CAT and BAT

• Introduction
• Dependencies and where to get them
• Installation
• Getting started
• Usage
• Interpreting the output files
• Marking suggestive taxonomic assignments with an asterisk
• Optimising running time, RAM, and disk usage
• Examples

Introduction

Contig Annotation Tool (CAT) and Bin Annotation Tool (BAT) are pipelines for the taxonomic classification of long DNA sequences and metagenome assembled genomes (MAGs/bins) of both known and (highly) unknown microorganisms, as generated by contemporary metagenomics studies. The core algorithm of both programs involves gene calling, mapping of predicted ORFs against a protein database, and voting-based classification of the entire contig / MAG based on classification of the individual ORFs. CAT and BAT can be run from intermediate steps if files are formated appropriately (see Usage).

A paper describing the algorithm together with extensive benchmarks can be found at https://doi.org/10.1186/s13059-019-1817-x. If you use CAT or BAT in your research, it would be great if you could cite us:

• von Meijenfeldt FAB, Arkhipova K, Cambuy DD, Coutinho FH, Dutilh BE. Robust taxonomic classification of uncharted microbial sequences and bins with CAT and BAT. Genome Biology. 2019;20:217.

Dependencies and where to get them

Python 3, https://www.python.org/.

DIAMOND, https://github.com/bbuchfink/diamond.

Prodigal, https://github.com/hyattpd/Prodigal.

CAT and BAT have been thoroughly tested on Linux systems, and should run on macOS as well.

Installation

No installation is required. You can run CAT and BAT by supplying the absolute path:

$ ./CAT_pack/CAT --help

Alternatively, if you add the files in the CAT_pack directory to your $PATH variable, you can run CAT and BAT from anywhere:

$ CAT --version

Special note for Mac users: since the macOS file system is case-insensitive by default, adding the CAT_pack directory to your $PATH variable might replace calls to the standard unix cat utility. We advise Mac users to run CAT from its absolute path.

CAT and BAT can also be installed via Bioconda, thanks to Silas Kieser:

$ conda install -c bioconda cat

Getting started

To get started with CAT and BAT, you will have to get the database files on your system. You can either download preconstructed database files, or generate them yourself.

Downloading preconstructed database files

To download the database files, find the most recent version on tbb.bio.uu.nl/bastiaan/CAT_prepare/, download and extract, and you are ready to go!

$ wget tbb.bio.uu.nl/bastiaan/CAT_prepare/CAT_prepare_20210107.tar.gz

$ tar -xvzf CAT_prepare_20210107.tar.gz

Your version of DIAMOND should be the same as with which the database is constructed. For this reason the DIAMOND executable is supplied within the CAT prepare folder. Alternatively, you can find the DIAMOND version used for database construction within the database log file:

$ grep version 2021-01-07.CAT_prepare.fresh.log

Preparing a CAT database

You must have the following input ready before you launch a CAT prepare run.

1. A fasta file containing all protein sequences you want to include in your database.

2. A names.dmp file that contains mappings of taxids to their ranks and scientific names. The format must be the same as the NCBI standard names.dmp (uses \t|\t as field separator).

An example would look like this:

1	|	root	|	|	scientific name	|
2	|	Bacteria	|	|	scientific name	|
562	|	Escherichia	coli	|	scientific name	|

3. A nodes.dmp file that describes the child-parent relationship of the nodes in the taxonomy tree and their (official) rank. The format must be the same as the NCBI standard nodes.dmp (uses \t|\t as the field separator.

An example would look like this:

1	|	1	|	root	|
2	|	1	|	superkingdom	|
1224	|	2	|	phylum	|
1236	| 1224	|	class	|
91437	|	1236	|	order	|
543	|	91347	|	family	|
561	|	543	|	genus	|
562	|	561	|	species	|

For more information on the nodes.dmp and names.dmp files, see the NCBI taxdump_readme.txt.

4. A 2-column, tab-separated file containing the mapping of each sequence in the fasta file to a taxid in the taxonomy. This must contain the header accession.version taxid.

An example would look like this

accession.version	taxid
protein_1	562
protein_2	123456

Once all of the above requirements are met you can run CAT prepare. All the input needs to be explicitly specified for CAT prepare to work.

E.g.

