I2S n00b woes..

[RISC-E-Biscuit]

Hi.. Trying to get "Simpletone" working with a UDA1334A board.

I had to change the frequency up to 16000, as that is the minimum for this DAC, apart from that, no other changes.

But which outputs on the Pico are the defaults for this sketch, and how to change them?

Would it be like " I2S.setBCLK();" and " I2S.setDOUT();" with LRCLK being BCLK+1?

That has not worked for me (so far).. I know my DAC is fine as it works with the raspi4 very well, pretty much out of the box.

Also /i would like/ to get this running 24 bit/48KSS (or 96K if possible..) at some point.

Can anyone share some clue? Oh I'm an old programmer, but new (Day4 has just started) with the Pico, and impatient I guess.

Love that it works with Arduino IDE, as Vscode and/or Micropython are two things I absolutely hate!

[Andy2No]

It might be best to edit the title of your post to something that describes the topic better - for example " "Simpletone" example with UDA1334A I2S DAC". The discussions get to stick around for a while, so it will help people know whether they want to read it, or answer it.

I've been meaning to try one of these, but I haven't been in the mood to solder the header pins on, yet :)

I think I'd start by using the default pins for I2C and SPI, to control and send data to the DAC, then there shouldn't be anything to set up. Otherwise, you'll need to be specifying the pins for SDA and SCL, rather than by giving names that refer to pins on the DAC.

I've attached a pinout diagram. You'll see there are two possible I2C ports, with pins numbered 0 and 1. You can use either, provided you're not using other peripherals already. Each one can have those pins in a few different places.

The way it works is that there are only two peripheral devices, but they can each do several different things. If you're only using the default Serial, that's sent over USB, so that doesn't count as one of them, but say you wanted to use UART0, or SPI0, you'd have to use the pins for I2C1, not for I2C0... at least that's my take on it. It would be best to check.

We can check which I2C and SPI pins are in use by default, or ask Earle :) but we should probably find out for ourselves, by reading I2C.h and I2S.h, and maybe SPI.h, under libraries, off the Code page. I haven't looked, yet.

If the SPI0 pins are in use, we need to use the I2C1 pins (SDA1 & SCL1 labelled here as I2C1 SDA & I2C1 SCL), if I'm understanding it correctly. Assuming that Simpletone example has been tested, we only need to know what the default pins are, then use those.

I hope that helps you to make a start on it. I may get the soldering done and join in, at some point.

Since people have sometimes made mistakes, drawing up this sort of pinout diagram, it's best to refer to the RP2040 datasheet, to make sure.

[RISC-E-Biscuit]

Thanks.. it's been kinda-helpful.. Im getting /some sound/ now, but not whats expected. Digging down into the I2C source at the moment, but expect I will have to go play with pio assembler to make this work the way I want. It isn't going to run 24 bit on the current code, so plenty work to be done. Which is probably good, as that's how I learn, though, on the other hand, the years are not on my side. :-/

[Andy2No]

I think there might be a problem in that the loop isn't timed in any way, so I'd expect the sound to waver a bit as interrupts happen.

In more serious applications there's usually a buffer containing a sample, or being filled by something calculating it on the fly, and a timer triggering an interrupt at precise intervals, to go and read a value from the buffer and send it to the DAC.

I haven't looked into what interrupts are going on in the background, but I expect there are some.

I started work on a PWM audio signal generator, which just refers to the microseconds timer, micros(), to decide when to flip the output - so, not much different to this example except it was outputting to a GPIO bit, not a DAC, but it was trying to time it in some way. I also tried it with the CPU clock counter, which counts at 125MHz, by default - not much point, for audio frequencies, but that's another option.

Even though that code is timed, I expect interrupts are throwing out the precise timing of when the bit flips, every now and then. To add to the problems, I was reading values from the ADC inputs, and not doing any smoothing. It sounds entertainingly noisy / jittery. Most of that is no doubt due to the ADCs, which are VERY noisy, and have a fault, vaguely documented in the RP2040 datasheet as an erratum, but with not nearly enough detail. I could just set the value as a constant, of course, to eliminate that, but I suspect there'd still be some jitter, from the interrupts.

In commercial applications that use audio output, there won't be any interrupts running that can cause that sort of jitter, I guess.

My first attempt at PWM audio on the Pi Pico is in discussion #184 "Pi pico control PWM with arduino IDE?". I got a bit further with it, and I don't mind sharing my later code, if you want it, but that covers the general idea, and covers how to compare against micros() or millis(), to trigger something at a particular time or interval. That approach is at least better than just the untimed endless loop in the example, if not perfect.

[RISC-E-Biscuit]

Yeh, there is more to it than a bit of wavering though.. lots of hiss, and it gets worse at higher DAC rates. (my range for this is 16000 to test, 48K as the stated max for the lib, and 96K desirable in the long run.. the UDA1334A doesn't support lower than 8k. I'd like to go 24 bit too, but that is gonna require a rewrite of some of the functions I'm currently using from the libs as things progress, if indeed it is possible. 24 bit is /pretty necessary/ for my app, though I could settle for 48K I guess.

I found (regarding wavering and jitter) that the best way (for my earlier, PWM based, stuff) was to run the thing on interrupts, output the last calculated value at the beginning of the ISR, then compute the next value, storing to be sent to the DAC(PWM) at the start of the next ISR. Which, rather conveniently, leaves main (loop in arduino_speak) free to do other stuff, which can be handy.

This works fairly well for me, even on 328P, where I'm getting nice clean (as clean as 8 bit can go) sine waves (from a pre-calculated array in PROGMEM) signal after just a simple RC filter. (though I'm still building a 4th order (analog) low pass with it's frequency (and resonance) controlled by a second PWM channel to improve things on that!) The idea with the 24/96 DAC is that I won't need to faff around with external analog stuff, but just do it in the program.

Ahh.. I've been playing with the ADCs, and getting noise all over the bottom 4 bits.. I thought that was just because I'm connecting to the pico with a bunch of dupont cables via a 0.1uF ceramic cap, with test signals provided by the same UDA1334A DAC running 24 bit/96K but at that point connected to a raspi4 running audacity where, according to both ear and oscilloscope, it does a sterling job and can kick out a lovely clean signal at 1.4V p-p across the whole audio band (and some!) To be able to get a signal of that quality from a Pico is what I'm trying at the mo.

