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Inside the CryptoKitties 256-Bit Genome - Slice & Dice Unique Bits & Bytes - 48 Genes (12 Traits x 4 P, H1, H2, H3)

At the heart of crypto collectibles on the blockchain are unique bits & bytes. For CryptoKitties this is a 256-bit integer that holds the super "sekretoooo" genome / genes.

Let's use Kitty #1001 as an example and look at the "magic" 256-bit integer number:

# A 256-bit super "sekretoooo" integer genome

# hexadecimal (base 16)
genome = 0x00004a52931ce4085c14bdce014a0318846a0c808c60294a6314a34a1295b9ce
# decimal (base 10)
genome = 512955438081049600613224346938352058409509756310147795204209859701881294
# binary (base 2)
genome = 0b010010100101001010010011000111001110010000001000010111000001010010111101110011100000000101001010000000110001100010000100\
           011010100000110010000000100011000110000000101001010010100110001100010100101000110100101000010010100101011011100111001110

Let's convert from decimal (base 10) to hexadecimal (base 16 - 2^4) and binary (base 2 that is, 0 and 1):

p genome    # printed as decimal (base 10) by default
#=> 512955438081049600613224346938352058409509756310147795204209859701881294

p genome.to_s(16)
#=> "4a52931ce4085c14bdce014a0318846a0c808c60294a6314a34a1295b9ce"

p genome.to_s(2)
#=> "10010100101001010010011000111001110010000001000010111000001010010111101110011100000000101001010000000110001100010000100\
#     011010100000110010000000100011000110000000101001010010100110001100010100101000110100101000010010100101011011100111001110"

So what? Thanks to Kai Turner who first deciphered the CryptoKitties 256-bit genome in The CryptoKitties Genome Project: On Dominance, Inheritance and Mutation on January 2018 we know today that the genome breaks down into 5-bit chunks. And every 5-bit chunk is a gene. And four 5-bit chunks - known as the primary (p), hidden 1 (h1), hidden 2 (h2), and hidden 3 (h3) gene or dominant (d), 1st recessive (r1), 2nd recessive (r2), and 3rd recessive (r3) - get grouped into a trait (e.g. fur, pattern, eye color, eye shape, base color, highlight color, and so on) resulting in 12 trait groups of 4 (x 5-bit) genes (that is, 12 x 4 x 5-bit = 240 bits) with the remaining leading 16 bits "unused" and zeroed-out (e.g. 0x0000).

Let's break the genome into 5-bit chunks using Base32.encode from the base32-alphabets library.

require 'base32-alphabets'

Base32.format = :electrologica   # use the Electrologica Alphabet / Variant


# hexadecimal (base 16)
genome = 0x00004a52931ce4085c14bdce014a0318846a0c808c60294a6314a34a1295b9ce  # kitty 1001

p Base32.encode( genome )
#=> "09-09-09-09-06-07-07-04-01-01-14-01-09-15-14-14-00-05-05-00-06-06-04-04-13-08-06-08-01-03-03-00-05-05-05-06-06-05-05-03-09-08-09-09-11-14-14-14"

Bingo! Using a genes / traits chart you can now decipher the genome.

CryptoKitties Genes / Traits Chart

Fur (0-3) • Pattern (4-7) • Eye Color (8-11) • Eye Shape (12-15) • Base Color (16-19) • Highlight Color (20-23) • Accent Color (24-27) • Wild (28-31) • Mouth (32-35) • Environment (36-39) • Secret Y Gene (40-43) • Purrstige (44-47)

Fur (FU) - Genes 0-3:

Kai Code Name Kai Code Name
1 FU00 savannah h FU16 norwegianforest I
2 FU01 selkirk i FU17 mekong I
3 FU02 chantilly j FU18 highlander I
4 FU03 birman k FU19 balinese I
5 FU04 koladiviya m FU20 lynx I
6 FU05 bobtail n FU21 mainecoon I
7 FU06 manul o FU22 laperm I
8 FU07 pixiebob p FU23 persian I
9 FU08 siberian q FU24 fox II
a FU09 cymric r FU25 kurilian II
b FU10 chartreux s FU26 toyger II
c FU11 himalayan t FU27 manx II
d FU12 munchkin u FU28 lykoi III
e FU13 sphynx v FU29 burmilla III
f FU14 ragamuffin w FU30 liger IIII
g FU15 ragdoll x FU31 ?

...

(Source: kittyverse/GENES.md)

Let's try Kitty #1001 as an example. Let's start deciphering from right-to-left ...06-05-05-03-09-08-09-09-11-14-14-14, that is, 14 maps to ragamuffin, 14 to ragamuffin, 14 to ragamuffin, 11 to himalayan, and so on:

Fur (FU) - Genes 0-3:

5-Bit Chunk Gene Trait
14 0 ragamuffin Primary
14 1 ragamuffin Hidden 1
14 2 ragamuffin Hidden 2
11 3 himalayan Hidden 3

Pattern (PA) - Genes 4-7:

5-Bit Chunk Gene Trait
09 4 luckystripe Primary
09 5 luckystripe Hidden 1
08 6 calicool Hidden 2
09 7 luckystripe Hidden 3

Eye Color (EC) - Genes 8-11:

5-Bit Chunk Gene Trait
03 8 mintgreen Primary
05 9 sizzurp Hidden 1
05 10 sizzurp Hidden 2
06 11 chestnut Hidden 3

and so on.

