book7.qmd

# *Training a State-of-the-Art Model*  {#sec-sizing-and-tta}

This chapter introduces more advanced techniques for training an image classification model and getting state-of-the-art results. You can skip it if you want to learn more about other applications of deep learning and come back to it later—knowledge of this material will not be assumed in later chapters.

We will look at what normalization is, a powerful data augmentation technique called mixup, the progressive resizing approach and test time augmentation. To show all of this, we are going to train a model from scratch (not using transfer learning) using a subset of ImageNet called [Imagenette](https://github.com/fastai/imagenette). It contains a subset of 10 very different categories from the original ImageNet dataset, making for quicker training when we want to experiment.

This is going to be much harder to do well than with our previous datasets because we're using full-size, full-color images, which are photos of objects of different sizes, in different orientations, in different lighting, and so forth. So, in this chapter we're going to introduce some important techniques for getting the most out of your dataset, especially when you're training from scratch, or using transfer learning to train a model on a very different kind of dataset than the pretrained model used.

## Imagenette

When fast.ai first started there were three main datasets that people used for building and testing computer vision models:

- ImageNet:: 1.3 million images of various sizes around 500 pixels across, in 1,000 categories, which took a few days to train
- MNIST:: 50,000 28×28-pixel grayscale handwritten digits
- CIFAR10:: 60,000 32×32-pixel color images in 10 classes

The problem was that the smaller datasets didn't actually generalize effectively to the large ImageNet dataset. The approaches that worked well on ImageNet generally had to be developed and trained on ImageNet. This led to many people believing that only researchers with access to giant computing resources could effectively contribute to developing image classification algorithms.

We thought that seemed very unlikely to be true. We had never actually seen a study that showed that ImageNet happen to be exactly the right size, and that other datasets could not be developed which would provide useful insights. So we thought we would try to create a new dataset that researchers could test their algorithms on quickly and cheaply, but which would also provide insights likely to work on the full ImageNet dataset.

About three hours later we had created Imagenette. We selected 10 classes from the full ImageNet that looked very different from one another. As we had hoped, we were able to quickly and cheaply create a classifier capable of recognizing these classes. We then tried out a few algorithmic tweaks to see how they impacted Imagenette. We found some that worked pretty well, and tested them on ImageNet as well—and we were very pleased to find that our tweaks worked well on ImageNet too!

There is an important message here: the dataset you get given is not necessarily the dataset you want. It's particularly unlikely to be the dataset that you want to do your development and prototyping in. You should aim to have an iteration speed of no more than a couple of minutes—that is, when you come up with a new idea you want to try out, you should be able to train a model and see how it goes within a couple of minutes. If it's taking longer to do an experiment, think about how you could cut down your dataset, or simplify your model, to improve your experimentation speed. The more experiments you can do, the better!

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This is just a preview of this chapter. The rest of this chapter is not available here, but you read the [source notebook](https://github.com/fastai/fastbook/) which has the same content (but with less nice formatting).