I don't have any resistors on that to bias the input of the DAC, but figure a couple of 560Rs in series between gnd and ADC_VREF with the cap (other side driven by an op-amp) and the ADC input connected to the centre might tame the noise a bit. But I could be wrong.. We shall see. But on the bright side, the conversion rates have been pretty damn good. Not measured yet, but fast enough to capture multiple audio channels per ADC via an external mulitplexor, and some!

On embedded, no interrupt should ever run unless the programmer tells it to.. That /may not/ be the case on Arduino code generated with MBED or whatever. I guess we will find out. But (for example) if a program doesn't use delay() or millis or whatever, then the toolchain should never include/build the code for that. In Theory. :-\ My plan is to make commercial/industrial grade signals.

Dang now (Sorry Earle) I've looked at I2S.cpp there are a lot of limitations so I will probably need to dig in there at some point and change it, if hardware allows. , I would like to put other (duplex, though the UDA1334A I'm currently playing with doesn't support it, I'm just using that as it's one of the easiest things to talk to, has an internal PLL multiplier so doesn't need a synchronised MCLK/Locochip or so.) codecs on there too at some point. CS/AK home cinema consumer type stuff, to give multichannels (6 or 8 chans) of output, and two ins at 24/96.

My desired method i(which I'm using on other MCUs with success, but would really like to make work on Pico too) s to set a fixed PWM frequency - well into ultrasonic, set up a the same timer to generate an interrupt and trap that to a routine that does the "output previous value, compute and store next value" type thing, which should generate a very solid and stable waveform, and not just square waves, but a full function generator of stuff, and some. My code on the other platforms uses a software phase accumulator in the loop to index wavetables, so I can set the frequency of the generated audio wave. Works fine, even on 328p, so should be a shoe-in on the pico, but far better to do the same thing using DAC rather than PWM, and better still, a duplex codec, if that can be made possible.

[Andy2No]

Intriguing. I'll have a go at it soon. I'm never very energetic, at this time of year :)

Yes, 24 bit and more bit rate would be interesting. Interrupts and there being no others happening seems like the way to go.

While I remember, here's some links about the ADC problem. The official erratum concluded that it's good for something like 8.5 bits, from a 12 bit ADC, but there's more to it than that. This first link gives a frequency analysis, and it shows that four values happen far more often than others - the others aren't so bad, just noisy:

https://forums.raspberrypi.com/viewtopic.php?f=144&t=299904

I'm thinking it needs some processing, maybe watching the last so many values and ignoring the extremes, then averaging what's left. If it's watching a signal that can be expected to change relatively smoothly, like turning a pot, that should work.

If the number of samples that go into the average is a power of two, then the division to calculate the average from the sum is just a shift, and we could keep a running total, subtracting an older value and adding a newer one - that way, there'd be no need to keep re-calculating the total by adding all the recent samples.

Here's a couple more related links:

raspberrypi/pico-feedback#91

I guess we could also just exclude those four values, and wait for one that isn't one of those, then maybe average the last four, eight or sixteen accepted values, to smooth it out.

Here's an analysis of the problems (which links to the previous link, above):

https://pico-adc.markomo.me/

[RISC-E-Biscuit]

Yeh, the ADC is noisy, but my existing readAnalog routine (from 328p) does "ballistics" - keeps rolling totals, and ignores transient deviations. (I use it to read pots for a control system). That 511 error may be correctable. If not, there are always external ADCs too.

My current attempt to use I2S on the pico looks like this, to which the DAC says "silence". :-(

Anyone got an idea why?

/*
  Making a rising sawtooth wave via an NXP UDA1334A

  *** NOT WORKING ***

  Connections (currently default for the I2S lib?)
  Function    : Pico         :  UDA1334A dev board
  GND         : Pin 33       :  GND
  3V3out      : Pin 36       :  +Vin
  Bitclock    : Pin 32(GP27) : BCLK
  I2S Data    : Pin 31(GP26) : DIN
  LRCLOCK     : Pin 34(GP28) : WSEL

*/

#include <I2S.h>

void setup() {
  Serial.begin(115200);
  pinMode(LED_BUILTIN, OUTPUT); // just to show that pico is powered.
  digitalWrite(LED_BUILTIN, 1);
  delay(2000);
  // pinMode(22, OUTPUT); // Scope to show that loop is running

  // start I2S at the sample rate with 16-bits per sample
  if (!I2S.begin(44100)) {
    Serial.println("Failed to initialise I2S!");
    while(1);
  }
  Serial.println("I2S initialised");
}

void loop() {
  for (short i = 1; i < 65534; i = i + 256)
  {
    // delayMicroseconds(10); // In case the I2C aint holding us up?
    // digitalWrite(22,0); // We can scope this to test it's actually running!
    I2S.write(i); // Left
    // delayMicroseconds(10); // In case the I2C aint holding us up?
    // digitalWrite(22, 1);
    I2S.write(i); // Right
  }
}

[earlephilhower]

As a sanity check, do you have a logic analyzer? Can you grab the pins in question and see they're toggling properly (LRCLK, BCLK, DOUT)?

I'd also for sanity try the I2S example.

I tried the raw DAC and the software sigma-delta DAC in ESP8266Audio while adding I2S support and they were working, but I don't currently have a DAC wired up to any of my boards right now so can't test locally.

[RISC-E-Biscuit]

Not yet. Think I will be buying or making one real soon though. :-/ £12 on Ebay won't break the bank, and that's from a UK seller I deal with for other things. (including the DAC boards, he's been fine so far..)

All I can see with a (cheap ebay) DSO is what looks like a plausible BCLK, but that is coming out of GP26 rather than GP27. I tried reversing them, but just get noise.. (different characters at 16K/32K/44.1K/48K)..

Will re-attack it next week, as I have hospital in the morning (nothing major) and a few days staying with a lady-fiend to "recover" afterwards. ;-)

I do have a little list of other things to sort out how to do on RP2040 too, syncing an IRQ with the I2S is probably top of that list, and reading through your I2C code some more, as I'd really like to get a duplex codec working if I can, and speed things up to 24/96, maybe even figure out how to get an MCLK going too.

