Union, 400 members + +:Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas) Government + +Long-form name: + Colony of the Falkland Islands +Type: + dependent territory of the UK +Capital: + Stanley +Administrative divisions: + none (dependent territory of the UK) +Independence: + none (dependent territory of the UK) +Constitution: + 3 October 1985 +Legal system: + English common law +National holiday: + Liberation Day, 14 June (1982) +Executive branch: + British monarch, governor, Executive Council +Legislative branch: + unicameral Legislative Council +Judicial branch: + Supreme Court +Leaders: + Chief of State: + Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952) + Head of Government: + Governor William Hugh FULLERTON (since NA 1988) +Suffrage: + universal at age 18 +Elections: + Legislative Council: + last held 11 October 1989 (next to be held October 1994); results - percent + of vote by party NA; seats - (10 total, 8 elected) number of seats by party + NA +Member of: + ICFTU +Diplomatic representation: + none (dependent territory of the UK) +Flag: + blue with the flag of the UK in the upper hoist-side quadrant and the + Falkland Island coat of arms in a white disk centered on the outer half of + the flag; the coat of arms contains a white ram (sheep raising is the major + economic activity) above the sailing ship Desire (whose crew discovered the + islands) with a scroll at the bottom bearing the motto DESIRE THE RIGHT + +:Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas) Economy + +Overview: + The economy is based on sheep farming, which directly or indirectly employs + most of the work force. A few dairy herds are kept to meet domestic + consumption of milk and milk products, and crops grown are primarily those + for providing winter fodder. Exports feature shipments of high-grade wool to + the UK and the sale of postage stamps and coins. Rich stocks of fish in the + surrounding waters are not presently exploited by the islanders. So far, + efforts to establish a domestic fishing industry have been unsuccessful. In + 1987 the government began selling fishing licenses to foreign trawlers + operating within the Falklands exclusive fishing zone. These license fees + amount to more than $40 million per year and are a primary source of income + for the government. To encourage tourism, the Falkland Islands Development + Corporation has built three lodges for visitors attracted by the abundant + wildlife and trout fishing. +GDP: + $NA, per capita $NA; real growth rate NA% +Inflation rate (consumer prices): + 7.4% (1980-87 average) +Unemployment rate: + NA%; labor shortage +Budget: + revenues $62.7 million; expenditures $41.8 million, excluding capital + expenditures of $NA (FY90) +Exports: + at least $14.7 million + commodities: + wool, hides and skins, and other + partners: + UK, Netherlands, Japan (1987 est.) +Imports: + at least $13.9 million + commodities: + food, clothing, fuels, and machinery + partners: + UK, Netherlands Antilles (Curacao), Japan (1987 est.) +External debt: + $NA +Industrial production: + growth rate NA% +Electricity: + 9,200 kW capacity; 17 million kWh produced, 8,638 kWh per capita (1991) +Industries: + wool and fish processing +Agriculture: + predominantly sheep farming; small dairy herds; some fodder and vegetable + crops +Economic aid: + Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), + $277 million +Currency: + Falkland pound (plural - pounds); 1 Falkland pound (#F) = 100 pence +Exchange rates: + Falkland pound (#F) per US$1 - 0.5519 (January 1992), 0.5652 (1991), 0.5604 + (1990), 0.6099 (1989), 0.5614 (1988), 0.6102 (1987); note - the Falkland + pound is at par with the British pound +Fiscal year: + 1 April - 31 March + +:Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas) Communications + +Highways: + 510 km total; 30 km paved, 80 km gravel, and 400 km unimproved earth +Ports: + Port Stanley +Civil air: + no major transport aircraft +Airports: + 5 total, 5 usable; 2 with permanent-surface runways; none with runways over + 3,659 m; 1 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; none with runways 1,220 to 2,439 m +Telecommunications: + government-operated radiotelephone and private VHF/CB radio networks provide + effective service to almost all points on both islands; 590 telephones; + broadcast stations - 2 AM, 3 FM, no TV; 1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT earth + station with links through London to other countries + +:Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas) Defense Forces + +Branches: + British Forces Falkland Islands (including Army, Royal Air Force, Royal + Navy, and Royal Marines); Police Force +Note: + defense is the responsibility of the UK + +:Faroe Islands Geography + +Total area: + 1,400 km2 +Land area: + 1,400 km2 +Comparative area: + slightly less than eight times the size of Washington, DC +Land boundaries: + none +Coastline: + 764 km +Maritime claims: + Exclusive fishing zone: + 200 nm + Territorial sea: + 3 nm +Disputes: + none +Climate: + mild winters, cool summers; usually overcast; foggy, windy +Terrain: + rugged, rocky, some low peaks; cliffs along most of coast +Natural resources: + fish +Land use: + arable land 2%; permanent crops 0%; meadows and pastures 0%; forest and + woodland 0%; other 98% +Environment: + precipitous terrain limits habitation to small coastal lowlands; archipelago + of 18 inhabited islands and a few uninhabited islets +Note: + strategically located along important sea lanes in northeastern Atlantic + about midway between Iceland and Shetland Islands + +:Faroe Islands People + +Population: + 48,588 (July 1992), growth rate 0.9% (1992) +Birth rate: + 17 births/1,000 population (1992) +Death rate: + 8 deaths/1,000 population (1992) +Net migration rate: + 0 migrants/1,000 population (1992) +Infant mortality rate: + 7 deaths/1,000 live births (1992) +Life expectancy at birth: + 75 years male, 81 years female (1992) +Total fertility rate: + 2.2 children born/woman (1992) +Nationality: + noun - Faroese (singular and plural); adjective - Faroese +Ethnic divisions: + homogeneous Scandinavian population +Religions: + Evangelical Lutheran +Languages: + Faroese (derived from Old Norse), Danish +Literacy: + NA% (male NA%, female NA%) +Labor force: + 17,585; largely engaged in fishing, manufacturing, transportation, and + commerce +Organized labor: + NA + +:Faroe Islands Government + +Long-form name: + none +Type: + part of the Danish realm; self-governing overseas administrative division of + Denmark +Capital: + Torshavn +Administrative divisions: + none (self-governing overseas administrative division of Denmark) +Independence: + part of the Danish realm; self-governing overseas administrative division of + Denmark +Constitution: + Danish +Legal system: + Danish +National holiday: + Birthday of the Queen, 16 April (1940) +Executive branch: + Danish monarch, high commissioner, prime minister, deputy prime minister, + Cabinet (Landsstyri) +Legislative branch: + unicameral Parliament (Lgting) +Judicial branch: + none +Leaders: + Chief of State: + Queen MARGRETHE II (since 14 January 1972), represented by High Commissioner + Bent KLINTE (since NA) + Head of Government: + Prime Minister Atli P. DAM (since 15 January 1991) +Political parties and leaders: + opposition: + Cooperation Coalition Party, Pauli ELLEFSEN; Republican Party, Signer + HANSEN; Progressive and Fishing Industry Party-Christian People's Party + (PFIP-CPP), leader NA; Progress Party, leader NA; Home Rule Party, Hilmar + KASS + two-party ruling coalition: + Social Democratic Party, Atli P. DAM; People's Party, Jogvan SUND- STEIN +Suffrage: + universal at age 20 +Elections: + Danish Parliament: + last held on 12 December 1990 (next to be held by December 1994); results - + percent of vote by party NA; seats - (2 total) Social Democratic 1, People's + Party 1; note - the Faroe Islands elects two representatives to the Danish + Parliament + Faroese Parliament: + last held 17 November 1990 (next to be held November 1994); results - Social + Democratic 27.4%, People's Party 21.9%, Cooperation Coalition Party 18.9%, + Republican Party 14.7%, Home Rule 8.8%, PFIP-CPP 5.9%, other 2.4%; seats - + (32 total) two-party coalition 17 (Social Democratic 10, People's Party 7), + Cooperation Coalition Party 6, Republican Party 4, Home Rule 3, PFIP-CPP 2 +Diplomatic representation: + none (self-governing overseas administrative division of Denmark) +Flag: + white with a red cross outlined in blue that extends to the edges of the + flag; the vertical part of the cross is shifted to the hoist side in the + style of the DANNEBROG (Danish flag) + +:Faroe Islands Economy + +Overview: + The Faroese, who have long been enjoying the affluent living standards of + the Danes and other Scandinavians, now must cope with the decline of the + all-important fishing industry and with an external debt twice the size of + annual income. When the nations of the world extended their fishing zones to + 200 nautical miles in the early 1970s, the Faroese no longer could continue + their traditional long-distance fishing and subsequently depleted their own + nearby fishing areas. The government's tight controls on fish stocks and its + austerity measures have caused a recession, and subsidy cuts will force + further reductions in the fishing industry, which has already been plagued + with bankrupcies. An annual Danish subsidy of $140 million continues to + provide roughly one-third of the islands' budget revenues. +GDP: + purchasing power equivalent - $662 million, per capita $14,000; real growth + rate 3% (1989 est.) +Inflation rate (consumer prices): + 2.0% (1988) +Unemployment rate: + 5-6% (1991 est.) +Budget: + revenues $425 million; expenditures $480 million, including capital + expenditures of NA (1991 est.) +Exports: + $386 million (f.o.b., 1990 est.) + commodities: + fish and fish products 88%, animal feedstuffs, transport equipment (1989) + partners: + Denmark 20%, Germany 18.3%, UK 14.2%, France 11.2%, Spain 7.9%, US 4.5% +Imports: + $322 million (c.i.f., 1990 est.) + commodities: + machinery and transport equipment 24.4%, manufactures 24%, food and + livestock 19%, fuels 12%, chemicals 6.5% + partners: + Denmark 43.8%, Norway 19.8%, Sweden 4.9%, Germany 4.2%, US 1.3% +External debt: + $1.3 billion (1989) +Industrial production: + growth rate NA% +Electricity: + 80,000 kW capacity; 280 million kWh produced, 5,910 kWh per capita (1991) +Industries: + fishing, shipbuilding, handicrafts +Agriculture: + accounts for 27% of GDP and employs 27% of labor force; principal crops - + potatoes and vegetables; livestock - sheep; annual fish catch about 360,000 + metric tons +Economic aid: + none +Currency: + Danish krone (plural - kroner); 1 Danish krone (DKr) = 100 ore +Exchange rates: + Danish kroner (DKr) per US$1 - 6.116 (January 1992), 6.396 (1991), 6.189 + (1990), 7.310 (1989), 6.732 (1988), 6.840 (1987) +Fiscal year: + 1 April - 31 March + +:Faroe Islands Communications + +Highways: + 200 km +Ports: + Torshavn, Tvoroyri +Merchant marine: + 10 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 22,015 GRT/24,007 DWT; includes 1 + short-sea passenger, 5 cargo, 2 roll-on/roll-off, 2 refrigerated cargo; note + - a subset of the Danish register +Airports: + 1 with permanent surface runways 1,220-2,439 m +Telecommunications: + good international communications; fair domestic facilities; 27,900 + telephones; broadcast stations - 1 AM, 3 (10 repeaters) FM, 3 (29 repeaters) + TV; 3 coaxial submarine cables + +:Faroe Islands Defense Forces + +Branches: + no organized native military forces; only a small Police Force is maintained +Note: + defense is the responsibility of Denmark + +:Fiji Geography + +Total area: + 18,270 km2 +Land area: + 18,270 km2 +Comparative area: + slightly smaller than New Jersey +Land boundaries: + none +Coastline: + 1,129 km +Maritime claims: + (measured from claimed archipelagic baselines) + Continental shelf: + 200 m (depth) or to depth of exploitation; rectilinear shelf claim added + Exclusive economic zone: + 200 nm + Territorial sea: + 12 nm +Disputes: + none +Climate: + tropical marine; only slight seasonal temperature variation +Terrain: + mostly mountains of volcanic origin +Natural resources: + timber, fish, gold, copper; offshore oil potential +Land use: + arable land 8%; permanent crops 5%; meadows and pastures 3%; forest and + woodland 65%; other 19%; includes irrigated NEGL% +Environment: + subject to hurricanes from November to January; includes 332 islands of + which approximately 110 are inhabited +Note: + located 2,500 km north of New Zealand in the South Pacific Ocean + +:Fiji People + +Population: + 749,946 (July 1992), growth rate 0.9% (1992) +Birth rate: + 25 births/1,000 population (1992) +Death rate: + 7 deaths/1,000 population (1992) +Net migration rate: + -10 migrants/1,000 population (1992) +Infant mortality rate: + 19 deaths/1,000 live births (1992) +Life expectancy at birth: + 62 years male, 67 years female (1992) +Total fertility rate: + 3.0 children born/woman (1992) +Nationality: + noun - Fijian(s); adjective - Fijian +Ethnic divisions: + Indian 49%, Fijian 46%, European, other Pacific Islanders, overseas Chinese, + and other 5% +Religions: + Christian 52% (Methodist 37%, Roman Catholic 9%), Hindu 38%, Muslim 8%, + other 2%; note - Fijians are mainly Christian, Indians are Hindu, and there + is a Muslim minority (1986) +Languages: + English (official); Fijian; Hindustani +Literacy: + 86% (male 90%, female 81%) age 15 and over can read and write (1985 est.) +Labor force: + 235,000; subsistence agriculture 67%, wage earners 18%, salary earners 15% + (1987) +Organized labor: + about 45,000 employees belong to some 46 trade unions, which are organized + along lines of work and ethnic origin (1983) + +:Fiji Government + +Long-form name: + Republic of Fiji +Type: + military coup leader Maj. Gen. Sitiveni RABUKA formally declared Fiji a + republic on 6 October 1987 +Capital: + Suva +Administrative divisions: + 4 divisions and 1 dependency*; Central, Eastern, Northern, Rotuma*, Western +Independence: + 10 October 1970 (from UK) +Constitution: + 10 October 1970 (suspended 1 October 1987); a new Constitution was proposed + on 23 September 1988 and promulgated on 25 July 1990 +Legal system: + based on British system +National holiday: + Independence Day, 10 October (1970) +Executive branch: + president, prime minister, Cabinet Great Councils of Chiefs (highest ranking + members of the traditional chiefly system) +Legislative branch: + the bicameral Parliament, consisting of an upper house or Senate and a lower + house or House of Representatives, was dissolved following the coup of 14 + May 1987; the Constitution of 23 September 1988 provides for a bicameral + Parliament +Judicial branch: + Supreme Court +Leaders: + Chief of State: + President Ratu Sir Penaia Kanatabatu GANILAU (since 5 December 1987) + Head of Government: + Prime Minister Ratu Sir Kamisese MARA (since 5 December 1987); Deputy Prime + Minister Josefata KAMIKAMICA (since October 1991); note - Ratu Sir Kamisese + MARA served as prime minister from 10 October 1970 until the 5-11 April 1987 + election; after a second coup led by Maj. Gen. Sitiveni RABUKA on 25 + September 1987, Ratu Sir Kamisese MARA was reappointed as prime minister +Political parties and leaders: + Fijian Political Party (primarily Fijian), leader Maj. Gen. Sitivini RABUKA; + National Federation Party (NFP; primarily Indian), Siddiq KOYA; Christian + Fijian Nationalist Party (CFNP), Sakeasi BUTADROKA; Fiji Labor Party (FLP), + Jokapeci KOROI; All National Congress (ANC), Apisai TORA; General Voters + Party (GVP), Max OLSSON; Fiji Conservative Party (FCP), Isireli VUIBAU; + Conservative Party of Fiji (CPF), Jolale ULUDOLE and Viliame SAVU; Fiji + Indian Liberal Party, Swami MAHARAJ; Fiji Indian Congress Party, Ishwari + BAJPAI; Fiji Independent Labor (Muslim), leader NA; Four Corners Party, + David TULVANUAVOU +Suffrage: + none +Elections: + House of Representatives: + last held 14 May 1987 (next to be held 23-29 May 1992); results - percent of + vote by party NA; seats - (70 total, with ethnic Fijians allocated 37 seats, + ethnic Indians 27 seats, and independents and other 6 seats) number of seats + by party NA +Member of: + ACP, AsDB, CP, ESCAP, FAO, G-77, IBRD, ICAO, ICFTU, IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, + IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, ITU, LORCS, PCA, SPC, SPF, UN, UNCTAD, + UNESCO, UNIDO, UNIFIL, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO + +:Fiji Government + +Diplomatic representation: + Ambassador Pita Kewa NACUVA; Chancery at Suite 240, 2233 Wisconsin Avenue + NW, Washington, DC 20007; telephone (202) 337-8320; there is a Fijian + Consulate in New York + US: + Ambassador Evelyn I. H. TEEGEN; Embassy at 31 Loftus Street, Suva (mailing + address is P. O. Box 218, Suva); telephone [679] 314-466; FAX [679] 300-081 +Flag: + light blue with the flag of the UK in the upper hoist-side quadrant and the + Fijian shield centered on the outer half of the flag; the shield depicts a + yellow lion above a white field quartered by the cross of Saint George + featuring stalks of sugarcane, a palm tree, bananas, and a white dove + +:Fiji Economy + +Overview: + Fiji's economy is primarily agricultural, with a large subsistence sector. + Sugar exports are a major source of foreign exchange, and sugar processing + accounts for one-third of industrial output. Industry, including sugar + milling, contributes 13% to GDP. Fiji traditionally had earned considerable + sums of hard currency from the 250,000 tourists who visited each year. In + 1987, however, after two military coups, the economy went into decline. GDP + dropped by 7.8% in 1987 and by another 2.5% in 1988; political uncertainty + created a drop in tourism, and the worst drought of the century caused sugar + production to fall sharply. In contrast, sugar and tourism turned in strong + performances in 1989, and the economy rebounded vigorously. In 1990 the + economy received a setback from cyclone Sina, which cut sugar output by an + estimated 21%. +GDP: + exchange rate conversion - $1.3 billion, per capita $1,700; real growth rate + 3.5% (1991 est.) +Inflation rate (consumer prices): + 7.0% (1991) +Unemployment rate: + 5.9% (1991 est.) +Budget: + revenues $413 million; expenditures $464 million, including capital + expenditures of NA (1992 est.) +Exports: + $646 million (f.o.b., 1991 est.) + commodities: + sugar 40%, gold, clothing, copra, processed fish, lumber + partners: + EC 31%, Australia 21%, Japan 8%, US 6% +Imports: + $840 million (c.i.f., 1991 est.) + commodities: + machinery and transport equipment 32%, food 15%, petroleum products, + consumer goods, chemicals + partners: + Australia 30%, NZ 17%, Japan 13%, EC 6%, US 6% +External debt: + $428 million (December 1990 est.) +Industrial production: + growth rate 8.4% (1991 est.); accounts for 13% of GDP +Electricity: + 215,000 kW capacity; 330 million kWh produced, 430 kWh per capita (1990) +Industries: + sugar, tourism, copra, gold, silver, fishing, clothing, lumber, small + cottage industries +Agriculture: + accounts for 23% of GDP; principal cash crop is sugarcane; coconuts, + cassava, rice, sweet potatoes, and bananas; small livestock sector includes + cattle, pigs, horses, and goats +Economic aid: + Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1980-89), + $815 million +Currency: + Fijian dollar (plural - dollars); 1 Fijian dollar (F$) = 100 cents +Exchange rates: + Fijian dollars (F$) per US$1 - 1.4855 (January 1992), 1.4756 (1991), 1.4809 + (1990), 1.4833 (1989), 1.4303 (1988), 1.2439 (1987) +Fiscal year: + calendar year + +:Fiji Communications + +Railroads: + 644 km 0.610-meter narrow gauge, belonging to the government-owned Fiji + Sugar Corporation +Highways: + 3,300 km total (1984) - 1,590 km paved; 1,290 km gravel, crushed stone, or + stabilized soil surface; 420 unimproved earth +Inland waterways: + 203 km; 122 km navigable by motorized craft and 200-metric-ton barges +Ports: + Lambasa, Lautoka, Savusavu, Suva +Merchant marine: + 7 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 40,072 GRT/47,187 DWT; includes 2 + roll-on/roll-off, 2 container, 1 petroleum tanker, 1 chemical tanker, 1 + cargo +Civil air: + 1 DC-3 and 1 light aircraft +Airports: + 25 total, 22 usable; 2 with permanent-surface runways; none with runways + over 3,659 m; 1 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 2 with runways 1,220-2,439 m +Telecommunications: + modern local, interisland, and international (wire/radio integrated) public + and special-purpose telephone, telegraph, and teleprinter facilities; + regional radio center; important COMPAC cable link between US-Canada and New + Zealand-Australia; 53,228 telephones; broadcast stations - 7 AM, 1 FM, no + TV; 1 Pacific Ocean INTELSAT earth station + +:Fiji Defense Forces + +Branches: + Fiji Military Force (FMF; including a naval division, Police) +Manpower availability: + males 15-49, 192,056; 105,898 fit for military service; 7,564 reach military + age (18) annually +Defense expenditures: + exchange rate conversion - $22.4 million, 1.7% of GDP (FY 91) + +:Finland Geography + +Total area: + 337,030 km2 +Land area: + 305,470 km2 +Comparative area: + slightly smaller than Montana +Land boundaries: + 2,628 km; Norway 729 km, Sweden 586 km, Russia 1,313 km +Coastline: + 1,126 km; excludes islands and coastal indentations +Maritime claims: + Contiguous zone: + 6 nm + Continental shelf: + 200 m (depth) or to depth of exploitation + Exclusive fishing zone: + 12 nm + Territorial sea: + 4 nm +Disputes: + none +Climate: + cold temperate; potentially subarctic, but comparatively mild because of + moderating influence of the North Atlantic Current, Baltic Sea, and more + than 60,000 lakes +Terrain: + mostly low, flat to rolling plains interspersed with lakes and low hills +Natural resources: + timber, copper, zinc, iron ore, silver +Land use: + arable land 8%; permanent crops 0%; meadows and pastures NEGL%; forest and + woodland 76%; other 16%; includes irrigated NEGL% +Environment: + permanently wet ground covers about 30% of land; population concentrated on + small southwestern coastal plain +Note: + long boundary with Russia; Helsinki is northernmost national capital on + European continent + +:Finland People + +Population: + 5,004,273 (July 1992), growth rate 0.3% (1992) +Birth rate: + 12 births/1,000 population (1992) +Death rate: + 10 deaths/1,000 population (1992) +Net migration rate: + NEGL migrants/1,000 population (1992) +Infant mortality rate: + 6 deaths/1,000 live births (1992) +Life expectancy at birth: + 72 years male, 80 years female (1992) +Total fertility rate: + 1.7 children born/woman (1992) +Nationality: + noun - Finn(s); adjective - Finnish +Ethnic divisions: + Finn, Swede, Lapp, Gypsy, Tatar +Religions: + Evangelical Lutheran 89%, Greek Orthodox 1%, none 9%, other 1% +Languages: + Finnish 93.5%, Swedish (both official) 6.3%; small Lapp- and + Russian-speaking minorities +Literacy: + 100% (male NA%, female NA%) age 15 and over can read and write (1980 est.) +Labor force: + 2,533,000; public services 30.4%; industry 20.9%; commerce 15.0%; finance, + insurance, and business services 10.2%; agriculture and forestry 8.6%; + transport and communications 7.7%; construction 7.2% +Organized labor: + 80% of labor force + +:Finland Government + +Long-form name: + Republic of Finland +Type: + republic +Capital: + Helsinki +Administrative divisions: + 12 provinces (laanit, singular - laani); Ahvenanmaa, Hame, Keski-Suomi, + Kuopio, Kymi, Lappi, Mikkeli, Oulu, Pohjois-Karjala, Turku ja Pori, Uusimaa, + Vaasa +Independence: + 6 December 1917 (from Soviet Union) +Constitution: + 17 July 1919 +Legal system: + civil law system based on Swedish law; Supreme Court may request legislation + interpreting or modifying laws; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with + reservations +National holiday: + Independence Day, 6 December (1917) +Executive branch: + president, prime minister, deputy prime minister, Council of State + (Valtioneuvosto) +Legislative branch: + unicameral Parliament (Eduskunta) +Judicial branch: + Supreme Court (Korkein Oikeus) +Leaders: + Chief of State: + President Mauno KOIVISTO (since 27 January 1982) + Head of Government: + Prime Minister Esko AHO (since 26 April 1991); Deputy Prime Minister Ilkka + KANERVA (since 26 April 1991) +Suffrage: + universal at age 18 +Elections: + Parliament: + last held 17 March 1991 (next to be held March 1995); results - Center Party + 24.8%, Social Democratic Party 22.1%, National Coalition (Conservative) + Party 19.3%, Leftist Alliance (Communist) 10.1%, Green League 6.8%, Swedish + People's Party 5.5%, Rural 4.8%, Finnish Christian League 3.1%, Liberal + People's Party 0.8%; seats - (200 total) Center Party 55, Social Democratic + Party 48, National Coalition (Conservative) Party 40, Leftist Alliance + (Communist) 19, Swedish People's Party 12, Green League 10, Finnish + Christian League 8, Rural 7, Liberal People's Party 1 + President: + last held 31 January - 1 February and 15 February 1988 (next to be held + January 1994); results - Mauno KOIVISTO 48%, Paavo VAYRYNEN 20%, Harri + HOLKERI 18% +Communists: + 28,000 registered members; an additional 45,000 persons belong to People's + Democratic League +Other political or pressure groups: + Finnish Communist Party-Unity, Yrjo HAKANEN; Constitutional Rightist Party; + Finnish Pensioners Party; Communist Workers Party, Timo LAHDENMAKI + +:Finland Government + +Member of: + AfDB, AG (observer), AsDB, Australia Group, BIS, CCC, CE, CERN, CSCE, EBRD, + ECE, EFTA, ESA (associate), FAO, G-9, GATT, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, + ICFTU, IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INMARSAT, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, IOM + (observer), ISO, ITU, LORCS, MTCR, NAM (guest), NC, NEA, NIB, NSG, OAS + (observer), OECD, PCA, UN, UNCTAD, UNDOF, UNESCO, UNFICYP, UNHCR, UNIDO, + UNIFIL, UNIIMOG, UNMOGIP, UNTSO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO, ZC +Diplomatic representation: + Ambassador Jukka VALTASAARI; Chancery at 3216 New Mexico Avenue NW, + Washington, DC 20016; telephone (202) 363-2430; there are Finnish Consulates + General in Los Angeles and New York, and Consulates in Chicago and Houston + US: + Ambassador John H. KELLY (as of December 1991); Embassy at Itainen Puistotie + 14A, SF-00140, Helsinki (mailing address is APO AE 09723); telephone [358] + (0) 171931; FAX [358] (0) 174681 +Flag: + white with a blue cross that extends to the edges of the flag; the vertical + part of the cross is shifted to the hoist side in the style of the DANNEBROG + (Danish flag) + +:Finland Economy + +Overview: + Finland has a highly industrialized, largely free market economy, with per + capita output nearly three-fourths the US figure. Its main economic force is + the manufacturing sector - principally the wood, metals, and engineering + industries. Trade is important, with the export of goods representing about + 30% of GDP. Except for timber and several minerals, Finland depends on + imported raw materials, energy, and some components of manufactured goods. + Because of the climate, agricultural development is limited to maintaining + self-sufficiency in basic commodities. The economy, which experienced an + average of 4.9% annual growth between 1987 and 1989, sank into a deep + recession in 1991 as growth contracted by 6.2%. The recession - which is + expected to bottom out in late 1992 - has been caused by economic + overheating, depressed foreign markets, and the dismantling of the barter + system between Finland and the former Soviet Union in which Soviet oil and + gas had been exchanged for Finnish manufactured goods. The Finnish + Government has proposed efforts to increase industrial competitiveness and + efficiency by an increase in exports to Western markets, cuts in public + expenditures, partial privatization of state enterprises, and foreign + investment and exchange liberalization. Helsinki tied the markkaa to the + EC's European Currency Unit to promote stability but was forced to devalue + the markkaa by about 12% in November 1991. The devaluation should improve + industrial competitiveness and business confidence in 1992. Finland, as a + member of EFTA, negotiated a European Economic Area arrangement with the EC + that allows for free movement of capital, goods, services, and labor within + the organization as of January 1993. Finland applied for full EC membership + in March 1992. +GDP: + purchasing power equivalent - $80.6 billion, per capita $16,200; real growth + rate - 6.2% (1991) +Inflation rate (consumer prices): + 2.9% (1991) +Unemployment rate: + 7.6% (1991) +Budget: + revenues $35.8 billion; expenditures $41.5 billion, including capital + expenditures of NA billion (1991) +Exports: + $22.9 billion (f.o.b., 1991) + commodities: + timber, paper and pulp, ships, machinery, clothing and footwear + partners: + EC 50.25%, Germany 15.5%, UK 10.4%, EFTA 20.7%, Sweden 14%, US 6.1%, Japan + 1.5%, USSR/EE 6.71% (1991) +Imports: + $21.6 billion (c.i.f., 1991) + commodities: + foodstuffs, petroleum and petroleum products, chemicals, transport + equipment, iron and steel, machinery, textile yarn and fabrics, fodder + grains + partners: + EC 45.9% (Germany 16.9%), UK 7.7%, EFTA 19.9%, Sweden 12.3%, US 6.9%, Japan + 6%, USSR/EE 10.7% +External debt: + $5.3 billion (1989) +Industrial production: + growth rate - 8.6% (1991 est.) +Electricity: + 13,324,000 kW capacity; 49,330 million kWh produced, 9,857 kWh per capita + (1991) + +:Finland Economy + +Industries: + metal products, shipbuilding, forestry and wood processing (pulp, paper), + copper refining, foodstuffs, chemicals, textiles, clothing +Agriculture: + accounts for 8% of GDP (including forestry); livestock production, + especially dairy cattle, predominates; forestry is an important export + earner and a secondary occupation for the rural population; main crops - + cereals, sugar beets, potatoes; 85% self-sufficient, but short of foodgrains + and fodder grains; annual fish catch about 160,000 metric tons +Economic aid: + donor - ODA and OOF commitments (1970-89), $2.7 billion +Currency: + markka (plural - markkaa); 1 markka (FMk) or Finmark = 100 pennia +Exchange rates: + markkaa (FMk) per US$1 - 4.2967 (January 1992), 4.0440 (1991), 3.8235 + (1990), 4.2912 (1989), 4.1828 (1988), 4.3956 (1987) +Fiscal year: + calendar year + +:Finland Communications + +Railroads: + 5,924 km total; Finnish State Railways (VR) operate a total of 5,863 km + 1.524-meter gauge, of which 480 km are multiple track and 1,445 km are + electrified +Highways: + about 103,000 km total, including 35,000 km paved (bituminous, concrete, + bituminous-treated surface) and 38,000 km unpaved (stabilized gravel, + gravel, earth); additional 30,000 km of private (state-subsidized) roads +Inland waterways: + 6,675 km total (including Saimaa Canal); 3,700 km suitable for steamers +Pipelines: + natural gas 580 km +Ports: + Helsinki, Oulu, Pori, Rauma, Turku; 6 secondary, numerous minor ports +Merchant marine: + 80 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 794,094 GRT/732,585 DWT; includes 1 + passenger, 9 short-sea passenger, 16 cargo, 1 refrigerated cargo, 26 + roll-on/roll-off, 12 petroleum tanker, 6 chemical tanker, 2 liquefied gas, 7 + bulk +Civil air: + 42 major transport +Airports: + 159 total, 156 usable; 58 with permanent-surface runways; none with runways + over 3,659 m; 23 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 22 with runways 1,220-2,439 m +Telecommunications: + good service from cable and radio relay network; 3,140,000 telephones; + broadcast stations - 6 AM, 105 FM, 235 TV; 1 submarine cable; INTELSAT + satellite transmission service via Swedish earth station and a receive-only + INTELSAT earth station near Helsinki + +:Finland Defense Forces + +Branches: + Army, Navy, Air Force, Frontier Guard (including Coast Guard) +Manpower availability: + males 15-49, 1,314,305; 1,087,286 fit for military service; 33,053 reach + military age (17) annually +Defense expenditures: + exchange rate conversion - $1.8 billion, 1.6% of GDP (1989 est.) + +:France Geography + +Total area: + 547,030 km2 +Land area: + 545,630 km2; includes Corsica and the rest of metropolitan France, but + excludes the overseas administrative divisions +Comparative area: + slightly more than twice the size of Colorado +Land boundaries: + 2,892.4 km; Andorra 60 km, Belgium 620 km, Germany 451 km, Italy 488 km, + Luxembourg 73 km, Monaco 4.4 km, Spain 623 km, Switzerland 573 km +Coastline: + 3,427 km; mainland 2,783 km, Corsica 644 km +Maritime claims: + Contiguous zone: + 12-24 nm + Exclusive economic zone: + 200 nm + Territorial sea: + 12 nm +Disputes: + Madagascar claims Bassas da India, Europa Island, Glorioso Islands, Juan de + Nova Island, and Tromelin Island; Comoros claims Mayotte; Mauritius claims + Tromelin Island; Seychelles claims Tromelin Island; Suriname claims part of + French Guiana; Mexico claims Clipperton Island; territorial claim in + Antarctica (Adelie Land) +Climate: + generally cool winters and mild summers, but mild winters and hot summers + along the Mediterranean +Terrain: + mostly flat plains or gently rolling hills in north and west; remainder is + mountainous, especially Pyrenees in south, Alps in east +Natural resources: + coal, iron ore, bauxite, fish, timber, zinc, potash +Land use: + arable land 32%; permanent crops 2%; meadows and pastures 23%; forest and + woodland 27%; other 16%; includes irrigated 2% +Environment: + most of large urban areas and industrial centers in Rhone, Garonne, Seine, + or Loire River basins; occasional warm tropical wind known as mistral +Note: + largest West European nation + +:France People + +Population: + 57,287,258 (July 1992), growth rate 0.5% (1992) +Birth rate: + 13 births/1,000 population (1992) +Death rate: + 9 deaths/1,000 population (1992) +Net migration rate: + 1 migrant/1,000 population (1992) +Infant mortality rate: + 7 deaths/1,000 live births (1992) +Life expectancy at birth: + 74 years male, 82 years female (1992) +Total fertility rate: + 1.8 children born/woman (1992) +Nationality: + noun - Frenchman(men), Frenchwoman(women); adjective - French +Ethnic divisions: + Celtic and Latin with Teutonic, Slavic, North African, Indochinese, and + Basque minorities +Religions: + Roman Catholic 90%, Protestant 2%, Jewish 1%, Muslim (North African workers) + 1%, unaffiliated 6% +Languages: + French (100% of population); rapidly declining regional dialects (Provencal, + Breton, Alsatian, Corsican, Catalan, Basque, Flemish) +Literacy: + 99% (male NA%, female NA%) age 15 and over can read and write (1980 est.) +Labor force: + 24,170,000; services 61.5%, industry 31.3%, agriculture 7.3% (1987) +Organized labor: + 20% of labor force (est.) + +:France Government + +Long-form name: + French Republic +Type: + republic +Capital: + Paris +Administrative divisions: + metropolitan France - 22 regions (regions, singular - region); Alsace, + Aquitaine, Auvergne, Basse-Normandie, Bourgogne, Bretagne, Centre, + Champagne-Ardenne, Corse, Franche-Comte, Haute-Normandie, Ile-de-France, + Languedoc-Roussillon, Limousin, Lorraine, Midi-Pyrenees, Nord-Pas-de-Calais, + Pays de la Loire, Picardie, Poitou-Charentes, Provence-Alpes-Cote d'Azur, + Rhone-Alpes; note - the 22 regions are subdivided into 96 departments; see + separate entries for the overseas departments (French Guiana, Guadeloupe, + Martinique, Reunion) and the territorial collectivities (Mayotte, Saint + Pierre and Miquelon) +Independence: + unified by Clovis in 486, First Republic proclaimed in 1792 +Constitution: + 28 September 1958, amended concerning election of president in 1962 +Dependent areas: + Bassas da India, Clipperton Island, Europa Island, French Polynesia, French + Southern and Antarctic Lands, Glorioso Islands, Juan de Nova Island, New + Caledonia, Tromelin Island, Wallis and Futuna + note: + the US does not recognize claims to Antarctica +Legal system: + civil law system with indigenous concepts; review of administrative but not + legislative acts +National holiday: + Taking of the Bastille, 14 July (1789) +Executive branch: + president, prime minister, Council of Ministers (cabinet) +Legislative branch: + bicameral Parliament (Parlement) consists of an upper house or Senate + (Senat) and a lower house or National Assembly (Assemblee Nationale) +Judicial branch: + Constitutional Court (Cour Constitutionnelle) +Leaders: + Chief of State: + President Francois MITTERRAND (since 21 May 1981) + Head of Government: + Prime Minister Pierre BEREGOVOY (since 2 April 1992) +Political parties and leaders: + Rally for the Republic (RPR, formerly UDR), Jacques CHIRAC; Union for French + Democracy (UDF, federation of PR, CDS, and RAD), Valery Giscard d'ESTAING; + Republican Party (PR), Gerard LONGUET; Center for Social Democrats (CDS), + Pierre MEHAIGNERIE; Radical (RAD), Yves GALLAND; Socialist Party (PS), + Laurent FABIUS; Left Radical Movement (MRG), Emile ZUCCARELLI; Communist + Party (PCF), Georges MARCHAIS; National Front (FN), Jean-Marie LE PEN +Suffrage: + universal at age 18 +Elections: + National Assembly: + last held 5 and 12 June 1988 (next to be held June 1993); results - Second + Ballot PS-MRG 48. 7%, RPR 23.1%, UDF 21%, PCF 3.4%, other 3.8%; seats - (577 + total) PS 272, RPR 127, UDF 91, UDC 40, PCF 26, independents 21 + +:France Government + + President: + last held 8 May 1988 (next to be held May 1995); results - Second Ballot + Francois MITTERRAND 54%, Jacques CHIRAC 46% +Elections: + Senate: + last held 24 September 1989 (next to be held September 1992); results - + percent of vote by party NA; seats - (321 total; 296 metropolitan France, 13 + for overseas departments and territories, and 12 for French nationals + abroad) RPR 91, UDF 143 (PR 52, CDS 68, RAD 23), PS 66, PCF 16, independents + 2, unknown 3 +Communists: + 700,000 claimed but probably closer to 150,000; Communist voters, 2.8 + million in 1988 election +Other political or pressure groups: + Communist-controlled labor union (Confederation Generale du Travail) nearly + 2.4 million members (claimed); Socialist-leaning labor union (Confederation + Francaise Democratique du Travail or CFDT) about 800,000 members est.; + independent labor union (Force Ouvriere) 1 million members (est.); + independent white-collar union (Confederation Generale des Cadres) 340,000 + members (claimed); National Council of French Employers (Conseil National du + Patronat Francais - CNPF or Patronat) +Member of: + ACCT, AfDB, AG (observer), AsDB, Australia Group, BDEAC, BIS, CCC, CDB, CE, + CERN, COCOM, CSCE, EBRD, EC, ECE, ECLAC, EIB, ESA, ESCAP, FAO, FZ, GATT, + G-5, G-7, G-10, IABD, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICFTU, IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, + IMF, IMO, INMARSAT, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, IOM (observer), ISO, ITU, + LORCS, MTCR, NACC, NATO, NEA, NSG, OAS (observer), OECD, PCA, SPC, UN, + UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNIFIL, UNRWA, UN Security Council, UN + Trusteeship Council, UNTSO, UPU, WCL, WEU, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO +Diplomatic representation: + Ambassador Jacques ANDREANI; Chancery at 4101 Reservoir Road NW, Washington, + DC 20007; telephone (202) 944-6000; there are French Consulates General in + Boston, Chicago, Detroit, Houston, Los Angeles, New Orleans, Miami, New + York, San Francisco, and San Juan (Puerto Rico) + US: + Ambassador Walter J. P. CURLEY; Embassy at 2 Avenue Gabriel, 75382 Paris + Cedex 08, Unit 21551 (mailing address is APO AE 09777); telephone [33] (1) + 42-96-12-02 or 42-61-80-75; FAX [33] (1) 42-66-97-83; there are US + Consulates General in Bordeaux, Marseille, and Strasbourg +Flag: + three equal vertical bands of blue (hoist side), white, and red; known as + the French Tricouleur (Tricolor); the design and colors have been the basis + for a number of other flags, including those of Belgium, Chad, Ireland, + Ivory Coast, and Luxembourg; the official flag for all French dependent + areas + +:France Economy + +Overview: + One of the world's most developed economies, France has substantial + agricultural resources and a highly diversified modern industrial sector. + Large tracts of fertile land, the application of modern technology, and + subsidies have combined to make it the leading agricultural producer in + Western Europe. France is largely self-sufficient in agricultural products + and is a major exporter of wheat and dairy products. The industrial sector + generates about one-quarter of GDP, and the growing services sector has + become crucial to the economy. After expanding at a rapid 3.8% pace during + the period 1988-89, the economy slowed down in 1990, with growth of 1.5% in + 1990 and 1.4% in 1991; growth in 1992 is expected to be about 2%. The + economy has had difficulty generating enough jobs for new entrants into the + labor force, resulting in a high unemployment rate, which rose to almost 10% + in 1991. The steadily advancing economic integration within the European + Community is a major force affecting the fortunes of the various economic + sectors. +GDP: + purchasing power equivalent - $1,033.7 billion, per capita $18,300; real + growth rate 1.4% (1991 est.) +Inflation rate (consumer prices): + 3.3% (1991 est.) +Unemployment rate: + 9.8% (end 1991) +Budget: + revenues $229.8 billion; expenditures $246.4 billion, including capital + expenditures of $36 billion (1992 budget) +Exports: + $209.5 billion (f.o.b., 1990) + commodities: + machinery and transportation equipment, chemicals, foodstuffs, agricultural + products, iron and steel products, textiles and clothing + partners: + FRG 17.3%, Italy 11.4%, UK 9.2%, Spain 10.3%, Netherlands 9.0%, + Belgium-Luxembourg 9.4%, US 6.1%, Japan 1.9%, former USSR 0.7% (1989 est.) +Imports: + $232.5 billion (c.i.f., 1990) + commodities: + crude oil, machinery and equipment, agricultural products, chemicals, iron + and steel products + partners: + FRG 18.9%, Italy 11.6%, Belgium-Luxembourg 8.8%, Netherlands 8.6%, US 8.0%, + Spain 7.9%, UK 7.2%, Japan 4.0%, former USSR 1.4% (1989 est.) +External debt: + $59.3 billion (December 1987) +Industrial production: + growth rate 1.2% (1990); accounts for 26% of GDP +Electricity: + 109,972,000 kW capacity; 399,318 million kWh produced, 7,200 kWh per capita + (1991) +Industries: + steel, machinery, chemicals, automobiles, metallurgy, aircraft, electronics, + mining, textiles, food processing, and tourism +Agriculture: + accounts for 4% of GDP (including fishing and forestry); one of the world's + top five wheat producers; other principal products - beef, dairy products, + cereals, sugar beets, potatoes, wine grapes; self-sufficient for most + temperate-zone foods; shortages include fats and oils and tropical produce, + but overall net exporter of farm products; fish catch of 850,000 metric tons + ranks among world's top 20 countries and is all used domestically + +:France Economy + +Economic aid: + donor - ODA and OOF commitments (1970-89), $75.1 billion +Currency: + French franc (plural - francs); 1 French franc (F) = 100 centimes +Exchange rates: + French francs (F) per US$1 - 5.3801 (January 1992), 5.6421 (1991), 5.4453 + (1990), 6.3801 (1989), 5.9569 (1988), 6.0107 (1987) +Fiscal year: + calendar year + +:France Communications + +Railroads: + French National Railways (SNCF) operates 34,568 km 1.435-meter standard + gauge; 11,674 km electrified, 15,132 km double or multiple track; 2,138 km + of various gauges (1.000-meter to 1.440-meter), privately owned and operated +Highways: + 1,551,400 km total; 33,400 km national highway; 347,000 km departmental + highway; 421,000 km community roads; 750,000 km rural roads; 5,401 km of + controlled-access divided autoroutes; about 803,000 km paved +Inland waterways: + 14,932 km; 6,969 km heavily traveled +Pipelines: + crude oil 3,059 km; petroleum products 4,487 km; natural gas 24,746 km +Ports: + maritime - Bordeaux, Boulogne, Brest, Cherbourg, Dunkerque, Fos-Sur-Mer, Le + Havre, Marseille, Nantes, Rouen, Sete, Toulon; inland - 42 +Merchant marine: + 128 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 3,222,539 GRT/5,117,091 DWT; includes + 6 short-sea passenger, 11 cargo, 18 container, 1 multifunction large-load + carrier, 30 roll-on/roll-off, 34 petroleum tanker, 8 chemical tanker, 6 + liquefied gas, 2 specialized tanker, 11 bulk, 1 refrigerated cargo; note - + France also maintains a captive register for French-owned ships in the + Kerguelen Islands (French Southern and Antarctic Lands) and French Polynesia +Civil air: + 195 major transport aircraft (1989 est.) +Airports: + 472 total, 460 usable; 251 with permanent-surface runways; 3 with runways + over 3,659 m; 36 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 136 with runways 1,220-2,439 m +Telecommunications: + highly developed; extensive cable and radio relay networks; large-scale + introduction of optical-fiber systems; satellite systems for domestic + traffic; 39,200,000 telephones; broadcast stations - 41 AM, 800 (mostly + repeaters) FM, 846 (mostly repeaters) TV; 24 submarine coaxial cables; 2 + INTELSAT earth stations (with total of 5 antennas - 2 for the Indian Ocean + INTELSAT and 3 for the Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT); HF radio communications + with more than 20 countries; INMARSAT service; EUTELSAT TV service + +:France Defense Forces + +Branches: + Army, Navy (including Naval Air), Air Force, National Gendarmerie +Manpower availability: + males 15-49, 14,599,636; 12,225,969 fit for military service; 411,211 reach + military age (18) annually +Defense expenditures: + exchange rate conversion - $33.1 billion, 3.4% of GDP (1991) + +:French Guiana Geography + +Total area: + 91,000 km2 +Land area: + 89,150 km2 +Comparative area: + slightly smaller than Indiana +Land boundaries: + 1,183 km; Brazil 673 km, Suriname 510 km +Coastline: + 378 km +Maritime claims: + Exclusive economic zone: + 200 nm + Territorial sea: + 12 nm +Disputes: + Suriname claims area between Riviere Litani and Riviere Marouini (both + headwaters of the Lawa) +Climate: + tropical; hot, humid; little seasonal temperature variation +Terrain: + low-lying coastal plains rising to hills and small mountains +Natural resources: + bauxite, timber, gold (widely scattered), cinnabar, kaolin, fish +Land use: + arable land NEGL%; permanent crops NEGL%; meadows and pastures NEGL%; forest + and woodland 82%; other 18% +Environment: + mostly an unsettled wilderness + +:French Guiana People + +Population: + 127,505 (July 1992), growth rate 4.6% (1992) +Birth rate: + 27 births/1,000 population (1992) +Death rate: + 5 deaths/1,000 population (1992) +Net migration rate: + 24 migrants/1,000 population (1992) +Infant mortality rate: + 17 deaths/1,000 live births (1992) +Life expectancy at birth: + 71 years male, 78 years female (1992) +Total fertility rate: + 3.6 children born/woman (1992) +Nationality: + noun - French Guianese (singular and plural); adjective - French Guianese; + note - they are a colony/department; they hold French passports +Ethnic divisions: + black or mulatto 66%; Caucasian 12%; East Indian, Chinese, Amerindian 12%; + other 10% +Religions: + predominantly Roman Catholic +Languages: + French +Literacy: + 82% (male 81%, female 83%) age 15 and over can read and write (1982) +Labor force: + 23,265; services, government, and commerce 60.6%, industry 21.2%, + agriculture 18.2% (1980) +Organized labor: + 7% of labor force + +:French Guiana Government + +Long-form name: + Department of Guiana +Type: + overseas department of France +Capital: + Cayenne +Administrative divisions: + none (overseas department of France) +Independence: + none (overseas department of France) +Constitution: + 28 September 1958 (French Constitution) +Legal system: + French legal system +National holiday: + Taking of the Bastille, 14 July (1789) +Executive branch: + French president, commissioner of the republic +Legislative branch: + unicameral General Council and a unicameral Regional Council +Judicial branch: + highest local court is the Court of Appeals based in Martinique with + jurisdiction over Martinique, Guadeloupe, and French Guiana +Leaders: + Chief of State: + President Francois MITTERRAND (since 21 May 1981) + Head of Government: + Commissioner of the Republic Jean-Francois DICHIARA (since NA 1990) +Political parties and leaders: + Guianese Socialist Party (PSG), Gerard HOLDER; Rally for the Republic (RPR), + Paulin BRUNE; Guianese Democratic Action (ADG), Andre LECANTE; Union for + French Democracy (UDF), Claude Ho A CHUCK; National Front (FN), Guy MALON; + Popular and National Party of Guiana (PNPG), Claude ROBO; National + Anti-Colonist Guianese Party (PANGA), Michel KAPEL +Suffrage: + universal at age 18 +Elections: + French National Assembly: + last held 24 September 1989 (next to be held September 1992); results - + percent of vote by party NA; seats - (2 total) PSG 1, RPR 1 + French Senate: + last held 24 September 1989 (next to be held September 1992); results - + percent of vote by party NA; seats - (1 total) PSG 1 + Regional Council: + last held 16 March 1986 (next to be held NA 1991); results - PSG 43%, RPR + 27.7%, ADG 12.2%, UDF 8. 9%, FN 3.7%, PNPG 1.4%, other 3.1%; seats - (31 + total) PSG 15, RPR 9, ADG 4, UDF 3 +Member of: + FZ, WCL, WFTU +Diplomatic representation: + as an overseas department of France, the interests of French Guiana are + represented in the US by France +Flag: + the flag of France is used + +:French Guiana Economy + +Overview: + The economy is tied closely to that of France through subsidies and imports. + Besides the French space center at Kourou, fishing and forestry are the most + important economic activities, with exports of fish and fish products + (mostly shrimp) accounting for more than 60% of total revenue in 1987. The + large reserves of tropical hardwoods, not fully exploited, support an + expanding sawmill industry that provides sawn logs for export. Cultivation + of crops - rice, cassava, bananas, and sugarcane - are limited to the + coastal area, where the population is largely concentrated. French Guiana is + heavily dependent on imports of food and energy. Unemployment is a serious + problem, particularly among younger workers. +GDP: + exchange rate conversion - $186 million, per capita $2,240; real growth rate + NA% (1985) +Inflation rate (consumer prices): + 4.1% (1987) +Unemployment rate: + 15% (1987) +Budget: + revenues $735 million; expenditures $735 million, including capital + expenditures of NA (1987) +Exports: + $54.0 million (f.o.b., 1987) + commodities: + shrimp, timber, rum, rosewood essence + partners: + France 31%, US 22%, Japan 10% (1987) +Imports: + $394.0 million (c.i.f., 1987) + commodities: + food (grains, processed meat), other consumer goods, producer goods, + petroleum + partners: + France 62%, Trinidad and Tobago 9%, US 4%, FRG 3% (1987) +External debt: + $1.2 billion (1988) +Industrial production: + growth rate NA% +Electricity: + 92,000 kW capacity; 185 million kWh produced, 1,821 kWh per capita (1991) +Industries: + construction, shrimp processing, forestry products, rum, gold mining +Agriculture: + some vegetables for local consumption; rice, corn, manioc, cocoa, bananas, + sugar; livestock - cattle, pigs, poultry +Economic aid: + Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), + $1.51 billion +Currency: + French franc (plural - francs); 1 French franc (F) = 100 centimes +Exchange rates: + French francs (F) per US$1 - 5.3801 (January 1992), 5.6421 (1991), 5.4453 + (1990), 6.3801 (1989), 5.9569 (1988), 6.0107 (1987) +Fiscal year: + calendar year + +:French Guiana Communications + +Highways: + 680 km total; 510 km paved, 170 km improved and unimproved earth +Inland waterways: + 460 km, navigable by small oceangoing vessels and river and coastal + steamers; 3,300 km navigable by native craft +Ports: + Cayenne +Civil air: + no major transport aircraft +Airports: + 10 total, 10 usable; 4 with permanent-surface runways; none with runways + over 3,659 m; 1 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 1 with runways 1,220-2,439 m +Telecommunications: + fair open-wire and radio relay system; 18,100 telephones; broadcast stations + - 5 AM, 7 FM, 9 TV; 1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT earth station + +:French Guiana Defense Forces + +Branches: + French Forces, Gendarmerie +Manpower availability: + males 15-49 37,467; 24,534 fit for military service +Note: + defense is the responsibility of France + +:French Polynesia Geography + +Total area: + 3,941 km2 +Land area: + 3,660 km2 +Comparative area: + slightly less than one-third the size of Connecticut +Land boundaries: + none +Coastline: + 2,525 km +Maritime claims: + Exclusive economic zone: + 200 nm + Territorial sea: + 12 nm +Disputes: + none +Climate: + tropical, but moderate +Terrain: + mixture of rugged high islands and low islands with reefs +Natural resources: + timber, fish, cobalt +Land use: + arable land 1%; permanent crops 19%; meadows and pastures 5%; forest and + woodland 31%; other 44% +Environment: + occasional cyclonic storm in January; includes five archipelagoes +Note: + Makatea in French Polynesia is one of the three great phosphate rock islands + in the Pacific Ocean - the others are Banaba (Ocean Island) in Kiribati and + Nauru + +:French Polynesia People + +Population: + 205,620 (July 1992), growth rate 2.3% (1992) +Birth rate: + 28 births/1,000 population (1992) +Death rate: + 5 deaths/1,000 population (1992) +Net migration rate: + 0 migrants/1,000 population (1992) +Infant mortality rate: + 15 deaths/1,000 live births (1992) +Life expectancy at birth: + 68 years male, 73 years female (1992) +Total fertility rate: + 3.3 children born/woman (1992) +Nationality: + noun - French Polynesian(s); adjective - French Polynesian +Ethnic divisions: + Polynesian 78%, Chinese 12%, local French 6%, metropolitan French 4% +Religions: + mainly Christian; Protestant 54%, Roman Catholic 30%, other 16% +Languages: + French and Tahitian (both official) +Literacy: + 98% (male 98%, female 98%) age 14 and over but definition of literacy not + available (1977) +Labor force: + 76,630 employed (1988) +Organized labor: + NA + +:French Polynesia Government + +Long-form name: + Territory of French Polynesia +Type: + overseas territory of France since 1946 +Capital: + Papeete +Administrative divisions: + none (overseas territory of France); there are no first-order administrative + divisions as defined by the US Government, but there are 5 archipelagic + divisions named Archipel des Marquises, Archipel des Tuamotu, Archipel des + Tubuai, Iles du Vent, and Iles Sous-le-Vent; note - Clipperton Island is + administered by France from French Polynesia +Independence: + none (overseas territory of France) +Constitution: + 28 September 1958 (French Constitution) +Legal system: + based on French system +National holiday: + Taking of the Bastille, 14 July (1789) +Executive branch: + French president, high commissioner of the republic, president of the + Council of Ministers, vice president of the Council of Ministers, Council of + Ministers +Legislative branch: + unicameral Territorial Assembly +Judicial branch: + Court of Appeal +Leaders: + Chief of State: + President Francois MITTERRAND (since 21 May 1981); High Commissioner of the + Republic Jean MONTPEZAT (since November 1987) + Head of Government: + President of the Council of Ministers Gaston FLOSSE (since 10 May 1991); + Vice President of the Council of Ministers Joel BUILLARD (since 12 September + 1991) +Political parties and leaders: + People's Rally (Tahoeraa Huiraatira; Gaullist), Gaston FLOSSE; Polynesian + Union Party (Te Tiarama; centrist), Alexandre LEONTIEFF; New Fatherland + Party (Ai'a Api), Emile VERNAUDON; Polynesian Liberation Front (Tavini + Huiraatira), Oscar TEMARU; other small parties +Suffrage: + universal at age 18 +Elections: + National Assembly last held 5 and 12 June 1988 (next to be held June 1993); + results - percent of vote by party NA; seats - (2 total) People's Rally + (Gaullist) 1, New Fatherland Party 1 + French Senate: + last held 24 September 1989 (next to be held September 1992); results - + percent of vote by party NA; seats - (1 total) party NA + Territorial Assembly: + last held 17 March 1991 (next to be held March 1996); results - percent of + vote by party NA; seats - (41 total) People's Rally (Gaullist) 18, + Polynesian Union Party 14, New Fatherland Party 5, other 4 +Member of: + FZ, ICFTU, SPC, WMO +Diplomatic representation: + as an overseas territory of France, French Polynesian interests are + represented in the US by France + +:French Polynesia Government + +Flag: + the flag of France is used + +:French Polynesia Economy + +Overview: + Since 1962, when France stationed military personnel in the region, French + Polynesia has changed from a subsistence economy to one in which a high + proportion of the work force is either employed by the military or supports + the tourist industry. Tourism accounts for about 20% of GDP and is a primary + source of hard currency earnings. +GDP: + exchange rate conversion - $1.2 billion, per capita $6,000; real growth rate + NA% (1991 est.) +Inflation rate (consumer prices): + 2.9% (1989) +Unemployment rate: + 14.9% (1988 est.) +Budget: + revenues $614 million; expenditures $957 million, including capital + expenditures of $NA (1988) +Exports: + $88.9 million (f.o.b., 1989) + commodities: + coconut products 79%, mother-of-pearl 14%, vanilla, shark meat + partners: + France 54%, US 17%, Japan 17% +Imports: + $765 million (c.i.f., 1989) + commodities: + fuels, foodstuffs, equipment + partners: + France 53%, US 11%, Australia 6%, NZ 5% +External debt: + $NA +Industrial production: + growth rate NA% +Electricity: + 72,000 kW capacity; 265 million kWh produced, 1,390 kWh per capita (1990) +Industries: + tourism, pearls, agricultural processing, handicrafts +Agriculture: + coconut and vanilla plantations; vegetables and fruit; poultry, beef, dairy + products +Economic aid: + Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-88), + $3.95 billion +Currency: + Comptoirs Francais du Pacifique franc (plural - francs); 1 CFP franc (CFPF) + = 100 centimes +Exchange rates: + Comptoirs Francais du Pacifique francs (CFPF) per US$1 - 97.81 (January + 1992), 102.57 (1991), 99.00 (1990), 115.99 (1989), 108.30 (1988), 109.27 + (1987); note - linked at the rate of 18.18 to the French franc +Fiscal year: + calendar year + +:French Polynesia Communications + +Highways: + 600 km (1982) +Ports: + Papeete, Bora-bora +Merchant marine: + 3 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 4,128 GRT/6,710 DWT; includes 2 + passenger-cargo, 1 refrigerated cargo; note - a captive subset of the French + register +Civil air: + about 6 major transport aircraft +Airports: + 43 total, 41 usable; 23 with permanent-surface runways; none with runways + over 3,659 m; 2 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 12 with runways 1,220-2,439 m +Telecommunications: + 33,200 telephones; 84,000 radio receivers; 26,400 TV sets; broadcast + stations - 5 AM, 2 FM, 6 TV; 1 Pacific Ocean INTELSAT earth station + +:French Polynesia Defense Forces + +Branches: + French forces (including Army, Navy, Air Force), Gendarmerie +Manpower availability: + males 15-49, 50,844; NA fit for military service +Note: + defense is responsibility of France + +:French Southern and Antarctic Lands Geography + +Total area: + 7,781 km2 +Land area: + 7,781 km2; includes Ile Amsterdam, Ile Saint-Paul, Iles Kerguelen, and Iles + Crozet; excludes Terre Adelie claim of about 500,000 km2 in Antarctica that + is not recognized by the US +Comparative area: + slightly less than 1.5 times the size of Delaware +Land boundaries: + none +Coastline: + 1,232 km +Maritime claims: + Exclusive economic zone: + 200 nm (Iles Kerguelen only) + Territorial sea: + 12 nm +Disputes: + Terre Adelie claim in Antarctica is not recognized by the US +Climate: + antarctic +Terrain: + volcanic +Natural resources: + fish, crayfish +Land use: + arable land 0%; permanent crops 0%; meadows and pastures 0%; forest and + woodland 0%; other 100% +Environment: + Ile Amsterdam and Ile Saint-Paul are extinct volcanoes +Note: + located in the southern Indian Ocean about equidistant between Africa, + Antarctica, and Australia + +:French Southern and Antarctic Lands People + +Population: + summer (January 1991) - 200, winter (July 1992) - 150, growth rate 0.0% + (1992); note - mostly researchers + +:French Southern and Antarctic Lands Government + +Long-form name: + Territory of the French Southern and Antarctic Lands +Type: + overseas territory of France since 1955; governed by High Administrator + Bernard de GOUTTES (since May 1990), who is assisted by a 7-member + Consultative Council and a 12-member Scientific Council +Capital: + none; administered from Paris, France +Administrative divisions: + none (overseas territory of France); there are no first-order administrative + divisions as defined by the US Government, but there are 3 districts named + Ile Crozet, Iles Kerguelen, and Iles Saint-Paul et Amsterdam; excludes Terre + Adelie claim in Antarctica that is not recognized by the US +Flag: + the flag of France is used + +:French Southern and Antarctic Lands Economy + +Overview: + Economic activity is limited to servicing meteorological and geophysical + research stations and French and other fishing fleets. The fishing catches + landed on Iles Kerguelen by foreign ships are exported to France and + Reunion. +Budget: + $33.6 million (1990) + +:French Southern and Antarctic Lands Communications + +Ports: + none; offshore anchorage only +Merchant marine: + 12 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 192,752 GRT/334,400 DWT; includes 1 + cargo, 3 refrigerated cargo, 2 roll-on/roll-off cargo, 2 petroleum tanker, 1 + liquefied gas, 2 bulk, 1 multifunction large load carrier; note - a captive + subset of the French register +Telecommunications: + NA + +:French Southern and Antarctic Lands Defense Forces + +Branches: + French Forces (including Army, Navy, Air Force) +Note: + defense is the responsibility of France + +:Gabon Geography + +Total area: + 267,670 km2 +Land area: + 257,670 km2 +Comparative area: + slightly smaller than Colorado +Land boundaries: + 2,551 km; Cameroon 298 km, Congo 1,903 km, Equatorial Guinea 350 km +Coastline: + 885 km +Maritime claims: + Contiguous zone: + 24 nm + Exclusive economic zone: + 200 nm + Territorial sea: + 12 nm +Disputes: + maritime boundary dispute with Equatorial Guinea because of disputed + sovereignty over islands in Corisco Bay +Climate: + tropical; always hot, humid +Terrain: + narrow coastal plain; hilly interior; savanna in east and south +Natural resources: + crude oil, manganese, uranium, gold, timber, iron ore +Land use: + arable land 1%; permanent crops 1%; meadows and pastures 18%; forest and + woodland 78%; other 2% +Environment: + deforestation + +:Gabon People + +Population: + 1,106,355 (July 1992), growth rate 1.5% (1992) +Birth rate: + 29 births/1,000 population (1992) +Death rate: + 14 deaths/1,000 population (1992) +Net migration rate: + 0 migrants/1,000 population (1992) +Infant mortality rate: + 100 deaths/1,000 live births (1992) +Life expectancy at birth: + 51 years male, 56 years female (1992) +Total fertility rate: + 4.1 children born/woman (1992) +Nationality: + noun - Gabonese (singular and plural); adjective - Gabonese +Ethnic divisions: + about 40 Bantu tribes, including four major tribal groupings (Fang, Eshira, + Bapounou, Bateke); about 100,000 expatriate Africans and Europeans, + including 27,000 French +Religions: + Christian 55-75%, Muslim less than 1%, remainder animist +Languages: + French (official), Fang, Myene, Bateke, Bapounou/Eschira, Bandjabi +Literacy: + 61% (male 74%, female 48%) age 15 and over can read and write (1990 est.) +Labor force: + 120,000 salaried; agriculture 65.0%, industry and commerce 30.0%, services + 2.5%, government 2.5%; 58% of population of working age (1983) +Organized labor: + there are 38,000 members of the national trade union, the Gabonese Trade + Union Confederation (COSYGA) + +:Gabon Government + +Long-form name: + Gabonese Republic +Type: + republic; multiparty presidential regime (opposition parties legalized 1990) +Capital: + Libreville +Administrative divisions: + 9 provinces; Estuaire, Haut-Ogooue, Moyen-Ogooue, Ngounie, Nyanga, + Ogooue-Ivindo, Ogooue-Lolo, Ogooue-Maritime, Woleu-Ntem +Independence: + 17 August 1960 (from France) +Constitution: + 21 February 1961, revised 15 April 1975 +Legal system: + based on French civil law system and customary law; judicial review of + legislative acts in Constitutional Chamber of the Supreme Court; compulsory + ICJ jurisdiction not accepted +National holiday: + Renovation Day (Gabonese Democratic Party established), 12 March (1968) +Executive branch: + president, prime minister, Cabinet +Legislative branch: + unicameral National Assembly (Assemblee Nationale) +Judicial branch: + Supreme Court (Cour Supreme) +Leaders: + Chief of State: + President El Hadj Omar BONGO (since 2 December 1967) + Head of Government: + Prime Minister Casimir OYE-MBA (since 3 May 1990) +Political parties and leaders: + Gabonese Democratic Party (PDG, former sole party), El Hadj Omar BONGO, + president; National Recovery Movement - Lumberjacks (Morena-Bucherons); + Gabonese Party for Progress (PGP); National Recovery Movement + (Morena-Original); Association for Socialism in Gabon (APSG); Gabonese + Socialist Union (USG); Circle for Renewal and Progress (CRP); Union for + Democracy and Development (UDD) +Suffrage: + universal at age 21 +Elections: + National Assembly: + last held on 28 October 1990 (next to be held by NA); results - percent of + vote NA; seats - (120 total, 111 elected) PDG 62, National Recovery Movement + - Lumberjacks (Morena-Bucherons) 19, PGP 18, National Recovery Movement + (Morena-Original) 7, APSG 6, USG 4, CRP 1, independents 3 + President: + last held on 9 November 1986 (next to be held December 1993); results - + President Omar BONGO was reelected without opposition +Member of: + ACCT, ACP, AfDB, BDEAC, CCC, CEEAC, ECA, FAO, FZ, G-24, G-77, GATT, IAEA, + IBRD, ICAO, ICC, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INMARSAT, INTELSAT, + INTERPOL, IOC, ITU, LORCS (associate), NAM, OAU, OIC, OPEC, UDEAC, UN, + UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WCL, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO +Diplomatic representation: + Ambassador-designate Alexandre SAMBAT; Chancery at 2034 20th Street NW, + Washington, DC 20009; telephone (202) 797-1000 + +:Gabon Government + + US: + Ambassador Keith L. WAUCHOPE; Embassy at Boulevard de la Mer, Libreville + (mailing address is B. P. 4000, Libreville); telephone (241) 762003/4, or + 743492 +Flag: + three equal horizontal bands of green (top), yellow, and blue + +:Gabon Economy + +Overview: + The economy, dependent on timber and manganese until the early 1970s, is now + dominated by the oil sector. During the period 1981-85, oil accounted for + about 46% of GDP, 83% of export earnings, and 65% of government revenues on + average. The high oil prices of the early 1980s contributed to a substantial + increase in per capita income, stimulated domestic demand, reinforced + migration from rural to urban areas, and raised the level of real wages to + among the highest in Sub-Saharan Africa. The three-year slide of Gabon's + economy, which began with falling oil prices in 1985, was reversed in 1989 + because of a near doubling of oil prices over their 1988 lows. In 1990 the + economy posted strong growth despite serious strikes, but debt servicing + problems are hindering economic advancement. The agricultural and industrial + sectors are relatively underdeveloped, except for oil. +GDP: + exchange rate conversion - $3.3 billion, per capita $3,090; real growth rate + 13% (1990 est.) +Inflation rate (consumer prices): + 3% (1989 est.) +Unemployment rate: + NA% +Budget: + revenues $1.1 billion; expenditures $1.5 billion, including capital + expenditures of $277 million (1990 est.) +Exports: + $1.16 billion (f.o.b., 1989) + commodities: + crude oil 70%, manganese 11%, wood 12%, uranium 6% + partners: + France 53%, US 22%, FRG, Japan +Imports: + $0.78 billion (c.i.f., 1989) + commodities: + foodstuffs, chemical products, petroleum products, construction materials, + manufactures, machinery + partners: + France 48%, US 2.6%, FRG, Japan, UK +External debt: + $3.4 billion (December 1990 est.) +Industrial production: + growth rate -10% (1988 est.) +Electricity: + 315,000 kW capacity; 995 million kWh produced, 920 kWh per capita (1991) +Industries: + petroleum, food and beverages, timber, cement, plywood, textiles, mining - + manganese, uranium, gold +Agriculture: + accounts for 10% of GDP (including fishing and forestry); cash crops - + cocoa, coffee, palm oil; livestock not developed; importer of food; small + fishing operations provide a catch of about 20,000 metric tons; okoume (a + tropical softwood) is the most important timber product +Economic aid: + US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $66 million; Western (non-US) + countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $2,225 million; + Communist countries (1970-89), $27 million +Currency: + Communaute Financiere Africaine franc (plural - francs); 1 CFA franc (CFAF) + = 100 centimes + +:Gabon Economy + +Exchange rates: + Communaute Financiere Africaine francs (CFAF) per US$1 - 269.01 (January + 1992), 282.11 (1991), 272.26 (1990), 319.01 (1989), 297.85 (1988), 300.54 + (1987) +Fiscal year: + calendar year + +:Gabon Communications + +Railroads: + 649 km 1.437-meter standard-gauge single track (Transgabonese Railroad) +Highways: + 7,500 km total; 560 km paved, 960 km laterite, 5,980 km earth +Inland waterways: + 1,600 km perennially navigable +Pipelines: + crude oil 270 km; petroleum products 14 km +Ports: + Owendo, Port-Gentil, Libreville +Merchant marine: + 2 cargo ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 18,563 GRT/25,330 DWT +Civil air: + 15 major transport aircraft +Airports: + 70 total, 59 usable; 10 with permanent-surface runways; none with runways + over 3,659 m; 2 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 22 with runways 1,220-2,439 m +Telecommunications: + adequate system of cable, radio relay, tropospheric scatter links and + radiocommunication stations; 15,000 telephones; broadcast stations - 6 AM, 6 + FM, 3 (5 repeaters) TV; satellite earth stations - 3 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT + and 12 domestic satellite + +:Gabon Defense Forces + +Branches: + Army, Navy, Air Force, Presidential Guard, National Gendarmerie, National + Police +Manpower availability: + males 15-49, 267,580; 134,665 fit for military service; 9,262 reach military + age (20) annually +Defense expenditures: + exchange rate conversion - $102 million, 3.2% of GDP (1990 est.) + +:The Gambia Geography + +Total area: + 11,300 km2 +Land area: + 10,000 km2 +Comparative area: + slightly more than twice the size of Delaware +Land boundaries: + 740 km; Senegal 740 km +Coastline: + 80 km +Maritime claims: + Contiguous zone: + 18 nm + Continental shelf: + not specific + Exclusive fishing zone: + 200 nm + Territorial sea: + 12 nm +Disputes: + short section of boundary with Senegal is indefinite +Climate: + tropical; hot, rainy season (June to November); cooler, dry season (November + to May) +Terrain: + flood plain of the Gambia River flanked by some low hills +Natural resources: + fish +Land use: + arable land 16%; permanent crops 0%; meadows and pastures 9%; forest and + woodland 20%; other 55%; includes irrigated 3% +Environment: + deforestation +Note: + almost an enclave of Senegal; smallest country on the continent of Africa + +:The Gambia People + +Population: + 902,089 (July 1992), growth rate 3.1% (1992) +Birth rate: + 47 births/1,000 population (1992) +Death rate: + 17 deaths/1,000 population (1992) +Net migration rate: + 0 migrants/1,000 population (1992) +Infant mortality rate: + 129 deaths/1,000 live births (1992) +Life expectancy at birth: + 47 years male, 51 years female (1992) +Total fertility rate: + 6.4 children born/woman (1992) +Nationality: + noun - Gambian(s); adjective - Gambian +Ethnic divisions: + African 99% (Mandinka 42%, Fula 18%, Wolof 16%, Jola 10%, Serahuli 9%, other + 4%); non-Gambian 1% +Religions: + Muslim 90%, Christian 9%, indigenous beliefs 1% +Languages: + English (official); Mandinka, Wolof, Fula, other indigenous vernaculars +Literacy: + 27% (male 39%, female 16%) age 15 and over can read and write (1990 est.) +Labor force: + 400,000 (1986 est.); agriculture 75.0%, industry, commerce, and services + 18.9%, government 6.1%; 55% population of working age (1983) +Organized labor: + 25-30% of wage labor force + +:The Gambia Government + +Long-form name: + Republic of The Gambia +Type: + republic under multiparty democratic rule +Capital: + Banjul +Administrative divisions: + 5 divisions and 1 city*; Banjul*, Lower River, MacCarthy Island, North Bank, + Upper River, Western +Independence: + 18 February 1965 (from UK); The Gambia and Senegal signed an agreement on 12 + December 1981 (effective 1 February 1982) that called for the creation of a + loose confederation to be known as Senegambia, but the agreement was + dissolved on 30 September 1989 +Constitution: + 24 April 1970 +Legal system: + based on a composite of English common law, Koranic law, and customary law; + accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with reservations +National holiday: + Independence Day, 18 February (1965) +Executive branch: + president, vice president, Cabinet +Legislative branch: + unicameral House of Representatives +Judicial branch: + Supreme Court +Leaders: + Chief of State and Head of Government: + President Alhaji Sir Dawda Kairaba JAWARA (since 24 April 1970); Vice + President Bakary Bunja DARBO (since 12 May 1982) +Political parties and leaders: + People's Progressive Party (PPP), Dawda K. JAWARA, secretary general; + National Convention Party (NCP), Sheriff DIBBA; Gambian People's Party + (GPP), Hassan Musa CAMARA; United Party (UP), leader NA; People's Democratic + Organization of Independence and Socialism (PDOIS), leader NA; People's + Democratic Party (PDP), Jabel SALLAH +Suffrage: + universal at age 21 +Elections: + House of Representatives: + last held on 11 March 1987 (next to be held by March 1992); results - PPP + 56.6%, NCP 27.6%, GPP 14.7%, PDOIS 1%; seats - (43 total, 36 elected) PPP + 31, NCP 5 + President: + last held on 11 March 1987 (next to be held March 1992); results - Sir Dawda + JAWARA (PPP) 61.1%, Sherif Mustapha DIBBA (NCP) 25.2%, Assan Musa CAMARA + (GPP) 13.7% +Member of: + ACP, AfDB, C, CCC, ECA, ECOWAS, FAO, G-77, GATT, IBRD, ICAO, ICFTU, IDA, + IDB, IFAD, IFC, IMF, IMO, INTERPOL, IOC, ITU, LORCS, NAM, OAU, OIC, UN, + UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WCL, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO +Diplomatic representation: + Ambassador Ousman A. SALLAH; Chancery at Suite 720, 1030 15th Street NW, + Washington, DC 20005; telephone (202) 842-1356 or 842-1359 + US: + Ambassador Arlene RENDER; Embassy at Pipeline Road (Kairaba Avenue), Fajara, + Banjul (mailing address is P. M. B. No. 19, Banjul); telephone Serrekunda + [220] 92856 or 92858, 91970, 91971 + +:The Gambia Government + +Flag: + three equal horizontal bands of red (top), blue with white edges, and green + +:The Gambia Economy + +Overview: + The Gambia has no important mineral or other natural resources and has a + limited agricultural base. It is one of the world's poorest countries with a + per capita income of about $230. About 75% of the population is engaged in + crop production and livestock raising, which contribute 30% to GDP. + Small-scale manufacturing activity - processing peanuts, fish, and hides - + accounts for less than 10% of GDP. Tourism is a growing industry. The Gambia + imports one-third of its food, all fuel, and most manufactured goods. + Exports are concentrated on peanut products (about 75% of total value). +GDP: + exchange rate conversion - $207 million, per capita $235; real growth rate + 3% (FY91 est.) +Inflation rate (consumer prices): + 6.0% (FY91) +Unemployment rate: + NA% +Budget: + revenues $79 million; expenditures $84 million, including capital + expenditures of $21 million (FY90) +Exports: + $116 million (f.o.b., FY90) + commodities: + peanuts and peanut products, fish, cotton lint, palm kernels + partners: + Japan 60%, Europe 29%, Africa 5%, US 1, other 5% (1989) +Imports: + $147 million (f.o.b., FY90) + commodities: + foodstuffs, manufactures, raw materials, fuel, machinery and transport + equipment + partners: + Europe 57%, Asia 25%, USSR/EE 9%, US 6%, other 3% (1989) +External debt: + $336 million (December 1990 est.) +Industrial production: + growth rate 6.7%; accounts for 5.8% of GDP (FY90) +Electricity: + 30,000 kW capacity; 65 million kWh produced, 75 kWh per capita (1991) +Industries: + peanut processing, tourism, beverages, agricultural machinery assembly, + woodworking, metalworking, clothing +Agriculture: + accounts for 30% of GDP and employs about 75% of the population; imports + one-third of food requirements; major export crop is peanuts; the other + principal crops - millet, sorghum, rice, corn, cassava, palm kernels; + livestock - cattle, sheep, and goats; forestry and fishing resources not + fully exploited +Economic aid: + US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $93 million; Western (non-US) + countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $535 million; + Communist countries (1970-89), $39 million +Currency: + dalasi (plural - dalasi); 1 dalasi (D) = 100 bututs +Exchange rates: + dalasi (D) per US$1 - 8.790 (March 1992), 8.803 (1991), 7.883 (1990), 7.5846 + (1989), 6.7086 (1988), 7.0744 (1987) +Fiscal year: + 1 July - 30 June + +:The Gambia Communications + +Highways: + 3,083 km total; 431 km paved, 501 km gravel/laterite, and 2,151 km + unimproved earth +Inland waterways: + 400 km +Ports: + Banjul +Civil air: + 4 major transport aircraft +Airports: + 1 with permanent-surface runway 2,440-3,659 m +Telecommunications: + adequate network of radio relay and wire; 3,500 telephones; broadcast + stations - 3 AM, 2 FM; 1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT earth station + +:The Gambia Defense Forces + +Branches: + Army, Navy, National Gendarmerie, National Police +Manpower availability: + males 15-49, 194,480; 98,271 fit for military service +Defense expenditures: + exchange rate conversion - more than $1 million, 0.7% of GDP (1989) +\ + +:Gaza Strip Geography + +Total area: + 380 km2 +Land area: + 380 km2 +Comparative area: + slightly more than twice the size of Washington, DC +Land boundaries: + 62 km; Egypt 11 km, Israel 51 km +Coastline: + 40 km +Maritime claims: + Israeli occupied with status to be determined +Disputes: + Israeli occupied with status to be determined +Climate: + temperate, mild winters, dry and warm to hot summers +Terrain: + flat to rolling, sand- and dune- covered coastal plain +Natural resources: + negligible +Land use: + arable land 13%, permanent crops 32%, meadows and pastures 0%, forest and + woodland 0%, other 55% +Environment: + desertification +Note: + The war between Israel and the Arab states in June 1967 ended with Israel in + control of the West Bank and the Gaza Strip, the Sinai, and the Golan + Heights. As stated in the 1978 Camp David accords and reaffirmed by + President Bush's post - Gulf crisis peace initiative, the final status of + the West Bank and the Gaza Strip, their relationship with their neighbors, + and a peace treaty be-tween Israel and Jordan are to be negotiated among the + concerned parties. Camp David further specifies that these negotiations will + resolve the respective boundaries. Pending the completion of this process, + it is US policy that the final status of the West Bank and the Gaza Strip + has yet to be determined. In the US view, the term West Bank describes all + of the area west of the Jordan River under Jordanian administration before + the 1967 Arab-Israeli war. With respect to negotiations envisaged in the + framework agreement, however, it is US policy that a distinction must be + made between Jerusalem and the rest of the West Bank because of the city's + special status and circumstances. Therefore, a negotiated solution for the + final status of Jerusalem could be different in character from that of the + rest of the West Bank. + The Gaza Strip is currently governed by Israeli military authorities and + Israeli civil administration; it is US policy that the final status of the + Gaza Strip will be determined by negotiations among the concerned parties; + these negotiations will determine how this area is to be governed. + There are 18 Jewish settlements in the Gaza Strip. + +:Gaza Strip People + +Population: + 681,026 (July 1992), growth rate 3.6% (1992); in addition, there are 4,000 + Jewish settlers in the Gaza Strip (1992 est.) +Birth rate: + 46 births/1,000 population (1992) +Death rate: + 6 deaths/1,000 population (1992) +Net migration rate: + - 4 migrants/1,000 population (1992) +Infant mortality rate: + 41 deaths/1,000 live births (1992) +Life expectancy at birth: + 66 years male, 68 years female (1992) +Total fertility rate: + 6.9 children born/woman (1992) +Nationality: + NA +Ethnic divisions: + Palestinian Arab and other 99.8%, Jewish 0.2% +Religions: + Muslim (predominantly Sunni) 99%, Christian 0.7%, Jewish 0.3% +Languages: + Arabic, Israeli settlers speak Hebrew; English widely understood +Literacy: + NA% (male NA%, female NA%) +Labor force: + (excluding Israeli Jewish settlers) small industry, commerce and business + 32.0%, construction 24.4%, service and other 25.5%, and agriculture 18.1% + (1984) +Organized labor: + NA + +:Gaza Strip Government + +Long-form name: + none + +:Gaza Strip Economy + +Overview: + In 1990 roughly 40% of Gaza Strip workers were employed across the border by + Israeli industrial, construction, and agricultural enterprises, with worker + remittances accounting for about one-third of GNP. The construction, + agricultural, and industrial sectors account for about 15%, 12%, and 8% of + GNP, respectively. Gaza depends upon Israel for some 90% of its external + trade. Unrest in the territory in 1988-92 (intifadah) has raised + unemployment and substantially lowered the standard of living of Gazans. The + Persian Gulf crisis and its aftershocks also have dealt severe blows to Gaza + since August 1990. Worker remittances from the Gulf states have plunged, + unemployment has increased, and exports have fallen dramatically. The area's + economic outlook remains bleak. +GNP: + exchange rate conversion - $380 million, per capita $590; real growth rate - + 30% (1991 est.) +Inflation rate (consumer prices): + 9% (1991 est.) +Unemployment rate: + 20% (1990 est.) +Budget: + revenues $33.8 million; expenditures $33.3 million, including capital + expenditures of $NA (FY88) +Exports: + $30 million (f.o.b., 1989) + commodities: + citrus + partners: + Israel, Egypt +Imports: + $255 million (c.i.f., 1989) + commodities: + food, consumer goods, construction materials + partners: + Israel, Egypt +External debt: + $NA +Industrial production: + growth rate 10% (1989); accounts for about 8% of GNP +Electricity: + power supplied by Israel +Industries: + generally small family businesses that produce textiles, soap, olive-wood + carvings, and mother-of-pearl souvenirs; the Israelis have established some + small-scale modern industries in an industrial center +Agriculture: + accounts for about 12% of GNP; olives, citrus and other fruits, vegetables, + beef, dairy products +Economic aid: + NA +Currency: + new Israeli shekel (plural - shekels); 1 new Israeli shekel (NIS) = 100 new + agorot +Exchange rates: + new Israeli shekels (NIS) per US$1 - 2.2984 (January 1992), 2.2792 (1991), + 2.0162 (1990), 1.9164 (1989), 1.5989 (1988), 1.5946 (1987) +Fiscal year: + previously 1 April - 31 March; FY91 was 1 April - 3l December, and since 1 + January 1992 the fiscal year has conformed to the calendar year + +:Gaza Strip Communications + +Railroads: + one line, abandoned and in disrepair, some trackage remains +Highways: + small, poorly developed indigenous road network +Ports: + facilities for small boats to service the city of Gaza +Airports: + 1 with permanent-surface runway less than 1,220 m +Telecommunications: + broadcast stations - no AM, no FM, no TV + +:Gaza Strip Defense Forces + +Branches: + NA +Manpower availability: + males 15-49, 136,311; NA fit for military service +Defense expenditures: + exchange rate conversion - $NA, NA% of GDP + +:Georgia Geography + +Total area: + 69,700 km2 +Land area: + 69,700 km2 +Comparative area: + slightly larger than South Carolina +Land boundaries: + 1,461 km; Armenia 164 km, Azerbaijan 322 km, Russia 723 km, Turkey 252 km +Coastline: + 310 km +Maritime claims: + Contiguous zone: + NA nm + Continental Shelf: + NA meter depth + Exclusive economic zone: + NA nm + Exclusive fishing zone: + NA nm + Territorial sea: + NA nm, Georgian claims unknown; 12 nm in 1973 USSR-Turkish Protocol + concerning the sea boundary between the two states in the Black Sea +Disputes: + none +Climate: + warm and pleasant; Mediterranean-like on Black Sea coast +Terrain: + largely mountainous with Great Caucasus Mountains in the north and Lesser + Caucasus Mountains in the south; Colchis lowland opens to the Black Sea in + the west; Kura River Basin in the east; good soils in river valley flood + plains, foothills of Colchis lowland +Natural resources: + forest lands, hydropower, manganese deposits, iron ores, copper, minor coal + and oil deposits; coastal climate and soils allow for important tea and + citrus growth +Land use: + NA% arable land; NA% permanent crops; NA% meadows and pastures; NA% forest + and woodland; NA% other; includes 200,000 hectares irrigated +Environment: + air pollution, particularly in Rustavi; heavy pollution of Kura River, Black + Sea + +:Georgia People + +Population: + 5,570,978 (July 1992), growth rate 0.8% (1992) +Birth rate: + 17 births/1,000 population (1992) +Death rate: + 9 deaths/1,000 population (1992) +Net migration rate: + 1 migrant/1,000 population (1992) +Infant mortality rate: + 34 deaths/1,000 live births (1992) +Life expectancy at birth: + 67 years male, 75 years female (1992) +Total fertility rate: + 2.2 children born/woman (1992) +Nationality: + noun - Georgian(s); adjective - Georgian +Ethnic divisions: + Georgian 68.8%, Armenian 9.0%, Russian Azari 5.1%, Ossetian 3.2%, Abkhaz + 1.7%, other 4.8% +Religions: + Russian Orthodox 10%, Georgian Orthodox 65%, Armenian Orthodox 8%, Muslim + 11%, unknown 6% +Languages: + Georgian (official language) 71%, Russian 9%, other 20% - Armenian 7%, + Azerbaijani 6% +Literacy: + NA% (male NA%, female NA%) age 15 and over can read and write +Labor force: + 2,834,000; agriculture 29.1% (1988), government NA%, industry 17.8%, other + 53.1% +Organized labor: + NA + +:Georgia Government + +Long-form name: + Republic of Georgia +Type: + republic +Capital: + T'bilisi (Tbilisi) +Administrative divisions: + 2 autonomous republics (avtomnoy respubliki, singular - avtom respublika); + Abkhazia (Sukhumi), Ajaria (Batumi); note - the administrative centers of + the autonomous republics are included in parentheses; there are no oblasts - + the rayons around T'bilisi are under direct republic jurisdiction; also + included is the South Ossetia Autonomous Oblast +Independence: + 9 April 1991 (from Soviet Union); formerly Georgian Soviet Socialist + Republic +Constitution: + adopted NA, effective NA +Legal system: + NA +National holiday: + Independence Day, 9 April 1991 +Executive branch: + State Council, chairman of State Council, Council of Ministers, prime + minister +Legislative branch: + unicameral Supreme Soviet +Judicial branch: + Supreme Court +Leaders: + Chief of State: + Chairman of State Council Eduard SHEVARDNADZE (since March 1992) + Head of Government: + Acting Prime Minister Tengiz SIGUA (since January 1992); First Deputy Prime + Minister Otar KVILITAYA (since January 1992); First Deputy Prime Minister + Tengiz KITOVANI (since March 1992) +Political parties and leaders: + All-Georgian Merab Kostava Society, Vazha ADAMIA, chairman; All-Georgian + Tradionalists' Union, Akakiy ASATIANI, chairman; Georgian National Front - + Radical Union, Ruslan GONGADZE, chairman; Social-Democratic Party, Guram + MUCHAIDZE, chairman; All-Georgian Rustaveli Society, Akakiy BAKRADZE, + chairman; Georgian Monarchists' Party, Teymur JORJOLIANI, chairman; Georgian + Popular Front, Nodar NATADZE, chairman; National Democratic Party, Georgiy + CHANTURIA, chairman; National Independence Party, Irakliy TSERETELI, + chairman; Charter 1991 Party, Tedo PAATASHVILI, chairman; Democratic Georgia + Party, Georgiy SHENGELAYA, Chairman +Suffrage: + universal at age 18 +Elections: + Georgian Parliament: + last held November 1990; results - 7-party coalition Round Table - Free + Georgia 62%, other 38%; seats - (250) Round Table - Free Georgia 155, other + 95 + President: + Zviad GAMSAKHURDIYA, 87% of vote +Other political or pressure groups: + NA +Member of: + CSCE, IMF, World Bank + +:Georgia Government + +Diplomatic representation: + Ambassador NA, Chancery at NA NW, Washington, DC 200__; telephone (202) NA + US: + Ambassador NA; Embassy at NA (mailing address is APO New York 09862) +Flag: + maroon field with small rectangle in upper left corner; rectangle divided + horizontally with black on top, white below + +:Georgia Economy + +Overview: + Among the former Soviet republics, Georgia is noted for its Black Sea + tourist industry, its large output of citrus fruits and tea, and the amazing + diversity of an industrial sector that accounted, however, for less than 2% + of the USSR's output. Another salient characteristic of the economy has been + a flourishing private sector (compared with the other republics). Almost 30% + of the labor force is employed in agriculture and 18% in industry. Mineral + resources consist of manganese and copper, and, to a lesser extent, + molybdenum, arsenic, tungsten, and mercury. Except for very small quantities + of domestic oil, gas, and coal, fuel must be imported from neighboring + republics. Oil and its products are delivered by pipeline from Azerbaijan to + the port of Batumi for export and local refining. Gas is supplied in + pipelines from Krasnodar and Stavropol'. Georgia is nearly self-sufficient + in electric power, thanks to abundant hydropower stations as well as some + thermal power stations. The dismantling of central economic controls is + being delayed by political factionalism, marked by armed struggles between + the elected government and the opposition, and industrial output seems to + have fallen more steeply in Georgia in 1991 than in any other of the former + Soviet republics. To prevent further economic decline, Georgia must + establish domestic peace and must maintain economic ties to the other former + Soviet republics while developing new links to the West. +GDP: + purchasing power equivalent - $NA; per capita $NA; real growth rate - 23% + (1991) +Inflation rate (consumer prices): + approximately 90% (1991) +Unemployment rate: + NA% +Budget: + revenues $NA; expenditures $NA, including capital expenditures of $NA + million (1991) +Exports: + $176 million (f.o.b., 1990) + commodities: + citrus fruits, tea, other agricultural products; diverse types of machinery; + ferrous and nonferrous metals; textiles + partners: + NA +Imports: + $1.5 billion (c.i.f., 1990) + commodities: + machinery and parts, fuel, transport equipment, textiles + partners: + NA +External debt: + $650 million (1991 est.) +Industrial production: + growth rate - 19% (1991) +Electricity: + 4,575,000 kW capacity; 15,300 million kWh produced, about 2,600 kWh per + capita (1991) +Industries: + Heavy industrial products include raw steel, rolled steel, cement, lumber; + machine tools, foundry equipment, electric mining locomotives, tower cranes, + electric welding equipment, machinery for food preparation, meat packing, + dairy, and fishing industries; air-conditioning electric motors up to 100 kW + in size, electric motors for cranes, magnetic starters for motors; devices + for control of industrial processes; trucks, tractors, and other farm + machinery; light industrial products, including cloth, hosiery, and shoes + +:Georgia Economy + +Agriculture: + accounted for 97% of former USSR citrus fruits and 93% of former USSR tea; + berries and grapes; sugar; vegetables, grains, and potatoes; cattle, pigs, + sheep, goats, and poultry +Illicit drugs: + illicit producers of cannabis and opium; mostly for domestic consumption; + status of government eradication programs unknown; used as transshipment + points for illicit drugs to Western Europe +Economic aid: + US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-87), $NA billion; Western (non-US) + countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-86), $NA million; + Communist countries (1971-86), $NA million +Currency: + as of May 1992, retaining ruble as currency +Exchange rates: + NA +Fiscal year: + calendar year + +:Georgia Communications + +Railroads: + 1,570 km, does not include industrial lines (1990) +Highways: + 33,900 km total; 29,500 km hard surfaced, 4,400 km earth (1990) +Inland waterways: + NA km perennially navigable +Pipelines: + crude oil NA km, refined products NA km, natural gas NA km +Ports: + maritime - Batumi, Poti; inland - NA +Merchant marine: + 54 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 715,802 GRT/1,108,068 DWT; includes 16 + bulk cargo, 34 oil tanker, 2 chemical tanker, and 2 specialized liquid + carrier +Civil air: + NA major transport aircraft +Airports: + NA total, NA usable; NA with permanent-surface runways; NA with runways over + 3,659 m; NA with runways 2,440-3,659 m; NA with runways 1,220-2,439 m +Telecommunications: + poor telephone service; 339,000 unsatisfied applications for telephones (31 + January 1992); international links via landline to CIS members and Turkey; + low capacity satellite earth station and leased international connections + via the Moscow international gateway switch + +:Georgia Defense Forces + +Branches: + Republic Security Forces (internal and border troops), National Guard; CIS + Forces (Ground, Navy, Air, and Air Defense) +Manpower availability: + males 15-49, NA fit for military service; NA reach military age (18) + annually +Defense expenditures: + $NA, NA% of GNP + +:Germany Geography + +Total area: + 356,910 km2 +Land area: + 349,520 km2; comprises the formerly separate Federal Republic of Germany, + the German Democratic Republic, and Berlin following formal unification on 3 + October 1990 +Comparative area: + slightly smaller than Montana +Land boundaries: + 3,790 km; Austria 784 km, Belgium 167 km, Czechoslovakia 815 km, Denmark 68 + km, France 451 km, Luxembourg 138 km, Netherlands 577 km, Poland 456 km, + Switzerland 334 km +Coastline: + 2,389 km +Maritime claims: + Continental shelf: + 200 m (depth) or to depth of exploitation + Exclusive fishing zone: + 200 nm + Territorial sea: + North Sea and Schleswig-Holstein coast of Baltic Sea - 3 nm (extends, at one + point, to 16 nm in the Helgolander Bucht); remainder of Baltic Sea - 12 nm +Disputes: + the boundaries of Germany were set by the Treaty on the Final Settlement + With Respect to Germany signed 12 September 1990 in Moscow by the Federal + Republic of Germany, the German Democratic Republic, France, the United + Kingdom, the United States, and the Soviet Union; this Treaty entered into + force on 15 March 1991; a subsequent Treaty between Germany and Poland, + reaffirming the German-Polish boundary, was signed on 14 November 1990 and + took effect on 16 January 1992 +Climate: + temperate and marine; cool, cloudy, wet winters and summers; occasional + warm, tropical foehn wind; high relative humidity +Terrain: + lowlands in north, uplands in center, Bavarian Alps in south +Natural resources: + iron ore, coal, potash, timber, lignite, uranium, copper, natural gas, salt, + nickel +Land use: + arable land 34%; permanent crops 1%; meadows and pastures 16%; forest and + woodland 30%; other 19%; includes irrigated 1% +Environment: + air and water pollution; groundwater, lakes, and air quality in eastern + Germany are especially bad; significant deforestation in the eastern + mountains caused by air pollution and acid rain +Note: + strategic location on North European Plain and along the entrance to the + Baltic Sea + +:Germany People + +Population: + 80,387,283 (July 1992), growth rate 0.5% (1992) +Birth rate: + 11 births/1,000 population (1992) +Death rate: + 11 deaths/1,000 population (1992) +Net migration rate: + 5 migrants/1,000 population (1992) +Infant mortality rate: + 7 deaths/1,000 live births (1992) +Life expectancy at birth: + 73 years male, 79 years female (1992) +Total fertility rate: + 1.4 children born/woman (1992) +Nationality: + noun - German(s); adjective - German +Ethnic divisions: + primarily German; small Danish and Slavic minorities +Religions: + Protestant 45%, Roman Catholic 37%, unaffiliated or other 18% +Languages: + German +Literacy: + 99% (male NA%, female NA%) age 15 and over can read and write (1970 est.) +Labor force: + 36,750,000; industry 41%, agriculture 6%, other 53% (1987) +Organized labor: + 47% of labor force (1986 est.) + +:Germany Government + +Long-form name: + Federal Republic of Germany +Type: + federal republic +Capital: + Berlin; note - the shift from Bonn to Berlin will take place over a period + of years with Bonn retaining many administrative functions and several + ministries +Administrative divisions: + 16 states (lander, singular - land); Baden-Wurttemberg, Bayern, Berlin, + Brandenburg, Bremen, Hamburg, Hessen, Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Niedersachsen, + Nordrhein-Westfalen, Rheinland-Pfalz, Saarland, Sachsen, Sachsen-Anhalt, + Schleswig-Holstein, Thuringen +Independence: + 18 January 1871 (German Empire unification); divided into four zones of + occupation (UK, US, USSR, and later, France) in 1945 following World War II; + Federal Republic of Germany (FRG or West Germany) proclaimed 23 May 1949 and + included the former UK, US, and French zones; German Democratic Republic + (GDR or East Germany) proclaimed 7 October 1949 and included the former USSR + zone; unification of West Germany and East Germany took place 3 October + 1990; all four power rights formally relinquished 15 March 1991 +Constitution: + 23 May 1949, provisional constitution known as Basic Law +Legal system: + civil law system with indigenous concepts; judicial review of legislative + acts in the Federal Constitutional Court; has not accepted compulsory ICJ + jurisdiction +National holiday: + German Unity Day, 3 October (1990) +Executive branch: + president, chancellor, Cabinet +Legislative branch: + bicameral parliament (no official name for the two chambers as a whole) + consists of an upper chamber or Federal Council (Bundesrat) and a lower + chamber or Federal Diet (Bundestag) +Judicial branch: + Federal Constitutional Court (Bundesverfassungsgericht) +Leaders: + Chief of State: + President Dr. Richard von WEIZSACKER (since 1 July 1984) + Head of Government: + Chancellor Dr. Helmut KOHL (since 4 October 1982) + *** No entry for this item *** +Political parties and leaders: + Christian Democratic Union (CDU), Helmut KOHL, chairman; Christian Social + Union (CSU), Theo WAIGEL; Free Democratic Party (FDP), Otto Count + LAMBSDORFF, chairman; Social Democratic Party (SPD), Bjoern ENGHOLM, - + chairman; - Green - Party - Ludger VOLMER, Christine WEISKE, co-chairmen + (after the 2 December 1990 election the East and West German Green Parties + united); Alliance 90 united to form one party in September 1991, Petra + MORAWE, chairwoman; Republikaner, Franz SCHOENHUBER; National Democratic + Party (NPD), Walter BACHMANN; Communist Party (DKP), Rolf PRIEMER +Suffrage: + universal at age 18 + +:Germany Government + +Elections: + Federal Diet: + last held 2 December 1990 (next to be held October 1994); results - CDU + 36.7%, SPD 33.5%, FDP 11.0%, CSU 7.1%, Green Party (West Germany) 3.9%, PDS + 2.4%, Republikaner 2.1%, Alliance 90/Green Party (East Germany) 1.2%, other + 2.1%; seats - (662 total, 656 statutory with special rules to allow for + slight expansion) CDU 268, SPD 239, FDP 79, CSU 51, PDS 17, Alliance + 90/Green Party (East Germany) 8; note - special rules for this election + allowed former East German parties to win seats if they received at least 5% + of vote in eastern Germany + *** No entry for this item *** +Communists: + West - about 40,000 members and supporters; East - about 200,000 party + members (December 1991) +Other political or pressure groups: + expellee, refugee, and veterans groups +Member of: + AfDB, AG (observer), AsDB, BDEAC, BIS, CCC, CE, CERN, COCOM, CSCE, EBRD, EC, + ECE, EIB, ESA, FAO, G-5, G-7, G-10, GATT, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, + ICFTU, IDA, IEA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INMARSAT, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, + IOC, IOM, ISO, ITU, LORCS, NATO, NEA, OAS (observer), OECD, PCA, UN, UNCTAD, + UNESCO, UNIDO, UNHCR, UPU, WEU, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO +Diplomatic representation: + Ambassador Dr. Immo STABREIT will become Ambassador in late summer/early + fall 1992; Chancery at 4645 Reservoir Road NW, Washington, DC 20007; + telephone (202) 298-4000; there are German Consulates General in Atlanta, + Boston, Chicago, Detroit, Houston, Los Angeles, San Francisco, Seattle, and + New York, and Consulates in Miami and New Orleans + US: + Ambassador Robert M. KIMMITT; Embassy at Deichmanns Avenue, 5300 Bonn 2 + (mailing address is APO AE 09080); telephone [49] (228) 3391; there is a US + Branch Office in Berlin and US Consulates General in Frankfurt, Hamburg, + Leipzig, Munich, and Stuttgart +Flag: + three equal horizontal bands of black (top), red, and yellow + +:Germany Economy + +Overview: + The Federal Republic of Germany is making substantial progress in + integrating and modernizing eastern Germany, but at a heavy economic cost. + Western Germany's growth in 1991 slowed to 3.1% - the lowest rate since 1987 + - because of slack world growth and higher interest rates and taxes required + by the unification process. While western Germany's economy was in recession + in the last half of 1991, eastern Germany's economy bottomed out after a + nearly two-year freefall and shows signs of recovery, particularly in the + construction, transportation, and service sectors. Eastern Germany could + begin a fragile recovery later, concentrated in 1992 in construction, + transportation, and services. The two regions remain vastly different, + however, despite eastern Germany's progress. Western Germany has an advanced + market economy and is a world leader in exports. It has a highly urbanized + and skilled population that enjoys excellent living standards, abundant + leisure time, and comprehensive social welfare benefits. Western Germany is + relatively poor in natural resources, coal being the most important mineral. + Western Germany's world-class companies manufacture technologically advanced + goods. The region's economy is mature: services and manufacturing account + for the dominant share of economic activity, and raw materials and + semimanufactured goods constitute a large portion of imports. In recent + years, manufacturing has accounted for about 31% of GDP, with other sectors + contributing lesser amounts. Gross fixed investment in 1990 accounted for + about 21% of GDP. In 1991, GDP in the western region was an estimated + $19,200 per capita. In contrast, eastern Germany's economy is shedding the + obsolete heavy industries that dominated the economy during the Communist + era. Eastern Germany's share of all-German GDP is only about 7%, and eastern + productivity is just 30% that of the west. The privatization agency for + eastern Germany, the Treuhand, is rapidly selling many of the 11,500 firms + under its control. The pace of private investment is starting to pick up, + but questions about property rights and environmental liabilities remain. + Eastern Germany has one of the world's largest reserves of low-grade lignite + coal but little else in the way of mineral resources. The quality of + statistics from eastern Germany is improving, yet many gaps remain; the + federal government began producing all-German data for select economic + statistics at the start of 1992. The most challenging economic problem is + promoting eastern Germany's economic reconstruction - specifically, finding + the right mix of fiscal, monetary, regulatory, and tax policies that will + spur investment in eastern Germany - without destabilizing western Germany's + economy or damaging relations with West European partners. The biggest + danger is that excessive wage settlements and heavy federal borrowing could + fuel inflation and prompt the German Central Bank, the Bundesbank, to keep a + tight monetary policy to choke off a wage-price spiral. Meanwhile, the FRG + has been providing billions of dollars to help the former Soviet republics + and the reformist economies of Eastern Europe. +GDP: + purchasing power equivalent - Federal Republic of Germany: $1,331.4 billion, + per capita $16,700; real growth rate 0.7%; western Germany: $1,235.8 + billion, per capita $19,200; real growth rate 3.1%; eastern Germany $95.6 + billion, per capita $5,870; real growth rate - 30% (1991 est.) +Inflation rate (consumer prices): + West - 3.5% (1991); East - NA% +Unemployment rate: + West - 6.3% (1991); East - 11% (1991) +Budget: + West (federal, state, local) - revenues $684 billion; expenditures $704 + billion, including capital expenditures $NA (1990), East - NA +Exports: + West - $324.3 billion (f.o.b., 1989) + +:Germany Economy + + commodities: + manufactures 86.6% (including machines and machine tools, chemicals, motor + vehicles, iron and steel products), agricultural products 4.9%, raw + materials 2.3%, fuels 1.3% +Exports: + partners: + EC 53.3% (France 12.7%, Netherlands 8.3%, Italy 9.1%, UK 8.3%, + Belgium-Luxembourg 7.3%), other Western Europe 15.9%, US 7.1%, Eastern + Europe 4.1%, OPEC 2.7% (1990) +Imports: + West - $346.5 billion (f.o.b., 1989) + commodities: + manufactures 68.5%, agricultural products 12.0%, fuels 9.7%, raw materials + 7.1% + partners: + EC 51.7% (France 11.7%, Netherlands 10.1%, Italy 9.3%, UK 6.7%, + Belgium-Luxembourg 7.2%), other Western Europe 13.4%, US 6.6%, Eastern + Europe 3.8%, OPEC 2.5% (1990) +External debt: + West - $500 million (June 1988); East - $20.6 billion (1989) +Industrial production: + growth rates, West - 5.4% (1990); East - 30% (1991 est.) +Electricity: + 133,000,000 kW capacity; 580,000 million kWh produced, 7,390 kWh per capita + (1991) +Industries: + West - among world's largest producers of iron, steel, coal, cement, + chemicals, machinery, vehicles, machine tools, electronics; food and + beverages; East - metal fabrication, chemicals, brown coal, shipbuilding, + machine building, food and beverages, textiles, petroleum refining +Agriculture: + West - accounts for about 2% of GDP (including fishing and forestry); + diversified crop and livestock farming; principal crops and livestock + include potatoes, wheat, barley, sugar beets, fruit, cabbage, cattle, pigs, + poultry; net importer of food; fish catch of 202,000 metric tons in 1987; + East - accounts for about 10% of GDP (including fishing and forestry); + principal crops - wheat, rye, barley, potatoes, sugar beets, fruit; + livestock products include pork, beef, chicken, milk, hides and skins; net + importer of food; fish catch of 193,600 metric tons in 1987 +Economic aid: + West - donor - ODA and OOF commitments (1970-89), $75.5 billion; East - + donor - $4.0 billion extended bilaterally to non-Communist less developed + countries (1956-89) +Currency: + deutsche mark (plural - deutsche marks); 1 deutsche mark (DM) = 100 pfennige +Exchange rates: + deutsche marks (DM) per US$1 - 1.6611 (March 1992), 1.6595 (1991), 1.6157 + (1990), 1.8800 (1989), 1.7562 (1988), 1.7974 (1987) +Fiscal year: + calendar year + +:Germany Communications + +Railroads: + West - 31,443 km total; 27,421 km government owned, 1.435-meter standard + gauge (12,491 km double track, 11,501 km electrified); 4,022 km + nongovernment owned, including 3,598 km 1.435-meter standard gauge (214 km + electrified) and 424 km 1.000-meter gauge (186 km electrified); East - + 14,025 km total; 13,750 km 1.435-meter standard gauge, 275 km 1.000-meter or + other narrow gauge; 3,830 (est.) km 1.435-meter standard gauge double-track; + 3,475 km overhead electrified (1988) +Highways: + West - 466,305 km total; 169,568 km primary, includes 6,435 km autobahn, + 32,460 km national highways (Bundesstrassen), 65,425 km state highways + (Landesstrassen), 65,248 km county roads (Kreisstrassen); 296,737 km of + secondary communal roads (Gemeindestrassen); East - 124,604 km total; 47,203 + km concrete, asphalt, stone block, of which 1,855 km are autobahn and + limited access roads, 11,326 are trunk roads, and 34,022 are regional roads; + 77,401 municipal roads (1988) +Inland waterways: + West - 5,222 km, of which almost 70% are usable by craft of 1,000-metric ton + capacity or larger; major rivers include the Rhine and Elbe; Kiel Canal is + an important connection between the Baltic Sea and North Sea; East - 2,319 + km (1988) +Pipelines: + crude oil 3,644 km; petroleum products 3,946 km; natural gas 97,564 km + (1988) +Ports: + maritime - Bremerhaven, Brunsbuttel, Cuxhaven, Emden, Bremen, Hamburg, Kiel, + Lubeck, Wilhelmshaven, Rostock, Wismar, Stralsund, Sassnitz; inland - 31 + major +Merchant marine: + 607 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 5,210,060 GRT/6,626,333 DWT; includes + 3 passenger, 5 short-sea passenger, 324 cargo, 10 refrigerated cargo, 135 + container, 31 roll-on/roll-off cargo, 5 railcar carrier, 6 barge carrier, 11 + oil tanker, 21 chemical tanker, 22 liquefied gas tanker, 5 combination + ore/oil, 14 combination bulk, 15 bulk; note - the German register includes + ships of the former East and West Germany; during 1991 the fleet underwent + major restructuring as surplus ships were sold off +Civil air: + 239 major transport aircraft +Airports: + 462 total, 455 usable; 242 with permanent-surface runways; 4 with runways + over 3,659 m; 40 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 55 with runways 1,220-2,439 m +Telecommunications: + West - highly developed, modern telecommunication service to all parts of + the country; fully adequate in all respects; 40,300,000 telephones; + intensively developed, highly redundant cable and radio relay networks, all + completely automatic; broadcast stations - 80 AM, 470 FM, 225 (6,000 + repeaters) TV; 6 submarine coaxial cables; satellite earth stations - 12 + Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT antennas, 2 Indian Ocean INTELSAT antennas, + EUTELSAT, and domestic systems; 2 HF radiocommunication centers; + tropospheric links East - badly needs modernization; 3,970,000 telephones; + broadcast stations - 23 AM, 17 FM, 21 TV (15 Soviet TV repeaters); 6,181,860 + TVs; 6,700,000 radios; 1 satellite earth station operating in INTELSAT and + Intersputnik systems + +:Germany Defense Forces + +Branches: + Army, Navy, Air Force, Federal Border Police +Manpower availability: + males 15-49, 20,300,359; 17,612,677 fit for military service; 414,330 reach + military age (18) annually +Defense expenditures: + exchange rate conversion - $39.5 billion, 2.5% of GDP (1991) + +:Ghana Geography + +Total area: + 238,540 km2 +Land area: + 230,020 km2 +Comparative area: + slightly smaller than Oregon +Land boundaries: + 2,093 km; Burkina 548 km, Ivory Coast 668 km, Togo 877 km +Coastline: + 539 km +Maritime claims: + Contiguous zone: + 24 nm + Continental shelf: + 200 nm + Exclusive economic zone: + 200 nm + Territorial sea: + 12 nm +Disputes: + none +Climate: + tropical; warm and comparatively dry along southeast coast; hot and humid in + southwest; hot and dry in north +Terrain: + mostly low plains with dissected plateau in south-central area +Natural resources: + gold, timber, industrial diamonds, bauxite, manganese, fish, rubber +Land use: + arable land 5%; permanent crops 7%; meadows and pastures 15%; forest and + woodland 37%; other 36%; includes irrigated NEGL% +Environment: + recent drought in north severely affecting marginal agricultural activities; + deforestation; overgrazing; soil erosion; dry, northeasterly harmattan wind + (January to March) +Note: + Lake Volta is the world's largest artificial lake + +:Ghana People + +Population: + 16,185,351 (July 1992), growth rate 3.1% (1992) +Birth rate: + 45 births/1,000 population (1992) +Death rate: + 13 deaths/1,000 population (1992) +Net migration rate: + - 1 migrant/1,000 population (1992) +Infant mortality rate: + 86 deaths/1,000 live births (1992) +Life expectancy at birth: + 53 years male, 57 years female (1992) +Total fertility rate: + 6.3 children born/woman (1992) +Nationality: + noun - Ghanaian(s); adjective - Ghanaian +Ethnic divisions: + black African 99.8% (major tribes - Akan 44%, Moshi-Dagomba 16%, Ewe 13%, Ga + 8%), European and other 0.2% +Religions: + indigenous beliefs 38%, Muslim 30%, Christian 24%, other 8% +Languages: + English (official); African languages include Akan, Moshi-Dagomba, Ewe, and + Ga +Literacy: + 60% (male 70%, female 51%) age 15 and over can read and write (1990 est.) +Labor force: + 3,700,000; agriculture and fishing 54.7%, industry 18.7%, sales and clerical + 15.2%, services, transportation, and communications 7.7%, professional 3.7%; + 48% of population of working age (1983) +Organized labor: + 467,000 (about 13% of labor force) + +:Ghana Government + +Long-form name: + Republic of Ghana +Type: + military +Capital: + Accra +Administrative divisions: + 10 regions; Ashanti, Brong-Ahafo, Central, Eastern, Greater Accra, Northern, + Upper East, Upper West, Volta, Western +Independence: + 6 March 1957 (from UK, formerly Gold Coast) +Constitution: + 24 September 1979; suspended 31 December 1981 +Legal system: + based on English common law and customary law; has not accepted compulsory + ICJ jurisdiction +National holiday: + Independence Day, 6 March (1957) +Executive branch: + chairman of the Provisional National Defense Council (PNDC), PNDC, Cabinet +Legislative branch: + unicameral National Assembly dissolved after 31 December 1981 coup, and + legislative powers were assumed by the Provisional National Defense Council +Judicial branch: + Supreme Court +Leaders: + Chief of State and Head of Government: + Chairman of the Provisional National Defense Council Flt. Lt. (Ret.) Jerry + John RAWLINGS (since 31 December 1981) +Political parties and leaders: + none; political parties outlawed after 31 December 1981 coup +Suffrage: + none +Elections: + no national elections; district assembly elections held in 1988-89 +Member of: + ACP, AfDB, C, CCC, ECA, ECOWAS, FAO, G-24, G-77, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, + IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, IOM (observer), ISO, + ITU, LORCS, NAM, OAU, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNIFIL, UNIIMOG, UPU, WCL, + WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO +Diplomatic representation: + Ambassador Dr. Joseph ABBEY; Chancery at 3512 International Drive NW, + Washington, DC 20008; telephone (202) 686-4520; there is a Ghanaian + Consulate General in New York + US: + Ambassador Raymond C. EWING; Embassy at Ring Road East, East of Danquah + Circle, Accra (mailing address is P. O. Box 194, Accra); telephone [233] + (21) 775348, 775349 +Flag: + three equal horizontal bands of red (top), yellow, and green with a large + black five-pointed star centered in the gold band; uses the popular + pan-African colors of Ethiopia; similar to the flag of Bolivia, which has a + coat of arms centered in the yellow band + +:Ghana Economy + +Overview: + Supported by substantial international assistance, Ghana has been + implementing a steady economic rebuilding program since 1983, including + moves toward privatization and relaxation of government controls. Heavily + dependent on cocoa, gold, and timber exports, economic growth so far has not + spread substantially to other areas of the economy. The costs of sending + peacekeeping forces to Liberia and preparing for the transition to a + democratic government have been boosting government expenditures and + undercutting structural adjustment reforms. Ghana opened a stock exchange in + 1990. Much of the economic improvement in 1991 was caused by favorable + weather (following a severe drought the previous year) that led to plentiful + harvests in Ghana's agriculturally based economy. +GDP: + $6.2 billion; per capita $400; real growth rate 5% (1991 est.) +Inflation rate (consumer prices): + 10% (1991 est.) +Unemployment rate: + 10% (1991) +Budget: + revenues $821 million; expenditures $782 million, including capital + expenditures of $151 million (1990 est.) +Exports: + $843 million (f.o.b., 1991 est.) + commodities: + cocoa 45%, gold, timber, tuna, bauxite, and aluminum + partners: + US 23%, UK, other EC +Imports: + $1.2 billion (c.i.f., 1991 est.) + commodities: + petroleum 16%, consumer goods, foods, intermediate goods, capital equipment + partners: + US 10%, UK, FRG, France, Japan, South Korea, GDR +External debt: + $3.1 billion (1990 est.) +Industrial production: + growth rate 7.4% in manufacturing (1989); accounts for almost 1.5% of GDP +Electricity: + 1,180,000 kW capacity; 4,140 million kWh produced, 265 kWh per capita (1991) +Industries: + mining, lumbering, light manufacturing, fishing, aluminum, food processing +Agriculture: + accounts for more than 50% of GDP (including fishing and forestry); the + major cash crop is cocoa; other principal crops - rice, coffee, cassava, + peanuts, corn, shea nuts, timber; normally self-sufficient in food +Illicit drugs: + illicit producer of cannabis for the international drug trade +Economic aid: + US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $455 million; Western (non-US) + countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $2.6 billion; OPEC + bilateral aid (1979-89), $78 million; Communist countries (1970-89), $106 + million +Currency: + cedi (plural - cedis); 1 cedi (C) = 100 pesewas +Fiscal year: + calendar year + +:Ghana Communications + +Railroads: + 953 km, all 1.067-meter gauge; 32 km double track; railroads undergoing + major renovation +Highways: + 32,250 km total; 6,084 km concrete or bituminous surface, 26,166 km gravel, + laterite, and improved earth surfaces +Inland waterways: + Volta, Ankobra, and Tano Rivers provide 168 km of perennial navigation for + launches and lighters; Lake Volta provides 1,125 km of arterial and feeder + waterways +Pipelines: + none +Ports: + Tema, Takoradi +Merchant marine: + 5 cargo and 1 refrigerated cargo (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 53,435 + GRT/69,167 DWT +Civil air: + 8 major transport aircraft +Airports: + 10 total, 9 usable; 5 with permanent-surface runways; none with runways over + 3,659 m; 1 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 7 with runways 1,220-2,439 m +Telecommunications: + poor to fair system handled primarily by microwave links; 42,300 telephones; + broadcast stations - 4 AM, 1 FM, 4 (8 translators) TV; 1 Atlantic Ocean + INTELSAT earth station + +:Ghana Defense Forces + +Branches: + Army, Navy, Air Force, National Police Force, National Civil Defense +Manpower availability: + males 15-49, 3,661,558; 2,049,842 fit for military service; 170,742 reach + military age (18) annually +Defense expenditures: + exchange rate conversion - $30 million, less than 1% of GNP (1989 est.) + +:Gibraltar Geography + +Total area: + 6.5 km2 +Land area: + 6.5 km2 +Comparative area: + about 11 times the size of the Mall in Washington, DC +Land boundaries: + 1.2 km; Spain 1.2 km +Coastline: + 12 km +Maritime claims: + Exclusive fishing zone: + 3 nm + Territorial sea: + 3 nm +Disputes: + source of occasional friction between Spain and the UK +Climate: + Mediterranean with mild winters and warm summers +Terrain: + a narrow coastal lowland borders The Rock +Natural resources: + negligible +Land use: + arable land 0%; permanent crops 0%; meadows and pastures 0%; forest and + woodland 0%; other 100% +Environment: + natural freshwater sources are meager, so large water catchments (concrete + or natural rock) collect rain water +Note: + strategic location on Strait of Gibraltar that links the North Atlantic + Ocean and Mediterranean Sea + +:Gibraltar People + +Population: + 29,651 (July 1992), growth rate 0.1% (1992) +Birth rate: + 18 births/1,000 population (1992) +Death rate: + 8 deaths/1,000 population (1992) +Net migration rate: + - 9 migrants/1,000 population (1992) +Infant mortality rate: + 6 deaths/1,000 live births (1992) +Life expectancy at birth: + 72 years male, 79 years female (1992) +Total fertility rate: + 2.5 children born/woman (1992) +Nationality: + noun - Gibraltarian(s); adjective - Gibraltar +Ethnic divisions: + mostly Italian, English, Maltese, Portuguese, and Spanish descent +Religions: + Roman Catholic 74%, Protestant 11% (Church of England 8%, other 3%), Moslem + 8%, Jewish 2%, none or other 5% (1981) +Languages: + English and Spanish are primary languages; Italian, Portuguese, and Russian + also spoken; English used in the schools and for official purposes +Literacy: + NA% (male NA%, female NA%) +Labor force: + about 14,800 (including non-Gibraltar laborers); UK military establishments + and civil government employ nearly 50% of the labor force +Organized labor: + over 6,000 + +:Gibraltar Government + +Long-form name: + none +Digraph: + f Assembly *** last held on 24 March 1988 (next to be held March 1992); + results - percent of vote by party NA; seats - (18 total, 15 elected) SL 8, + GCL/AACR 7 +Type: + dependent territory of the UK +Capital: + Gibraltar +Administrative divisions: + none (dependent territory of the UK) +Independence: + none (dependent territory of the UK) +Constitution: + 30 May 1969 +Legal system: + English law +National holiday: + Commonwealth Day (second Monday of March) +Executive branch: + British monarch, governor, chief minister, Gibraltar Council, Council of + Ministers (cabinet) +Legislative branch: + unicameral House of Assembly +Judicial branch: + Supreme Court, Court of Appeal +Leaders: + Chief of State: + Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952), represented by Governor and + Commander in Chief Adm. Sir Derek REFFELL (since NA 1989) + Head of Government: + Chief Minister Joe BOSSANO (since 25 March 1988) +Political parties and leaders: + Socialist Labor Party (SL), Joe BOSSANO; Gibraltar Labor Party/Association + for the Advancement of Civil Rights (GCL/AACR), leader NA; Gibraltar Social + Democrats, Peter CARUANA; Gibraltar National Party, Joe GARCIA +Suffrage: + universal at age 18, plus other UK subjects resident six months or more +Elections: + House of Assembly: + last held on 24 March 1988 (next to be held March 1992); results - percent + of vote by party NA; seats - (18 total, 15 elected) SL 8, GCL/AACR 7 +Other political or pressure groups: + Housewives Association, Chamber of Commerce, Gibraltar Representatives + Organization +Diplomatic representation: + none (dependent territory of the UK) +Flag: + two horizontal bands of white (top, double width) and red with a + three-towered red castle in the center of the white band; hanging from the + castle gate is a gold key centered in the red band + +:Gibraltar Economy + +Overview: + The economy depends heavily on British defense expenditures, revenue from + tourists, fees for services to shipping, and revenues from banking and + finance activities. Because more than 70% of the economy is in the public + sector, changes in government spending have a major impact on the level of + employment. Construction workers are particularly affected when government + expenditures are cut. +GNP: + exchange rate conversion - $182 million, per capita $4,600; real growth rate + 5% (FY87) +Inflation rate (consumer prices): + 3.6% (1988) +Unemployment rate: + NA% +Budget: + revenues $136 million; expenditures $139 million, including capital + expenditures of NA (FY88) +Exports: + $82 million (f.o.b., 1988) + commodities: + (principally reexports) petroleum 51%, manufactured goods 41%, other 8% + partners: + UK, Morocco, Portugal, Netherlands, Spain, US, FRG +Imports: + $258 million (c.i.f., 1988) + commodities: + fuels, manufactured goods, and foodstuffs + partners: + UK, Spain, Japan, Netherlands +External debt: + $318 million (1987) +Industrial production: + growth rate NA% +Electricity: + 47,000 kW capacity; 200 million kWh produced, 6,670 kWh per capita (1991) +Industries: + tourism, banking and finance, construction, commerce; support to large UK + naval and air bases; transit trade and supply depot in the port; light + manufacturing of tobacco, roasted coffee, ice, mineral waters, candy, beer, + and canned fish +Agriculture: + none +Economic aid: + US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-88), $0.8 million; Western (non-US) + countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $188 million +Currency: + Gibraltar pound (plural - pounds); 1 Gibraltar pound (#G) = 100 pence +Exchange rates: + Gibraltar pounds (#G) per US$1 - 0.5799 (March 1992), 0.5652 (1991), 0.5603 + (1990), 0.6099 (1989), 0.5614 (1988), 0.6102 (1987); note - the Gibraltar + pound is at par with the British pound +Fiscal year: + 1 July - 30 June + +:Gibraltar Communications + +Railroads: + 1.000-meter-gauge system in dockyard area only +Highways: + 50 km, mostly good bitumen and concrete +Pipelines: + none +Ports: + Gibraltar +Merchant marine: + 21 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 795,356 GRT/1,490,737 DWT; includes 5 + cargo, 2 refrigerated cargo, 1 container, 6 petroleum tanker, 1 chemical + tanker, 6 bulk; note - a flag of convenience registry +Civil air: + 1 major transport aircraft +Airports: + 1 with permanent-surface runways 1,220-2,439 m +Telecommunications: + adequate, automatic domestic system and adequate international + radiocommunication and microwave facilities; 9,400 telephones; broadcast + stations - 1 AM, 6 FM, 4 TV; 1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT earth station + +:Gibraltar Defense Forces + +Branches: + British Army, Royal Navy, Royal Air Force +Note: + defense is the responsibility of the UK + +:Glorioso Islands Geography + +Total area: + 5 km2 +Land area: + 5 km2; includes Ile Glorieuse, Ile du Lys, Verte Rocks, Wreck Rock, and + South Rock +Comparative area: + about 8.5 times the size of the Mall in Washington, DC +Land boundaries: + none +Coastline: + 35.2 km +Maritime claims: + Contiguous zone: + 12 nm + Exclusive economic zone: + 200 nm + Territorial sea: + 12 nm +Disputes: + claimed by Madagascar +Climate: + tropical +Terrain: + undetermined +Natural resources: + guano, coconuts +Land use: + arable land 0%; permanent crops 0%; meadows and pastures 0%; forest and + woodland 0%; other - lush vegetation and coconut palms 100% +Environment: + subject to periodic cyclones +Note: + located in the Indian Ocean just north of the Mozambique Channel between + Africa and Madagascar + +:Glorioso Islands People + +Population: + uninhabited + +:Glorioso Islands Government + +Long-form name: + none +Type: + French possession administered by Commissioner of the Republic Jacques + DEWATRE, resident in Reunion +Capital: + none; administered by France from Reunion + +:Glorioso Islands Economy + +Overview: + no economic activity + +:Glorioso Islands Communications + +Ports: + none; offshore anchorage only +Airports: + 1 with runways 1,220-2,439 m + +:Glorioso Islands Defense Forces + +Note: + defense is the responsibility of France + +:Greece Geography + +Total area: + 131,940 km2 +Land area: + 130,800 km2 +Comparative area: + slightly smaller than Alabama +Land boundaries: + 1,210 km; Albania 282 km, Bulgaria 494 km, Turkey 206 km, Macedonia 228 km +Coastline: + 13,676 km +Maritime claims: + Continental shelf: + 200 m (depth) or to depth of exploitation + Territorial sea: + 6 nm, but Greece has threatened to claim 12 nm +Disputes: + air, continental shelf, and territorial water disputes with Turkey in Aegean + Sea; Cyprus question +Climate: + temperate; mild, wet winters; hot, dry summers +Terrain: + mostly mountains with ranges extending into sea as peninsulas or chains of + islands +Natural resources: + bauxite, lignite, magnesite, crude oil, marble +Land use: + arable land 23%; permanent crops 8%; meadows and pastures 40%; forest and + woodland 20%; other 9%; includes irrigated 7% +Environment: + subject to severe earthquakes; air pollution; archipelago of 2,000 islands +Note: + strategic location dominating the Aegean Sea and southern approach to + Turkish Straits + +:Greece People + +Population: + 10,064,250 (July 1992), growth rate 0.2% (1992) +Birth rate: + 11 births/1,000 population (1992) +Death rate: + 9 deaths/1,000 population (1992) +Net migration rate: + 0 migrants/1,000 population (1992) +Infant mortality rate: + 10 deaths/1,000 live births (1992) +Life expectancy at birth: + 75 years male, 81 years female (1992) +Total fertility rate: + 1.5 children born/woman (1992) +Nationality: + noun - Greek(s); adjective - Greek +Ethnic divisions: + Greek 98%, other 2%; note - the Greek Government states there are no ethnic + divisions in Greece +Religions: + Greek Orthodox 98%, Muslim 1.3%, other 0.7% +Languages: + Greek (official); English and French widely understood +Literacy: + 93% (male 98%, female 89%) age 15 and over can read and write (1990 est.) +Labor force: + 3,657,000; services 44%, agriculture 27%, manufacturing and mining 20%, + construction 6% (1988) +Organized labor: + 10-15% of total labor force, 20-25% of urban labor force + +:Greece Government + +Long-form name: + Hellenic Republic +Type: + presidential parliamentary government; monarchy rejected by referendum 8 + December 1974 +Capital: + Athens +Administrative divisions: + 52 departments (nomoi, singular - nomos); Aitolia kai Akarnania, Akhaia, + Argolis, Arkadhia, Arta, Attiki, Dhodhekanisos, Dhrama, Evritania, Evros, + Evvoia, Florina, Fokis, Fthiotis, Grevena, Ilia, Imathia, Ioannina, + Iraklion, Kardhitsa, Kastoria, Kavala, Kefallinia, Kerkira, Khalkidhiki, + Khania, Khios, Kikladhes, Kilkis, Korinthia, Kozani, Lakonia, Larisa, + Lasithi, Lesvos, Levkas, Magnisia, Messinia, Pella, Pieria, Piraievs, + Preveza, Rethimni, Rodhopi, Samos, Serrai, Thesprotia, Thessaloniki, + Trikala, Voiotia, Xanthi, Zakinthos, autonomous region: Agios Oros (Mt. + Athos) +Independence: + 1829 (from the Ottoman Empire) +Constitution: + 11 June 1975 +Legal system: + based on codified Roman law; judiciary divided into civil, criminal, and + administrative courts +National holiday: + Independence Day (proclamation of the war of independence), 25 March (1821) +Executive branch: + president, prime minister, Cabinet +Legislative branch: + unicameral Greek Chamber of Deputies (Vouli ton Ellinon) +Judicial branch: + Supreme Court +Leaders: + Chief of State: + President Konstantinos KARAMANLIS (since 5 May 1990); - + Head of Government: + Prime Minister Konstantinos MITSOTAKIS (since 11 April 1990) +Political parties and leaders: + New Democracy (ND; conservative), Konstantinos MITSOTAKIS; Panhellenic + Socialist Movement (PASOK), Andreas PAPANDREOU; Left Alliance, Maria + DAMANAKI; Democratic Renewal (DEANA), Konstantinos STEFANOPOULOS; Communist + Party (KKE), Aleka PAPARIGA; Ecologist-Alternative List, leader rotates +Suffrage: + universal and compulsory at age 18 +Elections: + Chamber of Deputies: + last held 8 April 1990 (next to be held April 1994); results - ND 46.89%, + PASOK 38.62%, Left Alliance 10.27%, PASOK/Left Alliance 1.02%, + Ecologist-Alternative List 0.77%, DEANA 0.67%, Muslim independents 0.5%; + seats - (300 total) ND 150, PASOK 123, Left Alliance 19, PASOK-Left Alliance + 4, Muslim independents 2, DEANA 1, Ecologist-Alternative List 1; note - one + DEANA deputy joined ND in July, giving ND 151 seats; in November, a special + electoral court ruled in favor of ND on a contested seat, at PASOK'S + expense; PASOK and the Left Alliance divided their four joint mandates + evenly, and the seven KKE deputies split off from the Left Alliance; new + configuration: ND 152, PASOK 124, Left Alliance 14, KKE 7, others unchanged + President: + last held 4 May 1990 (next to be held May 1995); results - Konstantinos + KARAMANLIS was elected by Parliament + +:Greece Government + +Communists: + an estimated 60,000 members and sympathizers +Member of: + AG, BIS, CCC, CE, CERN, COCOM, CSCE, EBRD, EC, ECE, EIB, FAO, G-6, GATT, + IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICFTU, IDA, IEA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INMARSAT, + INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, IOM, ISO, ITU, LORCS, NACC, NAM (guest), NATO, NEA, + NSG, OAS (observer), OECD, PCA, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UPU, WHO, + WIPO, WMO, WTO, ZC +Diplomatic representation: + Ambassador Christos ZACHARAKIS; Chancery at 2221 Massachusetts Avenue NW, + Washington, DC 20008; telephone (202) 939-5800; there are Greek Consulates + General in Atlanta, Boston, Chicago, Los Angeles, New York, and San + Francisco, and a Consulate in New Orleans + US: + Ambassador Michael G. SOTIRHOS; Embassy at 91 Vasilissis Sophias Boulevard, + 10160 Athens (mailing address is APO AE 09842; telephone [30] (1) 721-2951 + or 721-8401; there is a US Consulate General in Thessaloniki +Flag: + nine equal horizontal stripes of blue alternating with white; there is a + blue square in the upper hoist-side corner bearing a white cross; the cross + symbolizes Greek Orthodoxy, the established religion of the country + +:Greece Economy + +Overview: + Greece has a mixed capitalistic economy with the basic entrepreneurial + system overlaid in 1981-89 by a socialist government that enlarged the + public sector from 55% of GDP in 1981 to about 70% when Prime Minister + Mitsotakis took office. Tourism continues as a major industry, and + agriculture - although handicapped by geographic limitations and fragmented, + small farms - is self-sufficient except for meat, dairy products, and animal + feedstuffs. The Mitsotakis government inherited several severe economic + problems from the preceding socialist and caretaker administrations, which + had neglected the runaway budget deficit, a ballooning current account + deficit, and accelerating inflation. In early 1991, the government secured a + $2.5 billion assistance package from the EC under the strictest terms yet + imposed on a member country, as the EC finally ran out of patience with + Greece's failure to put its financial affairs in order. Over the next three + years, Athens must bring inflation down to 7%, cut the current account + deficit and central government borrowing as a percentage of GDP, slash + public-sector employment by 10%, curb public-sector pay raises, and broaden + the tax base. +GDP: + purchasing power equivalent - $77.6 billion, per capita $7,730; real growth + rate 1.0% (1991) +Inflation rate (consumer prices): + 17.8% (1991) +Unemployment rate: + 8.6% (1991) +Budget: + revenues $24.0 billion; expenditures $33.0 billion, including capital + expenditures of $3.3 billion (1991) +Exports: + $6.4 billion (f.o.b., 1990) + commodities: + manufactured goods 48%, food and beverages 22%, fuels and lubricants 6% + partners: + Germany 22%, Italy 17%, France 10%, UK 7%, US 6% +Imports: + $18.7 billion (c.i.f., 1990) + commodities: + consumer goods 33%, machinery 17%, foodstuffs 12%, fuels and lubricants 8% + partners: + Germany 21%, Italy 15%, Netherlands 11%, France 8%, UK 5% +External debt: + $25.5 billion (1990) +Industrial production: + growth rate - 2.4% (1990); accounts for 22% of GDP +Electricity: + 10,500,000 kW capacity; 36,420 million kWh produced, 3,630 kWh per capita + (1991) +Industries: + food and tobacco processing, textiles, chemicals, metal products, tourism, + mining, petroleum +Agriculture: + including fishing and forestry, accounts for 17% of GDP and 27% of the labor + force; principal products - wheat, corn, barley, sugar beets, olives, + tomatoes, wine, tobacco, potatoes; self-sufficient in food except meat, + dairy products, and animal feedstuffs; fish catch of 115,000 metric tons in + 1988 +Economic aid: + US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-81), $525 million; Western (non-US) + countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $1,390 million + +:Greece Economy + +Currency: + drachma (plural - drachmas); 1 drachma (Dr) = 100 lepta +Exchange rates: + drachma (Dr) per US$1 - 182.33 (January 1992), 182.27 (1991), 158.51 (1990), + 162.42 (1989), 141.86 (1988), 135.43 (1987) +Fiscal year: + calendar year + +:Greece Communications + +Railroads: + 2,479 km total; 1,565 km 1.435-meter standard gauge, of which 36 km + electrified and 100 km double track, 892 km 1.000-meter gauge; 22 km + 0.750-meter narrow gauge; all government owned +Highways: + 38,938 km total; 16,090 km paved, 13,676 km crushed stone and gravel, 5,632 + km improved earth, 3,540 km unimproved earth +Inland waterways: + 80 km; system consists of three coastal canals and three unconnected rivers +Pipelines: + crude oil 26 km; petroleum products 547 km +Ports: + Piraievs, Thessaloniki +Merchant marine: + 977 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 23,450,910 GRT/42,934,863 DWT; + includes 15 passenger, 66 short-sea passenger, 2 passenger-cargo, 136 cargo, + 24 container, 15 roll-on/roll-off cargo, 18 refrigerated cargo, 1 vehicle + carrier, 196 petroleum tanker, 18 chemical tanker, 9 liquefied gas, 37 + combination ore/oil, 3 specialized tanker, 417 bulk, 19 combination bulk, 1 + livestock carrier; note - ethnic Greeks also own large numbers of ships + under the registry of Liberia, Panama, Cyprus, Malta, and The Bahamas +Civil air: + 39 major transport aircraft +Airports: + 77 total, 77 usable; 77 with permanent-surface runways; none with runways + over 3,659 m; 19 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 23 with runways 1,220-2,439 m +Telecommunications: + adequate, modern networks reach all areas; 4,080,000 telephones; microwave + carries most traffic; extensive open-wire network; submarine cables to + off-shore islands; broadcast stations - 29 AM, 17 (20 repeaters) FM, 361 TV; + tropospheric links, 8 submarine cables; 1 satellite earth station operating + in INTELSAT (1 Atlantic Ocean and 1 Indian Ocean antenna), and EUTELSAT + systems + +:Greece Defense Forces + +Branches: + Hellenic Army, Hellenic Navy, Hellenic Air Force, Police +Manpower availability: + males 15-49, 2,453,756; 1,883,152 fit for military service; 73,913 reach + military age (21) annually +Defense expenditures: + exchange rate conversion - $3.8 billion, 5.6% of GDP (1991) + +:Greenland Geography + +Total area: + 2,175,600 km2 +Land area: + 341,700 km2 (ice free) +Comparative area: + slightly more than three times the size of Texas +Land boundaries: + none +Coastline: + 44,087 km +Maritime claims: + Exclusive fishing zone: + 200 nm + Territorial sea: + 3 nm +Disputes: + Denmark has challenged Norway's maritime claims between Greenland and Jan + Mayen +Climate: + arctic to subarctic; cool summers, cold winters +Terrain: + flat to gradually sloping icecap covers all but a narrow, mountainous, + barren, rocky coast +Natural resources: + zinc, lead, iron ore, coal, molybdenum, cryolite, uranium, fish +Land use: + arable land 0%; permanent crops 0%; meadows and pastures 1%; forest and + woodland NEGL%; other 99% +Environment: + sparse population confined to small settlements along coast; continuous + permafrost over northern two-thirds of the island +Note: + dominates North Atlantic Ocean between North America and Europe + +:Greenland People + +Population: + 57,407 (July 1992), growth rate 1.1% (1992) +Birth rate: + 19 births/1,000 population (1992) +Death rate: + 8 deaths/1,000 population (1992) +Net migration rate: + 0 migrants/1,000 population (1992) +Infant mortality rate: + 27 deaths/1,000 live births (1992) +Life expectancy at birth: + 63 years male, 69 years female (1992) +Total fertility rate: + 2.2 children born/woman (1992) +Nationality: + noun - Greenlander(s); adjective - Greenlandic +Ethnic divisions: + Greenlander (Eskimos and Greenland-born Caucasians) 86%, Danish 14% +Religions: + Evangelical Lutheran +Languages: + Eskimo dialects, Danish +Literacy: + NA% (male NA%, female NA%) +Labor force: + 22,800; largely engaged in fishing, hunting, sheep breeding +Organized labor: + NA + +:Greenland Government + +Long-form name: + none +Type: + part of the Danish realm; self-governing overseas administrative division +Capital: + Nuuk (Godthab) +Administrative divisions: + 3 municipalities (kommuner, - singular - kommun); - Nordgronland, + Ostgrnland, Vestgronland +Independence: + part of the Danish realm; self-governing overseas administrative division +Constitution: + Danish +Legal system: + Danish +National holiday: + Birthday of the Queen, 16 April (1940) +Executive branch: + Danish monarch, high commissioner, home rule chairman, prime minister, + Cabinet (Landsstyre) +Legislative branch: + unicameral Parliament (Landsting) +Judicial branch: + High Court (Landsret) +Leaders: + Chief of State: + Queen MARGRETHE II (since 14 January 1972), represented by High Commissioner + Bent KLINTE (since NA) + Head of Government: + Home Rule Chairman Lars Emil JOHANSEN (since 15 March 1991) +Political parties and leaders: + two-party ruling coalition - Siumut (a moderate socialist party that + advocates more distinct Greenlandic identity and greater autonomy from + Denmark), Lars Emil JOHANSEN, chairman; - Inuit - Ataqatigiit - (IA; - a - + Marxist-Leninist party that favors complete independence from Denmark rather + than home rule), leader NA; Atassut Party (a more conservative party that + favors continuing close relations with Denmark), leader NA; Polar Party + (conservative-Greenland nationalist), leader NA; Center Party (a new + nonsocialist protest party), leader NA +Suffrage: + universal at age 18 +Elections: + Danish Folketing: + last held on 12 December 1990 (next to be held by December 1994); Greenland + elects two representatives to the Folketing; results - percent of vote by + party NA; seats - (2 total) Siumut 1, Atassut 1 + Landsting: + last held on 5 March 1991 (next to be held 5 March 1995); results - percent + of vote by party NA; seats - (27 total) Siumut 11, Atassut Party 8, Inuit + Ataqatigiit 5, Center Party 2, Polar Party 1 +Member of: + NC +Diplomatic representation: + none (self-governing overseas administrative division of Denmark) +Flag: + two equal horizontal bands of white (top) and red with a large disk slightly + to the hoist side of center - the top half of the disk is red, the bottom + half is white + +:Greenland Economy + +Overview: + Over the past 25 years, the economy has changed from one based on + subsistence whaling, hunting, and fishing to one dependent on foreign trade. + Fishing is still the most important industry, accounting for over 75% of + exports and about 25% of the population's income. Maintenance of a social + welfare system similar to Denmark's has given the public sector a dominant + role in the economy. In 1990, the economy became critically dependent on + shrimp exports and on an annual subsidy (now about $500 million) from the + Danish Government because cod exports dropped off and commercial mineral + production stopped. As of 1992, the government also has taken control of the + health sector from Denmark. The new Home Rule government installed in March + 1991 has decided to end much of the central control of the economy and to + open it wider to competitive forces. +GNP: + purchasing power equivalent - $500 million, per capita $9,000; real growth + rate 5% (1988) +Inflation rate (consumer prices): + l.6% (1991) +Unemployment rate: + 9% (1990 est.) +Budget: + revenues $381 million; expenditures $381 million, including capital + expenditures of $36 million (1989) +Exports: + $435 million (f.o.b., 1990 est.) + commodities: + fish and fish products 83%, metallic ores and concentrates 13% + partners: + Denmark 79%, Benelux 9%, Germany 5% +Imports: + $420 million (c.i.f., 1990 est.) + commodities: + manufactured goods 28%, machinery and transport equipment 24%, food and live + animals 12.4%, petroleum and petroleum products 12% + partners: + Denmark 65%, Norway 8.8%, US 4.6%, Germany 3.8%, Japan 3.8%, Sweden 2.4% +External debt: + $480 million (1990 est.) +Industrial production: + growth rate NA% +Electricity: + 84,000 kW capacity; 176 million kWh produced, 3,180 kWh per capita (1991) +Industries: + fish processing (mainly shrimp), potential for platinum and gold mining, + handicrafts, shipyards +Agriculture: + sector dominated by fishing and sheep raising; crops limited to forage and + small garden vegetables; 1988 fish catch of 133,500 metric tons +Economic aid: + none +Currency: + Danish krone (plural - kroner); 1 Danish krone (DKr) = 100 re +Exchange rates: + Danish kroner (DKr) per US$1 - 6.447 (March 1992), 6.396 (1991), 6.189 + (1990), 7.310 (1989), 6.732 (1988), 6.840 (1987) +Fiscal year: + calendar year + +:Greenland Communications + +Highways: + 80 km +Ports: + Kangerluarsoruseq (Faeringehavn), Paamiut (Frederikshaab), Nuuk (Godthaab), + Sisimiut (Holsteinsborg), Julianehaab, Maarmorilik, North Star Bay +Merchant marine: + 1 refrigerated cargo (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 1,021 GRT/1,778 DWT; note + - operates under the registry of Denmark +Civil air: + 2 major transport aircraft +Airports: + 11 total, 8 usable; 5 with permanent-surface runways; none with runways over + 3,659 m; 2 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 2 with runways 1,220-2,439 m +Telecommunications: + adequate domestic and international service provided by cables and + microwave; 17,900 telephones; broadcast stations - 5 AM, 7 (35 repeaters) + FM, 4 (9 repeaters) TV; 2 coaxial submarine cables; 1 Atlantic Ocean + INTELSAT earth station + +:Greenland Defense Forces + +Note: + defense is responsibility of Denmark + +:Grenada Geography + +Total area: + 340 km2 +Land area: + 340 km2 +Comparative area: + slightly less than twice the size of Washington, DC +Land boundaries: + none +Coastline: + 121 km +Maritime claims: + Exclusive economic zone: + 200 nm + Territorial sea: + 12 nm +Disputes: + none +Climate: + tropical; tempered by northeast trade winds +Terrain: + volcanic in origin with central mountains +Natural resources: + timber, tropical fruit, deepwater harbors +Land use: + arable land 15%; permanent crops 26%; meadows and pastures 3%; forest and + woodland 9%; other 47% +Environment: + lies on edge of hurricane belt; hurricane season lasts from June to November +Note: + islands of the Grenadines group are divided politically with Saint Vincent + and the Grenadines + +:Grenada People + +Population: + 83,556 (July 1992), growth rate - 0.3% (1992) +Birth rate: + 34 births/1,000 population (1992) +Death rate: + 7 deaths/1,000 population (1992) +Net migration rate: + - 30 migrants/1,000 population (1992) +Infant mortality rate: + 28 deaths/1,000 live births (1992) +Life expectancy at birth: + 69 years male, 74 years female (1992) +Total fertility rate: + 4.6 children born/woman (1992) +Nationality: + noun - Grenadian(s); adjective - Grenadian +Ethnic divisions: + mainly of black African descent +Religions: + largely Roman Catholic; Anglican; other Protestant sects +Languages: + English (official); some French patois +Literacy: + 98% (male 98%, female 98%) age 15 and over having ever attended school + (1970) +Labor force: + 36,000; services 31%, agriculture 24%, construction 8%, manufacturing 5%, + other 32% (1985) +Organized labor: + 20% of labor force + +:Grenada Government + +Long-form name: + none +Type: + parliamentary democracy +Capital: + Saint George's +Administrative divisions: + 6 parishes and 1 dependency*; Carriacou and Little Martinique*, Saint + Andrew, Saint David, Saint George, Saint John, Saint Mark, Saint Patrick +Independence: + 7 February 1974 (from UK) +Constitution: + 19 December 1973 +Legal system: + based on English common law +National holiday: + Independence Day, 7 February (1974) +Executive branch: + British monarch, governor general, prime minister, Ministers of Government + (cabinet) +Legislative branch: + bicameral Parliament consists of an upper house or Senate and a lower house + or House of Representatives +Judicial branch: + Supreme Court +Leaders: + Chief of State: + Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952), represented by Governor General + Sir Paul SCOON (since 30 September 1978) + Head of Government: + Prime Minister Nicholas BRATHWAITE (since 13 March 1990) +Political parties and leaders: + National Democratic Congress (NDC), Nicholas BRATHWAITE; Grenada United + Labor Party (GULP), Sir Eric GAIRY; The National Party (TNP), Ben JONES; New + National Party (NNP), Keith MITCHELL; Maurice Bishop Patriotic Movement + (MBPM), Terrence MARRYSHOW; New Jewel Movement (NJM), Bernard COARD +Suffrage: + universal at age 18 +Elections: + House of Representatives: + last held on 13 March 1990 (next to be held by NA March 1996); results - + percent of vote by party NA; seats - (15 total) NDC 8, GULP 3, TNP 2, NNP 2 +Member of: + ACP, C, CARICOM, CDB, ECLAC, FAO, G-77, IBRD, ICAO, ICFTU, IDA, IFAD, IFC, + ILO, IMF, INTERPOL, IOC, ITU, LAES, LORCS, NAM, OAS, OECS, OPANAL, UN, + UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WCL, WHO, WTO +Diplomatic representation: + Ambassador Denneth MODESTE; Chancery at 1701 New Hampshire Avenue NW, + Washington, DC 20009; telephone (202) 265-2561; there is a Grenadian + Consulate General in New York + US: + Charge d'Affaires Annette VELER; Embassy at Ross Point Inn, Saint George's + (mailing address is P. O. Box 54, Saint George's); telephone (809) 444-1173 + through 1178 + +:Grenada Government + +Flag: + a rectangle divided diagonally into yellow triangles (top and bottom) and + green triangles (hoist side and outer side) with a red border around the + flag; there are seven yellow five-pointed stars with three centered in the + top red border, three centered in the bottom red border, and one on a red + disk superimposed at the center of the flag; there is also a symbolic nutmeg + pod on the hoist-side triangle (Grenada is the world's second-largest + producer of nutmeg, after Indonesia); the seven stars represent the seven + administrative divisions + +:Grenada Economy + +Overview: + The economy is essentially agricultural and centers on the traditional + production of spices and tropical plants. Agriculture accounts for about 16% + of GDP and 80% of exports and employs 24% of the labor force. Tourism is the + leading foreign exchange earner, followed by agricultural exports. + Manufacturing remains relatively undeveloped, but is expected to grow, given + a more favorable private investment climate since 1983. Despite an + impressive average annual growth rate for the economy of 5.5% during the + period 1986-91, unemployment remains high at about 25%. +GDP: + purchasing power equivalent - $238 million, per capita $2,800 (1989); real + growth rate 5.2% (1990 est.) +Inflation rate (consumer prices): + 7.0% (1990) +Unemployment rate: + 25% (1990 est.) +Budget: + revenues $54.9 million; expenditures $77.6 million, including capital + expenditures of $16.6 million (1990 est.) +Exports: + $26.0 million (f.o.b., 1990 est.) + commodities: + nutmeg 36%, cocoa beans 9%, bananas 14%, mace 8%, textiles 5% + partners: + US 12%, UK, FRG, Netherlands, Trinidad and Tobago (1989) +Imports: + $105.0 million (f.o.b., 1989 est.) + commodities: + food 25%, manufactured goods 22%, machinery 20%, chemicals 10%, fuel 6% + (1989) + partners: + US 29%, UK, Trinidad and Tobago, Japan, Canada (1989) +External debt: + $90 million (1990 est.) +Industrial production: + growth rate 5.8% (1989 est.); accounts for 6% of GDP +Electricity: + 12,500 kW capacity; 26 million kWh produced, 310 kWh per capita (1991) +Industries: + food and beverage, textile, light assembly operations, tourism, construction +Agriculture: + accounts for 16% of GDP and 80% of exports; bananas, cocoa, nutmeg, and mace + account for two-thirds of total crop production; world's second-largest + producer and fourth-largest exporter of nutmeg and mace; small-size farms + predominate, growing a variety of citrus fruits, avocados, root crops, + sugarcane, corn, and vegetables +Economic aid: + US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY84-89), $60 million; Western (non-US) + countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $70 million; + Communist countries (1970-89), $32 million +Currency: + East Caribbean dollar (plural - dollars); 1 EC dollar (EC$) = 100 cents +Exchange rates: + East Caribbean dollars (EC$) per US$1 - 2.70 (fixed rate since 1976) +Fiscal year: + calendar year + +:Grenada Communications + +Highways: + 1,000 km total; 600 km paved, 300 km otherwise improved; 100 km unimproved +Ports: + Saint George's +Civil air: + no major transport aircraft +Airports: + 3 total, 3 usable; 2 with permanent-surface runways; none with runways over + 3,659 m; 1 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 1 with runways 1,220-2,439 m +Telecommunications: + automatic, islandwide telephone system with 5,650 telephones; new SHF radio + links to Trinidad and Tobago and Saint Vincent; VHF and UHF radio links to + Trinidad and Carriacou; broadcast stations - 1 AM, no FM, 1 TV + +:Grenada Defense Forces + +Branches: + Royal Grenada Police Force, Coast Guard +Manpower availability: + NA +Defense expenditures: + $NA, NA% of GDP + +:Guadeloupe Geography + +Total area: + 1,780 km2 +Land area: + 1,760 km2 +Comparative area: + 10 times the size of Washington, DC +Land boundaries: + none +Coastline: + 306 km +Maritime claims: + Continental shelf: + 200 m (depth) or to depth of exploitation + Exclusive economic zone: + 200 nm + Territorial sea: + 12 nm +Disputes: + none +Climate: + subtropical tempered by trade winds; relatively high humidity +Terrain: + Basse-Terre is volcanic in origin with interior mountains; Grand-Terre is + low limestone formation +Natural resources: + cultivable land, beaches, and climate that foster tourism +Land use: + arable land 18%; permanent crops 5%; meadows and pastures 13%; forest and + woodland 40%; other 24%; includes irrigated 1% +Environment: + subject to hurricanes (June to October); La Soufriere is an active volcano +Note: + located 500 km southeast of Puerto Rico in the Caribbean Sea + +:Guadeloupe People + +Population: + 409,132 (July 1992), growth rate 2.1% (1992) +Birth rate: + 19 births/1,000 population (1992) +Death rate: + 6 deaths/1,000 population (1992) +Net migration rate: + 8 migrants/1,000 population (1992) +Infant mortality rate: + 10 deaths/1,000 live births (1992) +Life expectancy at birth: + 74 years male, 80 years female (1992) +Total fertility rate: + 2.0 children born/woman (1992) +Nationality: + noun - Guadeloupian(s); adjective - Guadeloupe +Ethnic divisions: + black or mulatto 90%; white 5%; East Indian, Lebanese, Chinese less than 5% +Religions: + Roman Catholic 95%, Hindu and pagan African 5% +Languages: + French, creole patois +Literacy: + 90% (male 90%, female 91%) age 15 and over can read and write (1982) +Labor force: + 120,000; 53.0% services, government, and commerce, 25.8% industry, 21.2% + agriculture +Organized labor: + 11% of labor force + +:Guadeloupe Government + +Long-form name: + Department of Guadeloupe +Type: + overseas department of France +Capital: + Basse-Terre +Administrative divisions: + none (overseas department of France) +Independence: + none (overseas department of France) +Constitution: + 28 September 1958 (French Constitution) +Legal system: + French legal system +National holiday: + Taking of the Bastille, 14 July (1789) +Executive branch: + government commissioner +Legislative branch: + unicameral General Council and unicameral Regional Council +Judicial branch: + Court of Appeal (Cour d'Appel) with jurisdiction over Guadeloupe, French + Guiana, and Martinique +Leaders: + Chief of State: + President Francois MITTERRAND (since 21 May 1981) + Head of Government: + Commissioner of the Republic Jean-Paul PROUST (since November 1989) +Political parties and leaders: + Rally for the Republic (RPR), Marlene CAPTANT; Communist Party of Guadeloupe + (PCG), Christian Medard CELESTE; Socialist Party (PSG), Dominique LARIFLA; + Popular Union for the Liberation of Guadeloupe (UPLG); Independent + Republicans; Union for French Democracy (UDF); Union for a New Majority + (UNM) +Suffrage: + universal at age 18 +Elections: + French National Assembly: + last held on 5 and 12 June 1988 (next to be held June 1994); Guadeloupe + elects four representatives; results - percent of vote by party NA; seats - + (4 total) PS 2 seats, RPR 1 seat, PCG 1 seat + French Senate: + last held on 5 and 12 June 1988 (next to be held June 1994); Guadeloupe + elects two representatives; results - percent of vote by party NA; seats - + (2 total) PCG 1, PS 1 + General Council: + last held NA 1986 (next to be held by NA 1992); results - percent of vote by + party NA; seats - (42 total) number of seats by party NA + Regional Council: + last held on 16 March 1992 (next to be held by 16 March 1998); results - RPR + 33.1%, PSG 28.7%, PCG 23.8%, UDF 10.7%, other 3.7%; seats - (41 total) RPR + 15, PSG 12, PCG 10, UDF 4 +Communists: + 3,000 est. +Other political or pressure groups: + Popular Union for the Liberation of Guadeloupe (UPLG); Popular Movement for + Independent Guadeloupe (MPGI); General Union of Guadeloupe Workers (UGTG); + General Federation of Guadeloupe Workers (CGT-G); Christian Movement for the + Liberation of Guadeloupe (KLPG) + +:Guadeloupe Government + +Member of: + FZ, WCL +Diplomatic representation: + as an overseas department of France, the interests of Guadeloupe are + represented in the US by France +Flag: + the flag of France is used + +:Guadeloupe Economy + +Overview: + The economy depends on agriculture, tourism, light industry, and services. + It is also dependent upon France for large subsidies and imports. Tourism is + a key industry, with most tourists from the US. In addition, an increasingly + large number of cruise ships visit the islands. The traditionally important + sugarcane crop is slowly being replaced by other crops, such as bananas + (which now supply about 50% of export earnings), eggplant, and flowers. + Other vegetables and root crops are cultivated for local consumption, + although Guadeloupe is still dependent on imported food, which comes mainly + from France. Light industry consists mostly of sugar and rum production. + Most manufactured goods and fuel are imported. Unemployment is especially + high among the young. +GDP: + exchange rate conversion - $1.1 billion, per capita $3,300; real growth rate + NA% (1987) +Inflation rate (consumer prices): + 2.3% (1988) +Unemployment rate: + 38% (1987) +Budget: + revenues $254 million; expenditures $254 million, including capital + expenditures of NA (1989) +Exports: + $153 million (f.o.b., 1988) + commodities: + bananas, sugar, rum + partners: + France 68%, Martinique 22% (1987) +Imports: + $1.2 billion (c.i.f., 1988) + commodities: + vehicles, foodstuffs, clothing and other consumer goods, construction + materials, petroleum products + partners: + France 64%, Italy, FRG, US (1987) +External debt: + $NA +Industrial production: + growth rate NA% +Electricity: + 171,500 kW capacity; 441 million kWh produced, 1,279 kWh per capita (1991) +Industries: + construction, cement, rum, sugar, tourism +Agriculture: + cash crops - bananas and sugarcane; other products include tropical fruits + and vegetables; livestock - cattle, pigs, and goats; not self-sufficient in + food +Economic aid: + US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-88), $4 million; Western (non-US) + countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $8.235 billion +Currency: + French franc (plural - francs); 1 French franc (F) = 100 centimes +Exchange rates: + French francs (F) per US$1 - 5.6397 (March 1992), 5.6421 (1991), 5.4453 + (1990), 6.3801 (1989), 5.9569 (1988), 6.0107 (1987) +Fiscal year: + calendar year + +:Guadeloupe Communications + +Railroads: + privately owned, narrow-gauge plantation lines +Highways: + 1,940 km total; 1,600 km paved, 340 km gravel and earth +Ports: + Pointe-a-Pitre, Basse-Terre +Civil air: + 2 major transport aircraft +Airports: + 9 total, 9 usable, 8 with permanent-surface runways; none with runways over + 3,659 m; 1 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 1 with runways 1,220-2,439 m +Telecommunications: + domestic facilities inadequate; 57,300 telephones; interisland radio relay + to Antigua and Barbuda, Dominica, and Martinique; broadcast stations - 2 AM, + 8 FM (30 private stations licensed to broadcast FM), 9 TV; 1 Atlantic Ocean + INTELSAT ground station + +:Guadeloupe Defense Forces + +Branches: + French Forces, Gendarmerie +Manpower availability: + males 15-49, 98,069; NA fit for military service +Note: + defense is responsibility of France + +:Guam Geography + +Total area: + 541.3 km2 +Land area: + 541.3 km2 +Comparative area: + slightly more than three times the size of Washington, DC +Land boundaries: + none +Coastline: + 125.5 km +Maritime claims: + Contiguous zone: + 12 nm + Continental shelf: + 200 m (depth) + Exclusive economic zone: + 200 nm + Territorial sea: + 12 nm +Disputes: + none +Climate: + tropical marine; generally warm and humid, moderated by northeast trade + winds; dry season from January to June, rainy season from July to December; + little seasonal temperature variation +Terrain: + volcanic origin, surrounded by coral reefs; relatively flat coraline + limestone plateau (source of most fresh water) with steep coastal cliffs and + narrow coastal plains in north, low-rising hills in center, mountains in + south +Natural resources: + fishing (largely undeveloped), tourism (especially from Japan) +Land use: + arable land 11%; permanent crops 11%; meadows and pastures 15%; forest and + woodland 18%; other 45% +Environment: + frequent squalls during rainy season; subject to relatively rare, but + potentially very destructive typhoons (especially in August) +Note: + largest and southernmost island in the Mariana Islands archipelago; + strategic location in western North Pacific Ocean 5,955 km west-southwest of + Honolulu about three-quarters of the way between Hawaii and the Philippines + +:Guam People + +Population: + 142,271 (July 1992), growth rate 2.6% (1992) +Birth rate: + 27 births/1,000 population (1992) +Death rate: + 4 deaths/1,000 population (1992) +Net migration rate: + 3 migrants/1,000 population (1992) +Infant mortality rate: + 15 deaths/1,000 live births (1992) +Life expectancy at birth: + 72 years male, 76 years female (1992) +Total fertility rate: + 2.5 children born/woman (1992) +Nationality: + noun - Guamanian(s); adjective - Guamanian; note - Guamanians are US + citizens +Ethnic divisions: + Chamorro 47%, Filipino 25%, Caucasian 10%, Chinese, Japanese, Korean, and + other 18% +Religions: + Roman Catholic 98%, other 2% +Languages: + English and Chamorro, most residents bilingual; Japanese also widely spoken +Literacy: + 96% (male 96%, female 96%) age 15 and over can read and write (1980) +Labor force: + 46,930; federal and territorial government 40%, private 60% (trade 18%, + services 15.6%, construction 13.8%, other 12.6%) (1990) +Organized labor: + 13% of labor force + +:Guam Government + +Long-form name: + Territory of Guam +Type: + organized, unincorporated territory of the US; policy relations between Guam + and the US are under the jurisdiction of the Office of Territorial and + International Affairs, US Department of the Interior +Capital: + Agana +Administrative divisions: + none (territory of the US) +Independence: + none (territory of the US) +Constitution: + Organic Act of 1 August 1950 +Legal system: + NA +National holiday: + Guam Discovery Day (first Monday in March), Liberation Day (July 21), US + Government holidays +Executive branch: + President of the US, governor, lieutenant governor, Cabinet +Legislative branch: + unicameral Legislature +Judicial branch: + Federal District Court of Guam, Territorial Superior Court of Guam +Leaders: + Chief of State: + President George BUSH (since 20 January 1989) + Head of Government: + Governor Joseph A. ADA (since November 1986); Lieutenant Governor Frank F. + BLAS +Political parties and leaders: + Democratic Party (controls the legislature); Republican Party (party of the + Governor) +Suffrage: + universal at age 18; US citizens, but do not vote in US presidential + elections +Elections: + Governor: + last held on 6 November 1990 (next to be held November 1994); results - + Joseph F. ADA reelected + Legislature: + last held on 6 November 1990 (next to be held November 1992); a byelection + was held in April 1991 to replace a deceased legislator, results - percent + of vote by party NA; seats - (21 total) Democratic 11, Republican 10 + US House of Representatives: + last held 6 November 1990 (next to be held 3 November 1992); Guam elects one + nonvoting delegate; results - Ben BLAZ was elected as the nonacting + delegate; seats - (1 total) Republican 1 +Member of: + ESCAP (associate), IOC, SPC +Diplomatic representation: + none (territory of the US) +Flag: + territorial flag is dark blue with a narrow red border on all four sides; + centered is a red-bordered, pointed, vertical ellipse containing a beach + scene, outrigger canoe with sail, and a palm tree with the word GUAM + superimposed in bold red letters; US flag is the national flag + +:Guam Economy + +Overview: + The economy is based on US military spending and on revenues from tourism. + Over the past 20 years the tourist industry has grown rapidly, creating a + construction boom for new hotels and the expansion of older ones. Visitors + numbered about 900,000 in 1990. The small manufacturing sector includes + textiles and clothing, beverage, food, and watch production. About 60% of + the labor force works for the private sector and the rest for government. + Most food and industrial goods are imported, with about 75% from the US. In + 1991 the unemployment rate was about 4.1%. +GNP: + purchasing power equivalent - $2.0 billion, per capita $14,000; real growth + rate NA% (1991 est.) +Inflation rate (consumer prices): + 12.6% (1991) +Unemployment rate: + 4.1% (1991 est.) +Budget: + revenues $525 million; expenditures $395 million, including capital + expenditures of $NA. +Exports: + $34 million (f.o.b., 1984) + commodities: + mostly transshipments of refined petroleum products, construction materials, + fish, food and beverage products + partners: + US 25%, Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands 63%, other 12% +Imports: + $493 million (c.i.f., 1984) + commodities: + petroleum and petroleum products, food, manufactured goods + partners: + US 23%, Japan 19%, other 58% +External debt: + $NA +Industrial production: + growth rate NA% +Electricity: + 500,000 kW capacity; 2,300 million kWh produced, 16,300 kWh per capita + (1990) +Industries: + US military, tourism, construction, transshipment services, concrete + products, printing and publishing, food processing, textiles +Agriculture: + relatively undeveloped with most food imported; fruits, vegetables, eggs, + pork, poultry, beef, copra +Economic aid: + although Guam receives no foreign aid, it does receive large transfer + payments from the general revenues of the US Federal Treasury into which + Guamanians pay no income or excise taxes; under the provisions of a special + law of Congress, the Guamanian Treasury, rather than the US Treasury, + receives federal income taxes paid by military and civilian Federal + employees stationed in Guam +Currency: + US currency is used +Exchange rates: + US currency is used +Fiscal year: + 1 October - 30 September + +:Guam Communications + +Highways: + 674 km all-weather roads +Ports: + Apra Harbor +Airports: + 5 total, 4 usable; 3 with permanent-surface runways; none with runways over + 3,659 m; 3 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; none with runways 1,220-2,439 m +Telecommunications: + 26,317 telephones (1989); broadcast stations - 3 AM, 3 FM, 3 TV; 2 Pacific + Ocean INTELSAT ground stations + +:Guam Defense Forces + +Note: + defense is the responsibility of the US + +:Guatemala Geography + +Total area: + 108,890 km2 +Land area: + 108,430 km2 +Comparative area: + slightly smaller than Tennessee +Land boundaries: + 1,687 km; Belize 266 km, El Salvador 203 km, Honduras 256 km, Mexico 962 km +Coastline: + 400 km +Maritime claims: + Continental shelf: + not specific + Exclusive economic zone: + 200 nm + Territorial sea: + 12 nm +Disputes: + claims Belize, but boundary negotiations to resolve the dispute have begun +Climate: + tropical; hot, humid in lowlands; cooler in highlands +Terrain: + mostly mountains with narrow coastal plains and rolling limestone plateau + (Peten) +Natural resources: + crude oil, nickel, rare woods, fish, chicle +Land use: + arable land 12%; permanent crops 4%; meadows and pastures 12%; forest and + woodland 40%; other 32%; includes irrigated 1% +Environment: + numerous volcanoes in mountains, with frequent violent earthquakes; + Caribbean coast subject to hurricanes and other tropical storms; + deforestation; soil erosion; water pollution +Note: + no natural harbors on west coast + +:Guatemala People + +Population: + 9,784,275 (July 1992), growth rate 2.4% (1992) +Birth rate: + 34 births/1,000 population (1992) +Death rate: + 8 deaths/1,000 population (1992) +Net migration rate: + -2 migrants/1,000 population (1992) +Infant mortality rate: + 56 deaths/1,000 live births (1992) +Life expectancy at birth: + 61 years male, 66 years female (1992) +Total fertility rate: + 4.6 children born/woman (1992) +Nationality: + noun - Guatemalan(s); adjective - Guatemalan +Ethnic divisions: + Ladino (mestizo - mixed Indian and European ancestry) 56%, Indian 44% +Religions: + predominantly Roman Catholic; also Protestant, traditional Mayan +Languages: + Spanish, but over 40% of the population speaks an Indian language as a + primary tongue (18 Indian dialects, including Quiche, Cakchiquel, Kekchi) +Literacy: + 55% (male 63%, female 47%) age 15 and over can read and write (1990 est.) +Labor force: + 2,500,000; agriculture 60%, services 13%, manufacturing 12%, commerce 7%, + construction 4%, transport 3%, utilities 0.8%, mining 0.4% (1985) +Organized labor: + 8% of labor force (1988 est.) + +:Guatemala Government + +Long-form name: + Republic of Guatemala +Type: + republic +Capital: + Guatemala +Administrative divisions: + 22 departments (departamentos, singular - departamento); Alta Verapaz, Baja + Verapaz, Chimaltenango, Chiquimula, El Progreso, Escuintla, Guatemala, + Huehuetenango, Izabal, Jalapa, Jutiapa, Peten, Quetzaltenango, Quiche, + Retalhuleu, Sacatepequez, San Marcos, Santa Rosa, Solola, Suchitepequez, + Totonicapan, Zacapa +Independence: + 15 September 1821 (from Spain) +Constitution: + 31 May 1985, effective 14 January 1986 +Legal system: + civil law system; judicial review of legislative acts; has not accepted + compulsory ICJ jurisdiction +National holiday: + Independence Day, 15 September (1821) +Executive branch: + president, vice president, Council of Ministers (cabinet) +Legislative branch: + unicameral Congress of the Republic (Congreso de la Republica) +Judicial branch: + Supreme Court of Justice (Corte Suprema de Justicia) +Leaders: + Chief of State and Head of Government: + President Jorge SERRANO Elias (since 14 January 1991); Vice President + Gustavo ESPINA Salguero (since 14 January 1991) +Political parties and leaders: + National Centrist Union (UCN), Jorge CARPIO Nicolle; Solidarity Action + Movement (MAS), Jorge SERRANO Elias; Christian Democratic Party (DCG), + Alfonso CABRERA Hidalgo; National Advancement Party (PAN), Alvaro ARZU + Irigoyen; National Liberation Movement (MLN), Mario SANDOVAL Alarcon; Social + Democratic Party (PSD), Mario SOLARZANO Martinez; Popular Alliance 5 (AP-5), + Max ORLANDO Molina; Revolutionary Party (PR), Carlos CHAVARRIA; National + Authentic Center (CAN), Hector MAYORA Dawe; Democratic Institutional Party + (PID), Oscar RIVAS; Nationalist United Front (FUN), Gabriel GIRON; + Guatemalan Republican Front (FRG), Efrain RIOS Montt +Suffrage: + universal at age 18 +Elections: + Congress: + last held on 11 November 1990 (next to be held 11 November 1995); results - + UCN 25.6%, MAS 24.3%, DCG 17. 5%, PAN 17.3%, MLN 4.8%, PSD/AP-5 3.6%, PR + 2.1%; seats - (116 total) UCN 38, DCG 27, MAS 18, PAN 12, Pro - Rios Montt + 10, MLN 4, PR 1, PSD/AP-5 1, independent 5 + President: + runoff held on 11 January 1991 (next to be held 11 November 1995); results - + Jorge SERRANO Elias (MAS) 68.1%, Jorge CARPIO Nicolle (UCN) 31.9% +Communists: + Guatemalan Labor Party (PGT); main radical left guerrilla groups - Guerrilla + Army of the Poor (EGP), Revolutionary Organization of the People in Arms + (ORPA), Rebel Armed Forces (FAR), and PGT dissidents + +:Guatemala Government + +Other political or pressure groups: + Federated Chambers of Commerce and Industry (CACIF), Mutual Support Group + (GAM), Unity for Popular and Labor Action (UASP), Agrarian Owners Group + (UNAGRO), Committee for Campesino Unity (CUC) +Member of: + BCIE, CACM, CCC, ECLAC, FAO, G-24, G-77, GATT, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, + ICFTU, IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, IOM, ITU, + LAES, LAIA, LORCS, OAS, OPANAL, PCA, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WCL, + WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO +Diplomatic representation: + Ambassador Juan Jose CASO-FANJUL; Chancery at 2220 R Street NW, Washington, + DC 20008; telephone (202) 745-4952 through 4954; there are Guatemalan + Consulates General in Chicago, Houston, Los Angeles, Miami, New Orleans, New + York, and San Francisco + US: + Ambassador Thomas F. STROOCK; Embassy at 7-01 Avenida de la Reforma, Zone + 10, Guatemala City (mailing address is APO AA 34024); telephone [502] (2) + 31-15-41 +Flag: + three equal vertical bands of light blue (hoist side), white, and light blue + with the coat of arms centered in the white band; the coat of arms includes + a green and red quetzal (the national bird) and a scroll bearing the + inscription LIBERTAD 15 DE SEPTIEMBRE DE 1821 (the original date of + independence from Spain) all superimposed on a pair of crossed rifles and a + pair of crossed swords and framed by a wreath + +:Guatemala Economy + +Overview: + The economy is based on family and corporate agriculture, which accounts for + 26% of GDP, employs about 60% of the labor force, and supplies two-thirds of + exports. Manufacturing, predominantly in private hands, accounts for about + 18% of GDP and 12% of the labor force. In both 1990 and 1991, the economy + grew by 3%, the fourth and fifth consecutive years of mild growth. Inflation + at 40% in 1990-91 was more than double the 1987-89 level. +GDP: + exchange rate conversion - $11.7 billion, per capita $1,260; real growth + rate 3% (1991 est.) +Inflation rate (consumer prices): + 40% (1991 est.) +Unemployment rate: + 6.7%, with 30-40% underemployment (1989 est.) +Budget: + revenues $1.05 billion; expenditures $1.3 billion, including capital + expenditures of $270 million (1989 est.) +Exports: + $1.16 billion (f.o.b., 1990) + commodities: + coffee 26%, sugar 13%, bananas 7%, beef 2% + partners: + US 39%, El Salvador, Costa Rica, Germany, Honduras +Imports: + $1.66 billion (c.i.f., 1990) + commodities: + fuel and petroleum products, machinery, grain, fertilizers, motor vehicles + partners: + US 40%, Mexico, Venezuela, Japan, Germany +External debt: + $2.6 billion (December 1990 est.) +Industrial production: + growth rate NA; accounts for 18% of GDP +Electricity: + 802,600 kW capacity; 2,461 million kWh produced, 266 kWh per capita (1991) +Industries: + sugar, textiles and clothing, furniture, chemicals, petroleum, metals, + rubber, tourism +Agriculture: + accounts for 26% of GDP; most important sector of economy and contributes + two-thirds of export earnings; principal crops - sugarcane, corn, bananas, + coffee, beans, cardamom; livestock - cattle, sheep, pigs, chickens; food + importer +Illicit drugs: + illicit producer of opium poppy and cannabis for the international drug + trade; the government has an active eradication program for cannabis and + opium poppy; transit country for cocaine shipments +Economic aid: + US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-90), $1.1 billion; Western (non-US) + countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $7.92 billion +Currency: + quetzal (plural - quetzales); 1 quetzal (Q) = 100 centavos +Exchange rates: + free market quetzales (Q) per US$1 - 5.0854 (January 1992), 5.0289 (1991), + 2.8161 (1989), 2.6196 (1988), 2.500 (1987); note - black-market rate 2.800 + (May 1989) +Fiscal year: + calendar year + +:Guatemala Communications + +Railroads: + 884 km 0.914-meter gauge, single track; 782 km government owned, 102 km + privately owned +Highways: + 26,429 km total; 2,868 km paved, 11,421 km gravel, and 12,140 unimproved +Inland waterways: + 260 km navigable year round; additional 730 km navigable during high-water + season +Pipelines: + crude oil 275 km +Ports: + Puerto Barrios, Puerto Quetzal, Santo Tomas de Castilla +Merchant marine: + 1 cargo ship (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 4,129 GRT/6,450 DWT +Civil air: + 8 major transport aircraft +Airports: + 448 total, 400 usable; 11 with permanent-surface runways; none with runways + over 3,659 m; 3 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 19 with runways 1,220-2,439 m +Telecommunications: + fairly modern network centered in Guatemala [city]; 97,670 telephones; + broadcast stations - 91 AM, no FM, 25 TV, 15 shortwave; connection into + Central American Microwave System; 1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT earth station + +:Guatemala Defense Forces + +Branches: + Army, Navy, Air Force +Manpower availability: + males 15-49, 2,169,073; 1,420,116 fit for military service; 107,239 reach + military age (18) annually +Defense expenditures: + exchange rate conversion - $113 million, 1% of GDP (1990) + +:Guernsey Geography + +Total area: + 194 km2 +Land area: + 194 km2; includes Alderney, Guernsey, Herm, Sark, and some other smaller + islands +Comparative area: + slightly larger than Washington, DC +Land boundaries: + none +Coastline: + 50 km +Maritime claims: + Exclusive fishing zone: + 200 nm + Territorial sea: + 3 nm +Disputes: + none +Climate: + temperate with mild winters and cool summers; about 50% of days are overcast +Terrain: + mostly level with low hills in southwest +Natural resources: + cropland +Land use: + arable land NA%; permanent crops NA%; meadows and pastures NA%; forest and + woodland NA%; other NA%; cultivated about 50% +Environment: + large, deepwater harbor at Saint Peter Port +Note: + 52 km west of France + +:Guernsey People + +Population: + 57,949 (July 1992), growth rate 0.6% (1992) +Birth rate: + 12 births/1,000 population (1992) +Death rate: + 11 deaths/1,000 population (1992) +Net migration rate: + 5 migrants/1,000 population (1992) +Infant mortality rate: + 6 deaths/1,000 live births (1992) +Life expectancy at birth: + 72 years male, 78 years female (1992) +Total fertility rate: + 1.6 children born/woman (1992) +Nationality: + noun - Channel Islander(s); adjective - Channel Islander +Ethnic divisions: + UK and Norman-French descent +Religions: + Anglican, Roman Catholic, Presbyterian, Baptist, Congregational, Methodist +Languages: + English, French; Norman-French dialect spoken in country districts +Literacy: + NA% (male NA%, female NA%) but compulsory education age 5 to 16 +Labor force: + NA +Organized labor: + NA + +:Guernsey Government + +Long-form name: + Bailiwick of Guernsey +Type: + British crown dependency +Capital: + Saint Peter Port +Administrative divisions: + none (British crown dependency) +Independence: + none (British crown dependency) +Constitution: + unwritten; partly statutes, partly common law and practice +Legal system: + English law and local statute; justice is administered by the Royal Court +National holiday: + Liberation Day, 9 May (1945) +Executive branch: + British monarch, lieutenant governor, bailiff, deputy bailiff +Legislative branch: + unicameral Assembly of the States +Judicial branch: + Royal Court +Leaders: + Chief of State: + Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952) + Head of Government: + Lieutenant Governor Lt. Gen. Sir Michael WILKINS (since NA 1990); Bailiff + Mr. Graham Martyn DOREY (since February 1992) +Political parties and leaders: + none; all independents +Suffrage: + universal at age 18 +Elections: + Assembly of the States: + last held NA (next to be held NA); results - no percent of vote by party + since all are independents; seats - (60 total, 33 elected), all independents +Member of: + none +Diplomatic representation: + none (British crown dependency) +Flag: + white with the red cross of Saint George (patron saint of England) extending + to the edges of the flag + +:Guernsey Economy + +Overview: + Tourism is a major source of revenue. Other economic activity includes + financial services, breeding the world-famous Guernsey cattle, and growing + tomatoes and flowers for export. +GDP: + $NA, per capita $NA; real growth rate 9% (1987) +Inflation rate (consumer prices): + 7% (1988) +Unemployment rate: + NA% +Budget: + revenues $208.9 million; expenditures $173.9 million, including capital + expenditures of NA (1988) +Exports: + $NA + commodities: + tomatoes, flowers and ferns, sweet peppers, eggplant, other vegetables + partners: + UK (regarded as internal trade) +Imports: + $NA + commodities: + coal, gasoline, and oil + partners: + UK (regarded as internal trade) +External debt: + $NA +Industrial production: + growth rate NA% +Electricity: + 173,000 kW capacity; 525 million kWh produced, 9,340 kWh per capita (1989) +Industries: + tourism, banking +Agriculture: + tomatoes, flowers (mostly grown in greenhouses), sweet peppers, eggplant, + other vegetables and fruit; Guernsey cattle +Economic aid: + none +Currency: + Guernsey pound (plural - pounds); 1 Guernsey (#G) pound = 100 pence +Exchange rates: + Guernsey pounds (#G) per US$1 - 0.5799 (March 1992), 0.5652 (1991), 0.5603 + (1990), 0.6099 (1989), 0.5614 (1988), 0.6102 (1987); note - the Guernsey + pound is at par with the British pound +Fiscal year: + calendar year + +:Guernsey Communications + +Ports: + Saint Peter Port, Saint Sampson +Telecommunications: + broadcast stations - 1 AM, no FM, 1 TV; 41,900 telephones; 1 submarine cable + +:Guernsey Defense Forces + +Note: + defense is the responsibility of the UK + +:Guinea Geography + +Total area: + 245,860 km2 +Land area: + 245,860 km2 +Comparative area: + slightly smaller than Oregon +Land boundaries: + 3,399 km; Guinea-Bissau 386 km, Ivory Coast 610 km, Liberia 563 km, Mali 858 + km, Senegal 330 km, Sierra Leone 652 km +Coastline: + 320 km +Maritime claims: + Exclusive economic zone: + 200 nm + Territorial sea: + 12 nm +Disputes: + none +Climate: + generally hot and humid; monsoonal-type rainy season (June to November) with + southwesterly winds; dry season (December to May) with northeasterly + harmattan winds +Terrain: + generally flat coastal plain, hilly to mountainous interior +Natural resources: + bauxite, iron ore, diamonds, gold, uranium, hydropower, fish +Land use: + arable land 6%; permanent crops NEGL%; meadows and pastures 12%; forest and + woodland 42%; other 40%; includes irrigated NEGL% +Environment: + hot, dry, dusty harmattan haze may reduce visibility during dry season; + deforestation + +:Guinea People + +Population: + 7,783,926 (July 1992), growth rate - 1.5% (1992) +Birth rate: + 46 births/1,000 population (1992) +Death rate: + 21 deaths/1,000 population (1992) +Net migration rate: + -40 migrants/1,000 population (1992) +Infant mortality rate: + 143 deaths/1,000 live births (1992) +Life expectancy at birth: + 41 years male, 45 years female (1992) +Total fertility rate: + 6.0 children born/woman (1992) +Nationality: + noun - Guinean(s); adjective - Guinean +Ethnic divisions: + Fulani 35%, Malinke 30%, Soussou 20%, small indigenous tribes 15% +Religions: + Muslim 85%, Christian 8%, indigenous beliefs 7% +Languages: + French (official); each tribe has its own language +Literacy: + 24% (male 35%, female 13%) age 15 and over can read and write (1990 est.) +Labor force: + 2,400,000 (1983); agriculture 82.0%, industry and commerce 11.0%, services + 5.4%; 88,112 civil servants (1987); 52% of population of working age (1985) +Organized labor: + virtually 100% of wage earners loosely affiliated with the National + Confederation of Guinean Workers + +:Guinea Government + +Long-form name: + Republic of Guinea +Type: + republic +Capital: + Conakry +Administrative divisions: + 33 administrative regions (regions administratives, singular - region + administrative); Beyla, Boffa, Boke, Conakry, Coyah, Dabola, Dalaba, + Dinguiraye, Faranah, Forecariah, Fria, Gaoual, Gueckedou, Kankan, Kerouane, + Kindia, Kissidougou, Koubia, Koundara, Kouroussa, Labe, Lelouma, Lola, + Macenta, Mali, Mamou, Mandiana, Nzerekore, Pita, Siguiri, Telimele, Tougue, + Yomou +Independence: + 2 October 1958 (from France; formerly French Guinea) +Constitution: + 23 December 1990 (Loi Fundamentale) +Legal system: + based on French civil law system, customary law, and decree; legal codes + currently being revised; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction +National holiday: + Anniversary of the Second Republic, 3 April (1984) +Executive branch: + president, Transitional Committee for National Recovery (Comite + Transitionale de Redressement National or CTRN) replaced the Military + Committee for National Recovery (Comite Militaire de Redressement National + or CMRN); Council of Ministers (cabinet) +Legislative branch: + People's National Assembly (Assemblee Nationale Populaire) was dissolved + after the 3 April 1984 coup; note: framework for a new National Assembly + established in December 1991 (will have 114 seats) +Judicial branch: + Court of Appeal (Cour d'Appel) +Leaders: + Chief of State and Head of Government: + Gen. Lansana CONTE (since 5 April 1984) +Political parties and leaders: + none; following the 3 April 1984 coup, all political activity was banned +Suffrage: + none +Elections: + none +Member of: + ACCT, ACP, AfDB, CEAO, ECA, ECOWAS, FAO, FZ, G-77, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IDB, + IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, ISO (correspondent), ITU, + LORCS, NAM, OAU, OIC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WCL, WHO, WIPO, WMO, + WTO +Diplomatic representation: + Ambassador (vacant); Charge d'Affaires ad interim Ansoumane CAMARA; Chancery + at 2112 Leroy Place NW, Washington, DC 20008; telephone (202) 483-9420 + US: + Ambassador Dane F. SMITH, Jr.; Embassy at 2nd Boulevard and 9th Avenue, + Conakry (mailing address is B. P. 603, Conakry); telephone (224) 44-15-20 + through 24 +Flag: + three equal vertical bands of red (hoist side), yellow, and green; uses the + popular pan-African colors of Ethiopia; similar to the flag of Rwanda, which + has a large black letter R centered in the yellow band + +:Guinea Economy + +Overview: + Although possessing many natural resources and considerable potential for + agricultural development, Guinea is one of the poorest countries in the + world. The agricultural sector contributes about 40% to GDP and employs more + than 80% of the work force, while industry accounts for 27% of GDP. Guinea + possesses over 25% of the world's bauxite reserves; exports of bauxite and + alumina accounted for about 70% of total exports in 1989. +GDP: + exchange rate conversion - $3.0 billion, per capita $410; real growth rate + 4.3% (1990 est.) +Inflation rate (consumer prices): + 19.6% (1990 est.) +Unemployment rate: + NA% +Budget: + revenues $449 million; expenditures $708 million, including capital + expenditures of $361 million (1990 est.) +Exports: + $788 million (f.o.b., 1990 est.) + commodities: + alumina, bauxite, diamonds, coffee, pineapples, bananas, palm kernels + partners: + US 33%, EC 33%, USSR and Eastern Europe 20%, Canada +Imports: + $692 million (c.i.f., 1990 est.) + commodities: + petroleum products, metals, machinery, transport equipment, foodstuffs, + textiles, and other grain + partners: + US 16%, France, Brazil +External debt: + $2.6 billion (1990 est.) +Industrial production: + growth rate NA%; accounts for 27% of GDP +Electricity: + 113,000 kW capacity; 300 million kWh produced, 40 kWh per capita (1989) +Industries: + bauxite mining, alumina, gold, diamond mining, light manufacturing and + agricultural processing industries +Agriculture: + accounts for 40% of GDP (includes fishing and forestry); mostly subsistence + farming; principal products - rice, coffee, pineapples, palm kernels, + cassava, bananas, sweet potatoes, timber; livestock - cattle, sheep and + goats; not self-sufficient in food grains +Economic aid: + US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $227 million; Western (non-US) + countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $1,465 million; OPEC + bilateral aid (1979-89), $120 million; Communist countries (1970-89), $446 + million +Currency: + Guinean franc (plural - francs); 1 Guinean franc (FG) = 100 centimes +Exchange rates: + Guinean francs (FG) per US$1 - 675 (1990), 618 (1989), 515 (1988), 440 + (1987), 383 (1986) +Fiscal year: + calendar year + +:Guinea Communications + +Railroads: + 1,045 km; 806 km 1.000-meter gauge, 239 km 1.435-meter standard gauge +Highways: + 30,100 km total; 1,145 km paved, 12,955 km gravel or laterite (of which + barely 4,500 km are currently all-weather roads), 16,000 km unimproved earth + (1987) +Inland waterways: + 1,295 km navigable by shallow-draft native craft +Ports: + Conakry, Kamsar +Civil air: + 10 major transport aircraft +Airports: + 15 total, 15 usable; 4 with permanent-surface runways; none with runways + over 3,659 m; 3 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 10 with runways 1,220-2,439 m +Telecommunications: + poor to fair system of open-wire lines, small radiocommunication stations, + and new radio relay system; 15,000 telephones; broadcast stations - 3 AM 1 + FM, 1 TV; 65,000 TV sets; 200,000 radio receivers; 1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT + earth station + +:Guinea Defense Forces + +Branches: + Army, Navy (acts primarily as a coast guard), Air Force, Republican Guard, + paramilitary National Gendarmerie, National Police Force +Manpower availability: + males 15-49, 1,759,811; 888,968 fit for military service (1989) +Defense expenditures: + exchange rate conversion - $29 million, 1.2% of GDP (1988) + +:Guinea-Bissau Geography + +Total area: + 36,120 km2 +Land area: + 28,000 km2 +Comparative area: + slightly less than three times the size of Connecticut +Land boundaries: + 724 km; Guinea 386, Senegal 338 km +Coastline: + 350 km +Maritime claims: + Exclusive economic zone: + 200 nm + Territorial sea: + 12 nm +Disputes: + the International Court of Justice (ICJ) on 12 November 1991 rendered its + decision on the Guinea-Bissau/Senegal maritime boundary in favor of Senegal +Climate: + tropical; generally hot and humid; monsoon-type rainy season (June to + November) with southwesterly winds; dry season (December to May) with + northeasterly harmattan winds +Terrain: + mostly low coastal plain rising to savanna in east +Natural resources: + unexploited deposits of petroleum, bauxite, phosphates; fish, timber +Land use: + arable land 11%; permanent crops 1%; meadows and pastures 43%; forest and + woodland 38%; other 7% +Environment: + hot, dry, dusty harmattan haze may reduce visibility during dry season + +:Guinea-Bissau People + +Population: + 1,047,137 (July 1992), growth rate 2.4% (1992) +Birth rate: + 42 births/1,000 population (1992) +Death rate: + 18 deaths/1,000 population (1992) +Net migration rate: + 0 migrants/1,000 population (1992) +Infant mortality rate: + 124 deaths/1,000 live births (1992) +Life expectancy at birth: + 45 years male, 48 years female (1992) +Total fertility rate: + 5.7 children born/woman (1992) +Nationality: + noun - Guinea-Bissauan(s); adjective - Guinea-Bissauan +Ethnic divisions: + African about 99% (Balanta 30%, Fula 20%, Manjaca 14%, Mandinga 13%, Papel + 7%); European and mulatto less than 1% +Religions: + indigenous beliefs 65%, Muslim 30%, Christian 5% +Languages: + Portuguese (official); Criolo and numerous African languages +Literacy: + 36% (male 50%, female 24%) age 15 and over can read and write (1990 est.) +Labor force: + 403,000 (est.); agriculture 90%, industry, services, and commerce 5%, + government 5%; population of working age 53% (1983) +Organized labor: + only one trade union - the National Union of Workers of Guinea-Bissau (UNTG) + +:Guinea-Bissau Government + +Long-form name: + Republic of Guinea-Bissau +Type: + republic; highly centralized multiparty since mid-1991; the African Party + for the Independence of Guinea-Bissau and Cape Verde (PAIGC) held an + extraordinary party congress in December 1990 and established a two-year + transition program during which the constitution will be revised, allowing + for multiple political parties and a presidential election in 1993 +Capital: + Bissau +Administrative divisions: + 9 regions (regioes, singular - regiao); Bafata, Biombo, Bissau, Bolama, + Cacheu, Gabu, Oio, Quinara, Tombali +Independence: + 10 September 1974 (from Portugal; formerly Portuguese Guinea) +Constitution: + 16 May 1984 +Legal system: + NA +National holiday: + Independence Day, 10 September (1974) +Executive branch: + president of the Council of State, vice presidents of the Council of State, + Council of State, Council of Ministers (cabinet) +Legislative branch: + unicameral National People's Assembly (Assembleia Nacional Popular) +Judicial branch: + none; there is a Ministry of Justice in the Council of Ministers +Leaders: + Chief of State and Head of Government: + President of the Council of State Brig. Gen. Joao Bernardo VIEIRA (assumed + power 14 November 1980 and elected President of Council of State on 16 May + 1984) +Political parties and leaders: + 3 parties - African Party for the Independence of Guinea-Bissau and Cape + Verde (PAIGC), President Joao Bernardo VIEIRA, leader; PAIGC is still the + major party and controls all aspects of the Government, but 2 opposition + parties registered in late 1991; Democratic Social Front (FDS), Rafael + BARBOSA, leader; Bafata Movement, Domingos Fernandes GARNER, leader; + Democratic Front, Aristides MENEZES, leader; other parties forming +Suffrage: + universal at age 15 +Elections: + National People's Assembly: + last held 15 June 1989 (next to be held 15 June 1994); results - PAIGC is + the only party; seats - (150 total) PAIGC 150, appointed by Regional + Councils + President of Council of State: + last held 19 June 1989 (next to be held NA 1993); results - Brig. Gen. Joao + Bernardo VIEIRA was reelected without opposition by the National People's + Assembly +Member of: + ACCT (associate), ACP, AfDB, ECA, ECOWAS, FAO, G-77, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IDB, + IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, IOM (observer), ITU, LORCS, NAM, OAU, OIC, UN, + UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO +Diplomatic representation: + Ambassador Alfredo Lopes CABRAL; Chancery at 918 16th Street NW, Mezzanine + Suite, Washington, DC 20006; telephone (202) 872-4222, + +:Guinea-Bissau Government + + US: + Ambassador William L. JACOBSEN, Jr.; Embassy at 17 Avenida Domingos Ramos, + Bissau (mailing address is 1067 Bissau Codex, Bissau, Guinea-Bissau); + telephone [245] 20-1139, 20-1145, 20-1113 +Flag: + two equal horizontal bands of yellow (top) and green with a vertical red + band on the hoist side; there is a black five-pointed star centered in the + red band; uses the popular pan-African colors of Ethiopia; similar to the + flag of Cape Verde, which has the black star raised above the center of the + red band and is framed by two corn stalks and a yellow clam shell + +:Guinea-Bissau Economy + +Overview: + Guinea-Bissau ranks among the poorest countries in the world, with a per + capita GDP below $200. Agriculture and fishing are the main economic + activities. Cashew nuts, peanuts, and palm kernels are the primary exports. + Exploitation of known mineral deposits is unlikely at present because of a + weak infrastructure and the high cost of development. The government's + four-year plan (1988-91) has targeted agricultural development as the top + priority. +GDP: + exchange rate conversion - $162 million, per capita $160; real growth rate + 5.0% (1989) +Inflation rate (consumer prices): + 25% (1990 est.) +Unemployment rate: + NA% +Budget: + revenues $22.7 million; expenditures $30.8 million, including capital + expenditures of $18.0 million (1989 est.) +Exports: + $14.2 million (f.o.b., 1989 est.) + commodities: + cashews, fish, peanuts, palm kernels + partners: + Portugal, Senegal, France, The Gambia, Netherlands, Spain +Imports: + $68.9 million (f.o.b., 1989 est.) + commodities: + capital equipment, consumer goods, semiprocessed goods, foods, petroleum + partners: + Portugal, Netherlands, Senegal, USSR, Germany +External debt: + $462 million (December 1990 est.) +Industrial production: + growth rate - 1.0% (1989 est.); accounts for 10% of GDP (1989 est.) +Electricity: + 22,000 kW capacity; 30 million kWh produced, 30 kWh per capita (1991) +Industries: + agricultural processing, beer, soft drinks +Agriculture: + accounts for over 50% of GDP, nearly 100% of exports, and 90% of employment; + rice is the staple food; other crops include corn, beans, cassava, cashew + nuts, peanuts, palm kernels, and cotton; not self-sufficient in food; + fishing and forestry potential not fully exploited +Economic aid: + US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $49 million; Western (non-US) + countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $615 million; OPEC + bilateral aid (1979-89), $41 million; Communist countries (1970-89), $68 + million +Currency: + Guinea-Bissauan peso (plural - pesos); 1 Guinea-Bissauan peso (PG) = 100 + centavos +Exchange rates: + Guinea-Bissauan pesos (PG) per US$1 - 1987.2 (1989), 1363.6 (1988), 851.65 + (1987), 238.98 (1986) +Fiscal year: + calendar year + +:Guinea-Bissau Communications + +Highways: + 3,218 km; 2,698 km bituminous, remainder earth +Inland waterways: + scattered stretches are important to coastal commerce +Ports: + Bissau +Civil air: + 2 major transport aircraft +Airports: + 34 total, 15 usable; 4 with permanent-surface runways; none with runways + over 3,659 m; 1 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 5 with runways 1,220-2,439 m +Telecommunications: + poor system of radio relay, open-wire lines, and radiocommunications; 3,000 + telephones; broadcast stations - 2 AM, 3 FM, 1 TV + +:Guinea-Bissau Defense Forces + +Branches: + People's Revolutionary Armed Force (FARP; including Army, Navy, Air Force), + paramilitary force +Manpower availability: + males 15-49, 228,856; 130,580 fit for military service +Defense expenditures: + exchange rate conversion - $9.3 million, 5-6% of GDP (1987) + +:Guyana Geography + +Total area: + 214,970 km2 +Land area: + 196,850 km2 +Comparative area: + slightly smaller than Idaho +Land boundaries: + 2,462 km; Brazil 1,119 km, Suriname 600 km, Venezuela 743 km +Coastline: + 459 km +Maritime claims: + Continental shelf: + outer edge of continental margin or 200 nm + Exclusive fishing zone: + 200 nm + Territorial sea: + 12 nm +Disputes: + all of the area west of the Essequibo River claimed by Venezuela; Suriname + claims area between New (Upper Courantyne) and Courantyne/Kutari Rivers (all + headwaters of the Courantyne) +Climate: + tropical; hot, humid, moderated by northeast trade winds; two rainy seasons + (May to mid-August, mid-November to mid-January) +Terrain: + mostly rolling highlands; low coastal plain; savanna in south +Natural resources: + bauxite, gold, diamonds, hardwood timber, shrimp, fish +Land use: + arable land 3%; permanent crops NEGL%; meadows and pastures 6%; forest and + woodland 83%; other 8%; includes irrigated 1% +Environment: + flash floods a constant threat during rainy seasons; water pollution + +:Guyana People + +Population: + 739,431 (July 1992), growth rate - 0.6% (1992) +Birth rate: + 21 births/1,000 population (1992) +Death rate: + 7 deaths/1,000 population (1992) +Net migration rate: + -20 migrants/1,000 population (1992) +Infant mortality rate: + 50 deaths/1,000 live births (1992) +Life expectancy at birth: + 61 years male, 68 years female (1992) +Total fertility rate: + 2.4 children born/woman (1992) +Nationality: + noun - Guyanese (singular and plural); adjective - Guyanese +Ethnic divisions: + East Indian 51%, black and mixed 43%, Amerindian 4%, European and Chinese 2% +Religions: + Christian 57%, Hindu 33%, Muslim 9%, other 1% +Languages: + English, Amerindian dialects +Literacy: + 95% (male 98%, female 96%) age 15 and over having ever attended school (1990 + est.) +Labor force: + 268,000; industry and commerce 44.5%, agriculture 33.8%, services 21.7%; + public-sector employment amounts to 60-80% of the total labor force (1985) +Organized labor: + 34% of labor force + +:Guyana Government + +Long-form name: + Co-operative Republic of Guyana +Type: + republic +Capital: + Georgetown +Administrative divisions: + 10 regions; Barima-Waini, Cuyuni-Mazaruni, Demerara-Mahaica, East + Berbice-Corentyne, Essequibo Islands-West Demerara, Mahaica-Berbice, + Pomeroon-Supenaam, Potaro-Siparuni, Upper Demerara-Berbice, Upper + Takutu-Upper Essequibo +Independence: + 26 May 1966 (from UK; formerly British Guiana) +Constitution: + 6 October 1980 +Legal system: + based on English common law with certain admixtures of Roman-Dutch law; has + not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction +National holiday: + Republic Day, 23 February (1970) +Executive branch: + executive president, first vice president, prime minister, first deputy + prime minister, Cabinet +Legislative branch: + unicameral National Assembly +Judicial branch: + Supreme Court of Judicature +Leaders: + Chief of State: + Executive President Hugh Desmond HOYTE (since 6 August 1985); First Vice + President Hamilton GREEN (since 6 August 1985) + Head of Government: + Prime Minister Hamilton GREEN (since NA August 1985) +Political parties and leaders: + People's National Congress (PNC), Hugh Desmond HOYTE; People's Progressive + Party (PPP), Cheddi JAGAN; Working People's Alliance (WPA), Eusi KWAYANA, + Rupert ROOPNARINE; Democratic Labor Movement (DLM), Paul TENNASSEE; People's + Democratic Movement (PDM), Llewellyn JOHN; National Democratic Front (NDF), + Joseph BACCHUS; United Force (UF), Manzoor NADIR; United Republican Party + (URP), Leslie RAMSAMMY; National Republican Party (NRP), Robert GANGADEEN; + Guyanese Labor Party (GLP), Nanda GOPAUL +Suffrage: + universal at age 18 +Elections: + Executive President: + last held on 9 December 1985 (next to be held 1992); results - Hugh Desmond + HOYTE was elected president since he was leader of the party with the most + votes in the National Assembly elections + National Assembly: + last held on 9 December 1985 (next to be held mid-1992); results - PNC 78%, + PPP 16%, UF 4%, WPA 2%; seats - (65 total, 53 elected) PNC 42, PPP 8, UF 2, + WPA 1 +Other political or pressure groups: + Trades Union Congress (TUC); Guyana Council of Indian Organizations (GCIO); + Civil Liberties Action Committee (CLAC); the latter two organizations are + small and active but not well organized; Guyanese Action for Reform and + Democracy (GUARD) includes various labor groups, as well as several of the + smaller political parties + +:Guyana Government + +Member of: + ACP, C, CARICOM, CCC, CDB, ECLAC, FAO, G-77, GATT, IADB, IBRD, ICAO, ICFTU, + IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTERPOL, IOC, ITU, LAES, LORCS, NAM, OAS, + UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WCL, WFTU, WHO, WMO +Diplomatic representation: + Ambassador Dr. Cedric Hilburn GRANT; Chancery at 2490 Tracy Place NW, + Washington, DC 20008; telephone (202) 265-6900; there is a Guyanese + Consulate General in New York + US: + Ambassador George JONES; Embassy at 99-100 Young and Duke Streets, + Georgetown; telephone [592] (2) 54900 through 54909 +Flag: + green with a red isosceles triangle (based on the hoist side) superimposed + on a long yellow arrowhead; there is a narrow black border between the red + and yellow, and a narrow white border between the yellow and the green + +:Guyana Economy + +Overview: + Guyana is one of the world's poorest countries with a per capita income less + than one-fifth the South American average. After growing on average at less + than 1% a year in 1986-87, GDP dropped by 5% a year in 1988-90. The decline + resulted from bad weather, labor trouble in the canefields, and flooding and + equipment problems in the bauxite industry. Consumer prices rose about 100% + in 1989 and 75% in 1990, and the current account deficit widened + substantially as sugar and bauxite exports fell. Moreover, electric power is + in short supply and constitutes a major barrier to future gains in national + output. The government, in association with international financial + agencies, seeks to reduce its payment arrears and to raise new funds. The + government's stabilization program - aimed at establishing realistic + exchange rates, reasonable price stability, and a resumption of growth - + requires considerable public administrative abilities and continued patience + by consumers during a long incubation period. In 1991, buoyed by a recovery + in mining and agriculture, the economy posted 6% growth, according to + official figures. A large volume of illegal and quasi- legal economic + activity is not captured in estimates of the country's total output. +GDP: + exchange rate conversion - $250 million, per capita $300; real growth rate + 6% (1991 est.) +Inflation rate (consumer prices): + 75% (1990) +Unemployment rate: + 12-15% (1990 est.) +Budget: + revenues $126 million; expenditures $250 million (1990 est.) +Exports: + $189 million (f.o.b., 1990 est.) + commodities: + bauxite, sugar, gold, rice, shrimp, molasses, timber, rum + partners: + UK 31%, US 23%, CARICOM 7%, Canada 6% (1988) +Imports: + $246 million (c.i.f., 1991) + commodities: + manufactures, machinery, food, petroleum + partners: + US 33%, CARICOM 10%, UK 9%, Canada 2% (1989) +External debt: + $2.0 billion, including arrears (1990) +Industrial production: + growth rate - 12.0% (1990 est.); accounts for about 11% of GDP +Electricity: + 252,500 kW capacity; 647 million kWh produced, 863 kWh per capita (1991) +Industries: + bauxite mining, sugar, rice milling, timber, fishing (shrimp), textiles, + gold mining +Agriculture: + most important sector, accounting for 24% of GDP and about half of exports; + sugar and rice are key crops; development potential exists for fishing and + forestry; not self-sufficient in food, especially wheat, vegetable oils, and + animal products +Economic aid: + US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $116 million; Western (non-US) + countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $325 million; + Communist countries 1970-89, $242 million +Currency: + Guyanese dollar (plural - dollars); 1 Guyanese dollar (G$) = 100 cents + +:Guyana Economy + +Exchange rates: + Guyanese dollars (G$) per US$1 - 124.1 (March 1992) 111.8 (1991), 39.533 + (1990), 27.159 (1989), 10.000 (1988), 9.756 (1987) +Fiscal year: + calendar year + +:Guyana Communications + +Railroads: + 187 km total, all single track 0.914-meter gauge +Highways: + 7,665 km total; 550 km paved, 5,000 km gravel, 1,525 km earth, 590 km + unimproved +Inland waterways: + 6,000 km total of navigable waterways; Berbice, Demerara, and Essequibo + Rivers are navigable by oceangoing vessels for 150 km, 100 km, and 80 km, + respectively +Ports: + Georgetown +Civil air: + 3 major transport aircraft +Airports: + 54 total, 49 usable; 5 with permanent-surface runways; none with runways + over 3,659 m; none with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 13 with runways 1,220-2,439 m +Telecommunications: + fair system with radio relay network; over 27,000 telephones; tropospheric + scatter link to Trinidad; broadcast stations - 4 AM, 3 FM, no TV, 1 + shortwave; 1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT earth station + +:Guyana Defense Forces + +Branches: + Guyana Defense Force (GDF; includes Coast Guard and Air Corps), Guyana + Police Force (GPF), Guyana People's Militia (GPM), Guyana National Service + (GNS) +Manpower availability: + males 15-49, 196,066; 149,045 fit for military service +Defense expenditures: + exchange rate conversion - $5.5 million, 6% of GDP (1989 est.) + +:Haiti Geography + +Total area: + 27,750 km2 +Land area: + 27,560 km2 +Comparative area: + slightly larger than Maryland +Land boundaries: + 275 km; Dominican Republic 275 km +Coastline: + 1,771 km +Maritime claims: + Contiguous zone: + 24 nm + Continental shelf: + to depth of exploitation + Exclusive economic zone: + 200 nm + Territorial sea: + 12 nm +Disputes: + claims US-administered Navassa Island +Climate: + tropical; semiarid where mountains in east cut off trade winds +Terrain: + mostly rough and mountainous +Natural resources: + bauxite +Land use: + arable land 20%; permanent crops 13%; meadows and pastures 18%; forest and + woodland 4%; other 45%; includes irrigated 3% +Environment: + lies in the middle of the hurricane belt and subject to severe storms from + June to October; occasional flooding and earthquakes; deforestation; soil + erosion +Note: + shares island of Hispaniola with Dominican Republic + +:Haiti People + +Population: + 6,431,977 (July 1992), growth rate 2.3% (1992) +Birth rate: + 42 births/1,000 population (1992) +Death rate: + 15 deaths/1,000 population (1992) +Net migration rate: + -5 migrants/1,000 population (1992) +Infant mortality rate: + 104 deaths/1,000 live births (1992) +Life expectancy at birth: + 53 years male, 55 years female (1992) +Total fertility rate: + 6.2 children born/woman (1992) +Nationality: + noun - Haitian(s); adjective - Haitian +Ethnic divisions: + black 95%, mulatto and European 5% +Religions: + Roman Catholic is the official religion; Roman Catholic 80% (of which an + overwhelming majority also practice Voodoo), Protestant 16% (Baptist 10%, + Pentecostal 4%, Adventist 1%, other 1%), none 1%, other 3% (1982) +Languages: + French (official) spoken by only 10% of population; all speak Creole +Literacy: + 53% (male 59%, female 47%) age 15 and over can read and write (1990 est.) +Labor force: + 2,300,000; agriculture 66%, services 25%, industry 9%; shortage of skilled + labor, unskilled labor abundant (1982) +Organized labor: + NA + +:Haiti Government + +Long-form name: + Republic of Haiti +Type: + republic +Capital: + Port-au-Prince +Administrative divisions: + 9 departments, (departements, singular - departement); Artibonite, Centre, + Grand'Anse, Nord, Nord-Est, Nord-Ouest, Ouest, Sud, Sud-Est +Independence: + 1 January 1804 (from France) +Constitution: + 27 August 1983, suspended February 1986; draft constitution approved March + 1987, suspended June 1988, most articles reinstated March 1989; October + 1991, government claims to be observing the Constitution +Legal system: + based on Roman civil law system; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction +National holiday: + Independence Day, 1 January (1804) +Executive branch: + president, Council of Ministers (cabinet) +Legislative branch: + bicameral National Assembly (Assemblee Nationale) consisting of an upper + house or Senate and a lower house or Chamber of Deputies +Judicial branch: + Court of Appeal (Cour de Cassation) +Leaders: + Chief of State: + President Jean-Bertrand ARISTIDE (since 7 February 1991), ousted in a coup + in September 1991, but still recognized by international community as Chief + of State; President Joseph NERETTE installed by military on 7 October 1991 + Head of Government: + de facto Prime Minister Marc BAZIN (since June 1992) +Political parties and leaders: + National Front for Change and Democracy (FNCD) led by Jean-Bertrand + ARISTIDE, including Congress of Democratic Movements (CONACOM), Victor + BENOIT; National Konbite Movement (MKN), Volvick Remy JOSEPH; National + Alliance for Democracy and Progress (ANDP), a coalition - that broke up + following elections - consisting of Movement for the Installation of + Democracy in Haiti (MIDH), Marc BAZIN; National Progressive Revolutionary + Party (PANPRA), Serge GILLES; and National Patriotic Movement of November 28 + (MNP-28), Dejean BELIZAIRE; National Agricultural and Industrial Party + (PAIN), Louis DEJOIE; Movement for National Reconstruction (MRN), Rene + THEODORE; Haitian Christian Democratic Party (PDCH), Joseph DOUZE; Assembly + of Progressive National Democrats (RDNP), Leslie MANIGAT; National Party of + Labor (PNT), Thomas DESULME; Mobilization for National Development (MDN), + Hubert DE RONCERAY; Democratic Movement for the Liberation of Haiti + (MODELH), Francois LATORTUE; Haitian Social Christian Party (PSCH), Gregoire + EUGENE; Movement for the Organization of the Country (MOP), Gesner COMEAU +Suffrage: + universal at age 18 +Elections: + Chamber of Deputies: + last held 16 December 1990, with runoff held 20 January 1991 (next to be + held by December 1994); results - percent of vote NA; seats - (83 total) + FNCD 27, ANDP 17, PDCH 7, PAIN 6, RDNP 6, MDN 5, PNT 3, MKN 2, MODELH 2, MRN + 1, independents 5, other 2 + +:Haiti Government + + President: + last held 16 December 1990 (next election to be held by December 1995); + results - Rev. Jean-Bertrand ARISTIDE 67.5%, Marc BAZIN 14.2%, Louis DEJOIE + 4.9% +Elections: + Senate: + last held 16 December 1990, with runoff held 20 January 1991 (next to be + held December 1992); results - percent of vote NA; seats - (27 total) FNCD + 13, ANDP 6, PAIN 2, MRN 2, PDCH 1, RDNP 1, PNT 1, independent 1 +Communists: + United Party of Haitian Communists (PUCH), Rene THEODORE (roughly 2,000 + members) +Other political or pressure groups: + Democratic Unity Confederation (KID), Roman Catholic Church, Confederation + of Haitian Workers (CTH), Federation of Workers Trade Unions (FOS), + Autonomous Haitian Workers (CATH), National Popular Assembly (APN) +Member of: + ACCT, CARICOM (observer), CCC, ECLAC, FAO, G-77, GATT, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, + ICAO, IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, ITU, LAES, + LORCS, OAS, OPANAL, PCA, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WCL, WFTU, WHO, + WIPO, WMO, WTO +Diplomatic representation: + Ambassador Jean CASIMIR; Chancery at 2311 Massachusetts Avenue NW, + Washington, DC 20008; telephone (202) 332-4090 through 4092; there are + Haitian Consulates General in Boston, Chicago, Miami, New York, and San Juan + (Puerto Rico) + US: + Ambassador Alvin P. ADAMS, Jr.; Embassy at Harry Truman Boulevard, + Port-au-Prince (mailing address is P. O. Box 1761, Port-au-Prince), + telephone [509] 22-0354 or 22-0368, 22-0200, 22-0612 +Flag: + two equal horizontal bands of blue (top) and red with a centered white + rectangle bearing the coat of arms, which contains a palm tree flanked by + flags and two cannons above a scroll bearing the motto L'UNION FAIT LA FORCE + (Union Makes Strength) + +:Haiti Economy + +Overview: + About 75% of the population live in abject poverty. Agriculture is mainly + small-scale subsistence farming and employs nearly three-fourths of the work + force. The majority of the population does not have ready access to safe + drinking water, adequate medical care, or sufficient food. Few social + assistance programs exist, and the lack of employment opportunities remains + one of the most critical problems facing the economy, along with soil + erosion and political instability. Trade sanctions applied by the + Organization of American States in response to the September 1991 coup + against President Aristide have further damaged the economy. +GDP: + exchange rate conversion - $2.7 billion, per capita $440; real growth rate - + 3.0% (1990 est.) +Inflation rate (consumer prices): + 20% (1990 est.) +Unemployment rate: + 25-50% (1990 est.) +Budget: + revenues $300 million; expenditures $416 million, including capital + expenditures of $145 million (1990 est.) +Exports: + $169 million (f.o.b., 1990 est.) + commodities: + light manufactures 65%, coffee 19%, other agriculture 8%, other 8% + partners: + US 84%, Italy 4%, France 3%, other industrial countries 6%, less developed + countries 3% (1987) +Imports: + $348 million (c.i.f., 1990 est.) + commodities: + machines and manufactures 34%, food and beverages 22%, petroleum products + 14%, chemicals 10%, fats and oils 9% + partners: + US 64%, Netherlands Antilles 5%, Japan 5%, France 4%, Canada 3%, Germany 3% + (1987) +External debt: + $838 million (December 1990) +Industrial production: + growth rate 0.3% (FY88); accounts for 15% of GDP +Electricity: + 217,000 kW capacity; 468 million kWh produced, 74 kWh per capita (1991) +Industries: + sugar refining, textiles, flour milling, cement manufacturing, tourism, + light assembly industries based on imported parts +Agriculture: + accounts for 28% of GDP and employs 74% of work force; mostly small-scale + subsistence farms; commercial crops - coffee, mangoes, sugarcane and wood; + staple crops - rice, corn, sorghum; shortage of wheat flour +Illicit drugs: + transshipment point for cocaine +Economic aid: + US commitments, including Ex-Im (1970-89), $700 million; Western (non-US) + countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $770 million +Currency: + gourde (plural - gourdes); 1 gourde (G) = 100 centimes +Exchange rates: + gourdes (G) per US$1 - 5.0 (fixed rate) +Fiscal year: + 1 October - 30 September + +:Haiti Communications + +Railroads: + 40 km 0.760-meter narrow