support command substitution $(cmd) (and maybe (cmd)?)

[christianparpart]

Support command substitution.

I'm not sure we should support backtick-style command substitutions, because it's too error prone as a user.

The $(command) substitution should create a new AST node.
command substitution can happen as a parameter, inside of a string literal (?) and the command's program name to be executed could be a command substitution itself, too.

examples

$(echo -n ls) -h -l -a
echo $(ps -ef)
echo "Hello, $(whoami)"