[RISC-E-Biscuit]

I think it's probably a wiring error. In order to get the (fairly horrid) noise I have at the moment, from what you said and peeping through the source for the driver. Even that is potentially ambiguous though.. it's not clear whether it's referring to pico board pins, GPIO pin numbers as presented on the pico, or arduino pin numbers, or some weird combination. The scope gave me some signals on those pins, and it's been deduction from there, to here.. (which is nowhere really)

Connections (currently default for the I2S lib?)
Function : Pico : UDA1334A dev board
GND : Pin 33 : GND
3V3out : Pin 36 : +Vin
Bitclock : Pin 32(GP27) : BCLK
I2S Data : Pin 31(GP26) : DIN
LRCLOCK : Pin 34(GP28) : WSEL

[Andy2No]

I'm wondering if the initialisation is missing the part where it sets the output volume. In the Adafruit example, they don't set it, so it's presumably on full, but that may be because it's part of the creator for the I2S object, or gets set in i2s.begin(). Perhaps the library used here (from Pico extras?) requires you to do that explicitly.

Maybe it would be better to try Adafruit's library, since their board is likely to be very similar, then we can try their example, and look for forum posts about that board.

Here's the relevant parts of setup() from their example:

// Use default pins in board variant
Adafruit_ZeroI2S i2s = Adafruit_ZeroI2S();

void setup()
{
 // ....

  /* begin I2S on the default pins. 24 bit depth at
   * 44100 samples per second
   */
  i2s.begin(I2S_32_BIT, 44100);
  i2s.enableTx();
}

The rest of it is here, with details of how to install their i2s library:

https://learn.adafruit.com/adafruit-i2s-stereo-decoder-uda1334a/arduino-wiring-test

EDIT: I guess we can't use it directly, because the Pico doesn't have a physical I2S interface, but we can still look at the code:

https://github.com/adafruit/Adafruit_ZeroI2S

The UDA1334A doesn't seem to have a way to set the output volume, but maybe it's some other initialisation problem.

[RISC-E-Biscuit]

I think it's probably a wiring error.. i've tried setting I2s_32_BIT, to control the bit depth, but it won't compile "i2s was not declared in this scope", unsurprising as I don't have the adafruit libs, but i'll be taking a look them of educational purposes. as we are here it would be nice to fix the progam to work with Earle's (which seems to be the arduino "default" atm) library, or fix the lib if that is the problem.

I had wondered about the bit depth/word length setting when I saw "simpletone" at first.

At the mo I'm just hacking around to see if the i2s via pio stuff is actually workable for me.

Now I have a logic analyser (delivered this afternoon, and "just works" with Linux, after the right stuff is installed (atp install sigrok-firmware-fx2lafw and pulseview, apt takes care of the dependencies with raspbian (and thus probably all debian derivatives)) I can see a few problems, though I'm still not at all sure i'm looking at the correct pins on the pico. ( @earlephilhower might be able to confirm/deny the above..)

[Andy2No]

Another possible problem - is the PLL pin (PLL0) pulled low on your board, or have you grounded it, to enable audio mode?

This is from the UDA1334ATS datasheet:

8.1.1 AUDIO MODE
Audio mode is enabled by setting pin PLL0 to LOW.
De-emphasis can be activated via pin DEEM/CLKOUT according toTable 5.
In audio mode, pinSYSCLK/PLL1 is used to set the sampling frequency range as given in Table1.

Table 1 Sampling frequency range in audio mode
SYSCLK/PLL1 SELECTION
LOWfs =16 to 50kHz
HIGHfs =50 to 100kHz

I don't know if that's the exact chip used, of course. There are others in the series, but probably with a lot in common.

[RISC-E-Biscuit]

The pulldown /shouldn't/ be neccessary. (isn't on the pi) though TBH I don't really know what "Video mode" about at all. I'll give it a go later on.. (cooking for a lady-fiend at the moment)

[Andy2No]

I think the Adafruit board has pull down and possibly pull up resistors, to set the default mode that it's expected to be used in, but if your board is simply a breakout - all pins wired to a hole for a header pin - then it might not have those, so you might have to configure it by wiring up those pins - at least the two PLL pins, I expect.

Video mode uses an external 27MHz clock, and the on-chip PLL is then used to divide that down, depending on how you set some of the pins. Audio mode is what we want, though there are two speed range choices, apparently.

[RISC-E-Biscuit]

My board is similar to the adafruit board.. https://learn.adafruit.com/adafruit-i2s-stereo-decoder-uda1334a/pinouts. Mmm.. Looks like a knockoff actually. "CJMCU" is the brand. Seems nicely made, and sounds so nice (by pro 24/96 DAC standards! - I'm a retired commercial sound production engineer..) I re-ordered to put them in some of my other, pi-based, projects, and cost about £5 (so maybe $7US, at a guess, making assumptions about where you live) delivered. A total bargain for the punch.

I'll give the config pins a tickle at some point, though pulling of those was not needed to hook up to the pi. the DAC defaults to audio mode unless pulled into video mode. Still i would be interested it knowing the specifics of video mode.. I guess finding the definitive document explaining the whole rationale would be interesting, though outside of my area of interest (which is audio) at the moment.

My only carp with the UDA1334A is that the data sheet is a little sparse regarding the de-emphasis and so on - what they mean by certain words. Once i have it making intelligable signals, I can work it out though. The chip itself is cheap and sounds good, also low enough distortion/noise to be actually useful for more than just toys. ;-)

[earlephilhower]

I had my logic analyzer hooked up for something else so I wired it up to record the output from the SimpleTone.ino example. The I2S output looks good, so I really think you have a wiring/hookup problem with your DAC. Here's the raw and decoded output:

[earlephilhower]

Right now, I'm not hooked up on the pico, just on my ESP8266s. I have multiple board types, and don't remember exactly how I wired them, but I do know I had to configure each one (tying cfg pins to VCC or GND) using the DAC's data sheet. Lots of times you just don't know what you're going to get w/the Ebay sellers...

As a real sanity test, can you remove everything from your Pico and try the SimpleTone.ino sketch. If you are unable to see BCLK, LRCLK, and DOUT on pins GP26, GP27, GP28 (these are the GP #, not the pins on the PCB) and are sure your analyzer isn't a dud then I would say you have a bad Pico.

IF you see the waveform, then the next step is to hook to the real DAC to those pins and adjust configuration pins on it until you get the simple 8khz tone. Make sure you're powering the DAC, of course, at the right Vcc (some are 5V, some are 3.3V...mix up the two and the magic smoke comes out).