gauge, single-track, privately owned industrial + line +Highways: + 4,000 km total; 950 km paved, 900 km otherwise improved, 2,150 km unimproved +Inland waterways: + negligible; less than 100 km navigable +Ports: + Port-au-Prince, Cap-Haitien +Civil air: + 12 major transport aircraft +Airports: + 13 total, 10 usable; 3 with permanent-surface runways; none with runways + over 3,659 m; 1 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 3 with runways 1,220-2,439 m +Telecommunications: + domestic facilities barely adequate, international facilities slightly + better; 36,000 telephones; broadcast stations - 33 AM, no FM, 4 TV, 2 + shortwave; 1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT earth station + +:Haiti Defense Forces + +Branches: + Army (including Police), Navy, Air Force +Manpower availability: + males 15-49, 1,313,044; 706,221 fit for military service; 59,060 reach + military age (18) annually +Defense expenditures: + exchange rate conversion - $34 million, 1.5% of GDP (1988 est.) + +:Heard Island and McDonald Islands Geography + +Total area: + 412 km2 +Land area: + 412 km2 +Comparative area: + slightly less than 2.5 times the size of Washington, DC +Land boundaries: + none +Coastline: + 101.9 km +Maritime claims: + Exclusive fishing zone: + 200 nm + Territorial sea: + 3 nm +Disputes: + none +Climate: + antarctic +Terrain: + Heard Island - bleak and mountainous, with an extinct volcano; McDonald + Islands - small and rocky +Land use: + arable land 0%; permanent crops 0%; meadows and pastures 0%; forest and + woodland 0%; other 100% +Environment: + primarily used as research stations +Note: + located 4,100 km southwest of Australia in the southern Indian Ocean + +:Heard Island and McDonald Islands People + +Population: + uninhabited + +:Heard Island and McDonald Islands Government + +Long-form name: + Territory of Heard Island and McDonald Islands +Type: + territory of Australia administered by the Antarctic Division of the + Department of Science in Canberra (Australia) +Capital: + none; administered from Canberra, Australia + +:Heard Island and McDonald Islands Economy + +Overview: + no economic activity + +:Heard Island and McDonald Islands Communications + +Ports: + none; offshore anchorage only + +:Heard Island and McDonald Islands Defense Forces + +Note: + defense is the responsibility of Australia + +:Holy See (Vatican City) Geography + +Total area: + 0.438 km2 +Land area: + 0.438 km2 +Comparative area: + about 0.7 times the size of The Mall in Washington, DC +Land boundaries: + 3.2 km; Italy 3.2 km +Coastline: + none - landlocked +Maritime claims: + none - landlocked +Disputes: + none +Climate: + temperate; mild, rainy winters (September to mid-May) with hot, dry summers + (May to September) +Terrain: + low hill +Natural resources: + none +Land use: + arable land 0%; permanent crops 0%; meadows and pastures 0%; forest and + woodland 0%; other 100% +Environment: + urban +Note: + landlocked; enclave of Rome, Italy; world's smallest state; outside the + Vatican City, 13 buildings in Rome and Castel Gandolfo (the pope's summer + residence) enjoy extraterritorial rights + +:Holy See (Vatican City) People + +Population: + 802 (July 1992), growth rate 1.2% (1992) +Nationality: + no noun or adjectival forms +Ethnic divisions: + primarily Italians but also Swiss and other nationalities +Religions: + Roman Catholic +Languages: + Italian, Latin, and various other languages +Literacy: + 100% (male NA%, female NA%) +Labor force: + high dignitaries, priests, nuns, guards, and 3,000 lay workers who live + outside the Vatican +Organized labor: + Association of Vatican Lay Workers, 1,800 members (1987) + +:Holy See (Vatican City) Government + +Long-form name: + State of the Vatican City; note - the Vatican City is the physical seat of + the Holy See, which is the central government of the Roman Catholic Church +Type: + monarchical-sacerdotal state +Capital: + Vatican City +Independence: + 11 February 1929 (from Italy) +Constitution: + Apostolic Constitution of 1967 (effective 1 March 1968) +National holiday: + Installation Day of the Pope (John Paul II), 22 October (1978); note - Pope + John Paul II was elected on 16 October 1978 +Executive branch: + pope +Legislative branch: + unicameral Pontifical Commission +Judicial branch: + none; normally handled by Italy +Leaders: + Chief of State: + Pope JOHN PAUL II (Karol WOJTYA; since 16 October 1978) + Head of Government: + Secretary of State Archbishop Angelo SODANO +Political parties and leaders: + none +Suffrage: + limited to cardinals less than 80 years old +Elections: + Pope: + last held 16 October 1978 (next to be held after the death of the current + pope); results - Karol WOJTYA was elected for life by the College of + Cardinals +Other political or pressure groups: + none (exclusive of influence exercised by church officers) +Member of: + CSCE, IAEA, ICFTU, IMF (observer), INTELSAT, IOM (observer), ITU, OAS + (observer), UN (observer), UNCTAD, UNHCR, UPU, WIPO, WTO (observer) +Diplomatic representation: + Apostolic Pro-Nuncio Archbishop Agostino CACCIAVILLAN; 3339 Massachusetts + Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008; telephone (202) 333-7121 + US: + Ambassador Thomas P. MELADY; Embassy at Villino Pacelli, Via Aurelia 294, + 00165 Rome (mailing address is APO AE 09624); telephone [396] 639-0558 +Flag: + two vertical bands of yellow (hoist side) and white with the crossed keys of + Saint Peter and the papal tiara centered in the white band + +:Holy See (Vatican City) Economy + +Overview: + This unique, noncommercial economy is supported financially by contributions + (known as Peter's Pence) from Roman Catholics throughout the world, the sale + of postage stamps and tourist mementos, fees for admission to museums, and + the sale of publications. The incomes and living standards of lay workers + are comparable to, or somewhat better than, those of counterparts who work + in the city of Rome. +Budget: + revenues $92 million; expenditures $178 million, including capital + expenditures of $NA (1992) +Electricity: + 5,000 kW standby capacity (1990); power supplied by Italy +Industries: + printing and production of a small amount of mosaics and staff uniforms; + worldwide banking and financial activities +Currency: + Vatican lira (plural - lire); 1 Vatican lira (VLit) = 100 centesimi +Exchange rates: + Vatican lire (VLit) per US$1 - 1,248.4 (March 1992), 1,240.6 (1991), 1,198.1 + (1990), 1,372.1 (1989), 1,301.6 (1988), 1,296.1 (1987); note - the Vatican + lira is at par with the Italian lira which circulates freely +Fiscal year: + calendar year + +:Holy See (Vatican City) Communications + +Railroads: + 850 m, 750 mm gauge (links with Italian network near the Rome station of + Saint Peter's) +Highways: + none; all city streets +Telecommunications: + broadcast stations - 3 AM, 4 FM, no TV; 2,000-line automatic telephone + exchange; no communications satellite systems + +:Holy See (Vatican City) Defense Forces + +Note: + defense is the responsibility of Italy; Swiss Papal Guards are posted at + entrances to the Vatican City + +:Honduras Geography + +Total area: + 112,090 km2 +Land area: + 111,890 km2 +Comparative area: + slightly larger than Tennessee +Land boundaries: + 1,520 km; Guatemala 256 km, El Salvador 342 km, Nicaragua 922 km +Coastline: + 820 km +Maritime claims: + Contiguous zone: + 24 nm + Continental shelf: + 200 m (depth) or to depth of exploitation + Exclusive economic zone: + 200 nm + Territorial sea: + 12 nm +Disputes: + dispute with El Salvador over several sections of the land boundary; dispute + over Golfo de Fonseca maritime boundary because of disputed sovereignty of + islands; unresolved maritime boundary with Nicaragua +Climate: + subtropical in lowlands, temperate in mountains +Terrain: + mostly mountains in interior, narrow coastal plains +Natural resources: + timber, gold, silver, copper, lead, zinc, iron ore, antimony, coal, fish +Land use: + arable land 14%; permanent crops 2%; meadows and pastures 30%; forest and + woodland 34%; other 20%; includes irrigated 1% +Environment: + subject to frequent, but generally mild, earthquakes; damaging hurricanes + and floods along Caribbean coast; deforestation; soil erosion + +:Honduras People + +Population: + 5,092,776 (July 1992), growth rate 2.8% (1992) +Birth rate: + 37 births/1,000 population (1992) +Death rate: + 7 deaths/1,000 population (1992) +Net migration rate: + -2 migrants/1,000 population (1992) +Infant mortality rate: + 54 deaths/1,000 live births (1992) +Life expectancy at birth: + 65 years male, 68 years female (1992) +Total fertility rate: + 4.8 children born/woman (1992) +Nationality: + noun - Honduran(s); adjective - Honduran +Ethnic divisions: + mestizo (mixed Indian and European) 90%, Indian 7%, black 2%, white 1% +Religions: + Roman Catholic about 97%; small Protestant minority +Languages: + Spanish, Indian dialects +Literacy: + 73% (male 76%, female 71%) age 15 and over can read and write (1990 est.) +Labor force: + 1,300,000; agriculture 62%, services 20%, manufacturing 9%, construction 3%, + other 6% (1985) +Organized labor: + 40% of urban labor force, 20% of rural work force (1985) + +:Honduras Government + +Long-form name: + Republic of Honduras +Type: + republic +Capital: + Tegucigalpa +Administrative divisions: + 18 departments (departamentos, singular - departamento); Atlantida, + Choluteca, Colon, Comayagua, Copan, Cortes, El Paraiso, Francisco Morazan, + Gracias a Dios, Intibuca, Islas de la Bahia, La Paz, Lempira, Ocotepeque, + Olancho, Santa Barbara, Valle, Yoro +Independence: + 15 September 1821 (from Spain) +Constitution: + 11 January 1982, effective 20 January 1982 +Legal system: + rooted in Roman and Spanish civil law; some influence of English common law; + accepts ICJ jurisdiction, with reservations +National holiday: + Independence Day, 15 September (1821) +Executive branch: + president, Council of Ministers (cabinet) +Legislative branch: + unicameral National Congress (Congreso Nacional) +Judicial branch: + Supreme Court of Justice (Corte Suprema de Justica) +Leaders: + Chief of State and Head of Government: + President Rafael Leonardo CALLEJAS Romero (since 26 January 1990) +Political parties and leaders: + Liberal Party (PLH) - faction leaders, Carlos FLORES Facusse (leader of + Florista Liberal Movement), Carlos MONTOYA (Azconista subfaction), Ramon + VILLEDA Bermudez and Jorge Arturo REINA (M-Lider faction); National Party + (PNH), Jose Celin DISCUA, party president; PNH faction leaders - Oswaldo + RAMOS Soto and Rafael Leonardo CALLEJAS Romero (Monarca faction); National + Innovation and Unity Party - Social Democrats (PINU-SD), Enrique AGUILAR + Cerrato Paz; Christian Democratic Party (PDCH), Jorge ILLESCAS; Democratic + Action (AD), Walter LOPEZ Reyes +Suffrage: + universal and compulsory at age 18 +Elections: + National Congress: + last held on 26 November 1989 (next to be held November 1993); results - PNH + 51%, PLH 43%, PDCH 1.9%, PINU-SD 1.5%, other 2.6%; seats - (128 total) PNH + 71, PLH 55, PINU-SD 2 + President: + last held on 26 November 1989 (next to be held November 1993); results - + Rafael Leonardo CALLEJAS (PNH) 51%, Carlos FLORES Facusse (PLH) 43.3%, other + 5.7% +Other political or pressure groups: + National Association of Honduran Campesinos (ANACH), Honduran Council of + Private Enterprise (COHEP), Confederation of Honduran Workers (CTH), + National Union of Campesinos (UNC), General Workers Confederation (CGT), + United Federation of Honduran Workers (FUTH), Committee for the Defense of + Human Rights in Honduras (CODEH), Coordinating Committee of Popular + Organizations (CCOP) + +:Honduras Government + +Member of: + BCIE, CACM, ECLAC, FAO, G-77, IADB, IBRD, ICAO, ICFTU, IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, + IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, IOM, ITU, LAES, LAIA, LORCS, OAS, OPANAL, + PCA, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WCL, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO +Diplomatic representation: + Ambassador Jorge Ramon HERNANDEZ Alcerro; Chancery at 3007 Tilden Street NW, + Washington, DC 20008; telephone (202) 966-7702; there are Honduran + Consulates General in Chicago, Los Angeles, Miami, New Orleans, New York, + and San Francisco, and Consulates in Baton Rouge, Boston, Detroit, Houston, + and Jacksonville + US: + Ambassador S. Crescencio ARCOS; Embassy at Avenida La Paz, Tegucigalpa + (mailing address is APO AA 34022); telephone [504] 32-3120 +Flag: + three equal horizontal bands of blue (top), white, and blue with five blue + five-pointed stars arranged in an X pattern centered in the white band; the + stars represent the members of the former Federal Republic of Central + America - Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, and Nicaragua; + similar to the flag of El Salvador, which features a round emblem encircled + by the words REPUBLICA DE EL SALVADOR EN LA AMERICA CENTRAL centered in the + white band; also similar to the flag of Nicaragua, which features a triangle + encircled by the word REPUBLICA DE NICARAGUA on top and AMERICA CENTRAL on + the bottom, centered in the white band + +:Honduras Economy + +Overview: + Honduras is one of the poorest countries in the Western Hemisphere. + Agriculture, the most important sector of the economy, accounts for more + than 25% of GDP, employs 62% of the labor force, and produces two-thirds of + exports. Productivity remains low. Industry, still in its early stages, + employs nearly 9% of the labor force, accounts for 15% of GDP, and generates + 20% of exports. The service sectors, including public administration, + account for 50% of GDP and employ nearly 20% of the labor force. Basic + problems facing the economy include rapid population growth, high + unemployment, sharply increased inflation, a lack of basic services, a large + and inefficient public sector, and the dependence of the export sector + mostly on coffee and bananas, which are subject to sharp price fluctuations. + Despite government efforts at reform and large-scale foreign assistance, the + economy still is unable to take advantage of its sizable natural resources. +GDP: + exchange rate conversion - $5.2 billion, per capita $1,050; real growth rate + - 0.3% (1991 est.) +Inflation rate (consumer prices): + 26% (1991 est.) +Unemployment rate: + 15% unemployed, 30-40% underemployed (1989) +Budget: + revenues $1.4 billion; expenditures $1.9 billion, including capital + expenditures of $511 million (1990 est.) +Exports: + $1.0 billion (f.o.b., 1991) + commodities: + bananas, coffee, shrimp, lobster, minerals, lumber + partners: + US 52%, Germany 11%, Japan, Italy, Belgium +Imports: + $1.3 billion (c.i.f. 1991) + commodities: + machinery and transport equipment, chemical products, manufactured goods, + fuel and oil, foodstuffs + partners: + US 39%, Japan 9%, CACM, Venezuela, Mexico +External debt: + $2.8 billion (1990) +Industrial production: + growth rate 2.9% (1989); accounts for 15% of GDP +Electricity: + 575,000 kW capacity; 1,850 million kWh produced, 374 kWh per capita (1991) +Industries: + agricultural processing (sugar and coffee), textiles, clothing, wood + products +Agriculture: + most important sector, accounting for more than 25% of GDP, over 60% of the + labor force, and two-thirds of exports; principal products include bananas, + coffee, timber, beef, citrus fruit, shrimp; importer of wheat +Illicit drugs: + illicit producer of cannabis, cultivated on small plots and used principally + for local consumption; transshipment point for cocaine +Economic aid: + US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $1.4 billion; Western (non-US) + countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $1.1 billion +Currency: + lempira (plural - lempiras); 1 lempira (L) = 100 centavos + +:Honduras Economy + +Exchange rates: + lempiras (L) per US$1 - 5.4 (fixed rate); 5.70 parallel black-market rate + (November 1990) +Fiscal year: + calendar year + +:Honduras Communications + +Railroads: + 785 km total; 508 km 1.067-meter gauge, 277 km 0.914-meter gauge +Highways: + 8,950 km total; 1,700 km paved, 5,000 km otherwise improved, 2,250 km + unimproved earth +Inland waterways: + 465 km navigable by small craft +Ports: + Puerto Castilla, Puerto Cortes, San Lorenzo +Merchant marine: + 201 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 629,134 GRT/939,289 DWT; includes 2 + passenger-cargo, 127 cargo, 17 refrigerated - cargo, - 7 - container, - 2 - + roll-on/roll-off cargo, 19 petroleum tanker, 2 chemical tanker, 3 + specialized tanker, 1 vehicle carrier, 18 bulk, 2 passenger, 1 short-sea + passenger; note - a flag of convenience registry; Republics of the former + USSR own 10 ships under the Honduran flag +Civil air: + 6 major transport aircraft +Airports: + 171 total, 133 usable; 8 with permanent-surface runways; none with runways + over 3,659 m; 4 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 12 with runways 1,220-2,439 m +Telecommunications: + improved, but still inadequate; connection into Central American Microwave + System; 35,100 telephones; broadcast stations - 176 AM, no FM, 28 TV, 7 + shortwave; 2 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT earth stations + +:Honduras Defense Forces + +Branches: + Army, Navy (including Marines), Air Force, Public Security Forces (FUSEP) +Manpower availability: + males 15-49, 1,148,376; 684,375 fit for military service; 57,028 reach + military age (18) annually +Defense expenditures: + exchange rate conversion - $43.4 million, about 1% of GDP (1992 est.) + +:Hong Kong Geography + +Total area: + 1,040 km2 +Land area: + 990 km2 +Comparative area: + slightly less than six times the size of Washington, DC +Land boundaries: + 30 km; China 30 km +Coastline: + 733 km +Maritime claims: + Exclusive fishing zone: + 3 nm + Territorial sea: + 3 nm +Disputes: + none +Climate: + tropical monsoon; cool and humid in winter, hot and rainy from spring + through summer, warm and sunny in fall +Terrain: + hilly to mountainous with steep slopes; lowlands in north +Natural resources: + outstanding deepwater harbor, feldspar +Land use: + arable land 7%; permanent crops 1%; meadows and pastures 1%; forest and + woodland 12%; other 79%; includes irrigated 3% +Environment: + more than 200 islands; occasional typhoons + +:Hong Kong People + +Population: + 5,889,095 (July 1992), growth rate 0.6% (1992) +Birth rate: + 13 births/1,000 population (1992) +Death rate: + 5 deaths/1,000 population (1992) +Net migration rate: + - 2 migrants/1,000 population (1992) +Infant mortality rate: + 7 deaths/1,000 live births (1992) +Life expectancy at birth: + 76 years male, 83 years female (1992) +Total fertility rate: + 1.4 children born/woman (1992) +Nationality: + adjective - Hong Kong +Ethnic divisions: + Chinese 98%, other 2% +Religions: + eclectic mixture of local religions 90%, Christian 10% +Languages: + Chinese (Cantonese), English +Literacy: + 77% (male 90%, female 64%) age 15 and over having ever attended school + (1971) +Labor force: + 2,800,000 (1990); manufacturing 28.5%, wholesale and retail trade, + restaurants, and hotels 27.9%, services 17.7%, financing, insurance, and + real estate 9.2%, transport and communications 4.5%, construction 2.5%, + other 9.7% (1989) +Organized labor: + 16% of labor force (1990) + +:Hong Kong Government + +Long-form name: + none; abbreviated HK +Type: + dependent territory of the UK; scheduled to revert to China in 1997 +Capital: + Victoria +Administrative divisions: + none (dependent territory of the UK) +Independence: + none (dependent territory of the UK); the UK signed an agreement with China + on 19 December 1984 to return Hong Kong to China on 1 July 1997; in the + joint declaration, China promises to respect Hong Kong's existing social and + economic systems and lifestyle for 50 years after transition +Constitution: + unwritten; partly statutes, partly common law and practice; new Basic Law + approved in March 1990 in preparation for 1997 +Legal system: + based on English common law +National holiday: + Liberation Day, 29 August (1945) +Executive branch: + British monarch, governor, chief secretary of the Executive Council +Legislative branch: + Legislative Council +Judicial branch: + Supreme Court +Leaders: + Chief of State: + Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952) + Head of Government: + Governor-designate Chris PATTEN (since July 1992); Chief Secretary Sir David + Robert FORD (since February 1987) +Suffrage: + direct election - universal at age 21 as a permanent resident living in the + territory of Hong Kong for the past seven years; indirect election - limited + to about 100,000 professionals of electoral college and functional + constituencies +Elections: + Legislative Council: + indirect elections last held 12 September 1991 and direct elections were + held 15 September 1991 (next to be held for the first time in September + 1995); results - percent of vote by party NA; seats - (60 total; 21 + indirectly elected by functional constituencies, 18 directly elected, 18 + appointed by governor, 3 ex officio members); indirect elections - number of + seats by functional constituency NA; direct elections - UDHK 12, Meeting + Point 3, ADPL 1, other 2 +Communists: + 5,000 (est.) cadres affiliated with Communist Party of China +Other political or pressure groups: + Federation of Trade Unions (pro-China), Hong Kong and Kowloon Trade Union + Council (pro-Taiwan), Confederation of Trade Unions (prodemocracy), Hong + Kong General Chamber of Commerce, Chinese General Chamber of Commerce + (pro-China), Federation of Hong Kong Industries, Chinese Manufacturers' + Association of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Professional Teachers' Union, Hong Kong + Alliance in Support of the Patriotic Democratic Movement in China +Member of: + APEC, AsDB, CCC, ESCAP (associate), GATT, ICFTU, IMO (associate), IOC, ISO + (correspondent), WCL, WMO + +:Hong Kong Government + +Diplomatic representation: + as a dependent territory of the UK, the interests of Hong Kong in the US are + represented by the UK + US: + Consul General Richard L. WILLIAMS; Consulate General at 26 Garden Road, + Hong Kong (mailing address is Box 30, Hong Kong, or FPO AP 96522-0002); + telephone [852] 239-011 +Flag: + blue with the flag of the UK in the upper hoist-side quadrant with the Hong + Kong coat of arms on a white disk centered on the outer half of the flag; + the coat of arms contains a shield (bearing two junks below a crown) held by + a lion (representing the UK) and a dragon (representing China) with another + lion above the shield and a banner bearing the words HONG KONG below the + shield + +:Hong Kong Economy + +Overview: + Hong Kong has a bustling free market economy with few tariffs or nontariff + barriers. Natural resources are limited, and food and raw materials must be + imported. Manufacturing accounts for about 18% of GDP, employs 28% of the + labor force, and exports about 90% of its output. Real GDP growth averaged a + remarkable 8% in 1987-88, then slowed to 2.5-3.0% in 1989-90. Unemployment, + which has been declining since the mid-1980s, is now about 2%. A shortage of + labor continues to put upward pressure on prices and the cost of living. + Short-term prospects remain solid so long as major trading partners continue + to be reasonably prosperous. The crackdown in China in 1989-91 casts a + shadow over the longer term economic outlook. +GDP: + exchange rate conversion - $80.9 billion, per capita $13,800; real growth + rate 3.8% (1991 est.) +Inflation rate (consumer prices): + 12.0% (1991 est.) +Unemployment rate: + 2.0% (1991 est.) +Budget: + $8.8 billion (FY90) +Exports: + $82.0 billion (f.o.b., 1990), including reexports of $53.1 billion + commodities: + clothing, textiles, yarn and fabric, footwear, electrical appliances, + watches and clocks, toys + partners: + China 25%, US 24%, Germany 7%, Japan 6%, UK 2%, (1990) +Imports: + $82.4 billion (c.i.f., 1990) + commodities: + foodstuffs, transport equipment, raw materials, semimanufactures, petroleum + partners: + China 37%, Japan 16%, Taiwan 9%, US 8% (1990) +External debt: + $9.5 billion (December 1990 est.) +Industrial production: + growth rate 4% 1991 (est) +Electricity: + 8,600,000 kW capacity; 25,637 million kWh produced, 4,378 kWh per capita + (1991) +Industries: + textiles, clothing, tourism, electronics, plastics, toys, watches, clocks +Agriculture: + minor role in the economy; rice, vegetables, dairy products; less than 20% + self-sufficient; shortages of rice, wheat, water +Illicit drugs: + a hub for Southeast Asian heroin trade; transshipment and major financial + and money-laundering center +Economic aid: + US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-87), $152 million; Western (non-US) + countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $923 million +Currency: + Hong Kong dollar (plural - dollars); 1 Hong Kong dollar (HK$) = 100 cents +Exchange rates: + Hong Kong dollars (HK$) per US$ - 7.800 (1991), 7.790 (1990), 7.800 (1989), + 7.810 (1988), 7.760 (1987); note - linked to the US dollar at the rate of + about 7.8 HK$ per 1 US$ since 1985 +Fiscal year: + 1 April - 31 March + +:Hong Kong Communications + +Railroads: + 35 km 1.435-meter standard gauge, government owned +Highways: + 1,484 km total; 794 km paved, 306 km gravel, crushed stone, or earth +Ports: + Hong Kong +Merchant marine: + 142 ships (1,000 GRT or over), totaling 5,035,223 GRT/8,598,134 DWT; + includes 1 passenger, 1 short-sea passenger, 15 cargo, 5 refrigerated cargo, + 26 container, 13 petroleum tanker, 1 chemical tanker, 6 combination ore/oil, + 5 liquefied gas, 68 bulk, 1 combination bulk; note - a flag of convenience + registry; ships registered in Hong Kong fly the UK flag, and an estimated + 500 Hong Kong - owned ships are registered elsewhere +Civil air: + 16 major transport aircraft +Airports: + 2 total; 2 usable; 2 with permanent-surface runways; none with runways over + 3,659 m; 1 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; none with runways 1,220-2,439 m +Telecommunications: + modern facilities provide excellent domestic and international services; + 3,000,000 telephones; microwave transmission links and extensive optical + fiber transmission network; broadcast stations - 6 AM, 6 FM, 4 TV; 1 British + Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) repeater station and 1 British Forces + Broadcasting Service repeater station; 2,500,000 radio receivers; 1,312,000 + TV sets (1,224,000 color TV sets); satellite earth stations - 1 Pacific + Ocean INTELSAT and 2 Indian Ocean INTELSAT; coaxial cable to Guangzhou, + China; links to 5 international submarine cables providing access to ASEAN + member nations, Japan, Taiwan, Australia, Middle East, and Western Europe + +:Hong Kong Defense Forces + +Branches: + Headquarters of British Forces, Royal Navy, Royal Air Force, Royal Hong Kong + Auxiliary Air Force, Royal Hong Kong Police Force +Manpower availability: + males 15-49, 1,732,360; 1,334,923 fit for military service; 46,285 reach + military age (18) annually +Defense expenditures: + exchange rate conversion - $300 million, 0.5% of GDP (1989 est.); this + represents one-fourth of the total cost of defending itself, the remainder + being paid by the UK +Note: + defense is the responsibility of the UK + +:Howland Island Geography + +Total area: + 1.6 km2 +Land area: + 1.6 km2 +Comparative area: + about 2.7 times the size of the Mall in Washington, DC +Land boundaries: + none +Coastline: + 6.4 km +Maritime claims: + Contiguous zone: + 12 nm + Continental shelf: + 200 m (depth) + Exclusive economic zone: + 200 nm + Territorial sea: + 12 nm +Disputes: + none +Climate: + equatorial; scant rainfall, constant wind, burning sun +Terrain: + low-lying, nearly level, sandy, coral island surrounded by a narrow fringing + reef; depressed central area +Natural resources: + guano (deposits worked until late 1800s) +Land use: + arable land 0%; permanent crops 0%; meadows and pastures 0%; forest and + woodland 5%; other 95% +Environment: + almost totally covered with grasses, prostrate vines, and low-growing + shrubs; small area of trees in the center; lacks fresh water; primarily a + nesting, roosting, and foraging habitat for seabirds, shorebirds, and marine + wildlife; feral cats +Note: + remote location 2,575 km southwest of Honolulu in the North Pacific Ocean, + just north of the Equator, about halfway between Hawaii and Australia + +:Howland Island People + +Population: + uninhabited +Population: + note: + American civilians evacuated in 1942 after Japanese air and naval attacks + during World War II; occupied by US military during World War II, but + abandoned after the war; public entry is by special-use permit only and + generally restricted to scientists and educators + +:Howland Island Government + +Long-form name: + none +Type: + unincorporated territory of the US administered by the Fish and Wildlife + Service of the US Department of the Interior as part of the National + Wildlife Refuge System +Capital: + none; administered from Washington, DC + +:Howland Island Economy + +Overview: + no economic activity + +:Howland Island Communications + +Ports: + none; offshore anchorage only, one boat landing area along the middle of the + west coast +Airports: + airstrip constructed in 1937 for scheduled refueling stop on the + round-the-world flight of Amelia Earhart and Fred Noonan - they left Lae, + New Guinea, for Howland Island, but were never seen again; the airstrip is + no longer serviceable +Note: + Earhart Light is a day beacon near the middle of the west coast that was + partially destroyed during World War II, but has since been rebuilt in + memory of famed aviatrix Amelia Earhart + +:Howland Island Defense Forces + +Note: + defense is the responsibility of the US; visited annually by the US Coast + Guard + +:Hungary Geography + +Total area: + 93,030 km2 +Land area: + 92,340 km2 +Comparative area: + slightly smaller than Indiana +Land boundaries: + 2,113 km; Austria 366 km, Slovenia 82 km, Czechoslovakia 676 km, Romania 443 + km, Croatia 292 km, Serbia and Montenegro 151 km, Ukraine 103 km +Coastline: + none - landlocked +Maritime claims: + none - landlocked +Disputes: + Gabcikovo Dam dispute with Czechoslovakia +Climate: + temperate; cold, cloudy, humid winters; warm summers +Terrain: + mostly flat to rolling plains +Natural resources: + bauxite, coal, natural gas, fertile soils +Land use: + arable land 54%; permanent crops 3%; meadows and pastures 14%; forest and + woodland 18%; other 11%; includes irrigated 2% +Environment: + levees are common along many streams, but flooding occurs almost every year +Note: + landlocked; strategic location astride main land routes between Western + Europe and Balkan Peninsula as well as between Ukraine and Mediterranean + basin + +:Hungary People + +Population: + 10,333,327 (July 1992), growth rate - 0.1% (1992) +Birth rate: + 12 births/1,000 population (1992) +Death rate: + 13 deaths/1,000 population (1992) +Net migration rate: + 0 migrants/1,000 population (1992) +Infant mortality rate: + 14 deaths/1,000 live births (1992) +Life expectancy at birth: + 66 years male, 75 years female (1992) +Total fertility rate: + 1.8 children born/woman (1992) +Nationality: + noun - Hungarian(s); adjective - Hungarian +Ethnic divisions: + Hungarian 96.6%, Gypsy 5.8%, German 1.6%, Slovak 1.1%, Southern Slav 0.3%, + Romanian 0.2% +Religions: + Roman Catholic 67.5%, Calvinist 20.0%, Lutheran 5.0%, atheist and other 7.5% +Languages: + Hungarian 98.2%, other 1.8% +Literacy: + 99% (male 99%, female 98%) age 15 and over can read and write (1980) +Labor force: + 5.4 million; services, trade, government, and other 43.2%, industry 30.9%, + agriculture 18.8%, construction 7.1% (1991) +Organized labor: + 45-55% of labor force; Central Council of Hungarian Trade Unions (SZOT) + includes 19 affiliated unions, all controlled by the government; independent + unions legal; may be as many as 12 small independent unions in operation + +:Hungary Government + +Long-form name: + Republic of Hungary +Type: + republic +Capital: + Budapest +Administrative divisions: + 19 counties (megyek, singular - megye) and 1 capital city* (fovaros); + Bacs-Kiskun, Baranya, Bekes, Borsod-Abauj-Zemplen, Budapest*, Csongrad, + Fejer, Gyor-Moson-Sopron, Hajdu-Bihar, Heves, Jasz-Nagykun-Szolnok, + Komarom-Esztergom, Nograd, Pest, Somogy, Szabolcs-Szatmar-Bereg, Tolna, Vas, + Veszprem, Zala +Independence: + 1001, unification by King Stephen I +Constitution: + 18 August 1949, effective 20 August 1949, revised 19 April 1972; 18 October + 1989 revision ensured legal rights for individuals and constitutional checks + on the authority of the prime minister and also established the principle of + parliamentary oversight +Legal system: + in process of revision, moving toward rule of law based on Western model +National holiday: + October 23 (1956); commemorates the Hungarian uprising +Executive branch: + president, prime minister +Legislative branch: + unicameral National Assembly (Orszaggyules) +Judicial branch: + Supreme Court, may be restructured as part of ongoing government overhaul +Leaders: + Chief of State: + President Arpad GONCZ (since 3 August 1990; previously interim President + from 2 May 1990) + Head of Government: + Prime Minister Jozsef ANTALL (since 23 May 1990) +Political parties and leaders: + Democratic Forum, Jozsef ANTALL, chairman; Dr. Lajos FUR, acting president; + Free Democrats, Peter TOLGYESSY, chairman; Independent Smallholders, Jozsef + TORGYAN, president; Hungarian Socialist Party (MSP), Gyula HORN, chairman; + Young Democrats, Gabor FODOR, head; Christian Democrats, Dr. Lazlo SURJAN, + president; note - the Hungarian Socialist (Communist) Workers' Party (MSZMP) + renounced Communism and became the Hungarian Socialist Party (MSP) in + October 1989; there is still a small (fringe) MSZMP +Suffrage: + universal at age 18 +Elections: + President: + last held 3 August 1990 (next to be held August 1994); results - President + GONCZ elected by popular vote; note - President GONCZ was elected by the + National Assembly with a total of 294 votes out of 304 as interim President + from 2 May 1990 until elected President + National Assembly: + last held on 25 March 1990 (first round, with the second round held 8 April + 1990); results - percent of vote by party NA; seats - (386 total) Democratic + Forum 162, Free Democrats 90, Independent Smallholders 45, Hungarian + Socialist Party (MSP) 33, Young Democrats 22, Christian Democrats 21, + independents or jointly sponsored candidates 13 +Communists: + fewer than 100,000 (December 1989) + +:Hungary Government + +Member of: + BIS, CCC, CE, CSCE, ECE, FAO, G-9, GATT, HG, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IFC, + ILO, IMF, IMO, INTERPOL, IOC, IOM (observer), ISO, ITU, LORCS, NACC, NSG, + PCA, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNIIMOG, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO, ZC +Diplomatic representation: + Ambassador Pal TAR; Chancery at 3910 Shoemaker Street NW, Washington, DC + 20008; telephone (202) 362-6730; there is a Hungarian Consulate General in + New York + US: + Ambassador Charles THOMAS; Embassy at V. Szabadsag Ter 12, Budapest (mailing + address is APO AE 09213-5270); telephone [36] (1) 112-6450; FAX 132-8934 +Flag: + three equal horizontal bands of red (top), white, and green + +:Hungary Economy + +Overview: + Hungary is in the midst of a difficult transition between a command and a + market economy. Agriculture is an important sector, providing sizable export + earnings and meeting domestic food needs. Industry accounts for about 40% of + GDP and 30% of employment. Hungary claims that less than 20% of foreign + trade is now with former CEMA countries, while about 70% is with OECD + members. Hungary's economic reform programs during the Communist era gave it + a head start in creating a market economy and attracting foreign investment. + In 1990, Hungary received half of all foreign investment in Eastern Europe + and in 1991 received the largest single share. The growing private sector + accounts for one-quarter to one-third of national output according to + unofficial estimates. Privatization of state enterprises is progressing, + although excessive redtape, bureaucratic oversight, and uncertainties about + pricing have slowed the process. Escalating unemployment and high rates of + inflation may impede efforts to speed up privatization and budget reform, + while Hungary's heavy foreign debt will make the government reluctant to + introduce full convertability of the forint before 1993. +GDP: + purchasing power equivalent - $60.1 billion, per capita $5,700; real growth + rate - 7% (1991 est.) +Inflation rate (consumer prices): + 34% (1991 est.) +Unemployment rate: + 8.0% (1991) +Budget: + revenues $12.7 billion; expenditures $13.6 billion (1992 planned) +Exports: + $10.2 billion (f.o.b. 1991) + commodities: + capital goods 25.9%, foods 23%, consumer goods 16.5%, fuels 2.4%, other + 32.2% + partners: + USSR and Eastern Europe 31.9%, EC 32.2%, EFTA 12% (1990) +Imports: + $11.7 billion (f.o.b., 1991) + commodities: + capital goods 31.6%, fuels 13.8%, manufactured consumer goods 14.6%, + agriculture 6%, other 34.0% + partners: + USSR and Eastern Europe 34%, EC 31%, EFTA 15.4% +External debt: + $22.7 billion (January 1991) +Industrial production: + growth rate - 20% (1991 est.) +Electricity: + 6,967,000 kW capacity; 28,376 million kWh produced, 2,750 kWh per capita + (1990) +Industries: + mining, metallurgy, engineering industries, processed foods, textiles, + chemicals (especially pharmaceuticals), trucks, buses +Agriculture: + including forestry, accounts for about 15% of GDP and 19% of employment; + highly diversified crop-livestock farming; principal crops - wheat, corn, + sunflowers, potatoes, sugar beets; livestock - hogs, cattle, poultry, dairy + products; self-sufficient in food output +Illicit drugs: + transshipment point for Southeast Asia heroin transiting the Balkan route + +:Hungary Economy + +Economic aid: + recipient - $9.1 billion in assistance from OECD countries (from 1st quarter + 1990 to end of 2nd quarter 1991) +Currency: + forint (plural - forints); 1 forint (Ft) = 100 filler +Fiscal year: + calendar year + +:Hungary Communications + +Railroads: + 7,765 km total; 7,508 km 1.435-meter standard gauge, 222 km narrow gauge + (mostly 0.760-meter), 35 km 1.520-meter broad gauge; 1,147 km double track, + 2,161 km electrified; all government owned (1991) +Highways: + 130,014 km total; 29,715 km national highway system - 26,834 km asphalt, 142 + km concrete, 51 km stone and road brick, 2,276 km macadam, 412 km unpaved; + 58,495 km country roads (66% unpaved), and 41,804 km (est.) other roads (70% + unpaved) (1988) +Inland waterways: + 1,622 km (1988) +Pipelines: + crude oil 1,204 km; petroleum products 630 km; natural gas 3,895 km (1986) +Ports: + Budapest and Dunaujvaros are river ports on the Danube; maritime outlets are + Rostock (Germany), Gdansk (Poland), Gdynia (Poland), Szczecin (Poland), + Galati (Romania), and Braila (Romania) +Merchant marine: + 14 cargo ships (1,000 GRT or over) and 1 bulk totaling 85,489 GRT/119,520 + DWT +Civil air: + 28 major transport aircraft +Airports: + 90 total, 90 usable; 20 with permanent-surface runways; 2 with runways over + 3,659 m; 10 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 15 with runways 1,220-2,439 m +Telecommunications: + automatic telephone network based on radio relay system; 1.9 million phones; + telephone density is at 17 per 100 inhabitants; 49% of all phones are in + Budapest; 12-15 year wait for a phone; 16,000 telex lines (June 1990); + broadcast stations - 32 AM, 15 FM, 41 TV (8 Soviet TV repeaters); 4.2 + million TVs (1990); 1 satellite ground station using INTELSAT and + Intersputnik + +:Hungary Defense Forces + +Branches: + Ground Forces, Air and Air Defense Forces, Border Guard, Territorial Defense +Manpower availability: + males 15-49, 2,619,277; 2,092,867 fit for military service; 87,469 reach + military age (18) annually +Defense expenditures: + exchange rate conversion - 60.8 billion forints, 1.7% of GNP (1992 est.); + note - conversion of defense expenditures into US dollars using the current + exchange rate would produce misleading results + +:Iceland Geography + +Total area: + 103,000 km2 +Land area: + 100,250 km2 +Comparative area: + slightly smaller than Kentucky +Land boundaries: + none +Coastline: + 4,988 km +Maritime claims: + Continental shelf: + edge of continental margin or 200 nm + Exclusive economic zone: + 200 nm + Territorial sea: + 12 nm +Disputes: + Rockall continental shelf dispute involving Denmark, Ireland, and the UK + (Ireland and the UK have signed a boundary agreement in the Rockall area) +Climate: + temperate; moderated by North Atlantic Current; mild, windy winters; damp, + cool summers +Terrain: + mostly plateau interspersed with mountain peaks, icefields; coast deeply + indented by bays and fiords +Natural resources: + fish, hydroelectric and geothermal power, diatomite +Land use: + arable land NEGL%; permanent crops 0%; meadows and pastures 23%; forest and + woodland 1%; other 76% +Environment: + subject to earthquakes and volcanic activity +Note: + strategic location between Greenland and Europe; westernmost European + country + +:Iceland People + +Population: + 259,012 (July 1992), growth rate 0.9% (1992) +Birth rate: + 18 births/1,000 population (1992) +Death rate: + 7 deaths/1,000 population (1992) +Net migration rate: + -2 migrants/1,000 population (1992) +Infant mortality rate: + 4 deaths/1,000 live births (1992) +Life expectancy at birth: + 76 years male, 81 years female (1992) +Total fertility rate: + 2.2 children born/woman (1992) +Nationality: + noun - Icelander(s); adjective - Icelandic +Ethnic divisions: + homogeneous mixture of descendants of Norwegians and Celts +Religions: + Evangelical Lutheran 96%, other Protestant and Roman Catholic 3%, none 1% + (1988) +Languages: + Icelandic +Literacy: + 100% (male NA%, female NA%) age 15 and over can read and write (1976 est.) +Labor force: + 134,429; commerce, finance, and services 55.4%, other manufacturing 14.3%., + agriculture 5.8%, fish processing 7.9%, fishing 5.0% (1986) +Organized labor: + 60% of labor force + +:Iceland Government + +Long-form name: + Republic of Iceland +Type: + republic +Capital: + Reykjavik +Administrative divisions: + 23 counties (syslar, singular - sysla) and 14 independent towns* + (kaupstadhir, singular - kaupstadhur); Akranes*, Akureyri*, Arnessysla, + Austur-Bardhastrandarsysla, Austur-Hunavatnssysla, Austur-Skaftafellssysla, + Borgarfjardharsysla, Dalasysla, Eyjafjardharsysla, Gullbringusysla, + Hafnarfjordhur*, Husavik*, Isafjordhur*, Keflavik*, Kjosarsysla, Kopavogur*, + Myrasysla, Neskaupstadhur*, Nordhur-Isafjardharsysla, Nordhur-Mulasys-la, + Nordhur-Thingeyjarsysla, Olafsfjordhur*, Rangarvallasysla, Reykjavik*, + Saudharkrokur*, Seydhisfjordhur*, Siglufjordhur*, Skagafjardharsysla, + Snaefellsnes-og Hnappadalssysla, Strandasysla, Sudhur-Mulasysla, + Sudhur-Thingeyjarsysla, Vesttmannaeyjar*, Vestur-Bardhastrandarsysla, + Vestur-Hunavatnssysla, Vestur-Isafjardharsysla, Vestur-Skaftafellssysla +Independence: + 17 June 1944 (from Denmark) +Constitution: + 16 June 1944, effective 17 June 1944 +Legal system: + civil law system based on Danish law; does not accept compulsory ICJ + jurisdiction +National holiday: + Anniversary of the Establishment of the Republic, 17 June (1944) +Executive branch: + president, prime minister, Cabinet +Legislative branch: + unicameral Parliament (Althing) +Judicial branch: + Supreme Court (Haestirettur) +Leaders: + Chief of State: + President Vigdis FINNBOGADOTTIR (since 1 August 1980) + Head of Government: + Prime Minister David ODDSSON (since 30 April 1991) +Political parties and leaders: + Independence Party (conservative), David ODDSSON; Progressive Party, + Steingrimur HERMANNSSON; Social Democratic Party, Jon Baldvin HANNIBALSSON; + People's Alliance (left socialist), Olafur Ragnar GRIMSSON; Citizens Party + (conservative nationalist), Julius SOLNES; Women's List +Suffrage: + universal at age 20 +Elections: + President: + last held on 29 June 1980 (next scheduled for June 1992); results - there + were no elections in 1984 and 1988 as President Vigdis FINNBOGADOTTIR was + unopposed + Althing: + last held on 20 April 1991 (next to be held by April 1995); results - + Independence Party 38.6%, Progressive Party 18.9%, Social Democratic Party + 15.5%, People's Alliance 14.4%, Womens List 8.13%, Liberals 1.2%, other + 3.27% seats - (63 total) Independence 26, Progressive 13, Social Democratic + 10, People's Alliance 9, Womens List 5 + +:Iceland Government + +Member of: + BIS, CCC, CE, CSCE, EBRD, ECE, EFTA, FAO, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, + ICFTU, IDA, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, ISO + (correspondent), ITU, LORCS, NACC, NATO, NC, NEA, NIB, OECD, PCA, UN, + UNCTAD, UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO +Diplomatic representation: + Ambassador Tomas A. TOMASSON; Chancery at 2022 Connecticut Avenue NW, + Washington, DC 20008; telephone (202) 265-6653 through 6655; there is an + Icelandic Consulate General in New York + US: + Ambassador Charles E. COBB, Jr.; Embassy at Laufasvegur 21, Box 40, + Reykjavik (mailing address is FPO AE 09728-0340); telephone [354] (1) 29100 +Flag: + blue with a red cross outlined in white that extends to the edges of the + flag; the vertical part of the cross is shifted to the hoist side in the + style of the Dannebrog (Danish flag) + +:Iceland Economy + +Overview: + Iceland's prosperous Scandinavian-type economy is basically capitalistic, + but with extensive welfare measures, low unemployment, and comparatively + even distribution of income. The economy is heavily dependent on the fishing + industry, which provides nearly 75% of export earnings. In the absence of + other natural resources, Iceland's economy is vulnerable to changing world + fish prices. The economic improvements resulting from climbing fish prices + in 1990 and a noninflationary labor agreement probably will be reversed by + tighter fish quotas and a delay in the construction of an aluminum smelting + plant. The conservative government's economic priorities include reducing + the budget and current account deficits, containing inflation, revising + agricultural and fishing policies, diversifying the economy, and tying the + krona to the EC's European currency unit in 1993. The fishing industries - + notably the shrimp industry - are experiencing a series of bankruptcies and + mergers. Inflation has continued to drop sharply from 20% in 1989 to about + 7.5% in 1991 and possibly 3% in 1992, while unemployment is expected to + increase to 2.5%. GDP is expected to contract by nearly 4% in 1992. +GDP: + purchasing power equivalent - $4.2 billion, per capita $16,200; real growth + rate 0.3% (1991) +Inflation rate (consumer prices): + 7.5% (1991) +Unemployment rate: + 1.8% (1991) +Budget: + revenues $1.7 billion; expenditures $1.9 billion, including capital + expenditures of $NA million (1991 est.) +Exports: + $1.6 billion (f.o.b., 1991) + commodities: + fish and fish products, animal products, aluminum, diatomite + partners: + EC 67.7% (UK 25.3%, FRG 12.7%), US 9.9%, Japan 6% (1990) +Imports: + $1.7 billion (c.i.f., 1991) + commodities: + machinery and transportation equipment, petroleum, foodstuffs, textiles + partners: + EC 49.8% (FRG 12.4%, Denmark 8.6%, UK 8.1%), US 14.4%, Japan 5.6% (1990) +External debt: + $3 billion (1990) +Industrial production: + growth rate 1.75% (1991 est.) +Electricity: + 1,063,000 kW capacity; 5,165 million kWh produced, 20,780 kWh per capita + (1991) +Industries: + fish processing, aluminum smelting, ferro-silicon production, hydropower +Agriculture: + accounts for about 25% of GDP (including fishing); fishing is most important + economic activity, contributing nearly 75% to export earnings; principal + crops - potatoes and turnips; livestock - cattle, sheep; self-sufficient in + crops; fish catch of about 1.4 million metric tons in 1989 +Economic aid: + US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-81), $19.1 million +Currency: + krona (plural - kronur); 1 Icelandic krona (IKr) = 100 aurar + +:Iceland Economy + +Exchange rates: + Icelandic kronur (IKr) per US$1 - 57.277 (January 1992), 58.996 (1991), + 58.284 (1990), 57.042 (1989), 43.014 (1988), 38.677 (1987) +Fiscal year: + calendar year + +:Iceland Communications + +Highways: + 12,343 km total; 166 km bitumen and concrete; 1,284 km bituminous treated + and gravel; 10,893 km earth +Ports: + Reykjavik, Akureyri, Hafnarfjordhur, Keflavik, Seydhisfjordhur, + Siglufjordhur, Vestmannaeyjar +Merchant marine: + 12 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 37,969 GRT/57,060 DWT; includes 5 + cargo, 3 refrigerated cargo, 2 roll-on/roll-off cargo, 1 petroleum tanker, 1 + chemical tanker +Civil air: + 20 major transport aircraft +Airports: + 94 total, 89 usable; 4 with permanent-surface runways; none with runways + over 3,659 m; 1 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 12 with runways 1,220-2,439 m +Telecommunications: + adequate domestic service; coaxial and fiber-optical cables and radio relay + for trunk network; 135,000 telephones; broadcast stations - 19 AM, 30 (43 + repeaters) FM, 13 (132 repeaters) TV; 2 submarine cables; 1 Atlantic Ocean + INTELSAT earth station carries majority of international traffic + +:Iceland Defense Forces + +Branches: + no armed forces; Police, Coast Guard; Iceland's defense is provided by the + US-manned Icelandic Defense Force (IDF) headquartered at Keflavik +Manpower availability: + males 15-49, 69,072; 61,556 fit for military service; no conscription or + compulsory military service +Defense expenditures: + none + +:India Geography + +Total area: + 3,287,590 km2 +Land area: + 2,973,190 km2 +Comparative area: + slightly more than one-third the size of the US +Land boundaries: + 14,103 km; Bangladesh 4,053 km, Bhutan 605 km, Burma 1,463 km, China 3,380, + Nepal 1,690 km, Pakistan 2,912 km +Coastline: + 7,000 km +Maritime claims: + Contiguous zone: + 24 nm + Continental shelf: + edge of continental margin or 200 nm + Exclusive economic zone: + 200 nm + Territorial sea: + 12 nm +Disputes: + boundaries with Bangladesh, China, and Pakistan; water sharing problems with + downstream riparians, Bangladesh over the Ganges and Pakistan over the Indus +Climate: + varies from tropical monsoon in south to temperate in north +Terrain: + upland plain (Deccan Plateau) in south, flat to rolling plain along the + Ganges, deserts in west, Himalayas in north +Natural resources: + coal (fourth-largest reserves in the world), iron ore, manganese, mica, + bauxite, titanium ore, chromite, natural gas, diamonds, crude oil, limestone +Land use: + arable land 55%; permanent crops 1%; meadows and pastures 4%; forest and + woodland 23%; other 17%; includes irrigated 13% +Environment: + droughts, flash floods, severe thunderstorms common; deforestation; soil + erosion; overgrazing; air and water pollution; desertification +Note: + dominates South Asian subcontinent; near important Indian Ocean trade routes + +:India People + +Population: + 886,362,180 (July 1992), growth rate 1.9% (1992) +Birth rate: + 30 births/1,000 population (1992) +Death rate: + 11 deaths/1,000 population (1992) +Net migration rate: + 0 migrants/1,000 population (1992) +Infant mortality rate: + 81 deaths/1,000 live births (1992) +Life expectancy at birth: + 57 years male, 58 years female (1992) +Total fertility rate: + 3.7 children born/woman (1992) +Nationality: + noun - Indian(s); adjective - Indian +Ethnic divisions: + Indo-Aryan 72%, Dravidian 25%, Mongoloid and other 3% +Religions: + Hindu 82.6%, Muslim 11.4%, Christian 2.4%, Sikh 2.0%, Buddhist 0.7%, Jains + 0.5%, other 0.4% +Languages: + Hindi, English, and 14 other official languages - Bengali, Telugu, Marathi, + Tamil, Urdu, Gujarati, Malayalam, Kannada, Oriya, Punjabi, Assamese, + Kashmiri, Sindhi, and Sanskrit; 24 languages spoken by a million or more + persons each; numerous other languages and dialects, for the most part + mutually unintelligible; Hindi is the national language and primary tongue + of 30% of the people; English enjoys associate status but is the most + important language for national, political, and commercial communication; + Hindustani, a popular variant of Hindi/Urdu, is spoken widely throughout + northern India +Literacy: + 48% (male 62%, female 34%) age 15 and over can read and write (1990 est.) +Labor force: + 284,400,000; 67% agriculture (FY85) +Organized labor: + less than 5% of the labor force + +:India Government + +Long-form name: + Republic of India +Type: + federal republic +Capital: + New Delhi +Administrative divisions: + 25 states and 7 union territories*; Andaman and Nicobar Islands*, Andhra + Pradesh, Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Bihar, Chandigarh*, Dadra and Nagar + Haveli*, Daman and Diu*, Delhi*, Goa, Gujarat, Haryana, Himachal Pradesh, + Jammu and Kashmir, Karnataka, Kerala, Lakshadweep*, Madhya Pradesh, + Maharashtra, Manipur, Meghalaya, Mizoram, Nagaland, Orissa, Pondicherry*, + Punjab, Rajasthan, Sikkim, Tamil Nadu, Tripura, Uttar Pradesh, West Bengal +Independence: + 15 August 1947 (from UK) +Constitution: + 26 January 1950 +Legal system: + based on English common law; limited judicial review of legislative acts; + accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with reservations +National holiday: + Anniversary of the Proclamation of the Republic, 26 January (1950) +Executive branch: + president, vice president, prime minister, Council of Ministers +Legislative branch: + bicameral Parliament (Sansad) consists of an upper house or Council of + States (Rajya Sabha) and a lower house or People's Assembly (Lok Sabha) +Judicial branch: + Supreme Court +Leaders: + Chief of State: + President Ramaswamy Iyer VENKATARAMAN (since 25 July 1987); Vice President + Dr. Shankar Dayal SHARMA (since 3 September 1987) + Head of Government: + Prime Minister P. V. Narasimha RAO (since 21 June 1991) +Political parties and leaders: + Congress (I) Party, P. V. Narasimha RAO, president; Bharatiya Janata Party, + L. K. ADVANI; Janata Dal Party, V. P. SINGH; Communist Party of + India/Marxist (CPI/M), Harkishan Singh SURJEET; Communist Party of India + (CPI), C. Rajeswara RAO; Telugu Desam (a regional party in Andhra Pradesh), + N. T. Rama RAO; All-India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazagham (AIADMK; a regional + party in Tamil Nadu), JAYALALITHA; Samajwadi Janata Party, CHANDRA SHEKHAR; + Shiv Sena, Bal THACKERAY; Revolutionary Socialist Party (RSP), Tridip + CHOWDHURY; Bahujana Samaj Party (BSP), Kanshi RAM; Congress (S) Party, + leader NA; Communist Party of India/Marxist-Leninist (CPI/ML), Satyanarayan + SINGH; Dravida Munnetra Kazagham (a regional party in Tamil Nadu), M. + KARUNANIDHI; Akali Dal factions representing Sikh religious community in the + Punjab; National Conference (NC; a regional party in Jammu and Kashmir), + Farooq ABDULLAH; Asom Gana Parishad (a regional party in Assam), Prafulla + MAHANTA +Suffrage: + universal at age 18 + +:India Government + +Elections: + People's Assembly: + last held 21 May, 12 and 15 June 1991 (next to be held by November 1996); + results - percent of vote by party NA; seats - (545 total), 520 elected - + Congress (I) Party 231, Bharatiya Janata Party 119, Janata Dal Party 59, + CPI/M 35, CPI 14, Telugu Desam 13, AIADMK 11, Samajwadi Janata Party 5, Shiv + Sena 4, RSP 4, BSP 1, Congress (S) Party 1, other 23; note - second and + third rounds of voting were delayed because of the assassination of Congress + President Rajiv GANDHI on 21 May 1991 +Communists: + 466,000 members claimed by CPI, 361,000 members claimed by CPI/M; Communist + extremist groups, about 15,000 members +Other political or pressure groups: + various separatist groups seeking greater communal and/or regional autonomy; + numerous religious or militant/chauvinistic organizations, including Adam + Sena, Ananda Marg, Vishwa Hindu Parishad, and Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh +Member of: + AfDB, AG (observer), AsDB, C, CCC, CP, ESCAP, FAO, G-6, G-15, G-19, G-24, + G-77, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICFTU, IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, + INMARSAT, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, ISO, ITU, LORCS, NAM, PCA, SAARC, UN, + UNAVEM, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNIIMOG, UPU, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO +Diplomatic representation: + Ambassador Abid HUSSEIN; Chancery at 2107 Massachusetts Avenue NW, + Washington, DC 20008; telephone (202) 939-7000; there are Indian Consulates + General in Chicago, New York, and San Francisco + US: + Ambassador William CLARK, Jr.; Embassy at Shanti Path, Chanakyapuri 110021, + New Delhi; telephone [91] (11) 600651; FAX [91] (11) 687-2028, 687-2391; + there are US Consulates General in Bombay, Calcutta, and Madras +Flag: + three equal horizontal bands of orange (top), white, and green with a blue + chakra (24-spoked wheel) centered in the white band; similar to the flag of + Niger, which has a small orange disk centered in the white band + +:India Economy + +Overview: + India's economy is a mixture of traditional village farming and handicrafts, + modern agriculture, old and new branches of industry, and a multitude of + support services. It presents both the entrepreneurial skills and drives of + the capitalist system and widespread government intervention of the + socialist mold. Growth of 4-5% annually in the 1980s has softened the impact + of population growth on unemployment, social tranquility, and the + environment. Agricultural output has continued to expand, reflecting the + greater use of modern farming techniques and improved seed that have helped + to make India self-sufficient in food grains and a net agricultural + exporter. However, tens of millions of villagers, particularly in the south, + have not benefited from the green revolution and live in abject poverty, and + great numbers of urban residents lack the basic essentials of life. Industry + has benefited from a partial liberalization of controls. The growth rate of + the service sector has also been strong. India, however, has been challenged + more recently by much lower foreign exchange reserves, higher inflation, and + a large debt service burden. +GDP: + exchange rate conversion - $328 billion, per capita $380; real growth rate + 2.5% (FY92 est.) +Inflation rate (consumer prices): + 12.0% (1991) +Unemployment rate: + 20% (1991 est.) +Budget: + revenues $38.5 billion; expenditures $53.4 billion, including capital + expenditures of $11.1 billion (FY92) +Exports: + $20.2 billion (f.o.b., FY91) + commodities: + gems and jewelry, engineering goods, clothing, textiles, chemicals, tea, + coffee, fish products + partners: + EC 25%, US 16%, USSR and Eastern Europe 19%, Japan 10% (1989) +Imports: + $25.2 billion (c.i.f., FY91) + commodities: + petroleum products, capital goods, uncut gems, gems, jewelry, chemicals, + iron and steel, edible oils + partners: + EC 33%, Middle East 19%, US 12%, Japan 8%, USSR and Eastern Europe 8% (1989) +External debt: + $72.0 billion (1991 est.) +Industrial production: + growth rate 8.4% (1990); accounts for about 25% of GDP +Electricity: + 80,000,000 kW capacity; 290,000 million kWh produced, 330 kWh per capita + (1991) +Industries: + textiles, food processing, steel, machinery, transportation equipment, + cement, jute manufactures, mining, petroleum, power, chemicals, + pharmaceuticals, electronics +Agriculture: + accounts for about 30% of GDP and employs 67% of labor force; + self-sufficient in food grains; principal crops - rice, wheat, oilseeds, + cotton, jute, tea, sugarcane, potatoes; livestock - cattle, buffaloes, + sheep, goats and poultry; fish catch of about 3 million metric tons ranks + India among the world's top 10 fishing nations + +:India Economy + +Illicit drugs: + licit producer of opium poppy for the pharmaceutical trade, but some opium + is diverted to illicit international drug markets; major transit country for + illicit narcotics produced in neighboring countries; illicit producer of + hashish +Economic aid: + US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $4.4 billion; Western (non-US) + countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1980-89), $31.7 billion; OPEC + bilateral aid (1979-89), $315 million; USSR (1970-89), $11.6 billion; + Eastern Europe (1970-89), $105 million +Currency: + Indian rupee (plural - rupees); 1 Indian rupee (Re) = 100 paise +Exchange rates: + Indian rupees (Rs) per US$1 - 25.917 (January 1992), 22.742 (1991), 17.504 + (1990), 16.226 (1989), 13.917 (1988), 12.962 (1987) +Fiscal year: + 1 April - 31 March + +:India Communications + +Railroads: + 61,850 km total (1986); 33,553 km 1.676-meter broad gauge, 24,051 km + 1.000-meter gauge, 4,246 km narrow gauge (0.762 meter and 0.610 meter); + 12,617 km is double track; 6,500 km is electrified +Highways: + 1,970,000 km total (1989); 960,000 km surfaced and 1,010,000 km gravel, + crushed stone, or earth +Inland waterways: + 16,180 km; 3,631 km navigable by large vessels +Pipelines: + crude oil 3,497 km; petroleum products 1,703 km; natural gas 902 km (1989) +Ports: + Bombay, Calcutta, Cochin, Kandla, Madras, New Mangalore, Port Blair (Andaman + Islands) +Merchant marine: + 299 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 5,991,278 GRT/9,935,463 DWT; includes + 1 short-sea passenger, 7 passenger-cargo, 91 cargo, 1 roll-on/roll-off, 8 + container, 54 oil tanker, 10 chemical tanker, 8 combination ore/oil, 111 + bulk, 2 combination bulk, 6 liquefied gas +Civil air: + 93 major transport aircraft +Airports: + 341 total, 288 usable; 203 with permanent-surface runways; 2 with runways + over 3,659 m; 59 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 87 with runways 1,220-2,439 m +Telecommunications: + poor domestic telephone service, international radio communications + adequate; 4,700,000 telephones; broadcast stations - 96 AM, 4 FM, 274 TV + (government controlled); domestic satellite system for communications and + TV; 3 Indian Ocean INTELSAT earth stations; submarine cables to Malaysia and + United Arab Emirates + +:India Defense Forces + +Branches: + Army, Navy, Air Force, Security or Paramilitary Forces, Border Security + Force, Coast Guard, Assam Rifles +Manpower availability: + males 15-49, 237,803,153; 140,140,736 fit for military service; about + 9,474,290 reach military age (17) annually +Defense expenditures: + exchange rate conversion - $NA, NA% of GNP (FY91) + +:Indian Ocean Geography + +Total area: + 73,600,000 km2 +Land area: + 73,600,000 km2; Arabian Sea, Bass Strait, Bay of Bengal, Java Sea, Persian + Gulf, Red Sea, Strait of Malacca, Timor Sea, and other tributary water + bodies +Comparative area: + slightly less than eight times the size of the US; third-largest ocean + (after the Pacific Ocean and Atlantic Ocean, but larger than the Arctic + Ocean) +Coastline: + 66,526 km +Disputes: + some maritime disputes (see littoral states) +Climate: + northeast monsoon (December to April), southwest monsoon (June to October); + tropical cyclones occur during May/June and October/November in the north + Indian Ocean and January/February in the south Indian Ocean +Terrain: + surface dominated by counterclockwise gyre (broad, circular system of + currents) in the south Indian Ocean; unique reversal of surface currents in + the north Indian Ocean - low pressure over southwest Asia from hot, rising, + summer air results in the southwest monsoon and southwest-to-northeast winds + and currents, while high pressure over northern Asia from cold, falling, + winter air results in the northeast monsoon and northeast-to-southwest winds + and currents; ocean floor is dominated by the Mid-Indian Ocean Ridge and + subdivided by the Southeast Indian Ocean Ridge, Southwest Indian Ocean + Ridge, and Ninety East Ridge; maximum depth is 7,258 meters in the Java + Trench +Natural resources: + oil and gas fields, fish, shrimp, sand and gravel aggregates, placer + deposits, polymetallic nodules +Environment: + endangered marine species include the dugong, seals, turtles, and whales; + oil pollution in the Arabian Sea, Persian Gulf, and Red Sea +Note: + major chokepoints include Bab el Mandeb, Strait of Hormuz, Strait of + Malacca, southern access to the Suez Canal, and the Lombok Strait; ships + subject to superstructure icing in extreme south near Antarctica from May to + October + +:Indian Ocean Economy + +Overview: + The Indian Ocean provides a major highway for the movement of petroleum + products from the Middle East to Europe and North and South American + countries. Fish from the ocean are of growing economic importance to many of + the bordering countries as a source of both food and exports. Fishing fleets + from Russia, Japan, Korea, and Taiwan also exploit the Indian Ocean, mainly + for shrimp and tuna. Large reserves of hydrocarbons are being tapped in the + offshore areas of Saudi Arabia, Iran, India, and Western Australia. An + estimated 40% of the world's offshore oil production comes from the Indian + Ocean. Beach sands rich in heavy minerals and offshore placer deposits are + actively exploited by bordering countries, particularly India, South Africa, + Indonesia, Sri Lanka, and Thailand. +Industries: + based on exploitation of natural resources, particularly marine life, + minerals, oil and gas production, fishing, sand and gravel aggregates, + placer deposits + +:Indian Ocean Communications + +Ports: + Bombay (India), Calcutta (India), Madras (India), Colombo (Sri Lanka), + Durban (South Africa), Fremantle (Australia), Jakarta (Indonesia), Melbourne + (Australia), Richard's Bay (South Africa) +Telecommunications: + submarine cables from India to United Arab Emirates and Malaysia + +:Indonesia Geography + +Total area: + 1,919,440 km2 +Land area: + 1,826,440 km2 +Comparative area: + slightly less than three times the size of Texas +Land boundaries: + 2,602 km; Malaysia 1,782 km, Papua New Guinea 820 km +Coastline: + 54,716 km +Maritime claims: + (measured from claimed archipelagic baselines) + Exclusive economic zone: + 200 nm + Territorial sea: + 12 nm +Disputes: + sovereignty over Timor Timur (East Timor Province) disputed with Portugal +Climate: + tropical; hot, humid; more moderate in highlands +Terrain: + mostly coastal lowlands; larger islands have interior mountains +Natural resources: + crude oil, tin, natural gas liquids, nickel, timber, bauxite, copper, + fertile soils, coal, gold, silver +Land use: + arable land 8%; permanent crops 3%; meadows and pastures 7%; forest and + woodland 67%; other 15%; includes irrigated 3% +Environment: + archipelago of 13,500 islands (6,000 inhabited); occasional floods, severe + droughts, and tsunamis; deforestation +Note: + straddles Equator; strategic location astride or along major sea lanes from + Indian Ocean to Pacific Ocean + +:Indonesia People + +Population: + 195,683,531 (July 1992), growth rate 1.7% (1992) +Birth rate: + 25 births/1,000 population (1992) +Death rate: + 8 deaths/1,000 population (1992) +Net migration rate: + 0 migrants/1,000 population (1992) +Infant mortality rate: + 70 deaths/1,000 live births (1992) +Life expectancy at birth: + 59 years male, 64 years female (1992) +Total fertility rate: + 2.8 children born/woman (1992) +Nationality: + noun - Indonesian(s); adjective - Indonesian +Ethnic divisions: + majority of Malay stock comprising Javanese 45.0%, Sundanese 14.0%, Madurese + 7.5%, coastal Malays 7.5%, other 26.0% +Religions: + Muslim 87%, Protestant 6%, Roman Catholic 3%, Hindu 2%, Buddhist 1%, other + 1% (1985) +Languages: + Bahasa Indonesia (modified form of Malay; official); English and Dutch + leading foreign languages; local dialects, the most widely spoken of which + is Javanese +Literacy: + 77% (male 84%, female 68%) age 15 and over can read and write (1990 est.) +Labor force: + 67,000,000; agriculture 55%, manufacturing 10%, construction 4%, transport + and communications 3% (1985 est.) +Organized labor: + 3,000,000 members (claimed); about 5% of labor force + +:Indonesia Government + +Long-form name: + Republic of Indonesia +Type: + republic +Capital: + Jakarta +Administrative divisions: + 24 provinces (propinsi-propinsi, singular - propinsi), 2 special regions* + (daerah-daerah istimewa, singular - daerah istimewa), and 1 special capital + city district** (daerah khusus ibukota); Aceh*, Bali, Bengkulu, Irian Jaya, + Jakarta Raya**, Jambi, Jawa Barat, Jawa Tengah, Jawa Timur, Kalimantan + Barat, Kalimantan Selatan, Kalimantan Tengah, Kalimantan Timur, Lampung, + Maluku, Nusa Tenggara Barat, Nusa Tenggara Timur, Riau, Sulawesi Selatan, + Sulawesi Tengah, Sulawesi Tenggara, Sulawesi Utara, Sumatera Barat, Sumatera + Selatan, Sumatera Utara, Timor Timur, Yogyakarta* +Independence: + 17 August 1945 (proclaimed independence; on 27 December 1949, Indonesia + became legally independent from the Netherlands) +Constitution: + August 1945, abrogated by Federal Constitution of 1949 and Provisional + Constitution of 1950, restored 5 July 1959 +Legal system: + based on Roman-Dutch law, substantially modified by indigenous concepts and + by new criminal procedures code; has not accepted compulsory ICJ + jurisdiction +National holiday: + Independence Day, 17 August (1945) +Executive branch: + president, vice president, Cabinet +Legislative branch: + unicameral House of Representatives (Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat or DPR); note - + the People's Consultative Assembly (Majelis Permusyawaratan Rakyat or MPR) + includes the DPR plus 500 indirectly elected members who meet every five + years to elect the president and vice president and, theoretically, to + determine national policy +Judicial branch: + Supreme Court (Mahkamah Agung) +Leaders: + Chief of State and Head of Government: + President Gen. (Ret.) SOEHARTO (since 27 March 1968); Vice President Lt. + Gen. (Ret.) SUDHARMONO (since 11 March 1988) +Political parties and leaders: + GOLKAR (quasi-official party based on functional groups), Lt. Gen. (Ret.) + WAHONO, general chairman; Indonesia Democracy Party (PDI - federation of + former Nationalist and Christian Parties), SOERYADI, chairman; Development + Unity Party (PPP, federation of former Islamic parties), Ismail Hasan + METAREUM, chairman +Suffrage: + universal at age 17 and married persons regardless of age +Elections: + House of Representatives: + last held on 23 April 1987 (next to be held 8 June 1992); results - Golkar + 73%, UDP 16%, PDI 11%; seats - (500 total - 400 elected, 100 appointed) + Golkar 299, UDP 61, PDI 40 +Communists: + Communist Party (PKI) was officially banned in March 1966; current strength + about 1,000-3,000, with less than 10% engaged in organized activity; + pre-October 1965 hardcore membership about 1.5 million + +:Indonesia Government + +Member of: + APEC, AsDB, ASEAN, CCC, CP, ESCAP, FAO, G-15, G-19, G-77, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, + ICAO, ICC, ICFTU, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INMARSAT, INTELSAT, + INTERPOL, IOC, ISO, ITU, LORCS, NAM, OIC, OPEC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, + UNIIMOG, UPU, WCL, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO +Diplomatic representation: + Ambassador Abdul Rachman RAMLY; Chancery at 2020 Massachusetts Avenue NW, + Washington, DC 20036; telephone (202) 775-5200; there are Indonesian + Consulates General in Houston, New York, and Los Angeles, and Consulates in + Chicago and San Francisco + US: + Ambassador John C. MONJO; Embassy at Medan Merdeka Selatan 5, Jakarta + (mailing address is APO AP 96520); telephone [62] (21) 360-360; FAX [62] + (21) 360-644; there are US Consulates in Medan and Surabaya +Flag: + two equal horizontal bands of red (top) and white; similar to the flag of + Monaco, which is shorter; also similar to the flag of Poland, which is white + (top) and red + +:Indonesia Economy + +Overview: + Indonesia is a mixed economy with many socialist institutions and central + planning but with a recent emphasis on deregulation and private enterprise. + Indonesia has extensive natural wealth, yet, with a large and rapidly + increasing population, it remains a poor country. GDP growth in 1985-91 + averaged about 6%, quite impressive, but not sufficient to both slash + underemployment and absorb the 2.3 million workers annually entering the + labor force. Agriculture, including forestry and fishing, is an important + sector, accounting for 23% of GDP and over 50% of the labor force. The + staple crop is rice. Once the world's largest rice importer, Indonesia is + now nearly self-sufficient. Plantation crops - rubber and palm oil - and + textiles and plywood are being encouraged for both export and job + generation. Industrial output now accounts for 30% of GDP and is based on a + supply of diverse natural resources, including crude oil, natural gas, + timber, metals, and coal. Of these, the oil sector dominates the external + economy, generating more than 20% of the government's revenues and 40% of + export earnings in 1989. However, the economy's growth is highly dependent + on the continuing expansion of nonoil exports. Japan is Indonesia's most + important customer and supplier of aid. In 1991, rapid growth in the money + supply prompted Jakarta to implement a tight monetary policy, forcing the + private sector to go to foreign banks for investment financing. Real + interest rates remained above 10%, off-shore commercial debt grew, and real + GDP growth dropped slightly from the 7% of 1990. +GDP: + exchange rate conversion - $122 billion, per capita $630; real growth rate + 6.0% (1991 est.) +Inflation rate (consumer prices): + 10% (1991 est.) +Unemployment rate: + 3%; underemployment 45% (1991 est.) +Budget: + revenues $17.2 billion; expenditures $23.4 billion, including capital + expenditures of $8.9 billion (FY91) +Exports: + $25.7 billion (f.o.b., 1990) + commodities: + petroleum and liquefied natural gas 40%, timber 15%, textiles 7%, rubber 5%, + coffee 3% + partners: + Japan 40%, US 14%, Singapore 7%, Europe 16% (1990) +Imports: + $21.8 billion (f.o.b., 1990) + commodities: + machinery 39%, chemical products 19%, manufactured goods 16% + partners: + Japan 23%, US 13%, EC, Singapore +External debt: + $58.5 billion (1990 est.) +Industrial production: + growth rate 11.6% (1989 est.); accounts for 30% of GDP +Electricity: + 11,600,000 kW capacity; 38,000 million kWh produced, 200 kWh per capita + (1990) +Industries: + petroleum, textiles, mining, cement, chemical fertilizers, plywood, food, + rubber + +:Indonesia Economy + +Agriculture: + accounts for 23% of GDP; subsistence food production; small-holder and + plantation production for export; main products are rice, cassava, peanuts, + rubber, cocoa, coffee, palm oil, copra, other tropical products, poultry, + beef, pork, eggs +Illicit drugs: + illicit producer of cannabis for the international drug trade, but not a + major player; government actively eradicating plantings and prosecuting + traffickers +Economic aid: + US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $4.4 billion; Western (non-US) + countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $25.9 billion; OPEC + bilateral aid (1979-89), $213 million; Communist countries (1970-89), $175 + million +Currency: + Indonesian rupiah (plural - rupiahs); 1 Indonesian rupiah (Rp) = 100 sen + (sen no longer used) +Exchange rates: + Indonesian rupiahs (Rp) per US$1 - 1,998.2 (January 1992), 1,950.3 (1991), + 1,842.8 (1990), 1,770.1 (1989), 1,685.7 (1988), 1,643.8 (1987) +Fiscal year: + 1 April - 31 March + +:Indonesia Communications + +Railroads: + 6,964 km total; 6,389 km 1.067-meter gauge, 497 km 0.750-meter gauge, 78 km + 0.600-meter gauge; 211 km double track; 101 km electrified; all government + owned +Highways: + 119,500 km total; 11,812 km state, 34,180 km provincial, and 73,508 km + district roads +Inland waterways: + 21,579 km total; Sumatra 5,471 km, Java and Madura 820 km, Kalimantan 10,460 + km, Celebes 241 km, Irian Jaya 4,587 km +Pipelines: + crude oil 2,505 km; petroleum products 456 km; natural gas 1,703 km (1989) +Ports: + Cilacap, Cirebon, Jakarta, Kupang, Palembang, Ujungpandang, Semarang, + Surabaya +Merchant marine: + 387 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 1,698,946 GRT/2,560,414 DWT; includes + 5 short-sea passenger, 13 passenger-cargo, 231 cargo, 8 container, 3 + roll-on/roll-off cargo, 3 vehicle carrier, 79 petroleum tanker, 5 chemical + tanker, 6 liquefied gas, 7 specialized tanker, 1 livestock carrier, 25 bulk, + 1 passenger +Civil air: + about 216 commercial transport aircraft +Airports: + 437 total, 410 usable; 114 with permanent-surface runways; 1 with runways + over 3,659 m; 12 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 64 with runways 1,220-2,439 m +Telecommunications: + interisland microwave system and HF police net; domestic service fair, + international service good; radiobroadcast coverage good; 763,000 telephones + (1986); broadcast stations - 618 AM, 38 FM, 9 TV; satellite earth stations - + 1 Indian Ocean INTELSAT earth station and 1 Pacific Ocean INTELSAT earth + station; and 1 domestic satellite communications system + +:Indonesia Defense Forces + +Branches: + Army, Navy, Air Force, National Police +Manpower availability: + males 15-49, 51,906,415; 30,668,815 fit for military service; 2,095,698 + reach military age (18) annually +Defense expenditures: + exchange rate conversion - $1.7 billion, 2% of GNP (FY91) + +:Iran Geography + +Total area: + 1,648,000 km2 +Land area: + 1,636,000 km2 +Comparative area: + slightly larger than Alaska +Land boundaries: + 5,440 km; Afghanistan 936 km, Armenia 35 km, Azerbaijan (north) 432 km, + Azerbaijan (northwest) 179 km, Iraq 1,458 km, Pakistan 909 km, Turkey 499 + km, Turkmenistan 992 km +Coastline: + 2,440 km + note: + Iran also borders the Caspian Sea (740 km) +Maritime claims: + Continental shelf: + not specific + Exclusive fishing zone: + 50 nm in the Sea of Oman; continental shelf limit, continental shelf + boundaries, or median lines in the Persian Gulf + Territorial sea: + 12 nm +Disputes: + Iran and Iraq restored diplomatic relations in 1990 but are still trying to + work out written agreements settling outstanding disputes from their + eight-year war concerning border demarcation, prisoners-of-war, and freedom + of navigation and sovereignty over the Shatt-al-Arab waterway; Iran occupies + two islands in the Persian Gulf claimed by the UAE: Tunb as Sughra (Arabic), + Jazireh-ye Tonb-e Kuchek (Persian) or Lesser Tunb, and Tunb al Kubra + (Arabic), Jazireh-ye Tonb-e Bozorg (Persian) or Greater Tunb; it jointly + administers with the UAE an island in the Persian Gulf claimed by the UAE, + Abu Musa (Arabic) or Jazireh-ye Abu Musa (Persian) +Climate: + mostly arid or semiarid, subtropical along Caspian coast +Terrain: + rugged, mountainous rim; high, central basin with deserts, mountains; small, + discontinuous plains along both coasts +Natural resources: + petroleum, natural gas, coal, chromium, copper, iron ore, lead, manganese, + zinc, sulfur +Land use: + arable land 8%; permanent crops NEGL%; meadows and pastures 27%; forest and + woodland 11%; other 54%; includes irrigated 2% +Environment: + deforestation; overgrazing; desertification + +:Iran People + +Population: + 61,183,138 (July 1992), growth rate 3.5% (1992) +Birth rate: + 44 births/1,000 population (1992) +Death rate: + 8 deaths/1,000 population (1992) +Net migration rate: + 0 migrants/1,000 population (1992) +Infant mortality rate: + 64 deaths/1,000 live births (1992) +Life expectancy at birth: + 64 years male, 66 years female (1992) +Total fertility rate: + 6.5 children born/woman (1992) +Nationality: + noun - Iranian(s); adjective - Iranian +Ethnic divisions: + Persian 51%, Azerbaijani 25%, Kurd 9%, Gilaki and Mazandarani 8%, Lur 2%, + Baloch 1%, Arab 1%, other 3% +Religions: + Shi`a Muslim 95%, Sunni Muslim 4%, Zoroastrian, Jewish, Christian, and + Baha'i 1% +Languages: + 58% Persian and Persian dialects, 26% Turkic and Turkic dialects, 9% + Kurdish, 2% Luri, 1% Baloch, 1% Arabic, 1% Turkish, 2% other +Literacy: + 54% (male 64%, female 43%) age 15 and over can read and write (1990 est.) +Labor force: + 15,400,000; agriculture 33%, manufacturing 21%; shortage of skilled labor + (1988 est.) +Organized labor: + none + +:Iran Government + +Long-form name: + Islamic Republic of Iran +Type: + theocratic republic +Capital: + Tehran +Administrative divisions: + 24 provinces (ostanha, singular - ostan); Azarbayjan-e Bakhtari, + Azarbayjan-e Khavari, Bakhtaran, Bushehr, Chahar Machall va Bakhtiari, + Ecsfahan, Fars, Gilan, Hamadan, Hormozgan, Ilam, Kerman, Khorasan, + Khuzestan, Kohkiluyeh va Buyer Achmadi, Kordestan, Lorestan, Markazi, + Mazandaran, Semnan, Sistan va Baluchestan, Tehran, Yazd, Zanjan +Independence: + 1 April 1979, Islamic Republic of Iran proclaimed +Constitution: + 2-3 December 1979; revised 1989 to expand powers of the presidency and + eliminate the prime ministership +Legal system: + the Constitution codifies Islamic principles of government +National holiday: + Islamic Republic Day, 1 April (1979) +Executive branch: + cleric (faqih), president, Council of Ministers +Legislative branch: + unicameral Islamic Consultative Assembly (Majles-e-Shura-ye-Eslami) +Judicial branch: + Supreme Court +Leaders: + Cleric and functional Chief of State: + Leader of the Islamic Revolution Ayatollah Ali HOSEINI-KHAMENEI (since 4 + June 1989) + Head of Government: + President Ali Akbar HASHEMI-RAFSANJANI (since 3 August 1989) +Political parties and leaders: + there are at least 18 licensed parties; the three most important are - + Tehran Militant Clergy Association, Mohammad Reza MAHDAVI-KANI; Militant + Clerics Association, Mehdi MAHDAVI-KARUBI and Mohammad Asqar + MUSAVI-KHOINIHA; Fedaiyin Islam Organization, Sadeq KHALKHALI +Suffrage: + universal at age 15 +Elections: + President: + last held July 1989 (next to be held April 1993); results - Ali Akbar + HASHEMI-RAFSANJANI was elected with only token opposition + Islamic Consultative Assembly: + last held 8 April 1992 (next to be held April 1996); results - percent of + vote by party NA; seats - (270 seats total) number of seats by party NA +Communists: + 1,000 to 2,000 est. hardcore; 15,000 to 20,000 est. sympathizers; crackdown + in 1983 crippled the party; trials of captured leaders began in late 1983 +Other political or pressure groups: + groups that generally support the Islamic Republic include Hizballah, + Hojjatiyeh Society, Mojahedin of the Islamic Revolution, Muslim Students + Following the Line of the Imam; armed political groups that have been almost + completely repressed by the government include Mojahedin-e Khalq + Organization (MEK), People's Fedayeen, Kurdish Democratic Party; the Society + for the Defense of Freedom + +:Iran Government + +Member of: + CCC, CP, ESCAP, FAO, G-19, G-24, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, IDA, IDB, + IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INMARSAT, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, ISO, ITU, + LORCS, NAM, OIC, OPEC, PCA, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UPU, WFTU, + WHO, WMO, WTO +Diplomatic representation: + none; protecting power in the US is Pakistan - Iranian Interests Section, + 2315 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008; telephone (202) 939-6200 + US: + protecting power in Iran is Switzerland +Flag: + three equal horizontal bands of green (top), white, and red; the national + emblem (a stylized representation of the word Allah) in red is centered in + the white band; Allah Alkbar (God is Great) in white Arabic script is + repeated 11 times along the bottom edge of the green band and 11 times along + the top edge of the red band + +:Iran Economy + +Overview: + Iran's economy is a mixture of central planning, state ownership of oil and + other large enterprises, village agriculture, and small-scale private + trading and service ventures. After a decade of economic decline, Iran's GNP + grew roughly 4% in FY90 and 10% in FY91. An oil windfall in 1990 combined + with a substantial increase in imports contributed to Iran's recent economic + growth. Iran has also begun implementing a number of economic reforms to + reduce government intervention (including subsidies) and has allocated + substantial resources to development projects in the hope of stimulating the + economy. Nevertheless, lower oil revenues in 1991 - oil accounts for more + than 90% of export revenues and provides roughly 65% of the financing for + the five-year economic development plan - and dramatic increases in external + debt are threatening development plans and could prompt Iran to cut imports, + thus limiting economic growth in the medium term. +GNP: + exchange rate conversion - $90 billion, per capita $1,500; real growth rate + 10% (FY91 est.) +Inflation rate (consumer prices): + 18% (FY91 est.) +Unemployment rate: + 30% (1989) +Budget: + revenues $63 billion; expenditures $80 billion, including capital + expenditures of $23 billion (FY90 est.) +Exports: + $17.8 billion (f.o.b., 1990) + commodities: + petroleum 90%, carpets, fruits, nuts, hides + partners: + Japan, Italy, France, Netherlands, Belgium/Luxembourg, Spain, and Germany +Imports: + $15.9 billion (c.i.f., 1990) + commodities: + machinery, military supplies, metal works, foodstuffs, pharmaceuticals, + technical services, refined oil products + partners: + Germany, Japan, Italy, UK, France +External debt: + $10 billion (1990 est.) +Industrial production: + growth rate NA% +Electricity: + 14,579,000 kW capacity; 40,000 million kWh produced, 740 kWh per capita + (1989) +Industries: + petroleum, petrochemicals, textiles, cement and other building materials, + food processing (particularly sugar refining and vegetable oil production), + metal fabricating (steel and copper) +Agriculture: + principal products - wheat, rice, other grains, sugar beets, fruits, nuts, + cotton, dairy products, wool, caviar; not self-sufficient in food +Illicit drugs: + illicit producer of opium poppy for the domestic and international drug + trade +Economic aid: + US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-80), $1.0 billion; Western (non-US) + countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $1.675 billion; + Communist countries (1970-89), $976 million; note - aid fell sharply + following the 1979 revolution + +:Iran Economy + +Currency: + Iranian rial (plural - rials); 1 Iranian rial (IR) = 100 dinars; note - + domestic figures are generally referred to in terms of the toman (plural - + tomans), which equals 10 rials +Exchange rates: + Iranian rials (IR) per US$1 - 65.515 (January 1992), 67.505 (1991), 68.096 + (1990), 72.015 (1989), 68.683 (1988), 71.460 (1987); note - black-market + rate 1,400 (January 1991) +Fiscal year: + 21 March - 20 March + +:Iran Communications + +Railroads: + 4,850 km total; 4,760 km 1.432-meter gauge, 92 km 1.676-meter gauge; 480 km + under construction from Bafq to Bandar Abbas, rail construction from Bafq to + Sirjan has been completed and is operational +Highways: + 140,072 km total; 42,694 km paved surfaces; 46,866 km gravel and crushed + stone; 49,440 km improved earth; 1,200 km (est.) rural road network +Inland waterways: + 904 km; the Shatt-al-Arab is usually navigable by maritime traffic for about + 130 km, but closed since September 1980 because of Iran-Iraq war +Pipelines: + crude oil 5,900 km; petroleum products 3,900 km; natural gas 4,550 km +Ports: + Abadan (largely destroyed in fighting during 1980-88 war), Bandar Beheshti, + Bandar-e Abbas, Bandar-e Bushehr, Bandar-e Khomeyni, Bandar-e Shahid Raja, + Khorramshahr (largely destroyed in fighting during 1980-88 war) +Merchant marine: + 134 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 4,466,395 GRT/8,329,760 DWT; includes + 38 cargo, 6 roll-on/roll-off cargo, 32 oil tanker, 4 chemical tanker, 3 + refrigerated cargo, 47 bulk, 2 combination bulk, 1 liquefied gas +Civil air: + 48 major transport aircraft +Airports: + 214 total, 188 usable; 81 with permanent-surface runways; 16 with runways + over 3,659 m; 16 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 71 with runways 1,220-2,439 m +Telecommunications: + radio relay extends throughout country; system centered in Tehran; 2,143,000 + telephones; broadcast stations - 77 AM, 3 FM, 28 TV; satellite earth + stations - 2 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT and 1 Indian Ocean INTELSAT; HF radio + and radio relay to Turkey, Pakistan, Syria, Kuwait, Tajikistan, and + Uzbekistan + +:Iran Defense Forces + +Branches: + Islamic Republic of Iran Ground Forces, Navy, Air Force, and Revolutionary + Guard Corps (includes Basij militia and own ground, air, and naval forces); + Law Enforcement Forces +Manpower availability: + males 15-49, 13,267,810; 7,895,591 fit for military service; 552,408 reach + military age (21) annually +Defense expenditures: + exchange rate conversion - $13 billion, 14-15% of GNP (1991 est.) + +:Iraq Geography + +Total area: + 436,245 km2 +Land area: + 435,292 km2 (est.) +Comparative area: + slightly more than twice the size of Idaho +Land boundaries: + 3,576 km; Iran 1,458 km, Jordan 134 km, Kuwait 240 km, Saudi Arabia 808 km, + Syria 605 km, Turkey 331 km +Coastline: + 58 km +Maritime claims: + Continental shelf: + not specific + Territorial sea: + 12 nm +Disputes: + Iran and Iraq restored diplomatic relations in 1990 but are still trying to + work out written agreements settling outstanding disputes from their + eight-year war concerning border demarcation, prisoners-of-war, and freedom + of navigation and sovereignty over the Shatt-al-Arab waterway; in April 1991 + official Iraqi acceptance of UN Security Council Resolution 687, which + demands that Iraq accept the inviolability of the boundary set forth in its + 1963 agreement with Kuwait, ending earlier claims to Bubiyan and Warbah + Islands or to all of Kuwait; a United Nations Boundary Demarcation + Commission is demarcating the Iraq-Kuwait boundary persuant to Resolution + 687, and, on 17 June 1992, the UN Security Council reaffirmed the finality + of the Boundary Demarcation Commission's decisions; periodic disputes with + upstream riparian Syria over Euphrates water rights; potential dispute over + water development plans by Turkey for the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers +Climate: + mostly desert; mild to cool winters with dry, hot, cloudless summers; + northernmost regions along Iranian and Turkish borders experience cold + winters with occasionally heavy snows +Terrain: + mostly broad plains; reedy marshes in southeast; mountains along borders + with Iran and Turkey +Natural resources: + crude oil, natural gas, phosphates, sulfur +Land use: + arable land 12%; permanent crops 1%; meadows and pastures 9%; forest and + woodland 3%; other 75%; includes irrigated 4% +Environment: + development of Tigris-Euphrates Rivers system contingent upon agreements + with upstream riparians (Syria, Turkey); air and water pollution; soil + degradation (salinization) and erosion; desertification + +:Iraq People + +Population: + 18,445,847 (July 1992), growth rate 3.7% (1992) +Birth rate: + 45 births/1,000 population (1992) +Death rate: + 9 deaths/1,000 population (1992) +Net migration rate: + NEGL migrants/1,000 population (1992) +Infant mortality rate: + 84 deaths/1,000 live births (1992) +Life expectancy at birth: + 62 years male, 64 years female (1992) +Total fertility rate: + 7.0 children born/woman (1992) +Nationality: + noun - Iraqi(s); adjective - Iraqi +Ethnic divisions: + Arab 75-80%, Kurdish 15-20%, Turkoman, Assyrian or other 5% +Religions: + Muslim 97%, (Shi`a 60-65%, Sunni 32-37%), Christian or other 3% +Languages: + Arabic (official), Kurdish (official in Kurdish regions), Assyrian, Armenian +Literacy: + 60% (male 70%, female 49%) age 15 and over can read and write (1990 est.) +Labor force: + 4,400,000 (1989); services 48%, agriculture 30%, industry 22%, severe labor + shortage; expatriate labor force about 1,600,000 (July 1990) +Organized labor: + less than 10% of the labor force + +:Iraq Government + +Long-form name: + Republic of Iraq +Type: + republic +Capital: + Baghdad +Administrative divisions: + 18 provinces (muhafazat, singular - muhafazah); Al Anbar, Al Basrah, Al + Muthanna, Al Qadisiyah, An Najaf, Arbil, As Sulaymaniyah, At Ta'im, Babil, + Baghdad, Dahuk, Dhi Qar, Diyala, Karbala, Maysan, Ninawa, Salah ad Din, + Wasit +Independence: + 3 October 1932 (from League of Nations mandate under British administration) +Constitution: + 22 September 1968, effective 16 July 1970 (interim Constitution); new + constitution drafted in 1990 but not adopted +Legal system: + based on Islamic law in special religious courts, civil law system + elsewhere; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction +National holiday: + Anniversary of the Revolution, 17 July (1968) +Executive branch: + president, vice president, chairman of the Revolutionary Command Council, + vice chairman of the Revolutionary Command Council, prime minister, first + deputy prime minister, Council of Ministers +Legislative branch: + unicameral National Assembly (Majlis al-Watani) +Judicial branch: + Court of Cassation +Leaders: + Chief of State: + President SADDAM Husayn (since 16 July 1979); Vice President Taha Muhyi + al-Din MA'RUF (since 21 April 1974); Vice President Taha Yasin RAMADAN + (since 23 March 1991) + Head of Government: + Prime Minister Muhammad Hamza al-ZUBAYDI (since 13 September 1991); Deputy + Prime Minister Tariq `AZIZ (since NA 1979) +Suffrage: + universal adult at age 18 +Elections: + National Assembly: + last held on 1 April 1989 (next to be held NA); results - Sunni Arabs 53%, + Shi`a Arabs 30%, Kurds 15%, Christians 2% est.; seats - (250 total) number + of seats by party NA +Other political or pressure groups: + political parties and activity severely restricted; possibly some opposition + to regime from disaffected members of the regime, Army officers, and Shi`a + religious and Kurdish ethnic dissidents +Member of: + ABEDA, ACC, AFESD, AL, AMF, CAEU, CCC, ESCWA, FAO, G-19, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, + ICAO, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INMARSAT, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, + ISO, ITU, LORCS, NAM, OAPEC, OIC, OPEC, PCA, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, + WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO +Diplomatic representation: + Iraq has an Interest Section in the Algerian Embassy in Washington, DC; + Chancery at 1801 P Street NW, Washington, DC 20036; telephone (202) 483-7500 + +:Iraq Government + + US: + no US representative in Baghdad since mid-January 1991; Embassy in Masbah + Quarter (opposite the Foreign Ministry Club), Baghdad (mailing address is P. + O. Box 2447 Alwiyah, Baghdad); telephone [964] (1) 719-6138 or 719-6139, + 718-1840, 719-3791 +Flag: + three equal horizontal bands of red (top), white, and black with three green + five-pointed stars in a horizontal line centered in the white band; the + phrase Allahu Akbar (God is Great) in green Arabic script - Allahu to the + right of the middle star and Akbar to the left of the middle star - was + added in January 1991 during the Persian Gulf crisis; similar to the flag of + Syria that has two stars but no script and the flag of Yemen that has a + plain white band; also similar to the flag of Egypt that has a symbolic + eagle centered in the white band + +:Iraq Economy + +Overview: + The Ba`thist regime engages in extensive central planning and management of + industrial production and foreign trade while leaving some small-scale + industry and services and most agriculture to private enterprise. The + economy has been dominated by the oil sector, which has provided about 95% + of foreign exchange earnings. In the 1980s financial problems, caused by + massive expenditures in the eight-year war with Iran and damage to oil + export facilities by Iran, led the government to implement austerity + measures and to borrow heavily and later reschedule foreign debt payments. + After the end of hostilities in 1988, oil exports gradually increased with + the construction of new pipelines and restoration of damaged facilities. + Agricultural development remained hampered by labor shortages, salinization, + and dislocations caused by previous land reform and collectivization + programs. The industrial sector, although accorded high priority by the + government, also was under financial constraints. Iraq's seizure of Kuwait + in August 1990, subsequent international economic embargoes, and military + actions by an international coalition beginning in January 1991 drastically + changed the economic picture. Oil exports were cut to near zero, and + industrial and transportation facilities were severely damaged. Throughout + 1991, the UN's economic embargo worked to reduce exports and imports and to + increase prices for most goods. The government's policy to allocate goods to + key supporters of the regime exacerbated shortages. +GNP: + $35 billion, per capita $1,940; real growth rate 10% (1989 est.) +Inflation rate (consumer prices): + 45% (1989) +Unemployment rate: + less than 5% (1989 est.) +Budget: + revenues $NA billion; expenditures $NA billion, including capital + expenditures of NA (1989) +Exports: + $10.4 billion (f.o.b., 1990) + commodities: + crude oil and refined products, fertilizer, sulfur + partners: + US, Brazil, Turkey, Japan, Netherlands, Spain (1990) +Imports: + $6.6 billion (c.i.f., 1990) + commodities: + manufactures, food + partners: + FRG, US, Turkey, France, UK (1990) +External debt: + $45 billion (1989 est.), excluding debt of about $35 billion owed to Arab + Gulf states +Industrial production: + NA%; manufacturing accounts for 10% of GNP (1989) +Electricity: + 3,800,000 kW available out of 9,902,000 kw capacity due to Gulf war; 7,700 + million kWh produced, 430 kWh per capita (1991) +Industries: + petroleum production and refining, chemicals, textiles, construction + materials, food processing +Agriculture: + accounts for 11% of GNP but 30% of labor force; principal products - wheat, + barley, rice, vegetables, dates, other fruit, cotton, wool; livestock - + cattle, sheep; not self-sufficient in food output + +:Iraq Economy + +Economic aid: + US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-80), $3 million; Western (non-US) + countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $647 million; + Communist countries (1970-89), $3.9 billion +Currency: + Iraqi dinar (plural - dinars); 1 Iraqi dinar (ID) = 1,000 fils +Exchange rates: + Iraqi dinars (ID) per US$1 - 3.1 (fixed official rate since 1982); + black-market rate (December 1991) US$1 = 12 Iraqi dinars +Fiscal year: + calendar year + +:Iraq Communications + +Railroads: + 2,457 km 1.435-meter standard gauge +Highways: + 34,700 km total; 17,500 km paved, 5,500 km improved earth, 11,700 km + unimproved earth +Inland waterways: + 1,015 km; Shatt-al-Arab usually navigable by maritime traffic for about 130 + km, but closed since September 1980 because of Iran-Iraq war; Tigris and + Euphrates Rivers have navigable sections for shallow-draft watercraft; + Shatt-al-Basrah canal was navigable by shallow-draft craft before closing in + 1991 because of the Persian Gulf war +Pipelines: + crude oil 4,350 km; petroleum products 725 km; natural gas 1,360 km +Ports: + Umm Qasr, Khawr az Zubayr, Al Basrah (closed since 1980) +Merchant marine: + 42 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 936,665 GRT/1,683,212 DWT; includes 1 + passenger, 1 passenger-cargo, 16 cargo, 1 refrigerated cargo, 3 + roll-on/roll-off cargo, 19 petroleum tanker, 1 chemical tanker; note - since + the 2 August 1990 invasion of Kuwait by Iraqi forces, Iraq has sought to + register at least part of its merchant fleet under convenience flags; none + of the Iraqi flag merchant fleet was trading internationally as of 1 January + 1992 +Civil air: + 34 major transport aircraft (including 7 grounded in Iran; excluding 12 + IL-76s and 7 Kuwait Airlines) +Airports: + 113 total, 98 usable; 73 with permanent-surface runways; 8 with runways over + 3,659 m; 52 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 12 with runways 1,220-2,439 m +Telecommunications: + reconstitution of damaged telecommunication infrastructure began after + Desert Storm; the network consists of coaxial cables and microwave links; + 632,000 telephones; the network is operational; broadcast stations - 16 AM, + 1 FM, 13 TV; satellite earth stations - 1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT, 1 Indian + Ocean INTELSAT, 1 GORIZONT Atlantic Ocean in the Intersputnik system and 1 + ARABSAT; coaxial cable and microwave to Jordan, Kuwait, Syria, and Turkey + +:Iraq Defense Forces + +Branches: + Army and Republican Guard, Navy, Air Force, Border Guard Force, Internal + Security Forces +Manpower availability: + males 15-49, 4,042,374; 2,272,578 fit for military service; 213,788 reach + military age (18) annually +Defense expenditures: + exchange rate conversion - $NA, NA% of GNP + +:Ireland Geography + +Total area: + 70,280 km2 +Land area: + 68,890 km2 +Comparative area: + slightly larger than West Virginia +Land boundaries: + 360 km; UK 360 km +Coastline: + 1,448 km +Maritime claims: + Continental shelf: + no precise definition + Exclusive fishing zone: + 200 nm + Territorial sea: + 12 nm +Disputes: + Northern Ireland question with the UK; Rockall continental shelf dispute + involving Denmark, Iceland, and the UK (Ireland and the UK have signed a + boundary agreement in the Rockall area) +Climate: + temperate maritime; modified by North Atlantic Current; mild winters, cool + summers; consistently humid; overcast about half the time +Terrain: + mostly level to rolling interior plain surrounded by rugged hills and low + mountains; sea cliffs on west coast +Natural resources: + zinc, lead, natural gas, crude oil, barite, copper, gypsum, limestone, + dolomite, peat, silver +Land use: + arable land 14%; permanent crops NEGL%; meadows and pastures 71%; forest and + woodland 5%; other 10% +Environment: + deforestation + +:Ireland People + +Population: + 3,521,207 (July 1992), growth rate 0.2% (1992) +Birth rate: + 15 births/1,000 population (1992) +Death rate: + 9 deaths/1,000 population (1992) +Net migration rate: + -4 migrants/1,000 population (1992) +Infant mortality rate: + 8 deaths/1,000 live births (1992) +Life expectancy at birth: + 72 years male, 78 years female (1992) +Total fertility rate: + 2.0 children born/woman (1992) +Nationality: + noun - Irishman(men), Irish (collective pl.); adjective - Irish +Ethnic divisions: + Celtic, with English minority +Religions: + Roman Catholic 93%, Anglican 3%, none 1%, unknown 2%, other 1% (1981) +Languages: + Irish (Gaelic) and English; English is the language generally used, with + Gaelic spoken in a few areas, mostly along the western seaboard +Literacy: + 98% (male NA%, female NA%) age 15 and over can read and write (1981) +Labor force: + 1,333,000; services 57.0%, manufacturing and construction 26.1%, + agriculture, forestry, and fishing 15.0%, energy and mining 1.9% (1991) +Organized labor: + 58% of labor force (1991) + +:Ireland Government + +Long-form name: + none +Type: + republic +Capital: + Dublin +Administrative divisions: + 26 counties; Carlow, Cavan, Clare, Cork, Donegal, Dublin, Galway, Kerry, + Kildare, Kilkenny, Laois, Leitrim, Limerick, Longford, Louth, Mayo, Meath, + Monaghan, Offaly, Roscommon, Sligo, Tipperary, Waterford, Westmeath, + Wexford, Wicklow +Independence: + 6 December 1921 (from UK) +Constitution: + 29 December 1937; adopted 1937 +Legal system: + based on English common law, substantially modified by indigenous concepts; + judicial review of legislative acts in Supreme Court; has not accepted + compulsory ICJ jurisdiction +National holiday: + Saint Patrick's Day, 17 March +Executive branch: + president, prime minister, deputy prime minister, Cabinet +Legislative branch: + bicameral Parliament (Oireachtas) consists of an upper house or Senate + (Seanad Eireann) and a lower house or House of Representatives (Dail + Eireann) +Judicial branch: + Supreme Court +Leaders: + Chief of State: + President Mary Bourke ROBINSON (since 9 November 1990) + Head of Government: + Prime Minister Albert REYNOLDS (since 11 February 1992) +Political parties and leaders: + Fianna Fail, Albert REYNOLDS; Labor Party, Richard SPRING; Fine Gael, John + BRUTON; Communist Party of Ireland, Michael O'RIORDAN; Workers' Party + (vacant); Sinn Fein, Gerry ADAMS; Progressive Democrats, Desmond O'MALLEY; + note - Prime Minister REYNOLDS heads a coalition consisting of the Fianna + Fail and the Progressive Democrats +Suffrage: + universal at age 18 +Elections: + President: + last held 9 November 1990 (next to be held November 1997); results - Mary + Bourke ROBINSON 52.8%, Brian LENIHAN 47.2% + Senate: + last held on 17 February 1987 (next to be held February 1992); results - + percent of vote by party NA; seats - (60 total, 49 elected) Fianna Fail 30, + Fine Gael 16, Labor 3, independents 11 + House of Representatives: + last held on 12 July 1989 (next to be held June 1994); results - Fianna Fail + 44.0%, Fine Gael 29.4%, Labor Party 9.3%, Progressive Democrats 5.4%, + Workers' Party 4.9%, Sinn Fein 1.1%, independents 5.9%; seats - (166 total) + Fianna Fail 77, Fine Gael 55, Labor Party 15, Workers' Party 7, Progressive + Democrats 6, independents 6 +Communists: + under 500 + +:Ireland Government + +Member of: + AG, BIS, CCC, CE, CSCE, EBRD, EC, ECE, EIB, ESA, FAO, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, + ICAO, ICC, IDA, IEA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, ISO, + ITU, LORCS, NEA, NSG, OECD, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNFICYP, UNIDO, UNIFIL, + UNIIMOG, UNTSO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, ZC +Diplomatic representation: + Ambassador Dermot GALLAGHER; Chancery at 2234 Massachusetts Avenue NW, + Washington, DC 20008; telephone (202) 462-3939; there are Irish Consulates + General in Boston, Chicago, New York, and San Francisco + US: + Ambassador Richard A. MOORE; Embassy at 42 Elgin Road, Ballsbridge, Dublin; + telephone [353] (1) 688777; FAX [353] (1) 689-946 +Flag: + three equal vertical bands of green (hoist side), white, and orange; similar + to the flag of the Ivory Coast, which is shorter and has the colors reversed + - orange (hoist side), white, and green; also similar to the flag of Italy, + which is shorter and has colors of green (hoist side), white, and red + +:Ireland Economy + +Overview: + The economy is small, open, and trade dependent. Agriculture, once the most + important sector, is now dwarfed by industry, which accounts for 37% of GDP + and about 80% of exports and employs 26% of the labor force. The government + has successfully reduced the rate of inflation from double-digit figures in + the late 1970s to 3.8% in 1991. In 1987, after years of deficits, the + balance of payments was brought into the black. Unemployment, however, + remains a serious problem. A 1991 unemployment rate of 20.4% placed Ireland + along with Spain as the countries with the worst jobless records in Western + Europe. +GDP: + purchasing power equivalent - $39.2 billion, per capita $11,200; real growth + rate 1.3% (1991 est.) +Inflation rate (consumer prices): + 3.8% (1991) +Unemployment rate: + 20.4% (1991) +Budget: + revenues $11.4 billion; expenditures $12.6 billion, including capital + expenditures of $1.6 billion (1992 est.) +Exports: + $27.8 billion (f.o.b., 1991) + commodities: + chemicals, data processing equipment, industrial machinery, live animals, + animal products + partners: + EC 74% (UK 34%, Germany 11%, France 10%), US 8% +Imports: + $24.5 billion (c.i.f., 1991) + commodities: + food, animal feed, chemicals, petroleum and petroleum products, machinery, + textiles, clothing + partners: + EC 66% (UK 41%, Germany 9%, France 4%), US 14% +External debt: + $14.8 billion (1990) +Industrial production: + growth rate 3.0% (1991); accounts for 37% of GDP +Electricity: + 4,957,000 kW capacity; 14,480 million kWh produced, 4,080 kWh per capita + (1991) +Industries: + food products, brewing, textiles, clothing, chemicals, pharmaceuticals, + machinery, transportation equipment, glass and crystal +Agriculture: + accounts for 11% of GDP and 15% of the labor force; principal crops - + turnips, barley, potatoes, sugar beets, wheat; livestock - meat and dairy + products; 85% self-sufficient in food; food shortages include bread grain, + fruits, vegetables +Economic aid: + donor - ODA commitments (1980-89), $90 million +Currency: + Irish pound (plural - pounds); 1 Irish pound (#Ir) = 100 pence +Exchange rates: + Irish pounds (#Ir) per US$1 - 0.6227 (March 1992), 0.6190 (1991), 0.6030 + (1990), 0.7472 (1989), 0.6553 (1988), 0.6720 (1987) +Fiscal year: + calendar year + +:Ireland Communications + +Railroads: + Irish National Railways (CIE) operates 1,947 km 1.602-meter gauge, + government owned; 485 km double track; 38 km electrified +Highways: + 92,294 km total; 87,422 km paved, 4,872 km gravel or crushed stone +Inland waterways: + limited for commercial traffic +Pipelines: + natural gas 225 km +Ports: + Cork, Dublin, Shannon Estuary, Waterford +Merchant marine: + 55 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 146,081 GRT/177,058 DWT; includes 4 + short-sea passenger, 32 cargo, 2 refrigerated cargo, 3 container, 3 + petroleum tanker, 3 specialized tanker, 2 chemical tanker, 6 bulk +Civil air: + 23 major transport aircraft +Airports: + 36 total, 35 usable; 17 with permanent-surface runways; none with runways + over 3,659 m; 2 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 6 with runways 1,220-2,439 m +Telecommunications: + small, modern system using cable and digital microwave circuits; 900,000 + telephones; broadcast stations - 9 AM, 45 FM, 86 TV; 2 coaxial submarine + cables; 1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT earth station + +:Ireland Defense Forces + +Branches: + Army (including Naval Service and Air Corps), National Police (GARDA) +Manpower availability: + males 15-49, 894,421; 724,262 fit for military service; 34,182 reach + military age (17) annually +Defense expenditures: + exchange rate conversion - $566 million, 1-2% of GDP (1992 est.) + +:Israel Header + +Note: + The Arab territories occupied by Israel since the 1967 war are not included + in the data below. As stated in the 1978 Camp David Accords and reaffirmed + by President Bush's post-Gulf crisis peace initiative, the final status of + the West Bank and Gaza Strip, their relationship with their neighbors, and a + peace treaty between Israel and Jordan are to be negotiated among the + concerned parties. The Camp David Accords further specify that these + negotiations will resolve the location of the respective boundaries. Pending + the completion of this process, it is US policy that the final status of the + West Bank and Gaza Strip has yet to be determined (see West Bank and Gaza + Strip entries). On 25 April 1982 Israel relinquished control of the Sinai to + Egypt. Statistics for the Israeli-occupied Golan Heights are included in the + Syria entry. + +:Israel Geography + +Total area: + 20,770 km2 +Land area: + 20,330 km2 +Comparative area: + slightly larger than New Jersey +Land boundaries: + 1,006 km; Egypt 255 km, Jordan 238 km, Lebanon 79 km, Syria 76 km, West Bank + 307, Gaza Strip 51 km +Coastline: + 273 km +Maritime claims: + Continental shelf: + to depth of exploitation + Territorial sea: + 6 nm +Disputes: + separated from Lebanon, Syria, and the West Bank by the 1949 Armistice Line; + differences with Jordan over the location of the 1949 Armistice Line that + separates the two countries; West Bank and Gaza Strip are Israeli occupied + with status to be determined; Golan Heights is Israeli occupied; Israeli + troops in southern Lebanon since June 1982; water-sharing issues with Jordan +Climate: + temperate; hot and dry in desert areas +Terrain: + Negev desert in the south; low coastal plain; central mountains; Jordan Rift + Valley +Natural resources: + copper, phosphates, bromide, potash, clay, sand, sulfur, asphalt, manganese, + small amounts of natural gas and crude oil +Land use: + arable land 17%; permanent crops 5%; meadows and pastures 40%; forest and + woodland 6%; other 32%; includes irrigated 11% +Environment: + sandstorms may occur during spring and summer; limited arable land and + natural water resources pose serious constraints; deforestation +Note: + there are 175 Jewish settlements in the West Bank, 38 in the + Israeli-occupied Golan Heights, 18 in the Gaza Strip, and 14 Israeli-built + Jewish neighborhoods in East Jerusalem + +:Israel People + +Population: + 4,748,059 (July 1992), growth rate 4.0% (1992); includes 95,000 Jewish + settlers in the West Bank, 14,000 in the Israeli-occupied Golan Heights, + 4,000 in the Gaza Strip, and 132,000 in East Jerusalem (1992 est.) +Birth rate: + 21 births/1,000 population (1992) +Death rate: + 6 deaths/1,000 population (1992) +Net migration rate: + 26 migrants/1,000 population (1992) +Infant mortality rate: + 9 deaths/1,000 live births (1992) +Life expectancy at birth: + 76 years male, 80 years female (1992) +Total fertility rate: + 2.9 children born/woman (1992) +Nationality: + noun - Israeli(s); adjective - Israeli +Ethnic divisions: + Jewish 83%, non-Jewish (mostly Arab) 17% +Religions: + Judaism 82%, Islam (mostly Sunni Muslim) 14%, Christian 2%, Druze and other + 2% +Languages: + Hebrew (official); Arabic used officially for Arab minority; English most + commonly used foreign language +Literacy: + 92% (male 95%, female 89%) age 15 and over can read and write (1983) +Labor force: + 1,400,000 (1984 est.); public services 29.3%; industry, mining, and + manufacturing 22.8%; commerce 12.8%; finance and business 9.5%; transport, + storage, and communications 6.8%; construction and public works 6.5%; + personal and other services 5.8%; agriculture, forestry, and fishing 5.5%; + electricity and water 1.0% (1983) +Organized labor: + 90% of labor force + +:Israel Government + +Long-form name: + State of Israel +Type: + republic +Capital: + Israel proclaimed Jerusalem its capital in 1950, but the US, like nearly all + other countries, maintains its Embassy in Tel Aviv +Administrative divisions: + 6 districts (mehozot, singular - mehoz); Central, Haifa, Jerusalem, + Northern, Southern, Tel Aviv +Independence: + 14 May 1948 (from League of Nations mandate under British administration) +Constitution: + no formal constitution; some of the functions of a constitution are filled + by the Declaration of Establishment (1948), the basic laws of the parliament + (Knesset), and the Israeli citizenship law +Legal system: + mixture of English common law, British Mandate regulations, and, in personal + matters, Jewish, Christian, and Muslim legal systems; in December 1985, + Israel informed the UN Secretariat that it would no longer accept compulsory + ICJ jurisdiction +National holiday: + Independence Day; Israel declared independence on 14 May 1948, but the + Jewish calendar is lunar and the holiday may occur in April or May +Executive branch: + president, prime minister, vice prime minister, Cabinet +Legislative branch: + unicameral parliament (Knesset) +Judicial branch: + Supreme Court +Leaders: + Chief of State: + President Chaim HERZOG (since 5 May 1983) + Head of Government: + Prime Minister Yitzhak SHAMIR (since 20 October 1986) +Political parties and leaders: + Israel currently has a coalition government comprising 12 parties that hold + 66 of the Knesset's 120 seats; currently in state of flux; election held 23 + June 1992 + Members of the government: + Likud bloc, Prime Minister Yitzhak SHAMIR; Sephardic Torah Guardians (SHAS), + Minister of Interior Arieh DER'I; National Religious Party, Minister of + Education Shulamit ALONI; Agudat Israel, Avraham SHAPIRA; Degel HaTorah, + Avraham RAVITZ; Moriya, Minister of Immigrant Absorption, Yair TZABAN; + Ge'ulat Israel, Eliezer MIZRAHI; New Liberal Party, Minister of Finance, + Avraham SHOCHAT; Tehiya Party, Minister of Science Technology, Yuval NEEMAN; + Tzomet Party Unity for Peace and Aliyah, Rafael EITAN; Moledet Party, + Rehavam ZEEVI + Opposition parties: + Labor Party, Shimon PERES; Citizens' Rights Movement, Shulamit ALONI; United + Workers' Party (MAPAM), Yair TZABAN; Center Movement-Shinui, Amnon + RUBENSTEIN; New Israeli Communist Party (MAKI), Meir WILNER; Progressive + List for Peace, Muhammad MI'ARI; Arab Democratic Party, `Abd Al Wahab + DARAWSHAH; Black Panthers, Charlie BITON +Suffrage: + universal at age 18 + +:Israel Government + +Elections: + President: + last held 23 February 1988 (next to be held February 1994); results - Chaim + HERZOG reelected by Knesset + Knesset: + last held June 1992 (next to be held by NA; results - percent of vote by + party NA; seats - (120 total) Labor Party 44, Likud bloc 12, SHAS 6, + National Religious Party 6, Meretz 12, Agudat Yisrael 4, PAZI 3, MAKI 3, + Tehiya Party 3, Tzomet Party 8, Moledet Party 3, Degel HaTorah 4, Center + Movement Progressive List for Peace 1, Arab Democratic Party 2; Black + Panthers 1, Moriya 1, Ge'ulat Yisrael 1, Unity for Peace and Aliyah 1 +Communists: + Hadash (predominantly Arab but with Jews in its leadership) has some 1,500 + members +Other political or pressure groups: + Gush Emunim, Jewish nationalists advocating Jewish settlement on the West + Bank and Gaza Strip; Peace Now, critical of government's West Bank/Gaza + Strip and Lebanon policies +Member of: + AG (observer), CCC, EBRD, FAO, GATT, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICFTU, + IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INMARSAT, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, IOM, ISO, + ITU, OAS (observer), PCA, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, + WMO, WTO +Diplomatic representation: + Ambassador Zalman SHOVAL; Chancery at 3514 International Drive NW, + Washington, DC 20008; telephone (202) 364-5500; there are Israeli Consulates + General in Atlanta, Boston, Chicago, Houston, Los Angeles, Miami, New York, + Philadelphia, and San Francisco + US: + Ambassador William HARROP; Embassy at 71 Hayarkon Street, Tel Aviv (mailing + address is APO AE 09830; telephone [972] (3) 654338; FAX [972] (3) 663449; + there is a US Consulate General in Jerusalem +Flag: + white with a blue hexagram (six-pointed linear star) known as the Magen + David (Shield of David) centered between two equal horizontal blue bands + near the top and bottom edges of the flag + +:Israel Economy + +Overview: + Israel has a market economy with substantial government participation. It + depends on imports of crude oil, grains, raw materials, and military + equipment. Despite limited natural resources, Israel has intensively + developed its agricultural and industrial sectors over the past 20 years. + Industry employs about 20% of Israeli workers, agriculture 5%, and services + most of the rest. Diamonds, high-technology equipment, and agricultural + products (fruits and vegetables) are leading exports. Israel usually posts + balance-of-payments deficits, which are covered by large transfer payments + from abroad and by foreign loans. Roughly half of the government's $17 + billion external debt is owed to the United States, which is its major + source of economic and military aid. To earn needed foreign exchange, Israel + has been targeting high-technology niches in international markets, such as + medical scanning equipment. Iraq's invasion of Kuwait in August 1990 dealt a + blow to Israel's economy. Higher world oil prices added an estimated $300 + million to the oil import bill that year and helped keep annual inflation at + 18%. Regional tension and the continuing Palestinian uprising (intifadah) + have contributed to a sharp drop in tourism - a key foreign exchange earner + - to the lowest level since the 1973 Arab-Israeli war. The influx of Jewish + immigrants from the former USSR, which topped 330,000 during the period + 1990-91, will increase unemployment, intensify housing problems, widen the + government budget deficit, and fuel inflation. +GDP: + purchasing power equivalent - $54.6 billion, per capita $12,000; real growth + rate 5% (1991 est.) +Inflation rate (consumer prices): + 18% (1991 est.) +Unemployment rate: + 11% (1991 est.) +Budget: + revenues $41.7 billion; expenditures $47.6 billion, including capital + expenditures of $NA (FY92) +Exports: + $12.1 billion (f.o.b., 1991 est.) + commodities: + polished diamonds, citrus and other fruits, textiles and clothing, processed + foods, fertilizer and chemical products, military hardware, electronics + partners: + US, EC, Japan, Hong Kong, Switzerland +Imports: + $18.1 billion (c.i.f., 1991 est.) + commodities: + military equipment, rough diamonds, oil, chemicals, machinery, iron and + steel, cereals, textiles, vehicles, ships, aircraft + partners: + US, EC, Switzerland, Japan, South Africa, Canada, Hong Kong +External debt: + $24 billion, of which government debt is $17 billion (December 1991 est.) +Industrial production: + growth rate - 7% (1991 est.); accounts for about 20% of GDP +Electricity: + 5,300,000 kWh capacity; 21,000 million kWh produced, 4,800 kWh per capita + (1991) +Industries: + food processing, diamond cutting and polishing, textiles, clothing, + chemicals, metal products, military equipment, transport equipment, + electrical equipment, miscellaneous machinery, potash mining, + high-technology electronics, tourism + +:Israel Economy + +Agriculture: + accounts for about 3% of GDP; largely self-sufficient in food production, + except for grains; principal products - citrus and other fruits, vegetables, + cotton; livestock products - beef, dairy, and poultry +Economic aid: + US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-90), $18.2 billion; Western (non-US) + countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $2.8 billion +Currency: + new Israeli shekel (plural - shekels); 1 new Israeli shekel (NIS) = 100 new + agorot +Exchange rates: + new Israeli shekels (NIS) per US$1 - 2.4019 (March 1992), 2.2791 (1991), + 2.0162 (1990), 1.9164 (1989), 1.5989 (1988), 1.5946 (1987) +Fiscal year: + previously 1 April - 31 March; FY91 was 1 April - 31 December, and since 1 + January 1992 the fiscal year has conformed to the calendar year + +:Israel Communications + +Railroads: + 600 km 1.435-meter gauge, single track; diesel operated +Highways: + 4,750 km; majority is bituminous surfaced +Pipelines: + crude oil 708 km; petroleum products 290 km; natural gas 89 km +Ports: + Ashdod, Haifa +Merchant marine: + 34 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 629,966 GRT/721,106 DWT; includes 8 + cargo, 23 container, 2 refrigerated cargo, 1 roll-on/roll-off; note - Israel + also maintains a significant flag of convenience fleet, which is normally at + least as large as the Israeli flag fleet; the Israeli flag of convenience + fleet typically includes all of its petroleum tankers +Civil air: + 32 major transport aircraft +Airports: + 51 total, 44 usable; 26 with permanent-surface runways; none with runways + over 3,659 m; 6 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 11 with runways 1,220-2,439 m +Telecommunications: + most highly developed in the Middle East although not the largest; good + system of coaxial cable and radio relay; 1,800,000 telephones; broadcast + stations - 14 AM, 21 FM, 20 TV; 3 submarine cables; satellite earth stations + - 2 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT and 1 Indian Ocean INTELSAT + +:Israel Defense Forces + +Branches: + Israel Defense Forces, including ground, naval, and air components; + historically, there have been no separate Israeli military services +Manpower availability: + eligible 15-49, 2,357,195; of the 1,189,275 males 15-49, 977,332 are fit for + military service; of the 1,167,920 females 15-49, 955,928 are fit for + military service; 44,624 males and 42,705 females reach military age (18) + annually; both sexes are liable for military service; Nahal or Pioneer + Fighting Youth, Frontier Guard, Chen +Defense expenditures: + $7.5 billion, 12.1% of GNP (1992 budget); note - does not include pay for + reserve soldiers and other defense-related categories; actual outlays would + therefore be higher + +:Italy Geography + +Total area: + 301,230 km2 +Land area: + 294, 020 km2; includes Sardinia and Sicily +Comparative area: + slightly larger than Arizona +Land boundaries: + 1,899.2 km; Austria 430 km, France 488 km, San Marino 39 km, Slovenia 199 + km, Switzerland 740 km, Vatican City 3.2 km +Coastline: + 4,996 km +Maritime claims: + Continental shelf: + 200 m (depth) or to depth of exploitation + Territorial sea: + 12 nm +Disputes: + none +Climate: + predominantly Mediterranean; Alpine in far north; hot, dry in south +Terrain: + mostly rugged and mountainous; some plains, coastal lowlands +Natural resources: + mercury, potash, marble, sulfur, dwindling natural gas and crude oil + reserves, fish, coal +Land use: + arable land 32%; permanent crops 10%; meadows and pastures 17%; forest and + woodland 22%; other 19%; includes irrigated 10% +Environment: + regional risks include land-slides, mudflows, snowslides, earthquakes, + volcanic eruptions, flooding, pollution; land sinkage in Venice +Note: + strategic location dominating central Mediterranean as well as southern sea + and air approaches to Western Europe + +:Italy People + +Population: + 57,904,628 (July 1992), growth rate 0.2% (1992) +Birth rate: + 10 births/1,000 population (1992) +Death rate: + 10 deaths/1,000 population (1992) +Net migration rate: + 1 migrant/1,000 population (1992) +Infant mortality rate: + 8 deaths/1,000 live births (1992) +Life expectancy at birth: + 74 years male, 81 years female (1992) +Total fertility rate: + 1.4 children born/woman (1992) +Nationality: + noun - Italian(s); adjective - Italian +Ethnic divisions: + primarily Italian but population includes small clusters of German-, + French-, and Slovene-Italians in the north and Albanian-Italians and + Greek-Italians in the south; Sicilians; Sardinians +Religions: + virtually 100% Roman Catholic +Languages: + Italian; parts of Trentino-Alto Adige region are predominantly German + speaking; small French-speaking minority in Valle d'Aosta region; + Slovene-speaking minority in the Trieste-Gorizia area +Literacy: + 97% (male 98%, female 96%) age 15 and over can read and write (1990 est.) +Labor force: + 23,988,000; services 58%, industry 32.2%, agriculture 9.8% (1988) +Organized labor: + 40-45% of labor force (est.) + +:Italy Government + +Long-form name: + Italian Republic +Type: + republic +Capital: + Rome +Administrative divisions: + 20 regions (regioni, singular - regione); Abruzzi, Basilicata, Calabria, + Campania, Emilia-Romagna, Friuli-Venezia Giulia, Lazio, Liguria, Lombardia, + Marche, Molise, Piemonte, Puglia, Sardegna, Sicilia, Toscana, Trentino-Alto + Adige, Umbria, Valle d'Aosta, Veneto +Independence: + 17 March 1861, Kingdom of Italy proclaimed +Constitution: + 1 January 1948 +Legal system: + based on civil law system, with ecclesiastical law influence; appeals + treated as trials de novo; judicial review under certain conditions in + Constitutional Court; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction +National holiday: + Anniversary of the Republic, 2 June (1946) +Executive branch: + president, prime minister (president of the Council of Ministers) +Legislative branch: + bicameral Parliament (Parlamento) consists of an upper chamber or Senate of + the Republic (Senato della Repubblica) and a lower chamber or Chamber of + Deputies (Camera dei Deputati) +Judicial branch: + Constitutional Court (Corte Costituzionale) +Leaders: + Chief of State: + President Oscar Luigi SCALFARO (since 28 May 1992) + Head of Government: + Prime Minister Guiliano AMATO (since 28 June 1992); Deputy Prime Minister +Political parties and leaders: + Christian Democratic Party (DC), Arnaldo FORLANI (general secretary), + Ciriaco De MITA (president); Socialist Party (PSI), Bettino CRAXI (party + secretary); Social Democratic Party (PSDI), Carlo VIZZINI (party secretary); + Liberal Party (PLI), Renato ALTISSIMO (secretary general); Democratic Party + of the Left (PDS - was Communist Party, or PCI, until January 1991), Achille + OCCHETTO (secretary general); Italian Social Movement (MSI), Gianfranco FINI + (national secretary); Republican Party (PRI), Giorgio La MALFA (political + secretary); Lega Nord (Northern League), Umberto BOSSI, president +Suffrage: + universal at age 18 (except in senatorial elections, where minimum age is + 25) +Elections: + Senate: + last held 5-6 April 1992 (next to be held by April 1997); results - DC + 33.9%, PCI 28.3%, PSI 10.7%, other 27.1%; seats - (326 total, 315 elected) + DC 107, PDS 64, PSI 49, Leagues 25, other 70 + Chamber of Deputies: + last held 5-6 April 1992 (next to be held April 1997); results - DC 29.7%, + PDS 26.6%, PSI 13.6%, Leagues 8.7%, Communist Renewal 5.6%, MSI 5.4%, PRI + 4.4%, PLI 2.8%, PSDI 2.7%, other 11% + +:Italy Government + +Other political or pressure groups: + the Roman Catholic Church; three major trade union confederations (CGIL - + Communist dominated, CISL - Christian Democratic, and UIL - Social + Democratic, Socialist, and Republican); Italian manufacturers association + (Confindustria); organized farm groups (Confcoltivatori, Confagricoltura) +Member of: + AfDB, AG (observer), Australia Group, AsDB, BIS, CCC, CDB (nonregional + member), CE, CERN, COCOM, CSCE, EBRD, EC, ECE, EIB, ESA, FAO, G-7, G-10, + GATT, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICFTU, IDA, IFAD, IEA, IFC, ILO, IMF, + IMO, INMARSAT, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, IOM, ISO, ITU, LORCS, MTCR, NACC, + NATO, NEA, NSG, OAS (observer), OECD, PCA, MTCR, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, + UNIDO, UNIFIL, UNIIMOG, UNMOGIP, UNTSO, UPU, WCL, WEU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO, + ZC +Diplomatic representation: + Ambassador Boris BIANCHERI CHIAPPORI; Chancery at 1601 Fuller Street NW, + Washington, DC 20009; telephone (202) 328-5500; there are Italian Consulates + General in Boston, Chicago, Houston, New Orleans, Los Angeles, Philadelphia, + San Francisco, and Consulates in Detroit and Newark (New Jersey) + US: + Ambassador Peter F. SECCHIA; Embassy at Via Veneto 119/A, 00187, Rome + (mailing address is APO AE 09624); telephone [39] (6) 46741, FAX [39] (6) + 467-2356; there are US Consulates General in Florence, Genoa, Milan, Naples, + and Palermo (Sicily) +Flag: + three equal vertical bands of green (hoist side), white, and red; similar to + the flag of Ireland, which is longer and is green (hoist side), white, and + orange; also similar to the flag of the Ivory Coast, which has the colors + reversed - orange (hoist side), white, and green + +:Italy Economy + +Overview: + Since World War II the economy has changed from one based on agriculture + into a ranking industrial economy, with approximately the same total and per + capita output as France and the UK. The country is still divided into a + developed industrial north, dominated by small private companies, and an + undeveloped agricultural south, dominated by large public enterprises. + Services account for 48% of GDP, industry about 35%, agriculture 4%, and + public administration 13%. Most raw materials needed by industry and over + 75% of energy requirements must be imported. After growing at an annual + average rate of 3% during the period 1983-90, growth slowed to about 1% in + 1991. For the 1990s, Italy faces the problems of refurbishing a tottering + communications system, curbing pollution in major industrial centers, and + adjusting to the new competitive forces accompanying the ongoing economic + integration of the European Community. +GDP: + purchasing power equivalent - $965.0 billion, per capita $16,700; real + growth rate 1.0% (1991 est.) +Inflation rate (consumer prices): + 6.5% (1991) +Unemployment rate: + 11.0% (1991 est.) +Budget: + revenues $431 billion; expenditures $565 billion, including capital + expenditures of $48 billion (1991) +Exports: + $209 billion (f.o.b., 1991) + commodities: + textiles, wearing apparel, metals, transportation equipment, chemicals + partners: + EC 58.5%, US 8%, OPEC 4% +Imports: + $222 billion (c.i.f., 1991) + commodities: + petroleum, industrial machinery, chemicals, metals, food, agricultural + products + partners: + EC 58%, OPEC 7%, US 5% +External debt: + NA +Industrial production: + growth rate - 2.0% (1991); accounts for almost 35% of GDP +Electricity: + 57,500,000 kW capacity; 235,000 million kWh produced, 4,072 kWh per capita + (1991) +Industries: + machinery, iron and steel, chemicals, food processing, textiles, motor + vehicles, clothing, footwear, ceramics +Agriculture: + accounts for about 4% of GDP and 10% of the work force; self-sufficient in + foods other than meat and dairy products; principal crops - fruits, + vegetables, grapes, potatoes, sugar beets, soybeans, grain, olives; fish + catch of 388,200 metric tons in 1988 +Economic aid: + donor - ODA and OOF commitments (1970-89), $25.9 billion +Currency: + Italian lira (plural - lire); 1 Italian lira (Lit) = 100 centesimi +Exchange rates: + Italian lire (Lit) per US$1 - 1,248.4 (March 1992), 1,240.6 (January 1991), + 1,198.1 (1990), 1,372.1 (1989), 1,301.6 (1988), 1,296.1 (1987) + +:Italy Economy + +Fiscal year: + calendar year + +:Italy Communications + +Railroads: + 20,011 km total; 16,066 km 1.435-meter government-owned standard gauge + (8,999 km electrified); 3,945 km privately owned - 2,100 km 1.435-meter + standard gauge (1,155 km electrified) and 1,845 km 0.950-meter narrow gauge + (380 km electrified) +Highways: + 294,410 km total; autostrada (expressway) 5,900 km, state highways 45,170 + km, provincial highways 101,680 km, communal highways 141,660 km; 260,500 km + paved, 26,900 km gravel and crushed stone, 7,010 km earth +Inland waterways: + 2,400 km for various types of commercial traffic, although of limited + overall value +Pipelines: + crude oil 1,703 km; petroleum products 2,148 km; natural gas 19,400 km +Ports: + Cagliari (Sardinia), Genoa, La Spezia, Livorno, Naples, Palermo (Sicily), + Taranto, Trieste, Venice +Merchant marine: + 546 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 7,004,462 GRT/10,265,132 DWT; + includes 17 passenger, 39 short-sea passenger, 94 cargo, 4 refrigerated + cargo, 24 container, 66 roll-on/roll-off cargo, 9 vehicle carrier, 1 + multifunction large-load carrier, 1 livestock carrier, 142 petroleum tanker, + 33 chemical tanker, 39 liquefied gas, 10 specialized tanker, 10 combination + ore/oil, 55 bulk, 2 combination bulk +Civil air: + 125 major transport aircraft +Airports: + 137 total, 134 usable; 91 with permanent-surface runways; 2 with runways + over 3,659 m; 36 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 39 with runways 1,220-2,439 m +Telecommunications: + modern, well-developed, fast; 25,600,000 telephones; fully automated + telephone, telex, and data services; high-capacity cable and radio relay + trunks; very good broadcast service by stations - 135 AM, 28 (1,840 + repeaters) FM, 83 (1,000 repeaters) TV; international service by 21 + submarine cables; 3 satellite earth stations operating in INTELSAT with 3 + Atlantic Ocean antennas and 2 Indian Ocean antennas; also participates in + INMARSAT and EUTELSAT systems + +:Italy Defense Forces + +Branches: + Army, Navy, Air Force, Carabinieri +Manpower availability: + males 15-49, 14,864,191; 12,980,362 fit for military service; 441,768 reach + military age (18) annually +Defense expenditures: + exchange rate conversion - $22.7 billion, 2.2% of GDP (1991) + +:Ivory Coast Geography + +Total area: + 322,460 km2 +Land area: + 318,000 km2 +Comparative area: + slightly larger than New Mexico +Land boundaries: + 3,110 km; Burkina 584 km, Ghana 668 km, Guinea 610 km, Liberia 716 km, Mali + 532 km +Coastline: + 515 km +Maritime claims: + Continental shelf: + 200 m (depth) + Exclusive economic zone: + 200 nm + Territorial sea: + 12 nm +Disputes: + none +Climate: + tropical along coast, semiarid in far north; three seasons - warm and dry + (November to March), hot and dry (March to May), hot and wet (June to + October) +Terrain: + mostly flat to undulating plains; mountains in northwest +Natural resources: + crude oil, diamonds, manganese, iron ore, cobalt, bauxite, copper +Land use: + arable land 9%; permanent crops 4%; meadows and pastures 9%; forest and + woodland 26%; other 52%; includes irrigated NEGL% +Environment: + coast has heavy surf and no natural harbors; severe deforestation + +:Ivory Coast People + +Population: + 13,497,153 (July 1992), growth rate 3.9% (1992) +Birth rate: + 47 births/1,000 population (1992) +Death rate: + 12 deaths/1,000 population (1992) +Net migration rate: + 3 migrants/1,000 population (1992) +Infant mortality rate: + 94 deaths/1,000 live births (1992) +Life expectancy at birth: + 53 years male, 57 years female (1992) +Total fertility rate: + 6.8 children born/woman (1992) +Nationality: + noun - Ivorian(s); adjective - Ivorian +Ethnic divisions: + over 60 ethnic groups; most important are the Baoule 23%, Bete 18%, Senoufou + 15%, Malinke 11%, and Agni; foreign Africans, mostly Burkinabe about 2 + million; non-Africans about 130,000 to 330,000 (French 30,000 and Lebanese + 100,000 to 300,000) +Religions: + indigenous 63%, Muslim 25%, Christian 12%, +Languages: + French (official), over 60 native dialects; Dioula most widely spoken +Literacy: + 54% (male 67%, female 40%) age 15 and over can read and write (1990 est.) +Labor force: + 5,718,000; over 85% of population engaged in agriculture, forestry, + livestock raising; about 11% of labor force are wage earners, nearly half in + agriculture and the remainder in government, industry, commerce, and + professions; 54% of population of working age (1985) +Organized labor: + 20% of wage labor force + +:Ivory Coast Government + +Long-form name: + Republic of the Ivory Coast; note - the local official name is Republique de + Cote d'Ivoire +Type: + republic; multiparty presidential regime established 1960 +Capital: + Yamoussoukro (although Yamoussoukro has been the capital since 1983, Adibjan + remains the administrative center; foreign governments, including the United + States, maintain presence in Abidjan) +Administrative divisions: + 49 departments (departements, singular - (departement); Abengourou, Abidjan, + Aboisso, Adzope, Agboville, Bangolo, Beoumi, Biankouma, Bondoukou, + Bongouanou, Bouafle, Bouake, Bouna, Boundiali, Dabakala, Daloa, Danane, + Daoukro, Dimbokro, Divo, Duekoue, Ferkessedougou, Gagnoa, Grand-Lahou, + Guiglo, Issia, Katiola, Korhogo, Lakota, Man, Mankono, Mbahiakro, Odienne, + Oume, Sakassou, San-Pedro, Sassandra, Seguela, Sinfra, Soubre, Tabou, Tanda, + Tingrela, Tiassale, Touba, Toumodi, Vavoua, Yamoussoukro, Zuenoula +Independence: + 7 August 1960 (from France) +Constitution: + 3 November 1960 +Legal system: + based on French civil law system and customary law; judicial review in the + Constitutional Chamber of the Supreme Court; has not accepted compulsory ICJ + jurisdiction +National holiday: + National Day, 7 December +Executive branch: + president, Council of Ministers (cabinet) +Legislative branch: + unicameral National Assembly (Assemblee Nationale) +Judicial branch: + Supreme Court (Cour Supreme) +Leaders: + Chief of State and Head of Government: + President Dr. Felix HOUPHOUET-BOIGNY (since 27 November 1960); Prime + Minister Alassane OUATTARA (since 7 November 1990) +Political parties and leaders: + Democratic Party of the Ivory Coast (PDCI), Dr. Felix HOUPHOUET-BOIGNY; + Ivorian Popular Front (FPI), Laurent GBAGBO; Ivorian Worker's Party (PIT), + Francis WODIE; Ivorian Socialist Party (PSI), Morifere BAMBA; over 20 + smaller parties +Suffrage: + universal at age 21 +Elections: + President: + last held 28 October 1990 (next to be held October 1995); results - + President Felix HOUPHOUET-BOIGNY received 81% of the vote in his first + contested election; he is currently serving his seventh consecutive + five-year term + National Assembly: + last held 25 November 1990 (next to be held November 1995); results - + percent of vote by party NA; seats - (175 total) PDCI 163, FPI 9, PIT 1, + independents 2 +Member of: + ACCT, ACP, AfDB, CCC, CEAO, ECA, ECOWAS, Entente, FAO, FZ, G-24, G-77, GATT, + IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, + IOC, ISO, ITU, LORCS, NAM, OAU, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WADB, WCL, + WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO + +:Ivory Coast Government + +Diplomatic representation: + Ambassador Charles GOMIS; Chancery at 2424 Massachusetts Avenue NW, + Washington, DC 20008; telephone (202) 797-0300 + US: + Ambassador Kenneth L. BROWN; Embassy at 5 Rue Jesse Owens, Abidjan (mailing + address is 01 B. P. 1712, Abidjan); telephone [225] 21-09-79 or 21-46-72, + FAX [225] 22-32-59 +Flag: + three equal vertical bands of orange (hoist side), white, and green; similar + to the flag of Ireland, which is longer and has the colors reversed - green + (hoist side), white, and orange; also similar to the flag of Italy, which is + green (hoist side), white, and red; design was based on the flag of France + +:Ivory Coast Economy + +Overview: + Ivory Coast is among the world's largest producers and exporters of coffee, + cocoa beans, and palm-kernel oil. Consequently, the economy is highly + sensitive to fluctuations in international prices for coffee and cocoa and + to weather conditions. Despite attempts by the government to diversify, the + economy is still largely dependent on agriculture and related industries. + The agricultural sector accounts for over one-third of GDP and about 80% of + export earnings and employs about 85% of the labor force. A collapse of + world cocoa and coffee prices in 1986 threw the economy into a recession, + from which the country had not recovered by 1990. Continuing poor prices for + commodity exports, an overvalued exchange rate, a bloated public-sector wage + bill, and a large foreign debt hindered economic recovery in 1991. +GDP: + exchange rate conversion - $10 billion, per capita $800; real growth rate + -2.9% (1990) +Inflation rate (consumer prices): + -0.8% (1990 est.) +Unemployment rate: + 14% (1985) +Budget: + revenues $2.8 billion (1989 est.); expenditures $4.1 billion, including + capital expenditures of $NA (1989 est.) +Exports: + $2.5 billion (f.o.b., 1989) + commodities: + cocoa 30%, coffee 20%, tropical woods 11%, cotton, bananas, pineapples, palm + oil, cotton + partners: + France, FRG, Netherlands, US, Belgium, Spain (1985) +Imports: + $1.4 billion (f.o.b., 1989) + commodities: + manufactured goods and semifinished products 50%, consumer goods 40%, raw + materials and fuels 10% + partners: + France, other EC, Nigeria, US, Japan (1985) +External debt: + $15.0 billion (1990 est.) +Industrial production: + growth rate - 6% (1989); accounts for 17% of GDP +Electricity: + 1,210,000 kW capacity; 2,680 million kWh produced, 210 kWh per capita (1991) +Industries: + foodstuffs, wood processing, oil refinery, automobile assembly, textiles, + fertilizer, beverage +Agriculture: + most important sector, contributing one-third to GDP and 80% to exports; + cash crops include coffee, cocoa beans, timber, bananas, palm kernels, + rubber; food crops - corn, rice, manioc, sweet potatoes; not self-sufficient + in bread grain and dairy products +Illicit drugs: + illicit producer of cannabis on a small scale for the international drug + trade +Economic aid: + US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $356 million; Western (non-US) + countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-88), $5.2 billion +Currency: + Communaute Financiere Africaine franc (plural - francs); 1 CFA franc (CFAF) + = 100 centimes + +:Ivory Coast Economy + +Exchange rates: + Communaute Financiere Africaine francs (CFAF) per US$1 - 269.01 (January + 1992), 282.11 (1991), 272.26 (1990), 319.01 (1989), 297.85 (1988), 300.54 + (1987), 346.30 (1986) +Fiscal year: + calendar year + +:Ivory Coast Communications + +Railroads: + 660 km (Burkina border to Abidjan, 1.00-meter gauge, single track, except 25 + km Abidjan-Anyama section is double track) +Highways: + 46,600 km total; 3,600 km paved; 32,000 km gravel, crushed stone, laterite, + and improved earth; 11,000 km unimproved +Inland waterways: + 980 km navigable rivers, canals, and numerous coastal lagoons +Ports: + Abidjan, San-Pedro +Merchant marine: + 7 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 70,957 GRT/ 91,782 DWT; includes 5 + cargo, 1 petroleum tanker, 1 chemical tanker +Civil air: + 14 major transport aircraft, including multinationally owned Air Afrique + fleet +Airports: + 45 total, 39 usable; 7 with permanent-surface runways; none with runways + over 3,659 m; 3 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 15 with runways 1,220-2,439 m +Telecommunications: + well-developed by African standards but operating well below capacity; + consists of open-wire lines and radio relay links; 87,700 telephones; + broadcast stations - 3 AM, 17 FM, 13 TV, 1 Atlantic Ocean and 1 Indian Ocean + INTELSAT earth station; 2 coaxial submarine cables + +:Ivory Coast Defense Forces + +Branches: + Army, Navy, Air Force, paramilitary Gendarmerie, Republican Guard, Military + Fire Group +Manpower availability: + males 15-49, 3,083,765; 1,597,108 fit for military service; 141,259 males + reach military age (18) annually +Defense expenditures: + exchange rate conversion - $200 million, 2.3% of GDP (1988) + +:Jamaica Geography + +Total area: + 10,990 km2 +Land area: + 10,830 km2 +Comparative area: + slightly smaller than Connecticut +Land boundaries: + none +Coastline: + 1,022 km +Maritime claims: + Territorial sea: + 12 nm +Disputes: + none +Climate: + tropical; hot, humid; temperate interior +Terrain: + mostly mountains with narrow, discontinuous coastal plain +Natural resources: + bauxite, gypsum, limestone +Land use: + arable land 19%; permanent crops 6%; meadows and pastures 18%; forest and + woodland 28%; other 29%; includes irrigated 3% +Environment: + subject to hurricanes (especially July to November); deforestation; water + pollution +Note: + strategic location between Cayman Trench and Jamaica Channel, the main sea + lanes for Panama Canal + +:Jamaica People + +Population: + 2,506,701 (July 1992), growth rate 0.9% (1992) +Birth rate: + 23 births/1,000 population (1992) +Death rate: + 6 deaths/1,000 population (1992) +Net migration rate: + -8 migrants/1,000 population (1992) +Infant mortality rate: + 18 deaths/1,000 live births (1992) +Life expectancy at birth: + 72 years male, 76 years female (1992) +Total fertility rate: + 2.5 children born/woman (1992) +Nationality: + noun - Jamaican(s); adjective - Jamaican +Ethnic divisions: + African 76.3%, Afro-European 15.1%, East Indian and Afro-East Indian 3.0%, + white 3.2%, Chinese and Afro-Chinese 1.2%, other 1.2% +Religions: + predominantly Protestant 55.9% (Church of God 18.4%, Baptist 10%, Anglican + 7.1%, Seventh-Day Adventist 6.9%, Pentecostal 5.2%, Methodist 3.1%, United + Church 2.7%, other 2.5%), Roman Catholic 5%, other 39.1%, including some + spiritualist cults (1982) +Languages: + English, Creole +Literacy: + 98% (male 98%, female 99%) age 15 and over having ever attended school (1990 + est.) +Labor force: + 1,062,100; services 41%, agriculture 22.5%, industry 19%; unemployed 17.5% + (1989) +Organized labor: + 24% of labor force (1989) + +:Jamaica Government + +Long-form name: + none +Type: + parliamentary democracy +Capital: + Kingston +Administrative divisions: + 14 parishes; Clarendon, Hanover, Kingston, Manchester, Portland, Saint + Andrew, Saint Ann, Saint Catherine, Saint Elizabeth, Saint James, Saint + Mary, Saint Thomas, Trelawny, Westmoreland +Independence: + 6 August 1962 (from UK) +Constitution: + 6 August 1962 +Legal system: + based on English common law; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction +National holiday: + Independence Day (first Monday in August) +Executive branch: + British monarch, governor general, prime minister, Cabinet +Legislative branch: + bicameral Parliament consists of an upper house or Senate and a lower house + or House of Representatives +Judicial branch: + Supreme Court +Leaders: + Chief of State: + Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952), represented by Governor General + Howard COOKE (since 1 August 1991) + Head of Government: + Prime Minister P. J. Patterson (since 30 March 1992) +Political parties and leaders: + People's National Party (PNP) P. J. Patterson; Jamaica Labor Party (JLP), + Edward SEAGA +Suffrage: + universal at age 18 +Elections: + House of Representatives: + last held 9 February 1989 (next to be held by February 1994); results - PNP + 57%, JLP 43%; seats - (60 total) PNP 45, JLP 15 +Other political or pressure groups: + Rastafarians (black religious/racial cultists, pan-Africanists) +Member of: + ACP, C, CARICOM, CCC, CDB, ECLAC, FAO, G-15, G-19, G-77, GATT, G-15, IADB, + IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICFTU, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, + ISO, ITU, LAES, LORCS, NAM, OAS, OPANAL, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, + WCL, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO +Diplomatic representation: + Ambassador Richard BERNAL; Chancery at Suite 355, 1850 K Street NW, + Washington, DC 20006; telephone (202) 452-0660; there are Jamaican + Consulates General in Miami and New York + US: + Ambassador Glen A. HOLDEN; Embassy at 3rd Floor, Jamaica Mutual Life Center, + 2 Oxford Road, Kingston; telephone (809) 929-4850 through 4859, FAX (809) + 926-6743 +Flag: + diagonal yellow cross divides the flag into four triangles - green (top and + bottom) and black (hoist side and fly side) + +:Jamaica Economy + +Overview: + The economy is based on sugar, bauxite, and tourism. In 1985 it suffered a + setback with the closure of some facilities in the bauxite and alumina + industry, a major source of hard currency earnings. Since 1986 an economic + recovery has been under way. In 1987 conditions began to improve for the + bauxite and alumina industry because of increases in world metal prices. The + recovery has also been supported by growth in the manufacturing and tourism + sectors. In September 1988, Hurricane Gilbert inflicted severe damage on + crops and the electric power system, a sharp but temporary setback to the + economy. By October 1989 the economic recovery from the hurricane was + largely complete, and real growth was up about 3% for 1989. In 1991, + however, growth dropped to 1.0% as a result of the US recession, lower world + bauxite prices, and monetary instability. +GDP: + exchange rate conversion - $3.6 billion, per capita $1,400; real growth rate + 1.0% (1991 est.) +Inflation rate (consumer prices): + 80% (1991 projected) +Unemployment rate: + 15.1% (1991) +Budget: + revenues $600 million; expenditures $736 million (FY91 est.) +Exports: + $1.2 billion (f.o.b., 1991, projected) + commodities: + bauxite, alumina, sugar, bananas + partners: + US 36%, UK, Canada, Norway, Trinidad and Tobago +Imports: + $1.8 billion (c.i.f., 1991 projected) + commodities: + petroleum, machinery, food, consumer goods, construction goods + partners: + US 48%, UK, Venezuela, Canada, Japan, Trinidad and Tobago +External debt: + $3.8 billion (1991 est.) +Industrial production: + growth rate - 2.0% (1990); accounts for almost 25% of GDP +Electricity: + 1,122,000 kW capacity; 2,520 million kWh produced, 1,012 kWh per capita + (1991) +Industries: + tourism, bauxite mining, textiles, food processing, light manufactures +Agriculture: + accounts for about 9% of GDP, 22% of work force, and 17% of exports; + commercial crops - sugarcane, bananas, coffee, citrus, potatoes, and + vegetables; live-stock and livestock products include poultry, goats, milk; + not self-sufficient in grain, meat, and dairy products +Illicit drugs: + illicit cultivation of cannabis; transshipment point for cocaine from + Central and South America to North America; government has an active + cannabis eradication program +Economic aid: + US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $1.2 billion; other countries, + ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $1.6 billion +Currency: + Jamaican dollar (plural - dollars); 1 Jamaican dollar (J$) = 100 cents + +:Jamaica Economy + +Exchange rates: + Jamaican dollars (J$) per US$1 - 21.946 (January 1992), 12.116 (1991), 7.184 + (1990), 5.7446 (1989), 5.4886 (1988), 5.4867 (1987), 5.4778 (1986) +Fiscal year: + 1 April - 31 March + +:Jamaica Communications + +Railroads: + 294 km, all 1.435-meter standard gauge, single track +Highways: + 18,200 km total; 12,600 km paved, 3,200 km gravel, 2,400 km improved earth +Pipelines: + petroleum products 10 km +Ports: + Kingston, Montego Bay +Merchant marine: + 4 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 9,619 GRT/16,302 DWT; includes 1 + roll-on/roll-off cargo, 1 petroleum tanker, 2 bulk +Civil air: + 8 major transport aircraft +Airports: + 36 total, 23 usable; 13 with permanent-surface runways; none with runways + over 3,659 m; 2 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 1 with runways 1,220-2,439 m +Telecommunications: + fully automatic domestic telephone network; 127,000 telephones; broadcast + stations - 10 AM, 17 FM, 8 TV; 2 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT earth stations; 3 + coaxial submarine cables + +:Jamaica Defense Forces + +Branches: + Jamaica Defense Force (including Coast Guard and Air Wing), Jamaica + Constabulary Force +Manpower availability: + males 15-49, 640,058; 454,131 fit for military service; no conscription; + 26,785 reach minimum volunteer age (18) annually +Defense expenditures: + exchange rate conversion - $20 million, less than 1% of GDP (FY91) + +:Jan Mayen Geography + +Total area: + 373 km2 +Land area: + 373 km2 +Comparative area: + slightly more than twice the size of Washington, DC +Land boundaries: + none +Coastline: + 124.1 km +Maritime claims: + Contiguous zone: + 10 nm + Continental shelf: + 200 m (depth) or to depth of exploitation + Exclusive fishing zone: + 200 nm + Territorial sea: + 4 nm +Disputes: + Denmark has challenged Norway's maritime claims beween Greenland and Jan + Mayen +Climate: + arctic maritime with frequent storms and persistent fog +Terrain: + volcanic island, partly covered by glaciers; Beerenberg is the highest peak, + with an elevation of 2,277 meters +Natural resources: + none +Land use: + arable land 0%; permanent crops 0%; meadows and pastures 0%; forest and + woodland 0%; other 100% +Environment: + barren volcanic island with some moss and grass; volcanic activity resumed + in 1970 +Note: + located north of the Arctic Circle about 590 km north-northeast of Iceland + between the Greenland Sea and the Norwegian Sea + +:Jan Mayen People + +Population: + no permanent inhabitants + +:Jan Mayen Government + +Long-form name: + none +Type: + territory of Norway +Capital: + none; administered from Oslo, Norway, through a governor (sysselmann) + resident in Longyearbyen (Svalbard) + +:Jan Mayen Economy + +Overview: + Jan Mayen is a volcanic island with no exploitable natural resources. + Economic activity is limited to providing services for employees of Norway's + radio and meteorological stations located on the island. +Electricity: + 15,000 kW capacity; 40 million kWh produced, NA kWh per capita (1989) + +:Jan Mayen Communications + +Ports: + none; offshore anchorage only +Airports: + 1 with runways 1,220 to 2,439 m +Telecommunications: + radio and meteorological station + +:Jan Mayen Defense Forces + +Note: + defense is the responsibility of Norway + +:Japan Geography + +Total area: + 377,835 km2 +Land area: + 374,744 km2; includes Bonin Islands (Ogasawara-gunto), Daito-shoto, + Minami-jima, Okinotori-shima, Ryukyu Islands (Nansei-shoto), and Volcano + Islands (Kazan-retto) +Comparative area: + slightly smaller than California +Land boundaries: + none +Coastline: + 29,751 km +Maritime claims: + Exclusive fishing zone: + 200 nm + Territorial sea: + 12 nm (3 nm in international straits - La Perouse or Soya, Tsugaru, Osumi, + and Eastern and Western channels of the Korea or Tsushima Strait) +Disputes: + Etorofu, Kunashiri, and Shikotan Islands and the Habomai island group + occupied by the Soviet Union in 1945, now administered by Russia, claimed by + Japan; Liancourt Rocks disputed with South Korea; Senkaku-shoto (Senkaku + Islands) claimed by China and Taiwan +Climate: + varies from tropical in south to cool temperate in north +Terrain: + mostly rugged and mountainous +Natural resources: + negligible mineral resources, fish +Land use: + arable land 13%; permanent crops 1%; meadows and pastures 1%; forest and + woodland 67%; other 18%; includes irrigated 9% +Environment: + many dormant and some active volcanoes; about 1,500 seismic occurrences + (mostly tremors) every year; subject to tsunamis +Note: + strategic location in northeast Asia + +:Japan People + +Population: + 124,460,481 (July 1992), growth rate 0.4% (1992) +Birth rate: + 10 births/1,000 population (1992) +Death rate: + 7 deaths/1,000 population (1992) +Net migration rate: + 0 migrants/1,000 population (1992) +Infant mortality rate: + 4 deaths/1,000 live births (1992) +Life expectancy at birth: + 77 years male, 82 years female (1992) +Total fertility rate: + 1.6 children born/woman (1992) +Nationality: + noun - Japanese (singular and plural); adjective - Japanese +Ethnic divisions: + Japanese 99.4%, other (mostly Korean) 0.6% +Religions: + most Japanese observe both Shinto and Buddhist rites so the percentages add + to more than 100% - Shinto 95.8%, Buddhist 76.3%, Christian 1.4%, other 12% + (1985) +Languages: + Japanese +Literacy: + 99% (male NA%, female NA%) age 15 and over can read and write (1970 est.) +Labor force: + 63,330,000; trade and services 54%; manufacturing, mining, and construction + 33%; agriculture, forestry, and fishing 7%; government 3% (1988) +Organized labor: + about 29% of employed workers; public service 76.4%, transportation and + telecommunications 57.9%, mining 48.7%, manufacturing 33.7%, services 18.2%, + wholesale, retail, and restaurant 9.3% + +:Japan Government + +Long-form name: + none +Type: + constitutional monarchy +Capital: + Tokyo +Administrative divisions: + 47 prefectures; Aichi, Akita, Aomori, Chiba, Ehime, Fukui, Fukuoka, + Fukushima, Gifu, Gumma, Hiroshima, Hokkaido, Hyogo, Ibaraki, Ishikawa, + Iwate, Kagawa, Kagoshima, Kanagawa, Kochi, Kumamoto, Kyoto, Mie, Miyagi, + Miyazaki, Nagano, Nagasaki, Nara, Niigata, Oita, Okayama, Okinawa, Osaka, + Saga, Saitama, Shiga, Shimane, Shizuoka, Tochigi, Tokushima, Tokyo, Tottori, + Toyama, Wakayama, Yamagata, Yamaguchi, Yamanashi +Independence: + 660 BC, traditional founding by Emperor Jimmu +Constitution: + 3 May 1947 +Legal system: + civil law system with English-American influence; judicial review of + legislative acts in the Supreme Court; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, + with reservations +National holiday: + Birthday of the Emperor, 23 December (1933) +Executive branch: + Emperor, prime minister, Cabinet +Legislative branch: + bicameral Diet (Kokkai) consists of an upper house or House of Councillors + (Sangi-in) and a lower house or House of Representatives (Shugi-in) +Judicial branch: + Supreme Court +Leaders: + Chief of State: + Emperor AKIHITO (since 7 January 1989) + Head of Government: + Prime Minister Kiichi MIYAZAWA (since 5 November 1991) +Political parties and leaders: + Liberal Democratic Party (LDP), Kiichi MIYAZAWA, president; Tamisuke + WATANUKI, secretary general; Social Democratic Party of Japan (SDPJ), Makoto + TANABE, Chairman; Democratic Socialist Party (DSP), Keizo OUCHI, chairman; + Japan Communist Party (JCP), Tetsuzo FUWA, Presidium chairman; Komeito + (Clean Government Party, CGP), Koshiro ISHIDA, chairman +Suffrage: + universal at age 20 +Elections: + House of Councillors: + last held on 23 July 1989 (next to be held 26 July 1992); results - percent + of vote by party NA; seats - (263 total) LDP 114, SDPJ 71, CGP 20, JCP 14, + other 33 + House of Representatives: + last held on 18 February 1990 (next to be held by February 1993); results - + percent of vote by party NA; seats - (512 total) LDP 278, SDPJ 137, CGP 46, + JCP 16, DSP 13, others 5, independents 6, vacant 11 +Communists: + about 490,000 registered Communist party members + +:Japan Government + +Member of: + AfDB, AG (observer), Australia Group, APEC, AsDB, BIS, CCC, COCOM, CP, EBRD, + ESCAP, FAO, G-2, G-5, G-7, G-8, G-10, GATT, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, + ICFTU, IDA, IEA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INMARSAT, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, + IOC, IOM (observer), ISO, ITU, LORCS, MTCR, NEA, NSG, OAS (observer), OECD, + PCA, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNRWA, UPU, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, + WTO, ZC +Diplomatic representation: + Ambassador Takakazu KURIYAMA; Chancery at 2520 Massachusetts Avenue NW, + Washington, DC 20008; telephone (202) 939-6700; there are Japanese + Consulates General in Agana (Guam), Anchorage, Atlanta, Boston, Chicago, + Honolulu, Houston, Kansas City (Missouri), Los Angeles, New Orleans, New + York, San Francisco, Seattle, and Portland (Oregon), and a Consulate in + Saipan (Northern Mariana Islands) + US: + Ambassador Michael H. ARMACOST; Embassy at 10-5, Akasaka 1-chome, Minato-ku + (107), Tokyo (mailing address is APO AP 96337-0001); telephone [81] (3) + 3224-5000; FAX [81] (3) 3505-1862; there are US Consulates General in Naha + (Okinawa), Osaka-Kobe, and Sapporo and a Consulate in Fukuoka +Flag: + white with a large red disk (representing the sun without rays) in the + center + +:Japan Economy + +Overview: + Government-industry cooperation, a strong work ethic, and a comparatively + small defense allocation have helped Japan advance with extraordinary + rapidity, notably in high-technology fields. Industry, the most important + sector of the economy, is heavily dependent on imported raw materials and + fuels. Self-sufficent in rice, Japan must import 50% of its requirements for + other grain and fodder crops. Japan maintains one of the world's largest + fishing fleets and accounts for nearly 15% of the global catch. Overall + economic growth has been spectacular: a 10% average in the 1960s, a 5% + average in the 1970s and 1980s. A major contributor to overall growth of + 4.5% in 1991 was net exports, which cushioned the effect of slower growth in + domestic demand. Inflation remains low at 3.3% and is easing due to lower + oil prices and a stronger yen. Japan continues to run a huge trade surplus, + $80 billion in 1991, which supports extensive investment in foreign assets. + The increased crowding of its habitable land area and the aging of its + population are two major long-run problems. +GDP: + purchasing power equivalent - $2,360.7 billion, per capita $19,000; real + growth rate 4.5% (1991) +Inflation rate (consumer prices): + 3.3% (1991) +Unemployment rate: + 2.1% (1991) +Budget: + revenues $481 billion; expenditures $531 billion, including capital + expenditures (public works only) of about $60 billion (FY91) +Exports: + $314.3 billion (f.o.b., 1991) + commodities: + manufactures 97% (including machinery 40%, motor vehicles 18%, consumer + electronics 10%) + partners: + Southeast Asia 31%, US 29%, Western Europe 23%, Communist countries 4%, + Middle East 3% +Imports: + $236.6 billion (c.i.f., 1991) + commodities: + manufactures 50%, fossil fuels 21%, foodstuffs and raw materials 25% + partners: + Southeast Asia 25%, US 22%, Western Europe 17%, Middle East 12%, Communist + countries 8% +External debt: + $NA +Industrial production: + growth rate 2.1% (1991); accounts for 30% of GDP (mining and manufacturing) +Electricity: + 196,000,000 kW capacity; 823,000 million kWh produced, 6,640 kWh per capita + (1991) +Industries: + metallurgy, engineering, electrical and electronic, textiles, chemicals, + automobiles, fishing, telecommunications, machine tools, construction + equipment +Agriculture: + accounts for only 2% of GDP; highly subsidized and protected sector, with + crop yields among highest in world; principal crops - rice, sugar beets, + vegetables, fruit; animal products include pork, poultry, dairy and eggs; + about 50% self-sufficient in food production; shortages of wheat, corn, + soybeans; world's largest fish catch of 11.9 million metric tons in 1988 + +:Japan Economy + +Economic aid: + donor - ODA and OOF commitments (1970-89), $83.2 billion; ODA outlay of $9.1 + billion in 1990 (est.) +Currency: + yen (plural - yen); 1 yen (Y) = 100 sen +Exchange rates: + yen (Y) per US$1 - 132.70 (March 1992), 134.71 (1991), 144.79 (1990), 137.96 + (1989), 128.15 (1988), 144.64 (1987) +Fiscal year: + 1 April - 31 March + +:Japan Communications + +Railroads: + 27,327 km total; 2,012 km 1.435-meter standard gauge and 25,315 km + predominantly 1.067-meter narrow gauge; 5,724 km doubletrack and multitrack + sections, 9,038 km 1.067-meter narrow-gauge electrified, 2,012 km + 1.435-meter standard-gauge electrified (1987) +Highways: + 1,111,974 km total; 754,102 km paved, 357,872 km gravel, crushed stone, or + unpaved; 4,400 km national expressways; 46,805 km national highways; 128,539 + km prefectural roads; and 930,230 km city, town, and village roads +Inland waterways: + about 1,770 km; seagoing craft ply all coastal inland seas +Pipelines: + crude oil 84 km; petroleum products 322 km; natural gas 1,800 km +Ports: + Chiba, Muroran, Kitakyushu, Kobe, Tomakomai, Nagoya, Osaka, Tokyo, + Yokkaichi, Yokohama, Kawasaki, Niigata, Fushiki-Toyama, Shimizu, Himeji, + Wakayama-Shimozu, Shimonoseki, Tokuyama-Shimomatsu +Merchant marine: + 976 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 21,684,459 GRT/34,683,035 DWT; + includes 10 passenger, 40 short-sea passenger, 3 passenger cargo, 89 cargo, + 44 container, 36 roll-on/roll-off cargo, 111 refrigerated cargo, 93 vehicle + carrier, 227 petroleum tanker, 11 chemical tanker, 40 liquefied gas, 9 + combination ore/oil, 3 specialized tanker, 260 bulk; note - Japan also owns + a large flag of convenience fleet, including up to 55% of the total number + of ships under the Panamanian flag +Civil air: + 360 major transport aircraft +Airports: + 163 total, 158 usable; 131 with permanent-surface runways; 2 with runways + over 3,659 m; 31 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 51 with runways 1,220-2,439 m +Telecommunications: + excellent domestic and international service; 64,000,000 telephones; + broadcast stations - 318 AM, 58 FM, 12,350 TV (196 major - 1 kw or greater); + satellite earth stations - 4 Pacific Ocean INTELSAT and 1 Indian Ocean + INTELSAT; submarine cables to US (via Guam), Philippines, China, and Russia + +:Japan Defense Forces + +Branches: + Japan Ground Self-Defense Force (Army), Japan Maritime Self-Defense Force + (Navy), Japan Air Self-Defense Force (Air Force), Maritime Safety Agency + (Coast Guard) +Manpower availability: + males 15-49, 32,219,754; 27,767,280 fit for military service; 1,042,493 + reach military age (18) annually +Defense expenditures: + exchange rate conversion - $36.7 billion, 0.94% of GDP (FY92 est.) + +:Jarvis Island Geography + +Total area: + 4.5 km2 +Land area: + 4.5 km2 +Comparative area: + about 7.5 times the size of the Mall in Washington, DC +Land boundaries: + none +Coastline: + 8 km +Maritime claims: + Contiguous zone: + 12 nm + Continental shelf: + 200 m (depth) + Exclusive economic zone: + 200 nm + Territorial sea: + 12 nm +Disputes: + none +Climate: + tropical; scant rainfall, constant wind, burning sun +Terrain: + sandy, coral island surrounded by a narrow fringing reef +Natural resources: + guano (deposits worked until late 1800s) +Land use: + arable land 0%; permanent crops 0%; meadows and pastures 0%; forest and + woodland 0%; other 100% +Environment: + sparse bunch grass, prostrate vines, and low-growing shrubs; lacks fresh + water; primarily a nesting, roosting, and foraging habitat for seabirds, + shorebirds, and marine wildlife; feral cats +Note: + 2,090 km south of Honolulu in the South Pacific Ocean, just south of the + Equator, about halfway between Hawaii and the Cook Islands + +:Jarvis Island People + +Population: + uninhabited +Population: + note: + Millersville settlement on western side of island occasionally used as a + weather station from 1935 until World War II, when it was abandoned; + reoccupied in 1957 during the International Geophysical Year by scientists + who left in 1958; public entry is by special-use permit only and generally + restricted to scientists and educators + +:Jarvis Island Government + +Long-form name: + none (territory of the US) +Type: + unincorporated territory of the US administered by the Fish and Wildlife + Service of the US Department of the Interior as part of the National + Wildlife Refuge System +Capital: + none; administered from Washington, DC + +:Jarvis Island Economy + +Overview: + no economic activity + +:Jarvis Island Communications + +Ports: + none; offshore anchorage only - one boat landing area in the middle of the + west coast and another near the southwest corner of the island +Note: + there is a day beacon near the middle of the west coast + +:Jarvis Island Defense Forces + +Note: + defense is the responsibility of the US; visited annually by the US Coast + Guard + +:Jersey Geography + +Total area: + 117 km2 +Land area: + 117 km2 +Comparative area: + about 0.7 times the size of Washington, DC +Land boundaries: + none +Coastline: + 70 km +Maritime claims: + Exclusive fishing zone: + 200 nm + Territorial sea: + 3 nm +Disputes: + none +Climate: + temperate; mild winters and cool summers +Terrain: + gently rolling plain with low, rugged hills along north coast +Natural resources: + agricultural land +Land use: + arable land NA%; permanent crops NA%; meadows and pastures NA%; forest and + woodland NA%; other NA%; about 58% of land under cultivation +Environment: + about 30% of population concentrated in Saint Helier +Note: + largest and southernmost of Channel Islands; 27 km from France + +:Jersey People + +Population: + 85,026 (July 1992), growth rate 0.8% (1992) +Birth rate: + 12 births/1,000 population (1992) +Death rate: + 10 deaths/1,000 population (1992) +Net migration rate: + 6 migrants/1,000 population (1992) +Infant mortality rate: + 6 deaths/1,000 live births (1992) +Life expectancy at birth: + 72 years male, 78 years female (1992) +Total fertility rate: + 1.3 children born/woman (1992) +Nationality: + noun - Channel Islander(s); adjective - Channel Islander +Ethnic divisions: + UK and Norman-French descent +Religions: + Anglican, Roman Catholic, Baptist, Congregational New Church, Methodist, + Presbyterian +Languages: + English and French (official), with the Norman-French dialect spoken in + country districts +Literacy: + NA% (male NA%, female NA%) but compulsory education age 5 to 16 +Labor force: + NA +Organized labor: + none + +:Jersey Government + +Long-form name: + Bailiwick of Jersey +Type: + British crown dependency +Capital: + Saint Helier +Administrative divisions: + none (British crown dependency) +Independence: + none (British crown dependency) +Constitution: + unwritten; partly statutes, partly common law and practice +Legal system: + English law and local statute +National holiday: + Liberation Day, 9 May (1945) +Executive branch: + British monarch, lieutenant governor, bailiff +Legislative branch: + unicameral Assembly of the States +Judicial branch: + Royal Court +Leaders: + Chief of State: + Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952) + Head of Government: + Lieutenant Governor and Commander in Chief Air Marshal Sir John SUTTON + (since NA 1990); Bailiff Peter CRILL (since NA) +Political parties and leaders: + none; all independents +Suffrage: + universal adult at age NA +Elections: + Assembly of the States: + last held NA (next to be held NA); results - no percent of vote by party + since all are independents; seats - (56 total, 52 elected) 52 independents +Member of: + none +Diplomatic representation: + none (British crown dependency) +Flag: + white with the diagonal red cross of Saint Patrick (patron saint of Ireland) + extending to the corners of the flag + +:Jersey Economy + +Overview: + The economy is based largely on financial services, agriculture, and + tourism. Potatoes, cauliflower, tomatoes, and especially flowers are + important export crops, shipped mostly to the UK. The Jersey breed of dairy + cattle is known worldwide and represents an important export earner. Milk + products go to the UK and other EC countries. In 1986 the finance sector + overtook tourism as the main contributor to GDP, accounting for 40% of the + island's output. In recent years the government has encouraged light + industry to locate in Jersey, with the result that an electronics industry + has developed alongside the traditional manufacturing of knitwear. All raw + material and energy requirements are imported, as well as a large share of + Jersey's food needs. +GDP: + $NA, per capita $NA; real growth rate 8% (1987 est.) +Inflation rate (consumer prices): + 8% (1988 est.) +Unemployment rate: + NA% +Budget: + revenues $308.0 million; expenditures $284.4 million, including capital + expenditures of NA (1985) +Exports: + $NA + commodities: + light industrial and electrical goods, foodstuffs, textiles + partners: + UK +Imports: + $NA + commodities: + machinery and transport equipment, manufactured goods, foodstuffs, mineral + fuels, chemicals + partners: + UK +External debt: + $NA +Industrial production: + growth rate NA% +Electricity: + 50,000 kW standby capacity (1990); power supplied by France +Industries: + tourism, banking and finance, dairy +Agriculture: + potatoes, cauliflowers, tomatoes; dairy and cattle farming +Economic aid: + none +Currency: + Jersey pound (plural - pounds); 1 Jersey pound (#J) = 100 pence +Exchange rates: + Jersey pounds (#J) per US$1 - 0.5799 (March 1992), 0.5652 (1991), 0.5603 + (1990), 0.6099 (1989), 0.5614 (1988), 0.6102 (1987), 0.6817 (1986); the + Jersey pound is at par with the British pound +Fiscal year: + 1 April - 31 March + +:Jersey Communications + +Ports: + Saint Helier, Gorey, Saint Aubin +Airports: + 1 with permanent-surface runway 1,220-2,439 m (Saint Peter) +Telecommunications: + 63,700 telephones; broadcast stations - 1 AM, no FM, 1 TV; 3 submarine + cables + +:Jersey Defense Forces + +Note: + defense is the responsibility of the UK + +:Johnston Atoll Geography + +Total area: + 2.8 km2 +Land area: + 2.8 km2 +Comparative area: + about 4.7 times the size of the Mall in Washington, DC +Land boundaries: + none +Coastline: + 10 km +Maritime claims: + Contiguous zone: + 12 nm + Continental shelf: + 200 m (depth) + Exclusive economic zone: + 200 nm + Territorial sea: + 12 nm +Disputes: + none +Climate: + tropical, but generally dry; consistent northeast trade winds with little + seasonal temperature variation +Terrain: + mostly flat with a maximum elevation of 4 meters +Natural resources: + guano (deposits worked until about 1890) +Land use: + arable land 0%; permanent crops 0%; meadows and pastures 0%; forest and + woodland 0%; other 100% +Environment: + some low-growing vegetation +Note: + strategic location 717 nautical miles west-southwest of Honolulu in the + North Pacific Ocean, about one-third of the way between Hawaii and the + Marshall Islands; Johnston Island and Sand Island are natural islands; North + Island (Akau) and East Island (Hikina) are manmade islands formed from coral + dredging; closed to the public; former nuclear weapons test site; site of + Johnston Atoll Chemical Agent Disposal System (JACADS) + +:Johnston Atoll People + +Population: + 1,375 (December 1991); all US government personnel and contractors + +:Johnston Atoll Government + +Long-form name: + none (territory of the US) +Type: + unincorporated territory of the US administered by the US Defense Nuclear + Agency (DNA) and managed cooperatively by DNA and the Fish and Wildlife + Service of the US Department of the Interior as part of the National + Wildlife Refuge system +Capital: + +none; administered from Washington, DC +Diplomatic representation: + none (territory of the US) +Flag: + the flag of the US is used + +:Johnston Atoll Economy + +Overview: + Economic activity is limited to providing services to US military personnel + and contractors located on the island. All food and manufactured goods must + be imported. +Electricity: + supplied by the management and operations contractor + +:Johnston Atoll Communications + +Ports: + Johnston Island +Airports: + 1 with permanent-surface runways 2,743 m +Telecommunications: + excellent system including 60-channel submarine cable, Autodin/SRT terminal, + digital telephone switch, Military Affiliated Radio System (MARS station), + commercial satellite television system, and UHF/VHF air-ground radio, marine + VHF/FM Channel 16 +Note: + US Coast Guard operates a LORAN transmitting station (estimated closing date + for LORAN is December 1992) + +:Johnston Atoll Defense Forces + +Note: + defense is the responsibility of the US + +:Jordan Geography + +Total area: + 91,880 km2 +Land area: + 91,540 km2 +Comparative area: + slightly smaller than Indiana +Land boundaries: + 1,586 km; Iraq 134 km, Israel 238 km, Saudi Arabia 742 km, Syria 375 km, + West Bank 97 km +Coastline: + 26 km +Maritime claims: + Territorial sea: + 3 nm +Disputes: + differences with Israel over the location of the 1949 Armistice Line that + separates the two countries +Climate: + mostly arid desert; rainy season in west (November to April) +Terrain: + mostly desert plateau in east, highland area in west; Great Rift Valley + separates East and West Banks of the Jordan River +Natural resources: + phosphates, potash, shale oil +Land use: + arable land 4%; permanent crops 0.5%; meadows and pastures 1%; forest and + woodland 0.5%; other 94%; includes irrigated 0.5% +Environment: + lack of natural water resources; deforestation; overgrazing; soil erosion; + desertification +Note: + The war between Israel and the Arab states in June 1967 ended with Israel in + control of the West Bank. As stated in the 1978 Camp David accords and + reaffirmed by President Bush's post - Gulf crisis peace initiative, the + final status of the West Bank and Gaza Strip, their relationship with their + neighbors, and a peace treaty between Israel and Jordan are to be negotiated + among the concerned parties. The Camp David accords also specify that these + negotiations will resolve the location of the respective boundaries. Pending + the completion of this process, it is US policy that the final status of the + West Bank and Gaza Strip has yet to be determined. + +:Jordan People + +Population: + 3,557,304 (July 1992), growth rate 4.1% (1992); Palestinians now constitute + roughly two-thirds of the population; most are Jordanian citizens +Birth rate: + 45 births/1,000 population (1992) +Death rate: + 5 deaths/1,000 population (1992) +Net migration rate: + 1 migrant/1,000 population (1992) +Infant mortality rate: + 38 deaths/1,000 live births (1992) +Life expectancy at birth: + 70 years male, 73 years female (1992) +Total fertility rate: + 7.0 children born/woman (1992) +Nationality: + noun - Jordanian(s); adjective - Jordanian +Ethnic divisions: + Arab 98%, Circassian 1%, Armenian 1% +Religions: + Sunni Muslim 92%, Christian 8% +Languages: + Arabic (official); English widely understood among upper and middle classes +Literacy: + 80% (male 89%, female 70%) age 15 and over can read and write (1990 est.) +Labor force: + 572,000 (1988); agriculture 20%, manufacturing and mining 20% (1987 est.) +Organized labor: + about 10% of labor force + +:Jordan Government + +Long-form name: + Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan +Type: + constitutional monarchy +Capital: + Amman +Administrative divisions: + 8 governorates (muhafazat, singular - muhafazah); Al Balqa', Al Karak, Al + Mafraq, `Amman, At Tafilah, Az Zarqa', Irbid, Ma`an +Independence: + 25 May 1946 (from League of Nations mandate under British administration; + formerly Transjordan) +Constitution: + 8 January 1952 +Legal system: + based on Islamic law and French codes; judicial review of legislative acts + in a specially provided High Tribunal; has not accepted compulsory ICJ + jurisdiction +National holiday: + Independence Day, 25 May (1946) +Executive branch: + monarch, prime minister, deputy prime minister, Cabinet +Legislative branch: + bicameral National Assembly (Majlis al-`Umma) consists of an upper house or + House of Notables (Majlis al-A`ayan) and a lower house or House of + Representatives (Majlis al-Nuwaab); note - the House of Representatives has + been convened and dissolved by the King several times since 1974 and in + November 1989 the first parliamentary elections in 22 years were held +Judicial branch: + Court of Cassation +Leaders: + Chief of State: + King HUSSEIN Ibn Talal Al Hashemi (since 11 August 1952) + Head of Government: + Prime Minister Zayd bin SHAKIR (since 21 November 1991) +Political parties and leaders: + approximately 24 parties have been formed since the National Charter, but + the number fluctuates; after the 1989 parliamentary elections, King Hussein + promised to allow the formation of political parties; a national charter + that sets forth the ground rules for democracy in Jordan - including the + creation of political parties - was approved in principle by the special + National Conference on 9 June 1991, but its specific provisions have yet to + be passed by National Assembly +Suffrage: + universal at age 20 +Elections: + House of Representatives: + last held 8 November 1989 (next to be held November 1993); results - percent + of vote by party NA; seats - (80 total) Muslim Brotherhood (fundamentalist) + 22, Independent Islamic bloc (generally traditionalist) 6, Democratic bloc + (mostly leftist) 9, Constitutionalist bloc (traditionalist) 17, Nationalist + bloc (traditionalist) 16, independent 10 +Member of: + ABEDA, ACC, AFESD, AL, AMF, CAEU, CCC, ESCWA, FAO, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, + ICC, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, ISO + (correspondent), ITU, LORCS, NAM, OIC, UN, UNAVEM, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, + UNRWA, UPU, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO + +:Jordan Government + +Diplomatic representation: + Ambassador Hussein A. HAMMAMI; Chancery at 3504 International Drive NW, + Washington, DC 20008; telephone (202) 966-2664 + US: + Ambassador Roger Gram HARRISON; Embassy on Jebel Amman, Amman (mailing + address is P. O. Box 354, Amman, or APO AE 09892); telephone [962] (6) + 644-371 +Flag: + three equal horizontal bands of black (top), white, and green with a red + isosceles triangle based on the hoist side bearing a small white + seven-pointed star; the seven points on the star represent the seven + fundamental laws of the Koran + +:Jordan Economy + +Overview: + Jordan benefited from increased Arab aid during the oil boom of the late + 1970s and early 1980s, when its annual GNP growth averaged more than 10%. In + the remainder of the 1980s, however, reductions in both Arab aid and worker + remittances slowed economic growth to an average of roughly 2% per year. + Imports - mainly oil, capital goods, consumer durables, and food - have been + outstripping exports, with the difference covered by aid, remittances, and + borrowing. In mid-1989, the Jordanian Government began debt-rescheduling + negotiations and agreed to implement an IMF program designed to gradually + reduce the budget deficit and implement badly needed structural reforms. The + Persian Gulf crisis that began in August 1990, however, aggravated Jordan's + already serious economic problems, forcing the government to shelve the IMF + program, stop most debt payments, and suspend rescheduling negotiations. Aid + from Gulf Arab states and worker remittances have plunged, and refugees have + flooded the country, straining government resources. Economic recovery is + unlikely without substantial foreign aid, debt relief, and economic reform. +GDP: + exchange rate conversion - $3.6 billion, per capita $1,100; real growth rate + 3% (1991 est.) +Inflation rate (consumer prices): + 9% (1991 est.) +Unemployment rate: + 40% (1991 est.) +Budget: + revenues $1.7 billion; expenditures $1.9 billion, including capital + expenditures of $NA (1992) +Exports: + $1.0 billion (f.o.b., 1991 est.) + commodities: + phosphates, fertilizers, potash, agricultural products, manufactures + partners: + India, Iraq, Saudi Arabia, Indonesia, Ethiopia, UAE, China +Imports: + $2.3 billion (c.i.f., 1991 est.) + commodities: + crude oil, machinery, transport equipment, food, live animals, manufactured + goods + partners: + EC, US, Iraq, Saudi Arabia, Japan, Turkey +External debt: + $9 billion (December 1991 est.) +Industrial production: + growth rate 1% (1991 est.); accounts for 20% of GDP +Electricity: + 1,025,000 kW capacity; 3,900 million kWh produced, 1,150 kWh per capita + (1991) +Industries: + phosphate mining, petroleum refining, cement, potash, light manufacturing +Agriculture: + accounts for about 7% of GDP; principal products are wheat, barley, citrus + fruit, tomatoes, melons, olives; livestock - sheep, goats, poultry; large + net importer of food +Economic aid: + US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $1.7 billion; Western (non-US) + countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $1.5 billion; OPEC + bilateral aid (1979-89), $9.5 billion; Communist countries (1970-89), $44 + million +Currency: + Jordanian dinar (plural - dinars); 1 Jordanian dinar (JD) = 1,000 fils + +:Jordan Economy + +Exchange rates: + Jordanian dinars (JD) per US$1 - 0.6861 (March 1992), 0.6807 1991), 0.6636 + (1990), 0.5704 (1989), 0.3709 (1988), 0.3387 (1987) +Fiscal year: + calendar year + +:Jordan Communications + +Railroads: + 619 km 1.050-meter gauge, single track +Highways: + 7,500 km; 5,500 km asphalt, 2,000 km gravel and crushed stone +Pipelines: + crude oil 209 km +Ports: + Al `Aqabah +Merchant marine: + 2 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 60,378 GRT/113,557 DWT; includes 1 + cargo and 1 petroleum tanker +Civil air: + 23 major transport aircraft +Airports: + 19 total, 15 usable; 14 with permanent-surface runways; 1 with runways over + 3,659 m; 13 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; none with runways 1,220-2,439 m +Telecommunications: + adequate telephone system of microwave, cable, and radio links; 81,500 + telephones; broadcast stations - 5 AM, 7 FM, 8 TV; satellite earth stations + - 1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT, 1 Indian Ocean INTELSAT, 1 ARABSAT, 1 domestic + TV receive-only; coaxial cable and microwave to Iraq, Saudi Arabia, and + Syria; microwave link to Lebanon is inactive; participates in a microwave + network linking Syria, Jordan, Egypt, Libya, Tunisia, Algeria, and Morocco + +:Jordan Defense Forces + +Branches: + Jordan Arab Army, Royal Jordanian Air Force, Royal Jordanian Navy, Public + Security Force +Manpower availability: + males 15-49, 808,725; 576,934 fit for military service; 39,310 reach + military age (18) annually +Defense expenditures: + exchange rate conversion - $404 million, 9.5% of GDP (1990) + +:Juan de Nova Island Geography + +Total area: + 4.4 km2 +Land area: + 4.4 km2 +Comparative area: + about 7.5 times the size of the Mall in Washington, DC +Land boundaries: + none +Coastline: + 24.1 km +Maritime claims: + Contiguous zone: + 12 nm + Continental shelf: + 200 m (depth) or to depth of exploitation + Exclusive economic zone: + 200 nm + Territorial sea: + 12 nm +Disputes: + claimed by Madagascar +Climate: + tropical +Terrain: + undetermined +Natural resources: + guano deposits and other fertilizers +Land use: + arable land 0%; permanent crops 0%; meadows and pastures 0%; forest and + woodland 90%; other 10% +Environment: + subject to periodic cyclones; wildlife sanctuary +Note: + located in the central Mozambique Channel about halfway between Africa and + Madagascar + +:Juan de Nova Island People + +Population: + uninhabited + +:Juan de Nova Island Government + +Long-form name: + none +Type: + French possession administered by Commissioner of the Republic Jacques + DEWATRE, resident in Reunion +Capital: + none; administered by France from Reunion + +:Juan de Nova Island Economy + +Overview: + no economic activity + +:Juan de Nova Island Communications + +Railroads: + short line going to a jetty +Ports: + none; offshore anchorage only +Airports: + 1 with non-permanent-surface runways 1,220-2,439 m + +:Juan de Nova Island Defense Forces + +Note: + defense is the responsibility of France + +:Kazakhstan Geography + +Total area: + 2,717,300 km2 +Land area: + 2,669,800 km2 +Comparative area: + slightly less than four times the size of Texas +Land boundaries: + 12,012 km; China 1,533 km, Kyrgyzstan 1,051 km, Russia 6,846 km, + Turkmenistan 379 km, Uzbekistan 2,203 km +Coastline: + 0 km + note: + Kazakhstan does border the Aral Sea (1,015 km) and the Caspian Sea (1,894 + km) +Maritime claims: + none - landlocked +Disputes: + none +Climate: + dry continental, about half is desert +Terrain: + extends from the Volga to the Altai mountains and from the plains in western + Siberia to oasis and desert in Central Asia +Natural resources: + petroleum, coal, iron, manganese, chrome, nickel, cobalt, copper, + molybdenum, lead, zinc, bauxite, gold, uranium, iron +Land use: + NA% arable land; NA% permanent crops; NA% meadows and pastures; NA% forest + and woodland; NA% other; includes NA% irrigated +Environment: + drying up of Aral Sea is causing increased concentrations of chemical + pesticides and natural salts; industrial pollution + +:Kazakhstan People + +Population: + 17,103,927 (July 1992), growth rate 1.0% (1992) +Birth rate: + 23 births/1,000 population (1992) +Death rate: + 8 deaths/1,000 population (1992) +Net migration rate: + -6.1 migrants/1,000 population (1991) +Infant mortality rate: + 25.9 deaths/1,000 live births (1992) +Life expectancy at birth: + 63 years male, 72 years female (1992) +Total fertility rate: + 2.9 children born/woman (1992) +Nationality: + noun - Kazakh(s); adjective - Kazakhstani +Ethnic divisions: + Kazakh (Qazaq) 40%, Russian 38%, other Slavs 7%, Germans 6%, other 9% +Religions: + Muslim 47% Russian Orthodox NA%, Lutheran NA% +Languages: + Kazakh (Qazaq; official language), Russian +Literacy: + NA% (male NA%, female NA%) age 15 and over can read and write +Labor force: + 8,267,000 (1989) +Organized labor: + official trade unions, independent coal miners' union + +:Kazakhstan Government + +Long-form name: + Republic of Kazakhstan +Type: + republic +Capital: + Alma-Ata (Almaty) +Administrative divisions: + 19 oblasts (oblastey, singular - oblast'); Aktyubinsk, Alma-Ata, Atyrau, + Chimkent, Dzhambul, Dzhezkazgan, Karaganda, Kokchetav, Kustanay, Kzyl-Orda, + Mangistauz (Aqtau), Pavlodar, Semipalatinsk, Severo-Kazakhstan + (Petropavlovsk), Taldy-Kurgan, Tselinograd, Turgay (Arkalyk), Ural'sk, + Vostochno-Kazakhstan (Ust'-Kamenogorsk); note - an oblast has the same name + as its administrative center (exceptions have the administrative center name + following in parentheses) +Independence: + 16 December 1991; from the Soviet Union (formerly the Kazakh Soviet + Socialist Republic) +Constitution: + new postindependence constitution under preparation +Legal system: + NA +National holiday: + NA +Executive branch: + president with presidential appointed cabinet of ministers +Legislative branch: + Supreme Soviet +Judicial branch: + NA +Leaders: + Chief of State: + President Nursultan A. NAZARBAYEV (since April 1990), Vice President Yerik + ASANBAYEV (since 1 December 1991) + Head of Government: + Prime Minister Sergey TERESHCHENKO (since 14 October 1991), Deputy Prime + Minister Davlat SEMBAYEV (since November 1990) +Political parties and leaders: + Peoples Forum Party, Olzhas SULEIMENOV and Mukhtar SHAKHANOV, co-chairmen; + Socialist Party (former Communist Party), Anuar ALIJANOV, chairman; + ZHOLTOKSAN, Hasan KOJAKHETOV, chairmen; AZAT Party, Sabitkazi AKETAEV, + chairman +Suffrage: + universal at age 18 +Elections: + President: + last held 1 December 1991 (next to be held NA); percent of vote by party NA; + seats - (NA total) percent of seats by party NA +Communists: + party disbanded 6 September 1992 +Member of: + CIS, CSCE, IMF, NACC, OIC, UN, UNCTAD +Diplomatic representation: + Ambassador NA; Chancery at NA NW, Washington, DC 200__; telephone NA; there + are NA Consulates General + US: + Ambassador-designate William Courtney; Embassy at Hotel Kazakhstan, + Alma-Ata, (mailing address is APO AE 09862); telephone 8-011-7-3272-61-90-56 +Flag: + no national flag yet adopted + +:Kazakhstan Economy + +Overview: + The second-largest in area of the 15 former Soviet republics, Kazakhstan has + vast oil, coal, and agricultural resources. Kazakhstan is highly dependent + on trade with Russia, exchanging its natural resources for finished consumer + and industrial goods. Kazakhstan now finds itself with serious pollution + problems, backward technology, and little experience in foreign markets. The + government in 1991 pushed privatization of the economy at a faster pace than + Russia's program. The ongoing transitional period - marked by sharp + inflation in wages and prices, lower output, lost jobs, and disruption of + time-honored channels of supply - has brought considerable social unrest. + Kazakhstan lacks the funds, technology, and managerial skills for a quick + recovery of output. US firms have been enlisted to increase oil output but + face formidable obstacles; for example, oil can now reach Western markets + only through pipelines that run across independent (and sometimes + unfriendly) former Soviet republics. Finally, the end of monolithic + Communist control has brought ethnic grievances into the open. The 6 million + Russians in the republic, formerly the favored class, now face the hostility + of a society dominated by Muslims. Ethnic rivalry will be just one of the + formidable obstacles to the creation of a productive, technologically + advancing society. +GDP: + purchasing power equivalent - $NA; per capita NA; real growth rate - 7% + (1991 est.) +Inflation rate (consumer prices): + 83% (1991) +Unemployment rate: + NA% +Budget: + revenues $NA million; expenditures $NA million, including capital + expenditures of $1.76 billion (1991) +Exports: + $4.2 billion (f.o.b., 1991) + commodities: + oil, ferrous and nonferrous metals, chemicals, grain, wool, meat (1991) + partners: + Russia, Ukraine, Uzbekistan +Imports: + $NA million (c.i.f., 1990) + commodities: + machinery and parts, industrial materials + partners: + Russia and other former Soviet republics +External debt: + $2.6 billion (1991 est.) +Industrial production: + growth rate 0.7% (1991) +Electricity: + 17,900,000 kW capacity; 79,100 million kWh produced, 4,735 kWh per capita + (1991) +Industries: + extractive industries (oil, coal, iron ore, manganese, chromite, lead, zinc, + copper, titanium, bauxite, gold, silver, phosphates, sulfur) iron and steel, + nonferrous metal, tractors and other agricultural machinery, electric + motors, construction materials +Agriculture: + employs 30% of the labor force; grain, mostly spring wheat; meat, cotton, + wool + +:Kazakhstan Economy + +Illicit drugs: + illicit producers of cannabis and opium; mostly for domestic consumption; + status of government eradication programs unknown; used as transshipment + points for illicit drugs to Western Europe +Economic aid: + US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-87), $NA billion; Western (non-US) + countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-86), $NA million; + Communist countries (1971-86), $NA million +Currency: + as of May 1992, retaining ruble as currency +Exchange rates: + NA +Fiscal year: + calendar year + +:Kazakhstan Communications + +Railroads: + 14,460 km (all 1.520-meter gauge); does not include industrial lines (1990) +Highways: + 189,000 km total (1990); 188,900 km hard surfaced (paved or gravel), 80,900 + km earth +Inland waterways: + NA km perennially navigable +Pipelines: + crude oil NA km, refined products NA km, natural gas NA +Ports: + none - landlocked; inland - Guryev +Civil air: + NA major transport aircraft +Airports: + NA +Telecommunications: + telephone service is poor, with only about 6 telephones for each 100 + persons; of the approximately 1 million telephones, Alma-Ata has 184,000; + international traffic with other former USSR republics and China carried by + landline and microwave, and with other countries by satellite and through + the Moscow international gateway switch; satellite earth stations - INTELSAT + and Orbita + +:Kazakhstan Defense Forces + +Branches: + Republic Security Forces (internal and border troops), National Guard; CIS + Forces (Ground, Air, Air Defense, and Strategic Rocket) +Manpower availability: + males 15-49, NA fit for military service; NA reach military age (18) + annually +Defense expenditures: + $NA, NA% of GDP + +:Kenya Geography + +Total area: + 582,650 km2 +Land area: + 569,250 km2 +Comparative area: + slightly more than twice the size of Nevada +Land boundaries: + 3,477 km; Ethiopia 861 km, Somalia 682 km, Sudan 232 km, Tanzania 769 km, + Uganda 933 km +Coastline: + 536 km +Maritime claims: + Exclusive economic zone: + 200 nm + Territorial sea: + 12 nm +Disputes: + administrative boundary with Sudan does not coincide with international + boundary; possible claim by Somalia based on unification of ethnic Somalis +Climate: + varies from tropical along coast to arid in interior +Terrain: + low plains rise to central highlands bisected by Great Rift Valley; fertile + plateau in west +Natural resources: + gold, limestone, soda ash, salt barytes, rubies, fluorspar, garnets, + wildlife +Land use: + arable land 3%; permanent crops 1%; meadows and pastures 7%; forest and + woodland 4%; other 85%; includes irrigated NEGL% +Environment: + unique physiography supports abundant and varied wildlife of scientific and + economic value; deforestation; soil erosion; desertification; glaciers on + Mt. Kenya +Note: + the Kenyan Highlands comprise one of the most successful agricultural + production regions in Africa + +:Kenya People + +Population: + 26,164,473 (July 1992), growth rate 3.6% (1992) +Birth rate: + 44 births/1,000 population (1992) +Death rate: + 8 deaths/1,000 population (1992) +Net migration rate: + 0 migrants/1,000 population (1992) +Infant mortality rate: + 68 deaths/1,000 live births (1992) +Life expectancy at birth: + 60 years male, 64 years female (1992) +Total fertility rate: + 6.2 children born/woman (1992) +Nationality: + noun - Kenyan(s); adjective - Kenyan +Ethnic divisions: + Kikuyu 21%, Luhya 14%, Luo 13%, Kalenjin 11%, Kamba 11%, Kisii 6%, Meru 6%, + Asian, European, and Arab 1% +Religions: + Protestant 38%, Roman Catholic 28%, indigenous beliefs 26%, Muslim 6% +Languages: + English and Swahili (official); numerous indigenous languages +Literacy: + 69% (male 80%, female 58%) age 15 and over can read and write (1990 est.) +Labor force: + 9.2 million (includes unemployed); the total employed is 1.37 million (14.8% + of the labor force); services 54.8%, industry 26.2%, agriculture 19.0% + (1989) +Organized labor: + 390,000 (est.) + +:Kenya Government + +Long-form name: + Republic of Kenya +Type: + republic +Capital: + Nairobi +Administrative divisions: + 7 provinces and 1 area*; Central, Coast, Eastern, Nairobi Area*, North + Eastern, Nyanza, Rift Valley, Western +Independence: + 12 December 1963 (from UK; formerly British East Africa) +Constitution: + 12 December 1963, amended as a republic 1964; reissued with amendments 1979, + 1983, 1986, 1988, and 1991 +Legal system: + based on English common law, tribal law, and Islamic law; judicial review in + High Court; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with reservations; + constitutional amendment of 1982 making Kenya a de jure one-party state + repealed in 1991 +National holiday: + Independence Day, 12 December (1963) +Executive branch: + president, vice president, Cabinet +Legislative branch: + unicameral National Assembly (Bunge) +Judicial branch: + Court of Appeal, High Court +Leaders: + Chief of State and Head of Government: + President Daniel Teroitich arap MOI (since 14 October 1978); Vice President + George SAITOTI (since 10 May 1989) +Political parties and leaders: + ruling party is Kenya African National Union (KANU), Daniel T. arap MOI, + president; opposition parties include Forum for the Restoration of Democracy + (FORD), Oginga ODINJA; Democratic Party of Kenya (DP), KIBAKI; note - some + dozen other opposition parties +Suffrage: + universal at age 18 +Elections: + President: + last held on 21 March 1988 (next to be held before March 1993); results - + President Daniel T. arap MOI was reelected + National Assembly: + last held on 21 March 1988 (next to be held before March 1993); will be + first multiparty election since repeal of one-party state law +Other political or pressure groups: + labor unions; exile opposition - Mwakenya and other groups +Member of: + ACP, AfDB, C, CCC, EADB, ECA, FAO, G-77, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IFAD, + IFC, IGADD, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, IOM, ISO, ITU, LORCS, + NAM, OAU, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNIIMOG, UPU, WCL, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO +Diplomatic representation: + Ambassador Denis Daudi AFANDE; Chancery at 2249 R Street NW, Washington, DC + 20008; telephone (202) 387-6101; there are Kenyan Consulates General in Los + Angeles and New York + +:Kenya Government + + US: + Ambassador Smith HEMPSTONE, Jr.; Embassy at the corner of Moi Avenue and + Haile Selassie Avenue, Nairobi (mailing address is P. O. Box 30137, Nairobi + or APO AE 09831); telephone [254] (2) 334141; FAX [254] (2) 340838; there is + a US Consulate in Mombasa +Flag: + three equal horizontal bands of black (top), red, and green; the red band is + edged in white; a large warrior's shield covering crossed spears is + superimposed at the center + +:Kenya Economy + +Overview: + Kenya's 3.6% annual population growth rate - one of the highest in the world + - presents a serious problem for the country's economy. In the meantime, GDP + growth in the near term has kept slightly ahead of population - annually + averaging 4.9% in the 1986-90 period. Undependable weather conditions and a + shortage of arable land hamper long-term growth in agriculture, the leading + economic sector. In 1991, deficient rainfall, stagnant export volume, and + sagging export prices held economic growth below the all-important + population growth figure. +GDP: + exchange rate conversion - $9.7 billion, per capita $385 (1989 est.); real + growth rate 2.3% (1991 est.) +Inflation rate (consumer prices): + 14.3% (1991 est.) +Unemployment rate: + NA%, but there is a high level of unemployment and underemployment +Budget: + revenues $2.4 billion; expenditures $2.8 billion, including capital + expenditures of $0.74 billion (FY90) +Exports: + $1.0 billion (f.o.b., 1991 est.) + commodities: + tea 25%, coffee 21%, petroleum products 7% (1989) + partners: + EC 44%, Africa 25%, Asia 5%, US 5%, Middle East 4% (1988) +Imports: + $1.9 billion (f.o.b., 1991 est.) + commodities: + machinery and transportation equipment 29%, petroleum and petroleum products + 15%, iron and steel 7%, raw materials, food and consumer goods (1989) + partners: + EC 45%, Asia 11%, Middle East 12%, US 5% (1988) +External debt: + $6.0 billion (December 1991 est.) +Industrial production: + growth rate 5.4% (1989 est.); accounts for 17% of GDP +Electricity: + 730,000 kW capacity; 2,700 million kWh produced, 110 kWh per capita (1990) +Industries: + small-scale consumer goods (plastic, furniture, batteries, textiles, soap, + cigarettes, flour), agricultural processing, oil refining, cement, tourism +Agriculture: + most important sector, accounting for 29% of GDP, about 19% of the work + force, and over 50% of exports; cash crops - coffee, tea, sisal, pineapple; + food products - corn, wheat, sugarcane, fruit, vegetables, dairy products; + food output not keeping pace with population growth +Illicit drugs: + illicit producer of cannabis used mostly for domestic consumption; + widespread cultivation of cannabis and qat on small plots; transit country + for heroin and methaqualone en route from Southwest Asia to West Africa, + Western Europe, and the US +Economic aid: + US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $839 million; Western (non-US) + countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $7,490 million; OPEC + bilateral aid (1979-89), $74 million; Communist countries (1970-89), $83 + million +Currency: + Kenyan shilling (plural - shillings); 1 Kenyan shilling (KSh) = 100 cents + +:Kenya Economy + +Exchange rates: + Kenyan shillings (KSh) per US$1 - 28.466 (January 1992), 27.508 (1991), + 22.915 (1990), 20.572 (1989), 17.747 (1988), 16.454 (1987) +Fiscal year: + 1 July - 30 June + +:Kenya Communications + +Railroads: + 2,040 km 1.000-meter gauge +Highways: + 64,590 km total; 7,000 km paved, 4,150 km gravel, remainder improved earth +Inland waterways: + part of Lake Victoria system is within boundaries of Kenya; principal inland + port is at Kisumu +Pipelines: + petroleum products 483 km +Ports: + Mombasa, Lamu +Merchant marine: + 1 petroleum tanker ship (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 7,727 GRT/5,558 DWT +Civil air: + 19 major transport aircraft +Airports: + 249 total, 214 usable; 21 with permanent-surface runways; 2 with runways + over 3,659 m; 2 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 46 with runways 1,220-2,439 m +Telecommunications: + in top group of African systems; consists primarily of radio relay links; + over 260,000 telephones; broadcast stations - 16 AM; 4 FM, 6 TV; satellite + earth stations - 1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT and 1 Indian Ocean INTELSAT + +:Kenya Defense Forces + +Branches: + Army, Navy, Air Force, paramilitary General Service Unit of the Police +Manpower availability: + males 15-49, 5,688,543; 3,513,611 fit for military service; no conscription +Defense expenditures: + exchange rate conversion - $100 million, 1% of GDP (1989 est.) + +:Kingman Reef Geography + +Total area: + 1 km2 +Land area: + 1 km2 +Comparative area: + about 1.7 times the size of the Mall in Washington, DC +Land boundaries: + none +Coastline: + 3 km +Maritime claims: + Contiguous zone: + 12 nm + Continental shelf: + 200 m (depth) + Exclusive economic zone: + 200 nm + Territorial sea: + 12 nm +Disputes: + none +Climate: + tropical, but moderated by prevailing winds +Terrain: + low and nearly level with a maximum elevation of about 1 meter +Natural resources: + none +Land use: + arable land 0%; permanent crops 0%; meadows and pastures 0%; forest and + woodland 0%; other 100% +Environment: + barren coral atoll with deep interior lagoon; wet or awash most of the time +Note: + located 1,600 km south-southwest of Honolulu in the North Pacific Ocean, + about halfway between Hawaii and American Samoa; maximum elevation of about + 1 meter makes this a navigational hazard; closed to the public + +:Kingman Reef People + +Population: + uninhabited + +:Kingman Reef Government + +Long-form name: + none +Type: + unincorporated territory of the US administered by the US Navy +Capital: + none; administered from Washington, DC + +:Kingman Reef Economy + +Overview: + no economic activity + +:Kingman Reef Communications + +Ports: + none; offshore anchorage only +Airports: + lagoon was used as a halfway station between Hawaii and American Samoa by + Pan American Airways for flying boats in 1937 and 1938 + +:Kingman Reef Defense Forces + +Note: + defense is the responsibility of the US + +:Kiribati Geography + +Total area: + 717 km2 +Land area: + 717 km2; includes three island groups - Gilbert Islands, Line Islands, + Phoenix Islands +Comparative area: + slightly more than four times the size of Washington, DC +Land boundaries: + none +Coastline: + 1,143 km +Maritime claims: + Exclusive economic zone: + 200 nm + Territorial sea: + 12 nm +Disputes: + none +Climate: + tropical; marine, hot and humid, moderated by trade winds +Terrain: + mostly low-lying coral atolls surrounded by extensive reefs +Natural resources: + phosphate (production discontinued in 1979) +Land use: + arable land NEGL%; permanent crops 51%; meadows and pastures 0%; forest and + woodland 3%; other 46% +Environment: + typhoons can occur any time, but usually November to March; 20 of the 33 + islands are inhabited +Note: + Banaba (Ocean Island) in Kiribati is one of the three great phosphate rock + islands in the Pacific Ocean - the others are Makatea in French Polynesia + and Nauru + +:Kiribati People + +Population: + 74,788 (July 1992), growth rate 2.1% (1992) +Birth rate: + 33 births/1,000 population (1992) +Death rate: + 12 deaths/1,000 population (1992) +Net migration rate: + 1 migrant/1,000 population (1992) +Infant mortality rate: + 99 deaths/1,000 live births (1992) +Life expectancy at birth: + 52 years male, 56 years female (1992) +Total fertility rate: + 3.9 children born/woman (1992) +Nationality: + noun - I-Kiribati (singular and plural); adjective - I-Kiribati +Ethnic divisions: + Micronesian +Religions: + Roman Catholic 52.6%, Protestant (Congregational) 40.9%, Seventh-Day + Adventist, Baha'i, Church of God, Mormon 6% (1985) +Languages: + English (official), Gilbertese +Literacy: + NA% (male NA%, female NA%) +Labor force: + 7,870 economically active, not including subsistence farmers (1985 est.) +Organized labor: + Kiribati Trades Union Congress - 2,500 members + +:Kiribati Government + +Long-form name: + Republic of Kiribati; note - pronounced Kiribas +Type: + republic +Capital: + Tarawa +Administrative divisions: + 3 units; Gilbert Islands, Line Islands, Phoenix Islands; note - a new + administrative structure of 6 districts (Banaba, Central Gilberts, Line + Islands, Northern Gilberts, Southern Gilberts, Tarawa) may have been changed + to 21 island councils (one for each of the inhabited islands) named Abaiang, + Abemama, Aranuka, Arorae, Banaba, Beru, Butaritari, Canton, Kiritimati, + Kuria, Maiana, Makin, Marakei, Nikunau, Nonouti, Onotoa, Tabiteuea, + Tabuaeran, Tamana, Tarawa, Teraina +Independence: + 12 July 1979 (from UK; formerly Gilbert Islands) +Constitution: + 12 July 1979 +National holiday: + Independence Day, 12 July (1979) +Executive branch: + president (Beretitenti), vice president (Kauoman-ni-Beretitenti), Cabinet +Legislative branch: + unicameral House of Assembly (Maneaba Ni Maungatabu) +Judicial branch: + Court of Appeal, High Court +Leaders: + Chief of State and Head of Government: + President Teatao TEANNAKI (since 8 July 1991); Vice President Taomati IUTA + (since 8 July 1991) +Political parties and leaders: + National Progressive Party, Teatao TEANNAKI; Christian Democratic Party, + Teburoro TITO; New Movement Party, leader NA; Liberal Party, Tewareka + TENTOA; note - there is no tradition of formally organized political parties + in Kiribati; they more closely resemble factions or interest groups because + they have no party headquarters, formal platforms, or party structures +Suffrage: + universal at age 18 +Elections: + President: + last held on 8 July 1991 (next to be held May 1995); results - Teatao + TEANNAKI 52%, Roniti TEIWAKI 28% + House of Assembly: + last held on 8 May 1991 (next to be held May 1995); results - percent of + vote by party NA; seats - (40 total; 39 elected) percent of seats by party + NA +Member of: + ACP, AsDB, C, ESCAP (associate), IBRD, ICAO, ICFTU, IDA, IFC, IMF, INTERPOL, + ITU, SPC, SPF, UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WTO +Diplomatic representation: + Ambassador (vacant) lives in Tarawa (Kiribati) + US: + the ambassador to Fiji is accredited to Kiribati +Flag: + the upper half is red with a yellow frigate bird flying over a yellow rising + sun, and the lower half is blue with three horizontal wavy white stripes to + represent the ocean + +:Kiribati Economy + +Overview: + The country has few national resources. Commercially viable phosphate + deposits were exhausted at the time of independence in 1979. Copra and fish + now represent the bulk of production and exports. The economy has fluctuated + widely in recent years. Real GDP declined about 8% in 1987, as the fish + catch fell sharply to only one-fourth the level of 1986 and copra production + was hampered by repeated rains. Output rebounded strongly in 1988, with real + GDP growing by 17%. The upturn in economic growth came from an increase in + copra production and a good fish catch. Following the strong surge in output + in 1988, GNP increased 1% in both 1989 and 1990. +GDP: + exchange rate conversion - $36.8 million, per capita $525; real growth rate + 1.0% (1990 est.) +Inflation rate (consumer prices): + 4.0% (1990 est.) +Unemployment rate: + 2% (1985); considerable underemployment +Budget: + revenues $29.9 million; expenditures $16.3 million, including capital + expenditures of $14.0 million (1990 est.) +Exports: + $5.8 million (f.o.b., 1990 est.) + commodities: + fish 55%, copra 42% + partners: + EC 20%, Marshall Islands 12%, US 8%, American Samoa 4% (1985) +Imports: + $26.7 million (c.i.f., 1990 est.) + commodities: + foodstuffs, fuel, transportation equipment + partners: + Australia 39%, Japan 21%, NZ 6%, UK 6%, US 3% (1985) +External debt: + $2.0 million (December 1989 est.) +Industrial production: + growth rate 0% (1988 est.); accounts for less than 4% of GDP +Electricity: + 5,000 kW capacity; 13 million kWh produced, 190 kWh per capita (1990) +Industries: + fishing, handicrafts +Agriculture: + accounts for 30% of GDP (including fishing); copra and fish contribute about + 95% to exports; subsistence farming predominates; food crops - taro, + breadfruit, sweet potatoes, vegetables; not self-sufficient in food +Economic aid: + Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), + $273 million +Currency: + Australian dollar (plural - dollars); 1 Australian dollar ($A) = 100 cents +Exchange rates: + Australian dollars ($A) per US$1 - 1.3177 (March 1992), 1.2835 (1991), + 1.2799 (1990), 1.2618 (1989), 1.2752 (1988), 1.4267 (1987), 1.4905 (1986) +Fiscal year: + NA + +:Kiribati Communications + +Highways: + 640 km of motorable roads +Inland waterways: + small network of canals, totaling 5 km, in Line Islands +Ports: + Banaba and Betio (Tarawa) +Civil air: + 2 Trislanders; no major transport aircraft +Airports: + 21 total; 20 usable; 4 with permanent-surface runways; none with runways + over 2,439 m; 5 with runways 1,220-2,439 m +Telecommunications: + 1,400 telephones; broadcast stations - 1 AM, no FM, no TV; 1 Pacific Ocean + INTELSAT earth station + +:Kiribati Defense Forces + +Branches: + no military force maintained; the Police Force carries out law enforcement + functions and paramilitary duties; there are small police posts on all + islands +Manpower availability: + NA +Defense expenditures: + $NA, NA% of GDP + +:Korea, North Geography + +Total area: + 120,540 km2 +Land area: + 120,410 km2 +Comparative area: + slightly smaller than Mississippi +Land boundaries: + 1,673 km; China 1,416 km, South Korea 238 km, Russia 19 km +Coastline: + 2,495 km +Maritime claims: + Exclusive economic zone: + 200 nm + Military boundary line: + 50 nm in the Sea of Japan and the exclusive economic zone limit in the + Yellow Sea (all foreign vessels and aircraft without permission are banned) + Territorial sea: + 12 nm +Disputes: + short section of boundary with China is indefinite; Demarcation Line with + South Korea +Climate: + temperate with rainfall concentrated in summer +Terrain: + mostly hills and mountains separated by deep, narrow valleys; coastal plains + wide in west, discontinuous in east +Natural resources: + coal, lead, tungsten, zinc, graphite, magnesite, iron ore, copper, gold, + pyrites, salt, fluorspar, hydropower +Land use: + arable land 18%; permanent crops 1%; meadows and pastures NEGL%; forest and + woodland 74%; other 7%; includes irrigated 9% +Environment: + mountainous interior is isolated, nearly inaccessible, and sparsely + populated; late spring droughts often followed by severe flooding +Note: + strategic location bordering China, South Korea, and Russia + +:Korea, North People + +Population: + 22,227,303 (July 1992), growth rate 1.9% (1992) +Birth rate: + 24 births/1,000 population (1992) +Death rate: + 6 deaths/1,000 population (1992) +Net migration rate: + 0 migrants/1,000 population (1992) +Infant mortality rate: + 30 deaths/1,000 live births (1992) +Life expectancy at birth: + 66 years male, 72 years female (1992) +Total fertility rate: + 2.4 children born/woman (1992) +Nationality: + noun - Korean(s);adjective - Korean +Ethnic divisions: + racially homogeneous +Religions: + Buddhism and Confucianism; some Christianity and syncretic Chondogyo; + autonomous religious activities now almost nonexistent; government-sponsored + religious groups exist to provide illusion of religious freedom +Languages: + Korean +Literacy: + 99%, (male 99%, female 99%); note - presumed to be virtually universal among + population under age 60 +Labor force: + 9,615,000; agricultural 36%, nonagricultural 64%; shortage of skilled and + unskilled labor (mid-1987 est.) +Organized labor: + 1,600,000 members; single-trade union system coordinated by the General + Federation of Trade Unions of Korea under the Central Committee + +:Korea, North Government + +Long-form name: + Democratic People's Republic of Korea; abbreviated DPRK +Type: + Communist state; Stalinist dictatorship +Capital: + P'yongyang +Administrative divisions: + 9 provinces (do, singular and plural) and 3 special cities* (jikhalsi, + singular and plural); Chagang-do, Hamgyong-namdo, Hamgyong-bukto, + Hwanghae-namdo, Hwanghae-bukto, Kaesong-si*, Kangwon-do, Namp'o-si*, + P'yongan-bukto, P'yongan-namdo,P'yongyang-si*, Yanggang-do +Independence: + 9 September 1948 +Constitution: + adopted 1948, revised 