CAT prepare \
--db_fasta path/to/fasta \
--names path/to/names.dmp \
--nodes path/to/nodes.dmp \
--acc2tax path/to/acc2taxid.txt.gz \
--db_dir path/to/output_dir

will create the output_dir that will look like this

output_dir
├── 2021-11-17_CAT.log
├── db
│   ├── 2021-11-17_CAT.dmnd
│   ├── 2021-11-17_CAT.fastaid2LCAtaxid
│   └── 2021-11-17_CAT.taxids_with_multiple_offspring
└── tax
    ├── names.dmp
    └── nodes.dmp

Notes:

• Two subdirs are created db and tax that contain the necessary files.
• The nodes.dmp and names.dmp in the tax directory are copied from their original location. This is to ensure that the -t flag of the rest of CAT modules works.
• The default prefix is <YYYY-MM-DD>_CAT. You can customize it with the --common_prefix option.

For all command line options available see

$ CAT prepare -h

Downloading raw data for nr and GTDB

The download module can be used to download and process raw data, in preparation for building a new CAT database. This will ensure that all input dependencies are met and correctly formatted for CAT prepare.

Currently, two databases are supported, NCBI's nr and GTDB proteins.

• NCBI non-redundant protein database ( aka nr)

Command:

$ CAT download -db nr -o path/to/nr_data_dir

Download the fasta file with the protein sequences, their mapping to a taxid and the taxonomy information from the NCBI's ftp site.

• Genome Taxonomy Database proteins

Command:

$ CAT download -db gtdb -o path/to/gtdb_data_dir

The files required to build a CAT database are provided by the GTDB downloads page.

CAT download fetches the necessary files and does some additional processing to get them ready for CAT prepare:

• The taxonomy information, provided for each genome from GTDB, is transformed into the NCBI style nodes.dmp and names.dmp. The species level annotation from GTDB is used as the unique taxid identifier. For example, all proteins coming from a representative genome for species Escherichia coli are assigned a taxid of s__Escherichia coli. All proteins from that genome get its taxid.
• Fasta files containing protein sequences are extracted from the provided gtdb_proteins_aa_reps.tar.gz and are subjected to a round of deduplication. This is to reduce the redundancy in the DIAMOND database to be created, thus simplifying the alignment process. Exact duplicate sequences are identified based on a combination of the MD5 sum of the protein sequences and their length. Only one representative sequence is kept, with information on the rest of the accessions identified as duplicates encoded in the fasta header. This information is later used by CAT prepare to assign the LCA of the protein sequence appropriately in the .fastaid2LCAtaxid file.
• The mapping of all protein sequences (duplicates or not) to their respective taxonomy is created. This is also used by CAT prepare for proper LCA identification.
• In addition, the newick formatted trees for Bacteria and Archaea are downloaded and - artificially - concatenated under a single root node, to produce an all.tree file. This can come in handy for downstream analyses tools that require a phylogeny to be present to calculate diversity indices based on some metric that takes that information into account. This is not required for CAT.

When the download and processing of the files is finished successfully you can build a CAT database with CAT prepare.

For all command line options available see

$ CAT download -h

Running CAT and BAT.

The taxonomy folder and database folder created by CAT prepare are needed in subsequent CAT and BAT runs. They only need to be generated/downloaded once or whenever you want to update the database.

To run CAT on a contig set, each header in the contig fasta file (the part after > and before the first space) needs to be unique. To run BAT on set of MAGs, each header in a MAG needs to be unique within that MAG. If you are unsure if this is the case, you can just run CAT or BAT, as the appropriate error messages are generated if formatting is incorrect.

Getting help.

If you are unsure what options a program has, you can always add --help to a command. This is a great way to get you started with CAT and BAT.

$ CAT --help

$ CAT contigs --help

$ CAT summarise --help

Usage

After you have got the database files on your system, you can run CAT to annotate your contig set:

$ CAT contigs -c {contigs fasta} -d {database folder} -t {taxonomy folder}

Multiple output files and a log file will be generated. The final classification files will be called out.CAT.ORF2LCA.txt and out.CAT.contig2classification.txt.

Alternatively, if you already have a predicted proteins fasta file and/or an alignment table for example from previous runs, you can supply them to CAT, which will then skip the steps that have already been done and start from there:

$ CAT contigs -c {contigs fasta} -d {database folder} -t {taxonomy folder} -p {predicted proteins fasta} -a {alignment file}

The headers in the predicted proteins fasta file must look like this >{contig}_{ORFnumber}, so that CAT can couple contigs to ORFs. The alignment file must be tab-seperated, with queried ORF in the first column, protein accession number in the second, and bit-score in the 12th.

To run BAT on a set of MAGs:

$ CAT bins -b {bin folder} -d {database folder} -t {taxonomy folder}

Alternatively, BAT can be run on a single MAG:

$ CAT bin -b {bin fasta} -d {database folder} -t {taxonomy folder}

Multiple output files and a log file will be generated. The final classification files will be called out.BAT.ORF2LCA.txt and out.BAT.bin2classification.txt.