[RISC-E-Biscuit]

Ahh. It may be a pico-specific probem. GP26/27/28 are where i started (after looking at the source of the libs).

The logic probe appears ok.. (it's had extensive testing.. Ermm I confess, "playing with", new toy and all that..) today. That included doing a simple pinripple loop then binary count on the pico, so, at least in simple GPIO mode, that has passed the test too. It could be a "state machine" hardware problem I guess, but this was a new pico for the purpose.

All 3.3V, though most of the pins on the codec board are 5V tolerant.

The waveforms I'm seeing on those pins are as attached. Looking a bit hinkey to me.. What do you think?

[Andy2No]

The middle one looks wrong.

The signals the DAC sees, using the names from the datasheet are BCK, WS and DATAI. The top and bottom ones look okay for BCK and DATAI, but WS looks wrong. For most formats, it needs a 50% duty cycle - i.e. it should be a square wave.

8 FUNCTIONAL DESCRIPTION
8.1 System clock
...
Remarks:

1. The WS edge MUST fall on the negative edge of the BCK at all times for proper operation of the digital I/O data interface.
2. For LSB-justified formats it is important to have a WS signal with a duty factor of 50%.

So, the timing of when WS changes is important too.

Saying "must change at the negative edge of the BCK signal" is a bit unreasonable. Most timing diagrams in datasheets would define how early, or how late it's allowed to change. However, you could have a go at generating your own signal for WS, toggling an output bit after each write, to see if that works - it will be late, but maybe it only really has to be sufficiently early, before the next positive edge of BCK.

[Andy2No]

Alternatively, perhaps you're still looking at the wrong pin, for that one? Maybe just probe around to see if there's a square wave, at the sample frequency, on another pin.

[Andy2No]

Another document to refer to is the Philips Semiconductors I2S Bus Specification:

https://www.sparkfun.com/datasheets/BreakoutBoards/I2SBUS.pdf

3.2 Word Select
The word select line indicates the channel being transmitted:
•WS = 0; channel 1 (left);
•WS = 1; channel 2 (right).
WS may change either on a trailing or leading edge of the serial clock, but it doesn’t need to be symmetrical. In the slave, this signal is latched on the leading edge of the clock signal. The WS line changes one clock period before the MSB is transmitted. This allows the slave transmitter to derive synchronous timing of the serial data that will be set up for transmission. Furthermore, it enables the receiver to store the previous word and clear the input for the next word (see Figure 1).

So, i2s format is MSB first. The specification says WS doesn't have to be symmetrical, but the fact that it changes to indicate the channel, means it normally would be, or close to it.

[earlephilhower]

@RISC-E-Biscuit your GP27 line is definitely not correct. As Andy2No said, that's supposed to be a square wave at 2x the sample freq (i.e. 16khz) that is used to select left or right channel.

To me, your image looks like noise-induced transients and not a real pin value. The falling edge of DOUT seems to cause a pulse. I'd check/swap the analyzer cables. It if's consistently weird, move to another Pico.

[RISC-E-Biscuit]

Well F...

This from the pico #2 I pinnified last night.

Seems pico #1 (which was equally new and shiny) has a problem in at least one of it's piosms. All pins test fine with simple digitalWrite() though. Weeeeird.. And just my luck to get that on my first hack (other than "blink") at it. :-/

Problem solved. Thanks very much @Andy2No and @earlephilhower. XxX

Now to hook up the DAC, and try to make some sine waves.

[RISC-E-Biscuit]

..and then (heads up!) to move the I2S to work on some different pins as we want the ADCs, right? (Oh, and UARTS, I2S, SPI, and a reduced footprint (3/4 pins) VGA output).. I'm sure I'll find more problems. :-/

Thanks again both.

[RISC-E-Biscuit]

I'm pleased to report it working (with UDA1334A) at 96KS/S, working just fine.

Now, how to get it to do 24 bit.. ;-)

[RISC-E-Biscuit]

The culprit was a Pico/RP2040 which has a piosm that has odd behaviour. Solved.

[earlephilhower]

Glad to hear it's sorted. Getting to 24-bit mode will require rewriting the PIO asm file in the pico-extras.

Also, you might want to unsolder and resolder the pins on either side of the failing one on the broken Pico. You might just have something touching and making it capacitavely coupled at high frequencies but unconnected to the aggressor pin at DC/low frequency.

[RISC-E-Biscuit]

@earlephilhower. Thinking, with an I2S DAC output being analog. It might be nice to show an analog type signal in a demo.

While i use github, I rarely use git, and no idea how to offer this up, so just posting here for you to add/modify whatever as you see fit.

o/C_U_T__H_E_R_E__________
O\

/*
SimpleSine created 20020206 Mark J Wilkins. Free "demo" code. No warranties whatsoever.

Make a reasonably clean sine wave via an I2S DAC. Default rate is 96000KS/S - easily changed.
Tested with NXP/Philips UDA1334A.

Uses Earle F. Philhower's I2S library for Arduino IDE from https://github.com/earlephilhower/arduino-pico, and
intended only to demonstrate the use of an I2S DAC with a Pico.

Connections (currently default for the I2S lib?)
Function : Pico : UDA1334A dev board
Bitclock : Pin 1 (GP0) : BCLK
LRCLOCK : Pin 2 (GP1) : WSEL
Data : Pin 4 (GP2) : DIN

You probably need to provide power to the DAC too.

Hints: Change the count step (or a multiplier) - change the frequency.