27 December 1972 +Legal system: + based on German civil law system with Japanese influences and Communist + legal theory; no judicial review of legislative acts; has not accepted + compulsory ICJ jurisdiction +National holiday: + Independence Day, 9 September (1948) +Executive branch: + president, two vice presidents, premier, eleven vice premiers, State + Administration Council (cabinet) +Legislative branch: + unicameral Supreme People's Assembly (Ch'oego Inmin Hoeui) +Judicial branch: + Central Court +Leaders: + Chief of State: + President KIM Il-song (national leader since 1945, formally President since + 28 December 1972); designated Successor KIM Chong-il (son of President, born + 16 February 1942) + Head of Government: + Premier YON Hyong-muk (since December 1988) +Political parties and leaders: + major party - Korean Workers' Party (KWP), KIM Il-song, general secretary, + and his son, KIM Chong-il, secretary, Central Committee; Korean Social + Democratic Party, YI Kye-paek, chairman; Chondoist Chongu Party, CHONG + Sin-hyok, chairman +Suffrage: + universal at age 17 +Elections: + President: + last held 24 May 1990 (next to be held NA 1994); results - President KIM + Il-song was reelected without opposition + Supreme People's Assembly: + last held on 24 May 1990 (next to be held NA 1994); results - percent of + vote by party NA; seats - (687 total) the KWP approves a single list of + candidates who are elected without opposition; minor parties hold a few + seats +Communists: + KWP claims membership of about 3 million +Member of: + ESCAP, FAO, G-77, IAEA, ICAO, IFAD, IMF (observer), IMO, IOC, ISO, ITU, + LORCS, NAM, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO +Diplomatic representation: + none + +:Korea, North Government + +Flag: + three horizontal bands of blue (top), red (triple width), and blue; the red + band is edged in white; on the hoist side of the red band is a white disk + with a red five-pointed star + +:Korea, North Economy + +Overview: + More than 90% of this command economy is socialized; agricultural land is + collectivized; and state-owned industry produces 95% of manufactured goods. + State control of economic affairs is unusually tight even for a Communist + country because of the small size and homogeneity of the society and the + strict rule of KIM Il-song and his son, KIM Chong-il. Economic growth during + the period 1984-89 averaged 2-3%, but output declined by 2-4% annually + during 1990-91, largely because of disruptions in economic relations with + the USSR. Abundant natural resources and hydropower form the basis of + industrial development. Output of the extractive industries includes coal, + iron ore, magnesite, graphite, copper, zinc, lead, and precious metals. + Manufacturing is centered on heavy industry, with light industry lagging far + behind. Despite the use of improved seed varieties, expansion of irrigation, + and the heavy use of fertilizers, North Korea has not yet become + self-sufficient in food production. Four consecutive years of poor harvests, + coupled with distribution problems, have led to chronic food shortages. + North Korea remains far behind South Korea in economic development and + living standards. +GNP: + purchasing power equivalent - $23.3 billion, per capita $1,100; real growth + rate -2% (1991 est.) +Inflation rate (consumer prices): + NA% +Unemployment rate: + officially none +Budget: + revenues $17.3 billion; expenditures $17.7 billion, including capital + expenditures of $NA (1990) +Exports: + $2.02 billion (f.o.b., 1990) + commodities: + minerals, metallurgical products, agricultural products, manufactures + partners: + USSR, China, Japan, Hong Kong, Germany, Singapore +Imports: + $2.62 billion (f.o.b., 1990 est.) + commodities: + petroleum, machinery and equipment, coking coal, grain + partners: + USSR, Japan, China, Hong Kong, FRG, Singapore +External debt: + $7 billion (1991) +Industrial production: + growth rate NA% +Electricity: + 7,140,000 kW capacity; 36,000 million kWh produced, 1,650 kWh per capita + (1991) +Industries: + machine building, military products, electric power, chemicals, mining, + metallurgy, textiles, food processing +Agriculture: + accounts for about 25% of GNP and 36% of work force; principal crops - rice, + corn, potatoes, soybeans, pulses; livestock and livestock products - cattle, + hogs, pork, eggs; not self-sufficient in grain; fish catch estimated at 1.7 + million metric tons in 1987 +Economic aid: + Communist countries, $1.4 billion a year in the 1980s +Currency: + North Korean won (plural - won); 1 North Korean won (Wn) = 100 chon + +:Korea, North Economy + +Exchange rates: + North Korean won (Wn) per US$1 - 2.13 (May 1992), 2.14 (September 1991), 2.1 + (January 1990), 2.3 (December 1989), 2.13 (December 1988), 0.94 (March 1987) +Fiscal year: + calendar year + +:Korea, North Communications + +Railroads: + 4,915 km total; 4,250 km 1.435-meter standard gauge, 665 km 0.762-meter + narrow gauge; 159 km double track; 3,084 km electrified; government owned + (1989) +Highways: + about 30,000 km (1989); 98.5% gravel, crushed stone, or earth surface; 1.5% + paved +Inland waterways: + 2,253 km; mostly navigable by small craft only +Pipelines: + crude oil 37 km +Ports: + Ch'ongjin, Haeju, Hungnam, Namp'o, Wonsan, Songnim, Najin, Sonbong (formerly + Unggi), Kim Chaek +Merchant marine: + 78 ships (1,000 GRT and over) totaling 543,033 GRT/804,507 DWT; includes 1 + passenger, 1 short-sea passenger, 1 passenger-cargo, 67 cargo, 2 petroleum + tanker, 4 bulk, 1 combination bulk, 1 container +Airports: + 55 total, 55 usable (est.); about 30 with permanent-surface runways; fewer + than 5 with runways over 3,659 m; 20 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 30 with + runways 1,220-2,439 m +Telecommunications: + broadcast stations - 18 AM, no FM, 11 TV; 200,000 TV sets; 3,500,000 radio + receivers; 1 Indian Ocean INTELSAT earth station + +:Korea, North Defense Forces + +Branches: + Korean People's Army (including the Army, Navy, Air Force), Civil Security + Forces +Manpower availability: + males 15-49, 6,476,839; 3,949,568 fit for military service; 227,154 reach + military age (18) annually +Defense expenditures: + exchange rate conversion - about $5 billion, 20-25% of GNP (1991 est.); note + - the officially announced but suspect figure is $1.9 billion (1991) 8% of + GNP (1991 est.) + +:Korea, South Geography + +Total area: + 98,480 km2 +Land area: + 98,190 km2 +Comparative area: + slightly larger than Indiana +Land boundaries: + 238 km; North Korea 238 km +Coastline: + 2,413 km +Maritime claims: + Continental shelf: + not specific + Territorial sea: + 12 nm (3 nm in the Korea Strait) +Disputes: + Demarcation Line with North Korea; Liancourt Rocks claimed by Japan +Climate: + temperate, with rainfall heavier in summer than winter +Terrain: + mostly hills and mountains; wide coastal plains in west and south +Natural resources: + coal, tungsten, graphite, molybdenum, lead, hydropower +Land use: + arable land 21%; permanent crops 1%; meadows and pastures 1%; forest and + woodland 67%; other 10%; includes irrigated 12% +Environment: + occasional typhoons bring high winds and floods; earthquakes in southwest; + air pollution in large cities + +:Korea, South People + +Population: + 44,149,199 (July 1992), growth rate 1.1% (1992) +Birth rate: + 16 births/1,000 population (1992) +Death rate: + 6 deaths/1,000 population (1992) +Net migration rate: + 1 migrant/1,000 population (1992) +Infant mortality rate: + 23 deaths/1,000 live births (1992) +Life expectancy at birth: + 67 years male, 73 years female (1992) +Total fertility rate: + 1.6 children born/woman (1992) +Nationality: + noun - Korean(s);adjective - Korean +Ethnic divisions: + homogeneous; small Chinese minority (about 20,000) +Religions: + strong Confucian tradition; vigorous Christian minority (24.3% of the total + population); Buddhism; pervasive folk religion (Shamanism); Chondogyo + (religion of the heavenly way), eclectic religion with nationalist overtones + founded in 19th century, about 0.1% of population +Languages: + Korean; English widely taught in high school +Literacy: + 96% (male 99%, female 94%) age 15 and over can read and write (1990 est.) +Labor force: + 16,900,000; 52% services and other; 27% mining and manufacturing; 21% + agriculture, fishing, forestry (1987) +Organized labor: + 23.4% (1989) of labor force in government-sanctioned unions + +:Korea, South Government + +Long-form name: + Republic of Korea; abbreviated ROK +Type: + republic +Capital: + Seoul +Administrative divisions: + 9 provinces (do, singular and plural) and 6 special cities* (jikhalsi, + singular and plural); Cheju-do, Cholla-bukto, Cholla-namdo, + Ch'ungch'ong-bukto, Ch'ungch'ong-namdo, Inch'on-jikhalsi*, Kangwon-do, + Kwangju-jikhalsi*, Kyonggi-do, Kyongsang-bukto, Kyongsang-namdo, + Pusan-jikhalsi*, Soul-t'ukpyolsi*, Taegu-jikhalsi*, Taejon-jikhalsi* +Independence: + 15 August 1948 +Constitution: + 25 February 1988 +Legal system: + combines elements of continental European civil law systems, Anglo-American + law, and Chinese classical thought +National holiday: + Independence Day, 15 August (1948) +Executive branch: + president, prime minister, two deputy prime ministers, State Council + (cabinet) +Legislative branch: + unicameral National Assembly (Kuk Hoe) +Judicial branch: + Supreme Court +Leaders: + Chief of State: + President ROH Tae Woo (since 25 February 1988) + Head of Government: + Prime Minister CHUNG Won Shik (since 24 May 1991); Deputy Prime Minister + CHOI Gak Kyu (since 19 February 1991) +Political parties and leaders: + ruling party: + Democratic Liberal Party (DLP), ROH Tae Woo, president, KIM Young Sam, + chairman; KIM Chong Pil and PAK Tae Chun, co-chairmen; note - the DLP + resulted from a merger of the Democratic Justice Party (DJP), Reunification + Democratic Party (RDP), and New Democratic Republican Party (NDRP) on 9 + February 1990 + opposition: + Democratic Party (DP), result of a merger of the New Democratic Party and + the Democratic Party formalized 16 September 1991; KIM Dae Jung, executive + chairman; LEE Ki Taek, executive chairman; several smaller parties +Suffrage: + universal at age 20 +Elections: + President: + last held on 16 December 1987 (next to be held December 1992); results - ROH + Tae Woo (DJP) 35.9%, KIM Young Sam (RDP) 27.5%, KIM Dae Jung (PPD) 26.5%, + other 10.1% + National Assembly: + last held on 26 April 1988 (next to be held around March 1992); results - + DJP 34%, RDP 24%, PPD 19%, NDRP 15%, other 8%; seats - (296 total) DJP 125, + PPD 70, RDP 59, NDRP 35, other 10; note - on 9 February 1990 the DJP, RDP, + and NDRP merged to form the DLP; also the PPD, later renamed the NDP, merged + with another party to form the DP in September 1991. The distribution of + seats as of December 1991 was DLP 214, DP 72, independent 9, vacant 1 + +:Korea, South Government + +Other political or pressure groups: + Korean National Council of Churches; National Democratic Alliance of Korea; + National Council of College Student Representatives; National Federation of + Farmers' Associations; National Council of Labor Unions; Federation of + Korean Trade Unions; Korean Veterans' Association; Federation of Korean + Industries; Korean Traders Association +Member of: + AfDB, APEC, AsDB, CCC, COCOM, CP, EBRD, ESCAP, FAO, G-77, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, + ICAO, ICC, ICFTU, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IMF, ILO, IMF, INMARSAT, INTELSAT, + INTERPOL, IOC, IOM, ISO, ITU, LORCS, OAS, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, + WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO +Diplomatic representation: + Ambassador HYUN Hong Joo; Chancery at 2370 Massachusetts Avenue NW, + Washington, DC 20008; telephone (202) 939-5600; there are Korean Consulates + General in Agana (Guam), Anchorage, Atlanta, Chicago, Honolulu, Houston, Los + Angeles, New York, San Francisco, and Seattle + US: + Ambassador Donald P. GREGG; Embassy at 82 Sejong-Ro, Chongro-ku, Seoul, + AMEMB, Unit 15550 (mailing address is APO AP 96205-0001); telephone [82] (2) + 732-2601 through 2618; FAX [82] (2) 738-8845; there is a US Consulate in + Pusan +Flag: + white with a red (top) and blue yin-yang symbol in the center; there is a + different black trigram from the ancient I Ching (Book of Changes) in each + corner of the white field + +:Korea, South Economy + +Overview: + The driving force behind the economy's dynamic growth has been the planned + development of an export-oriented economy in a vigorously entrepreneurial + society. Real GNP has increased more than 10% annually over the past six + years. This growth has led to an overheated situation characterized by a + tight labor market, strong inflationary pressures, and a rapidly rising + current account deficit. Policymakers have stated they will focus attention + on slowing inflation. In any event, the economy will remain the envy of the + great majority of the world's peoples. +GNP: + purchasing power equivalent - $273 billion, per capita $6,300; real growth + rate 8.7% (1991 est.) +Inflation rate (consumer prices): + 9.7% (1991) +Unemployment rate: + 2.4% (1991) +Budget: + revenues $44 billion; expenditures $44 billion, including capital + expenditures of $NA (1992) +Exports: + $71.9 billion (f.o.b., 1991) + commodities: + textiles, clothing, electronic and electrical equipment, footwear, + machinery, steel, automobiles, ships, fish + partners: + US 26%, Japan 18% (1991) +Imports: + $81.6 billion (c.i.f., 1991) + commodities: + machinery, electronics and electronic equipment, oil, steel, transport + equipment, textiles, organic chemicals, grains + partners: + Japan 26%, US 23% (1991) +External debt: + $38.2 billion (1991) +Industrial production: + growth rate 7.5% (1991 est.); accounts for about 45% of GNP +Electricity: + 24,000,000 kW capacity; 106,000 million kWh produced, 2,460 kWh per capita + (1991) +Industries: + textiles, clothing, footwear, food processing, chemicals, steel, + electronics, automobile production, shipbuilding +Agriculture: + accounts for 8% of GNP and employs 21% of work force (including fishing and + forestry); principal crops - rice, root crops, barley, vegetables, fruit; + livestock and livestock products - cattle, hogs, chickens, milk, eggs; + self-sufficient in food, except for wheat; fish catch of 2.9 million metric + tons, seventh-largest in world +Economic aid: + US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $3.9 billion; non-US countries + (1970-89), $3.0 billion +Currency: + South Korean won (plural - won); 1 South Korean won (W) = 100 chon + (theoretical) +Exchange rates: + South Korean won (W) per US$1 - 766.66 (January 1992), 733.35 (1991), 707.76 + (1990), 671.46 (1989), 731.47 (1988), 822.57 (1987) + +:Korea, South Economy + +Fiscal year: + calendar year + +:Korea, South Communications + +Railroads: + 3,106 km operating in 1983; 3,059 km 1.435-meter standard gauge, 47 km + 0.610-meter narrow gauge, 712 km double track, 418 km electrified; + government owned +Highways: + 62,936 km total (1982); 13,476 km national highway, 49,460 km provincial and + local roads +Inland waterways: + 1,609 km; use restricted to small native craft +Pipelines: + petroleum products 455 km +Ports: + Pusan, Inchon, Kunsan, Mokpo, Ulsan +Merchant marine: + 435 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 6,924,818 GRT/11,389,397 DWT; + includes 2 short-sea passenger, 140 cargo, 53 container, 11 refrigerated + cargo, 9 vehicle carrier, 42 petroleum tanker, 10 chemical tanker, 14 + liquefied gas, 5 combination ore/oil, 145 bulk, 3 combination bulk, 1 + multifunction large-load carrier +Civil air: + 93 major transport aircraft +Airports: + 105 total, 97 usable; 60 with permanent-surface runways; none with runways + over 3,659 m; 23 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 16 with runways 1,220-2,439 m +Telecommunications: + adequate domestic and international services; 4,800,000 telephones; + broadcast stations - 79 AM, 46 FM, 256 TV (57 of 1 kW or greater); satellite + earth stations - 2 Pacific Ocean INTELSAT and 1 Indian Ocean INTELSAT + +:Korea, South Defense Forces + +Branches: + Army, Navy, Marines Corps, Air Force +Manpower availability: + males 15-49, 13,131,113; 8,456,428 fit for military service; 448,450 reach + military age (18) annually +Defense expenditures: + exchange rate conversion - $12.6 billion, 4.5% of GNP (1992 budget) + +:Kuwait Geography + +Total area: + 17,820 km2 +Land area: + 17,820 km2 +Comparative area: + slightly smaller than New Jersey +Land boundaries: + 462 km; Iraq 240 km, Saudi Arabia 222 km +Coastline: + 499 km +Maritime claims: + Continental shelf: + not specific + Territorial sea: + 12 nm +Disputes: + in April 1991 official Iraqi acceptance of UN Security Council Resolution + 687, which demands that Iraq accept the inviolability of the boundary set + forth in its 1963 agreement with Kuwait, ending earlier claims to Bubiyan + and Warbah Islands or to all of Kuwait; a UN Boundary Demarcation Commission + is demarcating the Iraq-Kuwait boundary persuant to Resolution 687, and, on + 17 June 1992, the UN Security Council reaffirmed the finality of the + Boundary Demarcation Commission's decisions; ownership of Qaruh and Umm al + Maradim Islands disputed by Saudi Arabia +Climate: + dry desert; intensely hot summers; short, cool winters +Terrain: + flat to slightly undulating desert plain +Natural resources: + petroleum, fish, shrimp, natural gas +Land use: + arable land NEGL%; permanent crops 0%; meadows and pastures 8%; forest and + woodland NEGL%; other 92%; includes irrigated NEGL% +Environment: + some of world's largest and most sophisticated desalination facilities + provide most of water; air and water pollution; desertification +Note: + strategic location at head of Persian Gulf + +:Kuwait People + +Population: + 1,378,613 (July 1992), growth rate NA (1992) +Birth rate: + 32 births/1,000 population (1992) +Death rate: + 2 deaths/1,000 population (1992) +Net migration rate: + NA migrants/1,000 population (1992) +Infant mortality rate: + 14 deaths/1,000 live births (1992) +Life expectancy at birth: + 72 years male, 76 years female (1992) +Total fertility rate: + 4.4 children born/woman (1992) +Nationality: + noun - Kuwaiti(s); adjective - Kuwaiti +Ethnic divisions: + Kuwaiti 50%, other Arab 35%, South Asian 9%, Iranian 4%, other 2% +Religions: + Muslim 85% (Shi`a 30%, Sunni 45%, other 10%), Christian, Hindu, Parsi, and + other 15% +Languages: + Arabic (official); English widely spoken +Literacy: + 74% (male 78%, female 69%) age 15 and over can read and write (1985) +Labor force: + 566,000 (1986); services 45.0%, construction 20.0%, trade 12.0%, + manufacturing 8.6%, finance and real estate 2.6%, agriculture 1.9%, power + and water 1.7%, mining and quarrying 1.4%; 70% of labor force was + non-Kuwaiti +Organized labor: + labor unions exist in oil industry and among government personnel + +:Kuwait Government + +Long-form name: + State of Kuwait +Type: + nominal constitutional monarchy +Capital: + Kuwait +Administrative divisions: + 5 governorates (mu'hafaz'at, singular - muh'afaz'ah); Al Ah'madi, Al Jahrah, + Al Kuwayt, 'Hawalli; Farwaniyah +Independence: + 19 June 1961 (from UK) +Constitution: + 16 November 1962 (some provisions suspended since 29 August 1962) +Legal system: + civil law system with Islamic law significant in personal matters; has not + accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction +National holiday: + National Day, 25 February +Executive branch: + amir, prime minister, deputy prime minister, Council of Ministers (cabinet) +Legislative branch: + National Assembly (Majlis al `umma) dissolved 3 July 1986; elections for new + Assembly scheduled for October 1992 +Judicial branch: + High Court of Appeal +Leaders: + Chief of State: + Amir Shaykh JABIR al-Ahmad al-Jabir al-Sabah (since 31 December 1977) + Head of Government: + Prime Minister and Crown Prince SA`UD al-`Abdallah al-Salim al-Sabah (since + 8 February 1978); Deputy Prime Minister SALIM al-Sabah al-Salim al-Sabah +Political parties and leaders: + none +Suffrage: + adult males who resided in Kuwait before 1920 and their male descendants at + age 21; note - out of all citizens, only 10% are eligible to vote and only + 5% actually vote +Elections: + National Assembly: + dissolved 3 July 1986; new elections are scheduled for October 1992 +Other political or pressure groups: + 40,000 Palestinian community; small, clandestine leftist and Shi`a + fundamentalist groups are active; several groups critical of government + policies are active +Member of: + ABEDA, AfDB, AFESD, AL, AMF, BDEAC, CAEU, ESCWA, FAO, G-77, GATT, GCC, IAEA, + IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INMARSAT, INTELSAT, + INTERPOL, IOC, ISO (correspondent), ITU, LORCS, NAM, OAPEC, OIC, OPEC, UN, + UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WFTU, WHO, WMO, WTO +Diplomatic representation: + Ambassador Shaykh Sa`ud Nasir al-SABAH; Chancery at 2940 Tilden Street NW, + Washington, DC 20008; telephone (202) 966-0702 + US: + Ambassador Edward (Skip) GNEHM, Jr.; Embassy at Bneid al-Gar (opposite the + Kuwait International Hotel), Kuwait City (mailing address is P.O. Box 77 + SAFAT, 13001 SAFAT, Kuwait; APO AE 09880); telephone [965] 242-4151 through + 4159; FAX [956] 244-2855 + +:Kuwait Government + +Flag: + three equal horizontal bands of green (top), white, and red with a black + trapezoid based on the hoist side + +:Kuwait Economy + +Overview: + Up to the invasion by Iraq in August 1990, the oil sector had dominated the + economy. Kuwait has the third-largest oil reserves in the world after Saudi + Arabia and Iraq. Earnings from hydrocarbons have generated over 90% of both + export and government revenues and contributed about 40% to GDP. Most of the + nonoil sector has traditionally been dependent upon oil-derived government + revenues. Iraq's destruction of Kuwait's oil industry during the Gulf war + has devastated the economy. Iraq destroyed or damaged more than 80% of + Kuwait's 950 operating oil wells, as well as sabotaged key surface + facilities. Firefighters brought all of the roughly 750 oil well fires and + blowouts under control by November 1991. By yearend, production had been + brought back to 400,000 barrels per day; it could take two to three years to + restore Kuwait's oil production to its prewar level of about 2.0 million + barrels per day. Meanwhile, population had been greatly reduced because of + the war, from 2.1 million to 1.4 million. +GDP: + exchange rate conversion - $8.75 billion, per capita $6,200; real growth + rate -50% (1991 est.) +Inflation rate (consumer prices): + NA +Unemployment rate: + NA +Budget: + revenues $7.1 billion; expenditures $10.5 billion, including capital + expenditures of $3.1 billion (FY88) +Exports: + $11.4 billion (f.o.b., 1989) + commodities: + oil 90% + partners: + Japan 19%, Netherlands 9%, US 8%, Pakistan 6% +Imports: + $6.6 billion (f.o.b., 1989) + commodities: + food, construction materials, vehicles and parts, clothing + partners: + US 15%, Japan 12%, FRG 8%, UK 7% +External debt: + $7.2 billion (December 1989 est.) +Industrial production: + growth rate 3% (1988); accounts for 52% of GDP +Electricity: + 3,100,000 kW available out of 8,290,000 kW capacity due to Persian Gulf war; + 7,300 million kWh produced, 3,311 kWh per capita (1991) +Industries: + petroleum, petrochemicals, desalination, food processing, building + materials, salt, construction +Agriculture: + virtually none; dependent on imports for food; about 75% of potable water + must be distilled or imported +Economic aid: + donor - pledged $18.3 billion in bilateral aid to less developed countries + (1979-89) +Currency: + Kuwaiti dinar (plural - dinars); 1 Kuwaiti dinar (KD) = 1,000 fils +Exchange rates: + Kuwaiti dinars (KD) per US$1 - 0.2950 (March 1992), 0.2843 (1991), 0.2915 + (1990), 0.2937 (1989), 0.2790 (1988), 0.2786 (1987) + +:Kuwait Economy + +Fiscal year: + 1 July - 30 June + +:Kuwait Communications + +Railroads: + 6,456 km total track length (1990); over 700 km double track; government + owned +Highways: + 3,900 km total; 3,000 km bituminous; 900 km earth, sand, light gravel +Pipelines: + crude oil 877 km; petroleum products 40 km; natural gas 165 km +Ports: + Ash Shu`aybah, Ash Shuwaykh, Mina' al 'Ahmadi +Merchant marine: + 29 ships (1,000 GRT or over), totaling 1,196,435 GRT/1,957,216 DWT; includes + 2 cargo, 4 livestock carrier, 18 oil tanker, 4 liquefied gas; note - all + Kuwaiti ships greater than 1,000 GRT were outside Kuwaiti waters at the time + of the Iraqi invasion; many of these ships transferred to the Liberian flag + or to the flags of other Persian Gulf states; only 1 has returned to Kuwaiti + flag since the liberation of Kuwait +Civil air: + 9 major transport aircraft +Airports: + 7 total, 4 usable; 4 with permanent-surface runways; none with runways over + 3,659 m; 4 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; none with runways 1,220-2,439 m +Telecommunications: + civil network suffered extensive damage as a result of Desert Storm; + reconstruction is under way with some restored international and domestic + capabilities; broadcast stations - 3 AM, 0 FM, 3 TV; satellite earth + stations - destroyed during Persian Gulf war; temporary mobile satellite + ground stations provide international telecommunications; coaxial cable and + radio relay to Saudi Arabia; service to Iraq is nonoperational + +:Kuwait Defense Forces + +Branches: + Army, Navy, Air Force, National Police Force, National Guard +Manpower availability: + males 15-49, 389,770; 234,609 fit for military service; 12,773 reach + military age (18) annually +Defense expenditures: + exchange rate conversion - $9.17 billion, 20.4% of GDP (1992 budget) + +:Kyrgyzstan Geography + +Total area: + 198,500 km2 +Land area: + 191,300 km2 +Comparative area: + slightly smaller than South Dakota +Land boundaries: + 3,878 km; China 858 km, Kazakhstan 1,051 km, Tajikistan 870 km, Uzbekistan + 1,099 km +Coastline: + none - landlocked +Maritime claims: + none - landlocked +Disputes: + territorial dispute with Tajikistan on southern boundary in Isfara Valley + area +Climate: + dry continental to polar in high Tien Shan; subtropical in south (Fergana + Valley) +Terrain: + peaks of Tien Shan rise to 7,000 meters, and associated valleys and basins + encompass entire nation +Natural resources: + small amounts of coal, natural gas, oil; also nepheline, rare earth metals, + mercury, bismuth, gold, uranium, lead, zinc, hydroelectric power +Land use: + NA% arable land; NA% permanent crops; NA% meadows and pastures; NA% forest + and woodland; NA% other; includes NA% irrigated +Environment: + NA + +:Kyrgyzstan People + +Population: + 4,567,875 (July 1992), growth rate 1.9% (1992) +Birth rate: + 31 births/1,000 population (1992) +Death rate: + 8 deaths/1,000 population (1992) +Net migration rate: + - 8.5 migrants/1,000 population (1992) +Infant mortality rate: + 56 deaths/1,000 live births (1991) +Life expectancy at birth: + 62 years male, 71 years female (1992) +Total fertility rate: + 4.0 children born/woman (1992) +Nationality: + noun - Kirghiz(s); adjective - Kirghiz +Ethnic divisions: + Kirghiz 52%, Russian 21%, Uzbek 13%, other 14% +Religions: + Muslim 70%, Russian Orthodox NA% +Languages: + Kirghiz (Kyrgyz) +Literacy: + NA% (male NA%, female NA%) age 15 and over can read and write +Labor force: + 1,894,000 (1989); agriculture 33%, other 49%, industry 18%, other NA% (1988) +Organized labor: + NA + +:Kyrgyzstan Government + +Long-form name: + Republic of Kyrgyzstan +Type: + republic +Capital: + Bishkek (formerly Frunze) +Administrative divisions: + 6 oblasts (oblastey, singular - oblast'); Chu, Dzhalal-Abad, Issyk-Kul', + Naryn, Osh, Talas; note - an oblast has the same name as its administrative + center +Independence: + 31 August 1991 (from Soviet Union; formerly Kirghiz Soviet Socialist + Republic) +Constitution: + adopted NA, effective 20 April 1978, amended 23 September 1989; note - new + constitution is being drafted +Legal system: + NA +National holiday: + NA +Executive branch: + president, Cabinet of Ministers +Legislative branch: + unicameral body or bicameral +Judicial branch: + Supreme Court +Leaders: + President Askar AKAYEV; Vice President Felix KULOV; Chairman, Supreme + Soviet, Medetkav SHERIMKULOV; Spiritual leader of Kyrgyz Muslims, Sadykzhav + KAMALOV + Chief of State: + President Askar AKAYEV (since 28 October 1990), Vice President Felix KULOV + (since 2 March 1992) + Head of Government: + Prime Minister Tursenbek CHYNGYSHEV (since 2 March 1992) +Political parties and leaders: + Kyrgyzstan Democratic Movement, Zhypur ZHEKSHEYEV, Kazat AKMAKOV, and + Toshubek TURGANALIEV, co-chairmen of popular front coalition of 40 informal + groups for Democratic Renewal and Civic Accord, 117-man pro-Akayev + parliamentary faction; Civic Accord, Coalition representing nonnative + minority groups; National Revived Asaba (Banner) Party, Asan ORMUSHEV, + chairman; Communist Party now banned +Suffrage: + universal at age 18 +Elections: + President: + last held 12 October 1991 (next to be held NA 1996); results - AKAYEV won in + uncontested election with 95% of vote with 90% of electorate voting; note - + Republic Supreme Soviet elections held 25 February 1990; presidential + elections held first by Supreme Soviet 28 October 1990, then by popular vote + 12 October 1991 + Supreme Soviet: + note - last held 25 February 1990 (next to be held no later than November + 1994); results - Commnunists (310) 90%, seats - (350 total) +Other political or pressure groups: + National Unity Democratic Movement; Peasant Party; Council of Free Trade + Union; Union of Entrepreneurs +Member of: + CIS, CSCE, IMF, UN, UNCTAD + +:Kyrgyzstan Government + +Diplomatic representation: + Ambassador NA; Chancery at NW, Washington, DC 200__; telephone (202) NA; + there are Consulates General in NA; + US: + Charge Ralph Bresler; Interim Chancery at #66 Derzhinskiy Prospekt; + Residence: Hotel Pishpek (mailing address is APO AE 09862); telephone + 8-011-7-3312-22-22-70 +Flag: + red-orange field with yellow sun in center with folk motif medallion + inscribed + +:Kyrgyzstan Economy + +Overview: + Kyrgyzstan's small economy (less than 1% of the total for the former Soviet + Union) is oriented toward agriculture, producing mainly livestock such as + goats and sheep, as well as cotton, grain, and tobacco. Industry, + concentrated around Bishkek, produces small quantities of electric motors, + livestock feeding equipment, washing machines, furniture, cement, paper, and + bricks. Mineral extraction is small, the most important minerals being rare + earth metals and gold. Kyrgyzstan is a net importer of most types of food + and fuel but is a net exporter of electricity. By early 1991, the Kirghiz + leadership had accelerated reform, primarily by privatizing business and + granting life-long tenure to farmers. In 1991 overall industrial and + livestock output declined substantially. +GDP: + purchasing power equivalent - $NA billion, per capita $NA; real growth rate + -5% (1991) +Inflation rate (consumer prices): + 88% (1991) +Unemployment rate: + NA% +Budget: + revenues $NA million; expenditures $NA million +Exports: + $115 million (1990) + commodities: + wool, chemicals, cotton, ferrous and nonferrous metals, shoes, machinery, + tobacco + partners: + Russia 70%, Ukraine, Uzbekistan, Kazakhstan, and others +Imports: + $1.5 million (c.i.f., 1990) + commodities: + lumber, industrial products, ferrous metals, fuel, machinery, textiles, + footwear +External debt: + $650 million (1991) +Industrial production: + growth rate 0.1% (1991) +Electricity: + NA kW capacity; 13,900 million kWh produced, 3,232 kWh per capita (1991) +Industries: + small machinery, textiles, food-processing industries, cement, shoes, sawn + logs, steel, refrigerators, furniture, electric motors, gold, and rare earth + metals +Agriculture: + wool, tobacco, cotton, livestock (sheep and goats) and cattle, vegetables, + meat, grapes, fruits and berries, eggs, milk, potatoes +Illicit drugs: + poppy cultivation legal +Economic aid: + US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-87), $NA billion; Western (non-US) + countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-86), $NA million; + Communist countries (1971-86), $NA million +Currency: + as of May 1992, retaining ruble as currency +Fiscal year: + calendar year + +:Kyrgyzstan Communications + +Railroads: + 370 km; does not include industrial lines (1990) +Highways: + 30,300 km total; 22,600 km paved or graveled, 7,700 km earth(1990) +Inland waterways: + NA km perennially navigable +Pipelines: + NA +Ports: + none - landlocked +Civil air: + NA +Airports: + NA +Telecommunications: + poorly developed; connections with other CIS countries by landline or + microwave and with other countries by leased connections with Moscow + international gateway switch; satellite earth stations - Orbita and INTELSAT + (TV receive only) + +:Kyrgyzstan Defense Forces + +Branches: + Republic Security Forces (internal and border troops); National Guard, Civil + Defense; CIS Forces (Ground, Air, and Air Defense) +Manpower availability: + males 15-49, NA fit for military service; NA reach military age (18) + annually +Defense expenditures: + $NA, NA% of GDP + +:Laos Geography + +Total area: + 236,800 km2 +Land area: + 230,800 km2 +Comparative area: + slightly larger than Utah +Land boundaries: + 5,083 km; Burma 235 km, Cambodia 541 km, China 423 km, Thailand 1,754 km, + Vietnam 2,130 km +Coastline: + none - landlocked +Maritime claims: + none - landlocked +Disputes: + boundary dispute with Thailand +Climate: + tropical monsoon; rainy season (May to November); dry season (December to + April) +Terrain: + mostly rugged mountains; some plains and plateaus +Natural resources: + timber, hydropower, gypsum, tin, gold, gemstones +Land use: + arable land 4%; permanent crops NEGL%; meadows and pastures 3%; forest and + woodland 58%; other 35%; includes irrigated 1% +Environment: + deforestation; soil erosion; subject to floods +Note: + landlocked + +:Laos People + +Population: + 4,440,213 (July 1992), growth rate 2.9% (1992) +Birth rate: + 44 births/1,000 population (1992) +Death rate: + 16 deaths/1,000 population (1992) +Net migration rate: + 0 migrants/1,000 population (1992) +Infant mortality rate: + 107 deaths/1,000 live births (1992) +Life expectancy at birth: + 49 years male, 52 years female (1992) +Total fertility rate: + 6.3 children born/woman (1992) +Nationality: + noun - Lao(s) or Laotian(s); adjective - Lao or Laotian +Ethnic divisions: + Lao 50%, Phoutheung (Kha) 15%, tribal Thai 20%, Meo, Hmong, Yao, and other + 15% +Religions: + Buddhist 85%, animist and other 15% +Languages: + Lao (official), French, and English +Literacy: + 84% (male 92%, female 76%) age 15 to 45 can read and write (1985 est.) +Labor force: + 1-1.5 million; 85-90% in agriculture (est.) +Organized labor: + Lao Federation of Trade Unions is subordinate to the Communist party + +:Laos Government + +Long-form name: + Lao People's Democratic Republic +Type: + Communist state +Capital: + Vientiane +Administrative divisions: + 16 provinces (khoueng, singular and plural) and 1 municipality* (kampheng + nakhon, singular and plural); Attapu, Bokeo, Bolikhamsai, Champasak, + Houaphan, Khammouan, Louang Namtha, Louangphrabang, Oudomxai, Phongsali, + Saravan, Savannakhet, Sekong, Vientiane, Vientiane*, Xaignabouri, + Xiangkhoang +Independence: + 19 July 1949 (from France) +Constitution: + promulgated August 1991 +Legal system: + based on civil law system; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction +National holiday: + National Day (proclamation of the Lao People's Democratic Republic), 2 + December (1975) +Executive branch: + president, chairman and two vice chairmen of the Council of Ministers, + Council of Ministers (cabinet) +Legislative branch: + Supreme People's Assembly +Judicial branch: + People's Supreme Court +Leaders: + Chief of State: + President KAYSONE PHOMVIHAN (since 15 August 1991) + Head of Government: + Chairman of the Council of Ministers Gen. KHAMTAI SIPHANDON (since 15 August + 1991) +Political parties and leaders: + Lao People's Revolutionary Party (LPRP), KAYSONE PHOMVIHAN, party chairman; + includes Lao Patriotic Front and Alliance Committee of Patriotic Neutralist + Forces; other parties moribund +Suffrage: + universal at age 18 +Elections: + Supreme People's Assembly: + last held on 26 March 1989 (next to be held NA); results - percent of vote + by party NA; seats - (79 total) number of seats by party NA +Other political or pressure groups: + non-Communist political groups moribund; most leaders have fled the country +Member of: + ACCT (associate), AsDB, CP, ESCAP, FAO, G-77, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IFAD, ILO, + IMF, INTERPOL, IOC, ITU, LORCS, NAM, PCA, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, + WFTU, WHO, WMO, WTO +Diplomatic representation: + Charge d'Affaires LINTHONG PHETSAVAN; Chancery at 2222 S Street NW, + Washington, DC 20008; telephone (202) 332-6416 or 6417 + US: + Charge d'Affaires Charles B. SALMON, Jr.; Embassy at Rue Bartholonie, + Vientiane (mailing address is B. P. 114, Vientiane, or AMEMB, Box V, APO AP + 96546); telephone (856) 2220, 2357, 2384; FAX (856) 4675 + +:Laos Government + +Flag: + three horizontal bands of red (top), blue (double width), and red with a + large white disk centered in the blue band + +:Laos Economy + +Overview: + One of the world's poorest nations, Laos has had a Communist centrally + planned economy with government ownership and control of productive + enterprises of any size. In recent years, however, the government has been + decentralizing control and encouraging private enterprise. Laos is a + landlocked country with a primitive infrastructure; that is, it has no + railroads, a rudimentary road system, limited external and internal + telecommunications, and electricity available in only a limited area. + Subsistence agriculture is the main occupation, accounting for over 60% of + GDP and providing about 85-90% of total employment. The predominant crop is + rice. For the foreseeable future the economy will continue to depend for its + survival on foreign aid from the IMF and other international sources; aid + from the former USSR and Eastern Europe has been cut sharply. +GDP: + exchange rate conversion - $800 million, per capita $200; real growth rate + 4% (1991) +Inflation rate (consumer prices): + 10.4% (December 1991) +Unemployment rate: + 21% (1989 est.) +Budget: + revenues $83 million; expenditures $188.5 million, including capital + expenditures of $94 million (1990 est.) +Exports: + $72 million (f.o.b., 1990 est.) + commodities: + electricity, wood products, coffee, tin + partners: + Thailand, Malaysia, Vietnam, USSR, US, China +Imports: + $238 million (c.i.f., 1990 est.) + commodities: + food, fuel oil, consumer goods, manufactures + partners: + Thailand, USSR, Japan, France, Vietnam, China +External debt: + $1.1 billion (1990 est.) +Industrial production: + growth rate 12% (1991 est.); accounts for about 18% of GDP (1991 est.) +Electricity: + 226,000 kW capacity; 1,100 million kWh produced, 270 kWh per capita (1991) +Industries: + tin and gypsum mining, timber, electric power, agricultural processing, + construction +Agriculture: + accounts for 60% of GDP and employs most of the work force; subsistence + farming predominates; normally self-sufficient in nondrought years; + principal crops - rice (80% of cultivated land), sweet potatoes, vegetables, + corn, coffee, sugarcane, cotton; livestock - buffaloes, hogs, cattle, + chicken +Illicit drugs: + illicit producer of cannabis, opium poppy for the international drug trade, + third-largest opium producer +Economic aid: + US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-79), $276 million; Western (non-US) + countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $605 million; + Communist countries (1970-89), $995 million +Currency: + new kip (plural - kips); 1 new kip (NK) = 100 at + +:Laos Economy + +Exchange rates: + new kips (NK) per US$1 - 710 (May 1992), 710 (December 1991), 700 (September + 1990), 576 (1989), 385 (1988), 200 (1987) +Fiscal year: + 1 July - 30 June + +:Laos Communications + +Railroads: + none +Highways: + about 27,527 km total; 1,856 km bituminous or bituminous treated; 7,451 km + gravel, crushed stone, or improved earth; 18,220 km unimproved earth and + often impassable during rainy season mid-May to mid-September +Inland waterways: + about 4,587 km, primarily Mekong and tributaries; 2,897 additional + kilometers are sectionally navigable by craft drawing less than 0.5 m +Pipelines: + petroleum products 136 km +Ports: + none +Airports: + 57 total, 47 usable; 8 with permanent-surface runways; none with runways + over 3,659 m; 1 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 14 with runways 1,220-2,439 m +Telecommunications: + service to general public considered poor; radio communications network + provides generally erratic service to government users; 7,390 telephones + (1986); broadcast stations - 10 AM, no FM, 1 TV; 1 satellite earth station + +:Laos Defense Forces + +Branches: + Lao People's Army (LPA; including naval, aviation, and militia elements), + Air Force, National Police Department +Manpower availability: + males 15-49, 946,289; 509,931 fit for military service; 45,232 reach + military age (18) annually; conscription age NA +Defense expenditures: + exchange rate conversion - $NA, NA% of GDP + +:Latvia Geography + +Total area: + 64,100 km2 +Land area: + 64,100 km2 +Comparative area: + slightly larger than West Virginia +Land boundaries: + 1,078 km; Belarus 141 km, Estonia 267 km, Lithuania 453 km, Russia 217 km +Coastline: + 531 km +Maritime claims: + Contiguous zone: + NA nm + Continental shelf: + NA meter depth + Exclusive fishing zone: + NA nm + Exclusive economic zone: + NA nm + Territorial sea: + NA nm +Disputes: + the Abrene section of border ceded by the Latvian Soviet Socialist Republic + to Russia in 1944 +Climate: + maritime; wet, moderate winters +Terrain: + low plain +Natural resources: + minimal; amber, peat, limestone, dolomite +Land use: + 27% arable land; NA% permanent crops; 13% meadows and pastures; 39% forest + and woodland; 21% other; includes NA% irrigated +Environment: + heightened levels of air and water pollution because of a lack of waste + conversion equipment; Gulf of Riga heavily polluted + +:Latvia People + +Population: + 2,728,937 (July 1992), growth rate 0.6% (1992) +Birth rate: + 15 births/1,000 population (1992) +Death rate: + 12 deaths/1,000 population (1992) +Net migration rate: + 4 migrants/1,000 population (1992) +Infant mortality rate: + 19 deaths/1,000 live births (1992) +Life expectancy at birth: + 65 years male, 75 years female (1992) +Total fertility rate: + 2.1 children born/woman (1992) +Nationality: + noun - Latvian(s);adjective - Latvian +Ethnic divisions: + Latvian 51.8%, Russian 33.8%, Byelorussian 4.5%, Ukrainian 3.4%, Polish + 2.3%, other 4.2% +Religions: + Lutheran, Roman Catholic, Russian Orthodox +Languages: + Latvian NA% (official), Lithuanian NA%, Russian NA%, other NA% +Literacy: + NA% (male NA%, female NA%) age 15 and over can read and write +Labor force: + 1,407,000; industry and construction 41%, agriculture and forestry 16%, + other 43% (1990) +Organized labor: + NA + +:Latvia Government + +Long-form name: + Republic of Latvia +Type: + republic +Capital: + Riga +Administrative divisions: + none - all districts are under direct republic jurisdiction +Independence: + 18 November 1918; annexed by the USSR 21 July 1940, the Latvian Soviet + Socialist Republic declared independence 6 September 1991 from USSR +Constitution: + April 1978, currently rewriting constitution, but readopted the 1922 + Constitution +Legal system: + based on civil law system +National holiday: + Independence Day, 18 November (1918) +Executive branch: + Prime Minister +Legislative branch: + unicameral Supreme Council +Judicial branch: + Supreme Court +Leaders: + Chief of State: + Chairman, Supreme Council, Anatolijs GORBUNOVS (since October 1988); + Chairmen, Andrejs KRASTINS, Valdis BIRKAVS (since NA 1992) + Head of Government: + Prime Minister Ivars GODMANIS (since May 1990) +Political parties and leaders: + Democratic Labor Party of Latvia, Juris BOJARS, chairman; Inter-Front of the + Working People of Latvia, Igor LOPATIN, chairman; note - Inter-Front was + banned after the coup; Latvian National Movement for Independence, Eduards + BERKLAVS, chairman; Latvian Social Democratic Party, Janis DINEVICS, + chairman; Social Democratic Party of Latvia, Uldis BERZINS, chairman; + Latvian People's Front, Romualdas RAZUKAS, chairman; Latvian Liberal Party, + Georg LANSMANIS, chairman +Suffrage: + universal at age 18 +Elections: + President: + last held October 1988 (next to be held NA; note - elected by Parliament; + new elections have not been scheduled; results - percent of vote by party NA + Supreme Council: + last held 18 March 1990 (next to be held NA); results - undetermined; seats + - (234 total) Latvian Communist Party 59, Latvian Democratic Workers Party + 31, Social Democratic Party of Latvia 4, Green Party of Latvia 7, Latvian + Farmers Union 7, 126 supported by the Latvia Popular Front + Congress of Latvia: + last held April 1990 (next to be held NA); note - the Congress of Latvia is + a quasi-governmental structure; results - percent of vote by party NA%; + seats - (231 total) number of seats by party NA +Member of: + CSCE, IAEA, UN +Diplomatic representation: + Ambassador Dr. Anatol DINBERGS; Chancery at 4325 17th St. NW, Washington, DC + 20011; telephone (202) 726-8213 and 8214 + +:Latvia Government + + US: + Ambassador Ints SILINS; (mailing address is APO AE 09862); telephone [358] + (49) 306-067 (cellular), (7) (01-32) 325-968/185; FAX [358] (49) 308-326 + (cellular), (7) (01-32) 220-502 +Flag: + two horizontal bands of maroon (top), white (middle, narrower than other two + bands) and maroon (bottom) + +:Latvia Economy + +Overview: + Latvia is in the process of reforming the centrally planned economy + inherited from the former USSR into a market economy. Prices have been + freed, and privatization of shops and farms has begun. Latvia lacks natural + resources, aside from its arable land and small forests. Its most valuable + economic asset is its work force, which is better educated and disciplined + than in most of the former Soviet republics. Industrial production is highly + diversified, with products ranging from agricultural machinery to consumer + electronics. One conspicuous vulnerability: Latvia produces only 10% of its + electric power needs. Latvia in the near term must retain key commercial + ties to Russia, Belarus, and Ukraine while moving in the long run toward + joint ventures, technological support, and trade ties to the West. Because + of the efficiency of its mostly individual farms, Latvians enjoy a diet that + is higher in meat, vegetables, and dairy products and lower in grain and + potatoes than diets in the 12 non-Baltic republics of the USSR. Good + relations with Russia are threatened by animosity between ethnic Russians + (34% of the population) and native Latvians. +GDP: + purchasing power equivalent - $NA; per capital NA; real growth rate - 8% + (1991) +Inflation rate (consumer prices): + approximately 200% (1991) +Unemployment rate: + NA% +Budget: + revenues $NA; expenditures $NA, including capital expenditures of $NA (1991) +Exports: + $239 million (f.o.b., 1990) + commodities: + food 14%, railroad cars 13%, chemicals 12% + partners: + Russia 50%, Ukraine 15%, other former Soviet republics 30%, West 5% +Imports: + $9.0 billion (c.i.f., 1989) + commodities: + machinery 35%, petroleum products 13%, chemicals 9% + partners: + NA +External debt: + $650 million (1991 est.) +Industrial production: + growth rate 0% (1991) +Electricity: + 1,975,000 kW capacity; 6,500 million kWh produced, 2,381 kWh per capita + (1990) +Industries: + employs 33.2% of labor force; highly diversified; dependent on imports for + energy, raw materials, and intermediate products; produces buses, vans, + street and railroad cars, synthetic fibers, agricultural machinery, + fertilizers, washing machines, radios, electronics, pharmaceuticals, + processed foods, textiles +Agriculture: + employs 23% of labor force; principally dairy farming and livestock feeding; + products - meat, milk, eggs, grain, sugar beets, potatoes, and vegetables; + fishing and fish packing +Illicit drugs: + transshipment point for illicit drugs from Central and Southwest Asia to + Western Europe + +:Latvia Economy + +Economic aid: + US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-87), $NA billion; Western (non-US) + countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-86), $NA million; + Communist countries (1971-86), $NA million +Currency: + as of May 1992, retaining ruble as currency but planning early introduction + of ``lat'' +Exchange rates: + NA +Fiscal year: + calendar year + +:Latvia Communications + +Railroads: + 2,400 km (includes NA km electrified) does not include industrial lines + (1990) +Highways: + 59,500 km total (1990); 33,000 km hard surfaced 26,500 km earth +Inland waterways: + 300 km perennially navigable +Pipelines: + crude oil NA km, refined products NA km, natural gas NA km +Ports: + maritime - Riga, Ventspils, Liepaja; inland - Daugavpils +Merchant marine: + 96 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 917,979 GRT/1,194,666 DWT; includes 14 + cargo, 29 refrigerated cargo, 2 container, 9 roll-on/roll-off, 42 petroleum + tanker +Civil air: + NA major transport aircraft +Airports: + NA total, NA usable; NA with permanent-surface runways; NA with runways over + 3,659 m; NA with runways 2,440-3,659 m; NA with runways 1,220-2,439 m +Telecommunications: + broadcast stations - NA; international traffic carried by leased connection + to the Moscow international gateway switch and the Finnish cellular net + +:Latvia Defense Forces + +Branches: + Republic Security Forces (internal and border troops), National Guard, + Russian Forces (Ground, Navy, Air, Air Defense, Border Guard +Manpower availability: + males 15-49, NA; NA fit for military service; NA reach military age (18) + annually +Defense expenditures: + NA% of GDP; 3-5% of Latvia's budget (1992) + +:Lebanon Geography + +Total area: + 10,400 km2 +Land area: + 10,230 km2 +Comparative area: + about 0.8 times the size of Connecticut +Land boundaries: + 454 km; Israel 79 km, Syria 375 km +Coastline: + 225 km +Maritime claims: + Territorial sea: + 12 nm +Disputes: + separated from Israel by the 1949 Armistice Line; Israeli troops in southern + Lebanon since June 1982; Syrian troops in northern Lebanon since October + 1976 +Climate: + Mediterranean; mild to cool, wet winters with hot, dry summers +Terrain: + narrow coastal plain; Al Biqa` (Bekaa Valley) separates Lebanon and + Anti-Lebanon Mountains +Natural resources: + limestone, iron ore, salt; water-surplus state in a water-deficit region +Land use: + arable land 21%; permanent crops 9%; meadows and pastures 1%; forest and + woodland 8%; other 61%; includes irrigated 7% +Environment: + rugged terrain historically helped isolate, protect, and develop numerous + factional groups based on religion, clan, ethnicity; deforestation; soil + erosion; air and water pollution; desertification +Note: + Nahr al Litani only major river in Near East not crossing an international + boundary + +:Lebanon People + +Population: + 3,439,115 (July 1992), growth rate 1.6% (1992) +Birth rate: + 28 births/1,000 population (1992) +Death rate: + 7 deaths/1,000 population (1992) +Net migration rate: + -5 migrants/1,000 population (1992) +Infant mortality rate: + 43 deaths/1,000 live births (1992) +Life expectancy at birth: + 66 years male, 71 years female (1992) +Total fertility rate: + 3.6 children born/woman (1992) +Nationality: + noun - Lebanese (singular and plural); adjective - Lebanese +Ethnic divisions: + Arab 95%, Armenian 4%, other 1% +Religions: + Islam 75%, Christian 25%, Judaism NEGL%; 17 legally recognized groups - 5 + Islam (Alawite or Nusayri, Druze, Isma`ilite, Shi`a, Sunni); 11 Christian, + consisting of 4 Orthodox Christian (Armenian Orthodox, Greek Orthodox, + Nestorean, Syriac Orthodox), 6 Catholic (Armenian Catholic, Caldean, Greek + Catholic, Maronite, Roman Catholic, and Syrian Catholic) and the + Protestants; 1 Jewish +Languages: + Arabic and French (both official); Armenian, English +Literacy: + 80% (male 88%, female 73%) age 15 and over can read and write (1990 est.) +Labor force: + 650,000; industry, commerce, and services 79%, agriculture 11%, government + 10% (1985) +Organized labor: + 250,000 members (est.) + +:Lebanon Government + +Long-form name: + Republic of Lebanon; note - may be changed to Lebanese Republic +Type: + republic +Capital: + Beirut +Administrative divisions: + 5 governorates (muhafazat, singular - muhafazah); Al Biqa, `Al Janub, Ash + Shamal, Bayrut, Jabal Lubnan +Independence: + 22 November 1943 (from League of Nations mandate under French + administration) +Constitution: + 26 May 1926 (amended) +Legal system: + mixture of Ottoman law, canon law, Napoleonic code, and civil law; no + judicial review of legislative acts; has not accepted compulsory ICJ + jurisdiction +National holiday: + Independence Day, 22 November (1943) +Executive branch: + president, prime minister, Cabinet; note - by custom, the president is a + Maronite Christian, the prime minister is a Sunni Muslim, and the speaker of + the legislature is a Shi`a Muslim +Legislative branch: + unicameral National Assembly (Arabic - Majlis Alnuwab, French - Assemblee + Nationale) +Judicial branch: + four Courts of Cassation (three courts for civil and commercial cases and + one court for criminal cases) +Leaders: + Chief of State: + President Ilyas HARAWI (since 24 November 1989) + Head of Government: + Prime Minister Rashid SULH (since 13 May 1992) +Political parties and leaders: + political party activity is organized along largely sectarian lines; + numerous political groupings exist, consisting of individual political + figures and followers motivated by religious, clan, and economic + considerations; most parties have well-armed militias, which are still + involved in occasional clashes +Suffrage: + compulsory for all males at age 21; authorized for women at age 21 with + elementary education +Elections: + National Assembly: + elections should be held every four years, but security conditions have + prevented elections since May 1972; in June 1991, the Cabinet appointed 40 + new deputies to fill vacancies and balance Christian and Muslim + representation; the legislature's mandate expires in 1994 +Communists: + the Lebanese Communist Party was legalized in 1970; members and sympathizers + estimated at 2,000-3,000 +Member of: + ABEDA, ACCT, AFESD, AL, AMF, CCC, ESCWA, FAO, G-24, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, + ICC, ICFTU, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, + ITU, LORCS, NAM, OIC, PCA, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNRWA, UPU, + WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO + +:Lebanon Government + +Diplomatic representation: + Ambassador - no ambassador at present; Mission is headed by Charge; Chancery + at 2560 28th Street NW, Washington, DC 20008; telephone (202) 939-6300; + there are Lebanese Consulates General in Detroit, New York, and Los Angeles + US: + Ambassador Ryan C. CROCKER; Embassy at Antelias, Beirut (mailing address is + P. O. Box 70-840, Beirut, or Box B, FPO AE 09836); telephone [961] 417774 or + 415802, 415803, 402200, 403300 +Flag: + three horizontal bands of red (top), white (double width), and red with a + green and brown cedar tree centered in the white band + +:Lebanon Government + +Note: + Between early 1975 and late 1976 Lebanon was torn by civil war between its + Christians - then aided by Syrian troops - and its Muslims and their + Palestinian allies. The cease-fire established in October 1976 between the + domestic political groups generally held for about six years, despite + occasional fighting. Syrian troops constituted as the Arab Deterrent Force + by the Arab League have remained in Lebanon. Syria's move toward supporting + the Lebanese Muslims, and the Palestinians and Israel's growing support for + Lebanese Christians, brought the two sides into rough equilibrium, but no + progress was made toward national reconciliation or political reforms - the + original cause of the war. Continuing Israeli concern about the Palestinian + presence in Lebanon led to the Israeli invasion of Lebanon in June 1982. + Israeli forces occupied all of the southern portion of the country and + mounted a summer-long siege of Beirut, which resulted in the evacuation of + the PLO from Beirut in September under the supervision of a multinational + force (MNF) made up of US, French, and Italian troops. Within days of the + departure of the MNF, Lebanon's newly elected president, Bashir Gemayel, was + assassinated; his elder brother Amin was elected to succeed him. In the + immediate wake of Bashir's death, however, Christian militiamen massacred + hundreds of Palestinian refugees in two Beirut camps. This prompted the + return of the MNF to ease the security burden on Lebanon's weak Army and + security forces. In late March 1984 the last MNF units withdrew. In 1988, + President Gemayel completed his term of office. Because parliamentarians + failed to elect a presidential successor, Gemayel appointed then Lebanese + Armed Forces (LAF) Commander Gen. Michel Awn acting president. Lebanese + parliamentarians met in Ta'if, Saudi Arabia, in late 1989 and concluded a + national reconciliation pact that codified a new power-sharing formula, + specifying reduced powers for the Christian president and giving Muslims + more authority. Rene MUAWAD was subsequently elected president on 4 November + 1989, ending a 13-month period during which Lebanon had no president and + rival Muslim and Christian governments. MUAWAD was assassinated 17 days + later, on 22 November; on 24 November, Ilyas Harawi was elected to succeed + MUAWAD. In October 1990, the civil war was apparently brought to a + conclusion when Syrian and Lebanese forces ousted renegade Christian General + Awn from his stronghold in East Beirut. Awn had defied the legitimate + government and established a separate ministate within East Beirut after + being appointed acting Prime Minister by outgoing President Gemayel in 1988. + Awn and his supporters feared Ta'if would diminish Christian power in + Lebanon and increase the influence of Syria. Awn was granted amnesty and + allowed to travel in France in August 199l. Since the removal of Awn, the + Lebanese Government has made substantial progress in strengthening the + central government, rebuilding government institutions, and extending its + authority throughout the nation. The LAF has deployed from Beirut north + along the coast road to Tripoli, southeast into the Shuf mountains, and + south to Sidon and Tyre. Many militiamen from Christian and Muslim groups + have evacuated Beirut for their strongholds in the north, south, and east of + the country. Some heavy weapons possessed by the militias have been turned + over to the government, or sold outside the country, which has begun a plan + to integrate some militiamen into the military and the internal security + forces. Lebanon and Syria signed a treaty of friendship and cooperation in + May 1991. Lebanon continues to be partially occupied by Syrian troops, which + are deployed in Beirut, its southern suburbs, the Bekaa Valley, and northern + Lebanon. Iran also maintains a small contingent of revolutionary guards in + the Bekaa Valley to support Lebanese Islamic fundamentalist groups. Israel + withdrew the bulk of its forces from the south in 1985, although it still + retains troops in a 10-km-deep security zone north of its border with + Lebanon. Israel arms and trains the Army of South Lebanon (ASL), which also + occupies the security zone and is Israel's first line of defense against + attacks on its northern border. The following description is based on the + present constitutional and customary practices of the Lebanese system. + +:Lebanon Economy + +Overview: + Since 1975 civil war has seriously damaged Lebanon's economic + infrastructure, cut national output by half, and all but ended Lebanon's + position as a Middle Eastern entrepot and banking hub. Following October + 1990, however, a tentative peace has enabled the central government to begin + restoring control in Beirut, collect taxes, and regain access to key port + and government facilities. The battered economy has also been propped up by + a financially sound banking system and resilient small- and medium-scale + manufacturers. Family remittances, banking transactions, manufactured and + farm exports, the narcotics trade, and international emergency aid are main + sources of foreign exchange. In the relatively settled year of 1991, + industrial production, agricultural output, and exports showed substantial + gains. The further rebuilding of the war-ravaged country could provide a + major stimulus to the economy in 1992, provided that the political and + military situation remains reasonably calm. +GDP: + exchange rate conversion - $4.8 billion, per capita $1,400; real growth rate + NA (1991 est.) +Inflation rate (consumer prices): + 30% (1991) +Unemployment rate: + 35% (1991 est.) +Budget: + revenues $533 million; expenditures $1.3 billion, including capital + expenditures of $NA (1991 est.) +Exports: + $700 million (f.o.b., 1990 est.) + commodities: + agricultural products, chemicals, textiles, precious and semiprecious metals + and jewelry, metals and metal products + partners: + Saudi Arabia 16%, Switzerland 8%, Jordan 6%, Kuwait 6%, US 5% +Imports: + $1.8 billion (c.i.f., 1990 est.) + commodities: + NA + partners: + Italy 14%, France 12%, US 6%, Turkey 5%, Saudi Arabia 3% +External debt: + $900 million (1990 est.) +Industrial production: + growth rate NA% +Electricity: + 1,381,000 kW capacity; 3,870 million kWh produced, 1,170 kWh per capita + (1989) +Industries: + banking, food processing, textiles, cement, oil refining, chemicals, + jewelry, some metal fabricating +Agriculture: + accounts for about one-third of GDP; principal products - citrus fruits, + vegetables, potatoes, olives, tobacco, hemp (hashish), sheep, and goats; not + self-sufficient in grain +Illicit drugs: + illicit producer of opium and hashish for the international drug trade; + opium poppy production in Al Biqa` is increasing; hashish production is + shipped to Western Europe, Israel, US, and the Middle East + +:Lebanon Economy + +Economic aid: + US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-88), $356 million; Western (non-US) + countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $664 million; OPEC + bilateral aid (1979-89), $962 million; Communist countries (1970-89), $9 + million +Currency: + Lebanese pound (plural - pounds); 1 Lebanese pound (#L) = 100 piasters +Exchange rates: + Lebanese pounds (#L) per US$1 - 879.00 (January 1992), 928.23 (1991), 695.09 + (1990), 496.69 (1989), 409.23 (1988), 224.60 (1987) +Fiscal year: + calendar year + +:Lebanon Communications + +Railroads: + system in disrepair, considered inoperable +Highways: + 7,300 km total; 6,200 km paved, 450 km gravel and crushed stone, 650 km + improved earth +Pipelines: + crude oil 72 km (none in operation) +Ports: + Beirut, Tripoli, Ra'Sil`ata, Juniyah, Sidon, Az Zahrani, Tyre +Merchant marine: + 56 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 236,196 GRT/346,760 DWT; includes 36 + cargo, 1 refrigerated cargo, 2 vehicle carrier, 2 roll-on/roll-off, 1 + container, 8 livestock carrier, 1 chemical tanker, 1 specialized tanker, 3 + bulk, 1 combination bulk +Civil air: + 19 major transport aircraft +Airports: + 9 total, 8 usable; 6 with permanent-surface runways; none with runways over + 3,659 m; 3 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 2 with runways 1,220-2,439 m; none + under the direct control of the Lebanese Government +Telecommunications: + rebuilding program disrupted; had fair system of microwave relay, cable; + 325,000 telephones; broadcast stations - 5 AM, 3 FM (numerous AM and FM + radio stations are operated inconsistently by various factions), 13 TV; 1 + Indian Ocean INTELSAT and 1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT satellite earth station, + erratic operations; 3 submarine coaxial cables; radio relay to Jordan + inoperable, but operational to Syria, coaxial cable to Syria + +:Lebanon Defense Forces + +Branches: + Lebanese Armed Forces (LAF) (including Army, Navy, and Air Force) +Manpower availability: + males 15-49, 750,319; 465,938 fit for military service +Defense expenditures: + exchange rate conversion - $271 million, 8.2% of GDP (1992 budget) + +:Lesotho Geography + +Total area: + 30,350 km2 +Land area: + 30,350 km2 +Comparative area: + slightly larger than Maryland +Land boundaries: + 909 km; South Africa 909 km +Coastline: + none - landlocked +Maritime claims: + none - landlocked +Disputes: + none +Climate: + temperate; cool to cold, dry winters; hot, wet summers +Terrain: + mostly highland with some plateaus, hills, and mountains +Natural resources: + some diamonds and other minerals, water, agricultural and grazing land +Land use: + arable land 10%; permanent crops 0%; meadows and pastures 66%; forest and + woodland 0%; other 24% +Environment: + population pressure forcing settlement in marginal areas results in + overgrazing, severe soil erosion, soil exhaustion; desertification +Note: + landlocked; surrounded by South Africa; Highlands Water Project will + control, store, and redirect water to South Africa + +:Lesotho People + +Population: + 1,848,925 (July 1992), growth rate 2.6% (1992) +Birth rate: + 35 births/1,000 population (1992) +Death rate: + 10 deaths/1,000 population (1992) +Net migration rate: + 0 migrants/1,000 population (1992) +Infant mortality rate: + 74 deaths/1,000 live births (1992) +Life expectancy at birth: + 60 years male, 63 years female (1992) +Total fertility rate: + 4.7 children born/woman (1992) +Nationality: + noun - Mosotho (singular), Basotho (plural); adjective - Basotho +Ethnic divisions: + Sotho 99.7%; Europeans 1,600, Asians 800 +Religions: + Christian 80%, rest indigenous beliefs +Languages: + Sesotho (southern Sotho) and English (official); also Zulu and Xhosa +Literacy: + 59% (male 44%, female 68%) age 15 and over can read and write (1966) +Labor force: + 689,000 economically active; 86.2% of resident population engaged in + subsistence agriculture; roughly 60% of active male labor force works in + South Africa +Organized labor: + there are two trade union federations; the government favors formation of a + single, umbrella trade union confederation + +:Lesotho Government + +Long-form name: + Kingdom of Lesotho +Type: + constitutional monarchy +Capital: + Maseru +Administrative divisions: + 10 districts; Berea, Butha-Buthe, Leribe, Mafeteng, Maseru, Mohale's Hoek, + Mokhotlong, Qacha's Nek, Quthing, Thaba-Tseka +Independence: + 4 October 1966 (from UK; formerly Basutoland) +Constitution: + 4 October 1966, suspended January 1970 +Legal system: + based on English common law and Roman-Dutch law; judicial review of + legislative acts in High Court and Court of Appeal; has not accepted + compulsory ICJ jurisdiction +National holiday: + Independence Day, 4 October (1966) +Executive branch: + monarch, chairman of the Military Council, Military Council, Council of + Ministers (cabinet) +Legislative branch: + none - the bicameral Parliament was dissolved following the military coup in + January 1986; note - a National Constituent Assembly convened in June 1990 + to rewrite the constitution and debate issues of national importance, but it + has no legislative authority +Judicial branch: + High Court, Court of Appeal +Leaders: + Chief of State: + King LETSIE III (since 12 November 1990 following dismissal of his father, + exiled King MOSHOESHOE II, by Maj. Gen. LEKHANYA) + Head of Government: + Chairman of the Military Council Col. Elias Phisoana RAMAEMA (since 30 April + 1991) +Political parties and leaders: + Basotho National Party (BNP), Evaristus SEKHONYANA; Basutoland Congress + Party (BCP), Ntsu MOKHEHLE; National Independent Party (NIP), A. C. MANYELI; + Marematlou Freedom Party (MFP), Bernard M. KHAKETLA; United Democratic + Party, Charles MOFELI; Communist Party of Lesotho (CPL), J. M. KENA +Suffrage: + universal at age 21 +Elections: + National Assembly: + dissolved following the military coup in January 1986; military has pledged + elections will take place in June 1992 +Member of: + ACP, AfDB, C, CCC, ECA, FAO, G-77, GATT, IBRD, ICAO, ICFTU, IDA, IFAD, IFC, + ILO, IMF, INTERPOL, IOC, ITU, LORCS, NAM, OAU, SACU, SADCC, UN, UNCTAD, + UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UPU, WCL, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO +Diplomatic representation: + Ambassador Tseliso THAMAE; Chancery at 2511 Massachusetts Avenue NW, + Washington, DC 20008; telephone (202) 797-5534 + US: + Ambassador Leonard H.O. SPEARMAN, Sr.; Embassy at address NA, Maseru + (mailing address is P. O. Box 333, Maseru 100 Lesotho); telephone [266] + 312-666; FAX (266) 310-116 + +:Lesotho Government + +Flag: + divided diagonally from the lower hoist side corner; the upper half is white + bearing the brown silhouette of a large shield with crossed spear and club; + the lower half is a diagonal blue band with a green triangle in the corner + +:Lesotho Economy + +Overview: + Small, landlocked, and mountainous, Lesotho has no important natural + resources other than water. Its economy is based on agriculture, light + manufacturing, and remittances from laborers employed in South Africa ($153 + million in 1989). The great majority of households gain their livelihoods + from subsistence farming and migrant labor. Manufacturing depends largely on + farm products to support the milling, canning, leather, and jute industries; + other industries include textile, clothing, and light engineering. + Industry's share of GDP rose from 6% in 1982 to 15% in 1989. Political and + economic instability in South Africa raises uncertainty for Lesotho's + economy, especially with respect to migrant worker remittances - typically + about 40% of GDP. +GDP: + exchange rate conversion - $420 million, per capita $240; real growth rate + 4.0% (1990 est.) +Inflation rate (consumer prices): + 15% (1990 est.) +Unemployment rate: + at least 55% among adult males (1991 est.) +Budget: + expenditures $399 million, including capital expenditures of $132 million + (FY92-93) +Exports: + $59 million (f.o.b., 1990) + commodities: + wool, mohair, wheat, cattle, peas, beans, corn, hides, skins, baskets + partners: + South Africa 53%, EC 30%, North and South America 13% (1989) +Imports: + $604 million (f.o.b., 1990) + commodities: + mainly corn, building materials, clothing, vehicles, machinery, medicines, + petroleum + partners: + South Africa 95%, EC 2% (1989) +External debt: + $370 million (December 1990 est.) +Industrial production: + growth rate 7.8% (1989 est.); accounts for 15% of GDP +Electricity: + power supplied by South Africa +Industries: + food, beverages, textiles, handicrafts, tourism +Agriculture: + accounts for 18% of GDP and employs 60-70% of all households; exceedingly + primitive, mostly subsistence farming and livestock; principal crops are + corn, wheat, pulses, sorghum, barley +Economic aid: + US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $268 million; Western (non-US) + countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $819 million; OPEC + bilateral aid (1979-89), $4 million; Communist countries (1970-89), $14 + million +Currency: + loti (plural - maloti); 1 loti (L) = 100 lisente +Exchange rates: + maloti (M) per US$1 - 2.8809 (March 1992), 2.7563 (1991), 2.5863 (1990), + 2.6166 (1989), 2.2611 (1988), 2.0350 (1987); note - the Basotho loti is at + par with the South African rand + +:Lesotho Economy + +Fiscal year: + 1 April - 31 March + +:Lesotho Communications + +Railroads: + 2.6 km; owned, operated by, and included in the statistics of South Africa +Highways: + 7,215 km total; 572 km paved; 2,337 km crushed stone, gravel, or stabilized + soil; 1,806 km improved earth, 2,500 km unimproved earth (1988) +Civil air: + 1 major transport aircraft +Airports: + 28 total, 28 usable; 3 with permanent surface runways; none with runways + over 3,659 m; 1 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 2 with runways 1,220-2,439 m +Telecommunications: + rudimentary system consisting of a few landlines, a small microwave system, + and minor radio communications stations; 5,920 telephones; broadcast + stations - 3 AM, 2 FM, 1 TV; 1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT earth station + +:Lesotho Defense Forces + +Branches: + Royal Lesotho Defense Force (RLDF; including Army, Air Wing), Royal Lesotho + Mounted Police +Manpower availability: + males 15-49, 408,003; 220,129 fit for military service +Defense expenditures: + exchange rate conversion - $55 million, 13.1% of GDP (1990 est.) + +:Liberia Geography + +Total area: + 111,370 km2 +Land area: + 96,320 km2 +Comparative area: + slightly larger than Tennessee +Land boundaries: + 1,585 km; Guinea 563 km, Ivory Coast 716 km, Sierra Leone 306 km +Coastline: + 579 km +Maritime claims: + Continental shelf: + 200 m (depth) or to depth of exploitation + Territorial sea: + 200 nm +Disputes: + none +Climate: + tropical; hot, humid; dry winters with hot days and cool to cold nights; + wet, cloudy summers with frequent heavy showers +Terrain: + mostly flat to rolling coastal plains rising to rolling plateau and low + mountains in northeast +Natural resources: + iron ore, timber, diamonds, gold +Land use: + arable land 1%; permanent crops 3%; meadows and pastures 2%; forest and + woodland 39%; other 55%; includes irrigated NEGL% +Environment: + West Africa's largest tropical rain forest, subject to deforestation + +:Liberia People + +Population: + 2,462,276 (July 1992), growth rate 29.6% (1992) +Birth rate: + 44 births/1,000 population (1992) +Death rate: + 13 deaths/1,000 population (1992) +Net migration rate: + 265 migrants/1,000 population (1992) +Infant mortality rate: + 119 deaths/1,000 live births (1992) +Life expectancy at birth: + 54 years male, 59 years female (1992) +Total fertility rate: + 6.5 children born/woman (1992) +Nationality: + noun - Liberian(s); adjective - Liberian +Ethnic divisions: + indigenous African tribes, including Kpelle, Bassa, Gio, Kru, Grebo, Mano, + Krahn, Gola, Gbandi, Loma, Kissi, Vai, and Bella 95%; descendants of + repatriated slaves known as Americo-Liberians 5% +Religions: + traditional 70%, Muslim 20%, Christian 10% +Languages: + English (official); more than 20 local languages of the Niger-Congo language + group; English used by about 20% +Literacy: + 40% (male 50%, female 29%) age 15 and over can read and write (1990 est.) +Labor force: + 510,000, including 220,000 in the monetary economy; agriculture 70.5%, + services 10.8%, industry and commerce 4.5%, other 14.2%; non-African + foreigners hold about 95% of the top-level management and engineering jobs; + 52% of population of working age +Organized labor: + 2% of labor force + +:Liberia Government + +Long-form name: + Republic of Liberia +Type: + republic +Capital: + Monrovia +Administrative divisions: + 13 counties; Bomi, Bong, Grand Bassa, Cape Mount, Grand Gedeh, Grand Kru, + Lofa, Margibi, Maryland, Montserrado, Nimba, River Cess, Sinoe +Independence: + 26 July 1847 +Constitution: + 6 January 1986 +Legal system: + dual system of statutory law based on Anglo-American common law for the + modern sector and customary law based on unwritten tribal practices for + indigenous sector +National holiday: + Independence Day, 26 July (1847) +Executive branch: + president, vice president, Cabinet +Legislative branch: + bicameral National Assembly consists of an upper house or Senate and a lower + house or House of Representatives +Judicial branch: + People's Supreme Court +Leaders: + Chief of State and Head of Government: + interim President Dr. Amos SAWYER (since 15 November 1990); Vice President, + vacant (since August 1991); note - this is an interim government appointed + by the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) that will be + replaced after elections are held under a West African - brokered peace + plan; rival rebel factions led by Prince Y. JOHNSON and Charles TAYLOR are + challenging the SAWYER government's legitimacy while observing a tenuous + cease-fire; the former president, Gen. Dr. Samuel Kanyon DOE, was killed on + 9 September 1990 by Prince Y. JOHNSON +Political parties and leaders: + National Democratic Party of Liberia (NDPL), Augustus CAINE, chairman; + Liberian Action Party (LAP), Emmanuel KOROMAH, chairman; Unity Party (UP), + Carlos SMITH, chairman; United People's Party (UPP), Gabriel Baccus + MATTHEWS, chairman +Suffrage: + universal at age 18 +Elections: + President: + last held on 15 October 1985 (next to be held NA); results - Gen. Dr. Samuel + Kanyon DOE (NDPL) 50.9%, Jackson DOE (LAP) 26.4%, other 22.7%; note - + President Doe was killed by rebel forces on 9 September 1990 + Senate: + last held on 15 October 1985 (next to be held NA); results - percent of vote + by party NA; seats - (26 total) NDPL 21, LAP 3, UP 1, UPP 1 + House of Representatives: + last held on 15 October 1985 (next to be held NA); results - percent of vote + by party NA; seats - (64 total) NDPL 51, LAP 8, UP 3, UPP 2 +Member of: + ACP, AfDB, CCC, ECA, ECOWAS, FAO, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICFTU, IDA, IFAD, + IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INMARSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, ITU, LORCS, NAM, OAU, UN, + UNCTAD, UNESCO, UPU, WCL, WHO, WIPO, WMO + +:Liberia Government + +Diplomatic representation: + Ambassador Eugenia A. WORDSWORTH-STEVENSON; Chancery at 5201 16th Street NW, + Washington, DC 20011; telephone (202) 723-0437 through 0440; there is a + Liberian Consulate General in New York + US: + Ambassador Peter J. de VOS; Embassy at 111 United Nations Drive, Monrovia + (mailing address is P. O. Box 98, Monrovia, or APO AE 09813; telephone [231] + 222991 through 222994; FAX (231) 223-710 +Flag: + 11 equal horizontal stripes of red (top and bottom) alternating with white; + there is a white five-pointed star on a blue square in the upper hoist-side + corner; the design was based on the US flag + +:Liberia Economy + +Overview: + Civil war during 1990 destroyed much of Liberia's economy, especially the + infrastructure in and around Monrovia. Expatriate businessmen fled the + country, taking capital and expertise with them. Many will not return. + Richly endowed with water, mineral resources, forests, and a climate + favorable to agriculture, Liberia had been a producer and exporter of basic + products, while local manufacturing, mainly foreign owned, had been small in + scope. Political instability threatens prospects for economic reconstruction + and repatriation of some 750,000 Liberian refugees who fled to neighboring + countries. In 1991, the political impasse between the interim government and + the rebel leader Charles Taylor prevented restoration of normal economic + life. +GDP: + exchange rate conversion - $988 million, per capita $400; real growth rate + 1.5% (1988) +Inflation rate (consumer prices): + 12% (1989) +Unemployment rate: + 43% urban (1988) +Budget: + revenues $242.1 million; expenditures $435.4 million, including capital + expenditures of $29.5 million (1989) +Exports: + $505 million (f.o.b., 1989 est.) + commodities: + iron ore 61%, rubber 20%, timber 11%, coffee + partners: + US, EC, Netherlands +Imports: + $394 million (c.i.f., 1989 est.) + commodities: + rice, mineral fuels, chemicals, machinery, transportation equipment, other + foodstuffs + partners: + US, EC, Japan, China, Netherlands, ECOWAS +External debt: + $1.6 billion (December 1990 est.) +Industrial production: + growth rate 1.5% in manufacturing (1987); accounts for 22% of GDP +Electricity: + 410,000 kW capacity; 750 million kWh produced, 275 kWh per capita (1991) +Industries: + rubber processing, food processing, construction materials, furniture, palm + oil processing, mining (iron ore, diamonds) +Agriculture: + accounts for about 40% of GDP (including fishing and forestry); principal + products - rubber, timber, coffee, cocoa, rice, cassava, palm oil, + sugarcane, bananas, sheep, and goats; not self-sufficient in food, imports + 25% of rice consumption +Economic aid: + US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $665 million; Western (non-US) + countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $870 million; OPEC + bilateral aid (1979-89), $25 million; Communist countries (1970-89), $77 + million +Currency: + Liberian dollar (plural - dollars); 1 Liberian dollar (L$) = 100 cents +Exchange rates: + Liberian dollars (L$) per US$1 - 1.00 (fixed rate since 1940); unofficial + parallel exchange rate of L$7 = US$1, January 1992 + +:Liberia Economy + +Fiscal year: + calendar year + +:Liberia Communications + +Railroads: + 480 km total; 328 km 1.435-meter standard gauge, 152 km 1.067-meter narrow + gauge; all lines single track; rail systems owned and operated by foreign + steel and financial interests in conjunction with Liberian Government +Highways: + 10,087 km total; 603 km bituminous treated, 2,848 km all weather, 4,313 km + dry weather; there are also 2,323 km of private, laterite-surfaced roads + open to public use, owned by rubber and timber companies +Ports: + Monrovia, Buchanan, Greenville, Harper (or Cape Palmas) +Merchant marine: + 1,564 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 54,049,124 DWT/ 95,338,925 DWT; + includes 19 passenger, 1 short-sea passenger, 145 cargo, 51 refrigerated + cargo, 22 roll-on/roll-off, 62 vehicle carrier, 89 container, 4 barge + carrier, 460 petroleum tanker, 105 chemical, 57 combination ore/oil, 50 + liquefied gas, 6 specialized tanker, 465 bulk, 1 multifunction large-load + carrier, 27 combination bulk; note - a flag of convenience registry; all + ships are foreign owned; the top 4 owning flags are US 18%, Japan 16%, Hong + Kong 10%, and Norway 9% +Civil air: + 1 major transport aircraft +Airports: + 66 total, 49 usable; 2 with permanent-surface runways; none with runways + over 3,659 m; 1 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 4 with runways 1,220-2,439 m +Telecommunications: + telephone and telegraph service via radio relay network; main center is + Monrovia; broadcast stations - 3 AM, 4 FM, 5 TV; 1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT + earth stations; most telecommunications services inoperable due to + insurgency movement + +:Liberia Defense Forces + +Branches: + Monrovia-based Armed Forces of Liberia (Army only) along with a police + force; rest of country controlled by the army of the National Patriotic + Front of Liberia (NPFL) insurgent group +Manpower availability: + males 15-49, 585,224; 312,420 fit for military service; no conscription +Defense expenditures: + exchange rate conversion - $NA, NA% of GDP + +:Libya Geography + +Total area: + 1,759,540 km2 +Land area: + 1,759,540 km2 +Comparative area: + slightly larger than Alaska +Land boundaries: + 4,383 km; Algeria 982 km, Chad 1,055 km, Egypt 1,150 km, Niger 354 km, Sudan + 383 km, Tunisia 459 km +Coastline: + 1,770 km +Maritime claims: + Territorial sea: + 12 nm + Gulf of Sidra closing line: + 32 degrees 30 minutes N +Disputes: + claims and occupies the 100,000 km2 Aozou Strip in northern Chad; maritime + boundary dispute with Tunisia; Libya claims about 19,400 km2 in northern + Niger; Libya claims about 19,400 km2 in southeastern Algeria +Climate: + Mediterranean along coast; dry, extreme desert interior +Terrain: + mostly barren, flat to undulating plains, plateaus, depressions +Natural resources: + crude oil, natural gas, gypsum +Land use: + arable land 1%; permanent crops 0%; meadows and pastures 8%; forest and + woodland 0%; other 91%; includes irrigated NEGL% +Environment: + hot, dry, dust-laden ghibli is a southern wind lasting one to four days in + spring and fall; desertification; sparse natural surface-water resources +Note: + the Great Manmade River Project, the largest water development scheme in the + world, is being built to bring water from large aquifers under the Sahara to + coastal cities + +:Libya People + +Population: + 4,484,795 (July 1992), growth rate 3.0% (1992) +Birth rate: + 36 births/1,000 population (1992) +Death rate: + 6 deaths/1,000 population (1992) +Net migration rate: + 0 migrants/1,000 population (1992) +Infant mortality rate: + 60 deaths/1,000 live births (1992) +Life expectancy at birth: + 66 years male, 71 years female (1992) +Total fertility rate: + 4.9 children born/woman (1992) +Nationality: + noun - Libyan(s); adjective - Libyan +Ethnic divisions: + Berber and Arab 97%; some Greeks, Maltese, Italians, Egyptians, Pakistanis, + Turks, Indians, and Tunisians +Religions: + Sunni Muslim 97% +Languages: + Arabic; Italian and English widely understood in major cities +Literacy: + 64% (male 75%, female 50%) age 15 and over can read and write (1990 est.) +Labor force: + 1,000,000, includes about 280,000 resident foreigners; industry 31%, + services 27%, government 24%, agriculture 18% +Organized labor: + National Trade Unions' Federation, 275,000 members; General Union for Oil + and Petrochemicals; Pan-Africa Federation of Petroleum Energy and Allied + Workers + +:Libya Government + +Long-form name: + Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya +Digraph: + Tripoli Administration divisions *** 25 municipalities (baladiyah, singular + - baladiyat; Ajdabiya, Al `Aziziyah, Al Fatih, Al Jabal al Akhdar, Al + Jufrah, Al Khums, Al Kufrah, An Nuqat al Khams, Ash Shati', Awbari, Az + Zawiyah, Banghazi, Darnah, Ghadamis, Gharyan, Misratah, Murzuq, Sabha, + Sawfajjin, Surt, Tarabulus, Tarhunah, Tubruq, Yafran, Zlitan +Type: + Jamahiriya (a state of the masses); in theory, governed by the populace + through local councils; in fact, a military dictatorship +Capital: + Tripoli Administration divisions +Administrative divisions: + 25 municipalities (baladiyah, singular - baladiyat; Ajdabiya, Al 'Aziziyah, + Al Fatih, Al Jabal al Akhdar, Al Jufrah, Al Khums, Al Kufrah, An Nuqat al + Khams, Ash Shati', Awbari, Az Zawiyah, Banghazi, Darnah, Ghadamis, Gharyan, + Misratah, Murzuq Sabha, Sawfajjin, Surt, Tarabulus, Tarhunah, Tubruq, + Yafran, Zlitan +Independence: + 24 December 1951 (from Italy) +Constitution: + 11 December 1969, amended 2 March 1977 +Legal system: + based on Italian civil law system and Islamic law; separate religious + courts; no constitutional provision for judicial review of legislative acts; + has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction +National holiday: + Revolution Day, 1 September (1969) +Executive branch: + revolutionary leader, chairman of the General People's Committee (premier), + General People's Committee (cabinet) +Legislative branch: + unicameral General People's Congress +Judicial branch: + Supreme Court +Leaders: + Chief of State: + Revolutionary Leader Col. Mu`ammar Abu Minyar al-QADHAFI (since 1 September + 1969) + Head of Government: + Chairman of the General People's Committee (Premier) Abu Zayd `umar DURDA + (since 7 October 1990) +Political parties and leaders: + none +Suffrage: + universal and compulsory at age 18 +Elections: + national elections are indirect through a hierarchy of peoples' committees +Other political or pressure groups: + various Arab nationalist movements and the Arab Socialist Resurrection + (Ba'th) party with almost negligible memberships may be functioning + clandestinely, as well as some Islamic elements +Member of: + ABEDA, AfDB, AFESD, AL, AMF, AMU, CAEU, CCC, ECA, FAO, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, + ICAO, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, ITU, + LORCS, NAM, OAPEC, OAU, OIC, OPEC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WHO, + WIPO, WMO, WTO + +:Libya Government + +Diplomatic representation: + none +Flag: + plain green; green is the traditional color of Islam (the state religion) + +:Libya Economy + +Overview: + The socialist-oriented economy depends primarily upon revenues from the oil + sector, which contributes practically all export earnings and about + one-third of GDP. Since 1980, however, the sharp drop in oil prices and the + resulting decline in export revenues have adversely affected economic + development. In 1988 per capita GDP was the highest in Africa at $5,410, but + GDP growth rates have slowed and fluctuate sharply in response to changes in + the world oil market. Import restrictions and inefficient resource + allocations have led to shortages of basic goods and foodstuffs, although + the reopening of the Libyan-Tunisian border in April 1988 and the + Libyan-Egyptian border in December 1989 have somewhat eased shortages. + Austerity budgets and a lack of trained technicians have undermined the + government's ability to implement a number of planned infrastructure + development projects. Windfall revenues from the hike in world oil prices in + late 1990 improved the foreign payments position and resulted in a current + account surplus for the first time in five years. The nonoil manufacturing + and construction sectors, which account for about 22% of GDP, have expanded + from processing mostly agricultural products to include petrochemicals, + iron, steel, and aluminum. Although agriculture accounts for about 5% of + GDP, it employs about 20% of the labor force. Climatic conditions and poor + soils severely limit farm output, and Libya imports about 75% of its food + requirements. +GDP: + exchange rate conversion - $28.9 billion, per capita $6,800; real growth + rate 9% (1990 est.) +Inflation rate (consumer prices): + 7% (1991 est.) +Unemployment rate: + 2% (1988 est.) +Budget: + revenues $8.1 billion; expenditures $9.8 billion, including capital + expenditures of $3.1 billion (1989 est.) +Exports: + $11 billion (f.o.b., 1990 est.) + commodities: + petroleum, peanuts, hides + partners: + Italy, USSR, Germany, Spain, France, Belgium/Luxembourg, Turkey +Imports: + $7.6 billion (f.o.b., 1990 est.) + commodities: + machinery, transport equipment, food, manufactured goods + partners: + Italy, USSR, Germany, UK, Japan +External debt: + $3.5 billion, excluding military debt (1991 est.) +Industrial production: + growth rate - 4%; accounts for 22% of GDP (not including oil) (1989) +Electricity: + 4,700,000 kW capacity; 13,700 million kWh produced, 3,100 kWh per capita + (1991) +Industries: + petroleum, food processing, textiles, handicrafts, cement +Agriculture: + 5% of GNP; cash crops - wheat, barley, olives, dates, citrus fruits, + peanuts; 75% of food is imported +Economic aid: + Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-87), + $242 million; no longer a recipient + +:Libya Economy + +Currency: + Libyan dinar (plural - dinars); 1 Libyan dinar (LD) = 1,000 dirhams +Exchange rates: + Libyan dinars (LD) per US$1 - 0.2743 (March 1992), 0.2669 (1991), 0.2699 + (1990), 0.2922 (1989), 0.2853 (1988), 0.2706 (1987) +Fiscal year: + calendar year + +:Libya Communications + +Pipelines: + crude oil 4,383 km; natural gas 1,947 km; petroleum products 443 km + (includes liquid petroleum gas 256 km) +Ports: + Tobruk, Tripoli, Banghazi, Misratah, Marsa al Burayqah, Ra's Lanuf +Merchant marine: + 30 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 684,969 GRT/1,209,084 DWT; includes 3 + short-sea passenger, 11 cargo, 4 roll-on/roll-off, 10 petroleum tanker, 1 + chemical tanker, 1 liquefied gas +Civil air: + 59 major transport aircraft +Airports: + 133 total, 120 usable; 53 with permanent-surface runways; 9 with runways + over 3,659 m; 28 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 46 with runways 1,220-2,439 m +Telecommunications: + modern telecommunications system using radio relay, coaxial cable, + tropospheric scatter, and domestic satellite stations; 370,000 telephones; + broadcast stations - 17 AM, 3 FM, 12 TV; satellite earth stations - 1 + Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT, 1 Indian Ocean INTELSAT, and 14 domestic; submarine + cables to France and Italy; radio relay to Tunisia and Egypt; tropospheric + scatter to Greece; planned ARABSAT and Intersputnik satellite stations + +:Libya Defense Forces + +Branches: + Armed Peoples of the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya (including Army, Navy, Air and + Air Defense Command), National Police +Manpower availability: + males 15-49, 1,056,686; 624,027 fit for military service; 50,916 reach + military age (17) annually; conscription now being implemented +Defense expenditures: + exchange rate conversion - $NA, 11.1% of GDP (1987) + +:Liechtenstein Geography + +Total area: + 160 km2 +Land area: + 160 km2 +Comparative area: + about 0.9 times the size of Washington, DC +Land boundaries: + 78 km; Austria 37 km, Switzerland 41 km +Coastline: + none - landlocked +Maritime claims: + none - landlocked +Disputes: + none +Climate: + continental; cold, cloudy winters with frequent snow or rain; cool to + moderately warm, cloudy, humid summers +Terrain: + mostly mountainous (Alps) with Rhine Valley in western third +Natural resources: + hydroelectric potential +Land use: + arable land 25%; permanent crops 0%; meadows and pastures 38%; forest and + woodland 19%; other 18% +Environment: + variety of microclimatic variations based on elevation +Note: + landlocked + +:Liechtenstein People + +Population: + 28,642 (July 1992), growth rate 0.6% (1992) +Birth rate: + 13 births/1,000 population (1992) +Death rate: + 7 deaths/1,000 population (1992) +Net migration rate: + 0 migrants/1,000 population (1992) +Infant mortality rate: + 5 deaths/1,000 live births (1992) +Life expectancy at birth: + 74 years male, 81 years female (1992) +Total fertility rate: + 1.5 children born/woman (1992) +Nationality: + noun - Liechtensteiner(s); adjective - Liechtenstein +Ethnic divisions: + Alemannic 95%, Italian and other 5% +Religions: + Roman Catholic 87.3%, Protestant 8.3%, unknown 1.6%, other 2.8% (1988) +Languages: + German (official), Alemannic dialect +Literacy: + 100% (male 100%, female 100%) age 10 and over can read and write (1981) +Labor force: + 19,905, of which 11,933 are foreigners; 6,885 commute from Austria and + Switzerland to work each day; industry, trade, and building 53.2%, services + 45%, agriculture, fishing, forestry, and horticulture 1.8% (1990) +Organized labor: + NA + +:Liechtenstein Government + +Long-form name: + Principality of Liechtenstein +Type: + hereditary constitutional monarchy +Capital: + Vaduz +Administrative divisions: + 11 communes (gemeinden, singular - gemeinde); Balzers, Eschen, Gamprin, + Mauren, Planken, Ruggell, Schaan, Schellenberg, Triesen, Triesenberg, Vaduz +Independence: + 23 January 1719, Imperial Principality of Liechtenstein established +Constitution: + 5 October 1921 +Legal system: + local civil and penal codes; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with + reservations +National holiday: + Assumption Day, 15 August +Executive branch: + reigning prince, hereditary prince, head of government, deputy head of + government +Legislative branch: + unicameral Diet (Landtag) +Judicial branch: + Supreme Court (Oberster Gerichtshof) for criminal cases and Superior Court + (Obergericht) for civil cases +Leaders: + Chief of State: + Prince Hans ADAM II (since 13 November 1989; assumed executive powers 26 + August 1984); Heir Apparent Prince ALOIS von und zu Liechtenstein (born 11 + June 1968) + Head of Government: + Hans BRUNHART (since 26 April 1978); Deputy Head of Government Dr. Herbert + WILLE (since 2 February 1986) +Political parties and leaders: + Fatherland Union (VU), Dr. Otto HASLER; Progressive Citizens' Party (FBP), + Emanuel VOGT; Free Electoral List (FW) +Suffrage: + universal at age 18 +Elections: + Diet: + last held on 5 March 1989 (next to be held by March 1993); results - percent + of vote by party NA; seats - (25 total) VU 13, FBP 12 +Member of: + CE, CSCE, EBRD, IAEA, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, ITU, LORCS, UN, UNCTAD, UPU, + WIPO +Diplomatic representation: + in routine diplomatic matters, Liechtenstein is represented in the US by the + Swiss Embassy + US: + the US has no diplomatic or consular mission in Liechtenstein, but the US + Consul General at Zurich (Switzerland) has consular accreditation at Vaduz +Flag: + two equal horizontal bands of blue (top) and red with a gold crown on the + hoist side of the blue band + +:Liechtenstein Economy + +Overview: + The prosperous economy is based primarily on small-scale light industry and + tourism. Industry accounts for 53% of total employment, the service sector + 45% (mostly based on tourism), and agriculture and forestry 2%. The sale of + postage stamps to collectors is estimated at $10 million annually. Low + business taxes (the maximum tax rate is 20%) and easy incorporation rules + have induced about 25,000 holding or so-called letter box companies to + establish nominal offices in Liechtenstein. Such companies, incorporated + solely for tax purposes, provide 30% of state revenues. The economy is tied + closely to that of Switzerland in a customs union, and incomes and living + standards parallel those of the more prosperous Swiss groups. +GDP: + purchasing power equivalent - $630 million, per capita $22,300; real growth + rate NA% (1990 est.) +Inflation rate (consumer prices): + 5.4% (1990) +Unemployment rate: + 1.5% (1990) +Budget: + revenues $259 million; expenditures $292 million, including capital + expenditures of NA (1990) +Exports: + $1.6 billion + commodities: + small specialty machinery, dental products, stamps, hardware, pottery + partners: + EFTA countries 20.9% (Switzerland 15.4%), EC countries 42.7%, other 36.4% + (1990) +Imports: + $NA + commodities: + machinery, metal goods, textiles, foodstuffs, motor vehicles + partners: + NA +External debt: + $NA +Industrial production: + growth rate NA% +Electricity: + 23,000 kW capacity; 150 million kWh produced, 5,340 kWh per capita (1989) +Industries: + electronics, metal manufacturing, textiles, ceramics, pharmaceuticals, food + products, precision instruments, tourism +Agriculture: + livestock, vegetables, corn, wheat, potatoes, grapes +Economic aid: + none +Currency: + Swiss franc, franken, or franco (plural - francs, franken, or franchi); 1 + Swiss franc, franken, or franco (SwF) = 100 centimes, rappen, or centesimi +Exchange rates: + Swiss francs, franken, or franchi (SwF) per US$1 - 1.5079 (March 1992), + 1.4340 (1991), 1.3892 (1990), 1.6359 (1989), 1.4633 (1988), 1.4912 (1987) +Fiscal year: + calendar year + +:Liechtenstein Communications + +Railroads: + 18.5 km 1.435-meter standard gauge, electrified; owned, operated, and + included in statistics of Austrian Federal Railways +Highways: + 130.66 km main roads, 192.27 km byroads +Civil air: + no transport aircraft +Airports: + none +Telecommunications: + limited, but sufficient automatic telephone system; 25,400 telephones; + linked to Swiss networks by cable and radio relay for international + telephone, radio, and TV services + +:Liechtenstein Defense Forces + +Branches: + Police Department +Note: + defense is responsibility of Switzerland + +:Lithuania Geography + +Total area: + 65,200 km2 +Land area: + 65,200 km2 +Comparative area: + slightly larger than West Virginia +Land boundaries: + 1,273 km; Belarus 502 km, Latvia 453 km, Poland 91 km, Russia (Kaliningrad) + 227 km +Coastline: + 108 km +Maritime claims: + Contiguous zone: + NA nm + Continental shelf: + NA meter depth + Exclusive fishing zone: + NA nm + Exclusive economic zone: + NA nm + Territorial sea: + NA nm +Disputes: + dispute with Russia (Kaliningrad Oblast) over the position of the Neman + River border presently located on the Lithuanian bank and not in midriver as + by international standards +Climate: + maritime; wet, moderate winters +Terrain: + lowland, many scattered small lakes, fertile soil +Natural resources: + peat +Land use: + 49.1% arable land; NA% permanent crops; 22.2% meadows and pastures; 16.3% + forest and woodland; 12.4% other; includes NA% irrigated +Environment: + NA + +:Lithuania People + +Population: + 3,788,542 (July 1992), growth rate 0.8% (1992) +Birth rate: + 15 births/1,000 population (1992) +Death rate: + 11 deaths/1,000 population (1992) +Net migration rate: + 4 migrants/1,000 population (1992) +Infant mortality rate: + 18 deaths/1,000 live births (1992) +Life expectancy at birth: + 66 years male, 76 years female (1992) +Total fertility rate: + 2.1 children born/woman (1992) +Nationality: + noun - Lithuanian(s); adjective - Lithuanian +Ethnic divisions: + Lithuanian 80.1%, Russian 8.6%, Poles 7.7%, Byelorussian 1.5%, other 2.1% +Religions: + Catholic NA%, Lutheran NA%, unknown NA%, none NA%, other NA% +Languages: + Lithuanian (official), Polish NA%, Russian NA% +Literacy: + NA% (male NA%, female NA%) age 15 and over can read and write +Labor force: + 1,836,000; industry and construction 42%, agriculture and forestry 18%, + other 40% (1990) +Organized labor: + Lithuanian Trade Union Association; Labor Federation of Lithuania; Union of + Workers + +:Lithuania Government + +Long-form name: + Republic of Lithuania +Type: + republic +Capital: + Vilnius +Administrative divisions: + none - all rayons are under direct republic jurisdiction +Independence: + 1918; annexed by the Soviet Union 3 August 1940; restored independence 11 + March 1990; and regained indpendence from the USSR 6 September 1991 +Constitution: + NA; Constitutional Commission has drafted a new constitution that will be + sent to Parliament for ratification +Legal system: + based on civil law system; no judicial review of legislative acts +National holiday: + Independence Day, 16 February; Defenders of Freedom Day, 13 January +Executive branch: + prime minister, Council of Ministers, Government, +Legislative branch: + unicameral Supreme Council, Parliament +Judicial branch: + Supreme Court; Court of Appeals; district and city courts; Procurator + General of Lithuania +Leaders: + Chief of State: + Chairman, Supreme Council Vytautas LANDSBERGIS (since March 1990), Deputy + Chairmen Bronius KUZMICKAS (since March 1990), Ceslovas STANKEVICIUS (since + March 1990) + Head of Government: + Prime Minister Gediminas VAGNORIUS (since January 1991); Deputy Prime + Ministers Algis DOBROVOLSKAS (since January 1991), Vytantas PAKALNISKIS + (since January 1991), Zigmas VAISVILA (since January 1991) +Political parties and leaders: + Christian Democratic Party, FNU KATILIUS, chairman; Democratic Labor Party + of Lithuania, Algirdas Mykolas BRAZAUSKAS, chairman; Lithuanian Democratic + Party, Sauluis PECELIUNAS, chairman; Lithuanian Green Party, Irena + IGNATAVICIENE, chairwoman; Lithuanian Humanism Party, Vytautas KAZLAUSKAS, + chairman; Lithuanian Independence Party, Virgilijus CEPAITIS, chairman; + Lithuanian Liberty League, Antanas TERLECKAS; Lithuanian Liberals Union, + Vytautus RADZVILAS, chairman; Lithuanian Nationalist Union, Rimantas + SMETONA, chairman; Lithuanian Social Democratic Party, Aloizas SAKALAS, + chairman +Suffrage: + universal at age 18 +Elections: + President: + last held March 1990 (elected by Parliament); results - LANDSBERGIS, + BRAZAUSKAS + Supreme Council: + last held 24 February 1990; results - Sajudis (nationalist movement won a + large majority) (90) 63%; seats - (141 total) +Other political or pressure groups: + Sajudis; Lithuanian Future Forum; Farmers Union +Member of: + CSCE, IAEA, ILO, NACC, UN, UNCTAD + +:Lithuania Government + +Diplomatic representation: + Ambassador Stasys LOZORAITIS, Jr.; Embassy at 2622 16th St. NW, Washington, + DC 20009; telephone (202) 234-5860, 2639 + US: + Ambassador Darryl JOHNSON; Embassy at Mykolaicio putino 4, Vilnius; (mailing + address is APO AE 09862); telephone [7] (01-22) 628-049 +Flag: + yellow, green, and red horizontal stripes + +:Lithuania Economy + +Overview: + Lithuania is striving to become a small, independent, largely privatized + economy rather than a segment of a huge, centrally planned economy. Although + substantially above average in living standards and technology in the old + USSR, Lithuania historically lagged behind Latvia and Estonia in economic + development. It is ahead of its Baltic neighbors, however, in implementing + market reform. The country has no important natural resources aside from its + arable land and strategic location. Industry depends entirely on imported + materials that have come from the republics of the former USSR. Lithuania + benefits from its ice-free port at Klaipeda on the Baltic Sea and its rail + and highway hub at Vilnius, which provides land communication between + Eastern Europe and Russia, Latvia, Estonia, and Belarus. Industry produces a + small assortment of high-quality products, ranging from complex machine + tools to sophisticated consumer electronics. Thanks to nuclear power, + Lithuania is presently self-sufficient in electricity, exporting its surplus + to Latvia and Belarus; the nuclear facilities inherited from the USSR, + however, have come under world scrutiny as seriously deficient in safety + standards. Agriculture is efficient compared with most of the former Soviet + Union. Lithuania holds first place in per capita consumption of meat, second + place for eggs and potatoes, and fourth place for milk and dairy products. + Grain must be imported to support the meat and dairy industries. As to + economic reforms, Lithuania is pressing ahead with plans to privatize at + least 60% of state-owned property (industry, agriculture, and housing) + having already sold many small enterprises using a voucher system. Other + government priorities include stimulating foreign investment by protecting + the property rights of foreign firms and redirecting foreign trade away from + Eastern markets to the more competitive Western markets. For the moment, + Lithuania will remain highly dependent on Russia for energy, raw materials, + grains, and markets for its products. +GDP: + purchasing power equivalent - $NA; per capita NA; real growth rate -13% + (1991) +Inflation rate (consumer prices): + 200% (1991) +Unemployment rate: + NA% +Budget: + revenues 4.8 billion rubles; expenditures 4.7 billion rubles (1989 economic + survey); note - budget revenues and expenditures are not given for other + former Soviet republics; implied deficit from these figures does not have a + clear interpretation +Exports: + 700 million rubles (f.o.b., 1990) + commodities: + electronics 18%, petroleum products 16%, food 10%, chemicals 6% (1989) + partners: + Russia 60%, Ukraine 15%, other former Soviet republics 20%, West 5% +Imports: + 2.2 billion rubles (c.i.f., 1990) + commodities: + oil 24%, machinery 14%, chemicals 8%, grain NA% + partners: + NA +External debt: + $650 million (1991 est.) +Industrial production: + growth rate -1.3% (1991) +Electricity: + 5,875,000 kW capacity; 25,500 million kWh produced, NA kWh per capita (1991) + +:Lithuania Economy + +Industries: + employs 25% of the labor force; its shares in the total production of the + former USSR are metal-cutting machine tools 6.6%; electric motors 4.6%; + television sets 6.2%; refrigerators and freezers 5.4%; other production + includes petroleum refining, shipbuilding (small ships), furniture making, + textiles, food processing, fertilizers, agricultural machinery, optical + equipment, electronic components, computers, and amber +Agriculture: + employs 29% of labor force; sugar, grain, potatoes, sugarbeets, vegetables, + meat, milk, dairy products, eggs, and fish; most developed are the livestock + and dairy branches - these depend on imported grain; Lithuania is a net + exporter of meat, milk, and eggs +Illicit drugs: + transshipment point for illicit drugs from Central and Southwest Asia to + Western Europe +Economic aid: + US commitments, including Ex-Im (1992), $10 million; Western (non-US) + countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-86), $NA million; + Communist countries (1971-86), $NA million +Currency: + as of May 1992, retaining ruble as currency but planning early introduction + of ``litas'' +Exchange rates: + NA +Fiscal year: + calendar year + +:Lithuania Communications + +Railroads: + 2,010 km (includes NA km electrified); does not include industrial lines + (1990) +Highways: + 44,200 km total (1990); 35,500 km hard surfaced, 8,700 km earth +Inland waterways: + 600 km perennially navigable +Pipelines: + NA +Ports: + maritime - Klaipeda; inland - Kaunas +Merchant marine: + 66 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 268,854 GRT/315,690 DWT; includes 27 + cargo, 24 timber carrier, 1 container, 3 railcar carrier, 11 combination + bulk +Civil air: + NA +Airports: + NA +Telecommunications: + better developed than in most other former USSR republics; 22.4 telephones + per 100 persons; broadcast stations - 13 AM, 26 FM, 1 SW, 1 LW, 3 TV; + landlines or microwave to former USSR republics; leased connection to the + Moscow international switch for traffic with other countries; satellite + earth stations - (8 channels to Norway) + +:Lithuania Defense Forces + +Branches: + Ground Forces, Republic Security Forces (internal and border troops), + National Guard/Volunteers; Russian Forces (Ground, Navy, Air, and Air + Defense) +Manpower availability: + NA + +:Luxembourg Geography + +Total area: + 2,586 km +Land area: + 2,586 km +Comparative area: + slightly smaller than Rhode Island +Land boundaries: + 359 km; Belgium 148 km, France 73 km, Germany 138 km +Coastline: + none - landlocked +Maritime claims: + none - landlocked +Disputes: + none +Climate: + modified continental with mild winters, cool summers +Terrain: + mostly gently rolling uplands with broad, shallow valleys; uplands to + slightly mountainous in the north; steep slope down to Moselle floodplain in + the southeast +Natural resources: + iron ore (no longer exploited) +Land use: + arable land 24%; permanent crops 1%; meadows and pastures 20%; forest and + woodland 21%; other 34% +Environment: + deforestation +Note: + landlocked + +:Luxembourg People + +Population: + 392,405 (July 1992), growth rate 1.0% (1992) +Birth rate: + 12 births/1,000 population (1992) +Death rate: + 10 deaths/1,000 population (1992) +Net migration rate: + 7 migrants/1,000 population (1992) +Infant mortality rate: + 8 deaths/1,000 live births (1992) +Life expectancy at birth: + 73 years male, 80 years female (1992) +Total fertility rate: + 1.6 children born/woman (1992) +Nationality: + noun - Luxembourger(s); adjective - Luxembourg +Ethnic divisions: + Celtic base, with French and German blend; also guest and worker residents + from Portugal, Italy, and European countries +Religions: + Roman Catholic 97%, Protestant and Jewish 3% +Languages: + Luxembourgisch, German, French; many also speak English +Literacy: + 100% (male 100%, female 100%) age 15 and over can read and write (1980 est.) +Labor force: + 177,300; one-third of labor force is foreign workers, mostly from Portugal, + Italy, France, Belgium, and FRG; services 65%, industry 31.6%, agriculture + 3.4% (1988) +Organized labor: + 100,000 (est.) members of four confederated trade unions + +:Luxembourg Government + +Long-form name: + Grand Duchy of Luxembourg +Type: + constitutional monarchy +Capital: + Luxembourg +Administrative divisions: + 3 districts; Diekirch, Grevenmacher, Luxembourg +Independence: + 1839 +Constitution: + 17 October 1868, occasional revisions +Legal system: + based on civil law system; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction +National holiday: + National Day (public celebration of the Grand Duke's birthday), 23 June + (1921) +Executive branch: + grand duke, prime minister, vice prime minister, Council of Ministers + (cabinet) +Legislative branch: + unicameral Chamber of Deputies (Chambre des Deputes); note - the Council of + State (Conseil d'Etat) is an advisory body whose views are considered by the + Chamber of Deputies +Judicial branch: + Superior Court of Justice (Cour Superieure de Justice) +Leaders: + Chief of State: + Grand Duke JEAN (since 12 November 1964); Heir Apparent Prince HENRI (son of + Grand Duke Jean, born 16 April 1955) + Head of Government: + Prime Minister Jacques SANTER (since 21 July 1984); Vice Prime Minister + Jacques F. POOS (since 21 July 1984) +Political parties and leaders: + Christian Social Party (CSV), Jacques SANTER; Socialist Workers Party + (LSAP), Jacques POOS; Liberal (DP), Colette FLESCH; Communist (KPL), Andre + HOFFMANN; Green Alternative (GAP), Jean HUSS +Suffrage: + universal and compulsory at age 18 +Elections: + Chamber of Deputies: + last held on 18 June 1989 (next to be held by June 1994); results - CSV + 31.7%, LSAP 27.2%, DP 16.2%, Greens 8.4%, PAC 7.3%, KPL 5.1%, other 4.1%; + seats - (60 total) CSV 22, LSAP 18, DP 11, Greens 4, PAC 4, KPL 1 +Other political or pressure groups: + group of steel industries representing iron and steel industry, Centrale + Paysanne representing agricultural producers; Christian and Socialist labor + unions; Federation of Industrialists; Artisans and Shopkeepers Federation +Member of: + ACCT, Australia Group, Benelux, CCC, CE, COCOM, CSCE, EBRD, EC, ECE, EIB, + EMS, FAO, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICFTU, IDA, IEA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, + IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, IOM, ITU, LORCS, MTCR, NACC, NATO, NEA, NSG, + OECD, PCA, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WCL, WEU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, ZC +Diplomatic representation: + Ambassador Alphonse BERNS; Chancery at 2200 Massachusetts Avenue NW, + Washington, DC 20008; telephone (202) 265-4171; there are Luxembourg + Consulates General in New York and San Francisco + +:Luxembourg Government + + US: + Ambassador Edward M. ROWELL; Embassy at 22 Boulevard Emmanuel-Servais, 2535 + Luxembourg City; PSC 11 (mailing address is APO AE 09132-5380); telephone + [352] 460123; FAX [352] 461401 +Flag: + three equal horizontal bands of red (top), white, and light blue; similar to + the flag of the Netherlands, which uses a darker blue and is shorter; design + was based on the flag of France + +:Luxembourg Economy + +Overview: + The stable economy features moderate growth, low inflation, and negligible + unemployment. Agriculture is based on small but highly productive + family-owned farms. The industrial sector, until recently dominated by + steel, has become increasingly more diversified, particularly toward + high-technology firms. During the past decade, growth in the financial + sector has more than compensated for the decline in steel. Services, + especially banking, account for a growing proportion of the economy. + Luxembourg participates in an economic union with Belgium on trade and most + financial matters and is also closely connected economically to the + Netherlands. +GDP: + purchasing power equivalent - $7.83 billion, per capita $20,200; real growth + rate 2.5% (1991 est.) +Inflation rate (consumer prices): + 3.7% (1990) +Unemployment rate: + 1.3% (1990) +Budget: + revenues $2.5 billion; expenditures $2.3 billion, including capital + expenditures of NA (1988) +Exports: + $6.3 billion (f.o.b., 1990) + commodities: + finished steel products, chemicals, rubber products, glass, aluminum, other + industrial products + partners: + EC 75%, US 5% +Imports: + $7.5 billion (c.i.f., 1990) + commodities: + minerals, metals, foodstuffs, quality consumer goods + partners: + Belgium 37%, FRG 31%, France 12%, US 2% +External debt: + $131.6 million (1989 est.) +Industrial production: + growth rate - 0.5% (1990); accounts for 25% of GDP +Electricity: + 1,500,000 kW capacity; 1,163 million kWh produced, 3,170 kWh per capita + (1991) +Industries: + banking, iron and steel, food processing, chemicals, metal products, + engineering, tires, glass, aluminum +Agriculture: + accounts for less than 3% of GDP (including forestry); principal products - + barley, oats, potatoes, wheat, fruits, wine grapes; cattle raising + widespread +Economic aid: + none +Currency: + Luxembourg franc (plural - francs); 1 Luxembourg franc (LuxF) = 100 centimes +Exchange rates: + Luxembourg francs (LuxF) per US$1 - 32.462 (January 1992), 34.148 (1991), + 33.418 (1990), 39.404 (1989), 36.768 (1988), 37.334 (1987); note - the + Luxembourg franc is at par with the Belgian franc, which circulates freely + in Luxembourg +Fiscal year: + calendar year + +:Luxembourg Communications + +Railroads: + Luxembourg National Railways (CFL) operates 270 km 1.435-meter standard + gauge; 162 km double track; 162 km electrified +Highways: + 5,108 km total; 4,995 km paved, 57 km gravel, 56 km earth; about 80 km + limited access divided highway +Inland waterways: + 37 km; Moselle River +Pipelines: + petroleum products 48 km +Ports: + Mertert (river port) +Merchant marine: + 49 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 1,592,985 GRT/2,642,249 DWT; includes + 3 cargo, 5 container, 5 roll-on/roll-off, 6 petroleum tanker, 4 chemical + tanker, 3 combination ore/oil, 8 liquefied gas, 1 passenger, 8 bulk, 6 + combination bulk +Civil air: + 13 major transport aircraft +Airports: + 2 total, 2 usable; 1 with permanent-surface runways; 1 with runways over + 3,659 m; 1 with runways less than 1,220 m +Telecommunications: + highly developed, completely automated and efficient system, mainly buried + cables; 230,000 telephones; broadcast stations - 2 AM, 3 FM, 3 TV; 3 + channels leased on TAT-6 coaxial submarine cable; 1 direct-broadcast + satellite earth station; nationwide mobile phone system + +:Luxembourg Defense Forces + +Branches: + Army, National Gendarmerie +Manpower availability: + males 15-49, 100,994; 83,957 fit for military service; 2,320 reach military + age (19) annually +Defense expenditures: + exchange rate conversion - $100 million, 1.4% of GDP (1991) + +:Macau Geography + +Total area: + 16 km2 +Land area: + 16 km2 +Comparative area: + about 0.1 times the size of Washington, DC +Land boundaries: + 0.34 km; China 0.34 km +Coastline: + 40 km +Maritime claims: + not known +Disputes: + none +Climate: + subtropical; marine with cool winters, warm summers +Terrain: + generally flat +Natural resources: + negligible +Land use: + arable land 0%; permanent crops 0%; meadows and pastures 0%; forest and + woodland 0%; other 100% +Environment: + essentially urban; one causeway and one bridge connect the two islands to + the peninsula on mainland +Note: + 27 km west-southwest of Hong Kong on the southeast coast of China + +:Macau People + +Population: + 473,333 (July 1992), growth rate 1.7% (1992) +Birth rate: + 17 births/1,000 population (1992) +Death rate: + 4 deaths/1,000 population (1992) +Net migration rate: + 4 migrants/1,000 population (1992) +Infant mortality rate: + 8 deaths/1,000 live births (1992) +Life expectancy at birth: + 78 years male, 84 years female (1992) +Total fertility rate: + 1.6 children born/woman (1992) +Nationality: + noun - Macanese (singular and plural); adjective - Macau +Ethnic divisions: + Chinese 95%, Portuguese 3%, other 2% +Religions: + Buddhist 45%, Roman Catholic 7%, Protestant 1%, none 45.8%, other 1.2% + (1981) +Languages: + Portuguese (official); Cantonese is the language of commerce +Literacy: + 90% (male 93%, female 86%) age 15 and over can read and write (1981) +Labor force: + 180,000 (1986) +Organized labor: + none + +:Macau Government + +Long-form name: + none +Type: + overseas territory of Portugal; scheduled to revert to China in 1999 +Capital: + Macau +Administrative divisions: + 2 districts (concelhos, singular - concelho); Ilhas, Macau +Independence: + none (territory of Portugal); Portugal signed an agreement with China on 13 + April 1987 to return Macau to China on 20 December 1999; in the joint + declaration, China promises to respect Macau's existing social and economic + systems and lifestyle for 50 years after transition +Constitution: + 17 February 1976, Organic Law of Macau; basic law drafted primarily by + Beijing awaiting final approval +Legal system: + Portuguese civil law system +National holiday: + Day of Portugal, 10 June +Executive branch: + President of Portugal, governor, Consultative Council (cabinet) +Legislative branch: + Legislative Assembly +Judicial branch: + Supreme Court +Leaders: + Chief of State: + President (of Portugal) Mario Alberto SOARES (since 9 March 1986) + Head of Government: + Governor Gen. Vasco Joachim Rocha VIEIRA (since 20 March 1991) +Political parties and leaders: + Association to Defend the Interests of Macau; Macau Democratic Center; Group + to Study the Development of Macau; Macau Independent Group +Suffrage: + universal at age 18 +Elections: + Legislative Assembly: + last held on 10 March 1991; results - percent of vote by party NA; seats - + (23 total; 8 elected by universal suffrage, 8 by indirect suffrage, and 7 + appointed by the governor) number of seats by party NA +Other political or pressure groups: + wealthy Macanese and Chinese representing local interests, wealthy + pro-Communist merchants representing China's interests; in January 1967 the + Macau Government acceded to Chinese demands that gave China veto power over + administration +Member of: + IMO (associate), WTO (associate) +Diplomatic representation: + as Chinese territory under Portuguese administration, Macanese interests in + the US are represented by Portugal + US: + the US has no offices in Macau, and US interests are monitored by the US + Consulate General in Hong Kong +Flag: + the flag of Portugal is used + +:Macau Economy + +Overview: + The economy is based largely on tourism (including gambling) and textile and + fireworks manufacturing. Efforts to diversify have spawned other small + industries - toys, artificial flowers, and electronics. The tourist sector + has accounted for roughly 25% of GDP, and the clothing industry has provided + about two-thirds of export earnings; the gambling industry represented 36% + of GDP in 1991. Macau depends on China for most of its food, fresh water, + and energy imports. Japan and Hong Kong are the main suppliers of raw + materials and capital goods. +GDP: + exchange rate conversion - $3.1 billion, per capita $6,900; real growth rate + 6% (1991 est.) +Inflation rate (consumer prices): + 8.8% (1990 est.) +Unemployment rate: + 2% (1989 est.) +Budget: + revenues $305 million; expenditures $298 million, including capital + expenditures of $NA (1989) +Exports: + $1.5 billion (1990 est.) + commodities: + textiles, clothing, toys + partners: + US 33%, Hong Kong 15%, FRG 12%, France 10% (1987) +Imports: + $1.8 billion (1990 est.) + commodities: + raw materials, foodstuffs, capital goods + partners: + Hong Kong 39%, China 21%, Japan 10% (1987) +External debt: + $91 million (1985) +Industrial production: + NA +Electricity: + 220,000 kW capacity; 520 million kWh produced, 1,165 kWh per capita (1991) +Industries: + clothing, textiles, toys, plastic products, furniture, tourism +Agriculture: + rice, vegetables; food shortages - rice, vegetables, meat; depends mostly on + imports for food requirements +Economic aid: + none +Currency: + pataca (plural - patacas); 1 pataca (P) = 100 avos +Exchange rates: + patacas (P) per US$1 - 8.034 (1991), 8.024 (1990), 8.030 (1989), 8.044 + (1988), 7.993 (1987); note - linked to the Hong Kong dollar at the rate of + 1.03 patacas per Hong Kong dollar +Fiscal year: + calendar year + +:Macau Communications + +Highways: + 42 km paved +Ports: + Macau +Civil air: + no major transport aircraft +Airports: + none useable, 1 under construction; 1 seaplane station +Telecommunications: + fairly modern communication facilities maintained for domestic and + international services; 52,000 telephones; broadcast stations - 4 AM, 3 FM, + no TV; 75,000 radio receivers (est.); international high-frequency radio + communication facility; access to international communications carriers + provided via Hong Kong and China; 1 Indian Ocean INTELSAT earth station + +:Macau Defense Forces + +Manpower availability: + males 15-49, 135,923; 76,414 fit for military service +Note: + defense is responsibility of Portugal + +:Macedonia Header + +Note: + Macedonia has proclaimed independent statehood but has not been formally + recognized as a state by the United States. + +:Macedonia Geography + +Total area: + 25,333 km2 +Land area: + 24,856 km2 +Comparative area: + slightly larger than Vermont +Land boundaries: + 748 km; Albania 151 km, Bulgaria 148 km, Greece 228 km, Serbia and + Montenegro 221 km +Coastline: + none - landlocked +Disputes: + Greece claims republic's name implies territorial claims against Aegean + Macedonia +Climate: + hot, dry summers and autumns and relatively cold winters with heavy snowfall +Terrain: + territory covered with deep basins and valleys; there are three large lakes, + each divided by a frontier line +Natural resources: + chromium, lead, zinc, manganese, tungsten, nickel, low-grade iron ore, + asbestos, sulphur, timber +Land use: + arable land 5%; permanent crops 5%; meadows and pastures 20%; forest and + woodland 30%; other 40%; includes irrigated NA% +Environment: + Macedonia suffers from high seismic hazard; air pollution from metallurgical + plants +Note: + major transportation corridor from Western and Central Europe to Aegean Sea + +:Macedonia People + +Population: + 2,174,000 (July 1992), growth rate NA% (1992) +Birth rate: + NA births/1,000 population (1992) +Death rate: + NA deaths/1,000 population (1992) +Net migration rate: + NA migrants/1,000 population (1992) +Infant mortality rate: + NA deaths/1,000 live births (1992) +Life expectancy at birth: + 71 years male, 75 years female (1992) +Total fertility rate: + NA children born/woman (1992) +Ethnic divisions: + Macedonian 67%, Albanian 20%, Turkish 4%, Serb 2%, other 7% +Religions: + Eastern Orthodox 59%, Muslim 26%, Catholic 4%, Protestant 1%, unknown 10% +Languages: + Macedonian 70%, Albanian 21%, Turkish 3%, Serbo-Croatian 3%, other 3% +Literacy: + 89.1% (male 94.2%, female 83.8%) age 10 and over can read and write (1992 + est.) +Labor force: + 507,324; agriculture 8%, manufacturing and mining 40% (1990) +Organized labor: + NA + +:Macedonia Government + +Long-form name: + Republic of Macedonia +Type: + emerging democracy +Capital: + Skopje +Administrative divisions: + NA +Independence: + 20 November 1991 from Yugoslavia +Constitution: + adopted 17 November 1991, effective 20 November 1991 +Legal system: + based on civil law system; judicial review of legislative acts +National holiday: + NA +Executive branch: + presidency, Council of Ministers, prime minister +Legislative branch: + unicameral Assembly +Judicial branch: + Constitutional Court, Judicial Court of the Republic +Leaders: + Chief of State: + President Kiro GLIGOROV (since 27 January 1991) + Head of Government: + Prime Minister Nikola KLJUSEV (since March 1991), Deputy Prime Ministers + Jovan ANDONOV (since March 1991), Blaze RISTOVSKI (since March 1991), and + Bezir ZUTA (since March 1991) +Political parties and leaders: + Social Democratic Alliance (SDA; former Communist Party), Branko + CRVENKOVSKI, chairman; Party of Democratic Prosperity, (PDP), Nevzat HALILI, + chairman; National Democratic Party, Iliaz HALIMI, chairman; Alliance of + Reform Forces of Macedonia (MARF), Sojan ANDOV, chairman; Socialist Party, + chairman NA; Internal Macedonian Revolutionary Organization - Democratic + Party for Macedonian National Unity (IMRO-DPMNU), Ljupco GEORGIEVSKI, + chairman +Suffrage: + universal at age 18 +Elections: + President: + last held 27 January 1991 (next to be held NA); results - Kiro GLIGOREV won + Assembly: + last held 11 November 1990 (next to be held NA);results - percent of vote by + party NA; seats - (120 total) IMRO-DPMNU 37, SDA 31, PDP 25, MARF 17, Party + of Yugoslavs 1, Socialists 5, others 4 +Communists: + NA +Other political or pressure groups: + Movement for All Macedonian Action (MAAK), IMRU-Democratic Party, League for + Democracy, Albanian Democratic Union-Liberal Party +Member of: + none +Diplomatic representation: + has not been formerly recognized by the US +Flag: + NA + +:Macedonia Economy + +Overview: + Macedonia, although the poorest among the six republics of a disintegrated + Yugoslav federation, can meet basic food and energy needs through its own + agricultural and coal resources. As a breakaway republic, however, it will + move down toward a bare subsistence level of life unless economic ties are + reforged or enlarged with its neighbors Serbia, Albania, Greece, and + Bulgaria. The economy depends on outside sources for all of its oil and gas + and its modern machinery and parts. Continued political turmoil, both + internally and in the region as a whole, prevents any swift readjustments of + trade patterns and economic rules of the game. Inflation in early 1992 was + out of control, the result of fracturing trade links, the decline in + economic activity, and general uncertainties about the future status of the + country; prices rose 38% in March 1992 alone. Macedonia's geographical + isolation, technological backwardness, and political instability place it + far down the list of countries of interest to Western investors. Recognition + of Macedonia by the EC and an internal commitment to economic reform would + help to encourage foreign investment over the long run. +GDP: + $7.1 billion, per capita $3,110; real growth rate -18% (1991 est.) +Unemployment rate: + 20% (1991 est.) +Exports: + $578 million (1990) + commodities: + manufactured goods 40%, machinery and transport equipment 14%, miscellaneous + manufactured articles 23%, raw materials 7.6%, food (rice) and live animals + 5.7%, beverages and tobacco 4.5%, chemicals 4.7% + partners: + principally Serbia and the other former Yugoslav republics, Germany, Greece, + Albania +Imports: + $1,112 million (1990) + commodities: + fuels and lubricants 19%, manufactured goods 18%, machinery and transport + equipment 15%, food and live animals 14%, chemicals 11.4%, raw materials + 10%, miscellaneous manufactured articles 8.0%, beverages and tobacco 3.5% + partners: + other former Yugoslav republics, Greece, Albania, Germany, Bulgaria +External debt: + $NA +Industrial production: + growth rate -18% (1991 est.) +Electricity: + 1,600,000 kw capacity; 6,300 million kWh produced, 3,103 kWh per capita + (1991) +Industries: + low levels of technology predominate, such as, oil refining by distillation + only; produces basic fuels; mining and manufacturing processes result in the + extraction and production of coal as well as metallic chromium, lead, zinc, + and ferronickel; light industry produces basic textiles, wood products, and + tobacco +Agriculture: + provides 12% of Macedonia's GDP and meets the basic need for food; principal + crops are rice, tobacco, wheat, corn, and millet; also grown are cotton, + sesame, mulberry leaves, citrus fruit, and vegetables; Macedonia is one of + the seven legal cultivators of the opium poppy for the world pharmaceutical + industry, including some exports to the US; agricultural production is + highly labor intensive + +:Macedonia Economy + +Illicit drugs: + NA +Economic aid: + $NA +Currency: + denar (plural - denars); 1 denar (NA) = 100 NA +Exchange rates: + denar (NA) per US$1 - 240 (January 1991) +Fiscal year: + calendar year + +:Macedonia Communications + +Railroads: + NA +Highways: + 10,591 km total (1991); 5,091 km paved, 1,404 km gravel, 4,096 km earth +Inland waterways: + NA km +Pipelines: + none +Ports: + none - landlocked +Airports: + 2 main +Telecommunications: + 125,000 telephones; broadcast stations - 6 AM, 2 FM, 5 (2 relays) TV; + 370,000 radios, 325,000 TV; satellite communications ground stations - none + +:Macedonia Defense Forces + +Branches: + Army, Air and Air Defense Force +Manpower availability: + males 15-49, 590,613; NA fit for military service; 22,913 reach military age + (18) annually +Defense expenditures: + exchange rate conversion - 7.0 billion dinars (est.), NA% of GDP (1992); + note - conversion of the military budget into US dollars using the current + exchange rate could produce misleading results + +:Madagascar Geography + +Total area: + 587,040 km2 +Land area: + 581,540 km2 +Comparative area: + slightly less than twice the size of Arizona +Land boundaries: + none +Coastline: + 4,828 km +Maritime claims: + Exclusive economic zone: + 200 nm + Territorial sea: + 12 nm +Disputes: + claims Bassas da India, Europa Island, Glorioso Islands, Juan de Nova + Island, and Tromelin Island (all administered by France) +Climate: + tropical along coast, temperate inland, arid in south +Terrain: + narrow coastal plain, high plateau and mountains in center +Natural resources: + graphite, chromite, coal, bauxite, salt, quartz, tar sands, semiprecious + stones, mica, fish +Land use: + arable land 4%; permanent crops 1%; meadows and pastures 58%; forest and + woodland 26%; other 11%; includes irrigated 2% +Environment: + subject to periodic cyclones; deforestation; overgrazing; soil erosion; + desertification +Note: + world's fourth-largest island; strategic location along Mozambique Channel + +:Madagascar People + +Population: + 12,596,263 (July 1992), growth rate 3.2% (1992) +Birth rate: + 46 births/1,000 population (1992) +Death rate: + 14 deaths/1,000 population (1992) +Net migration rate: + 0 migrants/1,000 population (1992) +Infant mortality rate: + 93 deaths/1,000 live births (1992) +Life expectancy at birth: + 51 years male, 55 years female (1992) +Total fertility rate: + 6.8 children born/woman (1992) +Nationality: + noun - Malagasy (singular and plural); adjective - Malagasy +Ethnic divisions: + basic split between highlanders of predominantly Malayo-Indonesian origin + (Merina and related Betsileo) on the one hand and coastal tribes, + collectively termed the Cotiers, with mixed African, Malayo-Indonesian, and + Arab ancestry (Betsimisaraka, Tsimihety, Antaisaka, Sakalava), on the other; + there are also small French, Indian, Creole, and Comoran communities; no + current, accurate assessment of tribal numbers is available +Religions: + indigenous beliefs 52%, Christian about 41%, Muslim 7% +Languages: + French and Malagasy (official) +Literacy: + 80% (male 88%, female 73%) age 15 and over can read and write (1990 est.) +Labor force: + 4,900,000; 90% nonsalaried family workers engaged in subsistence + agriculture; 175,000 wage earners - agriculture 26%, domestic service 17%, + industry 15%, commerce 14%, construction 11%, services 9%, transportation + 6%, other 2%; 51% of population of working age (1985) +Organized labor: + 4% of labor force + +:Madagascar Government + +Long-form name: + Democratic Republic of Madagascar +Type: + republic +Capital: + Antananarivo +Administrative divisions: + 6 provinces (plural - NA, singular - faritanin'); Antananarivo, Antsiranana, + Fianarantsoa, Mahajanga, Toamasina, Toliary +Independence: + 26 June 1960 (from France; formerly Malagasy Republic) +Constitution: + 21 December 1975; note - a new constitution is to be in place before 1993 +Legal system: + based on French civil law system and traditional Malagasy law; has not + accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction +National holiday: + Independence Day, 26 June (1960) +Executive branch: + president, prime minister, Council of Ministers +Legislative branch: + unicameral Popular National Assembly (Assemblee Nationale Populaire); note - + the National Assembly has suspended its operations during 1992 in + preparation for new legislative and presidential elections. In its place, an + interim High Authority of State and a Social and Economic Recovery Council + have been established +Judicial branch: + Supreme Court (Cour Supreme), High Constitutional Court (Haute Cour + Constitutionnelle) +Leaders: + Chief of State: + President Adm. Didier RATSIRAKA (since 15 June 1975) + Head of Government: + Prime Minister Guy RASANAMAZY (since 8 August 1991) +Political parties and leaders: + some 30 political parties now exist in Madagascar, the most important of + which are the Advance Guard of the Malagasy Revolution (AREMA), Didier + RATSIRAKA; Congress Party for Malagasy Independence (AKFM), + RAKOTOVAO-ANDRIATIANA; Congress Party for Malagasy Independence-Revival + (AKFM-R), Pastor Richard ANDRIAMANJATO; Movement for National Unity (VONJY), + Dr. Marojama RAZANABAHINY; Malagasy Christian Democratic Union (UDECMA), + Norbert ANDRIAMORASATA; Militants for the Establishment of a Proletarian + Regime (MFM), Manandafy RAKOTONIRINA; National Movement for the Independence + of Madagascar (MONIMA), Monja JAONA; National Union for the Defense of + Democracy (UNDD), Albert ZAFY +Suffrage: + universal at age 18 +Elections: + President: + last held on 12 March 1989 (next to be held NA 1992); results - Didier + RATSIRAKA (AREMA) 62%, Manandafy RAKOTONIRINA (MFM/MFT) 20%, Dr. Jerome + Marojama RAZANABAHINY (VONJY) 15%, Monja JAONA (MONIMA) 3% + Popular National Assembly: + last held on 28 May 1989 (next to be held 1992); results - AREMA 88.2%, MFM + 5.1%, AKFM 3.7%, VONJY 2.2%, other 0.8%; seats - (137 total) AREMA 120, MFM + 7, AKFM 5, VONJY 4, MONIMA 1 + +:Madagascar Government + +Member of: + ACCT, ACP, AfDB, CCC, ECA, FAO, G-77, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICFTU, + IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, ITU, LORCS, NAM, + OAU, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UPU, WCL, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO +Diplomatic representation: + Ambassador Pierrot Jocelyn RAJAONARIVELO; Chancery at 2374 Massachusetts + Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008; telephone (202) 265-5525 or 5526; there is + a Malagasy Consulate General in New York + US: + Ambassador Howard K. WALKER; Embassy at 14 and 16 Rue Rainitovo, + Antsahavola, Antananarivo (mailing address is B. P. 620, Antananarivo); + telephone [261] (2) 212-57, 209-56, 200-89, 207-18 +Flag: + two equal horizontal bands of red (top) and green with a vertical white band + of the same width on hoist side + +:Madagascar Economy + +Overview: + Madagascar is one of the poorest countries in the world. Agriculture, + including fishing and forestry, is the mainstay of the economy, accounting + for over 40% of GDP, employing about 80% of the labor force, and + contributing to more than 70% of total export earnings. Industry is largely + confined to the processing of agricultural products and textile + manufacturing; in 1990 it accounted for only 16% of GDP and employed almost + 5% of the labor force. In 1986 the government introduced a five-year + development plan that stressed self-sufficiency in food (mainly rice) by + 1990, increased production for exports, and reduced energy imports. After + mid-1991, however, output dropped sharply because of protracted + antigovernment strikes and demonstrations for political reform. +GDP: + exchange rate conversion - $2.4 billion, per capita $200; real growth rate + -3.8% (1991 est.) +Inflation rate (consumer prices): + 10% (1991) +Unemployment rate: + NA% +Budget: + revenues $390 million; expenditures $525 million, including capital + expenditures of $240 million (1990 est.) +Exports: + $290 million (f.o.b., 1990 est.) + commodities: + coffee 45%, vanilla 15%, cloves 11%, sugar, petroleum products + partners: + France, Japan, Italy, Germany, US +Imports: + $436 million (f.o.b., 1990 est.) + commodities: + intermediate manufactures 30%, capital goods 28%, petroleum 15%, consumer + goods 14%, food 13% + partners: + France, Germany, UK, other EC, US +External debt: + $4.4 billion (1991) +Industrial production: + growth rate 5.2% (1990 est.); accounts for 16% of GDP +Electricity: + 125,000 kW capacity; 450 million kWh produced, 35 kWh per capita (1991) +Industries: + agricultural processing (meat canneries, soap factories, breweries, + tanneries, sugar refining plants), light consumer goods industries + (textiles, glassware), cement, automobile assembly plant, paper, petroleum +Agriculture: + accounts for 40% of GDP; cash crops - coffee, vanilla, sugarcane, cloves, + cocoa; food crops - rice, cassava, beans, bananas, peanuts; cattle raising + widespread; almost self-sufficient in rice +Illicit drugs: + illicit producer of cannabis (cultivated and wild varieties) used mostly for + domestic consumption +Economic aid: + US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $136 million; Western (non-US) + countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $3,125 million; + Communist countries (1970-89), $491 million +Currency: + Malagasy franc (plural - francs); 1 Malagasy franc (FMG) = 100 centimes + +:Madagascar Economy + +Exchange rates: + Malagasy francs (FMG) per US$1 - 1,943.4 (March 1992), 1,835.4 (1991), + 1,454.6 (December 1990), 1,603.4 (1989) , 1,407.1 (1988), 1,069.2 (1987) +Fiscal year: + calendar year + +:Madagascar Communications + +Railroads: + 1,020 km 1.000-meter gauge +Highways: + 40,000 km total; 4,694 km paved, 811 km crushed stone, gravel, or stabilized + soil, 34,495 km improved and unimproved earth (est.) +Inland waterways: + of local importance only; isolated streams and small portions of Canal des + Pangalanes +Ports: + Toamasina, Antsiranana, Mahajanga, Toliara +Merchant marine: + 14 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 59,255 GRT/81,509 DWT; includes 9 + cargo, 2 roll-on/roll-off cargo, 1 petroleum tanker, 1 chemical tanker, 1 + liquefied gas +Civil air: + 8 major transport aircraft +Airports: + 148 total, 103 usable; 30 with permanent-surface runways; none with runways + over 3,659 m; 3 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 34 with runways 1,220-2,439 m +Telecommunications: + above average system includes open-wire lines, coaxial cables, radio relay, + and troposcatter links; submarine cable to Bahrain; satellite earth stations + - 1 Indian Ocean INTELSAT and broadcast stations - 17 AM, 3 FM, 1 (36 + repeaters) TV + +:Madagascar Defense Forces + +Branches: + Popular Armed Forces (including Intervention Forces, Development Forces, + Aeronaval Forces - including Navy and Air Force), Gendarmerie, Presidential + Security Regiment +Manpower availability: + males 15-49, 2,730,713; 1,625,335 fit for military service; 114,687 reach + military age (20) annually +Defense expenditures: + exchange rate conversion - $37 million, 2.2% of GDP (1989 est.) + +:Malawi Geography + +Total area: + 118,480 km2 +Land area: + 94,080 km2 +Comparative area: + slightly larger than Pennsylvania +Land boundaries: + 2,881 km; Mozambique 1,569 km, Tanzania 475 km, Zambia 837 km +Coastline: + none - landlocked +Maritime claims: + none - landlocked +Disputes: + dispute with Tanzania over the boundary in Lake Nyasa (Lake Malawi) +Climate: + tropical; rainy season (November to May); dry season (May to November) +Terrain: + narrow elongated plateau with rolling plains, rounded hills, some mountains +Natural resources: + limestone; unexploited deposits of uranium, coal, and bauxite +Land use: + arable land 25%; permanent crops NEGL%; meadows and pastures 20%; forest and + woodland 50%; other 5%; includes irrigated NEGL% +Environment: + deforestation +Note: + landlocked + +:Malawi People + +Population: + 9,605,342 (July 1992), growth rate 1.8% (1992); note - 900,000 Mozambican + refugees in Malawi (1990 est.) +Birth rate: + 52 births/1,000 population (1992) +Death rate: + 17 deaths/1,000 population (1992) +Net migration rate: + -17 migrants/1,000 population (1992) +Infant mortality rate: + 134 deaths/1,000 live births (1992) +Life expectancy at birth: + 48 years male, 51 years female (1992) +Total fertility rate: + 7.6 children born/woman (1992) +Nationality: + noun - Malawian(s); adjective - Malawian +Ethnic divisions: + Chewa, Nyanja, Tumbuko, Yao, Lomwe, Sena, Tonga, Ngoni, Ngonde, Asian, + European +Religions: + Protestant 55%, Roman Catholic 20%, Muslim 20%; traditional indigenous + beliefs are also practiced +Languages: + English and Chichewa (official); other languages important regionally +Literacy: + 22% (male 34%, female 12%) age 15 and over can read and write (1966) +Labor force: + 428,000 wage earners; agriculture 43%, manufacturing 16%, personal services + 15%, commerce 9%, construction 7%, miscellaneous services 4%, other + permanently employed 6% (1986) +Organized labor: + small minority of wage earners are unionized + +:Malawi Government + +Long-form name: + Republic of Malawi +Type: + one-party state +Capital: + Lilongwe +Administrative divisions: + 24 districts; Blantyre, Chikwawa, Chiradzulu, Chitipa, Dedza, Dowa, Karonga, + Kasungu, Lilongwe, Machinga (Kasupe), Mangochi, Mchinji, Mulanje, Mwanza, + Mzimba, Ntcheu, Nkhata Bay, Nkhotakota, Nsanje, Ntchisi, Rumphi, Salima, + Thyolo, Zomba +Independence: + 6 July 1964 (from UK; formerly Nyasaland) +Constitution: + 6 July 1964; republished as amended January 1974 +Legal system: + based on English common law and customary law; judicial review of + legislative acts in the Supreme Court of Appeal; has not accepted compulsory + ICJ jurisdiction +National holiday: + Independence Day, 6 July (1964) +Executive branch: + president, Cabinet +Legislative branch: + unicameral National Assembly +Judicial branch: + High Court, Supreme Court of Appeal +Leaders: + Chief of State and Head of Government: + President Dr. Hastings Kamuzu BANDA (since 6 July 1966; sworn in as + President for Life 6 July 1971) +Political parties and leaders: + only party - Malawi Congress Party (MCP), Wadson DELEZA, administrative + secretary; John TEMBO, treasurer general; top party position of secretary + general vacant since 1983 +Suffrage: + universal at age 21 +Elections: + President: + President BANDA sworn in as President for Life on 6 July 1971 + National Assembly: + last held 27-28 May 1987 (next to be held by May 1992); results - MCP is the + only party; seats - (133 total, 112 elected) MCP 133 +Member of: + ACP, AfDB, C, CCC, ECA, FAO, G-77, GATT, IBRD, ICAO, ICFTU, IDA, IFAD, IFC, + ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, ISO (correspondent), ITU, LORCS, + NAM, OAU, SADCC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO +Diplomatic representation: + Ambassador Robert B. MBAYA; Chancery at 2408 Massachusetts Avenue NW, + Washington, DC 20008; telephone (202) 797-1007 + US: + Ambassador Michael T. F. PISTOR; Embassy in new capital city development + area, address NA (mailing address is P. O. Box 30016, Lilongwe); telephone + [265] 730-166; FAX [265] 732-282 +Flag: + three equal horizontal bands of black (top), red, and green with a radiant, + rising, red sun centered in the black band; similar to the flag of + Afghanistan, which is longer and has the national coat of arms superimposed + on the hoist side of the black and red bands + +:Malawi Economy + +Overview: + Landlocked Malawi ranks among the world's least developed countries. The + economy is predominately agricultural, with about 90% of the population + living in rural areas. Agriculture accounts for 40% of GDP and 90% of export + revenues. After two years of weak performance, economic growth improved + significantly in 1988-91 as a result of good weather and a broadly based + economic adjustment effort by the government. The economy depends on + substantial inflows of economic assistance from the IMF, the World Bank, and + individual donor nations. +GDP: + exchange rate conversion - $1.9 billion, per capita $200; growth rate 4.2% + (1991 est.) +Inflation rate (consumer prices): + 9% (1991 est.) +Unemployment rate: + NA% +Budget: + revenues $398 million; expenditures $510 million, including capital + expenditures of $154 million (FY91 est.) +Exports: + $390 million (f.o.b., 1990 est.) + commodities: + tobacco, tea, sugar, coffee, peanuts + partners: + US, UK, Zambia, South Africa, Germany +Imports: + $560 million (c.i.f., 1990 est.) + commodities: + food, petroleum, semimanufactures, consumer goods, transportation equipment + partners: + South Africa, Japan, US, UK, Zimbabwe +External debt: + $1.8 billion (December 1991 est.) +Industrial production: + growth rate 4.0% (1990 est.); accounts for about 18% of GDP (1988) +Electricity: + 185,000 kW capacity; 550 million kWh produced, 60 kWh per capita (1991) +Industries: + agricultural processing (tea, tobacco, sugar), sawmilling, cement, consumer + goods +Agriculture: + accounts for 40% of GDP; cash crops - tobacco, sugarcane, cotton, tea, and + corn; subsistence crops - potatoes, cassava, sorghum, pulses; livestock - + cattle and goats +Economic aid: + US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $215 million; Western (non-US) + countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $2,150 million +Currency: + Malawian kwacha (plural - kwacha); 1 Malawian kwacha (MK) = 100 tambala +Exchange rates: + Malawian kwacha (MK) per US$1 - 2.7200 (January 1992), 2.8033 (1991), 2.7289 + (1990), 2.7595 (1989), 2.5613 (1988), 2.2087 (1987) +Fiscal year: + 1 April - 31 March + +:Malawi Communications + +Railroads: + 789 km 1.067-meter gauge +Highways: + 13,135 km total; 2,364 km paved; 251 km crushed stone, gravel, or stabilized + soil; 10,520 km earth and improved earth +Inland waterways: + Lake Nyasa (Lake Malawi); Shire River, 144 km +Ports: + Chipoka, Monkey Bay, Nkhata Bay, and Nkotakota - all on Lake Nyasa (Lake + Malawi) +Civil air: + 5 major transport aircraft +Airports: + 48 total, 43 usable; 6 with permanent-surface runways; none with runways + over 3,659 m; 1 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 9 with runways 1,220-2,439 m +Telecommunications: + fair system of open-wire lines, radio relay links, and radio communications + stations; 42,250 telephones; broadcast stations - 10 AM, 17 FM, no TV; + satellite earth stations - 1 Indian Ocean INTELSAT and 1 Atlantic Ocean + INTELSAT +Note: + a majority of exports would normally go through Mozambique on the Beira or + Nacala railroads, but now most go through South Africa because of insurgent + activity and damage to rail lines + +:Malawi Defense Forces + +Branches: + Army (including Air Wing and Naval Detachment), Police (including + paramilitary Mobile Force Unit), paramilitary Malawi Young Pioneers +Manpower availability: + males 15-49, 2,000,406; 1,016,901 fit for military service +Defense expenditures: + exchange rate conversion - $22 million, 1.6% of GDP (1989 est.) + +:Malaysia Geography + +Total area: + 329,750 km2 +Land area: + 328,550 km2 +Comparative area: + slightly larger than New Mexico +Land boundaries: + 2,669 km; Brunei 381 km, Indonesia 1,782, Thailand 506 km +Coastline: + 4,675 km; Peninsular Malaysia 2,068 km, East Malaysia 2,607 km +Maritime claims: + Continental shelf: + 200 m (depth) or to depth of exploitation, specified boundary in the South + China Sea + Exclusive fishing zone: + 200 nm + Exclusive economic zone: + 200 nm + Territorial sea: + 12 nm +Disputes: + involved in a complex dispute over the Spratly Islands with China, + Philippines, Taiwan, Vietnam, and possibly Brunei; State of Sabah claimed by + the Philippines; Brunei may wish to purchase the Malaysian salient that + divides Brunei into two parts; two islands in dispute with Singapore +Climate: + tropical; annual southwest (April to October) and northeast (October to + February) monsoons +Terrain: + coastal plains rising to hills and mountains +Natural resources: + tin, crude oil, timber, copper, iron ore, natural gas, bauxite +Land use: + arable land 3%; permanent crops 10%; meadows and pastures NEGL%; forest and + woodland 63%; other 24%; includes irrigated 1% +Environment: + subject to flooding; air and water pollution +Note: + strategic location along Strait of Malacca and southern South China Sea + +:Malaysia People + +Population: + 18,410,920 (July 1992), growth rate 2.4% (1992) +Birth rate: + 29 births/1,000 population (1992) +Death rate: + 6 deaths/1,000 population (1992) +Net migration rate: + 0 migrants/1,000 population (1992) +Infant mortality rate: + 27 deaths/1,000 live births (1992) +Life expectancy at birth: + 66 years male, 71 years female (1992) +Total fertility rate: + 3.6 children born/woman (1992) +Nationality: + noun - Malaysian(s); adjective - Malaysian +Ethnic divisions: + Malay and other indigenous 59%, Chinese 32%, Indian 9% +Religions: + Peninsular Malaysia - Malays nearly all Muslim, Chinese predominantly + Buddhists, Indians predominantly Hindu; Sabah - Muslim 38%, Christian 17%, + other 45%; Sarawak - tribal religion 35%, Buddhist and Confucianist 24%, + Muslim 20%, Christian 16%, other 5% +Languages: + Peninsular Malaysia - Malay (official); English, Chinese dialects, Tamil; + Sabah - English, Malay, numerous tribal dialects, Mandarin and Hakka + dialects predominate among Chinese; Sarawak - English, Malay, Mandarin, + numerous tribal languages +Literacy: + 78% (male 86%, female 70%) age 15 and over can read and write (1990 est.) +Labor force: + 7,258,000 (1991 est.) +Organized labor: + 640,000; 10% of total labor force (1990) + +:Malaysia Government + +Long-form name: + none +Type: + Federation of Malaysia formed 9 July 1963; constitutional monarchy nominally + headed by the paramount ruler (king) and a bicameral Parliament; Peninsular + Malaysian states - hereditary rulers in all but Melaka, where governors are + appointed by Malaysian Pulau Pinang Government; powers of state governments + are limited by federal Constitution; Sabah - self-governing state, holds 20 + seats in House of Representatives, with foreign affairs, defense, internal + security, and other powers delegated to federal government; Sarawak - + self-governing state within Malaysia, holds 27 seats in House of + Representatives, with foreign affairs, defense, internal security, and other + powers delegated to federal government +Capital: + Kuala Lumpur +Administrative divisions: + 13 states (negeri-negeri, singular - negeri) and 2 federal territories* + (wilayah-wilayah persekutuan, singular - wilayah persekutuan); Johor, Kedah, + Kelantan, Labuan*, Melaka, Negeri Sembilan, Pahang, Perak, Perlis, Pulau + Pinang, Sabah, Sarawak, Selangor, Terengganu, Wilayah Persekutuan* +Independence: + 31 August 1957 (from UK) +Constitution: + 31 August 1957, amended 16 September 1963 when Federation of Malaya became + Federation of Malaysia +Legal system: + based on English common law; judicial review of legislative acts in the + Supreme Court at request of supreme head of the federation; has not accepted + compulsory ICJ jurisdiction +National holiday: + National Day, 31 August (1957) +Executive branch: + paramount ruler, deputy paramount ruler, prime minister, deputy prime + minister, Cabinet +Legislative branch: + bicameral Parliament (Parlimen) consists of an upper house or Senate (Dewan + Negara) and a lower house or House of Representatives (Dewan Rakyat) +Judicial branch: + Supreme Court +Leaders: + Chief of State: + Paramount Ruler AZLAN Muhibbuddin Shah ibni Sultan Yusof Izzudin (since 26 + April 1989); Deputy Paramount Ruler JA'AFAR ibni Abdul Rahman (since 26 + April 1989) + Head of Government: + Prime Minister Dr. MAHATHIR bin Mohamad (since 16 July 1981); Deputy Prime + Minister Abdul GHAFAR Bin Baba (since 7 May 1986) +Political parties and leaders: + Peninsular Malaysia: + National Front, a confederation of 13 political parties dominated by United + Malays National Organization Baru (UMNO Baru), MAHATHIR bin Mohamad; + Malaysian Chinese Association (MCA), LING Liong Sik; Gerakan Rakyat + Malaysia, Datuk LIM Keng Yaik; Malaysian Indian Congress (MIC), Datuk S. + Samy VELLU + Sabah: + Berjaya Party, Datuk Haji Mohammed NOOR Mansor; Bersatu Sabah (PBS), Joseph + Pairin KITINGAN; United Sabah National Organizaton (USNO), leader NA + +:Malaysia Government + + Sarawak: + coalition Sarawak National Front composed of the Party Pesaka Bumiputra + Bersatu (PBB), Datuk Patinggi Amar Haji Abdul TAIB Mahmud; Sarawak United + People's Party (SUPP), Datuk Amar James WONG Soon Kai; Sarawak National + Party (SNAP), Datuk Amar James WONG; Parti Bansa Dayak Sarawak (PBDS), Datuk + Leo MOGGIE; major opposition parties are Democratic Action Party (DAP), LIM + Kit Siang and Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party (PAS), Fadzil NOOR +Suffrage: + universal at age 21 +Elections: + House of Representatives: + last held 21 October 1990 (next to be held by August 1995); results - + National Front 52%, other 48%; seats - (180 total) National Front 127, DAP + 20, PAS 7, independents 4, other 22; note - within the National Front, UMNO + got 71 seats and MCA 18 seats +Member of: + APEC, AsDB, ASEAN, C, CCC, CP, ESCAP, FAO, G-15, G-77, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, + ICAO, ICFTU, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INMARSAT, INTELSAT, + INTERPOL, IOC, ISO, ITU, LORCS, NAM, OIC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, + UNIIMOG, UPU, WCL, WHO, WIPO, WMO +Diplomatic representation: + Ambassador Abdul MAJID Mohamed; Chancery at 2401 Massachusetts Avenue NW, + Washington, DC 20008; telephone (202) 328-2700; there are Malaysian + Consulates General in Los Angeles and New York + US: + Ambassador Paul M. CLEVELAND; Embassy at 376 Jalan Tun Razak, 50400 Kuala + Lumpur (mailing address is P. O. Box No. 10035, 50700 Kuala Lumpur); + telephone [60] (3) 248-9011; FAX [60] (3) 242-2207 +Flag: + fourteen equal horizontal stripes of red (top) alternating with white + (bottom); there is a blue rectangle in the upper hoist-side corner bearing a + yellow crescent and a yellow fourteen-pointed star; the crescent and the + star are traditional symbols of Islam; the design was based on the flag of + the US + +:Malaysia Economy + +Overview: + During the period 1988-91 booming exports helped Malaysia continue to + recover from the severe 1985-86 recession. Real output grew by 8.8% in 1989, + 10% in 1990, and 8.6% in 1991, helped by vigorous growth in manufacturing + output, further increases in foreign direct investment - particularly from + Japanese and Taiwanese firms facing higher costs at home - and increased oil + production. Malaysia has become the world's third-largest producer of + semiconductor devices (after the US and Japan) and the world's largest + exporter of semiconductor devices. Inflation has remained low; unemployment + has stood at 6% of the labor force; and the government has followed prudent + fiscal/monetary policies. The country is not self-sufficient in food, and + some of the rural population subsist at the poverty level. Malaysia's high + export dependence leaves it vulnerable to a recession in the OECD countries + or a fall in world commodity prices. +GDP: + exchange rate conversion - $48.0 billion, per capita $2,670; real growth + rate 8.6% (1991 est.) +Inflation rate (consumer prices): + 4.5% (1991 est.) +Unemployment rate: + 5.8% (1991 est.) +Budget: + revenues $12.2 billion; expenditures $14.4 billion, including capital + expenditures of $3.2 billion (1991 est.) +Exports: + $35.4 billion (f.o.b., 1991) + commodities: + electrical manufactures, crude petroleum, timber, rubber, palm oil, textiles + partners: + Singapore, US, Japan, EC +Imports: + $38.7 billion (c.i.f., 1991) + commodities: + food, crude oil, consumer goods, intermediate goods, capital equipment, + chemicals + partners: + Japan, US, Singapore, Germany, UK +External debt: + $21.3 billion (1991 est.) +Industrial production: + growth rate 18% (1990); accounts for 40% of GDP +Electricity: + 5,600,000 kW capacity; 16,500 million kWh produced, 940 kWh per capita + (1990) +Industries: + Peninsular Malaysia: + rubber and oil palm processing and manufacturing, light manufacturing + industry, electronics, tin mining and smelting, logging and processing + timber + Sabah: + logging, petroleum production + Sarawak: + agriculture processing, petroleum production and refining, logging +Agriculture: + Peninsular Malaysia: + natural rubber, palm oil, rice + Sabah: + mainly subsistence, but also rubber, timber, coconut, rice + +:Malaysia Economy + + Sarawak: + rubber, timber, pepper; there is a deficit of rice in all areas; fish catch + of 608,000 metric tons in 1987 +Illicit drugs: + transit point for Golden Triangle heroin going to the US, Western Europe, + and the Third World +Economic aid: + US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-84), $170 million; Western (non-US) + countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $4.7 million; OPEC + bilateral aid (1979-89), $42 million +Currency: + ringgit (plural - ringgits); 1 ringgit (M$) = 100 sen +Exchange rates: + ringgits (M$) per US$1 - 2.6930 (January 1992), 2.7501 (1991), 1.7048 + (1990), 2.7088 (1989), 2.6188 (1988), 2.5196 (1987) +Fiscal year: + calendar year + +:Malaysia Communications + +Railroads: + Peninsular Malaysia: + 1,665 km 1.04-meter gauge; 13 km double track, government owned +Railroads: + Sabah: + 136 km 1.000-meter gauge +Highways: + Peninsular Malaysia: + 23,600 km (19,352 km hard surfaced, mostly bituminous-surface treatment, and + 4,248 km unpaved) + Sabah: + 3,782 km + Sarawak: + 1,644 km +Inland waterways: + Peninsular Malaysia: + 3,209 km + Sabah: + 1,569 km + Sarawak: + 2,518 km +Pipelines: + crude oil 1,307 km; natural gas 379 km +Ports: + Tanjong Kidurong, Kota Kinabalu, Kuching, Pasir Gudang, Penang, Port Kelang, + Sandakan, Tawau +Merchant marine: + 167 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 1,653,633 GRT/2,444,393 DWT; includes + 1 passenger-cargo, 1 short-sea passenger, 64 cargo, 27 container, 2 vehicle + carrier, 2 roll-on/roll-off, 1 livestock carrier, 37 petroleum tanker, 5 + chemical tanker, 6 liquefied gas, 21 bulk +Civil air: + 53 major transport aircraft +Airports: + 115 total, 108 usable; 33 with permanent-surface runways; 1 with runways + over 3,659 m; 7 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 18 with runways 1,220-2,439 m +Telecommunications: + good intercity service provided to Peninsular Malaysia mainly by radio + relay; adequate intercity radio relay network between Sabah and Sarawak via + Brunei; international service good; good coverage by radio and television + broadcasts; 994,860 telephones (1984); broadcast stations - 28 AM, 3 FM, 33 + TV; submarine cables extend to India and Sarawak; SEACOM submarine cable + links to Hong Kong and Singapore; satellite earth stations - 1 Indian Ocean + INTELSAT and 1 Pacific Ocean INTELSAT, and 2 domestic + +:Malaysia Defense Forces + +Branches: + Royal Malaysian Army, Royal Malaysian Navy, Royal Malaysian Air Force, Royal + Malaysian Police Force, Marine Police, Sarawak Border Scouts +Manpower availability: + males 15-49, 4,728,103; 2,878,574 fit for military service; 179,486 reach + military age (21) annually +Defense expenditures: + exchange rate conversion - $2.4 billion, about 5% of GDP (1992 budget) + +:Maldives Geography + +Total area: + 300 km2 +Land area: + 300 km2 +Comparative area: + slightly more than 1.5 times the size of Washington, DC +Land boundaries: + none +Coastline: + 644 km +Maritime claims: + Exclusive economic zone: + 35-310 nm (defined by geographic coordinates; segment of zone coincides with + maritime boundary with India) + Territorial sea: + 12 nm +Disputes: + none +Climate: + tropical; hot, humid; dry, northeast monsoon (November to March); rainy, + southwest monsoon (June to August) +Terrain: + flat with elevations only as high as 2.5 meters +Natural resources: + fish +Land use: + arable land 10%; permanent crops 0%; meadows and pastures 3%; forest and + woodland 3%; other 84% +Environment: + 1,200 coral islands grouped into 19 atolls +Note: + archipelago of strategic location astride and along major sea lanes in + Indian Ocean + +:Maldives People + +Population: + 234,371 (July 1992), growth rate 3.7% (1992) +Birth rate: + 45 births/1,000 population (1992) +Death rate: + 8 deaths/1,000 population (1992) +Net migration rate: + 0 migrants/1,000 population (1992) +Infant mortality rate: + 61 deaths/1,000 live births (1992) +Life expectancy at birth: + 62 years male, 64 years female (1992) +Total fertility rate: + 6.5 children born/woman (1992) +Nationality: + noun - Maldivian(s); adjective - Maldivian +Ethnic divisions: + Maldivians are a generally homogenous admixture of Sinhalese, Dravidian, + Arab, Austrolasian, and African +Religions: + Sunni Muslim +Languages: + Divehi (dialect of Sinhala; script derived from Arabic); English spoken by + most government officials +Literacy: + 92% (male 92%, female 92%) age 15 and over can read and write (1985) +Labor force: + 66,000 (est.); 25% engaged in fishing industry +Organized labor: + none + +:Maldives Government + +Long-form name: + Republic of Maldives +Type: + republic +Capital: + Male +Administrative divisions: + 19 district (atolls); Aliff, Baa, Daalu, Faafu, Gaafu Aliff, Gaafu Daalu, + Haa Aliff, Haa Daalu, Kaafu, Laamu, Laviyani, Meemu, Naviyani, Noonu, Raa, + Seenu, Shaviyani, Thaa, Waavu +Independence: + 26 July 1965 (from UK) +Constitution: + 4 June 1964 +Legal system: + based on Islamic law with admixtures of English common law primarily in + commercial matters; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction +National holiday: + Independence Day, 26 July (1965) +Executive branch: + president, Cabinet +Legislative branch: + unicameral Citizens' Council (Majlis) +Judicial branch: + High Court +Leaders: + Chief of State and Head of Government: + President Maumoon Abdul GAYOOM (since 11 November 1978) +Political parties and leaders: + no organized political parties; country governed by the Didi clan for the + past eight centuries +Suffrage: + universal at age 21 +Elections: + President: + last held 23 September 1988 (next to be held September 1994); results - + President Maumoon Abdul GAYOOM reelected + Citizens' Council: + last held on 7 December 1989 (next to be held 7 December 1994); results - + percent of vote NA; seats - (48 total, 40 elected) +Member of: + AsDB, C, CP, ESCAP, FAO, G-77, GATT, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, IMF, + IMO, INTERPOL, IOC, ITU, NAM, OIC, SAARC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, + WHO, WMO, WTO +Diplomatic representation: + Maldives does not maintain an embassy in the US, but does have a UN mission + in New York + US: + the US Ambassador to Sri Lanka is accredited to Maldives and makes periodic + visits there; US Consular Agency, Midhath Hilmy, Male; telephone 2581 +Flag: + red with a large green rectangle in the center bearing a vertical white + crescent; the closed side of the crescent is on the hoist side of the flag + +:Maldives Economy + +Overview: + The economy is based on fishing, tourism, and shipping. Agriculture is + limited to the production of a few subsistence crops that provide only 10% + of food requirements. Fishing is the largest industry, employing 25% of the + work force and accounting for over 60% of exports; it is also an important + source of government revenue. During the 1980s tourism has become one of the + most important and highest growth sectors of the economy. In 1988 industry + accounted for about 5% of GDP. Real GDP is officially estimated to have + increased by about 10% annually during the period 1974-90. +GDP: + exchange rate conversion - $174 million, per capita $770 (1988); real growth + rate 10.1% (1990 est.) +Inflation rate (consumer prices): + 10.7% (1990 est.) +Unemployment rate: + NEGL% +Budget: + revenues $67 million; expenditures $82 million, including capital + expenditures of $45 million (1990 est.) +Exports: + $52.0 million (f.o.b., 1990) + commodities: + fish 57%, clothing 25% + partners: + US, UK, Sri Lanka +Imports: + $128.9 million (c.i.f., 1990) + commodities: + consumer goods 54%, intermediate and capital goods 33%, petroleum products + 13% + partners: + Singapore, Germany, Sri Lanka, India +External debt: + $70 million (December 1989) +Industrial production: + growth rate -5.0% (1988); accounts for 6% of GDP +Electricity: + 5,000 kW capacity; 11 million kWh produced, 50 kWh per capita (1990) +Industries: + fishing and fish processing, tourism, shipping, boat building, some coconut + processing, garments, woven mats, coir (rope), handicrafts +Agriculture: + accounts for almost 30% of GDP (including fishing); fishing more important + than farming; limited production of coconuts, corn, sweet potatoes; most + staple foods must be imported; fish catch of 67,000 tons (1990 est.) +Economic aid: + US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-88), $28 million; Western (non-US) + countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $125 million; OPEC + bilateral aid (1979-89), $14 million +Currency: + rufiyaa (plural - rufiyaa); 1 rufiyaa (Rf) = 100 laaris +Exchange rates: + rufiyaa (Rf) per US$1 - 10.234 (January 1992), 10.253 (1991), 9.509 (1990), + 9.0408 (1989), 8.7846 (1988), 9.2230 (1987) +Fiscal year: + calendar year + +:Maldives Communications + +Highways: + Male has 9.6 km of coral highways within the city +Ports: + Male, Gan +Merchant marine: + 13 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 37,293 GRT/56,246 DWT; includes 11 + cargo, 1 container, 1 petroleum tanker +Civil air: + 1 major transport aircraft +Airports: + 2 with permanent-surface runways 2,440-3,659 m +Telecommunications: + minimal domestic and international facilities; 2,804 telephones; broadcast + stations - 2 AM, 1 FM, 1 TV; 1 Indian Ocean INTELSAT earth station + +:Maldives Defense Forces + +Branches: + National Security Service (paramilitary police force) +Manpower availability: + males 15-49, 52,195; 29,162 fit for military service +Defense expenditures: + exchange rate conversion - $1.8 million, NA% of GDP (1984 est.) + +:Mali Geography + +Total area: + 1,240,000 km2 +Land area: + 1,220,000 km2 +Comparative area: + slightly less than twice the size of Texas +Land boundaries: + 7,243 km; Algeria 1,376 km, Burkina 1,000 km, Guinea 858 km, Ivory Coast 532 + km, Mauritania 2,237 km, Niger 821 km, Senegal 419 km +Coastline: + none - landlocked +Maritime claims: + none - landlocked +Disputes: + the disputed international boundary between Burkina and Mali was submitted + to the International Court of Justice (ICJ) in October 1983 and the ICJ + issued its final ruling in December 1986, which both sides agreed to accept; + Burkina and Mali are proceeding with boundary demarcation, including the + tripoint with Niger +Climate: + subtropical to arid; hot and dry February to June; rainy, humid, and mild + June to November; cool and dry November to February +Terrain: + mostly flat to rolling northern plains covered by sand; savanna in south, + rugged hills in northeast +Natural resources: + gold, phosphates, kaolin, salt, limestone, uranium; bauxite, iron ore, + manganese, tin, and copper deposits are known but not exploited +Land use: + arable land 2%; permanent crops NEGL%; meadows and pastures 25%; forest and + woodland 7%; other 66%; includes irrigated NEGL% +Environment: + hot, dust-laden harmattan; haze common during dry seasons; desertification +Note: + landlocked + +:Mali People + +Population: + 8,641,178 (July 1992), growth rate 2.5% (1992) +Birth rate: + 52 births/1,000 population (1992) +Death rate: + 21 deaths/1,000 population (1992) +Net migration rate: + -5 migrants/1,000 population (1992) +Infant mortality rate: + 110 deaths/1,000 live births (1992) +Life expectancy at birth: + 43 years male, 47 years female (1992) +Total fertility rate: + 7.3 children born/woman (1992) +Nationality: + noun - Malian(s); adjective - Malian +Ethnic divisions: + Mande (Bambara, Malinke, Sarakole) 50%, Peul 17%, Voltaic 12%, Songhai 6%, + Tuareg and Moor 5%, other 10% +Religions: + Muslim 90%, indigenous beliefs 9%, Christian 1% +Languages: + French (official); Bambara spoken by about 80% of the population; numerous + African languages +Literacy: + 32% (male 41%, female 24%) age 15 and over can read and write (1990 est.) +Labor force: + 2,666,000 (1986 est.); agriculture 80%, services 19%, industry and commerce + 1% (1981); 50% of population of working age (1985) +Organized labor: + National Union of Malian Workers (UNTM) is umbrella organization for over 13 + national unions + +:Mali Government + +Long-form name: + Republic of Mali +Type: + republic; an interim government appointed by the national reform conference + has organized a series of democratic elections and is scheduled to hand over + power to an elected government on 26 March 1992 +Capital: + Bamako +Administrative divisions: + 8 regions (regions, singular - region); Gao, Kayes, Kidal, Koulikoro, Mopti, + Segou, Sikasso, Tombouctou +Independence: + 22 September 1960 (from France; formerly French Sudan) +Constitution: + 2 June 1974, effective 19 June 1979; amended September 1981 and March 1985; + new constitution presented during national reform conference in August 1991; + a constitutional referendum is scheduled for 16 January 1992 +Legal system: + based on French civil law system and customary law; judicial review of + legislative acts in Constitutional Section of Court of State; has not + accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction +National holiday: + Anniversary of the Proclamation of the Republic, 22 September (1960) +Executive branch: + Transition Committee for the Salvation of the People (CTSP) composed of 25 + members, predominantly civilian +Legislative branch: + Transition Committee for the Salvation of the People (CTSP) +Judicial branch: + Supreme Court (Cour Supreme) +Leaders: + Chief of State: + Lt. Col. Amadou Toumani TOURE + Head of Government: + Prime Minister Soumana SAKO (since 2 April 1991) +Political parties and leaders: + formerly the only party, the Democratic Union of Malian People (UDPM), was + disbanded after the coup of 26 March 1991, and the new regime legalized the + formation of political parties on 5 April 1991; new political parties are + Union of Democratic Forces (UFD), Demba DIALLO; Union for Democracy and + Development (UDD), Moussa Bala COULIBALY; Sudanese Union/African Democratic + Rally (US-RDA), Mamadou Madeira KEITA; African Party for Solidarity and + Justice (ADEMA), Alpha Oumar KONARE; Party for Democracy and Progress (PDP), + Idrissa TRAORE; Democratic Party for Justice (PDJ), Abdul BA; Rally for + Democracy and Progress (RDP), Almany SYLLA; Party for the Unity of Malian + People (PUPM), Nock AGATTIA; Hisboulah al Islamiya, Hamidou DRAMERA; Union + of Progressive Forces (UFP), Yacouba SIDIBE; National Congress of Democratic + Initiative (CNID), Mountaga TALL; Assembly for Justice and Progress, Kady + DRAME; Sudanese Progressive Party (PPS), Sekene Mody SISSOKO; numerous small + parties formed in 1991; 46 total parties +Suffrage: + universal at age 21 +Elections: + President: + last held on 9 June 1985 (next to be held March 1992); results - Gen. Moussa + TRAORE was reelected without opposition + +:Mali Government + + National Assembly: + last held on 26 June 1988 (next to be held NA 1992); results - UDPM was the + only party; seats - (82 total) UDPM 82; note - following the military coup + of 26 March 1991, President TRAORE was deposed and the UDPM was disbanded; + the 25-member CTSP has instituted a multiparty system, and presidential + elections are to be held on 26 March 1992 and legislative elections on 9 + February 1992 (new National Assembly to have 116 seats) +Member of: + ACCT, ACP, AfDB, CCC, CEAO, ECA, ECOWAS, FAO, FZ, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, + IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, ITU, LORCS, NAM, + OAU, OIC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WADB, WCL, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO +Diplomatic representation: + Ambassador Mohamed Alhousseyni TOURE; Chancery at 2130 R Street NW, + Washington, DC 20008; telephone (202) 332-2249 or 939-8950 + US: + Ambassador Herbert D. GELBER; Embassy at Rue Rochester NY and Rue Mohamed + V., Bamako (mailing address is B. P. 34, Bamako); telephone [223] 225470; + FAX [233] 22-80-59 +Flag: + three equal vertical bands of green (hoist side), yellow, and red; uses the + popular pan-African colors of Ethiopia + +:Mali Economy + +Overview: + Mali is among the poorest countries in the world, with about 70% of its land + area desert or semidesert. Economic activity is largely confined to the + riverine area irrigated by the Niger. About 10% of the population live as + nomads and some 80% of the labor force is engaged in agriculture and + fishing. Industrial activity is concentrated on processing farm commodities. +GDP: + exchange rate conversion - $2.2 billion, per capita $265; real growth rate + 2.2% (1990 est.) +Inflation rate (consumer prices): + -1.6% (1990) +Unemployment rate: + NA% +Budget: + revenues $329 million; expenditures $519 million, including capital + expenditures of $178 (1989 est.) +Exports: + $285 million (f.o.b., 1989 est.) + commodities: + livestock, peanuts, dried fish, cotton, skins + partners: + mostly franc zone and Western Europe +Imports: + $513 million (f.o.b., 1989 est.) + commodities: + textiles, vehicles, petroleum products, machinery, sugar, cereals + partners: + mostly franc zone and Western Europe +External debt: + $2.2 billion (1989 est.) +Industrial production: + growth rate 19.9% (1989 est.); accounts for 7% of GDP +Electricity: + 260,000 kW capacity; 750 million kWh produced, 90 kWh per capita (1991) +Industries: + small local consumer goods and processing, construction, phosphate, gold, + fishing +Agriculture: + accounts for 50% of GDP; most production based on small subsistence farms; + cotton and livestock products account for over 70% of exports; other crops - + millet, rice, corn, vegetables, peanuts; livestock - cattle, sheep, and + goats +Economic aid: + US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $349 million; Western (non-US) + countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $3,020 million; OPEC + bilateral aid (1979-89), $92 million; Communist countries (1970-89), $190 + million +Currency: + Communaute Financiere Africaine franc (plural - francs); 1 CFA franc (CFAF) + = 100 centimes +Exchange rates: + Communaute Financiere Africaine francs (CFAF) per US$1 - 269.01 (January + 1992), 282.11 (1991), 272.26 (1990), 319.01 (1989), 297.85 (1988), 300.54 + (1987) +Fiscal year: + calendar year + +:Mali Communications + +Railroads: + 642 km 1.000-meter gauge; linked to Senegal's rail system through Kayes +Highways: + about 15,700 km total; 1,670 km paved, 3,670 km gravel and improved earth, + 10,360 km unimproved earth +Inland waterways: + 1,815 km navigable +Civil air: + no major transport aircraft +Airports: + 35 total, 27 usable; 8 with permanent-surface runways; none with runways + over 3,659 m; 5 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 10 with runways 1,220-2,439 m +Telecommunications: + domestic system poor but improving; provides only minimal service with radio + relay, wire, and radio communications stations; expansion of radio relay in + progress; 11,000 telephones; broadcast stations - 2 AM, 2 FM, 2 TV; + satellite earth stations - 1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT and 1 Indian Ocean + INTELSAT + +:Mali Defense Forces + +Branches: + Army, Air Force, Gendarmerie, Republican Guard, National Guard, National + Police, Surete Nationale +Manpower availability: + males 15-49, 1,701,050; 966,293 fit for military service; no conscription +Defense expenditures: + exchange rate conversion - $41 million, 2% of GDP (1989) + +:Malta Geography + +Total area: + 320 km2 +Land area: + 320 km2 +Comparative area: + slightly less than twice the size of Washington, DC +Land boundaries: + none +Coastline: + 140 km +Maritime claims: + Contiguous zone: + 24 nm + Continental shelf: + 200 m (depth) or to depth of exploitation + Exclusive fishing zone: + 25 nm + Territorial sea: + 12 nm +Disputes: + none +Climate: + Mediterranean with mild, rainy winters and hot, dry summers +Terrain: + mostly low, rocky, flat to dissected plains; many coastal cliffs +Natural resources: + limestone, salt +Land use: + arable land 38%; permanent crops 3%; meadows and pastures 0%; forest and + woodland 0%; other 59%; includes irrigated 3% +Environment: + numerous bays provide good harbors; fresh water very scarce - increasing + reliance on desalination +Note: + strategic location in central Mediterranean, 93 km south of Sicily, 290 km + north of Libya + +:Malta People + +Population: + 359,231 (July 1992), growth rate 0.8% (1992) +Birth rate: + 14 births/1,000 population (1992) +Death rate: + 8 deaths/1,000 population (1992) +Net migration rate: + 1 migrant/1,000 population (1992) +Infant mortality rate: + 7 deaths/1,000 live births (1992) +Life expectancy at birth: + 74 years male, 79 years female (1992) +Total fertility rate: + 2.0 children born/woman (1992) +Nationality: + noun - Maltese (singular and plural); adjective - Maltese +Ethnic divisions: + mixture of Arab, Sicilian, Norman, Spanish, Italian, English +Religions: + Roman Catholic 98% +Languages: + Maltese and English (official) +Literacy: + 84% (male 86%, female 82%) age 15 and over can read and write (1985) +Labor force: + 127,200; government (excluding job corps) 37%, services 26%, manufacturing + 22%, training programs 9%, construction 4%, agriculture 2% (1990) +Organized labor: + about 40% of labor force + +:Malta Government + +Long-form name: + Republic of Malta +Type: + parliamentary democracy +Capital: + Valletta +Administrative divisions: + none (administration directly from Valletta) +Independence: + 21 September 1964 (from UK) +Constitution: + 26 April 1974, effective 2 June 1974 +Legal system: + based on English common law and Roman civil law; has accepted compulsory ICJ + jurisdiction, with reservations +National holiday: + Independence Day, 21 September +Executive branch: + president, prime minister, deputy prime minister, Cabinet +Legislative branch: + unicameral House of Representatives +Judicial branch: + Constitutional Court and Court of Appeal +Leaders: + Chief of State: + President Vincent (Censu) TABONE (since 4 April 1989) + Head of Government: + Prime Minister Dr. Edward (Eddie) FENECH ADAMI (since 12 May 1987); Deputy + Prime Minister Dr. Guido DE MARCO (since 14 May 1987) +Political parties and leaders: + Nationalist Party (NP), Edward FENECH ADAMI; Malta Labor Party (MLP), Alfred + SANT +Suffrage: + universal at age 18 +Elections: + House of Representatives: + last held on 22 February 1992 (next to be held by February 1997); results - + NP 51.8%, MLP 46.5%; seats - (usually 65 total) MLP 36, NP 29; note - + additional seats are given to the party with the largest popular vote to + ensure a legislative majority; current total 69 (MLP 33, NP 36 after + adjustment) +Member of: + C, CCC, CE, CSCE, EBRD, ECE, FAO, G-77, GATT, IBRD, ICAO, ICFTU, IFAD, ILO, + IMF, IMO, INTERPOL, IOC, ITU, NAM, PCA, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WCL, + WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO +Diplomatic representation: + Ambassador Albert BORG OLIVIER DE PUGET; Chancery at 2017 Connecticut Avenue + NW, Washington, DC 20008; telephone (202) 462-3611 or 3612; there is a + Maltese Consulate General in New York + US: + Ambassador Sally J. NOVETZKE; Embassy at 2nd Floor, Development House, Saint + Anne Street, Floriana, Valletta (mailing address is P. O. Box 535, + Valletta); telephone [356] 240424, 240425, 243216, 243217, 243653, 223654; + FAX same as phone numbers +Flag: + two equal vertical bands of white (hoist side) and red; in the upper + hoist-side corner is a representation of the George Cross, edged in red + +:Malta Economy + +Overview: + Significant resources are limestone, a favorable geographic location, and a + productive labor force. Malta produces only about 20% of its food needs, has + limited freshwater supplies, and has no domestic energy sources. + Consequently, the economy is highly dependent on foreign trade and services. + Manufacturing and tourism are the largest contributors to the economy. + Manufacturing accounts for about 27% of GDP, with the electronics and + textile industries major contributors. In 1990 inflation was held to a low + 3.0%. Per capita GDP at $7,000 places Malta in the middle-income range of + the world's nations. +GDP: + exchange rate conversion - $2.5 billion, per capita $7,000 (1991 est.); real + growth rate 5.5% (1990) +Inflation rate (consumer prices): + 3.0% (1990) +Unemployment rate: + 3.8% (1990) +Budget: + revenues $1.3 billion; expenditures $1.3 billion, including capital + expenditures of $380 million (1992 plan) +Exports: + $l.1 billion (f.o.b., 1990) + commodities: + clothing, textiles, footwear, ships + partners: + Italy 30%, Germany 22%, UK 11% +Imports: + $2.0 billion (f.o.b., 1990) + commodities: + food, petroleum, machinery and semimanufactured goods + partners: + Italy 30%, UK 16%, Germany 13%, US 4% +External debt: + $90 million, medium and long term (December 1987) +Industrial production: + growth rate 19.0% (1990); accounts for 27% of GDP +Electricity: + 328,000 kW capacity; 1,110 million kWh produced, 2,990 kWh per capita (1991) +Industries: + tourism, electronics, ship repair yard, construction, food manufacturing, + textiles, footwear, clothing, beverages, tobacco +Agriculture: + accounts for 3% of GDP; overall, 20% self-sufficient; main products - + potatoes, cauliflower, grapes, wheat, barley, tomatoes, citrus, cut flowers, + green peppers, hogs, poultry, eggs; generally adequate supplies of + vegetables, poultry, milk, pork products; seasonal or periodic shortages in + grain, animal fodder, fruits, other basic foodstuffs +Economic aid: + US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-81), $172 million; Western (non-US) + countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $336 million; OPEC + bilateral aid (1979-89), $76 million; Communist countries (1970-88), $48 + million +Currency: + Maltese lira (plural - liri); 1 Maltese lira (LM) = 100 cents +Exchange rates: + Maltese liri (LM) per US$1 - 0.3257 (March 1992), 0.3004 (1991), 0.3172 + (1990), 0.3483 (1989), 0.3306 (1988), 0.3451 (1987) +Fiscal year: + 1 April - 31 March + +:Malta Communications + +Highways: + 1,291 km total; 1,179 km paved (asphalt), 77 km crushed stone or gravel, 35 + km improved and unimproved earth +Ports: + Valletta, Marsaxlokk +Merchant marine: + 658 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 9,003,001 GRT/15,332,287 DWT; + includes 3 passenger, 13 short-sea passenger, 241 cargo, 14 container, 2 + passenger-cargo, 16 roll-on/roll-off, 2 vehicle carrier, 1 barge carrier, 15 + refrigerated cargo, 11 chemical tanker, 12 combination ore/oil, 2 + specialized tanker, 3 liquefied gas, 124 petroleum tanker, 176 bulk, 23 + combination bulk; note - a flag of convenience registry; China owns 2 ships, + former republics of the USSR own 52 ships, Cuba owns 10, Vietnam owns 6, + Yugoslavia owns 9, Romania owns 4 +Civil air: + 7 major transport aircraft +Airports: + 1 with permanent-surface runways 2,440-3,659 m +Telecommunications: + automatic system satisfies normal requirements; 153,000 telephones; + excellent service by broadcast stations - 8 AM, 4 FM, and 2 TV; submarine + cable and radio relay between islands; international service by 1 submarine + cable; 1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT earth station + +:Malta Defense Forces + +Branches: + Armed Forces, Maltese Police Force +Manpower availability: + males 15-49, 95,661; 76,267 fit for military service +Defense expenditures: + exchange rate conversion - $21.9 million, 1.3% of GDP (1989 est.) + +:Man, Isle of Geography + +Total area: + 588 km2 +Land area: + 588 km2 +Comparative area: + slightly less than 3.5 times the size of Washington, DC +Land boundaries: + none +Coastline: + 113 km +Maritime claims: + Exclusive fishing zone: + 200 nm + Territorial sea: + 3 nm +Disputes: + none +Climate: + cool summers and mild winters; humid; overcast about half the time +Terrain: + hills in north and south bisected by central valley +Natural resources: + lead, iron ore +Land use: + arable land NA%; permanent crops NA%; meadows and pastures NA%; forest and + woodland NA%; other NA%; extensive arable land and forests +Environment: + strong westerly winds prevail +Note: + located in Irish Sea equidistant from England, Scotland, and Ireland + +:Man, Isle of People + +Population: + 64,068 (July 1992), growth rate 0.1% (1992) +Birth rate: + 11 births/1,000 population (1992) +Death rate: + 14 deaths/1,000 population (1992) +Net migration rate: + 4 migrants/1,000 population (1992) +Infant mortality rate: + 9 deaths/1,000 live births (1992) +Life expectancy at birth: + 72 years male, 78 years female (1992) +Total fertility rate: + 1.8 children born/woman (1992) +Nationality: + noun - Manxman, Manxwoman; adjective - Manx +Ethnic divisions: + native Manx of Norse-Celtic descent; British +Religions: + Anglican, Roman Catholic, Methodist, Baptist, Presbyterian, Society of + Friends +Languages: + English, Manx Gaelic +Literacy: + NA% (male NA%, female NA%) but compulsory education ages 5 to 16 +Labor force: + 25,864 (1981) +Organized labor: + 22 labor unions patterned along British lines + +:Man, Isle of Government + +Long-form name: + none +Type: + British crown dependency +Capital: + Douglas +Administrative divisions: + none (British crown dependency) +Independence: + none (British crown dependency) +Constitution: + 1961, Isle of Man Constitution Act +Legal system: + English law and local statute +National holiday: + Tynwald Day, 5 July +Executive branch: + British monarch, lieutenant governor, prime minister, Executive Council + (cabinet) +Legislative branch: + bicameral Tynwald consists of an upper house or Legislative Council and a + lower house or House of Keys +Judicial branch: + High Court of Justice +Leaders: + Chief of State: + Lord of Mann Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952), represented by + Lieutenant Governor Air Marshal Sir Laurence JONES (since NA 1990) + Head of Government: + President of the Legislative Council Sir Charles KERRUISH (since NA 1990) +Political parties and leaders: + there is no party system and members sit as independents +Suffrage: + universal at age 21 +Elections: + House of Keys: + last held in 1991 (next to be held NA 1996); results - percent of vote NA; + no party system; seats - (24 total) independents 24 +Member of: + none +Diplomatic representation: + none (British crown dependency) +Flag: + red with the Three Legs of Man emblem (Trinacria), in the center; the three + legs are joined at the thigh and bent at the knee; in order to have the toes + pointing clockwise on both sides of the flag, a two-sided emblem is used + ria), in the center; the three legs are joined at the thigh and bent at the + knee; in order to have the toes pointing clockwise on both sides of the + flag, a two-sided emblem is used + +:Man, Isle of Economy + +Overview: + Offshore banking, manufacturing, and tourism are key sectors of the economy. + The government's policy of offering incentives to high-technology companies + and financial institutions to locate on the island has paid off in expanding + employment opportunities in high-income industries. As a result, agriculture + and fishing, once the mainstays of the economy, have declined in their + shares of GNP. Banking now contributes over 20% to GNP and manufacturing + about 15%. Trade is mostly with the UK. +GNP: + exchange rate conversion - $490 million, per capita $7,573; real growth rate + NA% (1988) +Inflation rate (consumer prices): + NA% +Unemployment rate: + 1.5% (1988) +Budget: + revenues $130.4 million; expenditures $114.4 million, including capital + expenditures of $18.1 million (FY85 est.) +Exports: + $NA + commodities: + tweeds, herring, processed shellfish, meat + partners: + UK +Imports: + $NA + commodities: + timber, fertilizers, fish + partners: + UK +External debt: + $NA +Industrial production: + growth rate NA% +Electricity: + 61,000 kW capacity; 190 million kWh produced, 2,930 kWh per capita (1989) +Industries: + an important offshore financial center; financial services, light + manufacturing, tourism +Agriculture: + cereals and vegetables; cattle, sheep, pigs, poultry +Economic aid: + NA +Currency: + Manx pound (plural - pounds); 1 Manx pound (#M) = 100 pence +Exchange rates: + Manx pounds (#M) per US$1 - 0.5799 (March 1992), 0.5652 (1991), 0.5603 + (1990), 0.6099 (1989), 0.5614 (1988), 0. 