Similarly to CAT, BAT can be run from intermidate steps if gene prediction and alignment have already been carried out once:

$ CAT bins -b {bin folder} -d {database folder} -t {taxonomy folder} -p {predicted proteins fasta} -a {alignment file}

If BAT is run in single bin mode, you can use these predicted protein and alignment files to classify individual contigs within the MAG with CAT.

$ CAT bin -b {bin fasta} -d {database folder} -t {taxonomy folder}

$ CAT contigs -c {bin fasta} -d {database folder} -t {taxonomy folder} -p {predicted proteins fasta} -a {alignment file}

You can also do this the other way around; start with contig classification and classify the entire MAG with BAT in single bin mode based on the files generated by CAT.

Interpreting the output files

The ORF2LCA output looks like this:

ORF	lineage	bit-score
contig_1_ORF1	1;131567;2;1783272	574.7

Where the lineage is the full taxonomic lineage of the classification of the ORF, and the bit-score the top-hit bit-score that is assigned to the ORF for voting. The BAT ORF2LCA output file has an extra column where ORFs are linked to the MAG in which they are found.

The contig2classification and bin2classification output looks like this:

contig or bin	classification	reason	lineage	lineage scores
contig_1	taxid assigned	based on 14/15 ORFs	1;131567;2;1783272	1.00; 1.00; 1.00; 0.78
contig_2	taxid assigned (1/2)	based on 10/10 ORFs	1;131567;2;1783272;1798711;1117;307596;307595;1890422;33071;1416614;1183438*	1.00;1.00;1.00;1.00;1.00;1.00;1.00;1.00;1.00;1.00;0.23;0.23
contig_2	taxid assigned (2/2)	based on 10/10 ORFs	1;131567;2;1783272;1798711;1117;307596;307595;1890422;33071;33072	1.00;1.00;1.00;1.00;1.00;1.00;1.00;1.00;1.00;1.00;0.77
contig_3	no taxid assigned	no ORFs found

Where the lineage scores represent the fraction of bit-score support for each classification. Contig_2 has two classifications. This can happen if the f parameter is chosen below 0.5. For an explanation of the starred classification, see Marking suggestive taxonomic assignments with an asterisk.

To add names to the taxonomy id's in either output file, run:

$ CAT add_names -i {ORF2LCA / classification file} -o {output file} -t {taxonomy folder}

This will show you that for example contig_1 is classified as Terrabacteria group. To only get official levels (i.e. superkingdom, phylum, ...):

$ CAT add_names -i {ORF2LCA / classification file} -o {output file} -t {taxonomy folder} --only_official

Or, alternatively:

$ CAT add_names -i {ORF2LCA / classification file} -o {output file} -t {taxonomy folder} --only_official --exclude_scores

If you have named a CAT or BAT classification file with official names, you can get a summary of the classification, where total length and number of ORFs supporting a taxon are calculated for contigs, and the number of MAGs per encountered taxon for MAG classification:

$ CAT summarise -c {contigs fasta} -i {named CAT classification file} -o {output file}

$ CAT summarise -i {named BAT classification file} -o {output file}

CAT summarise currently does not support classification files wherein some contigs / MAGs have multiple classifications (as contig_2 above).

Marking suggestive taxonomic assignments with an asterisk

When we want to confidently go down to the lowest taxonomic level possible for a classification, an important assumption is that on that level conflict between classifications could have arisen. Namely, if there were conflicting classifications, the algorithm would have made the classification more conservative by moving up a level. Since it did not, we can trust the low-level classification. However, it is not always possible for conflict to arise, because in some cases no other sequences from the clade are present in the database. This is true for example for the family Dehalococcoidaceae, which in our databases is the sole representative of the order Dehalococcoidales. Thus, here we cannot confidently state that an classification on the family level is more correct than an classification on the order level. For these cases, CAT and BAT mark the lineage with asterisks, starting from the lowest level classification up to the level where conflict could have arisen because the clade contains multiple taxa with database entries. The user is advised to examine starred taxa more carefully, for example by analysing sequence identity between predicted ORFs and hits, or move up the lineage to a confident classification (i.e. the first classification without an asterisk).

If you do not want the asterisks in your output files, you can add the --no_stars flag to CAT or BAT.