I2S pins are re-assigned from default as detailed above, to free up the non-reassignable analog inputs.
*/

#include <I2S.h>

const unsigned int samplerate=96000;

// Wavetable - Big because somebody might want to make a very pure 20Hz sine at 96KS/S, and This Is The Way.
// I would have put a 24bit wavetable here, but the conversion from int/unsigned int to short was too whupass for the moment.
// 24-bit Nudge to the I2S lib/piosm I2S code maintainers I guess. >;{>

const unsigned int increment = 25; //1=20Hz,5=100Hz,10=200Hz,25-500Hz, 50=1KHz,100=2KHz,500=10KHz,1000=20KHz - all @96KS/S.
// Double the increments for 48KS/S.
// 44100KS/S - Just Say No! (or get calculating ;)

const unsigned int WaveTableLength = 4800;

const int WaveTable[4800] PROGMEM = { //16bit x 4800 entry wavetable.
0,42,85,128,171,214,257,300,343,386,428,471,514,557,600,643,
686,729,771,814,857,900,943,986,1029,1072,1114,1157,1200,1243,1286,1329,
1372,1414,1457,1500,1543,1586,1629,1672,1714,1757,1800,1843,1886,1929,1971,2014,
2057,2100,2143,2185,2228,2271,2314,2357,2399,2442,2485,2528,2570,2613,2656,2699,
2741,2784,2827,2870,2912,2955,2998,3040,3083,3126,3169,3211,3254,3297,3339,3382,
3425,3467,3510,3553,3595,3638,3680,3723,3766,3808,3851,3893,3936,3979,4021,4064,
4106,4149,4191,4234,4276,4319,4361,4404,4446,4489,4531,4574,4616,4659,4701,4744,
4786,4829,4871,4913,4956,4998,5041,5083,5125,5168,5210,5252,5295,5337,5379,5422,
5464,5506,5549,5591,5633,5675,5718,5760,5802,5844,5886,5929,5971,6013,6055,6097,
6139,6182,6224,6266,6308,6350,6392,6434,6476,6518,6560,6602,6644,6686,6728,6770,
6812,6854,6896,6938,6980,7022,7064,7106,7147,7189,7231,7273,7315,7357,7398,7440,
7482,7524,7565,7607,7649,7691,7732,7774,7816,7857,7899,7940,7982,8024,8065,8107,
8148,8190,8231,8273,8314,8356,8397,8439,8480,8522,8563,8604,8646,8687,8729,8770,
8811,8853,8894,8935,8976,9018,9059,9100,9141,9182,9224,9265,9306,9347,9388,9429,
9470,9511,9552,9593,9634,9675,9716,9757,9798,9839,9880,9921,9962,10003,10043,10084,
10125,10166,10207,10247,10288,10329,10370,10410,10451,10491,10532,10573,10613,10654,10694,10735,
10775,10816,10856,10897,10937,10978,11018,11059,11099,11139,11180,11220,11260,11300,11341,11381,
11421,11461,11502,11542,11582,11622,11662,11702,11742,11782,11822,11862,11902,11942,11982,12022,
12062,12102,12142,12181,12221,12261,12301,12340,12380,12420,12460,12499,12539,12579,12618,12658,
12697,12737,12776,12816,12855,12895,12934,12973,13013,13052,13092,13131,13170,13209,13249,13288,
13327,13366,13405,13444,13484,13523,13562,13601,13640,13679,13718,13757,13796,13834,13873,13912,
13951,13990,14029,14067,14106,14145,14183,14222,14261,14299,14338,14376,14415,14453,14492,14530,
14569,14607,14646,14684,14722,14761,14799,14837,14875,14914,14952,14990,15028,15066,15104,15142,
15180,15218,15256,15294,15332,15370,15408,15446,15484,15521,15559,15597,15635,15672,15710,15748,
15785,15823,15860,15898,15935,15973,16010,16048,16085,16122,16160,16197,16234,16271,16309,16346,
16383,16420,16457,16494,16531,16568,16605,16642,16679,16716,16753,16790,16827,16863,16900,16937,
16974,17010,17047,17084,17120,17157,17193,17230,17266,17303,17339,17375,17412,17448,17484,17521,
17557,17593,17629,17665,17702,17738,17774,17810,17846,17882,17918,17953,17989,18025,18061,18097,
18132,18168,18204,18240,18275,18311,18346,18382,18417,18453,18488,18524,18559,18594,18630,18665,
18700,18735,18770,18806,18841,18876,18911,18946,18981,19016,19051,19086,19120,19155,19190,19225,
19259,19294,19329,19363,19398,19433,19467,19502,19536,19570,19605,19639,19673,19708,19742,19776,
19810,19845,19879,19913,19947,19981,20015,20049,20083,20117,20150,20184,20218,20252,20285,20319,
20353,20386,20420,20453,20487,20520,20554,20587,20620,20654,20687,20720,20753,20787,20820,20853,
20886,20919,20952,20985,21018,21051,21084,21116,21149,21182,21215,21247,21280,21313,21345,21378,
21410,21443,21475,21507,21540,21572,21604,21637,21669,21701,21733,21765,21797,21829,21861,21893,
21925,21957,21989,22020,22052,22084,22115,22147,22179,22210,22242,22273,22305,22336,22367,22399,
22430,22461,22493,22524,22555,22586,22617,22648,22679,22710,22741,22772,22802,22833,22864,22895,
22925,22956,22987,23017,23048,23078,23109,23139,23169,23200,23230,23260,23290,23320,23351,23381,
23411,23441,23471,23500,23530,23560,23590,23620,23649,23679,23709,23738,23768,23797,23827,23856,
23886,23915,23944,23974,24003,24032,24061,24090,24119,24148,24177,24206,24235,24264,24293,24321,
24350,24379,24407,24436,24465,24493,24522,24550,24578,24607,24635,24663,24692,24720,24748,24776,
24804,24832,24860,24888,24916,24944,24971,24999,25027,25054,25082,25110,25137,25165,25192,25220,
25247,25274,25302,25329,25356,25383,25410,25437,25464,25491,25518,25545,25572,25599,25625,25652,
25679,25705,25732,25759,25785,25811,25838,25864,25891,25917,25943,25969,25995,26021,26047,26073,
26099,26125,26151,26177,26203,26228,26254,26280,26305,26331,26356,26382,26407,26433,26458,26483,
26509,26534,26559,26584,26609,26634,26659,26684,26709,26734,26758,26783,26808,26832,26857,26882,
26906,26931,26955,26979,27004,27028,27052,27076,27100,27125,27149,27173,27197,27220,27244,27268,
27292,27316,27339,27363,27386,27410,27433,27457,27480,27504,27527,27550,27573,27596,27620,27643,
27666,27689,27711,27734,27757,27780,27803,27825,27848,27871,27893,27916,27938,27960,27983,28005,
28027,28049,28072,28094,28116,28138,28160,28182,28203,28225,28247,28269,28290,28312,28334,28355,
28377,28398,28419,28441,28462,28483,28504,28525,28547,28568,28589,28610,28630,28651,28672,28693,
28713,28734,28755,28775,28796,28816,28837,28857,28877,28897,28918,28938,28958,28978,28998,29018,
29038,29058,29077,29097,29117,29136,29156,29176,29195,29215,29234,29253,29273,29292,29311,29330,
29349,29368,29387,29406,29425,29444,29463,29482,29500,29519,29537,29556,29575,29593,29611,29630,
29648,29666,29684,29703,29721,29739,29757,29775,29792,29810,29828,29846,29863,29881,29899,29916,
29934,29951,29968,29986,30003,30020,30037,30055,30072,30089,30106,30122,30139,30156,30173,30190,
30206,30223,30239,30256,30272,30289,30305,30321,30338,30354,30370,30386,30402,30418,30434,30450,
30465,30481,30497,30513,30528,30544,30559,30575,30590,30605,30621,30636,30651,30666,30681,30696,
30711,30726,30741,30756,30771,30786,30800,30815,30829,30844,30858,30873,30887,30901,30916,30930,
30944,30958,30972,30986,31000,31014,31028,31041,31055,31069,31082,31096,31109,31123,31136,31149,
31163,31176,31189,31202,31215,31228,31241,31254,31267,31280,31293,31305,31318,31331,31343,31356,
31368,31380,31393,31405,31417,31429,31441,31453,31465,31477,31489,31501,31513,31525,31536,31548,
31559,31571,31582,31594,31605,31616,31628,31639,31650,31661,31672,31683,31694,31705,31716,31726,
31737,31748,31758,31769,31779,31790,31800,31810,31821,31831,31841,31851,31861,31871,31881,31891,
31901,31911,31920,31930,31940,31949,31959,31968,31977,31987,31996,32005,32014,32023,32033,32042,
32050,32059,32068,32077,32086,32094,32103,32112,32120,32128,32137,32145,32154,32162,32170,32178,
32186,32194,32202,32210,32218,32226,32233,32241,32249,32256,32264,32271,32279,32286,32293,32300,
32308,32315,32322,32329,32336,32343,32350,32356,32363,32370,32376,32383,32389,32396,32402,32409,
32415,32421,32427,32434,32440,32446,32452,32457,32463,32469,32475,32481,32486,32492,32497,32503,
32508,32513,32519,32524,32529,32534,32539,32544,32549,32554,32559,32564,32569,32573,32578,32582,