Let's try another kitty #1111:

genome = 0x000042d28390864842e7b9c900c6321086438c6098ca298c728867425cf6b1ac # kitty 1111

p Base32.encode( genome )
#=> "08-11-09-08-07-04-04-06-09-01-01-14-15-14-14-09-00-03-03-03-04-04-04-06-08-14-06-06-01-06-06-10-05-06-06-07-05-02-03-07-08-09-14-15-13-12-13-12"

Again using a genes / traits chart you can now decipher the genome. Let's start from right-to-left ...05-02-03-07-08-09-14-15-13-12-13-12, that is, 12 maps to munchkin, 13 to sphynx, and so on:

Fur (FU) - Genes 0-3:

5-Bit Chunk Gene Trait
12 0 munchkin Primary
13 1 sphynx Hidden 1
12 2 munchkin Hidden 2
13 3 sphynx Hidden 3

Pattern (PA) - Genes 4-7:

5-Bit Chunk Gene Trait
15 4 totesbasic Primary
14 5 totesbasic Hidden 1
09 6 luckystripe Hidden 2
08 7 calicool Hidden 3

Eye Color (EC) - Genes 8-11:

5-Bit Chunk Gene Trait
07 8 strawberry Primary
03 9 mintgreen Hidden 1
02 10 topaz Hidden 2
05 11 isotope Hidden 3

and so on.

What's Base32?

Encoding / decoding numbers in 5-bit chunks is called base 32 because 2^5 (=2 * 2 * 2 * 2 * 2) results in 32 values. Using the Electrologica notation / alphabet (00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31) the conversion chart reads:

Base32 Binary Num Base32 Binary Num Base32 Binary Num Base32 Binary Num
00 00000 0 08 01000 8 16 10000 16 24 11000 24
01 00001 1 09 01001 9 17 10001 17 25 11001 25
02 00010 2 10 01010 10 18 10010 18 26 11010 26
03 00011 3 11 01011 11 19 10011 19 27 11011 27
04 00100 4 12 01100 12 20 10100 20 28 11100 28
05 00101 5 13 01101 13 21 10101 21 29 11101 29
06 00110 6 14 01110 14 22 10110 22 30 11110 30
07 00111 7 15 01111 15 23 10111 23 31 11111 31

What About Kai Notation / Alphabet?

The Kai (Base 32) notation / alphabet is named in honor of Kai Turner who first deciphered the CryptoKitties 256-bit genome in 5-bit chunks. The Kai notation / alphabet follows base56 and uses (123456789abcdefghijkmnopqrstuvwx). The conversion chart reads:

Kai Binary Num Kai Binary Num Kai Binary Num Kai Binary Num
1 00000 0 9 01000 8 h 10000 16 q 11000 24
2 00001 1 a 01001 9 i 10001 17 r 11001 25
3 00010 2 b 01010 10 j 10010 18 s 11010 26
4 00011 3 c 01011 11 k 10011 19 t 11011 27
5 00100 4 d 01100 12 m 10100 20 u 11100 28
6 00101 5 e 01101 13 n 10101 21 v 11101 29
7 00110 6 f 01110 14 o 10110 22 w 11110 30
8 00111 7 g 01111 15 p 10111 23 x 11111 31

Note: - the digit-0 and the letter-l are NOT used in the kai alphabet / notation.

Let's convert the example kitty genomes to Kai notation:

require 'base32-alphabets'

Base32.format = :kai   # use the Kai Alphabet / Variant


# hexadecimal (base 16)
genome = 0x00004a52931ce4085c14bdce014a0318846a0c808c60294a6314a34a1295b9ce  # kitty 1001

p Base32.encode( genome )
#=> "aaaa788522f2agff16617755e979244166677664a9aacfff"

genome = 0x000042d28390864842e7b9c900c6321086438c6098ca298c728867425cf6b1ac # kitty 1111

p Base32.encode( genome )
#=> "9ca98557a22fgffa144455579f77277b677863489afgeded"

Tip: Use the Base32.fmt helper to pretty print / format the encoded string into a group of four (genes). Example:

# hexadecimal (base 16)
genome = 0x00004a52931ce4085c14bdce014a0318846a0c808c60294a6314a34a1295b9ce  # kitty 1001

p Base32.fmt( Base32.encode( genome ))
#=> "aaaa 7885 22f2 agff 1661 7755 e979 2441 6667 7664 a9aa cfff"

genome = 0x000042d28390864842e7b9c900c6321086438c6098ca298c728867425cf6b1ac # kitty 1111

p Base32.fmt( Base32.encode( genome ))
#=> "9ca9 8557 a22f gffa 1444 5557 9f77 277b 6778 6348 9afg eded"
p Base32.fmt( genome )   # or use the "all-in-one" shortcut
#=> "9ca9 8557 a22f gffa 1444 5557 9f77 277b 6778 6348 9afg eded"