6102 (1987); the Manx pound is at + par with the British pound +Fiscal year: + 1 April - 31 March + +:Man, Isle of Communications + +Railroads: + 36 km electric track, 24 km steam track +Highways: + 640 km motorable roads +Ports: + Douglas, Ramsey, Peel +Merchant marine: + 79 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 1,436,196 GRT/2,479,432 DWT; includes + 12 cargo, 7 container, 10 roll-on/roll-off, 30 petroleum tanker, 4 chemical + tanker, 5 liquefied gas, 11 bulk; note - a captive register of the United + Kingdom, although not all ships on the register are British owned +Airports: + 1 total; 1 usable with permanent-surface runway 1,220-2,439 m +Telecommunications: + 24,435 telephones; broadcast stations - 1 AM, 4 FM, 4 TV + +:Man, Isle of Defense Forces + +Note: + defense is the responsibility of the UK + +:Marshall Islands Geography + +Total area: + 181.3 km2 +Land area: + 181.3 km2; includes the atolls of Bikini, Eniwetok, and Kwajalein +Comparative area: + slightly larger than Washington, DC +Land boundaries: + none +Coastline: + 370.4 km +Maritime claims: + Contiguous zone: + 24 nm + Exclusive economic zone: + 200 nm + Territorial sea: + 12 nm +Disputes: + claims US territory of Wake Island +Climate: + wet season May to November; hot and humid; islands border typhoon belt +Terrain: + low coral limestone and sand islands +Natural resources: + phosphate deposits, marine products, deep seabed minerals +Land use: + arable land 0%; permanent crops 60%; meadows and pastures 0%; forest and + woodland 0%; other 40% +Environment: + occasionally subject to typhoons; two archipelagic island chains of 30 + atolls and 1,152 islands +Note: + located 3,825 km southwest of Honolulu in the North Pacific Ocean, about + two-thirds of the way between Hawaii and Papua New Guinea; Bikini and + Eniwetok are former US nuclear test sites; Kwajalein, the famous World War + II battleground, is now used as a US missile test range + +:Marshall Islands People + +Population: + 50,004 (July 1992), growth rate 3.9% (1992) +Birth rate: + 47 births/1,000 population (1992) +Death rate: + 8 deaths/1,000 population (1992) +Net migration rate: + 0 migrants/1,000 population (1992) +Infant mortality rate: + 52 deaths/1,000 live births (1992) +Life expectancy at birth: + 61 years male, 64 years female (1992) +Total fertility rate: + 7.0 children born/woman (1992) +Nationality: + noun - Marshallese (singular and plural); adjective - Marshallese +Ethnic divisions: + almost entirely Micronesian +Religions: + predominantly Christian, mostly Protestant +Languages: + English universally spoken and is the official language; two major + Marshallese dialects from Malayo-Polynesian family; Japanese +Literacy: + 93% (male 100%, female 88%) age 15 and over can read and write (1980) +Labor force: + 4,800 (1986) +Organized labor: + none + +:Marshall Islands Government + +Long-form name: + Republic of the Marshall Islands +Type: + constitutional government in free association with the US; the Compact of + Free Association entered into force 21 October 1986 +Capital: + Majuro +Administrative divisions: + none +Independence: + 21 October 1986 (from the US-administered UN trusteeship; formerly the + Marshall Islands District of the Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands) +Constitution: + 1 May 1979 +Legal system: + based on adapted Trust Territory laws, acts of the legislature, municipal, + common, and customary laws +National holiday: + Proclamation of the Republic of the Marshall Islands, 1 May (1979) +Executive branch: + president, Cabinet +Legislative branch: + unicameral Nitijela (parliament) +Judicial branch: + Supreme Court +Leaders: + Chief of State and Head of Government: + President Amata KABUA (since 1979) +Political parties and leaders: + no formal parties; President KABUA is chief political (and traditional) + leader +Suffrage: + universal at age 18 +Elections: + President: + last held 6 January 1992 (next to be held NA; results - President Amata + KABUA was reelected + Parliament: + last held 18 November 1991 (next to be held November 1995); results - + percent of vote NA; seats - (33 total) +Member of: + AsDB, ESCAP (associate), ICAO, SPC, SPF, UN, UNCTAD +Diplomatic representation: + Ambassador Wilfred I. KENDALL; Chancery at 2433 Massachusetts Avenue, NW, + Washington, DC 20008; telephone (202) 234-5414 + US: + Ambassador William BODDE, Jr.; Embassy at NA address (mailing address is P. + O. Box 1379, Majuro, Republic of the Marshall Islands 96960-1379); telephone + (011) 692-4011; FAX (011) 692-4012 +Flag: + blue with two stripes radiating from the lower hoist-side corner - orange + (top) and white; there is a white star with four large rays and 20 small + rays on the hoist side above the two stripes + +:Marshall Islands Economy + +Overview: + Agriculture and tourism are the mainstays of the economy. Agricultural + production is concentrated on small farms, and the most important commercial + crops are coconuts, tomatoes, melons, and breadfruit. A few cattle ranches + supply the domestic meat market. Small-scale industry is limited to + handicrafts, fish processing, and copra. The tourist industry is the primary + source of foreign exchange and employs about 10% of the labor force. The + islands have few natural resources, and imports far exceed exports. In 1987 + the US Government provided grants of $40 million out of the Marshallese + budget of $55 million. +GDP: + exchange rate conversion - $63 million, per capita $1,500; real growth rate + NA% (1989 est.) +Inflation rate (consumer prices): + NA +Unemployment rate: + NA% +Budget: + revenues $55 million; expenditures NA, including capital expenditures of NA + (1987 est.) +Exports: + $2.5 million (f.o.b., 1985) + commodities: + copra, copra oil, agricultural products, handicrafts + partners: + NA +Imports: + $29.2 million (c.i.f., 1985) + commodities: + foodstuffs, beverages, building materials + partners: + NA +External debt: + $NA +Industrial production: + growth rate NA% +Electricity: + 42,000 kW capacity; 80 million kWh produced, 1,840 kWh per capita (1990) +Industries: + copra, fish, tourism; craft items from shell, wood, and pearls; offshore + banking (embryonic) +Agriculture: + coconuts, cacao, taro, breadfruit, fruits, copra; pigs, chickens +Economic aid: + under the terms of the Compact of Free Association, the US is to provide + approximately $40 million in aid annually +Currency: + US currency is used +Exchange rates: + US currency is used +Fiscal year: + 1 October - 30 September + +:Marshall Islands Communications + +Highways: + paved roads on major islands (Majuro, Kwajalein), otherwise stone-, coral-, + or laterite-surfaced roads and tracks +Ports: + Majuro +Merchant marine: + 32 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 2,347,312 GRT/4,630,172 DWT; includes + 2 cargo, 1 container, 9 petroleum tanker, 18 bulk carrier, 2 combination + ore/oil; note - a flag of convenience registry +Airports: + 17 total, 16 usable; 4 with permanent-surface runways; 8 with runways + 1,220-2,439 m +Telecommunications: + telephone network - 570 lines (Majuro) and 186 (Ebeye); telex services; + islands interconnected by shortwave radio (used mostly for government + purposes); broadcast stations - 1 AM, 2 FM, 1 TV, 1 shortwave; 2 Pacific + Ocean INTELSAT earth stations; US Government satellite communications system + on Kwajalein + +:Marshall Islands Defense Forces + +Note: + defense is the responsibility of the US + +:Martinique Geography + +Total area: + 1,100 km2 +Land area: + 1,060 km2 +Comparative area: + slightly more than six times the size of Washington, DC +Land boundaries: + none +Coastline: + 290 km +Maritime claims: + Exclusive economic zone: + 200 nm + Territorial sea: + 12 nm +Disputes: + none +Climate: + tropical; moderated by trade winds; rainy season (June to October) +Terrain: + mountainous with indented coastline; dormant volcano +Natural resources: + coastal scenery and beaches, cultivable land +Land use: + arable land 10%; permanent crops 8%; meadows and pastures 30%; forest and + woodland 26%; other 26%; includes irrigated 5% +Environment: + subject to hurricanes, flooding, and volcanic activity that result in an + average of one major natural disaster every five years +Note: + located 625 km southeast of Puerto Rico in the Caribbean Sea + +:Martinique People + +Population: + 371,803 (July 1992), growth rate 1.4% (1992) +Birth rate: + 19 births/1,000 population (1992) +Death rate: + 6 deaths/1,000 population (1992) +Net migration rate: + 1 migrant/1,000 population (1992) +Infant mortality rate: + 11 deaths/1,000 live births (1992) +Life expectancy at birth: + 75 years male, 81 years female (1992) +Total fertility rate: + 1.9 children born/woman (1992) +Nationality: + noun - Martiniquais (singular and plural); adjective - Martiniquais +Ethnic divisions: + African and African-Caucasian-Indian mixture 90%, Caucasian 5%, East Indian, + Lebanese, Chinese less than 5% +Religions: + Roman Catholic 95%, Hindu and pagan African 5% +Languages: + French, Creole patois +Literacy: + 93% (male 92%, female 93%) age 15 and over can read and write (1982) +Labor force: + 100,000; service industry 31.7%, construction and public works 29.4%, + agriculture 13.1%, industry 7.3%, fisheries 2.2%, other 16.3% +Organized labor: + 11% of labor force + +:Martinique Government + +Long-form name: + Department of Martinique +Type: + overseas department of France +Capital: + Fort-de-France +Administrative divisions: + none (overseas department of France) +Independence: + none (overseas department of France) +Constitution: + 28 September 1958 (French Constitution) +Legal system: + French legal system +National holiday: + Taking of the Bastille, 14 July (1789) +Executive branch: + government commissioner +Legislative branch: + unicameral General Council +Judicial branch: + Supreme Court +Leaders: + Chief of State: + President Francois MITTERRAND (since 21 May 1981) + Head of Government: + Government Commissioner Jean Claude ROURE (since 5 May 1989); President of + the General Council Emile MAURICE (since NA 1988) +Suffrage: + universal at age 18 +Elections: + General Council: + last held in October 1988 (next to be held by March 1991); results - percent + of vote by party NA; seats - (44 total) number of seats by party NA + Regional Assembly: + last held on 16 March 1986 (next to be held by March 1992); results - + UDF/RPR coalition 49.8%, PPM/FSM/PCM coalition 41.3%, other 8.9%; seats - + (41 total) PPM/FSM/PCM coalition 21, UDF/RPR coalition 20 + French Senate: + last held 24 September 1989 (next to be held September 1992); results - + percent of vote by party NA; seats - (2 total) UDF 1, PPM 1 + French National Assembly: + last held on 5 and 12 June 1988 (next to be held June 1993); results - + percent of vote by party NA; seats - (4 total) PPM 1, FSM 1, RPR 1, UDF 1 +Communists: + 1,000 (est.) +Other political or pressure groups: + Proletarian Action Group (GAP); Alhed Marie-Jeanne Socialist Revolution + Group (GRS); Martinique Independence Movement (MIM); Caribbean Revolutionary + Alliance (ARC); Central Union for Martinique Workers (CSTM), Marc Pulvar; + Frantz Fanon Circle; League of Workers and Peasants +Member of: + FZ, WCL +Diplomatic representation: + as an overseas department of France, Martiniquais interests are represented + in the US by France + +:Martinique Government + + US: + Consul General Raymond G. ROBINSON; Consulate General at 14 Rue Blenac, + Fort-de-France (mailing address is B. P. 561, Fort-de-France 97206); + telephone [596] 63-13-03 +Flag: + the flag of France is used + +:Martinique Economy + +Overview: + The economy is based on sugarcane, bananas, tourism, and light industry. + Agriculture accounts for about 12% of GDP and the small industrial sector + for 10%. Sugar production has declined, with most of the sugarcane now used + for the production of rum. Banana exports are increasing, going mostly to + France. The bulk of meat, vegetable, and grain requirements must be + imported, contributing to a chronic trade deficit that requires large annual + transfers of aid from France. Tourism has become more important than + agricultural exports as a source of foreign exchange. The majority of the + work force is employed in the service sector and in administration. In 1986 + per capita GDP was relatively high at $6,000. During 1986 the unemployment + rate was 30% and was particularly severe among younger workers. +GDP: + exchange rate conversion - $2.0 billion, per capita $6,000; real growth rate + NA% (1986) +Inflation rate (consumer prices): + 2.9% (1989) +Unemployment rate: + 30% (1986) +Budget: + revenues $268 million; expenditures $268 million, including capital + expenditures of $NA (1989 est.) +Exports: + $196 million (f.o.b., 1988) + commodities: + refined petroleum products, bananas, rum, pineapples + partners: + France 65%, Guadeloupe 24%, Germany (1987) +Imports: + $1.3 billion (c.i.f., 1988) + commodities: + petroleum products, foodstuffs, construction materials, vehicles, clothing + and other consumer goods + partners: + France 65%, UK, Italy, Germany, Japan, US (1987) +External debt: + $NA +Industrial production: + growth rate NA% +Electricity: + 113,100 kW capacity; 588 million kWh produced, 1,703 kWh per capita (1991) +Industries: + construction, rum, cement, oil refining, sugar, tourism +Agriculture: + including fishing and forestry, accounts for about 12% of GDP; principal + crops - pineapples, avocados, bananas, flowers, vegetables, and sugarcane + for rum; dependent on imported food, particularly meat and vegetables +Economic aid: + Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), + $10.1 billion +Currency: + French franc (plural - francs); 1 French franc (F) = 100 centimes +Exchange rates: + French francs (F) per US$1 - 5.3801 (January 1992), 5.6421 (1991), 5.4453 + (1990), 6.3801 (1989), 5.9569 (1988), 6.0107 (1987) +Fiscal year: + calendar year + +:Martinique Communications + +Highways: + 1,680 km total; 1,300 km paved, 380 km gravel and earth +Ports: + Fort-de-France +Civil air: + no major transport aircraft +Airports: + 2 total; 2 usable; 1 with permanent-surface runways; 1 with runway + 2,440-3,659 m; 1 with runways less than 2,439 m +Telecommunications: + domestic facilities are adequate; 68,900 telephones; interisland radio relay + links to Guadeloupe, Dominica, and Saint Lucia; broadcast stations - 1 AM, 6 + FM, 10 TV; 2 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT earth stations + +:Martinique Defense Forces + +Branches: + French Forces, Gendarmerie +Manpower availability: + males 15-49, 95,235; NA fit for military service +Note: + defense is the responsibility of France + +:Mauritania Geography + +Total area: + 1,030,700 km2 +Land area: + 1,030,400 km2 +Comparative area: + slightly larger than three times the size of New Mexico +Land boundaries: + 5,074 km; Algeria 463 km, Mali 2,237 km, Senegal 813 km, Western Sahara + 1,561 km +Coastline: + 754 km +Maritime claims: + Continental shelf: + edge of continental margin or 200 nm + Exclusive economic zone: + 200 nm + Territorial sea: + 12 nm +Disputes: + boundary with Senegal +Climate: + desert; constantly hot, dry, dusty +Terrain: + mostly barren, flat plains of the Sahara; some central hills +Natural resources: + iron ore, gypsum, fish, copper, phosphate +Land use: + arable land 1%; permanent crops NEGL%; meadows and pastures 38%; forest and + woodland 5%; other 56%; includes irrigated NEGL% +Environment: + hot, dry, dust/sand-laden sirocco wind blows primarily in March and April; + desertification; only perennial river is the Senegal + +:Mauritania People + +Population: + 2,059,187 (July 1992), growth rate 3.1% (1992) +Birth rate: + 48 births/1,000 population (1992) +Death rate: + 17 deaths/1,000 population (1992) +Net migration rate: + 0 migrants/1,000 population (1992) +Infant mortality rate: + 89 deaths/1,000 live births (1992) +Life expectancy at birth: + 44 years male, 50 years female (1992) +Total fertility rate: + 7.1 children born/woman (1992) +Nationality: + noun - Mauritanian(s); adjective - Mauritanian +Ethnic divisions: + mixed Maur/black 40%, Maur 30%, black 30% +Religions: + Muslim, nearly 100% +Languages: + Hasaniya Arabic (official); Hasaniya Arabic, Pular, Soninke, Wolof + (official) +Literacy: + 34% (male 47%, female 21%) age 10 and over can read and write (1990 est.) +Labor force: + 465,000 (1981 est.); 45,000 wage earners (1980); agriculture 47%, services + 29%, industry and commerce 14%, government 10%; 53% of population of working + age (1985) +Organized labor: + 30,000 members claimed by single union, Mauritanian Workers' Union + +:Mauritania Government + +Long-form name: + Islamic Republic of Mauritania +Type: + republic; military first seized power in bloodless coup 10 July 1978; a + palace coup that took place on 12 December 1984 brought President Taya to + power; he was elected in 1992 +Capital: + Nouakchott +Administrative divisions: + 12 regions(regions, singular - region); Adrar, Assaba, Brakna, Dakhlet + Nouadhibou, Gorgol, Guidimaka, Hodh ech Chargui, Hodh el Gharbi, Inchiri, + Tagant, Tiris Zemmour, Trarza; note - there may be a new capital district of + Nouakchott +Independence: + 28 November 1960 (from France) +Constitution: + currently 12 July 1991; 20 May 1961 Constitution abrogated after coup of 10 + July 1978; provisional constitution published 17 December 1980 but abandoned + in 1981; constitutional charter published 27 February 1985 after Taya came + to power; latest constitution approved after general referendum 12 July 1991 +Legal system: + based on Islamic law +National holiday: + Independence Day, 28 November (1960) +Executive branch: + president +Legislative branch: + National Assembly (Assemblee Nationale) and Senate +Judicial branch: + Supreme Court (Cour Supreme) +Leaders: + Chief of State and Head of Government: + President Col. Maaouya Ould Sid`Ahmed TAYA (since 12 December 1984) +Political parties and leaders: + legalized by constitution passed 12 July 1991; emerging parties include + Democratic and Social Republican Party (PRDS), led by President Col. Maaouya + Ould Sid`Ahmed TAYA; Union of Democratic Forces (UDF), coalition of seven + opposition factions, three leaders: Mohameden Ould BABAH, Diop Mamadou + AMADOU, and Messoud Ould BOULKHEIR; Assembly for Democracy (RDU), Mohamed + Ould SIDI BABA; Rally for Democracy and Unity (RDUN), Mohamed Ould Sidi + BABA; Popular Social and Democratic Union (UPSD), Mohamed Mahmoud Ould MAH; + Progressive Popular Alliance (APP), Taleb Ould Jiddou Ould Mohamed LAGHDAF; + Mauritanian Party for Renewal (PMR), Moulaye El Hassan Ould JEYID; National + Avant-Garde Party (PAN or PAGN), Khattry Ould Taleb JIDDOU; Mauritanian + Party of the Democratic Center (PCDM), Bamba Ould SIDI BADI; Union for + Planning and Construction (UPC), Mohamed Ould EYAHA; Democratic Justice + Party (PJD), Mohamed Abdallahi Ould EL BANE; Party for Liberty, Equality, + and Justice (PLEJ), Ba Mamadou ALASSANE; Labor and National Unity Party + (PTUN), Ali Bouna Ould OUENINA +Suffrage: + universal at age 18 +Elections: + President: + last held January 1992 (next to be held NA) + results: + President Col. Maabuya Ould Sid`Ahmed TAYA elected + Senate: + last held 3 and 10 April 1992 (next to be held April 1998) + +:Mauritania Government + + National Assembly: + last held 6 and 13 March 1992 (next to be held NA 1997) +Member of: + ABEDA, ACCT (associate), ACP, AfDB, AFESD, AL, AMF, AMU, CAEU, CCC, CEAO, + ECA, ECOWAS, FAO, G-77, GATT, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, + IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, ITU, LORCS, NAM, OAU, OIC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, + UNIDO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO +Diplomatic representation: + Ambassador Mohamed Fall OULD AININA; Chancery at 2129 Leroy Place NW, + Washington, DC 20008; telephone (202) 232-5700 + US: + Ambassador Gordon S. BROWN; Embassy at address NA, Nouakchott (mailing + address is B. P. 222, Nouakchott); telephone [222] (2) 526-60 or 526-63; FAX + [222] (2) 515-92 +Flag: + green with a yellow five-pointed star above a yellow, horizontal crescent; + the closed side of the crescent is down; the crescent, star, and color green + are traditional symbols of Islam + +:Mauritania Economy + +Overview: + A majority of the population still depends on agriculture and livestock for + a livelihood, even though most of the nomads and many subsistence farmers + were forced into the cities by recurrent droughts in the 1970s and 1980s. + Mauritania has extensive deposits of iron ore, which account for almost 50% + of total exports. The decline in world demand for this ore, however, has led + to cutbacks in production. The nation's coastal waters are among the richest + fishing areas in the world, but overexploitation by foreigners threatens + this key source of revenue. The country's first deepwater port opened near + Nouakchott in 1986. In recent years, the droughts, the endemic conflict with + Senegal, rising energy costs, and economic mismanagement have resulted in a + substantial buildup of foreign debt. The government has begun the second + stage of an economic reform program in consultation with the World Bank, the + IMF, and major donor countries. But the reform process suffered a major + setback following the Gulf war of early 1991. Because of Mauritania's + support of Saddam Husayn, bilateral aid from its two top donors, Saudi + Arabia and Kuwait, was suspended, and multilateral aid was reduced. +GDP: + exchange rate conversion - $1.1 billion, per capita $535; real growth rate + 3% (1991 est.) +Inflation rate (consumer prices): + 6.5% (1990 est.) +Unemployment rate: + 20% (1991 est.) +Budget: + revenues $280 million; expenditures $346 million, including capital + expenditures of $61 million (1989 est.) +Exports: + $436 million (f.o.b., 1990) + commodities: + iron ore, processed fish, small amounts of gum arabic and gypsum; unrecorded + but numerically significant cattle exports to Senegal + partners: + EC 43%, Japan 27%, USSR 11%, Ivory Coast 3% +Imports: + $389 million (c.i.f., 1990) + commodities: + foodstuffs, consumer goods, petroleum products, capital goods + partners: + EC 60%, Algeria 15%, China 6%, US 3% +External debt: + $1.9 billion (1990) +Industrial production: + growth rate 4.4% (1988 est.); accounts for almost 20% of GDP +Electricity: + 190,000 kW capacity; 135 million kWh produced, 70 kWh per capita (1991) +Industries: + fishing, fish processing, mining of iron ore and gypsum +Agriculture: + accounts for 29% of GDP (including fishing); largely subsistence farming and + nomadic cattle and sheep herding except in Senegal river valley; crops - + dates, millet, sorghum, root crops; fish products number-one export; large + food deficit in years of drought +Economic aid: + US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $168 million; Western (non-US) + countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $1.3 billion; OPEC + bilateral aid (1979-89), $490 million; Communist countries (1970-89), $277 + million; Arab Development Bank (1991), $20 million + +:Mauritania Economy + +Currency: + ouguiya (plural - ouguiya); 1 ouguiya (UM) = 5 khoums +Exchange rates: + ouguiya (UM) per US$1 - 79.300 (January 1992), 81.946 (1991), 80.609 (1990), + 83.051 (1989), 75.261 (1988), 73.878 (1987) +Fiscal year: + calendar year + +:Mauritania Communications + +Railroads: + 690 km 1.435-meter (standard) gauge, single track, owned and operated by + government mining company +Highways: + 7,525 km total; 1,685 km paved; 1,040 km gravel, crushed stone, or otherwise + improved; 4,800 km unimproved roads, trails, tracks +Inland waterways: + mostly ferry traffic on the Senegal River +Ports: + Nouadhibou, Nouakchott +Merchant marine: + 1 cargo ship (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 1,290 GRT/1,840 DWT +Civil air: + 3 major transport aircraft +Airports: + 28 total, 28 usable; 9 with permanent-surface runways; none with runways + over 3,659 m; 5 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 16 with runways 1,220-2,439 m +Telecommunications: + poor system of cable and open-wire lines, minor radio relay links, and radio + communications stations (improvements being made); broadcast stations - 2 + AM, no FM, 1 TV; satellite earth stations - 1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT and 2 + ARABSAT, with six planned + +:Mauritania Defense Forces + +Branches: + Army, Navy, Air Force, National Gendarmerie, National Guard, National + Police, Presidential Guard +Manpower availability: + males 15-49, 436,897; 213,307 fit for military service; conscription law not + implemented +Defense expenditures: + exchange rate conversion - $40 million, 4.2% of GDP (1989) + +:Mauritius Geography + +Total area: + 1,860 km2 +Land area: + 1,850 km2; includes Agalega Islands, Cargados Carajos Shoals (Saint + Brandon), and Rodrigues +Comparative area: + slightly less than 10.5 times the size of Washington, DC +Land boundaries: + none +Coastline: + 177 km +Maritime claims: + Continental shelf: + edge of continental margin or 200 nm + Exclusive economic zone: + 200 nm + Territorial sea: + 12 nm +Disputes: + claims UK-administered Chagos Archipelago, which includes the island of + Diego Garcia in UK-administered British Indian Ocean Territory; claims + French-administered Tromelin Island +Climate: + tropical modified by southeast trade winds; warm, dry winter (May to + November); hot, wet, humid summer (November to May) +Terrain: + small coastal plain rising to discontinuous mountains encircling central + plateau +Natural resources: + arable land, fish +Land use: + arable land 54%; permanent crops 4%; meadows and pastures 4%; forest and + woodland 31%; other 7%; includes irrigated 9% +Environment: + subject to cyclones (November to April); almost completely surrounded by + reefs +Note: + located 900 km east of Madagascar in the Indian Ocean + +:Mauritius People + +Population: + 1,092,130 (July 1992), growth rate 0.8% (1992) +Birth rate: + 19 births/1,000 population (1992) +Death rate: + 7 deaths/1,000 population (1992) +Net migration rate: + -4 migrants/1,000 population (1992) +Infant mortality rate: + 22 deaths/1,000 live births (1992) +Life expectancy at birth: + 66 years male, 73 years female (1992) +Total fertility rate: + 2.1 children born/woman (1992) +Nationality: + noun - Mauritian(s); adjective - Mauritian +Ethnic divisions: + Indo-Mauritian 68%, Creole 27%, Sino-Mauritian 3%, Franco-Mauritian 2% +Religions: + Hindu 52%, Christian (Roman Catholic 26%, Protestant 2.3%) 28.3%, Muslim + 16.6%, other 3.1% +Languages: + English (official), Creole, French, Hindi, Urdu, Hakka, Bojpoori +Literacy: + 82.8 % (male 88.7%, female 77.1%) age 13 and over can read and write (1985 + UNESCO estimate) +Labor force: + 335,000; government services 29%, agriculture and fishing 27%, manufacturing + 22%, other 22%; 43% of population of working age (1985) +Organized labor: + 35% of labor force in more than 270 unions + +:Mauritius Government + +Long-form name: + none +Type: + parliamentary democracy +Capital: + Port Louis +Administrative divisions: + 9 districts and 3 dependencies*; Agalega Islands*, Black River, Cargados + Carajos*, Flacq, Grand Port, Moka, Pamplemousses, Plaines Wilhems, Port + Louis, Riviere du Rempart, Rodrigues*, Savanne +Independence: + 12 March 1968 (from UK) +Constitution: + 12 March 1968 +Legal system: + based on French civil law system with elements of English common law in + certain areas +National holiday: + Independence Day, 12 March (1968) +Executive branch: + British monarch, governor general, prime minister, deputy prime minister, + Council of Ministers (cabinet) +Legislative branch: + unicameral Legislative Assembly +Judicial branch: + Supreme Court +Leaders: + Chief of State: + Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952), represented by Governor General + Sir Veerasamy RINGADOO (since 17 January 1986) + Head of Government: + Prime Minister Sir Anerood JUGNAUTH (since 12 June 1982); Deputy Prime + Minister Prem NABABSING (since 26 September 1990) +Political parties and leaders: + government coalition: + Militant Socialist Movement (MSM), A. JUGNAUTH; Mauritian Militant Movement + (MMM), Paul BERENGER; Organization of the People of Rodrigues (OPR), Louis + Serge CLAIR; Democratic Labor Movement (MTD), Anil BAICHOO + opposition: + Mauritian Labor Party (MLP), Navin RAMGOOLMAN; Socialist Workers Front, + Sylvio MICHEL; Mauritian Social Democratic Party (PMSD), G. DUVAL +Elections: + Legislative Assembly: + last held on 15 September 1991 (next to be held by 15 September 1996); + results - MSM/MMM 53%, MLP/PMSD 38%; seats - (70 total, 62 elected) MSM/MMM + alliance 59 (MSM 29, MMM 26, OPR 2, MTD 2); MLP/PMSD 3 +Communists: + may be 2,000 sympathizers +Other political or pressure groups: + various labor unions +Member of: + ACCT, ACP, AfDB, C, CCC, ECA, FAO, G-77, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICFTU, IDA, + IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, ISO (correspondent), ITU, + LORCS, NAM, OAU, PCA, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WCL, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, + WMO, WTO +Diplomatic representation: + Ambassador Chitmansing JESSERAMSING; Chancery at Suite 134, 4301 Connecticut + Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008; telephone (202) 244-1491 or 1492 + +:Mauritius Government + + US: + Ambassador Penne Percy KORTH; Embassy at 4th Floor, Rogers House, John + Kennedy Street, Port Louis; telephone [230] 208-9763 through 208-9767; FAX + [230] 208-9534 +Flag: + four equal horizontal bands of red (top), blue, yellow, and green + +:Mauritius Economy + +Overview: + The economy is based on sugar, manufacturing (mainly textiles), and tourism. + Sugarcane is grown on about 90% of the cultivated land area and accounts for + 40% of export earnings. The government's development strategy is centered on + industrialization (with a view to exports), agricultural diversification, + and tourism. Economic performance in FY91 was impressive, with 6% real + growth and low unemployment. +GDP: + exchange rate conversion - $2.5 billion, per capita $2,300; real growth rate + 6.1% (FY91 est.) +Inflation rate (consumer prices): + 13.2% (FY91 est.) +Unemployment rate: + 2.4% (1991 est.) +Budget: + revenues $557 million; expenditures $607 million, including capital + expenditures of $111 million (FY90) +Exports: + $1.2 billion (f.o.b., 1990) + commodities: + textiles 44%, sugar 40%, light manufactures 10% + partners: + EC and US have preferential treatment, EC 77%, US 15% +Imports: + $1.6 billion (f.o.b., 1990) + commodities: + manufactured goods 50%, capital equipment 17%, foodstuffs 13%, petroleum + products 8%, chemicals 7% + partners: + EC, US, South Africa, Japan +External debt: + $869 million (1991 est.) +Industrial production: + growth rate 12.9% (FY87); accounts for 25% of GDP +Electricity: + 235,000 kW capacity; 425 million kWh produced, 395 kWh per capita (1991) +Industries: + food processing (largely sugar milling), textiles, wearing apparel, + chemicals, metal products, transport equipment, nonelectrical machinery, + tourism +Agriculture: + accounts for 10% of GDP; about 90% of cultivated land in sugarcane; other + products - tea, corn, potatoes, bananas, pulses, cattle, goats, fish; net + food importer, especially rice and fish +Illicit drugs: + illicit producer of cannabis for the international drug trade +Economic aid: + US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $76 million; Western (non-US) + countries (1970-89), $709 million; Communist countries (1970-89), $54 + million +Currency: + Mauritian rupee (plural - rupees); 1 Mauritian rupee (MauR) = 100 cents +Exchange rates: + Mauritian rupees (MauRs) per US$1 - 15.198 (January 1992), 15.652 (1991), + 14.839 (1990), 15.250 (1989), 13.438 (1988), 12.878 (1987) +Fiscal year: + 1 July - 30 June + +:Mauritius Communications + +Highways: + 1,800 km total; 1,640 km paved, 160 km earth +Ports: + Port Louis +Merchant marine: + 9 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 94,710 GRT/150,345 DWT; includes 1 + passenger-cargo, 3 cargo, 1 roll-on/roll-off, 1 liquefied gas, 3 bulk +Civil air: + 7 major transport aircraft +Airports: + 5 total, 4 usable; 2 with permanent-surface runways; none with runways over + 3,659 m; 1 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; none with runways 1,220-2,439 m +Telecommunications: + small system with good service utilizing primarily radio relay; new + microwave link to Reunion; high-frequency radio links to several countries; + over 48,000 telephones; broadcast stations - 2 AM, no FM, 4 TV; 1 Indian + Ocean INTELSAT earth station + +:Mauritius Defense Forces + +Branches: + paramilitary Special Mobile Force, Special Support Unit, National Police + Force, National Coast Guard +Manpower availability: + males 15-49, 307,237; 157,246 fit for military service +Defense expenditures: + exchange rate conversion - $5 million, 0.2% of GDP (FY89) + +:Mayotte Geography + +Total area: + 375 km2 +Land area: + 375 km2 +Comparative area: + slightly more than twice the size of Washington, DC +Land boundaries: + none +Coastline: + 185.2 km +Maritime claims: + Exclusive economic zone: + 200 nm + Territorial sea: + 12 nm +Disputes: + claimed by Comoros +Climate: + tropical; marine; hot, humid, rainy season during northeastern monsoon + (November to May); dry season is cooler (May to November) +Terrain: + generally undulating with ancient volcanic peaks, deep ravines +Natural resources: + negligible +Land use: + arable land NA%; permanent crops NA%; meadows and pastures NA%; forest and + woodland NA%; other NA% +Environment: + subject to cyclones during rainy season +Note: + part of Comoro Archipelago; located in the Mozambique Channel about halfway + between Africa and Madagascar + +:Mayotte People + +Population: + 86,628 (July 1992), growth rate 3.8% (1992) +Birth rate: + 50 births/1,000 population (1992) +Death rate: + 12 deaths/1,000 population (1992) +Net migration rate: + 0 migrants/1,000 population (1992) +Infant mortality rate: + 84 deaths/1,000 live births (1992) +Life expectancy at birth: + 55 years male, 59 years female (1992) +Total fertility rate: + 6.9 children born/woman (1992) +Nationality: + noun - Mahorais (singular and plural); adjective - Mahoran +Religions: + Muslim 99%; remainder Christian, mostly Roman Catholic +Languages: + Mahorian (a Swahili dialect), French +Literacy: + NA% (male NA%, female NA%) +Labor force: + NA +Organized labor: + NA + +:Mayotte Government + +Long-form name: + Territorial Collectivity of Mayotte +Type: + territorial collectivity of France +Capital: + Mamoutzou +Administrative divisions: + none (territorial collectivity of France) +Independence: + none (territorial collectivity of France) +Constitution: + 28 September 1958 (French Constitution) +Legal system: + French law +National holiday: + Taking of the Bastille, 14 July (1789) +Executive branch: + government commissioner +Legislative branch: + unicameral General Council (Conseil General) +Judicial branch: + Supreme Court (Tribunal Superieur d'Appel) +Leaders: + Chief of State: + President Francois MITTERRAND (since 21 May 1981) + Head of Government: + Commissioner, Representative of the French Government Jean-Paul COSTE (since + NA 1991); President of the General Council Youssouf BAMANA (since NA 1976) +Political parties and leaders: + Mahoran Popular Movement (MPM), Younoussa BAMANA; Party for the Mahoran + Democratic Rally (PRDM), Daroueche MAOULIDA; Mahoran Rally for the Republic + (RMPR), Mansour KAMARDINE; Union of the Center (UDC) +Suffrage: + universal at age 18 +Elections: + General Council: + last held June 1988 (next to be held June 1993); results - percent of vote + by party NA; seats - (17 total) MPM 9, RPR 6, other 2 + French Senate: + last held on 24 September 1989 (next to be held September 1992); results - + percent of vote by party NA; seats - (1 total) MPM 1 + French National Assembly: + last held 5 and 12 June 1988 (next to be held June 1993); results - percent + of vote by party NA; seats - (1 total) UDC 1 +Member of: + FZ +Diplomatic representation: + as a territorial collectivity of France, Mahoran interests are represented + in the US by France +Flag: + the flag of France is used + +:Mayotte Economy + +Overview: + Economic activity is based primarily on the agricultural sector, including + fishing and livestock raising. Mayotte is not self-sufficient and must + import a large portion of its food requirements, mainly from France. The + economy and future development of the island is heavily dependent on French + financial assistance. +GDP: + exchange rate conversion - $NA, per capita $NA; real growth rate NA% +Inflation rate (consumer prices): + NA% +Unemployment rate: + NA% +Budget: + revenues $NA; expenditures $37.3 million, including capital expenditures of + $NA (1985) +Exports: + $4.0 million (f.o.b., 1984) + commodities: + ylang-ylang, vanilla + partners: + France 79%, Comoros 10%, Reunion 9% +Imports: + $21.8 million (f.o.b., 1984) + commodities: + building materials, transportation equipment, rice, clothing, flour + partners: + France 57%, Kenya 16%, South Africa 11%, Pakistan 8% +External debt: + $NA +Industrial production: + growth rate NA% +Electricity: + NA kW capacity; NA million kWh produced, NA kWh per capita +Industries: + newly created lobster and shrimp industry +Agriculture: + most important sector; provides all export earnings; crops - vanilla, + ylang-ylang, coffee, copra; imports major share of food needs +Economic aid: + Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), + $402 million +Currency: + French franc (plural - francs); 1 French franc (F) = 100 centimes +Exchange rates: + French francs (F) per US$1 - 5.3801 (January 1992), 5.6421 (1991), 5.4453 + (1990), 6.3801 (1989), 5.9569 (1988), 6.0107 (1987) +Fiscal year: + calendar year + +:Mayotte Communications + +Highways: + 42 km total; 18 km bituminous +Ports: + Dzaoudzi +Civil air: + no major transport aircraft +Airports: + 1 with permanent-surface runways 1,220-2,439 m +Telecommunications: + small system administered by French Department of Posts and + Telecommunications; includes radio relay and high-frequency radio + communications for links to Comoros and international communications; 450 + telephones; broadcast stations - 1 AM, no FM, no TV + +:Mayotte Defense Forces + +Note: + defense is the responsibility of France + +:Mexico Geography + +Total area: + 1,972,550 km2 +Land area: + 1,923,040 km2 +Comparative area: + slightly less than three times the size of Texas +Land boundaries: + 4,538 km; Belize 250 km, Guatemala 962 km, US 3,326 km +Coastline: + 9,330 km +Maritime claims: + Contiguous zone: + 24 nm + Continental shelf: + natural prolongation of continental margin or 200 nm + Exclusive economic zone: + 200 nm + Territorial sea: + 12 nm +Disputes: + claims Clipperton Island (French possession) +Climate: + varies from tropical to desert +Terrain: + high, rugged mountains, low coastal plains, high plateaus, and desert +Natural resources: + crude oil, silver, copper, gold, lead, zinc, natural gas, timber +Land use: + arable land 12%; permanent crops 1%; meadows and pastures 39%; forest and + woodland 24%; other 24%; includes irrigated 3% +Environment: + subject to tsunamis along the Pacific coast and destructive earthquakes in + the center and south; natural water resources scarce and polluted in north, + inaccessible and poor quality in center and extreme southeast; + deforestation; erosion widespread; desertification; serious air pollution in + Mexico City and urban centers along US-Mexico border +Note: + strategic location on southern border of US + +:Mexico People + +Population: + 92,380,721 (July 1992), growth rate 2.3% (1992) +Birth rate: + 29 births/1,000 population (1992) +Death rate: + 5 deaths/1,000 population (1992) +Net migration rate: + -1 migrant/1,000 population (1992) +Infant mortality rate: + 30 deaths/1,000 live births (1992) +Life expectancy at birth: + 69 years male, 76 years female (1992) +Total fertility rate: + 3.3 children born/woman (1992) +Nationality: + noun - Mexican(s); adjective - Mexican +Ethnic divisions: + mestizo (Indian-Spanish) 60%, Amerindian or predominantly Amerindian 30%, + Caucasian or predominantly Caucasian 9%, other 1% +Religions: + nominally Roman Catholic 89%, Protestant 6% +Languages: + Spanish; various Mayan dialects +Literacy: + 87% (male 90%, female 85%) age 15 and over can read and write (1985 est.) +Labor force: + 26,100,000 (1988); services 31.4%, agriculture, forestry, hunting, and + fishing 26%, commerce 13.9%, manufacturing 12.8%, construction 9.5%, + transportation 4.8%, mining and quarrying 1.3%, electricity 0.3% (1986) +Organized labor: + 35% of labor force + +:Mexico Government + +Long-form name: + United Mexican States +Type: + federal republic operating under a centralized government +Capital: + Mexico +Administrative divisions: + 31 states (estados, singular - estado) and 1 federal district* (distrito + federal); Aguascalientes, Baja California, Baja California Sur, Campeche, + Chiapas, Chihuahua, Coahuila, Colima, Distrito Federal*, Durango, + Guanajuato, Guerrero, Hidalgo, Jalisco, Mexico, Michoacan, Morelos, Nayarit, + Nuevo Leon, Oaxaca, Puebla, Queretaro, Quintana Roo, San Luis Potosi, + Sinaloa, Sonora, Tabasco, Tamaulipas, Tlaxcala, Veracruz, Yucatan, Zacatecas +Independence: + 16 September 1810 (from Spain) +Constitution: + 5 February 1917 +Legal system: + mixture of US constitutional theory and civil law system; judicial review of + legislative acts; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with reservations +National holiday: + Independence Day, 16 September (1810) +Executive branch: + president, Cabinet +Legislative branch: + bicameral National Congress (Congreso de la Union) consists of an upper + chamber or Senate (Camara de Senadores) and a lower chamber or Chamber of + Deputies (Camara de Diputados) +Judicial branch: + Supreme Court of Justice (Corte Suprema de Justicia) +Leaders: + Chief of State and Head of Government: + President Carlos SALINAS de Gortari (since 1 December 1988) +Political parties and leaders: + (recognized parties) Institutional Revolutionary Party (PRI), Genaro BORREGO + Estrada; National Action Party (PAN), Luis ALVAREZ; Popular Socialist Party + (PPS), Indalecio SAYAGO Herrera; Democratic Revolutionary Party (PRD), + Cuauhtemoc CARDENAS Solorzano; Cardenist Front for the National + Reconstruction Party (PFCRN), Rafael AGUILAR Talamantes; Authentic Party of + the Mexican Revolution (PARM), Carlos Enrique CANTU Rosas +Suffrage: + universal and compulsory (but not enforced) at age 18 +Elections: + President: + last held on 6 July 1988 (next to be held September 1994); results - Carlos + SALINAS de Gortari (PRI) 50.74%, Cuauhtemoc CARDENAS Solorzano (FDN) 31.06%, + Manuel CLOUTHIER (PAN) 16.81%; other 1.39%; note - several of the smaller + parties ran a common candidate under a coalition called the National + Democratic Front (FDN) + Senate: + last held on 18 August 1988 (next to be held midyear 1994); results - + percent of vote by party NA; seats in full Senate - (64 total) number of + seats by party; PRI 61, PRD 2, PAN 1 + Chamber of Deputies: + last held on 18 August 1991 (next to be held midyear 1994); results - PRI + 53%, PAN 20%, PFCRN 10%, PPS 6%, PARM 7%, PMS (now part of PRD) 4%; seats - + (500 total) PRI 320, PAN 89, PRD 41, PFCRN 23, PARM 15, PPS 12 + +:Mexico Government + +Other political or pressure groups: + Roman Catholic Church, Confederation of Mexican Workers (CTM), Confederation + of Industrial Chambers (CONCAMIN), Confederation of National Chambers of + Commerce (CONCANACO), National Peasant Confederation (CNC), UNE (no + expansion), Revolutionary Workers Party (PRT), Mexican Democratic Party + (PDM), Revolutionary Confederation of Workers and Peasants (CROC), Regional + Confederation of Mexican Workers (CROM), Confederation of Employers of the + Mexican Republic (COPARMEX), National Chamber of Transformation Industries + (CANACINTRA), Coordinator for Foreign Trade Business Organizations (COECE) +Member of: + AG (observer), CARICOM (observer) CCC, CDB, CG, EBRD, ECLAC, FAO, G-3, G-6, + G-11, G-15, G-19, G-24, G-77, GATT, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICFTU, IDA, + IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, IOM (observer), ISO, ITU, + LAES, LAIA, LORCS, NAM (observer), OAS, OPANAL, PCA, RG, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, + UNIDO, UPU, WCL, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO +Diplomatic representation: + Ambassador Gustavo PETRICIOLI Iturbide; Chancery at 1911 Pennsylvania Avenue + NW, Washington, DC 20006; telephone (202) 728-1600; there are Mexican + Consulates General in Chicago, Dallas, Denver, El Paso, Houston, Los + Angeles, New Orleans, New York, San Francisco, San Antonio, San Diego, and + Consulates in Albuquerque, Atlanta, Austin, Boston, Brownsville (Texas), + Calexico (California), Corpus Christi, Del Rio (Texas), Detroit, Douglas + (Arizona), Eagle Pass (Texas), Fresno (California), Kansas City (Missouri), + Laredo, McAllen (Texas), Miami, Nogales (Arizona), Oxnard (California), + Philadelphia, Phoenix, Presidio (Texas), Sacramento, St. Louis, St. Paul + (Minneapolis), Salt Lake City, San Bernardino, San Jose, San Juan (Puerto + Rico), and Seattle + US: + Ambassador John D. NEGROPONTE, Jr.; Embassy at Paseo de la Reforma 305, + 06500 Mexico, D.F. (mailing address is P. O. Box 3087, Laredo, TX + 78044-3087); telephone [52] (5) 211-0042; FAX [52] (5) 511-9980, 208-3373; + there are US Consulates General in Ciudad Juarez, Guadalajara, Monterrey, + and Tijuana, and Consulates in Hermosillo, Matamoros, Mazatlan, Merida, and + Nuevo Laredo +Flag: + three equal vertical bands of green (hoist side), white, and red; the coat + of arms (an eagle perched on a cactus with a snake in its beak) is centered + in the white band + +:Mexico Economy + +Overview: + Mexico's economy is a mixture of state-owned industrial plants (notably + oil), private manufacturing and services, and both large-scale and + traditional agriculture. In the 1980s, Mexico experienced severe economic + difficulties: the nation accumulated large external debts as world petroleum + prices fell; rapid population growth outstripped the domestic food supply; + and inflation, unemployment, and pressures to emigrate became more acute. + Growth in national output, however, is recovering, rising from 1.4% in 1988 + to 4% in 1990 and again in 1991. The US is Mexico's major trading partner, + accounting for two-thirds of its exports and imports. After petroleum, + border assembly plants and tourism are the largest earners of foreign + exchange. The government, in consultation with international economic + agencies, is implementing programs to stabilize the economy and foster + growth. In 1991 the government began negotiations with the US and Canada on + a free trade agreement. +GDP: + exchange rate conversion - $289 billion, per capita $3,200; real growth rate + 4% (1991 est.) +Inflation rate (consumer prices): + 18.8% (1991 est.) +Unemployment rate: + 14-17% (1991 est.) +Budget: + revenues $41.0 billion; expenditures $47.9 billion, including capital + expenditures of $6.3 billion (1990) +Exports: + $27.4 billion (f.o.b., 1991 est.) + commodities: + crude oil, oil products, coffee, shrimp, engines, motor vehicles, cotton, + consumer electronics + partners: + US 68%, EC 14%, Japan 6% (1990 est.) +Imports: + $36.7 billion (c.i.f., 1991) + commodities: + grain, metal manufactures, agricultural machinery, electrical equipment + partners: + US 69%, EC 13%, Japan 6% (1990) +External debt: + $98.4 billion (1991) +Industrial production: + growth rate 5.5% (1991 est.); accounts for 28% of GDP +Electricity: + 26,150,000 kW capacity; 114,277 million kWh produced, 1,270 kWh per capita + (1991) +Industries: + food and beverages, tobacco, chemicals, iron and steel, petroleum, mining, + textiles, clothing, transportation equipment, tourism +Agriculture: + accounts for 9% of GDP and over 25% of work force; large number of small + farms at subsistence level; major food crops - corn, wheat, rice, beans; + cash crops - cotton, coffee, fruit, tomatoes; fish catch of 1.4 million + metric tons among top 20 nations (1987) +Illicit drugs: + illicit cultivation of opium poppy and cannabis continues in spite of active + government eradication program; major supplier to the US market; continues + as the primary transshipment country for US-bound cocaine from South America + +:Mexico Economy + +Economic aid: + US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $3.1 billion; Western (non-US) + countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $7.7 billion; + Communist countries (1970-89), $110 million +Currency: + Mexican peso (plural - pesos); 1 Mexican peso (Mex$) = 100 centavos +Exchange rates: + market rate of Mexican pesos (Mex$) per US$1 - 3,068.5 (January 1992), + 3,018.4 (1991) 2,940.9 (January 1991), 2,812.6 (1990), 2,461.3 (1989), + 2,273.1 (1988), 1,378.2 (1987) +Fiscal year: + calendar year + +:Mexico Communications + +Railroads: + 24,500 km total; breakdown NA +Highways: + 212,000 km total; 65,000 km paved, 30,000 km semipaved or cobblestone, + 62,000 km rural roads (improved earth) or roads under construction, 55,000 + km unimproved earth roads +Inland waterways: + 2,900 km navigable rivers and coastal canals +Pipelines: + crude oil 28,200 km; petroleum products 10,150 km; natural gas 13,254 km; + petrochemical 1,400 km +Ports: + Acapulco, Coatzacoalcos, Ensenada, Guaymas, Manzanillo, Mazatlan, Progreso, + Puerto Vallarta, Salina Cruz, Tampico, Veracruz +Merchant marine: + 58 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 875,239 GRT/1,301,355 DWT; includes 4 + short-sea passenger, 3 cargo, 2 refrigerated cargo, 2 roll-on/roll-off, 30 + petroleum tanker, 4 chemical tanker, 7 liquefied gas, 1 bulk, 1 combination + bulk, 4 container +Civil air: + 186 major transport aircraft +Airports: + 1,815 total, 1,505 usable; 200 with permanent-surface runways; 3 with + runways over 3,659 m; 33 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 284 with runways + 1,220-2,439 m +Telecommunications: + highly developed system with extensive radio relay links; privatized in + December 1990; connected into Central America Microwave System; 6,410,000 + telephones; broadcast stations - 679 AM, no FM, 238 TV, 22 shortwave; 120 + domestic satellite terminals; earth stations - 4 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT and + 1 Pacific Ocean INTELSAT + +:Mexico Defense Forces + +Branches: + National Defense (including Army and Air Force), Navy (including Marines) +Manpower availability: + males 15-49, 23,023,871; 16,852,513 fit for military service; 1,138,455 + reach military age (18) annually +Defense expenditures: + exchange rate conversion - $1.6 billion, less than 1% of GDP (1982 budget) + +:Micronesia, Federated States of Geography + +Total area: + 702 km2 +Land area: + 702 km2; includes Pohnpei, Truk, Yap, and Kosrae +Comparative area: + slightly less than four times the size of Washington, DC +Land boundaries: + none +Coastline: + 6,112 km +Maritime claims: + Exclusive economic zone: + 200 nm + Territorial sea: + 12 nm +Disputes: + none +Climate: + tropical; heavy year-round rainfall, especially in the eastern islands; + located on southern edge of the typhoon belt with occasional severe damage +Terrain: + islands vary geologically from high mountainous islands to low, coral + atolls; volcanic outcroppings on Pohnpei, Kosrae, and Truk +Natural resources: + forests, marine products, deep-seabed minerals +Land use: + arable land NA%; permanent crops NA%; meadows and pastures NA%; forest and + woodland NA%; other NA% +Environment: + subject to typhoons from June to December; four major island groups totaling + 607 islands +Note: + located 5,150 km west-southwest of Honolulu in the North Pacific Ocean, + about three-quarters of the way between Hawaii and Indonesia + +:Micronesia, Federated States of People + +Population: + 114,694 (July 1992), growth rate 3.4% (1992) +Birth rate: + 29 births/1,000 population (1992) +Death rate: + 7 deaths/1,000 population (1992) +Net migration rate: + 12 migrants/1,000 population (1992) +Infant mortality rate: + 39 deaths/1,000 live births (1992) +Life expectancy at birth: + 65 years male, 69 years female (1992) +Total fertility rate: + 4.1 children born/woman (1992) +Nationality: + noun - Micronesian(s); adjective - Micronesian; Kosrae(s), Pohnpeian(s), + Trukese (singular and plural), Yapese (singular and plural) +Ethnic divisions: + nine ethnic Micronesian and Polynesian groups +Religions: + predominantly Christian, divided between Roman Catholic and Protestant; + other churches include Assembly of God, Jehovah's Witnesses, Seventh-Day + Adventist, Latter-Day Saints, and the Baha'i Faith +Languages: + English is the official and common language; most indigenous languages fall + within the Austronesian language family, the exceptions are the Polynesian + languages; major indigenous languages are Trukese, Pohnpeian, Yapese, and + Kosrean +Literacy: + 90% (male 90%, female 85%) age 15 and over can read and write (1980) +Labor force: + NA; two-thirds are government employees; 45,000 people are between the ages + of 15 and 65 +Organized labor: + NA + +:Micronesia, Federated States of Government + +Long-form name: + Federated States of Micronesia (no short-form name) +Type: + constitutional government in free association with the US; the Compact of + Free Association entered into force 3 November 1986 +Capital: + Kolonia (on the island of Pohnpei); note - a new capital is being built + about 10 km southwest in the Palikir valley +Administrative divisions: + 4 states; Kosrae, Pohnpei, Chuuk, Yap +Independence: + 3 November 1986 (from the US-administered UN Trusteeship; formerly the + Kosrae, Pohnpei, Truk, and Yap districts of the Trust Territory of the + Pacific Islands) +Constitution: + 10 May 1979 +Legal system: + based on adapted Trust Territory laws, acts of the legislature, municipal, + common, and customary laws +National holiday: + Proclamation of the Federated States of Micronesia, 10 May (1979) +Executive branch: + president, vice president, Cabinet +Legislative branch: + unicameral Congress +Judicial branch: + Supreme Court +Leaders: + Chief of State and Head of Government: + President Bailey OLTER (since 21 May 1991); Vice President Jacob NENA (since + 21 May 1991) +Political parties and leaders: + no formal parties +Suffrage: + universal at age 18 +Elections: + President: + last held ll May 1991 (next to be held March 1995); results - President + Bailey OLTER elected president; Vice-President Jacob NENA + Congress: + last held on 5 March 1991 (next to be held March 1993); results - percent of + vote NA; seats - (14 total) +Member of: + ESCAP (associate), ICAO, SPC, SPF, UN, UNCTAD +Diplomatic representation: + Ambassador Jesse B. MAREHALAU; Embassy at 1725 N St., NW, Washington, DC + 20036; telephone (202) 223-4383 + US: + Ambassador Aurelia BRAZEAL; Embassy at address NA, Kolonia (mailing address + is P. O. Box 1286, Pohnpei, Federated States of Micronesia 96941); telephone + 691-320-2187; FAX 691-320-2186 +Flag: + light blue with four white five-pointed stars centered; the stars are + arranged in a diamond pattern + +:Micronesia, Federated States of Economy + +Overview: + Economic activity consists primarily of subsistence farming and fishing. The + islands have few mineral deposits worth exploiting, except for high-grade + phosphate. The potential for a tourist industry exists, but the remoteness + of the location and a lack of adequate facilities hinder development. + Financial assistance from the US is the primary source of revenue, with the + US pledged to spend $1 billion in the islands in the l990s. Geographical + isolation and a poorly developed infrastructure are major impediments to + long-term growth. +GNP: + purchasing power equivalent - $150 million, per capita $1,500; real growth + rate NA% (1989 est.); note - GNP numbers reflect US spending +Inflation rate (consumer prices): + NA% +Unemployment rate: + NA +Budget: + revenues $165 million; expenditures $115 million, including capital + expenditures of $20 million (1988) +Exports: + $2.3 million (f.o.b., 1988) + commodities: + copra + partners: + NA +Imports: + $67.7 million (c.i.f., 1988) + commodities: + NA + partners: + NA +External debt: + $NA +Industrial production: + growth rate NA% +Electricity: + 18,000 kW capacity; 40 million kWh produced, 380 kWh per capita (1990) +Industries: + tourism, construction, fish processing, craft items from shell, wood, and + pearls +Agriculture: + mainly a subsistence economy; copra, black pepper; tropical fruits and + vegetables, coconuts, cassava, sweet potatoes, pigs, chickens +Economic aid: + under terms of the Compact of Free Association, the US will provide $1.3 + billion in grant aid during the period 1986-2001 +Currency: + US currency is used +Exchange rates: + US currency is used +Fiscal year: + 1 October - 30 September + +:Micronesia, Federated States of Communications + +Highways: + 39 km of paved roads on major islands; also 187 km stone-, coral-, or + laterite-surfaced roads +Ports: + Colonia (Yap), Truk (Kosrae), Okat (Kosrae) +Airports: + 6 total, 5 usable; 4 with permanent-surface runways; none with runways over + 2,439 m; 4 with runways 1,220-2,439 +Telecommunications: + telephone network - 960 telephone lines total at Kolonia and Truk; islands + interconnected by shortwave radio (used mostly for government purposes); + 16,000 radio receivers, 1,125 TV sets (est. 1987); broadcast stations - 5 + AM, 1 FM, 6 TV, 1 shortwave; 4 Pacific Ocean INTELSAT earth stations + +:Micronesia, Federated States of Defense Forces + +Note: + defense is the responsibility of the US + +:Midway Islands Geography + +Total area: + 5.2 km2 +Land area: + 5.2 km2; includes Eastern Island and Sand Island +Comparative area: + about nine times the size of the Mall in Washington, DC +Land boundaries: + none +Coastline: + 15 km +Maritime claims: + Contiguous zone: + 12 nm + Continental shelf: + 200 m (depth) + Exclusive economic zone: + 200 nm + Territorial sea: + 12 nm +Disputes: + none +Climate: + tropical, but moderated by prevailing easterly winds +Terrain: + low, nearly level +Natural resources: + fish and wildlife +Land use: + arable land 0%; permanent crops 0%; meadows and pastures 0%; forest and + woodland 0%; other 100% +Environment: + coral atoll +Note: + located 2,350 km west-northwest of Honolulu at the western end of Hawaiian + Islands group, about one-third of the way between Honolulu and Tokyo; closed + to the public + +:Midway Islands People + +Population: + 453 US military personnel (1992) + +:Midway Islands Government + +Long-form name: + none +Type: + unincorporated territory of the US administered by the US Navy, under + command of the Barbers Point Naval Air Station in Hawaii and managed + cooperatively by the US Navy and the Fish and Wildlife Service of the US + Department of the Interior as part of the National Wildlife Refuge System; + legislation before Congress in 1990 proposed inclusion of territory within + the State of Hawaii +Capital: + none; administered from Washington, DC +Diplomatic representation: + none (territory of the US) +Flag: + the US flag is used + +:Midway Islands Economy + +Overview: + The economy is based on providing support services for US naval operations + located on the islands. All food and manufactured goods must be imported. +Electricity: + supplied by US Military + +:Midway Islands Communications + +Highways: + 32 km total +Pipelines: + 7.8 km +Ports: + Sand Island +Airports: + 3 total; 2 usable; 1 with permanent-surface runways; none with runways over + 2,439 m; 2 with runways 1,220-2,439 m + +:Midway Islands Defense Forces + +Note: + defense is the responsibility of the US + +:Moldova Geography + +Total area: + 33,700 km2 +Land area: + 33,700 km2 +Comparative area: + slightly more than twice the size of Hawaii +Land boundaries: + 1,389 km; Romania 450 km, Ukraine 939 km +Coastline: + none - landlocked +Maritime claims: + none - landlocked +Disputes: + potential dispute with Ukraine over former southern Bessarabian areas; + northern Bukovina ceded to Ukraine upon Moldova's incorporation into USSR; + internal with ethnic Russians in the Trans-Dnestr and Gagauz Muslims in the + South +Climate: + mild winters, warm summers +Terrain: + rolling steppe, gradual slope south to Black Sea +Natural resources: + lignite, phosphorites, gypsum +Land use: + NA% arable land; NA% permanent crops; NA% meadows and pastures; NA% forest + and woodland; NA% other; includes NA% irrigated +Environment: + NA + +:Moldova People + +Population: + 4,458,435 (July 1992), growth rate 0.7% (1992) +Birth rate: + 19 births/1,000 population (1992) +Death rate: + 10 deaths/1,000 population (1992) +Net migration rate: + -2 migrants/1,000 population (1992) +Infant mortality rate: + 35 deaths/1,000 live births (1992) +Life expectancy at birth: + 64 years male, 71 years female (1992) +Total fertility rate: + 2.6 children born/woman (1992) +Nationality: + noun - Moldovan(s); adjective - Moldovan +Ethnic divisions: + Moldavian (Moldovan) 64.5%, Ukrainian 13.8%, Russian 13.0%, Gagauz 3.5%, + Jews 1.5%, Bulgarian 2.0%, other 1.0% (1989 figures) +Religions: + Eastern Orthodox 98.5%, Jewish 1.5%, Baptist only about 1,000 members, other + 1.0%; note - almost all churchgoers are ethnic Moldovan; the Slavic + population are not churchgoers (1991 figures) +Languages: + Romanian; (Moldovan official), Russian +Literacy: + NA% (male NA%, female NA%) age 15 and over can read and write +Labor force: + 2,095,000; agriculture 34.4%, industry 20.1%, other 45.5% (1985 figures) +Organized labor: + NA + +:Moldova Government + +Long-form name: + Republic of Moldova +Type: + republic +Capital: + Chisinau (Kishinev) +Administrative divisions: + previously divided into 40 rayons; now to be divided into 7-9 larger + districts at some future point +Independence: + 27 August 1991 (from Soviet Union; formerly Soviet Socialist Republic of + Moldova) +Constitution: + formulating a new constitution; old constitution is still in effect but has + been heavily amended during the past few years +Legal system: + based on civil law system; no judicial review of legislative acts; does not + accept compulsory ICJ jurisdiction but accepts many UN and CSCE documents +National holiday: + Independence Day, 27 August 1991 +Executive branch: + president, prime minister, Cabinet of Ministers +Legislative branch: + Moldovan Supreme Soviet +Judicial branch: + Supreme Court (highest civil court in Moldova) +Leaders: + Chief of State and Head of Government: + Prime Minister Valeriy MURAVSKY (since 28 May 1991), 1st Deputy Prime + Minister Constantin OBOROC (since June 1990); 1st Deputy Prime Minister + Constantin TAMPIZA (since June 1990); 1st Deputy Prime Minister Andrei + SANGHELI (since June 1990) + Chief of State: + President Mircea SNEGUR (since 3 September 1990) + Head of Legislature: + Chairman of the Supreme Soviet (Premier) Valeriy MURAVSKIY (since May 1991); + 1st Deputy Prime Minister Ian HADIRCA (since 11 May 1990); Deputy Prime + Minister Victor PUSCASU, 21 November 1989; Deputy Prime Minister Mihial + PLASICHUK, NA +Political parties and leaders: + Moldovan Popular Front, Yuriy ROSHKA, chairman (since summer 1990); + Unitatea-Yedinstvo Intermovement, V. YAKOVLEV, chairman; Bulgarian Rebirth + Society, Ivan ZABUNOV, chairman; Democratic Group, five cochairmen +Suffrage: + universal at age 18 +Elections: + President: + last held 8 December 1991; results - Mircea SNEGUR won 98.17% of vote + Moldovan Supreme Soviet: + last held 25 February 1990; results - Moldovan Popular Front 33%, + Intermovement 34%, Communist Party 32%; seats - (366 total) Popular Front + Club 35; Sovereignty Club 35; Club of Independent Deputies 25; Agrarian Club + 110; Club Bujak 15; Reality Club 25; Soviet Moldova 80; remaining 41 seats + probably belong to Onestr region deputies who usually boycott Moldovan + legislative proceedings + +:Moldova Government + +Other political or pressure groups: + United Council of Labor Collectives (UCLC), Igor SMIRNOV, chairman; Social + Democratic Party of Moldova (SDPM), V. CHIOBATARU, leader; The Ecology + Movement of Moldova (EMM), G. MALARCHUK, chairman; The Christian Democratic + League of Women of Moldova (CDLWM), L. LARI, chairman; National Christian + Party of Moldova (NCPM), D. TODIKE, M. BARAGA, V. NIKU, leaders; The Peoples + Movement Gagauz Khalky (GKh), S. GULGAR, leader; The Democratic Party of + Gagauzia (DPG), G. SAVOSTIN, chairman; The Alliance of Working People of + Moldova (AWPM), G. POLOGOV, president +Member of: + CSCE, UN +Diplomatic representation: + Ambassador vacant + US: + Charge Howard Steers; Interim Chancery at #103 Strada Alexei Mateevich, + Kishinev (mailing address is APO AE 09862); telephone 8-011-7-0422-23-28-94 + at Hotel Seabeco in Kishinev +Flag: + same color scheme as Romania - 3 equal vertical bands of blue (hoist side), + yellow, and red; emblem in center of flag is of a Roman eagle carrying a + cross in its beak and an olive branch in its claws + +:Moldova Economy + +Overview: + Moldova, the next-to-smallest of the former Soviet republics in area, is the + most densely inhabited. Moldova has a little more than 1% of the population, + labor force, capital stock, and output of the former Soviet Union. Living + standards have been below average for the European USSR. The country enjoys + a favorable climate, and economic development has been primarily based on + agriculture, featuring fruits, vegetables, wine, and tobacco. Industry + accounts for 20% of the labor force, whereas agriculture employs more than + one-third. Moldova has no major mineral resources and has depended on the + former Soviet republics for coal, oil, gas, steel, most electronic + equipment, machine tools, and major consumer durables such as automobiles. + Its industrial and agricultural products, in turn, have been exported to the + other former Soviet republics. Moldova has freed prices on most goods and + has legalized private ownership of property, including agricultural land. + Moldova's economic prospects are dimmed by the difficulties of moving toward + a market economy and the political problems of redefining ties to the other + former Soviet republics and Romania. +GDP: + NA; per capita NA; real growth rate -12% (1991) +Inflation rate (consumer prices): + 97% (1991) +Unemployment rate: + NA% +Budget: + revenues $NA million; expenditures $NA million, including capital + expenditures of $NA million (1992) +Exports: + $400 million rubles (f.o.b., 1990) + commodities: + foodstuffs, wine, tobacco, textiles and footwear, machinery, chemicals + (1991) + partners: + NA +Imports: + $1.9 billion rubles (c.i.f., 1990) + commodities: + oil, gas, coal, steel machinery, foodstuffs, automobiles, and other consumer + durables + partners: + NA +External debt: + $650 million (1991 est.) +Industrial production: + growth rate -7% (1991) +Electricity: + 3,000,000 kW capacity; 13,000 million kWh produced, 2,806 kWh per capita + (1991) +Industries: + key products (with share of total former Soviet output in parentheses where + known): agricultural machinery, foundry equipment, refrigerators and + freezers (2.7%), washing machines (5.0%), hosiery (2.0%), refined sugar + (3.1%), vegetable oil (3.7%), canned food (8.6%), shoes, textiles +Agriculture: + Moldova's principal economic activity; products (shown in share of total + output of the former Soviet republics): Grain (1.6%), sugar beets (2.6%), + sunflower seed (4.4%), vegetables (4.4%), fruits and berries (9.7%), grapes + (20.1%), meat (1.7%), milk (1.4%), and eggs (1.4%) +Illicit drugs: + transshipment point for illicit drugs to Western Europe + +:Moldova Economy + +Economic aid: + US commitments, including Ex-Im (1991), $NA, Western (non-US) countries, ODA + and OOF bilateral commitments (1991), $NA million +Currency: + as of May 1992, retaining ruble as currency +Fiscal year: + calendar year + +:Moldova Communications + +Railroads: + 1,150 km (includes NA km electrified) (1990); does not include industrial + lines +Highways: + 20,000 km total (1990); 13,900 km hard-surfaced, 6,100 km earth +Inland waterways: + NA km perennially navigable +Pipelines: + NA +Ports: + none - landlocked +Merchant marine: + NA +Civil air: + NA major transport aircraft +Airports: + NA +Telecommunications: + poorly supplied with telephones; 215,000 unsatisfied applications for + telephone installations (31 January 1990); connected to Ukraine by landline + and countries beyond the former USSR through the switching center in Moscow + +:Moldova Defense Forces + +Branches: + Republic Security Forces (internal and border troops); Russian Forces + (Ground, Navy, Air, and Air Defense) +Manpower availability: + NA +Defense expenditures: + $NA, NA% of GDP + +:Monaco Geography + +Total area: + 1.9 km2 +Land area: + 1.9 km2 +Comparative area: + about three times the size of the Mall in Washington, DC +Land boundaries: + 4.4 km; France 4.4 km +Coastline: + 4.1 km +Maritime claims: + Territorial sea: + 12 nm +Disputes: + none +Climate: + Mediterranean with mild, wet winters and hot, dry summers +Terrain: + hilly, rugged, rocky +Natural resources: + none +Land use: + arable land 0%; permanent crops 0%; meadows and pastures 0%; forest and + woodland 0%; other 100% +Environment: + almost entirely urban +Note: + second-smallest independent state in world (after Vatican City) + +:Monaco People + +Population: + 29,965 (July 1992), growth rate 0.9% (1992) +Birth rate: + 7 births/1,000 population (1992) +Death rate: + 7 deaths/1,000 population (1992) +Net migration rate: + 9 migrants/1,000 population (1992) +Infant mortality rate: + 8 deaths/1,000 live births (1992) +Life expectancy at birth: + 72 years male, 80 years female (1992) +Total fertility rate: + 1.1 children born/woman (1992) +Nationality: + noun - Monacan(s) or Monegasque(s); adjective - Monacan or Monegasque +Ethnic divisions: + French 47%, Monegasque 16%, Italian 16%, other 21% +Religions: + Roman Catholic 95% +Languages: + French (official), English, Italian, Monegasque +Literacy: + NA% (male NA%, female NA%) +Labor force: + NA +Organized labor: + 4,000 members in 35 unions + +:Monaco Government + +Long-form name: + Principality of Monaco +Type: + constitutional monarchy +Capital: + Monaco +Administrative divisions: + 4 quarters (quartiers, singular - quartier); Fontvieille, La Condamine, + Monaco-Ville, Monte-Carlo +Independence: + 1419, rule by the House of Grimaldi +Constitution: + 17 December 1962 +Legal system: + based on French law; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction +National holiday: + National Day, 19 November +Executive branch: + prince, minister of state, Council of Government (cabinet) +Legislative branch: + National Council (Conseil National) +Judicial branch: + Supreme Tribunal (Tribunal Supreme) +Leaders: + Chief of State: + Prince RAINIER III (since November 1949); Heir Apparent Prince ALBERT + Alexandre Louis Pierre (born 14 March 1958) + Head of Government: + Minister of State Jean AUSSEIL (since 16 September 1985) +Political parties and leaders: + National and Democratic Union (UND), Democratic Union Movement (MUD), Monaco + Action, Monegasque Socialist Party (PSM) +Suffrage: + universal adult at age 25 +Elections: + National Council: + last held on 24 January 1988 (next to be held 24 January 1993); results - + percent of vote by party NA; seats - (18 total) UND 18 +Member of: + ACCT, CSCE, IAEA, ICAO, IMF (observer), IMO, INMARSAT, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, + IOC, ITU, LORCS, UN (observer), UNCTAD, UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WIPO +Diplomatic representation: + Monaco maintains honorary consulates general in Boston, Chicago, Los + Angeles, New Orleans, New York, and San Francisco, and honorary consulates + in Dallas, Honolulu, Palm Beach, Philadelphia, and Washington + US: + no mission in Monaco, but the US Consul General in Marseille, France, is + accredited to Monaco; Consul General R. Susan WOOD; Consulate General at 12 + Boulevard Paul Peytral, 13286 Marseille Cedex (mailing address APO AE + 09777); telephone [33] (91) 549-200 +Flag: + two equal horizontal bands of red (top) and white; similar to the flag of + Indonesia which is longer and the flag of Poland which is white (top) and + red + +:Monaco Economy + +Overview: + Monaco, situated on the French Mediterranean coast, is a popular resort, + attracting tourists to its casino and pleasant climate. The Principality has + successfully sought to diversify into services and small, high-value-added, + nonpolluting industries. The state has no income tax and low business taxes + and thrives as a tax haven both for individuals who have established + residence and for foreign companies that have set up businesses and offices. + About 50% of Monaco's annual revenue comes from value-added taxes on hotels, + banks, and the industrial sector; about 25% of revenue comes from tourism. + Living standards are high, that is, roughly comparable to those in + prosperous French metropolitan suburbs. +GDP: + exchange rate conversion - $475 million, per capita $16,000; real growth + rate NA% (1991 est.) +Inflation rate (consumer prices): + NA% +Unemployment rate: + full employment (1989) +Budget: + revenues $424 million; expenditures $376 million, including capital + expenditures of $NA (1991) +Exports: + $NA; full customs integration with France, which collects and rebates + Monacan trade duties; also participates in EC market system through customs + union with France +Imports: + $NA; full customs integration with France, which collects and rebates + Monacan trade duties; also participates in EC market system through customs + union with France +External debt: + $NA +Industrial production: + growth rate NA% +Electricity: + 10,000 kW standby capacity (1991); power supplied by France Indus +Agriculture: + NA +Economic aid: + NA +Currency: + French franc (plural - francs); 1 French franc (F) = 100 centimes +Exchange rates: + French francs (F) per US$1 - 5.3801 (January 1992), 5.6421 (1991), 5.4453 + (1990), 6.3801 (1989), 5.9569 (1988), 6.0107 (1987) +Fiscal year: + calendar year + +:Monaco Communications + +Railroads: + 1.6 km 1.435-meter gauge +Highways: + none; city streets +Ports: + Monaco +Merchant marine: + 1 petroleum tanker (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 3,268 GRT/4,959 DWT +Civil air: + no major transport aircraft +Airports: + 1 usable airfield with permanent-surface runways +Telecommunications: + served by cable into the French communications system; automatic telephone + system; 38,200 telephones; broadcast stations - 3 AM, 4 FM, 5 TV; no + communication satellite earth stations + +:Monaco Defense Forces + +Note: + defense is the responsibility of France + +:Mongolia Geography + +Total area: + 1,565,000 km2 +Land area: + 1,565,000 km2 +Comparative area: + slightly larger than Alaska +Land boundaries: + 8,114 km; China 4,673 km, Russia 3,441 km +Coastline: + none - landlocked +Maritime claims: + none - landlocked +Disputes: + none +Climate: + desert; continental (large daily and seasonal temperature ranges) +Terrain: + vast semidesert and desert plains; mountains in west and southwest; Gobi + Desert in southeast +Natural resources: + oil, coal, copper, molybdenum, tungsten, phosphates, tin, nickel, zinc, + wolfram, fluorspar, gold +Land use: + arable land 1%; permanent crops 0%; meadows and pastures 79%; forest and + woodland 10%; other 10%; includes irrigated NEGL% +Environment: + harsh and rugged +Note: + landlocked; strategic location between China and Russia + +:Mongolia People + +Population: + 2,305,516 (July 1992), growth rate 2.6% (1992) +Birth rate: + 34 births/1,000 population (1992) +Death rate: + 7 deaths/1,000 population (1992) +Net migration rate: + 0 migrants/1,000 population (1992) +Infant mortality rate: + 47 deaths/1,000 live births (1992) +Life expectancy at birth: + 63 years male, 68 years female (1992) +Total fertility rate: + 4.5 children born/woman (1992) +Nationality: + noun - Mongolian(s); adjective - Mongolian +Ethnic divisions: + Mongol 90%, Kazakh 4%, Chinese 2%, Russian 2%, other 2% +Religions: + predominantly Tibetan Buddhist, Muslim (about 4%); previously limited + religious activity because of Communist regime +Languages: + Khalkha Mongol used by over 90% of population; minor languages include + Turkic, Russian, and Chinese +Literacy: + 90% (male NA%, female NA%) (1989 est.) +Labor force: + NA, but primarily herding/agricultural; over half the adult population is in + the labor force, including a large percentage of women; shortage of skilled + labor +Organized labor: + 425,000 members of the Central Council of Mongolian Trade Unions (CCMTU) + controlled by the government (1984); independent labor organizations now + being formed + +:Mongolia Government + +Long-form name: + Mongolia +Type: + in transition from Communist state to republic +Capital: + Ulaanbaatar +Administrative divisions: + 18 provinces (aymguud, singular - aymag) and 3 municipalities* (hotuud, + singular - hot); Arhangay, Bayanhongor, Bayan-Olgiy, Bulgan, Darhan*, + Dornod, Dornogovi, Dundgovi, Dzavhan, Erdenet*, Govi-Altay, Hentiy, Hovd, + Hovsgol, Omnogovi, Ovorhangay, Selenge, Suhbaatar, Tov, Ulaanbaatar*, Uvs +Independence: + 13 March 1921 (from China; formerly Outer Mongolia) +Constitution: + 12 February 1992 +Legal system: + blend of Russian, Chinese, and Turkish systems of law; no constitutional + provision for judicial review of legislative acts; has not accepted + compulsory ICJ jurisdiction +National holiday: + Mongolian People's Revolution (NAADAM) 11-13 July; observed 13 July +Executive branch: + premier, deputy premiers, Cabinet, president, vice president +Legislative branch: + State Great Hural +Judicial branch: + High Court; serves as appeals court for people's and provincial courts, but + to date rarely overturns verdicts of lower courts +Leaders: + Chief of State: + President Punsalmaagiyn OCHIRBAT (since 3 September 1990); Vice President + Radnaasumbereliyn GONCHIGDORJ (since 7 September 1990) + Head of Government: + Premier Dashiyn BYAMBASUREN (since 11 September 1990) +Political parties and leaders: + ruling party: + Mongolian People's Revolutionary Party (MPRP), Budragchagiin DASH-YONDON, + general secretary + opposition: + Social Democratic Party (SDP), BATBAYAR; Mongolian Democratic Association, + Ts. ELBEGDORJ, chief coordinator; Mongolian Party of National Progress, + GANBOLD + other: + Mongolian Democratic Party (MDP), BATUUL; Free Labor Party, C. DUL; note - + opposition parties were legalized in May 1990; additional parties exist: The + Green Party, The Buddhist Party, The Republican Party, Mongolian People's + Party, and Mongolian Revival Party; these were formed but may not be + officially registered because of low rates of membership +Suffrage: + universal at age 18 +Elections: + President: + last held 3 September 1990 (next to be held NA July 1994); results - + Punsalmaagiyn OCHIRBAT elected by the People's Great Hural + State Great Hural: + first time held June 1992; note - according to the new present Constitution, + the two parliamentary bodies are to be combined into a single popularly + elected house consisting of 76 members; results - NA + +:Mongolia Government + + People's Small Hural: + last held on 29 July 1990 (next to be held June 1992); results - MPRP 62.3%, + MDP 24.5%, SDP 7. 5%, PNP 5.7%; seats - (50 total) MPRP 33, other 17; note - + People's Small Hural will not exist after State Great Hural is assembled +Communists: + MPRP membership 90,000 (1990 est.) +Member of: + AsDB, ESCAP, FAO, GATT, G-77, IAEA, IBEC, IBRD, ICAO, ILO, IMF, IOC, ISO, + ITU, LORCS, NAM, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO +Diplomatic representation: + Ambassador Luvsandorj DAWAGIV; Chancery, (202) 983-1962 + US: + Ambassador Joseph E. LAKE; Deputy Chief of Mission Thomas E. DOWLING; + Embassy at Ulaanbaatar, c/o American Embassy Beijing; PSC 461, Box 300, FPO + AP 06521-0002; telephone (800) 29095 and 29639 +Flag: + a new flag of unknown description reportedly has been adopted + +:Mongolia Economy + +Overview: + Mongolia's severe climate, scattered population, and wide expanses of + unproductive land have constrained economic development. Economic activity + traditionally has been based on agriculture and the breeding of livestock - + Mongolia has the highest number of livestock per person in the world. In + recent years extensive mineral resources have been developed with Soviet + support. The mining and processing of coal, copper, molybdenum, tin, + tungsten, and gold account for a large part of industrial production. Timber + and fishing are also important sectors. In 1991-92 Mongolian leadership is + struggling with severe economic dislocations, mainly attributable to the + economic crumbling of the USSR, by far Mongolia's leading trade and + development partner. Moscow almost certainly cut aid in 1991, and the + dissolution of the USSR at yearend 1991 makes prospects for aid quite bleak + for 1992. Industry in 1991-92 has been hit hard by energy shortages, mainly + due to disruptions in coal production and shortfalls in petroleum imports. + The government is moving away from the Soviet-style centrally planned + economy through privatization and price reform. +GDP: + exchange rate conversion - $2.1 billion, per capita $900; real growth rate + -3% (1991 est.) +Inflation rate (consumer prices): + 100% (1991 est.) +Unemployment rate: + 15% (1991 est.) +Budget: + deficit of $67 million (1991) +Exports: + $279 million (f.o.b., 1991) + commodities: + copper, livestock, animal products, cashmere, wool, hides, fluorspar, other + nonferrous metals + partners: + USSR 75%, China 10%, Japan 4% +Imports: + $360 million (f.o.b., 1991) + commodities: + machinery and equipment, fuels, food products, industrial consumer goods, + chemicals, building materials, sugar, tea + partners: + USSR 75%, Austria 5%, China 5% +External debt: + $16.8 billion (yearend 1990); 98.6% with USSR +Industrial production: + growth rate -12% (1991 est.) +Electricity: + 1,238,000 kW capacity; 3,700 million kWh produced, 1,692 kWh per capita + (1990) +Industries: + copper, processing of animal products, building materials, food and + beverage, mining (particularly coal) +Agriculture: + accounts for about 20% of GDP and provides livelihood for about 50% of the + population; livestock raising predominates (primarily sheep and goats, but + also cattle, camels, and horses); crops - wheat, barley, potatoes, forage + +:Mongolia Economy + +Economic aid: + about $300 million in trade credits and $34 million in grant aid from USSR + and other CEMA countries, plus $7.4 million from UNDP (1990); in 1991, $170 + million in grants and technical assistance from Western donor countries, + including $30 million from World Bank and $30 million from the IMF; over + $200 million from donor countries projected in 1992 +Currency: + tughrik (plural - tughriks); 1 tughrik (Tug) = 100 mongos +Exchange rates: + tughriks (Tug) per US$1 - 7.1 (1991), 5.63 (1990), 3.00 (1989) +Fiscal year: + calendar year + +:Mongolia Communications + +Railroads: + 1,750 km 1.524-meter broad gauge (1988) +Highways: + 46,700 km total; 1,000 km hard surface; 45,700 km other surfaces (1988) +Inland waterways: + 397 km of principal routes (1988) +Civil air: + 25 major transport aircraft +Airports: + 81 total, 31 usable; 11 with permanent-surface runways; fewer than 5 with + runways over 3,659 m; fewer than 20 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 12 with + runways 1,220-2,439 m +Telecommunications: + 63,000 telephones (1989); broadcast stations - 12 AM, 1 FM, 1 TV (with 18 + provincial repeaters); repeat of Russian TV; 120,000 TVs; 220,000 radios; at + least 1 earth station + +:Mongolia Defense Forces + +Branches: + Mongolian People's Army (includes Border Guards), Air Force +Manpower availability: + males 15-49, 551,548; 359,904 fit for military service; 25,275 reach + military age (18) annually +Defense expenditures: + exchange rate conversion - $22.8 million of GDP (1992 budget) + +:Montserrat Geography + +Total area: + 100 km2 +Land area: + 100 km2 +Comparative area: + about 0.6 times the size of Washington, DC +Land boundaries: + none +Coastline: + 40 km +Maritime claims: + Exclusive fishing zone: + 200 nm + Territorial sea: + 3 nm +Disputes: + none +Climate: + tropical; little daily or seasonal temperature variation +Terrain: + volcanic islands, mostly mountainous, with small coastal lowland +Natural resources: + negligible +Land use: + arable land 20%; permanent crops 0%; meadows and pastures 10%; forest and + woodland 40%; other 30% +Environment: + subject to severe hurricanes from June to November +Note: + located 400 km southeast of Puerto Rico in the Caribbean Sea + +:Montserrat People + +Population: + 12,617 (July 1992), growth rate 0.4 (1992) +Birth rate: + 17 births/1,000 population (1992) +Death rate: + 10 deaths/1,000 population (1992) +Net migration rate: + -3 migrants/1,000 population (1992) +Infant mortality rate: + 11 deaths/1,000 live births (1992) +Life expectancy at birth: + 74 years male, 78 years female (1992) +Total fertility rate: + 2.2 children born/woman (1992) +Nationality: + noun - Montserratian(s); adjective - Montserratian +Ethnic divisions: + mostly black with a few Europeans +Religions: + Anglican, Methodist, Roman Catholic, Pentecostal, Seventh-Day Adventist, + other Christian denominations +Languages: + English +Literacy: + 97% (male 97%, female 97%) age 15 and over having ever attended school + (1970) +Labor force: + 5,100; community, social, and personal services 40.5%, construction 13.5%, + trade, restaurants, and hotels 12.3%, manufacturing 10.5%, agriculture, + forestry, and fishing 8.8%, other 14.4% (1983 est.) +Organized labor: + 30% of labor force, three trade unions with 1,500 members (1984 est.) + +:Montserrat Government + +Long-form name: + none +Type: + dependent territory of the UK +Capital: + Plymouth +Administrative divisions: + 3 parishes; Saint Anthony, Saint Georges, Saint Peter +Independence: + none (dependent territory of the UK) +Constitution: + 1 January 1960 +Legal system: + English common law and statute law +National holiday: + Celebration of the Birthday of the Queen (second Saturday of June) +Executive branch: + monarch, governor, Executive Council (cabinet), chief minister +Legislative branch: + unicameral Legislative Council +Judicial branch: + Supreme Court +Leaders: + Chief of State: + Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952), represented by Governor David + TAYLOR (since NA 1990) + Head of Government: + Chief Minister Reuben T. MEADE (since October 1991) +Political parties and leaders: + National Progressive Party (NPP) Reuben T. MEADE; People's Liberation + Movement (PLM), Noel TUITT; National Development Party (NDP), Bertrand + OSBORNE; Independent (IND), Ruby BRAMBLE +Suffrage: + universal at age 18 +Elections: + Legislative Council: + last held on 8 October 1991; results - percent of vote by party NA; seats - + (11 total, 7 elected) NPP 4, NDP 1, PLM 1, independent 1 +Member of: + CARICOM, CDB, ECLAC (associate), ICFTU, OECS, WCL +Diplomatic representation: + none (dependent territory of the UK) +Flag: + blue with the flag of the UK in the upper hoist-side quadrant and the + Montserratian coat of arms centered in the outer half of the flag; the coat + of arms features a woman standing beside a yellow harp with her arm around a + black cross + +:Montserrat Economy + +Overview: + The economy is small and open with economic activity centered on tourism and + construction. Tourism is the most important sector and accounted for 20% of + GDP in 1986. Agriculture accounted for about 4% of GDP and industry 10%. The + economy is heavily dependent on imports, making it vulnerable to + fluctuations in world prices. Exports consist mainly of electronic parts + sold to the US. +GDP: + exchange rate conversion - $54.2 million, per capita $4,500 (1988); real + growth rate 10% (1990 est.) +Inflation rate (consumer prices): + 6.8% (1990) +Unemployment rate: + 3.0% (1987) +Budget: + revenues $12.1 million; expenditures $14.3 million, including capital + expenditures of $3.2 million (1988) +Exports: + $2.3 million (f.o.b., 1988 est.) + commodities: + electronic parts, plastic bags, apparel, hot peppers, live plants, cattle + partners: + NA +Imports: + $30 million (c.i.f., 1988 est.) + commodities: + machinery and transportation equipment, foodstuffs, manufactured goods, + fuels, lubricants, and related materials + partners: + NA +External debt: + $2.05 million (1987) +Industrial production: + growth rate 8.1% (1986); accounts for 10% of GDP +Electricity: + 5,271 kW capacity; 12 million kWh produced, 960 kWh per capita (1991) +Industries: + tourism; light manufacturing - rum, textiles, electronic appliances +Agriculture: + accounts for 4% of GDP; small-scale farming; food crops - tomatoes, onions, + peppers; not self-sufficient in food, especially livestock products +Economic aid: + Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $90 + million +Currency: + East Caribbean dollar (plural - dollars); 1 EC dollar (EC$) = 100 cents +Exchange rates: + East Caribbean dollars (EC$) per US$1 - 2.70 (fixed rate since 1976) +Fiscal year: + 1 April - 31 March + +:Montserrat Communications + +Highways: + 280 km total; about 200 km paved, 80 km gravel and earth +Ports: + Plymouth +Airports: + 1 with permanent-surface runways 1,036 m +Telecommunications: + 3,000 telephones; broadcast stations - 8 AM, 4 FM, 1 TV + +:Montserrat Defense Forces + +Branches: + Police Force +Note: + defense is the responsibility of the UK + +:Morocco Geography + +Total area: + 446,550 km2 +Land area: + 446,300 km2 +Comparative area: + slightly larger than California +Land boundaries: + 2,002 km; Algeria 1,559 km, Western Sahara 443 km +Coastline: + 1,835 km +Maritime claims: + Contiguous zone: + 24 nm + Continental shelf: + 200 m (depth) or to depth of exploitation + Exclusive economic zone: + 200 nm + Territorial sea: + 12 nm +Disputes: + claims and administers Western Sahara, but sovereignty is unresolved; the UN + is attempting to hold a referendum; the UN-administered cease-fire has been + currently in effect since September 1991 Spain controls five places of + sovereignty (plazas de soberania) on and off the coast of Morocco - the + coastal enclaves of Ceuta and Melilla which Morocco contests as well as the + islands of Penon de Alhucemas, Penon de Velez de la Gomera, and Islas + Chafarinas +Climate: + Mediterranean, becoming more extreme in the interior +Terrain: + mostly mountains with rich coastal plains +Natural resources: + phosphates, iron ore, manganese, lead, zinc, fish, salt +Land use: + arable land 18%; permanent crops 1%; meadows and pastures 28%; forest and + woodland 12%; other 41%; includes irrigated 1% +Environment: + northern mountains geologically unstable and subject to earthquakes; + desertification +Note: + strategic location along Strait of Gibraltar + +:Morocco People + +Population: + 26,708,587 (July 1992), growth rate 2.1% (1992) +Birth rate: + 29 births/1,000 population (1992) +Death rate: + 8 deaths/1,000 population (1992) +Net migration rate: + - 1 migrant/1,000 population (1992) +Infant mortality rate: + 56 deaths/1,000 live births (1992) +Life expectancy at birth: + 63 years male, 67 years female (1992) +Total fertility rate: + 3.7 children born/woman (1992) +Nationality: + noun - Moroccan(s); adjective - Moroccan +Ethnic divisions: + Arab-Berber 99.1%, non-Moroccan 0.7%, Jewish 0.2% +Religions: + Muslim 98.7%, Christian 1.1%, Jewish 0.2% +Languages: + Arabic (official); several Berber dialects; French is often the language of + business, government, and diplomacy +Literacy: + 50% (male 61%, female 38%) age 15 and over can read and write (1990 est.) +Labor force: + 7,400,000; agriculture 50%, services 26%, industry 15%, other 9% (1985) +Organized labor: + about 5% of the labor force, mainly in the Union of Moroccan Workers (UMT) + and the Democratic Confederation of Labor (CDT) + +:Morocco Government + +Long-form name: + Kingdom of Morocco +Type: + constitutional monarchy +Capital: + Rabat +Administrative divisions: + 37 provinces and 5 municipalities* (wilayas, singular - wilaya); Agadir, Al + Hoceima, Azilal, Beni Mellal, Ben Slimane, Boulemane, Casablanca*, Chaouen, + El Jadida, El Kelaa des Srarhna, Er Rachidia, Essaouira, Fes, Fes*, Figuig, + Guelmim, Ifrane, Kenitra, Khemisset, Khenifra, Khouribga, Laayoune, Larache, + Marrakech, Marrakech*, Meknes, Meknes*, Nador, Ouarzazate, Oujda, + Rabat-Sale*, Safi, Settat, Sidi Kacem, Tanger, Tan-Tan, Taounate, + Taroudannt, Tata, Taza, Tetouan, Tiznit +Independence: + 2 March 1956 (from France) +Constitution: + 10 March 1972 +Legal system: + based on Islamic law and French and Spanish civil law system; judicial + review of legislative acts in Constitutional Chamber of Supreme Court +National holiday: + National Day (anniversary of King Hassan II's accession to the throne), 3 + March (1961) +Executive branch: + monarch, prime minister, Council of Ministers (cabinet) +Legislative branch: + unicameral Chamber of Representatives (Majlis Nawab) +Judicial branch: + Supreme Court +Leaders: + Chief of State: + King HASSAN II (since 3 March 1961) + Head of Government: + Prime Minister Dr. Azzedine LARAKI (since 30 September 1986) +Political parties and leaders: + Morocco has 15 political parties; the major ones are Istiqlal, M'Hamed + BOUCETTA; Socialist Union of Popular Forces (USFP); Popular Movement (MP), + Secretariat General; National Assembly of Independents (RNI), Ahmed OSMAN; + National Democratic Party (PND), Mohamed Arsalane EL-JADIDI; Party for + Progress and Socialism (PPS); Constitutional Union (UC), Maati BOUABID +Suffrage: + universal at age 21 +Elections: + Chamber of Representatives: + last held on 14 September 1984 (were scheduled for September 1990, but + postponed until NA 1992); results - percent of vote by party NA; seats - + (306 total, 206 elected) CU 83, RNI 61, MP 47, Istiqlal 41, USFP 36, PND 24, + other 14 +Communists: + about 2,000 +Member of: + ABEDA, ACCT (associate), AfDB, AFESD, AL, AMF, AMU, CCC, EBRD, ECA, FAO, + G-77, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICFTU, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, IIB, ILO, + IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, ISO, ITU, LORCS, OAS (observer), NAM, + OIC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO + +:Morocco Government + +Diplomatic representation: + Ambassador Mohamed BELKHAYAT; Chancery at 1601 21st Street NW, Washington, + DC 20009; telephone (202) 462-7979; there is a Moroccan Consulate General in + New York + US: + Ambassador Frederick VREELAND; Embassy at 2 Avenue de Marrakech, Rabat + (mailing address is P. O. Box 120, Rabat, or PSC 74, APO AE 09718; telephone + [212] (7) 76-22-65; FAX [212] (7) 76-56-61; there is a US Consulate General + in Casablanca +Flag: + red with a green pentacle (five-pointed, linear star) known as Solomon's + seal in the center of the flag; green is the traditional color of Islam + +:Morocco Economy + +Overview: + The economy had recovered moderately in 1990 because of: the resolution of a + trade dispute with India over phosphoric acid sales, a rebound in textile + sales to the EC, lower prices for food imports, a sharp increase in worker + remittances, increased Arab donor aid, and generous debt rescheduling + agreements. Economic performance in 1991 was mixed. A record harvest helped + real GDP advance by 4.2%, although nonagricultural output grew by less than + 1%. Inflation accelerated slightly as easier financial policies triggered + rapid credit and monetary growth. Despite recovery of domestic demand, + import volume growth slowed while export volume was adversely affected by + phosphate marketing difficulties. In January 1992, Morocco reached a new + 12-month standby arrangement for $129 million with the IMF. In February + 1992, the Paris Club rescheduled $1.4 billion of Morocco's commercial debt. + This is thought to be Morocco's last rescheduling. By 1993 the Moroccan + authorities hope to be in a position to meet all debt service obligations + without additional rescheduling. Servicing this large debt, high + unemployment, and Morocco's vulnerability to external economic forces remain + severe long-term problems. +GDP: + exchange rate conversion - $27.3 billion, per capita $1,060; real growth + rate 4.2% (1991) +Inflation rate (consumer prices): + 8.1% (1991 ) +Unemployment rate: + 16% (1991) +Budget: + revenues $7.5 billion; expenditures $7.7 billion, including capital + expenditures of $1.9 billion (1992) +Exports: + $4.1 billion (f.o.b., 1991) + commodities: + food and beverages 30%, semiprocessed goods 23%, consumer goods 21%, + phosphates 17% + partners: + EC 58%, India 7%, Japan 5%, USSR 3%, US 2% +Imports: + $6.0 billion (f.o.b., 1991) + commodities: + capital goods 24%, semiprocessed goods 22%, raw materials 16%, fuel and + lubricants 16%, food and beverages 13%, consumer goods 9% + partners: + EC 53%, US 11%, Canada 4%, Iraq 3%, USSR 3%, Japan 2% +External debt: + $20 billion (1991) +Industrial production: + growth rate 4% (1989 est.); accounts for an estimated 20% of GDP +Electricity: + 2,270,000 kW capacity; 8,170 million kWh produced, 310 kWh per capita (1991) +Industries: + phosphate rock mining and processing, food processing, leather goods, + textiles, construction, tourism +Agriculture: + 50% of employment and 30% of export value; not self-sufficient in food; + cereal farming and livestock raising predominate; barley, wheat, citrus + fruit, wine, vegetables, olives; fishing catch of 491,000 metric tons in + 1987 + +:Morocco Economy + +Illicit drugs: + illicit producer of hashish; trafficking on the increase for both domestic + and international drug markets; shipments of hashish mostly directed to + Western Europe; occasional transit point for cocaine from South America + destined for Western Europe. +Economic aid: + US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $1.3 billion; Western (non-US) + countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $7.5 billion; OPEC + bilateral aid (1979-89), $4.8 billion; Communist countries (1970-89), $2.5 + billion; $2.8 billion debt canceled by Saudi Arabia (1991); IMF standby + agreement worth $13 million; World Bank, $450 million (1991) +Currency: + Moroccan dirham (plural - dirhams); 1 Moroccan dirham (DH) = 100 centimes +Exchange rates: + Moroccan dirhams (DH) per US$1 - 8.889 (March 1992), 8.707 (1991), 8.242 + (1990), 8.488 (1989), 8.209 (1988), 8.359 (1987) +Fiscal year: + calendar year + +:Morocco Communications + +Railroads: + 1,893 km 1.435-meter standard gauge (246 km double track, 974 km + electrified) +Highways: + 59,198 km total; 27,740 km paved, 31,458 km gravel, crushed stone, improved + earth, and unimproved earth +Pipelines: + crude oil 362 km; petroleum products (abandoned) 491 km; natural gas 241 km +Ports: + Agadir, Casablanca, El Jorf Lasfar, Kenitra, Mohammedia, Nador, Safi, + Tangier; also Spanish-controlled Ceuta and Melilla +Merchant marine: + 51 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 315,249 GRT/487,479 DWT; includes 10 + cargo, 2 container, 12 refrigerated cargo, 6 roll-on/roll-off, 3 petroleum + tanker, 11 chemical tanker, 4 bulk, 3 short-sea passenger +Civil air: + 28 major transport aircraft +Airports: + 75 total, 67 usable; 26 with permanent-surface runways; 2 with runways over + 3,659 m; 13 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 27 with runways 1,220-2,439 m +Telecommunications: + good system composed of wire lines, cables, and radio relay links; principal + centers are Casablanca and Rabat; secondary centers are Fes, Marrakech, + Oujda, Tangier, and Tetouan; 280,000 telephones; broadcast stations - 20 AM, + 7 FM, 26 TV and 26 additional rebroadcast sites; 5 submarine cables; + satellite earth stations - 2 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT and 1 ARABSAT; radio + relay to Gibraltar, Spain, and Western Sahara; coaxial cable and microwave + to Algeria; microwave network linking Syria, Jordan, Egypt, Libya, Tunisia, + Algeria, and Morocco + +:Morocco Defense Forces + +Branches: + Royal Moroccan Army, Royal Moroccan Navy, Royal Moroccan Air Force, Royal + Gendarmerie, Auxiliary Forces +Manpower availability: + males 15-49, 6,604,712; 4,196,449 fit for military service; 293,204 reach + military age (18) annually; limited conscription +Defense expenditures: + exchange rate conversion - $1.1 billion, 4.2% of GDP (1992 budget) + +:Mozambique Geography + +Total area: + 801,590 km2 +Land area: + 784,090 km2 +Comparative area: + slightly less than twice the size of California +Land boundaries: + 4,571 km total; Malawi 1,569 km, South Africa 491 km, Swaziland 105 km, + Tanzania 756 km, Zambia 419 km, Zimbabwe 1,231 km +Coastline: + 2,470 km +Maritime claims: + Exclusive economic zone: + 200 nm + Territorial sea: + 12 nm +Disputes: + none +Climate: + tropical to subtropical +Terrain: + mostly coastal lowlands, uplands in center, high plateaus in northwest, + mountains in west +Natural resources: + coal, titanium +Land use: + arable land 4%; permanent crops NEGL%; meadows and pastures 56%; forest and + woodland 20%; other 20%; includes irrigated NEGL% +Environment: + severe drought and floods occur in south; desertification + +:Mozambique People + +Population: + 15,469,150 (July 1992), growth rate 4.1% (1992); note - 1.5 million + Mozambican refugees; 900,000 in Malawi (1991 est.) +Birth rate: + 46 births/1,000 population (1992) +Death rate: + 17 deaths/1,000 population (1992) +Net migration rate: + 12 migrants/1,000 population (1992) +Infant mortality rate: + 134 deaths/1,000 live births (1992) +Life expectancy at birth: + 46 years male, 49 years female (1992) +Total fertility rate: + 6.4 children born/woman (1992) +Nationality: + noun - Mozambican(s); adjective - Mozambican +Ethnic divisions: + majority from indigenous tribal groups; Europeans about 10,000, + Euro-Africans 35,000, Indians 15,000 +Religions: + indigenous beliefs 60%, Christian 30%, Muslim 10% +Languages: + Portuguese (official); many indigenous dialects +Literacy: + 33% (male 45%, female 21%) age 15 and over can read and write (1990 est.) +Labor force: + NA, but 90% engaged in agriculture +Organized labor: + 225,000 workers belong to a single union, the Mozambique Workers' + Organization (OTM) + +:Mozambique Government + +Long-form name: + Republic of Mozambique +Type: + republic +Capital: + Maputo +Administrative divisions: + 10 provinces (provincias, singular - provincia); Cabo Delgado, Gaza, + Inhambane, Manica, Maputo, Nampula, Niassa, Sofala, Tete, Zambezia +Independence: + 25 June 1975 (from Portugal) +Constitution: + 30 November 1990 +Legal system: + based on Portuguese civil law system and customary law +National holiday: + Independence Day, 25 June (1975) +Executive branch: + president, prime minister, Cabinet +Legislative branch: + unicameral Assembly of the Republic (Assembleia da Republica) +Judicial branch: + People's Courts at all levels +Leaders: + Chief of State: + President Joaquim Alberto CHISSANO (since 6 November 1986) + Head of Government: + Prime Minister Mario da Graca MACHUNGO (since 17 July 1986) +Political parties and leaders: + Front for the Liberation of Mozambique (FRELIMO) - formerly a Marxist + organization with close ties to the USSR - was the only legal party before + 30 November 1990 when the new Constitution went into effect establishing a + multiparty system; note - the government plans multiparty elections as early + as 1993; 14 parties, including the Liberal Democratic Party of Mozambique + (PALMO), the Mozambique National Union (UNAMO), and the Mozambique National + Movement (MONAMO) have already emerged +Suffrage: + universal adult at age 18 +Elections: + draft electoral law provides for periodic, direct presidential and Assembly + elections +Communists: + about 200,000 FRELIMO members; note - FRELIMO no longer considers itself a + Communist party +Member of: + ACP, AfDB, CCC, ECA, FAO, FLS, G-77, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, + INMARSAT, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, ITU, LORCS, NAM, OAU, SADCC, UN, + UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WHO, WMO +Diplomatic representation: + Ambassador Hipolito PATRICIO; Chancery at Suite 570, 1990 M Street NW, + Washington, DC 20036; telephone (202) 293-7146 + US: + Ambassador Townsend B. FRIEDMAN, Jr.; Embassy at Avenida Kenneth Kuanda, 193 + Maputo (mailing address is P. O. Box 783, Maputo); telephone [258] (1) + 49-27-97, 49-01-67, 49-03-50; FAX [258] (1) 49-01-14 + +:Mozambique Government + +Flag: + three equal horizontal bands of green (top), black, and yellow with a red + isosceles triangle based on the hoist side; the black band is edged in + white; centered in the triangle is a yellow five-pointed star bearing a + crossed rifle and hoe in black superimposed on an open white book + +:Mozambique Economy + +Overview: + One of Africa's poorest countries, Mozambique has failed to exploit the + economic potential of its sizable agricultural, hydropower, and + transportation resources. Indeed, national output, consumption, and + investment declined throughout the first half of the 1980s because of + internal disorders, lack of government administrative control, and a growing + foreign debt. A sharp increase in foreign aid, attracted by an economic + reform policy, has resulted in successive years of economic growth since + 1985. Agricultural output, nevertheless, is at about only 75% of its 1981 + level, and grain has to be imported. Industry operates at only 20-40% of + capacity. The economy depends heavily on foreign assistance to keep afloat. + The continuation of civil strife through 1991 has dimmed chances of foreign + investment, and growth was a mere 1%. Living standards, already abysmally + low, dropped by 3-4% in both 1990 and 1991. +GDP: + exchange rate conversion - $1.7 billion, per capita $120; real growth rate + 1.0% (1991 est.) +Inflation rate (consumer prices): + 40.5% (1990 est.) +Unemployment rate: + 50% (1989 est.) +Budget: + revenues $369 million; expenditures $860 million, including capital + expenditures of $432 million (1989 est.) +Exports: + $117 million (f.o.b., 1990 est.) + commodities: + shrimp 48%, cashews 21%, sugar 10%, copra 3%, citrus 3% + partners: + US, Western Europe, GDR, Japan +Imports: + $870 million (c.i.f., 1990 est.), including aid + commodities: + food, clothing, farm equipment, petroleum + partners: + US, Western Europe, USSR +External debt: + $4.9 billion (1991 est.) +Industrial production: + growth rate 5% (1989 est.) +Electricity: + 2,270,000 kW capacity; 1,745 million kWh produced, 115 kWh per capita (1991) +Industries: + food, beverages, chemicals (fertilizer, soap, paints), petroleum products, + textiles, nonmetallic mineral products (cement, glass, asbestos), tobacco +Agriculture: + accounts for 80% of the labor force, 50% of GDP, and about 90% of exports; + cash crops - cotton, cashew nuts, sugarcane, tea, shrimp; other crops - + cassava, corn, rice, tropical fruits; not self-sufficient in food +Economic aid: + US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $350 million; Western (non-US) + countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $4.4 billion; OPEC + bilateral aid (1979-89), $37 million; Communist countries (1970-89), $890 + million +Currency: + metical (plural - meticais); 1 metical (Mt) = 100 centavos +Exchange rates: + meticais (Mt) per US$1 - 2,358 (1 May 1992), 1,811.18 (1991), 929.00 (1990), + 800.00 (1989), 528.60 (1988), 289.44 (1987) + +:Mozambique Economy + +Fiscal year: + calendar year + +:Mozambique Communications + +Railroads: + 3,288 km total; 3,140 km 1.067-meter gauge; 148 km 0.762-meter narrow gauge; + Malawi-Nacala, Malawi-Beira, and Zimbabwe-Maputo lines are subject to + closure because of insurgency +Highways: + 26,498 km total; 4,593 km paved; 829 km gravel, crushed stone, stabilized + soil; 21,076 km unimproved earth +Inland waterways: + about 3,750 km of navigable routes +Pipelines: + crude oil (not operating) 306 km; petroleum products 289 km +Ports: + Maputo, Beira, Nacala +Merchant marine: + 5 cargo ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 7,806 GRT/12,873 DWT +Civil air: + 7 major transport aircraft +Airports: + 195 total, 137 usable; 27 with permanent-surface runways; 1 with runways + over 3,659 m; 5 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 26 with runways 1,220-2,439 m +Telecommunications: + fair system of troposcatter, open-wire lines, and radio relay; broadcast + stations - 29 AM, 4 FM, 1 TV; earth stations - 2 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT and + 3 domestic Indian Ocean INTELSAT + +:Mozambique Defense Forces + +Branches: + Army, Naval Command, Air and Air Defense Forces, Border Guards, Militia +Manpower availability: + males 15-49, 3,490,554; 2,004,913 fit for military service +Defense expenditures: + exchange rate conversion - $107 million, 6-7% of GDP (1989) + +:Namibia Geography + +Total area: + 824,290 km2 +Land area: + 823,290 km2 +Comparative area: + slightly more than half the size of Alaska +Land boundaries: + 3,935 km total; Angola 1,376 km, Botswana 1,360 km, South Africa 966 km, + Zambia 233 km +Coastline: + 1,489 km +Maritime claims: + Exclusive economic zone: + 200 nm + Territorial sea: + 12 nm +Disputes: + short section of boundary with Botswana is indefinite; disputed island with + Botswana in the Chobe River; quadripoint with Botswana, Zambia, and Zimbabwe + is in disagreement; claim by Namibia to Walvis Bay and 12 offshore islands + administered by South Africa; Namibia and South Africa have agreed to + jointly administer the area for an interim period; the terms and dates to be + covered by joint administration arrangements have not been established at + this time, and Namibia will continue to maintain a claim to sovereignty over + the entire area; recent dispute with Botswana over uninhabited Sidudu Island + in the Linyanti River +Climate: + desert; hot, dry; rainfall sparse and erratic +Terrain: + mostly high plateau; Namib Desert along coast; Kalahari Desert in east +Natural resources: + diamonds, copper, uranium, gold, lead, tin, lithium, cadmium, zinc, salt, + vanadium, natural gas, fish; suspected deposits of oil, natural gas, coal, + and iron ore +Land use: + arable land 1%; permanent crops NEGL%; meadows and pastures 64%; forest and + woodland 22%; other 13%; includes irrigated NEGL% +Environment: + inhospitable with very limited natural water resources; desertification +Note: + Walvis Bay area is an exclave of South Africa in Namibia + +:Namibia People + +Population: + 1,574,927 (July 1992), growth rate 3.5% (1992) +Birth rate: + 45 births/1,000 population (1992) +Death rate: + 9 deaths/1,000 population (1992) +Net migration rate: + 0 migrants/1,000 population (1992) +Infant mortality rate: + 66 deaths/1,000 live births (1992) +Life expectancy at birth: + 58 years male, 63 years female (1992) +Total fertility rate: + 6.5 children born/woman (1992) +Nationality: + noun - Namibian(s); adjective - Namibian +Ethnic divisions: + black 86%, white 6.6%, mixed 7.4%; about 50% of the population belong to the + Ovambo tribe and 9% from the Kavangos tribe +Religions: + predominantly Christian +Languages: + English is official language; Afrikaans is common language of most of + population and about 60% of white population, German 32%, English 7%; + several indigenous languages +Literacy: + 38% (male 45%, female 31%) age 15 and over can read and write (1960) +Labor force: + 500,000; agriculture 60%, industry and commerce 19%, services 8%, government + 7%, mining 6% (1981 est.) +Organized labor: + 20 trade unions representing about 90,000 workers + +:Namibia Government + +Long-form name: + Republic of Namibia +Type: + republic +Capital: + Windhoek +Administrative divisions: + the former administrative structure of 26 districts has been abolished and + 14 temporary regions are still being determined; note - the 26 districts + were Bethanien, Boesmanland, Caprivi Oos, Damaraland, Gobabis, Grootfontein, + Hereroland Oos, Hereroland Wes, Kaokoland, Karasburg, Karibib, Kavango, + Keetmanshoop, Luderitz, Maltahohe, Mariental, Namaland, Okahandja, Omaruru, + Otjiwarongo, Outjo, Owambo, Rehoboth, Swakopmund, Tsumeb, Windhoek +Independence: + 21 March 1990 (from South African mandate) +Constitution: + ratified 9 February 1990 +Legal system: + based on Roman-Dutch law and 1990 constitution +National holiday: + Independence Day, 21 March (1990) +Executive branch: + president, Cabinet +Legislative branch: + bicameral; House of Review (upper house, to be established with elections in + late 1992 by planned new regional authorities); National Assembly (lower + house elected by universal suffrage) +Judicial branch: + Supreme Court +Leaders: + Chief of State and Head of Government: + President Sam NUJOMA (since 21 March 1990) +Political parties and leaders: + South-West Africa People's Organization (SWAPO), Sam NUJOMA; Democratic + Turnhalle Alliance (DTA), Dirk MUDGE; United Democratic Front (UDF), Justus + GAROEB; Action Christian National (ACN), Kosie PRETORIUS; National Patriotic + Front (NPF), Moses KATJIUONGUA; Federal Convention of Namibia (FCN), Hans + DIERGAARDT; Namibia National Front (NNF), Vekuii RUKORO +Suffrage: + universal at age 18 +Elections: + President: + last held 16 February 1990 (next to be held March 1995); results - Sam + NUJOMA was elected president by the Constituent Assembly (now the National + Assembly) + National Assembly: + last held on 7-11 November 1989 (next to be held by November 1994); results + - percent of vote by party NA; seats - (72 total) SWAPO 41, DTA 21, UDF 4, + ACN 3, NNF 1, FCN 1, NPF 1 +Other political or pressure groups: + NA +Member of: + ACP, AfDB, CECA (associate), ECA, FAO, FLS, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ILO, + IMF, ITU, NAM, SACU, SADCC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, WCL, WFTU, WHO +Diplomatic representation: + Ambassador Tuliameni KALOMOH; Chancery at 1605 New Hampshire Ave. NW, + Washington, DC 20009 (mailing address is PO Box 34738, Washington, DC + 20043); telephone (202) 986-0540 + +:Namibia Government + + US: + Ambassador Genta Hawkins HOLMES; Embassy at Ausplan Building, 14 Lossen St., + Windhoek (mailing address is P. O. Box 9890, Windhoek 9000, Namibia); + telephone [264] (61) 221-601, 222-675, 222-680; FAX [264] (61) 229-792 +Flag: + a large blue triangle with a yellow sunburst fills the upper left section, + and an equal green triangle (solid) fills the lower right section; the + triangles are separated by a red stripe that is contrasted by two narrow + white-edge borders + +:Namibia Economy + +Overview: + The economy is heavily dependent on the mining industry to extract and + process minerals for export. Mining accounts for almost 25% of GDP. Namibia + is the fourth-largest exporter of nonfuel minerals in Africa and the world's + fifth-largest producer of uranium. Alluvial diamond deposits are among the + richest in the world, making Namibia a primary source for gem-quality + diamonds. Namibia also produces large quantities of lead, zinc, tin, silver, + and tungsten, and it has substantial resources of coal. More than half the + population depends on agriculture (largely subsistence agriculture) for its + livelihood. +GDP: + exchange rate conversion - $2 billion, per capita $1,400; real growth rate + 5.1% (1991 est.) +Inflation rate (consumer prices): + 17% (1991 - Windhoek) +Unemployment rate: + over 25% (1991) +Budget: + revenues $864 million; expenditures $1,112 million, including capital + expenditures of $144 million (FY 92) +Exports: + $1,021 million (f.o.b., 1989) + commodities: + uranium, diamonds, zinc, copper, cattle, processed fish, karakul skins + partners: + Switzerland, South Africa, FRG, Japan +Imports: + $894 million (f.o.b., 1989) + commodities: + foodstuffs, petroleum products and fuel, machinery and equipment + partners: + South Africa, FRG, US, Switzerland +External debt: + about $250 million; under a 1971 International Court of Justice (ICJ) + ruling, Namibia may not be liable for debt incurred during its colonial + period +Industrial production: + growth rate - 6% (1990 est.); accounts for 35% of GDP, including mining +Electricity: + 490,000 kW capacity; 1,290 million kWh produced, 850 kWh per capita (1991) +Industries: + meatpacking, fish processing, dairy products, mining (copper, lead, zinc, + diamond, uranium) +Agriculture: + mostly subsistence farming; livestock raising major source of cash income; + crops - millet, sorghum, peanuts; fish catch potential of over 1 million + metric tons not being fulfilled, 1988 catch reaching only 384,000 metric + tons; not self-sufficient in food +Economic aid: + Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-87), + $47.2 million +Currency: + South African rand (plural - rand); 1 South African rand (R) = 100 cents +Exchange rates: + South African rand (R) per US$1 - 2.8809 (March 1992), 2.7653 (1991), 2.5863 + (1990), 2.6166 (1989), 2.2611 (1988), 2.0350 (1987), 2.2685 (1986) +Fiscal year: + 1 April - 31 March + +:Namibia Communications + +Railroads: + 2,341 km 1.067-meter gauge, single track +Highways: + 54,500 km; 4,079 km paved, 2,540 km gravel, 47,881 km earth roads and tracks +Ports: + Luderitz; primary maritime outlet is Walvis Bay (South Africa) +Civil air: + NA major transport aircraft +Airports: + 137 total, 112 usable; 21 with permanent-surface runways; 1 with runways + over 3,659 m; 4 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 63 with runways 1,220-2,439 m +Telecommunications: + good urban, fair rural services; radio relay connects major towns, wires + extend to other population centers; 62,800 telephones; broadcast stations - + 4 AM, 40 FM, 3 TV + +:Namibia Defense Forces + +Branches: + National Defense Force (Army), Police +Manpower availability: + males 15-49, 320,277; 189,997 fit for military service +Defense expenditures: + exchange rate conversion - $66 million, 3.4% of GDP (FY 92) + +:Nauru Geography + +Total area: + 21 km2 +Land area: + 21 km2 +Comparative area: + about one-tenth the size of Washington, DC +Land boundaries: + none +Coastline: + 30 km +Maritime claims: + Exclusive fishing zone: + 200 nm + Territorial sea: + 12 nm +Disputes: + none +Climate: + tropical; monsoonal; rainy season (November to February) +Terrain: + sandy beach rises to fertile ring around raised coral reefs with phosphate + plateau in center +Natural resources: + phosphates +Land use: + arable land 0%; permanent crops 0%; meadows and pastures 0%; forest and + woodland 0%; other 100% +Environment: + only 53 km south of Equator +Note: + located 500 km north-northeast of Papua New Guinea, Nauru is one of the + three great phosphate rock islands in the Pacific Ocean - the others are + Banaba (Ocean Island) in Kiribati and Makatea in French Polynesia + +:Nauru People + +Population: + 9,460 (July 1992), growth rate 1.3% (1992) +Birth rate: + 18 births/1,000 population (1992) +Death rate: + 5 deaths/1,000 population (1992) +Net migration rate: + NEGL migrants/1,000 population (1992) +Infant mortality rate: + 41 deaths/1,000 live births (1992) +Life expectancy at birth: + 64 years male, 69 years female (1992) +Total fertility rate: + 2.1 children born/woman (1992) +Nationality: + noun - Nauruan(s); adjective - Nauruan +Ethnic divisions: + Nauruan 58%, other Pacific Islander 26%, Chinese 8%, European 8% +Religions: + Christian (two-thirds Protestant, one-third Roman Catholic) +Languages: + Nauruan, a distinct Pacific Island language (official); English widely + understood, spoken, and used for most government and commercial purposes +Literacy: + NA% (male NA%, female NA%) +Labor force: + NA +Organized labor: + NA + +:Nauru Government + +Long-form name: + Republic of Nauru +Type: + republic +Capital: + no capital city as such; government offices in Yaren District +Administrative divisions: + 14 districts; Aiwo, Anabar, Anetan, Anibare, Baiti, Boe, Buada, Denigomodu, + Ewa, Ijuw, Meneng, Nibok, Uaboe, Yaren +Independence: + 31 January 1968 (from UN trusteeship under Australia, New Zealand, and UK); + formerly Pleasant Island +Constitution: + 29 January 1968 +Legal system: + own Acts of Parliament and British common law +National holiday: + Independence Day, 31 January (1968) +Executive branch: + president, Cabinet +Legislative branch: + unicameral Parliament +Judicial branch: + Supreme Court +Leaders: + Chief of State and Head of Government: + President Bernard DOWIYOGO (since 12 December 1989) +Political parties and leaders: + none +Suffrage: + universal and compulsory at age 20 +Elections: + President: + last held 9 December 1989 (next to be held December 1992); results - Bernard + DOWIYOGO elected by Parliament + Parliament: + last held on 9 December 1989 (next to be held December 1992); results - + percent of vote NA; seats - (18 total) independents 18 +Member of: + C (special), ESCAP, ICAO, INTERPOL, ITU, SPC, SPF, UPU +Diplomatic representation: + Ambassador-designate Theodore Conrad MOSES resident in Melbourne + (Australia); there is a Nauruan Consulate in Agana (Guam) + US: + the US Ambassador to Australia is accredited to Nauru +Flag: + blue with a narrow, horizontal, yellow stripe across the center and a large + white 12-pointed star below the stripe on the hoist side; the star indicates + the country's location in relation to the Equator (the yellow stripe) and + the 12 points symbolize the 12 original tribes of Nauru + +:Nauru Economy + +Overview: + Revenues come from the export of phosphates, the reserves of which are + expected to be exhausted by the year 2000. Phosphates have given Nauruans + one of the highest per capita incomes in the Third World - $10,000 annually. + Few other resources exist, so most necessities must be imported, including + fresh water from Australia. The rehabilitation of mined land and the + replacement of income from phosphates are serious long-term problems. + Substantial amounts of phosphate income are invested in trust funds to help + cushion the transition. +GNP: + exchange rate conversion - over $90 million, per capita $10,000; real growth + rate NA% (1989) +Inflation rate (consumer prices): + NA% +Unemployment rate: + 0% +Budget: + revenues $69.7 million; expenditures $51.5 million, including capital + expenditures of $NA (FY86 est.) +Exports: + $93 million (f.o.b., 1984) + commodities: + phosphates + partners: + Australia, NZ +Imports: + $73 million (c.i.f., 1984) + commodities: + food, fuel, manufactures, building materials, machinery + partners: + Australia, UK, NZ, Japan +External debt: + $33.3 million +Industrial production: + growth rate NA% +Electricity: + 14,000 kW capacity; 50 million kWh produced, 5,430 kWh per capita (1990) +Industries: + phosphate mining, financial services, coconuts +Agriculture: + negligible; almost completely dependent on imports for food and water +Economic aid: + Western (non-US) countries (1970-89), $2 million +Currency: + Australian dollar (plural - dollars); 1 Australian dollar ($A) = 100 cents +Exchange rates: + Australian dollars ($A) per US$1 - 1.3177 (March 1992), 1.2834 (1991), + 1.2799 (1990), 1.2618 (1989), 1.2752 (1988), 1.4267 (1987) +Fiscal year: + 1 July - 30 June + +:Nauru Communications + +Railroads: + 3.9 km; used to haul phosphates from the center of the island to processing + facilities on the southwest coast +Highways: + about 27 km total; 21 km paved, 6 km improved earth +Ports: + Nauru +Merchant marine: + 1 bulk ship (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 4,426 GRT/5,750 DWT +Civil air: + 3 major transport aircraft, one on order +Airports: + 1 with permanent-surface runway 1,220-2,439 m +Telecommunications: + adequate local and international radio communications provided via + Australian facilities; 1,600 telephones; 4,000 radios; broadcast stations - + 1 AM, no FM, no TV; 1 Pacific Ocean INTELSAT earth station + +:Nauru Defense Forces + +Branches: + no regular armed forces; Directorate of the Nauru Police Force +Manpower availability: + males 15-49, NA; NA fit for military service +Defense expenditures: + $NA - no formal defense structure + +:Navassa Island Geography + +Total area: + 5.2 km2 +Land area: + 5.2 km2 +Comparative area: + about nine times the size of the Mall in Washington, DC +Land boundaries: + none +Coastline: + 8 km +Maritime claims: + Contiguous zone: + 12 nm + Continental shelf: + 200 m (depth) + Exclusive economic zone: + 200 nm + Territorial sea: + 12 nm +Disputes: + claimed by Haiti +Climate: + marine, tropical +Terrain: + raised coral and limestone plateau, flat to undulating; ringed by vertical + white cliffs (9 to 15 meters high) +Natural resources: + guano +Land use: + arable land 0%; permanent crops 0%; meadows and pastures 10%; forest and + woodland 0%; other 90% +Environment: + mostly exposed rock, but enough grassland to support goat herds; dense + stands of fig-like trees, scattered cactus +Note: + strategic location between Cuba, Haiti, and Jamaica in the Caribbean Sea; + 160 km south of the US Naval Base at Guantanamo, Cuba + +:Navassa Island People + +Population: + uninhabited; transient Haitian fishermen and others camp on the island + +:Navassa Island Government + +Long-form name: + none (territory of the US) +Type: + unincorporated territory of the US administered by the US Coast Guard +Capital: + none; administered from Washington, DC + +:Navassa Island Economy + +Overview: + no economic activity + +:Navassa Island Communications + +Ports: + none; offshore anchorage only + +:Navassa Island Defense Forces + +Note: + defense is the responsibility of the US + +:Nepal Geography + +Total area: + 140,800 km2 +Land area: + 136,800 km2 +Comparative area: + slightly larger than Arkansas +Land boundaries: + 2,926 km total; China 1,236 km, India 1,690 km +Coastline: + none - landlocked +Maritime claims: + none - landlocked +Disputes: + none +Climate: + varies from cool summers and severe winters in north to subtropical summers + and mild winters in south +Terrain: + Terai or flat river plain of the Ganges in south, central hill region, + rugged Himalayas in north +Natural resources: + quartz, water, timber, hydroelectric potential, scenic beauty; small + deposits of lignite, copper, cobalt, iron ore +Land use: + arable land 17%; permanent crops NEGL%; meadows and pastures 13%; forest and + woodland 33%; other 37%; includes irrigated 2% +Environment: + contains eight of world's 10 highest peaks; deforestation; soil erosion; + water pollution +Note: + landlocked; strategic location between China and India + +:Nepal People + +Population: + 20,086,455 (July 1992), growth rate 2.4% (1992) +Birth rate: + 38 births/1,000 population (1992) +Death rate: + 14 deaths/1,000 population (1992) +Net migration rate: + 0 migrants/1,000 population (1992) +Infant mortality rate: + 90 deaths/1,000 live births (1992) +Life expectancy at birth: + 51 years male, 51 years female (1992) +Total fertility rate: + 5.4 children born/woman (1992) +Nationality: + noun - Nepalese (singular and plural); adjective - Nepalese +Ethnic divisions: + Newars, Indians, Tibetans, Gurungs, Magars, Tamangs, Bhotias, Rais, Limbus, + Sherpas, as well as many smaller groups +Religions: + only official Hindu state in world, although no sharp distinction between + many Hindu (about 90% of population) and Buddhist groups (about 5% of + population); Muslims 3%, other 2% (1981) +Languages: + Nepali (official); 20 languages divided into numerous dialects +Literacy: + 26% (male 38%, female 13%) age 15 and over can read and write (1990 est.) +Labor force: + 8,500,000 (1991 est.); agriculture 93%, services 5%, industry 2%; severe + lack of skilled labor +Organized labor: + Teachers' Union and many other nonofficially recognized unions + +:Nepal Government + +Long-form name: + Kingdom of Nepal +Type: + parliamentary democracy as of 12 May 1991 +Capital: + Kathmandu +Administrative divisions: + 14 zones (anchal, singular and plural); Bagmati, Bheri, Dhawalagiri, + Gandaki, Janakpur, Karnali, Kosi, Lumbini, Mahakali, Mechi, Narayani, Rapti, + Sagarmatha, Seti +Independence: + 1768, unified by Prithyi Narayan Shah +Constitution: + 9 November 1990 +Legal system: + based on Hindu legal concepts and English common law; has not accepted + compulsory ICJ jurisdiction +National holiday: + Birthday of His Majesty the King, 28 December (1945) +Executive branch: + monarch, prime minister, Council of Ministers +Legislative branch: + bicameral Parliament consists of an upper house or National Council and a + lower house or House of Representatives +Judicial branch: + Supreme Court (Sarbochha Adalat) +Leaders: + Chief of State: + King BIRENDRA Bir Bikram Shah Dev (since 31 January 1972, crowned King 24 + February 1985); Heir Apparent Crown Prince DIPENDRA Bir Bikram Shah Dev, son + of the King (born 21 June 1971) + Head of Government: + Prime Minister Girija Prasad KOIRALA (since 29 May 1991) +Political parties and leaders: + ruling party: + Nepali Congress Party (NCP), Girija Prasad KOIRALA, Ganesh Man SINGH, + Krishna Prasad BHATTARAI + center: + the NDP has two factions: National Democratic Party/Chand (NDP/Chand), + Lokinra Bahadur CHAND, and National Democratic Party/Thapa (NDP/Thapa), + Surya Bahadur THAPA - the two factions announced a merger in late 1991; + Terai Rights Sadbhavana (Goodwill) Party, G. N. Naryan SINGH + Communist: + Communist Party of Nepal/United Marxist and Leninist (CPN/UML), Man Mohan + ADIKHARY; United People's Front (UPF), N. K. PRASAI, Lila Mani POKHAREL; + Nepal Workers and Peasants Party, leader NA; Rohit Party, N. M. BIJUKCHHE; + Democratic Party, leader NA +Suffrage: + universal at age 18 +Elections: + House of Representatives: + last held on 12 May 1991 (next to be held May 1996); results - NCP 38%, + CPN/UML 28%, NDP/Chand 6%, UPF 5%, NDP/Thapa 5%, Terai Rights Sadbhavana + Party 4%, Rohit 2%, CPN (Democratic) 1%, independents 4%, other 7%; seats - + (205 total) NCP 110, CPN/UML 69, UPF 9, Terai Rights Sadbhavana Party 6, + NDP/Chand 3, Rohit 2, CPN (Democratic) 2, NDP/Thapa 1, independents 3; note + - the new Constitution of 9 November 1990 gives Nepal a multiparty democracy + system for the first time in 32 years + +:Nepal Government + +Communists: + Communist Party of Nepal (CPN) +Other political or pressure groups: + numerous small, left-leaning student groups in the capital; several small, + radical Nepalese antimonarchist groups +Member of: + AsDB, CCC, CP, ESCAP, FAO, G-77, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, + INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, ITU, LORCS, NAM, SAARC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, + UNIFIL, UPU, WFTU, WHO, WMO, WTO +Diplomatic representation: + Ambassador Yog Prasad UPADHYAYA; Chancery at 2131 Leroy Place NW, + Washington, DC 20008; telephone (202) 667-4550; there is a Nepalese + Consulate General in New York + US: + Ambassador Julia Chang BLOCH; Embassy at Pani Pokhari, Kathmandu; telephone + [977] (1) 411179 or 412718, 411604, 411613, 413890; FAX [977] (1) 419963 +Flag: + red with a blue border around the unique shape of two overlapping right + triangles; the smaller, upper triangle bears a white stylized moon and the + larger, lower triangle bears a white 12-pointed sun + +:Nepal Economy + +Overview: + Nepal is among the poorest and least developed countries in the world. + Agriculture is the mainstay of the economy, providing a livelihood for over + 90% of the population and accounting for 60% of GDP. Industrial activity is + limited, mainly involving the processing of agricultural produce (jute, + sugarcane, tobacco, and grain). Production of textiles and carpets has + expanded recently and accounted for 87% of foreign exchange earnings in + FY89. Apart from agricultural land and forests, the only other exploitable + natural resources are mica, hydropower, and tourism. Agricultural production + in the late 1980s grew by about 5%, as compared with annual population + growth of 2.6%. Forty percent or more of the population is undernourished + partly because of poor distribution. Since May 1991, the government has been + encouraging privatization and foreign investment. It has introduced policies + to eliminate many business licenses and registration requirements in order + to simplify domestic and foreign investment procedures. Economic prospects + for the 1990s remain poor because the economy starts from such a low base. +GDP: + exchange rate conversion - $3.2 billion, per capita $165; real growth rate + 3.5% (FY91) +Inflation rate (consumer prices): + 15.0% (December 1991) +Unemployment rate: + 5%; underemployment estimated at 25-40% (1987) +Budget: + revenues $294.0 million; expenditures $624.0 million, including capital + expenditures of $396 (FY92 est.) +Exports: + $180 million (f.o.b., FY91) but does not include unrecorded border trade + with India + commodities: + clothing, carpets, leather goods, grain + partners: + US, India, Germany, UK +Imports: + $545 million (c.i.f., FY91 est.) + commodities: + petroleum products 20%, fertilizer 11%, machinery 10% + partners: + India, Singapore, Japan, Germany +External debt: + $2.5 billion (April 1990 est.) +Industrial production: + growth rate 6% (FY91 est.); accounts for 7% of GDP +Electricity: + 280,000 kW capacity; 540 million kWh produced, 30 kWh per capita (1990) +Industries: + small rice, jute, sugar, and oilseed mills; cigarette, textile, carpet, + cement, and brick production; tourism +Agriculture: + accounts for 60% of GDP and 90% of work force; farm products - rice, corn, + wheat, sugarcane, root crops, milk, buffalo meat; not self-sufficient in + food, particularly in drought years +Illicit drugs: + illicit producer of cannabis for the domestic and international drug markets +Economic aid: + US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $304 million; Western (non-US) + countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1980-89), $2,230 million; OPEC + bilateral aid (1979-89), $30 million; Communist countries (1970-89), $286 + million + +:Nepal Economy + +Currency: + Nepalese rupee (plural - rupees); 1 Nepalese rupee (NR) = 100 paisa +Exchange rates: + Nepalese rupees (NRs) per US$1 - 42.7 (January 1992), 37.255 (1991), 29.370 + (1990), 27.189 (1989), 23.289 (1988), 21.819 (1987) +Fiscal year: + 16 July - 15 July + +:Nepal Communications + +Railroads: + 52 km (1990), all 0.762-meter narrow gauge; all in Terai close to Indian + border; 10 km from Raxaul to Birganj is government owned +Highways: + 7,080 km total (1990); 2,898 km paved, 1,660 km gravel or crushed stone; + also 2,522 km of seasonally motorable tracks +Civil air: + 5 major and 11 minor transport aircraft +Airports: + 37 total, 37 usable; 5 with permanent-surface runways; none with runways + over 3,659 m; 1 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 8 with runways 1,220-2,439 m +Telecommunications: + poor telephone and telegraph service; fair radio communication and broadcast + service; international radio communication service is poor; 50,000 + telephones (1990); broadcast stations - 88 AM, no FM, 1 TV; 1 Indian Ocean + INTELSAT earth station + +:Nepal Defense Forces + +Branches: + Royal Nepalese Army, Royal Nepalese Army Air Service, Nepalese Police Force +Manpower availability: + males 15-49, 4,798,984; 2,488,749 fit for military service; 225,873 reach + military age (17) annually +Defense expenditures: + exchange rate conversion - $34 million, 2% of GDP (FY92) + +:Netherlands Geography + +Total area: + 37,330 km2 +Land area: + 33,920 km2 +Comparative area: + slightly less than twice the size of New Jersey +Land boundaries: + 1,027 km total; Belgium 450 km, Germany 577 km +Coastline: + 451 km +Maritime claims: + Continental shelf: + not specific + Territorial sea: + 12 nm +Disputes: + none +Climate: + temperate; marine; cool summers and mild winters +Terrain: + mostly coastal lowland and reclaimed land (polders); some hills in southeast +Natural resources: + natural gas, crude oil, fertile soil +Land use: + arable land 26%; permanent crops 1%; meadows and pastures 32%; forest and + woodland 9%; other 32%; includes irrigated 16% +Environment: + 27% of the land area is below sea level and protected from the North Sea by + dikes +Note: + located at mouths of three major European rivers (Rhine, Maas or Meuse, + Schelde) + +:Netherlands People + +Population: + 15,112,064 (July 1992), growth rate 0.6% (1992) +Birth rate: + 13 births/1,000 population (1992) +Death rate: + 8 deaths/1,000 population (1992) +Net migration rate: + 1 migrant/1,000 population (1992) +Infant mortality rate: + 7 deaths/1,000 live births (1992) +Life expectancy at birth: + 75 years male, 81 years female (1992) +Total fertility rate: + 1.6 children born/woman (1992) +Nationality: + noun - Dutchman(men), Dutchwoman(women); adjective - Dutch +Ethnic divisions: + Dutch 96%, Moroccans, Turks, and other 4% (1988) +Religions: + Roman Catholic 36%, Protestant 27%, other 6%, unaffiliated 31% (1988) +Languages: + Dutch +Literacy: + 99% (male NA%, female NA%) age 15 and over can read and write (1979 est.) +Labor force: + 5,300,000; services 50.1%, manufacturing and construction 28.2%, government + 15.9%, agriculture 5.8% (1986) +Organized labor: + 29% of labor force + +:Netherlands Government + +Long-form name: + Kingdom of the Netherlands +Type: + constitutional monarchy +Capital: + Amsterdam; The Hague is the seat of government +Administrative divisions: + 12 provinces (provincien, singular - provincie); Drenthe, Flevoland, + Friesland, Gelderland, Groningen, Limburg, Noord-Brabant, Noord-Holland, + Overijssel, Utrecht, Zeeland, Zuid-Holland +Independence: + 1579 (from Spain) +Constitution: + 17 February 1983 +Dependent areas: + Aruba, Netherlands Antilles +Legal system: + civil law system incorporating French penal theory; judicial review in the + Supreme Court of legislation of lower order rather than Acts of the States + General; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with reservations +National holiday: + Queen's Day, 30 April (1938) +Executive branch: + monarch, prime minister, vice prime minister, Cabinet, Cabinet of Ministers +Legislative branch: + bicameral legislature (Staten Generaal) consists of an upper chamber or + First Chamber (Eerste Kamer) and a lower chamber or Second Chamber (Tweede + Kamer) +Judicial branch: + Supreme Court (De Hoge Raad) +Leaders: + Chief of State: + Queen BEATRIX Wilhelmina Armgard (since 30 April 1980); Heir Apparent + WILLEM-ALEXANDER, Prince of Orange, son of Queen Beatrix (born 27 April + 1967) + Head of Government: + Prime Minister Ruud (Rudolph) F. M. LUBBERS (since 4 November 1982); Vice + Prime Minister Wim KOK (since 2 November 1989) +Political parties and leaders: + Christian Democratic Appeal (CDA), Willem van VELZEN; Labor (PvdA), Wim KOK; + Liberal (VVD), Joris VOORHOEVE; Democrats '66 (D'66), Hans van MIERIO; a + host of minor parties +Suffrage: + universal at age 18 +Elections: + First Chamber: + last held on 9 June l991 (next to be held 9 June 1995); results - elected by + the country's 12 provincial councils; seats - (75 total) percent of seats by + party NA + Second Chamber: + last held on 6 September 1989 (next to be held by September 1993); results - + CDA 35.3%, PvdA 31. 9%, VVD 14.6%, D'66 7.9%, other 10.3%; seats - (150 + total) CDA 54, PvdA 49, VVD 22, D'66 12, other 13 +Communists: + about 6,000 + +:Netherlands Government + +Other political or pressure groups: + large multinational firms; Federation of Netherlands Trade Union Movement + (comprising Socialist and Catholic trade unions) and a Protestant trade + union; Federation of Catholic and Protestant Employers Associations; the + nondenominational Federation of Netherlands Enterprises; and IKV - + Interchurch Peace Council +Member of: + AfDB, AG (observer), AsDB, Australia Group, Benelux, BIS, CCC, CE, CERN, + COCOM, CSCE, EBRD, EC, ECE, ECLAC, EIB, EMS, ESA, ESCAP, FAO, G-10, GATT, + IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICFTU, IDA, IEA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, + INMARSAT, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, IOM, ISO, ITU, LORCS, MTCR, NACC, NATO, + NEA, NSG, OAS (observer), OECD, PCA, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, + UNTSO, UPU, WCL, WEU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO, ZC +Diplomatic representation: + Ambassador Johan Hendrick MEESMAN; Chancery at 4200 Linnean Avenue NW, + Washington, DC 20008; telephone (202) 244-5300; there are Dutch Consulates + General in Chicago, Houston, Los Angeles, New York, and San Francisco + US: + Ambassador C. Howard WILKINS, Jr.; Embassy at Lange Voorhout 102, The Hague + (mailing address PSC 71, Box 1000, APO AE 09715); telephone [31] (70) + 310-9209; FAX [31] (70) 361-4688; there is a US Consulate General in + Amsterdam +Flag: + three equal horizontal bands of red (top), white, and blue; similar to the + flag of Luxembourg, which uses a lighter blue and is longer + +:Netherlands Economy + +Overview: + This highly developed and affluent economy is based on private enterprise. + The government makes its presence felt, however, through many regulations, + permit requirements, and welfare programs affecting most aspects of economic + activity. The trade and financial services sector contributes over 50% of + GDP. Industrial activity provides about 25% of GDP and is led by the + food-processing, oil-refining, and metalworking industries. The highly + mechanized agricultural sector employs only 5% of the labor force, but + provides large surpluses for export and the domestic food-processing + industry. An unemployment rate of 6.2% and a sizable budget deficit are + currently the most serious economic problems. +GDP: + purchasing power equivalent - $249.6 billion, per capita $16,600; real + growth rate 2.2% (1991 est.) +Inflation rate (consumer prices): + 3.6% (1991 est.) +Unemployment rate: + 6.2% (1991 est.) +Budget: + revenues $98.7 billion; expenditures $110.8 billion, including capital + expenditures of $NA (1991) +Exports: + $131.5 billion (f.o.b., 1990) + commodities: + agricultural products, processed foods and tobacco, natural gas, chemicals, + metal products, textiles, clothing + partners: + EC 74.9% (FRG 28.3%, Belgium-Luxembourg 14.2%, France 10.7%, UK 10.2%), US + 4.7% (1988) +Imports: + $125.9 billion (c.i.f., 1990) + commodities: + raw materials and semifinished products, consumer goods, transportation + equipment, crude oil, food products + partners: + EC 63.8% (FRG 26.5%, Belgium-Luxembourg 23.1%, UK 8.1%), US 7.9% (1988) +External debt: + none +Industrial production: + growth rate 1.7% (1991 est.); accounts for 25% of GDP +Electricity: + 22,216,000 kW capacity; 63,570 million kWh produced, 4,300 kWh per capita + (1991) +Industries: + agroindustries, metal and engineering products, electrical machinery and + equipment, chemicals, petroleum, fishing, construction, microelectronics +Agriculture: + accounts for 4% of GDP; animal production predominates; crops - grains, + potatoes, sugar beets, fruits, vegetables; shortages of grain, fats, and + oils +Illicit drugs: + European producer of illicit amphetamines and other synethic drugs +Economic aid: + donor - ODA and OOF commitments (1970-89), $19.4 billion +Currency: + Netherlands guilder, gulden, or florin (plural - guilders, gulden, or + florins); 1 Netherlands guilder, gulden, or florin (f.) = 100 cents + +:Netherlands Economy + +Exchange rates: + Netherlands guilders, gulden, or florins (f.) per US$1 - 1.7753 (January + 1992), 1.8697 (1991), 1.8209 (1990), 2.1207 (1989), 1.9766 (1988), 2.0257 + (1987) +Fiscal year: + calendar year + +:Netherlands Communications + +Railroads: + 3,037 km track (includes 1,871 km electrified and 1,800 km double track); + 2,871 km 1.435-meter standard gauge operated by Netherlands Railways (NS); + 166 km privately owned +Highways: + 108,360 km total; 92,525 km paved (including 2,185 km of limited access, + divided highways); 15,835 km gravel, crushed stone +Inland waterways: + 6,340 km, of which 35% is usable by craft of 1,000 metric ton capacity or + larger +Pipelines: + crude oil 418 km; petroleum products 965 km; natural gas 10,230 km +Ports: + maritime - Amsterdam, Delfzijl, Den Helder, Dordrecht, Eemshaven, Ijmuiden, + Rotterdam, Scheveningen, Terneuzen, Vlissingen; inland - 29 ports +Merchant marine: + 345 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 2,630,962 GRT/3,687,598 DWT; includes + 3 short-sea passenger, 191 cargo, 30 refrigerated cargo, 24 container, 12 + roll-on/roll-off, 2 livestock carrier, 10 multifunction large-load carrier, + 22 oil tanker, 27 chemical tanker, 10 liquefied gas, 2 specialized tanker, 9 + bulk, 3 combination bulk; note - many Dutch-owned ships are also registered + on the captive Netherlands Antilles register +Civil air: + 98 major transport aircraft +Airports: + 28 total, 28 usable; 19 with permanent-surface runways; none with runways + over 3,659 m; 11 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 6 with runways 1,220-2,439 m +Telecommunications: + highly developed, well maintained, and integrated; extensive redundant + system of multiconductor cables, supplemented by radio relay links; + 9,418,000 telephones; broadcast stations - 3 (3 relays) AM, 12 (39 + repeaters) FM, 8 (7 repeaters) TV; 5 submarine cables; 1 communication + satellite earth station operating in INTELSAT (1 Indian Ocean and 2 Atlantic + Ocean antenna) and EUTELSAT systems; nationwide mobile phone system + +:Netherlands Defense Forces + +Branches: + Royal Netherlands Army, Royal Netherlands Navy (including Naval Air Service + and Marine Corps), Royal Netherlands Air Force, Royal Constabulary +Manpower availability: + males 15-49, 4,144,477; 3,649,746 fit for military service; 111,952 reach + military age (20) annually +Defense expenditures: + exchange rate conversion - $7.2 billion, 2.9% of GDP (1991) + +:Netherlands Antilles Geography + +Total area: + 960 km2 +Land area: + 960 km2; includes Bonaire, Curacao, Saba, Sint Eustatius, and Sint Maarten + (Dutch part of the island of Saint Martin) +Comparative area: + slightly less than 5.5 times the size of Washington, DC +Land boundaries: + none +Coastline: + 364 km +Maritime claims: + Exclusive fishing zone: + 12 nm + Territorial sea: + 12 nm +Disputes: + none +Climate: + tropical; ameliorated by northeast trade winds +Terrain: + generally hilly, volcanic interiors +Natural resources: + phosphates (Curacao only), salt (Bonaire only) +Land use: + arable land 8%; permanent crops 0%; meadows and pastures 0%; forest and + woodland 0%; other 92% +Environment: + Curacao and Bonaire are south of Caribbean hurricane belt, so rarely + threatened; Sint Maarten, Saba, and Sint Eustatius are subject to hurricanes + from July to October +Note: + consists of two island groups - Curacao and Bonaire are located off the + coast of Venezuela, and Sint Maarten, Saba, and Sint Eustatius lie 800 km to + the north + +:Netherlands Antilles People + +Population: + 184,325 (July 1992), growth rate 0.3% (1992) +Birth rate: + 18 births/1,000 population (1992) +Death rate: + 6 deaths/1,000 population (1992) +Net migration rate: + -9 migrants/1,000 population (1992) +Infant mortality rate: + 11 deaths/1,000 live births (1992) +Life expectancy at birth: + 73 years male, 77 years female (1992) +Total fertility rate: + 2.0 children born/woman (1992) +Nationality: + noun - Netherlands Antillean(s); adjective - Netherlands Antillean +Ethnic divisions: + mixed African 85%; remainder Carib Indian, European, Latin, and Oriental +Religions: + predominantly Roman Catholic; Protestant, Jewish, Seventh-Day Adventist +Languages: + Dutch (official); Papiamento, a Spanish-Portuguese-Dutch-English dialect + predominates; English widely spoken; Spanish +Literacy: + 94% (male 94%, female 93%) age 15 and over can read and write (1981) +Labor force: + 89,000; government 65%, industry and commerce 28% (1983) +Organized labor: + 60-70% of labor force + +:Netherlands Antilles Government + +Long-form name: + none +Digraph: + political parties are indigenous to each island *** +Type: + part of the Dutch realm - full autonomy in internal affairs granted in 1954 +Capital: + Willemstad +Administrative divisions: + none (part of the Dutch realm) +Independence: + none (part of the Dutch realm) +Constitution: + 29 December 1954, Statute of the Realm of the Netherlands, as amended +Legal system: + based on Dutch civil law system, with some English common law influence +National holiday: + Queen's Day, 30 April (1938) +Executive branch: + Dutch monarch, governor, prime minister, vice prime minister, Council of + Ministers (cabinet) +Legislative branch: + legislature (Staten) +Judicial branch: + Joint High Court of Justice +Leaders: + Chief of State: + Queen BEATRIX Wilhelmina Armgard (since 30 April 1980), represented by + Governor General Jaime SALEH (since October 1989) + Head of Government: + Prime Minister Maria LIBERIA-PETERS (since 17 May 1988, previously served + from September 1984 to November 1985) +Political parties and leaders: + political parties are indigenous to each island + Bonaire: + Patriotic Union of Bonaire (UPB), Rudy ELLIS; Democratic Party of Bonaire + (PDB), Franklin CRESTIAN + Curacao: + National People's Party (PNP), Maria LIBERIA-PETERS; New Antilles Movement + (MAN), Domenico Felip Don MARTINA; Workers' Liberation Front (FOL), Wilson + (Papa) GODETT; Socialist Independent (SI), George HUECK and Nelson MONTE; + Democratic Party of Curacao (DP), Augustin DIAZ; Nos Patria, Chin BEHILIA + Saba: + Windward Islands People's Movement (WIPM Saba), Will JOHNSON; Saba + Democratic Labor Movement, Vernon HASSELL; Saba Unity Party, Carmen SIMMONDS + Sint Eustatius: + Democratic Party of Sint Eustatius (DP-St.E), K. Van PUTTEN; Windward + Islands People's Movement (WIPM); St. Eustatius Alliance (SEA), Ralph BERKEL + Sint Maarten: + Democratic Party of Sint Maarten (DP-St.M), Claude WATHEY; Patriotic + Movement of Sint Maarten (SPA), Vance JAMES +Suffrage: + universal at age 18 + +:Netherlands Antilles Government + +Elections: + Staten: + last held on 16 March 1990 (next to be held March 1994); results - percent + of vote by party NA; seats - (22 total) PNP 7, FOL-SI 3, UPB 3, MAN 2, + DP-St. M 2, DP 1, SPM 1, WIPM 1, DP-St. E 1, Nos Patria 1; note - the + government of Prime Minister Maria LIBERIA-PETERS is a coalition of several + parties +Member of: + CARICOM (observer), ECLAC (associate), ICFTU, INTERPOL, IOC, UNESCO + (associate), UPU, WCL, WMO, WTO (associate) +Diplomatic representation: + as an autonomous part of the Netherlands, Netherlands Antillean interests in + the US are represented by the Netherlands + US: + Consul General Sharon P. WILKINSON; Consulate General at Sint Anna Boulevard + 19, Willemstad, Curacao (mailing address P. O. Box 158, Willemstad, + Curacao); telephone [599] (9) 613066; FAX [599] (9) 616489 +Flag: + white with a horizontal blue stripe in the center superimposed on a vertical + red band also centered; five white five-pointed stars are arranged in an + oval pattern in the center of the blue band; the five stars represent the + five main islands of Bonaire, Curacao, Saba, Sint Eustatius, and Sint + Maarten + +:Netherlands Antilles Economy + +Overview: + Tourism, petroleum refining, and offshore finance are the mainstays of the + economy. The islands enjoy a high per capita income and a well-developed + infrastructure as compared with other countries in the region. Unlike many + Latin American countries, the Netherlands Antilles has avoided large + international debt. Almost all consumer and capital goods are imported, with + the US being the major supplier. +GDP: + exchange rate conversion - $1.4 billion, per capita $7,600; real growth rate + 1.5% (1990 est.) +Inflation rate (consumer prices): + 5% (1990 est.) +Unemployment rate: + 21% (1991) +Budget: + revenues $454 million; expenditures $525 million, including capital + expenditures of $42 million (1989 est.) +Exports: + $1.1 billion (f.o.b., 1988) + commodities: + petroleum products 98% + partners: + US 40%, Italy 6%, The Bahamas 5% +Imports: + $1.4 billion (c.i.f., 1988) + commodities: + crude petroleum 64%, food, manufactures + partners: + Venezuela 42%, US 18%, Netherlands 6% +External debt: + $701.2 million (December 1987) +Industrial production: + growth rate NA% +Electricity: + 125,000 kW capacity; 365 million kWh produced, 1,985 kWh per capita (1991) +Industries: + tourism (Curacao and Sint Maarten), petroleum refining (Curacao), petroleum + transshipment facilities (Curacao and Bonaire), light manufacturing + (Curacao) +Agriculture: + hampered by poor soils and scarcity of water; chief products - aloes, + sorghum, peanuts, fresh vegetables, tropical fruit; not self-sufficient in + food +Economic aid: + Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), + $513 million +Currency: + Netherlands Antillean guilder, gulden, or florin (plural - guilders, gulden, + or florins); 1 Netherlands Antillean guilder, gulden, or florin (NAf.) = 100 + cents +Exchange rates: + Netherlands Antillean guilders, gulden, or florins (NAf.) per US$1 - 1.79 + (fixed rate since 1989; 1.80 fixed rate 1971-88) +Fiscal year: + calendar year + +:Netherlands Antilles Communications + +Highways: + 950 km total; 300 km paved, 650 km gravel and earth +Ports: + Willemstad, Philipsburg, Kralendijk +Merchant marine: + 80 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 607,010 GRT/695,864 DWT; includes 4 + passenger, 27 cargo, 13 refrigerated cargo, 7 container, 9 roll-on/roll-off, + 11 multifunction large-load carrier, 4 chemical tanker, 3 liquefied gas, 1 + bulk, 1 oil tanker; note - all but a few are foreign owned, mostly in the + Netherlands +Civil air: + 8 major transport aircraft +Airports: + 7 total, 6 usable; 6 with permanent-surface runways; none with runways over + 3,659 m; 2 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 2 with runways 1,220-2,439 m +Telecommunications: + generally adequate facilities; extensive interisland radio relay links; + broadcast stations - 9 AM, 4 FM, 1 TV; 2 submarine cables; 2 Atlantic Ocean + INTELSAT earth stations + +:Netherlands Antilles Defense Forces + +Branches: + Royal Netherlands Navy, Marine Corps, Royal Netherlands Air Force, National + Guard, Police Force +Manpower availability: + males 15-49 49,082; 27,656 fit for military service; 1,673 reach military + age (20) annually +Note: + defense is responsibility of the Netherlands + +:New Caledonia Geography + +Total area: + 19,060 km2 +Land area: + 18,760 km2 +Comparative area: + slightly smaller than New Jersey +Land boundaries: + none +Coastline: + 2,254 km +Maritime claims: + Exclusive economic zone: + 200 nm + Territorial sea: + 12 nm +Disputes: + none +Climate: + tropical; modified by southeast trade winds; hot, humid +Terrain: + coastal plains with interior mountains +Natural resources: + nickel, chrome, iron, cobalt, manganese, silver, gold, lead, copper +Land use: + arable land NEGL%; permanent crops NEGL%; meadows and pastures 14%; forest + and woodland 51%; other 35% +Environment: + typhoons most frequent from November to March +Note: + located 1,750 km east of Australia in the South Pacific Ocean + +:New Caledonia People + +Population: + 174,805 (July 1992), growth rate 1.9% (1992) +Birth rate: + 23 births/1,000 population (1992) +Death rate: + 5 deaths/1,000 population (1992) +Net migration rate: + 1 migrant/1,000 population (1992) +Infant mortality rate: + 17 deaths/1,000 live births (1992) +Life expectancy at birth: + 70 years male, 76 years female (1992) +Total fertility rate: + 2.7 children born/woman (1992) +Nationality: + noun - New Caledonian(s); adjective - New Caledonian +Ethnic divisions: + Melanesian 42.5%, European 37.1%, Wallisian 8.4%, Polynesian 3.8%, + Indonesian 3.6%, Vietnamese 1.6%, other 3.0% +Religions: + Roman Catholic 60%, Protestant 30%, other 10% +Languages: + French; 28 Melanesian-Polynesian dialects +Literacy: + 91% (male 91%, female 90%) age 15 and over can read and write (1976) +Labor force: + 50,469; foreign workers for plantations and mines from Wallis and Futuna, + Vanuatu, and French Polynesia (1980 est.) +Organized labor: + NA + +:New Caledonia Government + +Long-form name: + Territory of New Caledonia and Dependencies +Type: + overseas territory of France since 1956 +Capital: + Noumea +Administrative divisions: + none (overseas territory of France); there are no first-order administrative + divisions as defined by the US Government, but there are 3 provinces named + Iles Loyaute, Nord, and Sud +Independence: + none (overseas territory of France); note - a referendum on independence + will be held in 1998, with a review of the issue in 1992 +Constitution: + 28 September 1958 (French Constitution) +Legal system: + the 1988 Matignon Accords grant substantial autonomy to the islands; + formerly under French law +National holiday: + Taking of the Bastille, 14 July (1789) +Executive branch: + French President, high commissioner, Consultative Committee (cabinet) +Legislative branch: + unicameral Territorial Assembly +Judicial branch: + Court of Appeal +Leaders: + Chief of State: + President Francois MITTERRAND (since 21 May 1981) + Head of Government: + High Commissioner and President of the Council of Government Alain + CHRISTNACHT (since 15 January 1991) +Suffrage: + universal adult at age 18 +Elections: + Territorial Assembly: + last held 11 June 1989 (next to be held 1993); results - RPCR 44.5%, FLNKS + 28.5%, FN 7%, CD 5%, UO 4%, other 11%; seats - (54 total) RPCR 27, FLNKS 19, + FN 3, other 5; note - election boycotted by FULK + French Senate: + last held 24 September 1989 (next to be held September 1992); results - + percent of vote by party NA; seats - (1 total) RPCR 1 + French National Assembly: + last held 5 and 12 June 1988 (next to be held June 1993); results - RPR + 83.5%, FN 13.5%, other 3%; seats - (2 total) RPCR 2 +Member of: + FZ, ICFTU, SPC, WMO +Diplomatic representation: + as an overseas territory of France, New Caledonian interests are represented + in the US by France +Flag: + the flag of France is used + +:New Caledonia Economy + +Overview: + New Caledonia has more than 25% of the world's known nickel resources. In + recent years the economy has suffered because of depressed international + demand for nickel, the principal source of export earnings. Only a + negligible amount of the land is suitable for cultivation, and food accounts + for about 25% of imports. +GNP: + exchange rate conversion - $1.0 billion, per capita $6,000 (1991 est.); real + growth rate 2.4% (1988) +Inflation rate (consumer prices): + 4.1% (1989) +Unemployment rate: + 16.0% (1989) +Budget: + revenues $224.0 million; expenditures $211.0 million, including capital + expenditures of NA (1985) +Exports: + $671 million (f.o.b., 1989) + commodities: + nickel metal 87%, nickel ore + partners: + France 52.3%, Japan 15.8%, US 6.4% +Imports: + $764 million (c.i.f., 1989) + commodities: + foods, fuels, minerals, machines, electrical equipment + partners: + France 44.0%, US 10%, Australia 9% +External debt: + $NA +Industrial production: + growth rate NA% +Electricity: + 400,000 kW capacity; 2,200 million kWh produced, 12,790 kWh per capita + (1990) +Industries: + nickel mining +Agriculture: + large areas devoted to cattle grazing; coffee, corn, wheat, vegetables; 60% + self-sufficient in beef +Illicit drugs: + illicit cannabis cultivation is becoming a principal source of income for + some families +Economic aid: + Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), + $4,185 million +Currency: + Comptoirs Francais du Pacifique franc (plural - francs); 1 CFP franc (CFPF) + = 100 centimes +Exchange rates: + Comptoirs Francais duPacifique francs (CFPF) per US$1 - 97.81 (January + 1992), 102.57 (1991), 99.00 (1990), 115.99 (1989), 108.30 (1988), 109.27 + (1987); note - linked at the rate of 18.18 to the French franc +Fiscal year: + calendar year + +:New Caledonia Communications + +Highways: + 6,340 km total; only about 10% paved (1987) +Ports: + Noumea, Nepoui, Poro, Thio +Civil air: + 1 major transport aircraft +Airports: + 29 total, 27 usable; 1 with permanent-surface runways; none with runways + over 3,659 m; 1 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 2 with runways 1,220-2,439 m +Telecommunications: + 32,578 telephones (1987); broadcast stations - 5 AM, 3 FM, 7 TV; 1 Pacific + Ocean INTELSAT earth station + +:New Caledonia Defense Forces + +Branches: + Gendarmerie, Police Force +Manpower availability: + males 15-49, 46,388; NA fit for military service +Note: + defense is the responsibility of France + +:New Zealand Geography + +Total area: + 268,680 km2 +Land area: + 268,670 km2; includes Antipodes Islands, Auckland Islands, Bounty Islands, + Campbell Island, Chatham Islands, and Kermadec Islands +Comparative area: + about the size of Colorado +Land boundaries: + none +Coastline: + 15,134 km +Maritime claims: + Continental shelf: + edge of continental margin or 200 nm + Exclusive economic zone: + 200 nm + Territorial sea: + 12 nm +Disputes: + territorial claim in Antarctica (Ross Dependency) +Climate: + temperate with sharp regional contrasts +Terrain: + predominately mountainous with some large coastal plains +Natural resources: + natural gas, iron ore, sand, coal, timber, hydropower, gold, limestone +Land use: + arable land 2%; permanent crops 0%; meadows and pastures 53%; forest and + woodland 38%; other 7%; includes irrigated 1% +Environment: + earthquakes are common, though usually not severe + +:New Zealand People + +Population: + 3,347,369 (July 1992), growth rate 0.7% (1992) +Birth rate: + 16 births/1,000 population (1992) +Death rate: + 8 deaths/1,000 population (1992) +Net migration rate: + -2 migrants/1,000 population (1992) +Infant mortality rate: + 9 deaths/1,000 live births (1992) +Life expectancy at birth: + 72 years male, 80 years female (1992) +Total fertility rate: + 2.1 children born/woman (1992) +Nationality: + noun - New Zealander(s); adjective - New Zealand +Ethnic divisions: + European 88%, Maori 8.9%, Pacific Islander 2.9%, other 0.2% +Religions: + Anglican 24%, Presbyterian 18%, Roman Catholic 15%, Methodist 5%, Baptist + 2%, other Protestant 3%, unspecified or none 9% (1986) +Languages: + English (official), Maori +Literacy: + 99% (male NA%, female NA%) age 15 and over can read and write (1970) +Labor force: + 1,603,500 (June 1991); services 67.4%, manufacturing 19.8%, primary + production 9.3% (1987) +Organized labor: + 681,000 members; 43% of labor force (1986) + +:New Zealand Government + +Long-form name: + none; abbreviated NZ +Type: + parliamentary democracy +Capital: + Wellington +Administrative divisions: + 93 counties, 9 districts*, and 3 town districts**; Akaroa, Amuri, Ashburton, + Bay of Islands, Bruce, Buller, Chatham Islands, Cheviot, Clifton, Clutha, + Cook, Dannevirke, Egmont, Eketahuna, Ellesmere, Eltham, Eyre, Featherston, + Franklin, Golden Bay, Great Barrier Island, Grey, Hauraki Plains, Hawera*, + Hawke's Bay, Heathcote, Hikurangi**, Hobson, Hokianga, Horowhenua, Hurunui, + Hutt, Inangahua, Inglewood, Kaikoura, Kairanga, Kiwitea, Lake, Mackenzie, + Malvern, Manaia**, Manawatu, Mangonui, Maniototo, Marlborough, Masterton, + Matamata, Mount Herbert, Ohinemuri, Opotiki, Oroua, Otamatea, Otorohanga*, + Oxford, Pahiatua, Paparua, Patea, Piako, Pohangina, Raglan, Rangiora*, + Rangitikei, Rodney, Rotorua*, Runanga, Saint Kilda, Silverpeaks, Southland, + Stewart Island, Stratford, Strathallan, Taranaki, Taumarunui, Taupo, + Tauranga, Thames-Coromandel*, Tuapeka, Vincent, Waiapu, Waiheke, Waihemo, + Waikato, Waikohu, Waimairi, Waimarino, Waimate, Waimate West, Waimea, Waipa, + Waipawa*, Waipukurau*, Wairarapa South, Wairewa, Wairoa, Waitaki, Waitomo*, + Waitotara, Wallace, Wanganui, Waverley**, Westland, Whakatane*, Whangarei, + Whangaroa, Woodville +Independence: + 26 September 1907 (from UK) +Constitution: + no formal, written constitution; consists of various documents, including + certain acts of the UK and New Zealand Parliaments; Constitution Act 1986 + was to have come into force 1 January 1987, but has not been enacted +Dependent areas: + Cook Islands, Niue, Tokelau +Legal system: + based on English law, with special land legislation and land courts for + Maoris; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with reservations +National holiday: + Waitangi Day (Treaty of Waitangi established British sovereignty), 6 + February (1840) +Executive branch: + British monarch, governor general, prime minister, deputy prime minister, + Cabinet +Legislative branch: + unicameral House of Representatives (commonly called Parliament) +Judicial branch: + High Court, Court of Appeal +Leaders: + Chief of State: + Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952), represented by Governor General + Dame Catherine TIZARD (since 12 December 1990) + Head of Government: + Prime Minister James BOLGER (since 29 October 1990); Deputy Prime Minister + Donald McKINNON (since 2 November 1990) +Political parties and leaders: + National Party (NP; government), James BOLGER; New Zealand Labor Party + (NZLP; opposition), Michael MOORE; NewLabor Party (NLP), Jim ANDERTON; + Democratic Party, Dick RYAN; New Zealand Liberal Party, Hanmish MACINTYRE + and Gilbert MYLES; Green Party, no official leader; Mana Motuhake, Martin + RATA; Socialist Unity Party (SUP; pro-Soviet), Kenneth DOUGLAS; note - the + New Labor, Democratic, and Mana Motuhake parties formed a coalition in + September 1991; the Green Party joined the coalition in May 1992 + +:New Zealand Government + +Suffrage: + universal at age 18 +Elections: + House of Representatives: + last held on 27 October 1990 (next to be held October 1993); results - NP + 49%, NZLP 35%, Green Party 7%, NLP 5%; seats - (97 total) NP 67, NZLP 29, + NLP 1 +Member of: + ANZUS (US suspended security obligations to NZ on 11 August 1986), APEC, + AsDB, Australia Group, C, CCC, CP, COCOM, (cooperating country), EBRD, + ESCAP, FAO, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICFTU, IDA, IEA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, + IMO, INMARSAT, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, IOM (observer), ISO, ITU, LORCS, + MTCR, OECD, PCA, SPC, SPF, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNIIMOG, UNTSO, UPU, + WHO, WIPO, WMO +Diplomatic representation: + Ambassador - Denis Bazely Gordon McLEAN; Chancery at 37 Observatory Circle + NW, Washington, DC 20008; telephone (202) 328-4800; there are New Zealand + Consulates General in Los Angeles and New York + US: + Ambassador Della M. NEWMAN; Embassy at 29 Fitzherbert Terrace, Thorndon, + Wellington (mailing address is P. O. Box 1190, Wellington; PSC 467, Box 1, + FPO AP 96531-1001); telephone [64] (4) 722-068; FAX [64] (4) 723-537; there + is a US Consulate General in Auckland +Flag: + blue with the flag of the UK in the upper hoist-side quadrant with four red + five-pointed stars edged in white centered in the outer half of the flag; + the stars represent the Southern Cross constellation + +:New Zealand Economy + +Overview: + Since 1984 the government has been reorienting an agrarian economy dependent + on a guaranteed British market to an open free market economy that can + compete on the global scene. The government has hoped that dynamic growth + would boost real incomes, reduce inflationary pressures, and permit the + expansion of welfare benefits. The results have been mixed: inflation is + down from double-digit levels, but growth has been sluggish and + unemployment, always a highly sensitive issue, has exceeded 10% since May + 1991. In 1988, GDP fell by 1%, in 1989 grew by a moderate 2.4%, and was flat + in 1990-91. +GDP: + purchasing power equivalent - $46.2 billion, per capita $14,000; real growth + rate - 0.4% (1991 est.) +Inflation rate (consumer prices): + 1.0% (1991) +Unemployment rate: + 10.7% (September 1991) +Budget: + revenues $17.6 billion; expenditures $18.3 billion, including capital + expenditures of $NA (FY91 est.) +Exports: + $9.4 billion (f.o.b., FY91) + commodities: + wool, lamb, mutton, beef, fruit, fish, cheese, manufactures, chemicals, + forestry products + partners: + EC 18.3%, Japan 17.9%, Australia 17.5%, US 13.5%, China 3.6%, South Korea + 3.1% +Imports: + $8.4 billion (f.o.b., FY91) + commodities: + petroleum, consumer goods, motor vehicles, industrial equipment + partners: + Australia 19.7%, Japan 16.9%, EC 16.9%, US 15.3%, Taiwan 3.0% +External debt: + $17.4 billion (1989) +Industrial production: + growth rate 1.9% (1990); accounts for about 20% of GDP +Electricity: + 7,800,000 kW capacity; 28,000 million kWh produced, 8,500 kWh per capita + (1990) +Industries: + food processing, wood and paper products, textiles, machinery, + transportation equipment, banking and insurance, tourism, mining +Agriculture: + accounts for about 9% of GDP and 10% of the work force; livestock + predominates - wool, meat, dairy products all export earners; crops - wheat, + barley, potatoes, pulses, fruits, and vegetables; surplus producer of farm + products; fish catch reached a record 503,000 metric tons in 1988 +Economic aid: + donor - ODA and OOF commitments (1970-89), $526 million +Currency: + New Zealand dollar (plural - dollars); 1 New Zealand dollar (NZ$) = 100 + cents +Exchange rates: + New Zealand dollars (NZ$) per US$1 - 1.8245 (March 1992), 1.7265 (1991), + 1.6750 (1990), 1.6711 (1989), 1.5244 (1988), 1.6886 (1987) +Fiscal year: + 1 July - 30 June + +:New Zealand Communications + +Railroads: + 4,716 km total; all 1.067-meter gauge; 274 km double track; 113 km + electrified; over 99% government owned +Highways: + 92,648 km total; 49,547 km paved, 43,101 km gravel or crushed stone +Inland waterways: + 1,609 km; of little importance to transportation +Pipelines: + natural gas 1,000 km; petroleum products 160 km; condensate 150 km +Ports: + Auckland, Christchurch, Dunedin, Wellington, Tauranga +Merchant marine: + 18 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 182,206 GRT/246,446 DWT; includes 2 + cargo, 5 roll-on/roll-off, 1 railcar carrier, 4 oil tanker, 1 liquefied gas, + 5 bulk +Civil air: + about 40 major transport aircraft +Airports: + 118 total, 118 usable; 34 with permanent-surface runways; none with runways + over 3,659 m; 2 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 43 with runways 1,220-2,439 m +Telecommunications: + excellent international and domestic systems; 2,110,000 telephones; + broadcast stations - 64 AM, 2 FM, 14 TV; submarine cables extend to + Australia and Fiji; 2 Pacific Ocean INTELSAT earth stations + +:New Zealand Defense Forces + +Branches: + New Zealand Army, Royal New Zealand Navy, Royal New Zealand Air Force +Manpower availability: + males 15-49, 874,703; 739,923 fit for military service; 30,297 reach + military age (20) annually +Defense expenditures: + exchange rate conversion - $792 million, 2% of GDP (FY92) + +:Nicaragua Geography + +Total area: + 129,494 km2 +Land area: + 120,254 km2 +Comparative area: + slightly larger than New York State +Land boundaries: + 1,231 km total; Costa Rica 309 km, Honduras 922 km +Coastline: + 910 km +Maritime claims: + Contiguous zone: + 25 nm security zone (status of claim uncertain) + Continental shelf: + not specified + Territorial sea: + 200 nm +Disputes: + territorial disputes with Colombia over the Archipelago de San Andres y + Providencia and Quita Sueno Bank; unresolved maritime boundary in Golfo de + Fonseca +Climate: + tropical in lowlands, cooler in highlands +Terrain: + extensive Atlantic coastal plains rising to central interior mountains; + narrow Pacific coastal plain interrupted by volcanoes +Natural resources: + gold, silver, copper, tungsten, lead, zinc, timber, fish +Land use: + arable land 9%; permanent crops 1%; meadows and pastures 43%; forest and + woodland 35%; other 12%; including irrigated 1% +Environment: + subject to destructive earthquakes, volcanoes, landslides, and occasional + severe hurricanes; deforestation; soil erosion; water pollution + +:Nicaragua People + +Population: + 3,878,150 (July 1992), growth rate 2.8% (1992) +Birth rate: + 37 births/1,000 population (1992) +Death rate: + 7 deaths/1,000 population (1992) +Net migration rate: + -1 migrant/1,000 population (1992) +Infant mortality rate: + 57 deaths/1,000 live births (1992) +Life expectancy at birth: + 60 years male, 66 years female (1992) +Total fertility rate: + 4.6 children born/woman (1992) +Nationality: + noun - Nicaraguan(s); adjective - Nicaraguan +Ethnic divisions: + mestizo 69%, white 17%, black 9%, Indian 5% +Religions: + Roman Catholic 95%, Protestant 5% +Languages: + Spanish (official); English- and Indian-speaking minorities on Atlantic + coast +Literacy: + 57% (male 57%, female 57%) age 15 and over can read and write (1971) +Labor force: + 1,086,000; service 43%, agriculture 44%, industry 13% (1986) +Organized labor: + 35% of labor force + +:Nicaragua Government + +Long-form name: + Republic of Nicaragua +Type: + republic +Capital: + Managua +Administrative divisions: + 9 administrative regions encompassing 17 departments (departamentos, + singular - departamento); Boaco, Carazo, Chinandega, Chontales, Esteli, + Granada, Jinotega, Leon, Madriz, Managua, Masaya, Matagalpa, North Atlantic + Coast Autonomous Zone (RAAN), Nueva Segovia, Rio San Juan, Rivas, South + Atlantic Coast Autonomous Zone (RAAS) +Independence: + 15 September 1821 (from Spain) +Constitution: + January 1987 +Legal system: + civil law system; Supreme Court may review administrative acts +National holiday: + Independence Day, 15 September (1821) +Executive branch: + president, vice president, Cabinet +Legislative branch: + National Assembly (Asamblea Nacional) +Judicial branch: + Supreme Court (Corte Suprema) and municipal courts +Leaders: + Chief of State and Head of Government: + President Violeta Barrios de CHAMORRO (since 25 April 1990); Vice President + Virgilio GODOY (since 25 April 1990) +Political parties and leaders: + ruling coalition: + National Opposition Union (UNO) is a 14-party alliance - National + Conservative Party (PNC), Silviano MATAMOROS; Conservative Popular Alliance + Party (PAPC), Myriam ARGUELLO; National Conservative Action Party (PANC), + Hernaldo ZUNIGA; National Democratic Confidence Party (PDCN), Augustin + JARQUIN; Independent Liberal Party (PLI), Wilfredo NAVARRO; Neo-Liberal + Party (PALI), Andres ZUNIGA; Liberal Constitutionalist Party (PLC), Jose + Ernesto SOMARRIBA; National Action Party (PAN), Eduardo RIVAS; Nicaraguan + Socialist Party (PSN), Gustavo TABLADA; Communist Party of Nicaragua + (PCdeN), Eli ALTIMIRANO; Popular Social Christian Party (PPSC), Luis + Humberto GUZMAN; Nicaraguan Democratic Movement (MDN), Roberto URROZ; Social + Democratic Party (PSD), Guillermo POTOY; Central American Integrationist + Party (PIAC), Alejandro PEREZ + opposition parties: + Sandinista National Liberation Front (FSLN), Daniel ORTEGA; Central American + Unionist Party (PUCA), Blanca ROJAS; Democratic Conservative Party of + Nicaragua (PCDN), Jose BRENES; Liberal Party of National Unity (PLUIN), + Eduardo CORONADO; Movement of Revolutionary Unity (MUR), Francisco SAMPER; + Social Christian Party (PSC), Erick RAMIREZ; Revolutionary Workers' Party + (PRT), Bonifacio MIRANDA; Social Conservative Party (PSOC), Fernando + AGUERRO; Popular Action Movement - Marxist-Leninist (MAP-ML), Isidro TELLEZ; + Popular Social Christian Party (PPSC), Mauricio DIAZ +Suffrage: + universal at age 16 + +:Nicaragua Government + +Elections: + President: + last held on 25 February 1990 (next to be held February 1996); results - + Violeta Barrios de CHAMORRO (UNO) 54.7%, Daniel ORTEGA Saavedra (FSLN) + 40.8%, other 4.5% + National Assembly: + last held on 25 February 1990 (next to be held February 1996); results - UNO + 53.9%, FSLN 40.8%, PSC 1.6%, MUR 1.0%; seats - (92 total) UNO 51, FSLN 39, + PSC 1, MUR 1 +Communists: + 15,000-20,000 +Other political or pressure groups: + National Workers Front (FNT) is a Sandinista umbrella group of eight labor + unions: Sandinista Workers' Central (CST), Farm Workers Association (ATC), + Health Workers Federation (FETASALUD), National Union of Employees (UNE), + National Association of Educators of Nicaragua (ANDEN), Union of Journalists + of Nicaragua (UPN), Heroes and Martyrs Confederation of Professional + Associations (CONAPRO), and the National Union of Farmers and Ranchers + (UNAG); Permanent Congress of Workers (CPT) is an umbrella group of four + non-Sandinista labor unions: Confederation of Labor Unification (CUS), + Autonomous Nicaraguan Workers' Central (CTN-A), Independent General + Confederation of Labor (CGT-I), and Labor Action and Unity Central (CAUS); + Nicaraguan Workers' Central (CTN) is an independent labor union; Superior + Council of Private Enterprise (COSEP) is a confederation of business groups +Member of: + BCIE, CACM, ECLAC, FAO, G-77, GATT, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICFTU, IDA, + IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, IOM, ITU, LAES, LORCS, + NAM, OAS, OPANAL, PCA, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UPU, WCL, WFTU, + WHO, WIPO, WMO +Diplomatic representation: + Ambassador Ernesto PALAZIO; Chancery at 1627 New Hampshire Avenue NW, + Washington, DC 20009; telephone (202) 939-6570 + US: + Ambassador Harry W. SHLAUDEMAN; Embassy at Kilometer 4.5 Carretera Sur., + Managua (mailing address is APO AA 34021); telephone [505] (2) 666010 or + 666013, 666015 through 18, 666026, 666027, 666032 through 34; FAX [505] (2) + 666046 +Flag: + three equal horizontal bands of blue (top), white, and blue with the + national coat of arms centered in the white band; the coat of arms features + a triangle encircled by the words REPUBLICA DE NICARAGUA on the top and + AMERICA CENTRAL on the bottom; similar to the flag of El Salvador, which + features a round emblem encircled by the words REPUBLICA DE EL SALVADOR EN + LA AMERICA CENTRAL centered in the white band; also similar to the flag of + Honduras, which has five blue stars arranged in an X pattern centered in the + white band + +:Nicaragua Economy + +Overview: + Government control of the economy historically has been extensive, although + the CHAMORRO government has pledged to greatly reduce intervention. Four + private banks have been licensed, and the government has liberalized foreign + trade and abolished price controls on most goods. Over 50% of the + agricultural and industrial firms remain state owned. Sandinista economic + policies and the war had produced a severe economic crisis. The foundation + of the economy continues to be the export of agricultural commodities, + largely coffee and cotton. Farm production fell by roughly 7% in 1989 and 4% + in 1990, and remained about even in 1991. The agricultural sector employs + 44% of the work force and accounts for 15% of GDP and 80% of export + earnings. Industry, which employs 13% of the work force and contributes + about 25% to GDP, showed a drop of 7% in 1989, fell slightly in 1990, and + remained flat in 1991; output still is below pre-1979 levels. External debt + is one of the highest in the world on a per capita basis. In 1991 the + inflation rate was 766%, down sharply from the 13,490% of 1990. +GDP: + exchange rate conversion - $1.6 billion, per capita $425; real growth rate + -1.0% (1991 est.) +Inflation rate (consumer prices): + 766% (1991) +Unemployment rate: + 13%; underemployment 50% (1991) +Budget: + revenues $347 million; expenditures $499 million, including capital + expenditures of $NA million (1991) +Exports: + $342 million (f.o.b., 1991 est.) + commodities: + coffee, cotton, sugar, bananas, seafood, meat, chemicals + partners: + OECD 75%, USSR and Eastern Europe 15%, other 10% +Imports: + $738 million (c.i.f., 1991 est.) + commodities: + petroleum, food, chemicals, machinery, clothing + partners: + Latin America 30%, US 25%, EC 20%, USSR and Eastern Europe 10%, other 15% + (1990 est.) +External debt: + $10 billion (December 1991) +Industrial production: + growth rate NA; accounts for about 25% of GDP +Electricity: + 423,000 kW capacity; 1,409 million kWh produced, 376 kWh per capita (1991) +Industries: + food processing, chemicals, metal products, textiles, clothing, petroleum + refining and distribution, beverages, footwear +Agriculture: + accounts for 15% of GDP and 44% of work force; cash crops - coffee, bananas, + sugarcane, cotton; food crops - rice, corn, cassava, citrus fruit, beans; + variety of animal products - beef, veal, pork, poultry, dairy; normally + self-sufficient in food +Economic aid: + US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $294 million; Western (non-US) + countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $1,381 million; + Communist countries (1970-89), $3.5 billion +Currency: + cordoba (plural - cordobas); 1 cordoba (C$) = 100 centavos + +:Nicaragua Economy + +Exchange rates: + cordobas (C$) per US$1 - 25,000,000 (March 1992), 21,354,000 (1991), 15,655 + (1989), 270 (1988), 102.60 (1987) +Fiscal year: + calendar year + +:Nicaragua Communications + +Railroads: + 373 km 1.067-meter narrow gauge, government owned; majority of system not + operating; 3 km 1.435-meter gauge line at Puerto Cabezas (does not connect + with mainline) +Highways: + 25,930 km total; 4,000 km paved, 2,170 km gravel or crushed stone, 5,425 km + earth or graded earth, 14,335 km unimproved; Pan-American highway 368.5 km +Inland waterways: + 2,220 km, including 2 large lakes +Pipelines: + crude oil 56 km +Ports: + Corinto, El Bluff, Puerto Cabezas, Puerto Sandino, Rama +Merchant marine: + 2 cargo ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 2,161 GRT/2,500 DWT +Civil air: + 9 major transport aircraft +Airports: + 228 total, 155 usable; 11 with permanent-surface runways; none with runways + over 3,659 m; 2 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 12 with runways 1,220-2,439 m +Telecommunications: + low-capacity radio relay and wire system being expanded; connection into + Central American Microwave System; 60,000 telephones; broadcast stations - + 45 AM, no FM, 7 TV, 3 shortwave; earth stations - 1 Intersputnik and 1 + Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT + +:Nicaragua Defense Forces + +Branches: + Ground Forces, Navy, Air Force +Manpower availability: + males 15-49, 878,066; 541,090 fit for military service; 42,997 reach + military age (18) annually +Defense expenditures: + exchange rate conversion - $70 million, 3.8% of GDP (1991 budget) + +:Niger Geography + +Total area: + 1,267,000 km2 +Land area: + 1,266,700 km2 +Comparative area: + slightly less than twice the size of Texas +Land boundaries: + 5,697 km total; Algeria 956 km, Benin 266 km, Burkina 628 km, Chad 1,175 km, + Libya 354 km, Mali 821 km, Nigeria 1,497 km +Coastline: + none - landlocked +Maritime claims: + none - landlocked +Disputes: + Libya claims about 19,400 km2 in northern Niger; demarcation of + international boundaries in Lake Chad, the lack of which has led to border + incidents in the past, is completed and awaiting ratification by Cameroon, + Chad, Niger, and Nigeria; Burkina and Mali are proceeding with boundary + demarcation, including the tripoint with Niger +Climate: + desert; mostly hot, dry, dusty; tropical in extreme south +Terrain: + predominately desert plains and sand dunes; flat to rolling plains in south; + hills in north +Natural resources: + uranium, coal, iron ore, tin, phosphates +Land use: + arable land 3%; permanent crops 0%; meadows and pastures 7%; forest and + woodland 2%; other 88%; includes irrigated NEGL% +Environment: + recurrent drought and desertification severely affecting marginal + agricultural activities; overgrazing; soil erosion +Note: + landlocked + +:Niger People + +Population: + 8,052,945 (July 1992), growth rate 3.5% (1992) +Birth rate: + 58 births/1,000 population (1992) +Death rate: + 23 deaths/1,000 population (1992) +Net migration rate: + 0 migrants/1,000 population (1992) +Infant mortality rate: + 115 deaths/1,000 live births (1992) +Life expectancy at birth: + 42 years male, 45 years female (1992) +Total fertility rate: + 7.4 children born/woman (1992) +Nationality: + noun - Nigerien(s); adjective - Nigerien +Ethnic divisions: + Hausa 56%; Djerma 22%; Fula 8.5%; Tuareg 8%; Beri Beri (Kanouri) 4.3%; Arab, + Toubou, and Gourmantche 1.2%; about 4,000 French expatriates +Religions: + Muslim 80%, remainder indigenous beliefs and Christians +Languages: + French (official); Hausa, Djerma +Literacy: + 28% (male 40%, female 17%) age 15 and over can read and write (1990 est.) +Labor force: + 2,500,000 wage earners (1982); agriculture 90%, industry and commerce 6%, + government 4%; 51% of population of working age (1985) +Organized labor: + negligible + +:Niger Government + +Long-form name: + Republic of Niger +Type: + as of November 1991, transition government appointed by national reform + conference; scheduled to turn over power to democratically elected + government in January 1993 +Capital: + Niamey +Administrative divisions: + 7 departments (departements, singular - departement); Agadez, Diffa, Dosso, + Maradi, Niamey, Tahoua, Zinder +Independence: + 3 August 1960 (from France) +Constitution: + December 1989 constitution revised November 1991 by National Democratic + Reform Conference +Legal system: + based on French civil law system and customary law; has not accepted + compulsory ICJ jurisdiction +National holiday: + Republic Day, 18 December (1958) +Executive branch: + president (ceremonial), prime minister (interim), Cabinet +Legislative branch: + National Assembly +Judicial branch: + State Court (Cour d'Etat), Court of Appeal (Cour d'Apel) +Leaders: + Chief of State: + President Brig. Gen. Ali SAIBOU (since 14 November 1987); ceremonial post + since national conference (1991) + Head of Government: + Interim Prime Minister Amadou CHEIFFOU (since November 1991) +Political parties and leaders: + National Movement of the Development Society (MNSD-NASSARA), Tanda MAMADOU; + Niger Progressive Party - African Democratic Rally (PPN-RDA), Harou KOUKA; + Union of Popular Forces for Democracy and Progress (UDFP-SAWABA), Djibo + BAKARY; Niger Democratic Union (UDN-SAWABA), Mamoudou PASCAL; Union of + Patriots, Democrats, and Progressives (UPDP), Andre SALIFOU; Niger Social + Democrat Party (PSDN-ALHERI), Mallam Adji WAZIRI; Niger Party for Democracy + and Socialism (PNDS-TARAYA), Issoufou MAHAMADOU; Democratic and Social + Convention (CDS-RAHAMA), Mahamane OUSMANE; Union for Democracy and Progress + (UDP), Bello TCHIOUSSO; Union for Democracy and Social Progress + (UDPS-AMANA), Akoli DAOUEL; Masses Union for Democratic Action (UMAD-AIKI), + Belko GARBA; Worker's Liberation Party (PLT), Idi Ango OUMAROU; Convention + for Social Rehabilitation (CRS), Abdoul Karim SEYNI; Popular Movement for + Democracy in Niger (MPDN), Abdou SANDA; Popular Front for National + Liberation (FPLN), Diallo SABO; Republican Party for Freedom and Progress in + Niger (PRLPN), Alka ALMOU; other parties forming +Suffrage: + universal adult at age 18 +Elections: + President: + President Ali SAIBOU has been in office since December 1989, but the + presidency is now a largely ceremonial position + +:Niger Government + + National Assembly: + last held 10 December 1989 (next to be held NA); results - MNSD was the only + party; seats - (150 total) MNSD 150 (indirectly elected); note - Niger held + a national conference from July to November 1991 to decide upon a + transitional government and an agenda for multiparty elections +Member of: + ACCT, ACP, AfDB, CCC, CEAO, ECA, ECOWAS, Entente, FAO, FZ, G-77, GATT, IAEA, + IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, ITU, + LORCS, NAM, OAU, OIC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WADB, WCL, WHO, WIPO, + WMO, WTO +Diplomatic representation: + Ambassador Moumouni Adamou DJERMAKOYE; Chancery at 2204 R Street NW, + Washington, DC 20008; telephone (202) 483-4224 through 4227 + US: + Ambassador Jennifer C. WARD; Embassy at Avenue des Ambassades, Niamey + (mailing address is B. P. 11201, Niamey); telephone [227] 72-26-61 through + 64 +Flag: + three equal horizontal bands of orange (top), white, and green with a small + orange disk (representing the sun) centered in the white band; similar to + the flag of India, which has a blue spoked wheel centered in the white band + +:Niger Economy + +Overview: + About 90% of the population is engaged in farming and stock raising, + activities that generate almost half the national income. The economy also + depends heavily on exploitation of large uranium deposits. Uranium + production grew rapidly in the mid-1970s, but tapered off in the early 1980s + when world prices declined. France is a major customer, while Germany, + Japan, and Spain also make regular purchases. The depressed demand for + uranium has contributed to an overall sluggishness in the economy, a severe + trade imbalance, and a mounting external debt. +GDP: + exchange rate conversion - $2.4 billion, per capita $300; real growth rate + -3.4% (1991) +Inflation rate (consumer prices): + NA +Unemployment rate: + NA% +Budget: + revenues $220 million; expenditures $446 million, including capital + expenditures of $190 million (FY89 est.) +Exports: + $320 million (f.o.b., 1990) + commodities: + uranium 75%, livestock products, cowpeas, onions + partners: + France 65%, Nigeria 11%, Ivory Coast, Italy +Imports: + $439 million (c.i.f., 1990) + commodities: + petroleum products, primary materials, machinery, vehicles and parts, + electronic equipment, pharmaceuticals, chemical products, cereals, + foodstuffs + partners: + France 32%, Ivory Coast 11%, Germany 5%, Italy 4%, Nigeria 4% +External debt: + $1.8 billion (December 1990 est.) +Industrial production: + growth rate 0% (1989); accounts for 18% of GDP +Electricity: + 105,000 kW capacity; 230 million kWh produced, 30 kWh per capita (1991) +Industries: + cement, brick, textiles, food processing, chemicals, slaughterhouses, and a + few other small light industries; uranium production began in 1971 +Agriculture: + accounts for roughly 40% of GDP and 90% of labor force; cash crops - + cowpeas, cotton, peanuts; food crops - millet, sorghum, cassava, rice; + livestock - cattle, sheep, goats; self-sufficient in food except in drought + years +Economic aid: + US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $380 million; Western (non-US) + countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $3,165 million; OPEC + bilateral aid (1979-89), $504 million; Communist countries (1970-89), $61 + million +Currency: + Communaute Financiere Africaine franc (plural - francs); 1 CFA franc (CFAF) + = 100 centimes +Exchange rates: + Communaute Financiere Africaine francs (CFAF) per US$1 - 269.01 (January + 1992), 282.11 (1991), 272.26 (1990), 319.01 (1989), 297.85 (1988), 300.54 + (1987) + +:Niger Economy + +Fiscal year: + 1 October - 30 September + +:Niger Communications + +Highways: + 39,970 km total; 3,170 km bituminous, 10,330 km gravel and laterite, 3,470 + km earthen, 23,000 km tracks +Inland waterways: + Niger River is navigable 300 km from Niamey to Gaya on the Benin frontier + from mid-December through March +Civil air: + 2 major transport aircraft +Airports: + 29 total, 27 usable; 8 with permanent-surface runways; none with runways + over 3,659 m; 2 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 13 with runways 1,220-2,439 m +Telecommunications: + small system of wire, radiocommunications, and radio relay links + concentrated in southwestern area; 14,260 telephones; broadcast stations - + 15 AM, 5 FM, 18 TV; satellite earth stations - 1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT, 1 + Indian Ocean INTELSAT, and 3 domestic, with 1 planned + +:Niger Defense Forces + +Branches: + Army, Air Force, Gendarmerie, Republican National Guard, National police +Manpower availability: + males 15-49, 1,724,293; 928,177 fit for military service; 83,528 reach + military age (18) annually +Defense expenditures: + exchange rate conversion - $27 million, 1.3% of GDP (1989) + +:Nigeria Geography + +Total area: + 923,770 km2 +Land area: + 910,770 km2 +Comparative area: + slightly more than twice the size of California +Land boundaries: + 4,047 km total; Benin 773 km, Cameroon 1,690 km, Chad 87 km, Niger 1,497 km +Coastline: + 853 km +Maritime claims: + Continental shelf: + 200 m (depth) or to depth of exploitation + Exclusive economic zone: + 200 nm + Territorial sea: + 30 nm +Disputes: + demarcation of international boundaries in Lake Chad, the lack of which has + led to border incidents in the past, is completed and awaiting ratification + by Cameroon, Chad, Niger, and Nigeria; boundary commission created with + Cameroon to discuss unresolved land and maritime boundaries - has not yet + convened +Climate: + varies - equatorial in south, tropical in center, arid in north +Terrain: + southern lowlands merge into central hills and plateaus; mountains in + southeast, plains in north +Natural resources: + crude oil, tin, columbite, iron ore, coal, limestone, lead, zinc, natural + gas +Land use: + arable land 31%; permanent crops 3%; meadows and pastures 23%; forest and + woodland 15%; other 28%; includes irrigated NEGL% +Environment: + recent droughts in north severely affecting marginal agricultural + activities; desertification; soil degradation, rapid deforestation + +:Nigeria People + +Population: + 126,274,589 (July 1992), growth rate 3.0% (1992); note - a new population + figure of 88.5 million is in the process of being incorporated into revised + Census Bureau figures (April 1992) +Birth rate: + 46 births/1,000 population (1992) +Death rate: + 16 deaths/1,000 population (1992) +Net migration rate: + NEGL migrants/1,000 population (1992) +Infant mortality rate: + 110 deaths/1,000 live births (1992) +Life expectancy at birth: + 48 years male, 50 years female (1992) +Total fertility rate: + 6.5 children born/woman (1992) +Nationality: + noun - Nigerian(s); adjective - Nigerian +Ethnic divisions: + more than 250 tribal groups; Hausa and Fulani of the north, Yoruba of the + southwest, and Ibos of the southeast make up 65% of the population; about + 27,000 non-Africans +Religions: + Muslim 50%, Christian 40%, indigenous beliefs 10% +Languages: + English (official); Hausa, Yoruba, Ibo, Fulani, and several other languages + also widely used +Literacy: + 51% (male 62%, female 40%) age 15 and over can read and write (1990 est.) +Labor force: + 42,844,000; agriculture 54%, industry, commerce, and services 19%, + government 15%; 49% of population of working age (1985) +Organized labor: + 3,520,000 wage earners belong to 42 recognized trade unions, which come + under a single national labor federation - the Nigerian Labor Congress (NLC) + +:Nigeria Government + +Long-form name: + Federal Republic of Nigeria +Type: + military government since 31 December 1983 +Capital: + Abuja; note - on 12 December 1991 the capital was officially moved from + Lagos to Abuja; many government offices remain in Lagos pending completion + of facilities in Abuja +Administrative divisions: + 30 states and 1 territory*; Abia, Abuja Capital Territory*, Adamawa, Akwa + Ibom, Anambra, Bauchi, Benue, Borno, Cross River, Delta, Edo, Enugu, Imo, + Jigawa, Kaduna, Kano, Katsina, Kebbi, Kogi, Kwara, Lagos, Niger, Ogun, Ondo, + Osun, Oyo, Plateau, Rivers, Sokoto, Taraba, Yobe +Independence: + 1 October 1960 (from UK) +Constitution: + 1 October 1979, amended 9 February 1984, revised 1989 +Legal system: + based on English common law, Islamic law, and tribal law +National holiday: + Independence Day, 1 October (1960) +Executive branch: + president of the Armed Forces Ruling Council, Armed Forces Ruling Council, + National Council of State, Council of Ministers (cabinet) +Legislative branch: + National Assembly was dissolved after the military coup of 31 December 1983 +Judicial branch: + Supreme Court, Federal Court of Appeal +Leaders: + Chief of State and Head of Government: + President and Commander in Chief of Armed Forces Gen. Ibrahim BABANGIDA + (since 27 August 1985) +Political parties and leaders: + two political parties established by the government in 1989 - Social + Democratic Party (SDP) and National Republican Convention (NRC) +Suffrage: + universal at age 21 +Elections: + President: + first presidential elections since the 31 December 1983 coup scheduled for + late 1992 + National Assembly: + first elections since it was dissolved after the 31 December 1983 coup + scheduled for 4 July 1992 +Communists: + the pro-Communist underground consists of a small fraction of the Nigerian + left; leftist leaders are prominent in the country's central labor + organization but have little influence on the government +Member of: + ACP, AfDB, C, CCC, ECA, ECOWAS, FAO, G-15, G-19, G-24, G-77, GATT, IAEA, + IBRD, ICAO, ICC, IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMO, IMF, INMARSAT, INTELSAT, + INTERPOL, IOC, ISO, ITU, LORCS, NAM, OAU, OIC, OPEC, PCA, UN, UNCTAD, + UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNIIMOG, UPU, WCL, WHO, WMO, WTO +Diplomatic representation: + Ambassador Zubair Mahmud KAZAURE; Chancery at 2201 M Street NW, Washington, + DC 20037; telephone (202) 822-1500; there is a Nigerian Consulate General in + New York + +:Nigeria Government + + US: + Ambassador Lannon WALKER; Embassy at 2 Eleke Crescent, Lagos (mailing + address is P. O. Box 554, Lagos); telephone [234] (1) 610097; FAX [234] (1) + 610257; there is a US Consulate General in Kaduna; note - the US Government + has requested Nigerian Government permission to open an Embassy Branch + Office in Abuja; the US Embassy will remain in Lagos until a later date, + when the Branch Office in Abuja will become the Embassy and the Embassy in + Lagos will become a Consulate General +Flag: + three equal vertical bands of green (hoist side), white, and green + +:Nigeria Economy + +Overview: + Although Nigeria is Africa's leading oil-producing country, it remains poor + with a $250 per capita GDP. In 1991 massive government spending, much of it + to help ensure a smooth transition to civilian rule, ballooned the budget + deficit and caused inflation and interest rates to rise. The lack of fiscal + discipline forced the IMF to declare Nigeria not in compliance with an + 18-month standby facility started in January 1991. Lagos has set ambitious + targets for expanding oil production capacity and is offering foreign + companies more attractive investment incentives. Government efforts to + reduce Nigeria's dependence on oil exports and to sustain noninflationary + growth, however, have fallen short because of inadequate new investment + funds and endemic corruption. Living standards continue to deteriorate from + the higher level of the early 1980s oil boom. +GDP: + exchange rate conversion - $30 billion, per capita $250; real growth rate + 5.2% (1990 est.) +Inflation rate (consumer prices): + 40% (1991) +Unemployment rate: + NA% +Budget: + revenues $10 billion; expenditures $10 billion, including capital + expenditures of $NA (1992 est.) +Exports: + $13.6 billion (f.o.b., 1990) + commodities: + oil 95%, cocoa, rubber + partners: + EC 51%, US 32% +Imports: + $6.9 billion (c.i.f., 1990) + commodities: + consumer goods, capital equipment, chemicals, raw materials + partners: + EC, US +External debt: + $32 billion (December 1991 est.) +Industrial production: + growth rate 7.2% (1990); accounts for 8.5% of GDP +Electricity: + 4,740,000 kW capacity; 11,280 million kWh produced, 90 kWh per capita (1991) +Industries: + crude oil and mining - coal, tin, columbite; primary processing industries - + palm oil, peanut, cotton, rubber, wood, hides and skins; manufacturing + industries - textiles, cement, building materials, food products, footwear, + chemical, printing, ceramics, steel +Agriculture: + accounts for 32% of GDP and half of labor force; inefficient small-scale + farming dominates; once a large net exporter of food and now an importer; + cash crops - cocoa, peanuts, palm oil, rubber; food crops - corn, rice, + sorghum, millet, cassava, yams; livestock - cattle, sheep, goats, pigs; + fishing and forestry resources extensively exploited +Illicit drugs: + illicit heroin and some cocaine trafficking; marijuana cultivation for + domestic consumption and export; major transit country for heroin en route + from southeast and southwest Asia via Africa to Western Europe and the US; + growing transit route for cocaine from South America via West Africa to + Western Europe and the US + +:Nigeria Economy + +Economic aid: + US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $705 million; Western (non-US) + countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $3.0 billion; + Communist countries (1970-89), $2.2 billion +Currency: + naira (plural - naira); 1 naira (N) = 100 kobo +Exchange rates: + naira (N) per US$1 - 10.226 (February 1992), 9.909 (1991), 8.038 (1990), + 7.3647 (1989), 4.5370 (1988), 4.0160 (1987) +Fiscal year: + calendar year + +:Nigeria Communications + +Railroads: + 3,505 km 1.067-meter gauge +Highways: + 107,990 km total 30,019 km paved (mostly bituminous-surface treatment); + 25,411 km laterite, gravel, crushed stone, improved earth; 52,560 km + unimproved +Inland waterways: + 8,575 km consisting of Niger and Benue Rivers and smaller rivers and creeks +Pipelines: + crude oil 2,042 km; natural gas 500 km; petroleum products 3,000 km +Ports: + Lagos, Port Harcourt, Calabar, Warri, Onne, Sapele +Merchant marine: + 28 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 418,046 GRT/664,949 DWT; includes 17 + cargo, 1 refrigerated cargo, 1 roll-on/roll-off, 7 petroleum tanker, 1 + chemical tanker, 1 bulk +Civil air: + 57 major transport aircraft +Airports: + 76 total, 64 usable; 33 with permanent-surface runways; 1 with runways over + 3,659 m; 15 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 22 with runways 1,220-2,439 m +Telecommunications: + above-average system limited by poor maintenance; major expansion in + progress; radio relay and cable routes; broadcast stations - 35 AM, 17 FM, + 28 TV; satellite earth stations - 2 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT, 1 Indian Ocean + INTELSAT, 20 domestic stations; 1 coaxial submarine cable + +:Nigeria Defense Forces + +Branches: + Army, Navy, Air Force, paramilitary Police Force +Manpower availability: + males 15-49, 28,778,532; 16,451,582 fit for military service; 1,256,440 + reach military age (18) annually +Defense expenditures: + exchange rate conversion - $300 million, 1% of GDP (1990 est.) +\ + +:Niue Geography + +Total area: + 260 km2 +Land area: + 260 km2 +Comparative area: + slightly less than 1.5 times the size of Washington, DC +Land boundaries: + none +Coastline: + 64 km +Maritime claims: + Exclusive economic zone: + 200 nm + Territorial sea: + 12 nm +Disputes: + none +Climate: + tropical; modified by southeast trade winds +Terrain: + steep limestone cliffs along coast, central plateau +Natural resources: + fish, arable land +Land use: + arable land 61%; permanent crops 4%; meadows and pastures 4%; forest and + woodland 19%; other 12% +Environment: + subject to typhoons +Note: + one of world's largest coral islands; located about 460 km east of Tonga + +:Niue People + +Population: + 1,751 (July 1992), growth rate - 6.4% (1992) +Birth rate: + NA births/1,000 population (1992) +Death rate: + NA deaths/1,000 population (1992) +Net migration rate: + NA migrants/1,000 population (1992) +Infant mortality rate: + NA deaths/1,000 live births (1992) +Life expectancy at birth: + NA years male, NA years female (1992) +Total fertility rate: + NA children born/woman (1992) +Nationality: + noun - Niuean(s); adjective - Niuean +Ethnic divisions: + Polynesian, with some 200 Europeans, Samoans, and Tongans +Religions: + Ekalesia Nieue (Niuean Church) - a Protestant church closely related to the + London Missionary Society 75%, Mormon 10%, Roman Catholic, Jehovah's + Witnesses, Seventh-Day Adventist 5% +Languages: + Polynesian tongue closely related to Tongan and Samoan; English +Literacy: + NA% (male NA%, female NA%) but compulsory education age 5 to 14 +Labor force: + 1,000 (1981 est.); most work on family plantations; paid work exists only in + government service, small industry, and the Niue Development Board +Organized labor: + NA + +:Niue Government + +Long-form name: + none +Type: + self-governing territory in free association with New Zealand; Niue fully + responsible for internal affairs; New Zealand retains responsibility for + external affairs +Capital: + Alofi +Administrative divisions: + none +Independence: + became a self-governing territory in free association with New Zealand on 19 + October 1974 +Constitution: + 19 October 1974 (Niue Constitution Act) +Legal system: + English common law +National holiday: + Waitangi Day (Treaty of Waitangi established British sovereignty), 6 + February (1840) +Executive branch: + British monarch, premier, Cabinet +Legislative branch: + Legislative Assembly +Judicial branch: + Appeal Court of New Zealand, High Court +Leaders: + Chief of State: + Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952), represented by New Zealand + Representative John SPRINGFORD (since 1974) + Head of Government: + Premier Sir Robert R. REX (since October 1974) +Political parties and leaders: + Niue Island Party (NIP), Young VIVIAN +Suffrage: + universal adult at age 18 +Elections: + Legislative Assembly: + last held on 8 April 1990 (next to be held March 1993); results - percent of + vote NA; seats - (20 total, 6 elected) NIP 1, independents 5 +Member of: + ESCAP (associate), SPC, SPF +Diplomatic representation: + none (self-governing territory in free association with New Zealand) +Flag: + yellow with the flag of the UK in the upper hoist-side quadrant; the flag of + the UK bears five yellow five-pointed stars - a large one on a blue disk in + the center and a smaller one on each arm of the bold red cross + +:Niue Economy + +Overview: + The economy is heavily dependent on aid from New Zealand. Government + expenditures regularly exceed revenues, with the shortfall made up by grants + from New Zealand - the grants are used to pay wages to public employees. The + agricultural sector consists mainly of subsistence gardening, although some + cash crops are grown for export. Industry consists primarily of small + factories to process passion fruit, lime oil, honey, and coconut cream. The + sale of postage stamps to foreign collectors is an important source of + revenue. The island in recent years has suffered a serious loss of + population because of migration of Niueans to New Zealand. +GNP: + exchange rate conversion - $2.1 million, per capita $1,000; real growth rate + NA% (1989 est.) +Inflation rate (consumer prices): + 9.6% (1984) +Unemployment rate: + NA% +Budget: + revenues $5.5 million; expenditures $6.3 million, including capital + expenditures of $NA (FY85 est.) +Exports: + $175,274 (f.o.b., 1985) + commodities: + canned coconut cream, copra, honey, passion fruit products, pawpaw, root + crops, limes, footballs, stamps, handicrafts + partners: + NZ 89%, Fiji, Cook Islands, Australia +Imports: + $3.8 million (c.i.f., 1985) + commodities: + food, live animals, manufactured goods, machinery, fuels, lubricants, + chemicals, drugs + partners: + NZ 59%, Fiji 20%, Japan 13%, Western Samoa, Australia, US +External debt: + $NA +Industrial production: + growth rate NA% +Electricity: + 1,500 kW capacity; 3 million kWh produced, 1,490 kWh per capita (1990) +Industries: + tourist, handicrafts +Agriculture: + copra, coconuts, passion fruit, honey, limes; subsistence crops - taro, + yams, cassava (tapioca), sweet potatoes; pigs, poultry, beef cattle +Economic aid: + Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $62 + million +Currency: + New Zealand dollar (plural - dollars); 1 New Zealand dollar (NZ$) = 100 + cents +Exchange rates: + New Zealand dollars (NZ$) per US$1 - 1.8245 (March 1992), 1.7265 (1991), + 1.6750 (1990), 1.6711 (1989), 1.5244 (1988), 1.6886 (1987) +Fiscal year: + 1 April - 31 March + +:Niue Communications + +Highways: + 123 km all-weather roads, 106 km access and plantation roads +Ports: + none; offshore anchorage only +Airports: + 1 with permanent-surface runway of 1,650 m +Telecommunications: + single-line telephone system connects all villages on island; 383 + telephones; 1,000 radio receivers (1987 est.); broadcast stations - 1 AM, 1 + FM, no TV + +:Niue Defense Forces + +Branches: + Police Force +Note: + defense is the responsibility of New Zealand + +:Norfolk Island Geography + +Total area: + 34.6 km2 +Land area: + 34.6 km2 +Comparative area: + about 0.2 times the size of Washington, DC +Land boundaries: + none +Coastline: + 32 km +Maritime claims: + Exclusive fishing zone: + 200 nm + Territorial sea: + 3 nm +Disputes: + none +Climate: + subtropical, mild, little seasonal temperature variation +Terrain: + volcanic formation with mostly rolling plains +Natural resources: + fish +Land use: + arable land 0%; permanent crops 0%; meadows and pastures 25%; forest and + woodland 0%; other 75% +Environment: + subject to typhoons (especially May to July) +Note: + located 1,575 km east of Australia in the South Pacific Ocean + +:Norfolk Island People + +Population: + 2,620 (July 1992), growth rate 1.7% (1992) +Birth rate: + NA births/1,000 population (1992) +Death rate: + NA deaths/1,000 population (1992) +Net migration rate: + NA migrants/1,000 population (1992) +Infant mortality rate: + NA deaths/1,000 live births (1992) +Life expectancy at birth: + NA years male, NA years female (1992) +Total fertility rate: + NA children born/woman (1992) +Nationality: + noun - Norfolk Islander(s); adjective - Norfolk Islander(s) +Ethnic divisions: + descendants of the Bounty mutiny; more recently, Australian and New Zealand + settlers +Religions: + Anglican 39%, Roman Catholic 11.7%, Uniting Church in Australia 16.4%, + Seventh-Day Adventist 4.4%, none 9.2%, unknown 16.9%, other 2.4% (1986) +Languages: + English (official) and Norfolk - a mixture of 18th century English and + ancient Tahitian +Literacy: + NA% (male NA%, female NA%) +Labor force: + NA +Organized labor: + NA + +:Norfolk Island Government + +Long-form name: + Territory of Norfolk Island +Type: + territory of Australia +Capital: + Kingston (administrative center), Burnt Pine (commercial center) +Administrative divisions: + none (territory of Australia) +Independence: + none (territory of Australia) +Constitution: + Norfolk Island Act of 1957 +Legal system: + wide legislative and executive responsibility under the Norfolk Island Act + of 1979; Supreme Court +National holiday: + Pitcairners Arrival Day Anniversary, 8 June (1856) +Executive branch: + British monarch, governor general of Australia, administrator, Executive + Council (cabinet) +Legislative branch: + unicameral Legislative Assembly +Judicial branch: + Supreme Court +Leaders: + Chief of State: + Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952), represented by Administrator H. + B. MACDONALD (since NA 1989), who is appointed by the Governor General of + Australia + Head of Government: + Assembly President and Chief Minister John Terence BROWN (since NA) +Political parties and leaders: + NA +Suffrage: + universal at age 18 +Elections: + Legislative Assembly: + last held 1989 (held every three years); results - percent of vote by party + NA; seats - (9 total) percent of seats by party NA +Member of: + none +Diplomatic representation: + none (territory of Australia) +Flag: + three vertical bands of green (hoist side), white, and green with a large + green Norfolk Island pine tree centered in the slightly wider white band + +:Norfolk Island Economy + +Overview: + The primary economic activity is tourism, which has brought a level of + prosperity unusual among inhabitants of the Pacific Islands. The number of + visitors has increased steadily over the years and reached 29,000 in FY89. + Revenues from tourism have given the island a favorable balance of trade and + helped the agricultural sector to become self-sufficient in the production + of beef, poultry, and eggs. +GDP: + exchange rate conversion - $NA, per capita $NA; real growth rate NA% +Inflation rate (consumer prices): + NA% +Unemployment rate: + NA% +Budget: + revenues $NA; expenditures $4.2 million, including capital expenditures of + $400,000 (FY89) +Exports: + $1.7 million (f.o.b., FY86) + commodities: + postage stamps, seeds of the Norfolk Island pine and Kentia Palm, small + quantities of avocados + partners: + Australia, Pacific Islands, NZ, Asia, Europe +Imports: + $15.6 million (c.i.f., FY86) + commodities: + NA + partners: + Australia, Pacific Islands, NZ, Asia, Europe +External debt: + NA +Industrial production: + growth rate NA% +Electricity: + 7,000 kW capacity; 8 million kWh produced, 3,160 kWh per capita (1990) +Industries: + tourism +Agriculture: + Norfolk Island pine seed, Kentia palm seed, cereals, vegetables, fruit, + cattle, poultry +Economic aid: + none +Currency: + Australian dollar (plural - dollars); 1 Australian dollar ($A) = 100 cents +Exchange rates: + Australian dollars ($A) per US$1 - 1.3177 (March 1992), 1.2835 (1991), + 1.2799 (1990), 1.2618 (1989), 1.2752 (1988), 1.4267 (1987) +Fiscal year: + 1 July - 30 June + +:Norfolk Island Communications + +Highways: + 80 km of roads, including 53 km paved; remainder are earth formed or coral + surfaced +Ports: + none; loading jetties at Kingston and Cascade +Airports: + 1 with permanent-surface runways 1,220-2,439 m (Australian owned) +Telecommunications: + 1,500 radio receivers (1982); radio link service with Sydney; 987 telephones + (1983); broadcast stations - 1 AM, no FM, no TV + +:Norfolk Island Defense Forces + +Note: + defense is the responsibility of Australia + +:Northern Mariana Islands Geography + +Total area: + 477 km2 +Land area: + 477 km2; comprises 16 islands including Saipan, Rota, and Tinian +Comparative area: + slightly more than 2.5 times the size of Washington, DC +Land boundaries: + none +Coastline: + 1,482 km +Maritime claims: + Contiguous zone: + 12 nm + Continental shelf: + 200 m (depth) + Exclusive economic zone: + 200 nm + Territorial sea: + 3 nm +Disputes: + none +Climate: + tropical marine; moderated by northeast trade winds, little seasonal + temperature variation; dry season December to July, rainy season July to + October +Terrain: + southern islands are limestone with level terraces and fringing coral reefs; + northern islands are volcanic; highest elevation is 471 meters (Mt. Tagpochu + on Saipan) +Natural resources: + arable land, fish +Land use: + arable land 1%; permanent crops NA%; meadows and pastures 19%; forest and + woodland NA%; other NA% +Environment: + active volcanos on Pagan and Agrihan; subject to typhoons during the rainy + season +Note: + strategic location 5,635 km west-southwest of Honolulu in the North Pacific + Ocean, about three-quarters of the way between Hawaii and the Philippines + +:Northern Mariana Islands People + +Population: + 47,168 (July 1992), growth rate 3.0% (1992) +Birth rate: + 35 births/1,000 population (1992) +Death rate: + 5 deaths/1,000 population (1992) +Net migration rate: + 0 migrants/1,000 population (1992) +Infant mortality rate: + 38 deaths/1,000 live births (1992) +Life expectancy at birth: + 66 years male, 69 years female (1992) +Total fertility rate: + 2.7 children born/woman (1992) +Nationality: + undetermined +Ethnic divisions: + Chamorro majority; Carolinians and other Micronesians; Spanish, German, + Japanese admixtures +Religions: + Christian with a Roman Catholic majority, although traditional beliefs and + taboos may still be found +Languages: + English, but Chamorro and Carolinian are also spoken in the home and taught + in school +Literacy: + 96% (male 97%, female 96%) age 15 and over can read and write (1980) +Labor force: + 12,788 local; 18,799 foreign workers (1990 est.) +Organized labor: + NA + +:Northern Mariana Islands Government + +Long-form name: + Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands +Type: + commonwealth in political union with the US and administered by the Office + of Territorial and International Affairs, US Department of the Interior +Capital: + Saipan +Administrative divisions: + none +Independence: + none (commonwealth in political union with the US) +Constitution: + Covenant Agreement effective 3 November 1986 +Legal system: + based on US system except for customs, wages, immigration laws, and taxation +National holiday: + Commonwealth Day, 8 January (1978) +Executive branch: + US President; governor, lieutenant governor +Legislative branch: + bicameral Legislature consists of an upper house or Senate and a lower house + or House of Representatives +Judicial branch: + Commonwealth Court and the Federal District Court +Leaders: + Chief of State: + President George BUSH (since 20 January 1989); Vice President Dan QUAYLE + (since 20 January 1989) + Head of Government: + Governor Lorenzo I. DeLeon GUERRERO (since 9 January 1990); Lieutenant + Governor Benjamin T. MANGLONA (since 9 January 1990) +Political parties and leaders: + Republican Party, Alonzo IGISOMAR; Democratic Party, Felicidad OGUMORO +Suffrage: + universal at age 18; indigenous inhabitants are US citizens but do not vote + in US presidential elections +Elections: + Governor: + last held in November 1989 (next to be held November 1993); results - + Lorenzo I. DeLeon GUERRERO, Republican Party, was elected governor + Senate: + last held on November 1991 (next to be held November 1993); results - + percent of vote by party NA; seats - (9 total) Republications 6, Democrats 3 + House of Representatives: + last held in November 1991 (next to be held November 1993); results - + percent of vote by party NA; seats - (15 total) Republicans 5, Democrats 10 + US House of Representatives: + the Commonwealth does not have a nonvoting delegate in Congress; instead, it + has an elected official ``resident representative'' located in Washington, + DC; seats - (1 total) Republican (Juan N. BABAUTA) +Member of: + ESCAP (associate), SPC +Diplomatic representation: + none +Flag: + blue with a white five-pointed star superimposed on the gray silhouette of a + latte stone (a traditional foundation stone used in building) in the center + +:Northern Mariana Islands Economy + +Overview: + The economy benefits substantially from financial assistance from the US. An + agreement for the years 1986 to 1992 entitles the islands to $228 million + for capital development, government operations, and special programs. + Another major source of income is the tourist industry, which employs about + 10% of the work force. Japanese tourists predominate. The agricultural + sector is made up of cattle ranches and small farms producing coconuts, + breadfruit, tomatoes, and melons. Industry is small scale in nature - mostly + handicrafts and fish processing. +GNP: + purchasing power equivalent - $165 million, per capita $3,498; real growth + rate NA% (1982); note - GNP numbers reflect US spending +Inflation rate (consumer prices): + NA% +Unemployment rate: + NA% +Budget: + revenues $NA; expenditures $112.2 million, including capital expenditures of + $NA (February 1990) +Exports: + $153.9 million (1989) + commodities: + manufactured goods, garments, vegetables, beef, pork + partners: + NA +Imports: + $313.7 million, a 43% increase over previous year (1989) + commodities: + NA + partners: + NA +External debt: + none +Industrial production: + growth rate NA% +Electricity: + 25,000 kW capacity; 35 million kWh produced, 740 kWh per capita (1990) +Industries: + tourism, construction, light industry, handicrafts +Agriculture: + coffee, coconuts, fruits, tobacco, cattle +Economic aid: + none +Currency: + US currency is used +Exchange rates: + US currency is used +Fiscal year: + 1 October - 30 September + +:Northern Mariana Islands Communications + +Highways: + 381.5 km total (134.5 km first-grade primary, 55 km secondary, 192 km local) + (1991) +Ports: + Saipan, Rota, Tinian +Airports: + 6 total, 4 usable; 3 with permanent-surface runways; none with runways over + 3,659 m; 1 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 2 with runways 1,220-2,439 m +Telecommunications: + broadcast stations - 2 AM, 1 FM (1984), 1 TV; 2 Pacific Ocean INTELSAT earth + stations + +:Northern Mariana Islands Defense Forces + +Note: + defense is the responsibility of the US + +:Norway Geography + +Total area: + 324,220 km2 +Land area: + 307,860 km2 +Comparative area: + slightly larger than New Mexico +Land boundaries: + 2,515 km total; Finland 729 km, Sweden 1,619 km, Russia 167 km +Coastline: + 21,925 km; includes mainland 3,419 km, large islands 2,413 km, long fjords, + numerous small islands, and minor indentations 16,093 km +Maritime claims: + Contiguous zone: + 10 nm + Continental shelf: + to depth of exploitation + Exclusive economic zone: + 200 nm + Territorial sea: + 4 nm +Disputes: + territorial claim in Antarctica (Queen Maud Land); Denmark has challenged + Norway's maritime claims between Greenland and Jan Mayen; maritime boundary + dispute with Russia over portion of Barents Sea +Climate: + temperate along coast, modified by North Atlantic Current; colder interior; + rainy year-round on west coast +Terrain: + glaciated; mostly high plateaus and rugged mountains broken by fertile + valleys; small, scattered plains; coastline deeply indented by fjords; + arctic tundra in north +Natural resources: + crude oil, copper, natural gas, pyrites, nickel, iron ore, zinc, lead, fish, + timber, hydropower +Land use: + arable land 3%; permanent crops 0%; meadows and pastures NEGL%; forest and + woodland 27%; other 70%; includes irrigated NEGL% +Environment: + air and water pollution; acid rain; note - strategic location adjacent to + sea lanes and air routes in North Atlantic; one of most rugged and longest + coastlines in world; Norway and Turkey only NATO members having a land + boundary with Russia + +:Norway People + +Population: + 4,294,876 (July 1992), growth rate 0.5% (1992) +Birth rate: + 14 births/1,000 population (1992) +Death rate: + 10 deaths/1,000 population (1992) +Net migration rate: + 2 migrants/1,000 population (1992) +Infant mortality rate: + 7 deaths/1,000 live births (1992) +Life expectancy at birth: + 74 years male, 81 years female (1992) +Total fertility rate: + 1.8 children born/woman (1992) +Nationality: + noun - Norwegian(s); adjective - Norwegian +Ethnic divisions: + Germanic (Nordic, Alpine, Baltic) and racial-cultural minority of 20,000 + Lapps +Religions: + Evangelical Lutheran (state church) 87.8%, other Protestant and Roman + Catholic 3.8%, none 3.2%, unknown 5.2% (1980) +Languages: + Norwegian (official); small Lapp- and Finnish-speaking minorities +Literacy: + 99% (male NA%, female NA%) age 15 and over can read and write (1976 est.) +Labor force: + 2,167,000 (September 1990); services 34.7%, commerce 18%, mining and + manufacturing 16.6%, banking and financial services 7.5%, transportation and + communications 7.2%, construction 7.2%, agriculture, forestry, and fishing + 6.4% (1989) +Organized labor: + 66% of labor force (1985) + +:Norway Government + +Long-form name: + Kingdom of Norway +Type: + constitutional monarchy +Capital: + Oslo +Administrative divisions: + 19 provinces (fylker, singular - fylke); Akershus, Aust-Agder, Buskerud, + Finnmark, Hedmark, Hordaland, More og Romsdal, Nordland, Nord-Trondelag, + Oppland, Oslo, OCstfold, Rogaland, Sogn og Fjordane, Sor-Trondelag, + Telemark, Troms, Vest-Agder, Vestfold +Independence: + 26 October 1905 (from Sweden) +Constitution: + 17 May 1814, modified in 1884 +Dependent areas: + Bouvet Island, Jan Mayen, Svalbard +Legal system: + mixture of customary law, civil law system, and common law traditions; + Supreme Court renders advisory opinions to legislature when asked; accepts + compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with reservations +National holiday: + Constitution Day, 17 May (1814) +Executive branch: + monarch, prime minister, State Council (cabinet) +Legislative branch: + unicameral Parliament (Storting) with an Upper Chamber (Lagting) and a Lower + Chamber (Odelsting) +Judicial branch: + Supreme Court (Hoiesterett) +Leaders: + Chief of State: + King HARALD V (since 17 January 1991); Heir Apparent Crown Prince HAAKON + MAGNUS (born 20 July 1973) + Head of Government: + Prime Minister Gro Harlem BRUNDTLAND (since 3 November 1990) +Political parties and leaders: + Labor, Gro Harlem BRUNDTLAND; Conservative, Kaci Kullmann FIVE; Center + Party, Anne Enger LAHNSTEIN; Christian People's, Kjell Magne BONDEVIK; + Socialist Left, Erick SOLHEIM; Norwegian Communist, Kare Andre NILSEN; + Progress, Carl I. HAGEN; Liberal, Odd Einar DORUM; Finnmark List, leader NA +Suffrage: + universal at age 18 +Elections: + Storting: + last held on 11 September 1989 (next to be held 6 September 1993); results - + Labor 34.3%, Conservative 22.2%, Progress 13.0%, Socialist Left 10.1%, + Christian People's 8.5%, Center Party 6.6%, Finnmark List 0.3%, other 5%; + seats - (165 total) Labor 63, Conservative 37, Progress 22, Socialist Left + 17, Christian People's 14, Center Party 11, Finnmark List 1 +Communists: + 15,500 est.; 5,500 Norwegian Communist Party (NKP); 10,000 Workers Communist + Party Marxist-Leninist (AKP-ML, pro-Chinese) +Member of: + AfDB, AsDB, Australia Group, BIS, CCC, CE, CERN, COCOM, CSCE, EBRD, ECE, + EFTA, ESA, FAO, GATT, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICFTU, IDA, IEA, IFAD, + IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INMARSAT, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, IOM, ISO, ITU, LORCS, + MTCR, NACC, NATO, NC, NEA, NIB, NSG, OECD, PCA, UN, UNAVEM, UNCTAD, UNESCO, + UNHCR, UNIDO, UNIFIL, UNIIMOG, UNMOGIP, UNTSO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, ZC + +:Norway Government + +Diplomatic representation: + Ambassador Kjeld VIBE; Chancery at 2720 34th Street NW, Washington, DC + 20008; telephone (202) 333-6000; there are Norwegian Consulates General in + Houston, Los Angeles, Minneapolis, New York, and San Francisco, and + Consulates in Miami and New Orleans + US: + Ambassador Loret Miller RUPPE; Embassy at Drammensveien 18, 0244 Oslo 2 + (mailing address is APO AE 09707); telephone [47] (2) 44-85-50; FAX [47] (2) + 43-07-77 +Flag: + red with a blue cross outlined in white that extends to the edges of the + flag; the vertical part of the cross is shifted to the hoist side in the + style of the Dannebrog (Danish flag) + +:Norway Economy + +Overview: + Norway has a mixed economy involving a combination of free market activity + and government intervention. The government controls key areas, such as the + vital petroleum sector, through large-scale state enterprises and + extensively subsidizes agricultural, fishing, and other sectors. Norway also + maintains an extensive welfare system that helps propel public-sector + expenditures to slightly more than 50% of the GDP and results in one of the + highest average tax burdens in the world (54%). A small country with a high + dependence on international trade, Norway is basically an exporter of raw + materials and semiprocessed goods, with an abundance of small- and + medium-sized firms, and is ranked among the major shipping nations. The + country is richly endowed with natural resources - petroleum, hydropower, + fish, forests, and minerals - and is highly dependent on its oil sector to + keep its economy afloat. Although one of the government's main priorities is + to reduce this dependency, this situation is not likely to improve for years + to come. The government also hopes to reduce unemployment and strengthen and + diversify the economy through tax reform and an expansionary 1992 budget. + Forecasters predict that economic growth will rise slightly in 1992 because + of public-sector expansion and moderate improvements in private investment + and demand. Inflation will remain about 3%, while unemployment continues at + record levels of over 5% because of the weakness of the economy outside the + oil sector. Oslo, a member of the European Free Trade Area, is continuing to + deregulate and harmonize with EC regulations to prepare for the European + Economic Area (EEA) - which creates a EC/EFTA market with free movement of + capital, goods, services, and labor - which takes effect in 1993. +GDP: + purchasing power equivalent - $72.9 billion, per capita $17,100; real growth + rate 4.1% (1991 est.) +Inflation rate (consumer prices): + 3.5% (1991) +Unemployment rate: + 5.4% (1991, excluding people in job-training programs) +Budget: + revenues $47.9 billion; expenditures $52.7 billion, including capital + expenditures of $NA (1991) +Exports: + $34.2 billion (f.o.b., 1991) + commodities: + petroleum and petroleum products 36.5%, natural gas 7.5%, fish 7%, aluminum + 6%, ships 6.2%, pulp and paper + partners: + EC 66.5%, Nordic countries 19.5%, developing countries 7.8%, US 4.6%, Japan + 1.9% (1991) +Imports: + $25.1 billion (c.i.f., 1991) + commodities: + machinery, fuels and lubricants, transportation equipment, chemicals, + foodstuffs, clothing, ships + partners: + EC 46.8%, Nordic countries 26.1%, developing countries 12.3%, US 7.8%, Japan + 4.7% (1991) +External debt: + $10.2 billion (1991) +Industrial production: + growth rate 4.7% (1991) +Electricity: + 26,735,000 kW capacity; 121,685 million kWh produced, 28,950 kWh per capita + (1991) + +:Norway Economy + +Industries: + petroleum and gas, food processing, shipbuilding, pulp and paper products, + metals, chemicals, timber, mining, textiles, fishing +Agriculture: + accounts for 2.8% of GDP and 6.4% of labor force; among world's top 10 + fishing nations; livestock output exceeds value of crops; over half of food + needs imported; fish catch of 1.76 million metric tons in 1989 +Economic aid: + donor - ODA and OOF commitments (1970-89), $4.4 billion +Currency: + Norwegian krone (plural - kroner); 1 Norwegian krone (NKr) = 100 re +Exchange rates: + Norwegian kroner (NKr) per US$1 - 6.1956 (January 1992), 6.4829 (1991), + 6.2597 (1990), 6.9045 (1989), 6.5170 (1988), 6.7375 (1987) +Fiscal year: + calendar year + +:Norway Communications + +Railroads: + 4,223 km 1.435-meter standard gauge; Norwegian State Railways (NSB) operates + 4,219 km (2,450 km electrified and 96 km double track); 4 km other +Highways: + 79,540 km total; 38,580 km paved; 40,960 km gravel, crushed stone, and earth +Inland waterways: + 1,577 km along west coast; 2.4 m draft vessels maximum +Pipelines: + refined products 53 km +Ports: + Oslo, Bergen, Fredrikstad, Kristiansand, Stavanger, Trondheim +Merchant marine: + 864 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 22,978,202 GRT/40,128,177 DWT; + includes 12 passenger, 20 short-sea passenger, 118 cargo, 2 passenger-cargo, + 19 refrigerated cargo, 16 container, 49 roll-on/roll-off, 22 vehicle + carrier, 1 railcar carrier, 180 oil tanker, 93 chemical tanker, 83 liquefied + gas, 28 combination ore/oil, 211 bulk, 10 combination bulk; note - the + government has created a captive register, the Norwegian International Ship + Register (NIS), as a subset of the Norwegian register; ships on the NIS + enjoy many benefits of flags of convenience and do not have to be crewed by + Norwegians; the majority of ships (777) under the Norwegian flag are now + registered with the NIS +Civil air: + 76 major transport aircraft +Airports: + 103 total, 102 usable; 64 with permanent-surface runways; none with runways + over 3,659 m; 12 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 16 with runways 1,220-2,439 m +Telecommunications: + high-quality domestic and international telephone, telegraph, and telex + services; 2 buried coaxial cable systems; 3,102,000 telephones; broadcast + stations - 46 AM, 350 private and 143 government FM, 54 (2,100 repeaters) + TV; 4 coaxial submarine cables; 3 communications satellite earth stations + operating in the EUTELSAT, INTELSAT (1 Atlantic Ocean), MARISAT, and + domestic systems + +:Norway Defense Forces + +Branches: + Norwegian Army, Royal Norwegian Navy, Royal Norwegian Air Force, Home Guard +Manpower availability: + males 15-49, 1,129,871; 944,290 fit for military service; 33,175 reach + military age (20) annually +Defense expenditures: + exchange rate conversion - $3.8 billion, 3.8% of GDP (1991) + +:Oman Geography + +Total area: + 212,460 km2 +Land area: + 212,460 km2 +Comparative area: + slightly smaller than Kansas +Land boundaries: + 1,374 km total; Saudi Arabia 676 km, UAE 410 km, Yemen 288 km +Coastline: + 2,092 km +Maritime claims: + Continental shelf: + to be defined + Exclusive economic zone: + 200 nm + Territorial sea: + 12 nm +Disputes: + no defined boundary with most of UAE; Administrative Line with UAE in far + north; there is a proposed treaty with Yemen (which has not yet been + formally accepted) to settle the Omani-Yemeni boundary +Climate: + dry desert; hot, humid along coast; hot, dry interior; strong southwest + summer monsoon (May to September) in far south +Terrain: + vast central desert plain, rugged mountains in north and south +Natural resources: + crude oil, copper, asbestos, some marble, limestone, chromium, gypsum, + natural gas +Land use: + arable land NEGL%; permanent crops NEGL%; meadows and pastures 5%; forest + and woodland NEGL%; other 95%; includes irrigated NEGL% +Environment: + summer winds often raise large sandstorms and duststorms in interior; sparse + natural freshwater resources +Note: + strategic location with small foothold on Musandam Peninsula controlling + Strait of Hormuz (17% of world's oil production transits this point going + from Persian Gulf to Arabian Sea) + +:Oman People + +Population: + 1,587,581 (July 1992), growth rate 3.5% (1992) +Birth rate: + 41 births/1,000 population (1992) +Death rate: + 6 deaths/1,000 population (1992) +Net migration rate: + 0 migrants/1,000 population (1992) +Infant mortality rate: + 40 deaths/1,000 live births (1992) +Life expectancy at birth: + 65 years male, 69 years female (1992) +Total fertility rate: + 6.6 children born/woman (1992) +Nationality: + noun - Omani(s); adjective - Omani +Ethnic divisions: + mostly Arab, with small Balochi, Zanzibari, and South Asian (Indian, + Pakistani, Bangladeshi) groups +Religions: + Ibadhi Muslim 75%; remainder Sunni Muslim, Shi`a Muslim, some Hindu +Languages: + Arabic (official); English, Balochi, Urdu, Indian dialects +Literacy: + NA% (male NA%, female NA%) +Labor force: + 430,000; agriculture 60% (est.); 58% are non-Omani +Organized labor: + trade unions are illegal + +:Oman Government + +Long-form name: + Sultanate of Oman +Type: + absolute monarchy; independent, with residual UK influence +Capital: + Muscat +Administrative divisions: + there are no first-order administrative divisions as defined by the US + Government, but there are 3 governorates (muhafazah, singular - muhafazat); + Musqat, Musandam, Zufar +Independence: + 1650, expulsion of the Portuguese +Constitution: + none +Legal system: + based on English common law and Islamic law; ultimate appeal to the sultan; + has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction +National holiday: + National Day, 18 November +Executive branch: + sultan, Cabinet +Legislative branch: + National Assembly +Judicial branch: + none; traditional Islamic judges and a nascent civil court system +Leaders: + Chief of State and Head of Government: + Sultan and Prime Minister QABOOS bin Sa`id Al Sa`id (since 23 July 1970) +Suffrage: + none +Elections: + elections scheduled for October 1992 +Other political or pressure groups: + outlawed Popular Front for the Liberation of Oman (PFLO), based in Yemen +Member of: + ABEDA, AFESD, AL, AMF, ESCWA, FAO, G-77, GCC, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IDB, IFAD, + IFC, IMF, IMO, INMARSAT, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, ISO (correspondent), ITU, + NAM, OIC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WFTU, WHO, WMO +Diplomatic representation: + Ambassador Awadh bin Badr AL-SHANFARI; Chancery at 2342 Massachusetts Avenue + NW, Washington, DC 20008; telephone (202) 387-1980 through 1982 + US: + Ambassador Richard W. BOEHM; Embassy at address NA, Muscat (mailing address + is P. O. Box 50202 Madinat Qaboos, Muscat); telephone [968] 698-989; FAX + [968] 604-316 +Flag: + three horizontal bands of white (top, double width), red, and green (double + width) with a broad, vertical, red band on the hoist side; the national + emblem (a khanjar dagger in its sheath superimposed on two crossed swords in + scabbards) in white is centered at the top of the vertical band + +:Oman Economy + +Overview: + Economic performance is closely tied to the fortunes of the oil industry. + Petroleum accounts for more than 90% of export earnings, about 80% of + government revenues, and roughly 40% of GDP. Oman has proved oil reserves of + 4 billion barrels, equivalent to about 20 years' supply at the current rate + of extraction. Although agriculture employs a majority of the population, + urban centers depend on imported food. +GDP: + exchange rate conversion - $10.6 billion, per capita $6,925 (1990); real + growth rate 0.5% (1989) +Inflation rate (consumer prices): + 1.3% (1989) +Unemployment rate: + NA% +Budget: + revenues $4.9 billion; expenditures $4.9 billion, including capital + expenditures of $825 million (1990) +Exports: + $5.5 billion (f.o.b., 1990) + commodities: + petroleum, reexports, fish, processed copper, fruits and vegetables + partners: + Japan 35%, South Korea 21%, Singapore 7%, US 6% +Imports: + $2.5 billion (f.o.b, 1990) + commodities: + machinery, transportation equipment, manufactured goods, food, livestock, + lubricants + partners: + UK 20%, UAE 20%, Japan 17%, US 7% +External debt: + $3.1 billion (December 1989 est.) +Industrial production: + growth rate 10% (1989), including petroleum sector +Electricity: + 1,120,000 kW capacity; 5,000 million kWh produced, 3,800 kWh per capita + (1991) +Industries: + crude oil production and refining, natural gas production, construction, + cement, copper +Agriculture: + accounts for 6% of GDP and 60% of the labor force (including fishing); less + than 2% of land cultivated; largely subsistence farming (dates, limes, + bananas, alfalfa, vegetables, camels, cattle); not self-sufficient in food; + annual fish catch averages 100,000 metric tons +Economic aid: + US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $137 million; Western (non-US) + countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $148 million; OPEC + bilateral aid (1979-89), $797 million +Currency: + Omani rial (plural - rials); 1 Omani rial (RO) = 1,000 baiza +Exchange rates: + Omani rials (RO) per US$1 - 0.3845 (fixed rate since 1986) +Fiscal year: + calendar year + +:Oman Communications + +Highways: + 26,000 km total; 6,000 km paved, 20,000 km motorable track +Pipelines: + crude oil 1,300 km; natural gas 1,030 km +Ports: + Mina' Qabus, Mina' Raysut +Merchant marine: + 1 passenger ship (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 4,442 GRT/1,320 DWT +Civil air: + 19 major transport aircraft +Airports: + 134 total, 127 usable; 6 with permanent-surface runways; 1 with runways over + 3,659 m; 8 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 73 with runways 1,220-2,439 m +Telecommunications: + fair system of open-wire, microwave, and radio communications stations; + limited coaxial cable 50,000 telephones; broadcast stations - 2 AM, 3 FM, 7 + TV; satellite earth stations - 2 Indian Ocean INTELSAT, 1 ARABSAT, and 8 + domestic + +:Oman Defense Forces + +Branches: + Army, Navy, Air Force, Royal Oman Police +Manpower availability: + males 15-49, 359,394; 204,006 fit for military service +Defense expenditures: + exchange rate conversion - $1.73 billion, 16% of GDP (1992 budget) + +:Pacific Islands, Trust Territory of the Geography + +Total area: + 458 km2 +Land area: + 458 km2 +Comparative area: + slightly more than 2.5 times the size of Washington, DC +Land boundaries: + none +Coastline: + 1,519 km +Maritime claims: + Contiguous zone: + 12 nm + Continental shelf: + 200 m (depth) + Exclusive fishing zone: + 200 nm + Territorial sea: + 3 nm +Disputes: + none +Climate: + wet season May to November; hot and humid +Terrain: + about 200 islands varying geologically from the high, mountainous main + island of Babelthuap to low, coral islands usually fringed by large barrier + reefs +Natural resources: + forests, minerals (especially gold), marine products; deep-seabed minerals +Land use: + arable land NA%; permanent crops NA%; meadows and pastures NA%; forest and + woodland NA%; other NA% +Environment: + subject to typhoons from June to December; archipelago of six island groups + totaling over 200 islands in the Caroline chain +Note: + important location 850 km southeast of the Philippines; includes World War + II battleground of Peleliu and world-famous rock islands + +:Pacific Islands, Trust Territory of the People + +Population: + 15,775 (July 1992), growth rate 1.9% (1992) +Birth rate: + 23 births/1,000 population (1992) +Death rate: + 7 deaths/1,000 population (1992) +Net migration rate: + 2 migrants/1,000 population (1992) +Infant mortality rate: + 25 deaths/1,000 live births (1992) +Life expectancy at birth: + 69 years male, 73 years female (1992) +Total fertility rate: + 3.0 children born/woman (1992) +Nationality: + noun - Palauan(s); adjective - Palauan +Ethnic divisions: + Palauans are a composite of Polynesian, Malayan, and Melanesian races +Religions: + predominantly Christian, including Catholics, Seventh-Day Adventists, + Jehovah's Witnesses, the Assembly of God, the Liebenzell Mission, and + Latter-Day Saints; a third of the population observes the Modekngei + religion, indigenous to Palau +Languages: + English is an official language, though Palauan is also official in 13 of + Palau's 16 states, and Tobi and Sonsorolese are official in the 3 other + states +Literacy: + 92% (male 93%, female 91%) age 15 and over can read and write (1980) +Labor force: + NA +Organized labor: + NA + +:Pacific Islands, Trust Territory of the Government + +Long-form name: + Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands (no short-form name); may change to + Republic of Palau after independence; note - Belau, the native form of + Palau, is sometimes used +Type: + UN trusteeship administered by the US; constitutional government signed a + Compact of Free Association with the US on 10 January 1986, which was never + approved in a series of UN-observed plebiscites; until the UN trusteeship is + terminated with entry into force of the Compact, Palau remains under US + administration as the Palau District of the Trust Territory of the Pacific + Islands +Capital: + Koror; a new capital is being built about 20 km northeast in eastern + Babelthuap +Administrative divisions: + there are no first-order administrative divisions as defined by the US + Government, but there are 16 states; Aimeliik, Airai, Angaur, Kayangel, + Koror, Melekeok, Ngaraard, Ngardmau, Ngaremlengui, Ngatpang, Ngchesar, + Ngerchelong, Ngiwal, Peleliu, Sonsorol, Tobi +Independence: + still part of the US-administered UN trusteeship (the last polity remaining + under the trusteeship; the Republic of the Marshall Islands, Federated + States of Micronesia, and Commonwealth of the Northern Marianas have left); + administered by the Office of Territorial and International Affairs, US + Department of Interior +Constitution: + 1 January 1981 +Legal system: + based on Trust Territory laws, acts of the legislature, municipal, common, + and customary laws +National holiday: + Constitution Day, 9 July (1979) +Executive branch: + US president, US vice president, national president, national vice president +Legislative branch: + bicameral Parliament (Olbiil Era Kelulau or OEK) consists of an upper house + or Senate and a lower house or House of Delegates +Judicial branch: + Supreme Court, National Court, and Court of Common Pleas +Leaders: + Chief of State: + President George BUSH (since 20 January 1989); represented by the Assistant + Secretary for Territorial Affairs, US Department of the Interior, Stella + GUERRA (since 21 July 1989) and J. Victor HOBSON Jr., Director (since 16 + December 1990) + Head of Government: + President Ngiratkel ETPISON (since 2 November 1988), Vice-President Kuniwo + NAKAMURA (since 2 November 1988) +Suffrage: + universal at age 18 +Elections: + House of Delegates: + last held 2 November 1988 (next to be held NA November 1992); results - + percent of vote NA; seats - (16 total); number of seats by party NA + President: + last held on 2 November 1988 (next to be held NA November 1992); results - + Ngiratkel ETPISON 26.3%, Roman TMETUCHL 25.9%, Thomas REMENGESAU 19.5%, + other 28.3% + +:Pacific Islands, Trust Territory of the Government + + Senate: + last held 2 November 1988 (next to be held NA November 1992); results - + percent of vote NA; seats - (14 total); number of seats by party NA +Member of: + ESCAP (associate), SPC, SPF (observer) +Diplomatic representation: + none + US: + US Liaison Officer Lloyed W. MOSS; US Liaison Office at Top Side, Neeriyas, + Koror (mailing address: P. O. Box 6028, Koror, PW 96940); telephone (680) + 488-2920; (680) 488-2911 +Flag: + light blue with a large yellow disk (representing the moon) shifted slightly + to the hoist side + +:Pacific Islands, Trust Territory of the Economy + +Overview: + The economy consists primarily of subsistence agriculture and fishing. + Tourism provides some foreign exchange, although the remote location of + Palau and a shortage of suitable facilities has hindered development. The + government is the major employer of the work force, relying heavily on + financial assistance from the US. +GDP: + purchasing power equivalent - $31.6 million, per capita $2,260; real growth + rate NA% (1986); note - GDP numbers reflect US spending +Inflation rate (consumer prices): + NA% +Unemployment rate: + 20% (1986) +Budget: + revenues $6.0 million; expenditures NA, including capital expenditures of NA + (1986) +Exports: + $0.5 million (f.o.b., 1986) + commodities: + NA + partners: + US, Japan +Imports: + $27.2 million (c.i.f., 1986) + commodities: + NA + partners: + US +External debt: + about $100 million (1989) +Industrial production: + growth rate NA% +Electricity: + 16,000 kW capacity; 22 million kWh produced, 1,540 kWh per capita (1990) +Industries: + tourism, craft items (shell, wood, pearl), some commercial fishing and + agriculture +Agriculture: + subsistence-level production of coconut, copra, cassava, sweet potatoes +Economic aid: + US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $2,560 million; Western (non-US) + countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $92 million +Currency: + US currency is used +Exchange rates: + US currency is used +Fiscal year: + 1 October - 30 September + +:Pacific Islands, Trust Territory of the Communications + +Highways: + 22.3 km paved, some stone-, coral-, or laterite-surfaced roads (1991) +Ports: + Koror +Airports: + 2 with permanent-surface runways 1,220-2,439 m +Telecommunications: + broadcast stations - 1 AM, 1 FM, 2 TV; 1 Pacific Ocean INTELSAT earth + station + +:Pacific Islands, Trust Territory of the Defense Forces + +Note: + defense is the responsibility of the US and that will not change when the UN + trusteeship terminates if the Compact of Free Association with the US goes + into effect + +:Pacific Ocean Geography + +Total area: + 165,384,000 km2 +Land area: + 165,384,000 km2; includes Arafura Sea, Banda Sea, Bellingshausen Sea, Bering + Sea, Bering Strait, Coral Sea, East China Sea, Gulf of Alaska, Makassar + Strait, Philippine Sea, Ross Sea, Sea of Japan, Sea of Okhotsk, South China + Sea, Tasman Sea, and other tributary water bodies +Comparative area: + slightly less than 18 times the size of the US; the largest ocean (followed + by the Atlantic Ocean, the Indian Ocean, and the Arctic Ocean); covers about + one-third of the global surface; larger than the total land area of the + world +Coastline: + 135,663 km +Disputes: + some maritime disputes (see littoral states) +Climate: + the western Pacific is monsoonal - a rainy season occurs during the summer + months, when moisture-laden winds blow from the ocean over the land, and a + dry season during the winter months, when dry winds blow from the Asian land + mass back to the ocean +Terrain: + surface in the northern Pacific dominated by a clockwise, warm-water gyre + (broad, circular system of currents) and in the southern Pacific by a + counterclockwise, cool-water gyre; sea ice occurs in the Bering Sea and Sea + of Okhotsk during winter and reaches maximum northern extent from Antarctica + in October; the ocean floor in the eastern Pacific is dominated by the East + Pacific Rise, while the western Pacific is dissected by deep trenches; the + world's greatest depth is 10,924 meters in the Marianas Trench +Natural resources: + oil and gas fields, polymetallic nodules, sand and gravel aggregates, placer + deposits, fish +Environment: + endangered marine species include the dugong, sea lion, sea otter, seals, + turtles, and whales; oil pollution in Philippine Sea and South China Sea; + dotted with low coral islands and rugged volcanic islands in the + southwestern Pacific Ocean; subject to tropical cyclones (typhoons) in + southeast and east Asia from May to December (most frequent from July to + October); tropical cyclones (hurricanes) may form south of Mexico and strike + Central America and Mexico from June to October (most common in August and + September); southern shipping lanes subject to icebergs from Antarctica; + occasional El Nino phenomenon occurs off the coast of Peru when the trade + winds slacken and the warm Equatorial Countercurrent moves south, killing + the plankton that is the primary food source for anchovies; consequently, + the anchovies move to better feeding grounds, causing resident marine birds + to starve by the thousands because of their lost food source +Note: + the major choke points are the Bering Strait, Panama Canal, Luzon Strait, + and the Singapore Strait; the Equator divides the Pacific Ocean into the + North Pacific Ocean and the South Pacific Ocean; ships subject to + superstructure icing in extreme north from October to May and in extreme + south from May to October; persistent fog in the northern Pacific from June + to December is a hazard to shipping; surrounded by a zone of violent + volcanic and earthquake activity sometimes referred to as the Pacific Ring + of Fire + +:Pacific Ocean Economy + +Overview: + The Pacific Ocean is a major contributor to the world economy and + particularly to those nations its waters directly touch. It provides cheap + sea transportation between East and West, extensive fishing grounds, + offshore oil and gas fields, minerals, and sand and gravel for the + construction industry. In 1985 over half (54%) of the world's total fish + catch came from the Pacific Ocean, which is the only ocean where the fish + catch has increased every year since 1978. Exploitation of offshore oil and + gas reserves is playing an ever-increasing role in the energy supplies of + Australia, New Zealand, China, US, and Peru. The high cost of recovering + offshore oil and gas, combined with the wide swings in world prices for oil + since 1985, has slowed but not stopped new drillings. +Industries: + fishing, oil and gas production + +:Pacific Ocean Communications + +Ports: + Bangkok (Thailand), Hong Kong, Los Angeles (US), Manila (Philippines), Pusan + (South Korea), San Francisco (US), Seattle (US), Shanghai (China), + Singapore, Sydney (Australia), Vladivostok (Russia), Wellington (NZ), + Yokohama (Japan) +Telecommunications: + several submarine cables with network focused on Guam and Hawaii + +:Pakistan Geography + +Total area: + 803,940 km2 +Land area: + 778,720 km2 +Comparative area: + slightly less than twice the size of California +Land boundaries: + 6,774 km total; Afghanistan 2,430 km, China 523 km, India 2,912 km, Iran 909 + km +Coastline: + 1,046 km +Maritime claims: + Contiguous zone: + 24 nm + Continental shelf: + edge of continental margin or 200 nm + Exclusive economic zone: + 200 nm + Territorial sea: + 12 nm +Disputes: + boundary with India; border question (Durand line); water sharing problems + with upstream riparian India over the Indus +Climate: + mostly hot, dry desert; temperate in northwest; arctic in north +Terrain: + flat Indus plain in east; mountains in north and northwest; Balochistan + plateau in west +Natural resources: + land, extensive natural gas reserves, limited crude oil, poor quality coal, + iron ore, copper, salt, limestone +Land use: + arable land 26%; permanent crops NEGL%; meadows and pastures 6%; forest and + woodland 4%; other 64%; includes irrigated 19% +Environment: + frequent earthquakes, occasionally severe especially in north and west; + flooding along the Indus after heavy rains (July and August); deforestation; + soil erosion; desertification; water logging +Note: + controls Khyber Pass and Malakand Pass, traditional invasion routes between + Central Asia and the Indian Subcontinent + +:Pakistan People + +Population: + 121,664,539 (July 1992), growth rate 2.9% (1992) +Birth rate: + 43 births/1,000 population (1992) +Death rate: + 13 deaths/1,000 population (1992) +Net migration rate: + -1 migrant/1,000 population (1992) +Infant mortality rate: + 105 deaths/1,000 live births (1992) +Life expectancy at birth: + 56 years male, 57 years female (1992) +Total fertility rate: + 6.6 children born/woman (1992) +Nationality: + noun - Pakistani(s); adjective - Pakistani +Ethnic divisions: + Punjabi, Sindhi, Pashtun (Pathan), Baloch, Muhajir (immigrants from India + and their descendents) +Religions: + Muslim 97% (Sunni 77%, Shi`a 20%), Christian, Hindu, and other 3% +Languages: + Urdu and English (both official); total spoken languages - Punjabi 64%, + Sindhi 12%, Pashtu 8%, Urdu 7%, Balochi and other 9%; English is lingua + franca of Pakistani elite and most government ministries, but official + policies are promoting its gradual replacement by Urdu +Literacy: + 35% (male 47%, female 21%) age 15 and over can read and write (1990 est.) +Labor force: + 28,900,000; agriculture 54%, mining and manufacturing 13%, services 33%; + extensive export of labor (1987 est.) +Organized labor: + about 10% of industrial work force + +:Pakistan Government + +Long-form name: + Islamic Republic of Pakistan +Type: + parliamentary with strong executive, federal republic +Capital: + Islamabad +Administrative divisions: + 4 provinces, 1 territory*, and 1 capital territory**; Balochistan, Federally + Administered Tribal Areas*, Islamabad Capital Territory**, North-West + Frontier, Punjab, Sindh; note - the Pakistani-administered portion of the + disputed Jammu and Kashmir region includes Azad Kashmir and the Northern + Areas +Independence: + 14 August 1947 (from UK; formerly West Pakistan) +Constitution: + 10 April 1973, suspended 5 July 1977, restored with amendments, 30 December + 1985 +Legal system: + based on English common law with provisions to accommodate Pakistan's + stature as an Islamic state; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with + reservations +National holiday: + Pakistan Day (proclamation of the republic), 23 March (1956) +Executive branch: + president, prime minister, Cabinet +Legislative branch: + bicameral Parliament (Majlis-e-Shoora) consists of an upper house or Senate + and a lower house or National Assembly +Judicial branch: + Supreme Court, Federal Islamic (Shari`at) Court +Leaders: + Chief of State: + President GHULAM ISHAQ Khan (since 13 December 1988) + Head of Government: + Prime Minister Mian Nawaz SHARIF (since 6 November 1990) +Political parties and leaders: + Islamic Democratic Alliance (Islami Jamuri Ittehad or IJI) - the Pakistan + Muslim League (PML) led by Mohammed Khan JUNEJO is the main party in the + IJI; Pakistan People's Party (PPP), Benazir BHUTTO; note - in September 1990 + the PPP announced the formation of the People's Democratic Alliance (PDA), + an electoral alliance including the following four parties - PPP, Solidarity + Movement (Tehrik Istiqlal), Movement for the Implementation of Shi`a + Jurisprudence (Tehrik-i-Nifaz Fiqh Jafariya or TNFJ), and the PML (Malik + faction); Muhajir Qaumi Movement (MQM), Altaf HUSSAIN; Awami National Party + (ANP), Khan Abdul Wali KHAN; Jamiat-ul-Ulema-i-Islam (JUI), Fazlur RAHMAN; + Jamhoori Watan Party (JWP), Mohammad Akbar Khan BUGTI; Pakistan National + Party (PNP), Mir Ghaus Bakhsh BIZENJO; Pakistan Khawa Milli Party (PKMP), + leader NA; Assembly of Pakistani Clergy (Jamiat-ul-Ulema-e-Pakistan or JUP), + Maulana Shah Ahmed NOORANI; Jamaat-i-Islami (JI), Qazi Hussain AHMED +Suffrage: + universal at age 21 +Elections: + President: + last held on 12 December 1988 (next to be held NA December 1993); results - + Ghulam Ishaq KHAN was elected by Parliament and the four provincial + assemblies + +:Pakistan Government + + Senate: + last held March 1991 (next to be held NA March 1994); seats - (87 total) IJI + 57, Tribal Area Representatives (nonparty) 8, PPP 5, ANP 5, JWP 4, MQM 3, + PNP 2, PKMP 1, JUI 1, independent 1 +Elections: + National Assembly: + last held on 24 October 1990 (next to be held by NA October 1995); results - + percent of vote by party NA; seats - (217 total) IJI 107, PDA 45, MQM 15, + ANP 6, JUI 2, JWP 2, PNP 2, PKMP 1, independents 14, religious minorities + 10, Tribal Area Representatives (nonparty) 8, vacant 1 +Communists: + the Communist party is officially banned but is allowed to operate openly +Other political or pressure groups: + military remains dominant political force; ulema (clergy), industrialists, + and small merchants also influential +Member of: + AsDB, C, CCC, CP, ESCAP, FAO, G-19, G-24, G-77, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, + ICFTU, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INMARSAT, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, + IOC, ISO, ITU, LORCS, NAM, OAS (observer), OIC, PCA, SAARC, UN, UNCTAD, + UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UPU, WCL, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO +Diplomatic representation: + Ambassador Abida HUSSAIN; Chancery at 2315 Massachusetts Avenue NW, + Washington, DC 20008; telephone (202) 939-6200; there is a Pakistani + Consulate General in New York + US: + Ambassador Nicholas PLATT; Embassy at Diplomatic Enclave, Ramna 5, Islamabad + (mailing address is P. O. Box 1048, PSC 1212, Box 2000, Islamabad or APO AE + 09812-2000); telephone [92] (51) 826161 through 79; FAX [92] (51) 822004; + there are US Consulates General in Karachi and Lahore and a Consulate in + Peshawar +Flag: + green with a vertical white band on the hoist side; a large white crescent + and star are centered in the green field; the crescent, star, and color + green are traditional symbols of Islam + +:Pakistan Economy + +Overview: + Pakistan is a poor Third World country faced with the usual problems of + rapidly increasing population, sizable government deficits, and heavy + dependence on foreign aid. In addition, the economy must support a large + military establishment and provide for the needs of 4 million Afghan + refugees. A real economic growth rate averaging 5-6% in recent years has + enabled the country to cope with these problems. Almost all agriculture and + small-scale industry is in private hands. In 1990, Pakistan embarked on a + sweeping economic liberalization program to boost foreign and domestic + private investment and lower foreign aid dependence. The SHARIF government + has denationalized several state-owned firms and has attracted some foreign + investment. Pakistan likely will have difficulty raising living standards + because of its rapidly expanding population. At the current rate of growth, + population would double in 25 years. +GNP: + exchange rate conversion - $45.4 billion, per capita $380; real growth rate + 4.8% (FY91 est.) +Inflation rate (consumer prices): + 12.3% (FY91) +Unemployment rate: + 10% (FY91 est.) +Budget: + revenues $6.4 billion; expenditures $10 billion, including capital + expenditures of $2.6 billion (FY92 est.) +Exports: + $6.0 billion (f.o.b., FY91) + commodities: + cotton, textiles, clothing, rice + partners: + EC 31%, Japan 9%, US 13% (FY90) +Imports: + $7.9 billion (f.o.b., FY91) + commodities: + petroleum, petroleum products, machinery, transportation, equipment, + vegetable oils, animal fats, chemicals + partners: + EC 21%, US 14%, Japan 13% (FY90) +External debt: + $20.1 billion (1990 est.) +Industrial production: + growth rate 5.7% (FY91); accounts for almost 20% of GNP +Electricity: + 8,500,000 kW capacity; 35,000 million kWh produced, 300 kWh per capita + (1991) +Industries: + textiles, food processing, beverages, construction materials, clothing, + paper products, shrimp +Agriculture: + 25% of GNP, over 50% of labor force; world's largest contiguous irrigation + system; major crops - cotton, wheat, rice, sugarcane, fruits, and + vegetables; live-stock products - milk, beef, mutton, eggs; self-sufficient + in food grain +Illicit drugs: + illicit producer of opium and hashish for the international drug trade; + government eradication efforts on poppy cultivation of limited success + +:Pakistan Economy + +Economic aid: + (including Bangladesh only before 1972) US commitments, including Ex-Im + (FY70-89), $4.5 billion; Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral + commitments (1980-89), $9.1 billion; OPEC bilateral aid (1979-89), $2.3 + billion; Communist countries (1970-89), $3.2 billion +Currency: + Pakistani rupee (plural - rupees); 1 Pakistani rupee (PRe) = 100 paisa +Exchange rates: + Pakistani rupees (PRs) per US$1 - 24.980 (March 1992), 23.801 (1991), 21.707 + (1990), 20.541 (1989), 18.003 (1988), 17.399 (1987) +Fiscal year: + 1 July - 30 June + +:Pakistan Communications + +Railroads: + 8,773 km total; 7,718 km broad gauge, 445 km 1-meter gauge, and 610 km less + than 1-meter gauge; 1,037 km broad-gauge double track; 286 km electrified; + all government owned (1985) +Highways: + 101,315 km total (1987); 40,155 km paved, 23,000 km gravel, 29,000 km + improved earth, and 9,160 km unimproved earth or sand tracks (1985) +Pipelines: + crude oil 250 km; natural gas 4,044 km; petroleum products 885 km (1987) +Ports: + Gwadar, Karachi, Port Muhammad bin Qasim +Merchant marine: + 28 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 334,227 GRT/495,425 DWT; includes 3 + passenger-cargo, 24 cargo, 1 petroleum tanker +Civil air: + 40 major transport aircraft +Airports: + 112 total, 104 usable; 75 with permanent-surface runways; 1 with runways + over 3,659 m; 31 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 43 with runways 1,220-2,439 m +Telecommunications: + good international communication service over microwave and INTELSAT + satellite; domestic communications poor; 813,000 telephones (1990); + broadcast service good; broadcast stations - 19 AM, 8 FM, 29 TV; satellite + earth stations - 1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT and 2 Indian Ocean INTELSAT + +:Pakistan Defense Forces + +Branches: + Army, Navy, Air Force, Civil Armed Forces, National Guard +Manpower availability: + males 15-49, 27,811,099; 17,064,073 fit for military service; 1,287,041 + reach military age (17) annually +Defense expenditures: + exchange rate conversion - $2.9 billion, 6% of GNP (1992 budget) + +:Palmyra Atoll Geography + +Total area: + 11.9 km2 +Land area: + 11.9 km2 +Comparative area: + about 20 times the size of The Mall in Washington, DC +Land boundaries: + none +Coastline: + 14.5 km +Maritime claims: + Contiguous zone: + 12 nm + Continental shelf: + 200 m (depth) + Exclusive economic zone: + 200 nm + Territorial sea: + 12 nm +Disputes: + none +Climate: + equatorial, hot, and very rainy +Terrain: + low, with maximum elevations of about 2 meters +Natural resources: + none +Land use: + arable land 0%; permanent crops 0%; meadows and pastures 0%; forest and + woodland 100%; other 0% +Environment: + about 50 islets covered with dense vegetation, coconut trees, and balsa-like + trees up to 30 meters tall +Note: + located 1,600 km south-southwest of Honolulu in the North Pacific Ocean, + almost halfway between Hawaii and American Samoa + +:Palmyra Atoll People + +Population: + uninhabited + +:Palmyra Atoll Government + +Long-form name: + none +Type: + unincorporated territory of the US; privately owned, but administered by the + Office of Territorial and International Affairs, US Department of the + Interior +Capital: + none; administered from Washington, DC + +:Palmyra Atoll Economy + +Overview: + no economic activity + +:Palmyra Atoll Communications + +Ports: + the main harbor is West Lagoon, which is entered by a channel on the + southwest side of the atoll; both the channel and harbor will accommodate + vessels drawing 4 meters of water; much of the road and many causeways built + during the war are unserviceable and overgrown +Airports: + 1 with permanent-surface runway 1,220-2,439 m + +:Palmyra Atoll Defense Forces + +Branches: + Note: + defense is the responsibility of the US + +:Panama Geography + +Total area: + 78,200 km2 +Land area: + 75,990 km2 +Comparative area: + slightly smaller than South Carolina +Land boundaries: + 555 km total; Colombia 225 km, Costa Rica 330 km +Coastline: + 2,490 km +Maritime claims: + Territorial sea: + 200 nm +Disputes: + none +Climate: + tropical; hot, humid, cloudy; prolonged rainy season (May to January), short + dry season (January to May) +Terrain: + interior mostly steep, rugged mountains and dissected, upland plains; + coastal areas largely plains and rolling hills +Natural resources: + copper, mahogany forests, shrimp +Land use: + arable land 6%; permanent crops 2%; meadows and pastures 15%; forest and + woodland 54%; other 23%; includes irrigated NEGL% +Environment: + dense tropical forest in east and northwest +Note: + strategic location on eastern end of isthmus forming land bridge connecting + North and South America; controls Panama Canal that links North Atlantic + Ocean via Caribbean Sea with North Pacific Ocean + +:Panama People + +Population: + 2,529,902 (July 1992), growth rate 2.0% (1992) +Birth rate: + 25 births/1,000 population (1992) +Death rate: + 5 deaths/1,000 population (1992) +Net migration rate: + NEGL migrants/1,000 population (1992) +Infant mortality rate: + 17 deaths/1,000 live births (1992) +Life expectancy at birth: + 73 years male, 77 years female (1992) +Total fertility rate: + 3.0 children born/woman (1992) +Nationality: + noun - Panamanian(s); adjective - Panamanian +Ethnic divisions: + mestizo (mixed Indian and European ancestry) 70%, West Indian 14%, white + 10%, Indian 6% +Religions: + Roman Catholic over 93%, Protestant 6% +Languages: + Spanish (official); English as native tongue 14%; many Panamanians bilingual +Literacy: + 88% (male 88%, female 88%) age 15 and over can read and write (1990 est.) +Labor force: + 770,472 (1987); government and community services 27.9%; agriculture, + hunting, and fishing 26.2%; commerce, restaurants, and hotels 16%; + manufacturing and mining 10.5%; construction 5.3%; transportation and + communications 5.3%; finance, insurance, and real estate 4.2%; Canal Zone + 2.4%; shortage of skilled labor, but an oversupply of unskilled labor +Organized labor: + 17% of labor force (1986) + +:Panama Government + +Long-form name: + Republic of Panama +Type: + centralized republic +Capital: + Panama +Administrative divisions: + 9 provinces (provincias, singular - provincia) and 1 territory* (comarca); + Bocas del Toro, Chiriqui, Cocle, Colon, Darien, Herrera, Los Santos, Panama, + San Blas*, Veraguas +Independence: + 3 November 1903 (from Colombia; became independent from Spain 28 November + 1821) +Constitution: + 11 October 1972; major reforms adopted April 1983 +Legal system: + based on civil law system; judicial review of legislative acts in the + Supreme Court of Justice; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with + reservations +National holiday: + Independence Day, 3 November (1903) +Executive branch: + president, two vice presidents, Cabinet +Legislative branch: + unicameral Legislative Assembly (Asamblea Legislativa) +Judicial branch: + Supreme Court of Justice (Corte Suprema de Justicia) currently being + reorganized +Leaders: + Chief of State and Head of Government: + President Guillermo ENDARA (since 20 December 1989, elected 7 May 1989); + First Vice President Ricardo ARIAS Calderon (since 20 December 1989, elected + 7 May 1989); Second Vice President Guillermo FORD Boyd (since 20 December + 1989, elected 7 May 1989) +Political parties and leaders: + government alliance: + Nationalist Republican Liberal Movement (MOLIRENA), Alfredo RAMIREZ; + Authentic Liberal Party (PLA), Arnulfo ESCALONA; Arnulfista Party (PA), + Mireya MOSCOSO DE GRUBER; + opposition parties: + Christian Democratic Party (PDC), Ricardo ARIAS Calderon; Democratic + Revolutionary Party (PRD, ex-official government party), Gerardo GONZALEZ; + Agrarian Labor Party (PALA), Carlos LOPEZ Guevara; Liberal Party (PL), + Roderick ESQUIVEL; Popular Action Party (PAPO); Socialist Workers Party + (PST, leftist), Jose CAMBRA; Revolutionary Workers Party (PRT, leftist), + Graciela DIXON +Suffrage: + universal and compulsory at age 18 +Elections: + President: + last held on 7 May 1989, annulled but later upheld (next to be held NA May + 1994); results - anti-NORIEGA coalition believed to have won about 75% of + the total votes cast + Legislative Assembly: + last held on 27 January 1991 (next to be held NA May 1994); results - + percent of vote by party NA; seats - (67 total) + progovernment parties: + PDC 28, MOLIRENA 16, PA 7, PLA 4 + +:Panama Government + + opposition parties: + PRD 10, PALA 1, PL 1; note - the PDC went into opposition after President + Guillermo ENDARA ousted the PDC from the coalition government in April 1991 +Communists: + People's Party (PdP), mainline Communist party, did not obtain the necessary + 3% of the total vote in the 1984 election to retain its legal status; about + 3,000 members +Other political or pressure groups: + National Council of Organized Workers (CONATO); National Council of Private + Enterprise (CONEP); Panamanian Association of Business Executives (APEDE); + National Civic Crusade; National Committee for the Right to Life +Member of: + AG (associate), CG, ECLAC, FAO, G-77, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICFTU, IDA, + IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INMARSAT, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, IOM, ITU, LAES, + LAIA (observer), LORCS, NAM, OAS, OPANAL, PCA, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, + UPU, WCL, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO +Diplomatic representation: + Ambassador Jaime FORD; Chancery at 2862 McGill Terrace NW, Washington, DC + 20008; telephone (202) 483-1407; the status of the Consulates General and + Consulates has not yet been determined + US: + Ambassador Deane R. HINTON; Embassy at Avenida Balboa and Calle 38, Apartado + 6959, Panama City 5 (mailing address is Box E, APO AA 34002); telephone + (507) 27-1777; FAX (507) 27-1964 +Flag: + divided into four, equal rectangles; the top quadrants are white with a blue + five-pointed star in the center (hoist side) and plain red, the bottom + quadrants are plain blue (hoist side) and white with a red five-pointed star + in the center + +:Panama Economy + +Overview: + GDP expanded by roughly 9.3% in 1991, following growth of 4.6% in 1990 and a + 0.4% contraction in 1989. Delay in coming to terms with the international + financial institutions on policies to implement structural reform in Panama + generated uncertainty in the private sector and tempered the pace of + business expansion in 1991. Public investment was limited as the + administration kept the fiscal deficit below 3% of GDP. Unemployment and + economic reform are the two major issues the government must face in + 1992-93. +GDP: + exchange rate conversion - $5.0 billion, per capita $2,040; real growth rate + 9.3% (1991 est.) +Inflation rate (consumer prices): + 2.0% (1991 est.) +Unemployment rate: + 17% (1991 est.) +Budget: + revenues $1.5 billion; expenditures $1.7 billion, including capital + expenditures of $140 million (1991 est.) +Exports: + $380 million (f.o.b., 1991 est.) + commodities: + bananas 28%, shrimp 14%, sugar 12%, clothing 5%, coffee 4% + partners: + US 44%, Central America and Caribbean, EC (1991 est.) +Imports: + $1.5 billion (f.o.b., 1991 est.) + commodities: + capital goods 13%, crude oil 12%, foodstuffs 10%, consumer goods, chemicals + (1990) + partners: + US 37%, Japan, EC, Central America and Caribbean, Mexico, Venezuela (1989 + est.) +External debt: + $5.4 billion (December 1991 est.) +Industrial production: + growth rate 7.2% (1991 est.); accounts for almost 9.4% of GDP +Electricity: + 1,135,000 kW capacity; 3,397 million kWh produced, 1,372 kWh per capita + (1991) +Industries: + manufacturing and construction activities, petroleum refining, brewing, + cement and other construction material, sugar mills +Agriculture: + accounts for 12% of GDP (1991 est.), 25% of labor force (1989); crops - + bananas, rice, corn, coffee, sugarcane; livestock; fishing; importer of food + grain, vegetables +Economic aid: + US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $516 million; Western (non-US) + countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $582 million; + Communist countries (1970-89), $4 million +Currency: + balboa (plural - balboas); 1 balboa (B) = 100 centesimos +Exchange rates: + balboas (B) per US$1 - 1.000 (fixed rate) +Fiscal year: + calendar year + +:Panama Communications + +Railroads: + 238 km total; 78 km 1.524-meter gauge, 160 km 0.914-meter gauge +Highways: + 8,530 km total; 2,745 km paved, 3,270 km gravel or crushed stone, 2,515 km + improved and unimproved earth +Inland waterways: + 800 km navigable by shallow draft vessels; 82 km Panama Canal +Pipelines: + crude oil 130 km +Ports: + Cristobal, Balboa, Puerto de La Bahia de Las Minas +Merchant marine: + 3,004 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 41,314,623 GRT/73,325,176 DWT; + includes 20 passenger, 22 short-sea passenger, 3 passenger-cargo, 1,046 + cargo, 205 refrigerated cargo, 175 container, 65 roll-on/roll-off cargo, 111 + vehicle carrier, 9 livestock carrier, 4 multifunction large-load carrier, + 340 petroleum tanker, 177 chemical tanker, 23 combination ore/oil, 101 + liquefied gas, 8 specialized tanker, 659 bulk, 35 combination bulk, 1 barge + carrier; note - all but 5 are foreign owned and operated; the top 4 foreign + owners are Japan 36%, Greece 8%, Hong Kong 8%, and the US 7%; (China owns at + least 128 ships, Vietnam 4, former Yugoslavia 4, Cuba 4, Cyprus 5, and the + republics of the former USSR 12) +Civil air: + 5 major transport aircraft +Airports: + 112 total, 102 usable; 39 with permanent-surface runways; none with runways + over 3,659 m; 2 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 15 with runways 1,220-2,439 m +Telecommunications: + domestic and international facilities well developed; connection into + Central American Microwave System; 220,000 telephones; broadcast stations - + 91 AM, no FM, 23 TV; 1 coaxial submarine cable; satellite ground stations - + 2 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT + +:Panama Defense Forces + +Branches: + note - the Panamanian Defense Forces (PDF) ceased to exist as a military + institution shortly after the United States invaded Panama on 20 December + 1989; President ENDARA has restructured the forces into a civilian police + service under the new name of Panamanian Public Forces (PPF); a Council of + Public Security and National Defense under Menalco SOLIS in the office of + the president coordinates the activities of the security forces; the + Institutional Protection Service under Carlos BARES is attached to the + presidency +Manpower availability: + males 15-49, 661,101; 455,412 fit for military service; no conscription +Defense expenditures: + exchange rate conversion - $75.5 million, 1.5% of GDP (1990) + +:Papua New Guinea Geography + +Total area: + 461,690 km2 +Land area: + 451,710 km2 +Comparative area: + slightly larger than California +Land boundaries: + 820 km; Indonesia 820 km +Coastline: + 5,152 km +Maritime claims: + (measured from claimed archipelagic baselines) + Continental shelf: + 200 m (depth) or to depth of exploitation + Exclusive economic zone: + 200 nm + Territorial sea: + 12 nm +Disputes: + none +Climate: + tropical; northwest monsoon (December to March), southeast monsoon (May to + October); slight seasonal temperature variation +Terrain: + mostly mountains with coastal lowlands and rolling foothills +Natural resources: + gold, copper, silver, natural gas, timber, oil potential +Land use: + arable land NEGL%; permanent crops 1%; meadows and pastures NEGL%; forest + and woodland 71%; other 28% +Environment: + one of world's largest swamps along southwest coast; some active volcanos; + frequent earthquakes +Note: + shares island of New Guinea with Indonesia + +:Papua New Guinea People + +Population: + 4,006,509 (July 1992), growth rate 2.3% (1992) +Birth rate: + 34 births/1,000 population (1992) +Death rate: + 11 deaths/1,000 population (1992) +Net migration rate: + 0 migrants/1,000 population (1992) +Infant mortality rate: + 67 deaths/1,000 live births (1992) +Life expectancy at birth: + 55 years male, 56 years female (1992) +Total fertility rate: + 4.9 children born/woman (1992) +Nationality: + noun - Papua New Guinean(s); adjective - Papua New Guinean +Ethnic divisions: + predominantly Melanesian and Papuan; some Negrito, Micronesian, and + Polynesian +Religions: + Roman Catholic 22%, Lutheran 16%, Presbyterian/Methodist/London Missionary + Society 8%, Anglican 5%, Evangelical Alliance 4%, Seventh-Day Adventist 1%, + other Protestant sects 10%; indigenous beliefs 34% +Languages: + 715 indigenous languages; English spoken by 1-2%, pidgin English widespread, + Motu spoken in Papua region +Literacy: + 52% (male 65%, female 38%) age 15 and over can read and write (1990 est.) +Labor force: + NA +Organized labor: + more than 50 trade unions, some with fewer than 20 members + +:Papua New Guinea Government + +Long-form name: + Independent State of Papua New Guinea +Type: + parliamentary democracy +Capital: + Port Moresby +Administrative divisions: + 20 provinces; Central, Chimbu, Eastern Highlands, East New Britain, East + Sepik, Enga, Gulf, Madang, Manus, Milne Bay, Morobe, National Capital, New + Ireland, Northern, North Solomons, Sandaun, Southern Highlands, Western, + Western Highlands, West New Britain +Independence: + 16 September 1975 (from UN trusteeship under Australian administration) +Constitution: + 16 September 1975 +Legal system: + based on English common law +National holiday: + Independence Day, 16 September (1975) +Executive branch: + British monarch, governor general, prime minister, deputy prime minister, + National Executive Council (cabinet) +Legislative branch: + unicameral National Parliament (sometimes referred to as the House of + Assembly) +Judicial branch: + Supreme Court +Leaders: + Chief of State: + Queen Elizabeth II (since 6 February 1952), represented by Governor General + Wiwa KOROWI (since NA November 1991) + Head of Government: + Prime Minister Paias WINGTI (since 17 July 1992) +Political parties and leaders: + Papua New Guinea United Party (Pangu Party), Rabbie NAMALIU; People's + Democratic Movement (PDM), Paias WINGTI; People's Action Party (PAP), Akoka + DOI; People's Progress Party (PPP), Sir Julius CHAN; United Party (UP), Paul + TORATO; Papua Party (PP), Galeva KWARARA; National Party (NP), Paul PORA; + Melanesian Alliance (MA), Fr. John MOMIS +Suffrage: + universal at age 18 +Elections: + National Parliament: + last held 13-26 June 1992 (next to be held NA 1997); results - percent by + party NA; seats - (109 total) Pangu Party 24, PDM 17, PPP 10, PAP 10, + independents 30, others 18 +Member of: + ACP, AsDB, ASEAN (observer), C, CP, ESCAP, FAO, G-77, IBRD, ICAO, ICFTU, + IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, ISO, ITU, LORCS, NAM + (observer), SPC, SPF, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WHO, WMO +Diplomatic representation: + Ambassador Margaret TAYLOR; Chancery at 3rd floor, 1615 New Hampshire Avenue + NW, Washington, DC 20009; telephone (202) 745-3680 + US: + Ambassador Robert W. FARRAND; Embassy at Armit Street, Port Moresby (mailing + address is P. O. Box 1492, Port Moresby, or APO AE 96553); telephone [675] + 211-455 or 594, 654; FAX [675] 213-423 + +:Papua New Guinea Government + +Flag: + divided diagonally from upper hoist-side corner; the upper triangle is red + with a soaring yellow bird of paradise centered; the lower triangle is black + with five white five-pointed stars of the Southern Cross constellation + centered + +:Papua New Guinea Economy + +Overview: + Papua New Guinea is richly endowed with natural resources, but exploitation + has been hampered by the rugged terrain and the high cost of developing an + infrastructure. Agriculture provides a subsistence livelihood for 85% of the + population. Mining of numerous deposits, including copper and gold, accounts + for about 60% of export earnings. Budgetary support from Australia and + development aid under World Bank auspices have helped sustain the economy. + Robust growth in 1991 was led by the mining sector; the opening of a large + new gold mine featured in the advance. +GDP: + exchange rate conversion - $3.1 billion, per capita $800; real growth rate + 9% (1991) +Inflation rate (consumer prices): + 6.8% (first half 1991) +Unemployment rate: + 5% (1988) +Budget: + revenues $1.26 billion; expenditures $1.46 billion, including capital + expenditures of $273 million (1992 est.) +Exports: + $1.14 billion (f.o.b., 1990) + commodities: + copper ore, gold, coffee, logs, palm oil, cocoa, lobster + partners: + FRG, Japan, Australia, UK, Spain, US +Imports: + $1.18 billion (c.i.f., 1990) + commodities: + machinery and transport equipment, food, fuels, chemicals, consumer goods + partners: + Australia, Singapore, Japan, US, New Zealand, UK +External debt: + $2.2 billion (April 1991) +Industrial production: + growth rate 2.4% (1990 est.); accounts for 25% of GDP +Electricity: + 397,000 kW capacity; 1,510 million kWh produced, 400 kWh per capita (1990) +Industries: + copra crushing, oil palm processing, plywood processing, wood chip + production, gold, silver, copper, construction, tourism +Agriculture: + one-third of GDP; livelihood for 85% of population; fertile soils and + favorable climate permits cultivating a wide variety of crops; cash crops - + coffee, cocoa, coconuts, palm kernels; other products - tea, rubber, sweet + potatoes, fruit, vegetables, poultry, pork; net importer of food for urban + centers +Economic aid: + US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $40.6 million; Western (non-US) + countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $6.5 billion; OPEC + bilateral aid (1979-89), $17 million +Currency: + kina (plural - kina); 1 kina (K) = 100 toea +Exchange rates: + kina (K) per US$1 - 1.0413 (March 1992), 1.0508 (1991), 1.0467 (1990), + 1.1685 (1989), 1.1538 (1988), 1.1012 (1987) +Fiscal year: + calendar year + +:Papua New Guinea Communications + +Railroads: + none +Highways: + 19,200 km total; 640 km paved, 10,960 km gravel, crushed stone, or + stabilized-soil surface, 7,600 km unimproved earth +Inland waterways: + 10,940 km +Ports: + Anewa Bay, Lae, Madang, Port Moresby, Rabaul +Merchant marine: + 8 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 14,102 GRT/16,016 DWT; includes 2 + cargo, 1 roll-on/roll-off cargo, 3 combination ore/oil, 1 bulk, 1 container +Civil air: + about 15 major transport aircraft +Airports: + 503 total, 460 usable; 18 with permanent-surface runways; none with runways + over 3,659 m; 1 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 39 with runways 1,220-2,439 m +Telecommunications: + services are adequate and being improved; facilities provide radiobroadcast, + radiotelephone and telegraph, coastal radio, aeronautical radio, and + international radiocommunication services; submarine cables extend to + Australia and Guam; 51,700 telephones (1985); broadcast stations - 31 AM, 2 + FM, 2 TV (1987); 1 Pacific Ocean INTELSAT earth station + +:Papua New Guinea Defense Forces + +Branches: + Papua New Guinea Defense Force (including Army, Navy, Air Force) +Manpower availability: + males 15-49, 1,013,812; 564,081 fit for military service +Defense expenditures: + exchange rate conversion - $42 million, 1.3% of GDP (1989 est.) + +:Paracel Islands Geography + +Total area: + NA +Land area: + undetermined +Comparative area: + undetermined +Land boundaries: + none +Coastline: + 518 km +Maritime claims: + undetermined +Disputes: + occupied by China, but claimed by Taiwan and Vietnam +Climate: + tropical +Terrain: + undetermined +Natural resources: + none +Land use: + arable land 0%; permanent crops 0%; meadows and pastures 0%; forest and + woodland 0%; other 100% +Environment: + subject to typhoons +Note: + located 400 km east of Vietnam in the South China Sea about one-third of the + way between Vietnam and the Philippines + +:Paracel Islands People + +Population: + no permanent inhabitants + +:Paracel Islands Government + +Long-form name: + none + +:Paracel Islands Economy + +Overview: + no economic activity + +:Paracel Islands Communications + +Ports: + small Chinese port facilities on Woody Island and Duncan Island currently + under expansion +Airports: + 1 on Woody Island + +:Paracel Islands Defense Forces + +Note: + occupied by China + +:Paraguay Geography + +Total area: + 406,750 km2 +Land area: + 397,300 km2 +Comparative area: + slightly smaller than California +Land boundaries: + 3,920 km total; Argentina 1,880 km, Bolivia 750 km, Brazil 1,290 km +Coastline: + none - landlocked +Maritime claims: + none - landlocked +Disputes: + short section of the boundary with Brazil (just west of Guaira Falls on the + Rio Parana) has not been determined +Climate: + varies from temperate in east to semiarid in far west +Terrain: + grassy plains and wooded hills east of Rio Paraguay; Gran Chaco region west + of Rio Paraguay mostly low, marshy plain near the river, and dry forest and + thorny scrub elsewhere +Natural resources: + iron ore, manganese, limestone, hydropower, timber +Land use: + arable land 20%; permanent crops 1%; meadows and pastures 39%; forest and + woodland 35%; other 5%; includes irrigated NEGL% +Environment: + local flooding in southeast (early September to June); poorly drained plains + may become boggy (early October to June) +Note: + landlocked; buffer between Argentina and Brazil + +:Paraguay People + +Population: + 4,929,446 (July 1992), growth rate 2.9% (1992) +Birth rate: + 33 births/1,000 population (1992) +Death rate: + 5 deaths/1,000 population (1992) +Net migration rate: + 0 migrants/1,000 population (1992) +Infant mortality rate: + 28 deaths/1,000 live births (1992) +Life expectancy at birth: + 71 years male, 74 years female (1992) +Total fertility rate: + 4.4 children born/woman (1992) +Nationality: + noun - Paraguayan(s); adjective - Paraguayan +Ethnic divisions: + mestizo (Spanish and Indian) 95%, white and Indian 5% +Religions: + Roman Catholic 90%; Mennonite and other Protestant denominations +Languages: + Spanish (official) and Guarani +Literacy: + 90% (male 92%, female 88%) age 15 and over can read and write (1990 est.) +Labor force: + 1,418,000 (1991 est.); agriculture, industry and commerce, services, + government (1986) +Organized labor: + about 2% of labor force + +:Paraguay Government + +Long-form name: + Republic of Paraguay +Type: + republic +Capital: + Asuncion +Administrative divisions: + 19 departments (departamentos, singular - departamento); Alto Paraguay, Alto + Parana, Amambay, Boqueron, Caaguazu, Caazapa, Canindeyu, Central, Chaco, + Concepcion, Cordillera, Guaira, Itapua, Misiones, Neembucu, Nueva Asuncion, + Paraguari, Presidente Hayes, San Pedro +Independence: + 14 May 1811 (from Spain) +Constitution: + 25 August 1967; Constituent Assembly rewrote the Constitution that was + promulgated on 20 June 1992 +Legal system: + based on Argentine codes, Roman law, and French codes; judicial review of + legislative acts in Supreme Court of Justice; does not accept compulsory ICJ + jurisdiction +National holiday: + Independence Days, 14-15 May (1811) +Executive branch: + president, Council of Ministers (cabinet), Council of State +Legislative branch: + bicameral Congress (Congreso) consists of an upper chamber or Chamber of + Senators (Camara de Senadores) and a lower chamber or Chamber of Deputies + (Camara de Diputados) +Judicial branch: + Supreme Court of Justice (Corte Suprema de Justicia) +Leaders: + Chief of State and Head of Government: + President Gen. Andres RODRIGUEZ Pedotti (since 15 May 1989) +Political parties and leaders: + Colorado Party, Luis Maria ARGANA, acting president; Authentic Radical + Liberal Party (PLRA), Juan Manuel BENITEZ Florentin; Christian Democratic + Party (PDC), Jose Angel BURRO; Febrerista Revolutionary Party (PRF), Victor + BAREIRO; Popular Democratic Party (PDP), Hugo RICHER +Suffrage: + universal and compulsory at age 18 and up to age 60 +Elections: + President: + last held 1 May 1989 (next to be held NA February 1993); results - Gen. + RODRIGUEZ 75.8%, Domingo LAINO 19.4% + Chamber of Senators: + last held 1 May 1989 (next to be held by NA May 1993); results - percent of + vote by party NA; seats - (36 total) Colorado Party 24, PLRA 10, PLR 1, PRF + 1 + Chamber of Deputies: + last held on 1 May 1989 (next to be held by NA May 1994); results - percent + of vote by party NA; seats - (72 total) Colorado Party 48, PLRA 19, PRF 2, + PDC 1, other 2 +Communists: + Oscar CREYDT faction and Miguel Angel SOLER faction (both illegal); 3,000 to + 4,000 (est.) party members and sympathizers in Paraguay, very few are hard + core; party beginning to return from exile is small and deeply divided +Other political or pressure groups: + Confederation of Workers (CUT); Roman Catholic Church + +:Paraguay Government + +Member of: + AG (observer), CCC, ECLAC, FAO, G-77, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IFAD, + IFC, ILO, IMF, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, IOM, ITU, LAES, LAIA, LORCS, OAS, + OPANAL, PCA, RG, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WCL, WHO, WIPO, WMO +Diplomatic representation: + Ambassador Juan Esteban Aguirre MARTINEZ; Chancery at 2400 Massachusetts + Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008; telephone (202) 483-6960 through 6962; + there are Paraguayan Consulates General in New Orleans and New York, and a + Consulate in Houston + US: + Ambassador Jon D. GLASSMAN; Embassy at 1776 Avenida Mariscal Lopez, Asuncion + (mailing address is C. P. 402, Asuncion, or APO AA 34036-0001); telephone + [595] (21) 213-715; FAX [595] (21) 213-728 +Flag: + three equal, horizontal bands of red (top), white, and blue with an emblem + centered in the white band; unusual flag in that the emblem is different on + each side; the obverse (hoist side at the left) bears the national coat of + arms (a yellow five-pointed star within a green wreath capped by the words + REPUBLICA DEL PARAGUAY, all within two circles); the reverse (hoist side at + the right) bears the seal of the treasury (a yellow lion below a red Cap of + Liberty and the words Paz y Justicia (Peace and Justice) capped by the words + REPUBLICA DEL PARAGUAY, all within two circles) + +:Paraguay Economy + +Overview: + Agriculture, including forestry, accounts for about 25% of GDP, employs + about 45% of the labor force, and provides the bulk of exports. Paraguay has + no known significant mineral or petroleum resources but does have a large + hydropower potential. Since 1981 economic performance has declined compared + with the boom period of 1976-81, when real GDP grew at an average annual + rate of nearly 11%. During the period 1982-86 real GDP fell in three of five + years, inflation jumped to an annual rate of 32%, and foreign debt rose. + Factors responsible for the erratic behavior of the economy were the + completion of the Itaipu hydroelectric dam, bad weather for crops, and weak + international commodity prices for agricultural exports. In 1987 the economy + experienced a minor recovery because of improved weather conditions and + stronger international prices for key agricultural exports. The recovery + continued through 1990, on the strength of bumper crops in 1988-89. In a + major step to increase its economic activity in the region, Paraguay in + March 1991 joined the Southern Cone Common Market (MERCOSUR), which includes + Brazil, Argentina, and Uruguay. During 1991 the government began to more + seriously address its arrearages with international creditors and its + domestic fiscal problems. Inflation was cut in third, but the foreign trade + deficit widened to more than $1 billion. For the long run, the government + must press forward with general market-oriented economic reforms. +GDP: + exchange rate conversion - $7.0 billion, per capita $1,460; real growth rate + 3.0% (1991 est.) +Inflation rate (consumer prices): + 15% (1991 est.) +Unemployment rate: + 14% (1991 est.) +Budget: + revenues $1.2 billion; expenditures $1.2 billion, including capital + expenditures of $487 million (1991) +Exports: + $642 million (f.o.b., 1991) + commodities: + cotton, soybean, timber, vegetable oils, coffee, tung oil, meat products + partners: + EC 37%, Brazil 25%, Argentina 10%, Chile 6%, US 6% +Imports: + $1.85 billion (c.i.f., 1991) + commodities: + capital goods 35%, consumer goods 20%, fuels and lubricants 19%, raw + materials 16%, foodstuffs, beverages, and tobacco 10% + partners: + Brazil 30%, EC 20%, US 18%, Argentina 8%, Japan 7% +External debt: + $1.7 billion (1991 est.) +Industrial production: + growth rate 5.9% (1989 est.); accounts for 16% of GDP +Electricity: + 5,578,000 kW capacity; 15,447 million kWh produced, 3,219 kWh per capita + (1991) +Industries: + meat packing, oilseed crushing, milling, brewing, textiles, other light + consumer goods, cement, construction +Agriculture: + accounts for 25% of GDP and 44% of labor force; cash crops - cotton, + sugarcane; other crops - corn, wheat, tobacco, soybeans, cassava, fruits, + and vegetables; animal products - beef, pork, eggs, milk; surplus producer + of timber; self-sufficient in most foods + +:Paraguay Economy + +Illicit drugs: + illicit producer of cannabis for the international drug trade; important + transshipment point for Bolivian cocaine headed for the US and Europe +Economic aid: + US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $172 million; Western (non-US) + countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $1.1 billion +Currency: + guarani (plural - guaranies); 1 guarani (G) = 100 centimos +Exchange rates: + guaranies (G) per US$ - 1,447.5 (March 1992), 1,325.2 (1991), 1,229.8 + (1990), 1,056.2 (1989), 550.00 (fixed rate 1986-February 1989), +Fiscal year: + calendar year + +:Paraguay Communications + +Railroads: + 970 km total; 440 km 1.435-meter standard gauge, 60 km 1.000-meter gauge, + 470 km various narrow gauge (privately owned) +Highways: + 21,960 km total; 1,788 km paved, 474 km gravel, and 19,698 km earth +Inland waterways: + 3,100 km +Ports: + Asuncion +Merchant marine: + 13 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 16,747 GRT/19,865 DWT; includes 11 + cargo, 2 petroleum tanker; note - 1 naval cargo ship is sometimes used + commercially +Civil air: + 9 major transport aircraft +Airports: + 845 total, 716 usable; 7 with permanent-surface runways; 0 with runways over + 3,659 m; 3 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 66 with runways 1,220-2,439 m +Telecommunications: + principal center in Asuncion; fair intercity microwave net; 78,300 + telephones; broadcast stations - 40 AM, no FM, 5 TV, 7 shortwave; 1 Atlantic + Ocean INTELSAT earth station + +:Paraguay Defense Forces + +Branches: + Army, Navy (including Naval Air and Marines), Air Force +Manpower availability: + males 15-49, 1,172,813; 853,129 fit for military service; 49,917 reach + military age (17) annually +Defense expenditures: + exchange rate conversion - $84 million, 1.4% of GDP (1988 est.) + +:Peru Geography + +Total area: + 1,285,220 km2 +Land area: + 1,280,000 km2 +Comparative area: + slightly smaller than Alaska +Land boundaries: + 6,940 km total; Bolivia 900 km, Brazil 1,560 km, Chile 160 km, Colombia + 2,900 km, Ecuador 1,420 km +Coastline: + 2,414 km +Maritime claims: + Territorial sea: + 200 nm +Disputes: + three sections of the boundary with Ecuador are in dispute +Climate: + varies from tropical in east to dry desert in west +Terrain: + western coastal plain (costa), high and rugged Andes in center (sierra), + eastern lowland jungle of Amazon Basin (selva) +Natural resources: + copper, silver, gold, petroleum, timber, fish, iron ore, coal, phosphate, + potash +Land use: + arable land 3%; permanent crops NEGL%; meadows and pastures 21%; forest and + woodland 55%; other 21%; includes irrigated 1% +Environment: + subject to earthquakes, tsunamis, landslides, mild volcanic activity; + deforestation; overgrazing; soil erosion; desertification; air pollution in + Lima +Note: + shares control of Lago Titicaca, world's highest navigable lake, with + Bolivia + +:Peru People + +Population: + 22,767,543 (July 1992), growth rate 2.0% (1992) +Birth rate: + 27 births/1,000 population (1992) +Death rate: + 7 deaths/1,000 population (1992) +Net migration rate: + 0 migrants/1,000 population (1992) +Infant mortality rate: + 59 deaths/1,000 live births (1992) +Life expectancy at birth: + 63 years male, 67 years female (1992) +Total fertility rate: + 3.3 children born/woman (1992) +Nationality: + noun - Peruvian(s); adjective - Peruvian +Ethnic divisions: + Indian 45%; mestizo (mixed Indian and European ancestry) 37%; white 15%; + black, Japanese, Chinese, and other 3% +Religions: + predominantly Roman Catholic +Languages: + Spanish and Quechua (both official), Aymara +Literacy: + 85% (male 92%, female 29%) age 15 and over can read and write (1990 est.) +Labor force: + 6,800,000 (1986); government and other services 44%, agriculture 37%, + industry 19% (1988 est.) +Organized labor: + about 40% of salaried workers (1983 est.) + +:Peru Government + +Long-form name: + Republic of Peru +Type: + in transition, President FUJIMORI on 5 April 1992 suspended the constitution + and dissolved the legislative and judicial branches +Capital: + Lima +Administrative divisions: + 24 departments (departamentos, singular - departamento) and 1 constitutional + province* (provincia constitucional); Amazonas, Ancash, Apurimac, Arequipa, + Ayacucho, Cajamarca, Callao*, Cusco, Huancavelica, Huanuco, Ica, Junin, La + Libertad, Lambayeque, Lima, Loreto, Madre de Dios, Moquegua, Pasco, Piura, + Puno, San Martin, Tacna, Tumbes, Ucayali; note - the 1979 Constitution and + legislation enacted from 1987 to 1990 mandate the creation of regions + (regiones, singular - region) intended to function eventually as autonomous + economic and administrative entities; so far, 12 regions have been + constituted from 23 existing departments - Amazonas (from Loreto), Andres + Avelino Caceres (from Huanuco, Pasco, Junin), Arequipa (from Arequipa), + Chavin (from Ancash), Grau (from Tumbes, Piura), Inca (from Cusco, Madre de + Dios, Apurimac), La Libertad (from La Libertad), Los Libertadores-Huari + (from Ica, Ayacucho, Huancavelica), Mariategui (from Moquegua, Tacna, Puno), + Nor Oriental del Maranon (from Lambayeque, Cajamarca, Amazonas), San Martin + (from San Martin), Ucayali (from Ucayali); formation of another region has + been delayed by the reluctance of the constitutional province of Callao to + merge with the department of Lima; because of inadequate funding from the + central government, the regions have yet to assume their responsibilities + and at the moment coexist with the departmental structure +Independence: + 28 July 1821 (from Spain) +Constitution: + 28 July 1980 (often referred to as the 1979 Constitution because the + Constituent Assembly met in 1979, but the Constitution actually took effect + the following year); suspended 5 April 1992 +Legal system: + based on civil law system; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction +National holiday: + Independence Day, 28 July (1821) +Executive branch: + president, two vice presidents (vacant as of 19 May 1992), prime minister, + Council of Ministers (cabinet) +Legislative branch: + bicameral Congress (Congreso) consists of an upper chamber or Senate + (Senado) and a lower chamber or Chamber of Deputies (Camara de Diputados); + note - dissolved on 5 April 1992; being reconstituted +Judicial branch: + Supreme Court of Justice (Corte Suprema de Justicia) +Leaders: + Chief of State: + President Alberto FUJIMORI (since 28 July 1990); note - slots for first and + second Vice Presidents vacant as of 19 May 1992 + Head of Government: + Prime Minister Oscar DE LA PUENTE Raygada (since 6 April 1992) + +:Peru Government + +Political parties and leaders: + Change 90 (Cambio 90), Alberto FUJIMORI; Popular Christian Party (PPC), Luis + BEDOYA Reyes; Popular Action Party (AP), Eduardo CALMELL del Solar; Liberty + Movement (ML), Luis BUSTAMANTE; American Popular Revolutionary Alliance + (APRA), Luis ALVA Castro, Alan GARCIA; National Front of Workers and + Peasants (FNTC), Roger CACERES; United Left (IU), leader NA; Independent + Moralizing Front (FIM), Fernando OLIVERA Vega; Socialist Left (IS), leader + NA; note - Democratic Front (FREDEMO) was a loosely organized coalition of + the PPC, AP, and ML during the 8 April 1990 elections, but the parties no + longer maintain a formal alliance +Suffrage: + universal at age 18 +Elections: + President: + last held on 10 June 1990 (next to be held NA April 1995); results - Alberto + FUJIMORI 56.53%, Mario VARGAS Llosa 33.92%, other 9.55% + Senate: + last held on 8 April 1990; dissolved on 5 April 1992; because of suspension + of constitutional role, next election not yet scheduled; results - percent + of vote by party NA; seats - (62 total; 60 elected, 2 ex-presidents who are + senators for life) FREDEMO 20, APRA 16, Change 90 14, IU 6, IS 3, FNTC 1; + note - as a result of the dissolution of FREDEMO and defections and + expulsions from the various parties, the seats have been reallocated: APRA + 17, Change 90 13, AP 8, IU 6, PPC 5, ML 4, IS 3, FNTC 1, independents 4, + other 1 (January 1992) + Chamber of Deputies: + last held 8 April 1990 dissolved on 5 April 1992; because of suspension of + constitutional role, next election not yet scheduled; results - percent of + vote by party NA; seats - (180 total) FREDEMO 62, APRA 53, Change 90 32, IU + 16, IS 4, FNTC 3, other 10; note - as a result of the dissolution of FREDEMO + and defections and expulsions from the various parties, the seats have been + reallocated: APRA 53, AP 25, Change 90 25, PPC 23, IU 16, ML 7, FIM 3, IS 4, + FNTC 3, independents 15, other 4, and 2 currently nonvoting deputies +Communists: + Peruvian Communist Party-Unity (PCP-U), 2,000; other minor Communist parties +Other political or pressure groups: + leftist guerrilla groups: + Shining Path, Abimael GUZMAN; Tupac Amaru Revolutionary Movement, Nestor + SERPA and Victor POLAY +Member of: + AG, CCC, ECLAC, FAO, G-11, G-19, G-24, G-77, GATT, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, + ICFTU, IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INMARSAT, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, + IOM, ISO, ITU, LAES, LAIA, LORCS, NAM, OAS, OPANAL, PCA, RG, UN, UNCTAD, + UNESCO, UNIDO, UNIIMOG, UPU, WCL, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO +Diplomatic representation: + Ambassador vacant; Chancery at 1700 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC + 20036; telephone (202) 833-9860 through 9869); Peruvian Consulates General + are located in Chicago, Houston, Los Angeles, Miami, New York, Paterson (New + Jersey), San Francisco, and San Juan (Puerto Rico) + US: + Ambassador Anthony C. E. QUAINTON; Embassy at the corner of Avenida Inca + Garcilaso de la Vega and Avenida Espana, Lima (mailing address is P. O. Box + 1991, Lima 1, or APO AA 34031); telephone [51] (14) 33-8000; FAX [51] (14) + 316682 +Flag: + three equal, vertical bands of red (hoist side), white, and red with the + coat of arms centered in the white band; the coat of arms features a shield + bearing a llama, cinchona tree (the source of quinine), and a yellow + cornucopia spilling out gold coins, all framed by a green wreath + +:Peru Economy + +Overview: + The Peruvian economy is becoming increasingly market oriented, with a large + dose of government ownership remaining in mining, energy, and banking. In + the 1980s the economy suffered from hyperinflation, declining per capita + output, and mounting external debt. Peru was shut off from IMF and World + Bank support in the mid-1980s because of its huge debt arrears. An austerity + program implemented shortly after the FUJIMORI government took office in + July 1990 contributed to a third consecutive yearly contraction of economic + activity, but the slide halted late in the year, and output rose 2.4% in + 1991. After a burst of inflation as the austerity program eliminated + government price subsidies, monthly price increases eased to the + single-digit level and by December 1991 dropped to the lowest increase since + mid-1987. Lima obtained a financial rescue package from multilateral lenders + in September 1991, and, although it faces $14 billion in arrears on its + external debt, is working to pay some $1.8 billion of these to the IMF and + World Bank by 1993. +GDP: + exchange rate conversion - $20.6 billion, per capita $920; real growth rate + 2.4% (1991 est.) +Inflation rate (consumer prices): + 139% (1991) +Unemployment rate: + 15.0%; underemployment 65% (1991 est.) +Budget: + revenues $1.7 billion; expenditures $1.8 billion, including capital + expenditures of $250 million (1991 est.) +Exports: + $3.3 billion (f.o.b., 1991 est.) + commodities: + copper, fishmeal, zinc, crude petroleum and byproducts, lead, refined + silver, coffee, cotton + partners: + EC 28%, US 22%, Japan 13%, Latin America 12%, former USSR 2% +Imports: + $3.5 billion (f.o.b., 1991 est.) + commodities: + foodstuffs, machinery, transport equipment, iron and steel semimanufactures, + chemicals, pharmaceuticals + partners: + US 32%, Latin America 22%, EC 17%, Switzerland 6%, Japan 3% +External debt: + $19.4 billion (December 1991 est.) +Industrial production: + growth rate 1.0% (1991 est.); accounts for almost 24% of GDP +Electricity: + 4,896,000 kW capacity; 15,851 million kWh produced, 709 kWh per capita + (1991) +Industries: + mining of metals, petroleum, fishing, textiles, clothing, food processing, + cement, auto assembly, steel, shipbuilding, metal fabrication +Agriculture: + accounts for 10% of GDP, about 35% of labor force; commercial crops - + coffee, cotton, sugarcane; other crops - rice, wheat, potatoes, plantains, + coca; animal products - poultry, red meats, dairy, wool; not self-sufficient + in grain or vegetable oil; fish catch of 6.9 million metric tons (1990) + +:Peru Economy + +Illicit drugs: + world's largest coca leaf producer with about 121,000 hectares under + cultivation; source of supply for most of the world's coca paste and cocaine + base; at least 85% of coca cultivation is for illicit production; most of + cocaine base is shipped to Colombian drug dealers for processing into + cocaine for the international drug market +Economic aid: + US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $1.7 billion; Western (non-US) + countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $4.3 billion; + Communist countries (1970-89), $577 million +Currency: + (S/.) nuevo sol (plural - nuevos soles); 1 nuevo sol (S/.) = 100 centavos +Exchange rates: + nuevo sol (S/. per US$1 - 0.960 (March 1992), 0.772 (1991), 0.187 (1990), + 2.666 (1989), 0.129 (1988), 0.017 (1987) +Fiscal year: + calendar year + +:Peru Communications + +Railroads: + 1,801 km total; 1,501 km 1.435-meter gauge, 300 km 0.914-meter gauge +Highways: + 69,942 km total; 7,459 km paved, 13,538 km improved, 48,945 km unimproved + earth +Inland waterways: + 8,600 km of navigable tributaries of Amazon system and 208 km Lago Titicaca +Pipelines: + crude oil 800 km, natural gas and natural gas liquids 64 km +Ports: + Callao, Ilo, Iquitos, Matarani, Talara +Merchant marine: + 26 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 286,313 GRT/461,233 DWT; includes 14 + cargo, 1 refrigerated cargo, 1 roll-on/roll-off cargo, 3 petroleum tanker, 7 + bulk; note - in addition, 8 naval tankers and 1 naval cargo are sometimes + used commercially +Civil air: + 44 major transport aircraft +Airports: + 221 total, 201 usable; 36 with permanent-surface runways; 2 with runways + over 3,659 m; 23 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 43 with runways 1,220-2,439 m +Telecommunications: + fairly adequate for most requirements; nationwide microwave system; 544,000 + telephones; broadcast stations - 273 AM, no FM, 140 TV, 144 shortwave; + satellite earth stations - 2 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT, 12 domestic + +:Peru Defense Forces + +Branches: + Army (Ejercito Peruano), Navy (Marina de Guerra del Peru), Air Force (Fuerza + Aerea del Peru), National Police +Manpower availability: + males 15-49, 5,863,227; 3,964,930 fit for military service; 236,484 reach + military age (20) annually +Defense expenditures: + exchange rate conversion - $430 million, 2.4% of GDP (1991) + +:Philippines Geography + +Total area: + 300,000 km2 +Land area: + 298,170 km2 +Comparative area: + slightly larger than Arizona +Land boundaries: + none +Coastline: + 36,289 km +Maritime claims: + (measured from claimed archipelagic baselines) + Continental shelf: + to depth of exploitation + Exclusive economic zone: + 200 nm + Territorial sea: + irregular polygon extending up to 100 nm from coastline as defined by 1898 + treaty; since late 1970s has also claimed polygonal-shaped area in South + China Sea up to 285 nm in breadth +Disputes: + involved in a complex dispute over the Spratly Islands with China, Malaysia, + Taiwan, Vietnam, and possibly Brunei; claims Malaysian state of Sabah +Climate: + tropical marine; northeast monsoon (November to April); southwest monsoon + (May to October) +Terrain: + mostly mountains with narrow to extensive coastal lowlands +Natural resources: + timber, crude oil, nickel, cobalt, silver, gold, salt, copper +Land use: + arable land 26%; permanent crops 11%; meadows and pastures 4%; forest and + woodland 40%; other 19%; includes irrigated 5% +Environment: + astride typhoon belt, usually affected by 15 and struck by five to six + cyclonic storms per year; subject to landslides, active volcanoes, + destructive earthquakes, tsunami; deforestation; soil erosion; water + pollution + +:Philippines People + +Population: + 67,114,060 (July 1992), growth rate 2.0% (1992) +Birth rate: + 28 births/1,000 population (1992) +Death rate: + 7 deaths/1,000 population (1992) +Net migration rate: + -1 migrant/1,000 population (1992) +Infant mortality rate: + 53 deaths/1,000 live births (1992) +Life expectancy at birth: + 62 years male, 68 years female (1992) +Total fertility rate: + 3.5 children born/woman (1992) +Nationality: + noun - Filipino(s); adjective - Philippine +Ethnic divisions: + Christian Malay 91.5%, Muslim Malay 4%, Chinese 1.5%, other 3% +Religions: + Roman Catholic 83%, Protestant 9%, Muslim 5%, Buddhist and other 3% +Languages: + Pilipino (based on Tagalog) and English; both official +Literacy: + 90% (male 90%, female 90%) age 15 and over can read and write (1990 est.) +Labor force: + 24,120,000; agriculture 46%, industry and commerce 16%, services 18.5%, + government 10%, other 9.5% (1989) +Organized labor: + 3,945 registered unions; total membership 5.7 million (includes 2.8 million + members of the National Congress of Farmers Organizations) + +:Philippines Government + +Long-form name: + Republic of the Philippines +Type: + republic +Capital: + Manila +Administrative divisions: + 72 provinces and 61 chartered cities*; Abra, Agusan del Norte, Agusan del + Sur, Aklan, Albay, Angeles*, Antique, Aurora, Bacolod*, Bago*, Baguio*, + Bais*, Basilan, Basilan City*, Bataan, Batanes, Batangas, Batangas City*, + Benguet, Bohol, Bukidnon, Bulacan, Butuan*, Cabanatuan*, Cadiz*, Cagayan, + Cagayan de Oro*, Calbayog*, Caloocan*, Camarines Norte, Camarines Sur, + Camiguin, Canlaon*, Capiz, Catanduanes, Cavite, Cavite City*, Cebu, Cebu + City*, Cotabato*, Dagupan*, Danao*, Dapitan*, Davao City* Davao, Davao del + Sur, Davao Oriental, Dipolog*, Dumaguete*, Eastern Samar, General Santos*, + Gingoog*, Ifugao, Iligan*, Ilocos Norte, Ilocos Sur, Iloilo, Iloilo City*, + Iriga*, Isabela, Kalinga-Apayao, La Carlota*, Laguna, Lanao del Norte, Lanao + del Sur, Laoag*, Lapu-Lapu*, La Union, Legaspi*, Leyte, Lipa*, Lucena*, + Maguindanao, Mandaue*, Manila*, Marawi*, Marinduque, Masbate, Mindoro + Occidental, Mindoro Oriental, Misamis Occidental, Misamis Oriental, + Mountain, Naga*, Negros Occidental, Negros Oriental, North Cotabato, + Northern Samar, Nueva Ecija, Nueva Vizcaya, Olongapo*, Ormoc*, Oroquieta*, + Ozamis*, Pagadian*, Palawan, Palayan*, Pampanga, Pangasinan, Pasay*, Puerto + Princesa*, Quezon, Quezon City*, Quirino, Rizal, Romblon, Roxas*, Samar, San + Carlos* (in Negros Occidental), San Carlos* (in Pangasinan), San Jose*, San + Pablo*, Silay*, Siquijor, Sorsogon, South Cotabato, Southern Leyte, Sultan + Kudarat, Sulu, Surigao*, Surigao del Norte, Surigao del Sur, Tacloban*, + Tagaytay*, Tagbilaran*, Tangub*, Tarlac, Tawitawi, Toledo*, Trece Martires*, + Zambales, Zamboanga*, Zamboanga del Norte, Zamboanga del Sur +Independence: + 4 July 1946 (from US) +Constitution: + 2 February 1987, effective 11 February 1987 +Legal system: + based on Spanish and Anglo-American law; accepts compulsory ICJ + jurisdiction, with reservations +National holiday: + Independence Day (from Spain), 12 June (1898) +Executive branch: + president, vice president, Cabinet +Legislative branch: + bicameral Congress (Kongreso) consists of an upper house or Senate (Senado) + and a lower house or House of Representatives (Kapulungan Ng Mga Kinatawan) +Judicial branch: + Supreme Court +Leaders: + Chief of State and Head of Government: + President Corazon C. AQUINO (since 25 February 1986); Vice President + Salvador H. LAUREL (since 25 February 1986) +Political parties and leaders: + Alliance of Philippine Democrats (LDP), Neptali GONZALES and Jose (Peping) + COJUANGCO; Nationalist People's Coalition (NPC), Fidel Valdes RAMOS; Liberal + Party, Jovito SALONGA; New Society Movement (KBL), Amelda MARCOS +Suffrage: + universal at age 15 +Elections: + President: + last held 11 May 1992 (next election to be held NA May 1998);results - Fidel + Valdes RAMOS won 23.6% of votes, a narrow plurality + +:Philippines Government + + Senate: + last held 11 May 1992 (next election to be held NA May 1998); results - LDP + 66%, NPC 20%, Lakas-NUCD 8%, Liberal 6%; seats - (24 total) LDP 24, NPC 5, + Lakas-NUCD 2, Liberal 1 +Elections: + House of Representatives: + last held 11 May 1992 (next election to be held NA May 1998); results - LDP + 43.5%; Lakas-NUCD 25%, NPC 23.5%, Liberal 5%, KBL 3%;seats - (200 total) LDP + 87, Lakas-NUCD 51, NPC 47, Liberal 10, KBL 5 +Communists: + the Communist Party of the Philippines (CPP) controls about 15,500-16,500 + full-time insurgents and is not recognized as a legal party; a second + Communist party, Philippine Communist Party (PKP), has quasi-legal status +Member of: + APEC, AsDB, ASEAN, CCC, CP, ESCAP, FAO, G-24, G-77, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, + ICFTU, IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INMARSAT, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, + IOM, ISO, ITU, LORCS, NAM (observer), UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WCL, + WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO +Diplomatic representation: + Ambassador Emmanuel PELAEZ; Chancery at 1617 Massachusetts Avenue NW, + Washington, DC 20036; telephone (202) 483-1414; there are Philippine + Consulates General in Agana (Guam), Chicago, Honolulu, Houston, Los Angeles, + New York, San Francisco, and Seattle + US: + Ambassador Frank G. WISNER II; Embassy at 1201 Roxas Boulevard, Manila + (mailing address is APO AP 96440); telephone [63] (2) 521-7116; FAX [63] (2) + 522-4361; there is a US Consulate in Cebu +Flag: + two equal horizontal bands of blue (top) and red with a white equilateral + triangle based on the hoist side; in the center of the triangle is a yellow + sun with eight primary rays (each containing three individual rays) and in + each corner of the triangle is a small yellow five-pointed star + +:Philippines Economy + +Overview: + Following the recession of 1984-85, the Philippine economy grew on the + average of 5.0% per year during 1986-89. It slowed again during the period + 1990-91. The agricultural sector together with forestry and fishing, plays + an important role in the economy, employing about 45% of the work force and + providing almost 30% of GDP. The Philippines is the world's largest exporter + of coconuts and coconut products. Manufacturing contributes about 35% of + GDP. Major industries include food processing, chemicals, and textiles. +GNP: + exchange rate conversion - $47 billion, per capita $720; real growth rate + 0.1% (1991 est.) +Inflation rate (consumer prices): + 17.6% (1991 est.) +Unemployment rate: + 10.0% (1991 est.) +Budget: + $8.4 billion; expenditures $9.36 billion, including capital expenditures of + $1.8 billion (1991 est.) +Exports: + $8.7 billion (f.o.b., 1991 est.) + commodities: + electrical equipment 19%, textiles 16%, minerals and ores 11%, farm products + 10%, coconut 10%, chemicals 5%, fish 5%, forest products 4% + partners: + US 36%, EC 19%, Japan 18%, ESCAP 9%, ASEAN 7% +Imports: + $12.3 billion (c.i.f., 1991) + commodities: + raw materials 53%, capital goods 17%, petroleum products 17% + partners: + US 25%, Japan 17%, ESCAP 13%, EC 11%, ASEAN 10%, Middle East 10% +External debt: + $28.9 billion (1991) +Industrial production: + growth rate - 5% (1991 est.); accounts for 35% of GNP +Electricity: + 7,500,000 kW capacity; 31,000 million kWh produced, 470 kWh per capita + (1991) +Industries: + textiles, pharmaceuticals, chemicals, wood products, food processing, + electronics assembly, petroleum refining, fishing +Agriculture: + accounts for about one-third of GNP and 45% of labor force; major crops - + rice, coconut, corn, sugarcane, bananas, pineapple, mango; animal products - + pork, eggs, beef; net exporter of farm products; fish catch of 2 million + metric tons annually +Illicit drugs: + illicit producer of cannabis for the international drug trade; growers are + producing more and better quality cannabis despite government eradication + efforts +Economic aid: + US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $3.6 billion; Western (non-US) + countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-88), $7.9 billion; OPEC + bilateral aid (1979-89), $5 million; Communist countries (1975-89), $123 + million +Currency: + Philippine peso (plural - pesos); 1 Philippine peso (P) = 100 centavos + +:Philippines Economy + +Exchange rates: + Philippine pesos (P) per US$1 - 25.810 (March 1992), 27.479 (1991), 24.311 + (1990), 21.737 (1989), 21.095 (1988), 20.568 (1987) +Fiscal year: + calendar year + +:Philippines Communications + +Railroads: + 378 km operable on Luzon, 34% government owned (1982) +Highways: + 156,000 km total (1984); 29,000 km paved; 77,000 km gravel, crushed-stone, + or stabilized-soil surface; 50,000 km unimproved earth +Inland waterways: + 3,219 km; limited to shallow-draft (less than 1.5 m) vessels +Pipelines: + petroleum products 357 km +Ports: + Cagayan de Oro, Cebu, Davao, Guimaras, Iloilo, Legaspi, Manila, Subic Bay +Merchant marine: + 552 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 8,150,425 GRT/13,624,527 DWT; + includes 1 passenger, 11 short-sea passenger, 13 passenger-cargo, 155 cargo, + 22 refrigerated cargo, 23 vehicle carrier, 8 livestock carrier, 13 + roll-on/roll-off cargo, 8 container, 35 petroleum tanker, 1 chemical tanker, + 6 liquefied gas, 2 combination ore/oil, 247 bulk, 7 combination bulk; note - + many Philippine flag ships are foreign owned and are on the register for the + purpose of long-term bare-boat charter back to their original owners who are + principally in Japan and Germany +Civil air: + 53 major transport aircraft +Airports: + 278 total, 244 usable; 72 with permanent-surface runways; none with runways + over 3,659 m; 9 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 53 with runways 1,220-2,439 m +Telecommunications: + good international radio and submarine cable services; domestic and + interisland service adequate; 872,900 telephones; broadcast stations - 267 + AM (including 6 US), 55 FM, 33 TV (including 4 US); submarine cables + extended to Hong Kong, Guam, Singapore, Taiwan, and Japan; satellite earth + stations - 1 Indian Ocean INTELSAT, 2 Pacific Ocean INTELSAT, and 11 + domestic + +:Philippines Defense Forces + +Branches: + Army, Navy (including Coast Guard and Marine Corps), Air Force +Manpower availability: + males 15-49, 16,719,421; 11,816,366 fit for military service; 698,683 reach + military age (20) annually +Defense expenditures: + exchange rate conversion - $915 million, 1.9% of GNP (1991) + +:Pitcairn Islands Geography + +Total area: + 47 km2 +Land area: + 47 km2 +Comparative area: + about 0.3 times the size of Washington, DC +Land boundaries: + none +Coastline: + 51 km +Maritime claims: + Exclusive fishing zone: + 200 nm + Territorial sea: + 3 nm +Disputes: + none +Climate: + tropical, hot, humid, modified by southeast trade winds; rainy season + (November to March) +Terrain: + rugged volcanic formation; rocky coastline with cliffs +Natural resources: + miro trees (used for handicrafts), fish +Land use: + arable land NA%; permanent crops NA%; meadows and pastures NA%; forest and + woodland NA%; other NA% +Environment: + subject to typhoons (especially November to March) +Note: + located in the South Pacific Ocean about halfway between Peru and New + Zealand + +:Pitcairn Islands People + +Population: + 52 (July 1992), growth rate 0.0% (1992) +Birth rate: + NA births/1,000 population (1992) +Death rate: + NA deaths/1,000 population (1992) +Net migration rate: + NA migrants/1,000 population (1992) +Infant mortality rate: + NA deaths/1,000 live births (1992) +Life expectancy at birth: + NA years male, NA years female (1992) +Total fertility rate: + NA children born/woman (1992) +Nationality: + noun - Pitcairn Islander(s); adjective - Pitcairn Islander +Ethnic divisions: + descendants of Bounty mutineers +Religions: + Seventh-Day Adventist 100% +Languages: + English (official); also a Tahitian/English dialect +Literacy: + NA% (male NA%, female NA%) +Labor force: + NA; no business community in the usual sense; some public works; subsistence + farming and fishing +Organized labor: + NA + +:Pitcairn Islands Government + +Long-form name: + Pitcairn, Henderson, Ducie, and Oeno Islands +Type: + dependent territory of the UK +Capital: + Adamstown +Administrative divisions: + none (dependent territory of the UK) +Independence: + none (dependent territory of the UK) +Constitution: + Local Government Ordinance of 1964 +Legal system: + local island by-laws +National holiday: + Celebration of the Birthday of the Queen (second Saturday in June), 10 June + 1989 +Executive branch: + British monarch, governor, island magistrate +Legislative branch: + unicameral Island Council +Judicial branch: + Island Court +Leaders: + Chief of State: + Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952), represented by the Governor and + UK High Commissioner to New Zealand David Joseph MOSS (since NA 1990) + Head of Government: + Island Magistrate and Chairman of the Island Council Brian YOUNG (since NA + 1985) +Political parties and leaders: + NA +Suffrage: + universal at age 18 with three years residency +Elections: + Island Council: + last held NA (next to be held NA); results - percent of vote by party NA; + seats - (11 total, 5 elected) number of seats by party NA +Other political or pressure groups: + NA +Member of: + SPC +Diplomatic representation: + none (dependent territory of the UK) +Flag: + blue with the flag of the UK in the upper hoist-side quadrant and the + Pitcairn Islander coat of arms centered on the outer half of the flag; the + coat of arms is yellow, green, and light blue with a shield featuring a + yellow anchor + +:Pitcairn Islands Economy + +Overview: + The inhabitants exist on fishing and subsistence farming. The fertile soil + of the valleys produces a wide variety of fruits and vegetables, including + citrus, sugarcane, watermelons, bananas, yams, and beans. Bartering is an + important part of the economy. The major sources of revenue are the sale of + postage stamps to collectors and the sale of handicrafts to passing ships. +GDP: + $NA, per capita $NA; real growth rate NA% +Inflation rate (consumer prices): + NA% +Unemployment rate: + NA% +Budget: + revenues $430,440; expenditures $429,983, including capital expenditures of + $NA (FY87 est.) +Exports: + $NA + commodities: + fruits, vegetables, curios + partners: + NA +Imports: + $NA + commodities: + fuel oil, machinery, building materials, flour, sugar, other foodstuffs + partners: + NA +External debt: + $NA +Industrial production: + growth rate NA% +Electricity: + 110 kW capacity; 0.30 million kWh produced, 5,360 kWh per capita (1990) +Industries: + postage stamp sales, handicrafts +Agriculture: + based on subsistence fishing and farming; wide variety of fruits and + vegetables grown; must import grain products +Economic aid: + none +Currency: + New Zealand dollar (plural - dollars); 1 New Zealand dollar (NZ$) = 100 + cents +Exchange rates: + New Zealand dollars (NZ$) per US$1 - 1.8245 (March 1992), 1.7265 (1991), + 1.6750 (1990), 1.6711 (1989), 1.5244 (1988), 1.6866 (1987) +Fiscal year: + 1 April - 31 March + +:Pitcairn Islands Communications + +Railroads: + none +Highways: + 6.4 km dirt roads +Ports: + Bounty Bay +Airports: + none +Telecommunications: + 24 telephones; party line telephone service on the island; broadcast + stations - 1 AM, no FM, no TV; diesel generator provides electricity + +:Pitcairn Islands Defense Forces + +Note: + defense is the responsibility of the UK + +:Poland Geography + +Total area: + 312,680 km2 +Land area: + 304,510 km2 +Comparative area: + slightly smaller than New Mexico +Land boundaries: + 3,321 km total; Belarus 605 km, Czechoslovakia 1,309 km, Germany 456 km, + Lithuania 91 km, Russia (Kaliningrad Oblast) 432 km, Ukraine 428 km +Coastline: + 491 km +Maritime claims: + Exclusive economic zone: + 200 nm + Territorial sea: + 12 nm +Disputes: + none +Climate: + temperate with cold, cloudy, moderately severe winters with frequent + precipitation; mild summers with frequent showers and thundershowers +Terrain: + mostly flat plain; mountains along southern border +Natural resources: + coal, sulfur, copper, natural gas, silver, lead, salt +Land use: + arable land 46%; permanent crops 1%; meadows and pastures 13%; forest and + woodland 28%; other 12%; includes irrigated NEGL% +Environment: + plain crossed by a few north flowing, meandering streams; severe air and + water pollution in south +Note: + historically, an area of conflict because of flat terrain and the lack of + natural barriers on the North European Plain + +:Poland People + +Population: + 38,385,617 (July 1992), growth rate 0.4% (1992) +Birth rate: + 14 births/1,000 population (1992) +Death rate: + 10 deaths/1,000 population (1992) +Net migration rate: + -1 migrant/1,000 population (1992) +Infant mortality rate: + 14 deaths/1,000 live births (1992) +Life expectancy at birth: + 68 years male, 76 years female (1992) +Total fertility rate: + 2.0 children born/woman(1992) +Nationality: + noun - Pole(s); adjective - Polish +Ethnic divisions: + Polish 97.6%, German 1.3%, Ukrainian 0.6%, Belorussian 0.5% (1990 est.) +Religions: + Roman Catholic 95% (about 75% practicing), Russian Orthodox, Protestant, and + other 5% +Languages: + Polish +Literacy: + 98% (male 99%, female 98%) age 15 and over can read and write (1978) +Labor force: + 17,104,000; industry and construction 36.1%; agriculture 27.3%; trade, + transport, and communications 14.8%; government and other 21.8% (1989) +Organized labor: + trade union pluralism + +:Poland Government + +Long-form name: + Republic of Poland +Type: + democratic state +Capital: + Warsaw +Administrative divisions: + 49 provinces (wojewodztwa, singular - wojewodztwo); Biaa Podlaska, Biaystok, + Bielsko, Bydgoszcz, Chem, Ciechanow, Czestochowa, Elblag, Gdansk, Gorzow, + Jelenia Gora, Kalisz, Katowice, Kielce, Konin, Koszalin, Krakow, Krosno, + Legnica, Leszno, odz, omza, Lublin, Nowy Sacz, Olsztyn, Opole, Ostroteka, + Pia, Piotrkow, Pock, Poznan, Przemysl, Radom, Rzeszow, Siedlce, Sieradz, + Skierniewice, Supsk, Suwaki, Szczecin, Tarnobrzeg, Tarnow, Torun, Wabrzych, + Warszawa, Wocawek, Wrocaw, Zamosc, Zielona Gora +Independence: + 11 November 1918, independent republic proclaimed +Constitution: + Communist-imposed Constitution of 22 July 1952; developing a democratic + Constitution +Legal system: + mixture of Continental (Napoleonic) civil law and holdover Communist legal + theory; changes being gradually introduced as part of broader + democratization process; no judicial review of legislative acts; has not + accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction +National holiday: + Constitution Day, 3 May (1794) +Executive branch: + president, prime minister, Council of Ministers (cabinet) +Legislative branch: + bicameral National Assembly (Zgromadzenie Narodowe) consists of an upper + house or Senate (Senat) and a lower house or Diet (Sejm) +Judicial branch: + Supreme Court +Leaders: + Chief of State: + President Lech WALESA (since 22 December 1990) + Head of Government: + Prime Minister Hanna SUCHOCKA (since 10 July 1992) +Political parties and leaders: + Solidarity Bloc: + Democratic Union (UD), Tadeusz MAZOWIECKI; Christian-National Union (ZCHN), + Wieslaw CHRZANOWSKI; Centrum (PC), Jaroslaw KACZYNSKI; Liberal-Democratic + Congress, Donald TUSK; Peasant Alliance (PL), Gabriel JANOWSKI; Solidarity + Trade Union (NSZZ), Marian KRZAKLEWSKI; Solidarity Labor (SP), Ryszard + BUGAJ; Christian-Democratic Party (PCHD), Pawel LACZKOWSKI; + Democratic-Social Movement (RDS), Zbigniew BUJAK; Kracow Coalition in + Solidarity with the President, Mieczyslaw GIL; Solidarity 80, Marian JURCZYK + Non-Communist, Non-Solidarity: + Confederation for an Independent Poland (KPN), Leszek MOCZULSKI; Beer + Lovers' Party (PPPP), Janusz REWINSKI; Christian Democrats (CHD), Andrzej + OWSINSKI; German Minority (MN), Henryk KROL; Western Union (KPN Front), + Damian JAKUBOWSKI; RealPolitik (UPR), Janusz KORWIN-MIKKE; Democratic Party + (SD), Antoni MACKIEWICZ + Communist origin or linked: + Social Democracy (SDRP, or SLD), Wlodzimierz Cimoszewicz; Polish Peasants' + Party (PSL), Waldermar PAWLAK; Party X, Stanislaw Tyminski +Suffrage: + universal at age 18 + +:Poland Government + +Elections: + President: + first round held 25 November 1990, second round held 9 December 1990 (next + to be held NA November 1995); results - second round Lech WALESA 74.7%, + Stanislaw TYMINSKI 25.3% + Senate: + last held 27 October 1991 (next to be held no later than NA October 1995); + results - + Solidarity Bloc: + UD 21%, NSZZ 11%, ZCHN 9%, PC 9%, Liberal-Democratic Congress 6%, PL 7%, + PCHD 3%, other local candidates 11% + Non-Communist, Non-Solidarity: + KPN 4%, CHD 1%, MN 1%, local candidates 5% + Communist origin or linked: + PSL 8%, SLD 4%; seats - (100 total) + Solidarity Bloc: + UD 21, NSZZ 11, ZCHN 9, Liberal-Democratic Congress 6, PL 7, PCHD 3, other + local candidates 11; + Non-Communist, Non-Solidarity: + KPN 4, CHD 1, MN 1 local candidates 5 + Communist origin or linked: + PSL 8, SLD 4 + Sejm: + last held 27 October 1991 (next to be held no later than NA October 1995); + results - + Solidarity Bloc: + UD 12.31%, ZCHN 8.73%, PL 8.71%, Liberal-Democratic Congress 7.48%, PL + 5.46%, NSZZ 5.05%, SP 2.05%, PCHD 1.11% + Non-Communist, Non-Solidarity: + KPN 7.50%, PPPP 3.27%, CHD 2.36%, UPR 2.25%, MN 1.70% + Communist origin or linked: + SLD 11.98%, PSL 8.67%; seats - (460 total) + Solidarity Bloc: + UD 62, ZCHN 9, PC 44, Liberal-Democratic Congress 37, PL 28, NSZZ 27, SP 4, + PCHD 4, RDS 1, Krackow Coalition in Solidarity with the President 1, Piast + Agreement 1, Bydgoszcz Peasant List 1, Solidarity 80 1 + Non-Communist, Non-Solidarity: + KPN 46, PPPP 16, MN 7, CHD 5, Western Union 4, UPR 3, Autonomous Silesia 2, + SD 1, Orthodox Election Committee 1, Committee of Women Against Hardships 1, + Podhale Union 1, Wielkopolska Group 1, Wielkopolska and Lubuski Inhabitants + 1 + Communist origin or linked: + SLD 60, PSL 48, Party X 3 +Communists: + 70,000 members in the Communist successor parties (1990) +Other political or pressure groups: + powerful Roman Catholic Church; Confederation for an Independent Poland + (KPN), a nationalist group; Solidarity (trade union); All Poland Trade Union + Alliance (OPZZ), populist program; Clubs of Catholic Intellectuals (KIKs) +Member of: + BIS, CCC, CE, CERN, CSCE, ECE, FAO, GATT, Hexagonale, IAEA, IBEC, IBRD, + ICAO, ICFTU, IDA, IIB, ILO, IMF, IMO, INMARSAT, IOC, ISO, ITU, LORCS, PCA, + UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNDOF, UNIDO, UNIIMOG, UPU, WCL, WHO, WIPO +Diplomatic representation: + Ambassador Kazimierz DZIEWANOWSKI; Chancery at 2640 16th Street NW, + Washington, DC 20009; telephone (202) 234-3800 through 3802; there are + Polish Consulates General in Chicago, Los Angeles, and New York + +:Poland Government + + US: + Ambassador Thomas W. SIMONS, Jr.; Embassy at Aleje Ujazdowskie 29/31, Warsaw + (mailing address is American Embassy Warsaw, Box 5010, or APO AE + 09213-5010); telephone [48] (2) 628-8298; FAX [48] (2) 628-9326; there is a + US Consulate General in Krakow and a Consulate in Poznan +Flag: + two equal horizontal bands of white (top) and red; similar to the flags of + Indonesia and Monaco which are red (top) and white + +:Poland Economy + +Overview: + Poland is undergoing a difficult transition from a Soviet-style economy - + with state ownership and control of productive assets - to a market economy. + On January 1, 1990, the new Solidarity-led government implemented shock + therapy by slashing subsidies, decontrolling prices, tightening the money + supply, stabilizing the foreign exchange rate, lowering import barriers, and + restraining state sector wages. As a result, consumer goods shortages and + lines disappeared, and inflation fell from 640% in 1989 to 60% in 1991. + Western governments, which hold two-thirds of Poland's $48 billion external + debt, pledged in 1991 to forgive half of Poland's official debt by 1994, and + the private sector grew, accounting for 22% of industrial production and 40% + of nonagricultural output by 1991. Production fell in state enterprises, + however, and the unemployment rate climbed steadily from virtually nothing + in 1989 to 11.4% in December 1991. Poland fell out of compliance with its + IMF program by mid-1991, and talks with commercial creditors stalled. The + increase in unemployment and the decline in living standards led to popular + discontent and a change in government in January 1991 and again in December. + The new government has promised selective industrial intervention, some + relaxation in monetary policy, and an improved social safety net, but will + be constrained by the decline in output and the growing budget deficit. +GDP: + purchasing power equivalent - $162.7 billion, per capita $4,300; real growth + rate -5% (1991 est.) +Inflation rate (consumer prices): + 60% (1991 est.) +Unemployment rate: + 11.4% (end December 1991) +Budget: + revenues $19.5 billion; expenditures $22.4 billion, including capital + expenditures of $1.5 billion (1991 est.) +Exports: + $12.8 billion (f.o.b., 1991 est.) + commodities: + machinery 23%, metals 17%, chemicals 13%, fuels 11%, food 10% (1991 est.) + partners: + FRG 25.1%, former USSR 15.3%, UK 7.1%, Switzerland 4.7% (1990) +Imports: + $12.9 billion (f.o.b., 1991 est.) + commodities: + machinery 35%, fuels 20%, chemicals 13%, food 11%, light industry 7% (1991 + est.) + partners: + FRG 20.1%, former USSR 19.8%, Italy 7.5%, Switzerland 6.4% (1990) +External debt: + $48.5 billion (January 1992); note - Poland's Western government creditors + promised in 1991 to forgive 30% of Warsaw's official debt - currently $33 + billion - immediately and to forgive another 20% by 1994, if Poland adheres + to its IMF program +Industrial production: + growth rate -14% (State sector 1991 est.) +Electricity: + 31,530,000 kW capacity; 136,300 million kWh produced, 3,610 kWh per capita + (1990) +Industries: + machine building, iron and steel, extractive industries, chemicals, + shipbuilding, food processing, glass, beverages, textiles + +:Poland Economy + +Agriculture: + accounts for 15% of GDP and 27% of labor force; 75% of output from private + farms, 25% from state farms; productivity remains low by European standards; + leading European producer of rye, rapeseed, and potatoes; wide variety of + other crops and livestock; major exporter of pork products; normally + self-sufficient in food +Illicit drugs: + illicit producers of opium for domestic consumption and amphetamines for the + international market; emerging as a transshipment point for illicit drugs to + Western Europe +Economic aid: + donor - bilateral aid to non-Communist less developed countries, $2.2 + billion (1954-89); note - the G-24 has pledged $8 billion in grants and + credit guarantees to Poland +Currency: + Zoty (plural - Zotych); 1 Zoty (Z) = 100 groszy +Exchange rates: + Zotych (z) per US$1 - 13,443 (March 1992), 10,576 (1991), 9,500 (1990), + 1,439.18 (1989), 430.55 (1988), 265.08 (1987) +Fiscal year: + calendar year + +:Poland Communications + +Railroads: + 27,041 km total; 24,287 km 1.435-meter gauge, 397 km 1.520-meter gauge, + 2,357 km narrow gauge; 8,987 km double track; 11,016 km electrified; + government owned (1989) +Highways: + 299,887 km total; 130,000 km improved hard surface (concrete, asphalt, stone + block); 24,000 km unimproved hard surface (crushed stone, gravel); 100,000 + km earth; 45,887 km other urban roads (1985) +Inland waterways: + 3,997 km navigable rivers and canals (1989) +Pipelines: + natural gas 4,500 km, crude oil 1,986 km, petroleum products 360 km (1987) +Ports: + Gdansk, Gdynia, Szczecin, Swinoujscie; principal inland ports are Gliwice on + Kana Gliwice, Wrocaw on the Oder, and Warsaw on the Vistula +Merchant marine: + 222 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 2,851,016 GRT/4,019,531 DWT; includes + 5 short-sea passenger, 79 cargo, 4 refrigerated cargo, 14 roll-on/roll-off + cargo, 12 container, 1 petroleum tanker, 4 chemical tanker, 102 bulk, 1 + passenger; Poland owns 1 ship of 6,333 DWT operating under Liberian registry +Civil air: + 48 major transport aircraft +Airports: + 160 total, 160 usable; 85 with permanent-surface runways; 1 with runway over + 3,659 m; 35 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 65 with runways 1,220-2,439 m +Telecommunications: + severely underdeveloped and outmoded system; cable, open wire and microwave; + phone density is 10.5 phones per 100 residents (October 1990); 3.1 million + subscribers; exchanges are 86% automatic (February 1990); broadcast stations + - 27 AM, 27 FM, 40 (5 Soviet repeaters) TV; 9.6 million TVs; 1 satellite + earth station using INTELSAT, EUTELSAT, INMARSAT and Intersputnik + +:Poland Defense Forces + +Branches: + Army, Navy, Air and Air Defense Force +Manpower availability: + males 15-49, 9,785,823; 7,696,425 fit for military service; 294,191 reach + military age (19) annually +Defense expenditures: + exchange rate conversion - 19.2 trillion zotych, NA% of GDP (1991); note - + conversion of defense expenditures into US dollars using the current + exchange rate could produce misleading results + +:Portugal Geography + +Total area: + 92,080 km2 +Land area: + 91,640 km2; includes Azores and Madeira Islands +Comparative area: + slightly smaller than Indiana +Land boundaries: + 1,214 km; Spain 1,214 km +Coastline: + 1,793 km +Maritime claims: + Continental shelf: + 200 m (depth) or to depth of exploitation + Exclusive economic zone: + 200 nm + Territorial sea: + 12 nm +Disputes: + sovereignty over Timor Timur (East Timor Province) disputed with Indonesia +Climate: + maritime temperate; cool and rainy in north, warmer and drier in south +Terrain: + mountainous north of the Tagus, rolling plains in south +Natural resources: + fish, forests (cork), tungsten, iron ore, uranium ore, marble +Land use: + arable land 32%; permanent crops 6%; meadows and pastures 6%; forest and + woodland 40%; other 16%; includes irrigated 7% +Environment: + Azores subject to severe earthquakes +Note: + Azores and Madeira Islands occupy strategic locations along western sea + approaches to Strait of Gibraltar + +:Portugal People + +Population: + 10,448,509 (July 1992), growth rate 0.4% (1992) +Birth rate: + 12 births/1,000 population (1992) +Death rate: + 10 deaths/1,000 population (1992) +Net migration rate: + 2 migrants/1,000 population (1992) +Infant mortality rate: + 10 deaths/1,000 live births (1992) +Life expectancy at birth: + 71 years male, 78 years female (1992) +Total fertility rate: + 1.4 children born/woman (1992) +Nationality: + noun - Portuguese (singular and plural); adjective - Portuguese +Ethnic divisions: + homogeneous Mediterranean stock in mainland, Azores, Madeira Islands; + citizens of black African descent who immigrated to mainland during + decolonization number less than 100,000 +Religions: + Roman Catholic 97%, Protestant denominations 1%, other 2% +Languages: + Portuguese +Literacy: + 85% (male 89%, female 82%) age 15 and over can read and write (1990 est.) +Labor force: + 4,605,700; services 45%, industry 35%, agriculture 20% (1988) +Organized labor: + about 55% of the labor force; the Communist-dominated General Confederation + of Portuguese Workers - Intersindical (CGTP-IN) represents more than half of + the unionized labor force; its main competition, the General Workers Union + (UGT), is organized by the Socialists and Social Democrats and represents + less than half of unionized labor + +:Portugal Government + +Long-form name: + Portuguese Republic +Type: + republic +Capital: + Lisbon +Administrative divisions: + 18 districts (distritos, singular - distrito) and 2 autonomous regions* + (regioes autonomas, singular - regiao autonoma); Aveiro, Acores (Azores)*, + Beja, Braga, Braganca, Castelo Branco, Coimbra, Evora, Faro, Guarda, Leiria, + Lisboa, Madeira*, Portalegre, Porto, Santarem, Setubal, Viana do Castelo, + Vila Real, Viseu +Independence: + 1140; independent republic proclaimed 5 October 1910 +Constitution: + 25 April 1976, revised 30 October 1982 and 1 June 1989 +Legal system: + civil law system; the Constitutional Tribunal reviews the constitutionality + of legislation; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with reservations +National holiday: + Day of Portugal, 10 June +Executive branch: + president, Council of State, prime minister, deputy prime minister, Council + of Ministers (cabinet) +Legislative branch: + unicameral Assembly of the Republic (Assembleia da Republica) +Judicial branch: + Supreme Tribunal of Justice (Supremo Tribunal de Justica) +Leaders: + Chief of State: + President Dr. Mario Alberto Nobre Lopes SOARES (since 9 March 1986) + Head of Government: + Prime Minister Anibal CAVACO SILVA (since 6 November 1985) +Political parties and leaders: + Social Democratic Party (PSD), Anibal CAVACO Silva; Portuguese Socialist + Party (PS), Jorge SAMPAIO; Party of Democratic Renewal (PRD), Herminio + MARTINHO; Portuguese Communist Party (PCP), Alvaro CUNHAL; Social Democratic + Center (CDS), Andriano MORREIRA (interim); National Solidarity Party, Manuel + SERGIO; Center Democratic Party; United Democratic Coalition (CDU; + Communists) +Suffrage: + universal at age 18 +Elections: + President: + last held 13 February 1991 (next to be held NA February 1996); results - Dr. + Mario Lopes SOARES 70%, Basilio HORTA 14%, Carlos CARVALHAS 13%, Carlos + MARQUES 3% + Assembly of the Republic: + last held 6 October 1991 (next to be held NA October 1995); results - PSD + 50.4%, PS 29.3%, CDU 8.8%, Center Democrats 4.4%, National Solidarity Party + 1.7%, PRD 0.6%, other 4.8%; seats - (230 total) PSD 135, PS 72, CDU 17, + Center Democrats 5, National Solidarity Party 1 +Communists: + Portuguese Communist Party claims membership of 200,753 (December 1983) + +:Portugal Government + +Member of: + AfDB, BIS, CCC, CE, CERN, COCOM, CSCE, EBRD, EC, ECE, ECLAC, EIB, FAO, GATT, + IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICFTU, IEA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INMARSAT, + INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, IOM, ISO, ITU, LAIA (observer), LORCS, NAM (guest), + NATO, NEA, OAS (observer), OECD, PCA, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WCL, + WEU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO +Diplomatic representation: + Ambassador Joao Eduardo M. PEREIRA BASTOS; Chancery at 2125 Kalorama Road + NW, Washington, DC 20008; telephone (202) 328-8610; there are Portuguese + Consulates General in Boston, New York, and San Francisco, and Consulates in + Los Angeles, Newark (New Jersey), New Bedford (Massachusetts), and + Providence (Rhode Island) + US: + Ambassador Everett E. BRIGGS; Embassy at Avenida das Forcas Armadas, 1600 + Lisbon (mailing address is PSC 83, APO AE 09726); telephone [351] (1) + 726-6600 or 6659, 8670, 8880; FAX [351] (1) 726-9109; there is a US + Consulate in Oporto and Ponta Delgada (Azores) +Flag: + two vertical bands of green (hoist side, two-fifths) and red (three-fifths) + with the Portuguese coat of arms centered on the dividing line + +:Portugal Economy + +Overview: + Although Portugal has experienced strong growth since joining the EC in 1986 + - at least 4% each year through 1990 - it remains one of the poorest + members. To prepare for the European single market, the government is + restructuring and modernizing the economy and in 1989 embarked on a major + privatization program. The global slowdown and tight monetary policies to + counter inflation caused growth to slow in 1991, but it is likely to recover + in 1992. +GDP: + purchasing power equivalent - $87.3 billion, per capita $8,400; real growth + rate 2.7% (1991 est.) +Inflation rate (consumer prices): + 12.0% (1991 est.) +Unemployment rate: + 4.0% (1991 est.) +Budget: + revenues $27.0 billion; expenditures $33.9 billion, including capital + expenditures of $6.7 billion (1991 est.) +Exports: + $16.4 billion (f.o.b., 1990) + commodities: + cotton textiles, cork and paper products, canned fish, wine, timber and + timber products, resin, machinery, appliances + partners: + EC 74%, other developed countries 13.2%, US 4.8% +Imports: + $25.1 billion (c.i.f., 1990) + commodities: + machinery and transport equipment, agricultural products, chemicals, + petroleum, textiles + partners: + EC 69.1%, other developed countries 11.4% less developed countries 15.1%, US + 3.9% +External debt: + $15.0 billion (1991 est.) +Industrial production: + growth rate 9.1% (1990); accounts for 40% of GDP +Electricity: + 6,729,000 kW capacity; 16,000 million kWh produced, 1,530 kWh per capita + (1991) +Industries: + textiles and footwear; wood pulp, paper, and cork; metalworking; oil + refining; chemicals; fish canning; wine; tourism +Agriculture: + accounts for 6.1% of GDP and about 20% of labor force; small, inefficient + farms; imports more than half of food needs; major crops - grain, potatoes, + olives, grapes; livestock sector - sheep, cattle, goats, poultry, meat, + dairy products +Illicit drugs: + increasingly import gateway country for Latin American cocaine entering the + European market +Economic aid: + US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $1.8 billion; Western (non-US) + countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $1.2 billion +Currency: + Portuguese escudo (plural - escudos); 1 Portuguese escudo (Esc) = 100 + centavos + +:Portugal Economy + +Exchange rates: + Portuguese escudos (Esc) per US$1 - 143.09 (March 1992), 144.48 (1991), + 142.55 (1990), 157.46 (1989), 143.95 (1988), 140.88 (1987) +Fiscal year: + calendar year + +:Portugal Communications + +Railroads: + 3,613 km total; state-owned Portuguese Railroad Co. (CP) operates 2,858 km + 1.665-meter gauge (434 km electrified and 426 km double track), 755 km + 1.000-meter gauge; 12 km (1.435-meter gauge) electrified, double track, + privately owned +Highways: + 73,661 km total; 61,599 km surfaced (bituminous, gravel, and crushed stone), + including 140 km of limited-access divided highway; 7,962 km improved earth; + 4,100 km unimproved earth (motorable tracks) +Inland waterways: + 820 km navigable; relatively unimportant to national economy, used by + shallow-draft craft limited to 300-metric-ton cargo capacity +Pipelines: + crude oil 11 km; petroleum products 58 km +Ports: + Leixoes, Lisbon, Porto, Ponta Delgada (Azores), Velas (Azores), Setubal, + Sines +Merchant marine: + 53 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 738,774 GRT/1,300,787 DWT; includes 1 + short-sea passenger, 20 cargo, 3 refrigerated cargo, 3 container, 1 + roll-on/roll-off cargo, 13 petroleum tanker, 2 chemical tanker, 8 bulk, 2 + vehicle carrier; note - Portugal has created a captive register on Madeira + (MAR) for Portuguese-owned ships that will have the taxation and crewing + benefits of a flag of convenience; although only one ship currently is known + to fly the Portuguese flag on the MAR register, it is likely that a majority + of Portuguese flag ships will transfer to this subregister in a few years +Civil air: + 43 major transport aircraft +Airports: + 65 total, 62 usable; 36 with permanent-surface runways; 1 with runways over + 3,659 m; 12 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 8 with runways 1,220-2,439 m +Telecommunications: + generally adequate integrated network of coaxial cables, open wire and radio + relay; 2,690,000 telephones; broadcast stations - 57 AM, 66 (22 repeaters) + FM, 66 (23 repeaters) TV; 6 submarine cables; 3 INTELSAT earth stations (2 + Atlantic Ocean, 1 Indian Ocean), EUTELSAT, domestic satellite systems + (mainland and Azores); tropospheric link to Azores + +:Portugal Defense Forces + +Branches: + Army, Navy (including Marines), Air Force, National Republican Guard, Fiscal + Guard, Public Security Police +Manpower availability: + males 15-49, 2,666,450; 2,166,341 fit for military service; 88,826 reach + military age (20) annually +Defense expenditures: + exchange rate conversion - $1.7 billion, 2.8% of GDP (1991) + +:Puerto Rico Geography + +Total area: + 9,104 km2 +Land area: + 8,959 km2 +Comparative area: + slightly less than three times the size of Rhode Island +Land boundaries: + none +Coastline: + 501 km +Maritime claims: + Contiguous zone: + 12 nm + Continental shelf: + 200 m (depth) + Exclusive economic zone: + 200 nm + Territorial sea: + 12 nm +Disputes: + none +Climate: + tropical marine, mild, little seasonal temperature variation +Terrain: + mostly mountains with coastal plain belt in north; mountains precipitous to + sea on west coast +Natural resources: + some copper and nickel; potential for onshore and offshore crude oil +Land use: + arable land 8%; permanent crops 9%; meadows and pastures 41%; forest and + woodland 20%; other 22% +Environment: + many small rivers and high central mountains ensure land is well watered; + south coast relatively dry; fertile coastal plain belt in north +Note: + important location between the Dominican Republic and the Virgin Islands + group along the Mona Passage - a key shipping lane to the Panama Canal; San + Juan is one of the biggest and best natural harbors in the Caribbean + +:Puerto Rico People + +Population: + 3,776,654 (July 1992), growth rate 1.0% (1992) +Birth rate: + 17 births/1,000 population (1992) +Death rate: + 8 deaths/1,000 population (1992) +Net migration rate: + 0 migrants/1,000 population (1992) +Infant mortality rate: + 14 deaths/1,000 live births (1992) +Life expectancy at birth: + 70 years male, 78 years female (1992) +Total fertility rate: + 2.1 children born/woman (1992) +Nationality: + noun - Puerto Rican(s); adjective - Puerto Rican +Ethnic divisions: + almost entirely Hispanic +Religions: + Roman Catholic 85%, Protestant denominations and other 15% +Languages: + Spanish (official); English is widely understood +Literacy: + 89% (male 90%, female 88%) age 15 and over can read and write (1980) +Labor force: + 1,068,000; government 28%, manufacturing 15%, trade 14%, agriculture 3%, + other 40% (1990) +Organized labor: + 115,000 members in 4 unions; the largest is the General Confederation of + Puerto Rican Workers with 35,000 members (1983) + +:Puerto Rico Government + +Long-form name: + Commonwealth of Puerto Rico +Type: + commonwealth associated with the US +Capital: + San Juan +Administrative divisions: + none (commonwealth associated with the US) +Independence: + none (commonwealth associated with the US) +Constitution: + ratified 3 March 1952; approved by US Congress 3 July 1952; effective 25 + July 1952 +Legal system: + based on Spanish civil code +National holiday: + Constitution Day, 25 July (1952) +Executive branch: + US president, US vice president, governor +Legislative branch: + bicameral Legislative Assembly consists of an upper house or Senate and a + lower house or House of Representatives +Judicial branch: + Supreme Court +Leaders: + Chief of State: + President George BUSH (since 20 January 1989); Vice President Dan QUAYLE + (since 20 January 1989) + Head of Government: + Governor Rafael HERNANDEZ Colon (since 2 January 1989) +Political parties and leaders: + National Republican Party of Puerto Rico, Freddy VALENTIN; Popular + Democratic Party (PPD), Rafael HERNANDEZ Colon; New Progressive Party (PNP), + Carlos ROMERO Barcelo; Puerto Rican Socialist Party (PSP), Juan MARI Bras + and Carlos GALLISA; Puerto Rican Independence Party (PIP), Ruben BERRIOS + Martinez; Puerto Rican Communist Party (PCP), leader(s) unknown; Puerto + Rican Renewal Party (PRP, breakaway group from PNP), leader (vacant); Puerto + Rico Democratic Party, Richard MACHADO +Suffrage: + universal at age 18; citizens of Puerto Rico are also US citizens, but do + not vote in US presidential elections +Elections: + Governor: + last held 8 November 1988 (next to be held 3 November 1992); results - + Rafael HERNANDEZ Colon (PPD) 48.7%, Baltasar CORRADA Del Rio (PNP) 45.8%, + Ruben BERRIOS Martinez (PIP) 5.5% + Senate: + last held 8 November 1988 (next to be held 3 November 1992); results - + percent of vote by party NA; seats - (27 total) PPD 18, PNP 8, PIP 1 + US House of Representatives: + last held 8 November 1988 (next to be held 3 November 1992); results - + percent of vote by party NA; seats - (1 total) seats by party NA; note - + Puerto Rico elects one nonvoting representative to the US House of + Representatives, Jaime B. FUSTER + House of Representatives: + last held 8 November 1988 (next to be held 3 November 1992); results - + percent of vote by party NA; seats - (53 total) PPD 36, PNP 15, PIP 2 + +:Puerto Rico Government + +Other political or pressure groups: + all have engaged in terrorist activities - Armed Forces for National + Liberation (FALN), Volunteers of the Puerto Rican Revolution, Boricua + Popular Army (also known as the Macheteros), Armed Forces of Popular + Resistance +Member of: + CARICOM (observer), ECLAC, ICFTU, IOC, WCL, WFTU, WTO (associate) +Diplomatic representation: + none (commonwealth associated with the US) +Flag: + five equal horizontal bands of red (top and bottom) alternating with white; + a blue isosceles triangle based on the hoist side bears a large white + five-pointed star in the center; design based on the US flag + +:Puerto Rico Economy + +Overview: + Puerto Rico has one of the most dynamic economies in the Caribbean region. + Industry has surpassed agriculture as the primary sector of economic + activity and income. Encouraged by duty free access to the US and by tax + incentives, US firms have invested heavily in Puerto Rico since the 1950s. + Important new industries include pharmaceuticals, electronics, textiles, + petrochemicals, and processed foods. Sugar production has lost out to dairy + production and other livestock products as the main source of income in the + agricultural sector. Tourism has traditionally been an important source of + income for the island. The economy has largely recovered from the + disruptions caused by Hurricane Hugo in September 1989. The tourism + infrastructure has been especially hard hit. +GNP: + purchasing power equivalent - $21.6 billion, per capita $6,600; real growth + rate 2.2% (FY90) +Inflation rate (consumer prices): + 1.3% (October 1990-91) +Unemployment rate: + 15.5% (October 1991) +Budget: + revenues $5.8 billion; expenditures $5.8 billion, including capital + expenditures of $258 million (FY89) +Exports: + NA + commodities: + pharmaceuticals, electronics, apparel, canned tuna, rum, beverage + concentrates, medical equipment, instruments + partners: + US 87% (FY90) +Imports: + NA + commodities: + chemicals, clothing, food, fish, petroleum products + partners: + US 68% (FY90) +External debt: + $NA +Industrial production: + growth rate 3.8% (FY90) +Electricity: + 4,149,000 kW capacity; 14,844 million kWh produced, 4,510 kWh per capita + (1990) +Industries: + manufacturing of pharmaceuticals, electronics, apparel, food products, + instruments; tourism +Agriculture: + accounts for 3% of labor force; crops - sugarcane, coffee, pineapples, + plantains, bananas; livestock - cattle, chickens; imports a large share of + food needs +Economic aid: + none +Currency: + US currency is used +Exchange rates: + US currency is used +Fiscal year: + 1 July - 30 June + +:Puerto Rico Communications + +Railroads: + 96 km rural narrow-gauge system for hauling sugarcane; no passenger + railroads +Highways: + 13,762 km paved (1982) +Ports: + San Juan, Ponce, Mayaguez, Arecibo +Airports: + 30 total; 24 usable; 19 with permanent-surface runways; none with runways + over 3,659 m; 3 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 5 with runways 1,220-2,439 m +Telecommunications: + 900,000 or 99% of total households have TV; 1,067,787 telephones (1988); + broadcast stations - 50 AM, 63 FM, 9 TV (1990) + +:Puerto Rico Defense Forces + +Branches: + paramilitary National Guard, Police Force +Manpower availability: + males 15-49, 830,133; NA fit for military service +Note: + defense is the responsibility of the US + +:Qatar Geography + +Total area: + 11,000 km2 +Land area: + 11,000 km2 +Comparative area: + slightly smaller than Connecticut +Land boundaries: + 60 km total; Saudi Arabia 40 km, UAE 20 km +Coastline: + 563 km +Maritime claims: + *** No entry for this item *** + Continental shelf: + not specific + Exclusive economic zone: + 200 nm + Territorial sea: + 12 nm +Disputes: + location and status of Qatar's southern boundaries with Saudi Arabia and UAE + are unresolved; territorial dispute with Bahrain over the Hawar Islands; + maritime boundary with Bahrain +Climate: + desert; hot, dry; humid and sultry in summer +Terrain: + mostly flat and barren desert covered with loose sand and gravel +Natural resources: + crude oil, natural gas, fish +Land use: + arable land NEGL%; permanent crops 0%; meadows and pastures 5%; forest and + woodland 0%; other 95% +Environment: + haze, duststorms, sandstorms common; limited freshwater resources mean + increasing dependence on large-scale desalination facilities +Note: + strategic location in central Persian Gulf near major crude oil sources + +:Qatar People + +Population: + 484,387 (July 1992), growth rate 3.2% (1992) +Birth rate: + 21 births/1,000 population (1992) +Death rate: + 4 deaths/1,000 population (1992) +Net migration rate: + 15 migrants/1,000 population (1992) +Infant mortality rate: + 24 deaths/1,000 live births (1992) +Life expectancy at birth: + 69 years male, 74 years female (1992) +Total fertility rate: + 4.0 children born/woman (1992) +Nationality: + noun - Qatari(s); adjective - Qatari +Ethnic divisions: + Arab 40%, Pakistani 18%, Indian 18%, Iranian 10%, other 14% +Religions: + Muslim 95% +Languages: + Arabic (official); English is commonly used as second language +Literacy: + 76% (male 77%, female 72%) age 15 and over can read and write (1986) +Labor force: + 104,000; 85% non-Qatari in private sector (1983) +Organized labor: + trade unions are illegal + +:Qatar Government + +Long-form name: + State of Qatar +Type: + traditional monarchy +Capital: + Doha +Administrative divisions: + there are no first-order administrative divisions as defined by the US + Government, but there are 9 municipalities (baladiyat, singular - + baladiyah); Ad Dawhah, Al Ghuwayriyah, Al Jumayliyah, Al Khawr, Al Rayyan, + Al Wakrah, Ash Shamal, Jarayan al Batnah, Umm Salal +Independence: + 3 September 1971 (from UK) +Constitution: + provisional constitution enacted 2 April 1970 +Legal system: + discretionary system of law controlled by the amir, although civil codes are + being implemented; Islamic law is significant in personal matters +National holiday: + Independence Day, 3 September (1971) +Executive branch: + amir, Council of Ministers (cabinet) +Legislative branch: + unicameral Advisory Council (Majlis al-Shura) +Judicial branch: + Court of Appeal +Leaders: + Chief of State and Head of Government: + Amir and Prime Minister KHALIFA bin Hamad Al Thani (since 22 February 1972); + Heir Apparent HAMAD bin Khalifa Al Thani (appointed 31 May 1977; son of + Amir) +Political parties and leaders: + none +Suffrage: + none +Elections: + Advisory Council: + constitution calls for elections for part of this consultative body, but no + elections have been held; seats - (30 total) +Member of: + ABEDA, AFESD, AL, AMF, ESCWA, FAO, G-77, GCC, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, IDB, IFAD, + ILO, IMF, IMO, INMARSAT, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, ITU, LORCS, NAM, OAPEC, + OIC, OPEC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO +Diplomatic representation: + Ambassador Hamad `Abd al-`Aziz AL-KAWARI, Chancery at Suite 1180, 600 New + Hampshire Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20037; telephone (202) 338-0111 + US: + Ambassador Kenton W. KEITH; Embassy at 149 Ali Bin Ahmed St., Farig Bin + Omran (opposite the television station), Doha (mailing address is P. O. Box + 2399, Doha); telephone (0974) 864701 through 864703; FAX (0974) 861669 +Flag: + maroon with a broad white serrated band (nine white points) on the hoist + side + +:Qatar Economy + +Overview: + Oil is the backbone of the economy and accounts for more than 85% of export + earnings and roughly 75% of government revenues. Proved oil reserves of 3.3 + billion barrels should ensure continued output at current levels for about + 25 years. Oil has given Qatar a per capita GDP of about $15,000, comparable + to the leading industrial countries. Production and export of natural gas is + becoming increasingly important. +GDP: + exchange rate conversion - $7.4 billion, per capita $15,000; real growth + rate NA (1990) +Inflation rate (consumer prices): + 4.9% (1988 est.) +Unemployment rate: + NA% +Budget: + revenues $2.1 billion; expenditures $3.2 billion, including capital + expenditures of $490 million (FY91 est.) +Exports: + $3.2 billion (f.o.b., 1990 est.) + commodities: + petroleum products 85%, steel, fertilizers + partners: + Japan 61%, Brazil 9%, UAE 3%, Singapore 3% +Imports: + $1.5 billion (f.o.b., 1990 est.) + commodities: + foodstuffs, beverages, animal and vegetable oils, chemicals, machinery and + equipment + partners: + UK 13%, Japan 11%, US 8%, Italy 8% +External debt: + $1.1 billion (December 1989 est.) +Industrial production: + growth rate 0.6% (1987); accounts for 64% of GDP, including oil +Electricity: + 1,520,000 kW capacity; 4,200 million kWh produced, 8,080 kWh per capita + (1991) +Industries: + crude oil production and refining, fertilizers, petrochemicals, steel, + cement +Agriculture: + farming and grazing on small scale, less than 2% of GDP; commercial fishing + increasing in importance; most food imported +Economic aid: + donor - pledged $2.7 billion in ODA to less developed countries (1979-88) +Currency: + Qatari riyal (plural - riyals); 1 Qatari riyal (QR) = 100 dirhams +Exchange rates: + Qatari riyals (QR) per US$1 - 3.6400 riyals (fixed rate) +Fiscal year: + 1 April - 31 March + +:Qatar Communications + +Highways: + 1,500 km total; 1,000 km paved, 500 km gravel or natural surface (est.) +Pipelines: + crude oil 235 km, natural gas 400 km +Ports: + Doha, Umm Sa'id, Halul Island +Merchant marine: + 23 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 473,042 GRT/716,039 DWT; includes 14 + cargo, 5 container, 3 petroleum tanker, 1 refrigerated cargo +Civil air: + 3 major transport aircraft +Airports: + 4 total, 4 usable; 1 with permanent-surface runways; 1 with runways over + 3,659 m; none with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 2 with runways 1,220-2,439 m +Telecommunications: + modern system centered in Doha; 110,000 telephones; tropospheric scatter to + Bahrain; radio relay to Saudi Arabia and UAE; submarine cable to Bahrain and + UAE; broadcast stations - 2 AM, 3 FM, 3 TV; satellite earth stations - 1 + Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT, 1 Indian Ocean INTELSAT, 1 ARABSAT + +:Qatar Defense Forces + +Branches: + Army, Navy, Air Force, Public Security +Manpower availability: + males 15-49, 211,812; 112,250 fit for military service; 3,414 reach military + age (18) annually +Defense expenditures: + exchange rate conversion - $NA, NA%, of GDP + +:Reunion Geography + +Total area: + 2,510 km2 +Land area: + 2,500 km2 +Comparative area: + slightly smaller than Rhode Island +Land boundaries: + none +Coastline: + 201 km +Maritime claims: + Exclusive economic zone: + 200 nm + Territorial sea: + 12 nm +Disputes: + none +Climate: + tropical, but moderates with elevation; cool and dry from May to November, + hot and rainy from November to April +Terrain: + mostly rugged and mountainous; fertile lowlands along coast +Natural resources: + fish, arable land +Land use: + arable land 20%; permanent crops 2%; meadows and pastures 4%; forest and + woodland 35%; other 39%; includes irrigated 2% +Environment: + periodic devastating cyclones +Note: + located 750 km east of Madagascar in the Indian Ocean + +:Reunion People + +Population: + 626,414 (July 1992), growth rate 2.1% (1992) +Birth rate: + 26 births/1,000 population (1992) +Death rate: + 5 deaths/1,000 population (1992) +Net migration rate: + 0 migrants/1,000 population (1992) +Infant mortality rate: + 8 deaths/1,000 live births (1992) +Life expectancy at birth: + 70 years male, 77 years female (1992) +Total fertility rate: + 2.8 children born/woman (1992) +Nationality: + noun - Reunionese (singular and plural); adjective - Reunionese +Ethnic divisions: + most of the population is of intermixed French, African, Malagasy, Chinese, + Pakistani, and Indian ancestry +Religions: + Roman Catholic 94% +Languages: + French (official); Creole widely used +Literacy: + 69% (male 67%, female 74%) age 15 and over can read and write (1982) +Labor force: + NA; agriculture 30%, industry 21%, services 49% (1981); 63% of population of + working age (1983) +Organized labor: + General Confederation of Workers of Reunion (CGTR) + +:Reunion Government + +Long-form name: + Department of Reunion +Type: + overseas department of France +Capital: + Saint-Denis +Administrative divisions: + none (overseas department of France) +Independence: + none (overseas department of France) +Constitution: + 28 September 1958 (French Constitution) +Legal system: + French law +National holiday: + Taking of the Bastille, 14 July (1789) +Executive branch: + French president, commissioner of the Republic +Legislative branch: + General Council, Regional Council +Judicial branch: + Court of Appeals (Cour d'Appel) +Leaders: + Chief of State: + President Francois MITTERRAND (since 21 May 1981) + Head of Government: + Commissioner of the Republic Jacques DEWATRE (since July 1991) +Political parties and leaders: + Rally for the Republic (RPR), Francois MAS; Union for French Democracy + (UDF), Gilbert GERARD; Communist Party of Reunion (PCR), Paul VERGES; + France-Reunion Future (FRA), Andre THIEN AH KOON; Socialist Party (PS), + Jean-Claude FRUTEAU; Social Democrats (CDS); other small parties +Suffrage: + universal at age 18 +Elections: + General Council: + last held September/October 1988 (next to be held NA 1994); results - + percent of vote by party NA; seats - (44 total) PCR 9, PS 4, UDF 6, other + left-wing 2, RPR 4, right-wing 19 + Regional Council: + last held 16 March 1986 (next to be held NA March 1992); results - RPR/UDF + 36.8%, PCR 28.2%, FRA and other right wing 17.3%, PS 14.1%, other 3.6%; + seats - (45 total) RPR/UDF 18, PCR 13, FRA and other right wing 8, PS 6 + French Senate: + last held 24 September 1989 (next to be held NA September 1992); results - + percent of vote by party NA; seats - (3 total) RPR-UDF 1, PS 1, independent + 1 + French National Assembly: + last held 5 and 12 June 1988 (next to be held NA June 1993); results - + percent of vote by party NA; seats - (5 total) PCR 2, RPR 1, UDF-CDS 1, FRA + 1; note - Reunion elects 3 members to the French Senate and 5 members to the + French National Assembly who are voting members +Communists: + Communist party small but has support among sugarcane cutters, the minuscule + Popular Movement for the Liberation of Reunion (MPLR), and in the district + of Le Port +Member of: + FZ, WFTU + +:Reunion Government + +Diplomatic representation: + as an overseas department of France, Reunionese interests are represented in + the US by France +Flag: + the flag of France is used + +:Reunion Economy + +Overview: + The economy has traditionally been based on agriculture. Sugarcane has been + the primary crop for more than a century, and in some years it accounts for + 85% of exports. The government has been pushing the development of a tourist + industry to relieve high unemployment, which recently amounted to one-third + of the labor force. The gap in Reunion between the well-off and the poor is + extraordinary and accounts for the persistent social tensions. The white and + Indian communities are substantially better off than other segments of the + population, often approaching European standards, whereas indigenous groups + suffer the poverty and unemployment typical of the poorer nations of the + African continent. The outbreak of severe rioting in February 1991 + illustrates the seriousness of socioeconomic tensions. The economic + well-being of Reunion depends heavily on continued financial assistance from + France. +GDP: + exchange rate conversion - $3.37 billion, per capita $6,000 (1987 est.); + real growth rate 9% (1987 est.) +Inflation rate (consumer prices): + 1.3% (1988) +Unemployment rate: + 35% (February 1991) +Budget: + revenues $358 million; expenditures $914 million, including capital + expenditures of $NA (1986) +Exports: + $166 million (f.o.b., 1988) + commodities: + sugar 75%, rum and molasses 4%, perfume essences 4%, lobster 3%, vanilla and + tea 1% + partners: + France, Mauritius, Bahrain, South Africa, Italy +Imports: + $1.7 billion (c.i.f., 1988) + commodities: + manufactured goods, food, beverages, tobacco, machinery and transportation + equipment, raw materials, and petroleum products + partners: + France, Mauritius, Bahrain, South Africa, Italy +External debt: + $NA +Industrial production: + growth rate NA%; about 25% of GDP +Electricity: + 245,000 kW capacity; 546 million kWh produced, 965 kWh per capita (1989) +Industries: + sugar, rum, cigarettes, several small shops producing handicraft items +Agriculture: + accounts for 30% of labor force; dominant sector of economy; cash crops - + sugarcane, vanilla, tobacco; food crops - tropical fruits, vegetables, corn; + imports large share of food needs +Economic aid: + Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), + $14.8 billion +Currency: + French franc (plural - francs); 1 French franc (F) = 100 centimes +Exchange rates: + French francs (F) per US$1 - 5.6397 (March 1992), 5.6421 (1991), 5.4453 + (1990), 6.3801 (1989), 5.9569 (1988), 6.0107 (1987) + +:Reunion Economy + +Fiscal year: + calendar year + +:Reunion Communications + +Highways: + 2,800 km total; 2,200 km paved, 600 km gravel, crushed stone, or stabilized + earth +Ports: + Pointe des Galets +Civil air: + 3 major transport aircraft +Airports: + 2 total, 2 usable; 2 with permanent-surface runways; none with runways over + 3,659 m; 1 with runway 2,440-3,659 m; 1 with runway 1,220-2,439 m +Telecommunications: + adequate system; modern open-wire and microwave network; principal center + Saint-Denis; radiocommunication to Comoros, France, Madagascar; new + microwave route to Mauritius; 85,900 telephones; broadcast stations - 3 AM, + 13 FM, 1 (18 repeaters) TV; 1 Indian Ocean INTELSAT earth station + +:Reunion Defense Forces + +Branches: + French Forces (including Army, Navy, Air Force, Gendarmerie) +Manpower availability: + males 15-49, 164,974; 85,370 fit for military service; 6,083 reach military + age (18) annually +Note: + defense is the responsibility of France + +:Romania Geography + +Total area: + 237,500 km2 +Land area: + 230,340 km2 +Comparative area: + slightly smaller than Oregon +Land boundaries: + 2,508 km total; Bulgaria 608 km, Hungary 443 km, Moldova 450 km, Serbia and + Montenegro 476 km, Ukraine (north) 362 km, Ukraine (south) 169 km +Coastline: + 225 km +Maritime claims: + Continental shelf: + 200 m (depth) or to depth of exploitation + Exclusive economic zone: + 200 nm + Territorial sea: + 12 nm +Disputes: + none +Climate: + temperate; cold, cloudy winters with frequent snow and fog; sunny summers + with frequent showers and thunderstorms +Terrain: + central Transylvanian Basin is separated from the plain of Moldavia on the + east by the Carpathian Mountains and separated from the Walachian Plain on + the south by the Transylvanian Alps +Natural resources: + crude oil (reserves being exhausted), timber, natural gas, coal, iron ore, + salt +Land use: + arable land 43%; permanent crops 3%; meadows and pastures 19%; forest and + woodland 28%; other 7%; includes irrigated 11% +Environment: + frequent earthquakes most severe in south and southwest; geologic structure + and climate promote landslides; air pollution in south +Note: + controls most easily traversable land route between the Balkans, Moldova, + and the Ukraine + +:Romania People + +Population: + 23,169,914 (July 1992), growth rate 0.0% (1992) +Birth rate: + 14 births/1,000 population (1992) +Death rate: + 10 deaths/1,000 population (1992) +Net migration rate: + -3 migrants/1,000 population (1992) +Infant mortality rate: + 22 deaths/1,000 live births (1992) +Life expectancy at birth: + 68 years male, 74 years female (1992) +Total fertility rate: + 1.8 children born/woman (1992) +Nationality: + noun - Romanian(s); adjective - Romanian +Ethnic divisions: + Romanian 89.1%, Hungarian 8.9%, German 0.4%, Ukrainian, Serb, Croat, + Russian, Turk, and Gypsy 1.6% +Religions: + Romanian Orthodox 70%, Roman Catholic 6%, Greek Catholic (Uniate) 3%, + Protestant 6%, unaffiliated 15% +Languages: + Romanian, Hungarian, German +Literacy: + 96% (male NA%, female NA%) age 15 and over can read and write (1970 est.) +Labor force: + 10,945,700; industry 38%, agriculture 28%, other 34% (1989) +Organized labor: + until December 1989, a single trade union system organized by the General + Confederation of Romanian Trade Unions (UGSR) under control of the Communist + Party; since CEAUSESCU'S overthrow, newly created trade and professional + trade unions are joining umbrella organizations, including the Organization + of Free Trade Unions, Fratia (Brotherhood), and the Alfa Cartel; many other + trade unions have been formed + +:Romania Government + +Long-form name: + none +Type: + republic +Capital: + Bucharest +Administrative divisions: + 40 counties (judete, singular - judet) and 1 municipality* (municipiu); + Alba, Arad, Arges, Bacau, Bihor, Bistrita-Nasaud, Botosani, Braila, Brasov, + Bucuresti*, Buzau, Calarasi, Caras-Severin, Cluj, Constanta, Covasna, + Dimbovita, Dolj, Galati, Gorj, Giurgiu, Harghita, Hunedoara, Ialomita, Iasi, + Maramures, Mehedinti, Mures, Neamt, Olt, Prahova, Salaj, Satu Mare, Sibiu, + Suceava, Teleorman, Timis, Tulcea, Vaslui, Vilcea, Vrancea +Independence: + 1881 (from Turkey); republic proclaimed 30 December 1947 +Constitution: + 8 December 1991 +Legal system: + former mixture of civil law system and Communist legal theory that + increasingly reflected Romanian traditions is being revised +National holiday: + National Day of Romania, 1 December (1990) +Executive branch: + *** No entry for this item *** + president, prime minister, Council of Ministers (cabinet) +Legislative branch: + bicameral Parliament consists of an upper house or Senate (Senat) and a + lower house or House of Deputies (Adunarea Deputatilor) +Judicial branch: + Supreme Court of Justice +Leaders: + Chief of State: + President Ion ILIESCU (since 20 June 1990, previously President of + Provisional Council of National Unity since 23 December 1989) + Head of Government: + Prime Minister Teodor STOLOJAN (since 2 October 1991) +Political parties and leaders: + National Salvation Front (FSN), Petre ROMAN; Democratuc National Salvation + Front (DNSF), Olivia GHERMAN; Magyar Democratic Union (UDMR), Geza DOMOKOS; + National Liberal Party (PNL), Radu CAMPEANU; National Peasants' Christian + and Democratic Party (PNTCD), Corneliu COPOSU; Ecology Movement (MER), Toma + Gheorghe MAIORESCU; Romanian National Unity Party (PUNR), Radu CEONTEA; + there are now more than 100 other parties; note - although the Communist + Party has ceased to exist, small proto-Communist parties, notably the + Socialist Labor Party, have been formed +Suffrage: + universal at age 18 +Elections: + President: + last held 20 May 1990 (next to be held NA 1992); results - Ion ILIESCU 85%, + Radu CAMPEANU 10.5%, Ion RATIU 3.8% + Senate: + last held 20 May 1990 (next to be held NA 1992); results - FSN 67%, other + 33%; seats - (118 total) FSN 92, UDMR 12, PNL 9, PUNR 2, PNTCD 1, MER 1, + other 1 + House of Deputies: + last held 20 May 1990 (next to be held NA 1992); results - FSN 66%, UDMR 7%, + PNL 6%, MER 2%, PNTCD 2%, PUNR 2%, other 15%; seats - (387 total) FSN 263, + UDMR 29, PNL 29, PNTCD 12, MER 12, PUNR 9, other 33 + +:Romania Government + +Member of: + BIS, CCC, CSCE, ECE, FAO, G-9, G-77, GATT, IAEA, IBEC, IBRD, ICAO, IFAD, + IFC, IIB, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTERPOL, IOC, ITU, LORCS, NAM (guest), PCA, UN, + UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO +Diplomatic representation: + Ambassador Aurel MUNTEANU; Chancery at 1607 23rd Street NW, Washington, DC + 20008; telephone (202) 232-4747 + US: + Ambassador John R. DAVIS; Embassy at Strada Tudor Arghezi 7-9, Bucharest + (mailing address is APO AE 09213-5260); telephone [40] (0) 10-40-40; FAX + [40] (0) 12-03-95 +Flag: + three equal vertical bands of blue (hoist side), yellow, and red; the + national coat of arms that used to be centered in the yellow band has been + removed; now similar to the flags of Andorra and Chad + +:Romania Economy + +Overview: + Industry, which accounts for about one-third of the labor force and + generates over half the GDP, suffers from an aging capital plant and + persistent shortages of energy. The year 1991 witnessed about a 17% drop in + industrial production because of energy and input shortages and labor + unrest. In recent years the agricultural sector has had to contend with + flooding, mismanagement, shortages of inputs, and disarray caused by the + dismantling of cooperatives. A shortage of fuel and equipment in 1991 + contributed to a lackluster harvest, a problem compounded by corruption and + a poor distribution system. The new government is loosening the tight + central controls of CEAUSESCU'S command economy. It has instituted moderate + land reforms, with more than one-half of cropland now in private hands, and + it has liberalized private agricultural output. Also, the new regime is + permitting the establishment of private enterprises, largely in services, + handicrafts, and small-scale industry. A law providing for the privatization + of large state firms has been passed. Most of the large state firms have + been converted into joint-stock companies, but the selling of shares and + assets to private owners has been delayed. While the government has halted + the old policy of diverting food from domestic consumption to hard currency + export markets, supplies remain scarce in some areas. Furthermore, real + wages in Romania fell about 20% in 1991, contributing to the unrest which + forced the resignation of ROMAN in September. The new government continues + to impose price ceilings on key consumer items. +GDP: + purchasing power equivalent - $71.9 billion, per capita $3,100; real growth + rate - 12% (1991 est.) +Inflation rate (consumer prices): + 215% (1991 est.) +Unemployment rate: + 4% (1991 est.) +Budget: + revenues $19 billion; expenditures $20 billion, including capital + expenditures of $2.1 billion (1991 est.) +Exports: + $4.0 billion (f.o.b., 1991 est.) + commodities: + machinery and equipment 29.3%, fuels, minerals and metals 32.1%, + manufactured consumer goods 18.1%, agricultural materials and forestry + products 9.0%, other 11.5% (1989) + partners: + USSR 27%, Eastern Europe 23%, EC 15%, US 5%, China 4% (1987) +Imports: + $5.4 billion (f.o.b., 1991 est.) + commodities: + fuels, minerals, and metals 56.0%, machinery and equipment 25.5%, + agricultural and forestry products 8.6%, manufactured consumer goods 3.4%, + other 6.5% (1989) + partners: + Communist countries 60%, non-Communist countries 40% (1987) +External debt: + $2 billion (1991) +Industrial production: + growth rate -17% (1991 est.) +Electricity: + 22,700,000 kW capacity; 64,200 million kWh produced, 2,760 kWh per capita + (1990) +Industries: + mining, timber, construction materials, metallurgy, chemicals, machine + building, food processing, petroleum + +:Romania Economy + +Agriculture: + accounts for 15% of GDP and 28% of labor force; major wheat and corn + producer; other products - sugar beets, sunflower seed, potatoes, milk, + eggs, meat, grapes +Illicit drugs: + transshipment point for southwest Asian heroin transiting the Balkan route +Economic aid: + donor - $4.4 billion in bilateral aid to non-Communist less developed + countries (1956-89) +Currency: + leu (plural - lei); 1 leu (L) = 100 bani +Exchange rates: + lei (L) per US$1 - 198.00 (March 1992), 76.39 (1991), 22.432 (1990), 14.922 + (1989), 14.277 (1988), 14.557 (1987) +Fiscal year: + calendar year + +:Romania Communications + +Railroads: + 11,275 km total; 10,860 km 1.435-meter gauge, 370 km narrow gauge, 45 km + broad gauge; 3,411 km electrified, 3,060 km double track; government owned + (1987) +Highways: + 72,799 km total; 35,970 km paved; 27,729 km gravel, crushed stone, and other + stabilized surfaces; 9,100 km unsurfaced roads (1985) +Inland waterways: + 1,724 km (1984) +Pipelines: + crude oil 2,800 km, petroleum products 1,429 km, natural gas 6,400 km +Ports: + Constanta, Galati, Braila, Mangalia; inland ports are Giurgiu, Drobeta-Turnu + Severin, Orsova +Merchant marine: + 262 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 3,320,373 GRT/5,207,580 DWT; includes + 1 passenger-cargo, 174 cargo, 2 container, 1 rail-car carrier, 9 + roll-on/roll-off cargo, 13 petroleum tanker, 60 bulk, 2 combination ore/oil +Civil air: + 59 major transport aircraft +Airports: + 165 total, 165 usable; 25 with permanent-surface runways; 15 with runways + 2,440-3,659 m; 15 with runways 1,220-2,439 m +Telecommunications: + poor service; about 2.3 million telephone customers; 89% of phone network is + automatic; cable and open wire; trunk network is microwave; present phone + density is 9.85 per 100 residents; roughly 3,300 villages with no service + (February 1990); broadcast stations - 12 AM, 5 FM, 13 TV (1990); 1 satellite + ground station using INTELSAT + +:Romania Defense Forces + +Branches: + Army, Navy, Air and Air Defense Forces, Paramilitary Forces, Civil Defense +Manpower availability: + males 15-49, 5,799,837; 4,909,642 fit for military service; 184,913 reach + military age (20) annually +Defense expenditures: + exchange rate conversion - 50 billion lei (unofficial), NA% of GDP (1991); + note - conversion of defense expenditures into US dollars using the current + exchange rate could produce misleading results + +:Russia Geography + +Total area: + 17,075,200 km2 +Land area: + 16,995,800 km2 +Comparative area: + slightly more than 1.8 times the size of the US +Land boundaries: + 20,139 km total; Azerbaijan 284 km, Belarus 959 km, China (southeast) 3,605 + km, China (south) 40 km, Estonia 290 km, Finland 1,313 km, Georgia 723 km, + Kazakhstan 6,846 km, North Korea 19 km, Latvia 217 km, Lithuania + (Kaliningrad Oblast) 227 km, Mongolia 3,441 km, Norway 167 km, Poland + (Kaliningrad Oblast) 432 km, Ukraine 1,576 km +Coastline: + 37,653 km +Maritime claims: + Contiguous zone: + NA nm + Continental shelf: + 200-meter depth or to depth of exploitation + Exclusive economic zone: + 200 nm + Exclusive fishing zone: + NA nm + Territorial sea: + 12 nm +Disputes: + inherited disputes from former USSR including: sections of the boundary with + China, a section of the boundary with Tajikistan; boundary with Latvia, + Lithuania, and Estonia; Etorofu, Kunashiri, and Shikotan Islands and the + Habomai island group occupied by the Soviet Union in 1945, claimed by Japan; + maritime dispute with Norway over portion of the Barents Sea; has made no + territorial claim in Antarctica (but has reserved the right to do so) and + does not recognize the claims of any other nation +Climate: + ranges from steppes in the south through humid continental in much of + European Russia; subarctic in Siberia to tundra climate in the polar north; + winters vary from cool along Black Sea coast to frigid in Siberia; summers + vary from warm in the steppes to cool along Arctic coast +Terrain: + broad plain with low hills west of Urals; vast coniferous forest and tundra + in Siberia; uplands and mountains along southern border regions +Natural resources: + wide natural resource base including major deposits of oil, natural gas, + coal, and many strategic minerals; timber; note - formidable obstacles of + climate, terrain, and distance hinder exploitation of natural resources +Land use: + NA% arable land; NA% permanent crops; NA% meadows and pastures; NA% forest + and woodland; NA% other; includes NA% irrigated +Environment: + despite its size, only a small percentage of land is arable and much is too + far north; permafrost over much of Siberia is a major impediment to + development; catastrophic pollution of land, air, water, including both + inland waterways and sea coasts +Note: + largest country in the world in terms of area but unfavorably located in + relation to major sea lanes of the world + +:Russia People + +Population: + 149,527,479 (July 1992), growth rate 0.4% (1992) +Birth rate: + 15 births/1,000 population (1992) +Death rate: + 11 deaths/1,000 population (1992) +Net migration rate: + 1 migrant/1,000 population (1992) +Infant mortality rate: + 31 deaths/1,000 live births (1992) +Life expectancy at birth: + 63 years male, 74 years female (1992) +Total fertility rate: + 2.1 children born/woman (1992) +Nationality: + noun - Russian(s); adjective - Russian +Ethnic divisions: + Estonian NA%, Latvian NA%, Lithuanian NA%, Russian NA%, other NA% +Religions: + Russian Orthodox NA%, unknown NA%, none NA%, other NA% +Languages: + Estonian NA%, Latvian NA%, Lithuanian NA%, Russian NA%, other NA% +Literacy: + NA% (male NA%, female NA%) age 15 and over can read and write +Labor force: + 78,682,000 (1989); industry and construction 43.0%, agriculture and forestry + 13.0%, transport and communication 7.9%, trade and distribution 7.9%, other + 28.2% +Organized labor: + NA + +:Russia Government + +Long-form name: + Russian Federation +Type: + federation +Capital: + Moscow +Administrative divisions: + 20 autonomous republics (avtomnykh respublik, singular - automnaya + respublika); Adygea (Maykop), Bashkortostan (Ufa), Buryatia (Ulan-Ude), + Checheno-Ingushetia (Groznyy), Chuvashia (Cheboksary), Dagestan + (Makhachkala), Gorno-Altay (Gorno-Altaysk), Kabardino-Balkaria (Nal`chik), + Kalmykia (Elista), Karachay-Cherkessia (Cherkessk), Karelia (Petrozavodsk), + Khakassia (Abakan), Komi (Syktyvkar), Mari El (Yoshkar-Ola), Mordvinia + (Saransk), North Ossetia (Vladikavkaz; formerly Ordzhonikidze), Tatarstan + (Kazan'), Tuva (Kyzyl), Udmurtia (Izhevsk), Yakutia (Yakutsk); 49 oblasts + (oblastey, singular - oblast'); Amur (Blagoveshchensk), Arkhangel'sk, + Astrakhan', Belgorod, Bryansk, Chelyabinsk, Chita, Irkutsk, Ivanovo, + Kaliningrad, Kaluga, Kamchata (Petropavlovsk-Kamchatskiy), Kemerovo, Kirov, + Kostroma, Kurgan, Kursk, Leningrad (St. Petersburg), Lipetsk, Magadan, + Moscow, Murmansk, Nizhegorod (Nizhniy Novgorod; formerly Gor'kiy), Novgorod, + Novosibirsk, Omsk, Orel, Orenburg, Penza, Perm', Pskov, Rostov, Ryazan', + Sakhalin (Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk), Samara (formerly Kuybyshev), Saratov, + Smolensk, Sverdlovsk (Yekaterinburg), Tambov, Tomsk, Tula, Tver' (formerly + Kalinin), Tyumen', Ul'yanovsk, Vladmir, Volgograd, Vologda, Voronezh, + Yaroslavl'; 6 krays (krayer, singular - kray); Altay (Barnaul), Khabarovsk, + Krasnodar, Krasnoyarsk, Primorskiy (Vladivostok), Stavropol; note - the + cities of Moscow and St. Petersburg have oblast status; an administrative + division has the same name as its administrative center (exceptions have the + administrative center name following in parentheses); it is possible that 4 + more administrative divisions will be added +Independence: + 24 August 1991, declared by Supreme Council (from Soviet Union; formerly + Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic); 1 December 1991 referendum on + independence passed +Constitution: + a new constitution is in the process of being drafted +Legal system: + based on civil law system; judicial review of legislative acts; does not + accept compulsory ICJ jurisdiction +National holiday: + NA +Executive branch: + president, vice president, Security Council, President's Administration, + Council of Ministers +Legislative branch: + Congress of People's Deputies, Supreme Soviet +Judicial branch: + Constitutional Court +Leaders: + Chief of State and Head of Government: + *** No entry for this item *** + President Boris YEL'TSIN (since 12 June 1991), Vice President Aleksandr + RUTSKOY (since 12 June 1991), State Secretary Gennadiy BURBULIS (since July + 1991); 1st Deputy Chairman of the Council of Ministers Yegor GAYDAR (since + March 1992), 2nd Deputy Chairman of the Council of Ministers Aleksandr + SHOKHIN (since 7 November 1991) + +:Russia Government + +Political parties and leaders: + Democratic Russia, A. Lev PONOMAREV and Gleb YAKUNIN, cochairmen; Democratic + Party of Russia, Nikolay TRAVKIN, chairman; People's Party of Free Russia, + Aleksandr RUTSKOY, chairman; Russian Movement for Democratic Reforms, + Gavriil POPOV, chairman +Suffrage: + universal at age 18 +Elections: + President: + last held 12 June 1991 (next to be held 1996); results - percent of vote by + party NA% + Congress of People's Deputies: + last held March 1990 (next to be held 1995); results - percent of vote by + party NA%; seats - (1,063 total) number of seats by party NA + Supreme Soviet: + last held May 1990 (next to be held 1995); results - percent of vote by + party NA%; seats - (252 total) number of seats by party NA +Communists: + NA +Other political or pressure groups: + NA +Member of: + CIS, CSCE, ESCAP, ECE, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICFTU, IMF, INTERPOL, IMO, + INMARSAT, IOC, ISO, ITU, LORCS, NACC, NSG, PCA, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNTSO, + UPU, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO, ZG +Diplomatic representation: + Ambassador LUKIN; Chancery at 1125 16th Street NW, Washington, DC 20036; + telephone (202) 628-7551 + US: + Ambassador Robert S. STRAUSS; Embassy at Ulitsa Chaykovskogo 19/21/23, + Moscow (mailing address is APO AE 09721); telephone [7] (095) 252-2450 + through 59; there is a consulate at St. Petersburg (formerly Leningrad); + future consulates will be in Yekaterinburg and Vladivostok +Flag: + tricolor; three equal bands of white (top), blue, red (bottom) + +:Russia Economy + +Overview: + Russia, one of the world's largest economies, possesses a wealth of natural + resources and a diverse industrial base. Within the now-dismantled USSR, it + had produced 60% of total output, with 55% of the total labor force and 60% + of the total capital stock. Russia depends on its world-class deposits of + oil and gas not only for its own needs but also for vital hard currency + earnings. Self-sufficient in coal and iron ore, it has a crude steel + production capacity of about 95 million tons, second only to Japan. Russia's + machine-building sector - 60% of the old USSR's - lags behind world + standards of efficiency and quality of product. Other major industrial + sectors - chemicals, construction materials, light industry, and food + processing - also suffer from quality problems, obsolescent capital + equipment, and pollution. Consumer goods have had lower priority, and the + product mix has not mirrored household preferences. Furthermore, the + transition to a more market-oriented economy has disrupted channels of + supply to factories and distribution outlets; substantial imports of foods + and medical supplies have helped maintain minimum standards of consumption. + Russia inherited 70% of the former USSR's defense production facilities and + is experiencing major social problems during conversion of many of these + plants to civilian production. Russia produces almost half of the old USSR's + farm products, but most warm-climate crops must be imported. Under the old + USSR, production of industrial and agricultural goods often was concentrated + in a single firm or a single republic. Today, producing units often have + lost their major customers and their major sources of supply, and the market + institutions and incentives for adjusting to the new political and economic + situations are only slowly emerging. Rank-and-file Russians will continue to + suffer major deprivations in 1992 and beyond before the country begins to + realize its great economic potential. The comprehensive economic reform + program enacted in January 1992 faces many economic and political hurdles + before it will lead to sustained economic growth. +GDP: + purchasing power equivalent - $NA, per capita $NA; real growth rate - 9% + (1991) +Inflation rate (consumer prices): + 89% (1991) +Unemployment rate: + NA% +Budget: + NA +Exports: + $58.7 billion (f.o.b., 1991) + commodities: + petroleum and petroleum products, natural gas, wood and wood products, coal, + nonferrous metals, chemicals, and a wide variety of civilian and military + manufactures + partners: + Western Europe, Japan, Eastern Europe +Imports: + $43.5 billion (c.i.f., 1991) + commodities: + machinery and equipment, chemicals, consumer goods, grain, meat, + semifinished metal products + partners: + Western and Eastern Europe, Japan, Third World countries, Cuba +External debt: + $40 billion (end of 1991 est.) +Industrial production: + -8% after adjustment for inflation due to shift to more expensive products, + -2% before this adjustment (1991) + +:Russia Economy + +Electricity: + 42,500 MW capacity; 1,100 billion kWh produced, 7,430 kWh per capita (1991) +Industries: + complete range of mining and extractive industries producing coal, oil, gas, + chemicals, and metals; all forms of machine building from rolling mills to + high-performance aircraft and space vehicles; ship- building; road and rail + transportation equipment; communications equipment; agricultural machinery, + tractors, and construction equipment; electric power generating and + transmitting equipment; medical and scientific instruments; consumer + durables +Agriculture: + grain, meat, milk, vegetables, fruits; because of its northern location + Russia does not grow citrus, cotton, tea, and other warm climate products +Illicit drugs: + illicit producers of cannabis and opium; mostly for domestic consumption; + government has active eradication program; used as transshipment point for + illicit drugs to Western Europe +Economic aid: + US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-87), $NA; Western (non-US) countries, + ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-86), $NA; Communist countries + (1971-86), $NA million +Currency: + ruble (plural - rubles); 1 ruble (R) = 100 kopeks +Exchange rates: + 150 rubles per US$1 (20 July 1992) but subject to wide fluctuations +Fiscal year: + calendar year + +:Russia Communications + +Railroads: + 87,180 km all 1.520-meter broad gauge (includes NA km electrified); does not + include industrial lines (1990) +Highways: + 879,100 km total (1990); 652,500 km hard-surfaced, 226,600 km earth +Inland waterways: + NA km perennially navigable +Pipelines: + crude oil and petroleum products 68,400 km, natural gas NA km +Ports: + maritime - St. Petersburg (Leningrad), Kaliningrad, Murmansk, Arkhangel'sk, + Novorossiysk, Vladivostok, Nakhodka, Kholmsk, Korsakov, Magadan, Tiksi, + Tuapse, Vanino, Vostochnyy, Vyborg; inland - Astrakhan', Nizhniy Novgorod + (Gor'kiy), Kazan', Khabarovsk, Krasnoyarsk, Samara (Kuybyshev), Moscow, + Rostov, Volgograd +Merchant marine: + 842 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 8,151,393 GRT/11,308,812 DWT; + includes 494 cargo, 39 container, 2 barge carrier, 3 roll-on/float-off, 69 + roll-on/roll-off, 131 petroleum tanker, 53 bulk cargo, 9 chemical tanker, 2 + specialized liquid carriers, 17 combination ore/oil, 23 passenger +Civil air: + NA major transport aircraft +Airports: + NA total, NA usable; NA with permanent-surface runways; NA with runways over + 3,659 m; NA with runways 2,440-3,659 m; NA with runways 1,220-2,439 m +Telecommunications: + the telephone system is inadequate for a large industrial country, + consisting of about 36 million lines of which only about 3% are switched + automatically; as of 31 January 1990, 10.8 million applications for + telephones for household use could not be satisfied; telephone density is 11 + per 100 persons; international connections are made via satellite, land + line, microwave, and outdated submarine cables, and are generally + unsatisfactory; the international gateway switch in Moscow handles + international traffic for the other former Soviet republics as well as for + Russia; broadcast stations - 1,050 AM/FM/SW (reach 98.6% of population), 310 + TV (580 repeaters) (reach 98% of population); satellite ground stations - + INTELSAT, Intersputnik, INMARSAT, Orbita + +:Russia Defense Forces + +Branches: + Russian defence forces will be comprised of those ground-, air-, and + sea-based conventional assets currently on Russian soil and those scheduled + to be withdrawn from other countries; strategic forces will remain under CIS + control +Manpower availability: + males 15-49, 36,288,000; 27,216,000 fit for military service; 1,020,341 + reach military age (18) annually +Defense expenditures: + $NA, NA% of GDP + +:Rwanda Geography + +Total area: + 26,340 km2 +Land area: + 24,950 km2 +Comparative area: + slightly smaller than Maryland +Land boundaries: + 893 km total; Burundi 290 km, Tanzania 217 km, Uganda 169 km, Zaire 217 km +Coastline: + none - landlocked +Maritime claims: + none - landlocked +Disputes: + none +Climate: + temperate; two rainy seasons (February to April, November to January); mild + in mountains with frost and snow possible +Terrain: + mostly grassy uplands and hills; mountains in west +Natural resources: + gold, cassiterite (tin ore), wolframite (tungsten ore), natural gas, + hydropower +Land use: + arable land 29%; permanent crops 11%; meadows and pastures 18%; forest and + woodland 10%; other 32%; includes irrigated NEGL% +Environment: + deforestation; overgrazing; soil exhaustion; soil erosion; periodic droughts +Note: + landlocked + +:Rwanda People + +Population: + 8,206,446 (July 1992), growth rate 3.8% (1992) +Birth rate: + 52 births/1,000 population (1992) +Death rate: + 14 deaths/1,000 population (1992) +Net migration rate: + 0 migrants/1,000 population (1992) +Infant mortality rate: + 108 deaths/1,000 live births (1992) +Life expectancy at birth: + 51 years male, 55 years female (1992) +Total fertility rate: + 8.3 children born/woman (1992) +Nationality: + noun - Rwandan(s); adjective - Rwandan +Ethnic divisions: + Hutu 90%, Tutsi 9%, Twa (Pygmoid) 1% +Religions: + Roman Catholic 65%, Protestant 9%, Muslim 1%, indigenous beliefs and other + 25% +Languages: + Kinyarwanda, French (official); Kiswahili used in commercial centers +Literacy: + 50% (male 64%, female 37%) age 15 and over can read and write (1990 est.) +Labor force: + 3,600,000; agriculture 93%, government and services 5%, industry and + commerce 2%; 49% of population of working age (1985) +Organized labor: + NA + +:Rwanda Government + +Long-form name: + Republic of Rwanda +Type: + republic; presidential system in which military leaders hold key offices; on + 31 December 1990, the government announced a National Political Charter to + serve as a basis for transition to a presidential/parliamentary political + system; the 1978 constitution was replaced in June 1991 via popular + referendum by a new constitution creating a multiparty system with a + president and prime minister +Capital: + Kigali +Administrative divisions: + 10 prefectures (prefectures, singular - prefecture in French; plural - NA, + singular - prefegitura in Kinyarwanda); Butare, Byumba, Cyangugu, Gikongoro, + Gisenyi, Gitarama, Kibungo, Kibuye, Rigali, Ruhengeri +Independence: + 1 July 1962 (from UN trusteeship under Belgian administration) +Constitution: + 18 June 1991 +Legal system: + based on German and Belgian civil law systems and customary law; judicial + review of legislative acts in the Supreme Court; has not accepted compulsory + ICJ jurisdiction +National holiday: + Independence Day, 1 July (1962) +Executive branch: + president, prime minister, Council of Ministers (cabinet) +Legislative branch: + unicameral National Development Council (Conseil National de Developpement) +Judicial branch: + Constitutional Court (consists of the Court of Cassation and the Council of + State in joint session) +Leaders: + Chief of State: + President Maj. Gen. Juvenal HABYARIMANA (since 5 July 1973) + Head of Government: + Prime Minister Sylvestre NSANZIMANA (since NA October 1991) +Political parties and leaders: + Republican Revolutionary Movement for Democracy and Development (MRND), Maj. + Gen. Juvenal HABYARIMANA; formerly a one-party state, Rwanda legalized + independent parties in mid-1991; since then, at least 10 new political + parties have registered; President HABYARIMANA's political movement - the + National Revolutionary Movement for Development (MRND) - reorganized itself + as a political party and changed its name to the Republican National + Movement for Democracy and Development (but kept the same initials - MRND); + significant independent parties include: Democratic Republican Movement + (MDR), leader NA; Liberal Party (PL), leader NA; Democratic and Socialist + Party (PSD), leader NA; note - since October 1990, Rwanda has been involved + in a low-intensity conflict with the Rwandan Patriotic Front/Rwandan + Patriotic Army (RPF/RPA); the RPF/RPA is primarily an ethnically based + organization +Suffrage: + universal adult, exact age NA +Elections: + President: + last held 19 December 1988 (next to be held NA December 1993); results - + President Maj. Gen. Juvenal HABYARIMANA reelected + +:Rwanda Government + + National Development Council: + last held 19 December 1988 (next to be held NA December 1993); results - + MRND is the only party; seats - (70 total) MRND 70 +Member of: + ACCT, ACP, AfDB, ECA, CCC, CEEAC, CEPGL, FAO, G-77, GATT, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, + IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, ITU, LORCS, NAM, OAU, UN, + UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WCL, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO +Diplomatic representation: + Ambassador Aloys UWIMANA; Chancery at 1714 New Hampshire Avenue NW, + Washington, DC 20009; telephone (202) 232-2882 + US: + Ambassador Robert A. FLATEN; Embassy at Boulevard de la Revolution, Kigali + (mailing address is B. P. 28, Kigali); telephone [250] 75601 through 75603; + FAX [250] 72128 +Flag: + three equal vertical bands of red (hoist side), yellow, and green with a + large black letter R + centered in the yellow band; uses the popular pan-African colors of + Ethiopia; similar to the flag of Guinea, which has a plain yellow band + +:Rwanda Economy + +Overview: + Almost 50% of GDP comes from the agricultural sector; coffee and tea make up + 80-90% of total exports. The amount of fertile land is limited, however, and + deforestation and soil erosion have created problems. The industrial sector + in Rwanda is small, contributing only 17% to GDP. Manufacturing focuses + mainly on the processing of agricultural products. The Rwandan economy + remains dependent on coffee exports and foreign aid. Weak international + prices since 1986 have caused the economy to contract and per capita GDP to + decline. A structural adjustment program with the World Bank began in + October 1990. An outbreak of insurgency, also in October, has dampened any + prospects for economic improvement. +GDP: + exchange rate conversion - $2.1 billion, per capita $300; real growth rate + -6.8% (1990 est.) +Inflation rate (consumer prices): + 4.2% (1990) +Unemployment rate: + NA% +Budget: + revenues $391 million; expenditures $491 million, including capital + expenditures of $225 million (1989 est.) +Exports: + $111.7 million (f.o.b., 1990 est.) + commodities: + coffee 85%, tea, tin, cassiterite, wolframite, pyrethrum + partners: + Germany, Belgium, Italy, Uganda, UK, France, US +Imports: + $279.2 million (f.o.b., 1990 est.) + commodities: + textiles, foodstuffs, machines and equipment, capital goods, steel, + petroleum products, cement and construction material + partners: + US, Belgium, Germany, Kenya, Japan +External debt: + $911 million (1990 est.) +Industrial production: + growth rate 1.2% (1988); accounts for 17% of GDP +Electricity: + 30,000 kW capacity; 130 million kWh produced, 15 kWh per capita (1991) +Industries: + mining of cassiterite (tin ore) and wolframite (tungsten ore), tin, cement, + agricultural processing, small-scale beverage production, soap, furniture, + shoes, plastic goods, textiles, cigarettes +Agriculture: + accounts for almost 50% of GDP and about 90% of the labor force; cash crops + - coffee, tea, pyrethrum (insecticide made from chrysanthemums); main food + crops - bananas, beans, sorghum, potatoes; stock raising; self-sufficiency + declining; country imports foodstuffs as farm production fails to keep up + with a 3.8% annual growth in population +Economic aid: + US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $128 million; Western (non-US) + countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $2.0 billion; OPEC + bilateral aid (1979-89), $45 million; Communist countries (1970-89), $58 + million; note - in October 1990 Rwanda launched a Structural Adjustment + Program with the IMF; since September 1991, the EC has given $46 million and + the US $25 million in support of this program +Currency: + Rwandan franc (plural - francs); 1 Rwandan franc (RF) = 100 centimes + +:Rwanda Economy + +Exchange rates: + Rwandan francs (RF) per US$1 - 121.40 (January 1992), 125.14 (1991), 82.60 + (1990), 79.98 (1989), 76.45 (1988), 79.67 (1987) +Fiscal year: + calendar year + +:Rwanda Communications + +Highways: + 4,885 km total; 460 km paved, 1,725 km gravel and/or improved earth, 2,700 + km unimproved +Inland waterways: + Lac Kivu navigable by shallow-draft barges and native craft +Civil air: + 2 major transport aircraft +Airports: + 8 total, 8 usable; 3 with permanent-surface runways; none with runways over + 3,659 m; 1 with runway 2,440-3,659 m;2 with runways 1,220-2,439 m +Telecommunications: + fair system with low-capacity radio relay system centered on Kigali; + broadcast stations - 2 AM, 1 (7 repeaters) FM, no TV; satellite earth + stations - 1 Indian Ocean INTELSAT and 1 SYMPHONIE + +:Rwanda Defense Forces + +Branches: + Army (including Air Wing), Gendarmerie +Manpower availability: + males 15-49, 1,719,936; 876,659 fit for military service; no conscription +Defense expenditures: + exchange rate conversion - $37 million, 1.6% of GDP (1988 est.) + +:Saint Helena Geography + +Total area: + 410 km2 +Land area: + 410 km2; includes Ascension, Gough Island, Inaccessible Island, Nightingale + Island, and Tristan da Cunha +Comparative area: + slightly more than 2.3 times the size of Washington, DC +Land boundaries: + none +Coastline: + 60 km +Maritime claims: + Exclusive fishing zone: + 200 nm + Territorial sea: + 12 nm +Disputes: + none +Climate: + tropical; marine; mild, tempered by trade winds +Terrain: + rugged, volcanic; small scattered plateaus and plains +Natural resources: + fish; Ascension is a breeding ground for sea turtles and sooty terns; no + minerals +Land use: + arable land 7%; permanent crops 0%; meadows and pastures 7%; forest and + woodland 3%; other 83% +Environment: + very few perennial streams +Note: + located 1,920 km west of Angola, about two-thirds of the way between South + America and Africa; Napoleon Bonaparte's place of exile and burial; the + remains were taken to Paris in 1840 + +:Saint Helena People + +Population: + 6,698 (July 1992), growth rate 0.3% (1992) +Birth rate: + 10 births/1,000 population (1992) +Death rate: + 7 deaths/1,000 population (1992) +Net migration rate: + 0 migrants/1,000 population (1992) +Infant mortality rate: + 40 deaths/1,000 live births (1992) +Life expectancy at birth: + 72 years male, 76 years female (1992) +Total fertility rate: + 1.2 children born/woman (1992) +Nationality: + noun - Saint Helenian(s); adjective - Saint Helenian +Ethnic divisions: + NA +Religions: + Anglican majority; also Baptist, Seventh-Day Adventist, and Roman Catholic +Languages: + English +Literacy: + 98% (male 97%, female 98%) age 15 and over can read and write (1987) +Labor force: + NA +Organized labor: + Saint Helena General Workers' Union, 472 members; crafts 17%, professional + and technical 10%, service 10%, management and clerical 9%, farming and + fishing 9%, transport 6%, sales 5%, and other 34% + +:Saint Helena Government + +Long-form name: + none +Type: + dependent territory of the UK +Capital: + Jamestown +Administrative divisions: + 1 administrative area and 2 dependencies*; Ascension*, Saint Helena, Tristan + da Cunha* +Independence: + none (dependent territory of the UK) +Constitution: + 1 January 1967 +Legal system: + NA +National holiday: + Celebration of the Birthday of the Queen (second Saturday in June), 10 June + 1989 +Executive branch: + British monarch, governor, Executive Council (cabinet) +Legislative branch: + unicameral Legislative Council +Judicial branch: + Supreme Court +Leaders: + Chief of State: + Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952) + Head of Government: + Governor A. N. HOOLE +Political parties and leaders: + Saint Helena Labor Party, leader NA; Saint Helena Progressive Party, leader + NA; note - both political parties inactive since 1976 +Suffrage: + NA +Elections: + Legislative Council: + last held October 1984 (next to be held NA); results - percent of vote by + party NA; seats - (15 total, 12 elected) number of seats by party NA +Member of: + ICFTU +Diplomatic representation: + none (dependent territory of the UK) +Flag: + blue with the flag of the UK in the upper hoist-side quadrant and the Saint + Helenian shield centered on the outer half of the flag; the shield features + a rocky coastline and three-masted sailing ship + +:Saint Helena Economy + +Overview: + The economy depends primarily on financial assistance from the UK. The local + population earns some income from fishing, the rearing of livestock, and + sales of handicrafts. Because there are few jobs, a large proportion of the + work force has left to seek employment overseas. +GDP: + $NA, per capita $NA; real growth rate NA% +Inflation rate (consumer prices): + -1.1% (1986) +Unemployment rate: + NA% +Budget: + revenues $3.2 million; expenditures $2.9 million, including capital + expenditures of NA (1984) +Exports: + $23.9 thousand (f.o.b., 1984) + commodities: + fish (frozen and salt-dried skipjack, tuna), handicrafts + partners: + South Africa, UK +Imports: + $2.4 million (c.i.f., 1984) + commodities: + food, beverages, tobacco, fuel oils, animal feed, building materials, motor + vehicles and parts, machinery and parts + partners: + UK, South Africa +External debt: + $NA +Industrial production: + growth rate NA% +Electricity: + 9,800 kW capacity; 10 million kWh produced, 1,390 kWh per capita (1989) +Industries: + crafts (furniture, lacework, fancy woodwork), fish +Agriculture: + maize, potatoes, vegetables; timber production being developed; crawfishing + on Tristan da Cunha +Economic aid: + Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), + $198 million +Currency: + Saint Helenian pound (plural - pounds); 1 Saint Helenian pound (#S) = 100 + pence +Exchange rates: + Saint Helenian pounds (#S) per US$1 - 0.5799 (March 1992), 0.5652 (1991), + 0.6099 (1989), 0.5614 (1988), 0.6102 (1987); note - the Saint Helenian pound + is at par with the British pound +Fiscal year: + 1 April - 31 March + +:Saint Helena Communications + +Highways: + 87 km paved roads, 20 km earth roads on Saint Helena; 80 km paved roads on + Ascension; 2.7 km paved roads on Tristan da Cunha +Ports: + Jamestown (Saint Helena), Georgetown (Ascension) +Airports: + 1 with permanent-surface runway 2,440-3,659 m on Ascension +Telecommunications: + 1,500 radio receivers; broadcast stations - 1 AM, no FM, no TV; 550 + telephones in automatic network; HF radio links to Ascension, then into + worldwide submarine cable and satellite networks; major coaxial submarine + cable relay point between South Africa, Portugal, and UK at Ascension; 2 + Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT earth stations + +:Saint Helena Defense Forces + +Note: + defense is the responsibility of the UK + +:Saint Kitts and Nevis Geography + +Total area: + 269 km2 +Land area: + 269 km2 +Comparative area: + slightly more than 1.5 times the size of Washington, DC +Land boundaries: + none +Coastline: + 135 km +Maritime claims: + Contiguous zone: + 24 nm + Exclusive economic zone: + 200 nm + Territorial sea: + 12 nm +Disputes: + none +Climate: + subtropical tempered by constant sea breezes; little seasonal temperature + variation; rainy season (May to November) +Terrain: + volcanic with mountainous interiors +Natural resources: + negligible +Land use: + arable land 22%; permanent crops 17%; meadows and pastures 3%; forest and + woodland 17%; other 41% +Environment: + subject to hurricanes (July to October) +Note: + located 320 km east-southeast of Puerto Rico + +:Saint Kitts and Nevis People + +Population: + 40,061 (July 1992), growth rate 0.3% (1992) +Birth rate: + 22 births/1,000 population (1992) +Death rate: + 10 deaths/1,000 population (1992) +Net migration rate: + -9 migrants/1,000 population (1992) +Infant mortality rate: + 22 deaths/1,000 live births (1992) +Life expectancy at birth: + 63 years male, 69 years female (1992) +Total fertility rate: + 2.4 children born/woman (1992) +Nationality: + noun - Kittsian(s), Nevisian(s); adjective - Kittsian, Nevisian +Ethnic divisions: + mainly of black African descent +Religions: + Anglican, other Protestant sects, Roman Catholic +Languages: + English +Literacy: + 98% (male 98%, female 98%) age 15 and over having ever attended school + (1970) +Labor force: + 20,000 (1981) +Organized labor: + 6,700 + +:Saint Kitts and Nevis Government + +Long-form name: + Federation of Saint Kitts and Nevis; formerly Federation of Saint + Christopher and Nevis +Type: + constitutional monarchy +Capital: + Basseterre +Administrative divisions: + 14 parishs; Christ Church Nichola Town, Saint Anne Sandy Point, Saint George + Basseterre, Saint George Gingerland, Saint James Windward, Saint John + Capisterre, Saint John Figtree, Saint Mary Cayon, Saint Paul Capisterre, + Saint Paul Charlestown, Saint Peter Basseterre, Saint Thomas Lowland, Saint + Thomas Middle Island, Trinity Palmetto Point +Independence: + 19 September 1983 (from UK) +Constitution: + 19 September 1983 +Legal system: + based on English common law +National holiday: + Independence Day, 19 September (1983) +Executive branch: + British monarch, governor general, prime minister, deputy prime minister, + Cabinet +Legislative branch: + unicameral House of Assembly +Judicial branch: + Eastern Caribbean Supreme Court +Leaders: + Chief of State: + Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952), represented by Governor General + Sir Clement Athelston ARRINDELL (since 19 September 1983, previously + Governor General of the Associated State since NA November 1981) + Head of Government: + Prime Minister Dr. Kennedy Alphonse SIMMONDS (since 19 September 1983, + previously Premier of the Associated State since NA February 1980); Deputy + Prime Minister Michael Oliver POWELL (since NA) +Political parties and leaders: + People's Action Movement (PAM), Kennedy SIMMONDS; Saint Kitts and Nevis + Labor Party (SKNLP), Dr. Denzil DOUGLAS; Nevis Reformation Party (NRP), + Simeon DANIEL; Concerned Citizens Movement (CCM), Vance AMORY +Suffrage: + universal adult at age NA +Elections: + House of Assembly: + last held 21 March 1989 (next to be held by 21 March 1994); results - + percent of vote by party NA; seats - (14 total, 11 elected) PAM 6, SKNLP 2, + NRP 2, CCM 1 +Member of: + ACP, C, CARICOM, CDB, ECLAC, FAO, IBRD, ICFTU, IDA, IFAD, IMF, INTERPOL, + OAS, OECS, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WCL, WHO +Diplomatic representation: + Minister-Counselor (Deputy Chief of Mission), Charge d'Affaires ad interim + Aubrey Eric HART; Chancery at Suite 608, 2100 M Street NW, Washington, DC + 20037; telephone (202) 833-3550 + US: + no official presence since the Charge resides in Saint John's (Antigua and + Barbuda) + +:Saint Kitts and Nevis Government + +Flag: + divided diagonally from the lower hoist side by a broad black band bearing + two white five-pointed stars; the black band is edged in yellow; the upper + triangle is green, the lower triangle is red + +:Saint Kitts and Nevis Economy + +Overview: + The economy has historically depended on the growing and processing of + sugarcane and on remittances from overseas workers. In recent years, tourism + and export-oriented manufacturing have assumed larger roles. +GDP: + exchange rate conversion - $146.6 million, per capita $3,650; real growth + rate 2.1% (1990) +Inflation rate (consumer prices): + 4.2% (1990) +Unemployment rate: + 15% (1989) +Budget: + revenues $38.1 million; expenditures $68 million, including capital + expenditures of $31.5 million (1991) +Exports: + $24.6 million (f.o.b., 1990) + commodities: + sugar, clothing, electronics, postage stamps + partners: + US 53%, UK 22%, Trinidad and Tobago 5%, OECS 5% (1988) +Imports: + $103.2 million (f.o.b., 1990) + commodities: + foodstuffs, intermediate manufactures, machinery, fuels + partners: + US 36%, UK 17%, Trinidad and Tobago 6%, Canada 3%, Japan 3%, OECS 4% (1988) +External debt: + $26.4 million (1988) +Industrial production: + growth rate 11.8% (1988 est.); accounts for 17% of GDP +Electricity: + 15,800 kW capacity; 45 million kWh produced, 1,117 kWh per capita (1991) +Industries: + sugar processing, tourism, cotton, salt, copra, clothing, footwear, + beverages +Agriculture: + cash crop - sugarcane; subsistence crops - rice, yams, vegetables, bananas; + fishing potential not fully exploited; most food imported +Economic aid: + US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY85-88), $10.7 million; Western (non-US) + countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $67 million +Currency: + East Caribbean dollar (plural - dollars); 1 EC dollar (EC$) = 100 cents +Exchange rates: + East Caribbean dollars (EC$) per US$1 - 2.70 (fixed rate since 1976) +Fiscal year: + calendar year + +:Saint Kitts and Nevis Communications + +Railroads: + 58 km 0.760-meter gauge on Saint Kitts for sugarcane +Highways: + 300 km total; 125 km paved, 125 km otherwise improved, 50 km unimproved + earth +Ports: + Basseterre (Saint Kitts), Charlestown (Nevis) +Civil air: + no major transport aircraft +Airports: + 2 total, 2 usable; 2 with permanent-surface runways; none with runways over + 3,659 m; 1 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; none with runways 1,220-2,439 m +Telecommunications: + good interisland VHF/UHF/SHF radio connections and international link via + Antigua and Barbuda and Saint Martin; 2,400 telephones; broadcast stations - + 2 AM, no FM, 4 TV + +:Saint Kitts and Nevis Defense Forces + +Branches: + Royal Saint Kitts and Nevis Police Force, Coast Guard +Manpower availability: + NA +Defense expenditures: + exchange rate conversion - $NA, NA% of GDP + +:Saint Lucia Geography + +Total area: + 620 km2 +Land area: + 610 km2 +Comparative area: + slightly less than 3.5 times the size of Washington, DC +Land boundaries: + none +Coastline: + 158 km +Maritime claims: + Contiguous zone: + 24 nm + Exclusive economic zone: + 200 nm + Territorial sea: + 12 nm +Disputes: + none +Climate: + tropical, moderated by northeast trade winds; dry season from January to + April, rainy season from May to August +Terrain: + volcanic and mountainous with some broad, fertile valleys +Natural resources: + forests, sandy beaches, minerals (pumice), mineral springs, geothermal + potential +Land use: + arable land 8%; permanent crops 20%; meadows and pastures 5%; forest and + woodland 13%; other 54%; includes irrigated 2% +Environment: + subject to hurricanes and volcanic activity; deforestation; soil erosion +Note: + located 700 km southeast of Puerto Rico + +:Saint Lucia People + +Population: + 151,774 (July 1992), growth rate 1.7% (1992) +Birth rate: + 26 births/1,000 population (1992) +Death rate: + 5 deaths/1,000 population (1992) +Net migration rate: + -4 migrants/1,000 population (1992) +Infant mortality rate: + 18 deaths/1,000 live births (1992) +Life expectancy at birth: + 70 years male, 75 years female (1992) +Total fertility rate: + 2.8 children born/woman (1992) +Nationality: + noun - Saint Lucian(s); adjective - Saint Lucian +Ethnic divisions: + African descent 90.3%, mixed 5.5%, East Indian 3.2%, Caucasian 0.8% +Religions: + Roman Catholic 90%, Protestant 7%, Anglican 3% +Languages: + English (official), French patois +Literacy: + 67% (male 65%, female 69%) age 15 and over having ever attended school + (1980) +Labor force: + 43,800; agriculture 43.4%, services 38.9%, industry and commerce 17.7% (1983 + est.) +Organized labor: + 20% of labor force + +:Saint Lucia Government + +Long-form name: + none +Type: + parliamentary democracy +Capital: + Castries +Administrative divisions: + 11 quarters; Anse-la-Raye, Castries, Choiseul, Dauphin, Dennery, Gros-Islet, + Laborie, Micoud, Praslin, Soufriere, Vieux-Fort +Independence: + 22 February 1979 (from UK) +Constitution: + 22 February 1979 +Legal system: + based on English common law +National holiday: + Independence Day, 22 February (1979) +Executive branch: + British monarch, governor general, prime minister, Cabinet +Legislative branch: + bicameral Parliament consists of an upper house or Senate and a lower house + or House of Assembly +Judicial branch: + Eastern Caribbean Supreme Court +Leaders: + Chief of State: + Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952), represented by Acting Governor + General Sir Stanislaus Anthony JAMES (since 10 October 1988) + Head of Government: + Prime Minister John George Melvin COMPTON (since 3 May 1982) +Political parties and leaders: + United Workers' Party (UWP), John COMPTON; Saint Lucia Labor Party (SLP), + Julian HUNTE; Progressive Labor Party (PLP), George ODLUM +Suffrage: + universal at age 18 +Elections: + House of Assembly: + last held 6 April 1987 (next to be held by 27 April 1992); results - percent + of vote by party NA; seats - (17 total) UWP 10, SLP 7 +Member of: + ACCT (associate), ACP, C, CARICOM, CDB, ECLAC, FAO, G-77, IBRD, ICAO, ICFTU, + IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTERPOL, LORCS, NAM, OAS, OECS, UN, UNCTAD, + UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WCL, WHO, WMO +Diplomatic representation: + Ambassador Dr. Joseph Edsel EDMUNDS; Chancery at Suite 309, 2100 M Street + NW, Washington, DC 30037; telephone (202) 463-7378 or 7379; there is a Saint + Lucian Consulate General in New York + US: + no official presence since the Ambassador resides in Bridgetown (Barbados) +Flag: + blue with a gold isosceles triangle below a black arrowhead; the upper edges + of the arrowhead have a white border + +:Saint Lucia Economy + +Overview: + Since 1983 the economy has shown an impressive average annual growth rate of + almost 5% because of strong agricultural and tourist sectors. Saint Lucia + also possesses an expanding industrial base supported by foreign investment + in manufacturing and other activities, such as in data processing. The + economy, however, remains vulnerable because the important agricultural + sector is dominated by banana production. Saint Lucia is subject to periodic + droughts and/or tropical storms, and its protected market agreement with the + UK for bananas may end in 1992. +GDP: + exchange rate conversion - $295 million, per capita $1,930; real growth rate + 4.0% (1990 est.) +Inflation rate (consumer prices): + 4.2% (1990) +Unemployment rate: + 16.0% (1988) +Budget: + revenues $131 million; expenditures $149 million, including capital + expenditures of $71 million (FY90 est.) +Exports: + $127 million (f.o.b., 1990 est.) + commodities: + bananas 54%, clothing 17%, cocoa, vegetables, fruits, coconut oil + partners: + UK 51%, CARICOM 20%, US 19%, other 10% +Imports: + $270 million (c.i.f., 1990) + commodities: + manufactured goods 23%, machinery and transportation equipment 27%, food and + live animals 18%, chemicals 10%, fuels 6% + partners: + US 35%, CARICOM 16%, UK 15%, Japan 7%, Canada 4%, other 23% +External debt: + $54.5 million (1989) +Industrial production: + growth rate 3.5% (1990 est.); accounts for 7% of GDP +Electricity: + 32,500 kW capacity; 112 million kWh produced, 732 kWh per capita (1991) +Industries: + clothing, assembly of electronic components, beverages, corrugated boxes, + tourism, lime processing, coconut processing +Agriculture: + accounts for 16% of GDP and 43% of labor force; crops - bananas, coconuts, + vegetables, citrus fruit, root crops, cocoa; imports food for the tourist + industry +Economic aid: + Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), + $120 million +Currency: + East Caribbean dollar (plural - dollars); 1 EC dollar (EC$) = 100 cents +Exchange rates: + East Caribbean dollars (EC$) per US$1 - 2.70 (fixed rate since 1976) + +:Saint Lucia Communications + +Highways: + 760 km total; 500 km paved; 260 km otherwise improved +Ports: + Castries +Civil air: + no major transport aircraft +Airports: + 2 total, 2 usable; 2 with permanent-surface runways; none with runways over + 3,659 m; 1 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 1 with runways 1,220-2,439 +Telecommunications: + fully automatic telephone system; 9,500 telephones; direct microwave link + with Martinique and Saint Vincent and the Grenadines; interisland + troposcatter link to Barbados; broadcast stations - 4 AM, 1 FM, 1 TV (cable) + +:Saint Lucia Defense Forces + +Branches: + Royal Saint Lucia Police Force, Coast Guard +Manpower availability: + NA +Defense expenditures: + exchange rate conversion - $NA, NA% of GDP + +:Saint Pierre and Miquelon Geography + +Total area: + 242 km2 +Land area: + 242 km2; includes eight small islands in the Saint Pierre and the Miquelon + groups +Comparative area: + slightly less than 1.5 times the size of Washington, DC +Land boundaries: + none +Coastline: + 120 km +Maritime claims: + Exclusive economic zone: + 200 nm + Territorial sea: + 12 nm +Disputes: + focus of maritime boundary dispute between Canada and France +Climate: + cold and wet, with much mist and fog; spring and autumn are windy +Terrain: + mostly barren rock +Natural resources: + fish, deepwater ports +Land use: + arable land 13%; permanent crops 0%; meadows and pastures 0%; forest and + woodland 4%; other 83% +Environment: + vegetation scanty +Note: + located 25 km south of Newfoundland, Canada, in the North Atlantic Ocean + +:Saint Pierre and Miquelon People + +Population: + 6,513 (July 1992), growth rate 0.4% (1992) +Birth rate: + 9 births/1,000 population (1992) +Death rate: + 6 deaths/1,000 population (1992) +Net migration rate: + 1 migrant/1,000 population (1992) +Infant mortality rate: + 10 deaths/1,000 live births (1992) +Life expectancy at birth: + 75 years male, 78 years female (1992) +Total fertility rate: + 1.2 children born/woman (1992) +Nationality: + noun - Frenchman(men), Frenchwoman(women); adjective - French +Ethnic divisions: + originally Basques and Bretons (French fishermen) +Religions: + Roman Catholic 98% +Languages: + French +Literacy: + 99% (male 99%, female 99%) age 15 and over can read and write (1982) +Labor force: + 2,850 (1988) +Organized labor: + Workers' Force trade union + +:Saint Pierre and Miquelon Government + +Long-form name: + Territorial Collectivity of Saint Pierre and Miquelon +Type: + territorial collectivity of France +Capital: + Saint-Pierre +Administrative divisions: + none (territorial collectivity of France) +Independence: + none (territorial collectivity of France); note - has been under French + control since 1763 +Constitution: + 28 September 1958 (French Constitution) +Legal system: + French law +National holiday: + National Day, 14 July (Taking of the Bastille) +Executive branch: + French president, commissioner of the Republic +Legislative branch: + unicameral General Council +Judicial branch: + Superior Tribunal of Appeals (Tribunal Superieur d'Appel) +Leaders: + Chief of State: + President Francois MITTERRAND (since 21 May 1981) + Head of Government: + Commissioner of the Republic Jean-Pierre MARQUIE (since February 1989); + President of the General Council Marc PLANTEGENET (since NA) +Political parties and leaders: + Socialist Party (PS); Union for French Democracy (UDF/CDS), Gerard GRIGNON +Suffrage: + universal at age 18 +Elections: + General Council: + last held September-October 1988 (next to be held NA September 1994); + results - percent of vote by party NA; seats - (19 total) Socialist and + other left-wing parties 13, UDF and right-wing parties 6 + French President: + last held 8 May 1988 (next to be held NA May 1995); results - (second + ballot) Jacques CHIRAC 56%, Francois MITTERRAND 44% + French Senate: + last held 24 September 1989 (next to be held NA September 1992); results - + percent of vote by party NA; seats - (1 total) PS 1 + French National Assembly: + last held 5 and 12 June 1988 (next to be held NA June 1993); results - + percent of vote by party NA; seats - (1 total) UDF/CDS 1; note - Saint + Pierre and Miquelon elects 1 member each to the French Senate and the French + National Assembly who are voting members +Member of: + FZ, WFTU +Diplomatic representation: + as a territorial collectivity of France, local interests are represented in + the US by France +Flag: + the flag of France is used + +:Saint Pierre and Miquelon Economy + +Overview: + The inhabitants have traditionally earned their livelihood by fishing and by + servicing fishing fleets operating off the coast of Newfoundland. The + economy has been declining, however, because the number of ships stopping at + Saint Pierre has dropped steadily over the years. In March 1989, an + agreement between France and Canada set fish quotas for Saint Pierre's + trawlers fishing in Canadian and Canadian-claimed waters for three years. + The agreement settles a longstanding dispute that had virtually brought fish + exports to a halt. The islands are heavily subsidized by France. Imports + come primarily from Canada and France. +GDP: + exchange rate conversion - $60 million, per capita $9,500; real growth rate + NA% (1991 est.) +Inflation rate (consumer prices): + NA% +Unemployment rate: + 9.6% (1990) +Budget: + revenues $18.3 million; expenditures $18.3 million, including capital + expenditures of $5.5 million (1989) +Exports: + $25.5 million (f.o.b., 1990) + commodities: + fish and fish products, fox and mink pelts + partners: + US 58%, France 17%, UK 11%, Canada, Portugal +Imports: + $87.2 million (c.i.f., 1990) + commodities: + meat, clothing, fuel, electrical equipment, machinery, building materials + partners: + Canada, France, US, Netherlands, UK +External debt: + $NA +Industrial production: + growth rate NA% +Electricity: + 10,000 kW capacity; 25 million kWh produced, 3,970 kWh per capita (1989) +Industries: + fish processing and supply base for fishing fleets; tourism +Agriculture: + vegetables, cattle, sheep and pigs for local consumption; fish catch, 20,500 + metric tons (1989) +Economic aid: + Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), + $500 million +Currency: + French franc (plural - francs); 1 French franc (F) = 100 centimes +Exchange rates: + French francs (F) per US$1 - 5.6397 (March 1992), 5.6421 (1991), 5.4453 + (1990), 6.3801 (1989), 5.9569 (1988), 6.0107 (1987) +Fiscal year: + calendar year + +:Saint Pierre and Miquelon Communications + +Highways: + 120 km total; 60 km paved (1985) +Ports: + Saint Pierre +Civil air: + no major transport aircraft +Airports: + 2 total, 2 usable; 2 with permanent-surface runways, none with runways over + 2,439 m; 1 with runway 1,220-2,439 m +Telecommunications: + 3,601 telephones; broadcast stations - 1 AM, 3 FM, no TV; radio + communication with most countries in the world; 1 earth station in French + domestic satellite system + +:Saint Pierre and Miquelon Defense Forces + +Note: + defense is the responsibility of France + +:Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Geography + +Total area: + 340 km2 +Land area: + 340 km2 +Comparative area: + slightly less than twice the size of Washington, DC +Land boundaries: + none +Coastline: + 84 km +Maritime claims: + Contiguous zone: + 24 nm + Exclusive economic zone: + 200 nm + Territorial sea: + 12 nm +Disputes: + none +Climate: + tropical; little seasonal temperature variation; rainy season (May to + November) +Terrain: + volcanic, mountainous; Soufriere volcano on the island of Saint Vincent +Natural resources: + negligible +Land use: + arable land 38%; permanent crops 12%; meadows and pastures 6%; forest and + woodland 41%; other 3%; includes irrigated 3% +Environment: + subject to hurricanes; Soufriere volcano is a constant threat +Note: + some islands of the Grenadines group are administered by Grenada + +:Saint Vincent and the Grenadines People + +Population: + 115,339 (July 1992), growth rate 1.1% (1992) +Birth rate: + 23 births/1,000 population (1992) +Death rate: + 5 deaths/1,000 population (1992) +Net migration rate: + -7 migrants/1,000 population (1992) +Infant mortality rate: + 19 deaths/1,000 live births (1992) +Life expectancy at birth: + 71 years male, 74 years female (1992) +Total fertility rate: + 2.4 children born/woman (1992) +Nationality: + noun - Saint Vincentian(s) or Vincentian(s); adjectives - Saint Vincentian + or Vincentian +Ethnic divisions: + mainly of black African descent; remainder mixed, with some white, East + Indian, Carib Indian +Religions: + Anglican, Methodist, Roman Catholic, Seventh-Day Adventist +Languages: + English, some French patois +Literacy: + 96% (male 96%, female 96%) age 15 and over having ever attended school + (1970) +Labor force: + 67,000 (1984 est.) +Organized labor: + 10% of labor force + +:Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Government + +Long-form name: + none +Type: + constitutional monarchy +Capital: + Kingstown +Administrative divisions: + 6 parishes; Charlotte, Grenadines, Saint Andrew, Saint David, Saint George, + Saint Patrick +Independence: + 27 October 1979 (from UK) +Constitution: + 27 October 1979 +Legal system: + based on English common law +National holiday: + Independence Day, 27 October (1979) +Executive branch: + British monarch, governor general, prime minister, Cabinet +Legislative branch: + unicameral House of Assembly +Judicial branch: + Eastern Caribbean Supreme Court +Leaders: + Chief of State: + Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952), represented by Governor General + David JACK (since 29 September 1989) + Head of Government: + Prime Minister James F. MITCHELL (since 30 July 1984) +Political parties and leaders: + New Democratic Party (NDP), James (Son) MITCHELL; Saint Vincent Labor Party + (SVLP), Vincent BEACHE; United People's Movement (UPM), Adrian SAUNDERS; + Movement for National Unity (MNU), Ralph GONSALVES; National Reform Party + (NRP), Joel MIGUEL +Suffrage: + universal at age 18 +Elections: + House of Assembly: + last held 16 May 1989 (next to be held NA July 1994); results - percent of + vote by party NA; seats - (21 total; 15 elected representatives and 6 + appointed senators) NDP 15 +Member of: + ACP, C, CARICOM, CDB, ECLAC, FAO, G-77, IBRD, ICAO, ICFTU, IDA, IFAD, IMF, + IMO, INTERPOL, IOC, ITU, LORCS, OAS, OECS, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, + WCL, WFTU, WHO +Diplomatic representation: + Ambassador Kingsley LAYNE; 1717 Massachusetts Avenue, NW, Suite 102, + Washington, DC 20036; telephone NA + US: + no official presence since the Ambassador resides in Bridgetown (Barbados) +Flag: + three vertical bands of blue (hoist side), gold (double width), and green; + the gold band bears three green diamonds arranged in a V pattern + *** No entry for this item *** + +:Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Economy + +Overview: + Agriculture, dominated by banana production, is the most important sector of + the economy. The services sector, based mostly on a growing tourist + industry, is also important. The economy continues to have a high + unemployment rate of 30% because of an overdependence on the weather-plagued + banana crop as a major export earner. Government progress toward + diversifying into new industries has been relatively unsuccessful. +GDP: + exchange rate conversion - $146 million, per capita $1,300; real growth rate + 5.9% (1989) +Inflation rate (consumer prices): + 3.0% (1990) +Unemployment rate: + 30% (1989 est.) +Budget: + revenues $62 million; expenditures $67 million, including capital + expenditures of $21 million (FY90 est.) +Exports: + $75 million (f.o.b., 1990) + commodities: + bananas, eddoes and dasheen (taro), arrowroot starch, tennis racquets, flour + partners: + UK 43%, CARICOM 37%, US 15% +Imports: + $130 million (f.o.b., 1990 est.) + commodities: + foodstuffs, machinery and equipment, chemicals and fertilizers, minerals and + fuels + partners: + US 42%, CARICOM 19%, UK 15% +External debt: + $50.9 million (1989) +Industrial production: + growth rate 0% (1989); accounts for 14% of GDP +Electricity: + 16,594 kW capacity; 64 million kWh produced, 560 kWh per capita (1991) +Industries: + food processing (sugar, flour), cement, furniture, clothing, starch, sheet + metal, beverage +Agriculture: + accounts for 15% of GDP and 60% of labor force; provides bulk of exports; + products - bananas, coconuts, sweet potatoes, spices; small numbers of + cattle, sheep, hogs, goats; small fish catch used locally +Economic aid: + US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-87), $11 million; Western (non-US) + countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $81 million +Currency: + East Caribbean dollar (plural - dollars); 1 EC dollar (EC$) = 100 cents +Exchange rates: + East Caribbean dollars (EC$) per US$1 - 2.70 (fixed rate since 1976) +Fiscal year: + calendar year (as of January 1991); previously 1 July - 30 June + +:Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Communications + +Highways: + about 1,000 km total; 300 km paved; 400 km improved; 300 km unimproved +Ports: + Kingstown +Merchant marine: + 407 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 3,388,427 GRT/5,511,325 DWT; includes + 3 passenger, 2 passenger-cargo, 222 cargo, 22 container, 19 roll-on/roll-off + cargo, 14 refrigerated cargo, 24 petroleum tanker, 7 chemical tanker, 4 + liquefied gas, 73 bulk, 13 combination bulk, 2 vehicle carrier, 1 livestock + carrier, 1 specialized tanker; note - China owns 3 ships; a flag of + convenience registry +Civil air: + no major transport aircraft +Airports: + 6 total, 6 usable; 4 with permanent-surface runways; none with runways over + 2,439 m; 1 with runways 1,220-2,439 m +Telecommunications: + islandwide fully automatic telephone system; 6,500 telephones; VHF/UHF + interisland links from Saint Vincent to Barbados and the Grenadines; new SHF + links to Grenada and Saint Lucia; broadcast stations - 2 AM, no FM, 1 TV + (cable) + +:Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Defense Forces + +Branches: + Royal Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Police Force, Coast Guard +Manpower availability: + NA +Defense expenditures: + exchange rate conversion - $NA, NA% of GDP + +:San Marino Geography + +Total area: + 60 km2 +Land area: + 60 km2 +Comparative area: + about 0.3 times the size of Washington, DC +Land boundaries: + 39 km; Italy 39 km +Coastline: + none - landlocked +Maritime claims: + none - landlocked +Disputes: + none +Climate: + Mediterranean; mild to cool winters; warm, sunny summers +Terrain: + rugged mountains +Natural resources: + building stones +Land use: + arable land 17%; permanent crops 0%; meadows and pastures 0%; forest and + woodland 0%; other 83% +Environment: + dominated by the Appenines +Note: + landlocked; world's smallest republic; enclave of Italy + +:San Marino People + +Population: + 23,404 (July 1992), growth rate 0.6% (1992) +Birth rate: + 8 births/1,000 population (1992) +Death rate: + 7 deaths/1,000 population (1992) +Net migration rate: + 5 migrants/1,000 population (1992) +Infant mortality rate: + 8 deaths/1,000 live births (1992) +Life expectancy at birth: + 74 years male, 79 years female (1992) +Total fertility rate: + 1.3 children born/woman (1992) +Nationality: + noun - Sanmarinese (singular and plural); adjective - Sanmarinese +Ethnic divisions: + Sanmarinese, Italian +Religions: + Roman Catholic +Languages: + Italian +Literacy: + 96% (male 96%, female 95%) age 14 and over can read and write (1976) +Labor force: + about 4,300 +Organized labor: + Democratic Federation of Sanmarinese Workers (affiliated with ICFTU) has + about 1,800 members; Communist-dominated General Federation of Labor, 1,400 + members + +:San Marino Government + +Long-form name: + Republic of San Marino +Type: + republic +Capital: + San Marino +Administrative divisions: + 9 municipalities (castelli, singular - castello); Acquaviva, Borgo Maggiore, + Chiesanuova, Domagnano, Faetano, Fiorentino, Monte Giardino, San Marino, + Serravalle +Independence: + 301 AD (by tradition) +Constitution: + 8 October 1600; electoral law of 1926 serves some of the functions of a + constitution +Legal system: + based on civil law system with Italian law influences; has not accepted + compulsory ICJ jurisdiction +National holiday: + Anniversary of the Foundation of the Republic, 3 September +Executive branch: + two captains regent, Congress of State (cabinet); real executive power is + wielded by the secretary of state for foreign affairs and the secretary of + state for internal affairs +Legislative branch: + unicameral Great and General Council (Consiglio Grande e Generale) +Judicial branch: + Council of Twelve (Consiglio dei XII) +Leaders: + Co-Chiefs of State: + Captain Regent Edda CETCOLI and Captain Regent Marino RICCARDI (since 1 + October 1991) + Head of Government: + Secretary of State Gabriele GATTI (since July 1986) +Political parties and leaders: + Christian Democratic Party (DCS), Piermarino MENICUCCI; San Marino + Democratic Progressive Party (PPDS) formerly San Marino Communist Party + (PCS), Gilberto GHIOTTI; San Marino Socialist Party (PSS), Remy GIACOMINI; + Unitary Socialst Party (PSU); Democratic Movement (MD), Emilio Della BALDA; + San Marino Social Democratic Party (PSDS), Augusto CASALI; San Marino + Republican Party (PRS), Cristoforo BUSCARINI +Suffrage: + universal at age 18 +Elections: + Great and General Council: + last held 29 May 1988 (next to be held by NA May 1993); results - percent of + vote by party NA; seats - (60 total) DCS 27, PCS 18, PSU 8, PSS 7 +Communists: + about 300 members +Member of: + CE, CSCE, ICAO, ICFTU, ILO, IMF (observer), IOC, IOM (observer), ITU, LORCS, + NAM (guest), UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WTO +Diplomatic representation: + San Marino maintains honorary Consulates General in Washington and New York + and an honorary Consulate in Detroit + +:San Marino Government + + US: + no mission in San Marino, but the Consul General in Florence (Italy) is + accredited to San Marino; Consulate General at Lungarno Amerigo Vespucci, + 38, 50123 Firenze, Italy (mailing address is APO AE 09613; telephone [39] + (55) 239-8276 through 8279 and 217-605; FAX [39] (55) 284-088 +Flag: + two equal horizontal bands of white (top) and light blue with the national + coat of arms superimposed in the center; the coat of arms has a shield + (featuring three towers on three peaks) flanked by a wreath, below a crown + and above a scroll bearing the word +Flag: + AS (Liberty) + +:San Marino Economy + +Overview: + More than 2 million tourists visit each year, contributing about 60% to GDP. + The sale of postage stamps to foreign collectors is another important income + producer. The manufacturing sector employs nearly 40% of the labor force and + agriculture less than 4%. The per capita level of output and standard of + living are comparable to northern Italy. +GDP: + purchasing power equivalent - $400 million, per capita $17,000; real growth + rate NA% (1991 est.) +Inflation rate (consumer prices): + 6% (1990) +Unemployment rate: + 6.5% (1985) +Budget: + revenues $99.2 million; expenditures $NA, including capital expenditures of + $NA (1983) +Exports: + *** No entry for this item *** + trade data are included with the statistics for Italy; commodity trade + consists primarily of exchanging building stone, lime, wood, chestnuts, + wheat, wine, baked goods, hides, and ceramics for a wide variety of consumer + manufactures +Imports: + see +External debt: + $NA +Industrial production: + growth rate NA% +Electricity: + supplied by Italy +Industries: + wine, olive oil, cement, leather, textile, tourism +Agriculture: + employs less than 4% of labor force; products - wheat, grapes, corn, olives, + meat, cheese, hides; small numbers of cattle, pigs, horses; depends on Italy + for food imports +Economic aid: + NA +Currency: + Italian lira (plural - lire); 1 Italian lira (Lit) = 100 centesimi; also + mints its own coins +Exchange rates: + Italian lire (Lit) per US$1 - 1,248.4 (March 1992), 1,240.6 (1991), 1,198.1 + (1990), 1,372.1 (1989), 1,301.6 (1988), 1,296.1 (1987) +Fiscal year: + calendar year + +:San Marino Communications + +Highways: + 104 km +Telecommunications: + automatic telephone system completely integrated into Italian system; 11,700 + telephones; broadcast services from Italy; microwave and cable links into + Italian networks; no communication satellite facilities + +:San Marino Defense Forces + +Branches: + public security or police force of less than 50 people +Manpower availability: + all fit men ages 16-60 constitute a militia that can serve as an army +Defense expenditures: + exchange rate conversion - $NA, NA% of GDP + +:Sao Tome and Principe Geography + +Total area: + 960 km2 +Land area: + 960 km2 +Comparative area: + slightly less than 5.5 times the size of Washington, DC +Land boundaries: + none +Coastline: + 209 km +Maritime claims: + (measured from claimed archipelagic baselines) + Exclusive economic zone: + 200 nm + Territorial sea: + 12 nm +Disputes: + none +Climate: + tropical; hot, humid; one rainy season (October to May) +Terrain: + volcanic, mountainous +Natural resources: + fish +Land use: + arable land 1%; permanent crops 20%; meadows and pastures 1%; forest and + woodland 75%; other 3% +Environment: + deforestation; soil erosion +Note: + located south of Nigeria and west of Gabon near the Equator in the North + Atlantic Ocean + +:Sao Tome and Principe People + +Population: + 132,338 (July 1992), growth rate 2.9% (1992) +Birth rate: + 38 births/1,000 population (1992) +Death rate: + 8 deaths/1,000 population (1992) +Net migration rate: + 0 migrants/1,000 population (1992) +Infant mortality rate: + 58 deaths/1,000 live births (1992) +Life expectancy at birth: + 64 years male, 68 years female (1992) +Total fertility rate: + 5.2 children born/woman (1992) +Nationality: + noun - Sao Tomean(s); adjective - Sao Tomean +Ethnic divisions: + mestico, angolares (descendents of Angolan slaves), forros (descendents of + freed slaves), servicais (contract laborers from Angola, Mozambique, and + Cape Verde), tongas (children of servicais born on the islands), and + Europeans (primarily Portuguese) +Religions: + Roman Catholic, Evangelical Protestant, Seventh-Day Adventist +Languages: + Portuguese (official) +Literacy: + 57% (male 73%, female 42%) age 15 and over can read and write (1981) +Labor force: + 21,096 (1981); most of population engaged in subsistence agriculture and + fishing; labor shortages on plantations and of skilled workers; 56% of + population of working age (1983) +Organized labor: + NA + +:Sao Tome and Principe Government + +Long-form name: + Democratic Republic of Sao Tome and Principe +Type: + republic +Capital: + Sao Tome +Administrative divisions: + 2 districts (concelhos, singular - concelho); Principe, Sao Tome +Independence: + 12 July 1975 (from Portugal) +Constitution: + 5 November 1975, approved 15 December 1982 +Legal system: + based on Portuguese law system and customary law; has not accepted + compulsory ICJ jurisdiction +National holiday: + Independence Day, 12 July (1975) +Executive branch: + president, prime minister, Council of Ministers (cabinet) +Legislative branch: + unicameral National People's Assembly (Assembleia Popular Nacional) +Judicial branch: + Supreme Court +Leaders: + Chief of State: + President Miguel TROVOADA (since 4 April 1991) + Head of Government: + Prime Minister Noberto COSTA ALEGRE (since 16 May 1992) +Political parties and leaders: + Party for Democratic Convergence-Reflection Group (PCD-GR), Prime Minister + Daniel Lima Dos Santos DAIO, secretary general; Movement for the Liberation + of Sao Tome and Principe (MLSTP), Carlos da GRACA; Christian Democratic + Front (FDC), Alphonse Dos SANTOS; Democratic Opposition Coalition (CODO), + leader NA; other small parties +Suffrage: + universal at age 18 +Elections: + President: + last held 3 March 1991 (next to be held NA March 1996); results - Miguel + TROVOADA was elected without opposition in Sao Tome's first multiparty + presidential election + National People's Assembly: + last held 20 January 1991 (next to be held NA January 1996); results - + PCD-GR 54.4%, MLSTP 30.5%, CODO 5.2%, FDC 1.5%, other 8.3%; seats - (55 + total) PCD-GR 33, MLSTP 21, CODO 1; note - this was the first multiparty + election in Sao Tome and Principe +Member of: + ACP, AfDB, CEEAC, ECA, FAO, G-77, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IFAD, ILO, IMF, INTERPOL, + ITU, LORCS, NAM, OAU, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WHO, WMO, WTO +Diplomatic representation: + Ambassador Joaquim Rafael BRANCO; Chancery (temporary) at 801 Second Avenue, + Suite 603, New York, NY 10017; telephone (212) 697-4211 + US: + Ambassador to Gabon is accredited to Sao Tome and Principe on a nonresident + basis and makes periodic visits to the islands + +:Sao Tome and Principe Government + +Flag: + three horizontal bands of green (top), yellow (double width), and green with + two black five-pointed stars placed side by side in the center of the yellow + band and a red isosceles triangle based on the hoist side; uses the popular + pan-African colors of Ethiopia + +:Sao Tome and Principe Economy + +Overview: + The economy has remained dependent on cocoa since the country gained + independence nearly 15 years ago. Since then, however, cocoa production has + gradually deteriorated because of drought and mismanagement, so that by 1987 + output had fallen to less than 50% of its former levels. As a result, a + shortage of cocoa for export has created a serious balance-of-payments + problem. Production of less important crops, such as coffee, copra, and palm + kernels, has also declined. The value of imports generally exceeds that of + exports by a ratio of 4:1. The emphasis on cocoa production at the expense + of other food crops has meant that Sao Tome has to import 90% of food needs. + It also has to import all fuels and most manufactured goods. Over the years, + Sao Tome has been unable to service its external debt, which amounts to + roughly 80% of export earnings. Considerable potential exists for + development of a tourist industry, and the government has taken steps to + expand facilities in recent years. The government also implemented a + Five-Year Plan covering 1986-90 to restructure the economy and reschedule + external debt service payments in cooperation with the International + Development Association and Western lenders. +GDP: + exchange rate conversion - $46.0 million, per capita $400; real growth rate + 1.5% (1989) +Inflation rate (consumer prices): + 36% (1989) +Unemployment rate: + NA% +Budget: + revenues $10.2 million; expenditures $36.8 million, including capital + expenditures of $22.5 million (1989) +Exports: + $4.4 million (f.o.b., 1990 est.) + commodities: + cocoa 85%, copra, coffee, palm oil + partners: + FRG, GDR, Netherlands, China +Imports: + $21.3 million (f.o.b., 1990 est.) + commodities: + machinery and electrical equipment 54%, food products 23%, other 23% + partners: + Portugal, GDR, Angola, China +External debt: + $147 million (1990 est.) +Industrial production: + growth rate 7.1% (1986) +Electricity: + 5,000 kW capacity; 10 million kWh produced, 80 kWh per capita (1991) +Industries: + light construction, shirts, soap, beer, fisheries, shrimp processing +Agriculture: + dominant sector of economy, primary source of exports; cash crops - cocoa + (85%), coconuts, palm kernels, coffee; food products - bananas, papaya, + beans, poultry, fish; not self-sufficient in food grain and meat +Economic aid: + US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $8 million; Western (non-US) + countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $89 million +Currency: + dobra (plural - dobras); 1 dobra (Db) = 100 centimos + +:Sao Tome and Principe Economy + +Exchange rates: + dobras (Db) per US$1 - 260.0 (November 1991), 122.48 (December 1988), 72.827 + (1987), 36.993 (1986) +Fiscal year: + calendar year + +:Sao Tome and Principe Communications + +Highways: + 300 km (two-thirds are paved); roads on Principe are mostly unpaved and in + need of repair +Ports: + Sao Tome, Santo Antonio +Civil air: + 10 major transport aircraft +Airports: + 2 total, 2 usable; 2 with permanent-surface runways 1,220-2,439 m +Telecommunications: + minimal system; broadcast stations - 1 AM, 2 FM, no TV; 1 Atlantic Ocean + INTELSAT earth station + +:Sao Tome and Principe Defense Forces + +Branches: + Army, Navy, National Police +Manpower availability: + males 15-49, 30,188; 15,918 fit for military service +Defense expenditures: + exchange rate conversion - $NA, NA% of GDP + +:Saudi Arabia Geography + +Total area: + 1,945,000 km2 +Land area: + 1,945,000 km2 +Comparative area: + slightly less than one-fourth the size of the US +Land boundaries: + 4,532 km total; Iraq 808 km, Jordan 742 km, Kuwait 222 km, Oman 676 km, + Qatar 40 km, UAE 586 km, Yemen 1,458 km +Coastline: + 2,510 km +Maritime claims: + Contiguous zone: + 18 nm + Continental shelf: + not specific + Territorial sea: + 12 nm +Disputes: + no defined boundaries with Yemen; location and status of Saudi Arabia's + boundaries with Qatar and UAE are unresolved; Kuwaiti ownership of Qaruh and + Umm al Maradim Islands is disputed by Saudi Arabia +Climate: + harsh, dry desert with great extremes of temperature +Terrain: + mostly uninhabited, sandy desert +Natural resources: + crude oil, natural gas, iron ore, gold, copper +Land use: + arable land 1%; permanent crops NEGL%; meadows and pastures 39%; forest and + woodland 1%; other 59%; includes irrigated NEGL% +Environment: + no perennial rivers or permanent water bodies; developing extensive coastal + seawater desalination facilities; desertification +Note: + extensive coastlines on Persian Gulf and Red Sea provide great leverage on + shipping (especially crude oil) through Persian Gulf and Suez Canal + +:Saudi Arabia People + +Population: + 17,050,934 (July 1992), growth rate 3.3% (1992); note - the population + figure is based on growth since the last official Saudi census of 1974 that + reported a total of 7 million persons and included foreign workers; + estimates from other sources may be 15-30% lower +Birth rate: + 39 births/1,000 population (1992) +Death rate: + 6 deaths/1,000 population (1992) +Net migration rate: + 0 migrants/1,000 population (1992) +Infant mortality rate: + 59 deaths/1,000 live births (1992) +Life expectancy at birth: + 65 years male, 68 years female (1992) +Total fertility rate: + 6.7 children born/woman (1992) +Nationality: + noun - Saudi(s); adjective - Saudi or Saudi Arabian +Ethnic divisions: + Arab 90%, Afro-Asian 10% +Religions: + Muslim 100% +Languages: + Arabic +Literacy: + 62% (male 73%, female 48%) age 15 and over can read and write (1990 est.) +Labor force: + 5,000,000; about 60% are foreign workers; government 34%, industry and oil + 28%, services 22%, and agriculture 16% +Organized labor: + trade unions are illegal + +:Saudi Arabia Government + +Long-form name: + Kingdom of Saudi Arabia +Type: + monarchy +Capital: + Riyadh +Administrative divisions: + 14 emirates (imarat, singular - imarah); Al Bahah, Al Hudud ash Shamaliyah, + Al Jawf, Al Madinah, Al Qasim, Al Qurayyat, Ar Riyad, Ash Sharqiyah, `Asir, + Ha'il, Jizan, Makkah, Najran, Tabuk +Independence: + 23 September 1932 (unification) +Constitution: + none; governed according to Shari`a (Islamic law) +Legal system: + based on Islamic law, several secular codes have been introduced; commercial + disputes handled by special committees; has not accepted compulsory ICJ + jurisdiction +National holiday: + Unification of the Kingdom, 23 September (1932) +Executive branch: + monarch and prime minister, crown prince and deputy prime minister, Council + of Ministers +Legislative branch: + none +Judicial branch: + Supreme Council of Justice +Leaders: + Chief of State and Head of Government: + King and Prime Minister FAHD bin `Abd al-`Aziz Al Sa`ud (since 13 June + 1982); Crown Prince and Deputy Prime Minister `ABDALLAH bin `Abd al-`Aziz Al + Sa`ud (half-brother to the King, appointed heir to the throne 13 June 1982) +Suffrage: + none +Elections: + none +Member of: + ABEDA, AfDB, AFESD, AL, AMF, CCC, ESCWA, FAO, G-19, G-77, GCC, IAEA, IBRD, + ICAO, ICC, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INMARSAT, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, + IOC, ISO, ITU, LORCS, NAM, OAPEC, OAS (observer), OIC, OPEC, UN, UNCTAD, + UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO +Diplomatic representation: + Ambassador BANDAR Bin Sultan; Chancery at 601 New Hampshire Avenue NW, + Washington, DC 20037; telephone (202) 342-3800; there are Saudi Arabian + Consulates General in Houston, Los Angeles, and New York + US: + Ambassador Charles W. FREEMAN, Jr.; Embassy at Collector Road M, Diplomatic + Quarter, Riyadh (mailing address is American Embassy, Unit 61307, Riyadh; + International Mail: P. O. Box 94309, Riyadh 11693; or APO AE 09803-1307); + telephone [966] (1) 488-3800; Telex 406866; there are US Consulates General + in Dhahran and Jiddah (Jeddah) +Flag: + green with large white Arabic script (that may be translated as There is no + God but God; Muhammad is the Messenger of God) above a white horizontal + saber (the tip points to the hoist side); green is the traditional color of + Islam + +:Saudi Arabia Economy + +Overview: + The petroleum sector accounts for roughly 70% of budget revenues, 37% of + GDP, and almost all export earnings. Saudi Arabia has the largest reserves + of petroleum in the world, ranks as the largest exporter of petroleum, and + plays a leading role in OPEC. For the 1990s the government intends to + encourage private economic activity and to foster the gradual process of + turning Saudi Arabia into a modern industrial state that retains traditional + Islamic values. +GDP: + exchange rate conversion - $104 billion, per capita $5,800; real growth rate + 1.5% (1991 est.) +Inflation rate (consumer prices): + 3% (1991 est.) +Unemployment rate: + 0% (1989 est.) +Budget: + revenues $40.3 billion; expenditures $48.3 billion, including capital + expenditures of $NA (1992) +Exports: + $44.3 billion (f.o.b., 1990) + commodities: + petroleum and petroleum products 85% + partners: + US 22%, Japan 22%, Singapore 7%, France 6% +Imports: + $21.5 billion (f.o.b., 1990) + commodities: + manufactured goods, transportation equipment, construction materials, + processed food products + partners: + US 16%, UK 14%, Japan 14%, FRG 7% +External debt: + $18.9 billion (December 1989 est.) +Industrial production: + growth rate -1.1% (1989 est.); accounts for 37% of GDP, including petroleum +Electricity: + 30,000,000 kW capacity; 60,000 million kWh produced, 3,300 kWh per capita + (1991) +Industries: + crude oil production, petroleum refining, basic petrochemicals, cement, + small steel-rolling mill, construction, fertilizer, plastic +Agriculture: + accounts for about 10% of GDP, 16% of labor force; fastest growing economic + sector; subsidized by government; products - wheat, barley, tomatoes, + melons, dates, citrus fruit, mutton, chickens, eggs, milk; approaching + self-sufficiency in food +Economic aid: + donor - pledged $64.7 billion in bilateral aid (1979-89) +Currency: + Saudi riyal (plural - riyals); 1 Saudi riyal (SR) = 100 halalas +Exchange rates: + Saudi riyals (SR) per US$1 - 3.7450 (fixed rate since late 1986), 3.7033 + (1986) +Fiscal year: + calendar year + +:Saudi Arabia Communications + +Railroads: + 886 km 1.435-meter standard gauge +Highways: + 74,000 km total; 35,000 km paved, 39,000 km gravel and improved earth +Pipelines: + crude oil 6,400 km, petroleum products 150 km, natural gas 2,200 km, + includes natural gas liquids 1,600 km +Ports: + Jiddah, Ad Dammam, Ras Tanura, Jizan, Al Jubayl, Yanbu al Bahr, Yanbu al + Sinaiyah +Merchant marine: + 8l ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 884,470 GRT/1,254,882 DWT; includes 1 + passenger, 7 short-sea passenger, 11 cargo, 14 roll-on/roll-off cargo, 3 + container, 6 refrigerated cargo, 5 livestock carrier, 24 petroleum tanker, 7 + chemical tanker, 1 liquefied gas, 1 specialized tanker, 1 bulk +Civil air: + 104 major transport aircraft available +Airports: + 211 total, 191 usable; 70 with permanent-surface runways; 14 with runways + over 3,659 m; 37 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 105 with runways 1,220-2,439 m +Telecommunications: + good system with extensive microwave and coaxial and fiber optic cable + systems; 1,624,000 telephones; broadcast stations - 43 AM, 13 FM, 80 TV; + radio relay to Bahrain, Jordan, Kuwait, Qatar, UAE, Yemen, and Sudan; + coaxial cable to Kuwait and Jordan; submarine cable to Djibouti, Egypt and + Bahrain; earth stations - 3 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT, 2 Indian Ocean + INTELSAT, 1 ARABSAT, 1 INMARSAT + +:Saudi Arabia Defense Forces + +Branches: + Land Force (Army), Navy, Air Force, Air Defense Force, National Guard, Coast + Guard, Frontier Forces, Special Security Force, Public Security Force +Manpower availability: + males 15-49, 5,619,147; 3,118,261 fit for military service; 133,314 reach + military age (17) annually +Defense expenditures: + exchange rate conversion - $14.5 billion, 13% of GDP (1992 budget) + +:Senegal Geography + +Total area: + 196,190 km2 +Land area: + 192,000 km2 +Comparative area: + slightly smaller than South Dakota +Land boundaries: + 2,640 km total; The Gambia 740 km, Guinea 330 km, Guinea-Bissau 338 km, Mali + 419 km, Mauritania 813 km +Coastline: + 531 km +Maritime claims: + Contiguous zone: + 24 nm + Continental shelf: + edge of continental margin or 200 nm + Exclusive fishing zone: + 200 nm + Territorial sea: + 12 nm +Disputes: + short section of the boundary with The Gambia is indefinite; the + International Court of Justice (ICJ) on 12 November 1991 rendered its + decision on the Guinea-Bissau/ Senegal maritime boundary in favor of Senegal + - that decision has been rejected by Guinea-Bissau; boundary with Mauritania +Climate: + tropical; hot, humid; rainy season (December to April) has strong southeast + winds; dry season (May to November) dominated by hot, dry harmattan wind +Terrain: + generally low, rolling, plains rising to foothills in southeast +Natural resources: + fish, phosphates, iron ore +Land use: + arable land 27%; permanent crops 0%; meadows and pastures 30%; forest and + woodland 31%; other 12%; includes irrigated 1% +Environment: + lowlands seasonally flooded; deforestation; overgrazing; soil erosion; + desertification +Note: + The Gambia is almost an enclave + +:Senegal People + +Population: + 8,205,058 (July 1992), growth rate 3.1% (1992) +Birth rate: + 44 births/1,000 population (1992) +Death rate: + 13 deaths/1,000 population (1992) +Net migration rate: + 0 migrants/1,000 population (1992) +Infant mortality rate: + 80 deaths/1,000 live births (1992) +Life expectancy at birth: + 54 years male, 57 years female (1992) +Total fertility rate: + 6.2 children born/woman (1992) +Nationality: + noun - Senegalese (singular and plural); adjective - Senegalese +Ethnic divisions: + Wolof 36%, Fulani 17%, Serer 17%, Toucouleur 9%, Diola 9%, Mandingo 9%, + European and Lebanese 1%, other 2% +Religions: + Muslim 92%, indigenous beliefs 6%, Christian 2% (mostly Roman Catholic) +Languages: + French (official); Wolof, Pulaar, Diola, Mandingo +Literacy: + 38% (male 52%, female 25%) age 15 and over can read and write (1990 est.) +Labor force: + 2,509,000; 77% subsistence agricultural workers; 175,000 wage earners - + private sector 40%, government and parapublic 60%; 52% of population of + working age (1985) +Organized labor: + majority of wage-labor force represented by unions; however, dues-paying + membership very limited; major confederation is National Confederation of + Senegalese Labor (CNTS), an affiliate of the governing party + +:Senegal Government + +Long-form name: + Republic of Senegal +Type: + republic under multiparty democratic rule +Capital: + Dakar +Administrative divisions: + 10 regions (regions, singular - region); Dakar, Diourbel, Fatick, Kaolack, + Kolda, Louga, Saint-Louis, Tambacounda, Thies, Ziguinchor +Independence: + 20 August 1960 (from France); The Gambia and Senegal signed an agreement on + 12 December 1981 (effective 1 February 1982) that called for the creation of + a loose confederation to be known as Senegambia, but the agreement was + dissolved on 30 September 1989 +Constitution: + 3 March 1963, last revised in 1991 +Legal system: + based on French civil law system; judicial review of legislative acts in + Supreme Court, which also audits the government's accounting office; has not + accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction +National holiday: + Independence Day, 4 April (1960) +Executive branch: + president, prime minister, Council of Ministers (cabinet) +Legislative branch: + unicameral National Assembly (Assemblee Nationale) +Judicial branch: + Supreme Court (Cour Supreme) +Leaders: + Chief of State: + President Abdou DIOUF (since 1 January 1981) + Head of Government: + Prime Minister Habib THIAM (since 7 April 1991) +Political parties and leaders: + Socialist Party (PS), President Abdou DIOUF; Senegalese Democratic Party + (PDS), Abdoulaye WADE; 13 other small uninfluential parties +Suffrage: + universal at age 18 +Elections: + President: + last held 28 February 1988 (next to be held NA February 1993); results - + Abdou DIOUF (PS) 73%, Abdoulaye WADE (PDS) 26%, other 1% + National Assembly: + last held 28 February 1988 (next to be held NA February 1993); results - PS + 71%, PDS 25%, other 4%; seats - (120 total) PS 103, PDS 17 +Other political or pressure groups: + students, teachers, labor, Muslim Brotherhoods +Member of: + ACCT, ACP, AfDB, CCC, CEAO, ECA, ECOWAS, FAO, FZ, G-77, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, + ICAO, ICC, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, ISO + (correspondent), ITU, LORCS, NAM, OAU, OIC, PCA, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, + UNIIMOG, UPU, WADB, WCL, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO +Diplomatic representation: + Ambassador Ibra Deguene KA; Chancery at 2112 Wyoming Avenue NW, Washington, + DC 20008; telephone (202) 234-0540 or 0541 + US: + Ambassador Katherine SHIRLEY; Embassy on Avenue Jean XXIII at the corner of + Avenue Kleber, Dakar (mailing address is B. P. 49, Dakar); telephone [221] + 23-42-96 or 23-34-24; FAX [221] 22-29-91 + +:Senegal Government + +Flag: + three equal vertical bands of green (hoist side), yellow, and red with a + small green five-pointed star centered in the yellow band; uses the popular + pan-African colors of Ethiopia + +:Senegal Economy + +Overview: + The agricultural sector accounts for about 20% of GDP and provides + employment for about 75% of the labor force. About 40% of the total + cultivated land is used to grow peanuts, an important export crop. The + principal economic resource is fishing, which brought in about $200 million + or about 25% of total foreign exchange earnings in 1987. Mining is dominated + by the extraction of phosphate, but production has faltered because of + reduced worldwide demand for fertilizers in recent years. Over the past 10 + years tourism has become increasingly important to the economy. +GDP: + exchange rate conversion - $5.0 billion, per capita $615; real growth rate + 3.6% (1990) +Inflation rate (consumer prices): + 2.0% (1990) +Unemployment rate: + 3.5% (1987) +Budget: + revenues $921 million; expenditures $1,024 million; including capital + expenditures of $14 million (FY89 est.) +Exports: + $814 million (f.o.b., 1990 est.) + commodities: + manufactures 30%, fish products 27%, peanuts 11%, petroleum products 11%, + phosphates 10% + partners: + France, other EC members, Mali, Ivory Coast, India +Imports: + $1.05 billion (c.i.f., 1990 est.) + commodities: + semimanufactures 30%, food 27%, durable consumer goods 17%, petroleum 12%, + capital goods 14% + partners: + France, other EC, Ivory Coast, Nigeria, Algeria, China, Japan +External debt: + $2.9 billion (1990) +Industrial production: + growth rate 4.7% (1989); accounts for 15% of GDP +Electricity: + 215,000 kW capacity; 760 million kWh produced, 100 kWh per capita (1991) +Industries: + agricultural and fish processing, phosphate mining, petroleum refining, + building materials +Agriculture: + including fishing, accounts for 20% of GDP and more than 75% of labor force; + major products - peanuts (cash crop), millet, corn, sorghum, rice, cotton, + tomatoes, green vegetables; estimated two-thirds self-sufficient in food; + fish catch of 299,000 metric tons in 1987 +Economic aid: + US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $551 million; Western (non-US) + countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $5.23 billion; OPEC + bilateral aid (1979-89), $589 million; Communist countries (1970-89), $295 + million +Currency: + Communaute Financiere Africaine franc (plural - francs); 1 CFA franc (CFAF) + = 100 centimes +Exchange rates: + Communaute Financiere Africaine francs (CFAF) per US$1 - 269.01 (January + 1992), 282.11 (1991), 272.26 (1990), 319.01 (1989), 297.85 (1988), 300.54 + (1987) + +:Senegal Economy + +Fiscal year: + 1 July - 30 June; note - in January 1993, Senegal will switch to a calendar + year + +:Senegal Communications + +Railroads: + 1,034 km 1.000-meter gauge; all single track except 70 km double track Dakar + to Thies +Highways: + 14,007 km total; 3,777 km paved, 10,230 km laterite or improved earth +Inland waterways: + 897 km total; 785 km on the Senegal, 112 km on the Saloum +Ports: + Dakar, Kaolack, Foundiougne, Ziguinchor +Merchant marine: + 2 ships (1,000 GRT and over) totaling 7,676 GRT/12,310 DWT; includes 1 + cargo, 1 bulk +Civil air: + 3 major transport aircraft +Airports: + 25 total, 19 usable; 10 with permanent-surface runways; none with runways + over 3,659 m; 1 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 15 with runways 1,220-2,439 m +Telecommunications: + above-average urban system, using microwave and cable; broadcast stations - + 8 AM, no FM, 1 TV; 3 submarine cables; 1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT earth + station + +:Senegal Defense Forces + +Branches: + Army, Navy, Air Force, Gendarmerie, National Police +Manpower availability: + males 15-49, 1,814,452; 947,723 fit for military service; 88,271 reach + military age (18) annually +Defense expenditures: + exchange rate conversion - $100 million, 2% of GDP (1989 est.) + +:Serbia and Montenegro Geography + +Total area: + 102,350 km2 +Land area: + 102,136 km2: note - Serbia has a total area and a land area of 88,412 km2 + while Montenegro has a total area of 13,938 km2 and a land area of 13,724 + km2 +Comparative area: + slightly larger than Kentucky; note - Serbia is slightly larger than Maine + while Montenegro is slightly larger than Connecticut +Land boundaries: + 2,234 km total; Albania 287 km (114 km with Serbia, 173 km with Montenegro), + Bosnia and Hercegovina 527 km (312 km with Serbia, 215 km with Montenegro), + Bulgaria 318 km, Croatia (north) 239 km, Croatia (south) 15 km, Hungary 151 + km, Macedonia 221 km, Romania 476 km; note - the internal boundary between + Montenegro and Serbia is 211 km +Coastline: + 199 km; Montenegro 199 km, Serbia 0 km +Maritime claims: + none - landlocked + Contiguous zone: + NA nm + Continental shelf: + NA meter depth + Exclusive fishing zone: + NA nm + Exclusive economic zone: + NA nm + Territorial sea: + 12 nm +Disputes: + Sandzak region bordering northern Montenegro and southeastern Serbia - + Muslims seeking autonomy; Vojvodina taken from Hungary and awarded to the + former Yugoslavia (Serbia) by Treaty of Trianon in 1920; disputes with + Bosnia and Herzegovina and Croatia over Serbian populated areas; Albanian + minority in Kosovo seeks independence from Serbian Republic +Climate: + in the north, continental climate - cold winter and hot, humid summers with + well distributed rainfall; central portion, continental and Mediterranean + climate; to the south, Adriatic climate along the coast, hot, dry summers + and autumns and relatively cold winters with heavy snowfall inland +Terrain: + extremely varied; to the north, rich fertile plains; to the east, limestone + ranges and basins; to the southeast, ancient mountain and hills; to the + southwest, extremely high shoreline with no islands off the coast; home of + largest lake in former Yugoslavia, Lake Scutari +Natural resources: + oil, gas, coal, antimony, copper, lead, zinc, nickel, gold, pyrite, chrome +Land use: + arable land 30%; permanent crops 5%; meadows and pastures 20%; forest and + woodland 25%; other 20%; includes irrigated 5% +Environment: + coastal water pollution from sewage outlets, especially in tourist related + areas such as Kotor; air pollution around Belgrade and other industrial + cities; water pollution along Danube from industrial waste dump into the + Sava which drains into the Danube; subject to destructive earthquakes +Note: + controls one of the major land routes from Western Europe to Turkey and the + Near East; strategic location along the Adriatic coast + +:Serbia and Montenegro People + +Population: + 10,642,000 (July 1992), growth rate NA% (1991) +Birth rate: + NA births/1,000 population (1992) +Death rate: + NA deaths/1,000 population (1992) +Net migration rate: + NA migrants/1,000 population (1992) +Infant mortality rate: + NA deaths/1,000 live births (1992) +Life expectancy at birth: + Serbia - 70.11 years male, 75.21 years female (1992); Montenegro - 76.33 + years male, 82.27 years female (1992) +Total fertility rate: + NA children born/woman (1992) +Nationality: + noun - Serbian(s) and Montenegrin(s); adjective - Serbian and Montenegrin +Ethnic divisions: + Serbs 63%, Albanians 14%, Montenegrins 6%, Hungarians 4% +Religions: + Orthodox 65%, Muslim 19%, Roman Catholic 4%, Protestant 1%, other 11% +Languages: + Serbo-Croatian 100% +Literacy: + 89% (male 95%, female 83%) age 10 and over can read and write (1991 est.) +Labor force: + 2,640,909; industry, mining 40%, agriculture 5% (1990) +Organized labor: + NA + +:Serbia and Montenegro Government + +Long-form name: + none +Type: + republic +Capital: + Belgrade +Administrative divisions: + 2 provinces (pokajine, singular - pokajina); and 2 automous provinces*; + Kosovo*, Montenegro, Serbia, Vojvodina* +Independence: + NA April 1992 +Constitution: + NA April 1992 +Legal system: + based on civil law system +National holiday: + NA +Executive branch: + president, vice president, prime minister, deputy prime minister +Legislative branch: + Parliament +Judicial branch: + NA +Leaders: + Chief of State: + President Dobric COSIC (since NA), Vice President Branko KOSTIC (since July + 1991); note - Slobodan MILOSEVIC is president of Serbia + Head of Government: + Prime Minister Milan PANIC (since 14 July 1992), Deputy Prime Minister + Aleksandr MITROVIC (since March 1989) +Political parties and leaders: + former Communisty Party, Slobodan MILOSEVIC; Serbian Radical Party, Vojislav + SESELJ; Serbian Renewal Party, Vok DRASKOVIC +Suffrage: + at age 16 if employed, universal at age 18 +Elections: + President: + NA + Parliament: + last held 4 June 1992 (next to be held NA); results - percent of vote by + party NA; seats - (138 total) former Community Party 73, Radical Party 33, + other 32 +Communists: + NA +Other political or pressure groups: + NA +Member of: + CSCE, UN +Diplomatic representation: + none; US does not recognize Serbia and Montenegro +Flag: + NA + +:Serbia and Montenegro Economy + +Overview: + The swift collapse of the Yugoslav federation has been accompanied by bloody + ethnic warfare, the destabilization of republic boundaries, and the breakup + of important interrepublic trade flows. The situation in Serbia and + Montenegro remains fluid in view of the extensive political and military + strife. This new state faces major economic problems. First, like the other + former Yugoslav republics, Serbia and Montenegro depended on their sister + republics for large amounts of foodstuffs, energy supplies, and + manufactures. Wide varieties in climate, mineral resources, and levels of + technology among the six republics accentuated this interdependence, as did + the Communist practice of concentrating much industrial output in a small + number of giant plants. The breakup of many of the trade links, the sharp + drop in output as industrial plants lost suppliers and markets, and the + destruction of physical assets in the fighting all have contributed to the + economic difficulties of the republics. One singular factor in the economic + situation of Serbia and Montenegro is the continuation in office of a + Communist government that is primarily interested in political and military + mastery, not economic reform. A further complication is the major economic + sanctions by the leading industrial nations. +GDP: + exchange rate conversion - $44 billion, per capita $4,200; real growth rate + NA% (1990) +Inflation rate (consumer prices): + 60% per month +Unemployment rate: + 25-40% +Budget: + NA +Exports: + $4.4 billion (f.o.b., 1990) + commodities: + machinery and transport equipment 29%, manufactured goods 28.5%, + miscellaneous manufactured articles 13.5%, chemicals 11%, food and live + animals 9%, raw materials 6%, fuels and lubricants 2%, beverages and tobacco + 1% + partners: + principally the other former Yugoslav republics; Italy, Germany, other EC, + the former USSR, East European countries, US +Imports: + $6.4 billion (c.i.f., 1990) + commodities: + machinery and transport equipment 26%, fuels and lubricants 18%, + manufactured goods 16%, chemicals 12.5%, food and live animals 11%, + miscellaneous manufactured items 8%, raw materials, including coking coal + for the steel industry, 7%, beverages, tobacco, and edible oils 1.5% + partners: + principally the other former Yugoslav republics; the former USSR, EC + countries (mainly Italy and Germany), East European countries, US +External debt: + $4.2 billion (may assume some part of foreign debt of former Yugoslavia) +Industrial production: + growth rate -20% or greater (1991 est.) +Electricity: + 8,633,000 kW capacity; 34,600 million kWh produced, 3,496 kWh per capita + (1991) + +:Serbia and Montenegro Economy + +Industries: + machine building (aircraft, trucks, and automobiles; armored vehicles and + weapons; electrical equipment; agricultural machinery), metallurgy (steel, + aluminum, copper, lead, zinc, chromium, antimony, bismuth, cadmium), mining + (coal, bauxite, nonferrous ore, iron ore, limestone), consumer goods + (textiles, footwear, foodstuffs, appliances), electronics, petroleum + products, chemicals, and pharmaceuticals +Agriculture: + the fertile plains of Vojvodina produce 80% of the cereal production of the + former Yugoslavia and most of the cotton, oilseeds, and chicory; Vojvodina + also produces fodder crops to support intensive beef and dairy production; + Serbia proper, although hilly, has a well-distributed rainfall and a long + growing season; produces fruit, grapes, and cereals; in this area, livestock + production (sheep and cattle) and dairy farming prosper; Kosovo province + produces fruits, vegetables, tobacco, and a small amount of cereals; the + mountainous pastures of Kosovo and Montenegro support sheep and goat + husbandry; Montenegro has only a small agriculture sector, mostly near the + coast where a Mediterranean climate permits the culture of olives, citrus, + grapes, and rice +Illicit drugs: + NA +Economic aid: + NA +Currency: + Yugoslav New Dinar (plural - New Dinars); 1 Yugo New Dinar (YD) = 100 paras +Exchange rates: + Yugoslav New Dinars (YD) per US $1 - 28.230 (December 1991), 15.162 (1990), + 15.528 (1989), 0.701 (1988), 0.176 (1987) +Fiscal year: + calendar year + +:Serbia and Montenegro Communications + +Railroads: + NA +Highways: + 46,019 km total (1990); 26,949 km paved, 10,373 km gravel, 8,697 km earth +Inland waterways: + NA km +Pipelines: + crude oil 415 km, petroleum products 130 km, natural gas 2,110 km +Ports: + maritime - Bar; inland - Belgrade +Merchant marine: + 43 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 866,915 GRT/1,449,094 DWT; includes 19 + cargo, 5 container, 16 bulk carriers, 2 combination/ore carrier and 1 + passenger ship, under Serbian and Montenegrin flag; note - Montenegro also + operates 3 bulk carriers under the flags of Panama and Saint Vincent and the + Grenadines +Civil air: + NA +Airports: + NA +Telecommunications: + 700,000 telephones; broadcast stations - 26 AM, 9 FM, 18 TV; 2,015,000 + radios; 1,000,000 TVs; satellite ground stations - 1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT + +:Serbia and Montenegro Defense Forces + +Branches: + Army, Navy, and Air Forces +Manpower availability: + males 15-49, 2,545,357; NA fit for military service; 96,832 reach military + age (18) annually (est.) +Defense expenditures: + $NA, NA% of GDP + +:Seychelles Geography + +Total area: + 455 km2 +Land area: + 455 km2 +Comparative area: + slightly more than 2.5 times the size of Washington, DC +Land boundaries: + none +Coastline: + 491 km +Maritime claims: + Continental shelf: + edge of continental margin or 200 nm + Exclusive economic zone: + 200 nm + Territorial sea: + 12 nm +Disputes: + claims Tromelin Island +Climate: + tropical marine; humid; cooler season during southeast monsoon (late May to + September); warmer season during northwest monsoon (March to May) +Terrain: + Mahe Group is granitic, narrow coastal strip, rocky, hilly; others are + coral, flat, elevated reefs +Natural resources: + fish, copra, cinnamon trees +Land use: + arable land 4%; permanent crops 18%; meadows and pastures 0%; forest and + woodland 18%; other 60% +Environment: + lies outside the cyclone belt, so severe storms are rare; short droughts + possible; no fresh water - catchments collect rain; 40 granitic and about 50 + coralline islands +Note: + located north-northeast of Madagascar in the Indian Ocean + +:Seychelles People + +Population: + 69,519 (July 1992), growth rate 0.8% (1992) +Birth rate: + 23 births/1,000 population (1992) +Death rate: + 7 deaths/1,000 population (1992) +Net migration rate: + -8 migrants/1,000 population (1992) +Infant mortality rate: + 15 deaths/1,000 live births (1992) +Life expectancy at birth: + 65 years male, 75 years female (1992) +Total fertility rate: + 2.4 children born/woman (1992) +Nationality: + noun - Seychellois (singular and plural); adjective - Seychelles +Ethnic divisions: + Seychellois (mixture of Asians, Africans, Europeans) +Religions: + Roman Catholic 90%, Anglican 8%, other 2% +Languages: + English and French (official); Creole +Literacy: + 85% (male NA%, female NA%) age 15 and over can read and write (1990) +Labor force: + 27,700; industry and commerce 31%, services 21%, government 20%, + agriculture, forestry, and fishing 12%, other 16% (1985); 57% of population + of working age (1983) +Organized labor: + three major trade unions + +:Seychelles Government + +Long-form name: + Republic of Seychelles +Type: + republic +Capital: + Victoria +Administrative divisions: + 23 administrative districts; Anse aux Pins, Anse Boileau, Anse Etoile, Anse + Louis, Anse Royale, Baie Lazare, Baie Sainte Anne, Beau Vallon, Bel Air, Bel + Ombre, Cascade, Glacis, Grand' Anse (on Mahe Island), Grand' Anse (on + Praslin Island), La Digue, La Riviere Anglaise, Mont Buxton, Mont Fleuri, + Plaisance, Pointe La Rue, Port Glaud, Saint Louis, Takamaka +Independence: + 29 June 1976 (from UK) +Constitution: + 5 June 1979 +Legal system: + based on English common law, French civil law, and customary law +National holiday: + Liberation Day (anniversary of coup), 5 June (1977) +Executive branch: + president, Council of Ministers +Legislative branch: + unicameral People's Assembly (Assemblee du Peuple) +Judicial branch: + Court of Appeal, Supreme Court +Leaders: + Chief of State and Head of Government: + President France Albert RENE (since 5 June 1977) +Political parties and leaders: + ruling party - Seychelles People's Progressive Front (SPPF), France Albert + RENE; note - in December 1991, President RENE announced that the Seychelles + would begin an immediate transition to a multiparty political system; + registration of new political parties was scheduled to begin in January 1992 +Suffrage: + universal at age 17 +Elections: + election of delegates to a multiparty constitutional conference is scheduled + for June 1992 + President: + last held 9-11 June 1989 (next to be held NA June 1994); results - President + France Albert RENE reelected without opposition + People's Assembly: + last held 5 December 1987 (next to be held NA December 1992); results - SPPF + was the only legal party; seats - (25 total, 23 elected) SPPF 23 +Other political or pressure groups: + trade unions, Roman Catholic Church +Member of: + ACCT, ACP, AfDB, C, ECA, FAO, G-77, IBRD, ICAO, ICFTU, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, + IMO, INTERPOL, IOC, NAM, OAU, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WCL, WHO, WMO +Diplomatic representation: + Second Secretary, Charge d'Affaires ad interim Marc R. MARENGO; Chancery + (temporary) at 820 Second Avenue, Suite 900F, New York, NY 10017; telephone + (212) 687-9766 + US: + Ambassador Richard W. CARLSON; Embassy at 4th Floor, Victoria House, + Victoria (mailing address is Box 148, Victoria, and Victoria House, Box 251, + Victoria, Mahe, Seychelles, or APO AE 09815-2501); telephone (248) 25256; + FAX (248) 25189 + +:Seychelles Government + +Flag: + three horizontal bands of red (top), white (wavy), and green; the white band + is the thinnest, the red band is the thickest + +:Seychelles Economy + +Overview: + In this small, open, tropical island economy, the tourist industry employs + about 30% of the labor force and provides more than 70% of hard currency + earnings. In recent years the government has encouraged foreign investment + in order to upgrade hotels and other services. At the same time, the + government has moved to reduce the high dependence on tourism by promoting + the development of farming, fishing, and small-scale manufacturing. +GDP: + exchange rate conversion - $350 million, per capita $5,200; real growth rate + -4.5% (1991 est.) +Inflation rate (consumer prices): + 1.8% (1990 est.) +Unemployment rate: + 9% (1987) +Budget: + revenues $180 million; expenditures $202 million, including capital + expenditures of $32 million (1989) +Exports: + $40 million (f.o.b., 1990 est.) + commodities: + fish, copra, cinnamon bark, petroleum products (reexports) + partners: + France 63%, Pakistan 12%, Reunion 10%, UK 7% (1987) +Imports: + $186 million (f.o.b., 1990 est.) + commodities: + manufactured goods, food, tobacco, beverages, machinery and transportation + equipment, petroleum products + partners: + UK 20%, France 14%, South Africa 13%, PDRY 13%, Singapore 8%, Japan 6% + (1987) +External debt: + $189 million (1991 est.) +Industrial production: + growth rate 7% (1987); accounts for 10% of GDP +Electricity: + 30,000 kW capacity; 80 million kWh produced, 1,160 kWh per capita (1991) +Industries: + tourism, processing of coconut and vanilla, fishing, coir rope factory, boat + building, printing, furniture, beverage +Agriculture: + accounts for 7% of GDP, mostly subsistence farming; cash crops - coconuts, + cinnamon, vanilla; other products - sweet potatoes, cassava, bananas; + broiler chickens; large share of food needs imported; expansion of tuna + fishing under way +Economic aid: + US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY78-89), $26 million; Western (non-US) + countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1978-89), $315 million; OPEC + bilateral aid (1979-89), $5 million; Communist countries (1970-89), $60 + million +Currency: + Seychelles rupee (plural - rupees); 1 Seychelles rupee (SRe) = 100 cents +Exchange rates: + Seychelles rupees (SRe) per US$1 - 5.2946 (March 1992), 5.2893 (1991), + 5.3369 (1990), 5.6457 (1989), 5.3836 (1988), 5.6000 (1987) +Fiscal year: + calendar year + +:Seychelles Communications + +Highways: + 260 km total; 160 km paved, 100 km crushed stone or earth +Ports: + Victoria +Merchant marine: + 1 refrigerated cargo totaling 1,827 GRT/2,170 DWT +Civil air: + 1 major transport aircraft +Airports: + 14 total, 14 usable; 8 with permanent-surface runways; none with runways + over 3,659 m; 1 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; none with runways 1,220-2,439 m +Telecommunications: + direct radio communications with adjacent islands and African coastal + countries; 13,000 telephones; broadcast stations - 2 AM, no FM, 2 TV; 1 + Indian Ocean INTELSAT earth station; USAF tracking station + +:Seychelles Defense Forces + +Branches: + Army, Navy, Air Force, Presidential Protection Unit, Police Force, Militia +Manpower availability: + males 15-49, 17,739; 9,096 fit for military service +Defense expenditures: + exchange rate conversion - $12 million, 4% of GDP (1990 est.) + +:Sierra Leone Geography + +Total area: + 71,740 km2 +Land area: + 71,620 km2 +Comparative area: + slightly smaller than South Carolina +Land boundaries: + 958 km total; Guinea 652 km, Liberia 306 km +Coastline: + 402 km +Maritime claims: + Territorial sea: + 200 nm +Disputes: + none +Climate: + tropical; hot, humid; summer rainy season (May to December); winter dry + season (December to April) +Terrain: + coastal belt of mangrove swamps, wooded hill country, upland plateau, + mountains in east +Natural resources: + diamonds, titanium ore, bauxite, iron ore, gold, chromite +Land use: + arable land 25%; permanent crops 2%; meadows and pastures 31%; forest and + woodland 29%; other 13%; includes irrigated NEGL% +Environment: + extensive mangrove swamps hinder access to sea; deforestation; soil + degradation + +:Sierra Leone People + +Population: + 4,456,737 (July 1992), growth rate -0.2% (1992) +Birth rate: + 46 births/1,000 population (1992) +Death rate: + 20 deaths/1,000 population (1992) +Net migration rate: + -28 migrants/1,000 population (1992) +Infant mortality rate: + 148 deaths/1,000 live births (1992) +Life expectancy at birth: + 43 years male, 48 years female (1992) +Total fertility rate: + 6.1 children born/woman (1992) +Nationality: + noun - Sierra Leonean(s); adjective - Sierra Leonean +Ethnic divisions: + native African 99% (Temne 30%, Mende 30%); Creole, European, Lebanese, and + Asian 1%; 13 tribes +Religions: + Muslim 30%, indigenous beliefs 30%, Christian 10%, other or none 30% +Languages: + English (official); regular use limited to literate minority; principal + vernaculars are Mende in south and Temne in north; Krio is the language of + the resettled ex-slave population of the Freetown area and is lingua franca +Literacy: + 21% (male 31%, female 11%) age 15 and over can read and write English, + Mende, Temne, or Arabic (1990 est.) +Labor force: + 1,369,000 (est.); agriculture 65%, industry 19%, services 16% (1981); only + about 65,000 earn wages (1985); 55% of population of working age +Organized labor: + 35% of wage earners + +:Sierra Leone Government + +Long-form name: + Republic of Sierra Leone +Type: + military government +Capital: + Freetown +Administrative divisions: + Western Area and 3 provinces; Eastern, Northern, Southern +Independence: + 27 April 1961 (from UK) +Constitution: + 1 October 1991; amended September 1991 +Legal system: + based on English law and customary laws indigenous to local tribes; has not + accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction +National holiday: + Republic Day, 27 April (1961) +Executive branch: + National Provisional Ruling Council +Legislative branch: + unicameral House of Representatives (suspended after coup of 29 April 1992) +Judicial branch: + Supreme Court (suspended after coup of 29 April 1992) +Leaders: + Chief of State and Head of Government: + President Gen. Joseph Saidu MOMOH was ousted in coup of 29 April 1992; + succeeded by Chairman of the National Provisional Ruling Council Valentine + STRASSER (since 29 April 1992) +Political parties and leaders: + status of existing political parties are unknown following 29 April 1992 + coup +Suffrage: + universal at age 18 +Elections: + suspended after 29 April 1992 coup; Chairman STRASSER promises multi-party + elections sometime in the future +Member of: + ACP, AfDB, C, CCC, ECA, ECOWAS, FAO, G-77, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICFTU, + IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTERPOL, IOC, ITU, LORCS, NAM, OAU, + OIC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WCL, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO +Diplomatic representation: + Ambassador (vacant); Chancery at 1701 19th Street NW, Washington, DC 20009; + telephone (202) 939-9261 + US: + Ambassador Johnny YOUNG; Embassy at the corner of Walpole and Siaka Stevens + Street, Freetown; telephone [232] (22) 226-481; FAX [232] (22) 225471 +Flag: + three equal horizontal bands of light green (top), white, and light blue + +:Sierra Leone Economy + +Overview: + The economic and social infrastructure is not well developed. Subsistence + agriculture dominates the economy, generating about one-third of GDP and + employing about two-thirds of the working population. Manufacturing, which + accounts for roughly 10% of GDP, consists mainly of the processing of raw + materials and of light manufacturing for the domestic market. Diamond mining + provides an important source of hard currency. The economy suffers from high + unemployment, rising inflation, large trade deficits, and a growing + dependency on foreign assistance. The government in 1990 was attempting to + get the budget deficit under control and, in general, to bring economic + policy in line with the recommendations of the IMF and the World Bank. Since + March 1991, however, military incursions by Liberian rebels in southern and + eastern Sierra Leone have severely strained the economy and have undermined + efforts to institute economic reforms. +GDP: + exchange rate conversion - $1.4 billion, per capita $330; real growth rate + 3% (FY91 est.) +Inflation rate (consumer prices): + 110% (1990) +Unemployment rate: + NA% +Budget: + revenues $134 million; expenditures $187 million, including capital + expenditures of $32 million (FY91 est.) +Exports: + $138 million (f.o.b., 1990) + commodities: + rutile 50%, bauxite 17%, cocoa 11%, diamonds 3%, coffee 3% + partners: + US, UK, Belgium, FRG, other Western Europe +Imports: + $146 million (c.i.f., 1990) + commodities: + capital goods 40%, food 32%, petroleum 12%, consumer goods 7%, light + industrial goods + partners: + US, EC, Japan, China, Nigeria +External debt: + $572 million (1990) +Industrial production: + NA +Electricity: + 85,000 kW capacity; 185 million kWh produced, 45 kWh per capita (1991) +Industries: + mining (diamonds, bauxite, rutile), small-scale manufacturing (beverages, + textiles, cigarettes, footwear), petroleum refinery +Agriculture: + accounts for over 30% of GDP and two-thirds of the labor force; largely + subsistence farming; cash crops - coffee, cocoa, palm kernels; harvests of + food staple rice meets 80% of domestic needs; annual fish catch averages + 53,000 metric tons +Economic aid: + US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $161 million; Western (non-US) + countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $848 million; OPEC + bilateral aid (1979-89), $18 million; Communist countries (1970-89), $101 + million +Currency: + leone (plural - leones); 1 leone (Le) = 100 cents + +:Sierra Leone Economy + +Exchange rates: + leones (Le) per US$1 - 476.74 (March 1992), 295.34 (1991), 144.9275 (1990), + 58.1395 (1989), 31.2500 (1988), 30.7692 (1987) +Fiscal year: + 1 July - 30 June + +:Sierra Leone Communications + +Railroads: + 84 km 1.067-meter narrow-gauge mineral line is used on a limited basis + because the mine at Marampa is closed +Highways: + 7,400 km total; 1,150 km paved, 490 km laterite (some gravel), remainder + improved earth +Inland waterways: + 800 km; 600 km navigable year round +Ports: + Freetown, Pepel, Bonthe +Merchant marine: + 1 cargo ship totaling 5,592 GRT/9,107 DWT +Civil air: + no major transport aircraft +Airports: + 12 total, 7 usable; 4 with permanent-surface runways; none with runways over + 3,659 m; 1 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 3 with runways 1,220-2,439 m +Telecommunications: + marginal telephone and telegraph service; national microwave system + unserviceable at present; 23,650 telephones; broadcast stations - 1 AM, 1 + FM, 1 TV; 1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT earth station + +:Sierra Leone Defense Forces + +Branches: + Army, Navy, National Police Force, Special Security Detachment +Manpower availability: + males 15-49, 976,147; 472,112 fit for military service; no conscription +Defense expenditures: + exchange rate conversion - $6 million, 0.7% of GDP (1988 est.) + +:Singapore Geography + +Total area: + 632.6 km2 +Land area: + 622.6 km2 +Comparative area: + slightly less than 3.5 times the size of Washington, DC +Land boundaries: + none +Coastline: + 193 km +Maritime claims: + Exclusive fishing zone: + 12 nm + Territorial sea: + 3 nm +Disputes: + two islands in dispute with Malaysia +Climate: + tropical; hot, humid, rainy; no pronounced rainy or dry seasons; + thunderstorms occur on 40% of all days (67% of days in April) +Terrain: + lowland; gently undulating central plateau contains water catchment area and + nature preserve +Natural resources: + fish, deepwater ports +Land use: + arable land 4%; permanent crops 7%; meadows and pastures 0%; forest and + woodland 5%; other 84% +Environment: + mostly urban and industrialized +Note: + focal point for Southeast Asian sea routes + +:Singapore People + +Population: + 2,792,092 (July 1992), growth rate 1.3% (1992) +Birth rate: + 18 births/1,000 population (1992) +Death rate: + 5 deaths/1,000 population (1992) +Net migration rate: + 0 migrants/1,000 population (1992) +Infant mortality rate: + 6 deaths/1,000 live births (1992) +Life expectancy at birth: + 73 years male, 78 years female (1992) +Total fertility rate: + 1.9 children born/woman (1992) +Nationality: + noun - Singaporean(s); adjective - Singapore +Ethnic divisions: + Chinese 76.4%, Malay 14.9%, Indian 6.4%, other 2.3% +Religions: + majority of Chinese are Buddhists or atheists; Malays are nearly all Muslim + (minorities include Christians, Hindus, Sikhs, Taoists, Confucianists) +Languages: + Chinese, Malay, Tamil, and English (all official); Malay (national) +Literacy: + 88% (male 93%, female 84%) age 15 and over can read and write (1990 est.) +Labor force: + 1,485,800; financial, business, and other services 30.2%, manufacturing + 28.4%, commerce 22.0%, construction 9.0%, other 10.4% (1990) +Organized labor: + 210,000; 16.1% of labor force (1989) + +:Singapore Government + +Long-form name: + Republic of Singapore +Type: + republic within Commonwealth +Capital: + Singapore +Administrative divisions: + none +Independence: + 9 August 1965 (from Malaysia) +Constitution: + 3 June 1959, amended 1965; based on preindependence State of Singapore + Constitution +Legal system: + based on English common law; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction +National holiday: + National Day, 9 August (1965) +Executive branch: + president, prime minister, two deputy prime ministers, Cabinet +Legislative branch: + unicameral Parliament +Judicial branch: + Supreme Court +Leaders: + Chief of State: + President WEE Kim Wee (since 3 September 1985) + Head of Government: + Prime Minister GOH Chok Tong (since 28 November 1990); Deputy Prime Minister + LEE Hsien Loong (since 28 November 1990); Deputy Prime Ministers ONG Teng + Cheong (since 2 January 1985) and LEE Hsien Loong +Political parties and leaders: + government: + People's Action Party (PAP), LEE Kuan Yew, secretary general; + opposition: + Workers' Party (WP), J. B. JEYARETNAM; Singapore Democratic Party (SDP), + CHIAM See Tong; National Solidarity Party (NSP), leader NA; Barisan Sosialis + (BS, Socialist Front), leader NA +Suffrage: + universal and compulsory at age 20 +Elections: + President: + last held 31 August 1989 (next to be held NA August 1993); results - + President WEE Kim Wee was reelected by Parliament without opposition + Parliament: + last held 31 August 1991 (next to be held 31 August 1996); results - percent + of vote by party NA; seats - (81 total) PAP 77, SDP 3, WP 1 +Communists: + 200-500; Barisan Sosialis infiltrated by Communists; note - Communist party + illegal +Member of: + APEC, AsDB, ASEAN, C, CCC, CP, ESCAP, G-77, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, + ICFTU, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INMARSAT, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, ISO, ITU, + LORCS, NAM, UN, UNCTAD, UPU, WHO, WMO +Diplomatic representation: + Ambassador S. R. NATHAN; Chancery at 1824 R Street NW, Washington, DC 20009; + telephone (202) 667-7555 + US: + Ambassador Robert D. ORR; Embassy at 30 Hill Street, Singapore 0617 (mailing + address is FPO AP 96534); telephone [65] 338-0251; FAX [65] 338-4550 + +:Singapore Government + +Flag: + two equal horizontal bands of red (top) and white; near the hoist side of + the red band, there is a vertical, white crescent (closed portion is toward + the hoist side) partially enclosing five white five-pointed stars arranged + in a circle + +:Singapore Economy + +Overview: + Singapore has an open entrepreneurial economy with strong service and + manufacturing sectors and excellent international trading links derived from + its entrepot history. During the 1970s and early 1980s, the economy expanded + rapidly, achieving an average annual growth rate of 9%. Per capita GDP is + among the highest in Asia. The economy grew at a respectable 6.5% in 1991, + down from 8.3% in 1990, in part because of a slowdown in overseas demand and + lower growth in the financial and business services sector. +GDP: + exchange rate conversion - $38.3 billion, per capita $13,900; real growth + rate 6.5% (1991 est.) +Inflation rate (consumer prices): + 3.4% (1991 est.) +Unemployment rate: + 1.5% (1991 est.) +Budget: + revenues $9.8 billion; expenditures $9.0 billion, including capital + expenditures of $2.8 billion (FY91 est.) +Exports: + $57.8 billion (f.o.b., 1991 est.) + commodities: + includes transshipments to Malaysia - petroleum products, rubber, + electronics, manufactured goods + partners: + US 20%, Malaysia 15%, Japan 9%, Hong Kong 7%, Thailand 6% +Imports: + $65.8 billion (c.i.f., 1991 est.) + commodities: + includes transshipments from Malaysia - capital equipment, petroleum, + chemicals, manufactured goods, foodstuffs + partners: + Japan 21%, US 16%, Malaysia 15%, Taiwan 4% +External debt: + $3.8 billion (1991 est.) +Industrial production: + growth rate 9% (1991 est.); accounts for 29% of GDP (1990) +Electricity: + 4,000,000 kW capacity; 14,400 million kWh produced, 5,300 kWh per capita + (1990) +Industries: + petroleum refining, electronics, oil drilling equipment, rubber processing + and rubber products, processed food and beverages, ship repair, entrepot + trade, financial services, biotechnology +Agriculture: + occupies a position of minor importance in the economy; self-sufficient in + poultry and eggs; must import much of other food; major crops - rubber, + copra, fruit, vegetables +Economic aid: + US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-83), $590 million; Western (non-US) + countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $1.0 billion +Currency: + Singapore dollar (plural - dollars); 1 Singapore dollar (S$) = 100 cents +Exchange rates: + Singapore dollars (S$) per US$1 - 1.6596 (March 1992), 1.7276 (1991), 1.8125 + (1990), 1.9503 (1989), 2.0124 (1988), 2.1060 (1987) +Fiscal year: + 1 April - 31 March + +:Singapore Communications + +Railroads: + 38 km of 1.000-meter gauge +Highways: + 2,597 km total (1984) +Ports: + Singapore +Merchant marine: + 468 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 8,751,619 GRT/14,195,718 DWT; + includes 1 passenger-cargo, 126 cargo, 74 container, 7 roll-on/roll-off + cargo, 5 refrigerated cargo, 18 vehicle carrier, 1 livestock carrier, 144 + petroleum tanker, 5 chemical tanker, 4 combination ore/oil, 1 specialized + tanker, 5 liquefied gas, 74 bulk, 2 combination bulk, 1 short-sea passenger; + note - many Singapore flag ships are foreign owned +Civil air: + 38 major transport aircraft (est.) +Airports: + 10 total, 10 usable; 10 with permanent-surface runways; 2 with runways over + 3,659 m; 4 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 3 with runways 1,220-2,439 m +Telecommunications: + good domestic facilities; good international service; good radio and + television broadcast coverage; 1,110,000 telephones; broadcast stations - 13 + AM, 4 FM, 2 TV; submarine cables extend to Malaysia (Sabah and peninsular + Malaysia), Indonesia, and the Philippines; satellite earth stations - 1 + Indian Ocean INTELSAT and 1 Pacific Ocean INTELSAT + +:Singapore Defense Forces + +Branches: + Army, Navy, Air Force, People's Defense Force, Police Force +Manpower availability: + males 15-49, 847,435; 626,914 fit for military service +Defense expenditures: + exchange rate conversion - $1.7 billion, 4% of GDP (1990 est.) + +:Slovenia Geography + +Total area: + 20,296 km2 +Land area: + 20,296 km2 +Comparative area: + slightly larger than New Jersey +Land boundaries: + 998 km total; Austria 262 km, Croatia 455 km, Italy 199 km, Hungary 83 km +Coastline: + 32 km +Maritime claims: + Contiguous zone: + NA nm + Continental shelf: + 200 m or to depth of exploitation + Exclusive economic zone: + NA nm + Exclusive fishing zone: + NA nm + Territorial sea: + 12 nm +Disputes: + dispute with Croatia over fishing rights in the Adriatic; small vocal + minority in northern Italy seeks the return of parts of southwestern + Slovenia +Climate: + Mediterranean climate on the coast, continental climate with mild to hot + summers and cold winters in the plateaus and valleys to the east +Terrain: + a short coastal strip on the Adriatic, an alpine mountain region adjacent to + Italy, mixed mountain and valleys with numerous rivers to the east +Natural resources: + lignite coal, lead, zinc, mercury, uranium, silver +Land use: + arable land 10%; permanent crops 2%; meadows and pastures 20%; forest and + woodland 45%; other 23%; includes irrigated 1% +Environment: + Sava River polluted with domestic and industrial waste; heavy metals and + toxic chemicals along coastal waters; near Koper, forest damage from air + pollutants originating at metallurgical and chemical plants; subject to + flooding and earthquakes + +:Slovenia People + +Population: + 1,963,000 (July 1992), growth rate 0.2% (1992) +Birth rate: + NA births/1,000 population (1992) +Death rate: + NA deaths/1,000 population (1992) +Net migration rate: + NA migrants/1,000 population (1992) +Infant mortality rate: + NA deaths/1,000 live births (1992) +Life expectancy at birth: + 70 years male, 78 years female (1992) +Total fertility rate: + NA children born/woman (1992) +Nationality: + noun - Slovene(s); adjective - Slovenia +Ethnic divisions: + Slovene 91%, Croat 3%, Serb 2%, Muslim 1%, other 3% +Religions: + Roman Catholic 94%, Orthodox Catholic 2%, Muslim 1%, other 3% +Languages: + Slovenian 91%, Serbo-Croatian 7%, other 2% +Literacy: + 99.2% (male 99.3%, female 99.1%) age 10 and over can read and write +Labor force: + 786,036; 2% agriculture, manufacturing and mining 46% +Organized labor: + NA + +:Slovenia Government + +Long-form name: + Republic of Slovenia +Type: + emerging democracy +Capital: + Ljubljana +Administrative divisions: + 62 provinces (pokajine, singular - pokajina) +Independence: + 25 June 1991; 15 January 1992 from Yugoslavia +Constitution: + adopted 23 December 1991, effective 23 December 1991 +Legal system: + based on civil law system +National holiday: + NA +Executive branch: + president, 4 vice presidents +Legislative branch: + bicameral; consists of the State Assembly and the State Council; note - will + take effect after next election +Judicial branch: + NA +Leaders: + Chief of State: + President Milan KUCAN (since 22 April 1990); Vice President Matjaz KMECL + (since 11 April 1990); Vice President Ivan OMAN (since 11 April 1990); Vice + President Dusan PLUT (since 11 April 1990); Vice President Ciril ZLOBEC + (since 11 April 1990) + Head of Government: + Prime Minister Janez DRNOVSEK (since 14 May 1992) +Political parties and leaders: + Christian Democratic, Lozje PETERLE, chairman; Liberal Democratic, Janez + DRNOVSEK, chairman; Social Democratic, Joze PUNIK, chairman; Socialist, + Viktor ZAKELJ, chairman; Greens, Dusan PLUT, chairman; National Democratic, + Rajko PIRNAT, chairman; Democratic Peoples Party, Marjan PODOBNIK, chairman; + Reformed Socialists (former Communist Party), Ciril RIBICIC, chairman +Suffrage: + at age 16 if employed, universal at age 18 +Elections: + President: + last held NA (next to be held NA) + State Assembly: + last held NA (next to be held NA); + State Council: + last held NA (next to be held NA) +Communists: + NA +Other political or pressure groups: + NA +Member of: + CSCE, IMF, UN +Diplomatic representation: + Representative Ernest PETRIC; Chancery at 1300 19th Street NW, Washington, + DC 20036; telephone (202) 828-1650 + US: + Ambassador Ignac GOLOB, Embassy at NA (mailing address is APO AE 09862); + telephone NA + +:Slovenia Government + +Flag: + a three color flag, white (hoist side), blue, and red of equal width with + the Slovenian seal (a shield with the image of Triglav in white against a + blue background at the center; beneath it are two wavy blue lines depicting + seas and rivers; around it, there are three six-sided stars arranged in an + inverted triangle); the seal is located in the upper hoist side of the flag + centered in the white and blue band + +:Slovenia Economy + +Overview: + Slovenia was by far the most prosperous of the old Yugoslav republics, with + a per capita income more than twice the Yugoslav average, indeed not far + below the levels in neighboring Austria and Italy. Because of its strong + ties to Western Europe and the small scale of damage during internecine + fighting in Yugoslavia, Slovenia has the brightest prospects among the + former Yugoslav republics for economic reform and recovery over the next few + years. The political and economic disintegration of Yugoslavia, however, has + led to severe short-term dislocations in production, employment, and trade + ties. For example, overall industrial production fell 10% in 1991; + particularly hard hit were the iron and steel, machine-building, chemical, + and textile industries. Meanwhile, fighting has continued in other republics + leading to further destruction of long-established trade channels and to an + influx of tens of thousands of Croatian refugees. As in other former + Communist areas in Eastern Europe, economic reform has often sputtered not + only because of the vested interests of old bosses in retaining old rules of + the game but also because of the tangible losses experienced by + rank-and-file people in the transition to a more market-oriented system. The + key program for breaking up and privatizing major industrial firms has not + yet begun. Bright spots for encouraging Western investors are Slovenia's + comparatively well-educated work force, its developed infrastructure, and + its Western business attitudes. Slovenia in absolute terms is a small + economy, and a little Western investment would go a long way. +GDP: + $21 billion, per capita $10,700; real growth rate -10% (1991 est.) +Inflation rate (consumer prices): + 15-20% (1991 est.) +Unemployment rate: + 10% (April 1992) +Budget: + revenues $NA; expenditures $NA, including capital expenditures of $NA +Exports: + $4,120 million (f.o.b., 1990) + commodities: + machinery and transport equipment 38%, other manufactured goods 44%, + chemicals 9%, food and live animals 4.6%, raw materials 3%, beverages and + tobacco less than 1% + partners: + principally the other former Yugoslav republics, Austria, and Italy +Imports: + $4,679 million (c.i.f., 1990) + commodities: + machinery and transport equipment 35%, other manufactured goods 26.7%, + chemicals 14.5%, raw materials 9.4%, fuels and lubricants 7%, food and live + animals 6% + partners: + principally the other former Yugoslav republics, Germany, former USSR, US, + Hungary, Italy, and Austria +External debt: + $2.5 billion +Industrial production: + industrial production has been declining at a rate of about 1% per month + (1991-92), mostly because of lost markets in the other former Yugoslav + republics +Electricity: + 2,900,000 kW capacity; 12,250 million kWh produced, 6,447 kWh per capita + (1991) + +:Slovenia Economy + +Industries: + ferrous metallurgy and rolling mill products, aluminum reduction and rolled + products, lead and zinc smelting, electronics (including military + electronics), trucks, electric power equipment, wood products, textiles, + chemicals, machine tools +Agriculture: + dominated by stock breeding (sheep and cattle) and dairy farming; main crops + are potatoes, hops, hemp, and flax; although self-sufficient and having an + export surplus in these commodities, Slovenia must import many other + agricultural products and has a negative overall trade balance in this + sector +Illicit drugs: + NA +Economic aid: + NA +Currency: + Slovene Tolar (plural - Tolars); 1 Tolar (SLT) = 100 NA +Exchange rates: + Tolars (SLT) per US$1 - 28 (January 1992) +Fiscal year: + calendar year + +:Slovenia Communications + +Railroads: + NA +Highways: + 14,553 km total; 10,525 km paved, 4,028 km gravel +Inland waterways: + NA +Pipelines: + crude oil 290 km, natural gas 305 km +Ports: + maritime - Koper +Merchant marine: + 0 ships (1,000 GRT or over) are under Slovenian flag; note - Slovenian + owners control 21 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 334,995 GRT/558,621 + DWT; includes 14 bulk carriers and 7 general cargo ships all under Saint + Vincent and the Grenadines flag +Civil air: + NA major transport aircraft +Airports: + 3 main airports +Telecommunications: + 130,000 telephones; broadcast stations - 6 AM, 5 FM, 7 TV; 370,000 radios; + 330,000 TVs + +:Slovenia Defense Forces + +Branches: + Army, Navy, Air Force +Manpower availability: + males 15-49, 444,030; NA fit for military service; 18,219 reach military age + (18) annually +Defense expenditures: + exchange rate conversion - 13.5 billion Slovene Tolars, 4.5% of GDP (1992); + note - conversion of the military budget into US dollars using the current + exchange rate could produce misleading results + +:Solomon Islands Geography + +Total area: + 28,450 km2 +Land area: + 27,540 km2 +Comparative area: + slightly larger than Maryland +Land boundaries: + none +Coastline: + 5,313 km +Maritime claims: + (measured from claimed archipelagic baselines) + Exclusive economic zone: + 200 nm + Territorial sea: + 12 nm +Disputes: + none +Climate: + tropical monsoon; few extremes of temperature and weather +Terrain: + mostly rugged mountains with some low coral atolls +Natural resources: + fish, forests, gold, bauxite, phosphates +Land use: + arable land 1%; permanent crops 1%; meadows and pastures 1%; forest and + woodland 93%; other 4% +Environment: + subject to typhoons, which are rarely destructive; geologically active + region with frequent earth tremors +Note: + located just east of Papua New Guinea in the South Pacific Ocean + +:Solomon Islands People + +Population: + 360,010 (July 1992), growth rate 3.5% (1992) +Birth rate: + 40 births/1,000 population (1992) +Death rate: + 5 deaths/1,000 population (1992) +Net migration rate: + 0 migrants/1,000 population (1992) +Infant mortality rate: + 30 deaths/1,000 live births (1992) +Life expectancy at birth: + 67 years male, 72 years female (1992) +Total fertility rate: + 6.0 children born/woman (1992) +Nationality: + noun - Solomon Islander(s); adjective - Solomon Islander +Ethnic divisions: + Melanesian 93.0%, Polynesian 4.0%, Micronesian 1.5%, European 0.8%, Chinese + 0.3%, other 0.4% +Religions: + almost all at least nominally Christian; Anglican 34%, Roman Catholic 19%, + Baptist 17%, United (Methodist/Presbyterian) 11%, Seventh-Day Adventist 10%, + other Protestant 5% +Languages: + 120 indigenous languages; Melanesian pidgin in much of the country is lingua + franca; English spoken by 1-2% of population +Literacy: + NA% (male NA%, female NA%) +Labor force: + 23,448 economically active; agriculture, forestry, and fishing 32.4%; + services 25%; construction, manufacturing, and mining 7.0%; commerce, + transport, and finance 4.7% (1984) +Organized labor: + NA, but most of the cash-economy workers have trade union representation + +:Solomon Islands Government + +Long-form name: + none +Type: + parliamentary democracy +Capital: + Honiara +Administrative divisions: + 7 provinces and 1 town*; Central, Guadalcanal, Honiara*, Isabel, Makira, + Malaita, Temotu, Western +Independence: + 7 July 1978 (from UK; formerly British Solomon Islands) +Constitution: + 7 July 1978 +Legal system: + common law +National holiday: + Independence Day, 7 July (1978) +Executive branch: + British monarch, governor general, prime minister, Cabinet +Legislative branch: + unicameral National Parliament +Judicial branch: + High Court +Leaders: + Chief of State: + Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952), represented by Governor General + Sir George LEPPING (since 27 June 1989, previously acted as governor general + since 7 July 1988) + Head of Government: + Prime Minister Solomon MAMALONI (since 28 March 1989); Deputy Prime Minister + Sir Baddeley DEVESI (since NA October 1990) +Political parties and leaders: + People's Alliance Party (PAP); United Party (UP), leader NA; Solomon Islands + Liberal Party (SILP), Bartholemew ULUFA'ALU; Nationalist Front for Progress + (NFP), Andrew NORI; Labor Party (LP), Joses TUHANUKU +Suffrage: + universal at age 21 +Elections: + National Parliament: + last held 22 February 1989 (next to be held NA February 1993); results - + percent of vote by party NA; seats - (38 total) PAP 13, UP 6, NFP 4, SILP 4, + LP 2, independents 9 +Member of: + ACP, AsDB, C, ESCAP, FAO, G-77, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, + IOC, ITU, SPC, SPF, UN, UNCTAD, UPU, WFTU, WHO, WMO +Diplomatic representation: + Ambassador (vacant) resides in Honiara (Solomon Islands) + US: + the ambassador in Papua New Guinea is accredited to the Solomon Islands; + Embassy at Mud Alley, Honiara (mailing address is American Embassy, P. O. + Box 561, Honiara); telephone (677) 23890; FAX (677) 23488 +Flag: + divided diagonally by a thin yellow stripe from the lower hoist-side corner; + the upper triangle (hoist side) is blue with five white five-pointed stars + arranged in an X pattern; the lower triangle is green + +:Solomon Islands Economy + +Overview: + About 90% of the population depend on subsistence agriculture, fishing, and + forestry for at least part of their livelihood. Agriculture, fishing, and + forestry contribute about 70% to GDP, with the fishing and forestry sectors + being important export earners. The service sector contributes about 25% to + GDP. Most manufactured goods and petroleum products must be imported. The + islands are rich in undeveloped mineral resources such as lead, zinc, + nickel, and gold. The economy suffered from a severe cyclone in mid-1986 + that caused widespread damage to the infrastructure. +GDP: + exchange rate conversion - $200 million, per capita $600; real growth rate + 6.0% (1990 est.) +Inflation rate (consumer prices): + 10.2% (1990) +Unemployment rate: + NA% +Budget: + revenues $44 million; expenditures $45 million, including capital + expenditures of $22 million (1989 est.) +Exports: + $67.3 million (f.o.b., 1990) + commodities: + fish 46%, timber 31%, copra 5%, palm oil 5% + partners: + Japan 51%, UK 12%, Thailand 9%, Netherlands 8%, Australia 2%, US 2% (1985) +Imports: + $86.0 million (c.i.f., 1990) + commodities: + plant and machinery 30%, fuel 19%, food 16% + partners: + Japan 36%, US 23%, Singapore 9%, UK 9%, NZ 9%, Australia 4%, Hong Kong 4%, + China 3% (1985) +External debt: + $128 million (1988 est.) +Industrial production: + growth rate 0% (1987); accounts for 5% of GDP +Electricity: + 21,000 kW capacity; 39 million kWh produced, 115 kWh per capita (1990) +Industries: + copra, fish (tuna) +Agriculture: + including fishing and forestry, accounts for about 70% of GDP; mostly + subsistence farming; cash crops - cocoa, beans, coconuts, palm kernels, + timber; other products - rice, potatoes, vegetables, fruit, cattle, pigs; + not self-sufficient in food grains; 90% of the total fish catch of 44,500 + metric tons was exported (1988) +Economic aid: + Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1980-89), + $250 million +Currency: + Solomon Islands dollar (plural - dollars); 1 Solomon Islands dollar (SI$) = + 100 cents +Exchange rates: + Solomon Islands dollars (SI$) per US$1 - 2.8740 (March 1992), 2.7148 (1991), + 2.5288 (1990), 2.2932 (1989), 2.0825 (1988), 2.0033 (1987) +Fiscal year: + calendar year + +:Solomon Islands Communications + +Highways: + about 2,100 km total (1982); 30 km paved, 290 km gravel, 980 km earth, 800 + private logging and plantation roads of varied construction +Ports: + Honiara, Ringi Cove +Civil air: + no major transport aircraft +Airports: + 33 total, 30 usable; 2 with permanent-surface runways; none with runways + over 2,439 m; 3 with runways 1,220-2,439 m +Telecommunications: + 3,000 telephones; broadcast stations - 4 AM, no FM, no TV; 1 Pacific Ocean + INTELSAT earth station + +:Solomon Islands Defense Forces + +Branches: + Police Force +Manpower availability: + NA +Defense expenditures: + exchange rate conversion - $NA, NA% of GDP + +:Somalia Geography + +Total area: + 637,660 km2 +Land area: + 627,340 km2 +Comparative area: + slightly smaller than Texas +Land boundaries: + 2,340 km total; Djibouti 58 km, Ethiopia 1,600 km, Kenya 682 km +Coastline: + 3,025 km +Maritime claims: + Territorial sea: + 200 nm +Disputes: + southern half of boundary with Ethiopia is a Provisional Administrative + Line; territorial dispute with Ethiopia over the Ogaden; possible claims to + Djibouti and parts of Ethiopia and Kenya based on unification of ethnic + Somalis +Climate: + desert; northeast monsoon (December to February), cooler southwest monsoon + (May to October); irregular rainfall; hot, humid periods (tangambili) + between monsoons +Terrain: + mostly flat to undulating plateau rising to hills in north +Natural resources: + uranium and largely unexploited reserves of iron ore, tin, gypsum, bauxite, + copper, salt +Land use: + arable land 2%; permanent crops NEGL%; meadows and pastures 46%; forest and + woodland 14%; other 38%; includes irrigated 3% +Environment: + recurring droughts; frequent dust storms over eastern plains in summer; + deforestation; overgrazing; soil erosion; desertification +Note: + strategic location on Horn of Africa along southern approaches to Bab el + Mandeb and route through Red Sea and Suez Canal + +:Somalia People + +Population: + 7,235,226 (July 1992), growth rate 2.1% (1992) +Birth rate: + 46 births/1,000 population (1992) +Death rate: + 13 deaths/1,000 population (1992) +Net migration rate: + -12 migrants/1,000 population (1992) +Infant mortality rate: + 115 deaths/1,000 live births (1992) +Life expectancy at birth: + 56 years male, 57 years female (1992) +Total fertility rate: + 7.1 children born/woman (1992) +Nationality: + noun - Somali(s); adjective - Somali +Ethnic divisions: + Somali 85%, rest mainly Bantu; Arabs 30,000, Europeans 3,000, Asians 800 +Religions: + almost entirely Sunni Muslim +Languages: + Somali (official); Arabic, Italian, English +Literacy: + 24% (male 36%, female 14%) age 15 and over can read and write (1990 est.) +Labor force: + 2,200,000; very few are skilled laborers; pastoral nomad 70%, agriculture, + government, trading, fishing, handicrafts, and other 30%; 53% of population + of working age (1985) +Organized labor: + General Federation of Somali Trade Unions was controlled by the government + prior to January 1991; the fall of SIAD regime may have led to collapse of + Trade Union organization + +:Somalia Government + +Long-form name: + none +Type: + none +Capital: + Mogadishu +Administrative divisions: + 16 regions (plural - NA, singular - gobolka); Bakool, Banaadir, Bari, Bay, + Galguduud, Gedo, Hiiraan, Jubbada Dhexe, Jubbada Hoose, Mudug, Nugaal, + Sanaag, Shabeellaha Dhexe, Shabeellaha Hoose, Togdheer, Woqooyi Galbeed +Independence: + 1 July 1960 (from a merger of British Somaliland, which became independent + from the UK on 26 June 1960, and Italian Somaliland, which became + independent from the Italian-administered UN trusteeship on 1 July 1960, to + form the Somali Republic) +Constitution: + 25 August 1979, presidential approval 23 September 1979 +National holiday: + NA +Executive branch: + president, two vice presidents, prime minister, Council of Ministers + (cabinet) +Legislative branch: + unicameral People's Assembly (Golaha Shacbiga) +Judicial branch: + Supreme Court +Leaders: + Chief of State: + Interim President ALI Mahdi Mohamed (since 27 January 1991) + Head of Government: + Prime Minister OMAR Arteh Ghalib (since 27 January 1991) +Political parties and leaders: + the United Somali Congress (USC) ousted the former regime on 27 January + 1991; note - formerly the only party was the Somali Revolutionary Socialist + Party (SRSP), headed by former President and Commander in Chief of the Army + Maj. Gen. Mohamed SIAD Barre +Suffrage: + universal at age 18 +Elections: + President: + last held 23 December 1986 (next to be held NA); results - President SIAD + was reelected without opposition + People's Assembly: + last held 31 December 1984 (next to be held NA); results - SRSP was the only + party; seats - (177 total, 171 elected) SRSP 171; note - the United Somali + Congress (USC) ousted the regime of Maj. Gen. Mohamed SIAD Barre on 27 + January 1991; the provisional government has promised that a democratically + elected government will be established +Member of: + ACP, AfDB, AFESD, AL, AMF, CAEU, ECA, FAO, G-77, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IDB, IFAD, + IFC, IGADD, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, IOM (observer), ITU, + LORCS, NAM, OAU, OIC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO +Diplomatic representation: + Ambassador (vacant); Chancery at Suite 710, 600 New Hampshire Avenue NW, + Washington, DC 20037; telephone (202) 342-1575; there is a Somali Consulate + General in New York; note - Somalian Embassy ceased operations on 8 May 1991 + +:Somalia Government + + US: + Ambassador (vacant); Embassy at K-7, AFGOI Road, Mogadishu (mailing address + is P. O. Box 574, Mogadishu); telephone [252] (01) 39971; note - US Embassy + evacuated and closed indefinitely in January 1991 +Flag: + light blue with a large white five-pointed star in the center; design based + on the flag of the UN (Italian Somaliland was a UN trust territory) + +:Somalia Economy + +Overview: + One of the world's poorest and least developed countries, Somalia has few + resources. Agriculture is the most important sector of the economy, with the + livestock sector accounting for about 40% of GDP and about 65% of export + earnings. Nomads and seminomads who are dependent upon livestock for their + livelihoods make up more than half of the population. Crop production + generates only 10% of GDP and employs about 20% of the work force. The main + export crop is bananas; sugar, sorghum, and corn are grown for the domestic + market. The small industrial sector is based on the processing of + agricultural products and accounts for less than 10% of GDP. Greatly + increased political turmoil in 1991-92 has resulted in a substantial drop in + output, with widespread famine a grim fact of life. +GDP: + exchange rate conversion - $1.7 billion, per capita $210; real growth rate + -1.4% (1988) +Inflation rate (consumer prices): + 210% (1989) +Unemployment rate: + NA% +Budget: + revenues $190 million; expenditures $195 million, including capital + expenditures of $111 million (1989 est.) +Exports: + $58.0 million (f.o.b., 1990 est.) + commodities: + bananas, livestock, fish, hides, skins + partners: + US 0.5%, Saudi Arabia, Italy, FRG (1986) +Imports: + $249 million (c.i.f., 1990 est.) + commodities: + petroleum products, foodstuffs, construction materials + partners: + US 13%, Italy, FRG, Kenya, UK, Saudi Arabia (1986) +External debt: + $1.9 billion (1989) +Industrial production: + growth rate -5.0% (1988); accounts for 5% of GDP +Electricity: + 75,000 kW capacity; 60 million kWh produced, 10 kWh per capita (1991) +Industries: + a few small industries, including sugar refining, textiles, petroleum + refining +Agriculture: + dominant sector, led by livestock raising (cattle, sheep, goats); crops - + bananas, sorghum, corn, mangoes, sugarcane; not self-sufficient in food; + fishing potential largely unexploited +Economic aid: + US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $639 million; Western (non-US) + countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $3.8 billion; OPEC + bilateral aid (1979-89), $1.1 billion; Communist countries (1970-89), $336 + million +Currency: + Somali shilling (plural - shillings); 1 Somali shilling (So. Sh.) = 100 + centesimi +Exchange rates: + Somali shillings (So. Sh.) per US$1 - 3,800.00 (December 1990), 490.7 + (1989), 170.45 (1988), 105.18 (1987), 72.00 (1986) + +:Somalia Economy + +Fiscal year: + calendar year + +:Somalia Communications + +Highways: + 15,215 km total; including 2,335 km paved, 2,880 km gravel, and 10,000 km + improved earth or stabilized soil (1983) +Pipelines: + crude oil 15 km +Ports: + Mogadishu, Berbera, Chisimayu, Bosaso +Merchant marine: + 3 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 6,913 GRT/8,718 DWT; includes 2 cargo, + 1 refrigerated cargo +Civil air: + 1 major transport aircraft +Airports: + 53 total, 40 usable; 7 with permanent-surface runways; 2 with runways over + 3,659 m; 6 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 15 with runways 1,220-2,439 m +Telecommunications: + minimal telephone and telegraph service; microwave and troposcatter system + centered on Mogadishu connects a few towns; 6,000 telephones; broadcast + stations - 2 AM, no FM, 1 TV; 1 Indian Ocean INTELSAT earth station; + scheduled to receive an ARABSAT ground station + +:Somalia Defense Forces + +Branches: + NA +Manpower availability: + males 15-49, 1,673,542; 942,153 fit for military service +Defense expenditures: + exchange rate conversion - $NA, NA% of GDP + +:South Africa Geography + +Total area: + 1,221,040 km2 +Land area: + 1,221,040 km2; includes Walvis Bay, Marion Island, and Prince Edward Island +Comparative area: + slightly less than twice the size of Texas +Land boundaries: + 4,973 km total; Botswana 1,840 km, Lesotho 909 km, Mozambique 491 km, + Namibia 1,078 km, Swaziland 430 km, Zimbabwe 225 km +Coastline: + 2,881 km +Maritime claims: + Continental shelf: + 200 m (depth) or to depth of exploitation + Exclusive fishing zone: + 200 nm + Territorial sea: + 12 nm +Disputes: + claim by Namibia to Walvis Bay exclave and 12 offshore islands administered + by South Africa; South Africa and Namibia have agreed to jointly administer + the area for an interim period; the terms and dates to be covered by joint + administration arrangements have not been established at this time; and + Namibia will continue to maintain a claim to sovereignty over the entire + area +Climate: + mostly semiarid; subtropical along coast; sunny days, cool nights +Terrain: + vast interior plateau rimmed by rugged hills and narrow coastal plain +Natural resources: + gold, chromium, antimony, coal, iron ore, manganese, nickel, phosphates, + tin, uranium, gem diamonds, platinum, copper, vanadium, salt, natural gas +Land use: + arable land 10%; permanent crops 1%; meadows and pastures 65%; forest and + woodland 3%; other 21%; includes irrigated 1% +Environment: + lack of important arterial rivers or lakes requires extensive water + conservation and control measures +Note: + Walvis Bay is an exclave of South Africa in Namibia; South Africa completely + surrounds Lesotho and almost completely surrounds Swaziland + +:South Africa People + +Population: + 41,688,360 (July 1992), growth rate 2.6% (1992); includes the 10 so-called + homelands, which are not recognized by the US +Population: + four independent homelands: + Bophuthatswana 2,489,347, growth rate 2.86%; Ciskei 1,088,476, growth rate + 2.99%; Transkei 4,746,796, growth rate 4.13%; Venda 718,207, growth rate + 3.81% + six other homelands: + Gazankulu 803,806, growth rate 3.96%; Kangwane 597,783, growth rate 3.60%; + KwaNdebele 373,012, growth rate 3.40%; KwaZulu 5,748,950, growth rate 3.58%; + Lebowa 2,924,584, growth rate 3.90%; QwaQwa 288,155, growth rate 3.60% +Birth rate: + 34 births/1,000 population (1992) +Death rate: + 8 deaths/1,000 population (1992) +Net migration rate: + NEGL migrants/1,000 population (1992) +Infant mortality rate: + 50 deaths/1,000 live births (1992) +Life expectancy at birth: + 62 years male, 67 years female (1992) +Total fertility rate: + 4.4 children born/woman (1992) +Nationality: + noun - South African(s); adjective - South African +Ethnic divisions: + black 75.2%, white 13.6%, Colored 8.6%, Indian 2.6% +Religions: + most whites and Coloreds and about 60% of blacks are Christian; about 60% of + Indians are Hindu; Muslim 20% +Languages: + Afrikaans, English (both official); many vernacular languages, including + Zulu, Xhosa, North and South Sotho, Tswana +Literacy: + 76% (male 78%, female 75%) age 15 and over can read and write (1980) +Labor force: + 11,000,000 economically active (1989); services 34%, agriculture 30%, + industry and commerce 29%, mining 7% (1985) +Organized labor: + about 17% of total labor force belongs to a registered trade union (1989); + African unions represent 15% of black labor force + +:South Africa Government + +Long-form name: + Republic of South Africa; abbreviated RSA +Type: + republic +Capital: + Pretoria (administrative); Cape Town (legislative); Bloemfontein (judicial) +Administrative divisions: + 4 provinces; Cape, Natal, Orange Free State, Transvaal; there are 10 + homelands not recognized by the US - 4 independent (Bophuthatswana, Ciskei, + Transkei, Venda) and 6 other (Gazankulu, Kangwane, KwaNdebele, KwaZulu, + Lebowa, QwaQwa) +Independence: + 31 May 1910 (from UK) +Constitution: + 3 September 1984 +Legal system: + based on Roman-Dutch law and English common law; accepts compulsory ICJ + jurisdiction, with reservations +National holiday: + Republic Day, 31 May (1910) +Executive branch: + state president, Executive Council (cabinet), Ministers' Councils (from the + three houses of Parliament) +Legislative branch: + tricameral Parliament (Parlement) consists of the House of Assembly + (Volksraad; whites), House of Representatives (Raad van Verteenwoordigers; + Coloreds), and House of Delegates (Raad van Afgevaardigdes; Indians) +Judicial branch: + Supreme Court +Leaders: + Chief of State and Head of Government: + State President Frederik W. DE KLERK (since 13 September 1989) +Political parties and leaders: + white political parties and leaders: + National Party (NP), Frederik W. DE KLERK (majority party); Conservative + Party (CP), Dr. Andries P. TREURNICHT (official opposition party); + Democratic Party (DP), Zach DE BEER + Colored political parties and leaders: + Labor Party (LP), Allan HENDRICKSE (majority party); Freedom Party; note - + the Democratic Reform Party (DRP) and the United Democratic Party (UDP) were + disbanded in May 1991 + Indian political parties and leaders: + Solidarity, J. N. REDDY (majority party); National People's Party (NPP), + Amichand RAJBANSI; Merit People's Party +Suffrage: + universal at age 18, but voting rights are racially based +Elections: + House of Assembly (whites): + last held 6 September 1989 (next to be held by NA March 1995); results - NP + 58%, CP 23%, DP 19%; seats - (178 total, 166 elected) NP 103, CP 41, DP 34; + note - by February 1992 because of byelections, changes in number of seats + held by parties were as follows: NP 102, CP 42, DP 33, vacant 1 + House of Representatives (Coloreds): + last held 6 September 1989 (next to be held no later than March 1995); + results - percent of vote by party NA; seats - (85 total, 80 elected) LP 69, + DRP 5, UDP 3, Freedom Party 1, independents 2; note - since the National + Party became multiracial, by February 1992 many representatives from other + parties have changed their allegiance causing the following changes in + seating: LP 39, NP 38, Freedom Party 1, independents 7 + +:South Africa Government + + House of Delegates (Indians): + last held 6 September 1989 (next to be held no later than March 1995); + results - percent of vote by party NA; seats - (45 total, 40 elected) + Solidarity 16, NPP 9, Merit People's Party 3, independents 6, other 6; note + - due to delegates changing party affiliation, seating as of February 1992 + is as follows: Solidarity 25, NPP 7, Merit People's Party 2, other 5, + independents 5, vacancy 1 +Communists: + South African Communist Party, Chris HANI, secretary general, and Joe SLOVO, + national chairman +Other political or pressure groups: + African National Congress (ANC), Nelson MANDELA, president; Inkatha Freedom + Party (IFP), Mangosuthu BUTHELEZI, president; Pan-Africanist Congress (PAC), + Clarence MAKWETU, president +Member of: + BIS, CCC, ECA, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO (suspended), ICC, IDA, IFC, IMF, + INTELSAT, ISO, ITU (suspended), LORCS, SACU, UN, UNCTAD, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, + WMO (suspended) +Diplomatic representation: + Ambassador Harry SCHWARZ; Chancery at 3051 Massachusetts Avenue NW, + Washington, DC 20008; telephone (202) 232-4400; there are South African + Consulates General in Beverly Hills (California), Chicago, Houston, and New + York + US: + Ambassador William L. SWING; Embassy at Thibault House, 225 Pretorius + Street, Pretoria; telephone [27] (12) 28-4266, FAX [27] (12) 21-92-78; there + are US Consulates General in Cape Town, Durban, and Johannesburg +Flag: + actually four flags in one - three miniature flags reproduced in the center + of the white band of the former flag of the Netherlands, which has three + equal horizontal bands of orange (top), white, and blue; the miniature flags + are a vertically hanging flag of the old Orange Free State with a horizontal + flag of the UK adjoining on the hoist side and a horizontal flag of the old + Transvaal Republic adjoining on the other side + +:South Africa Economy + +Overview: + Many of the white one-seventh of the South African population enjoy incomes, + material comforts, and health and educational standards equal to those of + Western Europe. In contrast, most of the remaining population suffers from + the poverty patterns of the Third World, including unemployment, lack of job + skills, and barriers to movement into higher-paying fields. Inputs and + outputs thus do not move smoothly into the most productive employments, and + the effectiveness of the market is further lowered by international + constraints on dealings with South Africa. The main strength of the economy + lies in its rich mineral resources, which provide two-thirds of exports. + Average growth of less than 2% in output in recent years falls far short of + the 5% to 6% level needed to absorb some 300,000 new entrants to the labor + force annually. Economic developments in the 1990s will be driven partly by + the changing relations among the various ethnic groups. +GDP: + exchange rate conversion - $104 billion, per capita $2,600; real growth rate + - 0.5% (1991 est.) +Inflation rate (consumer prices): + 15.7% (March 1992) +Unemployment rate: + 40% (1991); well over 50% in some homeland areas (1991 est.) +Budget: + revenues $29.4 billion; expenditures $35.0 billion, including capital + expenditures of $1.1 billion (FY93 est.) +Exports: + $24.0 billion (f.o.b., 1991) + commodities: + gold 25-30%, minerals and metals 20-25%, food 5%, chemicals 3% + partners: + Italy, Japan, US, FRG, UK, other EC members, Hong Kong +Imports: + $18.8 billion (c.i.f., 1991) + commodities: + machinery 32%, transport equipment 15%, chemicals 11%, oil, textiles, + scientific instruments, base metals + partners: + FRG, Japan, UK, US, Italy +External debt: + $19.0 billion (December 1991) +Industrial production: + growth rate NA%; accounts for about 40% of GDP +Electricity: + 46,000,000 kW capacity; 180,000 million kWh produced, 4,100 kWh per capita + (1991) +Industries: + mining (world's largest producer of platinum, gold, chromium), automobile + assembly, metalworking, machinery, textile, iron and steel, chemical, + fertilizer, foodstuffs +Agriculture: + accounts for about 5% of GDP and 30% of labor force; diversified + agriculture, with emphasis on livestock; products - cattle, poultry, sheep, + wool, milk, beef, corn, wheat, sugarcane, fruits, vegetables; + self-sufficient in food +Economic aid: + NA +Currency: + rand (plural - rand); 1 rand (R) = 100 cents + +:South Africa Economy + +Exchange rates: + rand (R) per US$1 - 2.7814 (January 1992), 2.7563 (1991), 2.5863 (1990), + 2.6166 (1989), 2.2611 (1988), 2.0350 (1987) +Fiscal year: + 1 April - 31 March + +:South Africa Communications + +Railroads: + 20,638 km route distance total; 35,079 km of 1.067-meter gauge trackage + (counts double and multiple tracking as single track); 314 km of 610 mm + gauge +Highways: + 188,309 km total; 54,013 km paved, 134,296 km crushed stone, gravel, or + improved earth +Pipelines: + crude oil 931 km, petroleum products 1,748 km, natural gas 322 km +Ports: + Durban, Cape Town, Port Elizabeth, Richard's Bay, Saldanha, Mosselbaai, + Walvis Bay +Merchant marine: + 5 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 213,708 GRT/201,043 DWT; includes 4 + container, 1 vehicle carrier +Civil air: + 90 major transport aircraft +Airports: + 901 total, 732 usable; 132 with permanent-surface runways; 5 with runways + over 3,659 m; 10 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 224 with runways 1,220-2,439 m +Telecommunications: + the system is the best developed, most modern, and has the highest capacity + in Africa; it consists of carrier-equipped open-wire lines, coaxial cables, + radio relay links, fiber optic cable, and radiocommunication stations; key + centers are Bloemfontein, Cape Town, Durban, Johannesburg, Port Elizabeth, + and Pretoria; over 4,500,000 telephones; broadcast stations - 14 AM, 286 FM, + 67 TV; 1 submarine cable; satellite earth stations - 1 Indian Ocean INTELSAT + and 2 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT + +:South Africa Defense Forces + +Branches: + South African Defense Force (SADF; including Army, Navy, Air Force, Medical + Services), South African Police (SAP) +Manpower availability: + males 15-49, 10,051,202; 6,133,484 fit for military service; 420,275 reach + military age (18) annually; obligation for service in Citizen Force or + Commandos begins at 18; volunteers for service in permanent force must be + 17; national service obligation is one year; figures include the so-called + homelands not recognized by the US +Defense expenditures: + exchange rate conversion - $3.5 billion, about 3% of GDP (FY92) + +:South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands Geography + +Total area: + 4,066 km2 +Land area: + 4,066 km2; includes Shag and Clerke Rocks, South Georgia, Bird Island, South + Sandwich Islands +Comparative area: + slightly larger than Rhode Island +Land boundaries: + none +Coastline: + undetermined +Maritime claims: + Territorial sea: + 12 nm +Disputes: + administered by the UK, claimed by Argentina +Climate: + variable, with mostly westerly winds throughout the year, interspersed with + periods of calm; nearly all precipitation falls as snow +Terrain: + most of the islands, rising steeply from the sea, are rugged and + mountainous; South Georgia is largely barren and has steep, glacier-covered + mountains; the South Sandwich Islands are of volcanic origin with some + active volcanoes +Natural resources: + fish +Land use: + arable land 0%; permanent crops 0%; meadows and pastures 0%; forest and + woodland 0%; other 100%; largely covered by permanent ice and snow with some + sparse vegetation consisting of grass, moss, and lichen +Environment: + reindeer, introduced early in this century, live on South Georgia; weather + conditions generally make it difficult to approach the South Sandwich + Islands; the South Sandwich Islands are subject to active volcanism +Note: + the north coast of South Georgia has several large bays, which provide good + anchorage + +:South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands People + +Population: + no permanent population; there is a small military garrison on South + Georgia, and the British Antarctic Survey has a biological station on Bird + Island; the South Sandwich Islands are uninhabited + +:South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands Government + +Long-form name: + South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands (no short-form name) +Type: + dependent territory of the UK +Capital: + none; Grytviken on South Georgia is the garrison town +Administrative divisions: + none (dependent territory of the UK) +Independence: + none (dependent territory of the UK) +Constitution: + 3 October 1985 +Legal system: + English common law +National holiday: + Liberation Day, 14 June (1982) +Executive branch: + British monarch, commissioner +Legislative branch: + none +Judicial branch: + none +Leaders: + Chief of State: + Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952), represented by Commissioner + William Hugh FULLERTON (since 1988; resident at Stanley, Falkland Islands) + +:South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands Economy + +Overview: + Some fishing takes place in adjacent waters. There is a potential source of + income from harvesting fin fish and krill. The islands receive income from + postage stamps produced in the UK. +Budget: + revenues $291,777; expenditures $451,011, including capital expenditures of + $NA (FY88 est.) +Electricity: + 900 kW capacity; 2 million kWh produced, NA kWh per capita (1990) + +:South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands Communications + +Highways: + NA +Ports: + Grytviken on South Georgia +Airports: + 5 total, 5 usable; 2 with permanent-surface runways; 1 with runway + 2,440-3,659 m +Telecommunications: + coastal radio station at Grytviken; no broadcast stations + +:South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands Defense Forces + +Note: + defense is the responsibility of the UK + +:Spain Geography + +Total area: + 504,750 km2 +Land area: + 499,400 km2; includes Balearic Islands, Canary Islands, and five places of + sovereignty (plazas de soberania) on and off the coast of Morocco - Ceuta, + Mellila, Islas Chafarinas, Penon de Alhucemas, and Penon de Velez de la + Gomera +Comparative area: + slightly more than twice the size of Oregon +Land boundaries: + 1,903.2 km total; Andorra 65 km, France 623 km, Gibraltar 1.2 km, Portugal + 1,214 km +Coastline: + 4,964 km +Maritime claims: + Exclusive economic zone: + 200 nm + Territorial sea: + 12 nm +Disputes: + Gibraltar question with UK; Spain controls five places of sovereignty + (plazas de soberania) on and off the coast of Morocco - the coastal enclaves + of Ceuta and Melilla, which Morocco contests, as well as the islands of + Penon de Alhucemas, Penon de Velez de la Gomera, and Islas Chafarinas +Climate: + temperate; clear, hot summers in interior, more moderate and cloudy along + coast; cloudy, cold winters in interior, partly cloudy and cool along coast +Terrain: + large, flat to dissected plateau surrounded by rugged hills; Pyrenees in + north +Natural resources: + coal, lignite, iron ore, uranium, mercury, pyrites, fluorspar, gypsum, zinc, + lead, tungsten, copper, kaolin, potash, hydropower +Land use: + arable land 31%; permanent crops 10%; meadows and pastures 21%; forest and + woodland 31%; other 7%; includes irrigated 6% +Environment: + deforestation; air pollution +Note: + strategic location along approaches to Strait of Gibraltar + +:Spain People + +Population: + 39,118,399 (July 1992), growth rate 0.2% (1992) +Birth rate: + 11 births/1,000 population (1992) +Death rate: + 9 deaths/1,000 population (1992) +Net migration rate: + NEGL migrants/1,000 population (1992) +Infant mortality rate: + 7 deaths/1,000 live births (1992) +Life expectancy at birth: + 74 years male, 81 years female (1992) +Total fertility rate: + 1.4 children born/woman (1992) +Nationality: + noun - Spaniard(s); adjective - Spanish +Ethnic divisions: + composite of Mediterranean and Nordic types +Religions: + Roman Catholic 99%, other sects 1% +Languages: + Castilian Spanish; second languages include Catalan 17%, Galician 7%, Basque + 2% +Literacy: + 95% (male 97%, female 93%) age 15 and over can read and write (1990 est.) +Labor force: + 14,621,000; services 53%, industry 24%, agriculture 14%, construction 9% + (1988) +Organized labor: + less 10% of labor force (1988) + +:Spain Government + +Long-form name: + Kingdom of Spain +Type: + parliamentary monarchy +Capital: + Madrid +Administrative divisions: + 17 autonomous communities (comunidades autonomas, singular - comunidad + autonoma); Andalucia, Aragon, Asturias, Canarias, Cantabria, Castilla-La + Mancha, Castilla y Leon, Cataluna, Communidad Valencia, Extremadura, + Galicia, Islas Baleares, La Rioja, Madrid, Murcia, Navarra, Pais Vasco; note + - there are five places of sovereignty on and off the coast of Morocco + (Ceuta, Mellila, Islas Chafarinas, Penon de Alhucemas, and Penon de Velez de + la Gomera) with administrative status unknown +Independence: + 1492 (expulsion of the Moors and unification) +Constitution: + 6 December 1978, effective 29 December 1978 +Legal system: + civil law system, with regional applications; does not accept compulsory ICJ + jurisdiction +National holiday: + National Day, 12 October +Executive branch: + monarch, president of the government (prime minister), deputy prime + minister, Council of Ministers (cabinet), Council of State +Legislative branch: + bicameral The General Courts or National Assembly (Las Cortes Generales) + consists of an upper house or Senate (Senado) and a lower house or Congress + of Deputies (Congreso de los Diputados) +Judicial branch: + Supreme Court (Tribunal Supremo) +Leaders: + Chief of State: + King JUAN CARLOS I (since 22 November 1975) + Head of Government: + Prime Minister Felipe GONZALEZ Marquez (since 2 December 1982); Deputy Prime + Minister Narcis SERRA (since 13 March 1991) +Political parties and leaders: + principal national parties, from right to left - Popular Party (PP), Jose + Maria AZNAR; Popular Democratic Party (PDP), Luis DE GRANDES; Social + Democratic Center (CDS), Rafael Calvo ORTEGA; Spanish Socialist Workers + Party (PSOE), Felipe GONZALEZ Marquez; Socialist Democracy Party (DS), + Ricardo Garcia DAMBORENEA; Spanish Communist Party (PCE), Julio ANGUITA; + chief regional parties - Convergence and Unity (CiU), Jordi PUJOL Saley, in + Catalonia; Basque Nationalist Party (PNV), Xabier ARZALLUS; Basque + Solidarity (EA), Carlos GARAICOETXEA Urizza; Basque Popular Unity (HB), Jon + IDIGORAS; Basque Left (EE), Kepa AULESTIA; Andalusian Party (PA), Pedro + PACHECO; Independent Canary Group (AIC); Aragon Regional Party (PAR); + Valencian Union (UV) +Suffrage: + universal at age 18 +Elections: + Senate: + last held 29 October 1989 (next to be held NA October 1993); results - + percent of vote by party NA; seats - (208 total) PSOE 106, PP 79, CiU 10, + PNV 4, HB 3, AIC 1, other 5 + +:Spain Government + + Congress of Deputies: + last held 29 October 1989 (next to be held NA October 1993); results - PSOE + 39.6%, PP 25.8%, CDS 9%, Communist-led coalition (IU) 9%, CiU 5%, PNV 1.2%, + HB 1%, PA 1%, other 8.4%; seats - (350 total) PSOE 175, PP 106, CiU 18, IU + 17, CDS 14, PNV 5, HB 4, other 11 +Communists: + PCE membership declined from a possible high of 160,000 in 1977 to roughly + 60,000 in 1987; the party gained almost 1 million voters and 10 deputies in + the 1989 election; voters came mostly from the disgruntled socialist left; + remaining strength is in labor, where it dominates the Workers Commissions + trade union (one of the country's two major labor centrals), which claims a + membership of about 1 million; experienced a modest recovery in 1986 + national election, nearly doubling the share of the vote it received in 1982 +Other political or pressure groups: + on the extreme left, the Basque Fatherland and Liberty (ETA) and the First + of October Antifascist Resistance Group (GRAPO) use terrorism to oppose the + government; free labor unions (authorized in April 1977) include the + Communist-dominated Workers Commissions (CCOO); the Socialist General Union + of Workers (UGT), and the smaller independent Workers Syndical Union (USO); + the Catholic Church; business and landowning interests; Opus Dei; university + students +Member of: + AG (observer), AsDB, BIS, CCC, CE, CERN, COCOM, CSCE, EBRD, EC, ECE, ECLAC, + EIB, ESA, FAO, G-8, GATT, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICFTU, IDA, IEA, + IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INMARSAT, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, IOM (observer), + ISO, ITU, LAIA (observer), LORCS, NAM (guest), NATO, NEA, OAS (observer), + OECD, PCA, UN, UNAVEM, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WCL, WEU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, + WTO +Diplomatic representation: + Ambassador Jaime de OJEDA; Chancery at 2700 15th Street NW, Washington, DC + 20009; telephone (202) 265-0190 or 0191; there are Spanish Consulates + General in Boston, Chicago, Houston, Los Angeles, Miami, New Orleans, New + York, San Francisco, and San Juan (Puerto Rico) + US: + Ambassador Joseph ZAPPALA; Embassy at Serrano 75, 28006 Madrid (mailing + address is APO AE 09642); telephone [34] (1) 577-4000, FAX [34] (1) + 577-5735; there is a US Consulate General in Barcelona and a Consulate in + Bilbao +Flag: + three horizontal bands of red (top), yellow (double width), and red with the + national coat of arms on the hoist side of the yellow band; the coat of arms + includes the royal seal framed by the Pillars of Hercules, which are the two + promontories (Gibraltar and Ceuta) on either side of the eastern end of the + Strait of Gibraltar + +:Spain Economy + +Overview: + Spain has done well since joining the EC in 1986. In accordance with its + accession treaty, Spain has almost wholly liberalized trade and capital + markets. Foreign and domestic investment has spurred average growth of 4% + per year. Beginning in 1989, Madrid implemented a tight monetary policy to + fight inflation - around 7% in 1989 and 1990. As a result growth slowed to + 2.5% in 1991. Spanish policymakers remain concerned with inflation - still + hovering at 6%. Government officials also are worried about 16% + unemployment, although many people listed as unemployed work in the + underground economy. Spanish economists believe that structural adjustments + due to the ongoing integration of the European market are likely to lead to + more displaced workers. +GDP: + purchasing power equivalent - $487.5 billion, per capita $12,400; real + growth rate 2.5% (1991 est.) +Inflation rate (consumer prices): + 5.9% (1991 est.) +Unemployment rate: + 16.0% (1991 est.) +Budget: + revenues $111.0 billion; expenditures $115.9 billion, including capital + expenditures of $20.8 billion (1991 est.) +Exports: + $60.1 billion (f.o.b., 1991) + commodities: + cars and trucks, semifinished manufactured goods, foodstuffs, machinery + partners: + EC 71.0%, US 4.9%, other developed countries 7.9% +Imports: + $93.1 billion (c.i.f., 1990) + commodities: + machinery, transport equipment, fuels, semifinished goods, foodstuffs, + consumer goods, chemicals + partners: + EC 60.0%, US 8.0%, other developed countries 11.5%, Middle East 2.6% +External debt: + $45 billion (1991 est.) +Industrial production: + growth rate 2.0% (1991 est.) +Electricity: + 46,589,000 kW capacity; 157,040 million kWh produced, 3,980 kWh per capita + (1991) +Industries: + textiles and apparel (including footwear), food and beverages, metals and + metal manufactures, chemicals, shipbuilding, automobiles, machine tools, + tourism +Agriculture: + accounts for about 5% of GDP and 14% of labor force; major products - grain, + vegetables, olives, wine grapes, sugar beets, citrus fruit, beef, pork, + poultry, dairy; largely self-sufficient in food; fish catch of 1.4 million + metric tons is among top 20 nations +Illicit drugs: + key European gateway country for Latin American cocaine entering the + European market +Economic aid: + US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-87), $1.9 billion; Western (non-US) + countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-79), $545.0 million; not + currently a recipient + +:Spain Economy + +Currency: + peseta (plural - pesetas); 1 peseta (Pta) = 100 centimos +Exchange rates: + pesetas (Ptas) per US$1 - 104.79 (March 1992), 103.91 (1991), 101.93 (1990), + 118.38 (1989), 116.49 (1988), 123.48 (1987) +Fiscal year: + calendar year + +:Spain Communications + +Railroads: + 15,430 km total; Spanish National Railways (RENFE) operates 12,691 km + 1.668-meter gauge, 6,184 km electrified, and 2,295 km double track; FEVE + (government-owned narrow-gauge railways) operates 1,821 km of predominantly + 1.000-meter gauge and 441 km electrified; privately owned railways operate + 918 km of predominantly 1.000-meter gauge, 512 km electrified, and 56 km + double track +Highways: + 150,839 km total; 82,513 km national (includes 2,433 km limited-access + divided highway, 63,042 km bituminous treated, 17,038 km intermediate + bituminous, concrete, or stone block) and 68,326 km provincial or local + roads (bituminous treated, intermediate bituminous, or stone block) +Inland waterways: + 1,045 km, but of minor economic importance +Pipelines: + crude oil 265 km, petroleum products 1,794 km, natural gas 1,666 km +Ports: + Algeciras, Alicante, Almeria, Barcelona, Bilbao, Cadiz, Cartagena, Castellon + de la Plana, Ceuta, El Ferrol del Caudillo, Puerto de Gijon, Huelva, La + Coruna, Las Palmas (Canary Islands), Mahon, Malaga, Melilla, Rota, Santa + Cruz de Tenerife, Sagunto, Tarragona, Valencia, Vigo, and 175 minor ports +Merchant marine: + 278 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 2,915,409 GRT/5,228,378 DWT; includes + 2 passenger, 9 short-sea passenger, 86 cargo, 13 refrigerated cargo, 15 + container, 32 roll-on/roll-off cargo, 4 vehicle carrier, 48 petroleum + tanker, 14 chemical tanker, 7 liquefied gas, 3 specialized tanker, 45 bulk +Civil air: + 210 major transport aircraft +Airports: + 105 total, 99 usable; 60 with permanent-surface runways; 4 with runways over + 3,659 m; 22 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 25 with runways 1,220-2,439 m +Telecommunications: + generally adequate, modern facilities; 15,350,464 telephones; broadcast + stations - 190 AM, 406 (134 repeaters) FM, 100 (1,297 repeaters) TV; 22 + coaxial submarine cables; 2 communications satellite earth stations + operating in INTELSAT (Atlantic Ocean and Indian Ocean); MARECS, INMARSAT, + and EUTELSAT systems; tropospheric links + +:Spain Defense Forces + +Branches: + Army, Navy, Air Force, Marines, Civil Guard, National Police, Coastal Civil + Guard +Manpower availability: + males 15-49, 10,205,741; 8,271,151 fit for military service; 337,407 reach + military age (20) annually +Defense expenditures: + exchange rate conversion - $8.7 billion, 2% of GDP (1991) + +:Spratly Islands Geography + +Total area: + NA but less than 5 km2 +Land area: + less than 5 km2; includes 100 or so islets, coral reefs, and sea mounts + scattered over the South China Sea +Comparative area: + undetermined +Land boundaries: + none +Coastline: + 926 km +Maritime claims: + undetermined +Disputes: + all of the Spratly Islands are claimed by China, Taiwan, and Vietnam; parts + of them are claimed by Malaysia and the Philippines; in 1984, Brunei + established an exclusive economic zone, which encompasses Louisa Reef, but + has not publicly claimed the island +Climate: + tropical +Terrain: + flat +Natural resources: + fish, guano; undetermined oil and natural gas potential +Land use: + arable land 0%; permanent crops 0%; meadows and pastures 0%; forest and + woodland 0%; other 100% +Environment: + subject to typhoons; includes numerous small islands, atolls, shoals, and + coral reefs +Note: + strategically located near several primary shipping lanes in the central + South China Sea; serious navigational hazard + +:Spratly Islands People + +Population: + no permanent inhabitants; garrisons + +:Spratly Islands Government + +Long-form name: + none + +:Spratly Islands Economy + +Overview: + Economic activity is limited to commercial fishing, proximity to nearby oil- + and gas-producing sedimentary basins suggests the potential for oil and gas + deposits, but the Spratlys region is largely unexplored, and there are no + reliable estimates of potential reserves; commercial exploitation has yet to + be developed. +Industries: + none + +:Spratly Islands Communications + +Ports: + no natural harbors +Airports: + 2 total, 2 usable; none with runways over 2,439 m; 1 with runways + 1,220-2,439 m + +:Spratly Islands Defense Forces + +Note: + 44 small islands or reefs are occupied by China, Malaysia, the Philippines, + Taiwan, and Vietnam + +:Sri Lanka Geography + +Total area: + 65,610 km2 +Land area: + 64,740 km2 +Comparative area: + slightly larger than West Virginia +Land boundaries: + none +Coastline: + 1,340 km +Maritime claims: + Contiguous zone: + 24 nm + Continental shelf: + edge of continental margin or 200 nm + Exclusive economic zone: + 200 nm + Territorial sea: + 12 nm +Disputes: + none +Climate: + tropical; monsoonal; northeast monsoon (December to March); southwest + monsoon (June to October) +Terrain: + mostly low, flat to rolling plain; mountains in south-central interior +Natural resources: + limestone, graphite, mineral sands, gems, phosphates, clay +Land use: + arable land 16%; permanent crops 17%; meadows and pastures 7%; forest and + woodland 37%; other 23%; includes irrigated 8% +Environment: + occasional cyclones, tornados; deforestation; soil erosion +Note: + only 29 km from India across the Palk Strait; near major Indian Ocean sea + lanes + +:Sri Lanka People + +Population: + 17,631,528 (July 1992), growth rate 1.2% (1992); note - about 120,000 people + fled to India in 1991 because of fighting between government forces and + Tamil insurgents; about 200,000 Tamils will be repatriated in 1992 +Birth rate: + 20 births/1,000 population (1992) +Death rate: + 6 deaths/1,000 population (1992) +Net migration rate: + -2 migrants/1,000 population (1992) +Infant mortality rate: + 21 deaths/1,000 live births (1992) +Life expectancy at birth: + 69 years male, 74 years female (1992) +Total fertility rate: + 2.2 children born/woman (1992) +Nationality: + noun - Sri Lankan(s); adjective - Sri Lankan +Ethnic divisions: + Sinhalese 74%; Tamil 18%; Moor 7%; Burgher, Malay, and Veddha 1% +Religions: + Buddhist 69%, Hindu 15%, Christian 8%, Muslim 8% +Languages: + Sinhala (official); Sinhala and Tamil listed as national languages; Sinhala + spoken by about 74% of population, Tamil spoken by about 18%; English + commonly used in government and spoken by about 10% of the population +Literacy: + 86% (male 91%, female 81%) age 15 and over can read and write (1981) +Labor force: + 6,600,000; agriculture 45.9%, mining and manufacturing 13.3%, trade and + transport 12.4%, services and other 28.4% (1985 est.) +Organized labor: + about 30% of labor force, over 50% of which are employed on tea, rubber, and + coconut estates + +:Sri Lanka Government + +Long-form name: + Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka +Type: + republic +Capital: + Colombo +Administrative divisions: + the administrative structure now includes 9 provinces - Central, Eastern, + North, North Central, North Western, Sabaragamuwa, Southern, Uva, and + Western and 24 districts - Amparai, Anuradhapura, Badulla, Batticaloa, + Colombo, Galle, Gampaha, Hambantota, Jaffna, Kalutara, Kandy, Kegalla, + Kurunegala, Mannar, Matale, Matara, Moneragala, Mullaittivu, Nuwara Eliya, + Polonnaruwa, Puttalam, Ratnapura, Trincomalee, Vavuniya; note - in the + future there may be only 8 provinces (combining the two provinces of North + and Eastern into one province of North Eastern) and 25 districts (adding + Kilinochchi to the existing districts) +Independence: + 4 February 1948 (from UK; formerly Ceylon) +Constitution: + 31 August 1978 +Legal system: + a highly complex mixture of English common law, Roman-Dutch, Muslim, + Sinhalese, and customary law; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction +National holiday: + Independence and National Day, 4 February (1948) +Executive branch: + president, prime minister, Cabinet +Legislative branch: + unicameral Parliament +Judicial branch: + Supreme Court +Leaders: + Chief of State: + President Ranasinghe PREMADASA (since 2 January 1989) + Head of Government: + Prime Minister Dingiri Banda WIJETUNGE (since 6 March 1989) +Political parties and leaders: + United National Party (UNP), Ranasinghe PREMADASA; Sri Lanka Freedom Party + (SLFP), Sirimavo BANDARANAIKE; Sri Lanka Muslim Congress (SLMC), M. H. M. + ASHRAFF; All Ceylon Tamil Congress (ACTC), Kumar PONNAMBALAM; People's + United Front (MEP, or Mahajana Eksath Peramuna), Dinesh GUNAWARDENE; Eelam + Democratic Front (EDF), Edward Sebastian PILLAI; Tamil United Liberation + Front (TULF), leader (vacant); Eelam Revolutionary Organization of Students + (EROS), Velupillai BALAKUMARAN; New Socialist Party (NSSP, or Nava Sama + Samaja Party), Vasudeva NANAYAKKARA; Lanka Socialist Party/Trotskyite (LSSP, + or Lanka Sama Samaja Party), Colin R. de SILVA; Sri Lanka People's Party + (SLMP, or Sri Lanka Mahajana Party), Ossie ABEYGUNASEKERA; Communist Party, + K. P. SILVA; Communist Party/Beijing (CP/B), N. SHANMUGATHASAN; note - the + United Socialist Alliance (USA) includes the NSSP, LSSP, SLMP, CP/M, and + CP/B +Suffrage: + universal at age 18 +Elections: + President: + last held 19 December 1988 (next to be held NA December 1994); results - + Ranasinghe PREMADASA (UNP) 50%, Sirimavo BANDARANAIKE (SLFP) 45%, other 5% + +:Sri Lanka Government + + Parliament: + last held 15 February 1989 (next to be held by NA February 1995); results - + UNP 51%, SLFP 32%, SLMC 4%, TULF 3%, USA 3%, EROS 3%, MEP 1%, other 3%; + seats - (225 total) UNP 125, SLFP 67, other 33 +Other political or pressure groups: + Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE) and other smaller Tamil separatist + groups; Janatha Vimukthi Peramuna (JVP or People's Liberation Front); + Buddhist clergy; Sinhalese Buddhist lay groups; labor unions +Member of: + AsDB, C, CCC, CP, ESCAP, FAO, G-24, G-77, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, + ICFTU, IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INMARSAT, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, + ISO, ITU, LORCS, NAM, PCA, SAARC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WCL, WFTU, + WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO +Diplomatic representation: + Ambassador W. Susanta De ALWIS; Chancery at 2148 Wyoming Avenue NW, + Washington, DC 20008; telephone (202) 483-4025 through 4028; there is a Sri + Lankan Consulate in New York + US: + Ambassador Marion V. CREEKMORE, Jr.; Embassy at 210 Galle Road, Colombo 3 + (mailing address is P. O. Box 106, Colombo); telephone [94] (1) 44180107, + FAX [94] (1) 43-73-45 +Flag: + yellow with two panels; the smaller hoist-side panel has two equal vertical + bands of green (hoist side) and orange; the other panel is a large dark red + rectangle with a yellow lion holding a sword, and there is a yellow bo leaf + in each corner; the yellow field appears as a border that goes around the + entire flag and extends between the two panels + +:Sri Lanka Economy + +Overview: + Agriculture, forestry, and fishing dominate the economy, employing half of + the labor force and accounting for one quarter of GDP. The plantation crops + of tea, rubber, and coconuts provide about one-third of export earnings. The + economy has been plagued by high rates of unemployment since the late 1970s. + Economic growth, which has been depressed by ethnic unrest, accelerated in + 1991 as domestic conditions began to improve. +GDP: + exchange rate conversion - $7.2 billion, per capita $410; real growth rate + 5.0% (1991 est.) +Inflation rate (consumer prices): + 10% (1991) +Unemployment rate: + 14% (1991 est.) +Budget: + revenues $2.0 billion; expenditures $3.7 billion, including capital + expenditures of $500 million (1992) +Exports: + $2.3 billion (f.o.b., 1991) + commodities: + textiles and garment, teas, petroleum products, coconut, rubber, + agricultural products, gems and jewelry, marine products + partners: + US 25%, FRG, Japan, UK, Belgium, Taiwan, Hong Kong, China +Imports: + $3.0 billion (c.i.f., 1991) + commodities: + food and beverages, textiles and textile materials, petroleum, machinery and + equipment + partners: + Japan, Iran, US 7.7%, India, Taiwan, Singapore, FRG, UK +External debt: + $5.8 billion (1990) +Industrial production: + growth rate 8% (1991 est.); accounts for 20% of GDP +Electricity: + 1,300,000 kW capacity; 4,200 million kWh produced, 240 kWh per capita (1990) +Industries: + processing of rubber, tea, coconuts, and other agricultural commodities; + cement, petroleum refining, textiles, tobacco, clothing +Agriculture: + accounts for 26% of GDP and nearly half of labor force; most important + staple crop is paddy rice; other field crops - sugarcane, grains, pulses, + oilseeds, roots, spices; cash crops - tea, rubber, coconuts; animal products + - milk, eggs, hides, meat; not self-sufficient in rice production +Economic aid: + US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $1.0 billion; Western (non-US) + countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1980-89), $5.1 billion; OPEC + bilateral aid (1979-89), $169 million; Communist countries (1970-89), $369 + million +Currency: + Sri Lankan rupee (plural - rupees); 1 Sri Lankan rupee (SLRe) = 100 cents +Exchange rates: + Sri Lankan rupees (SLRes) per US$1 - 43.112 (March 1992), 41.372 (1991), + 40.063 (1990), 36.047 (1989), 31.807 (1988), 29.445 (1987) +Fiscal year: + calendar year + +:Sri Lanka Communications + +Railroads: + 1,948 km total (1990); all 1.868-meter broad gauge; 102 km double track; no + electrification; government owned +Highways: + 75,749 km total (1990); 27,637 km paved (mostly bituminous treated), 32,887 + km crushed stone or gravel, 14,739 km improved earth or unimproved earth; + several thousand km of mostly unmotorable tracks (1988 est.) +Inland waterways: + 430 km; navigable by shallow-draft craft +Pipelines: + crude oil and petroleum products 62 km (1987) +Ports: + Colombo, Trincomalee +Merchant marine: + 30 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 310,173 GRT/489,378 DWT; includes 13 + cargo, 6 refrigerated cargo, 5 container, 3 petroleum tanker, 3 bulk +Civil air: + 8 major transport (including 1 leased) +Airports: + 14 total, 13 usable; 12 with permanent-surface runways; none with runways + over 3,659 m; 1 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 7 with runways 1,220-2,439 m +Telecommunications: + good international service; 114,000 telephones (1982); broadcast stations - + 12 AM, 5 FM, 5 TV; submarine cables extend to Indonesia and Djibouti; 2 + Indian Ocean INTELSAT earth stations + +:Sri Lanka Defense Forces + +Branches: + Army, Navy, Air Force, Police Force +Manpower availability: + males 15-49, 4,709,203; 3,678,952 fit for military service; 177,554 reach + military age (18) annually +Defense expenditures: + exchange rate conversion - $432 million, 6% of GDP (1991) +\ + +:Sudan Geography + +Total area: + 2,505,810 km2 +Land area: + 2,376,000 km2 +Comparative area: + slightly more than one-quarter the size of the US +Land boundaries: + 7,697 km total; Central African Republic 1,165 km, Chad 1,360 km, Egypt + 1,273 km, Ethiopia 2,221 km, Kenya 232 km, Libya 383 km, Uganda 435 km, + Zaire 628 km +Coastline: + 853 km +Maritime claims: + Contiguous zone: + 18 nm + Continental shelf: + 200 m (depth) or to depth of exploitation + Territorial sea: + 12 nm +Disputes: + administrative boundary with Kenya does not coincide with international + boundary; administrative boundary with Egypt does not coincide with + international boundary +Climate: + tropical in south; arid desert in north; rainy season (April to October) +Terrain: + generally flat, featureless plain; mountains in east and west +Natural resources: + small reserves of crude oil, iron ore, copper, chromium ore, zinc, tungsten, + mica, silver, crude oil +Land use: + arable land 5%; permanent crops NEGL%; meadows and pastures 24%; forest and + woodland 20%; other 51%; includes irrigated 1% +Environment: + dominated by the Nile and its tributaries; dust storms; desertification +Note: + largest country in Africa + +:Sudan People + +Population: + 28,305,046 (July 1992), growth rate 3.1% (1992) +Birth rate: + 44 births/1,000 population (1992) +Death rate: + 13 deaths/1,000 population (1992) +Net migration rate: + NEGL migrants/1,000 population (1992) +Infant mortality rate: + 83 deaths/1,000 live births (1992) +Life expectancy at birth: + 53 years male, 54 years female (1992) +Total fertility rate: + 6.3 children born/woman (1992) +Nationality: + noun - Sudanese (singular and plural); adjective - Sudanese +Ethnic divisions: + black 52%, Arab 39%, Beja 6%, foreigners 2%, other 1% +Religions: + Sunni Muslim (in north) 70%, indigenous beliefs 20%, Christian (mostly in + south and Khartoum) 5% +Languages: + Arabic (official), Nubian, Ta Bedawie, diverse dialects of Nilotic, + Nilo-Hamitic, and Sudanic languages, English; program of Arabization in + process +Literacy: + 27% (male 43%, female 12%) age 15 and over can read and write (1990 est.) +Labor force: + 6,500,000; agriculture 80%, industry and commerce 10%, government 6%; labor + shortages for almost all categories of skilled employment (1983 est.); 52% + of population of working age (1985) +Organized labor: + trade unions suspended following 30 June 1989 coup; now in process of being + legalized anew + +:Sudan Government + +Long-form name: + Republic of the Sudan +Type: + military; civilian government suspended and martial law imposed after 30 + June 1989 coup +Capital: + Khartoum +Administrative divisions: + 9 states (wilayat, singular - wilayat or wilayah*); A'ali an Nil, Al Wusta*, + Al Istiwa'iyah*, Al Khartum, Ash Shamaliyah*, Ash Sharqiyah*, Bahr al + Ghazal, Darfur, Kurdufan +Independence: + 1 January 1956 (from Egypt and UK; formerly Anglo-Egyptian Sudan) +Constitution: + 12 April 1973, suspended following coup of 6 April 1985; interim + constitution of 10 October 1985 suspended following coup of 30 June 1989 +Legal system: + based on English common law and Islamic law; as of 20 January 1991, the + Revolutionary Command Council imposed Islamic law in the six northern states + of Al Wusta, Al Khartum, Ash Shamaliyah, Ash Sharqiyah, Darfur, and + Kurdufan; the council is still studying criminal provisions under Islamic + law; Islamic law will apply to all residents of the six northern states + regardless of their religion; some separate religious courts; accepts + compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with reservations +National holiday: + Independence Day, 1 January (1956) +Executive branch: + executive and legislative authority vested in a 12-member Revolutionary + Command Council (RCC); chairman of the RCC acts as prime minister; in July + 1989, RCC appointed a predominately civilian 22-member cabinet to function + as advisers +Legislative branch: + appointed 300-member Transitional National Assembly; note - as announced 1 + January 1992 by RCC Chairman BASHIR, the Assembly assumes all legislative + authority for Sudan until the eventual, unspecified resumption of national + elections +Judicial branch: + Supreme Court, Special Revolutionary Courts +Leaders: + Chief of State and Head of Government: + Revolutionary Command Council Chairman and Prime Minister Lt. Gen. Umar + Hasan Ahmad al-BASHIR (since 30 June 1989); Deputy Chairman of the Command + Council and Deputy Prime Minister Maj. Gen. al-Zubayr Muhammad SALIH Ahmed + (since 9 July 1989) +Political parties and leaders: + none; banned following 30 June 1989 coup +Suffrage: + none +Elections: + none +Member of: + ABEDA, ACP, AfDB, AFESD, AL, AMF, CAEU, CCC, ECA, FAO, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, + ICAO, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, IGADD, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, + ISO, ITU, LORCS, NAM, OAU, OIC, PCA, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UPU, + WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO +Diplomatic representation: + Ambassador `Abdallah Ahmad `ABDALLAH; Chancery at 2210 Massachusetts Avenue + NW, Washington, DC 20008; telephone (202) 338-8565 through 8570; there is a + Sudanese Consulate General in New York + +:Sudan Government + + US: + Ambassador James R. CHEEK (will be replaced summer of 1992); Embassy at + Shar'ia Ali Abdul Latif, Khartoum (mailing address is P. O. Box 699, + Khartoum, or APO AE 09829); telephone 74700 or 74611; Telex 22619 +Flag: + three equal horizontal bands of red (top), white, and black with a green + isosceles triangle based on the hoist side + +:Sudan Economy + +Overview: + Sudan is buffeted by civil war, chronic political instability, adverse + weather, high inflation, and counterproductive economic policies. The + economy is dominated by governmental entities that account for more than 70% + of new investment. The private sector's main areas of activity are + agriculture and trading, with most private industrial investment predating + 1980. The economy's base is agriculture, which employs 80% of the work + force. Industry mainly processes agricultural items. Sluggish economic + performance over the past decade, attributable largely to declining annual + rainfall, has reduced levels of per capita income and consumption. A high + foreign debt and huge arrearages continue to cause difficulties. In 1990 the + International Monetary Fund took the unusual step of declaring Sudan + noncooperative because of its nonpayment of arrearages to the Fund. Despite + subsequent government efforts to implement reforms urged by the IMF and the + World Bank, the economy remained stagnant in FY91 as entrepreneurs lack the + incentive to take economic risks. +GDP: + exchange rate conversion - $12.1 billion, per capita $450; real growth rate + 0% (FY91 est.) +Inflation rate (consumer prices): + 95% (FY91 est.) +Unemployment rate: + 15% (FY91 est.) +Budget: + revenues $1.3 billion; expenditures $2.1 billion, including capital + expenditures of $505 million (FY91 est.) +Exports: + $325 million (f.o.b., FY91 est.) + commodities: + cotton 52%, sesame, gum arabic, peanuts + partners: + Western Europe 46%, Saudi Arabia 14%, Eastern Europe 9%, Japan 9%, US 3% + (FY88) +Imports: + $1.40 billion (c.i.f., FY91 est.) + commodities: + foodstuffs, petroleum products, manufactured goods, machinery and equipment, + medicines and chemicals, textiles + partners: + Western Europe 32%, Africa and Asia 15%, US 13%, Eastern Europe 3% (FY88) +External debt: + $14.6 billion (June 1991 est.) +Industrial production: + growth rate NA%; accounts for 11% of GDP (FY89) +Electricity: + 610,000 kW capacity; 905 million kWh produced, 40 kWh per capita (1991) +Industries: + cotton ginning, textiles, cement, edible oils, sugar, soap distilling, + shoes, petroleum refining +Agriculture: + accounts for 35% of GDP and 80% of labor force; water shortages; two-thirds + of land area suitable for raising crops and livestock; major products - + cotton, oilseeds, sorghum, millet, wheat, gum arabic, sheep; marginally + self-sufficient in most foods +Economic aid: + US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $1.5 billion; Western (non-US) + countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $5.1 billion; OPEC + bilateral aid (1979-89), $3.1 billion; Communist countries (1970-89), $588 + million + +:Sudan Economy + +Currency: + Sudanese pound (plural - pounds); 1 Sudanese pound (#Sd) = 100 piasters +Exchange rates: + official rate - Sudanese pounds (#Sd) per US$1 - 90.1 (March 1992), 5.4288 + (1991), 4.5004 (fixed rate since 1987), 2.8121 (1987); note - free market + rate 83 (December 1991) +Fiscal year: + 1 July - 30 June + +:Sudan Communications + +Railroads: + 5,500 km total; 4,784 km 1.067-meter gauge, 716 km 1.6096-meter-gauge + plantation line +Highways: + 20,000 km total; 1,600 km bituminous treated, 3,700 km gravel, 2,301 km + improved earth, 12,399 km unimproved earth and track +Inland waterways: + 5,310 km navigable +Pipelines: + refined products 815 km +Ports: + Port Sudan, Swakin +Merchant marine: + 5 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 42,277 GRT/59,588 DWT; includes 3 + cargo, 2 roll-on/roll-off cargo +Civil air: + 18 major transport aircraft +Airports: + 72 total, 57 usable; 8 with permanent-surface runways; none with runways + over 3,659 m; 5 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 31 with runways 1,220-2,439 m +Telecommunications: + large, well-equipped system by African standards, but barely adequate and + poorly maintained by modern standards; consists of microwave, cable, radio + communications, and troposcatter; domestic satellite system with 14 + stations; broadcast stations - 11 AM, 3 TV; satellite earth stations - 1 + Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT and 1 ARABSAT + +:Sudan Defense Forces + +Branches: + Army, Navy, Air Force, Air Defense Force +Manpower availability: + males 15-49, 6,432,270; 3,949,518 fit for military service; 302,696 reach + military age (18) annually +Defense expenditures: + exchange rate conversion - $610 million, 7.2% of GDP (1989 est.) + +:Suriname Geography + +Total area: + 163,270 km2 +Land area: + 161,470 km2 +Comparative area: + slightly larger than Georgia +Land boundaries: + 1,707 km total; Brazil 597 km, French Guiana 510 km, Guyana 600 km +Coastline: + 386 km +Maritime claims: + Exclusive economic zone: + 200 nm + Territorial sea: + 12 nm +Disputes: + claims area in French Guiana between Litani Rivier and Riviere Marouini + (both headwaters of the Lawa); claims area in Guyana between New (Upper + Courantyne) and Courantyne/Kutari Rivers (all headwaters of the Courantyne) +Climate: + tropical; moderated by trade winds +Terrain: + mostly rolling hills; narrow coastal plain with swamps +Natural resources: + timber, hydropower potential, fish, shrimp, bauxite, iron ore, and small + amounts of nickel, copper, platinum, gold +Land use: + arable land NEGL%; permanent crops NEGL%; meadows and pastures NEGL%; forest + and woodland 97%; other 3%; includes irrigated NEGL% +Environment: + mostly tropical rain forest + +:Suriname People + +Population: + 410,016 (July 1992), growth rate 1.5% (1992) +Birth rate: + 26 births/1,000 population (1992) +Death rate: + 6 deaths/1,000 population (1992) +Net migration rate: + -5 migrants/1,000 population (1992) +Infant mortality rate: + 34 deaths/1,000 live births (1992) +Life expectancy at birth: + 66 years male, 71 years female (1992) +Total fertility rate: + 2.9 children born/woman (1992) +Nationality: + noun - Surinamer(s); adjective - Surinamese +Ethnic divisions: + Hindustani (East Indian) 37.0%, Creole (black and mixed) 31.0%, Javanese + 15.3%, Bush black 10.3%, Amerindian 2.6%, Chinese 1.7%, Europeans 1.0%, + other 1.1% +Religions: + Hindu 27.4%, Muslim 19.6%, Roman Catholic 22.8%, Protestant (predominantly + Moravian) 25.2%, indigenous beliefs about 5% +Languages: + Dutch (official); English widely spoken; Sranan Tongo (Surinamese, sometimes + called Taki-Taki) is native language of Creoles and much of the younger + population and is lingua franca among others; also Hindi Suriname Hindustani + (a variant of Bhoqpuri) and Javanese +Literacy: + 95% (male 95%, female 95%) age 15 and over can read and write (1990 est.) +Labor force: + 104,000 (1984) +Organized labor: + 49,000 members of labor force + +:Suriname Government + +Long-form name: + Republic of Suriname +Type: + republic +Capital: + Paramaribo +Administrative divisions: + 10 districts (distrikten, singular - distrikt); Brokopondo, Commewijne, + Coronie, Marowijne, Nickerie, Para, Paramaribo, Saramacca, Sipaliwini, + Wanica +Independence: + 25 November 1975 (from Netherlands; formerly Netherlands Guiana or Dutch + Guiana) +Constitution: + ratified 30 September 1987 +Legal system: + NA +National holiday: + Independence Day, 25 November (1975) +Executive branch: + president, vice president and prime minister, Cabinet of Ministers, Council + of State; note - Commander in Chief of the National Army maintains + significant power +Legislative branch: + unicameral National Assembly (Assemblee Nationale) +Judicial branch: + Supreme Court +Leaders: + Chief of State and Head of Government: + President Ronald VENETIAAN (since 16 September 1991); Vice President and + Prime Minister Jules AJODHIA (since 16 September 1991) +Political parties and leaders: + traditional ethnic-based parties: + The New Front (NF), a coalition formed of four parties following the 24 + December 1990 military coup - Progressive Reform Party (VHP), Jaggernath + LACHMON; National Party of Suriname (NPS), Henck ARRON; Indonesian Peasants + Party (KTPI), Willie SOEMITA; and Suriname Labor Party (SPA) Fred DERBY; + promilitary: + National Democratic Party (NDP), Orlando VAN AMSON; Democratic Alternative + '91 (DA '91), Winston JESSURUN, a coalition of five parties formed in + January 1991 - Alternative Forum (AF), Gerard BRUNINGS, Winston JESSURUN; + Reformed Progressive Party (HPP), Panalal PARMESSAR; Party for Brotherhood + and Unity in Politics (BEP), Cipriano ALLENDY; Pendawalima, Marsha JAMIN; + and Independent Progressive Group, Karam RAMSUNDERSINGH; + leftists: + Revolutionary People's Party (RVP), Michael NAARENDORP; Progressive Workers + and Farmers (PALU), Iwan KROLIS +Suffrage: + universal at age 18 +Elections: + President: + last held 6 September 1991 (next to be held NA May 1996); results - elected + by the National Assembly - Ronald VENETIAAN (NF) 80% (645 votes), Jules + WIJDENBOSCH (NDP) 14% (115 votes), Hans PRADE (DA '91) 6% (49 votes) + National Assembly: + last held 25 May 1991 (next to be held NA May 1996); results - percent of + vote NA; seats - (51 total) NF 30, NDP 12, DA '91 9 + +:Suriname Government + +Member of: + ACP, CARICOM (observer), ECLAC, FAO, GATT, G-77, IADB, IBRD, ICAO, ICFTU, + IFAD, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTERPOL, IOC, ITU, LAES, LORCS, NAM, OAS, OPANAL, UN, + UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WCL, WHO, WIPO, WMO +Diplomatic representation: + Ambassador Willem A. UDENHOUT; Chancery at Suite 108, 4301 Connecticut + Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008; telephone (202) 244-7488 or 7490 through + 7492; there is a Surinamese Consulate General in Miami + US: + Ambassador John (Jack) P. LEONARD; Embassy at Dr. Sophie Redmonstraat 129, + Paramaribo (mailing address is P. O. Box 1821, Paramaribo); telephone [597] + 472900, 477881, or 476459; FAX [597] 410025 +Flag: + five horizontal bands of green (top, double width), white, red (quadruple + width), white, and green (double width); there is a large yellow + five-pointed star centered in the red band + +:Suriname Economy + +Overview: + The economy is dominated by the bauxite industry, which accounts for about + 70% of export earnings and 40% of tax revenues. The economy has been in + trouble since the Dutch ended development aid in 1982. A drop in world + bauxite prices which started in the late 1970s and continued until late 1986 + was followed by the outbreak of a guerrilla insurgency in the interior that + crippled the important bauxite sector. Although the insurgency has since + ebbed and the bauxite sector recovered, a military coup in December 1990 + reflected continued political instability and deterred investment and + economic reform. High inflation, high unemployment, widespread black market + activity, and hard currency shortfalls continue to mark the economy. +GDP: + exchange rate conversion - $1.4 billion, per capita $3,400; real growth rate + 0% (1989 est.) +Inflation rate (consumer prices): + 50% (1989 est.) +Unemployment rate: + 33% (1990) +Budget: + revenues $466 million; expenditures $716 million, including capital + expenditures of $123 million (1989 est.) +Exports: + $549 million (f.o.b., 1989 est.) + commodities: + alumina, bauxite, aluminum, rice, wood and wood products, shrimp and fish, + bananas + partners: + Norway 33%, Netherlands 20%, US 15%, FRG 9%, Brazil 5%, UK 5%, Japan 3%, + other 10% +Imports: + $331 million (f.o.b., 1989 est.) + commodities: + capital equipment, petroleum, foodstuffs, cotton, consumer goods + partners: + US 37%, Netherlands 15%, Netherlands Antilles 11%, Trinidad and Tobago 9%, + Brazil 5%, UK 3%, other 20% +External debt: + $138 million (1990 est.) +Industrial production: + growth rate NA; accounts for 22% of GDP +Electricity: + 458,000 kW capacity; 2,018 million kWh produced, 5,015 kWh per capita (1991) +Industries: + bauxite mining, alumina and aluminum production, lumbering, food processing, + fishing +Agriculture: + accounts for 11% of GDP; paddy rice planted on 85% of arable land and + represents 60% of total farm output; other products - bananas, palm kernels, + coconuts, plantains, peanuts, beef, chicken; shrimp and forestry products of + increasing importance; self-sufficient in most foods +Economic aid: + US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-83), $2.5 million; Western (non-US) + countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $1.5 billion +Currency: + Surinamese guilder, gulden, or florin (plural - guilders, gulden, or + florins); 1 Surinamese guilder, gulden, or florin (Sf.) = 100 cents +Exchange rates: + Surinamese guilders, gulden, or florins (Sf.) per US$1 - 1.7850 (fixed rate) + +:Suriname Economy + +Fiscal year: + calendar year + +:Suriname Communications + +Railroads: + 166 km total; 86 km 1.000-meter gauge, government owned, and 80 km + 1.435-meter standard gauge; all single track +Highways: + 8,300 km total; 500 km paved; 5,400 km bauxite gravel, crushed stone, or + improved earth; 2,400 km sand or clay +Inland waterways: + 1,200 km; most important means of transport; oceangoing vessels with drafts + ranging up to 7 m can navigate many of the principal waterways +Ports: + Paramaribo, Moengo +Merchant marine: + 3 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 6,472 GRT/8,914 DWT; includes 2 cargo, + 1 container +Civil air: + 1 major transport aircraft +Airports: + 46 total, 40 usable; 6 with permanent-surface runways; none with runways + over 3,659 m; 1 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 2 with runways 1,220-2,439 m +Telecommunications: + international facilities good; domestic microwave system; 27,500 telephones; + broadcast stations - 5 AM, 14 FM, 6 TV, 1 shortwave; 2 Atlantic Ocean + INTELSAT earth stations + +:Suriname Defense Forces + +Branches: + National Army (including Navy which is company-size, small Air Force + element), Civil Police, People's Militia +Manpower availability: + males 15-49, 109,551; 65,250 fit for military service +Defense expenditures: + $NA, NA% of GDP + +:Svalbard Geography + +Total area: + 62,049 km2 +Land area: + 62,049 km2; includes Spitsbergen and Bjornoya (Bear Island) +Comparative area: + slightly smaller than West Virginia +Land boundaries: + none +Coastline: + 3,587 km +Maritime claims: + Exclusive fishing zone: + 200 nm unilaterally claimed by Norway, not recognized by Russia + Territorial sea: + 4 nm +Disputes: + focus of maritime boundary dispute in the Barents Sea between Norway and + Russia +Climate: + arctic, tempered by warm North Atlantic Current; cool summers, cold winters; + North Atlantic Current flows along west and north coasts of Spitsbergen, + keeping water open and navigable most of the year +Terrain: + wild, rugged mountains; much of high land ice covered; west coast clear of + ice about half the year; fjords along west and north coasts +Natural resources: + coal, copper, iron ore, phosphate, zinc, wildlife, fish +Land use: + arable land 0%; permanent crops 0%; meadows and pastures 0%; forest and + woodland 0%; other 100%; there are no trees and the only bushes are + crowberry and cloudberry +Environment: + great calving glaciers descend to the sea +Note: + located 445 km north of Norway where the Arctic Ocean, Barents Sea, + Greenland Sea, and Norwegian Sea meet + +:Svalbard People + +Population: + 3,181 (July 1992), growth rate -3.9% (1992); about one-third of the + population resides in the Norwegian areas (Longyearbyen and Svea on + Vestspitsbergen) and two-thirds in the Russian areas (Barentsburg and + Pyramiden on Vestspitsbergen); about 9 persons live at the Polish research + station +Birth rate: + NA births/1,000 population (1992) +Death rate: + NA deaths/1,000 population (1992) +Net migration rate: + NA migrants/1,000 population (1992) +Infant mortality rate: + NA deaths/1,000 live births (1992) +Life expectancy at birth: + NA years male, NA years female (1992) +Total fertility rate: + NA children born/woman (1992) +Ethnic divisions: + Russian 64%, Norwegian 35%, other 1% (1981) +Languages: + Russian, Norwegian +Literacy: + NA% (male NA%, female NA%) +Labor force: + NA +Organized labor: + none + +:Svalbard Government + +Long-form name: + none +Type: + territory of Norway administered by the Ministry of Industry, Oslo, through + a governor (sysselmann) residing in Longyearbyen, Spitsbergen; by treaty (9 + February 1920) sovereignty was given to Norway +Capital: + Longyearbyen +Leaders: + Chief of State: + King HARALD V (since 17 January 1991) + Head of Government: + Governor Leif ELDRING (since NA) +Member of: + none +Flag: + the flag of Norway is used + +:Svalbard Economy + +Overview: + Coal mining is the major economic activity on Svalbard. By treaty (9 + February 1920), the nationals of the treaty powers have equal rights to + exploit mineral deposits, subject to Norwegian regulation. Although US, UK, + Dutch, and Swedish coal companies have mined in the past, the only companies + still mining are Norwegian and Russian. The settlements on Svalbard are + essentially company towns. The Norwegian state-owned coal company employs + nearly 60% of the Norwegian population on the island, runs many of the local + services, and provides most of the local infrastructure. There is also some + trapping of seal, polar bear, fox, and walrus. +Budget: + revenues $13.3 million, expenditures $13.3 million, including capital + expenditures of $NA (1990) +Electricity: + 21,000 kW capacity; 45 million kWh produced, 11,420 kWh per capita (1989) +Currency: + Norwegian krone (plural - kroner); 1 Norwegian krone (NKr) = 100 ore +Exchange rates: + Norwegian kroner (NKr) per US$1 - 6.5189 (March 1992), 6.4829 (1991), 6.2597 + (1990), 6.9045 (1989), 6.5170 (1988), 6.7375 (1987) + +:Svalbard Communications + +Ports: + limited facilities - Ny-Alesund, Advent Bay +Airports: + 4 total, 4 usable; 1 with permanent-surface runways; none with runways over + 2,439 m; 1 with runways 1,220-2,439 m +Telecommunications: + 5 meteorological/radio stations; local telephone service; broadcast stations + - 1 AM, 1 (2 repeaters) FM, 1 TV; satellite communication with Norwegian + mainland + +:Svalbard Defense Forces + +Note: + demilitarized by treaty (9 February 1920) + +:Swaziland Geography + +Total area: + 17,360 km2 +Land area: + 17,200 km2 +Comparative area: + slightly smaller than New Jersey +Land boundaries: + 535 km total; Mozambique 105 km, South Africa 430 km +Coastline: + none - landlocked +Maritime claims: + none - landlocked +Disputes: + none +Climate: + varies from tropical to near temperate +Terrain: + mostly mountains and hills; some moderately sloping plains +Natural resources: + asbestos, coal, clay, cassiterite, hydropower, forests, small gold and + diamond deposits, quarry stone, and talc +Land use: + arable land 8%; permanent crops NEGL%; meadows and pastures 67%; forest and + woodland 6%; other 19%; includes irrigated 2% +Environment: + overgrazing; soil degradation; soil erosion +Note: + landlocked; almost completely surrounded by South Africa + +:Swaziland People + +Population: + 913,008 (July 1992), growth rate 2.6% (1992) +Birth rate: + 44 births/1,000 population (1992) +Death rate: + 12 deaths/1,000 population (1992) +Net migration rate: + -6 migrants/1,000 population (1992) +Infant mortality rate: + 98 deaths/1,000 live births (1992) +Life expectancy at birth: + 52 years male, 60 years female (1992) +Total fertility rate: + 6.2 children born/woman (1992) +Nationality: + noun - Swazi(s); adjective - Swazi +Ethnic divisions: + African 97%, European 3% +Religions: + Christian 60%, indigenous beliefs 40% +Languages: + English and siSwati (official); government business conducted in English +Literacy: + 55% (male 57%, female 54%) age 15 and over can read and write (1976) +Labor force: + 195,000; over 60,000 engaged in subsistence agriculture; about 92,000 wage + earners (many only intermittently), with agriculture and forestry 36%, + community and social services 20%, manufacturing 14%, construction 9%, other + 21%; 16,800 employed in South Africa mines (1990) +Organized labor: + about 10% of wage earners + +:Swaziland Government + +Long-form name: + Kingdom of Swaziland +Type: + monarchy; independent member of Commonwealth +Capital: + Mbabane (administrative); Lobamba (legislative) +Administrative divisions: + 4 districts; Hhohho, Lubombo, Manzini, Shiselweni +Independence: + 6 September 1968 (from UK) +Constitution: + none; constitution of 6 September 1968 was suspended on 12 April 1973; a new + constitution was promulgated 13 October 1978, but has not been formally + presented to the people +Legal system: + based on South African Roman-Dutch law in statutory courts, Swazi + traditional law and custom in traditional courts; has not accepted + compulsory ICJ jurisdiction +National holiday: + Somhlolo (Independence) Day, 6 September (1968) +Executive branch: + monarch, prime minister, Cabinet +Legislative branch: + bicameral Parliament is advisory and consists of an upper house or Senate + and a lower house or House of Assembly +Judicial branch: + High Court, Court of Appeal +Leaders: + Chief of State: + King MSWATI III (since 25 April 1986) + Head of Government: + Prime Minister Obed DLAMINI (since 12 July 1989) +Political parties and leaders: + none; banned by the Constitution promulgated on 13 October 1978 +Suffrage: + none +Elections: + indirect parliamentary election through Swaziland's Tinkhundala System + scheduled for November 1992 +Member of: + ACP, AfDB, C, CCC, ECA, FAO, G-77, IBRD, ICAO, ICFTU, IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, + IMF, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, ITU, LORCS, NAM, OAU, PCA, SACU, SADCC, UN, + UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO +Diplomatic representation: + Ambassador Absalom Vusani MAMBA; Chancery at 3400 International Drive NW, + Washington, DC 20008; telephone (202) 362-6683 + US: + Ambassador Stephen H. ROGERS; Embassy at Central Bank Building, Warner + Street, Mbabane (mailing address is P. O. Box 199, Mbabane); telephone [268] + 46441 through 5; FAX [268] 45959 +Flag: + three horizontal bands of blue (top), red (triple width), and blue; the red + band is edged in yellow; centered in the red band is a large black and white + shield covering two spears and a staff decorated with feather tassels, all + placed horizontally + +:Swaziland Economy + +Overview: + The economy is based on subsistence agriculture, which occupies most of the + labor force and contributes nearly 25% to GDP. Manufacturing, which includes + a number of agroprocessing factories, accounts for another quarter of GDP. + Mining has declined in importance in recent years; high-grade iron ore + deposits were depleted in 1978, and health concerns cut world demand for + asbestos. Exports of sugar and forestry products are the main earners of + hard currency. Surrounded by South Africa, except for a short border with + Mozambique, Swaziland is heavily dependent on South Africa, from which it + receives 75% of its imports and to which it sends about half of its exports. +GDP: + exchange rate conversion - $563 million, per capita $725; real growth rate + 5.0% (1990 est.) +Inflation rate (consumer prices): + 13% (1990) +Unemployment rate: + NA% +Budget: + revenues $335.4 million; expenditures $360.5 million, including capital + expenditures of $NA (FY93 est.) +Exports: + $557 million (f.o.b., 1990) + commodities: + soft drink concentrates, sugar, wood pulp, citrus, canned fruit + partners: + South Africa 50% (est.), EC, Canada +Imports: + $632 million (f.o.b., 1990) + commodities: + motor vehicles, machinery, transport equipment, petroleum products, + foodstuffs, chemicals + partners: + South Africa 75% (est.), Japan, Belgium, UK +External debt: + $290 million (1990) +Industrial production: + growth rate NA; accounts for 26% of GDP (1989) +Electricity: + 60,000 kW capacity; 155 million kWh produced, 180 kWh per capita (1991) +Industries: + mining (coal and asbestos), wood pulp, sugar +Agriculture: + accounts for 23% of GDP and over 60% of labor force; mostly subsistence + agriculture; cash crops - sugarcane, cotton, maize, tobacco, rice, citrus + fruit, pineapples; other crops and livestock - corn, sorghum, peanuts, + cattle, goats, sheep; not self-sufficient in grain +Economic aid: + US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $142 million; Western (non-US) + countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $518 million +Currency: + lilangeni (plural - emalangeni); 1 lilangeni (E) = 100 cents +Exchange rates: + emalangeni (E) per US$1 - 2.7814 (January 1992), 2.7563 (1991), 2.5863 + (1990), 2.6166 (1989), 2.2611 (1988), 2.0350 (1987); note - the Swazi + emalangeni is at par with the South African rand +Fiscal year: + 1 April - 31 March + +:Swaziland Communications + +Railroads: + 297 km (plus 71 km disused), 1.067-meter gauge, single track +Highways: + 2,853 km total; 510 km paved, 1,230 km crushed stone, gravel, or stabilized + soil, and 1,113 km improved earth +Civil air: + 4 major transport aircraft +Airports: + 23 total, 21 usable; 1 with permanent-surfaced runways; none with runways + over 3,659 m; 1 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 1 with runways 1,220-2,439 m +Telecommunications: + system consists of carrier-equipped open-wire lines and low-capacity + microwave links; 17,000 telephones; broadcast stations - 7 AM, 6 FM, 10 TV; + 1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT earth station + +:Swaziland Defense Forces + +Branches: + Umbutfo Swaziland Defense Force, Royal Swaziland Police Force +Manpower availability: + males 15-49, 197,654; 114,204 fit for military service +Defense expenditures: + exchange rate conversion - $11 million, about 2% of GNP (1989) + +:Sweden Geography + +Total area: + 449,964 km2 +Land area: + 410,928 km2 +Comparative area: + slightly smaller than California +Land boundaries: + 2,205 km total; Finland 586 km, Norway 1,619 km +Coastline: + 3,218 km +Maritime claims: + Continental shelf: + 200 m (depth) or to depth of exploitation + Exclusive fishing zone: + 200 nm + Territorial sea: + 12 nm +Disputes: + none +Climate: + temperate in south with cold, cloudy winters and cool, partly cloudy + summers; subarctic in north +Terrain: + mostly flat or gently rolling lowlands; mountains in west +Natural resources: + zinc, iron ore, lead, copper, silver, timber, uranium, hydropower potential +Land use: + arable land 7%; permanent crops 0%; meadows and pastures 2%; forest and + woodland 64%; other 27%; includes irrigated NEGL% +Environment: + water pollution; acid rain +Note: + strategic location along Danish Straits linking Baltic and North Seas + +:Sweden People + +Population: + 8,602,157 (July 1992), growth rate 0.4% (1992) +Birth rate: + 13 births/1,000 population (1992) +Death rate: + 11 deaths/1,000 population (1992) +Net migration rate: + 2 migrants/1,000 population (1992) +Infant mortality rate: + 6 deaths/1,000 live births (1992) +Life expectancy at birth: + 75 years male, 81 years female (1992) +Total fertility rate: + 1.9 children born/woman (1992) +Nationality: + noun - Swede(s); adjective - Swedish +Ethnic divisions: + homogeneous white population; small Lappish minority; foreign born or + first-generation immigrants (Finns, Yugoslavs, Danes, Norwegians, Greeks, + Turks) about 12% +Religions: + Evangelical Lutheran 94%, Roman Catholic 1.5%, Pentecostal 1%, other 3.5% + (1987) +Languages: + Swedish, small Lapp- and Finnish-speaking minorities; immigrants speak + native languages +Literacy: + 99% (male NA%, female NA%) age 15 and over can read and write (1979 est.) +Labor force: + 4,552,000 community, social and personal services 38.3%, mining and + manufacturing 21.2%, commerce, hotels, and restaurants 14.1%, banking, + insurance 9.0%, communications 7.2%, construction 7.0%, agriculture, + fishing, and forestry 3.2% (1991) +Organized labor: + 80% of labor force (1990 est.) + +:Sweden Government + +Long-form name: + Kingdom of Sweden +Type: + constitutional monarchy +Capital: + Stockholm +Administrative divisions: + 24 provinces (lan, singular and plural); Alvsborgs Lan, Blekinge Lan, + Gavleborgs Lan, Goteborgs och Bohus Lan, Gotlands Lan, Hallands Lan, + Jamtlands Lan, Jonkopings Lan, Kalmar Lan, Kopparbergs Lan, Kristianstads + Lan, Kronobergs Lan, Malmohus Lan, Norrbottens Lan, Orebro Lan, + Ostergotlands Lan, Skaraborgs Lan, Sodermanlands Lan, Stockholms Lan, + Uppsala Lan, Varmlands Lan, Vasterbottens Lan, Vasternorrlands Lan, + Vastmanlands Lan +Independence: + 6 June 1809, constitutional monarchy established +Constitution: + 1 January 1975 +Legal system: + civil law system influenced by customary law; accepts compulsory ICJ + jurisdiction, with reservations +National holiday: + Day of the Swedish Flag, 6 June +Executive branch: + monarch, prime minister, Cabinet +Legislative branch: + unicameral parliament (Riksdag) +Judicial branch: + Supreme Court (Hogsta Domstolen) +Leaders: + Chief of State: + King CARL XVI GUSTAF (since 19 September 1973); Heir Apparent Princess + VICTORIA Ingrid Alice Desiree, daughter of the King (born 14 July 1977) + Head of Government: + Prime Minister Carl BILDT (since 3 October 1991) +Political parties and leaders: + ruling four-party coalition consists of the Moderate Party (conservative), + Carl BILDT; Liberal People's Party, Bengt WESTERBERG; Center Party, Olof + JOHANSSON; and the Christian Democratic Party, Alf SVENSSON; Social + Democratic Party, Ingvar CARLSSON; New Democracy Party, Count Ian + WACHTMEISTER; Left Party (VP; Communist), Lars WERNER; Swedish Communist + Party (SKP), Rune PETTERSSON; Communist Workers' Party, Rolf HAGEL; Green + Party, no formal leader +Suffrage: + universal at age 18 +Elections: + Riksdag: + last held 15 September 1991 (next to be held NA September 1994); results - + Social Democratic Party 37.6%, Moderate Party (conservative) 21.9%, Liberal + People's Party 9.1%, Center Party 8.5%, Christian Democrats 7.1%, New + Democracy 6.7%, Left Party (Communist) 4.5%, Green Party 3.4%, other 1.2%; + seats - (349 total) Social Democratic 138, Moderate Party (conservative) 80, + Liberal People's Party 33, Center Party 31, Christian Democrats 26, New + Democracy 25, Left Party (Communist) 16; note - the Green Party has no seats + in the Riksdag because it received less than the required 4% of the vote +Communists: + VP and SKP; VP, formerly the Left Party-Communists, is reported to have + roughly 17,800 members and attracted 5.8% of the vote in the 1988 election; + VP dropped the Communist label in 1990, but maintains a Marxist ideology + +:Sweden Government + +Member of: + AfDB, AG (observer) AsDB, BIS, CCC, CE, CERN, CSCE, EBRD, ECE, EFTA, ESA, + FAO, G-6, G-8, G-9, G-10, GATT, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICFTU, IDA, + IEA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INMARSAT, INTERPOL, INTELSAT, IOC, IOM + (observer), ISO, ITU, LORCS, NAM (guest), NC, NEA, NIB, OECD, PCA, UN, + UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNFICYP, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNIFIL, UNIIMOG, UNMOGIP, UNTSO, UPU, + WHO, WIPO, WMO +Diplomatic representation: + Ambassador Anders THUNBORG; Chancery at Suite 1200, 600 New Hampshire Avenue + NW, Washington, DC 20037; telephone (202) 944-5600; there are Swedish + Consulates General in Chicago, Los Angeles, Minneapolis, and New York + US: + Ambassador Charles E. REDMAN; Embassy at Strandvagen 101, S-115 89 + Stockholm; telephone [46] (8) 783-5300; FAX [46] (8) 661-1964 +Flag: + blue with a yellow cross that extends to the edges of the flag; the vertical + part of the cross is shifted to the hoist side in the style of the Dannebrog + (Danish flag) + +:Sweden Economy + +Overview: + Aided by a long period of peace and neutrality during World War I through + World War II, Sweden has achieved an enviable standard of living under a + mixed system of high-tech capitalism and extensive welfare benefits. It has + essentially full employment, a modern distribution system, excellent + internal and external communications, and a skilled labor force. Timber, + hydropower, and iron ore constitute the resource base of an economy that is + heavily oriented toward foreign trade. Privately owned firms account for + about 90% of industrial output, of which the engineering sector accounts for + 50% of output and exports. In the last few years, however, this + extraordinarily favorable picture has been clouded by inflation, growing + absenteeism, and a gradual loss of competitiveness in international markets. + The new center-right government, facing a sagging economic situation which + is unlikely to improve until 1993, is pushing full steam ahead with economic + reform proposals to end Sweden's recession and to prepare for possible EC + membership in 1995. The free-market-oriented reforms are designed to spur + growth, maintain price stability, lower unemployment, create a more + efficient welfare state, and further adapt to EC standards. The measures + include: cutting taxes, particularly the value-added tax (VAT) and levies on + new and small business; privatization; liberalizing foreign ownership + restrictions; and opening the welfare system to competition and private + alternatives, which the government will still finance. Growth is expected to + remain flat in 1992, but increase slightly in 1993, while inflation should + remain around 3% for the next few years. On the down side, unemployment may + climb to slightly over 4% in 1993, and the budget deficit will reach nearly + $9 billion in 1992. +GDP: + purchasing power equivalent - $147.6 billion, per capita $17,200; real + growth rate -1.1% (1991) +Inflation rate (consumer prices): + 8.0% (1991) +Unemployment rate: + 2.7% (1991) +Budget: + revenues $67.5 billion; expenditures $78.7 billion, including capital + expenditures of $NA (FY92 est.) +Exports: + $54.5 billion (f.o.b., 1991 est.) + commodities: + machinery, motor vehicles, paper products, pulp and wood, iron and steel + products, chemicals, petroleum and petroleum products + partners: + EC, (FRG, UK, Denmark), US, Norway +Imports: + $50.2 billion (c.i.f., 1991 est.) + commodities: + machinery, petroleum and petroleum products, chemicals, motor vehicles, + foodstuffs, iron and steel, clothing + partners: + EC 55.3%, US 8.4% (1990) +External debt: + $10.7 billion (November 1991) +Industrial production: + growth rate -5.3% (1991) +Electricity: + 39,716,000 kW capacity; 142,000 million kWh produced, 16,700 kWh per capita + (1991) + +:Sweden Economy + +Industries: + iron and steel, precision equipment (bearings, radio and telephone parts, + armaments), wood pulp and paper products, processed foods, motor vehicles +Agriculture: + animal husbandry predominates, with milk and dairy products accounting for + 37% of farm income; main crops - grains, sugar beets, potatoes; 100% + self-sufficient in grains and potatoes, 85% self-sufficient in sugar beets +Economic aid: + donor - ODA and OOF commitments (1970-89), $10.3 billion +Currency: + Swedish krona (plural - kronor); 1 Swedish krona (SKr) = 100 ore +Exchange rates: + Swedish kronor (SKr) per US$1 - 6.0259 (March 1992), 6.0475 (1991) 5.9188 + (1990), 6.4469 (1989), 6.1272 (1988), 6.3404 (1987) +Fiscal year: + 1 July - 30 June + +:Sweden Communications + +Railroads: + 12,000 km total; Swedish State Railways (SJ) - 10,819 km 1.435-meter + standard gauge, 6,955 km electrified and 1,152 km double track; 182 km + 0.891-meter gauge; 117 km rail ferry service; privately owned railways - 511 + km 1.435-meter standard gauge (332 km electrified); 371 km 0.891-meter gauge + (all electrified) +Highways: + 97,400 km (51,899 km paved, 20,659 km gravel, 24,842 km unimproved earth) +Inland waterways: + 2,052 km navigable for small steamers and barges +Pipelines: + natural gas 84 km +Ports: + Gavle, Goteborg, Halmstad, Helsingborg, Kalmar, Malmo, Stockholm; numerous + secondary and minor ports +Merchant marine: + 186 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 2,665,902 GRT/3,646,165 DWT; includes + 10 short-sea passenger, 29 cargo, 3 container, 43 roll-on/roll-off cargo, 12 + vehicle carrier, 2 railcar carrier, 33 petroleum tanker, 28 chemical tanker, + 4 specialized tanker, 1 liquefied gas, 7 combination ore/oil, 12 bulk, 1 + combination bulk, 1 refrigerated cargo +Civil air: + 115 major transports +Airports: + 254 total, 252 usable; 139 with permanent-surface runways; none with runways + over 3,659 m; 10 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 94 with runways 1,220-2,439 m +Telecommunications: + excellent domestic and international facilities; 8,200,000 telephones; + mainly coaxial and multiconductor cables carry long-distance network; + parallel microwave network carries primarily radio, TV and some telephone + channels; automatic system; broadcast stations - 5 AM, 360 (mostly + repeaters) FM, 880 (mostly repeaters) TV; 5 submarine coaxial cables; + satellite earth stations - 1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT and 1 EUTELSAT + +:Sweden Defense Forces + +Branches: + Swedish Army, Swedish Navy, Swedish Air Force +Manpower availability: + males 15-49, 2,129,996; 1,858,944 fit for military service; 57,492 reach + military age (19) annually +Defense expenditures: + exchange rate conversion - $6.2 billion, about 4% of GDP (FY91) + +:Switzerland Geography + +Total area: + 41,290 km2 +Land area: + 39,770 km2 +Comparative area: + slightly more than twice the size of New Jersey +Land boundaries: + 1,852 km total; Austria 164 km, France 573 km, Italy 740 km, Liechtenstein + 41 km, Germany 334 km +Coastline: + none - landlocked +Maritime claims: + none - landlocked +Disputes: + none +Climate: + temperate, but varies with altitude; cold, cloudy, rainy/snowy winters; cool + to warm, cloudy, humid summers with occasional showers +Terrain: + mostly mountains (Alps in south, Jura in northwest) with a central plateau + of rolling hills, plains, and large lakes +Natural resources: + hydropower potential, timber, salt +Land use: + arable land 10%; permanent crops 1%; meadows and pastures 40%; forest and + woodland 26%; other 23%; includes irrigated 1% +Environment: + dominated by Alps +Note: + landlocked; crossroads of northern and southern Europe + +:Switzerland People + +Population: + 6,828,023 (July 1992), growth rate 0.6% (1992) +Birth rate: + 12 births/1,000 population (1992) +Death rate: + 9 deaths/1,000 population (1992) +Net migration rate: + 3 migrants/1,000 population (1992) +Infant mortality rate: + 6 deaths/1,000 live births (1992) +Life expectancy at birth: + 76 years male, 83 years female (1992) +Total fertility rate: + 1.6 children born/woman (1992) +Nationality: + noun - Swiss (singular and plural); adjective - Swiss +Ethnic divisions: + total population - German 65%, French 18%, Italian 10%, Romansch 1%, other + 6%; Swiss nationals - German 74%, French 20%, Italian 4%, Romansch 1%, other + 1% +Religions: + Roman Catholic 47.6%, Protestant 44.3%, other 8.1% (1980) +Languages: + total population - German 65%, French 18%, Italian 12%, Romansch 1%, other + 4%; Swiss nationals - German 74%, French 20%, Italian 4%, Romansch 1%, other + 1% +Literacy: + 99% (male NA%, female NA%) age 15 and over can read and write (1980 est.) +Labor force: + 3,310,000; 904,095 foreign workers, mostly Italian; services 50%, industry + and crafts 33%, government 10%, agriculture and forestry 6%, other 1% (1989) +Organized labor: + 20% of labor force + +:Switzerland Government + +Long-form name: + Swiss Confederation +Type: + federal republic +Capital: + Bern +Administrative divisions: + 26 cantons (cantons, singular - canton in French; cantoni, singular - + cantone in Italian; kantone, singular - kanton in German); Aargau, + Ausser-Rhoden, Basel-Landschaft, Basel-Stadt, Bern, Fribourg, Geneve, + Glarus, Graubunden, Inner-Rhoden, Jura, Luzern, Neuchatel, Nidwalden, + Obwalden, Sankt Gallen, Schaffhausen, Schwyz, Solothurn, Thurgau, Ticino, + Uri, Valais, Vaud, Zug, Zurich +Independence: + 1 August 1291 +Constitution: + 29 May 1874 +Legal system: + civil law system influenced by customary law; judicial review of legislative + acts, except with respect to federal decrees of general obligatory + character; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with reservations +National holiday: + Anniversary of the Founding of the Swiss Confederation, 1 August (1291) +Executive branch: + president, vice president, Federal Council (German - Bundesrat, French - + Conseil Federal, Italian - Consiglio Federale) +Legislative branch: + bicameral Federal Assembly (German - Bundesversammlung, French - Assemblee + Federale, Italian - Assemblea Federale) consists of an upper council or + Council of States (German - Standerat, French - Conseil des Etats, Italian - + Consiglio degli Stati) and a lower council or National Council (German - + Nationalrat, French - Conseil National, Italian - Consiglio Nazionale) +Judicial branch: + Federal Supreme Court +Leaders: + Chief of State and Head of Government: + President Rene FELBER (1992 calendar year; presidency rotates annually); + Vice President Adolf OGI (term runs concurrently with that of president) +Political parties and leaders: + Free Democratic Party (FDP), Bruno HUNZIKER, president; Social Democratic + Party (SPS), Helmut HUBACHER, chairman; Christian Democratic People's Party + (CVP), Eva SEGMULLER-WEBER, chairman; Swiss People's Party (SVP), Hans + UHLMANN, president; Green Party (GPS), Peter SCHMID, president; Automobile + Party (AP), DREYER; Alliance of Independents' Party (LdU), Dr. Franz JAEGER, + president; Swiss Democratic Party (SD), NA; Evangelical People's Party + (EVP), Max DUNKI, president; Workers' Party (PdA; Communist), Jean + SPIELMANN, general secretary; Ticino League, leader NA Liberal Party (LPS), + Gilbert COUTAU, president +Suffrage: + universal at age 18 +Elections: + Council of States: + last held throughout 1991 (next to be held NA 1995); results - percent of + vote by party NA; seats - (46 total) FDP 18, CVP 16, SVP 4, SPS 3, LPS 3, + LdU 1, Ticino League 1 + +:Switzerland Government + + National Council: + last held 20 October 1991 (next to be held NA October 1995); results - + percent of vote by party NA; seats - (200 total) FDP 44, SPS 42, CVP 37, SVP + 25, GPS 14, LPS 10, AP 8, LdU 6, SD 5, EVP 3, PdA 2, Ticino League 2, other + 2 +Communists: + 4,500 members (est.) +Member of: + AfDB, AG (observer), AsDB, BIS, CCC, CE, CERN, CSCE, EBRD, ECE, EFTA, ESA, + FAO, G-8, G-10, GATT, IADB, IAEA, ICAO, ICC, ICFTU, IEA, IFAD, ILO, IMF, + IMO, INMARSAT, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, IOM, ISO, ITU, LORCS, NAM (guest), + NEA, OAS (observer), OECD, PCA, UN (observer), UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, + UPU, WCL, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO +Diplomatic representation: + Ambassador Edouard BRUNNER; Chancery at 2900 Cathedral Avenue NW, + Washington, DC 20008; telephone (202) 745-7900; there are Swiss Consulates + General in Atlanta, Chicago, Houston, Los Angeles, New York, and San + Francisco + US: + Ambassador Joseph B. GILDENHORN; Embassy at Jubilaeumstrasse 93, 3005 Bern; + telephone [41] (31) 437-011; FAX [41] (31) 437-344; there is a Branch Office + of the Embassy in Geneva and a Consulate General in Zurich +Flag: + red square with a bold, equilateral white cross in the center that does not + extend to the edges of the flag + +:Switzerland Economy + +Overview: + Switzerland's economic success is matched in few other nations. Per capita + output, general living standards, education and science, health care, and + diet are unsurpassed in Europe. Economic stability helps promote the + important banking and tourist sectors. Since World War II, Switzerland's + economy has adjusted smoothly to the great changes in output and trade + patterns in Europe and presumably can adjust to the challenges of the 1990s, + particularly to the further economic integration of Western Europe and the + amazingly rapid changes in East European political and economic prospects. + After 8 years of growth, the economy experienced a mild recession in 1991 + because monetary policy was tightened to combat inflation and because of the + weak international economy. In the second half of 1992, however, Switzerland + is expected to resume growth, despite inflation and unemployment problems. + GDP growth for 1992 may be just under 1%, inflation should drop from 5.9% to + 3.5%, and the trade deficit will continue to decline after dropping by over + 15% to $5 billion, due to increased exports to Germany. Unemployment, + however, is forecast to rise to 1.6% in 1992, up from 1.3% in 1991 and 0.5% + in 1990. +GDP: + purchasing power equivalent - $147.4 billion, per capita $21,700; real + growth rate -0.2% (1991 est.) +Inflation rate (consumer prices): + 5.9% (1991) +Unemployment rate: + 1.3% (1991) +Budget: + revenues $24.0 billion; expenditures $23.8 billion, including capital + expenditures of $NA (1990) +Exports: + $62.2 billion (f.o.b., 1991 est.) + commodities: + machinery and equipment, precision instruments, metal products, foodstuffs, + textiles and clothing + partners: + Western Europe 64% (EC 56%, other 8%), US 9%, Japan 4% +Imports: + $68.5 billion (c.i.f., 1991 est.) + commodities: + agricultural products, machinery and transportation equipment, chemicals, + textiles, construction materials + partners: + Western Europe 78% (EC 71%, other 7%), US 6% +External debt: + $NA +Industrial production: + growth rate 0.4% (1991 est.) +Electricity: + 17,710,000 kW capacity; 59,070 million kWh produced, 8,930 kWh per capita + (1991) +Industries: + machinery, chemicals, watches, textiles, precision instruments +Agriculture: + dairy farming predominates; less than 50% self-sufficient; food shortages - + fish, refined sugar, fats and oils (other than butter), grains, eggs, + fruits, vegetables, meat +Economic aid: + donor - ODA and OOF commitments (1970-89), $3.5 billion + +:Switzerland Economy + +Currency: + Swiss franc, franken, or franco (plural - francs, franken, or franchi); 1 + Swiss franc, franken, or franco (SwF) = 100 centimes, rappen, or centesimi +Exchange rates: + Swiss francs, franken, or franchi (SwF) per US$1 - 1.4037 (January 1992), + 1.4340 (1991), 1.3892 (1990), 1.6359 (1989), 1.4633 (1988), 1.4912 (1987) +Fiscal year: + calendar year + +:Switzerland Communications + +Railroads: + 5,174 km total; 2,971 km are government owned and 2,203 km are nongovernment + owned; the government network consists of 2,897 km 1.435-meter standard + gauge and 74 km 1.000-meter narrow gauge track; 1,432 km double track, 99% + electrified; the nongovernment network consists of 710 km 1.435-meter + standard gauge, 1,418 km 1.000-meter gauge, and 75 km 0.790-meter gauge + track, 100% electrified +Highways: + 62,145 km total (all paved), of which 18,620 km are canton and 1,057 km are + national highways (740 km autobahn); 42,468 km are communal roads +Inland waterways: + 65 km; Rhine (Basel to Rheinfelden, Schaffhausen to Bodensee); 12 navigable + lakes +Pipelines: + crude oil 314 km, natural gas 1,506 km +Ports: + Basel (river port) +Merchant marine: + 22 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 325,234 GRT/576,953 DWT; includes 5 + cargo, 2 roll-on/roll-off cargo, 3 chemical tanker, 2 specialized tanker, 9 + bulk, 1 petroleum tanker +Civil air: + 89 major transport aircraft +Airports: + 66 total, 65 usable; 42 with permanent-surface runways; 2 with runways over + 3,659 m; 5 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 18 with runways 1,220-2,439 m +Telecommunications: + excellent domestic, international, and broadcast services; 5,890,000 + telephones; extensive cable and microwave networks; broadcast stations - 7 + AM, 265 FM, 18 (1,322 repeaters) TV; communications satellite earth station + operating in the INTELSAT (Atlantic Ocean and Indian Ocean) system + +:Switzerland Defense Forces + +Branches: + Army, Air Force, Frontier Guards, Fortification Guards +Manpower availability: + males 15-49, 1,798,632; 1,544,191 fit for military service; 43,952 reach + military age (20) annually +Defense expenditures: + exchange rate conversion - $4.6 billion, about 2% of GDP (1990) + +:Syria Geography + +Total area: + 185,180 km2 +Land area: + 184,050 km2 (including 1,295 km2 of Israeli-occupied territory) +Comparative area: + slightly larger than North Dakota +Land boundaries: + 2,253 km total; Iraq 605 km, Israel 76 km, Jordan 375 km, Lebanon 375 km, + Turkey 822 km +Coastline: + 193 km +Maritime claims: + Contiguous zone: + 6 nm beyond territorial sea limit + Territorial sea: + 35 nm +Disputes: + separated from Israel by the 1949 Armistice Line; Golan Heights is Israeli + occupied; Hatay question with Turkey; periodic disputes with Iraq over + Euphrates water rights; ongoing dispute over water development plans by + Turkey for the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers +Climate: + mostly desert; hot, dry, sunny summers (June to August) and mild, rainy + winters (December to February) along coast +Terrain: + primarily semiarid and desert plateau; narrow coastal plain; mountains in + west +Natural resources: + crude oil, phosphates, chrome and manganese ores, asphalt, iron ore, rock + salt, marble, gypsum +Land use: + arable land 28%; permanent crops 3%; meadows and pastures 46%; forest and + woodland 3%; other 20%; includes irrigated 3% +Environment: + deforestation; overgrazing; soil erosion; desertification +Note: + there are 38 Jewish settlements in the Israeli-occupied Golan Heights + +:Syria People + +Population: + 13,730,436 (July 1992), growth rate 3.8% (1992); in addition, there are at + least 14,500 Druze and 14,000 Jewish settlers in the Israeli-occupied Golan + Heights (1992 est.) +Birth rate: + 44 births/1,000 population (1992) +Death rate: + 7 deaths/1,000 population (1992) +Net migration rate: + 0 migrants/1,000 population (1992) +Infant mortality rate: + 45 deaths/1,000 live births (1992) +Life expectancy at birth: + 65 years male, 67 years female (1992) +Total fertility rate: + 6.9 children born/woman (1992) +Nationality: + noun - Syrian(s); adjective - Syrian +Ethnic divisions: + Arab 90.3%; Kurds, Armenians, and other 9.7% +Religions: + Sunni Muslim 74%, Alawite, Druze, and other Muslim sects 16%, Christian + (various sects) 10%, tiny Jewish communities in Damascus, Al Qamishli, and + Aleppo +Languages: + Arabic (official), Kurdish, Armenian, Aramaic, Circassian; French widely + understood +Literacy: + 64% (male 78%, female 51%) age 15 and over can read and write (1990 est.) +Labor force: + 2,400,000; miscellaneous and government services 36%, agriculture 32%, + industry and construction 32%; majority unskilled; shortage of skilled labor + (1984) +Organized labor: + 5% of labor force + +:Syria Government + +Long-form name: + Syrian Arab Republic +Type: + republic; under leftwing military regime since March 1963 +Capital: + Damascus +Administrative divisions: + 14 provinces (muhafazat, singular - muhafazah); Al Hasakah, Al Ladhiqiyah, + Al Qunaytirah, Ar Raqqah, As Suwayda', Dar`a, Dayr az Zawr, Dimashq, Halab, + Hamah, Hims, Idlib, Rif Dimashq, Tartus +Independence: + 17 April 1946 (from League of Nations mandate under French administration); + formerly United Arab Republic +Constitution: + 13 March 1973 +Legal system: + based on Islamic law and civil law system; special religious courts; has not + accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction +National holiday: + National Day, 17 April (1946) +Executive branch: + president, three vice presidents, prime minister, three deputy prime + ministers, Council of Ministers (cabinet) +Legislative branch: + unicameral People's Council (Majlis al-Chaab) +Judicial branch: + Supreme Constitutional Court, High Judicial Council, Court of Cassation, + State Security Courts +Leaders: + Chief of State: + President Hafiz al-ASAD (since 22 February 1971); Vice Presidents `Abd + al-Halim KHADDAM, Vice President Rif`at al-ASAD, and Vice President Muhammad + Zuhayr MASHARIQA (since 11 March 1984) + Head of Government: + Prime Minister Mahmud ZU`BI (since 1 November 1987); Deputy Prime Minister + Lt. Gen. Mustafa TALAS (since 11 March 1984); Deputy Prime Minister Salim + YASIN (since NA December 1981); Deputy Prime Minister Mahmud QADDUR (since + NA May 1985) +Political parties and leaders: + ruling party is the Arab Socialist Resurrectionist (Ba`th) Party; the + Progressive National Front is dominated by Ba`thists but includes + independents and members of the Syrian Arab Socialist Party (ASP), Arab + Socialist Union (ASU), Syrian Communist Party (SCP), Arab Socialist Unionist + Movement, and Democratic Socialist Union Party +Suffrage: + universal at age 18 +Elections: + President: + last held 2 December 1991 (next to be held December 1998); results - + President Hafiz al-ASAD was reelected for a fourth seven-year term with + 99.98% of the vote + People's Council: + last held 22-23 May 1990 (next to be held NA May 1994); results - Ba`th + 53.6%, ASU 3.2%, SCP 3.2%, Arab Socialist Unionist Movement 2.8%, ASP 2%, + Democratic Socialist Union Party 1.6%, independents 33.6%; seats - (250 + total) Ba`th 134, ASU 8, SCP 8, Arab Socialist Unionist Movement 7, ASP 5, + Democratic Socialist Union Party 4, independents 84; note - the People's + Council was expanded to 250 seats total prior to the May 1990 election + +:Syria Government + +Communists: + Syrian Communist Party (SCP) +Other political or pressure groups: + non-Ba`th parties have little effective political influence; Communist party + ineffective; conservative religious leaders; Muslim Brotherhood +Member of: + ABEDA, AFESD, AL, AMF, CAEU, CCC, ESCWA, FAO, G-24, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, + ICC, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, ISO, ITU, + LORCS, NAM, OAPEC, OIC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNRWA, UPU, WFTU, WHO, + WMO, WTO +Diplomatic representation: + Ambassador Walid MOUALEM; Chancery at 2215 Wyoming Avenue NW, Washington, DC + 20008; telephone (202) 232-6313 + US: + Ambassador Christopher W. S. ROSS; Embassy at Abu Rumaneh, Al Mansur Street + No. 2, Damascus (mailing address is P. O. Box 29, Damascus); telephone [963] + (11) 333052 or 332557, 330416, 332814, 332315, 714108, 337178, 333232; FAX + [963] (11) 718-687 +Flag: + three equal horizontal bands of red (top), white, and black with two small + green five-pointed stars in a horizontal line centered in the white band; + similar to the flag of Yemen, which has a plain white band and of Iraq, + which has three green stars (plus an Arabic inscription) in a horizontal + line centered in the white band; also similar to the flag of Egypt, which + has a symbolic eagle centered in the white band + +:Syria Economy + +Overview: + Syria's state-dominated Ba`thist economy has benefited from the Gulf war, + increased oil production, good weather, and economic deregulation. Economic + growth averaged nearly 12% annually in 1990-91, buoyed by increased oil + production and improved agricultural performance. The Gulf war of early 1991 + provided Syria an aid windfall of several billion dollars from Arab, + European, and Japanese donors. These inflows more than offset Damascus's + war-related costs and will help Syria cover some of its debt arrears, + restore suspended credit lines, and initiate selected military and civilian + purchases. For the long run, Syria's economy is still saddled with a large + number of poorly performing public sector firms; investment levels remain + low; and industrial and agricultural productivity is poor. A major long-term + concern is the additional drain of upstream Euphrates water by Turkey when + its vast dam and irrigation projects are completed by mid-decade. +GDP: + exchange rate conversion - $30 billion, per capita $2,300; real growth rate + 11% (1991 est.) +Inflation rate (consumer prices): + 25% (1991 est.) +Unemployment rate: + NA% +Budget: + revenues $5.4 billion; expenditures $7.5 billion, including capital + expenditures of $2.9 billion (1991 est.) +Exports: + $3.6 billion (f.o.b., 1991 est.) + commodities: + petroleum 40%, farm products 13%, textiles, phosphates (1989) + partners: + USSR and Eastern Europe 42%, EC 31%, Arab countries 17%, US/Canada 2% (1989) +Imports: + $2.7 billion (f.o.b., 1991 est.) + commodities: + foodstuffs and beverages 21%, metal and metal products 16%, machinery 14%, + textiles, petroleum products (1989) + partners: + EC 42%, USSR and Eastern Europe 13%, other Europe 13%, US/Canada 8%, Arab + countries 6% (1989) +External debt: + $5.2 billion in hard currency (1990 est.) +Industrial production: + growth rate 6% (1991 est.); accounts for 17% of GDP +Electricity: + 3,005,000 kW capacity; 8,800 million kWh produced, 680 kWh per capita (1991) +Industries: + textiles, food processing, beverages, tobacco, phosphate rock mining, + petroleum +Agriculture: + accounts for 27% of GDP and one-third of labor force; all major crops + (wheat, barley, cotton, lentils, chickpeas) grown mainly on rainfed land + causing wide swings in production; animal products - beef, lamb, eggs, + poultry, milk; not self-sufficient in grain or livestock products +Economic aid: + US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-81), $538 million; Western (non-US) + ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $1.23 billion; OPEC bilateral + aid (1979-89), $12.3 billion; former Communist countries (1970-89), $3.3 + billion +Currency: + Syrian pound (plural - pounds); 1 Syrian pound (#S) = 100 piasters + +:Syria Economy + +Exchange rates: + Syrian pounds (#S) per US$1 - 22.0 (promotional rate since 1991), 11.2250 + (fixed rate 1987-90), 3.9250 (fixed rate 1976-87) +Fiscal year: + calendar year + +:Syria Communications + +Railroads: + 2,350 km total; 2,035 km standard gauge, 315 km 1.050-meter (narrow) gauge +Highways: + 28,000 km total; 22,000 km paved, 3,000 km gravel or crushed stone, 3,000 km + improved earth +Inland waterways: + 672 km; minimal economic importance +Pipelines: + crude oil 1,304 km, petroleum products 515 km +Ports: + Tartus, Latakia, Baniyas +Merchant marine: + 29 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 85,417 GRT/138,078 DWT; includes 25 + cargo, 1 roll-on/roll-off cargo, 1 vehicle carrier, 2 bulk +Civil air: + 35 major transport aircraft +Airports: + 104 total, 100 usable; 24 with permanent-surface runways; none with runways + over 3,659 m; 21 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 3 with runways 1,220-2,439 m +Telecommunications: + fair system currently undergoing significant improvement; 512,600 + telephones; broadcast stations - 9 AM, 1 FM, 17 TV; satellite earth stations + - 1 Indian Ocean INTELSAT and 1 Intersputnik, 1 submarine cable; coaxial + cable and radio relay to Iraq, Jordan, Lebanon, and Turkey + +:Syria Defense Forces + +Branches: + Syrian Arab Army, Syrian Arab Navy, Syrian Arab Air Force, Syrian Arab Air + Defense Forces, Police and Security Force +Manpower availability: + males 15-49, 3,012,671; 1,691,660 fit for military service; 145,976 reach + military age (19) annually +Defense expenditures: + exchange rate conversion - $2.5 billion, 8% of GDP (1989) + +:Taiwan Geography + +Total area: + 35,980 km2 +Land area: + 32,260 km2; includes the Pescadores, Matsu, and Quemoy +Comparative area: + slightly less than three times the size of Connecticut +Land boundaries: + none +Coastline: + 1,448 km +Maritime claims: + Exclusive economic zone: + 200 nm + Territorial sea: + 12 nm +Disputes: + involved in complex dispute over the Spratly Islands with China, Malaysia, + Philippines, Vietnam, and possibly Brunei; Paracel Islands occupied by + China, but claimed by Vietnam and Taiwan; Japanese-administered + Senkaku-shoto (Senkaku Islands/Diaoyu Tai) claimed by China and Taiwan +Climate: + tropical; marine; rainy season during southwest monsoon (June to August); + cloudiness is persistent and extensive all year +Terrain: + eastern two-thirds mostly rugged mountains; flat to gently rolling plains in + west +Natural resources: + small deposits of coal, natural gas, limestone, marble, and asbestos +Land use: + arable land 24%; permanent crops 1%; meadows and pastures 5%; forest and + woodland 55%; other 15%; irrigated 14% +Environment: + subject to earthquakes and typhoons + +:Taiwan People + +Population: + 20,878,556 (July 1992), growth rate 1.0% (1992) +Birth rate: + 16 births/1,000 population (1992) +Death rate: + 5 deaths/1,000 population (1992) +Net migration rate: + NEGL migrants/1,000 population (1992) +Infant mortality rate: + 6 deaths/1,000 live births (1992) +Life expectancy at birth: + 72 years male, 78 years female (1992) +Total fertility rate: + 1.8 children born/woman (1992) +Nationality: + noun - Chinese (singular and plural); adjective - Chinese +Ethnic divisions: + Taiwanese 84%, mainland Chinese 14%, aborigine 2% +Religions: + mixture of Buddhist, Confucian, and Taoist 93%, Christian 4.5%, other 2.5% +Languages: + Mandarin Chinese (official); Taiwanese (Miu) and Hakka dialects also used +Literacy: + 91.2% (male NA%, female NA%) age 15 and over can read and write (1990) +Labor force: + 7,900,000; industry and commerce 53%, services 22%, agriculture 15.6%, civil + administration 7% (1989) +Organized labor: + 2,728,000 or about 44% (1991) + +:Taiwan Government + +Long-form name: + none +Type: + multiparty democratic regime; opposition political parties legalized in + March, 1989 +Capital: + Taipei +Administrative divisions: + the authorities in Taipei claim to be the government of all China; in + keeping with that claim, the central administrative divisions include 2 + provinces (sheng, singular and plural) and 2 municipalities* (shih, singular + and plural) - Fu-chien (some 20 offshore islands of Fujian Province + including Quemoy and Matsu), Kao-hsiung*, T'ai-pei*, and Taiwan (the island + of Taiwan and the Pescadores islands); the more commonly referenced + administrative divisions are those of Taiwan Province - 16 counties (hsien, + singular and plural), 5 municipalities* (shih, singular and plural), and 2 + special municipalities** (chuan-shih, singular and plural); Chang-hua, + Chia-i, Chia-i*, Chi-lung*, Hsin-chu, Hsin-chu*, Hua-lien, I-lan, + Kao-hsiung, Kao-hsiung**, Miao-li, Nan-t'ou, P'eng-hu, P'ing-tung, + T'ai-chung, T'ai-chung*, T'ai-nan, T'ai-nan*, T'ai-pei, T'ai-pei**, + T'ai-tung, T'ao-yuan, and Yun-lin; the provincial capital is at + Chung-hsing-hsin-ts'un; note - Taiwan uses the Wade-Giles system for + romanization +Constitution: + 25 December 1947, presently undergoing revision +Legal system: + based on civil law system; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with + reservations +National holiday: + National Day (Anniversary of the Revolution), 10 October (1911) +Executive branch: + president, vice president, premier of the Executive Yuan, vice premier of + the Executive Yuan, Executive Yuan +Legislative branch: + unicameral Legislative Yuan, unicameral National Assembly +Judicial branch: + Judicial Yuan +Leaders: + Chief of State: + President LI Teng-hui (since 13 January 1988); Vice President LI Yuan-zu + (since 20 May 1990) + Head of Government: + Premier (President of the Executive Yuan) HAO Po-ts'un (since 2 May 1990); + Vice Premier (Vice President of the Executive Yuan) SHIH Ch'i-yang (since NA + July 1988) +Political parties and leaders: + Kuomintang (Nationalist Party), LI Teng-hui, chairman; Democratic Socialist + Party and Young China Party controlled by Kuomintang; Democratic Progressive + Party (DPP); Labor Party; 27 other minor parties +Suffrage: + universal at age 20 +Elections: + President: + last held 21 March 1990 (next to be held NA March 1996); results - President + LI Teng-hui was reelected by the National Assembly + Vice President: + last held 21 March 1990 (next to be held NA March 1996); results - LI + Yuan-zu was elected by the National Assembly + +:Taiwan Government + + Legislative Yuan: + last held 2 December 1989 (next to be held NA December 1992); results - KMT + 65%, DPP 33%, independents 2%; seats - (304 total, 102 elected) KMT 78, DPP + 21, independents 3 +Elections: + National Assembly: + first National Assembly elected in November 1947 with a supplementary + election in December 1986; second National Assembly elected in December 1991 +Member of: + expelled from UN General Assembly and Security Council on 25 October 1971 + and withdrew on same date from other charter-designated subsidiary organs; + expelled from IMF/World Bank group April/May 1980; seeking to join GATT; + attempting to retain membership in INTELSAT; suspended from IAEA in 1972, + but still allows IAEA controls over extensive atomic development; APEC, + AsDB, ICC, ICFTU, IOC +Diplomatic representation: + none; unofficial commercial and cultural relations with the people of the US + are maintained through a private instrumentality, the Coordination Council + for North American Affairs (CCNAA) with headquarters in Taipei and field + offices in Washington and 10 other US cities with all addresses and + telephone numbers NA + US: + unofficial commercial and cultural relations with the people of Taiwan are + maintained through a private institution, the American Institute in Taiwan + (AIT), which has offices in Taipei at #7, Lane 134, Hsiu Yi Road, Section 3, + telephone [886] (2) 709-2000, and in Kao-hsiung at #2 Chung Cheng 3d Road, + telephone [886] (7) 224-0154 through 0157, and the American Trade Center at + Room 3207 International Trade Building, Taipei World Trade Center, 333 + Keelung Road Section 1, Taipei 10548, telephone [886] (2) 720-1550 +Flag: + red with a dark blue rectangle in the upper hoist-side corner bearing a + white sun with 12 triangular rays + +:Taiwan Economy + +Overview: + Taiwan has a dynamic capitalist economy with considerable government + guidance of investment and foreign trade and partial government ownership of + some large banks and industrial firms. Real growth in GNP has averaged about + 9% a year during the past three decades. Export growth has been even faster + and has provided the impetus for industrialization. Agriculture contributes + about 4% to GNP, down from 35% in 1952. Taiwan currently ranks as number 13 + among major trading countries. Traditional labor-intensive industries are + steadily being replaced with more capital- and technology-intensive + industries. Taiwan has become a major investor in China, Thailand, + Indonesia, the Philippines, and Malaysia. The tightening of labor markets + has led to an influx of foreign workers, both legal and illegal. +GNP: + purchasing power equivalent - $150.8 billion, per capita $7,380; real growth + rate 5.2% (1990) +Inflation rate (consumer prices): + 4.1% (1990); 3.8% (1991 est.) +Unemployment rate: + 1.7% (1990); 1.5% (1991 est.) +Budget: + revenues $30.3 billion; expenditures $30.1 billion, including capital + expenditures of $NA (FY91 est.) +Exports: + $67.2 billion (f.o.b., 1990) + commodities: + electrical machinery 18.2%, textiles 15.6%, general machinery and equipment + 14.8%, basic metals and metal products 7.8%, foodstuffs 1.7%, plywood and + wood products 1.6% (1989) + partners: + US 36.2%, Japan 13.7% (1989) +Imports: + $54.7 billion (c.i.f., 1990) + commodities: + machinery and equipment 15.3%, basic metals 13.0%, chemical and chemical + products 11.1%, crude oil 5%, foodstuffs 2.2% (1989) + partners: + Japan 31%, US 23%, FRG 5% (1989) +External debt: + $1.1 billion (December 1990 est.) +Industrial production: + growth rate 6.5% (1991 est.) +Electricity: + 17,000,000 kW capacity; 76,900 million kWh produced, 3,722 kWh per capita + (1991) +Industries: + electronics, textiles, chemicals, clothing, food processing, plywood, sugar + milling, cement, shipbuilding, petroleum +Agriculture: + accounts for 4% of GNP and 16% of labor force (includes part-time farmers); + heavily subsidized sector; major crops - vegetables, rice, fruit, tea; + livestock - hogs, poultry, beef, milk, cattle; not self-sufficient in wheat, + soybeans, corn; fish catch increasing, 1.4 million metric tons (1988) +Economic aid: + US, including Ex-Im (FY46-82), $4.6 billion; Western (non-US) countries, ODA + and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $500 million +Currency: + New Taiwan dollar (plural - dollars); 1 New Taiwan dollar (NT$) = 100 cents + +:Taiwan Economy + +Exchange rates: + New Taiwan dollars per US$1 - 25.000 (February 1992), 25.748 (1991), 27.108 + (1990), 26.407 (1989) 28.589 (1988), 31.845 (1987) +Fiscal year: + 1 July - 30 June + +:Taiwan Communications + +Railroads: + about 4,600 km total track with 1,075 km common carrier lines and 3,525 km + industrial lines; common carrier lines consist of the 1.067-meter gauge 708 + km West Line and the 367 km East Line; a 98.25 km South Link Line connection + was completed in late 1991; common carrier lines owned by the government and + operated by the Railway Administration under Ministry of Communications; + industrial lines owned and operated by government enterprises +Highways: + 20,041 km total; 17,095 km bituminous or concrete pavement, 2,371 km crushed + stone or gravel, 575 km graded earth +Pipelines: + petroleum products 615 km, natural gas 97 km +Ports: + Kao-hsiung, Chi-lung (Keelung), Hua-lien, Su-ao, T'ai-tung +Merchant marine: + 213 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 6,491,539 GRT/9,082,118 DWT; includes + 1 passenger, 42 cargo, 15 refrigerated cargo, 73 container, 17 petroleum + tanker, 3 combination ore/oil, 1 specialized tanker, 58 bulk, 1 + roll-on/roll-off, 2 combination bulk +Airports: + 40 total, 39 usable; 36 with permanent-surface runways; 3 with runways over + 3,659 m; 16 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 8 with runways 1,220-2,439 m +Telecommunications: + best developed system in Asia outside of Japan; 7,800,000 telephones; + extensive microwave transmission links on east and west coasts; broadcast + stations - 91 AM, 23 FM, 15 TV (13 repeaters); 8,620,000 radios; 6,386,000 + TVs (5,680,000 color, 706,000 monochrome); satellite earth stations - 1 + Pacific Ocean INTELSAT and 1 Indian Ocean INTELSAT; submarine cable links to + Japan (Okinawa), the Philippines, Guam, Singapore, Hong Kong, Indonesia, + Australia, Middle East, and Western Europe + +:Taiwan Defense Forces + +Branches: + Army, Navy (including Marines), Air Force, Taiwan General Garrison + Headquarters, Ministry of National Defense +Manpower availability: + males 15-49, 5,982,717; 4,652,586 fit for military service; about 180,706 + currently reach military age (19) annually +Defense expenditures: + exchange rate conversion - $9.16 billion, 4.5% of GNP (FY92) + +:Tajikistan Geography + +Total area: + 143,100 km2 +Land area: + 142,700 km2 +Comparative area: + slightly smaller than Wisconsin +Land boundaries: + 3,651 km total; Afghanistan 1,206 km, China 414 km, Kyrgyzstan 870 km, + Uzbekistan 1,161 km +Coastline: + none - landlocked +Maritime claims: + none - landlocked +Disputes: + boundary with China under dispute +Climate: + midlatitude semiarid to polar in Pamir Mountains +Terrain: + Pamir and Alay Mountains dominate landscape; western Fergana Valley in + north, Kafirnigan and Vakhsh Valleys in southeast +Natural resources: + significant hydropower potential, petroleum, uranium, mercury, small + production of petroleum, brown coal, lead, zinc, antimony, tungsten +Land use: + 6% arable land; NA% permanent crops; NA% meadows and pastures; NA% forest + and woodland; NA% other; includes NA% irrigated +Environment: + NA +Note: + landlocked + +:Tajikistan People + +Population: + 5,680,242 (July 1992), growth rate 3.0% (1992) +Birth rate: + 40 births/1,000 population (1992) +Death rate: + 8 deaths/1,000 population (1992) +Net migration rate: + -1 migrant/1,000 population (1992) +Infant mortality rate: + 74 deaths/1,000 live births (1992) +Life expectancy at birth: + 64 years male, 70 years female (1992) +Total fertility rate: + 5.3 children born/woman (1992) +Nationality: + noun - Tajik(s); adjective - Tajik +Ethnic divisions: + Tajik 62%, Uzbek 24%, Russian 8%, Tatar 2%, other 4% +Religions: + Sunni Muslim approximately 80%, Shi`a Muslim 5% +Languages: + Tajik (official) NA% +Literacy: + NA% (male NA%, female NA%) age 15 and over can read and write +Labor force: + 1,938,000; agriculture and forestry 43%, industry and construction 22%, + other 35% (1990) +Organized labor: + NA + +:Tajikistan Government + +Long-form name: + Republic of Tajikistan +Type: + republic +Capital: + Dushanbe +Administrative divisions: + 3 oblasts (oblastey, singular - oblast') and one autonomous oblast*; + Gorno-Badakhshan*; Kurgan-Tyube, Kulyab, Leninabad (Khudzhand); note - the + rayons around Dushanbe are under direct republic jurisdiction; an oblast + usually has the same name as its administrative center (exceptions have the + administrative center name following in parentheses) +Independence: + 9 September 1991 (from Soviet Union); formerly Tajikistan Soviet Socialist + Republic +Constitution: + adopted NA April 1978 +Legal system: + based on civil law system; no judicial review of legislative acts +National holiday: + NA +Executive branch: + president, prime minister +Legislative branch: + unicameral Supreme Soviet +Judicial branch: + NA +Leaders: + Chief of State: + President Rakhman NABIYEV (since NA September 1991); note - a government of + National Reconciliation was formed in May 1992; NABIYEV is titular head + Head of Government: + Prime Minister Akbar MIRZOYEV (since 10 January 1992); First Deputy Prime + Minister Davlat USMON +Political parties and leaders: + Tajik Democratic Party, Shodmon YUSUF, chairman; Rastokhez (Rebirth), Tohir + ABDULJABAR, chairman; Islamic Revival Party, Sharif HIMMOT-ZODA, chairman +Suffrage: + universal at age 18 +Elections: + President: + last held 27 October 1991 (next to be held NA); results - Rakhman NABIYEV, + Communist Party 60%; Daolat KHUDONAZAROV, Democratic Party, Islamic Rebirth + Party and Rastokhoz Party 30% + Supreme Soviet: + last held 25 February 1990 (next to be held NA); results - Communist Party + 99%, other 1%; seats - (230 total) Communist Party 227, other 3 +Communists: + NA +Other political or pressure groups: + Kazi Kolon, Akbar TURAJON-SODA, Muslim leader +Member of: + CSCE, IMF, UN +Diplomatic representation: + NA + US: + Ambassador-designate Stan ESCUDERO; Embassy at Interim Chancery, #39 Ainii + Street; Residences: Oktyabrskaya Hotel, Dushanbe (mailing address is APO AE + 09862); telephone [8] (011) 7-3772-24-32-23 + +:Tajikistan Government + +Flag: + NA; still in the process of designing one + +:Tajikistan Economy + +Overview: + Tajikistan has had the lowest standard of living and now faces the bleakest + economic prospects of the 15 former Soviet republics. Agriculture is the + main economic sector, normally accounting for 38% of employment and + featuring cotton and fruits. Industry is sparse, bright spots including + electric power and aluminum production based on the country's sizable + hydropower resources and a surprising specialty in the production of + metal-cutting machine tools. In 1991 and early 1992, disruptions in food + supplies from the outside have severely strained the availability of food + throughout the republic. The combination of the poor food supply, the + general disruption of industrial links to suppliers and markets, and + political instability have meant that the republic's leadership could make + little progress in economic reform in 1991 and early 1992. +GDP: + $NA, per capita $NA; real growth rate -9% (1991 est.) +Inflation rate (consumer prices): + 84% (1991) +Unemployment rate: + 25% (1991 est.) +Budget: + $NA +Exports: + $706 million (1990) + commodities: + aluminum, cotton, fruits, vegetable oil, textiles + partners: + Russia, Kazakhstan, Ukraine, Uzbekistan +Imports: + $1.3 billion (1990) + commodities: + chemicals, machinery and transport equipment, textiles, foodstuffs + partners: + NA +External debt: + $650 million (end of 1991 est.) +Industrial production: + growth rate -2.0% (1991) +Electricity: + 4,575,000 kW capacity; 17,500 million kWh produced, 3,384 kWh per capita + (1991) +Industries: + aluminum, zinc, lead, chemicals and fertilizers, cement, vegetable oil, + metal-cutting machine tools, refrigerators and freezers +Agriculture: + cotton, grain, fruits, grapes, vegetables; cattle, pigs, sheep and goats, + yaks +Illicit drugs: + illicit producers of cannabis and opium; mostly for domestic consumption; + status of government eradication programs unknown; used as transshipment + points for illicit drugs to Western Europe +Economic aid: + NA +Currency: + as of May 1992, retaining ruble as currency +Exchange rates: + NA +Fiscal year: + calendar year + +:Tajikistan Communications + +Railroads: + 480 km all 1.520-meter (broad) gauge (includes NA km electrified); does not + include industrial lines (1990); 258 km between Dushanbe (Tajikistan) and + Termez (Uzbekistan), connects with the railroad system of the other + republics of the former Soviet Union at Tashkent in Uzbekistan +Highways: + 29,900 km total (1990); 24,400 km hard surfaced, 8,500 km earth +Inland waterways: + NA km perennially navigable +Pipelines: + NA +Civil air: + NA +Airports: + NA +Telecommunications: + poorly developed; telephone density NA; linked by landline or microwave with + other CIS member states and by leased connections via the Moscow + international gateway switch to other countries; satellite earth stations - + Orbita and INTELSAT (TV receive only) + +:Tajikistan Defense Forces + +Branches: + Republic Security Forces (internal and border troops), National Guard; CIS + Forces (Ground, Air, and Air Defense) +Manpower availability: + males 15-49, NA; NA fit for military service; NA reach military age (18) + annually +Defense expenditures: + $NA, NA% of GDP + +:Tanzania Geography + +Total area: + 945,090 km2 +Land area: + 886,040 km2; includes the islands of Mafia, Pemba, and Zanzibar +Comparative area: + slightly larger than twice the size of California +Land boundaries: + 3,402 km total; Burundi 451 km, Kenya 769 km, Malawi 475 km, Mozambique 756 + km, Rwanda 217 km, Uganda 396 km, Zambia 338 km +Coastline: + 1,424 km +Maritime claims: + Exclusive economic zone: + 200 nm + Territorial sea: + 12 nm +Disputes: + boundary dispute with Malawi in Lake Nyasa; Tanzania-Zaire-Zambia tripoint + in Lake Tanganyika may no longer be indefinite since it is reported that the + indefinite section of the Zaire-Zambia boundary has been settled +Climate: + varies from tropical along coast to temperate in highlands +Terrain: + plains along coast; central plateau; highlands in north, south +Natural resources: + hydropower potential, tin, phosphates, iron ore, coal, diamonds, gemstones, + gold, natural gas, nickel +Land use: + arable land 5%; permanent crops 1%; meadows and pastures 40%; forest and + woodland 47%; other 7%; includes irrigated NEGL% +Environment: + lack of water and tsetse fly limit agriculture; recent droughts affected + marginal agriculture; Kilimanjaro is highest point in Africa + +:Tanzania People + +Population: + 27,791,552 (July 1992), growth rate 3.4% (1992) +Birth rate: + 49 births/1,000 population (1992) +Death rate: + 15 deaths/1,000 population (1992) +Net migration rate: + -1 migrant/1,000 population (1992) +Infant mortality rate: + 103 deaths/1,000 live births (1992) +Life expectancy at birth: + 50 years male, 55 years female (1992) +Total fertility rate: + 7.0 children born/woman (1992) +Nationality: + noun - Tanzanian(s); adjective - Tanzanian +Ethnic divisions: + mainland - native African consisting of well over 100 tribes 99%; Asian, + European, and Arab 1% +Religions: + mainland - Christian 33%, Muslim 33%, indigenous beliefs 33%; Zanzibar - + almost all Muslim +Languages: + Swahili and English (official); English primary language of commerce, + administration, and higher education; Swahili widely understood and + generally used for communication between ethnic groups; first language of + most people is one of the local languages; primary education is generally in + Swahili +Literacy: + 46% (male 62%, female 31%) age 15 and over can read and write (1978) +Labor force: + 732,200 wage earners; 90% agriculture, 10% industry and commerce (1986 est.) +Organized labor: + 15% of labor force + +:Tanzania Government + +Long-form name: + United Republic of Tanzania +Type: + republic +Capital: + Dar es Salaam; some government offices have been transferred to Dodoma, + which is planned as the new national capital by the end of the 1990s +Administrative divisions: + 25 regions; Arusha, Dar es Salaam, Dodoma, Iringa, Kigoma, Kilimanjaro, + Lindi, Mara, Mbeya, Morogoro, Mtwara, Mwanza, Pemba North, Pemba South, + Pwani, Rukwa, Ruvuma, Shinyanga, Singida, Tabora, Tanga, Zanzibar + Central/South, Zanzibar North, Zanzibar Urban/West, Ziwa Magharibi +Independence: + Tanganyika became independent 9 December 1961 (from UN trusteeship under + British administration); Zanzibar became independent 19 December 1963 (from + UK); Tanganyika united with Zanzibar 26 April 1964 to form the United + Republic of Tanganyika and Zanzibar; renamed United Republic of Tanzania 29 + October 1964 +Constitution: + 15 March 1984 (Zanzibar has its own Constitution but remains subject to + provisions of the union Constitution) +Legal system: + based on English common law; judicial review of legislative acts limited to + matters of interpretation; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction +National holiday: + Union Day, 26 April (1964) +Executive branch: + president, first vice president and prime minister of the union, second vice + president and president of Zanzibar, Cabinet +Legislative branch: + unicameral National Assembly (Bunge) +Judicial branch: + Court of Appeal, High Court +Leaders: + Chief of State: + President Ali Hassan MWINYI (since 5 November 1985); First Vice President + John MALECELA (since 9 November 1990); Second Vice President Salmin AMOUR + (since 9 November 1990) + Head of Government: + Prime Minister John MALECELA (since 9 November 1990) +Political parties and leaders: + only party - Chama Cha Mapinduzi (CCM or Revolutionary Party), Ali Hassan + MWINYI, party chairman +Suffrage: + universal at age 18 +Elections: + President: + last held 28 October 1990 (next to be held NA October 1995); results - Ali + Hassan MWINYI was elected without opposition + National Assembly: + last held 28 October 1990 (next to be held NA October 1995); results - CCM + is the only party; seats - (241 total, 168 elected) CCM 168 +Member of: + ACP, AfDB, C, CCC, EADB, ECA, FAO, FLS, G-6, G-77, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, + IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, ISO, ITU, LORCS, + NAM, OAU, SADCC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UPU, WCL, WHO, WIPO, WMO, + WTO + +:Tanzania Government + +Diplomatic representation: + Ambassador-designate Charles Musama NYIRABU; Chancery at 2139 R Street NW, + Washington, DC 20008; telephone (202) 939-6125 + US: + Ambassador Edmund DE JARNETTE, Jr.; Embassy at 36 Laibon Road (off Bagamoyo + Road), Dar es Salaam (mailing address is P. O. Box 9123, Dar es Salaam); + telephone [255] (51) 66010/13; FAX [255] (51)66701 +Flag: + divided diagonally by a yellow-edged black band from the lower hoist-side + corner; the upper triangle (hoist side) is green and the lower triangle is + blue + +:Tanzania Economy + +Overview: + Tanzania is one of the poorest countries in the world. The economy is + heavily dependent on agriculture, which accounts for about 47% of GDP, + provides 85% of exports, and employs 90% of the work force. Industry + accounts for 8% of GDP and is mainly limited to processing agricultural + products and light consumer goods. The economic recovery program announced + in mid-1986 has generated notable increases in agricultural production and + financial support for the program by bilateral donors. The World Bank, the + International Monetary Fund, and bilateral donors have provided funds to + rehabilitate Tanzania's deteriorated economic infrastructure. Growth in 1991 + was featured by a pickup in industrial production and a substantial increase + in output of minerals led by gold. +GDP: + exchange rate conversion - $6.9 billion, per capita $260 (1989 est.); real + growth rate 4.5% (1991 est.) +Inflation rate (consumer prices): + 16.5% (1991 est.) +Unemployment rate: + NA% +Budget: + revenues $495 million; expenditures $631 million, including capital + expenditures of $118 million (FY90) +Exports: + $478 million (f.o.b., FY91 est.) + commodities: + coffee, cotton, sisal, tea, cashew nuts, meat, tobacco, diamonds, gold, + coconut products, pyrethrum, cloves (Zanzibar) + partners: + FRG, UK, Japan, Netherlands, Kenya, Hong Kong, US +Imports: + $1.5 billion (c.i.f., FY91 est.) + commodities: + manufactured goods, machinery and transportation equipment, cotton piece + goods, crude oil, foodstuffs + partners: + FRG, UK, US, Japan, Italy, Denmark +External debt: + $5.2 billion (December 1991 est.) +Industrial production: + growth rate 4.2% (1988); accounts for 8% of GDP +Electricity: + 405,000 kW capacity; 905 million kWh produced, 35 kWh per capita (1991) +Industries: + primarily agricultural processing (sugar, beer, cigarettes, sisal twine), + diamond and gold mining, oil refinery, shoes, cement, textiles, wood + products, fertilizer +Agriculture: + accounts for over 45% of GDP; topography and climatic conditions limit + cultivated crops to only 5% of land area; cash crops - coffee, sisal, tea, + cotton, pyrethrum (insecticide made from chrysanthemums), cashews, tobacco, + cloves (Zanzibar); food crops - corn, wheat, cassava, bananas, fruits, and + vegetables; small numbers of cattle, sheep, and goats; not self-sufficient + in food grain production +Economic aid: + US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $400 million; Western (non-US) + countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $9.8 billion; OPEC + bilateral aid (1979-89), $44 million; Communist countries (1970-89), $614 + million + +:Tanzania Economy + +Currency: + Tanzanian shilling (plural - shillings); 1 Tanzanian shilling (TSh) = 100 + cents +Exchange rates: + Tanzanian shillings (TSh) per US$1 - 236.01 (February (1992), 219.16 (1991), + 195.06 (1990), 143.38 (1989), 99.29 (1988), 64.26 (1987) +Fiscal year: + 1 July-30 June + +:Tanzania Communications + +Railroads: + 3,555 km total; 960 km 1.067-meter gauge; 2,595 km 1.000-meter gauge, 6.4 km + double track, 962 km Tazara Railroad 1.067-meter gauge; 115 km 1.000-meter + gauge planned by end of decade +Highways: + total 81,900 km, 3,600 km paved; 5,600 km gravel or crushed stone; remainder + improved and unimproved earth +Inland waterways: + Lake Tanganyika, Lake Victoria, Lake Nyasa +Pipelines: + crude oil 982 km +Ports: + Dar es Salaam, Mtwara, Tanga, and Zanzibar are ocean ports; Mwanza on Lake + Victoria and Kigoma on Lake Tanganyika are inland ports +Merchant marine: + 6 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 19,185 GRT/22,916 DWT; includes 2 + passenger-cargo, 2 cargo, 1 roll-on/roll-off cargo, 1 petroleum tanker +Civil air: + 8 major transport aircraft +Airports: + 104 total, 94 usable; 12 with permanent-surface runways; none with runways + over 3,659 m; 3 with runways 2,440-3, 659 m; 43 with runways 1,220-2,439 m +Telecommunications: + fair system operating below capacity; open wire, radio relay, and + troposcatter; 103,800 telephones; broadcast stations - 12 AM, 4 FM, 2 TV; 1 + Indian Ocean and 1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT earth station + +:Tanzania Defense Forces + +Branches: + Tanzanian People's Defense Force (TPDF; including Army, Navy, and Air + Force); paramilitary Police Field Force Unit; Militia +Manpower availability: + males 15-49, 5,747,542; 3,319,116 fit for military service +Defense expenditures: + exchange rate conversion - $119 million, about 2% of GDP (FY89 budget) + +:Thailand Geography + +Total area: + 514,000 km2 +Land area: + 511,770 km2 +Comparative area: + slightly more than twice the size of Wyoming +Land boundaries: + 4,863 km total; Burma 1,800 km, Cambodia 803 km, Laos 1,754 km, Malaysia 506 + km +Coastline: + 3,219 km +Maritime claims: + Exclusive economic zone: + 200 nm + Territorial sea: + 12 nm +Disputes: + boundary dispute with Laos; unresolved maritime boundary with Vietnam +Climate: + tropical; rainy, warm, cloudy southwest monsoon (mid-May to September); dry, + cool northeast monsoon (November to mid-March); southern isthmus always hot + and humid +Terrain: + central plain; eastern plateau (Khorat); mountains elsewhere +Natural resources: + tin, rubber, natural gas, tungsten, tantalum, timber, lead, fish, gypsum, + lignite, fluorite +Land use: + arable land 34%; permanent crops 4%; meadows and pastures 1%; forest and + woodland 30%; other 31%; includes irrigated 7% +Environment: + air and water pollution; land subsidence in Bangkok area +Note: + controls only land route from Asia to Malaysia and Singapore + +:Thailand People + +Population: + 57,624,180 (July 1992), growth rate 1.4% (1992) +Birth rate: + 20 births/1,000 population (1992) +Death rate: + 6 deaths/1,000 population (1992) +Net migration rate: + 0 migrants/1,000 population (1992) +Infant mortality rate: + 35 deaths/1,000 live births (1992) +Life expectancy at birth: + 67 years male, 71 years female (1992) +Total fertility rate: + 2.2 children born/woman (1992) +Nationality: + noun - Thai (singular and plural); adjective - Thai +Ethnic divisions: + Thai 75%, Chinese 14%, other 11% +Religions: + Buddhism 95%, Muslim 3.8%, Christianity 0.5%, Hinduism 0.1%, other 0.6% + (1991) +Languages: + Thai; English is the secondary language of the elite; ethnic and regional + dialects +Literacy: + 93% (male 96%, female 90%) age 15 and over can read and write (1990 est.) +Labor force: + 30,870,000; agriculture 62%, industry 13%, commerce 11%, services (including + government) 14% (1989 est.) +Organized labor: + 309,000 union members (1989) + +:Thailand Government + +Long-form name: + Kingdom of Thailand +Type: + constitutional monarchy +Capital: + Bangkok +Administrative divisions: + 72 provinces (changwat, singular and plural); Ang Thong, Buriram, + Chachoengsao, Chai Nat, Chaiyaphum, Chanthaburi, Chiang Mai, Chiang Rai, + Chon Buri, Chumphon, Kalasin, Kamphaeng Phet, Kanchanaburi, Khon Kaen, + Krabi, Krung Thep Mahanakhon, Lampang, Lamphun, Loei, Lop Buri, Mae Hong + Son, Maha Sarakham, Nakhon Nayok, Nakhon Pathom, Nakhon Phanom, Nakhon + Ratchasima, Nakhon Sawan, Nakhon Si Thammarat, Nan, Narathiwat, Nong Khai, + Nonthaburi, Pathum Thani, Pattani, Phangnga, Phatthalung, Phayao, + Phetchabun, Phetchaburi, Phichit, Phitsanulok, Phra Nakhon Si Ayutthaya, + Phrae, Phuket, Prachin Buri, Prachuap Khiri Khan, Ranong, Ratchaburi, + Rayong, Roi Et, Sakon Nakhon, Samut Prakan, Samut Sakhon, Samut Songkhram, + Sara Buri, Satun, Sing Buri, Sisaket, Songkhla, Sukhothai, Suphan Buri, + Surat Thani, Surin, Tak, Trang, Trat, Ubon Ratchathani, Udon Thani, Uthai + Thani, Uttaradit, Yala, Yasothon +Independence: + 1238 (traditional founding date); never colonized +Constitution: + 22 December 1978; new constitution approved 7 December 1991 +Legal system: + based on civil law system, with influences of common law; has not accepted + compulsory ICJ jurisdiction; martial law in effect since 23 February 1991 + military coup +National holiday: + Birthday of His Majesty the King, 5 December (1927) +Executive branch: + monarch, interim prime minister, three interim deputy prime ministers, + interim Council of Ministers (cabinet), Privy Council; following the + military coup of 23 February 1991 a National Peace-Keeping Council was set + up +Legislative branch: + bicameral National Assembly (Rathasatha) consists of an upper house or + Senate (Vuthisatha) and a lower house or House of Representatives + (Saphaphoothan-Rajsadhorn) +Judicial branch: + Supreme Court (Sarndika) +Leaders: + Chief of State: + King PHUMIPHON Adunlayadet (since 9 June 1946); Heir Apparent Crown Prince + WACHIRALONGKON (born 28 July 1952) + Head of Government: + Prime Minister Anan PANYARACHUN (since 10 June 1992) +Political parties and leaders: + Justice Unity Party (Samakki Tham); Chart Thai Party; Solidarity Party; Thai + Citizens Party (TCP, Prachakorn Thai); Social Action Party (SAP); Democrat + Party (DP); Force of Truth Party (Palang Dharma); New Aspiration Party; + Rassadorn Party; Muanchon Party; Puangchon Chothai Party +Suffrage: + universal at age 21 + +:Thailand Government + +Elections: + House of Representatives: + last held 22 March 1992 (next to be held by NA); results - percent of vote + by party NA; seats - (360 total) Samakki Tham 79, Chart Thai Party 74, New + Aspiration Party 72, DP 44, Palang Dharma 41, SAP 31, TCP 7, Solidarity + Party 6, Rassadorn 4, Muanchon 1, Puangchon Chotahi 1 +Communists: + illegal Communist party has 500 to 1,000 members; armed Communist insurgents + throughout Thailand total 200 (est.) +Member of: + APEC, AsDB, ASEAN, CCC, CP, ESCAP, FAO, G-77, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, + ICFTU, IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, IOM, ISO, + ITU, LORCS, PCA, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UPU, WCL, WHO, WIPO, WMO +Diplomatic representation: + Ambassador-designate PHIRAPHONG Kasemsi; Embassy at 2300 Kalorama Road NW, + Washington, DC 20008; telephone (202) 483-7200; there are Thai Consulates + General in Chicago, Los Angeles, and New York + US: + Ambassador David F. LAMBERTSON; Embassy at 95 Wireless Road, Bangkok + (mailing address is APO AP 96546); telephone [66] (2) 252-5040; FAX [66] (2) + 254-2990; there is a US Consulate General in Chiang Mai and Consulates in + Songkhla and Udorn +Flag: + five horizontal bands of red (top), white, blue (double width), white, and + red + +:Thailand Economy + +Overview: + Thailand, one of the more advanced developing countries in Asia, enjoyed a + year of 8% growth in 1991, although down from an annual average of 11% + growth between 1987 and 1990. The increasingly sophisticated manufacturing + sector benefited from export-oriented investment. The manufacturing and + service sectors have accounted for the lion's share of economic growth. + Thailand's traditional agricultural sector continued to become less + important to the overall economy in 1991. The trade deficit continued to + increase in 1991, to $11 billion; earnings from tourism and remittances grew + marginally as a result of the Gulf War; and Thailand's import bill grew, + especially for manufactures and oil. The government has followed fairly + sound fiscal and monetary policies. Aided by increased tax receipts from the + fast-moving economy; Bangkok recorded its fourth consecutive budget surplus + in 1991. The government is moving ahead with new projects - especially for + telecommunications, roads, and port facilities - needed to refurbish the + country's overtaxed infrastructure. Political unrest and the military's + shooting of antigovernment demonstrators in May 1992 have caused + international businessmen to question Thailand's political stability. + Thailand's general economic outlook remains good, however, assuming the + continuation of the government's progrowth measures. +GNP: + exchange rate conversion - $92.6 billion, per capita $1,630; real growth + rate 8% (1991 est.) +Inflation rate (consumer prices): + 5.6% (1991 est.) +Unemployment rate: + 4.1% (1991 est.) +Budget: + revenues $17.9 billion; expenditures $17.9 billion, including capital + expenditures of $5.0 billion (FY92 est.) +Exports: + $27.5 billion (f.o.b., 1991) + commodities: + machinery and manufactures 62%, food 28%, crude materials 7% (1990) + partners: + US 23.4%, Japan 17.2%, Singapore 7.3%, Germany 5.3%, Hong Kong 4.8%, UK + 4.4%, Netherlands 4.3%, Malaysia, France, China (1990) +Imports: + $39.0 billion (c.i.f., 1991) + commodities: + machinery and manufactures 67%, chemicals l0%, fuels 9%, crude materials 6% + (1990) + partners: + Japan 30.2%, US 12%, Singapore 6.9%, Taiwan 5%, Germany 4.8%, China 3.2%, + South Korea, Malaysia, UK (1990) +External debt: + $25.1 billion (1990) +Industrial production: + growth rate 14% (1990 est.); accounts for about 25% of GDP +Electricity: + 7,400,000 kW capacity; 37,500 million kWh produced, 660 kWh per capita + (1991) +Industries: + tourism is the largest source of foreign exchange; textiles and garments, + agricultural processing, beverages, tobacco, cement, other light + manufacturing, such as jewelry; electric appliances and components, + integrated circuits, furniture, plastics; world's second-largest tungsten + producer and third-largest tin producer + +:Thailand Economy + +Agriculture: + accounts for 12% of GDP and 60% of labor force; leading producer and + exporter of rice and cassava (tapioca); other crops - rubber, corn, + sugarcane, coconuts, soybeans; except for wheat, self-sufficient in food +Illicit drugs: + a minor producer, major illicit trafficker of heroin, particularly from + Burma and Laos, and cannabis for the international drug market; eradication + efforts have reduced the area of cannabis cultivation and shifted some + production to neighboring countries; opium poppy cultivation has been + affected by eradication efforts +Economic aid: + US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $870 million; Western (non-US) + countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $8.6 billion; OPEC + bilateral aid (1979-89), $19 million +Currency: + baht (plural - baht); 1 baht (B) = 100 satang +Exchange rates: + baht (B) per US$1 - 25.614 (March 1992), 25.517 (1991), 25.585 (1990), + 25.702 (1989), 25.294 (1988), 25.723 (1987) +Fiscal year: + 1 October-30 September + +:Thailand Communications + +Railroads: + 3,940 km 1.000-meter gauge, 99 km double track +Highways: + 44,534 km total; 28,016 km paved, 5,132 km earth surface, 11,386 km under + development +Inland waterways: + 3,999 km principal waterways; 3,701 km with navigable depths of 0.9 m or + more throughout the year; numerous minor waterways navigable by + shallow-draft native craft +Pipelines: + natural gas 350 km, petroleum products 67 km +Ports: + Bangkok, Pattani, Phuket, Sattahip, Si Racha +Merchant marine: + 151 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 628,225 GRT/957,095 DWT; includes 1 + short-sea passenger, 87 cargo, 11 container, 31 petroleum tanker, 9 + liquefied gas, 2 chemical tanker, 3 bulk, 4 refrigerated cargo, 2 + combination bulk, 1 passenger +Civil air: + 41 (plus 2 leased) major transport aircraft +Airports: + 115 total, 97 usable; 50 with permanent-surface runways; 1 with runways over + 3,659 m; 13 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 28 with runways 1,220-2,439 m +Telecommunications: + service to general public inadequate; bulk of service to government + activities provided by multichannel cable and radio relay network; 739,500 + telephones (1987); broadcast stations - over 200 AM, 100 FM, and 11 TV in + government-controlled networks; satellite earth stations - 1 Indian Ocean + INTELSAT and 1 Pacific Ocean INTELSAT domestic satellite system being + developed + +:Thailand Defense Forces + +Branches: + Royal Thai Army, Royal Thai Navy (including Royal Thai Marine Corps), Royal + Thai Air Force, Paramilitary Forces +Manpower availability: + males 15-49, 16,361,393; 9,966,446 fit for military service; 612,748 reach + military age (18) annually +Defense expenditures: + exchange rate conversion - $2.7 billion, about 3% of GNP (1992 budget) + +:Togo Geography + +Total area: + 56,790 km2 +Land area: + 54,390 km2 +Comparative area: + slightly smaller than West Virginia +Land boundaries: + 1,647 km total; Benin 644 km, Burkina 126 km, Ghana 877 km +Coastline: + 56 km +Maritime claims: + Exclusive economic zone: + 200 nm + Territorial sea: + 30 nm +Disputes: + none +Climate: + tropical; hot, humid in south; semiarid in north +Terrain: + gently rolling savanna in north; central hills; southern plateau; low + coastal plain with extensive lagoons and marshes +Natural resources: + phosphates, limestone, marble +Land use: + arable