32587,32591,32596,32600,32604,32609,32613,32617,32621,32625,32629,32633,32637,32641,32644,32648,
32652,32655,32659,32662,32665,32669,32672,32675,32679,32682,32685,32688,32691,32694,32696,32699,
32702,32705,32707,32710,32712,32715,32717,32719,32722,32724,32726,32728,32730,32732,32734,32736,
32738,32740,32741,32743,32744,32746,32748,32749,32750,32752,32753,32754,32755,32756,32757,32758,
32759,32760,32761,32762,32762,32763,32764,32764,32765,32765,32765,32766,32766,32766,32766,32766,
32767,32766,32766,32766,32766,32766,32765,32765,32765,32764,32764,32763,32762,32762,32761,32760,
32759,32758,32757,32756,32755,32754,32753,32752,32750,32749,32748,32746,32744,32743,32741,32740,
32738,32736,32734,32732,32730,32728,32726,32724,32722,32719,32717,32715,32712,32710,32707,32705,
32702,32699,32696,32694,32691,32688,32685,32682,32679,32675,32672,32669,32665,32662,32659,32655,
32652,32648,32644,32641,32637,32633,32629,32625,32621,32617,32613,32609,32604,32600,32596,32591,
32587,32582,32578,32573,32569,32564,32559,32554,32549,32544,32539,32534,32529,32524,32519,32513,
32508,32503,32497,32492,32486,32481,32475,32469,32463,32457,32452,32446,32440,32434,32427,32421,
32415,32409,32402,32396,32389,32383,32376,32370,32363,32356,32350,32343,32336,32329,32322,32315,
32308,32300,32293,32286,32279,32271,32264,32256,32249,32241,32233,32226,32218,32210,32202,32194,
32186,32178,32170,32162,32154,32145,32137,32128,32120,32112,32103,32094,32086,32077,32068,32059,
32050,32042,32033,32023,32014,32005,31996,31987,31977,31968,31959,31949,31940,31930,31920,31911,
31901,31891,31881,31871,31861,31851,31841,31831,31821,31810,31800,31790,31779,31769,31758,31748,
31737,31726,31716,31705,31694,31683,31672,31661,31650,31639,31628,31616,31605,31594,31582,31571,
31559,31548,31536,31525,31513,31501,31489,31477,31465,31453,31441,31429,31417,31405,31393,31380,
31368,31356,31343,31331,31318,31305,31293,31280,31267,31254,31241,31228,31215,31202,31189,31176,
31163,31149,31136,31123,31109,31096,31082,31069,31055,31041,31028,31014,31000,30986,30972,30958,
30944,30930,30916,30901,30887,30873,30858,30844,30829,30815,30800,30786,30771,30756,30741,30726,
30711,30696,30681,30666,30651,30636,30621,30605,30590,30575,30559,30544,30528,30513,30497,30481,
30465,30450,30434,30418,30402,30386,30370,30354,30338,30321,30305,30289,30272,30256,30239,30223,
30206,30190,30173,30156,30139,30122,30106,30089,30072,30055,30037,30020,30003,29986,29968,29951,
29934,29916,29899,29881,29863,29846,29828,29810,29792,29775,29757,29739,29721,29703,29684,29666,
29648,29630,29611,29593,29575,29556,29537,29519,29500,29482,29463,29444,29425,29406,29387,29368,
29349,29330,29311,29292,29273,29253,29234,29215,29195,29176,29156,29136,29117,29097,29077,29058,
29038,29018,28998,28978,28958,28938,28918,28897,28877,28857,28837,28816,28796,28775,28755,28734,
28713,28693,28672,28651,28630,28610,28589,28568,28547,28525,28504,28483,28462,28441,28419,28398,
28377,28355,28334,28312,28290,28269,28247,28225,28203,28182,28160,28138,28116,28094,28072,28049,
28027,28005,27983,27960,27938,27916,27893,27871,27848,27825,27803,27780,27757,27734,27711,27689,
27666,27643,27620,27596,27573,27550,27527,27504,27480,27457,27433,27410,27386,27363,27339,27316,
27292,27268,27244,27220,27197,27173,27149,27125,27100,27076,27052,27028,27004,26979,26955,26931,
26906,26882,26857,26832,26808,26783,26758,26734,26709,26684,26659,26634,26609,26584,26559,26534,
26509,26483,26458,26433,26407,26382,26356,26331,26305,26280,26254,26228,26203,26177,26151,26125,
26099,26073,26047,26021,25995,25969,25943,25917,25891,25864,25838,25811,25785,25759,25732,25705,
25679,25652,25625,25599,25572,25545,25518,25491,25464,25437,25410,25383,25356,25329,25302,25274,
25247,25220,25192,25165,25137,25110,25082,25054,25027,24999,24971,24944,24916,24888,24860,24832,
24804,24776,24748,24720,24692,24663,24635,24607,24578,24550,24522,24493,24465,24436,24407,24379,
24350,24321,24293,24264,24235,24206,24177,24148,24119,24090,24061,24032,24003,23974,23944,23915,
23886,23856,23827,23797,23768,23738,23709,23679,23649,23620,23590,23560,23530,23500,23471,23441,
23411,23381,23351,23320,23290,23260,23230,23200,23169,23139,23109,23078,23048,23017,22987,22956,
22925,22895,22864,22833,22802,22772,22741,22710,22679,22648,22617,22586,22555,22524,22493,22461,
22430,22399,22367,22336,22305,22273,22242,22210,22179,22147,22115,22084,22052,22020,21989,21957,
21925,21893,21861,21829,21797,21765,21733,21701,21669,21637,21604,21572,21540,21507,21475,21443,
21410,21378,21345,21313,21280,21247,21215,21182,21149,21116,21084,21051,21018,20985,20952,20919,
20886,20853,20820,20787,20753,20720,20687,20654,20620,20587,20554,20520,20487,20453,20420,20386,
20353,20319,20285,20252,20218,20184,20150,20117,20083,20049,20015,19981,19947,19913,19879,19845,
19810,19776,19742,19708,19673,19639,19605,19570,19536,19502,19467,19433,19398,19363,19329,19294,
19259,19225,19190,19155,19120,19086,19051,19016,18981,18946,18911,18876,18841,18806,18770,18735,
18700,18665,18630,18594,18559,18524,18488,18453,18417,18382,18346,18311,18275,18240,18204,18168,
18132,18097,18061,18025,17989,17953,17918,17882,17846,17810,17774,17738,17702,17665,17629,17593,
17557,17521,17484,17448,17412,17375,17339,17303,17266,17230,17193,17157,17120,17084,17047,17010,
16974,16937,16900,16863,16827,16790,16753,16716,16679,16642,16605,16568,16531,16494,16457,16420,
16383,16346,16309,16271,16234,16197,16160,16122,16085,16048,16010,15973,15935,15898,15860,15823,
15785,15748,15710,15672,15635,15597,15559,15521,15484,15446,15408,15370,15332,15294,15256,15218,
15180,15142,15104,15066,15028,14990,14952,14914,14875,14837,14799,14761,14722,14684,14646,14607,
14569,14530,14492,14453,14415,14376,14338,14299,14261,14222,14183,14145,14106,14067,14029,13990,
13951,13912,13873,13834,13796,13757,13718,13679,13640,13601,13562,13523,13484,13444,13405,13366,
13327,13288,13249,13209,13170,13131,13092,13052,13013,12973,12934,12895,12855,12816,12776,12737,
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11421,11381,11341,11300,11260,11220,11180,11139,11099,11059,11018,10978,10937,10897,10856,10816,
10775,10735,10694,10654,10613,10573,10532,10491,10451,10410,10370,10329,10288,10247,10207,10166,
10125,10084,10043,10003,9962,9921,9880,9839,9798,9757,9716,9675,9634,9593,9552,9511,
9470,9429,9388,9347,9306,9265,9224,9182,9141,9100,9059,9018,8976,8935,8894,8853,
8811,8770,8729,8687,8646,8604,8563,8522,8480,8439,8397,8356,8314,8273,8231,8190,
8148,8107,8065,8024,7982,7940,7899,7857,7816,7774,7732,7691,7649,7607,7565,7524,
7482,7440,7398,7357,7315,7273,7231,7189,7147,7106,7064,7022,6980,6938,6896,6854,
6812,6770,6728,6686,6644,6602,6560,6518,6476,6434,6392,6350,6308,6266,6224,6182,
6139,6097,6055,6013,5971,5929,5886,5844,5802,5760,5718,5675,5633,5591,5549,5506,
5464,5422,5379,5337,5295,5252,5210,5168,5125,5083,5041,4998,4956,4913,4871,4829,
4786,4744,4701,4659,4616,4574,4531,4489,4446,4404,4361,4319,4276,4234,4191,4149,
4106,4064,4021,3979,3936,3893,3851,3808,3766,3723,3680,3638,3595,3553,3510,3467,
3425,3382,3339,3297,3254,3211,3169,3126,3083,3040,2998,2955,2912,2870,2827,2784,
2741,2699,2656,2613,2570,2528,2485,2442,2399,2357,2314,2271,2228,2185,2143,2100,
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1372,1329,1286,1243,1200,1157,1114,1072,1029,986,943,900,857,814,771,729,
686,643,600,557,514,471,428,386,343,300,257,214,171,128,85,42,
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};

