azure: automatically detect AZURE_STORAGE_DOMAIN when logged in using az login

[tgummerer]

Please use a title starting with the name of the affected package, or "all",
followed by a colon, followed by a short summary of the feature request.
Example: blob/gcsblob: add support for more blobbing.

Is your feature request related to a problem? Please describe.

When logged in using az login, go-cloud by default still uses the blob.core.windows.net, even if the cloud the user is logged into is a different one, e.g. the Azure US Government cloud.

Describe the solution you'd like

It would be nice if we could automatically detect the right backend URL to use when the user is logged into a different Azure Cloud.

Additional context

This came up in pulumi/pulumi#20176

[vangent]

How would we detect this? PR is welcome.

[tvenhaus]

I think this is a broader question of the Go CDK intends to support working in the Azure government cloud? If so, it should leverage the information returned from az cloud show when a user is logged in. An example for the US Government cloud -

PS C:\source\infrastructure\src\Core> az cloud show
{
  "endpoints": {
    "activeDirectory": "https://login.microsoftonline.us",
    "activeDirectoryDataLakeResourceId": null,
    "activeDirectoryGraphResourceId": "https://graph.windows.net/",
    "activeDirectoryResourceId": "https://management.core.usgovcloudapi.net/",
    "appInsightsResourceId": "https://api.applicationinsights.us",
    "appInsightsTelemetryChannelResourceId": "https://dc.applicationinsights.us/v2/track",
    "attestationResourceId": null,
    "azmirrorStorageAccountResourceId": null,
    "batchResourceId": "https://batch.core.usgovcloudapi.net/",
    "gallery": "https://gallery.usgovcloudapi.net/",
    "logAnalyticsResourceId": "https://api.loganalytics.us",
    "management": "https://management.core.usgovcloudapi.net/",
    "mediaResourceId": "https://rest.media.usgovcloudapi.net",
    "microsoftGraphResourceId": "https://graph.microsoft.us/",
    "ossrdbmsResourceId": "https://ossrdbms-aad.database.usgovcloudapi.net",
    "portal": "https://portal.azure.us",
    "resourceManager": "https://management.usgovcloudapi.net/",
    "sqlManagement": "https://management.core.usgovcloudapi.net:8443/",
    "synapseAnalyticsResourceId": "https://dev.azuresynapse.usgovcloudapi.net",
    "vmImageAliasDoc": "https://raw.githubusercontent.com/Azure/azure-rest-api-specs/main/arm-compute/quickstart-templates/aliases.json"
  },
  "isActive": true,
  "name": "AzureUSGovernment",
  "profile": "latest",
  "suffixes": {
    "acrLoginServerEndpoint": ".azurecr.us",
    "attestationEndpoint": null,
    "azureDatalakeAnalyticsCatalogAndJobEndpoint": null,
    "azureDatalakeStoreFileSystemEndpoint": null,
    "keyvaultDns": ".vault.usgovcloudapi.net",
    "mariadbServerEndpoint": ".mariadb.database.usgovcloudapi.net",
    "mhsmDns": ".managedhsm.usgovcloudapi.net",
    "mysqlServerEndpoint": ".mysql.database.usgovcloudapi.net",
    "postgresqlServerEndpoint": ".postgres.database.usgovcloudapi.net",
    "sqlServerHostname": ".database.usgovcloudapi.net",
    "storageEndpoint": "core.usgovcloudapi.net",
    "storageSyncEndpoint": "afs.azure.us",
    "synapseAnalyticsEndpoint": ".dev.azuresynapse.usgovcloudapi.net"
  }
}