land 25%; permanent crops 1%; meadows and pastures 4%; forest and + woodland 28%; other 42%; includes irrigated NEGL% +Environment: + hot, dry harmattan wind can reduce visibility in north during winter; recent + droughts affecting agriculture; deforestation + +:Togo People + +Population: + 3,958,863 (July 1992), growth rate 3.6% (1992) +Birth rate: + 48 births/1,000 population (1992) +Death rate: + 12 deaths/1,000 population (1992) +Net migration rate: + 0 migrants/1,000 population (1992) +Infant mortality rate: + 94 deaths/1,000 live births (1992) +Life expectancy at birth: + 54 years male, 58 years female (1992) +Total fertility rate: + 7.0 children born/woman (1992) +Nationality: + noun - Togolese (singular and plural); adjective - Togolese +Ethnic divisions: + 37 tribes; largest and most important are Ewe, Mina, and Kabye; under 1% + European and Syrian-Lebanese +Religions: + indigenous beliefs about 70%, Christian 20%, Muslim 10% +Languages: + French, both official and language of commerce; major African languages are + Ewe and Mina in the south and Dagomba and Kabye in the north +Literacy: + 43% (male 56%, female 31%) age 15 and over can read and write (1990 est.) +Labor force: + NA; agriculture 78%, industry 22%; about 88,600 wage earners, evenly divided + between public and private sectors; 50% of population of working age (1985) +Organized labor: + Federation of Togolese Workers (CNTT) was only legal labor union until + Spring 1991; at least two more groups established since then: Labor + Federation of Togolese Workers (CSTT) and the National Union of Independent + Syndicates (UNSIT), each with 10-12 member unions; four other civil service + unions have formed a loose coalition known as the Autonomous Syndicates of + Togo (CTSA) + +:Togo Government + +Long-form name: + Republic of Togo +Type: + republic; under transition to multiparty democratic rule +Capital: + Lome +Administrative divisions: + 21 circumscriptions (circonscriptions, singular - circonscription); Amlame + (Amou), Aneho (Lacs), Atakpame (Ogou), Badou (Wawa), Bafilo (Assoli), Bassar + (Bassari), Dapango (Tone), Kande (Keran), Klouto (Kloto), Pagouda (Binah), + Lama-Kara (Kozah), Lome (Golfe), Mango (Oti), Niamtougou (Doufelgou), Notse + (Haho), Pagouda, Sotouboua, Tabligbo (Yoto), Tchamba, Nyala, Tchaoudjo, + Tsevie (Zio), Vogan (Vo); note - the 21 units may now be called prefectures + (prefectures, singular - prefecture) and reported name changes for + individual units are included in parentheses +Independence: + 27 April 1960 (from UN trusteeship under French administration, formerly + French Togo) +Constitution: + 1980 constitution nullified during national reform conference; transition + constitution adopted 24 August 1991; multiparty draft constitution sent to + High Council of the Republic for approval in November 1991, scheduled to be + put to public referendum in NA 1992 +Legal system: + French-based court system +National holiday: + Independence Day 27 April (1960) +Executive branch: + president, prime minister, Council of Ministers (cabinet) +Legislative branch: + National Assembly dissolved during national reform conference; 79-member + interim High Council for the Republic (HCR) formed to act as legislature + during transition to multiparty democracy; legislative elections scheduled + to be held in NA +Judicial branch: + Court of Appeal (Cour d'Appel), Supreme Court (Cour Supreme) +Leaders: + Chief of State: + President Gen. Gnassingbe EYADEMA (since 14 April 1967) + Head of Government: + interim Prime Minister Joseph Kokou KOFFIGOH (since 28 August 1991) +Political parties and leaders: + Rally of the Togolese People (RPT) led by President EYADEMA was the only + party until the formation of multiple parties was legalized 12 April 1991; + more than 10 parties formed as of mid-May, though none yet legally + registered; a national conference to determine transition regime took place + 10 July-28 August 1991 +Suffrage: + universal adult at age NA +Elections: + President: + last held 21 December 1986 (next to be held NA 1992); results - Gen. EYADEMA + was reelected without opposition + National Assembly: + last held 4 March 1990; dissolved during national reform conference (next to + be held April/May 1992); results - RPT was the only party; seats - (77 + total) RPT 77 + +:Togo Government + +Member of: + ACCT, ACP, AfDB, CEAO (observer), ECA, ECOWAS, Entente, FAO, FZ, G-77, GATT, + IBRD, ICAO, ICC, IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, + ITU, LORCS, NAM, OAU, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WADB, WCL, WHO, WIPO, + WMO, WTO +Diplomatic representation: + Ambassador Ellom-Kodjo SCHUPPIUS; Chancery at 2208 Massachusetts Avenue NW, + Washington, DC 20008; telephone (202) 234-4212 or 4213 + US: + Ambassador Harmon E. KIRBY; Embassy at Rue Pelletier Caventou and Rue + Vauban, Lome (mailing address is B. P. 852, Lome); telephone [228] 21-29-91 + through 94 and 21-77-17; FAX [228] 21-79-52 +Flag: + five equal horizontal bands of green (top and bottom) alternating with + yellow; there is a white five-pointed star on a red square in the upper + hoist-side corner; uses the popular pan-African colors of Ethiopia + +:Togo Economy + +Overview: + The economy is heavily dependent on subsistence agriculture, which accounts + for about 35% of GDP and provides employment for 78% of the labor force. + Primary agricultural exports are cocoa, coffee, and cotton, which together + account for about 30% of total export earnings. Togo is self-sufficient in + basic foodstuffs when harvests are normal. In the industrial sector + phosphate mining is by far the most important activity, with phosphate + exports accounting for about 40% of total foreign exchange earnings. Togo + serves as a regional commercial and trade center. The government, over the + past decade, with IMF and World Bank support, has been implementing a number + of economic reform measures, that is, actively encouraging foreign + investment and attempting to bring revenues in line with expenditures. + Political unrest throughout 1991, however, has jeopardized the reform + program and has disrupted vital economic activity. +GDP: + exchange rate conversion - $1.5 billion, per capita $400; real growth rate + 2% (1990 est.) +Inflation rate (consumer prices): + 1.0% (1990) +Unemployment rate: + 2.0% (1987) +Budget: + revenues $330 million; expenditures $363 million, including capital + expenditures of $101 million (1990 est.) +Exports: + $396 million (f.o.b., 1990) + commodities: + phosphates, cocoa, coffee, cotton, manufactures, palm kernels + partners: + EC 70%, Africa 9%, US 2%, other 19% (1985) +Imports: + $502 million (f.o.b., 1990) + commodities: + food, fuels, durable consumer goods, other intermediate goods, capital goods + partners: + EC 61%, US 6%, Africa 4%, Japan 4%, other 25% (1989) +External debt: + $1.3 billion (1990 est.) +Industrial production: + growth rate 4.9% (1987 est.); 6% of GDP +Electricity: + 179,000 kW capacity; 209 million kWh produced, 60 kWh per capita (1990) +Industries: + phosphate mining, agricultural processing, cement, handicrafts, textiles, + beverages +Agriculture: + cash crops - coffee, cocoa, cotton; food crops - yams, cassava, corn, beans, + rice, millet, sorghum; livestock production not significant; annual fish + catch, 10,000-14,000 tons +Economic aid: + US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $132 million; Western (non-US) + countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $1.9 billion; OPEC + bilateral aid (1979-89), $35 million; Communist countries (1970-89), $51 + million +Currency: + Communaute Financiere Africaine franc (plural - francs); 1 CFA franc (CFAF) + = 100 centimes + +:Togo Economy + +Exchange rates: + Communaute Financiere Africaine francs (CFAF) per US$1 - 281.99 (March + 1992), 282.11 (1991), 272.26 (1990), 319.01 (1989), 297.85 (1988), 300.54 + (1987) +Fiscal year: + calendar year + +:Togo Communications + +Railroads: + 515 km 1.000-meter gauge, single track +Highways: + 6,462 km total; 1,762 km paved; 4,700 km unimproved roads +Inland waterways: + 50 km Mono River +Ports: + Lome, Kpeme (phosphate port) +Merchant marine: + 3 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 20,975 GRT/34,022 DWT; includes 2 + roll-on/roll-off cargo, 1 multifunction large-load carrier +Civil air: + 3 major transport aircraft +Airports: + 9 total, 9 usable; 2 with permanent-surface runways; none with runways over + 3,659 m; 2 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; none with runways 1,220-2,439 m +Telecommunications: + fair system based on network of radio relay routes supplemented by open wire + lines; broadcast stations - 2 AM, no FM, 3 (2 relays) TV; satellite earth + stations - 1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT and 1 SYMPHONIE + +:Togo Defense Forces + +Branches: + Army, Navy, Air Force, Gendarmerie +Manpower availability: + males 15-49, 828,259; 435,113 fit for military service; no conscription +Defense expenditures: + exchange rate conversion - $43 million, about 3% of GDP (1989) + +:Tokelau Geography + +Total area: + 10 km2 +Land area: + 10 km2 +Comparative area: + about 17 times the size of The Mall in Washington, DC +Land boundaries: + none +Coastline: + 101 km +Maritime claims: + Exclusive economic zone: + 200 nm + Territorial sea: + 12 nm +Disputes: + none +Climate: + tropical; moderated by trade winds (April to November) +Terrain: + coral atolls enclosing large lagoons +Natural resources: + negligible +Land use: + arable land 0%; permanent crops 0%; meadows and pastures 0%; forest and + woodland 0%; other 100% +Environment: + lies in Pacific typhoon belt +Note: + located 3,750 km southwest of Honolulu in the South Pacific Ocean, about + halfway between Hawaii and New Zealand + +:Tokelau People + +Population: + 1,760 (July 1992), growth rate 0.7% (1992) +Birth rate: + NA births/1,000 population (1992) +Death rate: + NA deaths/1,000 population (1992) +Net migration rate: + NA migrants/1,000 population (1992) +Infant mortality rate: + NA deaths/1,000 live births (1992) +Life expectancy at birth: + NA years male, NA years female (1992) +Total fertility rate: + NA children born/woman (1992) +Nationality: + noun - Tokelauan(s); adjective - Tokelauan +Ethnic divisions: + all Polynesian, with cultural ties to Western Samoa +Religions: + Congregational Christian Church 70%, Roman Catholic 28%, other 2%; on Atafu, + all Congregational Christian Church of Samoa; on Nukunonu, all Roman + Catholic; on Fakaofo, both denominations, with the Congregational Christian + Church predominant +Languages: + Tokelauan (a Polynesian language) and English +Literacy: + NA% (male NA%, female NA%) +Labor force: + NA +Organized labor: + NA + +:Tokelau Government + +Long-form name: + none +Type: + territory of New Zealand +Capital: + none; each atoll has its own administrative center +Administrative divisions: + none (territory of New Zealand) +Independence: + none (territory of New Zealand) +Constitution: + administered under the Tokelau Islands Act of 1948, as amended in 1970 +Legal system: + British and local statutes +National holiday: + Waitangi Day (Treaty of Waitangi established British sovereignty over New + Zealand), 6 February (1840) +Executive branch: + British monarch, administrator (appointed by the Minister of Foreign Affairs + in New Zealand), official secretary +Legislative branch: + Council of Elders (Taupulega) on each atoll +Judicial branch: + High Court in Niue, Supreme Court in New Zealand +Leaders: + Chief of State: + Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952) + Head of Government: + Administrator Neil WALTER (since NA February 1988); Official Secretary + Casimilo J. PEREZ, Office of Tokelau Affairs +Suffrage: + NA +Elections: + NA +Member of: + SPC +Diplomatic representation: + none (territory of New Zealand) +Flag: + the flag of New Zealand is used + +:Tokelau Economy + +Overview: + Tokelau's small size, isolation, and lack of resources greatly restrain + economic development and confine agriculture to the subsistence level. The + people must rely on aid from New Zealand to maintain public services, annual + aid being substantially greater than GDP. The principal sources of revenue + come from sales of copra, postage stamps, souvenir coins, and handicrafts. + Money is also remitted to families from relatives in New Zealand. +GDP: + exchange rate conversion - $1.4 million, per capita $800; real growth rate + NA% (1988 est.) +Inflation rate (consumer prices): + NA% +Unemployment rate: + NA% +Budget: + revenues $430,830; expenditures $2.8 million, including capital expenditures + of $37,300 (FY87) +Exports: + $98,000 (f.o.b., 1983) + commodities: + stamps, copra, handicrafts + partners: + NZ +Imports: + $323,400 (c.i.f., 1983) + commodities: + foodstuffs, building materials, fuel + partners: + NZ +External debt: + none +Industrial production: + growth rate NA% +Electricity: + 200 kW capacity; 300,000 kWh produced, 180 kWh per capita (1990) +Industries: + small-scale enterprises for copra production, wood work, plaited craft + goods; stamps, coins; fishing +Agriculture: + coconuts, copra; basic subsistence crops - breadfruit, papaya, bananas; + pigs, poultry, goats +Economic aid: + Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $24 + million +Currency: + New Zealand dollar (plural - dollars); 1 New Zealand dollar (NZ$) = 100 + cents +Exchange rates: + New Zealand dollars (NZ$) per US$1 - 1.8245 (March 1992), l.7265 (1991), + 1.6750 (1990), 1.6708 (1989), 1.5244 (1988), 1.6886 (1987) +Fiscal year: + 1 April-31 March + +:Tokelau Communications + +Ports: + none; offshore anchorage only +Airports: + none; lagoon landings by amphibious aircraft from Western Samoa +Telecommunications: + telephone service between islands and to Western Samoa + +:Tokelau Defense Forces + +Note: + defense is the responsibility of New Zealand + +:Tonga Geography + +Total area: + 748 km2 +Land area: + 718 km2 +Comparative area: + slightly more than four times the size of Washington, DC +Land boundaries: + none +Coastline: + 419 km +Maritime claims: + Continental shelf: + no specific limits + Exclusive economic zone: + 200 nm + Territorial sea: + 12 nm +Disputes: + none +Climate: + tropical; modified by trade winds; warm season (December to May), cool + season (May to December) +Terrain: + most islands have limestone base formed from uplifted coral formation; + others have limestone overlying volcanic base +Natural resources: + fish, fertile soil +Land use: + arable land 25%; permanent crops 55%; meadows and pastures 6%; forest and + woodland 12%; other 2% +Environment: + archipelago of 170 islands (36 inhabited); subject to cyclones (October to + April); deforestation +Note: + located about 2,250 km north-northwest of New Zealand, about two-thirds of + the way between Hawaii and New Zealand + +:Tonga People + +Population: + 103,114 (July 1992), growth rate 0.8% (1992) +Birth rate: + 26 births/1,000 population (1992) +Death rate: + 7 deaths/1,000 population (1992) +Net migration rate: + -11 migrants/1,000 population (1992) +Infant mortality rate: + 22 deaths/1,000 live births (1992) +Life expectancy at birth: + 65 years male, 70 years female (1992) +Total fertility rate: + 3.7 children born/woman (1992) +Nationality: + noun - Tongan(s); adjective - Tongan +Ethnic divisions: + Polynesian; about 300 Europeans +Religions: + Christian; Free Wesleyan Church claims over 30,000 adherents +Languages: + Tongan, English +Literacy: + 100% (male 100%, female 100%) age 15 and over can read and write a simple + message in Tongan or English (1976) +Labor force: + NA; 70% agriculture; 600 engaged in mining +Organized labor: + none + +:Tonga Government + +Long-form name: + Kingdom of Tonga +Type: + hereditary constitutional monarchy +Capital: + Nuku`alofa +Administrative divisions: + three island groups; Ha`apai, Tongatapu, Vava`u +Independence: + 4 June 1970 (from UK; formerly Friendly Islands) +Constitution: + 4 November 1875, revised 1 January 1967 +Legal system: + based on English law +National holiday: + Emancipation Day, 4 June (1970) +Executive branch: + monarch, prime minister, deputy prime minister, Council of Ministers + (cabinet), Privy Council +Legislative branch: + unicameral Legislative Assembly (Fale Alea) +Judicial branch: + Supreme Court +Leaders: + Chief of State: + King Taufa'ahau TUPOU IV (since 16 December 1965) + Head of Government: + Prime Minister Baron VAEA (since 22 August 1991); Deputy Prime Minister S. + Langi KAVALIKU (since 22 August 1991) +Political parties and leaders: + Democratic Reform Movement, 'Akilisi POHIVA +Suffrage: + all literate, tax-paying males and all literate females over 21 +Elections: + Legislative Assembly: + last held 14-15 February 1990 (next to be held NA February 1993); results - + percent of vote NA; seats - (29 total, 9 elected) 6 proreform, 3 + traditionalist +Member of: + ACP, AsDB, C, ESCAP, FAO, G-77, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IMF, INTERPOL, + IOC, ITU, LORCS, SPC, SPF, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WHO +Diplomatic representation: + Ambassador Siosaia a'Ulupekotofa TUITA resides in London + US: + the US has no offices in Tonga; the Ambassador to Fiji is accredited to + Tonga and makes periodic visits +Flag: + red with a bold red cross on a white rectangle in the upper hoist-side + corner + +:Tonga Economy + +Overview: + The economy's base is agriculture, which employs about 70% of the labor + force and contributes 50% to GDP. Coconuts, bananas, and vanilla beans are + the main crops and make up two-thirds of exports. The country must import a + high proportion of its food, mainly from New Zealand. The manufacturing + sector accounts for only 11% of GDP. Tourism is the primary source of hard + currency earnings, but the island remains dependent on sizable external aid + and remittances to offset its trade deficit. +GDP: + exchange rate conversion - $92 million, per capita $900; real growth rate + 2.5% (FY90 est.) +Inflation rate (consumer prices): + 8.9% (third quarter 1991) +Unemployment rate: + NA% +Budget: + revenues $30.6 million; expenditures $48.9 million, including capital + expenditures of $22.5 million (FY89 est.) +Exports: + $9.6 million (f.o.b., FY90 est.) + commodities: + coconut oil, desiccated coconut, copra, bananas, taro, vanilla beans, + fruits, vegetables, fish + partners: + NZ 35%, Australia 22%, US 13%, Fiji 5% (FY90) +Imports: + $59.9 million (c.i.f., FY90 est.) + commodities: + food products, machinery and transport equipment, manufactures, fuels, + chemicals + partners: + NZ 30%, Australia 23%, US 12%, Japan 7% (FY90) +External debt: + $42.0 million (FY89) +Industrial production: + growth rate 15% (FY86); accounts for 11% of GDP +Electricity: + 6,000 kW capacity; 8 million kWh produced, 80 kWh per capita (1990) +Industries: + tourism, fishing +Agriculture: + dominated by coconut, copra, and banana production; vanilla beans, cocoa, + coffee, ginger, black pepper +Economic aid: + US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $16 million; Western (non-US) + countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $258 million +Currency: + pa'anga (plural - pa'anga); 1 pa'anga (T$) = 100 seniti +Exchange rates: + pa'anga (T$) per US$1 - 1.2987 (January 1992), 1.2961 (1991), 1.2809 (1990), + 1.2637 (1989), 1.2799 (1988), 1.4282 (1987) +Fiscal year: + 1 July-30 June + +:Tonga Communications + +Highways: + 198 km sealed road (Tongatapu); 74 km (Vava`u); 94 km unsealed roads usable + only in dry weather +Ports: + Nukualofa, Neiafu, Pangai +Merchant marine: + 4 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 11,511 GRT/17,816 DWT; includes 2 + cargo, 1 roll-on/roll-off cargo, 1 liquefied gas +Civil air: + no major transport aircraft +Airports: + 6 total, 6 usable; 1 with permanent-surface runways; none with runways over + 3,659 m; 1 with runways 2,440-3,659; 1 with runways 1,220-2,439 m +Telecommunications: + 3,529 telephones; 66,000 radios; no TV sets; broadcast stations - 1 AM, no + FM, no TV; 1 Pacific Ocean INTELSAT earth station + +:Tonga Defense Forces + +Branches: + Tonga Defense Force, Tonga Maritime Division, Royal Tongan Marines, Royal + Tongan Guard, Police +Manpower availability: + NA +Defense expenditures: + exchange rate conversion - $NA, NA% of GDP + +:Trinidad and Tobago Geography + +Total area: + 5,130 km2 +Land area: + 5,130 km2 +Comparative area: + slightly smaller than Delaware +Land boundaries: + none +Coastline: + 362 km +Maritime claims: + Continental shelf: + outer edge of continental margin or 200 nm + Exclusive economic zone: + 200 nm + Territorial sea: + 12 nm +Disputes: + none +Climate: + tropical; rainy season (June to December) +Terrain: + mostly plains with some hills and low mountains +Natural resources: + crude oil, natural gas, asphalt +Land use: + arable land 14%; permanent crops 17%; meadows and pastures 2%; forest and + woodland 44%; other 23%; includes irrigated 4% +Environment: + outside usual path of hurricanes and other tropical storms +Note: + located 11 km from Venezuela + +:Trinidad and Tobago People + +Population: + 1,299,301 (July 1992), growth rate 1.1% (1992) +Birth rate: + 21 births/1,000 population (1992) +Death rate: + 6 deaths/1,000 population (1992) +Net migration rate: + -3 migrants/1,000 population (1992) +Infant mortality rate: + 17 deaths/1,000 live births (1992) +Life expectancy at birth: + 68 years male, 73 years female (1992) +Total fertility rate: + 2.4 children born/woman (1992) +Nationality: + noun - Trinidadian(s), Tobagonian(s); adjective - Trinidadian, Tobagonian +Ethnic divisions: + black 43%, East Indian 40%, mixed 14%, white 1%, Chinese 1%, other 1% +Religions: + Roman Catholic 32.2%, Hindu 24.3%, Anglican 14.4%, other Protestant 14%, + Muslim 6%, none or unknown 9.1% +Languages: + English (official), Hindi, French, Spanish +Literacy: + 95% (male 97%, female 93%) age 15 and over can read and write (1980) +Labor force: + 463,900; construction and utilities 18.1%; manufacturing, mining, and + quarrying 14.8%; agriculture 10.9%; other 56.2% (1985 est.) +Organized labor: + 22% of labor force (1988) + +:Trinidad and Tobago Government + +Long-form name: + Republic of Trinidad and Tobago +Type: + parliamentary democracy +Capital: + Port-of-Spain +Administrative divisions: + 8 counties, 3 municipalities*, and 1 ward**; Arima*, Caroni, Mayaro, Nariva, + Port-of-Spain*, Saint Andrew, Saint David, Saint George, Saint Patrick, San + Fernando*, Tobago**, Victoria +Independence: + 31 August 1962 (from UK) +Constitution: + 31 August 1976 +Legal system: + based on English common law; judicial review of legislative acts in the + Supreme Court; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction +National holiday: + Independence Day, 31 August (1962) +Executive branch: + president, prime minister, Cabinet +Legislative branch: + bicameral Parliament consists of an upper house or Senate and a lower house + or House of Representatives +Judicial branch: + Court of Appeal, Supreme Court +Leaders: + Chief of State: + President Noor Mohammed HASSANALI (since 18 March 1987) + Head of Government: + Prime Minister Patrick Augustus Mervyn MANNING (since 17 December 1991) +Political parties and leaders: + People's National Movement (PNM), Patrick MANNING; United National Congress + (UNC), Basdeo PANDAY; National Alliance for Reconstruction (NAR), Carson + CHARLES; Movement for Social Transformation (MOTION), David ABDULLAH; + National Joint Action Committee (NJAC), Makandal DAAGA +Suffrage: + universal at age 18 +Elections: + House of Representatives: + last held 16 December 1991 (next to be held by December 1996);results - PNM + 32%, UNC 13%, NAR 2%; seats - (36 total) PNM 21, UNC 13, NAR 2 +Communists: + Communist Party of Trinidad and Tobago; Trinidad and Tobago Peace Council, + James MILLETTE +Member of: + ACP, C, CARICOM, CCC, CDB, ECLAC, FAO, G-24, G-77, GATT, IADB, IBRD, ICAO, + ICFTU, IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, ISO, ITU, + LAES, LORCS, NAM, OAS, OPANAL, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WFTU, WHO, + WIPO, WMO +Diplomatic representation: + Ambassador Corinne BAPTISTE; Chancery at 1708 Massachusetts Avenue NW, + Washington, DC 20036; telephone (202) 467-6490; Trinidad and Tobago has a + Consulate General in New York + US: + Ambassador Sally GROOMS-COWAL; Embassy at 15 Queen's Park West, + Port-of-Spain (mailing address is P. O. Box 752, Port-of-Spain); telephone + (809) 622-6372 through 6376, 6176; FAX (809) 628-5462 + +:Trinidad and Tobago Government + +Flag: + red with a white-edged black diagonal band from the upper hoist side + +:Trinidad and Tobago Economy + +Overview: + Trinidad and Tobago's petroleum-based economy began to emerge from a lengthy + depression in 1990 and 1991. The economy fell sharply through most of the + 1980s, largely because of the decline in oil prices. This sector accounts + for 80% of export earnings and more than 25% of GDP. The government, in + response to the oil revenue loss, pursued a series of austerity measures + that pushed the unemployment rate as high as 22% in 1988. The economy showed + signs of recovery in 1990, however, helped along by rising oil prices. + Agriculture employs only about 11% of the labor force and produces about 3% + of GDP. Since this sector is small, it has been unable to absorb the large + numbers of the unemployed. The government currently seeks to diversify its + export base. +GDP: + exchange rate conversion - $4.9 billion, per capita $3,600; real growth rate + 0.7% (1990) +Inflation rate (consumer prices): + 11.1% (1990) +Unemployment rate: + 21% (1990) +Budget: + revenues $1.5 billion; expenditures $1.7 billion, including capital + expenditures of $150 million (1991 est.) +Exports: + $2.0 billion (f.o.b., 1990) + commodities: + includes reexports - petroleum and petroleum products 82%, steel products + 9%, fertilizer, sugar, cocoa, coffee, citrus (1988) + partners: + US 54%, CARICOM 16%, EC 10%, Latin America 3% (1989) +Imports: + $1.2 billion (c.i.f., 1990) + commodities: + raw materials and intermediate goods 47%, capital goods 26%, consumer goods + 26% (1988) + partners: + US 41%, Latin America 10%, UK 8%, Canada 5%, CARICOM 6% (1989) +External debt: + $2.5 billion (1990) +Industrial production: + growth rate 2.3%, excluding oil refining (1986); accounts for 40% of GDP, + including petroleum +Electricity: + 1,176,000 kW capacity; 3,480 million kWh produced, 2,708 kWh per capita + (1991) +Industries: + petroleum, chemicals, tourism, food processing, cement, beverage, cotton + textiles +Agriculture: + highly subsidized sector; major crops - cocoa and sugarcane; sugarcane + acreage is being shifted into rice, citrus, coffee, vegetables; poultry + sector most important source of animal protein; must import large share of + food needs +Economic aid: + US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $373 million; Western (non-US) + countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $518 million +Currency: + Trinidad and Tobago dollar (plural - dollars); 1 Trinidad and Tobago dollar + (TT$) = 100 cents + +:Trinidad and Tobago Economy + +Exchange rates: + Trinidad and Tobago dollars (TT$) per US$1 - 4.2500 (March 1992), 4.2500 + (1991), 4.2500 (1990), 4.2500 (1989), 3.8438 (1988), 3.6000 (1987) +Fiscal year: + calendar year + +:Trinidad and Tobago Communications + +Railroads: + minimal agricultural railroad system near San Fernando +Highways: + 8,000 km total; 4,000 km paved, 1,000 km improved earth, 3,000 km unimproved + earth +Pipelines: + crude oil 1,032 km, petroleum products 19 km, natural gas 904 km +Ports: + Port-of-Spain, Point Lisas, Pointe-a-Pierre +Civil air: + 14 major transport aircraft +Airports: + 6 total, 5 usable; 2 with permanent-surface runways; none with runways over + 3,659 m; 2 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 1 with runways 1,220-2,439 m +Telecommunications: + excellent international service via tropospheric scatter links to Barbados + and Guyana; good local service; 109,000 telephones; broadcast stations - 2 + AM, 4 FM, 5 TV; 1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT earth station + +:Trinidad and Tobago Defense Forces + +Branches: + Trinidad and Tobago Defense Force (Army), Coast Guard, Air Wing, Trinidad + and Tobago Police Service +Manpower availability: + males 15-49, 344,990; 248,912 fit for military service +Defense expenditures: + exchange rate conversion - $59 million, 1-2% of GDP (1989 est.) + +:Tromelin Island Geography + +Total area: + 1 km2 +Land area: + 1 km2 +Comparative area: + about 1.7 times the size of The Mall in Washington, DC +Land boundaries: + none +Coastline: + 3.7 km +Maritime claims: + Contiguous zone: + 12 nm + Continental shelf: + 200 m (depth) or to depth of exploitation + Exclusive economic zone: + 200 nm + Territorial sea: + 12 nm +Disputes: + claimed by Madagascar, Mauritius, and Seychelles +Climate: + tropical +Terrain: + sandy +Natural resources: + fish +Land use: + arable land 0%; permanent crops 0%; meadows and pastures 0%; forest and + woodland 0%; other - scattered bushes 100% +Environment: + wildlife sanctuary +Note: + located 350 km east of Madagascar and 600 km north of Reunion in the Indian + Ocean; climatologically important location for forecasting cyclones + +:Tromelin Island People + +Population: + uninhabited + +:Tromelin Island Government + +Long-form name: + none +Type: + French possession administered by Commissioner of the Republic Jacques + DEWATRE (since NA July 1991), resident in Reunion +Capital: + none; administered by France from Reunion + +:Tromelin Island Economy + +Overview: + no economic activity + +:Tromelin Island Communications + +Ports: + none; offshore anchorage only +Airports: + 1 with runway less than 1,220 m +Telecommunications: + important meteorological station + +:Tromelin Island Defense Forces + +Note: + defense is the responsibility of France + +:Tunisia Geography + +Total area: + 163,610 km2 +Land area: + 155,360 km2 +Comparative area: + slightly larger than Georgia +Land boundaries: + 1,424 km total; Algeria 965 km, Libya 459 km +Coastline: + 1,148 km +Maritime claims: + Territorial sea: + 12 nm +Disputes: + maritime boundary dispute with Libya; land boundary disputes with Algeria + under discussion +Climate: + temperate in north with mild, rainy winters and hot, dry summers; desert in + south +Terrain: + mountains in north; hot, dry central plain; semiarid south merges into the + Sahara +Natural resources: + crude oil, phosphates, iron ore, lead, zinc, salt +Land use: + arable land 20%; permanent crops 10%; meadows and pastures 19%; forest and + woodland 4%; other 47%; includes irrigated 1% +Environment: + deforestation; overgrazing; soil erosion; desertification +Note: + strategic location in central Mediterranean; only 144 km from Italy across + the Strait of Sicily; borders Libya on east + +:Tunisia People + +Population: + 8,445,656 (July 1992), growth rate 2.0% (1992) +Birth rate: + 25 births/1,000 population (1992) +Death rate: + 5 deaths/1,000 population (1992) +Net migration rate: + 0 migrants/1,000 population (1992) +Infant mortality rate: + 38 deaths/1,000 live births (1992) +Life expectancy at birth: + 70 years male, 74 years female (1992) +Total fertility rate: + 3.2 children born/woman (1992) +Nationality: + noun - Tunisian(s); adjective - Tunisian +Ethnic divisions: + Arab-Berber 98%, European 1%, Jewish less than 1% +Religions: + Muslim 98%, Christian 1%, Jewish less than 1% +Languages: + Arabic (official); Arabic and French (commerce) +Literacy: + 65% (male 74%, female 56%) age 15 and over can read and write (1990 est.) +Labor force: + 2,250,000; agriculture 32%; shortage of skilled labor +Organized labor: + about 360,000 members claimed, roughly 20% of labor force; General Union of + Tunisian Workers (UGTT), quasi-independent of Constitutional Democratic + Party + +:Tunisia Government + +Long-form name: + Republic of Tunisia; note - may be changed to Tunisian Republic +Type: + republic +Capital: + Tunis +Administrative divisions: + 23 governorates; Beja, Ben Arous, Bizerte, Gabes, Gafsa, Jendouba, Kairouan, + Kasserine, Kebili, L'Ariana, Le Kef, Mahdia, Medenine, Monastir, Nabeul, + Sfax, Sidi Bou Zid, Siliana, Sousse, Tataouine, Tozeur, Tunis, Zaghouan +Independence: + 20 March 1956 (from France) +Constitution: + 1 June 1959 +Legal system: + based on French civil law system and Islamic law; some judicial review of + legislative acts in the Supreme Court in joint session +National holiday: + National Day, 20 March (1956) +Executive branch: + president, prime minister, Cabinet +Legislative branch: + unicameral Chamber of Deputies (Majlis al-Nuwaab) +Judicial branch: + Court of Cassation (Cour de Cassation) +Leaders: + Chief of State: + President Gen. Zine el Abidine BEN ALI (since 7 November 1987) + Head of Government: + Prime Minister Hamed KAROUI (since 26 September 1989) +Political parties and leaders: + Constitutional Democratic Rally Party (RCD), President BEN ALI (official + ruling party); Movement of Democratic Socialists (MDS), Mohammed MOUAADA; + five other political parties are legal, including the Communist Party +Suffrage: + universal at age 20 +Elections: + President: + last held 2 April 1989 (next to be held NA April 1994); results - Gen. Zine + el Abidine BEN ALI was reelected without opposition + Chamber of Deputies: + last held 2 April 1989 (next to be held NA April 1994); results - RCD 80.7%, + independents/Islamists 13.7%, MDS 3.2%, other 2.4%; seats - (141 total) RCD + 141 +Member of: + ABEDA, ACCT, AfDB, AFESD, AL, AMF, AMU, CCC, ECA, FAO, G-77, GATT, IAEA, + IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICFTU, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INMARSAT, + INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, ISO, ITU, LORCS, NAM, OAU, OIC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, + UNHCR, UNIDO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO +Diplomatic representation: + Ambassador Ismail KHELIL; Chancery at 1515 Massachusetts Avenue NW, + Washington DC 20005; telephone (202) 862-1850 + US: + Ambassador John T. McCARTHY; Embassy at 144 Avenue de la Liberte, 1002 + Tunis-Belvedere; telephone [216] (1) 782-566; FAX [216] (1) 789-719 +Flag: + red with a white disk in the center bearing a red crescent nearly encircling + a red five-pointed star; the crescent and star are traditional symbols of + Islam + +:Tunisia Economy + +Overview: + The economy depends primarily on petroleum, phosphates, tourism, and exports + of light manufactures. Following two years of drought-induced economic + decline, the economy made a strong recovery in 1990 as a result of a + bountiful harvest, continued export growth, and higher domestic investment. + Continued high inflation and unemployment have eroded popular support for + the government, however, and forced Tunis to slow the pace of economic + reform. Nonetheless, the government appears committed to implementing its + IMF-supported structural adjustment program and to servicing its foreign + debt. +GDP: + exchange rate conversion - $10.9 billion, per capita $1,320; real growth + rate 3.5% (1991) +Inflation rate (consumer prices): + 8.2% (1991) +Unemployment rate: + 15% (1991) +Budget: + revenues $3.8 billion; expenditures $5.4 billion, including capital + expenditures of $970 million (1992 est.) +Exports: + $3.7 billion (f.o.b., 1991) + commodities: + hydrocarbons, agricultural products, phosphates and chemicals + partners: + EC 74%, Middle East 11%, US 2%, Turkey, USSR +Imports: + $4.9 billion (f.o.b., 1991) + commodities: + industrial goods and equipment 57%, hydrocarbons 13%, food 12%, consumer + goods + partners: + EC 67%, US 6%, Canada, Japan, Switzerland, Turkey, Algeria +External debt: + $8.6 billion (1991) +Industrial production: + growth rate 5% (1989); accounts for about 25% of GDP, including petroleum +Electricity: + 1,493,000 kW capacity; 4,210 million kWh produced, 530 kWh per capita (1989) +Industries: + petroleum, mining (particularly phosphate and iron ore), tourism, textiles, + footwear, food, beverages +Agriculture: + accounts for 16% of GDP and one-third of labor force; output subject to + severe fluctuations because of frequent droughts; export crops - olives, + dates, oranges, almonds; other products - grain, sugar beets, wine grapes, + poultry, beef, dairy; not self-sufficient in food; fish catch of 99,200 + metric tons (1987) +Economic aid: + US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $730 million; Western (non-US) + countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $5.2 billion; OPEC + bilateral aid (1979-89), $684 million; Communist countries (1970-89), $410 + million +Currency: + Tunisian dinar (plural - dinars); 1 Tunisian dinar (TD) = 1,000 millimes +Exchange rates: + Tunisian dinars (TD) per US$1 - 0.9272 (March 1992), 0.9246 (1991), 0.8783 + (1990), 0.9493 (1989), 0.8578 (1988), 0.8287 (1987) + +:Tunisia Economy + +Fiscal year: + calendar year + +:Tunisia Communications + +Railroads: + 2,115 km total; 465 km 1.435-meter (standard) gauge; 1,650 km 1.000-meter + gauge +Highways: + 17,700 km total; 9,100 km bituminous; 8,600 km improved and unimproved earth +Pipelines: + crude oil 797 km, petroleum products 86 km, natural gas 742 km +Ports: + Bizerte, Gabes, Sfax, Sousse, Tunis, La Goulette, Zarzis +Merchant marine: + 21 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 160,069 GRT/218,791 DWT; includes 1 + short-sea passenger, 4 cargo, 2 roll-on/roll-off cargo, 2 petroleum tanker, + 6 chemical tanker, 1 liquefied gas, 5 bulk +Civil air: + 19 major transport aircraft +Airports: + 29 total, 26 usable; 13 with permanent-surface runways; none with runways + over 3,659 m; 7 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 7 with runways 1,220-2,439 m +Telecommunications: + the system is above the African average; facilities consist of open-wire + lines, coaxial cable, and radio relay; key centers are Sfax, Sousse, + Bizerte, and Tunis; 233,000 telephones; broadcast stations - 7 AM, 8 FM, 19 + TV; 5 submarine cables; satellite earth stations - 1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT + and 1 ARABSAT with back-up control station; coaxial cable to Algeria and + Libya; radio relay to Algeria, and Libya + +:Tunisia Defense Forces + +Branches: + Army, Navy, Air Force, paramilitary forces, National Guard +Manpower availability: + males 15-49, 2,117,864; 1,217,819 fit for military service; 88,619 reach + military age (20) annually +Defense expenditures: + exchange rate conversion - $520 million, 5% of GDP (1992 budget) + +:Turkey Geography + +Total area: + 780,580 km2 +Land area: + 770,760 km2 +Comparative area: + slightly larger than Texas +Land boundaries: + 2,627 km total; Armenia 268 km, Azerbaijan 9 km, Bulgaria 240 km, Georgia + 252 km, Greece 206 km, Iran 499 km, Iraq 331 km, Syria 822 km +Coastline: + 7,200 km +Maritime claims: + Exclusive economic zone: + in Black Sea only - to the maritime boundary agreed upon with the former + USSR + Territorial sea: + 6 nm in the Aegean Sea, 12 nm in Black Sea and Mediterranean Sea +Disputes: + complex maritime and air (but not territorial) disputes with Greece in + Aegean Sea; Cyprus question; Hatay question with Syria; ongoing dispute with + downstream riparians (Syria and Iraq) over water development plans for the + Tigris and Euphrates Rivers +Climate: + temperate; hot, dry summers with mild, wet winters; harsher in interior +Terrain: + mostly mountains; narrow coastal plain; high central plateau (Anatolia) +Natural resources: + antimony, coal, chromium, mercury, copper, borate, sulphur, iron ore +Land use: + arable land 30%; permanent crops 4%; meadows and pastures 12%; forest and + woodland 26%; other 28%; includes irrigated 3% +Environment: + subject to severe earthquakes, especially along major river valleys in west; + air pollution; desertification +Note: + strategic location controlling the Turkish straits (Bosporus, Sea of + Marmara, Dardanelles) that link Black and Aegean Seas + +:Turkey People + +Population: + 59,640,143 (July 1992), growth rate 2.1% (1992) +Birth rate: + 27 births/1,000 populatition (1992) +Death rate: + 6 deaths/1,000 population (1992) +Net migration rate: + 0 migrants/1,000 population (1992) +Infant mortality rate: + 55 deaths/1,000 live births (1992) +Life expectancy at birth: + 68 years male, 72 years female (1992) +Total fertility rate: + 3.4 children born/woman (1992) +Nationality: + noun - Turk(s); adjective - Turkish +Ethnic divisions: + Turkish 80%, Kurdish 17%, other 3% (est.) +Religions: + Muslim (mostly Sunni) 99.8%, other (Christian and Jews) 0.2% +Languages: + Turkish (official), Kurdish, Arabic +Literacy: + 81% (male 90%, female 71%) age 15 and over can read and write (1990 est.) +Labor force: + 20,700,000; agriculture 49%, services 30%, industry 15%; about 1,500,000 + Turks work abroad (1989) +Organized labor: + 10% of labor force + +:Turkey Government + +Long-form name: + Republic of Turkey +Type: + republican parliamentary democracy +Capital: + Ankara +Administrative divisions: + 73 provinces (iller, singular - il); Adana, Adiyaman, Afyon, Agri, Aksaray, + Amasya, Ankara, Antalya, Artvin, Aydin, Balikesir, Batman, Bayburt, Bilecik, + Bingol, Bitlis, Bolu, Burdur, Bursa, Canakkale, Cankiri, Corum, Denizli, + Diyarbakir, Edirne, Elazig, Erzincan, Erzurum, Eskisehir, Gaziantep, + Giresun, Gumushane, Hakkari, Hatay, Icel, Isparta, Istanbul, Izmir, Kahraman + Maras, Karaman, Kars, Kastamonu, Kayseri, Kirikkale, Kirklareli, Kirsehir, + Kocaeli, Konya, Kutahya, Malatya, Manisa, Mardin, Mugla, Mus, Nevsehir, + Nigde, Ordu, Rize, Sakarya, Samsun, Siirt, Sinop, Sirnak, Sivas, Tekirdag, + Tokat, Trabzon, Tunceli, Urfa, Usak, Van, Yozgat, Zonguldak +Independence: + 29 October 1923 (successor state to the Ottoman Empire) +Constitution: + 7 November 1982 +Legal system: + derived from various continental legal systems; accepts compulsory ICJ + jurisdiction, with reservations +National holiday: + Anniversary of the Declaration of the Republic, 29 October (1923) +Executive branch: + president, Presidential Council, prime minister, deputy prime minister, + Cabinet +Legislative branch: + unicameral Grand National Assembly (Buyuk Millet Meclisi) +Judicial branch: + Court of Cassation +Leaders: + Chief of State: + President Turgut OZAL (since 9 November 1989) + Head of Government: + Prime Minister Suleyman DEMIREL (since 30 November 1991); Deputy Prime + Minister Erdal INONU (since 30 November 1991) +Political parties and leaders: + Correct Way Party (DYP), Suleyman DEMIREL; Motherland Party (ANAP), Mesut + YILMAZ; Social Democratic Populist Party (SHP), Erdal INONU; Refah Party + (RP), Necmettin ERBAKAN; Democratic Left Party (DSP), Bulent ECEVIT; + Nationalist Labor Party (MCP), Alpaslan TURKES; People's Labor Party (HEP), + Feridun YAZAR; Socialist Unity Party (SBP), leader NA; Great Anatolia Party + (BAP), leader NA; Democratic Center Party (DSP), Bedrettin DALAN; Grand + National Party (GNP), leader NA +Suffrage: + universal at age 21 +Elections: + Grand National Assembly: + last held 20 October 1991 (next to be held NA October 1996); results - DYP + 27.03%, ANAP 24.01%, SHP 20.75%, RP 16.88%, DSP 10.75%, SBP 0.44%, + independent 0.14%; seats - (450 total) DYP 178, ANAP 115, SHP 86, RP 40, MCP + 19, DSP 7, other 5 + +:Turkey Government + +Member of: + AsDB, BIS, CCC, CE, CERN (observer), COCOM, CSCE, EBRD, ECE, FAO, GATT, + IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICFTU, IDA, IDB, IEA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, + INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, IOM (observer), ISO, ITU, LORCS, NATO, NEA, OECD, + OIC, PCA, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNIIMOG, UNRWA, UPU, WHO, WIPO, + WMO, WTO +Diplomatic representation: + Ambassador Nuzhet KANDEMIR; Chancery at 1606 23rd Street NW, Washington, DC; + 20008; telephone (202) 387-3200; there are Turkish Consulates General in + Chicago, Houston, Los Angeles, and New York + US: + Ambassador Richard C. BARKLEY; Embassy at 110 Ataturk Boulevard, Ankara + (mailing address is PSC 88, Box 5000, Ankara, or APO AE 09823); telephone + [90] (4) 126 54 70; FAX [90] (4) 167-0057; there are US Consulates General + in Istanbul and Izmir, and a Consulate in Adana +Flag: + red with a vertical white crescent (the closed portion is toward the hoist + side) and white five-pointed star centered just outside the crescent opening + +:Turkey Economy + +Overview: + The impressive stream of benefits from the economic reforms that Turkey + launched in 1980 have begun to peter out. Although real growth in per capita + GDP averaged 5% annually between 1983 and 1988, recent economic performance + has fallen substantially. Moreover, inflation and interest rates remain + high, and a large budget deficit will continue to provide difficulties for a + country undergoing a substantial transformation from a centrally controlled + to a free market economy. Agriculture remains an important economic sector, + employing about half of the work force, accounting for 18% of GDP, and + contributing 19% to exports. The government has launched a + multibillion-dollar development program in the southeastern region, which + includes the building of a dozen dams on the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers to + generate electric power and irrigate large tracts of farmland. The planned + tapping of huge additional quantities of Euphrates water has raised serious + concern in the downstream riparian nations of Syria and Iraq. The Turkish + economy emerged from the Gulf War of early 1991 in stronger shape than + Ankara had expected. Although the negative effects of the crisis were felt + primarily in the politically sensitive southeast, aid pledges by the + coalition allies of more than $4 billion have helped offset the burden. +GDP: + purchasing power equivalent - $198 billion, per capita $3,400; real growth + rate 1.5% (1991 est.) +Inflation rate (consumer prices): + 71.1% (1991) +Unemployment rate: + 11.1% (1991 est.) +Budget: + revenues $41.9 billion; expenditures $49.7 billion, including capital + expenditures of $9.9 billion (1992) +Exports: + $13.0 billion (f.o.b., 1990) + commodities: + industrial products (steel, chemicals) 81%; fruits, vegetables, tobacco and + meat products 19% + partners: + EC countries 49%, US 7%, Iran 5% +Imports: + $22.3 billion (c.i.f., 1990) + commodities: + crude oil, machinery, transport equipment, metals, chemicals, + pharmaceuticals, dyes, plastics, rubber, fertilizers, grain + partners: + EC countries 49%, US 7%, Iran 5% +External debt: + $49.0 billion (1990) +Industrial production: + growth rate 10% (1990 est.); accounts for 29% of GDP +Electricity: + 14,400,000 kW capacity; 44,000 million kWh produced, 750 kWh per capita + (1991) +Industries: + textiles, food processing, mining (coal, chromite, copper, boron minerals), + steel, petroleum, construction, lumber, paper +Agriculture: + accounts for 18% of GDP and employs about half of working force; products - + tobacco, cotton, grain, olives, sugar beets, pulses, citrus fruit, variety + of animal products; self-sufficient in food most years + +:Turkey Economy + +Illicit drugs: + one of the world's major suppliers of licit opiate products; government + maintains strict controls over areas of opium poppy cultivation and output + of poppy straw concentrate +Economic aid: + US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $2.3 billion; Western (non-US) + countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $10.1 billion; OPEC + bilateral aid (1979-89), $665 million; Communist countries (1970-89), $4.5 + billion; note - aid for Persian Gulf war efforts from coalition allies + (1991), $4.1 billion; aid pledged for Turkish Defense Fund, $2.5 billion +Currency: + Turkish lira (plural - liras); 1 Turkish lira (TL) = 100 kurus +Exchange rates: + Turkish liras (TL) per US$1 - 6,098.4 (March 1992), 4,171.8 (1991), 2,608.6 + (1990), 2,121.7 (1989), 1,422.3 (1988), 857.2 (1987) +Fiscal year: + calendar year + +:Turkey Communications + +Railroads: + 8,401 km 1.435-meter gauge; 479 km electrified +Highways: + 49,615 km total; 26,915 km paved; 16,500 km gravel or crushed stone; 4,000 + km improved earth; 2,200 km unimproved earth (1985) +Inland waterways: + about 1,200 km +Pipelines: + crude oil 1,738 km, petroleum products 2,321 km, natural gas 708 km +Ports: + Iskenderun, Istanbul, Mersin, Izmir +Merchant marine: + 353 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 4,056,455 GRT/7,143,096 DWT; includes + 7 short-sea passenger, 1 passenger-cargo, 191 cargo, 1 container, 5 + roll-on/roll-off cargo, 3 refrigerated cargo, 1 livestock carrier, 37 + petroleum tanker, 9 chemical tanker, 3 liquefied gas, 10 combination + ore/oil, 1 specialized tanker, 80 bulk, 4 combination bulk +Civil air: + 52 major transport aircraft (1991) +Airports: + 109 total, 104 usable; 65 with permanent-surface runways; 3 with runways + over 3,659 m; 30 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 27 with runways 1,220-2,439 m +Telecommunications: + fair domestic and international systems; trunk radio relay network; limited + open wire network; 3,400,000 telephones; broadcast stations - 15 AM; 94 FM; + 357 TV; 1 satellite ground station operating in the INTELSAT (2 Atlantic + Ocean) and EUTELSAT systems; 1 submarine cable + +:Turkey Defense Forces + +Branches: + Land Forces, Navy (including Naval Air and Naval Infantry), Air Force, Coast + Guard, Gendarmerie +Manpower availability: + males 15-49, 15,274,591; 9,330,851 fit for military service; 597,814 reach + military age (20) annually +Defense expenditures: + exchange rate conversion - $5.2 billion, 3-4% of GDP (1992 budget) + +:Turkmenistan Geography + +Total area: + 488,100 km2 +Land area: + 488,100 km2 +Comparative area: + slightly larger than California +Land boundaries: + 3,736 km total; Afghanistan 744 km, Iran 992 km, Kazakhstan 379 km, + Uzbekistan 1,621 km +Coastline: + 0 km + note: + Turkmenistan does border the Caspian Sea (1,768 km) +Maritime claims: + none - landlocked +Disputes: + none +Climate: + subtropical desert +Terrain: + flat-to-rolling sandy desert with dunes; borders Caspian Sea in west +Natural resources: + petroleum, natural gas, coal, sulphur, salt, magnesium +Land use: + NA% arable land; NA% permanent crops; NA% meadows and pastures; NA% forest + and woodland; NA% other; includes NA% irrigated +Environment: + NA +Note: + landlocked + +:Turkmenistan People + +Population: + 3,838,108 (July 1992), growth rate 2.4% (1992) +Birth rate: + 36 births/1,000 population (1992) +Death rate: + 9 deaths/1,000 population (1992) +Net migration rate: + -3 migrants/1,000 population (1992) +Infant mortality rate: + 94 deaths/1,000 live births (1992) +Life expectancy at birth: + 59 years male, 66 years female (1992) +Total fertility rate: + 4.5 children born/woman (1992) +Nationality: + noun - Turkmen(s); adjective - Turkmen +Ethnic divisions: + Turkmen 72%, Russian 9%, Uzbek 9%, other 10% +Religions: + Islam 85%, Eastern Orthodox 10%, unknown 5% +Languages: + Turkmen 72%, Russian 12%, Uzbek 9%, other 7% +Literacy: + NA% (male NA%, female NA) age 15 and over can read and write +Labor force: + 1,542,000; agriculture and forestry 42%, industry and construction 21%, + other 37% (1990) +Organized labor: + NA + +:Turkmenistan Government + +Long-form name: + none +Type: + republic +Capital: + Ashgabat (Ashkhabad) +Administrative divisions: + 4 oblasts (oblastey, singular - oblast'); Balkan (Nebit-Dag), Chardzhou, + Mary, Tashauz; note - the rayons around Ashgabat are under direct republic + jurisdiction; all oblasts have the same name as their administrative center + except Balkan Oblast, centered at Nebit-Dag +Independence: + 27 October 1991 (from the Soviet Union; formerly Turkmen Soviet Socialist + Republic) +Constitution: + adopted 18 May 1992 +Legal system: + NA +National holiday: + Independence Day, 27 October (1991) +Executive branch: + president, prime minister, two deputy prime ministers, Council of Ministers +Legislative branch: + Majlis +Judicial branch: + NA +Leaders: + Chief of State: + President Saparmurad NIYAZOV (since 21 June 1992) + Head of Government: + Prime Minister (vacant), Deputy Prime Ministers V. G. OCHERTSOV and Atta + CHARYYEV (since NA 1991) +Political parties and leaders: + Democratic Party (formerly Communist), Saparmurad NIYAZOV, chairman + opposition: + Democratic Party, Durdymorad KHODZHA Mukhammed, chairman +Suffrage: + universal at age 18 +Elections: + President: + last held 21 June 1992 (next to be held NA June 1997); results - Saparmurad + NIYAZOV 99.5% (ran unopposed) + Majlis: + last held 7 January 1990 (next to be held NA 1995); results - percent of + vote by party NA; seats - (175 total) elections not officially by party, but + Communist Party members won nearly 90% of seats +Communists: + renamed Democratic Party, 16 December 1990 +Other political or pressure groups: + Agzybirlik (Unity) Movement +Member of: + CIS, CSCE, IBRD, IMF, NACC, UN, UNCTAD +Diplomatic representation: + NA + US: + Ambassador-designate Joseph HULINGS; Embassy at Yubilenaya Hotel, Ashgabat + (Ashkhabad) (mailing address is APO; AE 09862); telephone [8] (011) + 7-3630-24-49-08 + +:Turkmenistan Government + +Flag: + green field with five claret carpet gels (that is, a repeated carpet + pattern) on the hoist side; a white crescent and five white stars in the + upper left corner to the right of the carpet gels + +:Turkmenistan Economy + +Overview: + Like the other 15 former Soviet republics, Turkmenistan faces enormous + problems of economic adjustment - to move away from Moscow-based central + planning toward a system of decisionmaking by private enterpreneurs, local + government authorities, and, hopefully, foreign investors. This process + requires wholesale changes in supply sources, markets, property rights, and + monetary arrangements. Industry - with 10% of the labor force - is heavily + weighted toward the energy sector, which produced 11% of the ex-USSR's gas + and 1% of its oil. Turkmenistan ranked second among the former Soviet + republics in cotton production, mainly in the irrigated western region, + where the huge Karakumskiy Canal taps the Amu Darya. +GDP: + purchasing power equivalent - NA, per capita $NA; real growth rate -0.6% + (1991 est.) +Inflation rate (consumer prices): + 85% (1991) +Unemployment rate: + 20-25% (1991 est.) +Budget: + NA +Exports: + $239 million (1990) + commodities: + natural gas, oil, chemicals, cotton, textiles, carpets + partners: + Russia, Ukraine, Uzbekistan +Imports: + $970 million (1990) + commodities: + machinery and parts, plastics and rubber, consumer durables, textiles + partners: + NA +External debt: + $650 million (end of 1991 est.) +Industrial production: + growth rate 4.1% (1991) +Electricity: + 3,170,000 kW capacity; 14,900 million kWh produced, 4,114 kWh per capita + (1990) +Industries: + oil and gas, petrochemicals, fertilizers, food processing, textiles +Agriculture: + cotton, fruits, vegetables +Illicit drugs: + illicit producers of cannabis and opium; mostly for domestic consumption; + status of government eradication programs unknown; used as transshipment + points for illicit drugs to Western Europe +Economic aid: + NA +Currency: + As of May 1992, retaining ruble as currency +Exchange rates: + NA +Fiscal year: + calendar year + +:Turkmenistan Communications + +Railroads: + 2,120 km all 1.520-meter gauge +Highways: + 23,000 km total (1990); 18,300 km hard surfaced, 4,700 km earth +Inland waterways: + NA km +Pipelines: + NA +Ports: + inland - Krasnovodsk +Civil air: + NA +Airports: + NA +Telecommunications: + poorly developed; telephone density NA; linked by landline or microwave to + other CIS member states and Iran, and by leased connections via the Moscow + international gateway switch to other countries; satellite earth stations - + Orbita and INTELSAT (TV receive only) + +:Turkmenistan Defense Forces + +Branches: + Republic Security Forces (internal and border troops), National Guard; CIS + Forces (Ground, Air and Air Defense) +Manpower availability: + males 15-49, NA; NA fit for military service; NA reach military age (18) + annually +Defense expenditures: + $NA, NA% of GDP + +:Turks and Caicos Islands Geography + +Total area: + 430 km2 +Land area: + 430 km2 +Comparative area: + slightly less than 2.5 times the size of Washington, DC +Land boundaries: + none +Coastline: + 389 km +Maritime claims: + Exclusive fishing zone: + 200 nm + Territorial sea: + 12 nm +Disputes: + none +Climate: + tropical; marine; moderated by trade winds; sunny and relatively dry +Terrain: + low, flat limestone; extensive marshes and mangrove swamps +Natural resources: + spiny lobster, conch +Land use: + arable land 2%; permanent crops 0%; meadows and pastures; 0%; forest and + woodland 0%; other 98% +Environment: + 30 islands (eight inhabited); subject to frequent hurricanes +Note: + located 190 km north of the Dominican Republic in the North Atlantic Ocean + +:Turks and Caicos Islands People + +Population: + 12,697 (July 1992), growth rate 3.3% (1992) +Birth rate: + 16 births/1,000 population (1992) +Death rate: + 5 deaths/1,000 population (1992) +Net migration rate: + 22 migrants/1,000 population (1992) +Infant mortality rate: + 13 deaths/1,000 live births (1992) +Life expectancy at birth: + 73 years male, 77 years female (1992) +Total fertility rate: + 2.3 children born/woman (1992) +Nationality: + no noun or adjectival forms +Ethnic divisions: + majority of African descent +Religions: + Baptist 41.2%, Methodist 18.9%, Anglican 18.3%, Seventh-Day Adventist 1.7%, + other 19.9% (1980) +Languages: + English (official) +Literacy: + 98% (male 99%, female 98%) age 15 and over having ever attended school + (1970) +Labor force: + NA; majority engaged in fishing and tourist industries; some subsistence + agriculture +Organized labor: + Saint George's Industrial Trade Union + +:Turks and Caicos Islands Government + +Long-form name: + none +Type: + dependent territory of the UK +Capital: + Grand Turk (Cockburn Town) +Administrative divisions: + none (dependent territory of the UK) +Independence: + none (dependent territory of the UK) +Constitution: + introduced 30 August 1976, suspended in 1986, and a Constitutional + Commission is currently reviewing its contents +Legal system: + based on laws of England and Wales with a small number adopted from Jamaica + and The Bahamas +National holiday: + Constitution Day, 30 August (1976) +Executive branch: + British monarch, governor, Executive Council, chief minister +Legislative branch: + unicameral Legislative Council +Judicial branch: + Supreme Court +Leaders: + Chief of State: + Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1953), represented by Governor Michael + J. BRADLEY (since 1987) + Head of Government: + Chief Minister Washington MISSIC (since NA 1991) +Political parties and leaders: + People's Democratic Movement (PDM), Oswald SKIPPINGS; Progressive National + Party (PNP), Washington MISSIC; National Democratic Alliance (NDA), Ariel + MISSICK +Suffrage: + universal at age 18 +Elections: + Legislative Council: + last held on 3 April 1991 (next to be held NA); results - percent of vote by + party NA; seats - (20 total, 13 elected) PNP 8, PDM 5 +Member of: + CDB +Diplomatic representation: + as a dependent territory of the UK, the interests of the Turks and Caicos + Islands are represented in the US by the UK + US: + none +Flag: + blue with the flag of the UK in the upper hoist-side quadrant and the + colonial shield centered on the outer half of the flag; the shield is yellow + and contains a conch shell, lobster, and cactus + +:Turks and Caicos Islands Economy + +Overview: + The economy is based on fishing, tourism, and offshore banking. Only + subsistence farming - corn and beans - exists on the Caicos Islands, so that + most foods, as well as nonfood products, must be imported. +GDP: + purchasing power equivalent - $44.9 million, per capita $5,000; real growth + rate NA% (1986) +Inflation rate (consumer prices): + NA% +Unemployment rate: + 12% (1989) +Budget: + revenues $12.4 million; expenditures $15.8 million, including capital + expenditures of $2.6 million (FY87) +Exports: + $2.9 million (f.o.b., FY84) + commodities: + lobster, dried and fresh conch, conch shells + partners: + US, UK +Imports: + $26.3 million (c.i.f., FY84) + commodities: + foodstuffs, drink, tobacco, clothing + partners: + US, UK +External debt: + $NA +Industrial production: + growth rate NA% +Electricity: + 9,050 kW capacity; 11.1 million kWh produced, 1,140 kWh per capita (1990) +Industries: + fishing, tourism, offshore financial services +Agriculture: + subsistence farming prevails, based on corn and beans; fishing more + important than farming; not self-sufficient in food +Economic aid: + Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), + $110 million +Currency: + US currency is used +Exchange rates: + US currency is used +Fiscal year: + calendar year + +:Turks and Caicos Islands Communications + +Highways: + 121 km, including 24 km tarmac +Ports: + Grand Turk, Salt Cay, Providenciales, Cockburn Harbour +Civil air: + Air Turks and Caicos (passenger service) and Turks Air Ltd. (cargo service) +Airports: + 7 total, 7 usable; 4 with permanent-surface runways; none with runways over + 2,439 m; 4 with runways 1,220-2,439 m +Telecommunications: + fair cable and radio services; 1,446 telephones; broadcast stations - 3 AM, + no FM, several TV; 2 submarine cables; 1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT earth + station + +:Turks and Caicos Islands Defense Forces + +Note: + defense is the responsibility of the UK + +:Tuvalu Geography + +Total area: + 26 km2 +Land area: + 26 km2 +Comparative area: + about 0.1 times the size of Washington, DC +Land boundaries: + none +Coastline: + 24 km +Maritime claims: + Exclusive economic zone: + 200 nm + Territorial sea: + 12 nm +Disputes: + none +Climate: + tropical; moderated by easterly trade winds (March to November); westerly + gales and heavy rain (November to March) +Terrain: + very low-lying and narrow coral atolls +Natural resources: + fish +Land use: + arable land 0%; permanent crops 0%; meadows and pastures 0%; forest and + woodland 0%; other 100% +Environment: + severe tropical storms are rare +Note: + located 3,000 km east of Papua New Guinea in the South Pacific Ocean + +:Tuvalu People + +Population: + 9,494 (July 1992), growth rate 1.8% (1992) +Birth rate: + 28 births/1,000 population (1992) +Death rate: + 9 deaths/1,000 population (1992) +Net migration rate: + 0 migrants/1,000 population (1992) +Infant mortality rate: + 34 deaths/1,000 live births (1992) +Life expectancy at birth: + 61 years male, 64 years female (1992) +Total fertility rate: + 3.1 children born/woman (1992) +Nationality: + noun - Tuvaluans(s); adjective - Tuvaluan +Ethnic divisions: + 96% Polynesian +Religions: + Church of Tuvalu (Congregationalist) 97%, Seventh-Day Adventist 1.4%, Baha'i + 1%, other 0.6% +Languages: + Tuvaluan, English +Literacy: + NA% (male NA%, female NA%) +Labor force: + NA +Organized labor: + none + +:Tuvalu Government + +Long-form name: + none +Type: + democracy +Capital: + Funafuti +Administrative divisions: + none +Independence: + 1 October 1978 (from UK; formerly Ellice Islands) +Constitution: + 1 October 1978 +National holiday: + Independence Day, 1 October (1978) +Executive branch: + British monarch, governor general, prime minister, deputy prime minister, + Cabinet +Legislative branch: + unicameral Parliament (Palamene) +Judicial branch: + High Court +Leaders: + Chief of State: + Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952), represented by Governor General + Tupua LEUPENA (since 1 March 1986) + Head of Government: + Prime Minister Bikenibeu PAENIU (since 16 October 1989); Deputy Prime + Minister Dr. Alesana SELUKA (since October 1989) +Political parties and leaders: + none +Suffrage: + universal at age 18 +Elections: + Parliament: + last held 28 September 1989 (next to be held by NA September 1993); results + - percent of vote NA; seats - (12 total) +Member of: + ACP, C (special), ESCAP, SPC, SPF, UPU +Diplomatic representation: + Ambassador (vacant) + US: + none +Flag: + light blue with the flag of the UK in the upper hoist-side quadrant; the + outer half of the flag represents a map of the country with nine yellow + five-pointed stars symbolizing the nine islands + +:Tuvalu Economy + +Overview: + Tuvalu consists of a scattered group of nine coral atolls with poor soil. + The country has no known mineral resources and few exports. Subsistence + farming and fishing are the primary economic activities. The islands are too + small and too remote for development of a tourist industry. Government + revenues largely come from the sale of stamps and coins and worker + remittances. Substantial income is received annually from an international + trust fund established in 1987 by Australia, New Zealand, and the UK and + supported also by Japan and South Korea. +GNP: + exchange rate conversion - $4.6 million, per capita $530; real growth rate + NA% (1989 est.) +Inflation rate (consumer prices): + 3.9% (1984) +Unemployment rate: + NA% +Budget: + revenues $4.3 million; expenditures $4.3 million, including capital + expenditures of $NA (1989) +Exports: + $1.0 million (f.o.b., 1983 est.) + commodities: + copra + partners: + Fiji, Australia, NZ +Imports: + $2.8 million (c.i.f., 1983 est.) + commodities: + food, animals, mineral fuels, machinery, manufactured goods + partners: + Fiji, Australia, NZ +External debt: + $NA +Industrial production: + growth rate NA +Electricity: + 2,600 kW capacity; 3 million kWh produced, 330 kWh per capita (1990) +Industries: + fishing, tourism, copra +Agriculture: + coconuts, copra +Economic aid: + US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-87), $1 million; Western (non-US) + countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $101 million +Currency: + Tuvaluan dollar and Australian dollar (plural - dollars); 1 Tuvaluan dollar + ($T) or 1 Australian dollar ($A) = 100 cents +Exchange rates: + Tuvaluan dollars ($T) or Australian dollars ($A) per US$1 - 1.3117 (March + 1992), 1.2835 (1991), 1.2799 (1990), 1.2618 (1989), 1.2752 (1988), 1.4267 + (1987) +Fiscal year: + NA + +:Tuvalu Communications + +Highways: + 8 km gravel +Ports: + Funafuti, Nukufetau +Merchant marine: + 1 passenger-cargo (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 1,043 GRT/450 DWT +Civil air: + no major transport aircraft +Airports: + 1 with runway 1,220-2,439 m +Telecommunications: + broadcast stations - 1 AM, no FM, no TV; 300 radiotelephones; 4,000 radios; + 108 telephones + +:Tuvalu Defense Forces + +Branches: + Police Force +Manpower availability: + NA +Defense expenditures: + exchange rate conversion - $NA, NA% of GNP + +:Uganda Geography + +Total area: + 236,040 km2 +Land area: + 199,710 km2 +Comparative area: + slightly smaller than Oregon +Land boundaries: + 2,698 km total; Kenya 933 km, Rwanda 169 km, Sudan 435 km, Tanzania 396 km, + Zaire 765 km +Coastline: + none - landlocked +Maritime claims: + none - landlocked +Disputes: + none +Climate: + tropical; generally rainy with two dry seasons (December to February, June + to August); semiarid in northeast +Terrain: + mostly plateau with rim of mountains +Natural resources: + copper, cobalt, limestone, salt +Land use: + arable land 23%; permanent crops 9%; meadows and pastures 25%; forest and + woodland 30%; other 13%; includes irrigated NEGL% +Environment: + straddles Equator; deforestation; overgrazing; soil erosion +Note: + landlocked + +:Uganda People + +Population: + 19,386,104 (July 1992), growth rate 3.7% (1992) +Birth rate: + 51 births/1,000 population (1992) +Death rate: + 14 deaths/1,000 population (1992) +Net migration rate: + 0 migrants/1,000 population (1992) +Infant mortality rate: + 91 deaths/1,000 live births (1992) +Life expectancy at birth: + 50 years male, 52 years female (1992) +Total fertility rate: + 7.2 children born/woman (1992) +Nationality: + noun - Ugandan(s); adjective - Ugandan +Ethnic divisions: + African 99%, European, Asian, Arab 1% +Religions: + Roman Catholic 33%, Protestant 33%, Muslim 16%, rest indigenous beliefs +Languages: + English (official); Luganda and Swahili widely used; other Bantu and Nilotic + languages +Literacy: + 48% (male 62%, female 35%) age 15 and over can read and write (1990 est.) +Labor force: + 4,500,000 (est.); 50% of population of working age (1983) +Organized labor: + 125,000 union members + +:Uganda Government + +Long-form name: + Republic of Uganda +Type: + republic +Capital: + Kampala +Administrative divisions: + 10 provinces; Busoga, Central, Eastern, Karamoja, Nile, North Buganda, + Northern, South Buganda, Southern, Western +Independence: + 9 October 1962 (from UK) +Constitution: + 8 September 1967, in process of constitutional revision +Legal system: + government plans to restore system based on English common law and customary + law and reinstitute a normal judicial system; accepts compulsory ICJ + jurisdiction, with reservations +National holiday: + Independence Day, 9 October (1962) +Executive branch: + president, vice president, prime minister, three deputy prime ministers, + Cabinet +Legislative branch: + unicameral National Resistance Council +Judicial branch: + Court of Appeal, High Court +Leaders: + Chief of State: + President Lt. Gen. Yoweri Kaguta MUSEVENI (since 29 January 1986); Vice + President Samson Babi Mululu KISEKKA (since NA January 1991) + Head of Government: + Prime Minister George Cosmas ADYEBO (since NA January 1991) +Political parties and leaders: + only party - National Resistance Movement (NRM); note - the Uganda Patriotic + Movement (UPM), Ugandan People's Congress (UPC), Democratic Party (DP), and + Conservative Party (CP) are all proscribed from conducting public political + activities +Suffrage: + universal at age 18 +Elections: + National Resistance Council: + last held 11-28 February 1989 (next to be held by January 1995); results - + NRM was the only party; seats - (278 total, 210 indirectly elected) 210 + members elected without party affiliation +Other political or pressure groups: + Uganda People's Front (UPF), Uganda People's Christian Democratic Army + (UPCDA), Ruwenzori Movement +Member of: + ACP, AfDB, C, CCC, EADB, ECA, FAO, G-77, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICFTU, IDA, + IDB, IFAD, IFC, IGADD, ILO, IMF, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, ITU, LORCS, NAM, + OAU, OIC, PCA, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO +Diplomatic representation: + Ambassador Stephen Kapimpina KATENTA-APULI; 5909 16th Street NW, Washington, + DC 20011; telephone (202) 726-7100 through 7102 + US: + Ambassador Johnnie CARSON; Embassy at Parliament Avenue, Kampala (mailing + address is P. O. Box 7007, Kampala); telephone [256] (41) 259792, 259793, + 259795 + +:Uganda Government + +Flag: + six equal horizontal bands of black (top), yellow, red, black, yellow, and + red; a white disk is superimposed at the center and depicts a red-crested + crane (the national symbol) facing the staff side + +:Uganda Economy + +Overview: + Uganda has substantial natural resources, including fertile soils, regular + rainfall, and sizable mineral deposits of copper and cobalt. The economy has + been devastated by widespread political instability, mismanagement, and + civil war since independence in 1962, keeping Uganda poor with a per capita + income of about $300. (GDP remains below the levels of the early 1970s, as + does industrial production.) Agriculture is the most important sector of the + economy, employing over 80% of the work force. Coffee is the major export + crop and accounts for the bulk of export revenues. Since 1986 the government + has acted to rehabilitate and stabilize the economy by undertaking currency + reform, raising producer prices on export crops, increasing petroleum + prices, and improving civil service wages. The policy changes are especially + aimed at dampening inflation, which was running at over 300% in 1987, and + boosting production and export earnings. During the period 1990-91, the + economy turned in a solid performance based on continued investment in the + rehabilitation of infrastructure, improved incentives for production and + exports, and gradually improving domestic security. +GDP: + exchange rate conversion - $5.6 billion, per capita $300; real growth rate + 4.5% (1991 est.) +Inflation rate (consumer prices): + 35% (1991 est.) +Unemployment rate: + NA% +Budget: + revenues $365 million; expenditures $545 million, including capital + expenditures of $165 million (FY89 est.) +Exports: + $208 million (f.o.b., 1990) + commodities: + coffee 97%, cotton, tea + partners: + US 25%, UK 18%, France 11%, Spain 10% +Imports: + $209 million (c.i.f., 1990) + commodities: + petroleum products, machinery, cotton piece goods, metals, transportation + equipment, food + partners: + Kenya 25%, UK 14%, Italy 13% +External debt: + $1.9 billion (1991 est.) +Industrial production: + growth rate 7.0% (1990); accounts for 5% of GDP +Electricity: + 175,000 kW capacity; 315 million kWh produced, 15 kWh per capita (1991) +Industries: + sugar, brewing, tobacco, cotton textiles, cement +Agriculture: + mainly subsistence; accounts for 57% of GDP and over 80% of labor force; + cash crops - coffee, tea, cotton, tobacco; food crops - cassava, potatoes, + corn, millet, pulses; livestock products - beef, goat meat, milk, poultry; + self-sufficient in food +Economic aid: + US commitments, including Ex-Im (1970-89), $145 million; Western (non-US) + countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $1.4 billion; OPEC + bilateral aid (1979-89), $60 million; Communist countries (1970-89), $169 + million + +:Uganda Economy + +Currency: + Ugandan shilling (plural - shillings); 1 Ugandan shilling (USh) = 100 cents +Exchange rates: + Ugandan shillings (USh) per US$1 - 1,031.3 (March 1992), 734.0 (1991), + 428.85 (1990), 223.1 (1989), 106.1 (1988), 42.8 (1987) +Fiscal year: + 1 July - 30 June + +:Uganda Communications + +Railroads: + 1,300 km, 1.000-meter-gauge single track +Highways: + 26,200 km total; 1,970 km paved; 5,849 km crushed stone, gravel, and + laterite; remainder earth roads and tracks +Inland waterways: + Lake Victoria, Lake Albert, Lake Kyoga, Lake George, Lake Edward; Victoria + Nile, Albert Nile; principal inland water ports are at Jinja and Port Bell, + both on Lake Victoria +Merchant marine: + 1 roll-on/roll-off (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 1,697 GRT +Civil air: + 6 major transport aircraft +Airports: + 35 total, 27 usable; 5 with permanent-surface runways; 1 with runways over + 3,659 m; 3 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 10 with runways 1,220-2,439 m +Telecommunications: + fair system with microwave and radio communications stations; broadcast + stations - 10 AM, no FM, 9 TV; satellite communications ground stations - 1 + Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT + +:Uganda Defense Forces + +Branches: + Army, Navy, Air Force +Manpower availability: + males 15-49, about 4,132,887; about 2,243,933 for military service +Defense expenditures: + $NA, NA% of GDP + +:Ukraine Geography + +Total area: + 603,700 km2 +Land area: + 603,700 km2 +Comparative area: + slightly smaller than Texas +Land boundaries: + 4,558 km total; Belarus 891 km, Czechoslovakia 90 km, Hungary 103 km, + Moldova 939 km, Poland 428 km, Romania (southwest) 169 km, Romania (west) + 362 km, Russia 1,576 km +Coastline: + 2,782 km +Maritime claims: + Contiguous zone: + NA nm + Continental shelf: + NA meter depth + Exclusive fishing zone: + NA nm + Exclusive economic zone: + NA nm + Territorial sea: + NA nm +Disputes: + potential border disputes with Moldova and Romania in northern Bukovina and + southern Odessa oblast +Climate: + temperate continental; subtropical only on the southern Crimean coast; + precipitation disproportionately distributed, highest in west and north, + lesser in east and southeast; winters vary from cool along the Black Sea to + cold farther inland; summers are warm across the greater part of the + country, hot in the south +Terrain: + most of Ukraine consists of fertile plains (steppes) and plateaux, mountains + being found only in the west (the Carpathians), and in the Crimean peninsula + in the extreme south +Natural resources: + iron ore, coal, manganese, natural gas, oil, salt, sulphur, graphite, + titanium, magnesium, kaolin, nickel, mercury, timber +Land use: + 56% arable land; 2% permanent crops; 12% meadows and pastures; NA% forest + and woodland; 30% other; includes 3% irrigated +Environment: + air and water pollution, deforestation, radiation contamination around + Chernobyl nuclear plant +Note: + strategic position at the crossroads between Europe and Asia; second largest + country in Europe + +:Ukraine People + +Population: + 51,940,426 (July 1992), growth rate 0.2% (1992) +Birth rate: + 14 births/1,000 population (1992) +Death rate: + 12 deaths/1,000 population (1992) +Net migration rate: + 1 migrant/1,000 population (1992) +Infant mortality rate: + 22 deaths/1,000 live births (1992) +Life expectancy at birth: + 65 years male, 75 years female (1992) +Total fertility rate: + 2.0 children born/woman (1992) +Nationality: + noun - Ukrainian(s); adjective - Ukrainian +Ethnic divisions: + Ukrainian 73%, Russian 22%, Jewish 1%, other 4% +Religions: + Ukrainian Autonomous Orthodox, Ukrainian Autocephalous Orthodox, Ukrainian + Catholic (Uniate), Protestant, Jewish +Languages: + Ukrainian, Russian, Romanian, Polish +Literacy: + NA% +Labor force: + 25,277,000; industry and construction 41%, agriculture and forestry 19%, + health, education, and culture 18%, trade and distribution 8%, transport and + communication 7%, other 7% (1990) +Organized labor: + NA + +:Ukraine Government + +Long-form name: + none +Type: + republic +Capital: + Kiev (Kyyiv) +Administrative divisions: + 24 oblasts (oblastey, singular - oblast') and 1 autonomous republic* + (avtomnaya respublika); Chernigov, Cherkassy, Chernovtsy, Dnepropetrovsk, + Donetsk, Ivano-Frankovsk, Khar'kov, Kherson, Khmel'nitskiy, Kiev, + Kirovograd, Krym (Simferopol')*, Lugansk, L'vov, Nikolayev, Odessa, Poltava, + Rovno, Sumy, Ternopol', Vinnitsa, Volyn' (Lutsk), Zakarpat (Uzhgorod), + Zaporozh'ye, Zhitomir; note - an oblast usually has the same name as its + administrative center (exceptions have the administrative center name + following in parentheses) +Independence: + 24 August 1991; 1 December 1991 de facto from USSR; note - formerly the + Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic in the Soviet Union +Constitution: + currently being drafted +Legal system: + based on civil law system; no judicial review of legislative acts +National holiday: + Independence Day, 24 August (1991) +Executive branch: + president, prime minister +Legislative branch: + unicameral Supreme Council +Judicial branch: + being organized +Leaders: + Chief of State: + President Leonid M. KRAVCHUK (since 5 December 1991) + Head of Government: + Prime Minister Vitol'd FOKIN (since 14 November 1991); two First Deputy + Prime Ministers: Valentyn SYMONENKO and Konstantyn MASYK (since 21 May + 1991); two Deputy Prime Ministers: Oleh SLEPICHEV and Viktor SYTNYK (since + 21 May 1991) +Political parties and leaders: + Ukrainian Republican Party, Levko LUKYANENKO, chairman; Green Party, Yuriy + SHCHERBAK, chairman; Social Democratic Party, Andriy NOSENKO, chairman; + Ukrainian Democratic Party, Yuriy BADZO, chairman; Democratic Rebirth Party, + Oleksandr Volodymyr GRINEV, Oleksandr FILENKO, YEMETS, Miroslav POPOVICH, + Sergei LYLYK, Oleksandr BAZYLYUK, Valeriy KHMELKO, leaders; People's Party + of Ukraine, Leopold TABURYANSKIY, chairman; Peasant Democratic Party, Jerhiy + PLACHYNDA, chairman; Ukrainian Socialist Party, Oleksandr MOROZ, chairman +Suffrage: + universal at age 18 +Elections: + President: + last held 1 December 1991 (next to be held NA 1996); results - Leonid + KRAVCHUK 61.59%, Vyacheslav CHERNOVIL 23.27%, Levko LUKYANENKO 4.49%, + Volodymyr GRINEV 4.17%, Iher YUKHNOVSKY 1.74%, Leopold TABURYANSKIY 0.57% + Supreme Council: + last held 4 March 1990 (next scheduled for 1995, may be held earlier in late + 1992 or 1993); results - percent of vote by party NA; seats - (NA total) + number of seats by party NA + +:Ukraine Government + +Communists: + Communist Party of Ukraine was banned by decree of the Supreme Council on 30 + August 1991 +Other political or pressure groups: + Ukraninan People's Movement for Restructuring (RUKH) +Member of: + CIS, CSCE, CE, ECE, IAEA, IMF, INMARSAT, IOC, ITU, NACC, PCA, UN, UNCTAD, + UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO +Diplomatic representation: + Ambassador Oleh H. BILORUS; Embassy at 1828 L Street, NW, Suite 711, + Washington, DC 20036; telephone (202) 296-6960 + US: + Ambassador Roman POPADIUK; Embassy at ;10 Vul. Yuriy Kotsubinskoho, Kiev + (mailing address is APO AE 09862); telephone (044) 244-7349; FAX (044) + 244-7350 +Flag: + two horizontal bars of equal size: azure (sky blue) top half, golden yellow + bottom half (represents grainfields under a blue sky) + +:Ukraine Economy + +Overview: + Because of its size, geographic location, Slavic population, and rich + resources, the loss of Ukraine was the final and most bitter blow to the + Soviet leaders wishing to preserve some semblance of the old political, + military, and economic power of the USSR. After Russia, the Ukrainian + republic was far and away the most important economic component of the + former Soviet Union producing more than three times the output of the + next-ranking republic. Its fertile black soil generated more than one fourth + of Soviet agricultural output, and its farms provided substantial quantities + of meat, milk, grain and vegetables to other republics. Likewise, its + well-developed and diversified heavy industry supplied equipment and raw + materials to industrial and mining sites in other regions of the USSR. In + early 1992 the continued wholesale disruption of economic ties and the lack + of an institutional structure necessary to formulate and implement economic + reforms preclude a near-term recovery of output. +GDP: + $NA, per capita $NA; real growth rate -10% (1991 est.) +Inflation rate (consumer prices): + 83% (1991 est.) +Unemployment rate: + NA% +Budget: + not finalized as of May 1992 +Exports: + $13.5 billion (1990) + commodities: + coal, electric power, ferrous and nonferrous metals, chemicals, machinery + and transport equipment, grain, meat + partners: + Russia, Belarus, Kazakhstan +Imports: + $16.7 billion (1990) + commodities: + machinery and parts, transportation equipment, chemicals, textiles + partners: + none + *** No entry for this item *** +External debt: + $10.4 billion (end of 1991 est.) +Industrial production: + growth rate -4.5% (1991) +Electricity: + NA kW capacity; 298,000 million kWh produced, 5,758 kWh per capita (1990) +Industries: + coal, electric power, ferrous and nonferrous metals, machinery and transport + equipment, chemicals, food-processing +Agriculture: + grain, vegetables, meat, milk +Illicit drugs: + illicit producer of cannabis and opium; mostly for domestic consumption; + status of government eradication programs unknown; used as transshipment + points for illicit drugs to Western Europe +Economic aid: + $NA + +:Ukraine Economy + +Currency: + as of August 1992 using ruble and Ukrainian coupons as legal tender; Ukraine + plans to withdraw the ruble from circulation and convert to a coupon-based + economy on 1 October 1992; Ukrainian officials claim this will be an interim + move toward introducing a Ukrainian currency - the hryvnya - possibly as + early as January 1993 +Exchange rates: + NA +Fiscal year: + calendar year + +:Ukraine Communications + +Railroads: + 22,800 km all 1.500-meter gauge; does not include industrial lines (1990) +Highways: + 273,700 km total (1990); 236,400 km hard surfaced, 37,300 km earth +Inland waterways: + NA km perennially navigable +Pipelines: + NA +Ports: + maritime - Berdyansk, Il'ichevsk Kerch', Kherson, Mariupol' (formerly + Zhdanov), Nikolayev, Odessa, Sevastopol', Yuzhnoye; inland - Kiev +Merchant marine: + 338 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 4,117,595 GRT/5,403,685 DWT; includes + 221 cargo, 11 container, 9 barge carriers, 59 bulk cargo, 9 petroleum + tanker, 2 chemical tanker, 3 liquefied gas, 24 passenger +Civil air: + NA major transport aircraft +Airports: + NA +Telecommunications: + inheriting part of the former USSR system, Ukraine has about 7 million + telephone lines (13.5 telephones for each 100 persons); as of 31 January + 1990, 3.56 million applications for telephones could not be satisfied; + international calls can be made via satellite, by landline to other CIS + countries, and through the Moscow international switching center; satellite + earth stations employ INTELSAT, INMARSAT, and Intersputnik + +:Ukraine Defense Forces + +Branches: + Republic Security Forces (internal and border troops), National Guard; CIS + Forces (Ground Navy, Air, and Defense) +Manpower availability: + males 15-49, NA; NA fit for military service; NA reach military age (18) + annually +Defense expenditures: + $NA, NA% of GDP + +:United Arab Emirates Geography + +Total area: + 83,600 km2 +Land area: + 83,600 km2 +Comparative area: + slightly smaller than Maine +Land boundaries: + 1,016 km total; Oman 410 km, Saudi Arabia 586 km, Qatar 20 km +Coastline: + 1,448 km +Maritime claims: + Continental shelf: + defined by bilateral boundaries or equidistant line + Exclusive economic zone: + 200 nm + Territorial sea: + 3 nm (assumed), 12 nm for Ash Shariqah (Sharjah) +Disputes: + boundary with Qatar is unresolved; no defined boundary with Saudi Arabia; no + defined boundary with most of Oman, but Administrative Line in far north; + claims two islands in the Persian Gulf occupied by Iran (Jazireh-ye Tonb-e + Bozorg or Greater Tunb, and Jazireh-ye Tonb-e Kuchek or Lesser Tunb); claims + island in the Persian Gulf jointly administered with Iran (Jazireh-ye Abu + Musa or Abu Musa,) +Climate: + desert; cooler in eastern mountains +Terrain: + flat, barren coastal plain merging into rolling sand dunes of vast desert + waste- land; mountains in east +Natural resources: + crude oil and natural gas +Land use: + arable land NEGL%; permanent crops NEGL%; meadows and pastures 2%; forest + and woodland NEGL%; other 98%; includes irrigated NEGL% +Environment: + frequent dust and sand storms; lack of natural freshwater resources being + overcome by desalination plants; desertification +Note: + strategic location along southern approaches to Strait of Hormuz, a vital + transit point for world crude oil + +:United Arab Emirates People + +Population: + 2,522,315 (July 1992), growth rate 5.4% (1992) +Birth rate: + 29 births/1,000 population (1992) +Death rate: + 3 deaths/1,000 population (1992) +Net migration rate: + 27 migrants/1,000 population (1992) +Infant mortality rate: + 23 deaths/1,000 live births (1992) +Life expectancy at birth: + 70 years male, 74 years female (1992) +Total fertility rate: + 4.7 children born/woman (1992) +Nationality: + noun - Emirian(s), adjective - Emirian +Ethnic divisions: + Emirian 19%, other Arab 23%, South Asian (fluctuating) 50%, other + expatriates (includes Westerners and East Asians) 8%; less than 20% of the + population are UAE citizens (1982) +Religions: + Muslim 96% (Shi`a 16%); Christian, Hindu, and other 4% +Languages: + Arabic (official); Persian and English widely spoken in major cities; Hindi, + Urdu +Literacy: + 68% (male 70%, female 63%) age 10 and over but definition of literacy not + available (1980) +Labor force: + 580,000 (1986 est.); industry and commerce 85%, agriculture 5%, services 5%, + government 5%; 80% of labor force is foreign +Organized labor: + trade unions are illegal + +:United Arab Emirates Government + +Long-form name: + United Arab Emirates (no short-form name); abbreviated UAE +Type: + federation with specified powers delegated to the UAE central government and + other powers reserved to member emirates +Capital: + Abu Dhabi +Administrative divisions: + 7 emirates (imarat, singular - imarah); Abu Zaby (Abu Dhabi), `Ajman, Al + Fujayrah, Ash Shariqah, Dubayy, Ra's al Khaymah, Umm al Qaywayn +Independence: + 2 December 1971 (from UK; formerly Trucial States) +Constitution: + 2 December 1971 (provisional) +Legal system: + secular codes are being introduced by the UAE Government and in several + member shaykhdoms; Islamic law remains influential +National holiday: + National Day, 2 December (1971) +Executive branch: + president, vice president, Supreme Council of Rulers, prime minister, deputy + prime minister, Council of Ministers +Legislative branch: + unicameral Federal National Council (Majlis Watani Itihad) +Judicial branch: + Union Supreme Court +Leaders: + Chief of State: + President Shaykh Zayid bin Sultan Al NUHAYYAN, (since 2 December 1971), + ruler of Abu Dhabi; Vice President Shaykh Maktum bin Rashid al-MAKTUM (since + 8 October 1990), ruler of Dubayy + Head of Government: + Prime Minister Shaykh Maktum bin Rashid al-MAKTUM (since 8 October 1990), + ruler of Dubayy; Deputy Prime Minister Sultan bin Zayid Al NUHAYYAN (since + 20 November 1990) +Political parties and leaders: + none +Suffrage: + none +Elections: + none +Other political or pressure groups: + a few small clandestine groups may be active +Member of: + ABEDA, AFESD, AL, AMF, CAEU, CCC, ESCWA, FAO, G-77, GCC, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, + IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INMARSAT, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, ISO + (correspondent), ITU, LORCS, NAM, OAPEC, OIC, OPEC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, + UNIDO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO +Diplomatic representation: + Ambassador Muhammad bin Husayn Al SHAALI; Chancery at Suite 740, 600 New + Hampshire Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20037; telephone (202) 338-6500 + US: + Ambassador Edward S. WALKER, Jr.; Embassy at Al-Sudan Street, Abu Dhabi + (mailing address is P. O. Box 4009, Abu Dhabi); telephone [971] (2) 336691, + afterhours 338730; FAX [971] (2) 318441; there is a US Consulate General in + Dubayy (Dubai) +Flag: + three equal horizontal bands of green (top), white, and black with a thicker + vertical red band on the hoist side + +:United Arab Emirates Economy + +Overview: + The UAE has an open economy with one of the world's highest incomes per + capita outside the OECD nations. This wealth is based on oil and gas, and + the fortunes of the economy fluctuate with the prices of those commodities. + Since 1973, when petroleum prices shot up, the UAE has undergone a profound + transformation from an impoverished region of small desert principalities to + a modern state with a high standard of living. At present levels of + production, crude oil reserves should last for over 100 years. +GDP: + exchange rate conversion - $33.7 billion, per capita $14,100 (1990); real + growth rate 11% (1989) +Inflation rate (consumer prices): + 5.5% (1990 est.) +Unemployment rate: + NEGL (1988) +Budget: + revenues $3.8 billion; expenditures $3.7 billion, including capital + expenditures of $NA (1989 est.) +Exports: + $21.3 billion (f.o.b., 1990 est.) + commodities: + crude oil 65%, natural gas, reexports, dried fish, dates + partners: + Japan 35%, Singapore 6%, US 4%, Korea 3% +Imports: + $11.0 billion (f.o.b., 1990 est.) + commodities: + food, consumer and capital goods + partners: + Japan 14%, UK 10%, US 9%, Germany 9% +External debt: + $11.0 billion (December 1989 est.) +Industrial production: + NA +Electricity: + 5,800,000 kW capacity; 17,000 million kWh produced, 7,115 kWh per capita + (1991) +Industries: + petroleum, fishing, petrochemicals, construction materials, some boat + building, handicrafts, pearling +Agriculture: + accounts for 2% of GDP and 5% of labor force; cash crop - dates; food + products - vegetables, watermelons, poultry, eggs, dairy, fish; only 25% + self-sufficient in food +Economic aid: + donor - pledged $9.1 billion in bilateral aid to less developed countries + (1979-89) +Currency: + Emirian dirham (plural - dirhams); 1 Emirian dirham (Dh) = 100 fils +Exchange rates: + Emirian dirhams (Dh) per US$1 - 3.6710 (fixed rate) +Fiscal year: + calendar year + +:United Arab Emirates Communications + +Highways: + 2,000 km total; 1,800 km bituminous, 200 km gravel and graded earth +Pipelines: + crude oil 830 km, natural gas, including natural gas liquids, 870 km +Ports: + Al Fujayrah, Khawr Fakkan, Mina' Jabal `Ali, Mina' Khalid, Mina' Rashid, + Mina' Saqr, Mina' Zayid +Merchant marine: + 55 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 1,033,866 GRT/1,772,646 DWT; includes + 18 cargo, 8 container, 3 roll-on/roll-off, 20 petroleum tanker, 4 bulk, 1 + refrigerated cargo, 1 vehicle carrier +Civil air: + 10 major transport aircraft +Airports: + 37 total, 34 usable; 20 with permanent-surface runways; 7 with runways over + 3,659 m; 5 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 5 with runways 1,220-2,439 m +Telecommunications: + adequate system of microwave and coaxial cable; key centers are Abu Dhabi + and Dubayy; 386,600 telephones; broadcast stations - 8 AM, 3 FM, 12 TV; + satellite communications ground stations - 1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT, 2 + Indian Ocean INTELSAT and 1 ARABSAT; submarine cables to Qatar, Bahrain, + India, and Pakistan; tropospheric scatter to Bahrain; microwave to Saudi + Arabia + +:United Arab Emirates Defense Forces + +Branches: + Army, Navy, Air Force, Federal Police Force +Manpower availability: + males 15-49, 974,288; 533,673 fit for military service +Defense expenditures: + exchange rate conversion - $1.47 billion, 5.3% of GDP (1989 est.) + +:United Kingdom Geography + +Total area: + 244,820 km2 +Land area: + 241,590 km2; includes Rockall and Shetland Islands +Comparative area: + slightly smaller than Oregon +Land boundaries: + 360 km; Ireland 360 km +Coastline: + 12,429 km +Maritime claims: + Continental shelf: + as defined in continental shelf orders or in accordance with agreed upon + boundaries + Exclusive fishing zone: + 200 nm + Territorial sea: + 12 nm +Disputes: + Northern Ireland question with Ireland; Gibraltar question with Spain; + Argentina claims Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas); Argentina claims South + Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands; Mauritius claims island of Diego + Garcia in British Indian Ocean Territory; Rockall continental shelf dispute + involving Denmark, Iceland, and Ireland (Ireland and the UK have signed a + boundary agreement in the Rockall area); territorial claim in Antarctica + (British Antarctic Territory) +Climate: + temperate; moderated by prevailing southwest winds over the North Atlantic + Current; more than half of the days are overcast +Terrain: + mostly rugged hills and low mountains; level to rolling plains in east and + southeast +Natural resources: + coal, crude oil, natural gas, tin, limestone, iron ore, salt, clay, chalk, + gypsum, lead, silica +Land use: + arable land 29%; permanent crops NEGL%; meadows and pastures 48%; forest and + woodland 9%; other 14%; includes irrigated 1% +Environment: + pollution control measures improving air, water quality; because of heavily + indented coastline, no location is more than 125 km from tidal waters +Note: + lies near vital North Atlantic sea lanes; only 35 km from France and now + being linked by tunnel under the English Channel + +:United Kingdom People + +Population: + 57,797,514 (July 1992), growth rate 0.3% (1992) +Birth rate: + 14 births/1,000 population (1992) +Death rate: + 11 deaths/1,000 population (1992) +Net migration rate: + NEGL migrants/1,000 population (1992) +Infant mortality rate: + 8 deaths/1,000 live births (1992) +Life expectancy at birth: + 73 years male, 79 years female (1992) +Total fertility rate: + 1.8 children born/woman (1992) +Nationality: + noun - Briton(s), British (collective pl.); adjective - British +Ethnic divisions: + English 81.5%, Scottish 9.6%, Irish 2.4%, Welsh 1.9%, Ulster 1.8%, West + Indian, Indian, Pakistani, and other 2.8% +Religions: + Anglican 27.0 million, Roman Catholic 5.3 million, Presbyterian 2.0 million, + Methodist 760,000, Jewish 410,000 +Languages: + English, Welsh (about 26% of population of Wales), Scottish form of Gaelic + (about 60,000 in Scotland) +Literacy: + 99% (male NA%, female NA%) age 15 and over can read and write (1978 est.) +Labor force: + 26,177,000; services 60.6%, manufacturing and construction 27.2%, government + 8.9%, energy 2.1%, agriculture 1.2% (June 1991) +Organized labor: + 40% of labor force (1991) + +:United Kingdom Government + +Long-form name: + United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland; abbreviated UK +Type: + constitutional monarchy +Capital: + London +Administrative divisions: + 47 counties, 7 metropolitan counties, 26 districts, 9 regions, and 3 islands + areas + England: + 39 counties, 7 metropolitan counties*; Avon, Bedford, Berkshire, Buckingham, + Cambridge, Cheshire, Cleveland, Cornwall, Cumbria, Derby, Devon, Dorset, + Durham, East Sussex, Essex, Gloucester, Greater London*, Greater + Manchester*, Hampshire, Hereford and Worcester, Hertford, Humberside, Isle + of Wight, Kent, Lancashire, Leicester, Lincoln, Merseyside*, Norfolk, + Northampton, Northumberland, North Yorkshire, Nottingham, Oxford, + Shropshire, Somerset, South Yorkshire*, Stafford, Suffolk, Surrey, Tyne and + Wear*, Warwick, West Midlands*, West Sussex, West Yorkshire*, Wiltshire + Northern Ireland: + 26 districts; Antrim, Ards, Armagh, Ballymena, Ballymoney, Banbridge, + Belfast, Carrickfergus, Castlereagh, Coleraine, Cookstown, Craigavon, Down, + Dungannon, Fermanagh, Larne, Limavady, Lisburn, Londonderry, Magherafelt, + Moyle, Newry and Mourne, Newtownabbey, North Down, Omagh, Strabane + Scotland: + 9 regions, 3 islands areas*; Borders, Central, Dumfries and Galloway, Fife, + Grampian, Highland, Lothian, Orkney*, Shetland*, Strathclyde, Tayside, + Western Isles* + Wales: + 8 counties; Clwyd, Dyfed, Gwent, Gwynedd, Mid Glamorgan, Powys, South + Glamorgan, West Glamorgan +Independence: + 1 January 1801, United Kingdom established +Constitution: + unwritten; partly statutes, partly common law and practice +Dependent areas: + Anguilla, Bermuda, British Indian Ocean Territory, British Virgin Islands, + Cayman Islands, Falkland Islands, Gibraltar, Guernsey, Hong Kong, Jersey, + Isle of Man, Montserrat, Pitcairn Islands, Saint Helena, South Georgia and + the South Sandwich Islands, Turks and Caicos Islands +Legal system: + common law tradition with early Roman and modern continental influences; no + judicial review of Acts of Parliament; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, + with reservations +National holiday: + Celebration of the Birthday of the Queen (second Saturday in June) +Executive branch: + monarch, prime minister, Cabinet +Legislative branch: + bicameral Parliament consists of an upper house or House of Lords and a + lower house or House of Commons +Judicial branch: + House of Lords +Leaders: + Chief of State: + Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952); Heir Apparent Prince CHARLES + (son of the Queen, born 14 November 1948) + Head of Government: + Prime Minister John MAJOR (since 28 November 1990) + +:United Kingdom Government + +Political parties and leaders: + Conservative and Unionist Party, John MAJOR; Labor Party, John SMITH; + Liberal Democrats (LD), Jeremy (Paddy) ASHDOWN; Scottish National Party, + Alex SALMOND; Welsh National Party (Plaid Cymru), Dafydd Iwan WIGLEY; Ulster + Unionist Party (Northern Ireland), James MOLYNEAUX; Democratic Unionist + Party (Northern Ireland), Rev. Ian PAISLEY; Ulster Popular Unionist Party + (Northern Ireland), James KILFEDDER; Social Democratic and Labor Party + (SDLP, Northern Ireland), John HUME; Sinn Fein (Northern Ireland), Gerry + ADAMS; Alliance Party (Northern Ireland), John ALDERDICE; Democratic Left, + Nina TEMPLE +Suffrage: + universal at age 18 +Elections: + House of Commons: + last held 9 April 1992 (next to be held by NA April 1997); results - + Conservative 41.9%, Labor 34.5%, Liberal Democratic 17.9%, other 5.7%; seats + - (651 total) Conservative 336, Labor 271, Liberal Democratic 20, other 24 +Communists: + 15,961 +Other political or pressure groups: + Trades Union Congress, Confederation of British Industry, National Farmers' + Union, Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament +Member of: + AfDB, AG (observer), AsDB, BIS, C, CCC, CDB, CE, CERN, COCOM, CP, CSCE, + EBRD, EC, ECA (associate), ECE, ECLAC, EIB, ESCAP, ESA, FAO, G-5, G-7, G-10, + GATT, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICFTU, IDA, IEA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, + IMO, INMARSAT, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, IOM (observer), ISO, ITU, LORCS, + NATO, NEA, OECD, PCA, SPC, UN, UNCTAD, UNFICYP, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNRWA, UN + Security Council, UN Trusteeship Council, UPU, WCL, WEU, WHO, WIPO, WMO +Diplomatic representation: + Ambassador Sir Robin RENWICK; Chancery at 3100 Massachusetts Avenue NW, + Washington, DC 20008; telephone (202) 462-1340; there are British Consulates + General in Atlanta, Boston, Chicago, Cleveland, Houston, Los Angeles, New + York, and San Francisco, and Consulates in Dallas, Miami, and Seattle + US: + Ambassador Raymond G. H. SEITZ; Embassy at 24/31 Grosvenor Square, London, + W.1A1AE, (mailing address is FPO AE 09498-4040); telephone [44] (71) + 499-9000; FAX 409-1637; there are US Consulates General in Belfast and + Edinburgh +Flag: + blue with the red cross of Saint George (patron saint of England) edged in + white superimposed on the diagonal red cross of Saint Patrick (patron saint + of Ireland) which is superimposed on the diagonal white cross of Saint + Andrew (patron saint of Scotland); known as the Union Flag or Union Jack; + the design and colors (especially the Blue Ensign) have been the basis for a + number of other flags including dependencies, Commonwealth countries, and + others +Note: + Hong Kong is scheduled to become a Special Administrative Region of China in + 1997 + +:United Kingdom Economy + +Overview: + The UK is one of the world's great trading powers and financial centers, and + its economy ranks among the four largest in Europe. The economy is + essentially capitalistic with a generous admixture of social welfare + programs and government ownership. Prime Minister MAJOR has continued the + basic thrust of THATCHER's efforts to halt the expansion of welfare measures + and promote extensive reprivatization of the government economic sector. + Agriculture is intensive, highly mechanized, and efficient by European + standards, producing about 60% of food needs with only 1% of the labor + force. Industry is a mixture of public and private enterprises, employing + about 27% of the work force and generating 22% of GDP. The UK is an + energy-rich nation with large coal, natural gas, and oil reserves; primary + energy production accounts for 12% of GDP, one of the highest shares of any + industrial nation. In mid-1990 the economy fell into recession after eight + years of strong economic expansion, which had raised national output by one + quarter. Britain's inflation rate, which has been consistently well above + those of her major trading partners, declined significantly in 1991. Between + 1986 and 1990 unemployment fell from 11% to about 6%, but crept back up to + 8% in 1991 because of the economic slowdown. As a major trading nation, the + UK will continue to be greatly affected by world boom or recession, swings + in the international oil market, productivity trends in domestic industry, + and the terms on which the economic integration of Europe proceeds. +GDP: + purchasing power equivalent - $915.5 billion, per capita $15,900; real + growth rate -1.9% (1991 est.) +Inflation rate (consumer prices): + 5.8% (1991) +Unemployment rate: + 8.1% (1991) +Budget: + revenues $435 billion; expenditures $469 billion, including capital + expenditures of $NA (FY92 est.) +Exports: + $186.4 billion (f.o.b., 1991) + commodities: + manufactured goods, machinery, fuels, chemicals, semifinished goods, + transport equipment + partners: + EC 53.2% (FRG 12.7%, France 10.5%, Netherlands 7.0%), US 12.4% +Imports: + $211.9 billion (c.i.f., 1991) + commodities: + manufactured goods, machinery, semifinished goods, foodstuffs, consumer + goods + partners: + EC 52.2% (FRG 15.6%, France 9.3%, Netherlands 8.4%), US 11.5% +External debt: + $10.5 billion (1990) +Industrial production: + growth rate 0% (1991) +Electricity: + 98,000,000 kW capacity; 316,500 million kWh produced, 5,520 kWh per capita + (1991) + +:United Kingdom Economy + +Industries: + production machinery including machine tools, electric power equipment, + equipment for the automation of production, railroad equipment, + shipbuilding, aircraft, motor vehicles and parts, electronics and + communications equipment, metals, chemicals, coal, petroleum, paper and + paper products, food processing, textiles, clothing, and other consumer + goods +Agriculture: + accounts for only 1.5% of GDP and 1% of labor force; highly mechanized and + efficient farms; wide variety of crops and livestock products produced; + about 60% self-sufficient in food and feed needs; fish catch of 665,000 + metric tons (1987) +Economic aid: + donor - ODA and OOF commitments (1970-89), $21.0 billion +Currency: + British pound or pound sterling (plural - pounds); 1 British pound (#) = 100 + pence +Exchange rates: + British pounds (#) per US$1 - 0.5799 (March 1992), 0.5652 (1991), 0.5603 + (1990), 0.6099 (1989), 0.5614 (1988), 0.6102 (1987) +Fiscal year: + 1 April-31 March + +:United Kingdom Communications + +Railroads: + Great Britain - 16,629 km total; British Railways (BR) operates 16,629 km + 1.435-meter (standard) gauge (4,205 km electrified and 12,591 km double or + multiple track); several additional small standard-gauge and narrow-gauge + lines are privately owned and operated; Northern Ireland Railways (NIR) + operates 332 km 1.600-meter gauge, including 190 km double track +Highways: + UK, 362,982 km total; Great Britain, 339,483 km paved (including 2,573 km + limited-access divided highway); Northern Ireland, 23,499 km (22,907 paved, + 592 km gravel) +Inland waterways: + 2,291 total; British Waterways Board, 606 km; Port Authorities, 706 km; + other, 979 km +Pipelines: + crude oil (almost all insignificant) 933 km, petroleum products 2,993 km, + natural gas 12,800 km +Ports: + London, Liverpool, Felixstowe, Tees and Hartlepool, Dover, Sullom Voe, + Southampton +Merchant marine: + 224 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 3,905,571 GRT/4,840,862 DWT; includes + 7 passenger, 21 short-sea passenger, 37 cargo, 27 container, 14 + roll-on/roll-off, 10 refrigerated cargo, 1 vehicle carrier, 1 railcar + carrier, 66 petroleum tanker, 2 chemical tanker, 9 liquefied gas, 1 + combination ore/oil, 1 specialized tanker, 26 bulk, 1 combination bulk +Civil air: + 618 major transport aircraft +Airports: + 498 total, 385 usable; 249 with permanent-surface runways; 1 with runways + over 3,659 m; 37 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 133 with runways 1,220-2,439 m +Telecommunications: + technologically advanced domestic and international system; 30,200,000 + telephones; equal mix of buried cables, microwave and optical-fiber systems; + excellent countrywide broadcast systems; broadcast stations - 225 AM, 525 + (mostly repeaters) FM, 207 (3,210 repeaters) TV; 40 coaxial submarine + cables; 5 satellite ground stations operating in INTELSAT (7 Atlantic Ocean + and 3 Indian Ocean), MARISAT, and EUTELSAT systems; at least 8 large + international switching centers + +:United Kingdom Defense Forces + +Branches: + Army, Royal Navy (including Royal Marines), Royal Air Force +Manpower availability: + males 15-49, 14,462,820; 12,122,497 fit for military service; no + conscription +Defense expenditures: + exchange rate conversion - $42 billion, 4.3% of GDP (FY91) + +:United States Geography + +Total area: + 9,372,610 km2 +Land area: + 9,166,600 km2; includes only the 50 states and District of Colombia +Comparative area: + about three-tenths the size of Russia; about one-third the size of Africa; + about one-half the size of South America (or slightly larger than Brazil); + slightly smaller than China; about two and one-half times the size of + Western Europe +Land boundaries: + 12,248.1 km; Canada 8,893 km (including 2,477 km with Alaska), Mexico 3,326 + km, Cuba (US naval base at Guantanamo) 29.1 km +Coastline: + 19,924 km +Maritime claims: + Contiguous zone: + 12 nm + Continental shelf: + not specified + Exclusive economic zone: + 200 nm + Territorial sea: + 12 nm +Disputes: + maritime boundary disputes with Canada (Dixon Entrance, Beaufort Sea, Strait + of Juan de Fuca); US Naval Base at Guantanamo is leased from Cuba and only + mutual agreement or US abandonment of the area can terminate the lease; + Haiti claims Navassa Island; US has made no territorial claim in Antarctica + (but has reserved the right to do so) and does not recognize the claims of + any other nation; Marshall Islands claims Wake Island +Climate: + mostly temperate, but varies from tropical (Hawaii) to arctic (Alaska); arid + to semiarid in west with occasional warm, dry chinook wind +Terrain: + vast central plain, mountains in west, hills and low mountains in east; + rugged mountains and broad river valleys in Alaska; rugged, volcanic + topography in Hawaii +Natural resources: + coal, copper, lead, molybdenum, phosphates, uranium, bauxite, gold, iron, + mercury, nickel, potash, silver, tungsten, zinc, crude oil, natural gas, + timber +Land use: + arable land 20%; permanent crops NEGL%; meadows and pastures 26%; forest and + woodland 29%; other 25%; includes irrigated 2% +Environment: + pollution control measures improving air and water quality; acid rain; + agricultural fertilizer and pesticide pollution; management of sparse + natural water resources in west; desertification; tsunamis, volcanoes, and + earthquake activity around Pacific Basin; continuous permafrost in northern + Alaska is a major impediment to development +Note: + world's fourth-largest country (after Russia, Canada, and China) + +:United States People + +Population: + 254,521,000 (July 1992), growth rate 0.8% (1992) +Birth rate: + 14 births/1,000 population (1992) +Death rate: + 9 deaths/1,000 population (1992) +Net migration rate: + 2 migrants/1,000 population (1992) +Infant mortality rate: + 10 deaths/1,000 live births (1992) +Life expectancy at birth: + 72 years male, 79 years female (1992) +Total fertility rate: + 1.8 children born/woman (1992) +Nationality: + noun - American(s); adjective - American +Ethnic divisions: + white 84.1%, black 12.4%, other 3.5% (1989) +Religions: + Protestant 56%, Roman Catholic 28%, Jewish 2%, other 4%, none 10% (1989) +Languages: + predominantly English; sizable Spanish-speaking minority +Literacy: + 98% (male 97%, female 98%) age 25 and over having completed 5 or more years + of schooling (1989) +Labor force: + 126,867,000 (includes armed forces and unemployed); civilian labor force + 125,303,000 (1991) +Organized labor: + 16,568,000 members; 16.1% of total wage and salary employment which was + 102,786,000 (1991) + +:United States Government + +Long-form name: + United States of America; abbreviated US or USA +Type: + federal republic; strong democratic tradition +Capital: + Washington, DC +Administrative divisions: + 50 states and 1 district*; Alabama, Alaska, Arizona, Arkansas, California, + Colorado, Connecticut, Delaware, District of Columbia*, Florida, Georgia, + Hawaii, Idaho, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maine, + Maryland, Massachusetts, Michigan, Minnesota, Mississippi, Missouri, + Montana, Nebraska, Nevada, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New Mexico, New York, + North Carolina, North Dakota, Ohio, Oklahoma, Oregon, Pennsylvania, Rhode + Island, South Carolina, South Dakota, Tennessee, Texas, Utah, Vermont, + Virginia, Washington, West Virginia, Wisconsin, Wyoming +Independence: + 4 July 1776 (from England) +Constitution: + 17 September 1787, effective 4 June 1789 +Dependent areas: + American Samoa, Baker Island, Guam, Howland Island; Jarvis Island, Johnston + Atoll, Kingman Reef, Midway Islands, Navassa Island, Northern Mariana + Islands, Palmyra Atoll, Puerto Rico, Virgin Islands, Wake Island +Legal system: + based on English common law; judicial review of legislative acts; accepts + compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with reservations +National holiday: + Independence Day, 4 July (1776) +Executive branch: + president, vice president, Cabinet +Legislative branch: + bicameral Congress consists of an upper house or Senate and a lower house or + House of Representatives +Judicial branch: + Supreme Court +Leaders: + Chief of State and Head of Government: + President George BUSH (since 20 January 1989); Vice President Dan QUAYLE + (since 20 January 1989) +Political parties and leaders: + Republican Party, Richard N. BOND, national committee chairman; Jeanie + AUSTIN, co-chairman; Democratic Party, Ronald H. BROWN, national committee + chairman; several other groups or parties of minor political significance +Suffrage: + universal at age 18 +Elections: + President: + last held 8 November 1988 (next to be held 3 November 1992); results - + George BUSH (Republican Party) 53.37%, Michael DUKAKIS (Democratic Party) + 45.67%, other 0.96% + Senate: + last held 6 November 1990 (next to be held 3 November 1992); results - + Democratic Party 51%, Republican Party 47%, other 2%; seats - (100 total) + Democratic Party 56, Republican Party 44 + House of Representatives: + last held 6 November 1990 (next to be held 3 November 1992); results - + Democratic Party 52%, Republican Party 44%, other 4%; seats - (435 total) + Democratic Party 267, Republican Party 167, Socialist 1 + +:United States Government + +Communists: + Communist Party (claimed 15,000-20,000 members), Gus HALL, general + secretary; Socialist Workers Party (claimed 1,800 members), Jack BARNES, + national secretary +Member of: + AfDB, AG (observer), ANZUS, APEC, AsDB, BIS, CCC, COCOM, CP, CSCE, EBRD, + ECE, ECLAC, FAO, ESCAP, G-2, G-5, G-7, G-8, G-10, GATT, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, + ICAO, ICC, ICFTU, IDA, IEA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INMARSAT, INTELSAT, + INTERPOL, IOC, IOM, ISO, ITU, LORCS, NATO, NEA, OAS, OECD, PCA, SPC, UN, + UNCTAD, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNRWA, UN Security Council, UN Trusteeship Council, + UNTSO, UPU, WCL, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO +Diplomatic representation: + US Representative to the UN, Ambassador Thomas R. PICKERING; Mission at 799 + United Nations Plaza, New York, NY 10017; telephone (212) 415-4050, after + hours (212) 415-4444; FAX (212) 415-4443 +Flag: + thirteen equal horizontal stripes of red (top and bottom) alternating with + white; there is a blue rectangle in the upper hoist-side corner bearing 50 + small white five-pointed stars arranged in nine offset horizontal rows of + six stars (top and bottom) alternating with rows of five stars; the 50 stars + represent the 50 states, the 13 stripes represent the 13 original colonies; + known as Old Glory; the design and colors have been the basis for a number + of other flags including Chile, Liberia, Malaysia, and Puerto Rico +Note: + since 18 July 1947, the US has administered the Trust Territory of the + Pacific Islands, but recently entered into a new political relationship with + three of the four political units; the Northern Mariana Islands is a + Commonwealth in political union with the US (effective 3 November 1986); + Palau concluded a Compact of Free Association with the US that was approved + by the US Congress but to date the Compact process has not been completed in + Palau, which continues to be administered by the US as the Trust Territory + of the Pacific Islands; the Federated States of Micronesia signed a Compact + of Free Association with the US (effective 3 November 1986); the Republic of + the Marshall Islands signed a Compact of Free Association with the US + (effective 21 October 1986) + +:United States Economy + +Overview: + The US has the most powerful, diverse, and technologically advanced economy + in the world, with a per capita GDP of $22,470, the largest among major + industrial nations. The economy is market oriented with most decisions made + by private individuals and business firms and with government purchases of + goods and services made predominantly in the marketplace. In 1989 the + economy enjoyed its seventh successive year of substantial growth, the + longest in peacetime history. The expansion featured moderation in wage and + consumer price increases and a steady reduction in unemployment to 5.2% of + the labor force. In 1990, however, growth slowed to 1% because of a + combination of factors, such as the worldwide increase in interest rates, + Iraq's invasion of Kuwait in August, the subsequent spurt in oil prices, and + a general decline in business and consumer confidence. In 1991 output failed + to recover, unemployment grew, and signs of recovery proved premature. + Ongoing problems for the 1990s include inadequate investment in economic + infrastructure, rapidly rising medical costs, and sizable budget and trade + deficits. +GDP: + purchasing power equivalent - $5,673 billion, per capita $22,470; real + growth rate -0.7% (1991) +Inflation rate (consumer prices): + 4.2% (1991) +Unemployment rate: + 6.6% (1991) +Budget: + revenues $1,054 billion; expenditures $1,323 billion, including capital + expenditures of $NA (FY91) +Exports: + $428.1 billion (f.o.b., 1991 est.) + commodities: + capital goods, automobiles, industrial supplies and raw materials, consumer + goods, agricultural products + partners: + Western Europe 27.3%, Canada 22.1%, Japan 12.1% (1989) +Imports: + $499.4 billion (c.i.f., 1991 est.) + commodities: + crude and partly refined petroleum, machinery, automobiles, consumer goods, + industrial raw materials, food and beverages + partners: + Western Europe 21.5%, Japan 19.7%, Canada 18.8% (1989) +External debt: + NA +Industrial production: + growth rate -1.9% (1991) +Electricity: + 776,550,000 kW capacity; 3,020,000 million kWh produced, 12,080 kWh per + capita (1990) +Industries: + leading industrial power in the world, highly diversified; petroleum, steel, + motor vehicles, aerospace, telecommunications, chemicals, electronics, food + processing, consumer goods, fishing, lumber, mining +Agriculture: + accounts for 2% of GDP and 2.8% of labor force; favorable climate and soils + support a wide variety of crops and livestock production; world's second + largest producer and number one exporter of grain; surplus food producer; + fish catch of 5.0 million metric tons (1988) + +:United States Economy + +Illicit drugs: + illicit producer of cannabis for domestic consumption with 1987 production + estimated at 3,500 metric tons or about 25% of the available marijuana; + ongoing eradication program aimed at small plots and greenhouses has not + reduced production +Economic aid: + donor - commitments, including ODA and OOF, (FY80-89), $115.7 billion +Currency: + United States dollar (plural - dollars); 1 United States dollar (US$) = 100 + cents +Exchange rates: + British pounds: + (#) per US$ - 0.5599 (March 1992), 0.5652 (1991), 0.5603 (1990), 0.6099 + (1989), 0.5614 (1988), 0.6102 (1987) + Canadian dollars: + (Can$) per US$ - 1.1926 (March 1992), 1.1457 (1991), 1.1668 (1990), 1.1840 + (1989), 1.2307 (1988), 1.3260 (1987) + French francs: + (F) per US$ - 5.6397, (March 1992), 5.6421 (1991), 5.4453 (1990), 6.3801 + (1989), 5.9569 (1988), 6.0107 (1987) + Italian lire: + (Lit) per US$ - 1,248.4 (March 1992), 1,240.6 (1991), 1,198.1 (1990), + 1.372.1 (1989), 1,301.6 (1988), 1,296.1 (1987) + Japanese yen: + (Y) per US$ - 132.70 (March 1992), 134.71 (1991), 144.79 (1990), 137.96 + (1989), 128.15 (1988), 144.64 (1987) + German deutsche marks: + (DM) per US$ - 1.6611 (March 1992), 1.6595 (1991), 1.6157 (1990), 1.8800 + (1989), 1.7562 (1988), 1.7974 (1987) +Fiscal year: + 1 October - 30 September + +:United States Communications + +Railroads: + 270,312 km +Highways: + 6,365,590 km, including 88,641 km expressways +Inland waterways: + 41,009 km of navigable inland channels, exclusive of the Great Lakes (est.) +Pipelines: + petroleum 275,800 km, natural gas 305,300 km (1985) +Ports: + Anchorage, Baltimore, Beaumont, Boston, Charleston, Chicago, Cleveland, + Duluth, Freeport, Galveston, Hampton Roads, Honolulu, Houston, Jacksonville, + Long Beach, Los Angeles, Milwaukee, Mobile, New Orleans, New York, + Philadelphia, Portland (Oregon), Richmond (California), San Francisco, + Savannah, Seattle, Tampa, Wilmington +Merchant marine: + 396 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 12,969 GRT/20,179 DWT; includes 3 + passenger-cargo, 38 cargo, 25 bulk, 174 tanker, 13 tanker tug-barge, 14 + liquefied gas, 129 intermodal; in addition, there are 231 government-owned + vessels +Civil air: + 8,252 commercial multiengine transport aircraft (weighing 9,000 kg and over) + including 6,036 jet, 831 turboprop, 1,382 piston (December 1989) +Airports: + 14,177 total, 12,417 usable; 4,820 with permanent-surface runways; 63 with + runways over 3,659 m; 325 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 2,524 with runways + 1,220-2,439 m +Telecommunications: + 182,558,000 telephones; broadcast stations - 4,892 AM, 5,200 FM (including + 3,915 commercial and 1,285 public broadcasting), 7,296 TV (including 796 + commercial, 300 public broadcasting, and 6,200 commercial cable); + 495,000,000 radio receivers (1982); 150,000,000 TV sets (1982); satellite + ground stations - 45 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT and 16 Pacific Ocean INTELSAT + +:United States Defense Forces + +Branches: + Department of the Army, Department of the Navy (including Marine Corps), + Department of the Air Force +Manpower availability: + males 15-49, 66,458,000; NA fit for military service +Defense expenditures: + exchange rate conversion - $323.5 billion, 5.7% of GNP (1991) + +:Uruguay Geography + +Total area: + 176,220 km2 +Land area: + 173,620 km2 +Comparative area: + slightly smaller than Washington State +Land boundaries: + 1,564 km total; Argentina 579 km, Brazil 985 km +Coastline: + 660 km +Maritime claims: + Continental shelf: + 200 m (depth) or to depth of exploitation + Territorial sea: + 200 nm (overflight and navigation permitted beyond 12 nm) +Disputes: + short section of boundary with Argentina is in dispute; two short sections + of the boundary with Brazil are in dispute (Arroyo de la Invernada area of + the Rio Quarai and the islands at the confluence of the Rio Quarai and the + Uruguay) +Climate: + warm temperate; freezing temperatures almost unknown +Terrain: + mostly rolling plains and low hills; fertile coastal lowland +Natural resources: + soil, hydropower potential, minor minerals +Land use: + arable land 8%; permanent crops NEGL%; meadows and pastures 78%; forest and + woodland 4%; other 10%; includes irrigated 1% +Environment: + subject to seasonally high winds, droughts, floods + +:Uruguay People + +Population: + 3,141,533 (July 1992), growth rate 0.6% (1992) +Birth rate: + 17 births/1,000 population (1992) +Death rate: + 10 deaths/1,000 population (1992) +Net migration rate: + -1 migrant/1,000 population (1992) +Infant mortality rate: + 23 deaths/1,000 live births (1992) +Life expectancy at birth: + 69 years male, 76 years female (1992) +Total fertility rate: + 2.4 children born/woman (1992) +Nationality: + noun - Uruguayan(s); adjective - Uruguayan +Ethnic divisions: + white 88%, mestizo 8%, black 4% +Religions: + Roman Catholic (less than half adult population attends church regularly) + 66%, Protestant 2%, Jewish 2%, nonprofessing or other 30% +Languages: + Spanish +Literacy: + 96% (male 97%, female 96%) age 15 and over can read and write (1990 est.) +Labor force: + 1,355,000 (1991 est.); government 25%, manufacturing 19%, agriculture 11%, + commerce 12%, utilities, construction, transport, and communications 12%, + other services 21% (1988 est.) +Organized labor: + Interunion Workers' Assembly/National Workers' Confederation (PIT/CNT) Labor + Federation + +:Uruguay Government + +Long-form name: + Oriental Republic of Uruguay +Type: + republic +Capital: + Montevideo +Administrative divisions: + 19 departments (departamentos, singular - departamento); Artigas, Canelones, + Cerro Largo, Colonia, Durazno, Flores, Florida, Lavalleja, Maldonado, + Montevideo, Paysandu, Rio Negro, Rivera, Rocha, Salto, San Jose, Soriano, + Tacuarembo, Treinta y Tres +Independence: + 25 August 1828 (from Brazil) +Constitution: + 27 November 1966, effective February 1967, suspended 27 June 1973, new + constitution rejected by referendum 30 November 1980 +Legal system: + based on Spanish civil law system; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction +National holiday: + Independence Day, 25 August (1828) +Executive branch: + president, vice president, Council of Ministers (cabinet) +Legislative branch: + bicameral General Assembly (Asamblea General) consists of an upper chamber + or Chamber of Senators (Camara de Senadores) and a lower chamber or Chamber + of Representatives (Camera de Representantes) +Judicial branch: + Supreme Court +Leaders: + Chief of State and Head of Government: + President Luis Alberto LACALLE (since 1 March 1990); Vice President Gonzalo + AGUIRRE Ramirez (since 1 March 1990) +Political parties and leaders: + National (Blanco) Party, Carlos CAT; Colorado Party, Jorge BATLLE Ibanez; + Broad Front Coalition, Liber SEREGNI Mosquera - includes Communist Party led + by Jaime PEREZ and National Liberation Movement (MLN) or Tupamaros led by + Eleuterio FERNANDEZ Huidobro; New Space Coalition consists of the Party of + the Government of the People (PGP), Hugo BATALLA; Christian Democratic Party + (PDC), leader NA; and Civic Union, Humberto CIGANDA +Suffrage: + universal and compulsory at age 18 +Elections: + President: + last held 26 November 1989 (next to be held NA November 1994); results - + Luis Alberto LACALLE Herrera (Blanco) 37%, Jorge BATLLE Ibanez (Colorado) + 29%, Liber SEREGNI Mosquera (Broad Front) 20% + Chamber of Senators: + last held 26 November 1989 (next to be held NA November 1994); results - + Blanco 40%, Colorado 30%, Broad Front 23% New Space 7%; seats - (30 total) + Blanco 12, Colorado 9, Broad Front 7, New Space 2 + Chamber of Representatives: + last held NA November 1989 (next to be held NA November 1994); results - + Blanco 39%, Colorado 30%, Broad Front 22%, New Space 8%, other 1%; seats - + (99 total) number of seats by party NA +Communists: + 50,000 + +:Uruguay Government + +Member of: + AG (observer), CCC, ECLAC, FAO, G-11, G-77, GATT, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, + ICC, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, IOM, ISO + (correspondent), ITU, LAES, LAIA, LORCS, NAM (observer), OAS, OPANAL, PCA, + RG, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNIIMOG, UNMOGIP, UPU, WCL, WHO, WIPO, WMO, + WTO +Diplomatic representation: + Ambassador Eduardo MACGILLICUDDY; Chancery at 1918 F Street NW, Washington, + DC 20006; telephone (202) 331-1313 through 1316; there are Uruguayan + Consulates General in Los Angeles, Miami, and New York, and a Consulate in + New Orleans + US: + Ambassador Richard C. BROWN; Embassy at Lauro Muller 1776, Montevideo + (mailing address is APO AA 34035); telephone [598] (2) 23-60-61 or 48-77-77; + FAX [598] (2) 48-86-11 +Flag: + nine equal horizontal stripes of white (top and bottom) alternating with + blue; there is a white square in the upper hoist-side corner with a yellow + sun bearing a human face known as the Sun of May and 16 rays alternately + triangular and wavy + +:Uruguay Economy + +Overview: + The economy is slowly recovering from the deep recession of the early 1980s. + In 1988 real GDP grew by only 0.5% and in 1989 by 1.5%. The recovery was led + by growth in the agriculture and fishing sectors, agriculture alone + contributing 20% to GDP, employing about 11% of the labor force, and + generating a large proportion of export earnings. Raising livestock, + particularly cattle and sheep, is the major agricultural activity. In 1991, + domestic growth improved somewhat over 1990, but various government factors, + including concentration on the external sector, adverse weather conditions, + and greater attention to bringing down inflation and reducing the fiscal + deficit kept output from expanding rapidly. In a major step toward greater + regional economic cooperation, Uruguay joined Brazil, Argentina, and + Paraguay in forming the Southern Cone Common Market (Mercosur). President + LACALLE continues to press ahead with a broad economic reform plan to reduce + state intervention in the economy, but he faces strong opposition. +GDP: + exchange rate conversion - $9.1 billion, per capita $2,935; real growth rate + 2.3% (1991 est.) +Inflation rate (consumer prices): + 60% (1992 est.) +Unemployment rate: + 8.5% (1991 est.) +Budget: + revenues $1.2 billion; expenditures $1.4 billion, including capital + expenditures of $165 million (1988) +Exports: + $1.6 billion (f.o.b., 1991) + commodities: + hides and leather goods 17%, beef 10%, wool 9%, fish 7%, rice 4% + partners: + Brazil, US, Argentina, Germany +Imports: + $1.3 billion (f.o.b., 1991) + commodities: + fuels and lubricants 15%, metals, machinery, transportation equipment, + industrial chemicals + partners: + Brazil 23%, Argentina 17%, US 10%, EC 27.1% (1990) +External debt: + $4.2 billion (1991 est.) +Industrial production: + growth rate -1.4% (1990), accounts for almost 25% of GDP +Electricity: + 2,065,000 kW capacity; 5,677 million kWh produced, 1,819 kWh per capita + (1991) +Industries: + meat processing, wool and hides, sugar, textiles, footwear, leather apparel, + tires, cement, fishing, petroleum refining, wine +Agriculture: + large areas devoted to livestock grazing; wheat, rice, corn, sorghum; + self-sufficient in most basic foodstuffs +Economic aid: + US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-88), $105 million; Western (non-US) + countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $420 million; + Communist countries (1970-89), $69 million +Currency: + new Uruguayan peso (plural - pesos); 1 new Uruguayan peso (N$Ur) = 100 + centesimos + +:Uruguay Economy + +Exchange rates: + new Uruguayan pesos (N$Ur) per US$1 - 2,732.8 (March 1992), 2,018.8 (1991), + 1,171.0 (1990), 605.5 (1989), 359.4 (1988), 226.7 (1987) +Fiscal year: + calendar year + +:Uruguay Communications + +Railroads: + 3,000 km, all 1.435-meter (standard) gauge and government owned +Highways: + 49,900 km total; 6,700 km paved, 3,000 km gravel, 40,200 km earth +Inland waterways: + 1,600 km; used by coastal and shallow-draft river craft +Ports: + Montevideo, Punta del Este +Merchant marine: + 3 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 56,737 GRT/104,143 DWT; includes 1 + cargo, 1 container, 1 petroleum tanker +Civil air: + 11 major transport aircraft +Airports: + 90 total, 83 usable; 16 with permanent-surface runways; none with runways + over 3,659 m; 2 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 16 with runways 1,220-2,439 m +Telecommunications: + most modern facilities concentrated in Montevideo; new nationwide microwave + network; 337,000 telephones; broadcast stations - 99 AM, no FM, 26 TV, 9 + shortwave; 2 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT earth stations + +:Uruguay Defense Forces + +Branches: + Army, Navy (including Naval Air Arm, Coast Guard, and Marines), Air Force, + Grenadier Guards, Police +Manpower availability: + males 15-49, 745,728; 605,392 fit for military service; no conscription +Defense expenditures: + exchange rate conversion - $168 million, 2.2% of GDP (1988) + +:Uzbekistan Geography + +Total area: + 447,400 km2 +Land area: + 425,400 km2 +Comparative area: + slightly larger than California +Land boundaries: + 6,221 km total; Afghanistan 137 km, Kazakhstan 2,203 km, Kyrgyzstan 1,099 + km, Tajikistan 1,161 km, Turkmenistan 1,621 km +Coastline: + 0 km + note: + Uzbekistan does border the Aral Sea (420 km) +Maritime claims: + none - landlocked +Disputes: + none +Climate: + mostly mid latitude desert; semiarid grassland in east +Terrain: + mostly flat-to-rolling sandy desert with dunes; Fergana valley in east + surrounded by mountainous Tajikistan and Kyrgyzstan; shrinking Aral Sea in + west +Natural resources: + natural gas, petroleum, coal, gold, uranium, silver, copper, lead and zinc, + tungsten, molybdenum +Land use: + NA% arable land; NA% permanent crops; NA% meadows and pastures; NA% forest + and woodland; NA% other; includes NA% irrigated +Environment: + drying up of the Aral Sea is resulting in growing concentrations of chemical + pesticides and natural salts +Note: + landlocked + +:Uzbekistan People + +Population: + 21,626,784 (July 1992), growth rate 2.4% (1992) +Birth rate: + 34 births/1,000 population (1992) +Death rate: + 7 deaths/1,000 population (1992) +Net migration rate: + -2 migrants/1,000 population (1992); note - 179,000 persons left Uzbekistan + in 1990 +Infant mortality rate: + 65 deaths/1,000 live births (1992) +Life expectancy at birth: + 64 years male, 70 years female (1992) +Total fertility rate: + 4.2 children born/woman (1992) +Nationality: + noun - Uzbek(s); adjective - Uzbek +Ethnic divisions: + Uzbek 71%, Russian 8%, Tajik 5%, other 16%; note - includes 70% of Crimean + Tatars since their World War II deportation +Religions: + Muslim (mostly Sunnis) 75-80%, other (includes Farsi) 20-25% +Languages: + Uzbek 85%, Russian 5%, other 10% +Literacy: + NA% +Labor force: + 7,941,000; agriculture and forestry 39%, industry and construction 24%, + other 37% (1990) +Organized labor: + NA + +:Uzbekistan Government + +Long-form name: + Republic of Uzbekistan +Type: + republic +Capital: + Tashkent (Toshkent) +Administrative divisions: + 11 oblasts (oblastey, singular - oblast') and 1 autonomous republic* + (avtomnaya respublika); Andizhan, Bukhara, Dzhizak, Fergana, Karakalpakstan* + (Nukus), Kashkadar'ya (Karshi), Khorezm (Urgench), Namangan, Samarkand, + Surkhandar'ya (Termez), Syrdar'ya (Gulistan), Tashkent; note - an + administrative division has the same name as its administrative center + (exceptions have the administrative center name following in parentheses) +Independence: + 31 August 1991 from the Soviet Union; note - formerly Uzbek Soviet Socialist + Republic in the Soviet Union +Constitution: + NA +Legal system: + NA +National holiday: + NA +Executive branch: + president +Legislative branch: + unicameral Supreme Soviet +Judicial branch: + NA +Leaders: + Chief of State: + President Islam KARIMOV (since 29 December 1991) + Head of Government: + Prime Minister Abdulhashim MUTALOV (since 13 January 1992) +Political parties and leaders: + People's Democratic Party of Uzbekistan (formerly Communist Party), Islam + KARIMOV, chairman; ERK, Mukhammad SOLIKH, chairman +Suffrage: + universal at age 18 +Elections: + President: + last held 29 December 1991 (next to be held NA December 1996); results - + Islam KARIMOV 86%, Mukhammad SOLIKH 12%, other 2% + Supreme Soviet: + last held NA March 1990 (next to be held NA); results - percent of vote by + party NA; seats - (500 total) Communist 450, ERK 10, other 40 +Communists: + NA +Other political or pressure groups: + Birlik (Unity) Abdurakhim PULATOV, chairman; Islamic Renaissance Party, + Abdulljon UTAEV, chairman +Member of: + CIS, CSCE, IMF, NACC, UN UNCTAD +Diplomatic representation: + NA + US: + Charge d'Affaires Michael MOZUR; Embassy at Hotel Uzbekistan, ;55 + Chelendarskaya, Tashkent (mailing address is APO AE 09862); telephone [8] + (011) 7-3712-33-15-74 + +:Uzbekistan Government + +Flag: + three equal horizontal bands - blue (top), white, and green with a crescent + moon and 12 stars in the upper hoist-side quadrant + +:Uzbekistan Economy + +Overview: + Although Uzbekistan accounted for only 3.4% of total Soviet output, it + produced two-thirds of the USSR's cotton. Moscow's push for ever-increasing + amounts of cotton included massive irrigation projects which caused + extensive environmental damage to the Aral Sea and rivers of the republic. + Furthermore, the lavish use of chemical fertilizers has caused extensive + pollution and widespread health problems. Recently the republic has sought + to encourage food production at the expense of cotton. The small industrial + sector specializes in such items as agricultural machinery, mineral + fertilizers, vegetable oil, and electrical cranes. Uzbekistan also has some + important natural resources including gold (about 30% of Soviet production), + uranium, and natural gas. The Uzbek government has encouraged land reform + but has shied away from other aspects of economic reform. +GDP: + purchasing power equivalent - $NA, per capita $NA; real growth rate -0.9% + (1991) +Inflation rate (consumer prices): + 83% (1991) +Unemployment rate: + NA +Budget: + revenues $NA; expenditures $NA, including capital expenditures of $NA +Exports: + $1.5 billion (1990) + commodities: + cotton, gold, textiles, chemical and mineral fertilizers, vegetable oil + partners: + Russia, Ukraine, Eastern Europe +Imports: + $3.5 billion (1990) + commodities: + machinery and parts, consumer durables, grain, other foods + partners: + principally other former Soviet republics +External debt: + $2 billion (end of 1991 est.) +Industrial production: + growth rate 1.8% (1991) +Electricity: + 11,400,000 kW capacity; 54,100 million kWh produced, 2,662 kWh per capita + (1991) +Industries: + chemical and mineral fertilizers, vegetable oil, textiles +Agriculture: + cotton, with much smaller production of grain, fruits, vegetables, and + livestock +Illicit drugs: + illicit producers of cannabis and opium; mostly for domestic consumption; + status of government eradication programs unknown; used as transshipment + points for illicit drugs to Western Europe +Economic aid: + $NA +Currency: + as of May 1992, retaining ruble as currency +Exchange rates: + NA +Fiscal year: + calendar year + +:Uzbekistan Communications + +Railroads: + 3,460 km all 1.520-meter gauge (includes NA km electrified); does not + include industrial lines (1990) +Highways: + 78,400 km total (1990); 67,000 km hard-surfaced, 11,400 km earth +Inland waterways: + NA km +Pipelines: + NA +Ports: + none - landlocked +Civil air: + NA +Airports: + NA +Telecommunications: + poorly developed; telephone density NA; linked by landline or microwave with + CIS member states and by leased connection via the Moscow international + gateway switch to other countries; satellite earth stations - Orbita and + INTELSAT (TV receive only) + +:Uzbekistan Defense Forces + +Branches: + Republic Security Forces (internal and border troops), National Guard; CIS + Forces (Ground, Air and Air Defense) +Manpower availability: + males 15-49, NA; NA fit for military service; NA reach military age (18) + annually +Defense expenditures: + $NA, NA% of GDP + +:Vanuatu Geography + +Total area: + 14,760 km2 +Land area: + 14,760 km2; includes more than 80 islands +Comparative area: + slightly larger than Connecticut +Land boundaries: + 0 km +Coastline: + 2,528 km +Maritime claims: + (measured from claimed archipelagic baselines) + Contiguous zone: + 24 nm + Continental shelf: + edge of continental margin or 200 nm + Exclusive economic zone: + 200 nm + Territorial sea: + 12 nm +Disputes: + none +Climate: + tropical; moderated by southeast trade winds +Terrain: + mostly mountains of volcanic origin; narrow coastal plains +Natural resources: + manganese, hardwood forests, fish +Land use: + arable land 1%; permanent crops 5%; meadows and pastures 2%; forest and + woodland 1%; other 91% +Environment: + subject to tropical cyclones or typhoons (January to April); volcanism + causes minor earthquakes +Note: + located 5,750 km southwest of Honolulu in the South Pacific Ocean about + three-quarters of the way between Hawaii and Australia + +:Vanuatu People + +Population: + 174,574 (July 1992), growth rate 3.0% (1992) +Birth rate: + 35 births/1,000 population (1992) +Death rate: + 5 deaths/1,000 population (1992) +Net migration rate: + 0 migrants/1,000 population (1992) +Infant mortality rate: + 30 deaths/1,000 live births (1992) +Life expectancy at birth: + 67 years male, 72 years female (1992) +Total fertility rate: + 5.1 children born/woman (1992) +Nationality: + noun - Ni-Vanuatu (singular and plural); adjective - Ni-Vanuatu +Ethnic divisions: + indigenous Melanesian 94%, French 4%, remainder Vietnamese, Chinese, and + various Pacific Islanders +Religions: + Presbyterian 36.7%, Anglican 15%, Catholic 15%, indigenous beliefs 7.6%, + Seventh-Day Adventist 6.2%, Church of Christ 3.8%, other 15.7% +Languages: + English and French (official); pidgin (known as Bislama or Bichelama) +Literacy: + 53% (male 57%, female 48%) age 15 and over can read and write (1979) +Labor force: + NA +Organized labor: + 7 registered trade unions - largest include Oil and Gas Workers' Union, + Vanuatu Airline Workers' Union + +:Vanuatu Government + +Long-form name: + Republic of Vanuatu +Type: + republic +Capital: + Port-Vila +Administrative divisions: + 11 island councils; Ambrym, Aoba/Maewo, Banks/Torres, Efate, Epi, Malakula, + Paama, Pentecote, Santo/Malo, Shepherd, Tafea +Independence: + 30 July 1980 (from France and UK; formerly New Hebrides) +Constitution: + 30 July 1980 +Legal system: + unified system being created from former dual French and British systems +National holiday: + Independence Day, 30 July (1980) +Executive branch: + president, prime minister, deputy prime minister, Council of Ministers + (cabinet) +Legislative branch: + unicameral Parliament; note - the National Council of Chiefs advises on + matters of custom and land +Judicial branch: + Supreme Court +Leaders: + Chief of State: + President Frederick TIMAKATA (since 30 January 1989) + Head of Government: + Prime Minister Maxime CARLOT (since 16 December 1991); Deputy Prime Minister + Sethy REGENVANU (since 17 December 1991) +Political parties and leaders: + Vanuatu Party (VP), Donald KALPOKAS; Union of Moderate Parties (UMP), Serge + VOHOR; Melanesian Progressive Party (MPP), Barak SOPE; National United Party + (NUP), Walter LINI; Tan Union Party (TUP), Vincent BOULEKONE; Nagriamel + Party, Jimmy STEVENS; Friend Melanesian Party, leader NA +Suffrage: + universal at age 18 +Elections: + Parliament: + last held 2 December 1991 (next to be held by November 1995); note - after + election, a coalition was formed by the Union of Moderate Parties and the + National United Party to form new government on 16 December 1991; seats - + (46 total) UMP 19; NUP 10; VP 10; MPP 4; TUP 1; Nagriamel 1; Friend 1 +Member of: + ACCT, ACP, AsDB, C, ESCAP, FAO, G-77, IBRD, ICAO, ICFTU, IDA, IFC, IMF, IMO, + IOC, ITU, NAM, SPC, SPF, UN, UNCTAD, UNIDO, UPU, WFTU, WHO, WMO +Diplomatic representation: + Vanuatu does not have a mission in Washington + US: + the ambassador in Papua New Guinea is accredited to Vanuatu +Flag: + two equal horizontal bands of red (top) and green (bottom) with a black + isosceles triangle (based on the hoist side) all separated by a black-edged + yellow stripe in the shape of a horizontal Y (the two points of the Y face + the hoist side and enclose the triangle); centered in the triangle is a + boar's tusk encircling two crossed namele leaves, all in yellow + +:Vanuatu Economy + +Overview: + The economy is based primarily on subsistence farming which provides a + living for about 80% of the population. Fishing and tourism are the other + mainstays of the economy. Mineral deposits are negligible; the country has + no known petroleum deposits. A small light industry sector caters to the + local market. Tax revenues come mainly from import duties. +GDP: + exchange rate conversion - $142 million, per capita $900 (1988 est.); real + growth rate 6% (1990) +Inflation rate (consumer prices): + 5% (1990) +Unemployment rate: + NA% +Budget: + revenues $90.0 million; expenditures $103.0 million, including capital + expenditures of $45.0 million (1989 est.) +Exports: + $15.6 million (f.o.b., 1990 est.) + commodities: + copra 59%, cocoa 11%, meat 9%, fish 8%, timber 4% + partners: + Netherlands, Japan, France, New Caledonia, Belgium +Imports: + $60.4 million (f.o.b., 1990 est.) + commodities: + machines and vehicles 25%, food and beverages 23%, basic manufactures 18%, + raw materials and fuels 11%, chemicals 6% + partners: + Australia 36%, Japan 13%, NZ 10%, France 8%, Fiji 8% +External debt: + $30 million (1990 est.) +Industrial production: + growth rate NA%; accounts for about 10% of GDP +Electricity: + 17,000 kW capacity; 30 million kWh produced, 180 kWh per capita (1990) +Industries: + food and fish freezing, wood processing, meat canning +Agriculture: + accounts for 40% of GDP; export crops - copra, cocoa, coffee, and fish; + subsistence crops - copra, taro, yams, coconuts, fruits, and vegetables +Economic aid: + Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), + $606 million +Currency: + vatu (plural - vatu); 1 vatu (VT) = 100 centimes +Exchange rates: + vatu (VT) per US$1 - 112.55 (March 1992), 111.68 (1991), 116.57 (1990), + 116.04 (1989), 104.43 (1988), 109.85 (1987) +Fiscal year: + calendar year + +:Vanuatu Communications + +Railroads: + none +Highways: + 1,027 km total; at least 240 km sealed or all-weather roads +Ports: + Port-Vila, Luganville, Palikoulo, Santu +Merchant marine: + 121 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 2,093,443 GRT/3,168,822 DWT; includes + 26 cargo, 14 refrigerated cargo, 5 container, 11 vehicle carrier, 1 + livestock carrier, 5 petroleum tanker, 2 chemical tanker, 3 liquefied gas, + 51 bulk, 1 combination bulk, 1 passenger, 1 short-sea passenger; note - a + flag of convenience registry +Civil air: + no major transport aircraft +Airports: + 33 total, 31 usable; 2 with permanent-surface runways; none with runways + over 3,659 m; 1 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 2 with runways 1,220-2,439 m +Telecommunications: + broadcast stations - 2 AM, no FM, no TV; 3,000 telephones; satellite ground + stations - 1 Pacific Ocean INTELSAT + +:Vanuatu Defense Forces + +Branches: + no military forces; Vanuatu Police Force (VPF), paramilitary Vanuatu Mobile + Force (VMF) +Manpower availability: + males 15-49, NA; NA fit for military service +Defense expenditures: + $NA, NA% of GDP + +:Venezuela Geography + +Total area: + 912,050 km2 +Land area: + 882,050 km2 +Comparative area: + slightly more than twice the size of California +Land boundaries: + 4,993 km total; Brazil 2,200 km, Colombia 2,050 km, Guyana 743 km +Coastline: + 2,800 km +Maritime claims: + Contiguous zone: + 15 nm + Continental shelf: + 200 m (depth) or to depth of exploitation + Exclusive economic zone: + 200 nm + Territorial sea: + 12 nm +Disputes: + claims all of Guyana west of the Essequibo river; maritime boundary dispute + with Colombia in the Gulf of Venezuela +Climate: + tropical; hot, humid; more moderate in highlands +Terrain: + Andes mountains and Maracaibo lowlands in northwest; central plains + (llanos); Guyana highlands in southeast +Natural resources: + crude oil, natural gas, iron ore, gold, bauxite, other minerals, hydropower, + diamonds +Land use: + arable land 3%; permanent crops 1%; meadows and pastures 20%; forest and + woodland 39%; other 37%; includes irrigated NEGL% +Environment: + subject to floods, rockslides, mudslides; periodic droughts; increasing + industrial pollution in Caracas and Maracaibo +Note: + on major sea and air routes linking North and South America + +:Venezuela People + +Population: + 20,675,970 (July 1992), growth rate 2.4% (1992) +Birth rate: + 27 births/1,000 population (1992) +Death rate: + 4 deaths/1,000 population (1992) +Net migration rate: + 1 migrant/1,000 population (1992) +Infant mortality rate: + 23 deaths/1,000 live births (1992) +Life expectancy at birth: + 71 years male, 78 years female (1992) +Total fertility rate: + 3.3 children born/woman (1992) +Nationality: + noun - Venezuelan(s); adjective - Venezuelan +Ethnic divisions: + mestizo 67%, white 21%, black 10%, Indian 2% +Religions: + nominally Roman Catholic 96%, Protestant 2% +Languages: + Spanish (official); Indian dialects spoken by about 200,000 Amerindians in + the remote interior +Literacy: + 88% (male 87%, female 90%) age 15 and over can read and write (1981 est.) +Labor force: + 5,800,000; services 56%, industry 28%, agriculture 16% (1985) +Organized labor: + 32% of labor force + +:Venezuela Government + +Long-form name: + Republic of Venezuela +Type: + republic +Capital: + Caracas +Administrative divisions: + 21 states (estados, singular - estado), 1 territory* (territorios, singular + - territorio), 1 federal district** (distrito federal), and 1 federal + dependence*** (dependencia federal); Amazonas*, Anzoategui, Apure, Aragua, + Barinas, Bolivar, Carabobo, Cojedes, Delta Amacuro, Dependencias + Federales***, Distrito Federal**, Falcon, Guarico, Lara, Merida, Miranda, + Monagas, Nueva Esparta, Portuguesa, Sucre, Tachira, Trujillo, Yaracuy, + Zulia; note - the federal dependence consists of 11 federally controlled + island groups with a total of 72 individual islands +Independence: + 5 July 1811 (from Spain) +Constitution: + 23 January 1961 +Legal system: + based on Napoleonic code; judicial review of legislative acts in Cassation + Court only; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction +National holiday: + Independence Day, 5 July (1811) +Executive branch: + president, Council of Ministers (cabinet) +Legislative branch: + bicameral Congress of the Republic (Congreso de la Republica) consists of an + upper chamber or Senate (Senado) and a lower chamber or Chamber of Deputies + (Camara de Diputados) +Judicial branch: + Supreme Court of Justice (Corte Suprema de Justica) +Leaders: + Chief of State and Head of Government: + President Carlos Andres PEREZ (since 2 February 1989) +Political parties and leaders: + Social Christian Party (COPEI), Hilarion CARDOZO, president, and Eduardo + FERNANDEZ, secretary general; Democratic Action (AD), Humberto CELLI, + president, and Luis ALFARO Ucero, secretary general; Movement Toward + Socialism (MAS), Argelia LAYA, president, and Freddy MUNOZ, secretary + general +Suffrage: + universal at age 18 +Elections: + President: + last held 4 December 1988 (next to be held NA December 1993); results - + Carlos Andres PEREZ (AD) 54.6%, Eduardo FERNANDEZ (COPEI) 41.7%, other 3.7% + Senate: + last held 4 December 1988 (next to be held NA December 1993); results - + percent of vote by party NA; seats - (49 total) AD 23, COPEI 22, other 4; + note - 3 former presidents (1 from AD, 2 from COPEI) hold lifetime senate + seats + Chamber of Deputies: + last held 4 December 1988 (next to be held NA December 1993); results - AD + 43.7%, COPEI 31.4%, MAS 10.3%, other 14.6%; seats - (201 total) AD 97, COPEI + 67, MAS 18, other 19 +Communists: + 10,000 members (est.) + +:Venezuela Government + +Other political or pressure groups: + FEDECAMARAS, a conservative business group; Venezuelan Confederation of + Workers, the Democratic Action - dominated labor organization +Member of: + AG, CDB, CG, ECLAC, FAO, G-3, G-11, G-19, G-24, G-77, GATT, IADB, IAEA, + IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICFTU, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, + IOM, ISO, ITU, LAES, LAIA, LORCS, NAM, OAS, OPANAL, OPEC, PCA, RG, UN, + UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UPU, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO +Diplomatic representation: + Ambassador Simon Alberto CONSALVI Bottaro; Chancery at 1099 30th Street NW, + Washington, DC 20007; telephone (202) 342-2214; there are Venezuelan + Consulates General in Baltimore, Boston, Chicago, Houston, Miami, New + Orleans, New York, Philadelphia, San Francisco, and San Juan (Puerto Rico) + US: + Ambassador Michael Martin SKOL; Embassy at Avenida Francisco de Miranda and + Avenida Principal de la Floresta, Caracas (mailing address is P. O. Box + 62291, Caracas 1060-A, or APO AA 34037); telephone [58] (2) 285-2222; FAX + [58] (2) 285-0336; there is a US Consulate in Maracaibo +Flag: + three equal horizontal bands of yellow (top), blue, and red with the coat of + arms on the hoist side of the yellow band and an arc of seven white + five-pointed stars centered in the blue band + +:Venezuela Economy + +Overview: + Petroleum is the cornerstone of the economy and accounted for 23% of GDP, + 80% of central government revenues, and 80% of export earnings in 1991. + President PEREZ introduced an economic readjustment program when he assumed + office in February 1989. Lower tariffs and price supports, a free market + exchange rate, and market-linked interest rates threw the economy into + confusion, causing an 8% decline in GDP in 1989. However, the economy + recovered part way in 1990, and grew by 9.2% in 1991, led by the petroleum + sector. +GDP: + exchange rate conversion - $52.3 billion, per capita $2,590; real growth + rate 9.2% (1991 est.) +Inflation rate (consumer prices): + 30.7% (1991 est.) +Unemployment rate: + 9.3% (1991 est.) +Budget: + revenues $13.2 billion; expenditures $13.1 billion, including capital + expenditures of $NA (1991) +Exports: + $15.1 billion (f.o.b., 1991 est.) + commodities: + petroleum 80%, bauxite and aluminum, iron ore, agricultural products, basic + manufactures + partners: + US 50.7%, Europe 13.7%, Japan 4.0% (1989) +Imports: + $10.2 billion (f.o.b., 1991 est.) + commodities: + foodstuffs, chemicals, manufactures, machinery and transport equipment + partners: + US 44%, FRG 8.0%, Japan 4%, Italy 7%, Canada 2% (1989) +External debt: + $30.9 billion (1991) +Industrial production: + growth rate 5.4% (1991 est.); accounts for one-fourth of GDP, including + petroleum +Electricity: + 20,128,000 kW capacity; 55,753 million kWh produced, 2,762 kWh per capita + (1991) +Industries: + petroleum, iron-ore mining, construction materials, food processing, + textiles, steel, aluminum, motor vehicle assembly +Agriculture: + accounts for 6% of GDP and 16% of labor force; products - corn, sorghum, + sugarcane, rice, bananas, vegetables, coffee, beef, pork, milk, eggs, fish; + not self-sufficient in food other than meat +Illicit drugs: + illicit producer of cannabis and coca leaf for the international drug trade + on a small scale; however, large quantities of cocaine transit the country + from Colombia +Economic aid: + US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-86), $488 million; Communist countries + (1970-89), $10 million +Currency: + bolivar (plural - bolivares); 1 bolivar (Bs) = 100 centimos +Exchange rates: + bolivares (Bs) per US$1 - 65.39 (March 1992), 56.82 (1991), 46.90 (1990), + 34.68 (1989), 14.50 (fixed rate 1987-88) + +:Venezuela Economy + +Fiscal year: + calendar year + +:Venezuela Communications + +Railroads: + 542 km total; 363 km 1.435-meter standard gauge all single track, government + owned; 179 km 1.435-meter gauge, privately owned +Highways: + 77,785 km total; 22,780 km paved, 24,720 km gravel, 14,450 km earth roads, + and 15,835 km unimproved earth +Inland waterways: + 7,100 km; Rio Orinoco and Lago de Maracaibo accept oceangoing vessels +Pipelines: + crude oil 6,370 km; petroleum products 480 km; natural gas 4,010 km +Ports: + Amuay Bay, Bajo Grande, El Tablazo, La Guaira, Puerto Cabello, Puerto Ordaz +Merchant marine: + 57 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 790,108 GRT/1,257,637 DWT; includes 1 + short-sea passenger, 1 passenger cargo, 22 cargo, 1 container, 2 + roll-on/roll-off, 17 petroleum tanker, 1 chemical tanker, 2 liquefied gas, 8 + bulk, 1 vehicle carrier, 1 combination bulk +Civil air: + 56 major transport aircraft +Airports: + 308 total, 287 usable; 135 with permanent-surface runways; none with runways + over 3,659 m; 14 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 88 with runways 1,220-2,439 m +Telecommunications: + modern and expanding; 1,440,000 telephones; broadcast stations - 181 AM, no + FM, 59 TV, 26 shortwave; 3 submarine coaxial cables; satellite ground + stations - 1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT and 3 domestic + +:Venezuela Defense Forces + +Branches: + Ground Forces (Army), Naval Forces (including Navy, Marines, Coast Guard), + Air Forces, Armed Forces of Cooperation (National Guard) +Manpower availability: + males 15-49, 5,365,880; 3,884,558 fit for military service; 210,737 reach + military age (18) annually +Defense expenditures: + exchange rate conversion - $1.95 billion, 4% of GDP (1991) + +:Vietnam Geography + +Total area: + 329,560 km2 +Land area: + 325,360 +Comparative area: + slightly larger than New Mexico +Land boundaries: + 3,818 km total; Cambodia 982 km, China 1,281 km, Laos 1,555 km +Coastline: + 3,444 km; excludes islands +Maritime claims: + Contiguous zone: + 24 nm + Continental shelf: + edge of continental margin or 200 nm + Exclusive economic zone: + 200 nm + Territorial sea: + 12 nm +Disputes: + maritime boundary with Cambodia not defined; involved in a complex dispute + over the Spratly Islands with China, Malaysia, Philippines, Taiwan, and + possibly Brunei; unresolved maritime boundary with Thailand; maritime + boundary dispute with China in the Gulf of Tonkin; Paracel Islands occupied + by China but claimed by Vietnam and Taiwan +Climate: + tropical in south; monsoonal in north with hot, rainy season (mid-May to + mid-September) and warm, dry season (mid-October to mid-March) +Terrain: + low, flat delta in south and north; central highlands; hilly, mountainous in + far north and northwest +Natural resources: + phosphates, coal, manganese, bauxite, chromate, offshore oil deposits, + forests +Land use: + arable land 22%; permanent crops 2%; meadows and pastures 1%; forest and + woodland 40%; other 35%; includes irrigated 5% +Environment: + occasional typhoons (May to January) with extensive flooding + +:Vietnam People + +Population: + 68,964,018 (July 1992), growth rate 2.0% (1992) +Birth rate: + 29 births/1,000 population (1992) +Death rate: + 8 deaths/1,000 population (1992) +Net migration rate: + -1 migrant/1,000 population (1992) +Infant mortality rate: + 47 deaths/1,000 live births (1992) +Life expectancy at birth: + 63 years male, 67 years female (1992) +Total fertility rate: + 3.6 children born/woman (1992) +Nationality: + noun - Vietnamese (singular and plural); adjective - Vietnamese +Ethnic divisions: + predominantly Vietnamese 85-90%; Chinese 3%; ethnic minorities include + Muong, Thai, Meo, Khmer, Man, Cham; other mountain tribes +Religions: + Buddhist, Confucian, Taoist, Roman Catholic, indigenous beliefs, Islamic, + Protestant +Languages: + Vietnamese (official), French, Chinese, English, Khmer, tribal languages + (Mon-Khmer and Malayo-Polynesian) +Literacy: + 88% (male 92%, female 84%) age 15 and over can read and write (1990 est.) +Labor force: + 32.7 million; agricultural 65%, industrial and service 35% (1990 est.) +Organized labor: + reportedly over 90% of wage and salary earners are members of the Vietnam + Federation of Trade Unions (VFTU) + +:Vietnam Government + +Long-form name: + Socialist Republic of Vietnam; abbreviated SRV +Type: + Communist state +Capital: + Hanoi +Administrative divisions: + 50 provinces (tinh, singular and plural), 3 municipalities* (thanh pho, + singular and plural); An Giang, Ba Ria-Vung Tau, Bac Thai, Ben Tre, Binh + Dinh, Binh Thuan, Can Tho, Cao Bang, Dac Las, Dong Nai, Dong Tay, Gia Lai, + Ha Bac, Ha Giang, Ha Noi*, Ha Tay, Ha Tinh, Hai Hung, Hai Phong*, Ho Chi + Minh*, Hoa Binh, Khanh Hoa, Kien Giang, Kon Tum, Lai Chau, Lam Dong, Lang + Son, Lao Cai, Long An, Minh Hai, Nam Ha, Nghe An, Ninh Binh, Ninh Thuan, Phu + Yen, Quang Binh, Quang Nam-Da Nang, Quang Ngai, Quang Ninh, Quang Tri, Soc + Trang, Son La, Song Be, Tay Ninh, Thai Binh, Thanh Hoa, Thua Thien, Tien + Giang, Tra Vinh, Tuyen Quang, Vinh Long, Vinh Phu, Yen Bai; note - + diacritical marks are not included +Independence: + 2 September 1945 (from France) +Constitution: + 18 December 1980; new Constitution to be approved Spring 1992 +Legal system: + based on Communist legal theory and French civil law system +National holiday: + Independence Day, 2 September (1945) +Executive branch: + president, prime minister, deputy prime minister, Council of Ministers +Legislative branch: + unicameral National Assembly (Quoc-Hoi) +Judicial branch: + Supreme People's Court +Leaders: + Chief of State: + President Vo Chi CONG (since 18 June 1987) + Head of Government: + Prime Minister Vo Van KIET (since 9 August 1991); Deputy Prime Minister Phan + Van KHAI (since 10 August 1991) +Political parties and leaders: + only party - Vietnam Communist Party (VCP), DO MUOI +Suffrage: + universal at age 18 +Elections: + National Assembly: + last held 19 April 1987 (next to be held 19 July 1992); results - VCP is the + only party; seats - (496 total) VCP or VCP-approved 496; note - number of + seats under new government 395 +Communists: + nearly 2 million +Member of: + ACCT, AsDB, ESCAP, FAO, G-77, IAEA, IBEC, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IIB, + IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, IOC, ISO, ITU, LORCS, NAM, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, + UPU, WCL, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO +Diplomatic representation: + none +Flag: + red with a large yellow five-pointed star in the center + +:Vietnam Economy + +Overview: + This is a formerly centrally planned, developing economy with extensive + government ownership and control of productive facilities. The economy is + primarily agricultural; the sector employs about 70% of the labor force and + accounts for half of GNP. Rice is the staple crop; substantial amounts of + maize, sorghum, cassava, and sweet potatoes are also grown. The government + permits sale of surplus grain on the open market. Most of the mineral + resources are located in the north, including coal, which is an important + export item. Oil was discovered off the southern coast in 1986 with + production reaching 70,000 barrels per day in 1991 and expected to increase + in the years ahead. Following the end of the war in 1975, heavy-handed + government measures undermined efforts at an efficient merger of the + agricultural resources of the south and the industrial resources of the + north. The economy remains heavily dependent on foreign aid and has received + assistance from UN agencies, France, Australia, Sweden, and Communist + countries. Inflation, although down from recent triple-digit levels, is + still a major weakness and is showing signs of accelerating upwards again. + Per capita output is among the world's lowest. Since late 1986 the + government has sponsored a broad reform program that seeks to turn more + economic activity over to the private sector. +GNP: + exchange rate conversion - $15 billion, per capita $220; real growth rate + 2.5% (1991 est.) +Inflation rate (consumer prices): + 80% (1991 est.) +Unemployment rate: + 30% (1991 est.) +Budget: + revenues $551 million; expenditures $830 million, including capital + expenditures of $58 million (1990) +Exports: + $1.8 billion (f.o.b., 1991) + commodities: + agricultural and handicraft products, coal, minerals, crude petroleum, ores, + seafood + partners: + Japan, Singapore, Thailand, Eastern Europe, USSR +Imports: + $1.9 billion (c.i.f., 1991) + commodities: + petroleum products, steel products, railroad equipment, chemicals, + medicines, raw cotton, fertilizer, grain + partners: + Japan, Singapore, Thailand, Eastern Europe, USSR +External debt: + $16.8 billion (1990 est.) +Industrial production: + growth rate -3.6% (1989); accounts for 30% of GNP +Electricity: + 3,300,000 kW capacity; 9,200 million kWh produced, 140 kWh per capita (1991) +Industries: + food processing, textiles, machine building, mining, cement, chemical + fertilizer, glass, tires, oil, fishing +Agriculture: + accounts for half of GNP; paddy rice, corn, potatoes make up 50% of farm + output; commercial crops (rubber, soybeans, coffee, tea, bananas) and animal + products other 50%; since 1989 self-sufficient in food staple rice; fish + catch of 943,100 metric tons (1989 est.) + +:Vietnam Economy + +Economic aid: + US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-74), $3.1 billion; Western (non-US) + countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $2.9 billion; OPEC + bilateral aid (1979-89), $61 million; Communist countries (1970-89), $12.0 + billion +Currency: + new dong (plural - new dong); 1 new dong (D) = 100 xu +Exchange rates: + new dong (D) per US$1 - 11,100 (May 1992), 8,100 (July 1991), 7,280 + (December 1990), 3,996 (March 1990), 2,047 (1988), 225 (1987); note - + 1985-89 figures are end of year +Fiscal year: + calendar year + +:Vietnam Communications + +Railroads: + 3,059 km total; 2,454 1.000-meter gauge, 151 km 1.435-meter (standard) + gauge, 230 km dual gauge (three rails), and 224 km not restored to service + after war damage +Highways: + about 85,000 km total; 9,400 km paved, 48,700 km gravel or improved earth, + 26,900 km unimproved earth +Inland waterways: + about 17,702 km navigable; more than 5,149 km navigable at all times by + vessels up to 1.8 meter draft +Pipelines: + petroleum products 150 km +Ports: + Da Nang, Haiphong, Ho Chi Minh City +Merchant marine: + 89 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 400,430 GRT/643,877 DWT; includes 73 + cargo 4 refrigerated cargo, 1 roll-on/roll-off, 8 petroleum tanker, 3 bulk; + note - Vietnam owns 11 cargo ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 134,719 DWT + under the registries of Panama and Malta +Civil air: + controlled by military +Airports: + 100 total, 100 usable; 50 with permanent-surface runways; 10 with runways + 2,440-3,659 m; 20 with runways 1,220-2,439 m +Telecommunications: + 25 telephones per 10,000 persons (1991); broadcast stations - 16 AM, 1 FM, 2 + TV; 2,300,000 TV sets; 6,000,000 radio receivers; 3 satellite earth stations + +:Vietnam Defense Forces + +Branches: + Ground, Navy (including Naval Infantry), Air Force +Manpower availability: + males 15-49, 16,839,400; 10,739,128 fit for military service; 787,026 reach + military age (17) annually +Defense expenditures: + exchange rate conversion - $NA, NA% of GNP + +:Virgin Islands Geography + +Total area: + 352 km2 +Land area: + 349 km2 +Comparative area: + slightly less than twice the size of Washington, DC +Land boundaries: + none +Coastline: + 188 km +Maritime claims: + Contiguous zone: + 12 nm + Continental shelf: + 200 m (depth) + Exclusive economic zone: + 200 nm + Territorial sea: + 12 nm +Disputes: + none +Climate: + subtropical, tempered by easterly tradewinds, relatively low humidity, + little seasonal temperature variation; rainy season May to November +Terrain: + mostly hilly to rugged and mountainous with little level land +Natural resources: + sun, sand, sea, surf +Land use: + arable land 15%; permanent crops 6%; meadows and pastures 26%; forest and + woodland 6%; other 47% +Environment: + rarely affected by hurricanes; subject to frequent severe droughts, floods, + earthquakes; lack of natural freshwater resources +Note: + important location 1,770 km southeast of Miami and 65 km east of Puerto + Rico, along the Anegada Passage - a key shipping lane for the Panama Canal; + Saint Thomas has one of the best natural, deepwater harbors in the Caribbean + +:Virgin Islands People + +Population: + 98,942 (July 1992), growth rate -1.0% (1992) +Birth rate: + 21 births/1,000 population (1992) +Death rate: + 5 deaths/1,000 population (1992) +Net migration rate: + -26 migrants/1,000 population (1992) +Infant mortality rate: + 13 deaths/1,000 live births (1992) +Life expectancy at birth: + 74 years male, 77 years female (1992) +Total fertility rate: + 2.7 children born/woman (1992) +Nationality: + noun - Virgin Islander(s); adjective - Virgin Islander; US citizens +Ethnic divisions: + West Indian (45% born in the Virgin Islands and 29% born elsewhere in the + West Indies) 74%, US mainland 13%, Puerto Rican 5%, other 8%; black 80%, + white 15%, other 5%; Hispanic origin 14% +Religions: + Baptist 42%, Roman Catholic 34%, Episcopalian 17%, other 7% +Languages: + English (official), but Spanish and Creole are widely spoken +Literacy: + NA% (male NA%, female NA%) +Labor force: + 45,500 (1988) +Organized labor: + 90% of the government labor force + +:Virgin Islands Government + +Long-form name: + Virgin Islands of the United States +Type: + organized, unincorporated territory of the US administered by the Office of + Territorial and International Affairs, US Department of the Interior +Capital: + Charlotte Amalie +Administrative divisions: + none (territory of the US) +Independence: + none (territory of the US) +Constitution: + Revised Organic Act of 22 July 1954 +Legal system: + based on US +National holiday: + Transfer Day (from Denmark to US), 31 March (1917) +Executive branch: + US president, popularly elected governor and lieutenant governor +Legislative branch: + unicameral Senate +Judicial branch: + US District Court handles civil matters over $50,000, felonies (persons 15 + years of age and over), and federal cases; Territorial Court handles civil + matters up to $50,000 small claims, juvenile, domestic, misdemeanors, and + traffic cases +Leaders: + Chief of State and Head of Government: + President George BUSH (since 20 January 1989); Governor Alexander A. + FARRELLY (since 5 January 1987); Lieutenant Governor Derek M. HODGE (since 5 + January 1987) +Political parties and leaders: + Democratic Party, Marilyn STAPLETON; Independent Citizens' Movement (ICM), + Virdin C. BROWN; Republican Party, Charlotte-Poole DAVIS +Suffrage: + universal at age 18 +Elections: + Governor: + last held 6 November 1990 (next to be held November 1994); results - + Governor Alexander FARRELLY (Democratic Party) 56.5% defeated Juan LUIS + (independent) 38.5% + Senate: + last held 6 November 1990 (next to be held 3 November 1992); results - + percent of vote by party NA; seats - (15 total) number of seats by party NA + US House of Representatives: + last held 6 November 1990 (next to be held 3 November 1992); results - Ron + DE LUGO reelected as nonvoting delegate seats - (1 total); seat by party NA; + note - the Virgin Islands elects one nonvoting representative to the US + House of Representatives +Member of: + ECLAC (associate), IOC, applied for associate membership in OECS in February + 1990 +Diplomatic representation: + none (territory of the US) +Flag: + white with a modified US coat of arms in the center between the large blue + initials V and I; the coat of arms shows an eagle holding an olive branch in + one talon and three arrows in the other with a superimposed shield of + vertical red and white stripes below a blue panel + +:Virgin Islands Economy + +Overview: + Tourism is the primary economic activity, accounting for more than 70% of + GDP and 70% of employment. The manufacturing sector consists of textile, + electronics, pharmaceutical, and watch assembly plants. The agricultural + sector is small, most food being imported. International business and + financial services are a small but growing component of the economy. The + world's largest petroleum refinery is at Saint Croix. +GDP: + purchasing power equivalent - $1.2 billion, per capita $11,000; real growth + rate NA% (1987) +Inflation rate (consumer prices): + NA% +Unemployment rate: + 2.0% (1990) +Budget: + revenues $364.4 million; expenditures $364.4 million, including capital + expenditures of $NA (FY90) +Exports: + $2.2 billion (f.o.b., 1988) + commodities: + refined petroleum products + partners: + US, Puerto Rico +Imports: + $3.7 billion (c.i.f., 1988) + commodities: + crude oil, foodstuffs, consumer goods, building materials + partners: + US, Puerto Rico +External debt: + $NA +Industrial production: + growth rate 12% +Electricity: + 358,000 kW capacity; 532 million kWh produced, 5,360 kWh per capita (1990) +Industries: + tourism, petroleum refining, watch assembly, rum distilling, construction, + pharmaceuticals, textiles, electronics +Agriculture: + truck gardens, food crops (small scale), fruit, sorghum, Senepol cattle +Economic aid: + Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $42 + million +Currency: + US currency is used +Exchange rates: + US currency is used +Fiscal year: + 1 October - 30 September + +:Virgin Islands Communications + +Highways: + 856 km total +Ports: + Saint Croix - Christiansted, Frederiksted; Saint Thomas - Long Bay, Crown + Bay, Red Hook; Saint John - Cruz Bay +Airports: + 2 total, 2 usable; 2 with permanent-surface runways 1,220-2,439 m; + international airports on Saint Thomas and Saint Croix +Telecommunications: + 44,280 telephones; broadcast stations - 4 AM, 8 FM, 4 TV; modern system + using fiber-optic cable, submarine cable, microwave radio, and satellite + facilities; 98,000 radios; 63,000 TV (1988) + +:Virgin Islands Defense Forces + +Note: + defense is the responsibility of the US + +:Wake Island Geography + +Total area: + 6.5 km2 +Land area: + 6.5 km2 +Comparative area: + about 11 times the size of The Mall in Washington, DC +Land boundaries: + none +Coastline: + 19.3 km +Maritime claims: + Contiguous zone: + 12 nm + Continental shelf: + 200 m (depth) + Exclusive economic zone: + 200 nm + Territorial sea: + 12 nm +Disputes: + claimed by the Republic of the Marshall Islands +Climate: + tropical +Terrain: + atoll of three coral islands built up on an underwater volcano; central + lagoon is former crater, islands are part of the rim; average elevation less + than four meters +Natural resources: + none +Land use: + arable land 0%; permanent crops 0%; meadows and pastures 0%; forest and + woodland 0%; other 100% +Environment: + subject to occasional typhoons +Note: + strategic location 3,700 km west of Honolulu in the North Pacific Ocean, + about two-thirds of the way between Hawaii and the Northern Mariana Islands; + emergency landing location for transpacific flights + +:Wake Island People + +Population: + no indigenous inhabitants; 381 temporary population (US Air Force personnel, + civilian weather service personnel, and US and Thai contractors) (January + 1992); note - population peaked about 1970 with over 1,600 persons during + the Vietnam conflict + +:Wake Island Government + +Long-form name: + none +Type: + unincorporated territory of the US administered by the US Air Force (under + an agreement with the US Department of Interior) since 24 June 1972 +Capital: + none; administered from Washington, DC +Flag: + the US flag is used + +:Wake Island Economy + +Overview: + Economic activity is limited to providing services to US military personnel + and contractors located on the island. All food and manufactured goods must + be imported. +Electricity: + supplied by US military + +:Wake Island Communications + +Ports: + none; because of the reefs, there are only two offshore anchorages for large + ships +Airports: + 1 with permanent-surface runways 2,440-3,659 m +Telecommunications: + underwater cables to Guam and through Midway to Honolulu; 1 Autovon circuit + off the Overseas Telephone System (OTS); Armed Forces Radio/Television + Service (AFRTS) radio and television service provided by satellite; + broadcast stations - 1 AM, no FM, no TV +Note: + formerly an important commercial aviation base, now used only by US military + and some commercial cargo planes + +:Wake Island Defense Forces + +Note: + defense is the responsibility of the US + +:Wallis and Futuna Geography + +Total area: + 274 km2 +Land area: + 274 km2; includes Ile Uvea (Wallis Island), Ile Futuna (Futuna Island), Ile + Alofi, and 20 islets +Comparative area: + slightly larger than Washington, DC +Land boundaries: + none +Coastline: + 129 km +Maritime claims: + Exclusive economic zone: + 200 nm + Territorial sea: + 12 nm +Disputes: + none +Climate: + tropical; hot, rainy season (November to April); cool, dry season (May to + October) +Terrain: + volcanic origin; low hills +Natural resources: + negligible +Land use: + arable land 5%; permanent crops 20%; meadows and pastures 0%; forest and + woodland 0%; other 75% +Environment: + both island groups have fringing reefs +Note: + located 4,600 km southwest of Honolulu in the South Pacific Ocean about + two-thirds of the way from Hawaii to New Zealand + +:Wallis and Futuna People + +Population: + 17,095 (July 1992), growth rate 3.0% (1992) +Birth rate: + 27 births/1,000 population (1992) +Death rate: + 6 deaths/1,000 population (1992) +Net migration rate: + 8 migrants/1,000 population (1992) +Infant mortality rate: + 29 deaths/1,000 population (1992) +Life expectancy at birth: + 70 years male, 71 years female (1992) +Total fertility rate: + 3.6 children born/woman (1992) +Nationality: + noun - Wallisian(s), Futunan(s), or Wallis and Futuna Islanders; adjective - + Wallisian, Futunan, or Wallis and Futuna Islander +Ethnic divisions: + almost entirely Polynesian +Religions: + largely Roman Catholic +Languages: + French, Wallisian (indigenous Polynesian language) +Literacy: + 50% (male 50%, female 51%) at all ages can read and write (1969) +Labor force: + NA +Organized labor: + NA + +:Wallis and Futuna Government + +Long-form name: + Territory of the Wallis and Futuna Islands +Type: + overseas territory of France +Capital: + Mata Utu (on Ile Uvea) +Administrative divisions: + none (overseas territory of France) +Independence: + none (overseas territory of France) +Constitution: + 28 September 1958 (French Constitution) +Legal system: + French +National holiday: + Taking of the Bastille, 14 July (1789) +Executive branch: + French president, chief administrator; note - there are three traditional + kings with limited powers +Legislative branch: + unicameral Territorial Assembly (Assemblee Territoriale) +Judicial branch: + none; justice generally administered under French law by the chief + administrator, but the three traditional kings administer customary law and + there is a magistrate in Mata Utu +Leaders: + Chief of State: + President Francois MITTERRAND (since 21 May 1981) + Head of Government: + Chief Administrator Robert POMMIES (since 26 September 1990) +Political parties and leaders: + Rally for the Republic (RPR); Union Populaire Locale (UPL); Union Pour la + Democratie Francaise (UDF); Lua kae tahi (Giscardians); Mouvement des + Radicaux de Gauche (MRG) +Suffrage: + universal adult at age 18 +Elections: + Territorial Assembly: + last held 15 March 1987 (next to be held NA March 1992); results - percent + of vote by party NA; seats - (20 total) RPR 7, UPL 5, UDF 4, UNF 4 + French Senate: + last held NA September 1989 (next to be held by NA September 1992); results + - percent of vote by party NA; seats - (1 total) RPR 1 + French National Assembly: + last held 12 June 1988 (next to be held by NA September 1992); results - + percent of vote by party NA; seats - (1 total) MRG 1 +Member of: + FZ, SPC +Diplomatic representation: + as an overseas territory of France, local interests are represented in the + US by France +Flag: + the flag of France is used + +:Wallis and Futuna Economy + +Overview: + The economy is limited to traditional subsistence agriculture, with about + 80% of the labor force earning its livelihood from agriculture (coconuts and + vegetables), livestock (mostly pigs), and fishing. About 4% of the + population is employed in government. Revenues come from French Government + subsidies, licensing of fishing rights to Japan and South Korea, import + taxes, and remittances from expatriate workers in New Caledonia. Wallis and + Futuna imports food, fuel, clothing, machinery, and transport equipment, but + its exports are negligible, consisting of copra and handicrafts. +GDP: + exchange rate conversion - $25 million, per capita $1,500; real growth rate + NA% (1991 est.) +Inflation rate (consumer prices): + NA% +Unemployment rate: + NA% +Budget: + revenues $2.7 million; expenditures $2.7 million, including capital + expenditures of $NA (1983) +Exports: + negligible + commodities: + copra, handicrafts + partners: + NA +Imports: + $13.3 million (c.i.f., 1984) + commodities: + foodstuffs, manufactured goods, transportation equipment, fuel + partners: + France, Australia, New Zealand +External debt: + $NA +Industrial production: + growth rate NA% +Electricity: + 1,200 kW capacity; 1 million kWh produced, 70 kWh per capita (1990) +Industries: + copra, handicrafts, fishing, lumber +Agriculture: + dominated by coconut production, with subsistence crops of yams, taro, + bananas, and herds of pigs and goats +Economic aid: + Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), + $118 million +Currency: + Comptoirs Francais du Pacifique franc (plural - francs); 1 CFP franc (CFPF) + = 100 centimes +Exchange rates: + Comptoirs Francais du Pacifique francs (CFPF) per US$1 - 102.53 (March + 1992), 102.57 (1991), 99.0 (1990), 115.99 (1989), 108.30 (1988), 109.27 + (1987); note - linked at the rate of 18.18 to the French franc +Fiscal year: + NA + +:Wallis and Futuna Communications + +Highways: + 100 km on Ile Uvea, 16 km sealed; 20 km earth surface on Ile Futuna +Inland waterways: + none +Ports: + Mata-Utu, Leava +Airports: + 2 total; 2 usable; 1 with permanent-surface runways; none with runways over + 2,439 m; 2 with runways 1,220-2,439 m +Telecommunications: + 225 telephones; broadcast stations - 1 AM, no FM, no TV + +:Wallis and Futuna Defense Forces + +Note: + defense is the responsibility of France + +:West Bank Header + +Note: + The war between Israel and the Arab states in June 1967 ended with Israel in + control of the West Bank and the Gaza Strip, the Sinai, and the Golan + Heights. As stated in the 1978 Camp David Accords and reaffirmed by + President Bush's post-Gulf crisis peace initiative, the final status of the + West Bank and the Gaza Strip, their relationship with their neighbors, and a + peace treaty between Israel and Jordan are to be negotiated among the + concerned parties. Camp David further specifies that these negotiations will + resolve the respective boundaries. Pending the completion of this process, + it is US policy that the final status of the West Bank and the Gaza Strip + has yet to be determined. In the view of the US, the term West Bank + describes all of the area west of the Jordan River under Jordanian + administration before the 1967 Arab-Israeli war. However, with respect to + negotiations envisaged in the framework agreement, it is US policy that a + distinction must be made between Jerusalem and the rest of the West Bank + because of the city's special status and circumstances. Therefore, a + negotiated solution for the final status of Jerusalem could be different in + character from that of the rest of the West Bank. + +:West Bank Geography + +Total area: + 5,860 km2 +Land area: + 5,640 km2; includes West Bank, East Jerusalem, Latrun Salient, Jerusalem No + Man's Land, and the northwest quarter of the Dead Sea, but excludes Mt. + Scopus +Comparative area: + slightly larger than Delaware +Land boundaries: + 404 km total; Israel 307 km, Jordan 97 km +Coastline: + none - landlocked +Maritime claims: + none - landlocked +Disputes: + Israeli occupied with status to be determined +Climate: + temperate, temperature and precipitation vary with altitude, warm to hot + summers, cool to mild winters +Terrain: + mostly rugged dissected upland, some vegetation in west, but barren in east +Natural resources: + negligible +Land use: + arable land 27%, permanent crops 0%, meadows and pastures 32%, forest and + woodland 1%, other 40% +Environment: + highlands are main recharge area for Israel's coastal aquifers +Note: + landlocked; there are 175 Jewish settlements in the West Bank and 14 + Israeli-built Jewish neighborhoods in East Jerusalem + +:West Bank People + +Population: + 1,362,464 (July 1992), growth rate 3.1% (1992); in addition, there are + 95,000 Jewish settlers in the West Bank and 132,000 in East Jerusalem (1992 + est.) +Birth rate: + 35 births/1,000 population (1992) +Death rate: + 6 deaths/1,000 population (1992) +Net migration rate: + 2 migrants/1,000 population (1992) +Infant mortality rate: + 37 deaths/1,000 live births (1992) +Life expectancy at birth: + 68 years male, 71 years female (1992) +Total fertility rate: + 4.5 children born/woman (1992) +Nationality: + NA +Ethnic divisions: + Palestinian Arab and other 88%, Jewish 12% +Religions: + Muslim (predominantly Sunni) 80%, Jewish 12%, Christian and other 8% +Languages: + Arabic, Israeli settlers speak Hebrew, English widely understood +Literacy: + NA% (male NA%, female NA%) +Labor force: + NA; excluding Israeli Jewish settlers - small industry, commerce, and + business 29.8%, construction 24.2%, agriculture 22.4%, service and other + 23.6% (1984) +Organized labor: + NA + +:West Bank Government + +Long-form name: + none +Note: + The West Bank is currently governed by Israeli military authorities and + Israeli civil administration. It is US policy that the final status of the + West Bank will be determined by negotiations among the concerned parties. + These negotiations will determine how the area is to governed. + +:West Bank Economy + +Overview: + Economic progress in the West Bank has been hampered by Israeli military + administration and the effects of the Palestinian uprising (intifadah). + Industries using advanced technology or requiring sizable investment have + been discouraged by a lack of local capital and restrictive Israeli + policies. Capital investment consists largely of residential housing, not + productive assets that would enable local firms to compete with Israeli + industry. A major share of GNP is derived from remittances of workers + employed in Israel and Persian Gulf states, but such transfers from the Gulf + dropped dramatically after Iraq invaded Kuwait in August 1990. In the wake + of the Persian Gulf crisis, many Palestinians have returned to the West + Bank, increasing unemployment, and export revenues have plunged because of + the loss of markets in Jordan and the Gulf states. Israeli measures to + curtail the intifadah also have pushed unemployment up and lowered living + standards. The area's economic outlook remains bleak. +GNP: + exchange rate conversion - $1.3 billion, per capita $1,200; real growth rate + -10% (1990 est.) +Inflation rate (consumer prices): + 11% (1991 est.) +Unemployment rate: + 15% (1990 est.) +Budget: + revenues $31.0 million; expenditures $36.1 million, including capital + expenditures of $NA (FY88) +Exports: + $150 million (f.o.b., 1988 est.) + commodities: + NA + partners: + Jordan, Israel +Imports: + $410 million (c.i.f., 1988 est.) + commodities: + NA + partners: + Jordan, Israel +External debt: + $NA +Industrial production: + growth rate 1% (1989); accounts for about 4% of GNP +Electricity: + power supplied by Israel +Industries: + generally small family businesses that produce cement, textiles, soap, + olive-wood carvings, and mother-of-pearl souvenirs; the Israelis have + established some small-scale modern industries in the settlements and + industrial centers +Agriculture: + accounts for about 15% of GNP; olives, citrus and other fruits, vegetables, + beef, and dairy products +Economic aid: + NA +Currency: + new Israeli shekel (plural - shekels) and Jordanian dinar (plural - dinars); + 1 new Israeli shekel (NIS) = 100 new agorot and 1 Jordanian dinar (JD) = + 1,000 fils + +:West Bank Economy + +Exchange rates: + new Israeli shekels (NIS) per US$1 - 2.4019 (March 1992), 2.2791 (1991), + 2.0162 (1990), 1.9164 (1989), 1.5989 (1988), 1.5946 (1987); Jordanian dinars + (JD) per US$1 - 0.6760 (January 1992), 0.6810 (1991), 0.6636 (1990), 0.5704 + (1989), 0.3709 (1988), 0.3387 (1987) +Fiscal year: + previously 1 April - 31 March; FY91 was 1 April - 31 December, and since 1 + January 1992 the fiscal year has conformed to the calendar year + +:West Bank Communications + +Highways: + small road network, Israelis developing east-west axial highways to service + new settlements +Airports: + 2 total, 2 usable; 2 with permanent-surface runways; none with runways over + 2,439 m; 1 with runways 1,220-2,439 m +Telecommunications: + open-wire telephone system currently being upgraded; broadcast stations - no + AM, no FM, no TV + +:West Bank Defense Forces + +Branches: + NA +Manpower availability: + males 15-49, NA; NA fit for military service +Defense expenditures: + exchange rate conversion - $NA, NA% of GDP + +:Western Sahara Geography + +Total area: + 266,000 km2 +Land area: + 266,000 km2 +Comparative area: + slightly smaller than Colorado +Land boundaries: + 2,046 km total; Algeria 42 km, Mauritania 1,561 km, Morocco 443 km +Coastline: + 1,110 km +Maritime claims: + contingent upon resolution of sovereignty issue +Disputes: + claimed and administered by Morocco, but sovereignty is unresolved and the + UN is attempting to hold a referendum on the issue; the UN-administered + cease-fire has been currently in effect since September 1991 +Climate: + hot, dry desert; rain is rare; cold offshore currents produce fog and heavy + dew +Terrain: + mostly low, flat desert with large areas of rocky or sandy surfaces rising + to small mountains in south and northeast +Natural resources: + phosphates, iron ore +Land use: + arable land NEGL%; permanent crops 0%; meadows and pastures 19%; forest and + woodland 0%; other 81% +Environment: + hot, dry, dust/sand-laden sirocco wind can occur during winter and spring; + widespread harmattan haze exists 60% of time, often severely restricting + visibility; sparse water and arable land + +:Western Sahara People + +Population: + 201,467 (July 1992), growth rate 2.6% (1992) +Birth rate: + 48 births/1,000 population (1992) +Death rate: + 20 deaths/1,000 population (1992) +Net migration rate: + -2 migrants/1,000 population (1992) +Infant mortality rate: + 159 deaths/1,000 live births (1992) +Life expectancy at birth: + 43 years male, 45 years female (1992) +Total fertility rate: + 7.1 children born/woman (1992) +Nationality: + noun - Sahrawi(s), Sahraoui(s); adjective - Sahrawian, Sahraouian +Ethnic divisions: + Arab and Berber +Religions: + Muslim +Languages: + Hassaniya Arabic, Moroccan Arabic +Literacy: + NA% (male NA%, female NA%) +Labor force: + 12,000; 50% animal husbandry and subsistence farming +Organized labor: + NA + +:Western Sahara Government + +Long-form name: + none +Type: + legal status of territory and question of sovereignty unresolved; territory + contested by Morocco and Polisario Front (Popular Front for the Liberation + of the Saguia el Hamra and Rio de Oro), which in February 1976 formally + proclaimed a government in exile of the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic + (SADR); territory partitioned between Morocco and Mauritania in April 1976, + with Morocco acquiring northern two-thirds; Mauritania, under pressure from + Polisario guerrillas, abandoned all claims to its portion in August 1979; + Morocco moved to occupy that sector shortly thereafter and has since + asserted administrative control; the Polisario's government in exile was + seated as an OAU member in 1984; guerrilla activities continued + sporadically, until a UN-monitored cease-fire was implemented 6 September + 1991 +Capital: + none +Administrative divisions: + none (under de facto control of Morocco) +Leaders: + none +Member of: + none +Diplomatic representation: + none + +:Western Sahara Economy + +Overview: + Western Sahara, a territory poor in natural resources and having little + rainfall, has a per capita GDP of roughly $300. Pastoral nomadism, fishing, + and phosphate mining are the principal sources of income for the population. + Most of the food for the urban population must be imported. All trade and + other economic activities are controlled by the Moroccan Government. +GDP: + $60 million, per capita $300; real growth rate NA% (1991 est.) +Inflation rate (consumer prices): + NA% +Unemployment rate: + NA% +Budget: + revenues $NA; expenditures $NA, including capital expenditures of $NA +Exports: + $8 million (f.o.b., 1982 est.) + commodities: + phosphates 62% + partners: + Morocco claims and administers Western Sahara, so trade partners are + included in overall Moroccan accounts +Imports: + $30 million (c.i.f., 1982 est.) + commodities: + fuel for fishing fleet, foodstuffs + partners: + Morocco claims and administers Western Sahara, so trade partners are + included in overall Moroccan accounts +External debt: + $NA +Industrial production: + growth rate NA% +Electricity: + 60,000 kW capacity; 79 million kWh produced, 425 kWh per capita (1989) +Industries: + phosphate, fishing, handicrafts +Agriculture: + limited largely to subsistence agriculture; some barley is grown in + nondrought years; fruit and vegetables are grown in the few oases; food + imports are essential; camels, sheep, and goats are kept by the nomadic + natives; cash economy exists largely for the garrison forces +Economic aid: + NA +Currency: + Moroccan dirham (plural - dirhams); 1 Moroccan dirham (DH) = 100 centimes +Exchange rates: + Moroccan dirhams (DH) per US$1 - 8.889 (March 1992), 8.071 (1991), 8.242 + (1990), 8.488 (1989), 8.209 (1988), 8.359 (1987) +Fiscal year: + NA + +:Western Sahara Communications + +Highways: + 6,200 km total; 1,450 km surfaced, 4,750 km improved and unimproved earth + roads and tracks +Ports: + El Aaiun, Ad Dakhla +Airports: + 13 total, 13 usable; 3 with permanent-surface runways; none with runways + over 3,659 m; 3 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 5 with runways 1,220-2,439 m +Telecommunications: + sparse and limited system; tied into Morocco's system by microwave, + tropospheric scatter, and 2 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT earth stations linked to + Rabat, Morocco; 2,000 telephones; broadcast stations - 2 AM, no FM, 2 TV + +:Western Sahara Defense Forces + +Branches: + NA +Manpower availability: + NA +Defense expenditures: + exchange rate conversion - $NA, NA% of GDP + +:Western Samoa Geography + +Total area: + 2,860 km2 +Land area: + 2,850 km2 +Comparative area: + slightly smaller than Rhode Island +Land boundaries: + none +Coastline: + 403 km +Maritime claims: + Exclusive economic zone: + 200 nm + Territorial sea: + 12 nm +Disputes: + none +Climate: + tropical; rainy season (October to March), dry season (May to October) +Terrain: + narrow coastal plain with volcanic, rocky, rugged mountains in interior +Natural resources: + hardwood forests, fish +Land use: + arable land 19%; permanent crops 24%; meadows and pastures NEGL%; forest and + woodland 47%; other 10% +Environment: + subject to occasional typhoons; active volcanism +Note: + located 4,300 km southwest of Honolulu in the South Pacific Ocean about + halfway between Hawaii and New Zealand + +:Western Samoa People + +Population: + 194,992 (July 1992), growth rate 2.4% (1992) +Birth rate: + 34 births/1,000 population (1992) +Death rate: + 6 deaths/1,000 population (1992) +Net migration rate: + -4 migrants/1,000 population (1992) +Infant mortality rate: + 40 deaths/1,000 live births (1992) +Life expectancy at birth: + 65 years male, 70 years female (1992) +Total fertility rate: + 4.4 children born/woman (1992) +Nationality: + noun - Western Samoan(s); adjective - Western Samoan +Ethnic divisions: + Samoan; Euronesians (persons of European and Polynesian blood) about 7%, + Europeans 0.4% +Religions: + Christian 99.7% (about half of population associated with the London + Missionary Society; includes Congregational, Roman Catholic, Methodist, + Latter Day Saints, Seventh-Day Adventist) +Languages: + Samoan (Polynesian), English +Literacy: + 97% (male 97%, female 97%) age 15 and over can read and write (1971) +Labor force: + 38,000; 22,000 employed in agriculture (1987 est.) +Organized labor: + Public Service Association (PSA) + +:Western Samoa Government + +Long-form name: + Independent State of Western Samoa +Type: + constitutional monarchy under native chief +Capital: + Apia +Administrative divisions: + 11 districts; A`ana, Aiga-i-le-Tai, Atua, Fa`asaleleaga, Gaga`emauga, + Gagaifomauga, Palauli, Satupa`itea, Tuamasaga, Va`a-o-Fonoti, Vaisigano +Independence: + 1 January 1962 (from UN trusteeship administered by New Zealand) +Constitution: + 1 January 1962 +Legal system: + based on English common law and local customs; judicial review of + legislative acts with respect to fundamental rights of the citizen; has not + accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction +National holiday: + National Day, 1 June +Executive branch: + chief, Executive Council, prime minister, Cabinet +Legislative branch: + unicameral Legislative Assembly (Fono) +Judicial branch: + Supreme Court, Court of Appeal +Leaders: + Chief of State: + Chief Susuga Malietoa TANUMAFILI II (Co-Chief of State from 1 January 1962 + until becoming sole Chief of State on 5 April 1963) + Head of Government: + Prime Minister TOFILAU Eti Alesana (since 7 April 1988) +Political parties and leaders: + Human Rights Protection Party (HRPP), TOFILAU Eti, chairman; Samoan National + Development Party (SNDP), VA'AI Kolone, chairman +Suffrage: + universal adult over age 21, but only matai (head of family) are able to run + for the Legislative Assembly +Elections: + Legislative Assembly: + last held NA February 1991 (next to be held by NA February 1994); results - + percent of vote by party NA; seats - (47 total) HRPP 30, SNDP 14, + independents 3 +Member of: + ACP, AsDB, C, ESCAP, FAO, G-77, IBRD, ICFTU, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IMF, IOC, ITU, + LORCS, SPC, SPF, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UPU, WHO +Diplomatic representation: + Ambassador Fili (Felix) Tuaopepe WENDT; Chancery (temporary) at suite 510, + 1155 15th Street NW, Washington, DC 20005; telephone (202) 833-1743 + US: + the ambassador to New Zealand is accredited to Western Samoa (mailing + address is P.O. Box 3430, Apia); telephone (685) 21-631; FAX (685) 22-030 +Flag: + red with a blue rectangle in the upper hoist-side quadrant bearing five + white five-pointed stars representing the Southern Cross constellation + +:Western Samoa Economy + +Overview: + Agriculture employs more than half of the labor force, contributes 50% to + GDP, and furnishes 90% of exports. The bulk of export earnings comes from + the sale of coconut oil and copra. The economy depends on emigrant + remittances and foreign aid to support a level of imports several times + export earnings. Tourism has become the most important growth industry, and + construction of the first international hotel is under way. +GDP: + exchange rate conversion - $115 million, per capita $690 (1989); real growth + rate -4.5% (1990 est.) +Inflation rate (consumer prices): + 15% (1990) +Unemployment rate: + NA%; shortage of skilled labor +Budget: + revenues $95.3 million; expenditures $95.4 million, including capital + expenditures of $41 million (FY92) +Exports: + $9 million (f.o.b., 1990) + commodities: + coconut oil and cream 54%, taro 12%, copra 9%, cocoa 3% + partners: + NZ 28%, American Samoa 23%, Germany 22%, US 6% (1990) +Imports: + $75 million (c.i.f., 1990) + commodities: + intermediate goods 58%, food 17%, capital goods 12% + partners: + New Zealand 41%, Australia 18%, Japan 13%, UK 6%, US 6% +External debt: + $83 million (December 1990 est.) +Industrial production: + growth rate -4% (1990 est.); accounts for 14% of GDP +Electricity: + 29,000 kW capacity; 45 million kWh produced, 240 kWh per capita (1990) +Industries: + timber, tourism, food processing, fishing +Agriculture: + accounts for 50% of GDP; coconuts, fruit (including bananas, taro, yams) +Economic aid: + US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $18 million; Western (non-US) + countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $306 million; OPEC + bilateral aid (1979-89), $4 million +Currency: + tala (plural - tala); 1 tala (WS$) = 100 sene +Exchange rates: + tala (WS$) per US$1 - 2,4284 (March 1992), 2,3975 (1991), 2.3095 (1990), + 2.2686 (1989), 2.0790 (1988), 2.1204 (1987) +Fiscal year: + calendar year + +:Western Samoa Communications + +Highways: + 2,042 km total; 375 km sealed; remainder mostly gravel, crushed stone, or + earth +Ports: + Apia +Merchant marine: + 1 roll-on/roll-off ship (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 3,838 GRT/5,536 DWT +Civil air: + 3 major transport aircraft +Airports: + 3 total, 3 usable; 1 with permanent-surface runways; none with runways over + 3,659 m; 1 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; none with runways 1,220-2,439 m +Telecommunications: + 7,500 telephones; 70,000 radios; broadcast stations - 1 AM, no FM, no TV; 1 + Pacific Ocean INTELSAT ground station + +:Western Samoa Defense Forces + +Branches: + Department of Police and Prisons +Manpower availability: + males 15-49, NA; NA fit for military service +Defense expenditures: + exchange rate conversion - $NA, NA% of GDP + +:World Geography + +Total area: + 510,072,000 km2 +Land area: + 148,940,000 km2 (29.2%) +Comparative area: + land area about 16 times the size of the US +Land boundaries: + 442,000 km +Coastline: + 356,000 km +Maritime claims: + range from 3 to 200 nm; 1 claim is rectangular; 112 states claim a 12 nm + limit; note - boundary situations with neighboring states prevent many + countries from extending their fishing or economic zones to a full 200 nm; + 41 nations and other areas are landlocked and include Afghanistan, Andorra, + Armenia, Austria, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Bhutan, Bolivia, Botswana, Burkina, + Burundi, Central African Republic, Chad, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, + Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Laos, Lesotho, Liechtenstein, Luxembourg, Macedonia, + Malawi, Mali, Moldova, Mongolia, Nepal, Niger, Paraguay, Rwanda, San Marino, + Swaziland, Switzerland, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Uganda, Uzbekistan, + Vatican City, West Bank, Zambia, Zimbabwe + Contiguous zone: + 39 states claim contiguous zone, 33 of which have 24 nm limits + Continental shelf: + approximately 78 states have specific continental shelf claims, the limit of + 42 claims is based on depth (200 m) plus exploitability, 21 claims define + the continental shelf as 200 nm or to the edge of the continental margin + Exclusive fishing zone: + 23 claims with limits ranging from 12 nm to 200 nm + Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ): + 83 states claim an EEZ, with most limits being 200 nm + Territorial sea: + claims range from 3 to 200 nm, 112 states claim a 12 nm limit; note - 41 + nations and miscellaneous areas are landlocked and comprise Afghanistan, + Andorra, Armenia, Austria, Azerbaijan, Bhutan, Bolivia, Botswana, Burkina, + Burundi, Byelarus, Central African Republic, Chad, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, + Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Laos, Lesotho, Liechtenstein, Luxembourg, Macebia, + Zimbabwe +Disputes: + major international land boundary or territorial diputes - Bahrain-Qatar, + Chad-Libya, China-India, China-Russia, Ecuador-Peru, El Salvador-Honduras, + Israel-Jordan, Israel-Syria, Japan-Russia, North Korea-South Korea, Saudi + Arabia-Yemen, South China Sea +Climate: + two large areas of polar climates separated by two rather narrow temperate + zones from a wide equatorial band of tropical to subtropical climates +Terrain: + highest elevation is Mt. Everest at 8,848 meters and lowest depression is + the Dead Sea at 392 meters below sea level; greatest ocean depth is the + Marianas Trench at 10,924 meters +Natural resources: + the rapid using up of nonrenewable mineral resources, the depletion of + forest areas and wetlands, the extinction of animal and plant species, and + the deterioration in air and water quality (especially in Eastern Europe and + the former USSR) pose serious long-term problems that governments and + peoples are only beginning to address +Land use: + arable land 10%; permanent crops 1%; meadows and pastures 24%; forest and + woodland 31%; other 34%; includes irrigated 1.6% + +:World Geography + +Environment: + large areas subject to severe weather (tropical cyclones), natural disasters + (earthquakes, landslides, tsunamis, volcanic eruptions), overpopulation, + industrial disasters, pollution (air, water, acid rain, toxic substances), + loss of vegetation (overgrazing, deforestation, desertification), loss of + wildlife resources, soil degradation, soil depletion, erosion + +:World People + +Population: + 5,515,617,484 (July 1992), growth rate 1.7% (1992) +Birth rate: + 26 births/1,000 population (1992) +Death rate: + 9 deaths/1,000 population (1992) +Infant mortality rate: + 63 deaths/1,000 live births (1992) +Life expectancy at birth: + 61 years male, 65 years female (1992) +Total fertility rate: + 3.3 children born/woman (1992) +Literacy: + 74% (male 81%, female 67%) age 15 and over can read and write (1990 est.) +Labor force: + 2.24 billion (1992) +Organized labor: + NA + +:World Government + +Administrative divisions: + 187 sovereign nations plus 72 dependent, other, and miscellaneous areas +Legal system: + varies by individual country; 182 are parties to the United Nations + International Court of Justice (ICJ or World Court) +Diplomatic representation: + there are 178 members of the UN + +:World Economy + +Overview: + Aggregate world output in 1991 increased by 1.3%, in contrast to estimated + 2% growth in 1990 and 3% growth in 1989. In 1991, the developed countries + grew by 2.5% and the LDCs by 3.5%, these gains being offset by a 10-15% drop + in the former Communist-dominated areas of the USSR and Eastern Europe. As + usual, results among individual countries differed widely. In the developed + group, Japan led with 4.5%, the West European members averaged 1.2%, and the + recession-plagued United States lagged,with GDP down 0.7%. As for the 15 + former Soviet republics and the seven nations of Eastern Europe, output + plummeted in many economic sectors because of fundamental changes in the + rules of the game and in the channels of production and exchange. China and + the Four Dragons performed well in 1991 but many of the other developing + countries are mired in poverty and political instability. For the world as a + whole, the addition of nearly 100 million people each year to an already + overcrowded globe will exacerbate the problems of pollution, + desertification, underemployment, epidemics, and famine. +GWP (gross world product): + purchasing power equivalent - $25 trillion, per capita $4,600; real growth + rate 1.3% (1991 est.) +Inflation rate (consumer prices): + developed countries 5%; developing countries 50%, with wide variations (1991 + est.) +Unemployment rate: + NA% +Exports: + $3.34 trillion (f.o.b., 1991 est.) + commodities: + the whole range of industrial and agricultural goods and services + partners: + in value, about 75% of exports from developed countries +Imports: + $3.49 trillion (c.i.f., 1991 est.) + commodities: + the whole range of industrial and agricultural goods and services + partners: + in value, about 75% of imports by the developed countries +External debt: + $1.0 trillion for less developed countries (1991 est.) +Industrial production: + growth rate 3% (1990 est.) +Electricity: + 2,864,000,000 kW capacity; 11,450,000 million kWh produced, 2,150 kWh per + capita (1990) +Industries: + industry worldwide is dominated by the onrush of technology, especially in + computers, robotics, telecommunications, and medicines and medical + equipment; most of these advances take place in OECD nations; only a small + portion of non-OECD countries have succeeded in rapidly adjusting to these + technological forces, and the technological gap between the industrial + nations and the less-developed countries continues to widen; the rapid + development of new industrial (and agricultural) technology is complicating + already grim environmental problems + +:World Economy + +Agriculture: + the production of major food crops has increased substantially in the last + 20 years. The annual production of cereals, for instance, has risen by 50%, + from about 1.2 billion metric tons to about 1.8 billion metric tons; + production increases have resulted mainly from increased yields rather than + increases in planted areas; while global production is sufficient for + aggregate demand, about one-fifth of the world's population remains + malnourished, primarily because local production cannot adequately provide + for large and rapidly growing populations, which are too poor to pay for + food imports; conditions are especially bad in Africa where drought in + recent years has exacerbated the consequences of all other factors +Economic aid: + NA + +:World Communications + +Railroads: + 239,430 km of narrow gauge track; 710,754 km of standard gauge track; + 251,153 km of broad gauge track; includes about 190,000 to 195,000 km of + electrified routes of which 147,760 km are in Europe, 24,509 km in the Far + East, 11,050 km in Africa, 4,223 km in South America, and only 4,160 km in + North America; fastest speed in daily service is 300 km/hr attained by + France's SNCF TGV-Atlantique line +Ports: + Mina al Ahmadi (Kuwait), Chiba, Houston, Kawasaki, Kobe, Marseille, New + Orleans, New York, Rotterdam, Yokohama +Merchant marine: + 23,596 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 386,736,000 GRT/637,493,000 DWT; + includes 348 passenger-cargo, 12,441 freighters, 5,446 bulk carriers, and + 5,361 tankers (January 1991) +Civil air: + 14,500-16,000 major transport aircraft with gross take-off weight of 9,000 + kg (20,000 lbs) or more (1992 est.) + +:World Defense Forces + +Branches: + ground, maritime, and air forces at all levels of technology +Manpower availability: + males 15-49, 1,400,000,000; NA fit for military service +Defense expenditures: + $1.0 trillion, 4% of total world output; decline of 5-10% (1991 est.) + +:Yemen Geography + +Total area: + 527,970 km2 +Land area: + 527,970 km2; includes Perim, Socotra, the former Yemen Arab Republic (YAR or + North Yemen), and the former People's Democratic Republic of Yemen (PDRY or + South Yemen) +Comparative area: + slightly larger than twice the size of Wyoming +Land boundaries: + 1,746 km total; Oman 288 km, Saudi Arabia 1,458 km +Coastline: + 1,906 km +Maritime claims: + Contiguous zone: + North - 18 nm; South - 24 nm + Continental shelf: + North - 200 meters (depth); South - edge of continental margin or 200 nm + Exclusive economic zone: + 200 nm + Territorial sea: + 12 nm +Disputes: + undefined section of boundary with Saudi Arabia; Administrative Line with + Oman; there is a proposed treaty with Oman (which has not yet been formerly + accepted) to settle the Yemeni-Omani boundary +Climate: + mostly desert; hot and humid along west coast; temperate in western + mountains affected by seasonal monsoon; extraordinarily hot, dry, harsh + desert in east +Terrain: + narrow coastal plain backed by flat-topped hills and rugged mountains; + dissected upland desert plains in center slope into the desert interior of + the Arabian Peninsula +Natural resources: + crude oil, fish, rock salt, marble; small deposits of coal, gold, lead, + nickel, and copper; fertile soil in west +Land use: + arable land 6%; permanent crops NEGL%; meadows and pastures 30%; forest and + woodland 7%; other 57%; includes irrigated NEGL% +Environment: + subject to sand and dust storms in summer; scarcity of natural freshwater + resources; overgrazing; soil erosion; desertification +Note: + controls Bab el Mandeb, the strait linking the Red Sea and the Gulf of Aden, + one of world's most active shipping lanes + +:Yemen People + +Population: + 10,394,749 (July 1992), growth rate 3.3% (1992) +Birth rate: + 51 births/1,000 population (1992) +Death rate: + 16 deaths/1,000 population (1992) +Net migration rate: + -3 migrants/1,000 population (1992) +Infant mortality rate: + 118 deaths/1,000 live births (1992) +Life expectancy at birth: + 49 years male, 52 years female (1992) +Total fertility rate: + 7.3 children born/woman (1992) +Nationality: + noun - Yemeni(s); adjective - Yemeni +Ethnic divisions: + North - Arab 90%, Afro-Arab (mixed) 10%; South - almost all Arabs; a few + Indians, Somalis, and Europeans +Religions: + North - Muslim almost 100% (45% Sunni and 55% Zaydi Shi`a); NEGL Jewish; + South - Sunni Muslim, some Christian and Hindu +Languages: + Arabic +Literacy: + 38% (male 53%, female 26%) age 15 and over can read and write (1990 est.) +Labor force: + North - NA number of workers with agriculture and herding 70%, and + expatriate laborers 30% (est.); South - 477,000 with agriculture 45.2%, + services 21.2%, construction 13.4%, industry 10.6%, commerce and other 9.6% + (1983) +Organized labor: + North - NA; South - 348,200 and the General Confederation of Workers of the + People's Democratic Republic of Yemen had 35,000 members + +:Yemen Government + +Long-form name: + Republic of Yemen +Type: + republic +Capital: + Sanaa +Administrative divisions: + 17 governorates (muhafazat, singular - muhafazah); Abyan, `Adan, Al Bayda', + Al Hudaydah, Al Jawf, Al Mahrah, Al Mahwit, Dhamar, Hadramawt, Hajjah, Ibb, + Lahij, Ma'rib, Sa`dah, San`a', Shabwah, Ta`izz +Independence: + Republic of Yemen was established on 22 May 1990 with the merger of the + Yemen Arab Republic {Yemen (Sanaa) or North Yemen} and the Marxist-dominated + People's Democratic Republic of Yemen {Yemen (Aden) or South Yemen}; + previously North Yemen had become independent on NA November 1918 (from the + Ottoman Empire) and South Yemen had become independent on 30 November 1967 + (from the UK); the union is to be solidified during a 30-month transition + period, which coincides with the remainder of the five-year terms of both + legislatures +Constitution: + 16 April 1991 +Legal system: + based on Islamic law, Turkish law, English common law, and local customary + law; does not accept compulsory ICJ jurisdiction +National holiday: + Proclamation of the Republic, 22 May (1990) +Executive branch: + five-member Presidential Council (president, vice president, two members + from northern Yemen and one member from southern Yemen), prime minister +Legislative branch: + unicameral House of Representatives +Judicial branch: + North - State Security Court; South - Federal High Court +Leaders: + Chief of State and Head of Government: + President `Ali `Abdallah SALIH (since 22 May 1990, the former president of + North Yemen); Vice President Ali Salim al-BIDH (since 22 May 1990, and + Secretary General of the Yemeni Socialist Party); Presidential Council + Member Salim Salih MUHAMMED; Presidential Council Member Kadi Abdul-Karim + al-ARASHI; Presidential Council Member Abdul-Aziz ABDUL-GHANI; Prime + Minister Haydar Abu Bakr al-`ATTAS (since 22 May 1990, former president of + South Yemen) +Political parties and leaders: + General People's Congress, `Ali `Abdallah SALIH; Yemeni Socialist Party + (YSP; formerly South Yemen's ruling party - a coalition of National Front, + Ba`th, and Communist Parties), Ali Salim al-BIDH; Yemen Grouping for Reform + or Islaah, Abdallah Husayn AHMAR +Suffrage: + universal at age 18 +Elections: + House of Representatives: + last held NA (next to be held NA November 1992); results - percent of vote + NA; seats - (301); number of seats by party NA; note - the 301 members of + the new House of Representatives come from North Yemen's Consultative + Assembly (159 members), South Yemen's Supreme People's Council (111 + members), and appointments by the New Presidential Council (31 members) +Communists: + small number in North, greater but unknown number in South + +:Yemen Government + +Other political or pressure groups: + conservative tribal groups, Muslim Brotherhood, leftist factions - pro-Iraqi + Ba`thists, Nasirists, National Democratic Front (NDF) +Member of: + ACC, AFESD, AL, AMF, CAEU, ESCWA, FAO, G-77, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IDB, IFAD, + IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, ITU, LORCS, NAM, OIC, UN, + UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO +Diplomatic representation: + Ambassador Muhsin Ahmad al-AYNI; Chancery at Suite 840, 600 New Hampshire + Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20037; telephone (202) 965-4760 or 4761; there is + a Yemeni Consulate General in Detroit and a Consulate in San Francisco + US: + Ambassador Arthur H. HUGHES; Embassy at Dhahr Himyar Zone, Sheraton Hotel + District, Sanaa (mailing address is P. O. Box 22347 Sanaa, Republic of Yemen + or Sanaa - Department of State, Washington, DC 20521-6330); telephone [967] + (2) 238-842 through 238-852; FAX [967] (2) 251-563 +Flag: + three equal horizontal bands of red (top), white, and black; similar to the + flag of Syria which has two green stars and of Iraq which has three green + stars (plus an Arabic inscription) in a horizontal line centered in the + white band; also similar to the flag of Egypt which has a symbolic eagle + centered in the white band + +:Yemen Economy + +Overview: + Whereas the northern city Sanaa is the political capital of a united Yemen, + the southern city Aden, with its refinery and port facilities, is the + economic and commercial capital. Future economic development depends heavily + on Western-assisted development of promising oil resources. South Yemen's + willingness to merge stemmed partly from the steady decline in Soviet + economic support. +Overview: + North: + The low level of domestic industry and agriculture have made northern Yemen + dependent on imports for virtually all of its essential needs. Large trade + deficits have been made up for by remittances from Yemenis working abroad + and foreign aid. Once self-sufficient in food production, northern Yemen has + become a major importer. Land once used for export crops - cotton, fruit, + and vegetables - has been turned over to growing qat, a mildly narcotic + shrub chewed by Yemenis which has no significant export market. Oil export + revenues started flowing in late 1987 and boosted 1988 earnings by about + $800 million. + South: + This has been one of the poorest Arab countries, with a per capita GNP of + about $500. A shortage of natural resources, a widely dispersed population, + and an arid climate have made economic development difficult. The economy + has grown