unsigned count = 0; // a raw counter
unsigned i; // index for the wavetable
short s; // the sample read from the wavetable.

void setup() {
I2S.setBCLK(0); // Setting I2S bit clock to GP0 - LRclock(=WSEL etc.) will be on GP1
I2S.setDOUT(2); // Setting I2S data to GP2
digitalWrite(LED_BUILTIN, 1); // Light up the LED
delay(100); // The LED flashes Once before starting I2S init.
while (!I2S.begin(samplerate)) // Set whatever rate you want for your DAC here, adjust count accordingly.
{
digitalWrite(LED_BUILTIN, 0); // Turn off the LED if there is a problem with I2S init.
delay(100); // Wait and retry - flashing the LED.
digitalWrite(LED_BUILTIN, 1);
delay(100); // Wait and retry - unflashing the LED
}
digitalWrite(LED_BUILTIN, 1); // Light it up if there 'aint.
}

void loop()
{
i = count % WaveTableLength; // indexing the wavetable
s = (WaveTable[i]); // Grab teh samples value.
I2S.write(s); // Output to Left
// it's fun do do things with s in this space here.. Try inverting the phase, for example?
I2S.write(s); // Output to Right
count = count + increment; // increment the index ready for the next iteration.
}

o/C_U_T__H_E_R_E__________
O\

[earlephilhower]

Any reason you don't just calculate sin(phase) * 32767 in real-time? Then you can do exact frequency adjustments (phase will be FP) trivially without any aliasing.