Optimising running time, RAM, and disk usage

CAT and BAT may take a while to run, and may use quite a lot of RAM and disk space. Depending on what you value most, you can tune CAT and BAT to maximize one and minimize others. The classification algorithm itself is fast and is friendly on memory and disk space. The most expensive step is alignment with DIAMOND, hence tuning alignment parameters will have the highest impact:

• The -n / --nproc argument allows you to choose the number of cores to deploy.
• You can choose to run DIAMOND in sensitive mode with the --sensitive flag. This will increase sensitivity but will make alignment considerably slower.
• Setting the --block_size parameter lower will decrease memory and temporary disk space usage. Setting it higher will increase performance.
• For high memory machines, it is adviced to set --index_chunks to 1. This parameter has no effect on temprary disk space usage.
• You can specify the location of temporary DIAMOND files with the --tmpdir argument.
• You can set the DIAMOND --top parameter (see below).

Setting the DIAMOND --top parameter

You can speed up DIAMOND considerably, and at the same time greatly reduce disk usage, by setting the DIAMOND --top parameter to lower values. This will govern hits within range of the best hit that are written to the alignment file.

You have to be very carefull to 1) not confuse this parameter with the r / --range parameter, which does a similar cut-off but after alignment and 2) be aware that if you want to run CAT or BAT again afterwards with different values of the -r / --range parameter, your options will be limited to the range you have chosen with --top earlier, because all hits that fall outside this range will not be included in the alignment file. Importantly, CAT and BAT currently do not warn you if you choose -r / --range in a second run higher than --top in a previous one, so it's up to you to remember this!

If you have understood all this, or you do not plan to tune -r / --range at all afterwards, you can add the --I_know_what_Im_doing flag and enjoy a huge speedup with much smaller alignment files! For CAT you can for example set --top 11 and for BAT --top 6.

Examples

Getting help for running the prepare utility:

$ CAT prepare --help

First, create a fresh database. Next, run CAT on a contig set with default parameter settings deploying 16 cores for DIAMOND alignment. Finally, name the contig classification output with official names, and create a summary:

$ CAT prepare --fresh -d CAT_database/ -t CAT_taxonomy/

$ CAT contigs -c contigs.fasta -d CAT_database/ -t CAT_taxonomy/ -n 16 --out_prefix first_CAT_run

$ CAT add_names -i first_CAT_run.contig2classification.txt -o first_CAT_run.contig2classification.official_names.txt -t CAT_taxonomy/ --only_official

$ CAT summarise -c contigs.fasta -i first_CAT_run.contig2classification.official_names.txt -o CAT_first_run.summary.txt

Run the classification algorithm again with custom parameter settings, and name the contig classification output with all names in the lineage, excluding the scores:

$ CAT contigs --range 5 --fraction 0.1 -c contigs.fasta -d CAT_database/ -t CAT_taxonomy/ -p first_CAT_run.predicted_proteins.fasta -a first_CAT_run.alignment.diamond -o second_CAT_run

$ CAT add_names -i second_CAT_run.contig2classification.txt -o second_CAT_run.contig2classification.names.txt -t CAT_taxonomy/ --exclude_scores

First, run BAT on a set of MAGs with custom parameter settings, suppressing verbosity and not writing a log file. Next, add names to the ORF2LCA output file:

$ CAT bins -r 10 -f 0.1 -b ../bins/ -s .fa -d CAT_database/ -t CAT_taxonomy/ -o BAT_run --quiet --no_log

$ CAT add_names -i BAT_run.ORF2LCA.txt -o BAT_run.ORF2LCA.names.txt -t CAT_taxonomy/

Identifying contamination/mis-binned contigs within a MAG.

We often use the combination of CAT/BAT to explore possible contamination within a MAG.

Run BAT on a single MAG. Next, classify the contigs within the MAG individually without generating new protein files or DIAMOND alignments.

$ CAT bin -b ../bins/interesting_MAG.fasta -d CAT_database/ -t CAT_taxonomy/ -o BAT.interesting_MAG

$ CAT contigs -c ../bins/interesting_MAG.fasta -d CAT_database/ -t CAT_taxonomy/ -p BAT.interesting_MAG.predicted_proteins.faa -a BAT.interesting_MAG.alignment.diamond -o CAT.interesting_MAG

Contigs that have a different taxonomic signal than the MAG classification are probably contamination.

Alternatively, you can look at contamination from the MAG perspective, by setting the f parameter to a low value:

$ CAT bin -f 0.01 -b ../bins/interesting_MAG.fasta -d CAT_database/ -t CAT_taxonomy/ -o BAT.interesting_MAG

$ CAT add_names -i BAT.interesting_MAG.bin2classification.txt -o BAT.interesting_MAG.bin2classification.names.txt -t CAT_taxonomy/

BAT will output any taxonomic signal with at least 1% support. Low scoring diverging signals are clear signs of contamination!