at an average annual rate of only 2-3% since the mid-1970s. The + economy had been organized along socialist lines, dominated by the public + sector. Economic growth has been constrained by a lack of incentives, partly + stemming from centralized control over production decisions, investment + allocation, and import choices. +GDP: + exchange rate conversion - $5.3 billion, per capita $545; real growth rate + NA% (1990 est.) +Inflation rate (consumer prices): + North: + 16.9% (1988) + South: + 0% (1989) +Unemployment rate: + North: + 13% (1986) + South: + NA% +Budget: + North: + revenues $1.4 billion; expenditures $2.2 billion, including capital + expenditures of $590 million (1988 est.) + South: + revenues and grants $435 million; expenditures $1.0 billion, including + capital expenditure of $460 million (1988 est.) +Exports: + North: + $606 million (f.o.b., 1989) + commodities: + crude oil, cotton, coffee, hides, vegetables + partners: + FRG 29%, US 26%, Netherlands 12% + South: + $113.8 million (f.o.b., 1989 est.) + commodities: + cotton, hides, skins, dried and salted fish + +:Yemen Economy + + partners: + Japan, North Yemen, Italy +Imports: + North: + $1.3 billion (f.o.b., 1988) +Imports: + commodities: + textiles and other manufactured consumer goods, petroleum products, sugar, + grain, flour, other foodstuffs, and cement + partners: + Saudi Arabia 12%, France 6%, US 5%, Australia 5% (1985) + South: + $553.9 million (f.o.b., 1989 est.) + commodities: + grain, consumer goods, crude oil, machinery, chemicals + partners: + USSR, UK, Ethiopia +External debt: + $5.75 billion (December 1989 est.) +Industrial production: + North: + growth rate 2% in manufacturing (1988) + South: + growth rate NA% in manufacturing +Electricity: + 700,000 kW capacity; 1,200 million kWh produced, 120 kWh per capita (1991) +Industries: + crude oil production and petroleum refining; small-scale production of + cotton textiles and leather goods; food processing; handicrafts; fishing; + small aluminum products factory; cement +Agriculture: + North: + accounted for 26% of GDP and 70% of labor force; farm products - grain, + fruits, vegetables, qat (mildly narcotic shrub), coffee, cotton, dairy, + poultry, meat, goat meat; not self-sufficient in grain + South: + accounted for 17% of GNP and 45% of labor force; products - grain, qat + (mildly narcotic shrub), coffee, fish, livestock; fish and honey major + exports; most food imported +Economic aid: + US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $389 million; Western (non-US) + countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $2.0 billion; OPEC + bilateral aid (1979-89), $3.2 billion; Communist countries (1970-89), $2.4 + billion +Currency: + North Yemeni riyal (plural - riyals); 1 North Yemeni riyal (YR) = 100 fils; + South Yemeni dinar (plural - dinars); 1 South Yemeni dinar (YD) = 1,000 fils +Exchange rates: + North Yemeni riyals (YR) per US$1 - 12,1000 (June 1992), 12.0000 (1991), + 9.7600 (1990), 9.7600 (January 1989), 9.7717 (1988), 10.3417 (1987); South + Yemeni dinars (YD) per US$1 - 0.3454 (fixed rate) +Fiscal year: + calendar year + +:Yemen Communications + +Highways: + 15,500 km; 4,000 km paved, 11,500 km natural surface (est.) +Pipelines: + crude oil 644 km, petroleum products 32 km +Ports: + Aden, Al Hudaydah, Al Khalf, Mocha, Nishtun, Ra's Kathib, Salif +Merchant marine: + 3 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 4,309 GRT/6,568 DWT; includes 2 cargo, + 1 petroleum tanker +Civil air: + 11 major transport aircraft +Airports: + 46 total, 40 usable; 10 with permanent-surface runways; none with runways + over 3,659 m; 20 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 11 with runways 1,220-2,439 m +Telecommunications: + since unification in 1990, efforts are being made to create a national + domestic civil telecommunications network and to revitalize the + infrastructure of a united Yemen; the network consists of microwave, cable + and troposcatter; 65,000 telephones (est.); broadcast stations - 4 AM, 1 FM, + 10 TV; satellite earth stations - 2 Indian Ocean INTELSAT, 1 Atlantic Ocean + INTELSAT, 1 Intersputnik, 2 ARABSAT; microwave to Saudi Arabia, and Djibouti + +:Yemen Defense Forces + +Branches: + Army, Navy, Air Force, Police +Manpower availability: + males 15-49, 1,981,710; 1,127,391 fit for military service; 130,405 reach + military age (14) annually +Defense expenditures: + exchange rate conversion - $1.06 billion, 20% of GDP (1990) + +:Zaire Geography + +Total area: + 2,345,410 km2 +Land area: + 2,267,600 km2 +Comparative area: + slightly more than one-quarter the size of US +Land boundaries: + 10,271 km total; Angola 2,511 km, Burundi 233 km, Central African Republic + 1,577 km, Congo 2,410 km, Rwanda 217 km, Sudan 628 km, Uganda 765 km, Zambia + 1,930 km +Coastline: + 37 km +Maritime claims: + Exclusive fishing zone: + 200 nm + Territorial sea: + 12 nm +Disputes: + Tanzania-Zaire-Zambia tripoint in Lake Tanganyika may no longer be + indefinite since it is reported that the indefinite section of the + Zaire-Zambia boundary has been settled; long section with Congo along the + Congo River is indefinite (no division of the river or its islands has been + made) +Climate: + tropical; hot and humid in equatorial river basin; cooler and drier in + southern highlands; cooler and wetter in eastern highlands; north of Equator + - wet season April to October, dry season December to February; south of + Equator - wet season November to March, dry season April to October +Terrain: + vast central basin is a low-lying plateau; mountains in east +Natural resources: + cobalt, copper, cadmium, crude oil, industrial and gem diamonds, gold, + silver, zinc, manganese, tin, germanium, uranium, radium, bauxite, iron ore, + coal, hydropower potential +Land use: + arable land 3%; permanent crops NEGL%; meadows and pastures 4%; forest and + woodland 78%; other 15%; includes irrigated NEGL% +Environment: + dense tropical rain forest in central river basin and eastern highlands; + periodic droughts in south +Note: + straddles Equator; very narrow strip of land that controls the lower Congo + River and is only outlet to South Atlantic Ocean + +:Zaire People + +Population: + 39,084,400 (July 1992), growth rate 3.3% (1992) +Birth rate: + 45 births/1,000 population (1992) +Death rate: + 13 deaths/1,000 population (1992) +Net migration rate: + 0 migrants/1,000 population (1992) +Infant mortality rate: + 97 deaths/1,000 live births (1992) +Life expectancy at birth: + 52 years male, 56 years female (1992) +Total fertility rate: + 6.1 children born/woman (1992) +Nationality: + noun - Zairian(s); adjective - Zairian +Ethnic divisions: + over 200 African ethnic groups, the majority are Bantu; four largest tribes + - Mongo, Luba, Kongo (all Bantu), and the Mangbetu-Azande (Hamitic) make up + about 45% of the population +Religions: + Roman Catholic 50%, Protestant 20%, Kimbanguist 10%, Muslim 10%, other + syncretic sects and traditional beliefs 10% +Languages: + French (official), Lingala, Swahili, Kingwana, Kikongo, Tshiluba +Literacy: + 72% (male 84%, female 61%) age 15 and over can read and write (1990 est.) +Labor force: + 15,000,000; agriculture 75%, industry 13%, services 12%; wage earners 13% + (1981); population of working age 51% (1985) +Organized labor: + National Union of Zairian Workers (UNTZA) was the only officially recognized + trade union until April 1990; other unions are now in process of seeking + official recognition + +:Zaire Government + +Long-form name: + Republic of Zaire +Type: + republic with a strong presidential system +Capital: + Kinshasa +Administrative divisions: + 10 regions (regions, singular - region) and 1 town* (ville); Bandundu, + Bas-Zaire, Equateur, Haut-Zaire, Kasai-Occidental, Kasai-Oriental, + Kinshasa*, Maniema, Nord-Kivu, Shaba, Sud-Kivu +Independence: + 30 June 1960 (from Belgium; formerly Belgian Congo, then Congo/Leopoldville, + then Congo/Kinshasa) +Constitution: + 24 June 1967, amended August 1974, revised 15 February 1978; amended April + 1990; new constitution to be promulgated in 1992 +Legal system: + based on Belgian civil law system and tribal law; has not accepted + compulsory ICJ jurisdiction +National holiday: + Anniversary of the Regime (Second Republic), 24 November (1965) +Executive branch: + president, prime minister, Executive Council (cabinet) +Legislative branch: + unicameral Legislative Council (Conseil Legislatif) +Judicial branch: + Supreme Court (Cour Supreme) +Leaders: + Chief of State: + President Marshal MOBUTU Sese Seko Kuku Ngbendu wa Za Banga (since 24 + November 1965) + Head of Government: + Prime Minister Jean NGUZ a Karl-i-Bond (since 26 November 1991) +Political parties and leaders: + sole legal party until January 1991 - Popular Movement of the Revolution + (MPR); other parties include Union for Democracy and Social Progress (UDPS), + Etienne TSHISEKEDI wa Mulumba; Democratic Social Christian Party (PDSC), + Joseph ILEO; Union of Federalists and Independent Republicans (UFERI), NGUZ + a Karl-I-Bond; and Congolese National Movement-Lumumba (MNC-L) +Suffrage: + universal and compulsory at age 18 +Elections: + President: + last held 29 July 1984 (next to be scheduled by ongoing National + Conference); results - President MOBUTU was reelected without opposition + Legislative Council: + last held 6 September 1987 (next to be scheduled by ongoing National + Conference); results - MPR was the only party; seats - (210 total) MPR 210; + note - MPR still holds majority of seats but some deputies have joined other + parties +Member of: + ACCT, ACP, AfDB, APC, CCC, CEEAC, CEPGL, CIPEC, ECA, FAO, G-19, G-24, G-77, + GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, + INTERPOL, IOC, ITU, LORCS, NAM, OAU, PCA, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, + UPU, WCL, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO +Diplomatic representation: + Ambassador TATANENE Manata; Chancery at 1800 New Hampshire Avenue NW, + Washington, DC 20009; telephone (202) 234-7690 or 7691 + +:Zaire Government + + US: + Ambassador Melissa F. WELLS; Embassy at 310 Avenue des Aviateurs, Kinshasa + (mailing address is APO AE 09828); telephone [243] (12) 21532, 21628; FAX + [243] (12) 21232; the US Consulate General in Lubumbashi was closed and + evacuated in October 1991 because of the poor security situation +Flag: + light green with a yellow disk in the center bearing a black arm holding a + red flaming torch; the flames of the torch are blowing away from the hoist + side; uses the popular pan-African colors of Ethiopia + +:Zaire Economy + +Overview: + In 1990, in spite of large mineral resources Zaire had a GDP per capita of + only about $260, putting it among the desperately poor African nations. The + country's chronic economic problems worsened in 1991, with copper and cobalt + production down 20-30%, inflation near 8,000% in 1991 as compared with 100% + in 1987-89, and IMF and most World Bank support suspended until the + institution of agreed-on changes. Agriculture, a key sector of the economy, + employs 75% of the population but generates under 25% of GDP. The main + potential for economic development has been the extractive industries. + Mining and mineral processing account for about one-third of GDP and + three-quarters of total export earnings. Zaire is the world's largest + producer of diamonds and cobalt. +GDP: + exchange rate conversion - $9.8 billion, per capita $260; real growth rate + -3% (1990 est.) +Inflation rate (consumer prices): + 8,000% (1991) +Unemployment rate: + NA% +Budget: + revenues $685 million; expenditures $1.1 billion, does not include capital + expenditures mostly financed by donors (1990) +Exports: + $2.2 billion (f.o.b., 1989 est.) + commodities: + copper 37%, coffee 24%, diamonds 12%, cobalt, crude oil + partners: + US, Belgium, France, FRG, Italy, UK, Japan, South Africa +Imports: + $2.1 billion (f.o.b., 1989 est.) + commodities: + consumer goods, foodstuffs, mining and other machinery, transport equipment, + fuels + partners: + South Africa, US, Belgium, France, FRG, Italy, Japan, UK +External debt: + $7.9 billion (December 1990 est.) +Industrial production: + growth rate -7.3%; accounts for almost 30% of GDP (1989) +Electricity: + 2,580,000 kW capacity; 6,000 million kWh produced, 160 kWh per capita (1991) +Industries: + mining, mineral processing, consumer products (including textiles, footwear, + and cigarettes), processed foods and beverages, cement, diamonds +Agriculture: + cash crops - coffee, palm oil, rubber, quinine; food crops - cassava, + bananas, root crops, corn +Illicit drugs: + illicit producer of cannabis, mostly for domestic consumption +Economic aid: + US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $1.1 billion; Western (non-US) + countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $6.9 billion; OPEC + bilateral aid (1979-89), $35 million; Communist countries (1970-89), $263 + million +Currency: + zaire (singular and plural); 1 zaire (Z) = 100 makuta +Exchange rates: + zaire (Z) per US$1 - 111,196 (March 1992), 15,587 (1991), 719 (1990), 381 + (1989), 187 (1988), 112 (1987) + +:Zaire Economy + +Fiscal year: + calendar year + +:Zaire Communications + +Railroads: + 5,254 km total; 3,968 km 1.067-meter gauge (851 km electrified); 125 km + 1.000-meter gauge; 136 km 0.615-meter gauge; 1,025 km 0.600-meter gauge; + limited trackage in use because of civil strife +Highways: + 146,500 km total; 2,800 km paved, 46,200 km gravel and improved earth; + 97,500 unimproved earth +Inland waterways: + 15,000 km including the Congo, its tributaries, and unconnected lakes +Pipelines: + petroleum products 390 km +Ports: + Matadi, Boma, Banana +Merchant marine: + 2 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 22,921 GRT/30,332 DWT; includes 1 + passenger cargo, 1 cargo +Civil air: + 45 major transport aircraft +Airports: + 284 total, 239 usable; 24 with permanent-surface runways; 1 with runways + over 3,659 m; 6 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 73 with runways 1,220-2,439 m +Telecommunications: + barely adequate wire and microwave service; broadcast stations - 10 AM, 4 + FM, 18 TV; satellite earth stations - 1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT, 14 domestic + +:Zaire Defense Forces + +Branches: + Army, Navy, Air Force, paramilitary National Gendarmerie, Civil Guard, + Special Presidential Division +Manpower availability: + males 15-49, 8,521,292; 4,333,492 fit for military service +Defense expenditures: + exchange rate conversion - $49 million, 0.8% of GDP (1988) + +:Zambia Geography + +Total area: + 752,610 km2 +Land area: + 740,720 km2 +Comparative area: + slightly larger than Texas +Land boundaries: + 5,664 km total; Angola 1,110 km, Malawi 837 km, Mozambique 419 km, Namibia + 233 km, Tanzania 338 km, Zaire 1,930 km, Zimbabwe 797 km +Coastline: + none - landlocked +Maritime claims: + none - landlocked +Disputes: + quadripoint with Botswana, Namibia, and Zimbabwe is in disagreement; + Tanzania-Zaire-Zambia tripoint in Lake Tanganyika may no longer be + indefinite since it is reported that the indefinite section of the + Zaire-Zambia boundary has been settled +Climate: + tropical; modified by altitude; rainy season (October to April) +Terrain: + mostly high plateau with some hills and mountains +Natural resources: + copper, cobalt, zinc, lead, coal, emeralds, gold, silver, uranium, + hydropower potential +Land use: + arable land 7%; permanent crops NEGL%; meadows and pastures 47%; forest and + woodland 27%; other 19%; includes irrigated NEGL% +Environment: + deforestation; soil erosion; desertification +Note: + landlocked + +:Zambia People + +Population: + 8,745,284 (July 1992), growth rate 3.5% (1992) +Birth rate: + 48 births/1,000 population (1992) +Death rate: + 11 deaths/1,000 population (1992) +Net migration rate: + -2 migrants/1,000 population (1992) +Infant mortality rate: + 77 deaths/1,000 live births (1992) +Life expectancy at birth: + 55 years male, 59 years female (1992) +Total fertility rate: + 6.9 children born/woman (1992) +Nationality: + noun - Zambian(s); adjective - Zambian +Ethnic divisions: + African 98.7%, European 1.1%, other 0.2% +Religions: + Christian 50-75%, Muslim and Hindu 24-49%, remainder indigenous beliefs 1% +Languages: + English (official); about 70 indigenous languages +Literacy: + 73% (male 81%, female 65%) age 15 and over can read and write (1990 est.) +Labor force: + 2,455,000; agriculture 85%; mining, manufacturing, and construction 6%; + transport and services 9% +Organized labor: + about 238,000 wage earners are unionized + +:Zambia Government + +Long-form name: + Republic of Zambia +Type: + multiparty system; on 17 December 1990, President Kenneth KAUNDA signed into + law the constitutional amendment that officially reintroduced the multiparty + system in Zambia ending 17 years of one-party rule +Capital: + Lusaka +Administrative divisions: + 9 provinces; Central, Copperbelt, Eastern, Luapula, Lusaka, Northern, + North-Western, Southern, Western +Independence: + 24 October 1964 (from UK; formerly Northern Rhodesia) +Constitution: + NA August 1991 +Legal system: + based on English common law and customary law; judicial review of + legislative acts in an ad hoc constitutional council; has not accepted + compulsory ICJ jurisdiction +National holiday: + Independence Day, 24 October (1964) +Executive branch: + president, Cabinet +Legislative branch: + unicameral National Assembly +Judicial branch: + Supreme Court +Leaders: + Chief of State and Head of Government: + President Frederick CHILUBA (since 31 October 1991) +Political parties and leaders: + Movement for Multiparty Democracy (MMD), Frederick CHILUBA; United National + Independence Party (UNIP), none; elections pending +Suffrage: + universal at age 18 +Elections: + President: + last held 31 October 1991 (next to be held mid-1995); results - Frederick + CHILUBA 84%, Kenneth KAUNDA 16% + National Assembly: + last held 31 October 1991 (next to be held mid-1995); results - percent of + vote by party NA; seats - (150 total) MMD 125, UNIP 25 +Member of: + ACP, AfDB, C, CCC, ECA, FAO, FLS, G-19, G-77, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, + IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, ITU, LORCS, NAM, OAU, SADCC, + UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNIIMOG, UPU, WCL, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO +Diplomatic representation: + Ambassador (vacant); Chancery at 2419 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, + DC 20008; telephone (202) 265-9717 through 9721 + US: + Ambassador Gordon L. STREEB; Embassy at corner of Independence Avenue and + United Nations Avenue, Lusaka (mailing address is P. O. Box 31617, Lusaka); + telephone [2601] 228-595, 228-601, 228-602, 228-603; FAX [2601] 251-578 +Flag: + green with a panel of three vertical bands of red (hoist side), black, and + orange below a soaring orange eagle, on the outer edge of the flag + +:Zambia Economy + +Overview: + The economy has been in decline for more than a decade with falling imports + and growing foreign debt. Economic difficulties stem from a sustained drop + in copper production and ineffective economic policies. In 1991 real GDP + fell by 2%. An annual population growth of more than 3% has brought a + decline in per capita GDP of 50% over the past decade. A high inflation rate + has also added to Zambia's economic woes in recent years. +GDP: + exchange rate conversion - $4.7 billion, per capita $600; real growth rate + -2% (1991) +Inflation rate (consumer prices): + 100% (1991) +Unemployment rate: + NA% +Budget: + revenues $665 million; expenditures $767 million, including capital + expenditures of $300 million (1991 est.) +Exports: + $1.1 billion (f.o.b., 1991) + commodities: + copper, zinc, cobalt, lead, tobacco + partners: + EC, Japan, South Africa, US, India +Imports: + $1.3 billion (c.i.f., 1991) + commodities: + machinery, transportation equipment, foodstuffs, fuels, manufactures + partners: + EC, Japan, Saudi Arabia, South Africa, US +External debt: + $8 billion (December 1991) +Industrial production: + growth rate -2% (1991); accounts for 50% of GDP +Electricity: + 2,775,000 kW capacity; 12,000 million kWh produced, 1,400 kWh per capita + (1991) +Industries: + copper mining and processing, transport, construction, foodstuffs, + beverages, chemicals, textiles, and fertilizer +Agriculture: + accounts for 17% of GDP and 85% of labor force; crops - corn (food staple), + sorghum, rice, peanuts, sunflower, tobacco, cotton, sugarcane, cassava; + cattle, goats, beef, eggs +Economic aid: + US commitments, including Ex-Im (1970-89), $4.8 billion; Western (non-US) + countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $4.8 billion; OPEC + bilateral aid (1979-89), $60 million; Communist countries (1970-89), $533 + million +Currency: + Zambian kwacha (plural - kwacha); 1 Zambian kwacha (ZK) = 100 ngwee +Exchange rates: + Zambian kwacha (ZK) per US$1 - 128.2051 (March 1992), 61.7284 (1991), + 28.9855 (1990), 12.9032 (1989), 8.2237 (1988), 8.8889 (1987) +Fiscal year: + calendar year + +:Zambia Communications + +Railroads: + 1,266 km, all 1.067-meter gauge; 13 km double track +Highways: + 36,370 km total; 6,500 km paved, 7,000 km crushed stone, gravel, or + stabilized soil; 22,870 km improved and unimproved earth +Inland waterways: + 2,250 km, including Zambezi and Luapula Rivers, Lake Tanganyika +Pipelines: + crude oil 1,724 km +Ports: + Mpulungu (lake port) +Civil air: + 12 major transport aircraft +Airports: + 117 total, 104 usable; 13 with permanent-surface runways; 1 with runways + over 3,659 m; 4 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 22 with runways 1,220-2,439 m +Telecommunications: + facilities are among the best in Sub-Saharan Africa; high-capacity microwave + connects most larger towns and cities; broadcast stations - 11 AM, 5 FM, 9 + TV; satellite earth stations - 1 Indian Ocean INTELSAT and 1 Atlantic Ocean + INTELSAT + +:Zambia Defense Forces + +Branches: + Army, Air Force, Police, paramilitary +Manpower availability: + males 15-49, 1,818,545; 953,718 fit for military service +Defense expenditures: + exchange rate conversion - $NA, NA% of GDP + +:Zimbabwe Geography + +Total area: + 390,580 km2 +Land area: + 386,670 km2 +Comparative area: + slightly larger than Montana +Land boundaries: + 3,066 km total; Botswana 813 km, Mozambique 1,231 km, South Africa 225 km, + Zambia 797 km +Coastline: + none - landlocked +Maritime claims: + none - landlocked +Disputes: + quadripoint with Botswana, Namibia, and Zambia is in disagreement +Climate: + tropical; moderated by altitude; rainy season (November to March) +Terrain: + mostly high plateau with higher central plateau (high veld); mountains in + east +Natural resources: + coal, chromium ore, asbestos, gold, nickel, copper, iron ore, vanadium, + lithium, tin, platinum group metals +Land use: + arable land 7%; permanent crops NEGL%; meadows and pastures 12%; forest and + woodland 62%; other 19%; includes irrigated NEGL% +Environment: + recurring droughts; floods and severe storms are rare; deforestation; soil + erosion; air and water pollution +Note: + landlocked + +:Zimbabwe People + +Population: + 11,033,376 (July 1992), growth rate 2.9% (1992) +Birth rate: + 40 births/1,000 population (1992) +Death rate: + 8 deaths/1,000 population (1992) +Net migration rate: + -3 migrants/1,000 population (1992) +Infant mortality rate: + 59 deaths/1,000 live births (1992) +Life expectancy at birth: + 60 years male, 64 years female (1992) +Total fertility rate: + 5.4 children born/woman (1992) +Nationality: + noun - Zimbabwean(s); adjective - Zimbabwean +Ethnic divisions: + African 98% (Shona 71%, Ndebele 16%, other 11%); white 1%, mixed and Asian + 1% +Religions: + syncretic (part Christian, part indigenous beliefs) 50%, Christian 25%, + indigenous beliefs 24%, a few Muslim +Languages: + English (official); Shona, Sindebele +Literacy: + 67% (male 74%, female 60%) age 15 and over can read and write (1990 est.) +Labor force: + 3,100,000; agriculture 74%, transport and services 16%, mining, + manufacturing, construction 10% (1987) +Organized labor: + 17% of wage and salary earners have union membership + +:Zimbabwe Government + +Long-form name: + Republic of Zimbabwe +Type: + parliamentary democracy +Capital: + Harare +Administrative divisions: + 8 provinces; Manicaland, Mashonaland Central, Mashonaland East, Mashonaland + West, Masvingo (Victoria), Matabeleland North, Matabeleland South, Midlands +Independence: + 18 April 1980 (from UK; formerly Southern Rhodesia) +Constitution: + 21 December 1979 +Legal system: + mixture of Roman-Dutch and English common law +National holiday: + Independence Day, 18 April (1980) +Executive branch: + executive president, 2 vice presidents, Cabinet +Legislative branch: + unicameral Parliament +Judicial branch: + Supreme Court +Leaders: + Chief of State and Head of Government: + Executive President Robert Gabriel MUGABE (since 31 December 1987); Co-Vice + President Simon Vengai MUZENDA (since 31 December 1987); Co-Vice President + Joshua M. NKOMO (since 6 August 1990) +Political parties and leaders: + Zimbabwe African National Union-Patriotic Front (ZANU-PF), Robert MUGABE; + Zimbabwe African National Union-Sithole (ZANU-S), Ndabaningi SITHOLE; + Zimbabwe Unity Movement (ZUM), Edgar TEKERE; Democratic Party (DP), Emmanuel + MAGOCHE +Suffrage: + universal at age 18 +Elections: + Executive President: + last held 28-30 March 1990 (next to be held NA March 1996); results - Robert + MUGABE 78.3%, Edgar TEKERE 21.7% + Parliament: + last held 28-30 March 1990 (next to be held NA March 1995); results - + percent of vote by party NA; seats - (150 total, 120 elected) ZANU-PF 117, + ZUM 2, ZANU-S 1 +Member of: + ACP, AfDB, C, CCC, ECA, FAO, FLS, G-77, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IFAD, + IFC, ILO, IMF, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, IOM (observer), ITU, LORCS, NAM, + OAU, PCA, SADCC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WCL, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO +Diplomatic representation: + Counselor (Political Affairs), Head of Chancery, Ambassador Stanislaus + Garikai CHIGWEDERE; Chancery at 1608 New Hampshire Avenue NW, Washington, DC + 20009; telephone (202) 332-7100 + US: + Ambassador Edward Gibson LANPHER; Embassy at 172 Herbert Chitapo Avenue, + Harare (mailing address is P. O. Box 3340, Harare); telephone [263] (4) + 794-521 + +:Zimbabwe Government + +Flag: + seven equal horizontal bands of green, yellow, red, black, red, yellow, and + green with a white equilateral triangle edged in black based on the hoist + side; a yellow Zimbabwe bird is superimposed on a red five-pointed star in + the center of the triangle + +:Zimbabwe Economy + +Overview: + Agriculture employs three-fourths of the labor force and supplies almost 40% + of exports. The manufacturing sector, based on agriculture and mining, + produces a variety of goods and contributes 35% to GDP. Mining accounts for + only 5% of both GDP and employment, but supplies of minerals and metals + account for about 40% of exports. Wide year-to-year fluctuations in + agricultural production over the past six years have resulted in an uneven + growth rate, one that on average has matched the 3% annual increase in + population. Helped by an IMF/World Bank structural adjustment program, + output rose 3.5% in 1991. A drought beginning toward the end of 1991 + suggests rough going for 1992. +GDP: + exchange rate conversion - $7.1 billion, per capita $660; real growth rate + 3.5% (1991 est.) +Inflation rate (consumer prices): + 25% (1991 est.) +Unemployment rate: + at least 30% (1991 est.) +Budget: + revenues $2.7 billion; expenditures $3.3 billion, including capital + expenditures of $330 million (FY91) +Exports: + $1.8 billion (f.o.b., 1991 est.) + commodities: + agricultural 35% (tobacco 20%, other 15%), manufactures 20%, gold 10%, + ferrochrome 10%, cotton 5% + partners: + Europe 55% (EC 40%, Netherlands 5%, other 15%), Africa 20% (South Africa + 10%, other 10%), US 5% +Imports: + $1.6 billion (c.i.f., 1991 est.) + commodities: + machinery and transportation equipment 37%, other manufactures 22%, + chemicals 16%, fuels 15% + partners: + EC 31%, Africa 29% (South Africa 21%, other 8%), US 8%, Japan 4% +External debt: + $2.96 billion (December 1989 est.) +Industrial production: + growth rate 5% (1991 est.); accounts for 35% of GDP +Electricity: + 3,650,000 kW capacity; 7,500 million kWh produced, 700 kWh per capita (1991) +Industries: + mining, steel, clothing and footwear, chemicals, foodstuffs, fertilizer, + beverage, transportation equipment, wood products +Agriculture: + accounts for 11% of GDP and employs 74% of population; 40% of land area + divided into 4,500 large commercial farms and 42% in communal lands; crops - + corn (food staple), cotton, tobacco, wheat, coffee, sugarcane, peanuts; + livestock - cattle, sheep, goats, pigs; self-sufficient in food +Economic aid: + US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY80-89), $389 million; Western (non-US) + countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $2.6 billion; OPEC + bilateral aid (1979-89), $36 million; Communist countries (1970-89), $134 + million +Currency: + Zimbabwean dollar (plural - dollars); 1 Zimbabwean dollar (Z$) = 100 cents + +:Zimbabwe Economy + +Exchange rates: + Zimbabwean dollars (Z$) per US$1 - 4.3066 (March 1992), 3.4282 (1991), + 2.4480 (1990), 2.1133 (1989), 1.8018 (1988), 1.6611 (1987) +Fiscal year: + 1 July - 30 June + +:Zimbabwe Communications + +Railroads: + 2,745 km 1.067-meter gauge; 42 km double track; 355 km electrified +Highways: + 85,237 km total; 15,800 km paved, 39,090 km crushed stone, gravel, + stabilized soil: 23,097 km improved earth; 7,250 km unimproved earth +Inland waterways: + Lake Kariba is a potential line of communication +Pipelines: + petroleum products 8 km +Civil air: + 12 major transport aircraft +Airports: + 491 total, 401 usable; 22 with permanent-surface runways; 2 with runways + over 3,659 m; 3 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 32 with runways 1,220-2,439 m +Telecommunications: + system was once one of the best in Africa, but now suffers from poor + maintenance; consists of microwave links, open-wire lines, and radio + communications stations; 247,000 telephones; broadcast stations - 8 AM, 18 + FM, 8 TV; 1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT earth station + +:Zimbabwe Defense Forces + +Branches: + Zimbabwe National Army, Air Force of Zimbabwe, Zimbabwe National Police + (including Police Support Unit, Paramilitary Police), People's Militia +Manpower availability: + males 15-49, 2,355,965; 1,456,829 fit for military service +Defense expenditures: + exchange rate conversion - $412.4 million, about 6% of GDP (FY91 est.) + +******** + +Notes, Definitions, and Abbreviations + +Text (264 nations, dependent areas, and other entities) + +Afghanistan +Albania +Algeria +American Samoa +Andorra +Angola +Anguilla +Antarctica +Antigua and Barbuda +Arctic Ocean +Argentina +Armenia +Aruba +Ashmore and Cartier Islands +Atlantic Ocean +Australia +Austria +Azerbaijan + +Bahamas, The +Bahrain +Baker Island +Bangladesh +Barbados +Bassas da India +Belarus +Belgium +Belize +Benin +Bermuda +Bhutan +Bolivia +Bosnia and Hercegovina +Botswana +Bouvet Island +Brazil +British Indian Ocean Territory +British Virgin Islands +Brunei +Bulgaria +Burkina +Burma +Burundi + +Cambodia +Cameroon +Canada +Cape Verde +Cayman Islands +Central African Republic +Chad +Chile +China (also see separate Taiwan entry) +Christmas Island +Clipperton Island +Cocos (Keeling) Islands +Colombia +Comoros +Congo +Cook Islands +Coral Sea Islands +Costa Rica +Croatia +Cuba +Cyprus +Czechoslovakia + +Denmark +Djibouti +Dominica +Dominican Republic + +Ecuador +Egypt +El Salvador +Equatorial Guinea +Estonia +Ethiopia +Europa Island + +Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas) +Faroe Islands +Fiji +Finland +France +French Guiana +French Polynesia +French Southern and Antarctic Lands + +Gabon +Gambia, The +Gaza Strip +Georgia +Germany +Ghana +Gibraltar +Glorioso Islands +Greece +Greenland +Grenada +Guadeloupe +Guam +Guatemala +Guernsey +Guinea +Guinea-Bissau +Guyana + +Haiti +Heard Island and McDonald Islands +Honduras +Hong Kong +Howland Island +Hungary + +Iceland +India +Indian Ocean +Indonesia +Iran +Iraq +Ireland +Israel (also see separate Gaza Strip and West Bank entries) +Italy +Ivory Coast + +Jamaica +Jan Mayen +Japan +Jarvis Island +Jersey +Johnston Atoll +Jordan (also see separate West Bank entry) +Juan de Nova Island + +Kazakhstan +Kenya +Kingman Reef +Kiribati +Korea, North +Korea, South +Kuwait +Kyrgyzstan + +Laos +Latvia +Lebanon +Lesotho +Liberia +Libya +Liechtenstein +Lithuania +Luxembourg + +Macau +Macedonia +Madagascar +Malawi +Malaysia +Maldives +Mali +Malta +Man, Isle of +Marshall Islands +Martinique +Mauritania +Mauritius +Mayotte +Mexico +Micronesia, Federated States of +Midway Islands +Moldova +Monaco +Mongolia +Montserrat +Morocco +Mozambique + +Namibia +Nauru +Navassa Island +Nepal +Netherlands +Netherlands Antilles +New Caledonia +New Zealand +Nicaragua +Niger +Nigeria +Niue +Norfolk Island +Northern Mariana Islands +Norway + +Oman + +Pacific Islands, Trust Territory of the (Palau) +Pacific Ocean +Pakistan +Palmyra Atoll +Panama +Papua New Guinea +Paracel Islands +Paraguay +Peru +Philippines +Pitcairn Islands +Poland +Portugal +Puerto Rico + +Qatar + +Reunion +Romania +Russia +Rwanda + +Saint Helena +Saint Kitts and Nevis +Saint Lucia +Saint Pierre and Miquelon +Saint Vincent and the Grenadines +San Marino +Sao Tome and Principe +Saudi Arabia +Senegal +Serbia and Montenegro +Seychelles +Sierra Leone +Singapore +Slovenia +Solomon Islands +Somalia +South Africa +South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands +Spain +Spratly Islands +Sri Lanka +Sudan +Suriname +Svalbard +Swaziland +Sweden +Switzerland +Syria + +Taiwan (follows Zimbabwe) +Tajikistan +Tanzania +Thailand +Togo +Tokelau +Tonga +Trinidad and Tobago +Tromelin Island +Tunisia +Turkey +Turkmenistan +Turks and Caicos Islands +Tuvalu + +Uganda +Ukraine +United Arab Emirates +United Kingdom +United States +Uruguay +Uzbekistan + +Vanuatu +Vatican City +Venezuela +Vietnam +Virgin Islands + +Wake Island +Wallis and Futuna +West Bank +Western Sahara +Western Samoa +World + +Yemen + +Zaire +Zambia +Zimbabwe + +Taiwan + +Appendixes + +A: The United Nations System +B: Abbreviations for International Organizations and Groups +C: International Organizations and Groups +D: Weights and Measures +E: Cross-Reference List of Geographic Names + + +Standard Time Zones of the World + +Notes, Definitions, and Abbreviations + +There have been some significant changes in this edition. The Soviet Union, +Yugoslavia, and the Iraq - Saudi Arabia Neutral Zone have been dropped. All 15 +former Soviet republics have been added - Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus, +Estonia, Georgia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Latvia, Lithuania, Moldova, Russia, +Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Ukraine, and Uzbekistan. Bosnia and Hercegovina, +Croatia, Macedonia, Serbia and Montenegro, and Slovenia have replaced +Yugoslavia. Three maps on areas of special interest have been added this +year - two maps on the Commonwealth of Independent States (European States +and Central Asian States) and a map of Ethnic Groups in Eastern Europe. + +Abbreviations: (see Appendix B for international organizations and groups) + +avdp.: avoirdupois + +c.i.f.: cost, insurance, and freight + +CY: calendar year + +DWT: deadweight ton + +est.: estimate + +Ex-Im: Export-Import Bank of the United States + +f.o.b.: free on board + +FRG: Federal Republic of Germany (West Germany); used for information dated +before 3 October 1990 or CY91 + +FY: fiscal year + +GDP: gross domestic product + +GDR: German Democratic Republic (East Germany); used for information dated +before 3 October 1990 or CY91 + +GNP: gross national product + +GRT: gross register ton + +km: kilometer + +km2: square kilometer + +kW: kilowatt + +kWh: kilowatt hour + +m: meter + +NA: not available + +NEGL: negligible + +nm: nautical mile + +NZ: New Zealand + +ODA: official development assistance + +OOF: other official flows + +PDRY: People's Democratic Republic of Yemen [Yemen (Aden) or South Yemen]; +used for information dated before 22 May 1990 or CY91 + +UAE: United Arab Emirates + +UK: United Kingdom + +US: United States + +USSR: Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (Soviet Union); used for information +dated before 25 December 1991 + +YAR: Yemen Arab Republic [Yemen (Sanaa) or North Yemen]; used for information +dated before 22 May 1990 or CY91 + +Administrative divisions: The numbers, designatory terms, and first-order +administrative divisions are generally those approved by the US Board on +Geographic Names (BGN). Changes that have been reported but not yet acted on +by BGN are noted. + +Area: Total area is the sum of all land and water areas delimited by +international boundaries and/or coastlines. Land area is the aggregate of +all surfaces delimited by international boundaries and/or coastlines, +excluding inland water bodies (lakes, reservoirs, rivers). Comparative areas +are based on total area equivalents. Most entities are compared with the +entire US or one of the 50 states. The smaller entities are compared with +Washington, DC (178 km2, 69 miles2) or the Mall in Washington, DC (0.59 km2, +0.23 miles2, 146 acres). + +Birth rate: The average annual number of births during a year per 1,000 +population at midyear; also known as crude birth rate. + +Dates of information: In general, information available as of 1 January 1992 +was used in the preparation of this edition. Population figures are estimates +for 1 July 1992, with population growth rates estimated for mid-1992 through +mid-1993. Major political events have been updated through 30 June 1992. +Military age figures are for 1992. + +Death rate: The average annual number of deaths during a year per l,000 +population at midyear; also known as crude death rate. + +Diplomatic representation: The US Government has diplomatic relations with +176 nations (the US has not yet established full diplomatic relations with +Bosnia and Hercegovina, Croatia, and Slovenia). The US has diplomatic +relations with 167 of the 178 UN members - the exceptions are Angola, Bhutan, +Bosnia and Hercegovina, Croatia, Cuba, Iran, Iraq, North Korea, Slovenia, +and Vietnam. In addition, the US has diplomatic relations with 9 nations +that are not in the UN - Andorra, Kiribati, Monaco, Nauru, San Marino, +Switzerland, Tonga, Tuvalu, and Vatican City. + +Disputes: This category includes a wide variety of situations that range from +traditional bilateral boundary disputes to unilateral claims of one sort or +another. Every international land boundary dispute in the ``Guide to Interna- +tional Boundaries,'' a map published by the Department of State, is included. +References to other situations may also be included that are border or +frontier relevant, such as maritime disputes, geopolitical questions, or +irredentist issues. However, inclusion does not necessarily constitute +official acceptance or recognition by the US Government. + +Economic aid: This entry refers to bilateral commitments of official develop- +ment assistance (ODA), which is defined as government grants that are +administered with the promotion of economic development and welfare of LDCs +as their main objective and are concessional in character and contain a +grant element of at least 25%, and other official flows (OOF) or transactions +by the official sector whose main objective is other than development +motivated or whose grant element is below the 25% threshold for ODA. OOF +transactions include official export credits (such as Eximbank credits), +official equity and portfolio investment, and debt reorganization by the +official sector that does not meet concessional terms. Aid is considered to +have been committed when agreements are initialed by the parties involved and +constitute a formal declaration of intent. + +Entities: Some of the nations, dependent areas, areas of special sovereignty, +and governments included in this publication are not independent, and others +are not officially recognized by the US Government. ``Nation'' refers to a +people politically organized into a sovereign state with a definite territory. +``Dependent'' area refers to a broad category of political entities that are +associated in some way with a nation. Names used for page headings are usually +the short-form names as approved by the US Board on Geographic Names. The +long-form name is included in the ``Government'' section, and an entry of +``none'' indicates a long-form name does not exist. In some instances, no +short-form name exists - then the long-form name must serve for all usages. +There are 264 entities in The World Factbook that may be categorized as +follows: + +NATIONS + +177 UN members (excluding Yugoslavia) + +11 nations that are not members of the UN - Andorra, Georgia, Kiribati, +Macedonia, Monaco, Nauru, Serbia and Montenegro, Switzerland, Tonga, Tuvalu, +Vatican City (Holy See) + +OTHER + +1 Taiwan + +DEPENDENT AREAS + +6 Australia - Ashmore and Cartier Islands, Christmas Island, Cocos (Keeling) +Islands, Coral Sea Islands, Heard Island and McDonald Islands, Norfolk Island + +2 Denmark - Faroe Islands, Greenland + +16 France - Bassas da India, Clipperton Island, Europa Island, French Guiana, +French Polynesia, French Southern and Antarctic Lands, Glorioso Islands, +Guadeloupe, Juan de Nova Island, Martinique, Mayotte, New Caledonia, Reunion, +Saint Pierre and Miquelon, Tromelin Island, Wallis and Futuna + +2 Netherlands - Aruba, Netherlands Antilles + +3 New Zealand - Cook Islands, Niue, Tokelau + +3 Norway - Bouvet Island, Jan Mayen, Svalbard + +1 Portugal - Macau + +16 United Kingdom - Anguilla, Bermuda, British Indian Ocean Territory, British +Virgin Islands, Cayman Islands, Falkland Islands, Gibraltar, Guernsey, +Hong Kong, Isle of Man, Jersey, Montserrat, Pitcairn Islands, Saint Helena, +South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands, Turks and Caicos Islands + +15 United States - American Samoa, Baker Island, Guam, Howland Island, Jarvis +Island, Johnston Atoll, Kingman Reef, Midway Islands, Navassa Island, Northern +Mariana Islands, Palmyra Atoll, Puerto Rico, Trust Territory of the Pacific +Islands (Palau), Virgin Islands, Wake Island + +MISCELLANEOUS + +6 Antarctica, Gaza Strip, Paracel Islands, Spratly Islands, West Bank, Western +Sahara + +OTHER ENTITIES + +4 oceans - Arctic Ocean, Atlantic Ocean, Indian Ocean, Pacific Ocean + +1 World + +264 total + +note: The US Government does not recognize the four so-called independent +homelands of Bophuthatswana, Ciskei, Transkei, and Venda in South Africa. + +Gross domestic product (GDP): The value of all goods and services produced +domestically. + +Gross national product (GNP): The value of all goods and services produced +domestically plus income earned abroad, minus income earned by foreigners +from domestic production. + +GNP/GDP methodology: In the ``Economy'' section, GNP/GDP dollar estimates for +the OECD countries, the former Soviet republics, and the East European +countries are derived from purchasing power parity (PPP) calculations rather +than from conversions at official currency exchange rates. The PPP method +normally involves the use of international dollar price weights, which are +applied to the quantities of goods and services produced in a given economy. +In addition to the lack of reliable data from the majority of countries, the +statistician faces a major difficulty in specifying, identifying, and allowing +for the quality of goods and services. The division of a PPP GNP/GDP estimate +in dollars by the corresponding estimate in the local currency gives the PPP +conversion rate. One thousand dollars will buy the same market basket of goods +in the US as one thousand dollars - converted to the local currency at the PPP +conversion rate - will buy in the other country. GNP/GDP estimates for the +LDCs, on the other hand, are based on the conversion of GNP/GDP estimates in +local currencies to dollars at the official currency exchange rates. One +caution: the proportion of, say, defense expenditures as a percent of GNP/GDP +in local currency accounts may differ substantially from the proportion when +GNP/GDP accounts are expressed in PPP terms, as, for example, when an observer +estimates the dollar level of Russian or Japanese military expenditures; +similar problems exist when components are expressed in dollars under currency +exchange rate procedures. Finally, as academic research moves forward on the +PPP method, we hope to convert all GNP/GDP estimates to this method in future +editions of The World Factbook. + +Growth rate (population): The annual percent change in the population, +resulting from a surplus (or deficit) of births over deaths and the balance +of migrants entering and leaving a country. The rate may be positive or +negative. + +Illicit drugs: There are five categories of illicit drugs - narcotics, +stimulants, depressants (sedatives), hallucinogens, and cannabis. These +categories include many drugs legally produced and prescribed by doctors as +well as those illegally produced and sold outside medical channels. + +Cannabis (Cannabis sativa) is the common hemp plant, which provides +hallucinogens with some sedative properties, and includes marijuana (pot, +Acapulco gold, grass, reefer), tetrahydrocannabinol (THC, Marinol), hashish +(hash), and hashish oil (hash oil). + +Coca (Erythroxylon coca) is a bush, and the leaves contain the stimulant +cocaine. Coca is not to be confused with cocoa, which comes from cacao seeds +and is used in making chocolate, cocoa, and cocoa butter. + +Cocaine is a stimulant derived from the leaves of the coca bush. + +Depressants (sedatives) are drugs that reduce tension and anxiety and include +chloral hydrate, barbiturates (Amytal, Nembutal, Seconal, phenobarbital), +benzodiazepines (Librium, Valium), methaqualone (Quaalude), glutethimide +(Doriden), and others (Equanil, Placidyl, Valmid). + +Drugs are any chemical substances that effect a physical, mental, emotional, +or behavioral change in an individual. + +Drug abuse is the use of any licit or illicit chemical substance that results +in physical, mental, emotional, or behavioral impairment in an individual. + +Hallucinogens are drugs that affect sensation, thinking, self-awareness, and +emotion. + +Hallucinogens include LSD (acid, microdot), mescaline and peyote (mexc, +buttons, cactus), amphetamine variants (PMA, STP, DOB), phencyclidine (PCP, +angel dust, hog), phencyclidine analogues (PCE, PCPy, TCP), and others +(psilocybin, psilocyn). + +Hashish is the resinous exudate of the cannabis or hemp plant (Cannabis +sativa). + +Heroin is a semisynthetic derivative of morphine. + +Marijuana is the dried leaves of the cannabis or hemp plant (Cannabis sativa). + +Narcotics are drugs that relieve pain, often induce sleep, and refer to opium, +opium derivatives, and synthetic substitutes. Natural narcotics include opium +(paregoric, parepectolin), morphine (MS-Contin, Roxanol), codeine (Tylenol +w/codeine, Empirin w/codeine, Robitussan A-C), and thebaine. Semisynthetic +narcotics include heroin (horse, smack), and hydromorphone (Dilaudid). +Synthetic narcotics include meperidine or Pethidine (Demerol, Mepergan), +methadone (Dolophine, Methadose), and others (Darvon, Lomotil). + +Opium is the milky exudate of the incised, unripe seedpod of the opium poppy. + +Opium poppy (Papaver somniferum) is the source for many natural and +semisynthetic narcotics. + +Poppy straw concentrate is the alkaloid derived from the mature dried opium +poppy. + +Qat (kat, khat) is a stimulant from the buds or leaves of Catha edulis that +is chewed or drunk as tea. + +Stimulants are drugs that relieve mild depression, increase energy and +activity, and include cocaine (coke, snow, crack), amphetamines (Desoxyn, +Dexedrine), phenmetrazine (Preludin), methylphenidate (Ritalin), and others +(Cylert, Sanorex, Tenuate). + +Infant mortality rate: The number of deaths to infants under one year old in +a given year per l,000 live births occurring in the same year. + +Land use: Human use of the land surface is categorized as arable land - land +cultivated for crops that are replanted after each harvest (wheat, maize, +rice); permanent crops - land cultivated for crops that are not replanted +after each harvest (citrus, coffee, rubber); meadows and pastures - land +permanently used for herbaceous forage crops; forest and woodland - land +under dense or open stands of trees; and other - any land type not specifi- +cally mentioned above (urban areas, roads, desert). The percentage figure for +irrigated land refers to the portion of the entire amount of land area that +is artificially supplied with water. + +Leaders: The chief of state is the titular leader of the country who +represents the state at official and ceremonial funcions but is not involved +with the day-to-day activities of the government. The head of government is +the administrative leader who manages the day-to-day activities of the +government. In the UK, the monarch is the chief of state, and the Prime +Minister is the head of government. In the US, the President is both the +chief of state and the head of government. + +Life expectancy at birth: The average number of years to be lived by a group +of people all born in the same year, if mortality at each age remains +constant in the future. + +Literacy: There are no universal definitions and standards of literacy. +Unless otherwise noted, all rates are based on the most common definition - +the ability to read and write at a specified age. Detailing the standards +that individual countries use to assess the ability to read and write is +beyond the scope of this publication. + +Maps: All maps will be available only in the printed version for the fore- +seeable future. + +Maritime claims: The proximity of neighboring states may prevent some +national claims from being fully extended. + +Merchant marine: All ships engaged in the carriage of goods. All commercial +vessels (as opposed to all nonmilitary ships), which excludes tugs, fishing +vessels, offshore oil rigs, etc.; also, a grouping of merchant ships by +nationality or register. + +Captive register - A register of ships maintained by a territory, possession, +or colony primarily or exclusively for the use of ships owned in the parent +country; also referred to as an offshore register, the offshore equivalent +of an internal register. Ships on a captive register will fly the same flag +as the parent country, or a local variant of it, but will be subject to the +maritime laws and taxation rules of the offshore territory. Although the +nature of a captive register makes it especially desirable for ships owned in +the parent country, just as in the internal register, the ships may also be +owned abroad. The captive register then acts as a flag of convenience +register, except that it is not the register of an independent state. + +Flag of convenience register - A national register offering registration to a +merchant ship not owned in the flag state. The major flags of convenience +(FOC) attract ships to their register by virtue of low fees, low or +nonexistent taxation of profits, and liberal manning requirements. True FOC +registers are characterized by having relatively few of the ships registered +actually owned in the flag state. Thus, while virtually any flag can be used +for ships under a given set of circumstances, an FOC register is one where +the majority of the merchant fleet is owned abroad. +It is also referred to as an open register. + +Flag state - The nation in which a ship is registered and which holds legal +jurisdiction over operation of the ship, whether at home or abroad. +Differences in flag state maritime legislation determine how a ship is manned +and taxed and whether a foreign-owned ship may be placed on the register. + +Internal register - A register of ships maintained as a subset of a national +register. Ships on the internal register fly the national flag and have that +nationality but are subject to a separate set of maritime rules from those on +the main national register. These differences usually include lower taxation +of profits, manning by foreign nationals, and, usually, ownership outside the +flag state (when it functions as an FOC register). The Norwegian International +Ship Register and Danish International Ship Register are the most notable +examples of an internal register. +Both have been instrumental in stemming flight from the national flag to +flags of convenience and in attracting foreign-owned ships to the Norwegian +and Danish flags. + +Merchant ship - A vessel that carries goods against payment of freight; +commonly used to denote any nonmilitary ship but accurately restricted to +commercial vessels only. + +Register - The record of a ship's ownership and nationality as listed with +the maritime authorities of a country; also, the compendium of such individual +ships' registrations. Registration of a ship provides it with a nationality +and makes it subject to the laws of the country in which registered (the flag +state) regardless of the nationality of the ship's ultimate owner. + +Money figures: All are expressed in contemporaneous US dollars unless +otherwise indicated. + +Net migration rate: The balance between the number of persons entering and +leaving a country during the year per 1,000 persons (based on midyear +population). An excess of persons entering the country is referred to as net +immigration (3.56 migrants/1,000 population); an excess of persons leaving the +country as net emigration (-9.26 migrants/1,000 population). + +Population: Figures are estimates from the Bureau of the Census based on +statistics from population censuses, vital registration systems, or sample +surveys pertaining to the recent past, and on assumptions about future trends. + +Total fertility rate: The average number of children that would be born per +woman if all women lived to the end of their childbearing years and bore +children according to a given fertility rate at each age. + +Years: All year references are for the calendar year (CY) unless indicated as +fiscal year (FY). + +Note: Information for the US and US dependencies was compiled from material +in the public domain and does not represent Intelligence Community estimates. +The Handbook of International Economic and Environmental Statistics, +published annually in September by the Central Intelligence Agency, contains +detailed economic information for the Organization for Economic Cooperation +and Development (OECD) countries, Eastern Europe, the newly independent +republics of the former nations of Yugoslavia and the Soviet Union, and +selected other countries. The Handbook can be obtained wherever The World +Factbook is available. + + +Appendix A: + + The United Nations System + + The UN is composed of six principal organs and numerous subordinate +agencies and bodies as follows: + +1) Secretariat + +2) General Assembly: + UNCHS United Nations Center for Human Settlements (Habitat) + UNCTAD United Nations Conference on Trade and Development + UNDP United Nations Development Program + UNEP United Nations Environment Program + UNFPA United Nations Population Fund + UNHCR United Nations Office of High Commissioner for Refugees + UNICEF United Nations Children's Fund + UNITAR United Nations Institute for Training and Research + UNRWA United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine + Refugees in the Near East + UNSF United Nations Special Fund + UNU United Nations University + WFC World Food Council + WFP World Food Program + +3) Security Council: + UNAVEM United Nations Angola Verification Mission + UNDOF United Nations Disengagement Observer Force + UNFICYP United Nations Force in Cyprus + UNIFIL United Nations Interim Force in Lebanon + UNIIMOG United Nations Iran-Iraq Military Observer Group + UNMOGIP United Nations Military Observer Group in India and + Pakistan + UNTSO United Nations Truce Supervision Organization + +4) Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC): + Specialized agencies + FAO Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations + IBRD International Bank for Reconstruction and Development + ICAO International Civil Aviation Organization + IDA International Development Association + IFAD International Fund for Agricultural Development + IFC International Finance Corporation + ILO International Labor Organization + IMF International Monetary Fund + IMO International Maritime Organization + ITU International Telecommunication Union + UNESCO United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural + Organization + UNIDO United Nations Industrial Development Organization + UPU Universal Postal Union + WHO World Health Organization + WIPO World Intellectual Property Organization + WMO World Meteorological Organization + Related organizations + GATT General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade + IAEA International Atomic Energy Agency + Regional commissions + ECA Economic Commission for Africa + ECE Economic Commission for Europe + ECLAC Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean + ESCAP Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific + ESCWA Economic and Social Commission for Western Asia + Functional commissions + Commission on Human Rights + Commission on Narcotic Drugs + Commission for Social Development + Commission on the Status of Women + Population Commission + Statistical Commission + +5) Trusteeship Council + +6) International Court of Justice (ICJ) + +Appendix B + +Abbreviations for International Organizations and Groups + +ABEDA Arab Bank for Economic Development in Africa +ACC Arab Cooperation Council +ACCT Agency for Cultural and Technical Cooperation +ACP African, Caribbean, and Pacific Countries +AfDB African Development Bank +AFESD Arab Fund for Economic and Social Development +AG Andean Group +AL Arab League +ALADI Asociacion Latinoamericana de Integracion; see Latin + American Integration Association (LAIA) +AMF Arab Monetary Fund +AMU Arab Maghreb Union +ANZUS Australia-New Zealand-United States Security Treaty +APEC Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation +AsDB Asian Development Bank +ASEAN Association of Southeast Asian Nations + +BAD Banque Africaine de Developpement; + see African Development Bank (AfDB) +BADEA Banque Arabe de Developpement Economique en Afrique; + see Arab Bank for Economic Development in Africa (ABEDA) +BCIE Banco Centroamericano de Integracion Economico; see Central + American Bank for Economic Integration (BCIE) +BDEAC Banque de Developpment des Etats de l'Afrique Centrale; see + Central African States Development Bank (BDEAC) +Benelux Benelux Economic Union +BID Banco Interamericano de Desarvollo; see Inter-American + Development Bank (IADB) +BIS Bank for International Settlements +BOAD Banque Ouest-Africaine de Developpement; see West African + Development Bank (WADB) + +C Commonwealth +CACM Central American Common Market +CAEU Council of Arab Economic Unity +CARICOM Caribbean Community and Common Market +CCC Customs Cooperation Council +CDB Caribbean Development Bank +CE Council of Europe +CEAO Communaute Economique de l'Afrique de l'Ouest; see West + African Economic Community (CEAO) +CEEAC Communaute Economique des Etats de l'Afrique Centrale; see + Economic Community of Central African States (CEEAC) +CEMA Council for Mutual Economic Assistance; also known as CMEA or + Comecon; abolished 1 January 1991 +CEPGL Communaute Economique des Pays des Grands Lacs; see Economic + Community of the Great Lakes Countries (CEPGL) +CERN Conseil Europeen pour la Recherche Nucleaire; see European + Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN) +CG Contadora Group +CIS Commonwealth of Independent States +CMEA Council for Mutual Economic Assistance (CEMA); also known as + Comecon; abolished 1 January 1991 +COCOM Coordinating Committee on Export Controls +Comecon Council for Mutual Economic Assistance (CEMA); also known as + CMEA; abolished 1 January 1991 +CP Colombo Plan +CSCE Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe + +DC developed country + +EADB East African Development Bank +EBRD European Bank for Reconstruction and Development +EC European Community +ECA Economic Commission for Africa +ECAFE Economic Commission for Asia and the Far East; see Economic and + Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific (ESCAP) +ECE Economic Commission for Europe +ECLA Economic Commission for Latin America; see Economic Commission + for Latin America and the Caribbean (ECLAC) +ECLAC Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean +ECOSOC Economic and Social Council +ECOWAS Economic Community of West African States +ECWA Economic Commission for Western Asia; see Economic and Social + Commission for Western Asia (ESCWA) +EFTA European Free Trade Association +EIB European Investment Bank +Entente Council of the Entente +ESA European Space Agency +ESCAP Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific +ESCWA Economic and Social Commission for Western Asia + +FAO Food and Agriculture Organization +FLS Front Line States +FZ Franc Zone + +G-2 Group of 2 +G-3 Group of 3 +G-5 Group of 5 +G-6 Group of 6 (not to be confused with the Big Six) +G-7 Group of 7 +G-8 Group of 8 +G-9 Group of 9 +G-10 Group of 10 +G-11 Group of 11 +G-15 Group of 15 +G-19 Group of 19 +G-24 Group of 24 +G-30 Group of 30 +G-33 Group of 33 +G-77 Group of 77 +GATT General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade +GCC Gulf Cooperation Council + +Habitat see United Nations Center for Human Settlements (UNCHS) +HG Hexagonal Group + +IADB Inter-American Development Bank +IAEA International Atomic Energy Agency +IBEC International Bank for Economic Cooperation +IBRD International Bank for Reconstruction and Development +ICAO International Civil Aviation Organization +ICC International Chamber of Commerce +ICEM Intergovernmental Committee for European Migration; see + International Organization for Migration (IOM) +ICFTU International Confederation of Free Trade Unions +ICJ International Court of Justice +ICM Intergovernmental Committee for Migration; see + International Organization for Migration (IOM) +ICRC International Committee of the Red Cross +IDA International Development Association +IDB Islamic Development Bank +IEA International Energy Agency +IFAD International Fund for Agricultural Development +IFC International Finance Corporation +IGADD Inter-Governmental Authority on Drought and Development +IIB International Investment Bank +ILO International Labor Organization +IMCO Intergovernmental Maritime Consultative Organization; see + International Maritime Organization (IMO) +IMF International Monetary Fund +IMO International Maritime Organization +INMARSAT International Maritime Satellite Organization +INTELSAT International Telecommunications Satellite Organization +INTERPOL International Criminal Police Organization +IOC International Olympic Committee +IOM International Organization for Migration +ISO International Organization for Standardization +ITU International Telecommunication Union + +LAES Latin American Economic System +LAIA Latin American Integration Association +LAS League of Arab States; see Arab League (AL) +LDC less developed country +LLDC least developed country +LORCS League of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies + +MERCOSUR Southern Cone Common Market +MTCR Missile Technology Control Regime + +NACC North Atlantic Cooperation Council +NAM Nonaligned Movement +NATO North Atlantic Treaty Organization +NC Nordic Council +NEA Nuclear Energy Agency +NIB Nordic Investment Bank +NIC newly industrializing country; see newly industrializing + economy (NIE) +NIE newly industrializing economy +NSG Nuclear Suppliers Group + +OAPEC Organization of Arab Petroleum Exporting Countries +OAS Organization of American States +OAU Organization of African Unity +OECD Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development +OECS Organization of Eastern Caribbean States +OIC Organization of the Islamic Conference +OPANAL Agency for the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons in Latin America + and the Caribbean +OPEC Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries + +PCA Permanent Court of Arbitration + +RG Rio Group + +SAARC South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation +SACU Southern African Customs Union +SADCC Southern African Development Coordination Conference +SELA Sistema Economico Latinoamericana; see Latin American Economic + System (LAES) +SPC South Pacific Commission +SPF South Pacific Forum + +UDEAC Union Douaniere et Economique de l'Afrique Centrale; see + Central African Customs and Economic Union (UDEAC) +UN United Nations +UNAVEM United Nations Angola Verification Mission +UNCHS United National Center for Human Settlements (also + known as Habitat) +UNCTAD United Nations Conference on Trade and Development +UNDOF United Nations Disengagement Observer Force +UNDP United Nations Development Program +UNEP United Nations Environment Program +UNESCO United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural + Organization +UNFICYP United Nations Force in Cyprus +UNFPA United Nations Fund for Population Activities; see UN Population + Fund (UNFPA) +UNHCR United Nations Office of the High Commissioner for Refugees +UNICEF United Nations International Children's Emergency Fund; see + United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF) +UNIDO United Nations Industrial Development Organization +UNIFIL United Nations Interim Force in Lebanon +UNIIMOG United Nations Iran-Iraq Military Observer Group +UNMOGIP United Nations Military Observer Group in India and Pakistan +UNRWA United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees + in the Near East +UNTSO United Nations Truce Supervision Organization +UPU Universal Postal Union +USSR/EE USSR/Eastern Europe + +WADB West African Development Bank +WCL World Confederation of Labor +WEU Western European Union +WFC World Food Council +WFP World Food Program +WFTU World Federation of Trade Unions +WHO World Health Organization +WIPO World Intellectual Property Organization +WMO World Meteorological Organization +WP Warsaw Pact (members met 1 July 1991 to dissolve the alliance) +WTO World Tourism Organization + +ZC Zangger Committee + +note: not all international organizations and groups have abbreviations + +Appendix C: + +International Organizations and Groups + + +********** + +advanced developing countries + +Note - another term for those less developed countries (LDCs) +with particularly rapid industrial development; see newly +industrializing economies (NIEs) + +********** + +African, Caribbean, and Pacific Countries (ACP) + +established - 1 April 1976 + +aim - members have a preferential economic and aid relationship +with the EC + +members - (69) Angola, Antigua and Barbuda, The Bahamas, +Barbados, Belize, Benin, Boswana, Burkina, Burundi, Cameroon, +Cape Verde, Central African Republic, Chad, Comoros, Congo, +Djibouti, Dominica, Dominican Republic, Equatorial Guinea, +Ethiopia, Fiji, Gabon, The Gambia, Ghana, Grenada, Guinea, +Guinea-Bissau, Guyana, Haiti, Ivory Coast, Jamaica, Kenya, +Kiribati, Lesotho, Liberia, Madagascar, Malawi, Mali, Mauritania, +Mauritius, Mozambique, Namibia, Niger, Nigeria, Papua New Guinea, +Rwanda, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the +Grenadines, Sao Tome and Principe, Senegal, Seychelles, Sierra +Leone, Solomon Islands, Somalia, Sudan, Suriname, Swaziland, +Tanzania, Togo, Tonga, Trinidad and Tobago, Tuvalu, Uganda, +Vanuatu, Western Samoa, Zaire, Zambia, Zimbabwe + +********** + +African Development Bank (AfDB), also known as Banque Africaine +de Developpement (BAD) + +established - 4 August 1963 + +aim - to promote economic and social development + +regional members - (51) Algeria, Angola, Benin, Botswana, +Burkina, Burundi, Cameroon, Cape Verde, Central African Republic, +Chad, Comoros, Congo, Djibouti, Egypt, Equatorial Guinea, +Ethiopia, Gabon, The Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Ivory +Coast, Kenya, Lesotho, Liberia, Libya, Madagascar, Malawi, Mali, +Mauritania, Mauritius, Morocco, Mozambique, Namibia, Niger, +Nigeria, Rwanda, Sao Tome and Principe, Senegal, Seychelles, +Sierra Leone, Somalia, Sudan, Swaziland, Tanzania, Togo, Tunisia, +Uganda, Zaire, Zambia, Zimbabwe + +nonregional members - (25) Argentina, Australia, Austria, +Belgium, Brazil, Canada, China, Denmark, Finland, France, +Germany, India, Italy, Japan, South Korea, Kuwait, Netherlands, +Norway, Portugal, Saudi Arabia, Sweden, Switzerland, UK, US, +Yugoslavia + +********** + +Agence de Cooperation Culturelle et Technique (ACCT) + +Note - see Agency for Cultural and Technical Cooperation (ACCT) + +********** + +Agency for Cultural and Technical Cooperation (ACCT) + +Note - acronym from Agence de Cooperation Culturelle et Technique + +established - 21 March 1970 + +aim - to promote cultural and technical cooperation among French- +speaking countries + +members - (32) Belgium, Benin, Burkina, Burundi, Canada, Central +African Republic, Chad, Comoros, Congo, Djibouti, Dominica, +France, Gabon, Guinea, Haiti, Ivory Coast, Lebanon, Luxembourg, +Madagascar, Mali, Mauritius, Monaco, Niger, Rwanda, Sao Tome and +Principe, Senegal, Seychelles, Togo, Tunisia, Vanuatu, Vietnam, +Zaire + +associate members - (7) Cameroon, Egypt, Guinea-Bissau, Laos, +Mauritania, Morocco, Saint Lucia + +participating governments - (2) New Brunswick (Canada), Quebec +(Canada) + +********** + +Agency for the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons in Latin America +and the Caribbean (OPANAL) + +Note - acronym from Organismo para la Proscripcion de las Armas +Nucleares en la America Latina y el Caribe (OPANAL) + +established - 14 February 1967 + +aim - to encourage the peaceful uses of atomic energy and +prohibit nuclear weapons + +members - (24) Antigua and Barbuda, The Bahamas, Barbados, +Bolivia, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Dominican Republic, +Ecuador, El Salvador, Grenada, Guatemala, Haiti, Honduras, +Jamaica, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, Suriname, +Trinidad and Tobago, Uruguay, Venezuela + +********** + +Andean Group (AG) + +established - 26 May 1969, effective 16 October 1969 + +aim - to promote harmonious development through economic +integration + +members - (5) Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, Venezuela + +associate member - (1) Panama + +observers - (26) Argentina, Australia, Austria, Belgium, Brazil, +Canada, Costa Rica, Denmark, Egypt, Finland, France, Germany, +India, Israel, Italy, Japan, Mexico, Netherlands, Paraguay, +Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, UK, US, Uruguay, Yugoslavia + +Note - The US view is that the Socialist Federal represents its +continuation. Republic of Yugoslavia (SFRY) has dissolved and +that none of the successor republics + +********** + +Arab Bank for Economic Development in Africa (ABEDA) + +Note - also known as Banque Arabe de Developpement Economique en +Afrique (BADEA) + +established - 18 February 1974 + +effective - 16 September 1974 + +aim - to promote economic development + +members - (16 plus the Palestine Liberation Organization) +Algeria, Bahrain, Iraq, Jordan, Kuwait, Lebanon, Libya, +Mauritania, Morocco, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Sudan, Syria, +Tunisia, UAE, Palestine Liberation Organization; note - these are +all the members of the Arab League except Djibouti, Somalia, and +Yemen + +********** + +Arab Cooperation Council (ACC) + +established - 16 February 1989 + +aim - to promote economic cooperation and integration, possibly +leading to an Arab Common Market + +members - (4) Egypt, Iraq, Jordan, Yemen + +********** + +Arab Fund for Economic and Social Development (AFESD) + +established - 16 May 1968 + +aim - to promote economic and social development + +members - (20 plus the Palestine Liberation Organization) +Algeria, Bahrain, Djibouti, Egypt (suspended from 1979 to 1988), +Iraq, Jordan, Kuwait, Lebanon, Libya, Mauritania, Morocco, Oman, +Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Somalia, Sudan, Syria, Tunisia, UAE, Yemen, +Palestine Liberation Organization + +********** + +Arab League (AL) + +Note - also known as League of Arab States (LAS) + +established - 22 March 1945 + +aim - to promote economic, social, political, and military +cooperation + +members - (20 plus the Palestine Liberation Organization) +Algeria, Bahrain, Djibouti, Egypt, Iraq, Jordan, Kuwait, Lebanon, +Libya, Mauritania, Morocco, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Somalia, +Sudan, Syria, Tunisia, UAE, Yemen, Palestine Liberation +Organization + +********** + +Arab Maghreb Union (AMU) + +established - 17 February 1989 + +aim - to promote cooperation and integration among the Arab +states of northern Africa + +members - (5) Algeria, Libya, Mauritania, Morocco, Tunisia + +********** + +Arab Monetary Fund (AMF) + +established - 27 April 1976 + +effective - 2 February 1977 + +aim - to promote Arab cooperation, development, and integration +in monetary and economic affairs + +members - (19 plus the Palestine Liberation Organization) +Algeria, Bahrain, Egypt, Iraq, Jordan, Kuwait, Lebanon, Libya, +Mauritania, Morocco, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Somalia, Sudan, +Syria, Tunisia, UAE, Yemen, Palestine Liberation Organization + +********** + +Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) + +established - NA November 1989 + +aim - to promote trade and investment in the Pacific basin + +members - (15) all ASEAN members (Brunei, Indonesia, Malaysia, +Philippines, Singapore, Thailand) plus Australia, Canada, China, +Hong Kong, Japan, South Korea, NZ, Taiwan, US + +********** + +Asian Development Bank (AsDB) + +established - 19 December 1966 + +aim - to promote regional economic cooperation + +regional members - (35) Afghanistan, Australia, Bangladesh, +Bhutan, Burma, Cambodia, China, Cook Islands, Fiji, Hong Kong, +India, Indonesia, Japan, Kiribati, South Korea, Laos, Malaysia, +Maldives, Marshall Islands, Federated States of Micronesia, +Mongolia, Nepal, NZ, Pakistan, Papua New Guinea, Philippines, +Singapore, Solomon Islands, Sri Lanka, Taiwan, Thailand, Tonga, +Vanuatu, Vietnam, Western Samoa + +nonregional members - (15) Austria, Belgium, Canada, Denmark, +Finland, France, Germany, Italy, Netherlands, Norway, Spain, +Sweden, Switzerland, UK, US + +********** + +Asociacion Latinoamericana de Integracion (ALADI) + +Note - see Latin American Integration Association (LAIA) + +********** + +Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) + +established - 9 August 1967 + +aim - regional economic, social, and cultural cooperation among +the non-Communist countries of Southeast Asia + +members - (6) Brunei, Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines, +Singapore, Thailand + +observer - (1) Papua New Guinea + +********** + +Australia Group + +established - 1984 + +aim - to consult on and coordinate export controls related to +chemical and biological weapons + +members - (22) Australia, Austria, Belgium, Canada, Denmark, +Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Ireland, Italy, Japan, +Luxembourg, Netherlands, NZ, Norway, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, +Switzerland, UK, US + +********** + +Australia - New Zealand - United States Security Treaty (ANZUS) + +established - 1 September 1951, effective 29 April 1952 + +aim - trilateral mutual security agreement, although the US +suspended security obligations to NZ on 11 August 1986 + +members - (3) Australia, NZ, US + +********** + +Banco Centroamericano de Integracion Economico (BCIE) + +Note - see Central American Bank for Economic Integration (BCIE) + +********** + +Banco Interamericano de Desarvollo (BID) + +Note - see Inter-American Development Bank (IADB) + +********** + +Bank for International Settlements (BIS) + +established - 20 January 1930 + +effective - 17 March 1930 + +aim - to promote cooperation among central banks in international +financial settlements + +members - (29) Australia, Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Canada, +Czechoslovakia, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, +Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Japan, Netherlands, Norway, +Poland, Portugal, Romania, South Africa, Spain, Sweden, +Switzerland, Turkey, UK, US, Yugoslavia + +********** + +Banque Africaine de Developpement (BAD) + +Note - see African Development Bank (AfDB) + +********** + +Banque Arabe de Developpement Economique en Afrique (BADEA) + +Note - see Arab Bank for Economic Development in Africa (ABEDA) + +********** + +Banque de Developpement des Etats de l'Afrique Centrale (BDEAC) + +Note - see Central African States Development Bank (BDEAC) + +********** + +Banque Ouest-Africaine de Developpement (BOAD) + +Note - see West African Development Bank (WADB) + +********** + +Benelux Economic Union (Benelux) + +Note - acronym from Belgium, Netherlands, and Luxembourg + +established - 3 February 1958 + +effective - 1 November 1960 + +aim - to develop closer economic cooperation and integration + +members - (3) Belgium, Luxembourg, Netherlands + +********** + +Big Seven + +Note - membership is the same as the Group of 7 + +established - NA + +aim - to discuss and coordinate major economic policies + +members - (7) Big Six (Canada, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, UK) +plus the US + +********** + +Big Six + +Note - not to be confused with the Group of 6 + +established - NA + +aim - economic cooperation + +members - (6) Canada, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, UK + +********** + +Caribbean Community and Common Market (CARICOM) + +established - 4 July 1973 + +effective - 1 August 1973 + +aim - to promote economic integration and development, especially +among the less developed countries + +members - (13) Antigua and Barbuda, The Bahamas, Barbados, +Belize, Dominica, Grenada, Guyana, Jamaica, Montserrat, Saint +Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, +Trinidad and Tobago + +associate members - (2) British Virgin Islands, Turks and Caicos +Islands + +observers - (10) Anguilla, Bermuda, Cayman Islands, Dominican +Republic, Haiti, Mexico, Netherlands Antilles, Puerto Rico, +Suriname, Venezuela + +********** + +Caribbean Development Bank (CDB) + +established - 18 October 1969 + +effective - 26 January 1970 + +aim - to promote economic development and cooperation + +regional members - (20) Anguilla, Antigua and Barbuda, The +Bahamas, Barbados, Belize, British Virgin Islands, Cayman +Islands, Colombia, Dominica, Grenada, Guyana, Jamaica, Mexico, +Montserrat, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and +the Grenadines, Trinidad and Tobago, Turks and Caicos Islands, +Venezuela + +nonregional members - (5) Canada, France, Germany, Italy, UK + +********** + +Cartagena Group + +Note - see Group of 11 + +********** + +Central African Customs and Economic Union (UDEAC) + +Note - acronym from Union Douaniere et Economique de l'Afrique +Centrale + +established - 8 December 1964 + +effective - 1 January 1966 + +aim - to promote the establishment of a Central African Common +Market + +members - (6) Cameroon, Central African Republic, Chad, Congo, +Equatorial Guinea, Gabon + +********** + +Central African States Development Bank (BDEAC) + +Note - acronym from Banque de Developpement des Etats de +l'Afrique Centrale + +established - 3 December 1975 + +aim - to provide loans for economic development + +members - (9) Cameroon, Central African Republic, Chad, Congo, +Equatorial Guinea, France, Gabon, Germany, Kuwait + +********** + +Central American Bank for Economic Integration (BCIE) + +Note - acronym from Banco Centroamericano de Integracion +Economico + +established - 13 December 1960 + +aim - to promote economic integration and development + +members - (5) Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, +Nicaragua + +********** + +Central American Common Market (CACM) + +established - 13 December 1960 + +effective - 3 June 1961 + +aim - to promote establishment of a Central American Common +Market + +members - (5) Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, +Nicaragua + +********** + +centrally planned economies + +Note - a term applied mainly to the traditionally Communist +states that looked to the former USSR for leadership; most are +now evolving toward more democratic and market-oriented systems; +also known formerly as the Second World or as the Communist +countries; through the 1980s, this group included Albania, +Bulgaria, Cambodia, China, Cuba, Czechoslovakia, GDR, Hungary, +North Korea, Laos, Mongolia, Poland, Romania, USSR, Vietnam, +Yugoslavia + +********** + +Colombo Plan (CP) + +established - 1 July 1951 + +aim - to promote economic and social development in Asia and the +Pacific + +nembers - (26) Afghanistan, Australia, Bangladesh, Bhutan, Burma, +Cambodia, Canada, Fiji, India, Indonesia, Iran, Japan, South +Korea, Laos, Malaysia, Maldives, Nepal, NZ, Pakistan, Papua New +Guinea, Philippines, Singapore, Sri Lanka, Thailand, UK, US + +********** + +Commission for Social Development + +established - 21 June 1946 as the Social Commission, renamed 29 +July 1966 + +aim - ECOSOC organization dealing with social development +programs + +members - (31) selected on a rotating basis from all regions + +********** + +Commission on Human Rights + +established - 18 February 1946 + +aim - ECOSOC organization dealing with human rights + +members - (43) selected on a rotating basis from all regions + +********** + +Commission on Narcotic Drugs + +established - 16 February 1946 + +aim - ECOSOC organization dealing with illicit drugs + +members - (38) selected on a rotating basis from all regions with +emphasis on producing and processing countries + +********** + +Commission on the Status of Women + +established - 21 June 1946 + +aim - ECOSOC organization dealing with women's rights + +members - (32) selected on a rotating basis from all regions + +********** + +Commonwealth (C) + +established - 31 December 1931 + +aim - voluntary association that evolved from the British Empire +and that seeks to foster multinational cooperation and assistance + +members - (48) Antigua and Barbuda, Australia, The Bahamas, +Bangladesh, Barbados, Belize, Botswana, Brunei, Canada, Cyprus, +Dominica, The Gambia, Ghana, Grenada, Guyana, India, Jamaica, +Kenya, Kiribati, Lesotho, Malawi, Malaysia, Maldives, Malta, +Mauritius, Namibia, NZ, Nigeria, Pakistan, Papua New Guinea, +Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the +Grenadines, Seychelles, Sierra Leone, Singapore, Solomon Islands, +Sri Lanka, Swaziland, Tanzania, Tonga, Trinidad and Tobago, +Uganda, UK, Vanuatu, Western Samoa, Zambia, Zimbabwe + +special members - (2) Nauru, Tuvalu + +********** + +Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) + +established - 8 December 1991 + +effective - 21 December 1991 + +aim - to coordinate intercommonwealth relations and to provide a +mechanism for the orderly dissolution of the USSR + +members - (11) Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Kazakhstan, +Kyrgyzstan, Moldova, Russia, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Ukraine, +Uzbekistan + +********** + +Communaute Economique de l'Afrique de l'Ouest (CEAO) + +Note - see West African Economic Community (CEAO) + +********** + +Communaute Economique des Etats de l'Afrique Centrale (CEEAC) + +Note - see Economic Community of Central African States (CEEAC) + +********** + +Communaute Economique des Pays des Grands Lacs (CEPGL) + +Note - see Economic Community of the Great Lakes Countries +(CEPGL) + +********** + +Communist countries + +Note - traditionally the Marxist-Leninist states with +authoritarian governments and command economies based on the +Soviet model; most of the successor states are no longer +Communist; see centrally planned economies + +********** + +Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe (CSCE) + +established - NA November 1972 + +aim - discusses issues of mutual concern and reviews +implementation of the Helsinki Agreement + +members - (52) Albania, Armenia, Austria, Azerbaijan, Belarus, +Belgium, Bosnia and Hercegovina, Bulgaria, Canada, Croatia, +Cyprus, Czechoslovakia, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, +Georgia, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, +Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Latvia, Liechtenstein, Lithuania, +Luxembourg, Malta, Moldova, Monaco, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, +Portugal, Romania, Russia, San Marino, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, +Switzerland, Tajikistan, Turkey, Turkmenistan, Ukraine, UK, US, +Uzbekistan, Vatican City, Yugoslavia + +********** + +Conseil Europeen pour la Recherche Nucleaire (CERN) + +Note - see European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN) + +********** + +Contadora Group (CG) - +Note - was established 5 January 1983 (on the Panamanian island +of Contadora) to reduce tensions and conflicts in Central America +but evolved into the Rio Group (RG); members included Colombia, +Mexico, Panama, Venezuela + +********** + +Cooperation Council for the Arab States of the Gulf + +Note - see Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) + +********** + +Coordinating Committee on Export Controls (COCOM) + +established - NA 1949 + +aim - to control the export of strategic products and technical +data from member countries to proscribed destinations + +members - (17) Australia, Belgium, Canada, Denmark, France, +Germany, Greece, Italy, Japan, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Norway, +Portugal, Spain, Turkey, UK, US + +cooperating countries - (8) Austria, Finland, Ireland, South +Korea, NZ, Singapore, Sweden, Switzerland + +********** + +Council for Mutual Economic Assistance (CEMA) + +Note - also known as CMEA or Comecon, was established 25 January +1949 to promote the development of socialist economies and was +abolished 1 January 1991; members included Afghanistan +(observer), Albania (had not participated since 1961 break with +USSR), Angola (observer), Bulgaria, Cuba, Czechoslovakia, +Ethiopia (observer), GDR, Hungary, Laos (observer), Mongolia, +Mozambique (observer), Nicaragua (observer), Poland, Romania, +USSR, Vietnam, Yemen (observer), Yugoslavia (associate) + +********** + +Council of Arab Economic Unity (CAEU) + +established - 3 June 1957 + +effective - 30 May 1964 + +aim - to promote economic integration among Arab nations + +members - (11 plus the Palestine Liberation Organization) Egypt, +Iraq, Jordan, Kuwait, Libya, Mauritania, Somalia, Sudan, Syria, +UAE, Yemen, Palestine Liberation Organization + +********** + +Council of Europe (CE) + +established - 5 May 1949 + +effective - 3 August 1949 + +aim - to promote increased unity and quality of life in Europe + +members - (28) Austria, Belgium, Belarus, Cyprus, Czechoslovakia, +Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, +Ireland, Italy, Liechtenstein, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, +Norway, Poland, Portugal, San Marino, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, +Turkey, Ukraine, UK + +********** + +Council of the Entente (Entente) + +established - 29 May 1959 + +aim - to promote economic, social, and political coordination + +members - (5) Benin, Burkina, Ivory Coast, Niger, Togo + +********** + +Customs Cooperation Council (CCC) + +established - 15 December 1950 + +aim - to promote international cooperation in customs matters + +members - (108) Algeria, Angola, Argentina, Australia, Austria, +The Bahamas, Bangladesh, Belgium, Bermuda, Botswana, Brazil, +Bulgaria, Burkina, Burundi, Cameroon, Canada, Central African +Republic, Chile, China, Congo, Cuba, Cyprus, Czechoslovakia, +Denmark, Egypt, Ethiopia, Finland, France, Gabon, The Gambia, +Germany, Ghana, Greece, Guatemala, Guyana, Haiti, Hong Kong, +Hungary, Iceland, India, Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, Ireland, Israel, +Italy, Ivory Coast, Jamaica, Japan, Jordan, Kenya, South Korea, +Lebanon, Lesotho, Liberia, Libya, Luxembourg, Madagascar, Malawi, +Malaysia, Mali, Malta, Mauritania, Mauritius, Mexico, Morocco, +Mozambique, Nepal, Netherlands, NZ, Niger, Nigeria, Norway, +Pakistan, Paraguay, Peru, Philippines, Poland, Portugal, Romania, +Rwanda, Saudi Arabia, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Singapore, South +Africa, Spain, Sri Lanka, Sudan, Swaziland, Sweden, Switzerland, +Syria, Tanzania, Thailand, Togo, Trinidad and Tobago, Tunisia, +Turkey, Uganda, UAE, UK, US, Uruguay, Yugoslavia, Zaire, Zambia, +Zimbabwe + +********** + +developed countries (DCs) + +Note - the top group in the comprehensive but mutually exclusive +hierarchy of developed countries (DCs), former USSR/Eastern +Europe (former USSR/EE), and less developed countries (LDCs); +includes the market-oriented economies of the mainly democratic +nations in the Organization for Economic Cooperation and +Development (OECD), Bermuda, Israel, South Africa, and the +European ministates; also known as the First World, high-income +countries, the North, industrial countries; generally have a per +capita GNP/GDP in excess of $10,000 although some OECD countries +and South Africa have figures well under $10,000 and two of the +excluded OPEC countries have figures of more than $10,000. The +34 DCs are: Andorra, Australia, Austria, Belgium, Bermuda, +Canada, Denmark, Faroe Islands, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, +Iceland, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Japan, Liechtenstein, +Luxembourg, Malta, Monaco, Netherlands, NZ, Norway, Portugal, San +Marino, South Africa, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey, UK, US, +Vatican City + +********** + +developing countries + +Note - an imprecise term for the less developed countries with +growing economies; see less developed countries (LDCs) + +********** + +East African Development Bank (EADB) + +established - 6 June 1967 + +effective - 1 December 1967 + +aim - to promote economic development + +members - (3) Kenya, Tanzania, Uganda + +********** + +Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific (ESCAP) + +established - 28 March 1947 as Economic Commission for Asia and +the Far East (ECAFE) + +aim - to promote economic development as a regional commission +for the UN's ECOSOC + +members - (39) Afghanistan, Australia, Bangladesh, Bhutan, +Brunei, Burma, Cambodia, China, Fiji, France, India, Indonesia, +Iran, Japan, North Korea, South Korea, Laos, Malaysia, Maldives, +Mongolia, Nauru, Nepal, Netherlands, NZ, Pakistan, Papua New +Guinea, Philippines, Russia, Singapore, Solomon Islands, Sri +Lanka, Thailand, Tonga, Tuvalu, UK, US, Vanuatu, Vietnam, Western +Samoa + +associate members - (10) American Samoa, Cook Islands, Guam, Hong +Kong, Kiribati, Marshall Islands, Federated States of Micronesia, +Niue, Northern Mariana Islands, Trust Territory of the Pacific +Islands (Palau) + +********** + +Economic and Social Commission for Western Asia (ESCWA) + +established - 9 August 1973 as Economic Commission for Western +Asia (ECWA) + +aim - to promote economic development as a regional commission +for the UN's ECOSOC + +members - (12 and the Palestine Liberation Organization) Bahrain, +Egypt, Iraq, Jordan, Kuwait, Lebanon, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, +Syria, UAE, Yemen, Palestine Liberation Organization + +********** + +Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC) + +established - 26 June 1945 + +effective - 24 October 1945 + +aim - to coordinate the economic and social work of the UN; +includes five regional commissions (see Economic Commission for +Africa, Economic Commission for Europe, Economic Commission for +Latin America and the Caribbean, Economic and Social Commission +for Asia and the Pacific, Economic and Social Commission for +Western Asia) and six functional commissions (see Commission for +Social Development, Commission on Human Rights, Commission on +Narcotic Drugs, Commission on the Status of Women, Population +Commission, and Statistical Commission) + +members - (54) selected on a rotating basis from all regions + +********** + +Economic Commission for Africa (ECA) + +established - 29 April 1958 + +aim - to promote economic development as a regional commission of +the UN's ECOSOC + +members - (52) Algeria, Angola, Benin, Botswana, Burkina, +Burundi, Cameroon, Cape Verde, Central African Republic, Chad, +Comoros, Congo, Djibouti, Egypt, Equatorial Guinea, Ethiopia, +Gabon, The Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Ivory Coast, +Kenya, Lesotho, Liberia, Libya, Madagascar, Malawi, Mali, +Mauritania, Mauritius, Morocco, Mozambique, Namibia, Niger, +Nigeria, Rwanda, Sao Tome and Principe, Senegal, Seychelles, +Sierra Leone, Somalia, South Africa (suspended), Sudan, +Swaziland, Tanzania, Togo, Tunisia, Uganda, Zaire, Zambia, +Zimbabwe + +********** + +Economic Commission for Asia and the Far East (ECAFE) +

see Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific +(ESCAP) + +********** + +Economic Commission for Europe (ECE) + +established - 28 March 1947 + +aim - to promote economic development as a regional commission of +the UN's ECOSOC + +members - (33) Albania, Austria, Belarus, Belgium, Bulgaria, +Canada, Cyprus, Czechoslovakia, Denmark, Finland, France, +Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, +Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Russia, +Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey, UK, Ukraine, US, Yugoslavia + +********** + +Economic Commission for Latin America (ECLA) +

see Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean +(ECLAC) + +********** + +Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean (ECLAC) + +established - 25 February 1948 as Economic Commission for Latin +America (ECLA) + +aim - to promote economic development as a regional commission of +the UN's ECOSOC + +members - (41) Antigua and Barbuda, Argentina, The Bahamas, +Barbados, Belize, Bolivia, Brazil, Canada, Chile, Colombia, Costa +Rica, Cuba, Dominica, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, El Salvador, +France, Grenada, Guatemala, Guyana, Haiti, Honduras, Jamaica, +Mexico, Netherlands, Nicaragua, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, Portugal, +Puerto Rico, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent +and the Grenadines, Spain, Suriname, Trinidad and Tobago, UK, US, +Uruguay, Venezuela + +associate members - (5) Aruba, British Virgin Islands, +Montserrat, Netherlands Antilles, Virgin Islands + +********** + +Economic Commission for Western Asia (ECWA) + +Note - see Economic and Social Commission for Western Asia +(ESCWA) + +********** + +Economic Community of Central African States (CEEAC) - acronym +from Communaute Economique des Etats de l'Afrique Centrale + +established - 18 October 1983 + +aim - to promote regional economic cooperation and establish a +Central African Common Market + +members - (10) Burundi, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Chad, +Congo, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Rwanda, Sao Tome and Principe, +Zaire + +observer - (1) Angola + +********** + +Economic Community of the Great Lakes Countries (CEPGL) + +Note - acronym from Communaute Economique des Pays des Grands +Lacs + +established - 26 September 1976 + +aim - to promote regional economic cooperation and integration + +members - (3) Burundi, Rwanda, Zaire + +********** + +Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) + +established - 28 May 1975 + +aim - to promote regional economic cooperation + +members - (16) Benin, Burkina, Cape Verde, The Gambia, Ghana, +Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Ivory Coast, Liberia, Mali, Mauritania, +Niger, Nigeria, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Togo + +********** + +European Bank for Reconstruction and Development (EBRD) + +established - 15 April 1991 + +aim - to facilitate the transition of seven centrally planned +economies in Europe (Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Poland, +Romania, former USSR, and former Yugoslavia) to market economies +by committing 60% of its loans to privatization + +members - (35) Albania, Australia, Austria, Belgium, Canada, +Cyprus, Denmark, European Community (EC), Egypt, European +Investment Bank (EIB), Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Iceland, +Ireland, Israel, Italy, Japan, South Korea, Liechtenstein, +Luxembourg, Malta, Mexico, Morocco, Netherlands, NZ, Norway, +Portugal, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey, UK, US; note - +includes all 24 members of the OECD and the EC as an institution + +********** + +European Community (EC) + +established - 8 April 1965 + +effective - 1 July 1967 + +aim - a fusing of the European Atomic Energy Community (Euratom), +the European Coal and Steel Community (ESC), and the European +Economic Community (EEC or Common Market); the EC plans to +establish a completely integrated common market in 1992 and an +eventual federation of Europe + +members - (12) Belgium, Denmark, France, Germany, Greece, +Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Portugal, Spain, UK + +associate member - (1) Czechoslovakia + +********** + +European Free Trade Association (EFTA) + +established - 4 January 1960 + +effective - 3 May 1960 + +aim - to promote expansion of free trade + +members - (6) Austria, Finland, Iceland, Norway, Sweden, +Switzerland + +********** + +European Investment Bank (EIB) + +established - 25 March 1957 + +effective - 1 January 1958 + +aim - to promote economic development of the EC + +members - (12) Belgium, Denmark, France, Germany, Greece, +Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Portugal, Spain, UK + +********** + +European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN) + +Note - acronym retained from the predecessor organization Conseil +Europeen pour la Recherche Nucleaire + +established - 1 July 1953 + +effective - 29 September 1954 + +aim - to foster nuclear research for peaceful purposes only + +members - (16) Austria, Belgium, Denmark, Finland, France, +Germany, Greece, Italy, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, +Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, UK + +observers - (2) Turkey, Yugoslavia + +********** + +European Space Agency (ESA) + +established - 31 July 1973 + +effective - 1 May 1975 + +aim - to promote peaceful cooperation in space research and +technology + +members - (13) Austria, Belgium, Denmark, France, Germany, +Ireland, Italy, Netherlands, Norway, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, +UK + +associate member - (1) Finland + +********** + +First World + +Note - another term for countries with advanced, industrialized +economies; this term is fading from use; see developed countries +(DCs) + +********** + +Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) + +established - 16 October 1945 + +aim - UN specialized agency to raise living standards and +increase availability of agricultural products + +members - (157) all UN members except Armenia, Azerbaijan, +Belarus, Bosnia and Hercegovina, Brunei, Croatia, Estonia, +Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Latvia, Liechtenstein, Lithuania, +Marshall Islands, Federated States of Micronesia, Moldova, +Russia, San Marino, Singapore, Slovenia, South Africa, +Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Ukraine, Uzbekistan; other members are +Cook Islands, Switzerland, Tonga + +********** + +Former USSR/Eastern Europe (former USSR/EE) + +Note - the middle group in the comprehensive but mutually +exclusive hierarchy of developed countries (DCs), former +USSR/Eastern Europe (former USSR/EE), and less developed +countries (LDCs); these countries are in political and economic +transition and may well be grouped differently in the near +future; this includes Albania, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus, +Bosnia and Hercegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Czecholovakia, +Estonia, Georgia, Hungary, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Latvia, +Lithuania, Moldova, Poland, Romania, Russia, Slovenia, +Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, Yugoslavia + +********** + +Four Dragons + +Note - the four small Asian less developed countries (LDCs) that +have experienced unusually rapid economic growth; also known as +the Four Tigers; this group includes Hong Kong, South Korea, +Singapore, Taiwan + +********** + +Four Tigers + +Note - another term for the Four Dragons; see Four Dragons + +********** + +Franc Zone (FZ) + +established - NA + +aim - monetary union among countries whose currencies are linked +to the French franc + +members - (15) Benin, Burkina, Cameroon, Central African +Republic, Chad, Comoros, Congo, Equatorial Guinea, France, Gabon, +Ivory Coast, Mali, Niger, Senegal, Togo; note - France includes +metropolitan France, the four overseas departments of France +(French Guiana, Guadeloupe, Martinique, Reunion), the two +territorial collectivities of France (Mayotte, Saint Pierre and +Miquelon), and the three overseas territories of France (French +Polynesia, New Caledonia, Wallis and Futuna) + +********** + +Front Line States (FLS) + +established - NA + +aim - to achieve black majority rule in South Africa + +members - (7) Angola, Botswana, Mozambique, Namibia, Tanzania, +Zambia, Zimbabwe + +********** + +General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) + +established - 30 October 1947 + +effective - 1 January 1948 + +aim - to promote the expansion of international trade on a +nondiscriminatory basis + +members - (98) Antigua and Barbuda, Argentina, Australia, +Austria, Bangladesh, Barbados, Belgium, Belize, Benin, Botswana, +Brazil, Burkina, Burma, Burundi, Cameroon, Canada, Central +African Republic, Chad, Chile, Colombia, Congo, Cuba, Cyprus, +Czechoslovakia, Denmark, Dominican Republic, Egypt, Finland, +France, Gabon, The Gambia, Germany, Ghana, Greece, Guatemala, +Guyana, Haiti, Hong Kong, Hungary, Iceland, India, Indonesia, +Ireland, Israel, Italy, Ivory Coast, Jamaica, Japan, Kenya, South +Korea, Kuwait, Lesotho, Luxembourg, Madagascar, Malawi, Malaysia, +Maldives, Malta, Mauritania, Mauritius, Mexico, Morocco, +Netherlands, NZ, Nicaragua, Niger, Nigeria, Norway, Pakistan, +Peru, Philippines, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Rwanda, Senegal, +Sierra Leone, Singapore, South Africa, Spain, Sri Lanka, +Suriname, Sweden, Switzerland, Tanzania, Thailand, Togo, Trinidad +and Tobago, Tunisia, Turkey, Uganda, UK, US, Uruguay, Yugoslavia, +Zaire, Zambia, Zimbabwe + +********** + +Group of 2 (G-2) + +established - informal term that came into use about 1986 + +aim - bilateral economic cooperation between the two most +powerful economic giants + +members - (2) Japan, US + +********** + +Group of 3 (G-3) + +established - NA October 1990 + +aim - mechanism for policy coordination + +members - (3) Colombia, Mexico, Venezuela + +********** + +Group of 5 (G-5) + +established - 22 September 1985 + +aim - the five major non-Communist economic powers + +members - (5) France, Germany, Japan, UK, US + +********** + +Group of 6 (G-6) + +Note - not to be confused with the Big Six + +established - 22 May 1984 + +aim - seeks to achieve nuclear disarmament + +members - (6) Argentina, Greece, India, Mexico, Sweden, Tanzania + +********** + +Group of 7 (G-7) + +Note - membership is the same as the Big Seven + +established - 22 September 1985 + +aim - the seven major non-Communist economic powers + +members - (7) Group of 5 (France, Germany, Japan, UK, US) plus +Canada and Italy + +********** + +Group of 8 (G-8) + +established - NA October 1975 + +aim - the developed countries (DCs) that participated in the +Conference on International Economic Cooperation (CIEC), held in +several sessions between NA December 1975 and 3 June 1977 + +members - (8) Australia, Canada, EC (as one member), Japan, +Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, US + +********** + +Group of 9 (G-9) + +established - NA + +aim - informal group that meets occasionally on matters of mutual +interest + +members - (9) Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Denmark, Finland, +Hungary, Romania, Sweden, Yugoslavia + +********** + +Group of 10 (G-10) + +Note - also known as the Paris Club + +established - NA October 1962 + +aim - wealthiest members of the IMF who provide most of the money +to be loaned and act as the informal steering committee; name +persists in spite of the addition of Switzerland on NA April 1984 + +members - (11) Belgium, Canada, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, +Netherlands, Sweden, Switzerland, UK, US + +********** + +Group of 11 (G-11) + +Note - also known as the Cartagena Group + +established - 22 June 1984, in Cartagena, Colombia + +aim - forum for largest debtor nations in Latin America + +members - (11) Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, +Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Mexico, Peru, Uruguay, Venezuela + +********** + +Group of 15 (G-15) + +Note - byproduct of the Non-Aligned Movement + +established - 1989 + +aim - to promote economic cooperation among developing nations; +to act as the main political organ for the Non-Aligned Movement + +members - (15) Algeria, Argentina, Brazil, Egypt, India, +Indonesia, Jamaica, Malaysia, Mexico, Nigeria, Peru, Senegal, +Venezuela, Yugoslavia, Zimbabwe + +********** + +Group of 19 (G-19) + +established - NA October 1975 + +aim - the less developed countries (LDCs) that participated in +the Conference on International Economic Cooperation (CIEC) held +in several sessions between NA December 1975 and 3 June 1977 + +members - (19) Algeria, Argentina, Brazil, Cameroon, Egypt, +India, Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, Jamaica, Mexico, Nigeria, Pakistan, +Peru, Saudi Arabia, Venezuela, Yugoslavia, Zaire, Zambia + +********** + +Group of 24 (G-24) + +established - NA January 1972 + +aim - to promote the interests of developing countries in Africa, +Asia, and Latin America within the IMF + +members - (24) Algeria, Argentina, Brazil, Colombia, Egypt, +Ethiopia, Gabon, Ghana, Guatemala, India, Iran, Ivory Coast, +Lebanon, Mexico, Nigeria, Pakistan, Peru, Philippines, Sri Lanka, +Syria, Trinidad and Tobago, Venezuela, Yugoslavia, Zaire + +********** + +Group of 30 (G-30) + +established - NA 1979 + +aim - to discuss and propose solutions to the world's economic +problems + +members - (30) informal group of 30 leading international +bankers, economists, financial experts, and businessmen organized +by Johannes Witteveen (former managing director of the IMF) + +********** + +Group of 33 (G-33) + +established - NA 1987 + +aim - to promote solutions to international economic problems + +members - (33) leading economists from 13 countries + +********** + +Group of 77 (G-77) + +established - NA October 1967 + +aim - to promote economic cooperation among developing countries; +name persists in spite of increased membership + +members - (127 plus the Palestine Liberation Organization) +Afghanistan, Algeria, Angola, Antigua and Barbuda, Argentina, The +Bahamas, Bahrain, Bangladesh, Barbados, Belize, Benin, Bhutan, +Bolivia, Botswana, Brazil, Brunei, Burkina, Burma, Burundi, +Cambodia, Cameroon, Cape Verde, Central African Republic, Chad, +Chile, Colombia, Comoros, Congo, Costa Rica, Cuba, Cyprus, +Djibouti, Dominica, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Egypt, El +Salvador, Equatorial Guinea, Ethiopia, Fiji, Gabon, The Gambia, +Ghana, Grenada, Guatemala, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Guyana, Haiti, +Honduras, India, Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, Ivory Coast, Jamaica, +Jordan, Kenya, North Korea, South Korea, Kuwait, Laos, Lebanon, +Lesotho, Liberia, Libya, Madagascar, Malawi, Malaysia, Maldives, +Mali, Malta, Mauritania, Mauritius, Mexico, Mongolia, Morocco, +Mozambique, Namibia, Nepal, Nicaragua, Niger, Nigeria, Oman, +Pakistan, Panama, Papua New Guinea, Paraguay, Peru, Philippines, +Qatar, Romania, Rwanda, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint +Vincent and the Grenadines, Sao Tome and Principe, Saudi Arabia, +Senegal, Seychelles, Sierra Leone, Singapore, Solomon Islands, +Somalia, Sri Lanka, Sudan, Suriname, Swaziland, Syria, Tanzania, +Thailand, Togo, Tonga, Trinidad and Tobago, Tunisia, Uganda, UAE, +Uruguay, Vanuatu, Venezuela, Vietnam, Western Samoa, Yemen, +Yugoslavia, Zaire, Zambia, Zimbabwe, Palestine Liberation +Organization + +********** + +Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) + +Note - also known as the Cooperation Council for the Arab States +of the Gulf + +established - 25-26 May 1981 + +aim - to promote regional cooperation in economic, social, +political, and military affairs + +members - (6) Bahrain, Kuwait, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, UAE + +********** + +Habitat + +Note - see United Nations Center for Human Settlements (UNCHS) + +********** + +Hexagonal Group + +Note - HG - the old Pentagonal Group plus one) + +established - July 1991 + +aim - to form an economic and political cooperation group for the +region between the Adriatic and the Baltic Seas + +members - (6) Austria, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Italy, Poland, +Yugoslavia + +********** + +high-income countries + +Note - another term for the industrialized countries with high +per capita GNPs/GDPs; see developed countries (DCs) + +********** + +industrial countries + +Note - another term for the developed countries; see developed +countries (DCs) + +********** + +Inter-American Development Bank (IADB) + +Note - also known as Banco Interamericano de Desarvollo (BID) + +established - 8 April 1959 + +effective - 30 December 1959 + +aim - to promote economic and social development in Latin America + +members - (44) Argentina, Austria, The Bahamas, Barbados, +Belgium, Bolivia, Brazil, Canada, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, +Denmark, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, El Salvador, Finland, +France, Germany, Guatemala, Guyana, Haiti, Honduras, Israel, +Italy, Jamaica, Japan, Mexico, Netherlands, Nicaragua, Norway, +Panama, Paraguay, Peru, Portugal, Spain, Suriname, Sweden, +Switzerland, Trinidad and Tobago, UK, US, Uruguay, Venezuela, +Yugoslavia + +********** + +Inter-Governmental Authority on Drought and Development (IGADD) + +established - NA January 1986 + +aim - to promote cooperation on drought-related matters + +members - (6) Djibouti, Ethiopia, Kenya, Somalia, Sudan, Uganda + +********** + +International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) + +established - 26 October 1956 + +effective - 29 July 1957 + +aim - to promote peaceful uses of atomic energy + +members - (115) Afghanistan, Albania, Algeria, Argentina, +Australia, Austria, Bangladesh, Belarus, Belgium, Bolivia, +Brazil, Bulgaria, Burma, Cambodia, Cameroon, Canada, Chile, +China, Colombia, Costa Rica, Cuba, Cyprus, Czechoslovakia, +Denmark, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Egypt, El Salvador, +Estonia, Ethiopia, Finland, France, Gabon, Germany, Ghana, +Greece, Guatemala, Haiti, Hungary, Iceland, India, Indonesia, +Iran, Iraq, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Ivory Coast, Jamaica, Japan, +Jordan, Kenya, North Korea, South Korea, Kuwait, Latvia, Lebanon, +Liberia, Libya, Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Madagascar, +Malaysia, Mali, Mauritius, Mexico, Monaco, Mongolia, Morocco, +Namibia, Netherlands, NZ, Nicaragua, Niger, Nigeria, Norway, +Pakistan, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, Philippines, Poland, Portugal, +Qatar, Romania, Russia, Saudi Arabia, Senegal, Sierra Leone, +Singapore, South Africa, Spain, Sri Lanka, Sudan, Sweden, +Switzerland, Syria, Tanzania, Thailand, Tunisia, Turkey, Uganda, +Ukraine, UAE, UK, US, Uruguay, Vatican City, Venezuela, Vietnam, +Yugoslavia, Zaire, Zambia, Zimbabwe + +********** + +International Bank for Economic Cooperation (IBEC) + +Note - established in 22 October 1963; aim was to promote +economic cooperation and development - members were Bulgaria, +Cuba, Czechoslovakia, East Germany, Hungary, Mongolia, Poland, +Romania, USSR, Vietnam; now a Russian bank with a new charter + +********** + +International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD) + +Note - also known as the World Bank + +established - 22 July 1944 + +effective - 27 December 1945 + +aim - UN specialized agency that initially promoted economic +rebuilding after World War II and now provides economic +development loans + +members - (156) all UN members except Armenia, Azerbaijan, +Brunei, Cuba, Estonia, Kazakhstan, North Korea, Kyrgyzstan, +Latvia, Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Marshall Islands, Federated +States of Micronesia, Moldova, San Marino, Tajikistan, +Turkmenistan, Ukraine, Uzbekistan; other members are Kiribati, +Tonga + +********** + +International Chamber of Commerce (ICC) + +established - NA 1919 + +aim - to promote free trade and private enterprise and to +represent business interests at national and international levels + +members - (58 national councils) Argentina, Australia, Austria, +Belgium, Brazil, Burkina, Cameroon, Canada, Colombia, Cyprus, +Denmark, Ecuador, Egypt, Finland, France, Gabon, Germany, Greece, +Iceland, India, Indonesia, Iran, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Ivory +Coast, Japan, Jordan, South Korea, Lebanon, Luxembourg, +Madagascar, Mexico, Morocco, Netherlands, Nigeria, Norway, +Pakistan, Portugal, Saudi Arabia, Senegal, Singapore, South +Africa, Spain, Sri Lanka, Sweden, Switzerland, Syria, Taiwan, +Togo, Tunisia, Turkey, UK, US, Uruguay, Venezuela, Yugoslavia, +Zaire + +********** + +International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) + +established - 7 December 1944 + +effective - 4 April 1947 + +aim - UN specialized agency to promote international cooperation +in civil aviation + +members - (164) all UN members except Armenia, Azerbaijan, +Belarus, Bosnia and Hercegovina, Croatia, Dominica, Estonia, +Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Latvia, Liechtenstein, Lithuania, +Moldova, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Slovenia, Tajikistan, +Turkmenistan, Ukraine, Uzbekistan, Western Samoa; other members +are Cook Islands, Kiribati, Monaco, Nauru, Switzerland, Tonga + +********** + +International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) + +established - NA 1863 + +aim - to provide humanitarian aid in wartime + +members - (25 individuals) all Swiss nationals + +********** + +International Confederation of Free Trade Unions (ICFTU) + +established - NA December 1949 + +aim - to promote the trade union movement + +members - (144 national organizations in the following 103 areas) +Antigua and Barbuda, Argentina, Australia, Austria, The Bahamas, +Bangladesh, Barbados, Basque Country, Belgium, Bermuda, Botswana, +Brazil, Bulgaria, Burkina, Canada, Central African Republic, +Chad, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Curacao, Cyprus, +Czechoslovakia, Denmark, Dominica, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, +El Salvador, Estonia, Falkland Islands, Fiji, Finland, France, +French Polynesia, The Gambia, Germany, Greece, Grenada, +Guatemala, Guyana, Honduras, Hong Kong, Iceland, India, +Indonesia, Israel, Italy, Jamaica, Japan, Kiribati, South Korea, +Lebanon, Lesotho, Liberia, Luxembourg, Madagascar, Malawi, +Malaysia, Malta, Mauritius, Mexico, Montserrat, Morocco, +Netherlands, New Caledonia, NZ, Nicaragua, Norway, Pakistan, +Panama, Papua New Guinea, Peru, Philippines, Poland, Portugal, +Puerto Rico, Russia, Saint Helena, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint +Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, San Marino, Seychelles, +Sierra Leone, Singapore, Spain, Sri Lanka, Suriname, Swaziland, +Sweden, Switzerland, Taiwan, Thailand, Tonga, Trinidad and +Tobago, Tunisia, Turkey, Uganda, UK, US, Vatican City, Venezuela, +Western Samoa + +********** + +International Court of Justice (ICJ) + +Note - also known as the World Court + +established - 26 June 1945 + +effective - 24 October 1945 + +aim - primary judicial organ of the UN + +members - (15 judges) elected by the General Assembly and +Security Council to represent all principal legal systems + +********** + +International Criminal Police Organization (INTERPOL) + +established - 13 June 1956 + +aim - to promote international cooperation between criminal +police authorities + +members - (152) Albania, Algeria, Andorra, Angola, Antigua and +Barbuda, Argentina, Aruba, Australia, Austria, The Bahamas, +Bahrain, Bangladesh, Barbados, Belgium, Belize, Benin, Bolivia, +Botswana, Brazil, Brunei, Burkina, Burma, Burundi, Cambodia, +Cameroon, Canada, Cape Verde, Central African Republic, Chad, +Chile, China, Colombia, Congo, Costa Rica, Cuba, Cyprus, Denmark, +Djibouti, Dominica, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Egypt, +Equatorial Guinea, Ethiopia, Fiji, Finland, France, Gabon, The +Gambia, Germany, Ghana, Greece, Grenada, Guatemala, Guinea, +Guyana, Haiti, Honduras, Hungary, Iceland, India, Indonesia, +Iran, Iraq, Ireland, Northern Ireland, Israel, Italy, Ivory +Coast, Jamaica, Japan, Jordan, Kenya, Kiribati, South Korea, +Kuwait, Laos, Lebanon, Lesotho, Liberia, Libya, Liechtenstein, +Luxembourg, Madagascar, Malawi, Malaysia, Maldives, Mali, Malta, +Mauritania, Mauritius, Mexico, Monaco, Morocco, Mozambique, +Nauru, Nepal, Netherlands, Netherlands Antilles, NZ, Nicaragua, +Niger, Nigeria, Norway, Oman, Pakistan, Panama, Papua New Guinea, +Paraguay, Peru, Philippines, Portugal, Qatar, Romania, Russia, +Rwanda, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the +Grenadines, Sao Tome and Principe, Saudi Arabia, Senegal, +Seychelles, Sierra Leone, Singapore, Somalia, Spain, Sri Lanka, +Sudan, Suriname, Swaziland, Sweden, Switzerland, Syria, Tanzania, +Thailand, Togo, Tonga, Trinidad and Tobago, Tunisia, Turkey, +Uganda, UAE, UK, US, Uruguay, Venezuela, Yemen, Yugoslavia, +Zaire, Zambia, Zimbabwe + +********** + +International Development Association (IDA) + +established - 26 January 1960 + +effective - 24 September 1960 + +aim - UN specialized agency and IBRD affiliate that provides +economic loans for low income countries + +members - (136) Part I - (22 more economically advanced +countries) Australia, Austria, Belgium, Canada, Denmark, Finland, +France, Germany, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Japan, Kuwait, +Luxembourg, Netherlands, NZ, Norway, South Africa, Sweden, UAE, +UK, US + +members - Part II - (114 less developed nations) Afghanistan, +Algeria, Argentina, Bangladesh, Belize, Benin, Bhutan, Bolivia, +Botswana, Brazil, Burkina, Burma, Burundi, Cambodia, Cameroon, +Cape Verde, Central African Republic, Chad, Chile, China, +Colombia, Comoros, Congo, Costa Rica, Cyprus, Djibouti, Dominica, +Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Egypt, El Salvador, Equatorial +Guinea, Ethiopia, Fiji, Gabon, The Gambia, Ghana, Greece, +Grenada, Guatemala, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Guyana, Haiti, +Honduras, Hungary, India, Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, Israel, Ivory +Coast, Jordan, Kenya, Kiribati, South Korea, Laos, Lebanon, +Lesotho, Liberia, Libya, Madagascar, Malawi, Malaysia, Maldives, +Mali, Mauritania, Mauritius, Mexico, Morocco, Mozambique, Nepal, +Nicaragua, Niger, Nigeria, Oman, Pakistan, Panama, Papua New +Guinea, Paraguay, Peru, Philippines, Poland, Rwanda, Saint Kitts +and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Sao +Tome and Principe, Saudi Arabia, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Solomon +Islands, Somalia, Spain, Sri Lanka, Sudan, Swaziland, Syria, +Tanzania, Thailand, Togo, Tonga, Trinidad and Tobago, Tunisia, +Turkey, Uganda, Vanuatu, Vietnam, Western Samoa, Yemen, +Yugoslavia, Zaire, Zambia, Zimbabwe + +********** + +International Energy Agency (IEA) + +established - 15 November 1974 + +aim - established by the OECD to promote cooperation on energy +matters, especially emergency oil sharing and relations between +oil consumers and oil producers + +members - (21) Australia, Austria, Belgium, Canada, Denmark, +Germany, Greece, Ireland, Italy, Japan, Luxembourg, Netherlands, +NZ, Norway, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey, UK, US + +********** + +International Finance Corporation (IFC) + +established - 25 May 1955 + +effective - 20 July 1956 + +aim - UN specialized agency and IBRD affiliate that helps private +enterprise sector in economic development + +members - (133) Afghanistan, Antigua and Barbuda, Argentina, +Australia, Austria, The Bahamas, Bangladesh, Barbados, Belgium, +Belize, Benin, Bolivia, Botswana, Brazil, Burkina, Burma, +Burundi, Cameroon, Canada, Chile, China, Colombia, Congo, Costa +Rica, Cyprus, Denmark, Djibouti, Dominica, Dominican Republic, +Ecuador, Egypt, El Salvador, Ethiopia, Fiji, Finland, France, +Gabon, The Gambia, Germany, Ghana, Greece, Grenada, Guatemala, +Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Guyana, Haiti, Honduras, Hungary, Iceland, +India, Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Ivory +Coast, Jamaica, Japan, Jordan, Kenya, Kiribati, South Korea, +Kuwait, Lebanon, Lesotho, Liberia, Libya, Luxembourg, Madagascar, +Malawi, Malaysia, Maldives, Mali, Mauritania, Mauritius, Mexico, +Morocco, Mozambique, Nepal, Netherlands, NZ, Nicaragua, Niger, +Nigeria, Norway, Oman, Pakistan, Panama, Papua New Guinea, +Paraguay, Peru, Philippines, Portugal, Romania, Rwanda, Saint +Lucia, Saudi Arabia, Senegal, Seychelles, Sierra Leone, +Singapore, Solomon Islands, Somalia, South Africa, Spain, Sri +Lanka, Sudan, Swaziland, Sweden, Syria, Tanzania, Thailand, Togo, +Tonga, Trinidad and Tobago, Tunisia, Turkey, Uganda, UAE, UK, US, +Uruguay, Vanuatu, Venezuela, Vietnam, Western Samoa, Yemen, +Yugoslavia, Zaire, Zambia, Zimbabwe + +********** + +International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD) + +established - NA November 1974 + +aim - UN specialized agency that promotes agricultural +development + +members - (144) Category I - (21 industrialized aid contributors) +Australia, Austria, Belgium, Canada, Denmark, Finland, France, +Germany, Greece, Ireland, Italy, Japan, Luxembourg, Netherlands, +NZ, Norway, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, UK, US + +members - Category II - (12 petroleum-exporting aid contributors) +Algeria, Gabon, Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Libya, Nigeria, +Qatar, Saudi Arabia, UAE, Venezuela + +members - Category III - (111 aid recipients) Afghanistan, +Angola, Antigua and Barbuda, Argentina, Bangladesh, Barbados, +Belize, Benin, Bhutan, Bolivia, Botswana, Brazil, Burkina, Burma, +Burundi, Cameroon, Cape Verde, Central African Republic, Chad, +Chile, China, Colombia, Comoros, Congo, Costa Rica, Cuba, Cyprus, +Djibouti, Dominica, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Egypt, El +Salvador, Equatorial Guinea, Ethiopia, Fiji, The Gambia, Ghana, +Grenada, Guatemala, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Guyana, Haiti, +Honduras, India, Israel, Ivory Coast, Jamaica, Jordan, Kenya, +North Korea, South Korea, Laos, Lebanon, Lesotho, Liberia, +Madagascar, Malawi, Malaysia, Maldives, Mali, Malta, Mauritania, +Mauritius, Mexico, Morocco, Mozambique, Nepal, Nicaragua, Niger, +Oman, Pakistan, Panama, Papua New Guinea, Paraguay, Peru, +Philippines, Portugal, Romania, Rwanda, Saint Kitts and Nevis, +Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Sao Tome and +Principe, Senegal, Seychelles, Sierra Leone, Solomon Islands, +Somalia, Sri Lanka, Sudan, Suriname, Swaziland, Syria, Tanzania, +Thailand, Togo, Tonga, Trinidad and Tobago, Tunisia, Turkey, +Uganda, Uruguay, Vietnam, Western Samoa, Yemen, Yugoslavia, +Zaire, Zambia, Zimbabwe + +********** + +International Investment Bank (IIB) + +Note - established on 7 July 1970; to promote economic +development; members were Bulgaria, Cuba, Czechoslovakia, East +Germany, Hungary, Mongolia, Poland, Romania, USSR, Vietnam; now a +Russian bank with a new charter + +********** + +International Labor Organization (ILO) + +established - 11 April 1919 (affiliated with the UN 14 December +1946) + +aim - UN specialized agency concerned with world labor issues + +members - (150) all UN members except Armenia, Azerbaijan, +Bhutan, Bosnia and Hercegovina, Brunei, Croatia, Estonia, The +Gambia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Latvia, Liechtenstein, Lithuania, +Maldives, Marshall Islands, Federation of Micronesia, Moldova, +Oman, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, +San Marino, Slovenia, South Africa, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, +Uzbekistan, Vanuatu, Vietnam, Western Samoa; other member is +Switzerland + +********** + +International Maritime Organization (IMO) + +Note - name changed from Intergovernmental Maritime Consultative +Organization (IMCO) on 22 May 1982 + +established - 17 March 1958 + +aim - UN specialized agency concerned with world maritime affairs + +members - (135) Algeria, Angola, Antigua and Barbuda, Argentina, +Australia, Austria, The Bahamas, Bahrain, Bangladesh, Barbados, +Belgium, Belize, Benin, Bolivia, Brazil, Brunei, Bulgaria, Burma, +Cambodia, Cameroon, Canada, Cape Verde, Chile, China, Colombia, +Congo, Costa Rica, Cuba, Cyprus, Czechoslovakia, Denmark, +Djibouti, Dominica, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Egypt, El +Salvador, Equatorial Guinea, Ethiopia, Fiji, Finland, France, +Gabon, The Gambia, Germany, Ghana, Greece, Guatemala, Guinea, +Guinea-Bissau, Guyana, Haiti, Honduras, Hungary, Iceland, India, +Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Ivory Coast, +Jamaica, Japan, Jordan, Kenya, North Korea, South Korea, Kuwait, +Lebanon, Liberia, Libya, Luxembourg, Madagascar, Malawi, +Malaysia, Maldives, Malta, Mauritania, Mauritius, Mexico, Monaco, +Morocco, Mozambique, Nepal, Netherlands, NZ, Nicaragua, Nigeria, +Norway, Oman, Pakistan, Panama, Papua New Guinea, Peru, +Philippines, Poland, Portugal, Qatar, Romania, Russia, Saint +Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Sao Tome and Principe, +Saudi Arabia, Senegal, Seychelles, Sierra Leone, Singapore, +Solomon Islands, Somalia, Spain, Sri Lanka, Sudan, Suriname, +Sweden, Switzerland, Syria, Tanzania, Thailand, Togo, Trinidad +and Tobago, Tunisia, Turkey, UAE, UK, US, Uruguay, Vanuatu, +Venezuela, Vietnam, Yemen, Yugoslavia, Zaire + +associate members - (2) Hong Kong, Macao + +********** + +International Maritime Satellite Organization (INMARSAT) + +established - 3 September 1976 + +effective - 26 July 1979 + +aim - to provide worldwide communications for maritime and other +applications + +members - (63) Algeria, Argentina, Australia, Bahrain, Belarus, +Belgium, Brazil, Bulgaria, Cameroon, Canada, Chile, China, +Colombia, Cuba, Czechoslovakia, Denmark, Egypt, Finland, France, +Gabon, Germany, Greece, India, Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, Ireland, +Israel, Italy, Japan, South Korea, Kuwait, Liberia, Malaysia, +Monaco, Mozambique, Netherlands, NZ, Nigeria, Norway, Oman, +Pakistan, Panama, Peru, Philippines, Poland, Portugal, Qatar, +Romania, Russia, Saudi Arabia, Singapore, Spain, Sri Lanka, +Sweden, Switzerland, Tunisia, Turkey, Ukraine, UAE, UK, US, +Yugoslavia + +********** + +International Monetary Fund (IMF) + +established - 22 July 1944 + +effective - 27 December 1945 + +aim - UN specialized agency concerned with world monetary +stability and economic development + +members - (156) all UN members except Armenia, Azerbaijan, +Belarus, Bosnia and Hercegovina, Brunei, Croatia, Cuba, Estonia, +Kazakhstan, North Korea, Kyrgyzstan, Latvia, Liechtenstein, +Lithuania, Marshall Islands, Federated States of Micronesia, +Moldova, Russia, San Marino, Slovenia, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, +Ukraine, Uzbekistan; other members are Kiribati and Tonga + +********** + +International Olympic Committee (IOC) + +established - 23 June 1894 + +aim - to promote the Olympic ideals and administer the Olympic +games: 1992 Winter Olympics in Albertville, France (8-23 +February); 1992 Summer Olympics in Barcelona, Spain (25 July-9 +August); 1994 Winter Olympics in Lillehammer; Norway (12-27 +February); 1996 Summer Olympics in Atlanta, United States (20 +July-4 August); 1998 Winter Olympics in Nagano, Japan (date NA) + +members - (167) Afghanistan, Albania, Algeria, American Samoa, +Andorra, Angola, Antigua and Barbuda, Argentina, Aruba, +Australia, Austria, The Bahamas, Bahrain, Bangladesh, Barbados, +Belarus, Belgium, Belize, Benin, Bermuda, Bhutan, Bolivia, +Botswana, Brazil, British Virgin Islands, Brunei, Bulgaria, +Burkina, Burma, Cameroon, Canada, Cayman Islands, Central African +Republic, Chad, Chile, China, Colombia, Congo, Cook Islands, +Costa Rica, Cuba, Cyprus, Czechoslovakia, Denmark, Djibouti, +Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Egypt, El Salvador, Equatorial +Guinea, Ethiopia, Fiji, Finland, France, Gabon, The Gambia, +Germany, Ghana, Greece, Grenada, Guam, Guatemala, Guinea, Guyana, +Haiti, Honduras, Hong Kong, Hungary, Iceland, India, Indonesia, +Iran, Iraq, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Ivory Coast, Jamaica, Japan, +Jordan, Kenya, North Korea, South Korea, Kuwait, Laos, Lebanon, +Lesotho, Liberia, Libya, Liechtenstein, Luxembourg, Madagascar, +Malawi, Malaysia, Maldives, Mali, Malta, Mauritania, Mauritius, +Mexico, Monaco, Mongolia, Morocco, Mozambique, Nepal, +Netherlands, Netherlands Antilles, NZ, Nicaragua, Niger, Nigeria, +Norway, Oman, Pakistan, Panama, Papua New Guinea, Paraguay, Peru, +Philippines, Poland, Portugal, Puerto Rico, Qatar, Romania, +Russia, Rwanda, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, San Marino, +Saudi Arabia, Senegal, Seychelles, Sierra Leone, Singapore, +Solomon Islands, Somalia, Spain, Sri Lanka, Sudan, Suriname, +Swaziland, Sweden, Switzerland, Syria, Taiwan, Tanzania, +Thailand, Togo, Tonga, Trinidad and Tobago, Tunisia, Turkey, +Uganda, Ukraine, UAE, UK, US, Uruguay, Vanuatu, Venezuela, +Vietnam, Virgin Islands, Western Samoa, Yemen, Yugoslavia, Zaire, +Zambia, Zimbabwe + +********** + +International Organization for Migration (IOM) - established as +Provisional Intergovernmental Committee for the Movement of +Migrants from Europe; renamed Intergovernmental Committee for +European Migration (ICEM) on 15 November 1952; renamed +Intergovernmental Committee for Migration (ICM) in November 1980; +current name adopted 14 November 1989 + +established - 5 December 1951 + +aim - to facilitate orderly international emigration and +immigration + +members - (39) Argentina, Australia, Austria, Bangladesh, +Belgium, Bolivia, Canada, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Cyprus, +Denmark, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, El Salvador, Germany, +Greece, Guatemala, Honduras, Israel, Italy, Kenya, South Korea, +Luxembourg, Netherlands, Nicaragua, Norway, Panama, Paraguay, +Peru, Philippines, Portugal, Sri Lanka, Sweden, Switzerland, +Thailand, US, Uruguay, Venezuela + +observers - (25) Belize, Brazil, Cape Verde, Egypt, Finland, +France, Ghana, Guinea-Bissau, Hungary, Japan, Mexico, NZ, +Pakistan, San Marino, Somalia, Sovereign Military Order of Malta, +Spain, Turkey, Uganda, UK, Vatican City, Vietnam, Yugoslavia, +Zambia, Zimbabwe + +********** + +International Organization for Standardization (ISO) + +established - NA February 1947 + +aim - to promote the development of international standards + +members - (72 national standards organizations) Albania, Algeria, +Argentina, Australia, Austria, Bangladesh, Belgium, Brazil, +Bulgaria, Canada, Chile, China, Colombia, Cuba, Cyprus, +Czechoslovakia, Denmark, Egypt, Ethiopia, Finland, France, +Germany, Ghana, Greece, Hungary, India, Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, +Ireland, Israel, Italy, Ivory Coast, Jamaica, Japan, Kenya, North +Korea, South Korea, Malaysia, Mexico, Mongolia, Morocco, +Netherlands, NZ, Nigeria, Norway, Pakistan, Papua New Guinea, +Peru, Philippines, Poland, Portugal, Russia, Saudi Arabia, +Singapore, South Africa, Spain, Sri Lanka, Sudan, Sweden, +Switzerland, Syria, Tanzania, Thailand, Trinidad and Tobago, +Tunisia, Turkey, UK, US, Venezuela, Vietnam, Yugoslavia + +correspondent members - (14) Bahrain, Barbados, Brunei, Guinea, +Hong Kong, Iceland, Jordan, Kuwait, Malawi, Mauritius, Oman, +Senegal, UAE, Uruguay + +********** + +International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement + +established - NA 1928 + +aim - to promote worldwide humanitarian aid through the +International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) in wartime, and +League of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies (LORCS) in +peacetime + +members - (9) 2 representatives from ICRC, 2 from LORCS, and 5 +from national societies elected by the international conference +of the International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement + +********** + +International Telecommunication Union (ITU) + +established - 9 December 1932 + +effective - 1 January 1934 + +affiliated with the UN - 15 November 1947 + +aim - UN specialized agency concerned with world +telecommunications + +members - (164) all UN members except Armenia, Azerbaijan, Bosnia +and Hercegovina, Croatia, Dominica, Estonia, Kazakhstan, +Kyrgyzstan, Latvia, Lithuania, Marshall Islands, Federation of +Micronesia, Moldova, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, +Seychelles, Slovenia, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan; other +members are Kiribati, Monaco, Nauru, Switzerland, Tonga, Vatican +City + +********** + +International Telecommunications Satellite Organization +(INTELSAT) + +established - 20 August 1971 + +effective - 12 February 1973 + +aim - to develop and operate a global commercial +telecommunications satellite system + +members - (118) Afghanistan, Algeria, Angola, Argentina, +Australia, Austria, The Bahamas, Bangladesh, Barbados, Belgium, +Benin, Bolivia, Brazil, Burkina, Cameroon, Canada, Central +African Republic, Chad, Chile, China, Colombia, Congo, Costa +Rica, Cyprus, Denmark, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Egypt, El +Salvador, Ethiopia, Fiji, Finland, France, Gabon, Germany, Ghana, +Greece, Guatemala, Guinea, Haiti, Honduras, Iceland, India, +Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Ivory Coast, +Jamaica, Japan, Jordan, Kenya, South Korea, Kuwait, Lebanon, +Libya, Liechtenstein, Luxembourg, Madagascar, Malawi, Malaysia, +Mali, Mauritania, Mauritius, Mexico, Monaco, Morocco, Mozambique, +Nepal, Netherlands, NZ, Nicaragua, Niger, Nigeria, Norway, Oman, +Pakistan, Panama, Papua New Guinea, Paraguay, Peru, Philippines, +Portugal, Qatar, Rwanda, Saudi Arabia, Senegal, Singapore, +Somalia, South Africa, Spain, Sri Lanka, Sudan, Swaziland, +Sweden, Switzerland, Syria, Tanzania, Thailand, Togo, Trinidad +and Tobago, Tunisia, Turkey, Uganda, UAE, UK, US, Uruguay, +Vatican City, Venezuela, Vietnam, Yemen, Yugoslavia, Zaire, +Zambia, Zimbabwe + +********** + +Islamic Development Bank (IDB) + +established - 15 December 1973 + +aim - to promote Islamic economic aid and social development + +members - (43 plus the Palestine Liberation Organization) +Afghanistan, Algeria, Bahrain, Bangladesh, Benin, Brunei, +Burkina, Cameroon, Chad, Comoros, Djibouti, Egypt, Gabon, The +Gambia, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, Jordan, +Kuwait, Lebanon, Libya, Malaysia, Maldives, Mali, Mauritania, +Morocco, Niger, Oman, Pakistan, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Senegal, +Sierra Leone, Somalia, Sudan, Syria, Tunisia, Turkey, Uganda, +UAE, Yemen, Palestine Liberation Organization + +********** + +Latin American Economic System (LAES) - , also known as Sistema +Economico Latinoamericana (SELA) + +established - 17 October 1975 + +aim - to promote economic and social development through regional +cooperation + +members - (26) Argentina, Barbados, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, +Colombia, Costa Rica, Cuba, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, El +Salvador, Grenada, Guatemala, Guyana, Haiti, Honduras, Jamaica, +Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, Suriname, Trinidad and +Tobago, Uruguay, Venezuela + +********** + +Latin American Integration Association (LAIA) - , also known as +Asociacion Latinoamericana de Integracion (ALADI) + +established - 12 August 1980 + +effective - 18 March 1981 + +aim - to promote freer regional trade + +members - (11) Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, +Ecuador, Mexico, Paraguay, Peru, Uruguay, Venezuela + +********** + +League of Arab States (LAS) + +Note - see Arab League (AL) + +********** + +League of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies (LORCS) + +established - 5 May 1919 + +aim - to provide humanitarian aid in peacetime + +members - (147) Afghanistan, Albania, Algeria, Angola, Argentina, +Australia, Austria, The Bahamas, Bahrain, Bangladesh, Barbados, +Belgium, Belize, Benin, Bolivia, Botswana, Brazil, Bulgaria, +Burkina, Burma, Burundi, Cambodia, Cameroon, Canada, Cape Verde, +Central African Republic, Chad, Chile, China, Colombia, Congo, +Costa Rica, Cuba, Czechoslovakia, Denmark, Djibouti, Dominica, +Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Egypt, El Salvador, Ethiopia, Fiji, +Finland, France, The Gambia, Germany, Ghana, Greece, Grenada, +Guatemala, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Guyana, Haiti, Honduras, +Hungary, Iceland, India, Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, Ireland, Italy, +Ivory Coast, Jamaica, Japan, Jordan, Kenya, North Korea, South +Korea, Kuwait, Laos, Lebanon, Lesotho, Liberia, Libya, +Liechtenstein, Luxembourg, Madagascar, Malawi, Malaysia, Mali, +Mauritania, Mauritius, Mexico, Monaco, Mongolia, Morocco, +Mozambique, Nepal, Netherlands, NZ, Nicaragua, Niger, Nigeria, +Norway, Pakistan, Panama, Papua New Guinea, Paraguay, Peru, +Philippines, Poland, Portugal, Qatar, Romania, Russia, Rwanda, +Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, San Marino, Sao +Tome and Principe, Saudi Arabia, Senegal, Sierra Leone, +Singapore, Somalia, South Africa, Spain, Sri Lanka, Sudan, +Suriname, Swaziland, Sweden, Switzerland, Syria, Tanzania, +Thailand, Togo, Tonga, Trinidad and Tobago, Tunisia, Turkey, +Uganda, UAE, UK, US, Uruguay, Venezuela, Vietnam, Western Samoa, +Yemen, Yugoslavia, Zaire, Zambia, Zimbabwe + +associate members - (2) Equatorial Guinea, Gabon + +********** + +least developed countries (LLDCs) + +Note - that subgroup of the less developed countries (LDCs) +initially identified by the UN General Assembly in 1971 as having +no significant economic growth, per capita GNPs/GDPs normally +less than $500, and low literacy rates; also known as the +undeveloped countries. The 41 LLDCs are: Afghanistan, +Bangladesh, Benin, Bhutan, Botswana, Burkina, Burma, Burundi, +Cape Verde, Central African Republic, Chad, Comoros, Djibouti, +Equatorial Guinea, Ethiopia, The Gambia, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, +Haiti, Kiribati, Laos, Lesotho, Malawi, Maldives, Mali, +Mauritania, Mozambique, Nepal, Niger, Rwanda, Sao Tome and +Principe, Sierra Leone, Somalia, Sudan, Tanzania, Togo, Tuvalu, +Uganda, Vanuatu, Western Samoa, Yemen + +********** + +less developed countries (LDCs) + +Note - the bottom group in the comprehensive but mutually +exclusive hierarchy of developed countries (DCs), former +USSR/Eastern Europe (former USSR/EE), and less developed +countries (LDCs); mainly countries with low levels of output, +living standards, and technology; per capita GNPs/GDPs are +generally below $5,000 and often less than $1,000; however, the +group also includes a number of countries with high per capita +incomes, areas of advanced technology, and rapid rates of growth; +includes the advanced developing countries, developing countries, +Four Dragons (Four Tigers), least developed countries (LLDCs), +low-income countries, middle-income countries, newly +industrializing economies (NIEs), the South, Third World, +underdeveloped countries, undeveloped countries. The 173 LDCs +are: Afghanistan, Algeria, American Samoa, Angola, Anguilla, +Antigua and Barbuda, Argentina, Aruba, The Bahamas, Bahrain, +Bangladesh, Barbados, Belize, Benin, Bhutan, Bolivia, Botswana, +Brazil, British Virgin Islands, Brunei, Burkina, Burma, Burundi, +Cambodia, Cameroon, Cape Verde, Cayman Islands, Central African +Republic, Chad, Chile, China, Christmas Island, Cocos Islands, +Colombia, Comoros, Congo, Cook Islands, Costa Rica, Cuba, Cyprus, +Czechoslovakia, Djibouti, Dominica, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, +Egypt, El Salvador, Equatorial Guinea, Ethiopia, Falkland +Islands, Fiji, French Guiana, French Polynesia, Gabon, The +Gambia, Gaza Strip, Ghana, Gibraltar, Greenland, Grenada, +Guadeloupe, Guam, Guatemala, Guernsey, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, +Guyana, Haiti, Honduras, Hong Kong, India, Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, +Ivory Coast, Jamaica, Jersey, Jordan, Kenya, Kiribati, North +Korea, South Korea, Kuwait, Laos, Lebanon, Lesotho, Liberia, +Libya, Macau, Madagascar, Malawi, Malaysia, Maldives, Mali, Isle +of Man, Marshall Islands, Martinique, Mauritania, Mauritius, +Mayotte, Mexico, Federated States of Micronesia, Mongolia, +Montserrat, Morocco, Mozambique, Namibia, Nauru, Nepal, +Netherlands Antilles, New Caledonia, Nicaragua, Niger, Nigeria, +Niue, Norfolk Island, Northern Mariana Islands, Oman, Trust +Territory of the Pacific Islands (Palau), Pakistan, Panama, Papua +New Guinea, Paraguay, Peru, Philippines, Pitcairn Islands, Puerto +Rico, Qatar, Reunion, Rwanda, Saint Helena, Saint Kitts and +Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint Pierre and Miquelon, Saint Vincent and +the Grenadines, Sao Tome and Principe, Saudi Arabia, Senegal, +Seychelles, Sierra Leone, Singapore, Solomon Islands, Somalia, +Sri Lanka, Sudan, Suriname, Swaziland, Syria, Taiwan, Tanzania, +Thailand, Togo, Tokelau, Tonga, Trinidad and Tobago, Tunisia, +Turks and Caicos Islands, Tuvalu, UAE, Uganda, Uruguay, Vanuatu, +Venezuela, Vietnam, Virgin Islands, Wallis and Futuna, West Bank, +Western Sahara, Western Samoa, Yemen, Zaire, Zambia, Zimbabwe + +********** + +low-income countries + +Note - another term for those less developed countries with +below-average per capita GNPs/GDPs; see less developed countries +(LDCs) + +********** + +middle-income countries + +Note - another term for those less developed countries with +above-average per capita GNPs/GDPs; see less developed countries +(LDCs) + +********** + +Missile Technology Control Regime (MTCR) + +established - April 1987 + +aim - to arrest missile proliferation by controlling the export +of key missile technologies and equipment + +members - (20) Australia, Austria, Belgium, Canada, Denmark, +Finland, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, Luxembourg, Netherlands, +NZ, Norway, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, UK, US + +********** + +newly industrializing countries (NICs) + +Note - former term for the newly industrializing economies; see +newly industrializing economies (NIEs) + +********** + +newly industrializing economies (NIEs) + +Note - that subgroup of the less developed countries (LDCs) that +has experienced particularly rapid industrialization of their +economies; formerly known as the newly industrializing countries +(NICs); also known as advanced developing countries; usually +includes the Four Dragons (Hong Kong, South Korea, Singapore, +Taiwan) plus Brazil and Mexico + +********** + +Nonaligned Movement (NAM) + +established - 1-6 September 1961 + +aim - political and military cooperation apart from the +traditional East or West blocs + +members - (101 plus the Palestine Liberation Organization) +Afghanistan, Algeria, Angola, Argentina, The Bahamas, Bahrain, +Bangladesh, Barbados, Belize, Benin, Bhutan, Bolivia, Botswana, +Burkina, Burundi, Cambodia, Cameroon, Cape Verde, Central African +Republic, Chad, Colombia, Comoros, Congo, Cuba, Cyprus, Djibouti, +Ecuador, Egypt, Equatorial Guinea, Ethiopia, Gabon, The Gambia, +Ghana, Grenada, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Guyana, India, Indonesia, +Iran, Iraq, Ivory Coast, Jamaica, Jordan, Kenya, North Korea, +Kuwait, Laos, Lebanon, Lesotho, Liberia, Libya, Madagascar, +Malawi, Malaysia, Maldives, Mali, Malta, Mauritania, Mauritius, +Mongolia, Morocco, Mozambique, Namibia, Nepal, Nicaragua, Niger, +Nigeria, Oman, Pakistan, Panama, Peru, Qatar, Rwanda, Saint +Lucia, Sao Tome and Principe, Saudi Arabia, Senegal, Seychelles, +Sierra Leone, Singapore, Somalia, Sri Lanka, Sudan, Suriname, +Swaziland, Syria, Tanzania, Togo, Trinidad and Tobago, Tunisia, +Uganda, UAE, Vanuatu, Venezuela, Vietnam, Yemen, Yugoslavia, +Zaire, Zambia, Zimbabwe, Palestine Liberation Organization + +observers - (9) Antigua and Barbuda, Brazil, Costa Rica, +Dominica, El Salvador, Mexico, Papua New Guinea, Philippines, +Uruguay + +guests - (11) Australia, Austria, Dominican Republic, Finland, +Greece, Portugal, Romania, San Marino, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland + +********** + +Nordic Council (NC) + +established - 16 March 1952 + +effective - 12 February 1953 + +aim - to promote regional economic, cultural, and environmental +cooperation + +members - (5) Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Norway, Sweden; note - +Denmark includes Faroe Islands and Greenland + +********** + +Nordic Investment Bank (NIB) + +established - 4 December 1975 + +effective - 1 June 1976 + +aim - to promote economic cooperation and development + +members - (5) Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Norway, Sweden + +********** + +North + +Note - a popular term for the rich industrialized countries +generally located in the northern portion of the Northern +Hemisphere; the counterpart of the South; see developed countries +(DCs) + +********** + +North Atlantic Cooperation Council (NACC) - an extension of NATO + +established - 8 November 1991 + +effective - 20 December 1991 + +aim - to form a forum to discuss cooperation concerning mutual +political and security issues + +members - (35) Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Belgium, Bulgaria, +Canada, Czechoslovakia, Denmark, Estonia, France, Germany, +Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Italy, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Latvia, +Lithuania, Luxembourg, Moldova, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, +Portugal, Romania, Russia, Spain, Tajikistan, Turkey, +Turkmenistan, Ukraine, UK, US, Uzbekistan + +********** + +North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) + +established - 17 September 1949 + +aim - mutual defense and cooperation in other areas + +members - (16) Belgium, Canada, Denmark, France, Germany, Greece, +Iceland, Italy, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, Spain, +Turkey, UK, US + +********** + +Nuclear Energy Agency (NEA) + +established - NA 1958 + +aim - associated with OECD, seeks to promote the peaceful uses of +nuclear energy + +members - (23) Australia, Austria, Belgium, Canada, Denmark, +Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Japan, +Luxembourg, Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, +Switzerland, Turkey, UK, US + +********** + +Nuclear Suppliers Group (NSG) + +Note - also known as the London Suppliers Group + +established - 1974 + +aim - to establish guidelines on exports of enrichment and +processing plant assistance and nuclear exports to countries of +proliferation concern and regions of conflict and instability + +members - (27) Australia, Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Canada, +Czechoslovakia, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, +Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Japan, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Norway, +Poland, Portugal, Romania, Russia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, +UK, US + +********** + +Organismo para la Proscripcion de las Armas Nucleares en la +America Latina y el Caribe (OPANAL) + +Note - see Agency for the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons in Latin +America and the Caribbean (OPANAL) + +********** + +Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) + +established - 14 December 1960, effective 30 September 1961 + +aim - to promote economic cooperation and development + +members - (24) Australia, Austria, Belgium, Canada, Denmark, +Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Japan, +Luxembourg, Netherlands, NZ, Norway, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, +Switzerland, Turkey, UK, US + +special member - (1) Yugoslavia + +********** + +Organization of African Unity (OAU) + +established - 25 May 1963 + +aim - to promote unity and cooperation among African states + +members - (50) Algeria, Angola, Benin, Botswana, Burkina, +Burundi, Cameroon, Cape Verde, Central African Republic, Chad, +Comoros, Congo, Djibouti, Egypt, Equatorial Guinea, Ethiopia, +Gabon, The Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Ivory Coast, +Kenya, Lesotho, Liberia, Libya, Madagascar, Malawi, Mali, +Mauritania, Mauritius, Mozambique, Niger, Nigeria, Rwanda, +Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic, Sao Tome and Principe, Senegal, +Seychelles, Sierra Leone, Somalia, Sudan, Swaziland, Tanzania, +Togo, Tunisia, Uganda, Zaire, Zambia, Zimbabwe + +********** + +Organization of American States (OAS) + +established - 30 April 1948 + +effective - 13 December 1951 + +aim - to promote peace and security as well as economic and +social development + +members - (35) Antigua and Barbuda, Argentina, The Bahamas, +Barbados, Belize, Bolivia, Brazil, Canada, Chile, Colombia, Costa +Rica, Cuba (excluded from formal participation since 1962), +Dominica, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, El Salvador, Grenada, +Guatemala, Guyana, Haiti, Honduras, Jamaica, Mexico, Nicaragua, +Panama, Paraguay, Peru, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint +Vincent and the Grenadines, Suriname, Trinidad and Tobago, US, +Uruguay, Venezuela + +observers - (25) Algeria, Austria, Belgium, Belize, Cyprus, EC, +Egypt, Equatorial Guinea, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, +Guyana, Israel, Italy, Japan, South Korea, Morocco, Netherlands, +Pakistan, Portugal, Saudi Arabia, Spain, Switzerland, Vatican +City + +********** + +Organization of Arab Petroleum Exporting Countries (OAPEC) + +established - 9 January 1968 + +aim - to promote cooperation in the petroleum industry + +members - (11) Algeria, Bahrain, Egypt, Iraq, Kuwait, Libya, +Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Syria, Tunisia, UAE + +********** + +Organization of Eastern Caribbean States (OECS) + +established - 18 June 1981 + +effective - 4 July 1981 + +aim - to promote political, economic, and defense cooperation + +members - (8) Antigua and Barbuda, British Virgin Islands, +Dominica, Grenada, Montserrat, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint +Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines + +********** + +Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) + +established - 14 September 1960 + +aim - to coordinate petroleum policies + +members - (13) Algeria, Ecuador, Gabon, Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, +Kuwait, Libya, Nigeria, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, UAE, Venezuela + +********** + +Organization of the Islamic Conference (OIC) + +established - 22-25 September 1969 + +aim - to promote Islamic solidarity and cooperation in economic, +social, cultural, and political affairs + +members - (47 plus the Palestine Liberation Organization) +Afghanistan (suspended), Albania, Algeria, Azerbaijan, Bahrain, +Bangladesh, Benin, Brunei, Burkina, Cameroon, Chad, Comoros, +Djibouti, Egypt, Gabon, The Gambia, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, +Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, Jordan, Kazakhstan, Kuwait, Lebanon, +Libya, Malaysia, Maldives, Mali, Mauritania, Morocco, Niger, +Nigeria, Oman, Pakistan, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Senegal, Sierra +Leone, Somalia, Sudan, Syria, Tunisia, Turkey, Uganda, UAE, +Yemen, Palestine Liberation Organization + +observer - (1) Turkish-Cypriot administered area of Cyprus + +********** + +Paris Club + +Note - see Group of 10 + +********** + +Permanent Court of Arbitration (PCA) + +established - NA 1899 + +aim - to facilitate the settlement of international disputes + +members - (75) Argentina, Australia, Austria, Belarus, Belgium, +Bolivia, Brazil, Bulgaria, Burkina, Cambodia, Cameroon, Canada, +Chile, China, Colombia, Cuba, Czechoslovakia, Denmark, Dominican +Republic, Ecuador, Egypt, El Salvador, Fiji, Finland, France, +Germany, Greece, Guatemala, Haiti, Honduras, Hungary, Iceland, +India, Iran, Iraq, Israel, Italy, Japan, Laos, Lebanon, +Luxembourg, Malta, Mauritius, Mexico, Netherlands, NZ, Nicaragua, +Nigeria, Norway, Pakistan, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, Poland, +Portugal, Romania, Russia, Senegal, Spain, Sri Lanka, Sudan, +Swaziland, Sweden, Switzerland, Thailand, Turkey, Uganda, +Ukraine, UK, US, Uruguay, Venezuela, Yugoslavia, Zaire, Zimbabwe + +********** + +Population Commission + +established - 3 October 1946 + +aim - ECOSOC organization dealing with population matters + +members - (27) selected on a rotating basis from all regions + +********** + +Rio Group (RG) + +established - NA 1988 + +aim - a consultation mechanism on regional Latin American issues + +members - (11) Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, +Ecuador, Mexico, Paraguay, Peru, Uruguay, Venezuela; note - +Panama was expelled in 1988 + +********** + +Second World + +Note - another term for the traditionally Marxist-Leninist states +with authoritarian governments and command economies based on the +Soviet model; the term is fading from use; see centrally planned +economies + +********** + +socialist countries + +Note - in general, countries in which the government owns and +plans the use of the major factors of production; note - the term +is sometimes used incorrectly as a synonym for Communist +countries + +********** + +South + +Note - a popular term for the poorer, less industrialized +countries generally located south of the developed countries; the +counterpart of the North; see less developed countries (LDCs) + +********** + +South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC) + +established - 8 December 1985 + +aim - to promote economic, social, and cultural cooperation + +members - (7) Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Maldives, Nepal, +Pakistan, Sri Lanka + +********** + +South Pacific Commission (SPC) + +established - 6 February 1947 + +effective - 29 July 1948 + +aim - to promote regional cooperation in economic and social +matters + +members - (27) American Samoa, Australia, Cook Islands, Fiji, +France, French Polynesia, Guam, Kiribati, Marshall Islands, +Federated States of Micronesia, Nauru, New Caledonia, NZ, Niue, +Northern Mariana Islands, Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands +(Palau), Papua New Guinea, Pitcairn Islands, Solomon Islands, +Tokelau, Tonga, Tuvalu, UK, US, Vanuatu, Wallis and Futuna, +Western Samoa + +********** + +South Pacific Forum (SPF) + +established - 5 August 1971 + +aim - to promote regional cooperation in political matters + +members - (15) Australia, Cook Islands, Fiji, Kiribati, Marshall +Islands, Federated States of Micronesia, Nauru, NZ, Niue, Papua +New Guinea, Solomon Islands, Tonga, Tuvalu, Vanuatu, Western +Samoa + +observer - (1) Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands (Palau) + +********** + +Southern African Customs Union (SACU) + +established - 11 December 1969 + +aim - to promote free trade and cooperation in customs matters + +members - (9) Bophuthatswana, Botswana, Ciskei, Lesotho, Namibia, +South Africa, Swaziland, Transkei, Venda + +********** + +Southern African Development Coordination Conference (SADCC) + +established - 1 April 1980 + +aim - to promote regional economic development and reduce +dependence on South Africa + +members - (10) Angola, Botswana, Lesotho, Malawi, Mozambique, +Namibia, Swaziland, Tanzania, Zambia, Zimbabwe + +********** + +Southern Cone Common Market + +********** + +(MERCOSUR) + +established - 26 March 1991 + +aim - regional economic cooperation + +members - (4) Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay, Uruguay + +********** + +Statistical Commission + +established - 21 June 1946 + +aim - ECOSOC organization dealing with development and +standardization of national statistics + +members - (25) selected on a rotating basis from all regions + +********** + +Third World + +Note - another term for the less developed countries; the term is +fading from use; see less developed countries (LDCs) + +********** + +underdeveloped countries + +Note - refers to those less developed countries with the +potential for above-average economic growth; see less developed +countries (LDCs) + +********** + +undeveloped countries + +Note - refers to those extremely poor less developed countries +(LDCs) with little prospect for economic growth; see least +developed countries (LLDCs) + +********** + +Union Douaniere et Economique de l'Afrique Centrale (UDEAC) + +Note - see Central African Customs and Economic Union (UDEAC) + +********** + +United Nations (UN) + +established - 26 June 1945 + +effective - 24 October 1945 + +aim - to maintain international peace and security as well as +promote cooperation involving economic, social, cultural and +humanitarian problems + +members - (178) Afghanistan, Albania, Algeria, Angola, Antigua +and Barbuda, Argentina, Armenia, Australia, Austria, Azerbaijan, +The Bahamas, Bahrain, Bangladesh, Barbados, Belarus, Belgium, +Belize, Benin, Bhutan, Bolivia, Bosnia and Hercegovina, Botswana, +Brazil, Brunei, Bulgaria, Burkina, Burma, Burundi, Cambodia, +Cameroon, Canada, Cape Verde, Central African Republic, Chad, +Chile, China, Colombia, Comoros, Congo, Costa Rica, Croatia, +Cuba, Cyprus, Czechoslovakia, Denmark, Djibouti, Dominica, +Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Egypt, El Salvador, Equatorial +Guinea, Estonia, Ethiopia, Fiji, Finland, France, Gabon, The +Gambia, Germany, Ghana, Greece, Grenada, Guatemala, Guinea, +Guinea-Bissau, Guyana, Haiti, Honduras, Hungary, Iceland, India, +Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Ivory Coast, +Jamaica, Japan, Jordan, Kazakhstan, Kenya, North Korea, South +Korea, Kuwait, Kyrgyzstan, Laos, Latvia, Lebanon, Lesotho, +Liberia, Libya, Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Madagascar, +Malawi, Malaysia, Maldives, Mali, Malta, Marshall Islands, +Mauritania, Mauritius, Mexico, Federated States of Micronesia, +Moldova, Mongolia, Morocco, Mozambique, Namibia, Nepal, +Netherlands, NZ, Nicaragua, Niger, Nigeria, Norway, Oman, +Pakistan, Panama, Papua New Guinea, Paraguay, Peru, Philippines, +Poland, Portugal, Qatar, Romania, Russia, Rwanda, Saint Kitts and +Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, San Marino, +Sao Tome and Principe, Saudi Arabia, Senegal, Seychelles, Sierra +Leone, Singapore, Slovenia, Solomon Islands, Somalia, South +Africa, Spain, Sri Lanka, Sudan, Suriname, Swaziland, Sweden, +Syria, Tajikistan, Tanzania, Thailand, Togo, Trinidad and Tobago, +Tunisia, Turkmenistan, Turkey, Uganda, Ukraine, UAE, UK, US, +Uruguay, Uzbekistan, Vanuatu, Venezuela, Vietnam, Western Samoa, +Yemen, Yugoslavia, Zaire, Zambia, Zimbabwe; note - all UN members +are represented in the General Assembly + +observers - (3 and the Palestine Liberation Organization) Monaco, +Switzerland, Vatican City, Palestine Liberation Organization + +********** + +United Nations Angola Verification Mission (UNAVEM) + +established - 20 December 1988 + +aim - established by the UN Security Council to verify the +withdrawal of Cuban troops from Angola + +members - (10) Algeria, Argentina, Brazil, Congo, Czechoslovakia, +India, Jordan, Norway, Spain, Yugoslavia + +********** + +United Nations Center for Human Settlements (UNCHS or Habitat) + +established - 12 October 1978 + +aim - to assist in solving human settlement problems + +members - (88) selected on a rotating basis from all regions + +********** + +United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF) + +Note - acronym retained from the predecessor organization UN +International Children's Emergency Fund + +established - 11 December 1946 + +aim - to help establish child health and welfare services + +members - (41) selected on a rotating basis from all regions + +********** + +United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD) + +established - 30 December 1964 + +aim - to promote international trade + +members - (181) all UN members plus Monaco, Switzerland, Tonga, +Vatican City + +********** + +United Nations Development Program (UNDP) + +established - 22 November 1965 + +aim - to provide technical assistance to stimulate economic and +social development + +members - (48) selected on a rotating basis from all regions + +********** + +United Nations Disengagement Observer Force (UNDOF) + +established - 31 May 1974 + +aim - established by the UN Security Council to observe the 1973 +Arab-Israeli ceasefire + +members - (4) Austria, Canada, Finland, Poland + +********** + +United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization +(UNESCO) + +established - 16 November 1945 + +effective - 4 November 1946 + +aim - to promote cooperation in education, science, and culture + +members - (159) all UN members except Armenia, Azerbaijan, Bosnia +and Hercegovina, Brunei, Croatia, Estonia, Kazakhstan, +Kyrgyzstan, Latvia, Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Marshall Islands, +Federated States of Micronesia, Moldova, Singapore, Slovenia, +Solomon Islands, South Africa, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, UK, US, +Uzbekistan, Vanuatu; other members are Cook Islands, Kiribati, +Monaco, Switzerland, Tonga + +associate members - (3) Aruba, British Virgin Islands, +Netherlands Antilles + +********** + +United Nations Environment Program (UNEP) + +established - 15 December 1972 + +aim - to promote international cooperation on all environmental +matters + +members - (58) selected on a rotating basis from all regions + +********** + +United Nations Force in Cyprus (UNFICYP) + +established - 4 March 1964 + +aim - established by the UN Security Council to serve as a +peacekeeping force beween Greek Cypriots and Turkish Cypriots in +Cyprus + +members - (8) Australia, Austria, Canada, Denmark, Finland, +Ireland, Sweden, UK + +********** + +United Nations General Assembly + +established - 26 June 1945 + +effective - 24 October 1945 + +aim - primary deliberative organ in the UN + +members - (178) all UN members are represented in the General +Assembly + +********** + +United Nations Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO) + +established - 17 November 1966 + +effective - 1 January 1967 + +aim - UN specialized agency that promotes industrial development +especially among the members + +members - (150) all UN members except Antigua and Barbuda, +Armenia, Australia, Azerbaijan, Bosnia and Hercegovina, Brunei, +Burma, Cambodia, Chad, Croatia, Djibouti, Estonia, Iceland, +Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Latvia, Liberia, Liechtenstein, +Lithuania, Marshall Islands, Federated States of Micronesia, +Moldova, Singapore, Slovenia, Solomon Islands, South Africa, +Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, Western Samoa; other +members are Switzerland, Tonga + +********** + +United Nations Interim Force in Lebanon (UNIFIL) + +established - 19 March 1978 + +aim - established by the UN Security Council to confirm the +withdrawal of Israeli forces, restore peace, and reestablish +Lebanese authority in southern Lebanon + +members - (9) Fiji, Finland, France, Ghana, Ireland, Italy, +Nepal, Norway, Sweden + +********** + +United Nations Iran-Iraq Military Observer Group (UNIIMOG) + +established - 9 August 1988 + +aim - established by the UN Security Council to observe the 1988 +Iran-Iraq ceasefire + +members - (25) Argentina, Australia, Austria, Bangladesh, Canada, +Denmark, Finland, Ghana, Hungary, India, Indonesia, Ireland, +Italy, Kenya, Malaysia, NZ, Nigeria, Norway, Poland, Senegal, +Sweden, Turkey, Uruguay, Yugoslavia, Zambia + +********** + +United Nations Military Observer Group in India and Pakistan +(UNMOGIP) + +established - 13 August 1948 + +aim - established by the UN Security Council to observe the 1949 +India-Pakistan ceasefire + +members - (8) Belgium, Chile, Denmark, Finland, Italy, Norway, +Sweden, Uruguay + +********** + +United Nations Office of the High Commissioner for Refugees +(UNHCR) + +established - 3 December 1949 + +effective - 1 January 1951 + +aim - to try to ensure the humanitarian treatment of refugees and +find permanent solutions to refugee problems + +members - (43) Algeria, Argentina, Australia, Austria, Belgium, +Brazil, Canada, China, Colombia, Denmark, Finland, France, +Germany, Greece, Iran, Israel, Italy, Japan, Lebanon, Lesotho, +Madagascar, Morocco, Namibia, Netherlands, Nicaragua, Nigeria, +Norway, Pakistan, Somalia, Sudan, Sweden, Switzerland, Tanzania, +Thailand, Tunisia, Turkey, Uganda, UK, US, Vatican City, +Venezuela, Yugoslavia, Zaire + +********** + +United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA) + +Note - acronym retained from predecessor organization UN Fund for +Population Activities + +established - NA July 1967 + +aim - to promote assistance in dealing with population problems + +members - (51) selected on a rotating basis from all regions + +********** + +United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees in +the Near East (UNRWA) + +established - 8 December 1949 + +aim - to provide assistance to Palestinian refugees + +members - (10) Belgium, Egypt, France, Japan, Jordan, Lebanon, +Syria, Turkey, UK, US + +********** + +United Nations Secretariat + +established - 26 June 1945 + +effective - 24 October 1945 + +aim - primary administrative organ of the UN + +members - Secretary General appointed for a five-year term by the +General Assembly on the recommendation of the Security Council + +********** + +United Nations Security Council + +established - 26 June 1945 + +effective - 24 October 1945 + +aim - to maintain international peace and security + +permanent members - (5) China, France, Russia, UK, US + +nonpermanent members - (10) elected for two-year terms by the UN +General Assembly; Austria (1991-92), Belgium (1991-92), Cuba +(1990-91), Ecuador (1991-92), India (1991-92), Ivory Coast (1990- +91), Romania (1990-91), Yemen (1990-91), Zaire (1990-91), +Zimbabwe (1991-92) + +********** + +United Nations Truce Supervision Organization (UNTSO) + +established - NA May 1948 + +aim - initially established by the UN Security Council to +supervise the 1948 Arab-Israeli ceasefire and subsequently +extended to work in the Sinai, Lebanon, Jordan, Afghanistan, and +Pakistan + +members - (19) Argentina, Australia, Austria, Belgium, Canada, +Chile, China, Denmark, Finland, France, Ireland, Italy, +Netherlands, NZ, Norway, Russia, Sweden, Switzerland, US + +********** + +United Nations Trusteeship Council + +established - 26 June 1945 + +effective - 24 October 1945 + +aim - to supervise the administration of the UN trust +territories; only one of the original 11 trusteeships remains - +the Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands (Palau) + +members - (5) China, France, Russia, UK, US + +********** + +Universal Postal Union (UPU) + +established - 9 October 1874, affiliated with the UN 15 November +1947 + +effective - 1 July 1948 + +aim - UN specialized agency that promotes international postal +cooperation + +members - (168) all UN members except Antigua and Barbuda, +Armenia, Azerbaijan, Bosnia and Hercegovina, Estonia, +Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Latvia, Lithuania, Marshall Islands, +Federated States of Micronesia, Moldova, Namibia, Slovenia, +South Africa, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan; other members +are Kiribati, Monaco, Nauru, Netherlands Antilles, Switzerland, +Tonga, Tuvalu, UK Overseas Territories, Vatican City + +********** + +Warsaw Pact (WP) + +Note - was established 14 May 1955 to promote mutual defense; +members met 1 July 1991 to dissolve the alliance; member states +were Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Poland, Romania, and the +USSR + +********** + +West African Development Bank (WADB) + +Note - also known as Banque Ouest-Africaine de Developpement +(BOAD) + +established - 14 November 1973 + +aim - to promote economic development and integration + +members - (7) Benin, Burkina, Ivory Coast, Mali, Niger, Senegal, +Togo + +********** + +West African Economic Community (CEAO) + +Note - acronym from Communaute Economique de l'Afrique de l'Ouest + +established - 3 June 1972 + +aim - to promote regional economic development + +members - (7) Benin, Burkina, Ivory Coast, Mali, Mauritania, +Niger, Senegal + +observer - (1) Togo + +********** + +Western European Union (WEU) + +established - 23 October 1954 + +effective - 6 May 1955 + +aim - mutual defense and progressive political unification + +members - (10) Belgium, France, Germany, Greece, Italy, +Luxembourg, Netherlands, Portugal, Spain, UK + +********** + +World Bank +

see International Bank for Reconstruction and Development +(IBRD) + +********** + +World Bank Group + +Note - includes International Bank for Reconstruction and +Development (IBRD), International Development Association (IDA), +and International Finance Corporation (IFC) + +********** + +World Confederation of Labor (WCL) + +established - 19 June 1920 as the International Federation of +Christian Trade Unions (IFCTU), renamed 4 October 1968 + +aim - to promote the trade union movement + +members - (96 national organizations) Algeria, Angola, Antigua +and Barbuda, Argentina, Aruba, Austria, Bangladesh, Belgium, +Belize, Benin, Bolivia, Bonaire Island, Botswana, Brazil, +Burkina, Cameroon, Canada, Cape Verde, Central African Republic, +Chad, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Cuba, Curacao, Cyprus, +Dominica, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, El Salvador, France, +French Guiana, Gabon, The Gambia, Ghana, Grenada, Guadaloupe, +Guatemala, Guinea, Guyana, Haiti, Honduras, Hong Kong, Indonesia, +Italy, Ivory Coast, Jamaica, Kenya, Lesotho, Liechtenstein, +Luxembourg, Madagascar, Malaysia, Mali, Martinique, Mauritius, +Mexico, Montserrat, Namibia, Netherlands, Nicaragua, Niger, +Nigeria, Pakistan, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, Philippines, Poland, +Portugal, Puerto Rico, Rwanda, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint +Lucia, Saint Martin, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Senegal, +Seychelles, Sierra Leone, Spain, Sri Lanka, Suriname, +Switzerland, Tanzania, Thailand, Togo, UK, US, Uruguay, +Venezuela, Vietnam, Zaire, Zambia, Zimbabwe + +********** + +World Court +

see International Court of Justice (ICJ) + +********** + +World Federation of Trade Unions (WFTU) + +established - NA 1945 + +aim - to promote the trade union movement + +members - (67) Afghanistan, Angola, Argentina, Australia, +Austria, Bahrain, Bangladesh, Bolivia, Brazil, Burkina, Cambodia, +Chile, Colombia, Congo, Costa Rica, Cuba, Cyprus, Dominican +Republic, Ecuador, El Salvador, Ethiopia, France, The Gambia, +Guatemala, Guinea-Bissau, Guyana, Haiti, Honduras, India, +Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, Jamaica, Japan, Jordan, North Korea, +Kuwait, Laos, Lebanon, Madagascar, Mauritius, Mongolia, Namibia, +Nepal, Nicaragua, Oman, Pakistan, Panama, Papua New Guinea, Peru, +Philippines, Puerto Rico, Russia, Saint Vincent and the +Grenadines, Saudi Arabia, Senegal, Solomon Islands, South Africa, +Sri Lanka, Sudan, Syria, Trinidad and Tobago, Uruguay, Venezuela, +Vietnam, Yemen, Zaire + +********** + +World Food Council (WFC) + +established - 17 December 1974 + +aim - ECOSOC organization that studies world food problems and +recommends solutions + +members - (36) selected on a rotating basis from all regions + +********** + +World Food Program (WFP) + +established - 24 November 1961 + +aim - ECOSOC organization that provides food aid to assist in +development or disaster relief + +members - (30) selected on a rotating basis from all regions + +********** + +World Health Organization (WHO) + +established - 22 July 1946 + +effective - 7 April 1948 + +aim - UN specialized agency concerned with health matters + +members - (164) all UN members except Armenia, Azerbaijan, +Belize, Bosnia and Hercegovina, China, Croatia, Estonia, +Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Latvia, Liechtenstein, Lithuania, +Marshall Islands, Federated States of Micronesia, Moldova, +Slovenia, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan; other members are +Cook Islands, Kiribati, Monaco, Switzerland, Tonga + +********** + +World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) + +established - 14 July 1967 + +effective - 26 April 1970 + +aim - UN specialized agency concerned with the protection of +literary, artistic, and scientific works + +members - (125) Algeria, Angola, Argentina, Australia, Austria, +The Bahamas, Bangladesh, Barbados, Belarus, Belgium, Benin, +Brazil, Bulgaria, Burkina, Burundi, Cameroon, Canada, Central +African Republic, Chad, Chile, China, Colombia, Congo, Costa +Rica, Cuba, Cyprus, Czechoslovakia, Denmark, Ecuador, Egypt, El +Salvador, Fiji, Finland, France, Gabon, The Gambia, Germany, +Ghana, Greece, Guatemala, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Haiti, Honduras, +Hungary, Iceland, India, Indonesia, Iraq, Ireland, Israel, Italy, +Ivory Coast, Jamaica, Japan, Jordan, Kenya, North Korea, South +Korea, Lebanon, Lesotho, Liberia, Libya, Liechtenstein, +Luxembourg, Madagascar, Malawi, Malaysia, Mali, Malta, +Mauritania, Mauritius, Mexico, Monaco, Mongolia, Morocco, +Netherlands, NZ, Nicaragua, Niger, Norway, Pakistan, Panama, +Paraguay, Peru, Philippines, Poland, Portugal, Qatar, Romania, +Russia, Rwanda, Saudi Arabia, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Singapore, +Somalia, South Africa, Spain, Sri Lanka, Sudan, Suriname, +Swaziland, Sweden, Switzerland, Tanzania, Thailand, Togo, +Trinidad and Tobago, Tunisia, Turkey, Uganda, Ukraine, UAE, UK, +US, Uruguay, Vatican City, Venezuela, Vietnam, Yemen, Yugoslavia, +Zaire, Zambia, Zimbabwe + +********** + +World Meteorological Organization (WMO) + +established - 11 October 1947 + +effective - 4 April 1951 + +aim - specialized UN agency concerned with meteorological +cooperation + +members - (162) all UN members except Armenia, Azerbaijan, +Bhutan, Bosnia and Hercegovina, Croatia, Equatorial Guinea, +Estonia, Grenada, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Latvia, Liechtenstein, +Lithuania, Moldova, Namibia, Poland, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint +Vincent and the Grenadines, Slovenia, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, +Uzbekistan, Western Samoa; South Africa is included although WMO +membership is suspended; other members are British Caribbean +Territories, French Polynesia, Hong Kong, Slovenia, Netherlands +Antilles, New Caledonia, Switzerland + +********** + +World Tourism Organization (WTO) + +established - 2 January 1975 + +aim - promote tourism as a means of contributing to economic +development, international understanding, and peace + +members - (102) Afghanistan, Algeria, Angola, Argentina, +Australia, Austria, Bangladesh, Belgium, Benin, Bolivia, Brazil, +Burkina, Burundi, Cambodia, Cameroon, Canada, Chad, Chile, China, +Colombia, Congo, Cuba, Cyprus, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, +Egypt, Ethiopia, Finland, France, Gabon, The Gambia, Germany, +Ghana, Greece, Grenada, Guinea, Haiti, Hungary, India, Indonesia, +Iran, Iraq, Israel, Italy, Ivory Coast, Jamaica, Japan, Jordan, +Kenya, Kiribati, North Korea, South Korea, Kuwait, Laos, Lebanon, +Lesotho, Libya, Madagascar, Malawi, Maldives, Mali, Malta, +Mauritania, Mauritius, Mexico, Mongolia, Morocco, Nepal, +Netherlands, Niger, Nigeria, Pakistan, Panama, Peru, Portugal, +Romania, Russia, Rwanda, San Marino, Sao Tome and Principe, +Senegal, Sierra Leone, Spain, Sri Lanka, Sudan, Switzerland, +Syria, Tanzania, Togo, Tunisia, Turkey, Uganda, UAE, US, Uruguay, +Venezuela, Vietnam, Yemen, Yugoslavia, Zaire, Zambia, Zimbabwe + +associate members - (4) Aruba, Macau, Netherlands Antilles, +Puerto Rico + +permanent observer - (1) Vatican City + +********** + +Zangger Committee (ZC) + +established - early 1970s + +aim - to establish guidelines for the export control provisions +of the nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty + +members - (23) Australia, Austria, Belgium, Canada, +Czechoslovakia, Denmark, Finland, Germany, Greece, Hungary, +Ireland, Italy, Japan, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, +Romania, Russia, Sweden, Switzerland, UK, US + + + Appendix D: Weights and Measures +Mathematical Notation +Mathematical Power Name +10^18 or 1,000,000,000,000,000,000 one quintillion +10^15 or 1,000,000,000,000,000 one quadrillion +10^12 or 1,000,000,000,000 one trillion +10^9 or 1,000,000,000 one billion +10^6 or 1,000,000 one million +10^3 or 1,000 one thousand +10^2 or 100 one hundred +10^1 or 10 ten +10^0 or 1 one +10^-1 or 0.1 one tenth +10^-2 or 0.01 one hundredth +10^-3 or 0.001 one thousandth +10^-6 or 0.000 001 one millionth +10^-9 or 0.000 000 001 one billionth +10^-12 or 0.000 000 000 001 one trillionth +10^-15 or 0.000 000 000 000 001 one quadrillionth +10^-18 or 0.000 000 000 000 000 001 one quintillionth +Metric Interrelationships +Conversions from a multiple or submultiple to the basic units of meters, +liters, or grams can be done using the table. For example, to convert from +kilometers to meters, multiply by 1,000 (9.26 kilometers equals 9,260 +meters) or to convert from meters to kilometers, multiply by 0.001 (9,260 +meters equals 9.26 kilometers) +Prefix Symbol Length, Area Volume + weight, + capacity +exa E 10^18 10^36 10^54 +peta P 10^15 10^30 10^45 +tera T 10^12 10^24 10^36 +giga G 10^9 10^18 10^27 +mega M 10^6 10^12 10^18 +hectokilo hk 10^5 10^10 10^15 +myria ma 10^4 10^8 10^12 +kilo k 10^3 10^6 10^9 +hecto h 10^2 10^4 10^6 +basic unit - 1 meter, 1 meter^2 1 meter^3 + 1 gram, + 1 liter +deci d 10^-1 10^-2 10^-3 +centi c 10^-2 10^-4 10^-6 +milli m 10^-3 10^-6 10^-9 +decimilli dm 10^-4 10^-8 10^-12 +centimilli cm 10^-5 10^-10 10^-15 +micro u 10^-6 10^-12 10^-18 +nano n 10^-9 10^-18 10^-27 +pico p 10^-12 10^-24 10^-36 +femto f 10^-15 10^-30 10^-45 +atto a 10^-18 10^-36 10^-54 + +Equivalents + +Unit Metric Equivalent US Equivalent +acre 0.404 685 64 hectares 43,560 feet^2 +acre 4,046,856 4 meters^2 4,840 yards^2 +acre 0.004 046 856 4 0.001 562 5 miles^2, + kilometers^2 statute +are 100 meters^2 119.599 yards^2 +barrel (petroleum, US) 158.987 29 liters 42 gallons +barrel (proof spirits, 151.416 47 liters 40 gallons +US) +barrel (beer, US) 117.347 77 liters 31 gallons +bushel 35.239 07 liters 4 pecks +cable 219.456 meters 120 fathoms +chain (surveyor's) 20.116 8 meters 66 feet +cord (wood) 3.624 556 meters^3 128 feet^3 +cup 0.236 588 2 liters 8 ounces, liquid (US) +degrees, celsius (water boils at 100. multiply by 1.8 and add + degrees C, freezes at 0. C) 32 to obtain .F +degrees, fahrenheit subtract 32 and divide by (water boils at 212 .F, + 1.8 to obtain .C freezes at 32 .F) +dram, avoirdupois 1.771 845 2 grams 0.062 5 ounces, avoirdupois +dram, troy 3.887 934 6 grams 0.125 ounces, troy +dram, liquid (US) 3.696 69 milliliters 0.125 ounces, liquid +fathom 1.828 8 meters 6 feet +foot 30.48 centimeters +foot 0.304 8 meters 0.333 333 3 yards +foot 0.000 304 8 kilometers 0.000 189 39 miles, + statute +foot^2 929.030 4 centimeters^2 144 inches^2 +foot 2 0.092 903 04 meters^2 0.111 111 1 yards^2 +foot^3 28.316 846 592 liters 7.480 519 gallons +foot^3 0.028 316 847 meters^3 1,728 inches^3 +furlong 201.168 meters 220 yards +gallon, liquid (US) 3.785 411 784 liters 4 quarts, liquid +gill (US) 118.294 118 milliliters 4 ounces, liquid +grain 64.798 91 milligrams 0.002 285 71 ounces, + advp. +gram 1,000 milligrams 0.035 273 96 ounces, + advp. +hand (height of horse) 10.16 centimeters 4 inches +hectare 10,000 meters^2 2.471 053 8 acres +hundredweight, long 50.802 345 kilograms 112 pounds, avoirdupois +hundredweight, short 45.359 237 kilograms 100 pounds, avoirdupois +inch 2.54 centimeters 0.083 333 33 feet +inch2 6.451 6 centimeters^2 0.006 944 44 feet^2 +inch3 16.387 064 centimeters^3 0.000 578 7 feet^3 +inch3 16.387 064 milliliters 0.029 761 6 pints, dry +inch3 16.387 064 milliliters 0.034 632 0 pints, liquid +kilogram 0.001 tons, metric 2.204 623 pounds, + avoirdupois +kilometer 1,000 meters 0.621 371 19 miles, + statute +kilometer^2 100 hectares 247.105 38 acres +kilometer^2 1,000,000 meters^2 0.386 102 16 miles^2, + statute +knot (1 nautical 1.852 kilometers/hour 1.151 statute miles/hour +mi/hr) +league, nautical 5.559 552 kilometers 3 miles, nautical +league, statute 4.828.032 kilometers 3 miles, statute +link (surveyor's) 20.116 8 centimeters 7.92 inches +liter 0.001 meters^3 61.023 74 inches^3 +liter 0.1 dekaliter 0.908 083 quarts, dry +liter 1,000 milliliters 1.056 688 quarts, liquid +meter 100 centimeters 1.093 613 yards +meter^2 10,000 centimeters^2 1.195 990 yards^2 +meter^3 1,000 liters 1.307 951 yards^3 +micron 0.000 001 meter 0.000 039 4 inches +mil 0.025 4 millimeters 0.001 inch +mile, nautical 1.852 kilometers 1.150 779 4 miles, + statute +mile^2, nautical 3.429 904 kilometers^2 1.325 miles^2, statute +mile, statute 1.609 344 kilometers 5,280 feet or 8 furlongs +mile^2, statute 258.998 811 hectares 640 acres or 1 section +mile^2, statute 2.589 988 11 kilometers^2 0.755 miles^2, nautical +minim (US) 0.061 611 52 milliliters 0.002 083 33 ounces, + liquid +ounce, avoirdupois 28.349 523 125 grams 437.5 grains +ounce, liquid (US) 29.573 53 milliliters 0.062 5 pints, liquid +ounce, troy 31.103 476 8 grams 480 grains +pace 76.2 centimeters 30 inches +peck 8.809 767 5 liters 8 quarts, dry +pennyweight 1.555 173 84 grams 24 grains +pint, dry (US) 0.550 610 47 liters 0.5 quarts, dry +pint, liquid (US) 0.473 176 473 liters 0.5 quarts, liquid +point (typographical) 0.351 459 8 millimeters 0.013 837 inches +pound, avoirdupois 453.592 37 grams 16 ounces, avourdupois +pound, troy 373.241 721 6 grams 12 ounces, troy +quart, dry (US) 1.101 221 liters 2 pints, dry +quart, liquid (US) 0.946 352 946 liters 2 pints, liquid +quintal 100 kilograms 220.462 26 pounds, avdp. +rod 5.029 2 meters 5.5 yards +scruple 1.295 978 2 grams 20 grains +section (US) 2.589 988 1 kilometers^2 1 mile2, statute or 640 + acres +span 22.86 centimeters 9 inches +stere 1 meter3 1.307 95 yards^3 +tablespoon 14.786 76 milliliters 3 teaspoons +teaspoon 4.928 922 milliliters 0.333 333 tablespoons +ton, long or 1,016.046 909 kilograms 2,240 pounds, avoirdupois +deadweight + +ton, metric 1,000 kilograms 2,204.623 pounds, + avoirdupois +ton, metric 1,000 kilograms 32,150.75 ounces, troy +ton, register 2.831 684 7 meters^3 100 feet^3 +ton, short 907.184 74 kilograms 2,000 pounds, avoirdupois +township (US) 93.239 572 kilometers^2 36 miles^2, statute +yard 0.914 4 meters 3 feet +yard^2 0.836 127 36 meters^2 9 feet^2 +yard^3 0.764 554 86 meters^3 27 feet^3 +yard^3 764.554 857 984 liters 201.974 gallons + + +********** + +Appendix E + +Cross-Reference List of Geographic Names + + This list indicates where various names including all United States +Foreign Service Posts, alternate names, former names, and political or +geographical portions of larger entities can be found in The World +Factbook. Spellings are not necessarily those approved by the United +States Board on Geographic Names (BGN). Alternate names are included in +parentheses; additional information is included in brackets. + +Name Entry in The World Factbook + +Abidjan [US Embassy] Ivory Coast +Abu Dhabi [US Embassy] United Arab Emirates +Acapulco [US Consular Agency] Mexico +Accra [US Embassy] Ghana +Adana [US Consulate] Turkey +Addis Ababa [US Embassy] Ethiopia +Adelaide [US Consular Agency] Australia +Adelie Land (Terre Adelie) Antarctica + [claimed by France] +Aden Yemen +Aden, Gulf of Indian Ocean +Admiralty Islands Papua New Guinea +Adriatic Sea Atlantic Ocean +Aegean Islands Greece +Aegean Sea Atlantic Ocean +Afars and Issas, French Djibouti + Territory of the (F.T.A.I.) +Agalega Islands Mauritius +Aland Islands Finland +Alaska United States +Alaska, Gulf of Pacific Ocean +Aldabra Islands Seychelles +Alderney Guernsey +Aleutian Islands United States +Alexander Island Antarctica +Alexandria [US Consulate General] Egypt +Algiers [US Embassy] Algeria +Alhucemas, Penon de Spain +Alma-Ata Kazakhstan +Alphonse Island Seychelles +Amami Strait Pacific Ocean +Amindivi Islands India +Amirante Isles Seychelles +Amman [US Embassy] Jordan +Amsterdam [US Consulate General] Netherlands +Amsterdam Island (Ile Amsterdam) French Southern and Antarctic Lands +Amundsen Sea Pacific Ocean +Amur China; Russia +Andaman Islands India +Andaman Sea Indian Ocean +Anegada Passage Atlantic Ocean +Anglo-Egyptian Sudan Sudan +Anjouan Comoros +Ankara [US Embassy] Turkey +Annobon Equatorial Guinea +Antananarivo [US Embassy] Madagascar +Antipodes Islands New Zealand +Antwerp [US Consulate General] Belgium +Aozou Strip [claimed by Libya] Chad +Aqaba, Gulf of Indian Ocean +Arabian Sea Indian Ocean +Arafura Sea Pacific Ocean +Argun China; Russia +Ascension Island Saint Helena +Ashgabat (Ashkhabad) Turkmenistan +Ashkhabad [Interim Chancery] Turkmenistan +Assumption Island Seychelles +Asuncion [US Embassy] Paraguay +Asuncion Island Northern Mariana Islands +Atacama Chile +Athens [US Embassy] Greece +Attu United States +Auckland [US Consulate General] New Zealand +Auckland Islands New Zealand +Australes Iles (Iles Tubuai) French Polynesia +Axel Heiberg Island Canada +Azores Portugal +Azov, Sea of Atlantic Ocean + +Bab el Mandeb Indian Ocean +Babuyan Channel Pacific Ocean +Babuyan Islands Philippines +Baffin Bay Arctic Ocean +Baffin Island Canada +Baghdad Iraq +Baku Azerbaijan +Baky (Baku) Azerbaijan +Balabac Strait Pacific Ocean +Balearic Islands Spain +Balearic Sea (Iberian Sea) Atlantic Ocean +Bali [US Consular Agency] Indonesia +Bali Sea Indian Ocean +Balintang Channel Pacific Ocean +Balintang Islands Philippines +Balleny Islands Antarctica +Balochistan Pakistan +Baltic Sea Atlantic Ocean +Bamako [US Embassy] Mali +Banaba (Ocean Island) Kiribati +Bandar Seri Begawan [US Embassy] Brunei +Banda Sea Pacific Ocean +Bangkok [US Embassy] Thailand +Bangui [US Embassy] Central African Republic +Banjul [US Embassy] Gambia, The +Banks Island Canada +Banks Islands (Iles Banks) Vanuatu +Barcelona [US Consulate General] Spain +Barents Sea Arctic Ocean +Barranquilla [US Consulate] Colombia +Bashi Channel Pacific Ocean +Basilan Strait Pacific Ocean +Bass Strait Indian Ocean +Batan Islands Philippines +Bavaria (Bayern) Germany +Beagle Channel Atlantic Ocean +Bear Island (Bjornoya) Svalbard +Beaufort Sea Arctic Ocean +Bechuanaland Botswana +Beijing [US Embassy] China +Beirut [US Embassy] Lebanon +Belau Pacific Islands, Trust Territory of the + (Palau) +Belem [US Consular Agency] Brazil +Belep Islands (Iles Belep) New Caledonia +Belfast [US Consulate General] United Kingdom +Belgian Congo Zaire +Belgrade [US Embassy] Yugoslavia +Belize City [US Embassy] Belize +Belle Isle, Strait of Atlantic Ocean +Bellinghausen Sea Pacific Ocean +Belmopan Belize +Belorussia Belarus +Bengal, Bay of Indian Ocean +Bering Sea Pacific Ocean +Bering Strait Pacific Ocean +Berkner Island Antarctica +Berlin [US Branch Office] Germany +Berlin, East Germany +Berlin, West Germany +Bern [US Embassy] Switzerland +Bessarabia Romania; Moldova +Bijagos, Arquipelago dos Guinea-Bissau +Bikini Atoll Marshall Islands +Bilbao [US Consulate] Spain +Bioko Equatorial Guinea +Biscay, Bay of Atlantic Ocean +Bishbek [Interim Chancery] Kyrgyzstan +Bishop Rock United Kingdom +Bismarck Archipelago Papua New Guinea +Bismarck Sea Pacific Ocean +Bissau [US Embassy] Guinea-Bissau +Bjornoya (Bear Island) Svalbard +Black Rock Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas) +Black Sea Atlantic Ocean +Boa Vista Cape Verde +Bogota [US Embassy] Colombia +Bombay [US Consulate General] India +Bonaire Netherlands Antilles +Bonifacio, Strait of Atlantic Ocean +Bonin Islands Japan +Bonn [US Embassy] Germany +Bophuthatswana South Africa +Bora-Bora French Polynesia +Bordeaux [US Consulate General] France +Borneo Brunei; Indonesia; Malaysia +Bornholm Denmark +Bosporus Atlantic Ocean +Bothnia, Gulf of Atlantic Ocean +Bougainville Island Papua New Guinea +Bougainville Strait Pacific Ocean +Bounty Islands New Zealand +Brasilia [US Embassy] Brazil +Brazzaville [US Embassy] Congo +Bridgetown [US Embassy] Barbados +Brisbane [US Consulate] Australia +British East Africa Kenya +British Guiana Guyana +British Honduras Belize +British Solomon Islands Solomon Islands +British Somaliland Somalia +Brussels [US Embassy, US Mission Belgium + to European Communities, US + Mission to the North Atlantic + Treaty Organization (USNATO)] +Bucharest [US Embassy] Romania +Budapest [US Embassy] Hungary +Buenos Aires [US Embassy] Argentina +Bujumbura [US Embassy] Burundi +Byelorussia Belarus + +Cabinda Angola +Cabot Strait Atlantic Ocean +Caicos Islands Turks and Caicos Islands +Cairo [US Embassy] Egypt +Calcutta [US Consulate General] India +Calgary [US Consulate General] Canada +California, Gulf of Pacific Ocean +Campbell Island New Zealand +Canal Zone Panama +Canary Islands Spain +Canberra [US Embassy] Australia +Cancun [US Consular Agency] Mexico +Canton (Guangzhou) China +Canton Island Kiribati +Cape Town [US Consulate General] South Africa +Caracas [US Embassy] Venezuela +Cargados Carajos Shoals Mauritius +Caroline Islands Micronesia, Federated States of; + Pacific Islands, Trust Territory of the +Caribbean Sea Atlantic Ocean +Carpentaria, Gulf of Pacific Ocean +Casablanca [US Consulate General] Morocco +Cato Island Australia +Cebu [US Consulate] Philippines +Celebes Indonesia +Celebes Sea Pacific Ocean +Celtic Sea Atlantic Ocean +Central African Empire Central African Republic +Ceuta Spain +Ceylon Sri Lanka +Chafarinas, Islas Spain +Chagos Archipelago (Oil Islands) British Indian Ocean Territory +Channel Islands Guernsey; Jersey +Chatham Islands New Zealand +Cheju-do Korea, South +Cheju Strait Pacific Ocean +Chengdu [US Consulate General] China +Chesterfield Islands New Caledonia + (Iles Chesterfield) +Chiang Mai [US Consulate General] Thailand +Chihli, Gulf of (Bo Hai) Pacific Ocean +China, People's Republic of China +China, Republic of Taiwan +Choiseul Solomon Islands +Christchurch [US Consular Agency] New Zealand +Christmas Island [Indian Ocean] Australia +Christmas Island [Pacific Ocean] Kiribati + (Kiritimati) +Chukchi Sea Arctic Ocean +Ciskei South Africa +Ciudad Juarez [US Consulate Mexico + General] +Cochabamba [US Consular Agency] Bolivia +Coco, Isla del Costa Rica +Cocos Islands Cocos (Keeling) Islands +Colombo [US Embassy] Sri Lanka +Colon [US Consular Agency] Panama +Colon, Archipielago de Ecuador + (Galapagos Islands) +Commander Islands Russia + (Komandorskiye Ostrova) +Conakry [US Embassy] Guinea +Congo (Brazzaville) Congo +Congo (Kinshasa) Zaire +Congo (Leopoldville) Zaire +Con Son Islands Vietnam +Cook Strait Pacific Ocean +Copenhagen [US Embassy] Denmark +Coral Sea Pacific Ocean +Corn Islands (Islas del Maiz) Nicaragua +Corsica France +Cosmoledo Group Seychelles +Cote d'Ivoire Ivory Coast +Cotonou [US Embassy] Benin +Crete Greece +Crooked Island Passage Atlantic Ocean +Crozet Islands (Iles Crozet) French Southern and Antarctic Lands +Curacao [US Consulate General] Netherlands Antilles +Cusco [US Consular Agency] Peru + +Dahomey Benin +Daito Islands Japan +Dakar [US Embassy] Senegal +Daman (Damao) India +Damascus [US Embassy] Syria +Danger Atoll Cook Islands +Danish Straits Atlantic Ocean +Danzig (Gdansk) Poland +Dao Bach Long Vi Vietnam +Dardanelles Atlantic Ocean +Dar es Salaam [US Embassy] Tanzania +Davis Strait Atlantic Ocean +Deception Island Antarctica +Denmark Strait Atlantic Ocean +D'Entrecasteaux Islands Papua New Guinea +Devon Island Canada +Dhahran [US Consulate General] Saudi Arabia +Dhaka [US Embassy] Bangladesh +Diego Garcia British Indian Ocean Territory +Diego Ramirez Chile +Diomede Islands Russia [Big Diomede]; United States + [Little Diomede] +Diu India +Djibouti [US Embassy] Djibouti +Dodecanese Greece +Doha [US Embassy] Qatar +Douala [US Consulate General] Cameroon +Dover, Strait of Atlantic Ocean +Drake Passage Atlantic Ocean +Dubai [US Consulate General] United Arab Emirates +Dublin [US Embassy] Ireland +Durango [US Consular Agency] Mexico +Durban [US Consulate General] South Africa +Dushanbe Tajikistan +Dusseldorf [US Consulate General] Germany +Dutch East Indies Indonesia +Dutch Guiana Suriname + +East China Sea Pacific Ocean +Easter Island (Isla de Pascua) Chile +Eastern Channel (East Korea Pacific Ocean + Strait or Tsushima Strait) +East Germany (German Democratic Germany + Republic) +East Korea Strait (Eastern Pacific Ocean + Channel or Tsushima Strait) +East Pakistan Bangladesh +East Siberian Sea Arctic Ocean +East Timor (Portuguese Timor) Indonesia +Edinburgh [US Consulate General] United Kingdom +Elba Italy +Ellef Ringnes Island Canada +Ellesmere Island Canada +Ellice Islands Tuvalu +Elobey, Islas de Equatorial Guinea +Enderbury Island Kiribati +Enewetak Atoll (Eniwetok Atoll) Marshall Islands +England United Kingdom +English Channel Atlantic Ocean +Eniwetok Atoll Marshall Islands +Epirus, Northern Albania; Greece +Eritrea Ethiopia +Essequibo [claimed by Venezuela] Guyana +Etorofu Russia[de facto] + +Farquhar Group Seychelles +Fernando de Noronha Brazil +Fernando Po (Bioko) Equatorial Guinea +Finland, Gulf of Atlantic Ocean +Florence [US Consulate General] Italy +Florida, Straits of Atlantic Ocean +Formosa Taiwan +Formosa Strait (Taiwan Strait) Pacific Ocean +Fort-de-France Martinique + [US Consulate General] +Frankfurt am Main Germany + [US Consulate General] +Franz Josef Land Russia +Freetown [US Embassy] Sierra Leone +French Cameroon Cameroon +French Indochina Cambodia; Laos; Vietnam +French Guinea Guinea +French Sudan Mali +French Territory of the Afars Djibouti + and Issas (F.T.A.I.) +French Togo Togo +Friendly Islands Tonga +Frunze (Bishkek) Kyrgyzstan +Fukuoka [US Consulate] Japan +Funchal [US Consular Agency] Portugal +Fundy, Bay of Atlantic Ocean +Futuna Islands (Hoorn Islands) Wallis and Futuna + +Gaborone [US Embassy] Botswana +Galapagos Islands (Archipielago Ecuador + de Colon) +Galleons Passage Atlantic Ocean +Gambier Islands (Iles Gambier) French Polynesia +Gaspar Strait Indian Ocean +Geneva [Branch Office of the US Switzerland + Embassy, US Mission to European + Office of the UN and Other + International Organizations] +Genoa [US Consulate General] Italy +George Town [US Consular Agency] Cayman Islands +Georgetown [US Embassy] Guyana +German Democratic Republic Germany + (East Germany) +German Federal Republic of Germany + (West Germany) +Gibraltar, Strait of Atlantic Ocean +Gilbert Islands Kiribati +Goa India +Gold Coast Ghana +Golan Heights Syria +Good Hope, Cape of South Africa +Goteborg [US Consulate General] Sweden +Gotland Sweden +Gough Island Saint Helena +Grand Banks Atlantic Ocean +Grand Cayman Cayman Islands +Grand Turk [US Consular Agency] Turks and Caicos Islands +Great Australian Bight Indian Ocean +Great Belt (Store Baelt) Atlantic Ocean +Great Britain United Kingdom +Great Channel Indian Ocean +Greater Sunda Islands Brunei; Indonesia; Malaysia +Green Islands Papua New Guinea +Greenland Sea Arctic Ocean +Grenadines, Northern Saint Vincent and the Grenadines +Grenadines, Southern Grenada +Guadalajara Mexico + [US Consulate General] +Guadalcanal Solomon Islands +Guadalupe, Isla de Mexico +Guangzhou [US Consulate General] China +Guantanamo [US Naval Base] Cuba +Guatemala [US Embassy] Guatemala +Gubal, Strait of Indian Ocean +Guinea, Gulf of Atlantic Ocean +Guayaquil [US Consulate General] Ecuador + +Ha'apai Group Tonga +Habomai Islands Russia[de facto] +Hague,The [US Embassy] Netherlands +Haifa [US Consular Agency] Israel +Hainan Dao China +Halifax [US Consulate General] Canada +Halmahera Indonesia +Hamburg [US Consulate General] Germany +Hamilton [US Consulate General] Bermuda +Hanoi Vietnam +Harare [US Embassy] Zimbabwe +Hatay Turkey +Havana [US post not maintained, Cuba + representation by US Interests + Section (USINT) of the Swiss + Embassy] +Hawaii United States +Heard Island Heard Island and McDonald Islands +Helsinki [US Embassy] Finland +Hermosillo [US Consulate] Mexico +Hispaniola Dominican Republic; Haiti +Hokkaido Japan +Holy See, The Vatican City +Hong Kong [US Consulate General] Hong Kong +Honiara [US Consulate] Solomon Islands +Honshu Japan +Hormuz, Strait of Indian Ocean +Horn, Cape (Cabo de Hornos) Chile +Horne, Iles de Wallis and Futuna +Horn of Africa Ethiopia; Somalia +Hudson Bay Arctic Ocean +Hudson Strait Arctic Ocean + +Inaccessible Island Saint Helena +Indochina Cambodia; Laos; Vietnam +Inner Mongolia (Nei Mongol) China +Ionian Islands Greece +Ionian Sea Atlantic Ocean +Irian Jaya Indonesia +Irish Sea Atlantic Ocean +Islamabad [US Embassy] Pakistan +Islas Malvinas Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas) +Istanbul [US Consulate General] Turkey +Italian Somaliland Somalia +Iwo Jima Japan +Izmir [US Consulate General] Turkey + +Jakarta [US Embassy] Indonesia +Japan, Sea of Pacific Ocean +Java Indonesia +Java Sea Indian Ocean +Jeddah [US Consulate General] Saudi Arabia +Jerusalem [US Consulate General] Israel; West Bank +Johannesburg South Africa + [US Consulate General] +Juan de Fuca, Strait of Pacific Ocean +Juan Fernandez, Isla de Chile +Juventud, Isla de la Cuba + (Isle of Youth) + +Kabul [US Embassy now closed] Afghanistan +Kaduna [US Consulate General] Nigeria +Kalimantan Indonesia +Kamchatka Peninsula Russia + (Poluostrov Kamchatka) +Kampala [US Embassy] Uganda +Kampuchea Cambodia +Karachi [US Consulate General] Pakistan +Kara Sea Arctic Ocean +Karimata Strait Indian Ocean +Kathmandu [US Embassy] Nepal +Kattegat Atlantic Ocean +Kauai Channel Pacific Ocean +Keeling Islands Cocos (Keeling) Islands +Kerguelen, Iles French Southern and Antarctic Lands +Kermadec Islands New Zealand +Khabarovsk Russia +Khartoum [US Embassy] Sudan +Khmer Republic Cambodia +Khuriya Muriya Islands Oman + (Kuria Muria Islands) +Khyber Pass Pakistan +Kiel Canal (Nord-Ostsee Kanal) Atlantic Ocean +Kiev [Chancery] Ukraine +Kigali [US Embassy] Rwanda +Kingston [US Embassy] Jamaica +Kinshasa [US Embassy] Zaire +Kirghiziya Kyrgyzstan +Kiritimati (Christmas Island) Kiribati +Kishinev (Chicsinau) Moldova +Kithira Strait Atlantic Ocean +Kodiak Island United States +Kola Peninsula Russia + (Kol'skiy Poluostrov) +Kolonia [US Special Office] Micronesia, Federated States of +Korea Bay Pacific Ocean +Korea, Democratic People's Korea, North + Republic of +Korea, Republic of Korea, South +Korea Strait Pacific Ocean +Koror [US Special Office] Pacific Islands, Trust Territory of +Kosovo Yugoslavia +Kowloon Hong Kong +Krakow [US Consulate] Poland +Kuala Lumpur [US Embassy] Malaysia +Kunashiri (Kunashir) Russia [de facto] +Kuril Islands Russia [de facto] +Kuwait [US Embassy] Kuwait +Kwajalein Atoll Marshall Islands +Kyushu Japan +Kyyiv (Kiev) Ukraine + +Labrador Canada +Laccadive Islands India +Laccadive Sea Indian Ocean +La Coruna [US Consular Agency] Spain +Lagos [US Embassy] Nigeria +Lahore [US Consulate General] Pakistan +Lakshadweep India +La Paz [US Embassy] Bolivia +La Perouse Strait Pacific Ocean +Laptev Sea Arctic Ocean +Las Palmas [US Consular Agency] Spain +Lau Group Fiji +Leningrad see Saint Petersburg Russia + [US Consulate General] +Lesser Sunda Islands Indonesia +Leyte Philippines +Liancourt Rocks Korea, South + [claimed by Japan] +Libreville [US Embassy] Gabon +Ligurian Sea Atlantic Ocean +Lilongwe [US Embassy] Malawi +Lima [US Embassy] Peru +Lincoln Sea Arctic Ocean +Line Islands Kiribati; Palmyra Atoll +Lisbon [US Embassy] Portugal +Lombok Strait Indian Ocean +Lome [US Embassy] Togo +London [US Embassy] United Kingdom +Lord Howe Island Australia +Louisiade Archipelago Papua New Guinea +Loyalty Islands (Iles Loyaute) New Caledonia +Lubumbashi [US Consulate General] Zaire +Lusaka [US Embassy] Zambia +Luxembourg [US Embassy] Luxembourg +Luzon Philippines +Luzon Strait Pacific Ocean +Lyon [US Consulate General] France + +Macao Macau +Macedonia Bulgaria +Macquarie Island Australia +Madeira Islands Portugal +Madras [US Consulate General] India +Madrid [US Embassy] Spain +Magellan, Strait of Atlantic Ocean +Maghreb Algeria, Libya, Mauritania, Morocco, + Tunisia +Mahe Island Seychelles +Maiz, Islas del (Corn Islands) Nicaragua +Majorca (Mallorca) Spain +Majuro [US Special Office] Marshall Islands +Makassar Strait Pacific Ocean +Malabo [US Embassy] Equatorial Guinea +Malacca, Strait of Indian Ocean +Malaga [US Consular Agency] Spain +Malagasy Republic Madagascar +Male [US post not maintained, Maldives + representation from Colombo, + Sri Lanka] +Mallorca (Majorca) Spain +Malpelo, Isla de Colombia +Malta Channel Atlantic Ocean +Malvinas, Islas Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas) +Managua [US Embassy] Nicaragua +Manama [US Embassy] Bahrain +Manaus [US Consular Agency] Brazil +Manchukuo China +Manchuria China +Manila [US Embassy] Philippines +Manipa Strait Pacific Ocean +Mannar, Gulf of Indian Ocean +Manua Islands American Samoa +Maputo [US Embassy] Mozambique +Maracaibo [US Consulate] Venezuela +Marcus Island (Minami-tori-shima) Japan +Mariana Islands Guam; Northern Mariana Islands +Marion Island South Africa +Marmara, Sea of Atlantic Ocean +Marquesas Islands French Polynesia + (Iles Marquises) +Marseille [US Consulate General] France +Martin Vaz, Ilhas Brazil +Mas a Tierra Chile + (Robinson Crusoe Island) +Mascarene Islands Mauritius; Reunion +Maseru [US Embassy] Lesotho +Matamoros [US Consulate] Mexico +Mazatlan [US Consulate] Mexico +Mbabane [US Embassy] Swaziland +McDonald Islands Heard Island and McDonald Islands +Medan [US Consulate] Indonesia +Mediterranean Sea Atlantic Ocean +Melbourne [US Consulate General] Australia +Melilla Spain +Mensk (Minsk) Belarus +Merida [US Consulate] Mexico +Messina, Strait of Atlantic Ocean +Mexico [US Embassy] Mexico +Mexico, Gulf of Atlantic Ocean +Milan [US Consulate General] Italy +Minami-tori-shima Japan +Mindanao Philippines +Mindoro Strait Pacific Ocean +Minicoy Island India +Minsk Byelarus +Mogadishu [US Embassy] Somalia +Moldovia Moldova +Mombasa [US Consulate] Kenya +Mona Passage Atlantic Ocean +Monrovia [US Embassy] Liberia +Montego Bay [US Consular Agency] Jamaica +Montenegro Serbia and Montenegro +Monterrey [US Consulate General] Mexico +Montevideo [US Embassy] Uruguay +Montreal [US Consulate General, Canada + US Mission to the International + Civil Aviation Organization + (ICAO)] +Moravian Gate Czechoslovakia +Moroni [US Embassy] Comoros +Mortlock Islands Micronesia, Federated States of +Moscow [US Embassy] Russia +Mozambique Channel Indian Ocean +Mulege [US Consular Agency] Mexico +Munich [US Consulate General] Germany +Musandam Peninsula Oman; United Arab Emirates +Muscat [US Embassy] Oman +Muscat and Oman Oman +Myanma, Myanmar Burma + +Naha [US Consulate General] Japan +Nairobi [US Embassy] Kenya +Nampo-shoto Japan +Naples [US Consulate General] Italy +Nassau [US Embassy] Bahamas, The +Natuna Besar Islands Indonesia +N'Djamena [US Embassy] Chad +Netherlands East Indies Indonesia +Netherlands Guiana Suriname +Nevis Saint Kitts and Nevis +New Delhi [US Embassy] India +Newfoundland Canada +New Guinea Indonesia; Papua New Guinea +New Hebrides Vanuatu +New Siberian Islands Russia +New Territories Hong Kong +New York, New York [US Mission United States + to the United Nations (USUN)] +Niamey [US Embassy] Niger +Nice [US Consular Agency] France +Nicobar Islands India +Nicosia [US Embassy] Cyprus +Nightingale Island Saint Helena +North Atlantic Ocean Atlantic Ocean +North Channel Atlantic Ocean +Northeast Providence Channel Atlantic Ocean +Northern Epirus Albania; Greece +Northern Grenadines Saint Vincent and the Grenadines +Northern Ireland United Kingdom +Northern Rhodesia Zambia +North Island New Zealand +North Korea Korea, North +North Pacific Ocean Pacific Ocean +North Sea Atlantic Ocean +North Vietnam Vietnam +Northwest Passages Arctic Ocean +North Yemen (Yemen Arab Republic) Yemen +Norwegian Sea Atlantic Ocean +Nouakchott [US Embassy] Mauritania +Novaya Zemlya Russia +Nuevo Laredo [US Consulate] Mexico +Nyasaland Malawi + +Oahu United States +Oaxaca [US Consular Agency] Mexico +Ocean Island (Banaba) Kiribati +Ocean Island (Kure Island) United States +Ogaden Ethiopia; Somalia +Oil Islands (Chagos Archipelago) British Indian Ocean Territory +Okhotsk, Sea of Pacific Ocean +Okinawa Japan +Oman, Gulf of Indian Ocean +Ombai Strait Pacific Ocean +Oporto [US Consulate] Portugal +Oran [US Consulate] Algeria +Oresund (The Sound) Atlantic Ocean +Orkney Islands United Kingdom +Osaka-Kobe [US Consulate General] Japan +Oslo [US Embassy] Norway +Otranto, Strait of Atlantic Ocean +Ottawa [US Embassy] Canada +Ouagadougou [US Embassy] Burkina +Outer Mongolia Mongolia + +Pagan Northern Mariana Islands +Palau Pacific Islands, Trust Territory of the +Palawan Philippines +Palermo [US Consulate General] Italy +Palk Strait Indian Ocean +Palma de Mallorca Spain + [US Consular Agency] +Pamirs China; Tajikistan +Panama [US Embassy] Panama +Panama Canal Panama +Panama, Gulf of Pacific Ocean +Paramaribo [US Embassy] Suriname +Parece Vela Japan +Paris [US Embassy, US Mission to France + the Organization for Economic + Cooperation and Development + (OECD), US Observer Mission at + the UN Educational, Scientific, + and Cultural Organization + (UNESCO)] +Pascua, Isla de (Easter Island) Chile +Passion, Ile de la Clipperton Island +Pashtunistan Afghanistan; Pakistan +Peking (Beijing) China +Pemba Island Tanzania +Pentland Firth Atlantic Ocean +Perim Yemen +Perouse Strait, La Pacific Ocean +Persian Gulf Indian Ocean +Perth [US Consulate] Australia +Pescadores Taiwan +Peshawar [US Consulate] Pakistan +Peter I Island Antarctica +Philip Island Norfolk Island +Philippine Sea Pacific Ocean +Phoenix Islands Kiribati +Pines, Isle of Cuba + (Isla de la Juventud) +Piura [US Consular Agency] Peru +Pleasant Island Nauru +Ponape (Pohnpei) Micronesia +Ponta Delgada [US Consulate] Portugal +Port-au-Prince [US Embassy] Haiti +Port Louis [US Embassy] Mauritius +Port Moresby [US Embassy] Papua New Guinea +Porto Alegre [US Consulate] Brazil +Port-of-Spain [US Embassy] Trinidad and Tobago +Port Said [US Consular Agency] Egypt +Portuguese Guinea Guinea-Bissau +Portuguese Timor (East Timor) Indonesia +Poznan [US Consulate] Poland +Prague [US Embassy] Czechoslovakia +Praia [US Embassy] Cape Verde +Pretoria [US Embassy] South Africa +Pribilof Islands United States +Prince Edward Island Canada +Prince Edward Islands South Africa +Prince Patrick Island Canada +Principe Sao Tome and Principe +Puerto Plata [US Consular Agency] Dominican Republic +Puerto Vallarta Mexico + [US Consular Agency] +Pusan [US Consulate] South Korea +P'yongyang Korea, North + +Quebec [US Consulate General] Canada +Queen Charlotte Islands Canada +Queen Elizabeth Islands Canada +Queen Maud Land Antarctica + [claimed by Norway] +Quito [US Embassy] Ecuador + +Rabat [US Embassy] Morocco +Ralik Chain Marshall Islands +Rangoon [US Embassy] Burma +Ratak Chain Marshall Islands +Recife [US Consulate] Brazil +Redonda Antigua and Barbuda +Red Sea Indian Ocean +Revillagigedo Island United States +Revillagigedo Islands Mexico +Reykjavik [US Embassy] Iceland +Rhodes Greece +Rhodesia Zimbabwe +Rhodesia, Northern Zambia +Rhodesia, Southern Zimbabwe +Riga [Interim Chancery] Latvia +Rio de Janeiro Brazil + [US Consulate General] +Rio de Oro Western Sahara +Rio Muni Equatorial Guinea +Riyadh [US Embassy] Saudi Arabia +Robinson Crusoe Island Chile + (Mas a Tierra) +Rocas, Atol das Brazil +Rockall [disputed] United Kingdom +Rodrigues Mauritius +Rome [US Embassy, US Mission to Italy + the UN Agencies for Food and + Agriculture (FODAG)] +Roncador Cay Colombia +Roosevelt Island Antarctica +Ross Dependency Antarctica + [claimed by New Zealand] +Ross Island Antarctica +Ross Sea Antarctica +Rota Northern Mariana Islands +Rotuma Fiji +Ryukyu Islands Japan + +Saba Netherlands Antilles +Sabah Malaysia +Sable Island Canada +Sahel Burkina; Cape Verde; Chad; The Gambia; + Guinea-Bissau; Mali; Mauritania; + Niger; Senegal +Saigon (Ho Chi Minh City) Vietnam +Saint Brandon Mauritius +Saint Christopher and Nevis Saint Kitts and Nevis +Saint George's [US Embassy] Grenada +Saint George's Channel Atlantic Ocean +Saint John's [US Embassy] Antigua and Barbuda +Saint Lawrence, Gulf of Atlantic Ocean +Saint Lawrence Island United States +Saint Lawrence Seaway Atlantic Ocean +Saint Martin Guadeloupe +Saint Martin (Sint Maarten) Netherlands Antilles +Saint Paul Island Canada +Saint Paul Island United States +Saint Paul Island French Southern and Antarctic Lands + (Ile Saint-Paul) +Saint Peter and Saint Paul Rocks Brazil + (Penedos de Sao Pedro e + Sao Paulo) +Saint Petersburg Russia + [US Consulate General] +Saint Vincent Passage Atlantic Ocean +Saipan Northern Mariana Islands +Sakhalin Island (Ostrov Sakhalin) Russia +Sala y Gomez, Isla Chile +Salisbury (Harare) Zimbabwe +Salvador de Bahia Brazil + [US Consular Agency] +Salzburg [US Consulate General] Austria +Sanaa [US Embassy] Yemen +San Ambrosio Chile +San Andres y Providencia, Colombia + Archipielago +San Bernardino Strait Pacific Ocean +San Felix, Isla Chile +San Jose [US Embassy] Costa Rica +San Luis Potosi Mexico + [US Consular Agency] +San Miguel Allende Mexico + [US Consular Agency] +San Salvador [US Embassy] El Salvador +Santa Cruz [US Consular Agency] Bolivia +Santa Cruz Islands Solomon Islands +Santiago [US Embassy] Chile +Santo Domingo [US Embassy] Dominican Republic +Sao Luis [US Consular Agency] Brazil +Sao Paulo [US Consulate General] Brazil +Sao Pedro e Sao Paulo, Brazil + Penedos de +Sapporo [US Consulate General] Japan +Sapudi Strait Indian Ocean +Sarawak Malaysia +Sardinia Italy +Sargasso Sea Atlantic Ocean +Sark Guernsey +Scotia Sea Atlantic Ocean +Scotland United Kingdom +Scott Island Antarctica +Senyavin Islands Micronesia, Federated States of +Seoul [US Embassy] Korea, South +Serbia Serbia and Montenegro +Serrana Bank Colombia +Serranilla Bank Colombia +Severnaya Zemlya (Northland) Russia +Seville [US Consular Agency] Spain +Shag Island Heard Island and McDonald Islands +Shag Rocks Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas) +Shanghai [US Consulate General] China +Shenyang [US Consulate General] China +Shetland Islands United Kingdom +Shikoku Japan +Shikotan (Shikotan-to) Japan +Siam Thailand +Sibutu Passage Pacific Ocean +Sicily Italy +Sicily, Strait of Atlantic Ocean +Sikkim India +Sinai Egypt +Singapore [US Embassy] Singapore +Singapore Strait Pacific Ocean +Sinkiang (Xinjiang) China +Sint Eustatius Netherlands Antilles +Sint Maarten (Saint Martin) Netherlands Antilles +Skagerrak Atlantic Ocean +Slovakia Czechoslovakia +Society Islands French Polynesia + (Iles de la Societe) +Socotra Yemen +Sofia [US Embassy] Bulgaria +Solomon Islands, northern Papua New Guinea +Solomon Islands, southern Solomon Islands +Soloman Sea Pacific Ocean +Songkhla [US Consulate] Thailand +Sound, The (Oresund) Atlantic Ocean +South Atlantic Ocean Atlantic Ocean +South China Sea Pacific Ocean +Southern Grenadines Grenada +Southern Rhodesia Zimbabwe +South Georgia South Georgia and the South + Sandwich Islands +South Island New Zealand +South Korea Korea, South +South Orkney Islands Antarctica +South Pacific Ocean Pacific Ocean +South Sandwich Islands South Georgia and the South + Sandwich Islands +South Shetland Islands Antarctica +South Tyrol Italy +South Vietnam Vietnam +South-West Africa Namibia +South Yemen (People's Democratic Yemen + Republic of Yemen) +Soviet Union Armenia, Azerbaijan, Byelarus, Estonia, + Georgia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, + Latvia, Lithuania, Moldova, Russia, + Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Ukraine, + Uzbekistan +Spanish Guinea Equatorial Guinea +Spanish Sahara Western Sahara +Spitsbergen Svalbard +Stockholm [US Embassy] Sweden +Strasbourg [US Consulate General] France +Stuttgart [US Consulate General] Germany +Suez, Gulf of Indian Ocean +Sulu Archipelago Philippines +Sulu Sea Pacific Ocean +Sumatra Indonesia +Sumba Indonesia +Sunda Islands (Soenda Isles) Indonesia; Malaysia +Sunda Strait Indian Ocean +Surabaya [US Consulate] Indonesia +Surigao Strait Pacific Ocean +Surinam Suriname +Suva [US Embassy] Fiji +Swains Island American Samoa +Swan Islands Honduras +Sydney [US Consulate General] Australia + +Tahiti French Polynesia +Taipei Taiwan +Taiwan Strait Pacific Ocean +Tallin [Interim Chancery] Estonia +Tampico [US Consular Agency] Mexico +Tanganyika Tanzania +Tangier [US Consulate General] Morocco +Tarawa Kiribati +Tartar Strait Pacific Ocean +Tashkent [Interim Chancery] Uzbekistan +Tasmania Australia +Tasman Sea Pacific Ocean +Taymyr Peninsula Russia + (Poluostrov Taymyra) +Tegucigalpa [US Embassy] Honduras +Tehran [US post not maintained, Iran + representation by Swiss Embassy] +Tel Aviv [US Embassy] Israel +Terre Adelie (Adelie Land) Antarctica + [claimed by France] +Thailand, Gulf of Pacific Ocean +Thessaloniki Greece + [US Consulate General] +Thurston Island Antarctica +Tibet (Xizang) China +Tbilisi Georgia +Tierra del Fuego Argentina; Chile +Tijuana [US Consulate General] Mexico +Timor Indonesia +Timor Sea Indian Ocean +Tinian Northern Mariana Islands +Tiran, Strait of Indian Ocean +Tobago Trinidad and Tobago +Tokyo [US Embassy] Japan +Tonkin, Gulf of Pacific Ocean +Toronto [US Consulate General] Canada +Torres Strait Pacific Ocean +Toshkent (Tashkent) Uzbekistan +Trans-Jordan Jordan +Transkei South Africa +Transylvania Romania +Trieste [US Consular Agency] Italy +Trindade, Ilha de Brazil +Tripoli [US post not maintained, Libya + representation by Belgian + Embassy] +Tristan da Cunha Group Saint Helena +Trobriand Islands Papua New Guinea +Trucial States United Arab Emirates +Truk Islands Micronesia +Tsugaru Strait Pacific Ocean +Tuamotu Islands (Iles Tuamotu) French Polynesia +Tubuai Islands (Iles Tubuai) French Polynesia +Tunis [US Embassy] Tunisia +Turin [US Consulate] Italy +Turkish Straits Atlantic Ocean +Turkmeniya Turkmenistan +Turks Island Passage Atlantic Ocean +Tyrol, South Italy +Tyrrhenian Sea Atlantic Ocean + +Udorn [US Consulate] Thailand +Ulaanbaatar Mongolia +Ullung-do Korea, South +Unimak Pass [strait] Pacific Ocean +Union of Soviet Socialist Armenia, Azerbaijan, Byelarus, Estonia, + Republics Georgia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, + Latvia, Lithuania, Moldova, Russia, + Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Ukraine, + Uzbekistan +United Arab Republic Egypt; Syria +Upper Volta Burkina +USSR Armenia, Azerbaijan, Byelarus, Estonia, + Georgia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, + Latvia, Lithuania, Moldova, Russia, + Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Ukraine, + Uzbekistan +Vaduz [US post not maintained, Liechtenstein + representation from Zurich, + Switzerland] +Vakhan Corridor (Wakhan) Afghanistan +Valencia [US Consular Agency] Spain +Valletta [US Embassy] Malta +Vancouver [US Consulate General] Canada +Vancouver Island Canada +Van Diemen Strait Pacific Ocean +Vatican City [US Embassy] Vatican City +Velez de la Gomera, Penon de Spain +Venda South Africa +Veracruz [US Consular Agency] Mexico +Verde Island Passage Pacific Ocean +Victoria [US Embassy] Seychelles +Vienna [US Embassy, US Mission Austria + to International Organizations + in Vienna (UNVIE)] +Vientiane [US Embassy] Laos +Vilnius [Interim Chancery] Lithuania +Volcano Islands Japan +Vostok Island Kiribati +Vrangelya, Ostrov Russia + (Wrangel Island) + +Wakhan Corridor Afghanistan + (now Vakhan Corridor) +Wales United Kingdom +Walvis Bay South Africa +Warsaw [US Embassy] Poland +Washington, DC [The Permanent United States + Mission of the USA to the + Organization of American + States (OAS)] +Weddell Sea Atlantic Ocean +Wellington [US Embassy] New Zealand +Western Channel Pacific Ocean + (West Korea Strait) +West Germany (Federal Republic Germany + of Germany) +West Korea Strait Pacific Ocean + (Western Channel) +West Pakistan Pakistan +Wetar Strait Pacific Ocean +White Sea Arctic Ocean +Windhoek Namibia +Windward Passage Atlantic Ocean +Winnipeg [US Consular Agency] Canada +Wrangel Island (Ostrov Vrangelya) Russia [de facto] + +Yaounde [US Embassy] Cameroon +Yap Islands Micronesia +Yellow Sea Pacific Ocean +Yemen (Aden) [People's Democratic Yemen + Republic of Yemen] +Yemen Arab Republic Yemen +Yemen, North [Yemen Arab Yemen + Republic] +Yemen (Sanaa) [Yemen Arab Yemen + Republic] +Yemen, People's Democratic Yemen + Republic of +Yemen, South [People's Democratic Yemen + Republic of Yemen] +Yerevan Armenia +Youth, Isle of Cuba + (Isla de la Juventud) +Yucatan Channel Atlantic Ocean +Yugoslavia Bosnia and Hercegovina; Croatia; + Macedonia; Serbia and Montenegro; + Slovenia + +Zagreb [US Consulate General] Yugoslavia +Zanzibar Tanzania +Zurich [US Consulate General] Switzerland + diff --git a/test/canterbury-corpus/misc/SHA1SUM b/test/canterbury-corpus/misc/SHA1SUM new file mode 100644 index 0000000..ac52324 --- /dev/null +++ b/test/canterbury-corpus/misc/SHA1SUM @@ -0,0 +1 @@ +e995509affabd68e36d0f8f4436cbc2b7541dee5 pi.txt diff --git a/test/canterbury-corpus/misc/pi.txt b/test/canterbury-corpus/misc/pi.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..6d6b8c1 --- /dev/null +++ b/test/canterbury-corpus/misc/pi.txt @@ -0,0 +1 @@ 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5 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