On an AVR, it would make sense to pre-calculate because sin is a very expensive operation there. Here, because the PROGMEM makes it live in flash it may end up being slower than running the calc simply because the flash interface is not very fast and it shares the cache with the instructions causing even more misses...

[RISC-E-Biscuit]

This is (apart from being 16/96 instead of 8/62.5 format, and using I2C instead of PWM) literally a lift from a very early 328P program

Apart from the efficiency on slower procesors, it's far more flexible. Not all waveforms can be simply calculated. This is how (sound) samples are played. Doorbell that rickrolls? 3:)

I will definitly be doing the metrics though. Logic analyser and.. Well that is what GP22 is for, right?

[earlephilhower]

Ah, makes sense then! FWIW, it's trivial to decode MP3s on this chip (see ESP8266Audio) so doing simple sin() calculation should not be an issue. See https://github.com/earlephilhower/ESP8266Audio or https://github.com/earlephilhower/ESP8266SAM :)

[Andy2No]

@RISC-E-Biscuit I haven't tried assigning different pins, but this is what I've concluded from trying to understand the library code, in the form of a comment block to add.

/* "Only 16 bitsPerSample are allowed by the PIO code.  Only write, no read."

    bool setBCLK(pin_size_t pin);	// This has to be 28 or less.  Default is 26
	// This assigns two adjacent pins - the pin after this one (one greater) is the WS (word select) signal, 
	// which toggles before the sample for each channel is sent

    bool setDOUT(pin_size_t pin);	// Must be 29 or less.  Default is 28

*/

The main thing I've learned is that you can't just assign each of the three pins wherever you want - there are limits on the pin number, and the WS signal has to be next to the BCLK signal - on the pin numbered one higher than that one.

[RISC-E-Biscuit]

Yeh, I saw that before I started.The way the internal switching works.. Pins should be considered to be in "groups"or so. Hence

"
I2S.setBCLK(0); // Setting I2S bit clock to GP0 - LRclock(=WSEL etc.) will be on GP1
I2S.setDOUT(2); // Setting I2S data to GP2
"

in the dump I posted above..

It's working a little better than expected now, and I use GP22 to do some "metrics" - timing of the code.. The writes seem quite quick, but then have little holidays.. I will be diving down into the i2s code to figure out why, but first trying to find a decent (dumbass-like-me-understandable) howto for programming the piosm at register level. I really wanna do 24/32 bit and to go duplex to a full codec.

Also fighting the urge to spend far too much money on a book about programming the pico in assembly language. (which is where I come from.. I find C etc. hard work due to the abstractions and excessive handholding rules) Certainly things are started now though. What I have in mind (a MIDI or CV/S-Trig (compatible with both) sound synthesizer) is probably possible.

[earlephilhower]

There's no better guide I know of for the PIO machines than the RPI docs themselves. The PIO SMs are really insanely simple, limited, but powerful. https://datasheets.raspberrypi.com/pico/raspberry-pi-pico-c-sdk.pdf . All the code that implements the PIO SM for I2S is in the Arduino core install directory under pico-extras

For MIDI there is a MIDI slave demo in the TinyUSB examples directory IIRC, and there is a polyphonic wavetable MIDI synthesizer (using SoundFonts) already in ESP8266Audio. Hooking the two together is an exercise for the reader. 😄

[Andy2No]

Yeh, I saw that before I started.The way the internal switching works.. Pins should be considered to be in "groups"or so. Hence

" I2S.setBCLK(0); // Setting I2S bit clock to GP0 - LRclock(=WSEL etc.) will be on GP1 I2S.setDOUT(2); // Setting I2S data to GP2 "

in the dump I posted above..

I missed that part. I was distracted by the huge table of constants :)

The writes seem quite quick, but then have little holidays.. I will be diving down into the i2s code to figure out why,

My first guess would be background interrupts. There's normally one triggered by a timer, with a handler / service routine called something like systick(). I don't know if there are others that would be active, or whether you can stop them all.

One approach would be to try to feed the PIOs from DMA, if that's possible, using an output buffer to hold the signal.

I think the trick is to keep the buffer fairly full, but not get ahead of the DMA pointer, so the DMA is happening at a fixed rate, but the CPU gets to add more to the buffer at its convenience.

Failing that, you need a timer driven interrupt, as you said, which could either read from a buffer or do something to generate the signal algorithmically, like the bit toggling thing in SimpleTone, but not untimed. You still need to have control of what other interrupts are running though, to get perfect timing that way.

The Mutable Instruments Eurorack module code (pichenettes might be worth looking at too - that's basically how it's done, as I vaguely understand it. I'm not sure whether DMA was used to send stuff to the DAC/CODEC, in each case, but they're all I2S based, IIRC.

There was an open source port of a cut down version of Mutable Instruments Braids, to a module based on a board similar to the Arduino Due, but with some analog stuff added. I've hacked the code a bit more to run on an actual Due, plus some op amps on a breadboard, adding a couple more knobs. That's done with a buffer and a timer interrupt. I didn't look into interrupts properly, and when I did it, and it may well not be good enough for playing back recorded music, without doing that. DMA would be better:

https://raspberrypi.github.io/pico-sdk-doxygen/group__hardware__dma.html

The other possibility, I guess, is page cache misses, or whatever the RP2040 equivalent is. If the CPU is having to stop to retrieve things from the (fairly slow) serial Flash, that's going to cause hiccups.

[Andy2No]

Here's an example of using DMA to feed an SPI DAC on a Pico, which is really well documented. It would need some small changes to work with arduino-pico, then you'd have to figure out it it's possible to do the same thing with PIO based I2S:

https://vanhunteradams.com/Pico/DAC/DMA_DAC.html

There are some good details about manipulating the hardware timers.

[Andy2No]

The author of that Pi Pico DMA example (V. Hunter Adams) also has some examples of PIO assembly language programming, listed on his home page:

https://vanhunteradams.com/